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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

BULLETIN

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ees No. 50.

THE BIRDS

NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA,

ROBERT RIDGWAY,.
CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS.

ce VIII.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1919.

EE EEE

PER BLN DS

OF

NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA:

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
OF THE

HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS
KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE
ARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA
THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS
OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE
GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO

BY

ROBERT RIDGWAY,
CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS.

Part VIII.
Family Jacanidea—tThe Jacanas, Family Phalaropodide—tThe Phalaropes.
Family (dicnemide—The Thick-knees. Family Recurvirostride—The Avocets and Stilts.
Family Haematopodide—the Oyster-catchers. Family Rynchopida—The Skimmers,
Family Arenariide—tThe Turnstones, Family Sternidae—tThe Terns.
Family Aphrizide—tThe Surf Birds. Family Laride—tThe Gulls.
Family Charadriida—tThe Plovers. Family Stercorariid#—The Skuas.
_ Family Scolopacida—tThe Snipes. Family Alcida—tThe Auks.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1919.

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PREFACE.

The Families of birds included in the present and preceding volumes
of this work are as follows:

Part I, issued October 24, 1901, included the Fringillide (Finches)
alone.

Part II, issued October 16, 1902, included the Tanagride (Tan-
agers), Icteride (Troupials), Corebide (Honey Creepers), and
Mniotiltide (Wood Warblers).

Part III, issued December:31, 1904, included the Motacillidee
(Wagtails and Pipits), Hirundinide (Swallows), Ampelide (Wax-
wings), Ptilogonatide (Silky Flycatchers), Dulide (Palm Chats),
Vireonidz (Vireos), Laniide (Shrikes), Corvide (Crows and Jays),
Paride (Titmice), Sittidee (Nuthatches), Certhiide (Creepers), Trog-
lodytide (Wrens), Cinclide (Dippers), Chamezide (Wren-Tits), and
Sylviidee (Warblers).

Part IV, issued July 1, 1907, contained the remaining groups of
Oscines, namely, the: Turdide (Thrushes), Zeledonide (Wren-
Thrushes), Mimidz (Mockingbirds), Sturnide (Starlings), Ploceidee
(Weaverbirds), and Alaudide (Larks), together with the Haploo-
phone or Oligomyodian Mesomyodi, comprising Oxyruncide (Sharp-
bills), Tyrannide (Tyrant Flycatchers), Pipride (Manakins), and
Cotingide (Chatterers).

Part V, issued November 29, 1911, includes the Tracheophone
Mesomyodi, represented by the Pteroptochide (Tapaculos), k’ormi-
eariide (Antbirds), Furnariide (Ovenbirds), and Dendrocolaptidee
(Woodhewers); the Macrochires, containing the Trochiliide (Hum-
ming Birds) and Micropodide (Swifts), and the Heterodactyle, repre-
sented only by the Trogonide (Trogons).

Part VI, issued April 8, 1914, contains the Picarix, comprising the
Families Picidee (Woodpeckers), Capitonide (Barbets), Ramphasti-
de (Toucans), Bucconide (Puff Birds), and Galbulide (Jacamars) ;
the Anisodactyle, with Families Alcedinide (Kingfishers), Todidee
(Todies), and Momotide (Motmots); the Nycticoraciz, with Families
Caprimulgide (Goatsuckers) and Nyctibide (Potoos), and the
Striges, consisting of families Tytonide (Barn Owls) and Bubonidee
(Kared Owls).

Part VII, issued May 5, 1916, contains the Coccygiformes (Cuckoo-
like Birds), Psittaciformes (Parrots), and Columbiformes (Pigeons).

III

IV PREFACE.

Part VIII (the present volume) contains the Charadriiformes
(Plover-like Birds), with Families Jacanide (Jacanas), (Adicnemide
(Thick-knees), Hematopodide (Oyster-catchers), Arenariide (Turn-
stones), Aphrizide (Surf Birds), Charadriide (Plovers), Scolopacide
(Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.), Phalaropodide (Phalaropes), Recurviros-
tride (Avocets and Stilts), Rynchopide (Skimmers), Sternide
(Terns), Laride (Gulls), Stercorariide (Skuas and Jaegers), and
Alcidee (Auks).

Part TX, now in course of preparation, will contain the Gruiformes
with Families Heliornithide (Sun Grebes), Hurypygide (SunBitterns),
Gruide (Cranes), Aramide (Limpkins), and Rallide (Rails, Galli-
nules, and Coots); Galliformes, with Families Gallide (Pheasants),
Perdicide (Partridges and Quails), Numidide (Guinea fowls),
Meleagride (Turkeys), Odontophoride (American Partridges), Tetra-
onide (Grouse), and Cracide (Curassows and Guans); Falconii-
formes, with Families Polyboride (Caracaras), Herpetotheride
(Laughing Falcons), Micrasturide (Hawk-Falcons), Falconide (Fal-
cons), Buteonide (Hawks and EKagles), and Cathartide (American
Vultures).

In the eight volumes thus far published have been treated in detail
(that is, with full descriptions and synonymies), besides the Families
above mentioned and higher groups to which they belong, 651 genera
and 2,507 species and subspecies, besides 213’extralimital genera and
602 extralimital species and subspecies whose principal characters
are given in the Keys and their principal synomymy (full synomymy
in case of the genera) given in footnotes.

Certain subspecies (mostly among the Limicole) recognized by
other authors have not been admitted in the present work. This
does not necessarily mean that they are not worthy of recognition,
but that the material examined (usually wholly inadequate for de-
termination of the question) did not warrant subdivision of the species.

Acknowledgments are due for the loan of specimens needed in the
preparation of the present volume to the authorities of the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; American Museum of Natural
History, New York; Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge; and to Mr. William Brewster.’

1 Specimens borrowed for use in the preparation ofthis volume are as follows:

Academy,.of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). <c2< « .faj<jcais vine Slaciow cieleieieminielsis\eisiqjeaa«|s<'slciae seine clatsteiare (aia 37
American Museum OfNa tira liPistory.n.. 5 oct nn 2 once onece canine ces ee eee ere ceemanemettneniesaisin tees 192
Carnegie Museum................ hletaeralets doeuldnd oden canoe e Creme tee histleis sale ocaitcio nico einic’els oie ceieeine 161
Held Museum of Natura lSlistory.. ccs ccc ca dense eene ose penmececimcebieance Sa tectineneneeee 64
Museum of Comparative ZOOlLOLY <2. c- - ccs sccic cele soicee cece combck ce caieen ents esisee ces easeecaeaenee 214
William Browster. ns ecckces- eet obs osc fake vega cton biaureccc ee emeone wiles etlec occ eae 35

OUR oreo cece be ee Me don seees a A etiebic cae Sled sawietae ea ole sie era oe aCe SS Stacia ME iS ain Sinica eee 703
UM CO LO srs <a scieis eos etellana sia o's wiere ne wee coco Ske bawads See eae ee ee oe oe ene eee ace eee 442
WWATI ie c's cicisiaieiwis'e colceicisnciaie ac cies cisinte's cists sleie’e slalo sistance me wise clowia Sees oe nice slas odiaic es miaiseinise eee meen eae 161

PREFACE. WV;

The author is greatly indebted to Dr. Charles W. Richmond,
Associate Curator of the Division of Birds, U. S. National Museum,
for indispensable aid in the matter of nomenclatural questions—now
so complicated and difficult a branch of zoological science that only
specialists in that line of research are competent authorities—for
assistance in correcting proofs, and help in various ways; and to Mr.
J. H. Riley, Aid in the Division of Birds, for compilation of a consid-
erable proportion of the synonymatic references, measurements of
many specimens, and preparation of the Keys to the species of the
genus Blasipus (pp. 652, 653) and immature stages of the species of
Larus (pp. 583, 584).

Measurements of specimens for use in the preparation of the pres-
ent volume were made by Mr. Riley and Miss Celestine B. Hodges,
and the original drawings of the outline figures illustrating the generic
characters (pls. I-X XXIV), except those previously published, were
made by Mr. E. R. Kalmbach, of Washington.

It may be added that: printing of the present volume has been
greatly retarded by exigencies resulting from prosecution of the
World War, now happily ended.

Ropert Rweway.
DECEMBER 3, 1918.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

ORDER CHARADRITFORMES. PLOVER-LIKE BIRDS..............-.2-222200-0-
Key to the Suborders of Charadriiformes..................0.00020--eeeeeeeeee
SUBORDER* GIMICOLA. - ‘SHORE BIRDSiic'siccaroo dice oe ee PaO Sui eth 8
Key to the Superfamilies of Limicole............0.00eccccceccacceesceeesees
SUPERRPAMINY PACAND 5 aoe seo 55 55.59 58% betas BIEN RE DLS Pb ite es ee Fah

Key tothe Genera of Jacanide:. 3.5/5) Users sl) Reem Reet.

Rrenustls JACHHA EFISSON S yicate Ces Sees ds eo dae bees sae eV eM. chose «3
Rey tothe species of Jacanay'.3 53)'S2 525. bee allcd Je.eatnonees okt

i
2.
3.

Jacana spinosa spinosa: (Linneeus)....3.{iesd) wiwelte sical alia.
Jacana spinosa gymnostoma (Wagler)........... 2222 eee eee eee eee eee
Jacana spinosa violacea (Cory) yssouses Selman. cles. alleen.

A AeA Mors (GINGIIN) IS. este uy doewete cneee es Beene aes hgeerkh 4
SUPERFAMIEY + G)DIGCNEMDE.2 2.2529 SS So eo betedl ie salah waste asht
PAwmimiy (hpICNEMIDaA | Tan THICK-KNEES?U 89s) Qo egies series .
Genius 1s (@dicnemus-Temminck. .35<.0.: 3... eee alata esheets.
Key to the Species and Subspecies of @dicnemus..............-------------

ik
2.

(&dicnemus bistriatus bistriatus (Wagler)...............---....-+-----
(idrenemus.dominicensis Cory ........... sill adoynnto abit).

SUPERRAMIGY CHARADRIT 2005 vi sicccon. = EEO) IL eeoudem ieee.
Key tothe Families of Charadrii-.i.22¢91va.b. 2ideetuinat aveovimendhewl.
Famity H@#MATOPODIDEH. THE OYSTER-CATCHERS..........20-5.2000c0e0e0-
Genus 1, ematopus Linnseus. cts “RAE ES CA gOS TINE, 2 RISES OEE ©
Key to the American Species and Subspecies of Heematopus.............----

1. Hematopus ostralegus ostralegus Linneus..#..........2-.2+-----2---
2. Hematopus palliatus palliatus Temminck................2--.220006-
3.
4
5

Heematopus palliatus prattii (Maynard).................05-00.0-0-006-

. Hematopus palliatus frazari (Brewster).........0. 0220.00 eee eee ee ees
. Heematopus palliatus galapagensis (Ridgway).............---..-.+----
6.

Heematopus bachmani Audubon laitic somead. cuattant. sem alt

HAmmny, ABENARIID A. "THe TURNSTONES. 23 30... cedéedcctham ousnsllieR
GenusiArenaria Brisson. 2502020 0 a eee op baaiies cnet ige
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Arenaria..............-..- lads aelLar

i,
2.
3.

Arenaria interpres interpres (Linnseus)................-.----.2-2-6---
Arenaria interpres morinella (Linneus)........... mak Jo eROinaametee ost
Arenaria melanocephala (Vigors).......lacisuil. aeowsil eewerdl esonsk?

BAM APHRIZIDA.. THE SURF DIRDS .... =o 2ccasa<ccaneckROunee hie dese
Geamus.l A phriza, Andubon. 12... <....-.... ote fie ectanued oY. bas acid ahh

ih

Aphriza virgata (Gmoelin)=..... 026 .ceneacccca Lebeckis ahol-aloiat

FAMmnEY CoARADRID,. . THE, .PLOVERS. ..J teenie d)-ocet animocdssh eletecd
Key to the American Genera of Charadriide...................--------0-0---
Genus! saVanellus- Brissonsss%., 23 dessses sss eee wie heweee bib

he

Wanellus:vanellus; (Lannseus).< . 2 cifenid: ssiaaits auoaiee ee asestscack b-

Geénusi2.. Hoploxypterus Bonaparte. -/{ 952 \ececagoles: cuseies sweaesieonesel-
24 -Hoplexy ptarus:icayanius)(uatham)...-2 0.45.00 5-hsnes «eeneseesest - =

a
NIOWNOWMDNAHAMAN PR WDE S

18
18
20
20
23
24
25
26
26

~

/
30
32
37
37
39
40
42
43
di
45
51
50
57
58
58
61
62
64
65
69
70

Vill TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page
Genus'3: ‘Squatarola Cuvier. <cccscceemmend meen. oato e Sics esas cs ee seers 72
3. ;squatarols squatarola(hinnieis esses sree coco a6 Ln sacs eee eee 72
Genus'4> Phivialis, Brisson... 3. cosa eee ee tae ck oor ae se's sobs cee 79
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pluvialis.....................--------- 80
4. Pluvialis apricarius (lanneeusyiii2. 8. ile fob... ee ete 80
5. Pluvialis dominicus domiticus (Miller): s... 2.0.0. -.052 dese 0 sac cles 83-
6 Phivialis'dominicus fulvus (Gmelin sspece-ese s,s 2s 24s oo ee es eee 88
Genus'5.. Eudromias Brehm........ coms. Meet eeeese. . ageeeodinies eee 94
7. Eudromias morinellus (Linhseus)...-..ceaeaciitsies€) Jo.mefeoets eet 95
Genus 6.. Oxyechus Reichenbach... -.....--1:--2 ROMs See ¢ 2.8 tien YB 98
8. Oxyechus vociferus vociferus (Linneeus)..................22----2--eeee 99
9. Oxyechus. vociferus rubidus Riley..-.2 2.22 sc.cccegsccs: bie doe. Helseee 103
Genus’ 7:. Podasocys Coues..:5., ;22052:2-1.4 2 6 ee ee = eee ee 104
10... Podasocys montanus (J... K.Townsend).-.-.. 2. sd4aseet: te qsarasd itt — 105
onus'S:. Bacolla, Mathews... 252s 26 Jac s.sccackysece sce Ue eRRIe, Smee a 107
Key to the Subspecies.of Pagolla wilsonia.... .........: -abeslge-eehewee th 108
11. Pagolla wilsonia -wilsonia, (Ord)... ... .oisesii).2). eaeetee gees -pesst 108
12: ,Pagolla wilsonia beldingi, Rideway-abe: 7! > Gis asesse feeeiee-Beesat 112
13.. Pagolla wilsonia cinnamomina, Ridgway : <0. !. nosahebs aveeieeiceset 113
Geénus)9 Charadrius Tinnseus! 225-25 26<55050065020 ccc. eee Seen 114
Key-to the. American Species of Charadrius... -..<......<++--dmet 29st eae 115
14, Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte... 2..s0.0.0.0 0... cee eee eee lke 116
15. . Charadrius hiaticula Linnseus:.- .. 2... 25. eee actin os 120
1§.. Charadrius dubius Scopoli.. ss teen9: bs) io. seeee ete baa-ceingeee ee 124
17.-Charadrius.melodus Ord ......../so9q2. sit5 Pisid ee eee eee 128
18..Charadrius:mongolus Pallas... .2......--c222) singeskeeeet: eases 132
19..Charadrius.nivosus nivosus.(Cassin).......2.-..-2.-..20ecAske oe sees 136
20. Charadrius nivosus tenuirostris (Lawrence)................-..2..ee20 139
21. -Charadrius collaris. Vielllot.<720s.2-ccee2s & eh. Rossen eee; 140
Faminy Sco.Lopactp®. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, etC............---2-2-ceeeeeene 143
Key to the North and Middle American Genera of Scolopacidee.......-...-.-- 145
Genus 1. Scolopax Linneus..... o. .eueinh] aepalnaten scoule Ue eet 149
1) Seolopax.rusticola Linneeus..Asaiere asciniiies Settee ieeemereies 150
Genus'2) Philohela, Gray........--2---2-2 R5e Sues Abe SL ne epee: 155
2. Philohela minori(Gmelin).....22 teens asset Se Pe eeeea le 155
Genus 3,. \Gallinago. Koch......... 2 e5sdhs slenemendti: suseiae eemeseeet: 159
Key to the North American Species of Gallinago...............222..-00000005 161
3. Gallinago media.(Latham))....-..... SARE e Se eae. 2 161
4. Gallinago gallinago (Linnseus). .....0:5 5-00 Se cwsa.n0/- Oe. 5! 165
5. Gallinago delicata (Ord)..2......cunnoth., Jo.28 proedtac: bis. eit sult 171
Genus 4.. Juimosa. Brisson... - 625 o..06.~ sl SUIT.) PERE Be EG i. Sree 177
Key to the Subspecies.of Limosa limosaaiecuni!) allan tut eourteistic eee 178
6. Limosa limosa-limosa (Linnzeus)..- 2: J28e8 be sisson lack 2bacere 178
Genus 5. -Vetola.Mathews.. .-...2.02.- -ci.0c2 5 UR. So SL. . ISS 182
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Vetola.........-....2....020-e cn ees ceee 183
7. Netols, fedoa, GLinnseus)'.s +. 2U cease aerine eee ° SASSER SE Bae 184
8. Vetolalapponica baueri.(Naumann)_- 49272005. SH. (EAR 187
9. Vetola hemastica (Linnseus) .1.2--essteeses.t 10 eee cae ee. Sahk 191
Genus 6.. Limnodromus. Maximilian... pecs seen eco ccn nn theekias Sik eto! 195
10. Limnodromus griseus griseus (Gmelin)............-----+-2+----+.2--- 197
11. Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus (Say).........--------+--.--2e20-- 201
Genus 7.. Micropalama, Baird <.:3.s32205ememrmatecled) Aiea. Siecle endeas 204

12. Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte). ....-....5..2.s.ce eee sececes 206

TABLE OF CONTENTS. x

Page.

CRUG Hat ROIMOtOR ULI PET IdE oie 05 a's soos su ceric a's seks SILI See de 209
Mey tothe Speciesiof Hreunetess 1.522)... ..- 20.0.5 80a mass Joa a. 210
13 Breunotespusillus, (Linnzeus).......~..- {oi eeed), sts Leslewiolel. . 210

149 Bironmetesmauri Cabanisec 33 iS2ke... <2 eee eowrgos RRL ELA ook 215
Genus oy Machetes Civierseds.cossias sds. i ole)... dint Jp.ncinase asf. 218
15). Machetes pugnax, Glinnreus).. «0 0-n <2 HES) BOS UIBIS ROA. 219
onus OS Marne rtes: Cabanissaias ab ke.n <a 6 owncraa oo: \5- wore OMSL SHOUT IEE. OS 225
L6:. Tryngites'subruficollis (Vieillot).../smsedoett).ebusogun! anmennat - 226
Sranus Us WauUtus- Bren Mis scecs navinsavsviewnenath sd sic eo ANIe ROURO Code 230
Key to the Species of Canutus. .........-. su No seteaedue bis sabes ony, 231
17 S@anu tis canutus: (lanneus) co ss <20~ J SU REUbI BORE SUL... 231
Genusl2.Asquatells. Bardo. e..J UO I0F_ SUI OTIS OU, BU SRR BUIII NOY L.. « 238
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Arquatella...............----+--------- 239
US: eAreuatella maritima (Briinnich)). «041.005 <ss0cenne SIT LSI ES 239

19. Arquatella ptilocnemis ptilocnemis (Coues)...........--.------ Ea Bs. 244

20. Arquatella ptilocnemis couesi (Ridgway).............--.---.-------- 247
Gens 1SiHroliasVieillotxas2s8 NI gos 8 rrr MII OI) AED ORE. ‘18249
21, -Brolia ferruginea (Briinnich )ine...1.-0-4 0320) SERBO IS IOI. 250
Genus 14. Pelidna Cuvier.......... PRS A errnacceunne eee seeinoweelt 0 256
Key. to the Subspecies:of Pelidna-alpina.....< <6. MOQ eee OLDS 257
22, (Pelidna,alpina alpina.(innsus)s2 cc 1f30i8ee 1) A eoted 2eGo.eeReNL. 257

23. -Pelidna,- alpina sakhalina:(Vieillot)ex43.0n 302... OTOH Ae B.. 262
Genus 159 isobiadballbergs...023 sus. oo SRS ak booed. te peter at 266
eratosthel species:OhPisobia ho. 452 2serorrnnce orcce on RIEL SUB 268
24... Pisopiamacwiata (Vieillot)«.-nvivsa(eheeeil) amie meget 269

Zo... Pisopia acuminata (Hormield ans tsos bee oconee o TREE SOHO of 276

26. rasa bainds (Cowes) sei es ssssecks ose ee LD) aol eb! 279

A pREAsO pla uUselcollisi(VaeCLILOt) Nass SS8 oso 3 orn OS OSS. See oF 284

Boe PisepiiCOOPOH(Balld nes «teoccew se ron co UOT. SIS SORES 289

29, Waisobia.zuncollis:(Palizayme. ton. apna s. 2m. maiereosy ma Al.. 290

30.8 Pasebiaminutilla, CVieillot). «110222050. dEUS OUI te seans) RL 294

ois Pasobia subminuta-(Middendorff): 302.202. uentieis.ccee ewe. oA 300
Genus 16x ,Hurynorhynchus Nilsson. sa50 stort eo08k Jn sooo csoiveasé at 302
32. Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (Linneeus)........22..22-....20202220000-- 303
Gets wpe Cali@ris digger 5494 eos la IsSoe lah e os 3 OE JG, eugqetassaihl. Sf 307
sow Calidrisialba(Pallas)iotnwiusl Jono sallow. bomasornak nak 308
Genus: 18..Catoptrophortis Bonaparte../.ais soll). wugaohsois aueoueeoud! 314
Key to the Subspecies of Catoptrophorus semipalmatus..............--------- 315
34. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus (Gmelin)..........-...... 315

35. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster).............--.--- 319
ere) ULI OC eo os pois 45045 4558553568: yu. agora te = 3 322
36,. GlOtdA MED ulariad GUNNErUS) sec cece St Jo cn beret -bew- so wee seth 323
Sens UL NeGrIOtMa RIGS WAY.. =... << -~<+-- ~Kenpmeretc-erchey wseta wacensaost 329
Berto the Species of Neoglottis. ... .. pout. asnds\siene tinncasied mest ercaanost 330
ora, Neoglours melanoleuce. (Gmelin)... <<< septic c enn siaamdn soecdineast 330

Be INCOPIGIIIN IA VITOR OIMGIT ) oie oo ace oo. 5/5's a ei eiee michael got kee 337
Mamaeea ee tien eaters eESOC NGEGL ec o-oo jer ee, stam ohm oe «we Seen ce aap eee ces = ap ee 342
OME OLSEN DOLAMUIS CUAATECUS sain. ccc dis'welccalciccs ove einai ae co 60 < ae cpu oy 343
Sodus ern y aCOO MUS KAMP mec 0. cee oreo ce cep get eases tech. ste ee 346
40 "Webvacopaius plareoia (Linnets) sooo ce ee See ton 347

Lo ei EME Evie Teo) DEG 2 5 pte eg penal eg aap eer tle a Rear ei parde eSh 352
Kiev to the species and Subspecies of Tringas:s22¢222)25226¢.2is22i 2 roskit: 353
Th VM wrOCropius Lannie usss.Wcsscaehs i tsocs Pcl esses lesae nee e3see 2 353

AP Bree HOU LALA BOM bATIR: WISODCaceicss cos eed osecinteod Ses ce dees se 308

43. Tringa solitaria cinnamomea (Brewster)........-....----------2e-eee- 363

x TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

Géius 24... Heteroscelus, Baird ......:-224--<<ace.nnancass SoU eeiodesdl 3 365
Key to the Species of Heteroscelus........-..-.......asteeusad Jo.ecinee ads 366
44. Heteroscelus incanus (Gmelin)........../ssnedeitosulene ata - 367
Genus 25. Actitas MWliger <2 5s. n6 ne ccs ccs <n n RI I SE 371
Ney to the Species of Actifis._- 5... = 3... SS co cca OPER ctiaicet Jf 372
45. Actitis macularia (Linnsens)_...2.....:. (assent). seas: atedeské. 372
Genus 26.. Bartramia Lesson... =<... <2 .-6 2 <= c.<5-0 eee eters 378
46. Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein)...............-.22222-222022-eee-- 379
Genus 27. Numenius Brisson... <24 22-0 mina as5c<-steeew tse? a3 385
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Numenius....................-2-------- 386
47. Numenius arquatus:(Linnzeus).........2..../apsceeis ertees estes. 386

48. Numenius americanus americanus Bechstein....................-.--- 390

49. Numenius americanus occidentalis (Woodhouse)..............-.----- 394
Genus’ 28. Pheopus Cuvier. _-:.2-00ci 2. 5-.feaiee tet) geeiicee: ol loiece: kb. 395
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pheopus...............-...--+.------- 396
50. Phzeopus pheopus phzopus (Linneeus)..............-.----..--------- 397

pl’ Pheeopus hudsonicns (iatham): ~~ -o..:<-<2.0.0ain- ee, dee o-oo Se 402
p2..Lheopus tahitiensia (Gmelin)... ...~..4cisd aioe <« eeiseees? ies d- 407
Genus 29. Mesoscolopax Sharpe...............---- 2 £secnceeRESIE Se ee beoet 410
Key to the Species of Mesoscolopax ...-..-. .22tipla.en Site? Jo. sebewrtiies at 411
do. Mesoscolopax borealis (Forster)... ....-~tstse224-l) sageie mrkdancsi died 412
Famity PHALAROPODIDZ. THE PHALAROPES..:......---.-.------2--2-20--- 416
Key to the Genera of Phalaropodids. ........--... 022022 28eu! be ase Be 417
Genus 1. .Phalaropus- Brisson... <.-,<.< ~-,<e02002.06.220n000s Sides s ct Rae eee 417
1. Phalaropus fulicarius (Linneus).......--.-2ss2bosk> aiclesees aideskt 418
Genus 2.. Lobipes: Cuvier. - ..22.-.02--.-02505e022 beta tLe teeters gidoeee. 423
2. Lobipes lobatus Ganneus).... oi--35>-ccns<<- + -4a0si 2} ee cadoer ee 424
Genus 3.. Steganopus Vieillote. .... 2. 2 «= inn dein0n2 30h Gop 25 ao Uaatesish sideeet. 430
3. Steganopus, tricolor Wieillot..-.- 2-5 -crn--= 22. Jeesth + beeeeeo eda 431
Famity Recurvirostrip#. THe Avocets and STInts................-----. 435
Key to the Genera of Recuryirostridse ..........---/-ls2igies--ablzesnies aiceabs. 436
Genus 1. Recurvirosira Linnseus..... 2.2.22 debceusbi-chice teetee adders 436
Key to the American Species of Recurvirostra ...........-.2.-+22-2-+-220---- 437
1. Recurvirostra americana Gmelin .(teiiosi4: Js asses eubeeetsosseed 437
Genus 2.. Himantopus Brisson-....-...-...<.0;.-/.22.05c0<5000845seee BAe >= 24 441
Key to the American and Hawaiian Species of Himantopus......-....-..---- 442
2. Himantopus mexicanus (Miiller)............ ajsnqactidt fae apenas 442

\ Suporper. Lari. Toe Guin. Teme siics.aierlenscecbe) Jo-ceheeebee cet 447
Key to the Families of Larious): suscoletisnss Se es cee 449
FAmity. Ryncnoripz2.. - Tae SKIMMERS i030) VU eile ee eae S. 449
Genus 1. Rynchopa Linnreus.0!.20 522 ec sess estas erase cee ae eee 450
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Rynchops........-.--.------------------ 451
1. Rynchops nigra nigra (imnzeus) . 2 6s 2 ete ss see oe een eee 451

2. Rynchops nigra intercedens (Saunders)............-.-.---------e---- 453

5. eynchopes cincrascens Spx. 232 soc-s. 2 case c eee seee se ee 455
ROMY TERAIDAC. THER TERNS. .cccccecs sicscn scenic eeeeen eee nee 458
Koy 20 toe Genera Of MiCtNIND a a ae nels pone ee eee aa 458
Gonna 1, isydropropae Bea. oon aca <ias cism seein ce ns sao ee eee eee me alae 460
1. ‘Hiydroprocne caspia (PANas). <<<. ts cane e ae eee aca cle 461

Genus'2: -Thalasseus Bole. <=.) <eciasec coe cee new cee eee eee ae = ata rete 466

"2 inc ame

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI

Page.
Wey to the. Speciesef Thalassens..........- 8108.4 io sososgeds% Juss soss2e Sadi 467
2. /enalasseus maximus! (Boddaert)s......-..209020i2) Leaves tad cess 467
5), halamens eldgang (Gambel).......--.~---.---Wwlel wresepalesial 472
4. Thalasseus eurygnathus (Saunders)............2.-.-.--ce sees cence ene 474
5. Thalasseus sandvicensis acuflavidus (Cabot)..................-..----- 476
Genus, 3) Gelbehelidon-Brehit: c 2qioo2). nose - SSE els cute 478
é:. Galachelidon milotica (Gmielin)........ ...2-<.--05- 200th LIU euse J. 479
Keane 4,, Stora Ea ncGne. see ee eee ene cen SNL BU bt6s. 485
iy to the Speciesobs tern disc. — 5c. o ons << sep nn oo UIE BUI. 486
7 SStemandsudeanieAudubenc....~.<56.0~s0i-x0 ~~ Vernier Eels cused. 488
Ss Siernanterster. Nrttalls..22+-..<.sqcncw=- Soa. leah eptel. 490
97 Seam marondoeLinniens:;.. ..2ssuceuuer ! aes. euler ae 493
ie Sterns paradicsesd Brinmieh ce 40.1 iocinne.s on med HUTS 2 Sel. 499
i> Shore dougalls Montag... - <0: 2.00 +e SIUM RRL Se eel. 505
Pa ete CCR SATE he F5 oo eos crnmin wre meee ed USO RS. 510
13. Sterna anztheta recognita Mathews..............-.-.-.-.08 te 3c. 512
14. Sterna anetheta nelsoni Ridgway.......-.........-..-2s uae. tel. 514
15. Sterna fuseata fuscata Linnseus-..........- 00.520 52 2 Paso k 3 514
16-5Stema fuseata:crissalis Lawrence......-2uecqsovoi gid Jun conser e_adt 519
Pete eo teres Ol Ons dee esos en RST insti su ledqangoiene J. 520
Key to the American Species and Subspecies of Sternula..........-.....-.-- 520
17. Sternula antillarum antillarum (Lesson). ...............-2-2..2----- 521
18. Sternula antillarum browni (Mearns). .......-..220. sUs2 see elle ee 525
eanus; Giitydrochelidon Bolescs<.<2ds2.- ~~. Ale]: esis euaviecebads. 526
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Hydrochelidon...............2222..--- 527
19. Hydrochelidon leucopareia (Temminck). ..........-.--.2-.2-2--------- 528
20. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmelin)................---.----- 532

21. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Temminck)................2-...22------- 53
Gomi se hoiusaWarlen>? O23 Sen). -5: ooo ok on SRR BE 8S 540
wae Heebine Ghiernpoda ,(Macillot).........- (meds Lesiseiel susgsozs. 541
peed Se ORS SEO RMORR Oe ost apocrine inn = oss SOROS. EeEE. Se 544
Key to the American Subspecies of Anous stolidus. ..........-.----2-+--.----- 545
2a. eAmous:stolidus,stolidusi(aimneeus)....... yarviliiessM aidiatedsed cL 5! 546
24, Anous stolidus ridgwayi Anthony......5.. 2.222... 0202. .e ee eee eee 550
25. Anous stolidus galapagensis (Sharpe)...............--2.-2-2--------- 551
{senu8 0). Mepalopterus-Boie.342. .. =. . +2 452------- RRO be soe dt 552
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Megalopterus.................--------- 553
26. Megalopterus minutus atlanticus Mathews. ............-.----..----- 554
27. Megalopterus minutus diamesus (Heller and Beatoens yas_ehsienioge 556
Gomme 10s 6G yeas. Waeler «222+ 35 doateces ~~... Cosmminies mosshiage) = § 557
Regio the Species.of G-yois.s .262225 hou, {ootiiee TT) acetone sated rea 5d8
25. -Gayinaihe candida (Gnielin):..........~.~.-.. . eer annsroorstA WJ 559
AME Yeu ARID a, Pte .GULIS.~..cesdso-0asod= Be Letwasi iin seinecs edt 56]
Key. to the Genara of, Larids.)............ 5 SUA} ese iemate tu icecess 562
feed a, Rises Stephens... 60+. 5.5.02 suhusstecnl eurmemeete 564
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Rissa..............0......--22-222-0-5 565
1. Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (Linneus).......... eeuh. aet.. scare. 565
2. Hisea tridactyla pollicaris Stejneger.............ssdsiol A jo cwwu:D.adi 571
35) RARROEG VITOSLTIS BUCH) ec oe on icmeiaw sac coas « ee eRe tes. 8 573
Spe 2c SE PRINT FOTN esr reneressrerominenerncecin csc ano etees.elaevegald 575
4. Papopeals.albs (Gunnerus).<o oo. scnnicc.o- = «Bese Leane Sd aualicult oS 576

Genus, SasUarus,Linnseus.<. «<5 aga neo os CAE Lt phere! aceite 580

/

XII. TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page

Key to the Species and Subspecies of Larus....... ataeeesote Ein pheoak ott 581
6. (Larus hyperboreusGunnerus:-.. 2.2... Sheek ba \ eomiveds peeuuctedt? 584

6. Larus leucopterus, Faber... 5 2. 2 ose ae Roe a arceaelnds 590

(. Larus kumlient, Brewster 2 ..<.<- cc... ea b eer ert aes ates eel 593

8. ‘Larus nelsoni:;Henshaw,..../8o7te0\ <UbPaeiens prigeretin an szpnee atl 595

9. Larus glancescens,. Naumann sas cooie ce ered atin er eb tied classe 597
10.;-Larussthayen Brooks, ..2 222).4225.2<ci.2 SERRE Boobie. aoliiednalek 600

i. arus marinus inne) eee ook ee cucu cen SS eee 601
12.“LarusischistisagusStejneger. eco. 2 =o sccese a cycue sc an eee HS SOAR eee 605

13; \.Larus ‘afiinis Reinhardt: 22c5.00.5.2aeew een teeth aeecbust ace 608

14, Jharusoceidentalis. Audubon’ ...-4.c8...5.s022s ete S. eetoiel oe 610

15. Larus argentatus argentatus Pontoppidan.................2.2.....-- 612

16. Larus verse. (Palmén). 222 222055. oe ee ee ea eres aces 618

7. /Larusicalifornicus: Lawrence: <-2 2 ciscem= 2 --oc Pee senor: aes. 620

18., Larus delawarensis; Ordis- 2k cs esha k nk see: Rotitele spss. 623

19. Larugseelanneeus® 2.0 oa Ste. etieeaie tad Monsen geht. 627

20. Laruiiybraebyrhynchus Richardson. .: 2 2.).05 212. 2st 2 dee co saae 632
Genus 4... Chroteseephalus Bytom 2 20y2.< 21/0 Seed Bhd. sheesh age. 635
Keyato the Species of Chroicocephalus x... soonest stint: ateeneh aaaek. 636
ZL. Chroicocephalus'atricilla@Linneeig) = 2. ..2c60< seeing coe eee <2 636

22. Chroicocephalus franklinii (Swainson and Richardson)...............- 641

23. -Chroicocephalus philadelphia (Ord2)i\. sr a4shiea eee been ousete: 645
Genus).5.) Hydrocoleus Kaup.250. «-.,..scesge does euscelitiew ala ese: 649
24. Hy drocoloeus;minutus, (Pallas). .:..'...-.2<- 28a elie tasiepet 649
Genus '6, Blasipus) Bruch... ..:...55 sis iboshy EB. is speeded hex eee eae 652
Key to the Species of Blasipus ........... atten! wincneracal told he doar eee 652
2); Blasipus heermanni, (Cassin)... 3) sieearsnsiee cess cabled sasthels. 654

265 ,Blasipus fuliginosus; (Gould)... .(iscciesece? ss eteinetesel oobsiedenthedt: 656
Geniis (7. Greagrus) Bonapartes 2. 2c. 2.<. 0%. 5s0cas~/esias a Ne aN 658
27. Creacrus iurcatus (Néboux)ictc sek nwa e lee a eee aoe 659
Genus’ 8: Kemapleachizesse S fsd Cte cee nl dusicie sensors SRE RISA 662
28. _Xemasabini (J; Sabine)... ehHols aes Acts soeaaeeie ees 252 0) 6E3
Genus 9). Rhodostethia Macgillivray - Jiu: 0h Aeseneck eh baller elo te alee - 668
29.),. Rhodostethia rosea, (Maccillivray).-.deccisk Givescinwcbelese ase b. 669
FamiLy STERCORARUDH. THE SKUAS AND JAEGERS.........-....------+---- 673
Key to the.Genera.of Stercoratiidee: 5 sein cin. Sh be se Soe ane ewes. 32 674
Genus 1:. Megalestris:Bonapartes see ice lent’. We oats et Dee ete ands 674
Key toithe-Species of. Megalestrie:. .essatull.ncatienl es ecetber eeeeeetiagess. 675
I... Megalestris:skua(Britumich) ix. ta tail: sstneee hh een eee tig? £. 677
Genus:2.; Coprotheres, Reichenbach 2c 22/s.<.2i0.--.5:<,<:ciccesciecsscinsoe so SA Bee <A 680
2. Coprotheres pomarinus.(Temminck),..... js. ..: 2. ~..cie nee ai 681
Genus, 3.) Stercorarius Brisson =). 2.005. L200. 228. Seed: ohn: 520 s-ales de 686
Key to the.Species\of Stercorarius:. 3.2%. 20...c aceite Ee aisle 687
3. Stercorarius: parasiticus, (Linnreus) 222... 4.1... debe). Ne einstein eee 687

4. Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot:,.:...42..5.:005 405 8teeeke ae ot 694
SUBORDER Anca. . THe AUK TRIBE. ...:.23550-10 9SieRRe se De sedeeee-ede 700
Bay Ancora... THe AUKS:. «occu tudwio do elohos sletosherk aif 701
Key. to the.Genera:of Alcide*................sanemiete aceml ioe wltrisahiet 2ncts 702
Genus 1. Plautus: Gummerug. oo :2i2:.5...0.0i.ceu nic co set = AOE RP REOOEER eh Joe 706
i; Plawtusialle (iinneus))...,<c..ccictarcs ccsioaecoce eee eem SEE Oe Gee CEB eine 707
Genus 2.. Pinguinus Bonnaterre . . .:.,...2:sec)e.c-cses1n1ecre SRO See hss 710
2. Pinguinusimpennis (Linneus)< 2 2.2. ckencccec---e eee Stizet..o8 711
Genus'3 . Alea. Tinmse uals) scsc\s ons a crs cies ome Oe eo eae oe ere erate 713

or Alea tordanksiMMese iis’. c.cinc c.cteteus eee eee rare ete erecta 714

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

rOIVVIS AU PU TIMMONS Seles S 0h claraine oie arsine wm alee a wie ti iDeie = nwo eae
Key to tne species aud Subspecies of Uria:... 2.06260. eo. 5 Sees eeeeieediens-
APAMEIa TEVA PUNIHED ht osc cai Lt. Saseee dose ces mcs dopeeeee eacerees

Sau ins peau estroule) (Linneus) <2 <.o.sceccts caw ese sasno see atone uen ses

6:4) Ursa tromle ealiformea:(Bryant)25-22 3-255 £227 Ae. LES.

ie LU riaMoni yin OM vIn. (Lames) = c Sic. =o 5 sacs cc eae se ice npee cere ee ome
SeiUnanGminia mire (EAUAS) coc cc cencaeecll aces ea fe oeenic= dere onss det eee
Srenlistose Cet MUSne AUIAG 5 25 eh disc. oataie, Lia Seid ws tle oiciciw wrstwere's Sasa toro meuttaeletelal ane
SG y7 G0) LHORSEIGEICS OL GED PMUSe: 5 (cra'c.a. aie,0 Srarsia cree wi chaye ore cae. avaln Mea seat nimimate a were
OmGenmanmoryile: (minmeUs ee seo t ee fee ee ore ee ee ties ene eee

HOC ee pememnton ram G1. (MANAG) or vetsntavemvars eras srs bic acte octane perelaere aisle aw So were
HiaCeppmascolumba: Pallas. 2.15 sc. ere eset ve sess saws es Me cseeines

ie Coppers mo tzfeldi-(benicken)\. ssi 22 3:2 Jets ietione sesh ode ees

Sa COpErACAr DOPE allay =< 26 cA ays Suds Sees care Sineoe mobic s seem ee
Cronin rach VralnOiiUs) PrANGGse. can oc aces ce oleae Sere cies eeeeiek aaeettooe sc
Mevsrorune Species Of BIAChyramphus: .. 2. as 2s 2. eee sec ee wee clsieige dees -
if prachyramphus marmoratus (Gmelin): 2.22.0. st. <n ets eaten ne

io brachyramphus brevirostris (Vigors)..- <<... <<< 3-1 3s aes See = =
onsen endemychura Oberholser :. -.-..5..c.-..22% oc1eecis~ tesla ce ole bye weirs oe
Povatostne) Species oh BmdomiyChura: «a .cecss ero eciee crv ieice tie os Shacreinsene
lombndomy chura hypoleuca:(Kantus)- <2. 2sncees weiceek ope tees ee oe
ieaaundomy cChurarcravern (salvador) isc isos /sccele sss ciclo ee tein tins
Cente o- Oy Ntaiooramphiis brand. .: 222222. Ses Re eee
Keveto une; pecios.of synthliboramphus.-. 02-2522 27 22 222i. eee assess
fs ovatonboramphus- antiguus (Gmelin). 2. .5..-.--<s2 2-2 senses = aoe oe
onMAo eset Choram pHuUs Tan bes! cnc < cde ca es eiueissle ss + ae Asie = Aes ne ©
Le hiychoramphus aleuticus, (rallas). . 3.2.22... s2c2--085 2 --8ee ae hee
onus Onmen a emia Me MmIMINGS «72,58 os sac « Sin oe sean ewes ca saee see esijes oa
2 Oepestise CHIsupeLGGACw lay (ALAS), cote 5 calm aids nieve iaseiS rere ape ninneis'oniale sin te/taepemeee
SemuseulenCiceronia Reichenbach: << ss tre coscios cre stioecws suinb nck scmaeeceecise
Bile (eC cronmiavpusiltan( Palla) <2 esses 4 kt katate akon ee INL SLR Te 25
MLOMUAt lay NICE LA OtONO sco a sone oc eA a meres cite cence ee Une cele a
PoPOLCoany omen, (GIMEGlIM) -4<. 2s >. een waee Ge teas os we ee ee eee eee

cer COMMER Ete lai WE CRE OM Sy. .2fsaatisie tras orsiccs sini SimTs Selec sae aioe host meee sees oe
Pome maALemnbacelia, (PAlAS) 5. 5* 0.010 <.0 Jac.oci cic iemie ecee esac see toes clee ere 2
Gonupele: eC erorhintes: BONAPITtC. «626d < <o.c)2.6 Lown S Dintc ocaidias Soe om COMES ale 24% 2
Paeacorrhincs monocerata, (Pallas). ¢ o< 2.20. -dcipintsinse.oeec teletese~ see
CHU mee ee MACCL Cla Os PISSOI 527.15 «,2)snvecomoe/arnie os wie Srewtoreys bide mien MeO Seem wie
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Fratercula....... Adan sore cael vase ae
Zoamuraterculs arctica arctica: (linnreus)s.)205s2e< 2 sc ae ss os eet hls «siete s -
ZGenera ere arcuica Naumann NOTtODE 5-1 6266) 2c isiot ete nee aes wens

Zi Cnpereua CORMICIIATA (IN AUINETIN)-. sac acen oo eoe cscs gece ecte aawis
AaatiS Bits mre REEMA Ie EAS Sic 5 ciaraters ie aarw al site emule ee aioe ee Scio eis See
Be pel anceBU ATA CE ALAA) = oo) <2 ca. cin acc-cab eles dies eae Saas se eeeeecee sare
PART EOP ee Ie Renee fsa cie 8 Hate Sk ete tie a Nahe atone Sane ee ees see Ss

Soa Ns
Wmmmo~ayra a
Om 0 9 oO OO cr

789
792
793

707

ivi

Se eek

ey

a a ae ee

LIST OF FIGURES ILLUSTRATING GENERIC DETAILS.

_ Pare

Genus. Plate. | Figure. eo ;
USL ACT SEIS OEM SISE oof fainci cin nin oinlcinisievaletelaveie oiciela)njninio.sene a.aisteleisein = tems sereiemtereiar= I 1 7
DCM a ENen SP LOMIMIM CK voces ajaictaleitae Sele Mo sae ea nace Oeste ania wsias statis cin = wiaarclsie Il 1 18
3. Hematopus Linneus...... een Meeiataaen as aumento ata aris ak occu miclaret Ill 1 26
EAMG APIS ESTA SSOR Set torcmicaicietsin icant iat eee eicestomieicieielsmistaineelaimeitint a ciaisid cota etse I 3 43
PRD IZ APTS ONG toan an ajacicvicme ta tasindtaasianiaiaana Sen asineia sels ere ne seeisieeeers I 2 58
Gm ONL USES HISSOR ie tes & Sac\siatesjetajne is ites eos cane Saat Macleay ctinisel oe wieeeaees VI 1 64
eeELODlOXYOUAIIS 13 ONADALLC © <rale ope wie “ainiesalnjn =1a)n eine in)anivini anim sia ele ois sjoiein = ill 2 69
8. squatarolaCuyiers- ----..--..-..2-----s-.- Shale lade lel lmeiealnlolie me aleiiatnalarater TV; 1 72
Sten VALS SEISS OUI toric Soin ormeianin cae einisio toa nies smee sicicie sins cieiessivias clea mae sacine Vi 1 79
AS RCT OMIASIB TERING fe od Ricichinigele oes ere dele aicie dae boa aoe saeco ene seek eh seis ce Nae 2 94
Les Oo OC AUS) RAI GHOM DA CHa sto a ncclcjassizslacinc ce iewisirn des cicamcisine’e Sas ons csae Il 2 98
aN EOMASOCY'S! COUMOSE we slain on wine sicice « wae e ites alceinietess ae cle = pias eietene cic ww 9 a vic ateporee IV 2 104
Meee EAS OLE MALTON SSE ole cis tia-clae's sleiesattajosisdcisiec sinc eiasce tines sceciecedenat ccs s ce om x 1 107
MoM CAE SAAT ES aT ES UIS sae al oi nefera= nies aac sia ele o]nteiae je noes see ele ta eel <tc Soe eee Vi 2,3,4 114
Reem CL CEE RGA US erent sist atetnier as aici dere ete e oiale ats aicisin's ois eieinin = nie <ininls ose cea ae Vil 1 149
Oem ea Ode HCL Annies Vata emo bice ae ase celat = anaaaie nae eee aa at ainm catia ieee tS - WALT 3 155
Yom CREULES TASS SO) BLOT em etal are clare elo ratein a ntamietetoss a ateleis eicioietnie, cl sicisila sloaicleieyee ns sisiatere/e ate IX 1 159
2 Si Se ee i ee ie een eee eee VIII 1 177
DLO SV GEOl AMAL AO WSS = oops atalce cle injntat ninja yn =) Siciealonte cnn ie ale sincie.nteb sisiseiticieseeicine sable. Vit 2 182
i) aL TATE T OTIS SMUAN GRAN «ie ape wo cio on alu afelaim (sistsinja)a[e (ain u)<'e i=in aia Sinieleieiste,s:« son)e'b\n\e Ix 2 195
ibe MACK Oa AAS BIL Ge 2 noice Miciain'n Selsin cia Sisiaeins speieeineins snc (nine soeimeiesie' =)a.0 cele x 3 204
Pao GLITIO LOST EME Die meter efaten chats assets oie nistelniniaislaicrrciereciersicis oisiaimin cis ejatciieret othe Smee Ey x 4 209
oe CHOLOS CHMIOIE Ae hee woe acien sence cnc semantce danse tacts tact ne sn ateee XI 1 218
Pac LMTIPI COS CARING He sea ctels mowslecclsttnns cicsnies eee estes ose ae a moc e oes XI 2 225
2 MORAUULIS SLOAN Sa ose lfee:seers saat ae etre aio Tae oe ote o tae acinus tesa ie? XI 3 230
BOP OL MALOM AID AIR Oe on 22 aa Sete Sect sei ddae secon Descends sasegonis Hote sath XII 1 238
27 ENE OLA VLCUO TEA A ote cis tals ts eine Sse eames eee tae Fash Ee bate eae See XVII 2 249
erat CLG LOI SCE Spas afelh cixjos Ma bictnj mis peee ak «= Seether aac Saeie ele ited oo XII 2 256
PO MEASOD ae DIM OUP ae Aotce oo sees aces ae seein ah enone eons maceeeeenccraiseeedene XIII 1 266
Buby TOL aI GHG UNTISSON. Siac iaisicpos sBacjei- seein eateries « Setsiae Sas 2 ceremins Sates XII 2 302
pul PRC RECUDI SA Cree Ses tae Chwcis ce rapne Mie wom wpaciaia SEniS San se aie: aloes we Ooms VIII 3 307
podt GALOMUEOV MOLISE D> OMA DALUG erases oe icicialo's icisieiniec ine wines Cl osiateccee ecu aseces XIII 3 314
Socom SLIDING Lee te eer Meer ae ic ic cia eie Sele a ee cial clelee hewn ae etice BEM XIV 1 322

SA NCOPLONUSERNU SWAY Seo eenicn aces ee Mie eee secs ee as ccbedace esses re ccoe XV 1 3
Os Hb OLETNISW OCHS LOLA Sate ates ne we tore Sk enbiann Mae Sone coh cao Samus oelocee se cok XIV 2 342
DUP VRCOMEEUI SERRE Me naam iss Saet Celthc Oe act oc toes week see ace eet XIV 3 346
SMe RnInPS setae see wana eee Ste a hee Nt ARR. pe SERS EG. Vill 2 352
Soe etOLOSCOLUISHD aITU eee eaten mane toh cinace oem cc ecieee ce welewine te tides semen XVI 1 365
OO SAIC CLS ELIE OF may. ep CN 5 oe bee ee reek J ee ees Oe Ae aS baba x 2 371
Ady Bartramiaslessonls=f2:2:< 22.23: s 22-20 (sSTEREL SSIS 2 SER SE Ie XVI 2 378
ON TEEROEITIS SES TISSON 2a a 5 As ates ae aia So co <i aaiele aps oie ajeia' a Bees wae Se eines o be XVII 1 385
Ae CoO SUE IDE Re ee eee nats nea Roe eee ese eee fee mie ei ee Bed | XVIII 1 395
HO HM CSOSECIUD EES IAN DO sase vs oa ee eee Sen en Cee ete mois cats Mheigeeoscaesiex XIX 1 410
Ad NalarvODUSeErISSOnPEe Cone eh hat. 1 Sweets pee Pe bie e ty VS. Ot ers) XIX 2 417
Berea DINOS EVO so ee ge enc Se i os EE eos kee ioe XIX 3 423
SOM LOP UO DE SE ViIOULO tee ciate ermse aac aces stacico opens Oe ceeichann Ges ciceraneisct are XIX 4 430
Af PROC TV ELOS CCA LMESOUIS Saye See eee ack | sees Ae ees oe eR, wee xX 1 436

ta
<

XVI LIST OF FIGURES ILLUSTRATING GENERIC TABLES.
Pa
Genus. Plate. | Figure. af
text.
45 SE MAn FOpUS) Brisson ent ope eto Sane lon cerns ae ons Ss olen cate Seinen waeene XXI 1 441
49: Rynchops sdnnweus 5. eee ee heey. cep ha eae soo bg. dee toes aeeeeae XXI 2 450
OO MEY droproznevRanp yn ece ysscar sa citcocetace Sos See sie e cicanis oa neeln ne Sen eee XXII 1 460
OL ee LNAISSSOUSHES O10 txercrs sean i= eieielailererareretetorre Cwiveiete SoS bie See ajo eet See XXIII 1 465
mom olochelidonPBrenmee te. nae Wass oen ness sede scsaecls as ode te ee aes ose e eee XX 2 478
Soe ODCTEABIAITIT OTIS Weenie cae wise Sas ea eine oie Da Se luicle ais as erelsinioicine SEE eee CEE ERE XXV 12 485
4 SO POLLAN OlG treats We meee s oe aie isis 1s.0\S yore apbisic aye a) aie Sigma Reese ee ie REE XXII 2 520
55. Hydrochelidon Boie......... Fe Seine miciele. edie acioalselsiew slo oe eee eee eee Ren nee XXIII 2 526
DOs EncetusanWarlensc cee saa oe diate ta atcha tates eta eae eee eects XXIV 1 540
Sie ATOMS SLOPN OMS Tae Rettctnicatcctcc oars wie vialnis Seid deiecla lose te ete ee eee XXVI 1 544
OSs MoralopterlisiBOle . Aare ecci eile oe d Soe elo See eee XXVI 2 552
DOV GV IS WiG@lOle es face hooste Scie ce Beds Sooo Sao Sa ee Soeidcdsseee Sas: XXIV 2 557
60. Rissa Stephens.......- Bre tale ys (aati elote tele ota Ste ala rea Ta ee tS Tn Eee Tate XXVII 1 564
61. Pagophila Kaup.............- Soa etelelotd oe elles ei oe ee Eee eee XXVII 2 57.
OZ PPIGATTISNEATIREBUS Se 2\aicle'ete clas te’ o's's s’eiate's ='= Sadist hel TSS eae ee eae XXVII 3 580
63. Blasipus Bruch.......-- tee ne see ee eas terete totaal reteset a arate a XXVIIT| 1 652
G4-wenydrocgloeus Kaup: cise cesccss *hdeccc td casa ee as os ae eo XXVIII 2 649
Gb-7Creaprus: Bonaparte. 252s 0s ofS se See STASI SNES SSDS os FIRS XXVIII) 4 658
OovexomaWeachs 222. ootocs hood el lav i SoS AO ace nee ona olla XXVIII 3 662
GreeHhodosteunia, Macgillivray s.-. .\1. 5517s ae ea it oo etchant tee XXVIII 5 668
GSemMerAlesbrishD ONADALLG: 7's) 22s esse enlels ee gee eee ee tae tela acta eraterate | XRIK 1 674
69 Coprotheres! Reichenbach... 2.2... cicero alee nee teeta ele we ole stots eet XXIX 2 680
FOS COLCOLATIUS DPiSSON © ..%.'.'s''s o's’ =) ele oive Joes oc ee eee ce ieee le ea XxX 1 686
ple ealeueaGTIS GQUMMNELUS | 21 51's a hasta oe ee oe otal el oT oat Ta RI RTI I XXX 3 (U0
72. Pinguinus Bonnaterre..............-- Pode OST IIS SES Gado oS SE OTOTS: sa5z5- XXXI 1 710
Woe ANCA MINN BUS EN 2 Ss Salo eciecicte Sees ta ea ol Seas onde dal See ASS XXXII 2 713
(Ay Wires Brisson <cac cee oc. Sone of oaee cto Sc TIRES Sen oe Te en SSS ASO XXX 2 717
VomCepphus, Pallagy s.r rose toe ee SIA SS ae a ne Oa ae ee XXX 4 732
(Gmbrachyramphus Brandt: . 12 2s-ictlssceere cles sete eee eisie Sete etre = Soloist XXXII 4 745
wae Emdomychura Oberholser :.<.. 0). tate este ete cele] toe ste seal= oilers XXXII 5 751
N18 SyDchliboramphus Brandt <1 12:s\<<ix:eistctelorct ciate steels aeleeeleiesietalelstsisisicre s'<i= = <taetees XXXII 3 755
79: Ptychoramphus Brandt... 252.2... NAYS ATS) Dt Rn Sst Hn 8 Oo te Bhs EXE: 2 760
80>, Phaleris ‘Temminck:s.. 12. 00. J setae soelne oa a esas tcidicas Waesee XXXII 1 763
er; Ciceronia Reichenbach. 1... a2. 0<.\/ndeeserdeds tle eee ora oe Sara XX XIII} 3 767
82. “AT Colla Stones: oi... seh otise es ose fe os sao Se ee ene so ol Sos aaaee XXXIIT 4 770
83. AGhia Moerrem es = scjod occ cl aps sa Se oe Sade de Se OES BEETS Et oat XXXII} 2 774
$4. Cerorhinca Bonaparte: ..... 22 lc. 2.66. c0cececdeecddenadeaedeseeeeedececses XXXII | 1| 778
25. Fratercula Brisson.......... Seidel Sele Sic Sid cided c Se o Teee eae eee saat a stmeee XXXIV | 1 782
BG; Lund aPallasen. oo josesJacceatesotsas cas SoC ee eet eee XXXIV | 2" 2792
1

THE BIRDS
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.

By Rosert Riveway,
Curator, Division of Birds.

Part VIT.

Order CHARADRITFORMES.

PLOVER-LIKE BIRDS.

>Charadriornithes FirBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1566 (in-
cludes Otides=Gruiformes part).

> Aegialornithes FURBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1566 (includes
Otides).

>Charadriiformes Firprincer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1566 (in-
cludes Otides).—Suarrr, Review Rec. At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72; Hand-
list, i, 1899, xv, 144 (includes Otides).—Gapow, in Bronn’s Thier-Reichs,
Vog., ii, 1898, 194, 300; Classif. Vertebr., 1898, xv, 35 (excludes Otides;
includes Pterocles and Columbiformes).—OsBERHoLsER, Outl. Classif. N.
Am. Birds, 1905, 2 (includes Columbiformes).—Knowtrton, Birds of the
World, 1909, 49, 350 (includes Pterocles and Columbiformes).

<Laro-Limicolae FURBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1566 (excludes
Jacani and @dicnemi).—OBERHOLSER, Outl. Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 2
(excludes Alce).—Knowtrton, Birds of the World, 1909, 49 (Limicolae+
Lari).

=Laro-Limicolae Gapow, in Bronn’s Thier-Reichs, Vég., ii, 1893, 195.

<Charadrii FURBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1566 (excludes
Jacani and @dicnemi).

>Limicole Garrop, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 117 (includes Gruide.).

<Limicole BEpDDARD, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 336 (excludes Alcz).

<Gavie SEEBOHM, Classif. Birds, 1890, vii, xi, 37 (excludes Alcz).

=Pluviales StEINEGER, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 65, in text.

Limicoline, aquatic or (rarely) pratincoline schizognathous birds
with dorsal vertebre opisthocclous, lachrymals firmly united with
prefrontals, oil gland tufted, flexor tendons of Type I, syrinx tracheo-
bronchial, and secondaries aquincubital.

Skull schizognathous (aegithognathous in Thinocoryces); nares
usually schizorhinal (holorhinal in @dicnemi, Dromades, Chionides,
and Pluvianus, pseudo-holorhinal in Thinocoryces); basipterygoid

40017—18—Bull. 50, pt 8-2 : 1

2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

processes usually present (absent in Gidicnemi, Cursorii, Chionides,
and Alcs); supraorbital grooves usually present (absent in some
Limicole); lachrymals firmly united with prefrontals; occipital
fontanelles usually present (absent in Jacanide, Dromadide, and in
adults of Lari); coracoids with a subclavicular process; coraco-
humeral groove distinct; furcula U-shaped, with a hypocleideum;
spine sterni short, separate; cervical vertebre, 15-16; dorsal ver-
tebr, 5-8; no ankylosed dorsal vertebre; hemapophyses of cervical
and thoracic vertebre opisthocelous, only 1-2 vertebre with two
fairly closely approximated hzemapophyses for reception of the
carotid arteries; hallux (if present) connected with the flexor longus
hallucis, never with the flexor perforans digitorum; anterior toes
completely cleft to completely webbed; hypotarsus complex (with
canals in Limicole, with 2 grooves in Lari) or simple (Alcz); flexors
of Type I; thigh-muscle formula variable; biceps slip to patagium
usually present (absent only in Rynchopide); caeca usually large
(rudimentary in Alce and some Limicole); carotid arteries, 2;
rhamphotheca usually simple (complex in Chionidide, Stercorariide,
and some Alc); crop absent (except in Thinocorythes); intestinal
convolutions of Type I (peri-orthocelous with mesogyrous tendency) ;
syrinx tracheo-bronchial, with 1 pair of muscles; oil-gland tufted;
cervical pterylosis with lateral apteria; dorsal pteryla well defined
on neck, forked on upper back; aftershaft present; primaries, 11
(1 minute and concealed); secondaries, 11, aquincubital; rectrices,
10-28; downs on adults present; young ptilopedic, nidifugous
(Limicole) or pseudo-nidifugous (Lari and Alce).

KEY TO THE SUBORDERS OF CHARADRIIFORMES.

a. Heemapophyses of dorsal vertebre less developed; coracoid with a subclavicular
process, the ectepicondylar process well-developed (except in some Lari); ster-
num relatively short and broad, the metasternum not rounded and not projecting
beyond the postero-lateral processes; clavicle connected with both praecoracoid
and acrocoracoid; pelvis not laterally compressed; first digit of manus present;
thigh-muscle formula with Y, usually with B, the ambiens absent only in Ryn-
chopide; biceps slip not distinctive; tensores patagii not distinctive; intestinal
convolutions of fewer loops (less than 6); dorsal pteryla interrupted between
anterior and posterior parts; caeca present, usually large (except in Jacanide?);
wings long, the flight buoyant and prolonged; legs inserted near middle of body.
(Laro-Limicolz.)

b. Hypotarsus complex (with canals); coracoids separated (except in Edicnemide
and Jacanide); supraorbital glands absent or small; basipterygoid processes
usually present (absent in Dromadide, (dicnemide, Glareolide, Chionididee
and Thinocorythide); occipital foramina present (except in Dromadide,
(Edicnemidz, Glareolide, Thinocorythide, Jacanide, and Chionidide);
furcula without hypocleideum; adult downs on pteryle only; bill and tarsus
relatively long and slender; anterior toes usually cleft to base or only slightly
webbed (fully webbed only in Recurvirostride, part); young typically nidi-
fugous; habits limicoline or pratincoline, or if aquatic (Phalaropodide) toes
not webbed but scalloped or lobed ...........-...-------+- Limicole (p. 3).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3

6, Hypotarsus simple (with grooves but without canals); coracoids in contact
(except in Stercorariide); supraorbital glands present, large; basipterygoid
processes absent or vestigial; occipital foramina absent; furcula with @
hypocleideum; adult downs on both pteryle and apteria; bill and tarsus rela-
tively short and stout; anterior toes usually fully webbed (never cleit);
young pseudo-nidifugous (nearly nidicolous); habits aquatic . ..Lari (p. 447).

«a. Heemapophyses of dorsal vertebre conspicuously developed; coracoids without a
subclavicular process, the ectepicondylar process minute or absent; sternum
relatively long and narrow, the metasternum rounded and projecting beyond
the postero-lateral processes; clavicle connected with acrocoracoid only; pelvis
laterally compressed; first digit of manus absent; thigh-muscle formula
without Y, usually without B, the ambiens always absent; biceps slip and
tensores patagii peculiar (distinctive); intestinal convolutions of more numer-
ous loops (not less than 6); dorsal pteryla not interrupted; caeca absent or
rudimentary; wings short, the flight rapid but not bouyant; legs inserted far
eto yrea mnt eet ic, AS ce Sat Se ee eae uel es cs Alce (p. 700).

Suborder LIMICOL.
SHORE-BIRDS.

=Limicole Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 688.—SciaTer and SaLvIn,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, viii, 142.—Sciater, Ibis, 1880, 408.—Barrp,
BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 107.—AMERICAN
ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, 145; 3rd ed., 1910, 107.—Rine-
way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 143; 2d ed., 1896, 143.—SuHarpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, ix, 1.—Gapow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 35.—Sa.Lvin
and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1903, 338.—OBERHOLSER, Outl.
Classif. N. Am., Birds, 1905, 2—KNowtton, Birds of the World, 1909, 49, 351.

= Charadriomor phe Hux ey, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 457.

>Limicole BEppDARD, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 336 (includes Lari!).

<Charadrii FirBRiNGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., li, 1888, 1566 (Charadriidee+
Glareolidee+Dromadide; excludes Jacani, (dicnemi, Chionides, and
Thinocorythes).

>Scolopacoidexr STEINEGER, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 94, in text (includes
Otides).

Long-winged, usually long-legged, limicoline or cursorial (rarely
aquatic) Charadriiformes with hypotarsus complex; coracoids usu-
ally separated; supraorbital glands absent or small; basipterygoid
processes usually present; occipital foramina usually present; fur-
cula without hypocleideum; adult downs on pteryle only; bill and
legs usually relatively long and slender; anterior toes usually cleft
to base or incompletely webbed, and young typically nidifugous.

The following characters are shared in common by the Limicole
and Lari, as distinguished from the Ale: Hemapophyses of dorsal
vertebre slightly or moderately developed; coracoid with a subclav-
uiclar process, the ectepicondylar process well-developed (except in
some Lari); sternum relatively short and broad, the metasternum
not rounded and not projecting beyond the postero-lateral processes ;
clavicle connected with both praecoracoid and acrocoracoid; pelvis
not laterally compressed; first digit of manus present; thigh-muscle
formula with Y, usually with B; biceps slip and tensores patagii not

4 BULLETIN 3), UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

distinctive; dorsal pteryla interrupted between anterior and pos-

terior parts; caeca present, usually large; legs attached near

middle of body; wings long, the flight bouyant and capable of being

long sustained.
KEY TO THE SUPERFAMILIES OF LIMICOLA.
a. Vomer pointed or bifid anteriorly; maxillo-palatines long and thin; crop absent.
b. Nares schizorhinal.
c. Basipterygoid processes present.

d. Supraorbital grooves and occipital foramina absent; coracoids overlapping;
hallux, anterior toes, and claws enormously elongated; rectrices 10.

Jacani (p. 5).

dd. Supraorbital grooves and occipital foramina present; coracoids separated;

hallux very small, often absent; anterior toes and claws of moderate

length or relatively short; rectrices 12-28.............--- Charadrii (p. 24).

cc. Basipterygoid processes absent........-....-------- Dromades (extralimital).¢
bb. Nares holorhinal or pseudo-holorhinal.

c. Supraorbital grooves absent; coracoids overlapping. ...-...-..- (dicnemi (p. 17).

cc. Supraorbital grooves present; coracoids separated ..Glareolz (extralimital).?

aa. Vomer broad and rounded anteriorly; maxillo-palatines short and inflated, tumid
or spongy; crop present.

b. Nares pseudo-holorhinal; metasternum 2-notched; atlas perforated; rhampho-

thecawimples: Sas. GS, 55552. Bi sek. teehee: 6 Attagides (extralimital).¢
bb. Nares schizorhinal; metasternum 4-notched; atlas notched; rhamphotheca
complex’ Storer lees: . sues eto 5..Pd BOOS - Chionides (extralimital).¢@

a Dromades Sharpe, Review Rec. Att. Classif, Birds, 1891, 72. Includes only the
curious monotypic genus Dromas Paykull, of eastern Airica (including Madagascar)
to southern India, Ceylon, etc. The single species, D. ardeola Paykull, differs from
all other Limicole in a considerable number of characters, among which are its
peculiar nidification, the single immaculate white egg being deposited at the end of
a long burrow.

b <Glareole Sharpe, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 73 (includes Glareo-
lide only).

<Cursorii Sharpe, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 73 (includes Cursoriide
only).

> Cursorii Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, xvi, 169 (includes Dromadidzee—Dromades).

I am not at all sure that the Glareole and Cursorii should be combined in one group,
but most certainly Dromas should be removed from close association with either.

© >Chionoidex Stejneger, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 92, in text (includes Chi-
onides).

>Subgrallatores Sundevall, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., 1872, 119, (includes Chi-
onides).

=Attagides Sharpe, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72; Hand-list, i, 1899,
xv, 145.

@—= Vaginati Lliger, Prodromus Orn., 1811, 261.

= Vaginales Cuvier, Régne Anim., ed. 2, i, 1829, 541.

=Coleoramphi Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, 59.

=Chionomorphx Coues and Kidder, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 3, 1876, 115.

=Chionides Sharpe, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72; Hand-list, 1, 1899,
xv, 145.

>Subgrallatores Sundevall, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., 1872, 119 (includes Atta
gides). - s

>Chionoidee Stejneger, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 92, in text (includes Atta-
gides).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 5

Superfamily JACANI.

=Parrae FURBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1566.—SHARpPE, Re-
view Recent Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 73; Hand-list, i, 1899, xvi, 168.
Medium-sized to rather small Limicole without occipital fora-
mina or supraorbital grooves, coracoids overlapping, toes (including
hallux) and their claws enormously elongated, and rectrices only 10.
Palate schizognathous; nares schizorhinal, without ossified im-
ternasal septum or ossification of nasal cartilages; basipterygoid
processes present, well-developed; supraorbital grooves and occipital
foramina absent; lachrymals small, ankylosed with the naso-frontal
bones above, with the pars plena below; vomer emarginate apically;
metasternum 2-notched; xiphoid sternal processes shorter than body
of sternum; ribs reaching sternum, 5; clavicles farther from pro-
coracoid at its articulation than in Charadrii; a more or less developed
metacarpal spur, this when less developed accompanied by a dilation
and flattening of the distal half of the radius, but when conspicously
developed the radius of normal form; syrinx with a pair of intrinsic
muscles; thigh-muscle formula ABXY+, the ambiens, accessory
femoro-caudal, and accesssory semitendinosus muscles developed,
the oddurator internus triangular; deep plantar tendons peculiar,
there being no special slip from conjoined tendon of the long flexors
to the hallux; carotid arteries, 2; caeca rudimentary (‘‘mere passeri-
form nipples”); gall bladder present, well-developed; crop absent;
gizzard muscular, with epithelial linmg hard and thick; oil gland
tufted; dorsal pteryla remarkably contracted (laterally) behind
scapula, the pelvic portion dilated, the lumbar tracts weak and
united to uropygial portion by sparse contour feathers; rectrices, 10.

Family JACANIDA‘.

THE JACANAS.

=[Grallatores] Macronyches V1r1tL0oT, Analyse, 1816, 61.

=Parride Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 338.—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 69.—
ScLaATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, viii, 142.—Barrp, BREWER,
and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 108, 175.—Covegs, Key N. Am.
Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 669.—FiirprincEer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., 11, 1888,
1226, 1566.—SHarpE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, ix, 68; Hand-list, i,
1899, xvi, 168.—Gapow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 35.—Brpparp, Struct. and
Classif. Birds, 1898, 346.—SAtv1In and GopmAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iil,
1903, 340.

=Parrine Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 70; List Gen. Birds, 2d ed., 1841, 91;
Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, 588; Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, 119 (subfamily of
Palamedeide!).—LittgEBoRG, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 17 (subfamily of
Rallide!). :

= Jacanide StEINEGER, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 103, in text.—AMERICAN
OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, 166; 2d ed., 1895, 105; 3d ed.,
1910, 183.—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, ii, 1895, 18.—OsrrHo.seEr, Outl. Classif.
N. Am. Birds, 1905, 2—KNnowtrton, Birds of the World, 1909, 49, 382.

6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The osteological and other internal characters of the Jacanide are
the same as those given for the Jacani on p.5. Additional (external)
characters are as follows:

Bill moderate in size, about as long as head, straight, compressed,
the rhinotheca usually developed basally into a more or less con-
spicuous frontal plate or ‘“‘leaf,’’ sometimes a rictal lobe or leaf also;
a more or less distinct metacarpal spur, in some genera conspicuously
developed, conical, more or less recurved, and sharp, in others small
and blunt; toes, including hallux, excessively elongated, with their
claws long, slender, straight, and acute, that of the hallux much
longer than its digit (sometimes three times as long) and slightly
recurved.

In general appearance, as well as in habits, the Jacanide resemble
members of the Rallids more than they do the Charadrii, to which
they are far more closely related, since, like the latter, they differ
from the former in their schizorhinal instead of holorhinal nares, the
presence of well-developed basipterygoid processes, absence of occipi-
tal foramina and supraorbital grooves, emarginate instead of acumi-
nate apex to vomer, and other characters. In the metacarpal spur
they resemble certain genera of Charadrii, some of which also possess
a rictal lobe. In the character of their excessively elongated toes
and claws, however, they are entirely peculiar. These enable them
to walk and run with ease upon the surface of floating leaves of
aquatic plants.

The Jacanide are of intertropical distribution, but America pos-
sesses only one of the six recognized genera, the remainder being
confined to Africa (including Madagascar), India, southern China,
Borneo, the Philippines, New Guinea, Australia, etc.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF JACANID.

a. Head without frontal shield or lobes.
b. Middle rectrices greatly elongated; tips of some of the primaries attenuated.
(India to southern China, Philippines, Java, etc.).
Hydrophasianus (extralimital).@
bb. Middle rectrices not elongated; tips of primaries normal. (Southeastern Africa.)
Microparra (extralimital).?
aa. Head with a frontal shield.
6. Frontal shield without free margins. (Africa, including Madagascar.)
Actophilus (extralimital).¢

a Hydrophasianus Wagler, Isis, 1832, 270 (type, by original designation, Parra sinen-
sis Gmelin= Tringa chirurgus Scopoli).—Hydrophasis (emendation).

b Microparra Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1877, 349 (type, by original designation,
Parra capensis Smith).—Aphalus Elliot, Auk, v, July, 1888, 292 (type, by original
designation, Parra capensis Smith). (Monotypic.)

This form not seen by me.

¢ Phyllopezus (not of Peters, 1877) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 76
(type, Parra africana Gmelin).—Actophilus Oberholser, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila,
June 2, 1899, 202 (new name for Phyllopezus Sharpe, preoccupied). (Two species.)

EE

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, a

5b. Frontal shield with free margins.
c. Metacarpal spur rudimentary or small, blunt; primaries wholly blackish.

d. Frontal shield very large, ridged or crested medially; bill more slender,
not longer than head. (Australia, New Guinea, Celebes, southeastern,
Boimacd,.GNd, PHD pInes.)—. 2-1-2 nice nen aoa ts Irediparra (extralimital).¢

dd. Frontal shield small, not ridged or crested medially; bill much stouter,
longer than head. (India to Siam, Java, Sumatra, and Celebes.)

Metopidius (extralimital).?
cc. Metacarpal spur well-developed, sharp; primaries greenish yellow, margined
Lommel ye with: DIBCMISNs..6.ir2\sniake- -6'n so sae ane - eee Jacana (p. 7).

Genus JACANA Brisson.

Jacana Brisson, Orn., v, 1760,121. (Type, by tautonymy, [Jacana] jacana Bris-
son=Parra jacana Linnzeus.)

Parra Linnzxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 259. (Type, P. jacana Linneus.)

Asarcia¢ SHArpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 86. (Type, by original desig-
nation, Parra variabilis Linneus=Fulica spinosa Linneeus.)

Rather small Jacanide (wing 110-140 mm.) with a well-developed
acute metacarpal spur, a conspicuous bifid or trifid frontal shield,
and with the primaries greenish yellow, margined terminally with
dusky.

Bill about as long as or longer than head, somewhat plover-like
in form, the basal half with upper and lower outlines nearly parallel
and decidedly approximated, the terminal half enlarged (vertically)
through decided convexity of culmen and prominence of gonydeal
angle, the gonys nearly straight, ascending terminally; nostril small,
longitudinally elliptical, situated about half-way between anterior
angle of eye and tip of bill; nasal fosse large and relatively broad,
extending about to base of arched distal portion of culmen; malar
antia far anterior to obliquely vertical line of loral antia, the mental
antia extending nearly if not quite as far as anterior end of nostril;
rhinotheca continued basally over forehead in form of a conspicuous
frontal shield with free margins, its posterior margin bifid or trifid;
rictus with a smaller pendent lobe (rudimentary or obsolete in J.
spinosa). Wing ample but rounded, the three outermost primaries
longest and nearly equal, and scarcely if at all extending beyond
tips of longest elongated but broad tertials; inner webs of longest
primaries slightly contracted terminally. Tail very short, the rec-
trices very soft, entirely concealed by coverts, 10 in number. Tarsus
between one-half and one-third as long as wing, compressed, con-
tinuously transversely scutellate before and behind, the scutella,
however, sometimes fused into nearly continuous plates; bare por-

a Aydralector of authors (not of Wagler, Isis, 1832, 280). Irediparra Mathews, Novit.
Zool., xviii, 1911, 7 (type, by original designation, Parra gallinacea Temminck).
(Monotypic. ) ;

b Metopidius Wagler, Isis, 1832, 279 (type, by subsequent designation, Parra indica
Latham). (Monotypic.)

¢”Agapxos, Without flesh, lean. (Richmond.)

8 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tion of tibia about half as long as tarsus, also transversely scutellate,
or ocreate (‘‘booted’’) both anteriorly and posteriorly; middle toe,
without claw, about as long as tarsus or a little shorter, the outer toe
about the same length, the inner toe a little shorter; hallux about as
long as basal phalanx of middle toe, its claw much longer than the digit,
(sometimes three times as long) slender, compressed, acute, straight
or sometimes slightly recurved terminally; claws of anterior toes
similar in form to that of hallux but much shorter (about as long as
basal phalanx of middle toe); interdigital spaces completely cleft.

Coloration.—Adults with head, neck, and chest uniform black
(sometimes whole plumage, except primaries and secondaries black),
the remiges (except tertials) yellowish green or greenish yellow,
margined terminally with blackish, other portions chestnut-rufous,
chestnut, or maroon. Young whitish or buffy beneath, grayish
brown above, the remiges much as in adults.

Range.—American tropics, except Lesser Antilles and Galapagos
Archipelago. (Three species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF JACANA.

a. Frontal shield with posterior margin bifid; a well-developed rictal lobe or wattle.
( Jacana. )
b. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, etc., bright hazel to chestnut; sides and flanks
dark chestnut. (Jacana jacana.)
e. Color of back, etc., lighter chestnut; size averaging larger. (Brazil, Guianas,
CLC RIALS TI ieee pre ert eb eehL pee) een Ses Jacana jacana jacana (extralimital).¢
ce. Color of back, etc., darker chestnut; size averaging smaller. (Venezuela.)
Jacana jacana intermedia (extralimital).?
bb. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, etc., maroon to greenish black; sides and flanks
black:” “(Colombia and Panama) So.cce cn secre aoe Jacana nigra (p. 15).
aa. Frontal shield with posterior margin trifid; rictal lobe or wattle rudimentary or
obsolete. (Asarcia.) (Jacana spinosa.)
b. Back, etc., more rufescent chestnut.
c. Frontal shield smaller; color of under parts darker and duller. (Mexico.)
Jacana spinosa gymnostoma (p. 12).
ce. Frontal shield larger; color of under parts brighter. (Guatemala to western
Panama.) 2 4 to SR, SF. 2 Jacana spinosa spinosa adults (p. 9).
bb. Back, etc., more purplish chestnut or maroon. (Greater Antilles.)
Jacana spinosa violacea adults (p. 13).

@ [Parra] jacana Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1766, 259 (Brazil; based on Spur-winged
Water-hen of Brazil Edwards, Gleanings, iii, 1764, 305, pl. 357); Gmelin, Syst. Nat.,
i, pt. u, 1789, 707; Latham, Index, Orn., ii, 1790, 762.—Parra jacana Temminck,
Cat. Syst., 1807, 177; Maximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1833, 786; Burmeister,
Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 394; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 282 (monogr.);
Hudson Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 103 (Argentina; habits); Sclater and Hudson,
Argentine Orn., ii, 1889, 163.—Jacana jacana Elliot, Auk, v, July, 1888, 294, part
(monogr.); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 82, part (excl. syn. Parra inter-
media Sclater).—Jacana jacana jacana Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiu1, 1906, 53.—Parra
jassana Lichtenstein, Verz. Siug. und Végel Mus. Berlin, 1818, 35.—P[arra] jassana
Cabanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, ili, 1848, 759.

6 Parra intermedia Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 282 (Venezuela; ex Verreaux,
manuscript) ;

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 9

JACANA SPINOSA SPINOSA (Linnzus).
CENTRAL AMERICAN JACANA..

Adults (sexes alike).—Head, neck, chest, and extreme upper back
uniform black, with a faint greenish gloss; back, scapulars, tertials,
and wing-coverts plain bay or maroon, the rump, upper tail-coverts,
and tail darker and more purplish (dark maroon), the middle rectrices
tipped with blackish; under parts of body dull maroon laterally,
usually darker and duller (sometimes decidedly dusky) medially,
passing into grayish brown or sooty brown on lower abdomen, anal
region, and anterior under tail-coverts, the longer (posterior) under
tail-coverts darker, more or less tinged with maroon; axillars and
under wing-coverts uniform maroon, the coverts along edge of wing
(broadly) dark purplish brown or blackish maroon; remiges (except
tertials) dull greenish yellow or yellowish green (nearest lime green),
margined terminally with black, most broadly on longer primaries; bill
(in life) yellow, the basal portion of maxilla whitish, and above this a
red or dusky space at base of frontal shield, the latter also yellow; iris
dark brown (sometimes yellow ?); legs and feet greenish (in life).

Young.—Frontal shield rudimentary. Pileum grayish brown,
bordered laterally by a broad superciliary stripe of buffy white,
extending from base of maxilla to occiput; beneath the posterior
portion of this a narrow postocular stripe of black or dusky, extending
from posterior angle of eye, along upper edge of auricular region, to
nape, which is also of the same color; general color of upper parts
(except remiges) light grayish brown, the feathers margined terminally
with buff in younger stages, the rump more or less tinged with
chestnut; sides of head, below dusky postocular stripe, and under
parts (except sides) buffy white or very pale buff, more strongly tinged
with buff on chest; sides, axillars, and under wing-coverts plain
blackish or fuscous, more or less tinged with chestnut in older indi-
viduals; primaries and secondaries as in adults; tail grayish brown.

Downy young.—‘Covered with down of a remarkable pattern.
The crown orange tawny; the nape and hind neck dusky black;
the mantle and back orange tawny, the back a little the darker and
having a line of black on each side of the central tract, this being
followed by a broad band of ochreous buff down the sides of the
back, this being again inclosed by a broad black band, which joins
at the tail; wings orange tawny, the manus white; a narrow frontal
line, sides of face and under surface covered with white down; a
black line extending from behind the eye and joining the black of the
hind neck; the downy wing with black edgings and a zigzag line of
black on the flanks, and the upper part of the thighs also black.” ¢

@ Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 87.

10 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male—Wing, 115-121 (118.3); tail, 40.5-43 (42.2); bill
from nostril, 17-18.5 (17.7); from posterior edge of frontal shield,
41.5-48 (43.8); tarsus, 52.5-55 (53.5); middle toe, 51.5-54 (52.5).¢

Adult female-—Wing, 128-131 (129.7); tail, 43-45.5 (44.5); bill
from nostril, 18-19 (18.7); from posterior edge of frontal shield,
43.5-47 (45.5); tarsus, 56-59 (57.2); middle toe, 54-55 (54.5).%

Central America, from Guatemala (Humachal; Lake Petén;
Santa Ana de Mixtan; Lake Amatitlan) southward through British
Honduras (Belize River; Orange Walk), Honduras (Omoa; Truxillo;
Tigre Island; Lake Yojoa), Nicaragua (Greytown; Rio Escondido;
Lake Nicaragua; Momotombo; Omotepe, Sucuyé) and Costa Rica
(La Palma de Nicoya; Las Trojas de Alajuela; Siquirres; Lake
Ochomongo; Salistral de San Anténio; Tenério; Barranca de Punta
Arenas; Miravalles; mouth of Rio Matina) to western Panama
(Divala, Chiriqui).

a Three specimens.

Bill
oe
. pos -
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | trom Pathe aie
| ‘eantal
| shield.
| a.
MALES. |
One adult male from southern Texas (J. s. gymmno-
atopy Sethe). asses ORB Gat at ae 119 "38 17.5| 43.5] 55 53
Five adult males from eastern Mexico (J. s. gymno-
TOT 1 a a I Ms ne WS Tk, raat mt) ae | 1196 | 42.5] 17.6] 423] 52.9 53
Five adult males from western. Mexico (J. s. gymno- |
stoma) WRU ISN, SESS LLLE coe eee ep aneae hee aeeies }).119.-9 41.6 17.4 41.2 Died, 51.1
One adult male from Guatemala (J. s. spinosa)...... 119 43 Ivin5. 41.5 §2.5 52
One adult male from Honduras (J. s. spinosad).......- 121 43 18.5 48 55 | 54
One adult male from Nicaragua (J. s. spinosa)........ 115 40.5 17 42 53 515
Nine adult males from Cuba (J. s. violacea)........... 124.1 41.2 17.8 42.8 54. 4 54.1
Seven adult males from Isle of Pines (J. s. violacea)...| 114.5 38.9 17. 41.2 52.9 52
Two adult malesfrom Jamaica (J. s. violacea)......... 113.5 39.5 | 18 39.7 51.7 53
FEMALES.
Two adult females from eastern Mexico (J. s. gym-
PLO SLOTILG) lave wi prastie ctalstnveraiaia neronnisicvett eee ae eeuein ceases 135. 2 49 19 47.7 56 54.7
Seven adult females from western Mexico (J. s. gym-
mostoma) 19. tee. aes es ols Pe Rb uth ae ae 139.3} 45.8] 192] 45.7] 539 52.6
One adult female from Guatemala (J. s. spinosa).....- 128 43 19 | 47 59 55
Two adult females from Nicaragua (J. s. spinosa)...-. 130.5 45. 2 18.5 45.2 56. 2 54.2
Four adult females from Cuba (J. s. riolacea)....-.--- 131.6 42.5 18.5 46.9 57. 2 54.7
Six adult females from isle of Pines (J. s. violacea)....| 129.1 44, 2 18. 2 46. 2 57.2 56.6
Two adult females from Haiti (J. s. violacea) ........- 136.7 47.5 19.5 46 56.7 Died

It is almost certain that some of the specimens measured have the sex wrongly
determined. (See Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., x, 1916, 217, 218.)

a

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, ne

[Fulica] spinosa Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 152 (‘‘Cartagena,’’ Colom-
bia; based on Spur-winged water-hen Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, i, 17438, 48,
pl. 48). a

Jacana spinosa STEJNEGER, Auk, ; ii, Oct., 1885, 338, in text.—Exuiot, Auk, v.
1888, 297, part (monogr. : Guatemala: Honduras, Costa Rica); N. Am. Shore
Birds, 1895, 215, pl. (frontispiece), AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Un1on Com-
MITTEE, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 21, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 288,
part; 3d ed., 1910, 133, part.—RicuMmonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 531
(Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).

J[acana] spinosa Rioaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 183, part.

Jacana spinosa spinosa Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., x, Jan. 31, 1916, 220 (Central
America; crit.).—GmeEun, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789 708.—LatHam, Index
Orn., ii, 1790, 763 (‘‘Cayenne”: ‘‘Brazil’’).

Asarcia spinosa Cours, Auk. xiv, Jan., 1897, 83 (crit. nomencl.)

[Parra] variabilis LiNN xs, Syst. Nat., eds 12, i, 1766, 260 (‘‘Cartagena,”’ Colom-
bia; based on Spur- -winged water- hen Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, i, 1743, 48°
pl. 48—basis also of Fulica spinosa of ed. 10; =young).

Parra variabilis Viztuot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xvi, 1817, 450; Tabl. Enc.
Méth., iti, 1823, 1055, pl. 60, no. 2.

Asarcia variabilis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 86, part (Orange Walk
and Belize River, Brit. Honduras; Huamachal and Lake Peten, Guatemala;
Honduras; Momotombo and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Costa Rica).—
Savin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 342 (Orange Walk and
Belize River, Brit. Honduras; Santa Ana Mixtan, Huamachal, Lake Peten,
and Lake Amatitl4n, Guatemala; Omoa, Truxillo, Tigre Island, and Lake
Yojoa, Honduras; Greytown, Omotépe, Momotombo, Sucuya, Rio Escondido,
and Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua; Las Trojas, Siquirres, Lake Ochomongo,
Salitral de San Antonio, and La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; Divala, Pan-
ama).—CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 424 (Tenorio, Barranca de
Punta Arenas, Miravalles, and mouth of Rio Matina, Costa Rica; habits).

[Asarcia] variabilis SHarpPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 169, part.—Forses and RosBinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1899, 60 (Honduras; Lake Peten, Guatemala).

Parra jacana (not of Linnreus) StrepHens, Gen. Zool., xii, i, 1824, 263, part.

Parra gymnostoma (not of Wagler, 1831) ScLarrr, Proc. Zoot. Soe. Lond. 1856,
283, part (Honduras; monogr.); 1858, 360 (Tigre Island, Honduras). —aehires
and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 231 (Peten, Santa Ana Mixtan, and Lake Amatitlan,
Guatemala; Belize, Brit. Honduras; Omoa, Honduras).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860,
314 (Tigre Island and Lake Yojoa, Honduras; habits)—Lawrencer, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 184 (Greytown, Nicaragua).—¥ranrztrvs, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1869, 375 (Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 167,
pl. 3, part (synonymy, descr., etc.).—Nutrine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v.
1882, 409 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; habits); vi, 1884, 396 (Omotepe,
Nicaragua; habits).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am.,
i, 1884, 176, part.

a The only species of Jacana known to occur at or near Cartagena is J. nigra; never-
theless, the bird described and figured by Edwards, upon which Linnzus based his
Fulica spinosa, was evidently this species, in transition (from juvenal to adult) plum-
age. (See Elliot, Auk, v, 1888, 298, 299.) We must assume, therefore, either that
Edwards was mistaken as to the locality of his bird or else that the present species
may occasionally occur, as a straggler from the Isthmus, as far along the Colombian
coast as Cartagena. Whether Cartagena was really the locality whence Edwards’
bird came or not, however, it becomes necéssary to restrict the name spinosa to one
or another of the three subspecies into which the species is divisible, as has been
done by Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd (Ann. Carnegie Mus., x, 1916, 218, 219), who desig-
nated Panama as the type locality. He should, however, have specified western
Panama, since J. spinosa is known to occur only in the extreme western portion of
the Isthmus,being replaced from the Canal Zone eastward by J. nigra.

12 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Parra] gymnostoma ScLaTER and Sautvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 142, part.

J [acana] gymnostoma Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 183, part.

Jacana gymnostoma ZELEDON, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, May 25, 1885, 114
(Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 31 (Las Trojos de Alajuela and
Siquirres, Costa Rica).

JACANA SPINOSA GYMNOSTOMA (Wagler).
MEXICAN JACANA.

Similar to J. s. spinosa but averaging slightly larger (except bill
and feet), frontal shield smaller, and adults with color of under parts
duller, often tinged with brownish, and less abruptly defined against
the greenish black of chest.

Adult male.-—Wing, 112-124 (119.9); tail, 38-45 (41.3); bill from
nostril, 16.5-19.5 (17.5); from posterior edge of frontal shield, 36.5—
45.5 (41.5); tarsus, 46.5-55 (52); middle toe, 45-54 (51.3).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 130-139 (185.1); tail, 48-52 (46.5); bill from
nostril, 17.5-20 (19.2), from posterior edge of frontal shield, 40—49.5
(46.2); tarsus, 51-57 (54.3); middle toe, 48.5-56 (53.1).°

Mexico, in States of Chiapas (Tonala), Tabasco (Teapa; San Juan
Bautiste), Yucatan (Buctzotz; Shkolak; Cozumel Island), Oaxaca
(Santa Efigénia; Zonatepec); Guerrero (Acapulco), Colima (Man-
zanillo Bay; Rio Zacatula; Rio de Coahuyana), Michoacan (Lake
Patzcuaro; Huinga), Jalisco (Zapotlin; Ocotlin; Guadalajara),
Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Presidio de Mazatlan), Guanajuato, Puebla
(Laguna de Epatlin), Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Jomotla; Jonatal; Santa
Ana; Tlalcotalpam; Cosamaloapam; Alvarado), and Tamaulipas
(Tampico, Alta Mira), and Territory of Tepic (San Blas; Santiago;
Tepic), and lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas (Fort Brown; Browns-
ville).

Parra jacana (not of Linnzus) BoNAPARTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 114

* Mexico; crit.).

Parra gymnostoma WaGuER, Isis, 1831, 517 (Mexico).—Scuater and Savin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 283, part (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Acapulco, Guer-
rero; monogr.).— LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 312 (Mazatlan;
Manzanillo Bay, Rio Zacatula, and Rio de Coahuyana, Colima; habits;
descr. nest and eggs); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 50 (Santa Efigenia;
Zonatepec).—Merritu (J. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 88 (Fort Brown,
Texas); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 168 (Fort Brown).—Ripaway, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 167, part, pl. 3 (synonymy, descr., etc.); iii, 1880, 201;
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 568.—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880,
91 (Fort Brown, Texas).—Coves, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 672.—Satvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 428 (Acapulco, Guerrero); Ibis, 1889, 379
(Cozumel Island).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 462 (Yucatan).—
Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 176, part.

[Parra] gymnostoma ScLatEeR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 142, part.

P{arra] gymnostoma Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 669, part.

a4 Kleven specimens.

6 Nine specimens. Average measurements as given by Mr. Todd (Ann. Carnegie
Mus., x, 218) are as follows:

Adult males (nine specimens).—Wing, 117; tail, 41; ‘‘bill’’ (manner of measurement
not stated), 29; tarsus, 49.

Adult females (six specimens).—Wing, 133.5; tail, 46; ‘‘bill,’’ 31.3; tarsus, 51.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 13

Jacana gymnostoma AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, and
2d ed., 1895, no. 288, part.

J[acana] gymnostoma Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 183, part.

Jacana spinosa gymnostoma Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., x, Jan. 31, 1916, 220
(Mexico; crit.).

Parra cordifera Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1842, 185(Acapulco, Guerrero; coll. Paris Mus.,
fide Des Murs, Icon. Orn.).—Drs Murs, Icon. Orn., Liv. 7, Dec., 1846, pl. 42.

Jacana cordifera Des Murs, Icon. Orn. (1846?), table of contents.

Asarcia variabilis (not Parra variabilis Linnezeus) SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxiv, 1896, 86, part (Brownsville, Texas; Mazatlan and Presidio de Mazatlan,
Sinaloa; Zapotlan, Jalisco; Tepic, San Blas, and Santiago, Tepic; Acapulco,
Guerrero; Tampico and Altamira, Tamaulipas; Jalapa and Jomotla, Vera
Cruz; Teapa, Tabasco; Buctzotz and Cozumel Island, Yucatan).—Satvin and
GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 342, part. (lower Rio Grande
Valley, Texas; Mazatlan; Manzanillo Bay, Rio Zacatulo, and Rio de
Coahuyana, Colima; Guanajuato; Guadalajara, Zapotlan, and Jalisco, Jalisco;
Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan; Acapulco, Guerrero; Altamira and Tampico,
Tamaulipas; Jalapa, Santa Ana, Jonatal, Cosamaloapam, and Alvarado, Vera
Cruz; Laguna de Epatlan, Puebla; Santa’ Efigenia and Zonatepec, Oaxaca;
Teapa, Tabasco; Buctzotz, Shkolak, and Cozumel Island, Yucatan; Tonala,
Chiapas?).

[Asarcia] variabilis SHarpE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 169, part.

JACANA SPINOSA VIOLACEA (Cory).
WEST INDIAN JACANA.

Similar to J. s. spinosa but adults more richly colored, the greenish
black more abruptly defined against the richer maroon color of breast,
etc. the back deeper orricher maroon, and frontal shield averaging larger.

Adult male—Wing, 111-187 (119.2); tail, 37-45 (40); bill, from
nostril, 16.5-19 (17.5), from posterior margin of frontal shield, 39-49
(41.9); tarsus, 48-59.5 (53.5); middle toe, 48-58 (53.1).%

Adult female.—Wing, 118-140 (131.1); tail, 41-48 (44.5); bill from
nostril, 17-20 (18.5), from posterior margin of frontal shield, 41.5-50
(46.4); tarsus, 55-59 (57.1); middle toe, 51-58.5 (56.2).°

b Twelve specimens.

a Highteen specimens.

Bill
Bill OE
Bi pos ATs
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | from | margin} Tarsus. oe
nostril. of Fi
frontal
| Shield.
MALES.
Nine adult males from Cuba...........2....2-00e0 0-02. 124.1) 42] 17.8) 42s] 544| 541
Seven adult males from Isle of Pines...........-.-.---- 114.5 38.9 17.1 41.2 52.9 52
Two adult males from Jamaica....................---- 113.5} 39.5 18 | 39.7 51.7 53
FEMALES. |
Four adult females from:Cuba.. .2.........-22..0--..2. 131.6 43.5 18.5 46.9| 57.2 54.7
Six adult females from Isle of Pines.............-.-.--- 129.1} 44.2 18. 2 46.2 57.2 56.6
Two adult females from Haiti......................--- 136.7 47.5 19.5 46 56.7 57.7

Mr. Todd’s averages are as follows:
Adult males (ten specimens).—Wing, 116.5; tail, 40; ‘“‘bill,’’ 30; tarsus, 51.5.
Adult females (ten specimens).—Wing, 132; tail, 44; ‘‘bill,’’ 33; tarsus, 55.5.

14 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Greater Antilles: Cuba (Cabafias; San Pablo; Trinidad; San
Diego de los Bafios; Bueylito, Oriente). Isle of Pines (Santa Ana;
Pasadita; Nueva Gerona; Laguna Grande). Haiti (Gantier; Le
Coup; San Luis, Santo Domingo). Jamaica(Westmoreland). Porto ~
Rico. Accidental in southern Florida (Pelican Bay, Lake Okecho-
bee, Oct., 1899) ?

[Parra] jacana LatHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 762, part (Santo Domingo).

Parra jacana (not of Linnzeus) Viertot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xvi, 1817,
446, part (Santo Domingo).—Viaors, Zool. Journ., ili, 1827, 448 (Cuba).—
D’orsBieNny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1840, 249.—CaBanis, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1856, 425 (Cuba).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860,
308 (Cuba).—GuNob.tacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 89 (Cuba; descr. nest and
eggs); 1875, 388 (Cuba; habits); 1878, 162, 189 (Porto Rico); Repert. Fisico-
Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 360; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 385 (Porto
Rico).—Staut, Ornis, vol. 3, 1887, 452 (Porto Rico).

Parra gymnostoma (not of Wagler, 1831) Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885,
159, pl. [20]. ‘

J[acana] gymnostoma Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 183, part (Cuba; Haiti).

Jacana gymnostoma AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886,
no. 288, part.

Jacana spinosa (not Fulica spinosa Linnzeus) Exxiot, Auk, v, 1888, 297, part
(Haiti; Cuba).—AmeEricaN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommMiTTrEE, Suppl.
to Check List, 1889, 21, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 288, part (Cuba;
Haiti); 3d ed., 1910, 1383, part (Greater Antilles)—Cory, Birds West Ind.,
1889, 252; Cat. West. Ind. Birds, 1892, 92 (Cuba; Isle of Pines; Haiti; Jamaica;
Porto Rico); Auk, ix, 1892, 272 (San Diego de los Bafios, Cuba).—Scorr,
Auk, ix, 1892, 15 (Westmoreland, Jamaica).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., iv, 1892, 290 (San Pablo, s. Cuba; habits) —CockERELL, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1893, 472 (Jamaica).—CHERRIE, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 25
(fresh colors unfeathered parts).—(?) Mearns, Auk, xix, 1902, 79 (Pelican
Bay, Lake Okechobee, Florida, Oct., 1899) —WermoreE, Bull. 326, U.S.
Dept. Agric., 1916, 38 (Porto Rico; 1 record only).

J[acana] spinosa Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 183, part (Cuba;
Haiti).

Asarcia spinosa Banas and Zapprey, Am. Nat., xxxix, 1905, 196 (Isle of Pines,
Cuba; habits).

Asarcia variabilis (not Parra variabilis Linneus) SHarrPe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxiv, 1896, 86, part (Haiti) —Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,

“iii, 1903, 342, part (Cuba; Haiti; Porto Rico).

[Asarcia] variabilis SHarPe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 169, part (Greater Axtilles).

Parra violacea Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, July, 1881, 130, 155 ({near Gantier],
Haiti; coll. C. B. Cory); Auk, v, 1888, 51 (Cuba; Haiti; descr.; synonymy).—
REICHENOW and ScHa.ow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1882, 114 (reprint orig. descr.).

[Parra] violacea Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, and revised ed., 1886, 29 (Cuba;
Santo Domingo).

Jacana spinosa violacea Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., x, Jan. 31, 1916, 217 (Santa
Ana‘: nd Pasadita, Isle of Pines; crit.).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 15

JACANA NIGRA (Gmelin).
BLACK JACANA.

BLACK-BACKED PHASE.

Adult (sexes alike) —General color, including axillars and under
wing-coverts, plain black of a very faint greenish cast, the under
wing-coverts and posterior under parts sometimes more sooty,
becoming somewhat more brownish (sometimes warm blackish
brown or seal brown), occasionally margined with black, on tertials
and posterior scapulars; primaries and secondaries dull yellowish
green (lime green or dull citron green), margined terminally with
blackish, the blackish margins very narrow and strictly terminal on
secondaries, broader on primaries, especially the longer ones, on
which they continue for a greater or less distance along both webs,
the outermost primary with outer web wholly blackish; bill yellow,
the basal portion, together with frontal shield and _ rictal lobes,
red or orange (in life) ; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (bluish gray in
life).

MAROON-BACKED PHASE.

Adults (sexes alike) —Back, scapulars, wing-coverts (at least the
proximal and posterior ones), and tertials, sometimes rump and
upper tail-coverts also, plain dark .purplish brown (maroon to
diamine brown); head, neck, extreme upper back, and under parts,
including axillars and under wing-coverts (sometimes rump, upper
tail-coverts, and distal and anterior wing-coverts also), uniform
greenish black, the posterior under parts usually somewhat duller
or more brownish; primaries and secondaries as in the black-backed
phase.

Young (both phases).—Pileum plain deep sooty brown or blackish
brown, bordered laterally by a broad superciliary stripe of dull buffy
white (sometimes distinctly buff posterior to the eye), extending
from bill to sides of occiput; a broad stripe extending from eye to
nape, together with hindneck, extreme upper back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts, plain black; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials, and
tail plain grayish brown, with a faint bronzy gloss; primaries and
secondaries as in adults, but with terminal margins dusky grayish
brown instead of black, and rather broader; suborbital, rictal and
malar regions, and entire under parts immaculate buffy white, the
foreneck and chest sometimes distinctly buffy; frontal shield greatly
reduced in size, and rictal lobe absent or rudimentary; bill brownish,
the mandible paler; frontal and rictal lobes pinkish; legs and feet
dusky grayish or olive.

Adult male-—Wing, 113-128 (118.3); tail, 36-46.5 (39.9); bill,
from nostril, 15.5-18.5 (17.2); from posterior margin of frontal

16

shield, 36.5-44 (39.7); tarsus, 47.5-58 (52.7); middle toe, 48.5-61
(54) .2

Adult female.—Wing, 124-134 (129.7); tail, 41.5-47 (44.2); bill
from nostril, 16-20 (18.6); from posterior margin of frontal shield,
41-45 (43.3); tarsus, 52-60 (56.5); middle toe, 54-63 (56.7).°

From careful examination of the fairly satisfactory series available,
it seems extremely probable that the black-backed specimens (J.
nigra) and those with purplish brown or maroon back (commonly
called J. melanopygia) are simply color phases of one species. Not
only do they occur together wherever either is found, but the two
extremes are connected by intermediate specimens. Parra hypo-
melena Gray represents an intermediate condition of plumage, the
colored plate indicating a bird with black back and scapulars, but
brown wing-coverts and tertials.

It is possible that these separate phases may be amenable to local
influences, to a greater or less degree, the black-backed one pre-
dominating in one locality, the maroon-backed one in another. It
is significant that the series examined from the Rio Cauca district
of western Colombia (five adult males and three adult females) all
represent the brown-backed phase.

Panama (David, Chiriqui; Calobre, Castillo, and Santa Fe, Vera-
gua; Lion Hill; Rio Trinidad; Bohio; Laguna de Pital), and Co-
lombia (Rio Atrato; Cartagena; delta del Rio Magdalena; Barran-
quilla; Santa Marta, Cienega, Fundacién, Mamatoco, and Bonda,
Santa Marta; Santa Elena, Antioquia; Bogoté; Laguna de Pattiria;
Guabinas, Rio Cauca). Northeastern Peru (Sarayacu) ?

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

@ Sixteen specimens. b Nine specimens.

Bill
| from
ieee pos-
’ Fi +, | from | terior |m . | Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | nostril. | margin T arsus4 tea
| of }
| frontal
shield.
ee zs iB 3 |
MALES,
Five adult males from Panama (Canal Zone).....-...-- 119. 2 38.2| 18 38.9 52.4 53.5
| | |
One adult male from Rio Atrato, Colombia.......-..-- 11438 18 38 51.5 56
Three adult males from Santa Marta, Colombia.......| 120 41.5) 16.8 40.7 54.3) 55.5
Two adult males from “Bogota” Colombia..........--. 117.5} 38 | 17.2| 40.2 57.5 | 58.5
Five adult males from Rio Cauca, western Colombia..} 117.4 41.8 | 16.6| 40.1 50. 5 | 51.5
FEMALES. |
Two adult females from Panama (Canal Zone). ...-.... 130.5 | 44.5 | 19.5 | 44.5 59.5 56
One adult female from Barranquilla, Colombia........ 124 | 44 19.5 44 52 54
Two adult females from Santa Marta, Colombia....... 128 | 44,2 18.7 42 56.7 56. 2
Three adult females from Rio Cauca, western Colombia.| 130.7} 42.8 18.5 42.8 56 56.8
One adult female (?) from ‘‘ Bogota,’”’? Colombia. ...... 134 47 16 44.5 60 63

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, U7

[Parra] nigra GMELIN, Syst., Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 708 (‘‘ Brasilia”; based on Jacana
armata nigra Brisson, Orn., v, 124).—LatrHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 762
(“Brazil”). .

Parra nigra Vierwtot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xvi, 1817, 448 (‘‘Brazil”’); Tabl.
Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1054.—ScuieGet, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 30, livr. 7
(Ralli), 1865, 65.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903,
342 (David, Calobre, Lion Hill, and Laguna del Pita, Panama; Colombia;
Venezuela; Amazonia).

Jacana nigra Exxrot, Auk, v, July, 1888, 296 (monogr.).—SHArpPE, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 84 (Lion Hill and Calobre, Panama; Antioquia and
Bogota, Colombia).—Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 14 (Loma
del Leon, Panama).—ALueEn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 126 (Cienega,
Santa Marta, Colombia).

[Jacana] nigra SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 168.

?[Parra] brasiliensis Gmein, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1789, 708 (Brazil; Cayenne;
Guiana; based on Jacana armata Brisson, Orn., v. 123).—LaTHam, Index
Orn., ii, 1790, 763.

(?) Parra brasiliensis Vietttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xvi, 1817, 448; Tabl.
Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1054.

(?) [Parra] viridis Guertin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 708 (Brazil).—LatHam,
Index Orn., ii, 1790, 763.—Vrettiot, Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1055.
Parra hypomelena Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, pl. 159.—SciateEr, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1856, 283 (monogr.; Santa Marta, Bogota, and Cartagena, Columbia;
Chiriqui, Panama); 1857, 20 (Bogota).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870,
218 (Calobre, Veragua, Panama; crit.).—Wyarr, Ibis, 1871, 116 (Barranquilla,
Colombia), 383 (Lake Paturia and delta of Rio Magdalena, Colombia).—Sctia-
TER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 546 (Santa Elena, Antioquia,

Colombia).—Berrueprscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 320 (Lake Paturia).

[Parra] hypomelezna ScuatTEeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 142.

Parra melanopygia ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856 [pub. Jan. 26, 1857], 283
(Santa Marta, Colombia; coll. Verreaux;=maroon-backed phase).—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 301 (Lion Hill, Panama).—SciatTer and Savin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 372 (Panama).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, 161 (Santa Fe de Veragua, Panama); 1870, 218 (Calobre and Castillo,
Veragua, Panama).—Berruepscu, Journ. ftir Orn., 1889, 320 (Sarayacu, n. e.
Peru; crit.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 341
(Castillo, Calobre, and Santa Fe, Veragua, Panama; Santa Marta, Colombia).

[Parra] melanopygia ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 142.

Jacana melanopygia SuarrE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 84 (Castillo
Calobre, and Santa Fe, Veragua, Panama).

[Jacana] melanopygia SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 168.

Superfamily GQ®DICNEHMI.

=C(CEdicnemi SHarre, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 73; Hand-list, i, 1899,
MVa, lize
>Otides FURBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1556 (Otididee+ dicne-
mide).
Holorhinal Limicole with supraorbital grooves present and cora-
coids overlapping.
Basipterygoid processes absent; occipital foramina absent; inter-
orbital septum incomplete; cervical vertebrae, 16; fused dorsal verte-
40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8——3

18 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

bre, none; ribs articulating with sternum, 15-16; coracoids slightly
overlapping at their external articulation; metasternum 4-notched;
hallux absent; thigh-muscle formula, ABXY + or BXY +; caudo-
ilio-femoralis muscle with iliac head present (Zdicnemus superciliaris
and (. bistriatus) or absent (in genus Burhinus); propatagialis
longus muscle present; nasal glands small or large; nares impervious;
pterylosis essentially charadriine; aftershaft present; oil gland tufted;
powder-downs absent; fifth remex absent (aquincubital).

The C£dicnemi present points of relationship with the Otides (Bus-
tards), with which they agree in their holorhinal nostrils, but from
which they differ in the following characters:

(£dicnemi. Otides.
Dorsal ‘vertebrae’ 2c dace ceeee a aes siete sis opisthocoelous. heterocoelous.
INDEOS So neaice tide tee ei wis aet eae e Matin 28% impervious. pervious.
Oilpolarad essays 2 aes a cep oe ata anlar present. absent.
IN Aru CLAMS scrsj2,- aloe Sere enor es eats tate se aime rian large. small.
Propatagialis longus.muscle.... 2... ...2..4226-- present. absent.
Caudo-ilio-femoralis muscle with iliac head. .... usually present. absent.
BisesthVve;SVALGMNe 223s. Jonm ace a San we a aeons Charadriine. Gruine.

From the Charadrii the Cidicnemi differ in absence of basiptery-
goid processes and occipital foramina, holorhinal nostrils, and over-
lapping coracoids.

Family G@DICNEMIDA.

THE THICK-KNEES.

=(C£dicnemine Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 64.

=(C€£dicnemidx ScuaTeR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, viii, 142.—ScriaTer,
Ibis, 1880, 408.—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i,
1884, 108.—STEJNEGER, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 112, in text.—SHARPE,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, ix, 2; Hand-list, i, 1899, xvi, 172.—BrEp-
DARD, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 345.—Satviy and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1903, 338.—KNow tron, Birds of the World, 1909, 49,
380.

—(Edicnemidae FiRBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., 11, 1888, 1223.

=(CHdicnemididae Gavow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 35.

=Burhinide MatuEws, Birds of Australia, ili, pt. 4, Dec. 31, 1918, 342.

Genus CZ DICNEMUS Temminck.

CGidicnemus TemMincK, Man. d’ Orn., 1815, 321. (Type, by tautonymy, Char-
adrius edicnemus Linneeus. )

Fedoa Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam. and Birds Brit. Mus., 1816, 28. (Type, Chara-
drius ed icnemus Linnus. )

Very large terrestrial Limicole (wing 205-273 in American species)
with nostril in anterior portion of the broad nasal fosse, tarsus
two and a half to nearly three times as long as middle toe without
claw and covered all round with hexagonal scales, hallux absent, tail
half as long as wing and graduated, and the plumage conspicuously
streaked with pale buffy brown and dusky.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 19

Bill shorter than head, moderately stout to very stout, its depth at
anterior end of nostril equal to ora little less than one-fourth (4.
edicnemus) to more than one-fourth (Z. bistriatus and Gd. domin-
icensis) thé length of exposed culmen, the latter about as long as
middle toe with claw, straight and inclined downward anteriorly as
far as anterior end of nostril, then slight convex; gonys shorter than
mandibular rami, much shorter than distance from tip of maxilla to
anterior end of nostril, faintly convex, ascending terminally; nasal
fosse broad, occupied by membraneous integument, the nostrils
in lower anterior portion, longitudinal and narrow, or slit-lke (in
(EZ. edicnemus), or slightly oblique and rather broadly oval (in
. bistriatus and GZ. dominicensis); malar and frontal antiz on
same vertical line, but mental antia much anterior to them, about on
line with posterior end of nostril. Wing moderate, rather pointed,
the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by much less
than half the length of wing (Z@. bistriatus and @. dominicensis)
to nearly half its length CG. wdicnemus); three outer primaries
longest and subequal (@. bistriatus and Gt. dominicensis) or the
outermost longest (QZ. ewdicnemus). Tail about half as long as
wing, graduated for more than one-fifth its length (Z. bistriatus
and @. dominicensis) or less than one-fifth (Z. a@dicnemus). Tarsus
more than one-third (@. bistriatus and G. dominicensis) to less than
one-third (7. ewdicnemus) as long as wing, two and a half (ZH. edic-
nemus) to nearly three times (1. bistriatus and G’. dominicensis) as
long as middle toe without claw, covered all round with hexagonal
scales, these having a regular transverse arrangement on lower part
of the acrotarsium; bare portion of tibia shorter than middle toe
with claw (Z@. adicnemus) to decidedly longer (2. bistriatus and
. dominicensis), scaled in same manner as tarsus; outer and inner
toes, successively, decidedly shorter than middle toe; hallux absent;
space between outer and middle toes webbed as far as first articulation
of the latter, that between inner and middle toes with a very small
web at base.

Coloration.—Upper parts streaked with brownish buff or buffy
brown, grayish brown and dusky; under parts of body mostly plain
dull white or buffy white; tail with a blackish terminal band and one
or more white subterminal bands.

Range.—Temperate and tropical portions of Europe, Asia, and
Africa; tropical America, from southern Mexico to Amazonia and
western Peru; island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. (About ten species,
of which only three are American.)

It is probable that the American species require generic separation
from Cdicnemus proper, since there are several marked differences
in external structure, as indicated in the above description.

20 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

I have not been able to examine a specimen of the third American
species, . swperciliaris, and therefore am unable to say whether it
agrees in structural details with G. bistriatus and GZ’. dominicensis
or not. :

KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF GDICNEMUS.

a. Auricular and postocular regions without black; upper parts without transverse
vermiculations or lunulate markings.

b. Lower breast, abdomen, etc., white; larger (wing 234-273, tail 117.5-139, tarsus
103-122). (dicnemus bistriatus.)

ce. Larger (wing 255-273, tarsus 110-122), the bill and legs stouter; chest more

grayish, with mesial streaks indistinct or absent. (Southern Mexico to

western Costa Rica.)........-.... Cdicnemus bistriatus bistriatus (p. 20).

cc. Smaller (wing 234-246, tarsus 103-107), the bill and legs more slender; chest

brownish buffy, with mesial streaks distinct. (Venezuela to Amazon

Valley.) 233202 see eee oe Cdicnemus bistriatus vocifer (extralimital).¢
bb. Lower breast, abdomen, etc., light creamy buff; smaller (wing 205-216, tail 104
106, tarsus 90.5-94.5) (Haiti.)...........- (dicnemus dominicensis (p. 23)

aa. Tip of auricular region and a postocular area black; upper parts with transverse
vermiculations and lunulate markings. (Western Peru.)
Cdicnemus superciliaris (extralimital).?

(EDICNEMUS BISTRIATUS BISTRIATUS (Wagler).
MEXICAN THICK-KNEE.

Adults (sexes alike).—Median portion of pileum (broadly) dusky
grayish brown or fuscous, streaked with pinkish buff or pale grayish

a(?) # [dicnemus] vocifer L’ Herminier, Mag. de Zool., 1837, cl. i1, not. 84, pl. 84
(p. 1) (Maturin, Colombia).—Cdienemus americanus Swainson, Anim. in Menag.,
1838, 349 (interior of Guiana).—Cidicnemus bistriatus (not Charadrius bistriatus
Wagler) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Grallee, 1844, 59 (Brit. Guiana); Berlepsch, Ibis,
1884, 440 (Angostura, Venezuela); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, 177 (Brit. Guiana); Sharpe,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 12, part (Bogota, Colombia; Venezuéla; Annai,
Brit. Guiana; Forte de Rio Branco, Brazil); Robinson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii,
1896, 656 (Margarita I., Venezuela); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
iii, 1903, 339, part (Colombia; Venezuela; Guiana; Amazonas).—[dicnemus]
bistriatus Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, 142, part (Colombia; Venezuela;
Guiana); Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 172, part (Colombia; Guiana; Amazonas).—
Oedicnemus bistriatus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv., no. 29, 1865, 19, part (Rio Branco,
Brazil); Berlepsch and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 128 (Caicara, Orinoco Valley);
Beebe, Zoologica, i, 1909, 75 (La Brea, n. e. Venezuela).—O[edicnemus] bistriatus
Cabanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, ii, 1848, 749.

b Oefdicnemus] superciliaris Tschudi, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. 1,
1844, 309 (Peru).—Oedicnenus superciliaris Tschudi, Wiegmann’s Archiv ftir Naturg.,
ix, pt. 1, 1843, 387 (Pacific coast of Peru).—Gdicnemus superciliaris Sclater and Salvin,
Exotic Orn., 1867, 59, pl. 30; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 176 (Tambo Valley, w.
Peru; crit.); 1868, 570 (w. Peru); Taczanowski, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 333; Seebohm,
Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, xv, 87, fig.; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1892, 395 (Ica and Lima, Peru); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896,
14 (Lima, etc., Peru).—CGidicnemus superciliaris Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr.,
1873, 142.

‘

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 21

buff (on edges of feathers) ; sides of crown, occiput, and nape uniform
dull black, forming two broad stripes extending from forehead to
nape, where they sometimes unite;immediately beneath this blackish
stripe a superciliary stripe of immaculate dull white, extending from
lores over eye to end of auricular region; forehead, loral, suborbital,
and malar regions dull buffy or brownish white, narrowly streaked
with dusky, the auricular region more brownish buffy and more
narrowly as well as less distinctly streaked; neck (all round) dull
brownish buffy, rather narrowly streaked with dusky or fuscous;
chin and throat immaculate dull white or buffy white; chest pale
drab-gray or pale smoke gray, the feathers with very narrow shaft-
streaks of dusky and very indistinctly margined with pale buffy;
rest of under parts immaculate white, passing into buff on under
tail-coverts; back, scapulars, tertials, rump, and upper tail-coverts
deep grayish brown (fuscous), the feathers more or less broadly edged
with buff or pinkish buff; wing-coverts pale grayish brown or
brownish gray, rather broadly margined with buff (more or less
deep), and with narrow shaft-streaks of black; remiges dusky ©
brownish gray, the second to fifth primaries, inclusive (from out-
side), with basal portion extensively white, the three outermost with
inner webs wholly white subterminally, and broadly white along
edge toward base, the next with inner web white for outer half
(except terminally), the next with inner web wholly white, except
terminally; middle pair of rectrices brownish gray, usually with a
more or less distinct subterminal spot of dull whitish or dull pale
buffy, the tip more or less dusky; other rectrices white, broadly
tipped with dull black or brownish black and broadly barred or
banded with brownish gray; bill black, the rictus and basal half of
mandible horn color or greenish; eyelids and iris yellow; legs and feet
pale horn color or olive-greenish (olive-yellow or greenish yellow
in life).

Young.—Similar to adults, but upper parts somewhat mottled and
edgings to feathers more rufescent or cinnamomeous. (Not seen.)

Downy young.—Above light buffy grayish (light to pale drab),
finely and rather indistinctly barred with black; a black bar (more
or less interrupted) across forepart of crown, and extending back-
ward from middle of this a narrow median line of black; occiput
with a ©-shaped median spot of black, connected by a black line
with a bar of blackish across nape; a distinct but irregular line of
black along each side of dorsal region, extending from upper back
to near root of tail; flanks and wings with a few irregular blotches of
blackish; forehead and under parts immaculate dull brownish white
or buffy white.

.

22 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male.—Wing 261-273 (267.5); tail, 132-139 (134.1); exposed
culmen, 49-53 (51.1); tarsus, 113-121 (116.5); middle toe, 38-45
(41.9).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 255-269 (262); tail, 124-132 (128.4); exposed
culmen, 44—53.5 (49.5); tarsus, 110-122 (116.4); middle toe, 38-43
(40.5). |

Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Misantla; Tlalcotalpam;
Pasa Nueva), Oaxaca (Tapana; Huil6tepec; Ishuatan), and Chiapas
(Tonalé), and southward through Guatemala (San Gerdénimo;
Huamuchal), Honduras (La Brea; Nacaome; plain of Comayagua)
and Nicaragua (Sucuya; Jalapa; San Juan del Norte) to western
Costa Rica (Guanacaste; San José):

Charadrius bistriatus WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 648 (Mexico).

(E{dicnemus] bistriatus GRAY, Gen. Birds, iii, 1844, 535.

[Gidicnemus]| bistriatus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlili, 1856, 416.—ScLaTEeR
and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 142, part (Mexico; Central America).—
Sarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 172 part (Central America).—ForBEs and RosBIn-
son, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1899, 59, part (Guatemala).

CEdicnemus bisiriatus OwEN, Ibis, 1861, 68 (San Geronimo, Guatemala; descr.
eggs).—Satvin, Ibis, 1861, 356 (Vera Paz, Guatemala); 1865, 198 (Huamu-
chal, Guatemala).—ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, 397 (Vera Cruz,
Mexico).—ScLaTER and Savin, Exotic Orn., 1867, 60, part (Mexico; Guate-
mala; Honduras).—SEEBOHM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xv, 85,

a Six specimens. 5 Four specimens.
|
Ex- | :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Mugale
culmen.| y
ev = = a |
MALES. |
. |
Four adult males from southern Mexico....:.....-...---.-.---- 267.2 | 133 52.1" |' 114.2 42.1
One adult male from central Guatemala ...............---.---- 263 133.5 49 | 121 38
One adult male from northern Nicaragua....................-- 273 139 49 121 45
One adult male from Venezuela (@. b. vocifer)......--.-------- 246 124 44.5 | 103 33
Two adult males from Amazonas (Sierra de Lua and Boa Vista) |
(GEFORDOCIIEN)| 2 oe ee EN a Vasa aaa eeeae 235. 5 120 44.7} 105 35.5
FEMALES,
Three adult females from southern Menico................----- 262.3 128.3 47.5 | D455 39. 8
One adult female from northern Nicaragua..................--- 261 128. 5 53.5 | 122 42.5
One adult female from Amazonas (Sierra de Lua) (@.b. vocifer) | 246 128 485 De 10% 38
Three adult females of @. dominicensis from Santo Domingo...| 210 104. 3 42.2 | 92.3 35. 8

Besides having the tarsus much longer (both relatively and absolutely) Central
American specimens have the upper parts more broadly striped with a more
cinnamomeous or avellaneous hue, in this respect resembling South American
examples (Z. b. vocifer), but in the color of the chest they agree better with
Mexican specimens. It will probably be necessary to separate the Central Ameri-
can representatives of the species subspecifically, but a larger series of specimens
hould first be examined.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 23

fig., part (Mexico, southwards).—ZELEpDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888,
‘129 (Costa Rica).—SHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 12, part
(Misantla, Vera Cruz; ‘‘Torula” ie. Tonala, Chiapas; Huamuchal and San
Geronimo, Guatemala).—Satviy and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iil,
1903, 339, part (Misantla, Vera Cruz; Tapana, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas;
Huamuchal and San Geronimo, Guatemala; Honduras; Sucuya and San
Juan del Norte, Nicaragua; San José, Costa Rica; Panama ? 2). eae
Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 424 (Costa Rica).

Oedicnemus bistriatus Pr, ANTzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 378 (Costa Rica).

CGidicnemis bistriatus Nurrine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 389 (Sucuya,
Nicaragua; habits).

(Edicnemus ? Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 314 (La Brea, Nacaome, and plain of
Comayagua, Honduras; fresh colors of unfeathered parts).

(DICNEMUS DOMINICENSIS Cory.
HAITIAN THICK-KNEE.

Similar to @. bistriatus but much smaller, bill and legs much more
slender, and under parts distinctly buffy.

Adult female.-—Crown, occiput, and nape streaked medially with
blackish and pale grayish buffy brown, passing into uniform dull
black laterally, this producing two conspicuous stripes, extending
from above, or slightly anterior to, eyes to hindneck; immediately
beneath this blackish stripe a broad one of pale brownish buff,
extending from lores and sides of forehead over eyes and auricular
region to beyond end of the latter; hindneck light buffy grayish
brown with narrow dusky shaft-streaks; back and scapulars deep
grayish brown (nearly hair brown), the feathers edged or margined,
rather broadly, with pale brownish buffy and with narrow shaft-
streaks of black; wing-coverts pale brownish gray, broadly mar-
gined with pale buffy and with distinct shaft-streaks of black; pri-
mary coverts and remiges (except tertials) dusky, the second to
fourth primaries, inclusive (from inside), with basal portion of outer
web abruptly immaculate white; rump similar in color to wing-
coverts but darker; upper tail-coverts similar to rump but mesial
dusky streaks broader and with indistinct paler or more buffy sub-
terminal spots or broad, interrupted bars; middle rectrices brownish
gray or grayish brown, broadly tipped with dull black and crossed by a
subterminal band of light brownish buffy, this preceded by a more
or less distinct irregular bar of dusky; outermost rectrices buffy or
brownish white, broadly and abruptly tipped with black (more exten-
sively on outer web), the white portion with rather distinct irregular
bars of dusky (on both webs)—the intermediate rectrices intermediate
in coloration between the middle and outermost pairs; sides of head
and neck, foreneck, and chest pale brownish buffy, passing into a

a Panamd specimens (which I have not seen) may be referable to the South
‘American form.
b Males not seen.

24 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

slightly more grayish (nearly light drab-gray) color on upper breast,
with narrow but distinct shaft-streaks of dusky, these crowded
beneath eyes so as to form an indistinct dusky suborbital area;
chin, throat, lower breast, sides, flanks, abdomen, and anal region
immaculate pale pinkish buff, deepening into deep pinkish buff on
under tail-coverts; axillars and under wing-coverts immaculate
buffy white; inner webs of primaries (except distal portion) largely
buffy white, this occupying much the greater: part of inner web on
outermost quill; bill black, the basal half, or more, of mandible paler
(greenish in life); iris yellow; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins),
greenish yellow in life; wing, 205-216 (210); tail, 104-106 (104.3);
exposed culmen, 40.5-44 (42.2); tarsus, 90.5-94.5 (92.3); middle toe,
35.5-36 (35.8).4

Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles (Las Vegas and Almacén, Santo
Domingo).

CGidicnemus dominicensis Cory, Journ. Boston Zool. Soc., ii, Oct., 1883, 46 (La
Vega, Santo Domingo; coll. C. B. Cory—type now in coll. Field Mus. Nat.
Hist.); Auk, i, 1884, 4 (reprint of orig. descr.); iv, 1887, 226 (redescribed);
Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 140, pl. [19]; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892,
9, 95, 131.—THompson, Auk, ii, 1885, 110 (voice).—SuHarpz, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 14 (descr.; crit.) —CHERrRiz, Contr. Orn. San Dom.,
1896, 25.—Curisty, Ibis, 1897, 337 (Almacen, Santo Domingo; habits;
voice).— Verritt (A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909,
356 (habits).

[Gidicnemus] dominicensis Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 25.—
Forses and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1899, 59.—SHarpe, Hand-list,
i, 1899, 172.

O edicnemus dominicensis REICHENOW and ScHaALow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1885, 454
(reprint of orig. descr.).

Gdicnemus bistriatus dominicensis SEEBOHM, Geogr. Distr. Charadriide, 1887,
pp. xv, 86.

Superfamily CHARADRII.

=Charadriide ScuaTeR and Satyvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, viii, 142.—SHARPE,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, ix, 90; Hand-list, i, 1899, xv, 146.—Gapow,
Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 35.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
lii, 1903, 344.—KNowtrTon, Birds of the World, 1909, 49, 351.

<Charadriide STEINEGER, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 98, in text (Charadriidze
+ Aphrizide-+ Arenariidee+ Hematopodide).

=Charadrii Suarre, Review Rec. At. Classif. Birds, 1891, 93; Hand-list, 1,
1899, xv, 146.

<Scolopacide ScuATER and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1878, viii, 144 (Scolopacidee
+Phalaropodide-+ Recurvirostride).—STEJNEGER, Standard Nat. Hist., iv,
1885, 105, in text (Scolopacide+Phalaropodide-+ Recurvirostridz).

<>Scolopacidae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 334 (Scolopacidz-+ Phalaropodidee
+Recurvirostride+ Dromadide).

=Limicolae FiirBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1220.

=Scolopacinae Nirzscu, Meckel’s Deutsches Archiv Phys., —, 1820, 259.

>Charadride Bonaparte, Saggio distr. Anim. Vertebr., 1831, 56 (includes Otides,
(Edicnemi and Glareolz). }

a Three specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 25

Limicole with supraorbital grooves and occipital foramina pres-
ent; coracoids separated; hallux (if present) small and elevated,
often absent; anterior toes and claws of moderate length or rela-
tively short, and rectices, 12 or more.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF CHARADRII.

a. Bill either much shorter than head or relatively stout (never subulate), more or
less compressed, usually more or less swollen distally anterior to the more or less
constricted middle or subbasal portion, or if not thus swollen and constricted
the bill subcuneate in lateral profile (Arenariidze); nasal fosse rounded and
relatively broad at anterior end.

b. Bill much longer than tarsus, excessively compressed distally, much deeper
than wide throughout, deepest in middle or posterior to the middle portion,
the upper and lower outlines converging subbasally; tip of both maxilla
and mandible broad (rounded or subtruncate) in lateral profile; gonys more
than twice as long as mandibular rami, (Thigh-muscle formula ABXY.)

Heematopodidee (p. 26).

bb. Bill shorter than tarsus, not distinctly (if at all) compressed distally, not much

deeper than wide, deepest either anterior to middle portion or (in Arenariide)

at extreme base, the upper and lower outlines converging for basal half or

more or (in Arenariide) not at all converging; gonys not twice as long as
mandibular rami.

c. Hallux well developed (as long as basal phalanx of outer toe); acrotarsium

distinctly and regularly transversely scutellate.

d, Bill subcuneate in lateral profile (not swollen terminally nor contracted in
middle portion); planta tarsi transversely scutellate; toes more slender,
without distinct lateral pads; tail slightly rounded. (Thigh-muscle
RODIN AN Bech Oi Nes ys cs hey Ast eta = 5 santero sistaie's wit im binye wee’ Arenariidss (p. 42)

dd. Bill plover-like (swollen terminally, contracted in middle portion); planta

tarsi reticulate (covered with small roundish or hexagonal scales); toes

stouter, with conspicuous tumid lateral pads; tail emarginate. (Thigh-

musele stormulay——=) ne eee SEE SU Aphrizidee (p. 57).

ce. Hallux usually absent, if present very small (much shorter than basal phalanx

of outer toe), acrotarsium not regularly transversely scutellate, usually

reticulate, or covered with rather small hexagonal scales. (Thigh-muscle

REPERRIE SSPE Tl ec te ese esis eek tee sca ae tie saree, ateie ofa Charadriide (p. 61).

aa. Bill variable as to length but not swollen distally, not contracted in middle or

subbasally, not cuneate in lateral profile; nasal fosse narrow and pointed at
anterior end.

b. Tarsus less than twice as long as middle toe with claw, the acrotarsium (usually
planta tarsi also)¢ regularly transversely scutellate; naked portion of tibia
shorter than middle toe with claw (whole of tibia sometimes feathered).

c. Toes without a distinct lateral membrane; tarsus not unusually compressed;
plumage of under parts not dense (gull-like)......... Scolopacide (p. 148).

cc. Toes with a conspicuous lateral membrane, sometimes developed into broad
scalloped lobes; tarsus excessively compressed; plumage of under parts

Wery: dense omlleliketss . 220. 250k SAL Le Phalaropodide (p. 416).

6b. Tarsus more than twice as long as middle toe with claw, wholly reticulate
(covered all round with small hexagonal scales); bare portion of tibia much
longer than middle toe with claw. (Plumage of under parts as in Phalar-
OEM) ck ecient tere 2 ose wearer Gale eiviet= sale cle Recurvirostride (p. 435)

@The only exceptions to the transversely scutellate planta tarsi are the genera
Numenius, Pheopus and Mesoscolopaz (part.)

.

26 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Family HAXAMATOPODID.
THE OYSTER-CATCHERS.

Hexematopine Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 65.

Hexmatopodine Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, 85.

Hematopide SELYS, Faune Belge, 1842, 278.

> Hematopodide Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 688, 689
(includes Arenariidz).—Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 246; 2d ed., 1884,
606 (includes Arenariidee).

= Hematopodide Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1880, 239.—Bairp, BREWER,
and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 107, 108.—AmERICAN ORNITH-
oLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, 165; 3d ed., 1910, 132.—SHarpr, Review
Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 73.—OBERHOLSER, Outl. Classif. N. Am. Birds, -
1905, 2.

> Haematopodide Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 337 (includes Arenariide).

=Hexmatopodine SctaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 143.—Covuss,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 606.—SrnsneceErR, Standard Nat. Hist., iv,
1885, 99, in. text.—SuHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, ix, 90, 105;
Hand-list, i, 1899, xv, 147.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
iii, 1903, 346.

Very large, heavily-built Charadri with bill much longer than tar-
sus, excessively compressed distally, much deeper than wide through-
out (except at extreme base), deepest in middle or posterior to
middle portion, the tip broad (rounded or subtruncate) in lateral
profile, the gonys more than twice as long as mandibular rami; legs
and feet very stout, the tarsus covered, all round, with small hexa-
gonal scales; hallux entirely absent; toes thick and relatively short,
with transverse scutella on distal half only, sometimes confined to
terminal phalanges; a web between outer and middle toes, extending
as far as end of basal phalanx of the latter, the space between inner
and middle toes with a much smaller basal web; thigh-muscle formula
ABXY (as in Charadriide) ; skull with supra-orbital grooves very large.

The Heematopodide frequent the sea-shores of nearly all parts of
the world but are absent from the Polar regions. They feed upon
mollusks and other marine life thrown upon the beach by the surf.

Only about a dozen species and subspecies are known, belonging
to a single genus, seven of them being American.

Genus HA MATOPUS Linnezus.

Hexmatopus Linnzus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 152; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 257. (Type,
by monotypy, H. ostralegus Linnzeus.)

Ostralega Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 38. (Type, by tautonymy, ‘‘Ostralega’’ = Hzx-
matopus ostralegus Linnzeus. )

Ostrelaga (emendation) BonNATERRE, Tabl. Encycl. Méth., i, 1791, 1xxxii.

Ostralegus (emendation) Macaritiivray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 58.

Melanibyx Retcuensacu, Handb. Nat. Syst. Vég., 1852, p. xii. (Type, Hamato-
pus moquint Bonaparte. )

Prohxmatopus® MatHEws, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 1, April2,1913,12. (Type, by
monotypy, Hematopus quoyi Brabourne and Chubb.)

411d, before + Heematopus (atwa (auar-), blood; wots, foot). (Mathews.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 24.

Very large, stoutly-built Charadrii (wing 237-280 mm.) with bill
longer than tarsus, compressed distally, the tip truncate or subtrun-
cate (in lateral profile); tarsi covered, all round, with*small hexa-
gonal scales, and basal portion of both interdigital spaces distinctly
webbed.

Bill decidedly longer than tarsus, sometimes very slightly upturned
for terminal half (though usually straight), more or less compressed,
except basally, its depth at gonydeal angle equal to one and a half
times to more than twice its width at same point; culmen more than
one-fourth to very nearly one-third as long as wing, nearly straight,
the basal portion (mesorhinium) more or less ascending basally ; max-
illary tomium nearly straight, sometimes faintly convex, the tip of
maxila (in lateral profile) rounded or truncate; mandibular tomium
nearly straight (sometimes faintly concave distally), the gonys some-
times straight, sometimes faintly but distinctly convex, its base usu-
ally more or less prominent, sometimes forming a distinct angle;
tip of mandible (in lateral profile) obtusely pointed to nearly trun-
cate; maxilla with a broad, shallow lateral groove, extending some-
times to half way between loral feathering and tip, but usually much
less, the proximal portion (nasal fossa) occupied by membrane, in
the lower edge of which is placed the narrow, longitudinal, subbasal
nostril. Wing long and pointed, the longest primaries extending
decidedly beyond tips of longest tertials; outermost primary longest
or, rarely, the two outermost longest and of equal length. Tail
between one-third and one-half as long as wing, truncate or very
slightly rounded; rectrices twelve. Tarsus stout, a little shorter
than length of maxilla from nostril, covered all round with small
hexagonal scales; middle toe, without claw, decidedly more than
half to nearly three-fourths as long as tarsus, the lateral toes decidedly
shorter, the inner shorter than the outer; hallux entirely absent;

_anterior toes with a well-developed thick and rough lateral mem-

brane, the basal portion of interdigital spaces distinctly webbed, the
web between middle and outer toes extending sometimes to second
articulation of middle toe, that between middle and inner toes much
smaller, sometimes very slightly developed.

Coloration.—Plumage particolored or pied (black and white or
black, grayish brown and white, in large sharply contrasting areas)
or wholly black or dark sooty brown; bill and naked eye-ring brightly
colored (red, orange, or yellow) in life.

Range.—Seacoasts nearly throughout the world. (About fourteen
species and subspecies.)

KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF HAMATOPUS.
a. Plumage parti-colored or pied (under parts of body white, and with white on wings

and tail).
b. Entire rump and lower back white. _(Hematopus ostralegus.)

-

28 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

c. Fourth primary (from outside) with white on outer web, adjoining white shaft-
streak, the second and third primaries sometimes similarly marked; upper
tail-coverts wholly white; bill averaging decidedly shorter. (Europe and
western Asia, south in winter to Egypt, northeastern India, etc.; occasional
inGreenland?\seseeee sean eee Hematopus ostralegus ostralegus. (p.30).

cc. Fourth primary (from outside) as well as second and third, without white on

outer web; upper tail-coverts tipped with black; bill averaging much longer).
(Eastern Siberia and Kamchatka, south in winter to China, Burma, etc.)

Heematopus ostralegus osculans (extralimital).¢

6b. Entire rump and lower back grayish brown or black, concolor with back, etc.

c. Back, scapulars, etc., grayish brown to dark sooty brown; breast white, like
abdomen, etc., or at least not uniform black; bill stouter, its greatest depth
more than 10 mm. :

d. Bill much larger (exposed culmen 70-104); upper tail-coverts mostly (or at
least in large part) white; greater wing-coverts more broadly tipped with white
(sometimes whole of exposed portion white); axillars immaculate white;
legs and feet flesh color (in life). (Hxmatopus palliatus.)

e. Back, scapulars, etc., much lighter grayish brown, in strong contrast with
black of head and neck; upper tail-coverts and under primary coverts
almost entirely white; innermost primaries partly white; greater wing-
coverts with whole of exposed portion white; tail with basal half or more
white; breast always immaculate white.

ff Smaller, with relatively more slender bill; averaging: adult male, wing,

253.4; tail, 98.2; culmen, 81.1; greatest depth of bill, 13.4; tarsus, 56.1;

middle toe, 40.1: adult female: wing, 260.2; tail, 102.4; caiman 88.6;

greatest depth of bill, 13.6; tarsus, 55.6; middle toe, 40.8. (Atlantic

and Gulf coasts of United States and Mexico; Atlantic coast of Central

and South America?).. 52522 .22 Heematopus palliatus palliatus (p. 32).

ff. Larger, with relatively stouter bill; averaging: adult male, wing, 257;

tail, 103.5; culmen, 85.3; greatest depth of bill, 14.3; tarsus, 57.5;

middle toe, 43.3; adult female, wing, 261.4; tail, 105.2; culmen, 94.4;

greatest depth of bill, 14; tarsus, 59.5: middle toe, 41.7. (Bahama

Islands. i226 SS oars Eee Heematopus palliatus prattii (p. 37).

ee. Back, scapulars, etc., darker grayish brown (deep sooty brown to almost

sooty black), much less strongly contrasted with black of head and

neck; upper tail-coverts and under primary coverts largely dusky

grayish browr; innermost primaries without any white (on outer

webs); greater wing-coverts with exposed portion dark grayish brown

anteriorly; tail with less than basal half white; breast more or less

spotted or blotched with sooty blackish.

f. Larger, with shorter middle toe; averaging: adult male, wing, 259.1;

tail, 101.8; culmen, 75.9; greatest depth of bill, 13.3; tarsus, 53.2; mid-

dle toe, 39.2; adult female, wing, 264.3; tail, 104.9; culmen, 83.5;

greatest depth of bill, 13; tarsus, 55.7; middle toe, 40.3; color of back,

etc., averaging lighter, white on wing more extended, and under tail-

coverts partly dusky. (Pacific coast of Mexico; also, Pacific coast of
Central and South America, as far as Chile?).

Hematopus palliatus frazari (p. 37.)

@ Haematopus hypoleuca, part, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 129 (Kamchatka;
Kuril Islands).—Hmatopus ostralequs (not of Linnzeus) of authors (citations from n. e.
Asia).—(?)Haematopus ostralegus Schalow, Journ. fir Orn., 1891, 258 (Sitka and
Unalaska, Alaska).—Hxmatopus osculans Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 405
(Talien Bay, China); Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 100 (Kamchatka);
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 111.—H[xmatopus] ostralegus osculans
Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 100, in text.—Hxmatopus ostralegus
osculans Mathews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. i, 1913, 21.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 29

ff. Smaller, with longer middle toe; averaging: adult male: wing, 250.9;
tail, 97.1; culmen, 82.1; greatest depth of bill, 12.2; tarsus, 51.7;
middle toe, 42.1; adult female, wing, 253.5; tail, 97.7; culmen, 82;
greatest depth of bill, 12.7; tarsus, 52.5; middle toe, 43.4; color of
back, etc., averaging darker, white on wings more restricted, and
under tail-coverts wholly white. (Galapagos Islands.)

Heematopus palliatus galapagensis (p. 39).
dd. Bill much smaller (exposed culmen 64.8 mm.); upper tail-coverts wholly
dusky; greater wing-coverts more narrowly tipped with white; axillars
mottled with grayish brown; legs and feet grayish yellow (in life). (Coast
Giebatse OMY. Der. 2 cmctsias Reet oa Heematopus durnfordi @ (extralimital),
cc. Back, scapulars, etc., deep blue-black, like head and neck; breast uniform
blue-black; bill very slender, its greatest depth less than 10 (9-9.5 mm.).

(Falkland Islands and coasts and islands of Straits of Magellan.)
Heematopus leucopodus (extralimital).?

aa. Plumage unicolored (wholly black or sooty); no white on wings or tail.

b. Averaging smaller, with much narrower and less compressed bill (greatest depth
12-14 mm.); breast dark sooty brown, like abdomen, etc.; legs and feet fleshy
white and iris yellow in life. (Pacific coast of North America, from Lower
GaluiormaytorAlaska:)\2. toy.sce=i5,-2223s- bee 2 Heematopus bachmani (p. 40).

bb. Averaging larger, with much deeper and more compressed bill (greatest depth

15-16.5 mm.}; breast black, like head and neck; legs and feet greenish
yellow and iris dark orange in life. (Pacific coast of South America from
Peru southward, and shores and islands of Straits of Magellan to Falkland
Msi) 28s SS SS eas Rit: Sees? Hematopus ater (extralimital).¢

& Hxmatopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Durnford, Ibis, 1878, 403 (Tambo Point,
mouth of Chupat River, Patagonia, breeding); Sclater and Hudson, Orn. Argent., ii,
1889, 176 (Tambo Point).—Hxmatopus durnfordi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv,
1896, 117, pl. 6 (Tambo Point. Patagonia; coll. Brit. Mus.)

I have not seen this form which, notwithstanding the statement that the color of
the legs and feet is greenish yellow in life, seems to be very closely related to H. palli-
atus frazari and H. p. galapagensis, and therefore possibly a subspecies of H. palliatus.
It agrees with the subspecies mentioned in dark-colored upper parts, spotted breast,
and restriction of white on wings, but has the last mentioned character more pro-
nounced than in either of the others.

b Hematopus leucopodus Garnot, Ann. des Sci. Nat. vii, 1826, 47 (Falkland Islands).—
H{xmatopus] leucopodus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 182.—Ostralega
leucopus Garnot and Lesson, Voy. Coquille, i, 1828, 721.—Hxmatopus leucopus Gray,
List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralla, 1844, 72 (Tierra del Fuego); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxiv, 1896, 113, 730.—Hexmatopus luctuosus Cuvier, Régne Anim., ed. 2, i,
1829, 504.—Hematopus arcticus Jardine, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., ili, 1832, 35, pl. 64,
fig. 2; Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., 1833, pl. 125.

¢ Hematopus ater Vieillot, Gal. Ois., ii, 1825, 88, pl. 230 (Straits of Magellan);
Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 700; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxiv, 1896, 121, 731.—Ostralega atra Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 548.—Hxma-
topus niger ater Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 109, foot-
note.—[ Melanibyr] ater Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 337.—
Hexmatopus townsendi Audubon, Birds Am., fol. ed., iiii, 1830, pl. 427, fig. 3.—Hema-
topus townsendi Audubon, Orn. Biog., v. 1839, 247 (‘‘coast of Oregon’’; type now in
coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Birds Am., 8vo. ed., v. 1842, 245, pl. 326.

80 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

HAZMATOPUS OSTRALEGUS OSTRALEGUS Linneus.
OYSTER-CATCHER.

Adults (sexes alike).—Head, neck, chest, wings, and terminal por-
tion of tail plain black, the head and neck tinged with slaty in certain
lights, the wings and tail shghtly brownish; lower back, rump, upper
tail-coverts, basal portion of tail, greater wing-coverts, and under
parts of body immaculate white; throat sometimes with a white
transverse band, and, more rarely, there are other white markings
about the head,“ bill (in life) ‘‘vermilion, tinged with yellow as far
as the end of the nasal groove, the attenuated part dull yellow;’”?
iris crimson; naked eyelids vermilion red; legs and feet ‘‘pale lake or
purplish red.”’?

Young.—Similar to adults but the darker portions more brownish,
the feathers of back, wings, etc., with rusty margins, and bill dull
orange-red or brownish.

Downy young.—‘‘Clothed with down of a sandy-gray color, not
much mottled with black, of which two lines run down each side of
the back, with a single narrow line down the rump to the tail, and a
lateral stripe along the lower flanks; the head has some irregular black
stripes and patches; throat dusky black; remainder of under surface
of body white, as also the edge of the wing; thighs dusky blackish.’’¢

Adult male.—Wing, 250-267 (256.9); tail, 101-111 (107); culmen,
62.5-78 (69.8); greatest depth of bill, 9-11 (10); tarsus, 43.5-53.5
(48.1): middle toe, 32-37 (34.7).¢

Europe and western and central Asia, east to Yenesai River, Siberia;
breeding from Arctic Circle to shores of temperate Europe, and Black
and Caspian Seas; in winter southward to northern and middle Africa,
shores of Red Sea, and Persian Gulf, India, northern Ceylon, ete. Oc-
casional in southern Greenland (Julianehaab; Godthaab; Nenortalik).

[Hexmatopus] ostraleqgus LINNw®US, Syst. Nat., ed. 10,1, 1758, 152 (‘‘Oedlandiae &
Gotlandiae’’); ed. 12, i, 1766, 257.—Brtnnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 57.—Guetin,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 694.—Larxuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 752.—Turron,
Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 419.—Gray, Hand-list, 111, 1871, 21, no. 10057.—SHarper,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 147.—Forses and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., 1, no.
2, 1899, 62.

Hematopus ¢ ostralegus TeMMtINcK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 175; Man. d’Orn., ii, 1820,
531.—ViEemLotT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xv; 1817, 408, part.—Rovux, Orn.
Prov., 1825, pl. 208.—Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 1825, 106
(crit.); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 300; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 46

a4 Dresser (Birds of Europe, vii, 1877, 568) considers these specimens with white
throat-band as representing the winter plumage; but Macgillivray (Hist. Brit. Birds,
iv, 155) asserts that they are of a purely individual character, and may be found in
specimens taken at any season. ‘

6 Macgillivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 154.

¢ Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 110.

@ Seven specimens. (Noadult females examined. )

€ Including Haematopus.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 31
(Europe).—WerneR, Atlas, Coureurs, 1827, pl. 10.—Ménirrisés, Cat. Rais
Cauc., 1832, 52.—Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., vii, 1834, 325, pl. 181.—Kavp,
Thierr., ii, pt. 1, 1836, 299, fig —Goutp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 300 and
text; Birds Great Brit., iv, 1870, pl. 45 and text.—Jerpon, Madras Journ.,
xii, 1840, 201; Birds India, iii, 1864, 659.—Srtys-Lonacuamps, Faune Belge,
1842, 122.—Yarrew., Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, “432.—ScuieGet, Rev. Crit.,
1844, 85; Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 219 and text; Dier. Nederl. Vog., 1861,
pl. 22, figs. 3, 3a; Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865, 70.—MuuHLE,
Beitr. Orn. Griechenl., 1844, 98.—Hopasow, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844,
86.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralla, 1844, 72; Cat. Mam. etc.,, Nepal
pres. Hodgson, 1846, 133; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 142.—Rtrpe.., Syst. Ueb.,
1845, 118 (Egyptian coast and Red Sea).—Hewirson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ii,
1846, 265, pl. 72.—Hoim, Naturhist. Tidssk., 2d ser., ii, 1848, 486 (Faroe
Islands).—Buytu, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc., 1849, 264.—THompson,
Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 125.—LityyeBore, Naumannia, ii, 1852, 107 (n.
Russia), 114 (Troms6, Norway).—Maceriiivray, Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 152.—
Tosras, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 214 (Oberlausitz, Germany).—PAss.LER, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1853, 242 (Lapland), 306.—Scuituine, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853,
373, (Riigen Island, Germany).—F rirscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 370; 1871,
384 (Bohemia); Vég. Eur., 1870, pl. 34, fig. 9 —KsarBO6Liine, Orn. Danm.,
1854, pl. 31, fig. 3—Layarp, Ann. and Mag. N. H., xiv, 1854, 110 (Ceylon).—
Reruarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 425, 440 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 9 (Ju-
lianehaab, Godthaab, and Nenortalik, Greenland).—Hervatin, Syst. Ueb.,
1856, 57 (Red Sea); Orn. N.-Ost. Afr., U1, pt. i, 1873, 1039.—MU.ier, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1856, 229 (Provence).—SuNDEVALL, Svensk. Fogl., 1856-72, pl. 36
and text.—GiIEBEL, Vég., 1860, 369, fig. 662.—LInDERMAYER, V6g. Griechenl.,
1860, 136.—Powys, Ibis, 1860, 339 (Corfu and Epirus, Greece).—GopMAN
(F. and P.), Ibis, 1861, 86 (Bod6, Norway).—Harriavs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861,
269 (coast Somali Land).—Nerwron, in Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 411.—
Wriacut, Ibis, 1864, 141 (Malta)—Draste, Journ fiir Orn., 1864, 422 (Bor-
kum); 1869, 342 (Farée Islands).—Morg, Ibis, 1865, 432 (Great Britain).—
Gi@Lio1l, Ibis, 1865, 59 (Pisa); Avif. Ital., 1886, 378; Avif. Ital., 1st Resoc.,
1889, 580; 2d Resoc., 1890, 652; 3rd Resoc., 1891, 512.—Hotrz, Journ.
fir Orn., 1865, 177 (Neu Vorpommerns); 1868, 160 (Gotska-Sandén,
Sweden).—Dercianp and Gere, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 151.—Locus, Expl.
Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 283.—Taytor, Ibis, 1867, 69 (Suez, Egypt).—
Barry, Ibis, 1867, 282 (Iceland; Greenland).—Smiru, Ibis, 1868, 453 (Por-
tugal).—Etwes and Bucxktey, Ibis, 1870, 330 (Gulf Salonica).—Finscu and
Harriaus, Voég. Ostafrika, 1870, 665.—Satvaport, Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871,
207; Elenco Uce. Ital., 1886, 214.—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotl., 1871, 268.—
SaunpvERs, Ibis, 1871, 387 (s. Spain, winter); 1884, 389 (Bidassoa River,
Dec.); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, i, 1883, 294; ITllustr. Man. Brit.
Birds, 1889, 543.—SHEttEy, Ibis, 1871, 310 (Egypt); Birds Egypt,
1872, 243.—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 45.—Hume, Stray
Feath., i, 1873, 234-(Karachi; Mekran coast; Muscat); viii, 1879, 112.—
Auston and Harvis-Brown, Ibis, 1873, 67 (Archangel, n. Russia).—
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, 338 (Sardinia).—Lioyp, Ibis, 1873, 416 (Kathi-
awar).—DurNForD, Ibis, 1874, 397 (North Frisian Islands).—Hancocx,
Birds Northumb. and Durham, 1874, 100.—Saxsy, Birds Shetland, 1874,
172.—IrBy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 163; Ibis, 1883, 187 (Santander,
Spain).—F anton, Ois. Belg., 1875, 149.—Durnrorp and Harvise-Brown,
Ibis, 1875, 420 (Transylvania).—BLANForD, East. Persia, ii, 1876, 281 (Hor-
mnuz Island, Persian Gulf).—Srrsonm and Harvisr-Browy, Ibis, 1876, 290
(Ust Zylma, Russia).—Dressrr, Birds Europe, vii, 1877, 567, pl. 533.—

32

BULLETIN 5), UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Frinscu, Ibis, 1877, 49 (Semipalatinsk); Verh. z.-b. ges. Wien, xxix, 1879, 246
(Irtisch).—TaczanowsklI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, 156 (Poland).—
Butter, Stray Feath., v, 1877, 212 (Mandavee); Cat. Birds Sind, etc., 1879,
60 (Sind, Cutch, and Kathiawar, India); Cat. Birds 8. Bombay Pres., 1880,
74 (Bombay and Ratnagiri, India).—Boepanow, Birds Caucas., 1879, 154;
Consp. Av. Imp. Ross., 1884, 77.—Vipat, Stray Feath., ix, 1880, 83 (s. Kon-
kan).—Lrace, Birds Ceylon, 1880, 987 (n. half. w. coast Ceylon).—SEE-
BOHM, Ibis, 1882, 222 (Astrakhan), 380 (Archangel, n. Russia); 1883, 29
(Caucasus); 1890, 409 (Great Saltee Island); 1892, 24 (Helgoland); Hist. Brit.
Birds, ili, 1885, 4; Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxi, 301, figs.—
British OrnirHoxocists’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 162.—SEVERTZOV,
Ibis, 1883, 74 (Pamir-Alichur, near Boohma-Kul).—Bairp, BREWER, and
Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am.,i, 1884, 110.—Rapps, Orn. Caucas., 1884, 44,
423 (s. w. shores of Caspian Sea and Lenkoran, breeding).—YERBURY, Ibis, 1886,
21 (Aden, Arabia).—AmeriIcAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886,
and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 285; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 182.—Tarr, Ibis, 1887, 387
(Portugal).—RericHEeNow, Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 53.—LitForp,
bis, 1889, 339 (Cyprus).—Brusina, Motr., etc.,(Orn. Croatia), 1890, 88.—
Ture, Ibis, 1891, 6 (Blasket Island, breeding).—GArkr, Vogelw. Helgo-
land, 1891, 514.—Suarpe, Ibis, 1891, 114 (Fao, Oct.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxiv, 1896, 729.—MaparAsz, Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf., 1891, 104.—F RIvALpsky,
, Aves Hungar., 1891, 125.—Hartert, Ibis, 1892, 517 (e. Prussia).—BarnEs,

Ibis, 1893, 170 (Aden).—Buaae, Ibis, 1893, 355 (Shetland).—Biaauw, Notes
Leyden Mus., xv, 1893, 226 (Holland).—Poyntine, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. i,
1895, 75, pl. 18.—Exuiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 205, pl. 70.—Ibis, 1896,
155 (Madras, India).—Pxrarson, Ibis, 1896, 212 (Russian Lapland).—Popr-
HAM, Ibis, 1897, 102 (Yeneseisk, Siberia); 1898, 513 (Yenesei River, Siberia).—
Grant, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 267 (s. Arabia).—WITHERBY, Ibis, 1903, 566
(Fars, s. w. Persia).

H{aematopus] ostralegus Keysertine and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. 1xxi,
209.—Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 547.—Norpmann, Journ. fiir Orn., 1864,
373 (Finland).

Haemantopus [lapsus] ostralegus Sauvaport, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 285 (Sardinia).

Haematopus ostrealegus Born, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 95.

H{zmato pus] ostrilegus Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 606.

Hexmatopus ostrilegus Cours, Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 595.

Haematopus astralegus KJAERBOLLING, Naumannia, i, 1850, 46 (Denmark).

Scolopax pica Scopvout, Ann. I. Hist. Nat., 1769, 95.

Ostralega pica BONNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 26.

Ostralega europxa Lesson, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1828, 300; Traité d’Orn., 1831, 548.

Haematopus balthicus Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 562 (Baltic Sea coast).

Ostralegus vulgaris Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, 47 (nomen nudum).

Ostralegus hematopus Macaiiivray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 59 (Great Britain).

[?] Hematopus macrorhynchus Buytu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xiv, 1845, 549
(India).

HZMATOPUS PALLIATUS PALLIATUS Temminck.
AMERICAN OYSTER-CATCHER.

Adults (sexes alike)—Head, neck and upper chest uniform black,

with very faint gloss of bluish green;.a white bar or streak immedi-
ately beneath lower eyelid; back, scapulars, rump, median-anterior

up

per tail-coverts and greater part of wings plain grayish brown or

brownish gray (nearly hair brown or deep drab); tips of middle
wing--overts (broadly), whole of exposed portion of greater coverts,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Veo

and proximal secondaries (next to tertials) immaculate white;
distal secondaries deep brownish gray, their inner webs and basal
portion of outer webs white, the outer webs edged with white distally;
primary coverts and primaries dull black or dusky (fuscous-black to
dark cheetura drab); lateral and terminal upper tail-coverts white,
the latter sometimes (rarely) with a few dusky spots or blotches,
the median anterior coverts sometimes margined with white; tail
deep brownish gray, becoming darker (sometimes nearly black)
distally, the lateral rectrices with basal half or more white; under
parts of body, including lower chest, axillars, and under wing-coverts,
immaculate white, the under primary coverts sometimes more or
less broadly tipped with brownish gray, and the carpo-metacarpal
region with more or less of dusky spotting; bill (in life) vermilion
red, deeper (tinged with carmine) in middle portion, the basal por-
tion more orange-red, the tip yellowish; naked eyelids vermilion red;
iris bright yellow; legs and feet very pale flesh color or pinkish white.

Young.—Head and neck dull black or dusky, the pileum and cheeks
speckled with dull fulvous, and the feathers surrounding base of bill
whitish; upper parts grayish brown, each feather rather broadly
margined with dull buffy or fulvous; otherwise much like adults,
but upper tail-coverts tipped with buff, bill brownish, iris brown,
and feet dull livid grayish.

Downy young.—Head and neck dull light brownish gray or buffy
gray, finely mottled with darker, and ari a narrow postocular line
of black; rest of upper parts light buffy gray, finely mottled with
darker, and relieved by two narrow stripes of black which extend,
parallel to each other, from the upper back to the rump; under parts
of body immaculate white; bill dusky, the basal half of mandible
dull orange; iris brown; legs and feet dull flesh color.

Adult male—Wing, 246-258 (253.4); tail, 94-103 (98.2); cul-
men, 76.5-86 (81.1); greatest depth of bill, 13-14 (13.4); tarsus,
53.5-58 (56.1); middle toe, 37.5-41.5 (40.1).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 256-269 (260.2); tail, 99-105 (102.4); cul-
men, 86-91 (88.6); greatest depth of bill, 13-14 (13.6); tarsus,
33-58 nae 6); middle toe, 39- By a0. 8)." @

Locality. | Wing. | Tail. fa | aepth Tarsus.| Middle
| | of bill.
a “ali elie aa ace
MALES.

|
Five adult males from Atlantic coast, United States..)| 253.4 98. 2 81.1 | 13.4 56.1 40.1
Three adult males from Bahama Islands (H. p. prattii).| 257 103.5 | 85.3 | 14.3 57.5
|

43.3
One adult male from Tampico, Tamaulipas, April |
DH DIRE AMEE) cee cesta ch sie enc see tren cai 258 | 102 | 91 15 61 43

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——44

34 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The exact status of the forms most nearly related to H. palliatus
are, with the scant material available, exceedingly puzzling. It is
not at all certain that H. galapagensis and H. frazari should be
referred to that species, as geographic forms, but I have done so for
the reason that the individual variation in H. frazari is very great,
tending, on the one hand, to great exaggeration of the originally
ascribed characters and on the other toward H. palliatus. Whether
the specimens from Isabella Island and San Mateo, western Mexico,
should be referred to H. frazari or to H. palliatus, or to either, I can
not decide; they are so much like the latter in coloration that were
it not for the question of locality there would be little hesitation in
referring them to that form. ‘The same applies to the specimens
from Chile, which, however, certainly are not either H. frazari or
H. galapagensis. The material examined convinces me of the desira-
bility of careful investigation of the subject with the aid of more
abundant material, and also of the probability that several addi-
tional subspecies of 7. palliatus require recognition.

Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States and Gulf coast of Mexico;
north (breeding) to Virginia (formerly to New Jersey); formerly
occurring casually or irregularly to eastern Pennsylvania (Chester
Island, Delaware River), New York harbor (1 spec., May 28, 1877),
Long Island (Greenport; Ponquoge; South Side Meadows), Massa-

Footnote—Continued.
|
A Great- “
= | xr . ul- est | Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | ren. depth Tarsus.| pe:
of bill.
MALES—continued.
One adult male from Peru (Bay of Chilca) (H. p. —?).| 260 106 81 12 52 33.5
One adult male from Chile (Algaroba) (H. p. —?)...-- 251 101 74 12 51 31
Four adult males from Galafagos Island (H. :p. gala-
PUG ENSIS) Esse cso Rte h erase eek owe as Ren aA PEE eee 251.2] 984; 824| 12 50.9 42.2
adult males from Pacific coast of Mexico (H. p.
JTAZATE) Sse ose Sees SoS Da et ee see toe eee eae 259.1 | 101.8 75.9 13.3 533.2 39. 2
|
FEMALES,
Five adult females from Atlantic coast, United States.) 260.2 | 102.4 88.6] 13.6 55. 6 40. 8
Five adult females from Bahama Islands (H. p. prattii).| 261.4 | 105.2 94. 4 14 59. 5 41.7
One adult female from Pacific coast, Mexico (Isabella |
Talend) CH —- Peak = «seas toes seach seameseceeee | 264 107 79 14 61 42
One adult female from Chile (Algaroba) (HZ. p. —?)....| 280 109 81 12 61 36.5
Four adult females from Galafagos Islands (H. p. gala-
PULGETISUS) eee eee ela tao sreinincicapin wage Mele eRe eee 255.7 | 100.2 81.5 12.5 51.4 42.5
Fifteen adult females from Pacific coast of Mexico
(CEE DOPRAZAT) Se harm oa ate elvis s')s cieisin ozsula oltreineiceiavineni= 264.3 | 104.9 83.5 13 55.7 40.3
One adult female from Pacific coast, Oaxaca (San
Mateo, Tehuantepec) (H. p. —?)-.-2-------s2s----0= 237 97 92. 5 12.5 55.5 40

lu

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 35

chusetts, and Nova Scotia); southward to Yucatan (Mérida; Co-
zumel Island).¢

Hexmatopus ostralegus (not of Linnzeus) Wirson, Am. Orn., vili, 1814, 15, pl. 64,
fig. 2.—Vre1LLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xv, 1817, 408, part—BonapartTE,
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1827, 300.—Nutratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water
Birds, 1834, 12.

H{xmatopus] ostralegus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 106;
Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [189]. .

[?] \Hematopus palliatus Temminck, Man. d’Orn., ed. 2, li, 1820, 532 (South
America).—MaxmILIan, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1833, 746.—Nuvrra.t,
Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 15 (Brazil).—GouLp, Zool.
Voy. ‘Beagle,’ Birds, 1841, 128 (Rio de la Plata, Argentina).—LremBrye,
Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 104, pl. 14.—BurMeEtsrer, Syst. Ueb.
Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 366.—CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 423 (Cuba).—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba); xvii, 1875, 445 (Mas-
sachusetts and Maine).—Nerwrown, Ibis, 1861, 115 (St. Thomas).—Gunp.Lacu,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 342 (Cuba); 1862, 88 (Cuba; crit.); 1874, 313 (Porto
Rico); 1875, 331 (Cuba); 1878, 162, 188 (Porto Rico); Repert. Fisico-Nat.
Cuba, i, 1866, 358.—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865,
74 (Chile; Brazil) —Sunpevauit, Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Foérh., 1869, 588 (St.
Bartholomew).—PELzELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 298, 455 (Mattogrosso; Cujutu-
ba).—CunninGHAM, Ibis, 1870, 499 (Ancud, Straits Magellan, Nov.).—
Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 145; Auk. iv, 1887, 230, part (West
Indian localities and references); Birds West Ind., 1889, 230, part; Cat. West
Ind. Birds, 1892, 95, part.—Brrterscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 126 (Para-
guay).—Prrers, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 121 (Curacao).—Harrerr, Ibis,
1893, 108 (Aruba), 325 (Curacao); Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 307 (Aruba; Cura-
cao).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N.H., vi, 1894, 75 (Trinidad).—Apuin,
Ibis, 1894, 207 (Uruguay).—KoENIGswaLp, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 394 (Sao
Paulo, s. Brazil)—HotmBere, Segundo Censo Argentina, i, 1898, 565.—
InERING, Revista Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 426 (Iguape, Sao Paulo); vi,
1904, 343 (Paraguay).—TuHayerR and Banes, Bull. Mus.Comp. Zool., xlvi,
1905, 146 (San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama, March).—Harrert and
VentTuRI, Novit. Zool., xvi, 1909, 250 (coast Buenos Aires).—DABBENE,
Orn. Argent., 1910, 215 (Patagonia; coast Buenos Aires).—CarrikeEr, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 415 (Costa Rica)—Grant (C. H. B.), Ibis, 1911,
466 (Cape San Antonio, etc., Argentina, Nov. 10—-Apr. 11).—Berrront, Fauna
Parag., 1914, 38 (upper Rio Parana).—WermoreE, Bull. 326, U. 8S. Dept.
Agric., 1916, 38 (Culebra, Culebrita, and Desecheo islands, Porto Rico).

Hematopus palliatus AupuBON, Orn. Biog., ili, 1835, 181, pl. 223; v, 1839, 580;
Synopsis, 1839, 228; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 236, pl. 324.—JarpINE and
Sexsy, Illustr. Orn., (n. s.), 1836, pl. 7 (Florida Keys).—Bonaparte, Geog.
and Comp. List, 1838, 46—Praxsopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 358.—GrirAUD,

2] am unable to determine whether West Indian and South American records are
really of this form, not having seen specimens. JH. palliatus is, however, cited from
Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico, St. Bartholomew, St. Thomas, Trinidad, Aruba, Curacao,
Brazil (Mattogrosso; Cujutuba; Iguapé, Sao Paulo; Santa Catarina), Paraguay
(upper Rio Paranda), Uruguay, Argentina (Rio de la Plata; coast of Buenos Aires;
Cape San Antonio), and from San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama.

oThe interrogation mark indicates doubt as to identity of birds from the localities
cited with those from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, specimens
not having been examined by the author.

36

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Birds Long Is., 1844, 222.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 72.—
GLoGcER, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 24 (habits).—Cassrtn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 699.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 512.—
Wiis, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 286 (Nova Scotia).—
Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 34 (Galveston Bay, Texas).—LAwrence, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., vili, 1867, 295 (vicinity New York City); ix, 1869, 210 (Merida, Yuca-
tan).—CovEs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South Carolina); Proc.
Essex Inst., v, 1868, 292 (coast New England); Check List, 1873, no. 404;
2d ed., 1882, no. 596.—TuRNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 38 (Phila.
ed., 29).—Battey (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 26 (Cobb’s Island,
Virginia, breeding; habits) —MErrILL, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 160
(San Pedro and Padre Islands, Texas, breeding).—SENNETT, Bull. U. 8.
Geol. and Geog. Surv., iv, 1878, 53 (Corpus Christi Pass, Texas).—MAyYNARD,
Birds Eastern N. Am., 1879, 365.—LawreEnce (R,), Bull Nutt. Orn. Club,
v, 1880, 117 (New York Harbor, 1-spec., May 28, 1877).—Ripeway, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., ui, 1880, 198 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 507); Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 507.—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am.,
i, 1884, 112.— Brewster, Auk, 1i, 1885, 384 (Monomoy Island, Massachusetts,
1 spec., April, 1885).—Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 245 (Labra-
dor).—AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed.,
1895, no. 286; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 132.—DurcnEr, Auk, 111, 1886, 439 (Greenport
and Ponquoge, Long Island, 2 specs.); x, 1893, 272 (South Side Meadows,
Long Island, 1 spec., no date).—Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 273, in text (Gulf
coast Florida, breeding); vi, 1889, 160 (Old Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor,
Florida).—_Srrsoum, Geog. Distr. Charadriidxw, 1887, pp. xxi, 305, part.—
Strong, Auk, viil, 1891, 245 (Chester Island, Delaware River, 1 spec., May 14);
Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1894, 81 (coast New Jersey).—Etttot, North Am.
Shore Birds, 1895, 209, pl. 71—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896,
114, part (Cobb’s Island, Virginia; Corpus Christi Pass, Texas; Cozumel
Island; Santa Catarina, s. Brazil?), 730, part (Florida).—Satvin and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1903, 347, part.

?[Hematopus] palliatus GuNpLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 342 (Cuba).—Cory,
List Birds West Ind., 1885, 25, part.

Hexmatopus palliatus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1871, 21, no. 10,059, part.—CovEs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 246, part.—ScLaTerR and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr.,
1873, 143, part—Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 147, part.

H[lxmatopus] palliatus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 547.—Cours, Key N. Am.
Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 606.—Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 325,
part (diagnosis; range); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 182, part.

Ostralega palliata Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 548.

[?] Haematopus brasiliensis MAXIMILIAN, Reise Bras., 1, 1820, 105, 173 (nomen
nudum); 1, 1821, 338 (nomen nudum; see Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.
ii, 1889, 271).

[?] H[aematopus] brasiliensis LicureNstTeIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 73, under H.
ostralegus (Brazil).

[Hxmatopus] brasiliensis Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 210.

[?] Haematopus hypoleuca, part, Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 11, 1826, 129
(‘‘America’’),

H{xmatopus] articus JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., iii, 1832, 35 (North America).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. B37

HAMATOPUS PALLIATUS PRATTII (Maynard).

BAHAMA OYSTER-CATCHER.

Similar in coloration to H. p. palliatus but larger, and bill much
stouter.

Adult male-—Wing, 241-270 (257); tail, 100-108 (103.5); culmen,
82-89 (85.3); greatest depth of bill, 14-14.5 (14.3); tarsus, 56.5-59
(57.5); middle toe, 48-44 (43.3).4

Adult female.—Wing, 244-274 (261.4); tail, 102-112 (105.2); cul-
men, 88-104 (94.4); greatest depth of bill, 13.5-14.5 (14); tarsus,
58.5-60.5 (59.5); middle toe, 40-42.5 (41.7).°

Bahama Islands (Flemmings Cay; Exuma Cay; Long Island;
Abaco, North Andros, Inagua, Caicos, and Maragauna islands).

Haematopus prattti Maynarp, App. to Cat. Birds West Ind., Nov. 29, 1899, 34
(Flemmings Key, Bahamas; coll. C. J. Maynard).

Llexmatopus praitti BANes, Auk, xvii, 1900, 284 (Flemmings Key; crit.).

Hexematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii,
1859, 121 (Bahamas).—ALBrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 55 (Bahamas).—
Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 150 (Andros and Inagua islands, Bahamas,
resident); Auk, iv, 1887, 230, part (Bahamas); Birds West Ind., 1889, 230,
part (Bahamas); Auk, viii, 1891, 297 (Caicos Islands, Bahamas), 334 (Abaco
Island), 351 (Inagua); ix, 1892, 48 (Maragauna); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892,
95, part (Bahamas).—Norrurop, Auk, viii, 1891, 76 (Andros Island).—
Ripaway, Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco Island).—Bonuorr, Ibis, 1903, 301
(Andros Island; crit.).—Rmry, Auk, xxii, 1905, 354 (Long Island, Bahamas,
July).

[Haemotopus] palliatus Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 25, part
(Bahamas).

HAMATOPUS PALLIATUS FRAZARI (Brewster).

FRAZAR’S OYSTER-CATCHER.

Similar to H. p. palliatus but averaging much darker (back, etc.,
grayish olive-brown or light clove brown to dark clove brown);
chest usually conspicuously spotted or blotched with blackish, some-
times even whole breast, sides, flanks and under tail-coverts heavily
blotched with blackish; upper tail-coverts with white more restricted,
the longer one usually blotched with blackish; white on wing-coverts
more restricted (confined to distal half, approximately, and edges of
proximal portion of greater coverts), coverts on carpo-metacarpal
region of under side of wing heavily blotched with dusky (often
mostly of this color); wing and tail averaging longer, bill and feet
averaging smaller.

a Three specimens. b Five specimens.

38 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male—Wing, 249-265 (259.1); tail, 97-109 (101.8); culmen,
70-82.5 (75.9); greatest depth of bill, 12.5-14.5 (13.3); tarsus, 50-56.5
(53.2); middle toe, 37.5-43 (39.2).¢

Adult Tae soa ae! 245-275 (264.3); tail, 96-113.5 (104.9); cul-
men, 74-90 (83.5); greatest depth of bill, 12-14 (13); tarsus, 52-58
(55 2): middle toe, on (40.3).¢

Coasts and islands of Lower California (Carmen, Cerros, Ceteas!
Ceralvo, San Gerénimo, San Martin, Espiritu Santo, and Natividad
islands ; Los Coronados Islands; La Paz; San Quentin Bay; Magdalena
Bay; Concepcién Bay; northward, casually, to Ventura County,
California, southward to Tepic (Maria Madre and Maria Cleofa
islands, Tres Marias group; Isabella Island; White Rock; San Blas),
Guererro (Acapulco; Cayacal; Sihutanejo).?

[?] Hematopus ostralegus (not of Linneeus) Vicors, Zool. Voy. ‘‘Blossom,”’
Birds, 1839, 29 (west coast of America).

[?] Yematopus palliatus (not of Temminck?) FRraAsErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1843, 116 (Chile) —Sciater and Sanvin, Ibis, 1859, 228 (mouth of Rio
Nagualate, Pacific side, Guatemala); 1870, 497 (Ancud, Chile).—GeErMaIn,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 314 (Chile).—Sanvin, Ibis, 1865, 190
{Chiapam, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 429 (Paracas Bay,
Peru).—Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 284 (Tres Marias
Islands, w. Mexico).—LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 308
(Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Isabella Island; Tres Marias Islands; Rio Zacatula,
Colima); Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 46 (San Mateo and San Francisco,
Oaxaca, Feb., April) —TaczaNnowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 748
(Santa Lucia, Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 350.—Pxuuirrr, Ornis, vol. 4,
1888, 159 (Chafiaral, n. Chile).—SuHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit, Mus., xxiv, 1896,
114, part (Chiapam, Guatemala; Veragua).—Netson, North Am. Fauna,
no. 14, 1899, 34 (Tres Marias Islands; Isabella Island; coast near San Blas,
Tepic; crit.)—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 111, 1903,
347, part (Tres Marias; Isabella Island; Mazatlan; Rio Zacatulo; San Fran-
cisco, San Mateo, Tehuantepec, and Santa Maria del Mar, Oaxaca; Tonala,
Chiapas; Nagualate and Chiapam, Guatemala; Bahia de Salinas, Costa
Rica; Veragua; Panama).

[?] [Hematopus] palliatus Forsrs and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2,
1899, 63 (Chiapam, Guatemala).

Hxmatopus palliatus BeLpina, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 351 (La Paz,
Lower California).—Ev ATA EE iui, ie 92 (venir Co., California).—_
Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., v, 1883, 527 (Los Coronados Islands, Lower
California)—SHarpe, Cat. Birds. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 114, part (many ref-
erences in synonymy).

a Fifteen specimens.

b Also cited by Sharpe (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 117) and others as occurring
on the coast of Peru (Paracas Bay; San Lorenzo Island) and Chile (Arauco, Province
of Tarapaca; Province of Santiago; Ancud; Chafiaral), and even the Straits of Magellan.
Pacific coast citations of H. palliatus which may or may not be referable to this form
(see first paragraph on p. 34) are: Oaxaca (San Mateo; Santa Maria del Mar; San Fran-
cisco; Tehuantepec), Chiapas (Tonal4), Guatemala (Chiapa4m; mouth of Rio Nagua-
late), Costa Rica (Bahia de Salinas) and Panamaé (Veragua; San Miguél Island, Bay
of Panama).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 39

Hematopus frazari BrewstER, Auk, v, Jan., 1888, 84 (Carmen Island, Gulf of
California; coll. W. Brewster); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, no. 1, 1902, 74
(synonymy; range).—CHapmMaN, Auk, v, 1888, 395.— AMERICAN ORNITHOLO-
cists’ UNION CoMMITTEE, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 7; Check List, abridged
ed., 1889, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 286. 1; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 183.— Bryant (W. E.)
Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2nd ser., ii, 1889, 275, 276 (Los Coronados Islands;
San Quentin Bay; Magdalena Bay; Cerros Island; Santa Margarita Island;
La Paz; habits)—TownsEenp (C. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890,
135 (Concepcion Bay, Lower California) —Suarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxiv, 1896, 117, part (Tres Marias Islands), 730 (mouth of Rio Zacatula,
Colima).—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 588—GRINNELL
and Daacerr, Auk, xx, 1903, 33 (Los Coronados Islands, 2 specs., Aug.).—
Satvrin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.—Am., iii, 1903, 348, part (Los Coronados
and Tres Marias Islands; Carmen Island).—Barvey (H. H.), Auk, xxiii, 1906,
384 (near San Blas, Tepic; White Rock and Isabella Island, Tepic).—
THAYER and Bangs, Condor, ix, 1907, 78 (Cerros Island; crit.), 80 (Nativadad
Island, April).

[?] Hematopus frazari LANE, Ibis, 1897, 303 (Arauco, Chile; fresh colors of un-
feathered parts)—Ssarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 117, part
(Arauco, Prov. Tarapacd, Chile; Prov. Santiago Chile; Paracas Bay, Peru).—
Scuatow, Zool. Jahrb., iv, Heft 3, 1898, 663 (Chile, Nov.).—Satviy and
GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1903, 348, part (Peru; Chile).

[Hematopus] frazari SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 147, part (at least).—[?] ForBEs
and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 63 (Chile).

Hematopus fraseri Extrot, North Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 210, 211, pl. 72.

[Hematopus] frazari Evuiot, North Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 252.

HAMATOPUS PALLIATUS GALAPAGENSIS (Ridgway).

GALAPAGOS OYSTER-CATCHER.

Similar to H. p. frazari but color of back, etc., averaging darker
(clove brown or darker); white on greater wing-coverts still more
restricted (occupying less than distal half), under tail-covert immacu-
late white, and wing and tail decidedly shorter but middle toe longer.

Adult male.—Wing, 241-259 (250.9) ; tail, 90.2-99.5 (97. 1); culmen,
78. 7-86 (82.1); greatest depth of bill, 11.5-13 (12.2); tarsus, 50-

53.3 (51.7); middle toe, 41.4-43.5 (42.1).%

- Adult female—Wing, 241.3-259 (253.5); tail, 88.9-103.1 (97.7);
culmen, 77.5-87.6 (82); greatest depth of bill, 12-13.5 (12.7); tarsus,
48.5-55.9 (52. 5); middle toe, 40-48 (43.4).°

Galapagos Archipelago (Albemarle, Barrington, Bindloe, Charles,
Chatham, Gardner-near-Hood, Hood, Indefatigable, James, Nar-
borough, Seymour, and Tower Islands; Delano Rock and islets
east of Jervis Island).

Hexmatopus palliatus (not of Temminck) ScraTeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1870, 323 (Indefatigable I., Galapagos Archipelago).—SUNDEVALL,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 125 (Galapagos).—Sautvin, Trans. Zool. Soc.
Lond., ix, 1876, 502 (Indefatigable I.; habits, etc.).

a Seven specimens. 6 Nine specimens.

40 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Hxmatopus galapagensis Ripaway, Auk, ii, no. 3, July, 1886, 331 (Chatham
Island, Galapagos Archipelago; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
ix, 1886, 325 (full descr.); xii, 1889, 116, 120, 123, 128 (James, Chatham, and
Indefatigable islands); xix, 1896, 621 (Albemarle, Hood, Chatham, Inde-
fatigable, James, and Bindloe islands, Galapagos; synonymy; descr.; crit.;
measurements).—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 116 (Inde-
fatigable Island).—Roruscuitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 186
(Albemarle, Hood, Bindloe, James, Indefatigable, Tower, and Chatham
islands; crit.); ix, 1902, 412 (Indefatigable, Albemarle, and Seymour islands;
descr. young), 418 (Galapagos).—Girrorp, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser.,
li, 1913, 47 (Albemarle, Barrington, Bindloe, Charles, Chatham, Gardner-
near-Hood, Hood, Indefatigable, James, Narborough, Seymour, and Tower
islands; Delano Rock and islets e. of Jervis Island; habits; crit.), 114
(measurements).

H[xmatopus| galapagensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 182.—RotTuscHiLp
and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 203 (Galapagos).

[Hxmatopus] galapagensis SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 147—Forses and Rosin-
son, Bull. Liverp. Mus. ii, 1899, 63.

Hexmatopus leucopus galapagensis SeEBOHM, Geog. Distr. Charadr., 1887, pp. xxii,
307.

Hexmatopus galapagoensis Baur, Am. Nat., xxxi, 1897, 783 (Charles and Gardner-
near-Hood islands), 784 (Tower Island).

HAMATOPUS BACHMANI (Audubon).

BLACK OYSTER-CATCHER.

Adults in breeding season (sexes alike).—Head, neck, and chest plain
blackish gray (nearly dark mouse gray or between that and iron
gray), the feathers of chest and breast with a subterminal U-shaped
bar of black; rest of plumage uniform dark sooty brown (nearest clove
brown), the primary coverts, primaries, and rectrices darker; ‘bill
vermilion, fading to yellow on the worn parts toward the end; edges
of eyelids vermilion; iris yellow; feet white, slightly tinged with
flesh color; claws yellowish, toward the end dusky.”

Adults in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage but feathers of
abdomen narrowly tipped with white.

Young.—(Not seen.)

Downy young.—General color brownish gray, becoming darker on
sides of throat and foreneck, the median portion of foreneck, chest,
and sides lighter and clearer (less brownish) gray; a white spot on
center of abdomen; occiput with large spots or blotches of black,
back with two broad stripes of black, tail blackish, and upper surface
in general minutely mottled or freckled with black. .

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 41

Adult male.—Wing, 241-267 (251.7); tail, 96-107 (100.9); culmen,
64-75 (69.1); greatest depth of bill, 12-13 (12.4); tarsus, 46—-51.5
(48.8); middle toe, 38-45 (40.8).¢

Adult female——Wing, 251-268 (257.1); tail, 91.5-106 (101.9);
culmen, 70-83 (75.6); greatest depth of bill, 12-14 (12.8); tarsus,
45-53 (49.2); middle toe, 38.5-43 (40.3).°

Pacific coast of North America, from Lower California northward,
and across through Aleutian chain to Kuril Islands, Japan; breeding
from Aleutian Islands (Amchitka, Agattu, Attu, Atka, Kyska, and
Semichi islands) eastward and southward to Santa Barbara and Santa
Cruz islands, California, and Los Coronados Islands, Lower California;
winters from southern British Columbia to Lower California (San
Martin Island; Todos Santos Island; San Gerdnimo Island; San
Quentin Bay; La Paz).

[Scolopax| nigra (not Scolopax niger Meuschen, 1787 ©) GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt.
ii, 1789, 659 (islands between northern Asia and America, i. e., Aleutian
Islands; based on Black Snipe Pennant, Arctic Zool., 11, 1785, 469; Latham,
Synopsis Birds, iii, pt. i, 153) —Larxam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 723.—Turron,
Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 395.

Hexmatopus niger (not of Temminck, 18204) Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., it, 1826,
131 (Kuril Islands; Kadiak).—Cassrn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix, 1858, 700.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 513.—Swinuokr, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 311 (Kuril Islands).—ScHieGet, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no.
29 (Cursores), 1865, 76, part—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 424 (Vancouver Island).—
Datu.and BANNISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., 1, 1869, 290 (Sitka; Kodiak) .—
Dat, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 28, 274 (Aleutian Islands).—CovuEs,
Check List, 1873, no. 405; 2d ed., 1882, no. 597 —Hernsuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec.
Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 270 (Santa Cruz Island, California, June; habits,etc.)—
Srreets, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 7, 1877, 17 (San Martin Island, Lower
California).—Rip@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 198 (Cat. N. Am.

a Eleven specimens. b Ten specimens.
eer Great- | Ree
oS Pnoee 3 ul- est | m, iddle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. men. | depth | Tarsus. toe.
of bill. |
MALES.
Four adult males from Alaska.................-.------ vied USES | YCMUle abhag ls el hy/ 42.6
One adult male from British Columbia...............- 254 98 68 12.5} 48.5 40
Three adult males from Washington..................- 246 98.3 69.3 12.8 48.8 41
Three adult males from Lower California.............. 249.7 101 66.5 12.0 47.7 38. 2
FEMALES.
Five adult females from Alaska...............-.------ 257 | ~=—«99 76 13 | 48 40.8
Two adult females from Washington.................-. 254.5 | 104.5 74.5 12.7] 50 38.7
One adult female from California...............2.22-+- 258 | 105 80 18! /Peoi 40
Two adult females from Lower California.............. 259.5 | 105 osihs 12.7 (52) (41)
|

¢ Unidentified and (according to Dr. Richmond) probably unidentifiable.
@ =H, moquini Bonaparte, of Africa.

42

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Birds, no. 508); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 508.—Bran, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., v, 1882, 163, 173 (Sitka Bay; Port Althorp, Alaska).—NxELsoNn, Cruise
‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 82 (Aleutian Islands).—Brtpine, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 528 (Los Coronados Islands, Lower California, May; San
Quentin Bay, Lower California).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water
Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 116.—SrrBoum, Geog. Distr. Charadriidx, 1887, pp.
xxii, 310, figs.; Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 313 (Kuril Islands)—Scratow,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 258 (Aleutian Islands; Kadiak).—Suarpg, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 120 (Aleutian Islands; Puget Sound; Denman’s
Island, Straits of Georgia; Haro Channel; San Juan de Fuca; Santa Cruz
Island, California), 731 (California).

[Hexmatopus] niger Covses, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 246.—Suarpe, Hand-list, 1,
1899, 147.

H[xmatopus] niger Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 607.

[Hxmatopus niger] Var. niger BairD, BrREweR, and Rincway, Water Birds N.
Am., i, 1884, 109.

[Melanibyx] niger Herne and ReicHeNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 337
(Kadiak Island; Aleutian Islands).

Hematopus bachmani AupuBoNn, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 245 (mouth of Columbia
River); Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 243, pl. 325.—TowNsENpD (J. K.), Journ.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 156 (n. w. United States); Narrative, 1839,
348.—Turner, Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (Attu, Semechi, and Agattu islands,
Aleutian chain); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 151 (Shumagin Islands to
Kyska Island, Aleutians) —AmeErican OrnirHoxoaists’ Union, Check List,
1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 287; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 133.—Nzx.tson, Rep. N. H.
Coll. Alaska, 1887, 130 (Sitka; Kadiak; Shumagins; Aleutians)—EVERMANN,
Auk, iii, 1886, 92 (Ventura Co., Calfornia).—Buaxke, Auk, iv, 1887, 329 (Santa
Cruz Island, California, breeding).—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci.,
2d ser., ii, 1889, 276 (Los Coronados Islands, San Quentin Bay, and La Paz,
Lower California).—Exuior, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 213, pl. 73.—GRINNELL
and Daaceett, Auk, xx, 1903, 33 (Los Coronados Islands, breeding).—WricGur,
Condor, xi, 1909, 100 (Los Coronados Islands).

H{xmatopus] bachmani Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 547.—Ripa@way, Man. N.
Am. Birds, 1887, 183.

Hematopus bachmanti AUDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 229.

Hematopus bachmanii AupuBON, Birds Am., folio ed., iv, 1838, pl. 427, fig. 1.

H [xmatopus] ater (not of Vieillot) GamBet, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser.,
i, 1849, 221 (San Pedro, coast of California). ;

Family ARENARIIDE.

THE TURNSTONES.

=Strepsiline Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 70.

=Cincline Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 2, 1841, 85.

>Strepsilasine Scuarer and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 143 (includes
Aphrizide).

>Strepsilidey Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., i, Sept. 4, 1880, 239 (includes
Aphrizide).—Bartrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., 1,
1884, 107, 118 (includes Aphrizidee).

=Strepsilaine Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 608.

> Arenariine STEINEGER, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 99, in text (includes
Aphrizide). ‘

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 43

=Arenariine AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION, Check List, 1886, 164; 3rd ed.,
1910, 131.—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, ix, 90, 91; Hand-list,
i, 1899, xv, 146.—Satvin and GopMmaNn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 11, 1903, 345.

= Arenaridae SHurevpt, Journ. Morph., ii, no. 2, Nov., 1888, 338.

= Arenariide OBERHOLSER, Outl. Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 2.

>Aphrizide Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 605, in text.—AMERICAN
ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, 164;°'3d ed., 1910, 131.—Rtpea-
way, Orn. Illinois, ii, 1895, 18, 20.

= Morinellide Matuews, Birds of Australia, iii, pt. i, April, 1913, 4.

> Hematopodidae Casstn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 689, 699.—
Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 606. .

>Hematopodinae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 337.

Medium-sized or rather small Charadrii with a well-developed
though small hallux; regular transverse scutella on both acrotarsium
and planta tarsi; no web or membrane between bases of anterior toes;
subcuneate, compressed bill; slightly rounded tail, and thigh-muscle
formula AXY.

In possession of a distinct hallux, regular transverse scutella on
the acrotarsium, and relatively stout feet, the Arenariidae agree with
the Aphrizide and differ from the Charadriide and Hematopodide.
In the scutellate planta tarsi and form of the bill, however, the
Arenariide are peculiar, the latter being subcuneate in lateral pro-
file, compressed and acute terminally, the upper outline nearly
straight or sometimes even slightly concave, the lower outline being
more convex, With the gonys ascending terminally. The thigh-
muscle formula differs from that of the Hematopodide and Chara-
dride, being AXY instead of ABXY. Unfortunately the thigh-
muscle formula of the Aphrizide is unknown.

The Turnstones comprise a single genus of only two species, one
of which is nearly cosmopolitan in its range though breeding only
far northward, the other peculiar to the Pacific coast of North
America.

Genus ARENARIA Brisson.

Arenaria Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 132. (Type, by tautonymy and monotypy,
[Arenaria] arenaria Brisson= Tringa interpres Linnzus.)

Morinella Bartram, Trav. Carolina, ete.,1791, 294 (London ed., 1792, 292): Zim-
merman, in Bartram, Reis. Nord- und Sud-Karolina, 1793, 291. (Type, by
monotypy and tautonymy, IM. americana Zimmerman=Tringa morinella
Linneeus. See Mathews, Auk, xxxi, 1914, 89, 91.)

Morinella Meyer and Wo rr, Taschenb. Véz. Deutschl., ii, 1810, 383. (Type, by
monotypy, Morinella collaris Meyer= Tringa interpres Linnzeus.)

Strepsilas ® ILtuiageR, Prodromus Orn., 1811, 263. (Type, by subsequent designa-
tion of Gray, 1840, Tringa interpres Linnzus.)

Cinclus “‘Moehr{ing]’’ (not of Borkhausen, 1797 nor Bechstein, 1802) Gray, List
Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 2d ed., 1841, 85. (Type, by original designation and
monotypy, Tringa morinellus Linneeus.)

Morinellus ‘‘Ray” Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 70 (in synonymy of Strepsilas).

—

a grpepev, vertere, Aas, lapis. (Illiger.)

44 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Medium-sized (wing 138-160 mm.), stoutly built Charadrii with
well-developed hallux, wedge-shaped bill, stout legs and feet, and
scutellate acrotarsium and planta tarsi.

Bill shorter than head, cuneate and acute in lateral profile, its
depth at base equal to about one-third the length of culmen, the
terminal portion narrow and flattened, the mesorhinium rather
broad and flattened; sides of maxilla with a broad tateral groove,
extending for less than half way from base to tip, the anterior end
more or less rounded; base of mandible with a narrow lateral groove,
extending for tess than half the distance to tip; nostril sub-basal,
longitudinal, tnear, in lower edge of membraneous nasal fossa.
Wing rather long, pointed, the longest primary (outermost) extending
much beyond tip of longest tertials. Tail much more than one-third
as long as wing, truncate. Tarsus decidedly longer than exposed
culmen, about as long as middle toe with claw, the acrotarsium and
planta tarsi each with a single row of transverse scutella, otherwise
covered with small hexagonal scales; toes rather stout, the anterior
ones fringed with a distinct, shghtly scalloped, lateral membrane,
the lateral ones much shorter than the middle one, the inner slightly
shorter than the outer; interdigital spaces completely cleft; hallux
well-developed, about as long as middle phalanx of middle toe;
claws rather short, but stout and distinctly curved; lower portion of
tibia unteathered.

Coloration.—Under parts (except chest), upper rump, upper tail-
coverts and greater wing-coverts, white; rest of plumage chiefly
dusky, the upper parts sometimes varied with white and cinnamon-
rufous.

Range.—Sea coasts nearly throughout the world, but breeding
only in northern portions of northern hemisphere. (T'wo species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES ARENARIA.

a. Chin and throat white; summer adults with upper parts partly cinnamon-rufous.
(Arenaria inter pres.)

b. Coloration darker; adult male in summer with blackish predominating on upper
parts, and black streaks on pileum broader; adult female in summer with
upper parts mostly, often almost wholly, grayish brown; wing averaging more
than 150, tail more than 62 mm. (Greenland, northern Europe and Asia,
and Alaska north of Aleutian chain; south in winter to Africa, Australia,
Oceania eter a tece ec. cr sete beara Arenaria interpres interpres (p. 45).

bb. Coloration lighter; adult male in summer with cinnamon-rufous and white

predominating on upper parts, and black streaks on pileum narrower; adult
female in summer with cinnamon-rufous largely replacing grayish brown on
upper parts; wing averaging less than 150, tail less than 61 mm. (North-
eastern North America, from Mackenzie basin to Melville Island, etc.; in

winter southward to southern Brazil, Chile, etc.)
Arenaria interpres morinella (p. 51).
aa. Chin and throat deep sooty gray or dusky; summer adults without any cinnamon-
rufous on upper parts. (Pacific coast of North America and northeastern
SIDES). od cintoatacne ue seeker eet eee Arenaria melanocephala (p. 55).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45

ARENARIA INTERPRES INTERPRES (Linnezus).

TURNSTONE.

Adult male in breezing plumtage.—A large spot at lateral base of bill,
occupying greater part of loral region, a broad superciliary stripe
(continued across fore part of crown, thus uniting the two of opposite
sides), terminal portion of auricular region, posterior portion of sides
of neck, chin, throat, and under parts posterior to chest, but includ-
ing median portion of the last, white, the superciliary stripe and post-
frontal band usually more or less streaked or flecked with black; a
narrow band extending from base of culmen to anterior portion of
eyc, posterior portion of loral region, suborbital region, anterior part
of auricular region, malar region, anterior portion oi sides of neck,
foreneck, upper chest and sides of chest black, all these areas con-
fluent; pileum black, more or less broadly streaked with white
(except sometimes on crown), the hindneck white, usually streaked
with black; interscapular region black, usually with a median area
(more or less broken) of dull cinnamon-rufous or hazel, the posterior
scapulars mosily black, the anterior ones mostly, or in large part, dull
cinnamon-rufous or hazel; lesser wing-coverts mostly plain dusky,
the middle and greater coverts dusky centrally, broadly margined
with pale grayish brown, sometimes intermixed or suffused with
cinnamon; a patch of white involving innermost (proximal) wing-
coverts and distal elongated posterior scapulars; greater coverts
black, narrowly edged and broadly tipped with white; alula, primary
coverts, and primaries dull black or dusky, the outer webs of five
proximal primaries abruptly white basally, the shafts of all the
primaries partly or wholly white; secondaries white basally, dusky
edged with white terminally, the white increasing on innermost ones
until finally wholly replacing the dusky; lower back, rump, and lateral
and terminal upper tail-coverts immaculate white; central upper
tail-coverts black; tail white basally, black distally, tipped, more or
less broadly, with white; bill blackish; iris brown; legs and feet
orange-red (in life).

Adult female in summer.—Similar in pattern of coloration to the
male, but with much less of cinnamon-rufous (sometimes almost
none) on upper parts, and pileum streaked with brownish gray rather
than white.

Adults (both sexes) in winter —Much like the adult female in sum-
mer, but without well-defined white or black areas on head; black
of foreneck and chest much broken by whitish tips to the feathers;
.pileum brownish gray, streaked with dusky; back, scapulars, etc.,
without any cinnamon-rufous, the feathers blackish centrally,
brownish gray or grayish brown marginally—the two colors in varying
relative proportion.

46 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Young.—Much like winter adults, but scapulars, interscapulais,
and tertials abruptly but rather narrowly margined with brownish
buff to dull whitish, and tail tipped with buffy or cinnamomeous.

Downy young (about 3 days old, fide Collett).—‘ Blackish gray,
slightly washed with yellowish, and here and there tipped with black;
along the crown is a narrow black band reaching to the forehead,
though not quite to the base of the bill; a similar stripe extends
from the base of the upper mandible to the eye; and there is a black
spot at the gape; sides of the throat gray; belly white; wing and
scapulars colored like the back.” (Dresser.)

Adult male.-—Wing, 140-156.5 (149.9); tail, 57-63 (61.2); exposed
culmen, 20-22.5 (20.8); tarsus, 23-25.5 (24.3); middle toe, 20-23
(78) .¢

Adult female.—Wing, 140-160 (153.1); tail, 59-68 (62.4); exposed
culmen, 21-23 (21.9); tarsus, 23.5-25.5 (24.8);.middle toe, 21-24
(21.8).°

Breeding in northern Europe and Asia, including islands in Arctic
Ocean, and northwestern Alaska (Yukon delta to Point Barrow) and
western Greenland; in migration southward over practically the whole
of Eastern Hemisphere (seacoasts and shores of larger inland waters)
as far southward as New Zealand, New Caledonia, New Hebrides,
Madagascar, etc., and through islands in Bering Sea and Aleutian
Islands southward along Pacific coast of America to Chile, and
throughout islands of Pacific Ocean. (Lower California: San Ysidro;

a Seventeen specimens. b Ten specimens.
Ex- Mid-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| dle
culmen, toe.
MALES.
One adult male from England. 2... 252.9525 sa ea sn See 155 62.5 22 24.5 22.5
One adultsmaletfrom:hrance:t)..s jon esse istics meee seme oe 150 | 63 21 F || 923 22
| | <
Eleven adult malesfrom=Alaska. 2220. 225. pec ecncse ee nee 148. 2 60.5 20.4) 24.4 21.5
One adult male from Bering Island, Kamchatka.............-- 153 | 62 22.5 | 24.5 21.5
Twoladultmales from: Japanieas 4. 2s sn cose onsemeeeee emo 155.7) G2) mit) 21,5), 24 22
One adult malefromyvbHawaillto; oscsc.4 sae oa-eieis ss ee ees 149 he oS 21 2518. 24
Ten.adult malesiof- A .\4: Moninella... om anhsoanseeieaeeee eons 145555) 60. | 21.7 24.5 | 21.8
Ten adult males of A. melanocephala ............-.--5----0-20 144.3] 60.1 22.2 |) = 2439 23. 2
FEMALES.
|
Four adult females from Europe (three from England) ........ 150. 1 62.5 | 21.5 23.5 22.5
Five‘adult femalesiirom Adaska® -242.j.-c. 244. Sn Settee eens 154.3 62.5 | 22.2 | 24. 8 21.5
One aAdultismalo from, Japamy’..caj.sjochan a het -tiee- dete steppes eae 159 62 | 22 25..5 21
Eleven adult females of A. i. morinella..........-----2-2---eee- 148. 6 60.4 | 22.9 24.5 22
Eight adult females of A. melanocephala .........--.- eee Sepaar 148. 7 60.1 | 22.9 24.7 28.3
|

I am unable to find any fairly constant differences between European and
Alaskan specimens. ‘The European series is very small, however, and the com-
parison therefore not conclusive.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 47

Magdalena Bay; Santa Margarita Island. Colima: Rio Zacatula.
Oaxaca: San Mateo; Santa Maria del Mar. Chiapas: Tonala.
Costa Rica: Punta Mala, delta del Rio Dagua; Cocos Island. Pan-
ama: Veragua. Galapagos Archipelago: Abingdon, Albemarle, Bar-
rington, Bindloe, Brattle, Charles, Chatham, Culpepper, Daphne,
Gardner-near-Hood, Hood, Indefatigable, James, Jervis, Narborough,
Seymour, Tower, and Wenman islands. Peru: Ancén; Chorillos;
Paracas Bay. Chile: Telcahuano; Paposo.) Accidental in Massa-
chusetts (Monomoy Island, Sept. 8, 1882).

[ Tringa] interpres LINN&US, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 148 (Islands of Gothland,
Sweden); ed. 12, i, 1766, 248.—Britinnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 52.—G™MeELIN,
Syst. Nat., 1, pt. ii, 1789, 671—Latnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 738, part
(England).—Turron, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 404.

Tringa interpres Fasricitus, Fauna Groenl., 1780, 109.—Boppagrt, Tabl. Pl.
Enl., 1783, 52, part (Pl. Enl., pl. 856).— Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 561.—
YARRELL, Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 422.—CHapman, Trav. S. Afr., 11, 1868,
App., 416.—GArxkeE, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 524.

Arenaria interpres VietLLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 345, pl. R. 4,
no. 4; Gal. Ois., 11, 1834, 102—Roux, Orn. Prov., 1825, pls. 280, 281.—
STEJNEGER, Auk, i, 1884, 229, part; Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 102
(Bering Island, Kamchatka); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xi, 1888, 96 (Nihau,
Hawatian group); xii, 1889, 381 (Kauai, Hawaiian group); xxi, 1898, 279
(Kuril Islands; breeding?) AMERICAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check
List., 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 283, part.—TurNeER, Auk, li, 1885, 157
(Nearer Islands, Alaska, summer); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 150, 190 (shores
Bristol Bay, Alaska Peninsula, and Aleutian Islands; habits)—NeELson,
Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 128 (mouth of Yukon River to Point Barrow,
Aleutians, and islands in Bering Sea; habits; crit.)—TowNnseEnp, (C. H.),
Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 100 (Port Clarence, June 28); Auk, iv, 1887,
12 (Kowak River, Alaska)—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci. 2d
ser., li, 1889, 275 (San Ysidro, Magdalena Island, and Santa Margarita Island,
Lower California).—RricHENow, Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 52.—
Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890, 116 (Hood Island, Galapagos);
xix, 1896, 625 (Albemarle, Hood, Indefatigable, and Bindloe islands, Gala-
pagos).—BrrLerscH and SrouzMann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 395
(Ancon, Peru, Jan.).—CuHeERRIE, Expl. Zool. Merid. C. R., 1893, 55 (Punta
Mala, delta del Rio Dagua, s. w. Costa Rica).—Scuatow, Journ. fir Orn.,
1895, 470 (w. Greenland).—Euuior, North Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 202, pl.
68.—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 92, 728, part (Old World, Pacific
Ocean, and Bering Sea localities and references).—Baur, Am. Nat., xxxi, 1897,
783 (Charles Island, Galapagos).—ANTHONY, Auk, xv, 1898, 318 (Clarion Island,
May 21.)—Roruscuitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 187 (Culpepper,
Chatham, Charles, Indefatigable, Jervis, and Albemarle islands, Galapagos);
ix, 1902, 418 (Galapagos in migration).—Grant, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 267
(s. Arabia).—Kaitsrer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 256 (Nauru Island).—FisHEeR
(W. K.), Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1903, 35 (Laysan and Necker
islands in migration).—SaLvin and Gopman, Biol.» Centr.-Am., Aves,
ili, 1903, 345, part (Rio Zacatula, Colima; San Mateo and Santa Maria
del Mar, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas; Pacific coast Guatemala; Veragua,
Panama).—Harrert, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 102 (Azores).—ALLEN, Bull.

48

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 241 (Gichiga, Lake Kauka, and Novo
Marinsk, n. e. Siberia).—BisHor, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 335 (Monomoy Island,
Massachusetts, 1 spec., Sept. 8, 1892).—Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi,
1910, 415 (Pacific coast Costa Rica).—Grirrorp, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th
ser., ii, 1913, 46 (Abingdon, Albemarle, Barrington, Bindloe, Brattle, Charles,
Culpepper, Chatham, Daphne, Gardner-near-Hood, Indefatigable, James,
Jervis, Narborough, Seymour, Tower, and Wenman islands, Galapagos,
‘every month in the year”; Cocos Island)

[Arenaria] interpres SHarre, Hand-list, 1, 1899, 146, part.

A[renaria| interpres RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 180, part—RorTuscHiLp
and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 204 (Galapagos Islands).—Bryan, Key
Birds Hawaiian Islands, 1901, 29.

Arenaria interpres interpres AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 3d
ed., 1910, 131.

Strepsilas interpres ItLiceR, Prodr. Orn., 1811, 263.—Naumann, V6g. Deutschl.,
vii, 1834, 303, pl. 180.—Darwin, Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iii, 1841, 132 (coast
Peru; Galapagos Islands).—Maceiuurvray, Man. Brit. Orn., 1, 1842, 57.—
Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1848, 48 (Chile)—Gou.p, Birds Australia,
vu, 1848, pl. 39 and text; Introd. Birds Australia, 1848, 101; Handb. Birds
Australia, 1, 1865, 269; Birds Great Brit., iv, 18738, pl. 60 and text.—
Harcourt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 146 (Madeira).—PAsstEr, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1853, 242 (Lapland).—MippEenpvorrr, Sibir. Reise, ui, pt. 2, 1853,
213.—HartLaus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 170 (Galapagos Islands); Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, 831 (Pelew Islands); V6g. Madagas., 1877, 293 (resident).—
REINHARDT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 440 (Greenland).—Cassin, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., ix, 1857, 40 (Muni River, w. Africa); in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 701, part (Shoalwater Bay, Washington).—
Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 515, part.—Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1859, 166 (New Caledonia); Cat. Mam. and Birds New Guinea, 1859, 51.—
Hartiaus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 166 (Madagascar).—Wa.LxkeEr, Ibis,
1860, 166 (Godhavn, Greenland, July).—LinpERMAYER, VO6g. Griechenl.,
1860, 136.—Swinuog, Ibis, 1860, 359 (Amoy, China); 1861, 342 (Peking,
China); 1862, 255 (Foochow, China); 1863, 315 (Amoy), 414 (Formosa);
1870, 361 (Hainan).—Satvin, Ibis, 1865, 191 (Chiapam, Guatemala).—
Newton, Ibis, 1868, 455 (Madagascar); 1865, 150 (Rodriguez); 1867, 350, 359
(Seychelles); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 301 (Anjouan, Comorro group).—
JeERDON, Birds India, iii, 1863, 656.—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29
(Cursores), 1865, 43; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 425 (Madagascar)—
Gopman, Ibis, 1866, 100, 107 (Azores, June); 1872, 221 (Madeira); Azores,
1870, 33 (probably breeding)—DerGLanp and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867,
154.—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 339 (Chile); 1877, 557 (Admir-
alty Islands); Ibis, 1871, 360 (Hawaiian Islands).—Bravan, Ibis, 1867, 332
(Andaman Islands).—Finscu and Harriavus, Faun. Centralpolyn., 1867, 197;
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 8 (Pelew Islands); Vég. Ostafrika, 1870, 662.—
Dysowski and Parvex, Journ. fiir Orn., 1868, 337.—Do.r, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., xiii, 1869, 304 (Hawaiian Islands).—Dauui and Bannister, Trans.
Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 290 (mouth Yukon River).—SciaTer and Satvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323 (Indefatigable and Bi .dloe islands, Gala-
pagos).—F ritscu, Vég. Eur., 1870, pl. 34, figs. 2, 8—Satvavortr, Faun. [tal.,
Ucc., 1871, 207; Uce. Borneo, 1874, 320 (Sarawak); Ann. Mus. Genova, vil,
1876, 384 (Bourou); Orn. Papuasia, ii, 1882, 298; Elench. Ucc. Ital., 1887,
213; Agg. Orn. Papuasia, pt. iii, 1891, 198 —Hartiaus and Finscu, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 89 (Mackenzie Island), 104 (Uap).—Hartina, Handb.
Brit. Birds, 1872, 45.—Hevatin, Ibis, 1872, 62 (Novaya Zemlya).—Finscu,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 49

Abh. nat. Verh. Bremen, iii, 1872, 62 (St. Michael, Sitka, etc., Alaska); Journ.
fiir Orn., 1872, 52 (Samoa), 170 (New Zealand); 1874, 194 (New Zealand); 1880,
294 (Ponape, Caroline group), 306 (Kuschai, Carolines); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1877, 770 (Eua), 781 (Ponape), 784 (Niuafou, Friendly Islands); 1879, 9, 14
(Duke of York Island); 1880, 576 (Ruk, centr. Carolines), 115 (Ponape); Ibis,
1880, 220, 230 (Jaliut Island, Aug.), 432 (Gilbert Island); 1881, 105, 109(Kushai),
115 (Ponape), 246 (Nawodo, July).—Hotpswortn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1872, 472 (Ceylon).—Brookg, Ibis, 1873, 338 (Sardinia).—TaczanowskI,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 101 (e. Siberia); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 560
(Chorillos, Peru); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876, 247; viii, 1883, 339 (Kam-
chatka); Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 51; Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 349.—
Watpen, Ibis, 1873, 317 (South Andaman Island); Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
viii, 1874, 91 (Celebes).—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 406, part; 2d ed., 1882,
no. 598, part; Birds Northwest, 1874, 459, part; in Elliott’s Aff. in Alaska,
1875, 180 (Pribilof Islands)—Hancocx, Birds Northumb. and Durham,
1874, 100.—LAwRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 308 (Rio
Zacatula, Colima); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 46 (San Mateo,
Oaxaca).—BuLuerR, Birds New Zealand, 1873, 221; 2d ed., 1888, 14.—Sunpr-
vALL, Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Stockholm, 1874, 20 (Spitzbergen).—Saxny,
Birds Shetland, 1874, 170 (breeding).—Buyru, Birds Burma, 1875, 154
(Arakan).—F ation, Ois. Belg., 1875, 155.—Irsy, Orn. Gibralt., 1875, 163.—
Dresser, Birds Europe, vii, 1875, 555, pl. 532.—Layarp, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1875, 440 (Viti Levu); 1876, 503 (Friendly Islands), 505 (Fiji); Ibis,
1876, 152 (Koro Island, Fiji), 393 (Viti Levu); 1882, 533, 544 (New Cale-
donia).—Sautvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1876, 502 (Indefatigable and
Bindloe Islands, Galapagos); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 429 (Paracas Bay,
Peru).—Fermpen, Ibis, 1877, 405 (Smith Sound, lat. 82° 30’ N.; habits);
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 31 (North Polar Basin).—Ramsay, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1877, 338 (Mary and Fitzroy Rivers, Queensland); Tab. List
Austral. Birds, 1888, 20.—Manrir, Ibis, 1877, 363 (New Caledonia).—Davip
and OusTALeT, Ois. Chine, 1877, 433.—Ovustauer, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1878,
183 (Seychelles).—SuHarre, Philos. Trans., vol. 168, Aves, 1878, 4 (Rodri-
guez); Ibis, 1879, 270 (Labuan Island, Borneo); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881,
15 (Telcahuano, Chile); ed. Layard’s Birds South Africa, 1884, 671; Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 92, part.—Forses, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,
128 (Raine Island, Australia)—Buaxiston and Prygr, Ibis, 1878, 219
(Yesso and Yokohama, Japan); Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, viii, 1880, 193; x,
1882, 108.—Layarp (KE. L. and E, L. C.), Ibis, 1878, 279 (New Hebrides).
1882, 533, 544 (Duck Island, New Caledonia).—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 437 (St.
Michaels, Alaska; habits)—TwrrEppALg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 71i
(North Bohol).—Mitne-Epwarps and Granpripier, Hist. Nat. Madagasc.,
Ois., 1879, 512.—Lxraax, Birds Ceylon, 1879, 900.—SrrBoum, Ibis, 1879, 36
(Yokohama, Japan); 1880, 193 (lat. 704°, Yenesei Valley, e. Siberia); 1882,
380 (Archangel, n. Russia); 1888, 348 (Great Liakof Island, Siberia; descr.
eggs and young); Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxv, 410, part, figs.;
Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 331 (Kuril Islands, probably breeding; s. Japan
in winter).—Meryer, Ibis, 1879, 141 (Menado, Celebes); Verh. z.-b. Ges.
Wien, xxxi, 1881, 767 (Seemba).—BocaeE, Orn. Angola, 1881, 434 (Loango).—
Exxiotr, Mon. Pribylov Group, 1882, 129 (July-Sept.)—Bran, Proc. U. 8S.
Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 163 (St. Paul Id. and Point Belcher, Alaska; Plover
Bay, Siberia).—Cocxs, Zoologist, 1882, 24 (Spitzbergen, Aug.).—KerLyam,
Ibis, 1882, 11 (Moar River and Pulo Mongsa, Malay Peninsula).—NeELson,

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8 5

50

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 82 (Aleutian Islands to Point Barrow;
islands in Bering Sea).—TaczanowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, viii, 1883,
339 (Kamchatka).—Brirish OrnitHotoatsts’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883,
161.—Saunpers, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 289; Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1886, 49 (Diego Garcia Island, Chagos Group); [lustr. Man. Brit.
Birds, 1889, 541.—Bairp, Brewer, and Rimeway, Water Birds N. Am., i,
1884, 119, part.—Drxon, Ibis, 1885, 85 (St. Kilda) —Snarer (H. H.) and
Carter, Ibis, 1886, 49 (Iceland).—Tart, Ibis, 1887, 386 (Portugal, breed-
ing).—GictioLtt and Sanvaport, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, 585 (Olga
Bay, Korea, Sept.; crit.)—Purpr1, Ornis, vol. 4, 1888, 159 (Paposo, coast
n. Chile).—Buastus, Ornis, vol. 4, 1888, 319 (Palawan, Philippines).—Gic-
LioLI, Avif. Ital., pt. 1, 1889, 579; pt. 2, 1890, 661; pt. 3, 1891, 517.—- CLARKE
(W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 12 (Jan Meyen Land); Ibis, 1898, 259 (Franz Josef
Land, May 27).—WHiITEHEAD, Ibis, 1890, 59 (Palawan, Sept.).—Grant, Ibis,
1890, 442 (Madeira); 1896, 47 (Great Pictou, Salvage Islands) —Srrerre, List
Birds and Mam. Philipp., 1890, 26 (Mindanao; Negros).—Scratow, Journ.
fir Orn., 1891, 259 (Unalaska); Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. iv, Heft 3, 1898, 664
(Isla de Pajaros, Chile, Oct.) —Kornie, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 315 (Canary
Islands).—BuckLEy and Harvie-Brown, Faun. Orkney Isl., 1891, 204
(breeding).—Scorr-WiLson and Evans, Aves Hawaiienses, pt. 11, 1892.—
MEADE-WALDO, Ibis, 1893, 204 (Canary Islands) PEARSON and BIDWELL,
Ibis, 1894, 234 (n. Norway, breeding; habits) —Poyntine, Eggs Brit. Birds,
pt. ii, 1895, 69, pl. 17—Prarson; Ibis, 1896, 211 (Russian Lapland), 217
(Kolguev; habits; descr. eggs), 223 (Novaya Zemlya; descr. young); 1898,
199 (Dolgoi Island and Habarova, n. e. Russia)—Popuam, Ibis, 1897, 102
(Sibiriakoff Island, 72° N.; Golchika, Yenesei River, e. Siberia); 1898, 513
(Golchika).—TrEvoR-BattyE, Ibis, 1897, 589 (Spitzbergen).—HARTERT,
Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 9 (Ruk Island, centr. Carolines), 242 (Buru); viii, 1901,
306 (Canary Islands); x, 1903, 62 (Batjan)—Hensnaw, Birds Hawaiian Is-
lands, 1902, 86 (abundant, Aug. to May).—Jessz, Ibis, 1903, 160 (Lucknow,
India).—Bercx, Condor, ix, 1907, 110, in text (Cocos Island, Jan.).

Str[epsilas] interpres Knyseruine and Buiasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. lxxi, 209.

[Strepsilas| interpres Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 247, part.—ScLaTER and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 143, part.

S[trepsilas] interpres LicHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 75, part—HanrrLaup,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 166 (Madagascar).—Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d
ed., 1884, 609, part.

Slrepsilas interpres a, interpres CouEs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 459, part.

Strepsilus interpres Brown, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1869, 207 (Madeira).

Clinelus] interpres Gray, Gen. Birds, 111, 1849, 549.

Cinclus interpres Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pacific Ocean, 1859, 48; Proc. Zooi.
Soc. Lond., 1860, 363 (East Gilolo); List Brit. Birds, 1863, 143.—REINHARDT,
Ibis, 1861, 9 (Greenland).—Layarp, Birds 8. Africa, 1867, 301.—GuRNEy,
in Andersson, Birds Damara-Land, 1872, 276 (Walvisch Bay).—Herveuin,
Orn. N. O.-Afr., iii, 1037; iv, 1873, p. clxxxili (coast of Egypt; Red Sea).

[Cinclus] interpres Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1871, 22, no. 10068, part.

Cinelus (Strepsilas) interpres Droste, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 342 (Farées).

Morinella interpres StEINEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, June 15, 1882, 34.

Morinella interpres interpres MatuEews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 1, April 2, 1918,

10 (Europe; w. Africa).
Charadrius inter pres SEEBOHM, Hist. Brit. Birds, ili, 1885, 12, pl. 24, figs. 1, 3 (eggs).
Morinellacollaris Meyer and Wotr, Taschenb. Vég. Deutschl., 1810, 383, footnote.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 51

Strepsilas collaris TemmincK, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 349; ed. 2, 1820, 553; iv, 1840,
362.—WeErRNER, Atlas, Coureurs, 1827, pl. 18.—Fox, Newc. Mus., 1827,
117.—Lesson, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1828, 306.—Breum, Voge. Deutschl., 1831,
558.—GouLp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1834, 15 (North America); Birds Eu-
rope, iv, 1837, pl. 318 and text.—Kavp, Thierr., ii, pt. i, 1836, 310.—
Ho6rso.t, Naturhist. Tidssk., iv, 1843, 407 (Greenland).—Tscnup1, Fauna
Peruana, Aves, 1846, 297.—Ho.im, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 2d ser., ii, 1848, 488
(Farée Islands)—KsarerBo6iiuinc, Naumannia, i, 1850, 46 (Denmark);
Danm. Fugle, 1852, pl. 31, fig. 1; Suppl., 14, fig. 3—PAsstrer, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1853, 306.—ScutEGeL, Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 218 and text; Dier.
Nederl. Vog., 1861, pl. 22, figs. 1, 2, 2a.—Kurriirz, Denkw., 1, 1858, 287; ii,
1858, 401.—CornpE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1860, 400.—Gopman, Ibis, 1861,
86 (Norway).—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 422 (Balearic Islands);
1870, 421 (e. Siberia).—Bore, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 95 —Hrvuatm, Ibis, 1872,
62 (Novaya Zemlya); Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 119 (Novaya Zemlya).

Sifrepsilas] collaris Tscuupr, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. 1, 1844, 310
(coast of Peru).

Strepsialis collaris Hay, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1840, 135 (Tangier, Morocco).

Charadrius cinclus Pauias, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 11, 1826, 148 (new name for Tringa
interpres Linnzeus; Siberia; Kamchatka).

Tringa oahuensis BLoxuamM, in Byron’s Voy. ‘Blonde,’ 1826, 251 (Oahu, Hawaiian
Islands).

Morinella interpres oahuensis MarHews, Birds Australia, tii, 1913, 5,10 (e. Siberia
to Alaska, migrating to Australia, etc.).—Tuayer and Banas, Proc. New
Engl. Zool. Club, v, April 9, 1914, 24 (Balagan, etc., e. Siberia, breeding).

Arenaria inter pres oahuensis OBERHOLSER, Auk, xxxiv, April, 1917, 200.—Hanna,
Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 409 (St. Mathews Island, Bering Sea, July 13, 1 spec.).

Strepsilas borealis BREHM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 559.

Strepsilas littoralis BrReuM, Vo6g. Deutschl., 1831, 560.

Strepsilas marinus GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phiia., 2d ser., i, 1849, 221
(ex Ray).

Strepsilas minor Bream, Vogelf., 1855, 285.

Arenaria cinerea OLPHE-GAILLARD, Contr. Fauna Orn. Eur. Occid., 1889, fase.
xii, 47.

(?) Arenarita interpres morinella (not Tringa morinella Linneus?) Hersey,
Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 66, no. 2, 1916, 26 (Norton Sound to delta of
Yukon, Alaska, breeding; Point Hope).

ARENARIA INTERPRES MORINELLA Linneus.
RUDDY TURNSTONE.

Similar to A. 2. wnterpres, but coloration lighter; adult male in
summer with cinnamon-rufous areas on upper parts relatively much
more extensive and black areas correspondingly more restricted and
black streaks on pileum narrower; adult female in summer with
cinnamon-rufous mostly replacing grayish brown on upper parts;
wings and tail averaging decidedly shorter.

Downy young.—Above light drab to drab-gray, irregularly mottled
or marbled with black; forehead buffy drab-gray, with a median
elongated black spot or irregular streak; a distinct loral streak of
black, from bill to eye; under parts dull white, the chest shaded with
brownish gray.

52 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male.—Wing, 139.5-155 (145.5); tail, 56.5-64 (60); exposed
culmen, 21-22.5 (21.7); tarsus, 22.5-26 (24.5); middle toe, 21-23
(2178) 2

Adult female-—Wing, 144-157.5 (148.6); tail, 57-63 (60.4); ex-
posed culmen, 21.5-24 (22.9); tarsus, 23-25.5 (24.5); middle toe,
20.5-24 (22).°

Breeding in Arctic America, from Mackenzie River basin to Melville
Island (and, probably, Melville Peninsula); in migration southward
over North America in general (except Pacific coast), chiefly along
Atlantic coast, and through West Indies, Bermudas, Guif coast of
Mexico and Caribbean coast of Central America to Brazil (coast of
Piauhy; Sio Paulo; Santa Catarina; Bahia; Cajutuba). Rather fre-
quent, during migration, in Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes region,
but rare (accidental or casual) on Pacific coast (Sunset Beach, Orange
County, California, 1 spec., Sept. 20, 1907).

[Tringa] morinella LINNmUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 249 (coast of Florida; based
on Turnstone or Sea-Dotterel, Morinellus marinus, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Caro-
lina, i, 1731, 72, pl. 72).—Gueuin, Syst. Nat., i, ii, 1789, 671.

Arenaria morinella PALMER (W.), Fur Seals and Fur Islands of North Pacific Ocean,
pt. ii, 1899 (Avifauna Pribilof Islands), 412-418 (crit.; descr.).—ALLEN, Auk,
xvill, 1901, 173 (reprint Palmer’s descr.).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union Committee, Auk. xviii, 1901 (Tenth Suppl. to Check List), 297.—
FLeMInG, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 452 (Toronto, Ontario, regular migrant).—Tav-
ERNER and SwAtes, Wilson Bull., no. 60, 1907, 9) (Point Pelee, Ontario,
regular migrant).—WiLLeTr, Condor, x, 1908, 50 (Sunset Beach, Orange Co.,
California, 1 spec., Sept. 20, 1907).

Arenaria interpres morinella AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE,
Auk, xxv, July, 1908, 368; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 131.—Cory, Pub. 137,
Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 197 (Aruba, Dutch West Indies).—BunxkeEr, Kansas
Univ. Bull., vii, 1913, 145 (Greenwood Co., Kansas, Oct. 1, 1911).—VisHErR,
Auk, xxx, 1913, 567 (Sanborn Co., South Dakota, flock, May 30, 1905).—H utr,
Auk, xxxi, 1914, 399 (Lincoln Park, Chicago, Sept. 7; feeding habits).—Wer-
MORE, Bull. 326, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 40 (Porto Rico, winter visitant;
food).—Brooks, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 37 (Sumas Lake, Brit. Columbia, 1 spec.,
Aug. 19, 1899).

Morinella interpres morinella MatHews, Birds Australia, 11, pt. 1, April 2, 1913,
10 (e. North America).—Brooxs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 376
(Camden Bay, Griffin Point, and Demarcation Point, Arctic coast of Alaska,
June 5 and 28 and July 31).

Cinclus morinellus Gray, List Gen. Birds, 2d ed., 1841, 85.

Tringa hudsonica MtutEr, Natursyst., Anhang, 1776, 114 (based on Turnstone
from Hudson’s Bay Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, iii, 1750, 141, pl. 141).

Tringa . . . interpres (not of Linneus, 1758) Forster, Philos. Trans., |xii, 1772,
412 (Severn River, Keewatin).

Tringa interpres BoppAkERtT, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 21 (PI. Enl., pl. 340), 52, part (Pi.
Enl., pl. 857).—Wixson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 32, pl. 57, fig. 1.

[Tringa] interpres LATHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 738, part (‘‘America?’).

T[ringa] interpres Bonaparte, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, pt. 1, 1825, 95

(crit.); Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [177].

a Ten specimens. b Eleven specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. i es

Arenaria interpres VrerttoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxiv, 1819, 345, part.—
STEINEGER, Auk, i, 1884, 229, part—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 283, part.—Cory, Auk, ii, 1886, 502
(Grand Cayman); iv, 1887, 231 (descr.; West Indian references and locali-
ties); vi, 1889, 32 (Cayman Brac); vii, 1890, 351 (Inagua Island, Bahamas),
352 (Aneguiila Island); ix, 1892, 48 (Maragauna Island, Bahamas).—
Birds West Ind., 1889, 231; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 95.—Dwieut, Auk,
iv, 1887, 16 (Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Aug.)—WaArreEN, Birds
Pennsylvania, 1888, 237 (Lake Erie in migr.)—(?) ZELEDON, Anal. Mus.
Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 129 (Las Trojas, Costa Rica).—Smirna and Parmer, Auk,
v, 1888, 147 (District of Columbia, 3 specs., about 1860).—Srnnert, Auk, v,
1888, 110 (Corpus Christi, Texas, common in July; breeding?).—DutcHER,
Auk, vi, 1889, 129 (Little Gull Island, New York).—Canrwett, Auk,
vi, 1889, 340 (Madison, Lac qui Parle Co., Minnesota, May, flock).—
Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 159 (Gulf coast Florida, May, June, Aug., and in
winter); vii, 1890, 309 (Dry Tortugas); ix, 1892, 15 (Jamaica), 212 (Caloosa-
hatchie River, Florida, winter).—CLAaRKE (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 221 (Fort
Churchill, Keewatin)—Ripeway, Auk, vii, 1890, 337 (Watling Island,
Bahamas, March).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 75 (Trini-
dad).—SHarpre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 92, 728, part—WoopRuvrFrr,
Auk, xiii, 1896, 181 (Cook Co., Illinois, frequent).—Burtiter, Proc. Ind.
Acad. Sci., 1896, 244 (Wolf Lake, n. w. Indiana, May 23 and June 9, 1896).—
Cooke, Birds Col., 1897, 69 (near Denver, April 26, 1890); Bull. 56, Col.
Agric, Exp. Sta., 1900, 199 (Berkeley Lake, near Denver, 8 specs., May 18,
1900).—Lano, Auk, xvi, 1899, 76 (Lac qui Parle Co., Minnesota, May 29,
1891, May 27, 1889; Lake Minnetonka, May 24, 1888; near Mankato, about
1875).—Lantz, Auk, xvi, 1899, 187 (near Topeka, Kansas, Aug. 16, 1898).—
Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iti, 1903, 345, part (Mugeres
and Cozumelisiands, Yucatan; Las Trojas, Costa Rica?).—Jones, Wilson Bull.,
no. 57, 1906, 115 (Cleveland, Ohio, in migration).—BeErteEpscH, Novit. Zool.,
xv. 1908, 304 (Cayenne).—VeErrit (A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1909, 356 (Samana Bay, Haiti) —Retser, Denkw. Mat.-Nat. Kaiserl.
Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1910, 95 (coast Piauhy, n. e. Brazil).

Afrenaria] interpres Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 180, part.

[Arenaria] interpres SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 146, part.

Strepsilas interpres BONAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, pt. 1, 1825, 96;
Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [178]; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1827,
299; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 46, part—Swarnson and RicHarDson,
Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 371.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water
Birds, 1834, 30.—Jarpine, ed. Wilson Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 324, pl. 57, fig. 1.—
Aupugon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 31, pl. 304; Synopsis, 1839, 227; Birds Am.,
8vo. ed., v, 1842, 231, pl. 323.—Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 333.—JARDINE,
Contr. Orn., 1849, 83 (Bermudas, winter).—Hurois, Jardine’s Contr. Orn.,
1850, 9 (Bermudas, Aug. and ‘in winter).—LemBeryr, Aves de la Isla de
Cuba, 1850, 100, pl. 15.—Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 216 (Massa-
chusetts).—CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 423 (Cuba).—Cassry, in Baird,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 701, part—Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 515, part; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859,
25 (Brazos and Brownsville, Texas).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
vii, 1859, 121 (Bahamas).—Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn, 1859, 218 (Bermu-
das)—NrwrTon (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 256 (St. Croix, April, Sept.).—
Wriuis, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 284 (Nova Scotia).—
Buanp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).— Brewer,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 309 (Cuba).—Gunptacg, Journ. fiir Orn.,

54

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1862, 88 (Cuba; crit.); 1874, 313 (Porto Rico); 1875, 331 (Cuba); 1878, 162,
188 (Porto Rico); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 357; Orn. Cubana,
1876, 179; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 379 (Porto Rico).—AL-
BRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 205 (Jamaica)—BoarpMANn, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., ix, 1862, 128 (Maine).—Verritt, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157
(Maine).—Braxiston, Ibis, 1863, 130 (York Factory, Keewatin; Mackenzie
River).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1864, 100 (Sombrero, Greater
Antilles); viii, 1866, 295 (vicinity New York City); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i,
1878, 67 (Dominica), 197 (St. Vincent).—ALtENn, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864,
86; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia).—Satvin, Ibis, 1864,
385 (Ellen or Curlew Cays, Brit. Honduras); 1886, 178 (Brit. Guiana).—Marcu,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 66 (Jamaica).—Dresssr, Ibis, 1866, 34 (coast
Texas).—McIiwrair, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 92 (Hamilton, Ontario).—
TuRNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 38 (Phila. ed., 1869, 29).—Sun-
DEVALL, (fv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockholm, 1869, 588 (St. Bartholomew),
602 (Porto Rico).—PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 297, 455.—Couzs, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South Carolina); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871,
29 (Fort Macon, North Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 406, part; 2d ed.,
1882, no. 598, part; Birds Northwest, 1874, 459, part—Harvine, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1871, 114 (Arctic America).—Rer, Zoologist, 1877, 475 (Ber-
mudas, Dec.); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 230 (Bermudas, frequent).—
Merrit (J. C.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1878, 160 (coast near Fort Brown,
Texas, resident; breeding?)—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 366.—Cory,
Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 151.—Trisrram, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).—
Barrp, Brewer, and Ripnaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 119, part.—
WELLS, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 627 (Grenada); List Birds Grenada,
1886, 7.—Srauw., Ornis, vol.3, 1887, 452 (Porto Rico).—F =1LpEN, Ibis, 1889, 492
(Barbados; habits).—MacraruaNneg, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 430 (Fort
Anderson, etc., Arctic America).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, 500
(Anguilla, Lesser Antilles) —HaArrert, Ibis, 1893, 307 (Aruba, Dutch West
Indies).—Barsour, Auk, xii, 1895, 297 (Lincoln, Nebraska, May 25, 1895;
3 specs.).—KOENIGSWALD, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 394 (Sao Paulo, s. e. Bra-
zil).—BonnorTe, Ibis, 1903, 301 (Andros, Little Abaco, and Green Cay
islands, Bahamas; crit.).—Nuicou, Ibis, 1904, 586 (Grand Cayman, March).

[Strepsilas] interpres GuNpLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 342 (Cuba).—CovugEs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 246, part.—SciaTer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr.,
1873, 143, part.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 25.

St[repsilas| interpres CABANIS, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848,
7ol.

S[trepsilas] interpres Licutenstern, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 75, part—MAXIMILIAN,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 82 (Missouri River)—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
x, 1874, 383 (shores of Lake Michigan, Illinois) —Nexson, Bull. Essex
Inst., viii, 1876, 123 (shore Lake Michigan, n. e. Illinois, May 15 to first
week in June; Aug. to Sept. 20).—Nrwron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica,
1881, 115.—Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 609, part.

Strepsilus interpres PeaABopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 361.

Srepsilas interpres ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 56 (Bahamas).

Cinclus interpres Lsoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 399.

Mf{orinella] interpres JorpAN, Man. Vert. E. N. Am., 4th ed., 1884, 122.

Strepsilas collaris (not of Temminck, 1815) Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras.,
ili, 1856, 364 (Santa Catarina, s. e. Brazil).

[Tringa interpres| 8 Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 739, part (based on Tringa
morinella Linneeus).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 55

[Tringa interpres] y LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 739 (based on Coulon-chaud
de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl. 340).
[Tringa interpres] 5 Larwam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 739 (based on Coulon-chaud

gris de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl. 357).

Arenaria interpres Var. A Vreittot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 346
(= Tringa interpres « Latham).

Arenaria interpres Var. B Vrettiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 346

(= Tringa interpres y Latham).
Arenaria interpres Var. C ViertLtoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 346
(= Tringa interpres 6 Latham).

ARENARIA MELANOCEPHALA (Vigors).
BLACK TURNSTONE.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—General color of head, neck, chest
and upper parts dark sooty (clove brown to fuscous-black); lores,
except posterior portion, white, usually minutely flecked with
dusky, at least in part; forehead, superciliary and auricular regions
(sometimes whole pileum and hindneck) streaked or flecked with
white, the supra-auricular region sometimes mostly white; sides of
chest spotted with white, the feathers of lower chest margined with
white; rest of under parts, including axillars and under wing-coverts,
immaculate white; lower back, rump, and posterior upper tail-
coverts immaculate white, the anterior upper tail-coverts sooty
black; wings dusky, like back, ete., but proximal smaller coverts,
broad tips to greater coverts, whole of proximal secondaries, narrow
tips to other secondaries, broad edgings to elongated posterior
scapulars and tertials, and basal portion of outer wels of proximal
primaries white; tail white basally and terminally, crossed by a
broad subterminal band of blackish.

Winter plumage.—Similar to the summer plumage but color of
throat, chest, and sides of head much lighter (hair brown, more or
less deep), the feathers of chest distinctly darker centrally, and with-
out any white markings on head, neck, or chest.

Young.—Similar to winter adults, but scapulars, interscapulars,
and feathers of chest narrowly margined with pale dull buffy or dull
whitish, and tail tipped with light grayish brown instead of white.

Adult male-—Wing, 138-149 (144.3); tail, 58-66 (60.1); exposed
culmen, 21-23.5 (22.2); tarsus, 24-26 (24.9); middle toe, 22-24.5
(23.2).2

Adult female.—Wing, 141-153.5 (148.7); tail, 58-64 (60.1); exposed
culmen, 22-24 (22.9); tarsus, 23-25.5 (24.7); middle toe, 22-24
(23a) 6

Breeding along Bering Sea and western Arctic coasts of Alaska, from
Kotzebue Sound to valley of lower Yukon River (to Cook Inlet?) ;
in migration southward along Pacific coast of southern Alaska,

a Ten specimens. b Eight specimens.

56 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

British Columbia, and United States to coasts and islands of Lower
California (San Martin, San Miguél, San Gerénimo, Santa Margarita,
Natividid, and Los Coronados islands); casual at Point Barrow,
Alaska, and in northeastern Siberia (Wrangel Island; Chaun Bay);
accidental in India.

Strepsilas melanocephalus Vieors, Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, 356 (northwest coast of
North America); Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ Birds, 1839, 29 (no locality men-
tioned).—Bairp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 334 (Monterey,
California).—Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 702;
ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), pl. 7.—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 424 (Vancouver Island).—
Bairp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 124.—SrEBouM,
Geog. Distr. Charadriidz, 1887, pp. xxv, 411.

S[irepsilas] melanocephalus GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser, i, 1849,
220 (coast California).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 609.

Strepsilas melanocephala Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 516.—Da.u and
BANNISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., 1, 1869, 290 (St. Michaels and Nulato,
Alaska).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 198 (Cat. N. Am. Birds,
no. 510); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 510.—Brawn, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v,
1882, 163 (Eschscholtz Bay, Alaska, Sept.)—Nzrtson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in
1881 (1883), 83 (coast Norton Sound, etc., Alaska; Wrangel Island; crit.).—
McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘Corwin,’ 1884, 119 (Kowak River or Hotham Inlet,
n. w. Alaska).

Morinella melanocephala STEINEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, June 5, 1882, 34.—
THAYER and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v. 1914, 24 (Chaun Bay,
e. Siberia, Aug. 15).

Arenaria melanocephala SteJNEGER, Auk, i, July, 1884, 229.—AMERICAN ORNITH-
oLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 284; 3rd ed., 1910,
p. 182.—Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 150 (St. Michaels, Kuskoquim
River, Belkofsky, Unga Island, and Sanak Island, Alaska; habits).—NELson,

tep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 129 (coasts Bering Sea; Point Barrow; habits).—

TowNSEND (C. H.), Auk, iv, 1887, 12 (Kowak River, n. w. Alaska, July,
Aug.); Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 92 (Kowak Delta, July 4; Hotham
Inlet).—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., ser. 2, 11, 1889, 275 (San
Martin Island and Santa Margarita Island, Lower California).—Exuior,
N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 204, pl. 69.—SHarpg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv,
1896, 103, 729.—GRINNELL (J.), Pub. 1, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1897, 26 (San
Clemente Island, California, March).—CHapmAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xvi,
1902, 235 (Homer, Cook Inlet, Alaska, June 28); xx, 1904, 401 (Bird Island,
near. Homer, Alaska).—GRINNELL and Daaaerr, Auk. xx, 1903, 33 (Los
Coronados Islands, Lower California, Aug.).—THayER and Banas, Condor,
ix, 1907, 80 (Natividad Island, Lower California, April).—Linron, Condor,
x, 1903, 126 (Santa Cruz Island, California)—Wrieut, Condor, xi, 1909, 100
(Los Coronados Islands).—Herrsey, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 66, no. 2,
1916, 26 (St. Michaels and mouth of Yukon River, Alaska).—G1aAnin1, Auk,
xxxiv, 1918, 399 (Stepovak Bay, Alaska Peninsula, May 25).

A [renaria] melanocephala Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 181.

[Arenaria] melanocephala Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 146.—Forses and Rospinson
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 62.

[Strepsilas interpres] Var. melanocephalus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 246.

Strepsilas interpres ... var. melanocephalus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 406a.

Strepsilas interpres melanocephalus Cours and Kipper, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
no. 7, 1877, 17 (San Geronimo Island, Lower California) —Covxs, Check List,
2d ed., 1882, no. 599.

[Strepsilas interpres| b. melanocephalus Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 459.

Charadrius melanocephalus SrrBoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 12.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 57

Family APHRIZID.

THE SURF BIRDS.

>Strepsilasine SctaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 143 (includes Arena-
riidez).

>Strepsilide Barrp, BREweErR, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 107,
118. (includes Arenariide).

=Aphrizine Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 605.—AmeERICAN ORNITHOL-
oaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, 164; 3rd ed., 1910, 131.

>Aphrizide Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 605, in text (includes
Arenariidze).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, 164;
3rd ed., 1910, 131 (includes Arenariidse).—Rip@way, Orn. Illinois, ii, 1895,
18, 20 (includes Arenariide).

=Aphrizide SHureipt, Journ. Morph., ii, no. 2, Nov., 1888, 338.—OBERHOLSER,
Outl. Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 2.

Medium-sized Charadrii with a well-developed though small hal-
lux, anterior toes margined laterally by a conspicuous tumid mem-
brane or pad, acrotarsium (but not planta tarsi) regularly trans-
versely scutellate, bill plover-like (swollen distally, contracted
proximally), and tip of tail emarginate.

The Aphrizide are medium-sized plover-like birds, more nearly
related to the Turnstones (Arenariide) than to the true plovers
(Charadriide) though much nearer the latter in the form of the bill.
With the Arenariide the Aphrizide agree in the stout legs and feet,
well-developed hallux, and scutellate acrotarsium, though differing,
besides in the form of the bill, which is very unlike in the two groups,
in the emarginate tail, reticulate instead of scutellate planta tarsi,
and strongly developed lateral tumid membrane to the anterior toes.

The Surf Birds comprise a single monotypic genus, restricted in
its range to the Pacific coast of America.

The single genus representing this family has sometimes been
placed with the Charadriide and sometimes with the Arenarude, but
is quite distinct from either. From the former the Aphrizide differ
in the completely cleft anterior toes, with distinct lateral serrated
membrane; well-developed and nearly incumbent hallux, robust feet
(which are even stouter than those of the Arenariidz), and emarginate
tail. The differences between Aphrizide and Arenariide are equally
marked and may be concisely stated as follows:

a. Bill distinctly convex terminally and constricted subterminally, neither the max-
illa nor mandible depressed terminally; lateral grooves of bill extending to base
of convex terminal portion; legs and feet much more robust, the lateral mem-
brane of anterior toes more strongly developed, distinctly roughened or serrate;
transverse scutella of acrotarsium broken into hexagonal scales on upper and
lower portions; planta tarsi reticulate; tail emarginate.............- Aphrizide.

aa. Bill tapering to the acute tip, not constricted subterminally, both maxilla and

mandible flattened at tip; lateral grooves of bill extending not more than half
way to tip; legs and feet more slender, the lateral membrane of anterior toes
less developed, smoother; transverse scutella of acrotarsium continuous; planta
LarSscubellate-eianurunCales as oe ees ees pees LE Arenariide.

58 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Genus APHRIZA Audubon.
Aphrizat AupuBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 249; Synopsis Birds N. Am., 1839, 225.
(Type, A. townsendii Audubon=Tringa virgata Gmelin.)

Medium sized (wing 164-183 mm.), stoutly built Charadrii with
plover-like bill, well-developed hallux, partly scutellate acrotarsium
reticulate planta tarsi, and emarginate tail.

Bill shorter than head, plover-like (distinctly constricted subter-
minally and convex terminally in lateral profile), the maxilla with a
broad cuneate groove extending from base to slightly beyond base of
arched terminal portion, its basal half, more or less, occupied by the
membraneous nasal fossa, in the lower edge of which is situated the
subbasal, longitudinally linear nostril; culmen about half as long as
middle toe, without claw; depth of bill at base equal to a little more
than one-third the length of culmen. Wing long and poimted, the
longest primary (outermost) extendmg beyond tips of longest ter-
tials. Tail more than one-third as long as wing, truncate when spread,
slightly but distinctly emarginate when closed. Tarsus decidedly
longer than exposed culmen, the acrotarsium with a single row of
rather broad transverse scutella, but those on upper and extreme
lower portions broken into rather large hexagonal scales, the tarsus
otherwise covered with rather small hexagonal or irregular scales;
middle toe decidedly shorter than tarsus, the outer toe decidedly
shorter, the inner still shorter; hallux well developed though small
and slender, about as long as middle phalanx of middle toe; claws
small, strongly curved; anterior toes fringed with a distinct lateral
serrated membrane, the interdigital spaces cleft to the base.

Coloration.—Upper tail coverts, basal half and tip of tail, broad
band across tips of greater wing-coverts, and most of underparts of
body white; summer adults with head, neck, back, and scapulars
streaked and spotted with dusky and whitish, the scapulars with a
few irregular markings of cinnamon-rufous; winter adults with head,
neck, chest, and most of upper parts plain dusky grayish brown;
young like winter plumage but general color lighter brownish gray,
the feathers margined with whitish.

Range.—Pacific coast of America, from Alaska to Chile. (Mono-

typic.)
APHRIZA VIRGATA (Gmelin).

SURF BIRD.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Head and neck, all round,
streaked with blackish and grayish white, the blackish streaks broad-
est on pileum, narrowest on throat, which, together with chin, is some-
times immaculate white or only sparsely flecked with dusky, the
whitish streaks on pileum sometimes tinged or suffused with grayish
buff; scapulars and interscapulars black centrally, more or less

a From ’A¢pos, foam; taw, to live. (Audubon.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 59

broadly margined with gray or grayish white, the posterior scapulars
with a greater or less number of large blotches or irregular spots of
cinnamon-rufous and with a subterminal bar or transverse spot and
mesial streak of black; wing-coverts and tertials brownish gray,
darker centrally; secondaries brownish gray tipped with white, the
innermost (proximal) ones mostly white; primary coverts grayish
black or dusky, tipped with white; primaries similar but becoming
more grayish proximally and white basally; rump dusky, the feathers
narrowly margined with paler (grayish or whitish); upper tail-coverts
and basal portion of tail white, this increasing in extent on lateral
rectrices, the distal portion of tail dusky grayish (blackish on middle
rectrices) narrowly margined at tip with whitish; under parts of body
white, the chest and breast tinged with pale brownish gray and
heavily marked with broad crescentic or V-shaped bars of black, the
sides and flanks with more scattered broad V-shaped, sagittate, or
subcordate markings of blackish, the under taul-coverts with narrower,
more cuneate streaks of the same; axillars and greater part of under-
wing-coverts immaculate white, the coverts near edge of wing grayish
dusky margined with white, the under primary coverts pale gray
margined with white; undersurface of primaries white basally, shad-
ing into brownish gray distally; bill black terminally, the maxilla
brownish and mandible light yellowish brown (orange in life ?) basally;
iris dark brown, the naked eyelids black; legs and feet olive-green
or bluish green (in life).

(In midsummer black greatly predominates on interscapulars,
and the cinnamon-rufous markings on scapulars fade into pale buffy.)

Winter plumage.—General color of head, neck, chest, and upper
parts plain brownish gray (between mouse gray and hair brown),
slightly paler on foreneck, the pileum (at least the crown) broadly
and more or less distinctly streaked with dusky, the scapulars and
interscapulars with more or less distinct shaft-streaks of dusky, the
neck (all round) and upper chest with narrow dusky streaks (some-
times obsolete below), the lower chest with more or less distinct
tranverse spots of dusky; a supra-loral spot (on each side of forehead),
chin, and throat, white, sparsely and minutely flecked with dusky;
underparts of body white, the breast, sides and flanks with more or
less numerous streaks or spots (usually both) of dusky grayish, of
variable size and form; otherwise, like summer adults.

Young.—Much like winter adults but scapulars, interscapulars, and
wing-coverts margined terminally with whitish, these whitish margins
immediately preceded by a submarginal U-shaped line of dusky, the
whitish margins broader on wing coverts; head and neck streaked
with pale gray or whitish, feathers of chest broadly margined with
“whitish, the breast and sides with rather small, subcordate spots of
light brownish gray.

60 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male.—Wing, 164-183 (170.9); tail, 63-69 (65.2); exposed
culmen, 23.5-26 (24.2); tarsus, 29-30.5 (29.6); middle toe, 23-24.5
(23.9).2

Adult female.—Wing, 169-181 (176); tail, 64-66 (65); exposed
culmen, 23-26 (24.9); tarsus, 29-31.5 (30.5); middle toe, 23-26 (24).°

Pacific coast of America, from Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, to Straits
of Magellan (Van Island, Feb. 13); breeding range unknown, but
probably interior of northwestern Alaska; in migration, from Kowak
River and Kotzebue Sound along coast of Alaska (St. Michaels;
Sannak Island; Kadiak Island; Kuiu Island; Prince William Sound;
Sitka, July 21), British Columbia (Vancouver Island; Orcas Island;
Quatrino, July 31) and Washington to Oregon (Yaquina Bay, April
25); wincers from Monterey, California (Jan. 31) southward.

[Tringa] virgata GmeExin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 674 (‘‘Sandwich Sound” =
Prince William Sound, Alaska; based on Streaked Sandpiper Latham, Gen.
Synop. Birds, ii, pt. i, 1785, 180).—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 735.—
Turton, Syst. Nat., 1, 1806, 405.

Aphriza virgata GRAY, Gen. Birds, ili, 1847, pl. 147 (winter plumage).—Cassiy, in
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 698.—Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 511.—ScuiaTEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 236 (Vancouver
Island); 1867, 339 (Chile).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 424 (Vancouver Island).—
Dati and BANNIsTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 290 (Sitka).—Orron,
Am. Nat., iv, 1871, 716 (type of A. townsendi Audubon in coll. Vassar Col-
lege).—Covuus, Check List, 1873, no. 403; 2d ed., 1882, no. 594.—LAWRENCE,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 307 (Colima, w. Mexico).—Rineway, Proc.
U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 198 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 511); Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 511.—SHarpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 15 (Van Island,
Straits Magellan); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 208 (St. Michaels, Alaska;
Orcas Island and Vancouver Island, Brit. Columbia; Chile; Van Island,
Straits Magellan), 739 (Vancouver Island; Lower California)—NeELsoNn,
Cruise ‘Corwin’? in 1881 (1883), 83 (St. Michaels, Alaska); Rep. N. H.
Coll. Alaska, 1887, 127 (Sitka; St. Michaels; descr. young).—Batrp, BREWER,

a Ten specimens. > Seven specimens.
zee :
Ex- ‘
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. edale
culmen. ae
MALES. |
Three'adult males from Alaska (Sitka)...........-5.-.-.2.-.-2- 170.3) 64.7 24.2 29. 2 23.8
One‘adultimale from Oreégon.-202 2.5L ett. eres. ek 170 | 66:5 23.5 29 2357
Oneiadult maletrom ‘Californias : so5-csaesdeecn ne eee eee ees 168 |. 63.5 |, 24.5 29.5 23
Four adult males from Lower California....................... 173. 2 65. 5 24.6 29.7 23.9
One adult male from southwestern Mexico (Rio Zacatulo, Co- | | |
Limaere se Ace soe SRD ORE EE eC ree Oe Le EEE | 175.5 65 23.5 30.5 24, 5
FEMALES.
One adult female from British Columbia......................- | 181 66 26 oleae 23
One adult female from California (San Francisco).............. ATS Oso: 25:/5 3155 24
Five adult females from Lower California.................2.... | 174.6 64.7 24.5 30. 2 24.2 @

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 61

and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 126.—AMrERICAN ORNITHOLO-
cists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 282; 3d ed., 1910, p.
131.—TaczaNnowskI, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 348.—TurNeErR, Contr. N. H.
Alaska, 1886, 150 (Sannak Island; Kadiak).—Euuror, N. Am. Shore Birds,
1895, 197, pl. 67.—OvsraLeEr, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 1891, 294.—James, New
List Chilian Birds, 1892, 11—Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 605 (near
Vaquaria, n. w. Ecuador, Sept. 16).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 353 (Colima; Peru; Chile).—Swarrun, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool., vii, 1907, 55 (Kuiu Island, s. Alaska, April 25-May 6, abundant).—
DasBENE, Orn. Argentina, 1910, 216 (Straits Magellan).

A[phriza] virgata Gray, Gen. Birds, ili, 1847, 548.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds,
2d ed., 1884, 605.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 180.

[Aphriza] virgata CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 245.—Sciarer and SALVIN |
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1873, 143.—Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 152—Forsrs
and Rosrinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 67 (‘‘Hudson Bay”;
Peru; ‘‘ Bolivia”; Chile).

Totanus virgatus VrertLor, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 413.

Strepsilas virgata ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865, 45.

Strepsilas virgatus SEEBOHM, Geog. Distr. Charadr., 1887, pp. xxv, 412.

[ Tringa] borealis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. i, 1789, 674 (‘‘ King George’s Sound”’;
based on Boreal Sandpiper Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, iii, pt. i, 1785, 181).—
Laruam, Index Orn., 1, 1790, 735 (King George Bay).

Strepsilas borealis Gay, Hist. Chil., Zool., 1, 1847, 408.

[Strepsilas] borealis Puteri, Ornis, vol. 4, 1888, 159 (Paposo, n. Chile).

Vanellus borealis Virrtt0oT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxv, 1819, 210.

[Aphriza] borealis BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 420.—Gray, Hand-list,
iii, 1871, 22, no. 10070.

Tringa townsendi AupUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 249 (Cape Disappointment,
Washington; type now in coll. mus. Vassar College).

Frinca [typog. error] townsendt TOWNSEND, Narrative, 1839, 349.

Aphriza townsendi AupuBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 249; Birds Am., 8°° ed., v,
1842, 228, pl. 322.

Aphriza townsendii AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 226.—TownseNnpD, Journ. Sc.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1839, 156.—Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1844, 157
(Chile).

Charadrius winterfeldti Tscxup1, Wiegmann’s Archiy fiir Naturg., ix, pt. i, 1843,
338 (coast of Peru; type possibly now in coll. Liverpool Mus.; see Forbes and
Robinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 67).

Charadrius] winterfeldti TscHupr, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. i, 1844,
310 (Peru).

Chi aradrius] winterfeldtii TscHun1, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1844, 295, pl. 34.

Family CHARADRIID.
THE PLOVERS.

>Charadride Cassin, in Baird Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 689, 690
(includes Aphrizide).

>Charadriide Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 337 (includes Glareolidze).—
Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 242 (includes Aphrizide); 2d ed., 1884,
597.—SciaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 142 (includes
Aphrizide, Arenariide, and Hzmatopodide).—Suarrr, Review Rec.
Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 73 (includes Aphrizide and Arenariidz).

=Charadriine STEINEGER, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 99, in text.

62 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

>Charadriine Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 597 (includes Aph
rizidee).—Sciater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 142 (includes
Aphrizide and Arenariide).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, iii, 1903, 350 (includes Aphrizidee).

><Charadriine SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, x, 90, 145;
Hand-list, i, 1899, xv, 150 (includes Aphrizidee; excludes ‘‘Lobivanel-
linze’’).

<Charadrude Barrpd, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am.,i, 1884,
108, 128 (excludes Anarhynchus).

=Charadriide AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, 160; 3d
ed., 1910, 126.—OBERHOLSER, Outl. Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 2.

<Lobivanelline SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, x, 90, 122; Hand-
list, i, 1899, xv, 148 (genera Oreophilus, Erythrogonys, Defilippia, Sar-
ciophorus, Lobipluvia, Microsarcops, Hoploxypterus, Ptiloscelys, and

Lobwanellus).
<Anarhynchide Barrp, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i,

1884, 108,

Large to very small Charadrii with bill shorter than head, more or
less swollen terminally and contracted in. middle portion; hallux
usually absent, rarely well developed, never as long as basal phalanx
of outer toe; tarsus without regular transverse scutela, either before
or behind, but covered all round with small hexagonal scales, these
usually larger, and sometines with transverse tendency, on the
acrotarsium, where, however, never forming a single continuous
series. ;

The Charadridz are small or medium sized (sometimes rather
large) coursing birds (scarcely waders) with pigeon-like bill, relatively
large, round head, short neck, long and pointed wings, moderately
long legs with reticulated tarsi and relatively short toes, of which the
hinder one or hallux is usually wanting and never very large. They
frequent meadows, sea-shores, and other open tracts, whether grassy,
barren, or sandy, and run swiftly along the ground in a peculiarly
graceful manner. Many of them have melodious notes, though no
true song.

The family is cosmopolitan, but not very numerous as to species,
America possessing about twenty-five, belonging to about thirteen
genera, of which three species (representing two Palearctic and one
cosmopolitan genera) are properly stragglers from the Old World.

KEY TO THE AMERICAN GENERA OF CHARADRIID.

a. Head crested; plumage of upper parts more or less metallic; large (wing more than
210 mm.).

b. Crest slender, pointed, recurved; hallux well-developed; wing rounded, the

outermost primary shorter than fourth (from outside).

c. Wing unarmed or with metacarpal spur very small (rudimentary); tarsus not

more than twice as long as middle toe...-..-.....-.------ Vanellus (p. 64).

cc. Wing armed with a very prominent sharp, curved-conical metacarpal spur;

tarsus more than twice as long as middle toe...Belonopterus (extralimital) @

a Belonopterus Reichenbach, Handb. (Av. Syst. Nat.), 1853, p. xviii (type, by origi-
nal designation, Charadrius cayennensis Gmelin). (South America; three species.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 63

bb. Crest ‘‘bushy,’? decumbent; hallux absent; wing pointed, the outermost

primary longest or equal to the longest.........-. Ptiloscelys (extralimital).a
aa. Head not crested; plumage without metallic colors; smaller (wing less than 210
mm.). :

b. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw.
c. Culmen shorter than middle toe with claw; tarsus less than two and a half
times as long as middle toe without claw.
d. Hallux absent or else (Squatarola) culmen longer than middle toe without
claw, bill stout, and upper parts spotted.

e. Wing with a small blunt metacarpal spur; upper parts black, gray, and
white, in large, mostly longitudinal, areas........- Hoploxypterus (p. 69).

ee. Wing without metacarpal spur; upper parts not colored as above.
J. Larger (wing more than 150 mm.); upper parts much spotted or speckled,

lower parts (in summer adults) mostly black. ‘
g. Hallux present but minute; bill much larger and stouter, the culmen
as long as middle toe without claw, the gonydeal angle prominent;
upper parts spotted with white..............---- Squatarola (p. 72).
gg. Hallux absent; bill much smaller and more slender, the culmen de-
cidedly shorter than middle toe without claw, the gonydeal angle
not prominent; upper parts spotted with yellow... .Pluvialis (p.79).
J. Smaller (wing less than 150 mm.); upper parts chiefly plain brownish
gray or grayish brown, the lower parts never mostly black.

g. Posterior processes of sternum projecting backward nearly to extremity
of keel, the outer pair somewhat everted; culmen not longer than dis-
tance from its base to anterior angle of eye...... Eudromias (p. 94).
gg. Posterior processes of sternum much shorter, not projecting backward
nearly to the extremity of the keel, the outer pair not everted;
culmen much longer than distance from its base to anterior angle

of eye.
h. Exposed culmen more than twice as long as middle toe without
2 claw: upper parts striped with buff..Oreopholus (extralimital). >

hh. Exposed culmen less than twice as long as middle toe without
claw; upper parts not striped.
i.-Tail much more than half as long as wing, decidedly to strongly
graduated; chest with two black bands, separated by a white
one; rump ochraceous or ochraceous-cinnamon, in contrast with
Erayasns DFOWM Ol PACK - 2. 4s eee eee ee es Oxyechus (p. 98).
wt. Tail much less than half as long as wing, truncate, or very slightly
rounded or double-rounded; chest with a single black band or
none; rump grayish brown, concolor with back.
j. Tarsus more than twice as long as middle toe without claw.
Podasocys (p. 104).
jj. Tarsus not more (usually much less) than twice as long as mid-
dle toe without claw.

@ Ptiloscelys Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 419 (type, by monotypy, Vanellus
resplendens Tschudi).—Ptiloscelis (emendation) Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv
1896, 187. (Pacific coast of South America; monotypic.)

b Oreopholus Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., iii, 1835, pl. 151 (type, by original
designation and monotypy, O. tenuirostris Jardine and Selby=Charadrius rujficollis
Wagler). Oreophilus (emendation) Agassiz, Nom. Zool., Aves, 1842, 53.—Dromicus
Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant, April 4, 1844, col. 616 (type, by original designa-
tion and monotypy, D. lessoni Lesson= Charadrius ruficollis Wagler). (Southern South
America; monotypic.)

64 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

7. Culmen more than one-sixth as long as wing, more than two-thirds

as long as tarsus, the bill very stout...........- Pagolla (p. 107).

a1. Culmen less than one-sixth as long as wing, less than two-thirds

as long as tarsus, the bill slender or small. Charadrius (p. 114).

dd. Hallux present (well-developed but small); culmen much shorter than mid-

dle toe without claw; upper parts unicolored....Zonibyx (extralimital).¢

bb. Tarsus shorter thanmiddle toe with claw......... Pluvianellus (extralimital).®

Genus VANE LLUS Brisson.

Vanellus Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 94. (Type, by tautonymy, Tringa vanellus
Linnzus.)

Gavia (not of Forster, 1788, nor of Boie, 1822) Guocrr, Hand- und Hilfsbuch, i,
1842, 433. (Type, Tringa vanellus Linneus.)

Large Charadriide (wing 211-233 mm.) with a slender, recurved
occipital crest, without obvious or with rudimentary wing-spurs, and
with color of upper parts partly metallic.

Bill relatively small and slender, much shorter than head, the
exposed culmen about as long as middle toe without claw; nasal fossa
extending for about two-thirds the length of maxilla. Wing large,
pointed, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by much
more than one-third the length of wing, and extending decidedly
beyond tips of longest tertials; second or second and third primaries
(from outside) longest, the first (outermost) shorter than third. Tail
nearly half as long as wing, truncate or very slight emarginate (the
middle pair of rectrices slightly shorter than the rest). Tarsus about
one-fifth as long as wing, covered all round with small hexagonal
scales, these larger in front; bare portion of tibia about aselong as
culmen; middle toe, without claw, much more than half as long as
tarsus, the outer and inner toes, successively, decidedly shorter;
hallux present but small, its claw well-developed, but straight; a
small web between basal phalanges of outer and middle toes.

Coloration.—Adults with pileum, a broad jugular area, primaries
and distal portion of tail black; general color of upper parts moderately
metallic greenish and purplish; under parts and proximal portion of
tail white, the tail-coverts cimnamomeous; sexes alike.

Range.—EKurope and northern Asia, south in winter to China,
northern Africa, northern India, ete.; accidental in eastern North
America. (Monotypic.)

a Zonibyx Reichenbach, Handb. (Av. Syst. Nat.), 1853, p. xviii (type, by original
designation and monotypy, Vanellus cincta Lesson=Charadrius modestus Lichtenstein.)
(Southern South America; monotypic.)

b Pluvianellus Jacquin and Pucheran, Voy. Pdle Sud, Zool., iii, 1853, 124 (type, by
original designation, P.sociabilis Jacquin and Pucheran). (Southern South America;
monotypic.)

This genus I have not been able to examine. It may, possibly, not belong to the
true Charadriide, as here restricted.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 65

VANELLUS VANELLUS (Linnzus).

LAPWING.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).?—Pileum (including crest),
anterior portion of loral and malar regions, chin, throat, foreneck,
and entire chest uniform, faintly glossy, blue-black; sides of head
and neck white, passing into gray on hindneck; back, scapulars, and
tertials metallic bronzy green changing to coppery purple on outer
scapulars; wing-coverts dark purplish blue, changing to greenish,
becoming decidedly green on greater coverts; remiges dull black, the
tips of the three outer primaries, for an inch or more, light gray with
white shafts; rump like back but less strongly metallic; upper tail-
coverts cinnamon-rufous; tail with basal half and tip white, the middle
(subterminal) portion dull black, this color decreasing (and the white
correspondingly increasing) in extent to the outer rectrices, nearly
(sometimes quite) disappearing on outermost pair; under parts,
posterior to chest, immaculate white, passing into light cinnamon-
rufous on under tail-coverts; bill black; iris dark brown; legs and
feet lake red or fleshy red (in life).

Winter plumage.—Similar to the summer plumage but with the
black on anterior portion of loral and malar regions replaced by white;
a broad superciliary stripe, chin, and entire throat white, and the
white along sides of hindneck and occiput tinged with buff.

Young.—Similar to winter adults but color of hindneck, back,
rump, etc., scarcely metallic olive or brownish olive, all the feathers
tipped or terminally margined with light rusty or tawny-olive, as are
also the wing-coverts; black of chest much duller, and crest absent
or but slightly developed.

Downy young.—Upper parts grayish brown (drab) coarsely mottled
or marbled with black, interrupted by a broad band of immaculate
pale brownish buff or buffy white across hindneck; lower portion of
lores, anterior half (approximately) of malar region, chin and throat
immaculate dull white or buffy white; suborbital and auricular regions
pale buffy brown or pale drab with irregular blotches and streaks of
black along lower edge, connected, more or less, with a blackish band
across lower foreneck or upper chest; rest of under parts immaculate
buffy white, strongly tinged posteriorly with brownish buff.

2 In Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xiv, 1904, 62, Mr. F. W. Frohawk distinguishes the sexes
by a difference in the wing-formula; the male having the second primary (from outside)
equal to the fourth, the third longest, the first equal to the seventh, while the female
has the second and third equal and longest, the first equal to the fourth. I have not
been able, however, to verify this supposed difference in the sexes, some specimens
having neither formula.

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S—-6

66 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male.—Wing, 211-233 (220.7); tail, 94-120 (106); culmen,
23-27.5 (24.6); tarsus, 43.5-50.5 (46.8); middle toe, 25-28 (26).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 212-225 (219.3); tail, 100-108 (105); culmen,
23.5-26 (24.8); tarsus, 42-49.5 (45.1); middle toe, 25-27 (25.8).°

Breeding in extratropical Europe and Asia, southward to central
Europe and China; in winter southward to northern Africa and
India; casual in Greenland (Fiskenaesset, Jan. 7, 1820; Julians-
haab, 1847), Newfoundland (White Hills, Nov. 23, 1905), Nova
Scotia (Ketch Harbor, March 17, 1897), Long Island, New York
(Merrick, 2 specs., Dec., 1885; Meccox Bay, Waterville, autumn,
1905), Bahamas (Hog Island, Nov., 1900), Barbados (Dec. 24, 1886),
and western Alaska (small islands in Norton Sound).

[Tringa] vanellus Linn&us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 148 (Sweden); ed. 12, i,
1766, 248.—Boppaerrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 15 (Pl. Eal., pl. 242) —Gmeun,
Syst. Nat., 1, pt. ti, 1789, 670.—Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 726.

Tringa vanellus Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 172.

Charadrius] vanellus WAGLER, Syst. Av., 1827, Charadrius, sp. 47.

Charadrius vanellus Pattas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 132—Naumann, Vog.
Deutschl., ix, 1838, 269, pl. 179—Hoim, Naturahist. Tidsskr., 2d ser., ii,
1848, 512 (Farée Islands).—PAsster, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 61 (Anhalt,
Germany ).—SEEBouM, Ibis, 1882, 222 (Astrakhan), 425 (Samarcand).

Vanellus vanellus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and
2d ed., 1895, no. 269; 3d ed., 1910, p. 126.—Durcusr, Auk, iii, 1886, 438
(Merrick, Long Island, 2 specs., late Dec., 1883).—Cory, Birds West Ind.,
1889, 297 (Barbados); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 138—Exnuror, N. Am.
Shore Birds, 1895, 163, pl. 52.—SuHarpes, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896,
166, 735.—Piers, Auk, xv, 1898, 195 (Ketch Harbor, Nova Scotia, 1 spec.,
March 17, 1897).—F.Lemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 272 (Hog Island, Bahamas,
1 spec., Nov., 1900)—Hartert, Novit. Zool., viii, 1901, 306 (Canary
Islands).—Poaeer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 386 (n. e. China).—Harrterr and
Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 103 (San Miguel, Azores) —Criark (A. H.),
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905, 248 (Barbados) —Brrse, Auk, xxii,
1906, 221 (Meccox Bay, Waterville, Long Island, 1 spec., fall 1905) —Brew-
ster, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 221 (White Hills, Newfoundland, 1 spec., Nov. 23,
1905).

V[{anellus] vanellus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 172.

[ Vanellus] vanellus LicorenstEtn, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 95—SHarpPe,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 151—Forspes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii,
no. 2, 1899, 65.

a Bleven specimens. » Seven specimens.
, i A Cul- Mid-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. men, | Tarsus. ge
32 7s81 2 =) —
MALES. | |
Six adult males from Europe (4) and western Asia (2).........| 220.7} 104.3 23.9 46.1 26
Five adult males from China..-........... Wea soetins see e tet eae 220.8 | 109.6 26.1 47.4 26.2
FEMALES. | |
Four adult females from Europe (3) and Egypt (1).--.......-. 220.5) 104 24.7 43.7 25. 6
Three adult females from China (1) and Japan (2).............. 217.7 | 106.3 24.8 46.8 26
! | 1

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 67

Vanellus capella ScHaerrEeR, Mus. Orn., 1789, 49 (no locality cited) —SresnEGER,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 34.—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water
Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 130.—Grerron1, Avif, Ital., 1886, 376; Ist Resoc. Avil.
Ital., 1889, 576; 2d Resoc., 1890, 663; 3d Resoc., 1891, 518.—Sanvaport,
Elenco Ucc. Ital., 1886, 206—ReEtcHENow, Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl.,
1889, 51.—Harrinea, Journ. fiir Orn., 1893, 10 (Madeira Islands).

Vanellus vulgaris Becuster, Orn. Taschenb., i1, 1803, 313 (Germany).—DressEr,
Birds Europe, vii, 1875, 545, pl. 531; Ibis, 1891, 369 (Erzeroom).—DANForRD
and Harvis-Brown, Ibis, 1875, 419 (Transylvania).—Burter, Cat. Birds
Sind, etc., 1879, 58.—Srxrsonm, Ibis, 1879, 152 (Tyre-mané, Siberia); 1890,
409 (Ireland, breeding) —Rer, Stray Feath., x, 1881, 65 (Lucknow, India);
Ibis, 1885, 253 (Morocco, winter).—Bipputeu, Ibis, 1881, 94 (Gilgit, India,
winter).—Scutzy, Ibis, 1881, 587 (Gilgit, spring and autumn; crit.).—Bririsu
OrnirHoLoaists’ Unton, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 161—Saunpers, ed. Yar-
rell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 283; Ibis, 1884, 389 (St. Jean-de-Luz, Pyrenees);
Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 5389—Crarke (W. E.), Ibis, 1884, 148 (Obedeska
Bara, Slavonia).—Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 131.—WutreE-
HEAD, Ibis, 1885, 42 (Corsica, winter).—St Joun, Ibis, 1889, 176 (s. Afghan-
istan)—Bucktry and Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebrides,
1888, 125; Vertebr. Faun. Orkneys, 1891, 204; Vertebr. Faun. Argyll, 1892,
166.—FEILDEN, Ibis, 1889, 495 (Barbados, Dec. 24, 1886).—Evans, Ibis,
1891, 80 (incubation).—Buaae, Ibis, 1893, 355 (Shetland Islands, breeding).—
Watton, Ibis, 1903, 33 (Pekin, China).—Jesse, Ibis, 1903, 161 (Lucknow,
India).—FrRoHAWE, Ibis, 1904, 446-451, figs. 5-10 (sexual differences).

Vanellus cristatus Wour and Mryer, Hist. Nat. Ois. de l’Allem., i, 1805, 110,
with pl—Meryer and Wotr, Vég. Deutschl., ii, 1810, 10.—Viemior, Nouv.
Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxv, 1819, 211.—Tremminck, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1820, 550.—
Roux, Orn. Prov:, 1825, pl. 278.—Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, 1827, pl. 17.—
Bream, Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 555.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 542.—
MENETRIES, Cat. Rais. Caucas., 1832, 53 (Caspian Sea).—SrrickLanp, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836, 101 (Asia Minor).—Goutp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837,
pl. 291 and text; Birds Great Brit., iv, 1865, pl. 33 and text.—BoNnaAPaARTE,
Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 46.—Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, 121
(Erzeroom).—Crespon, Orn. Gard., 1840, 369.—Sriys-Lonccuamps, Faune
Belge, 1842, 121_—Ewenr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1842, 92( India) —ScuLeceEL,
Rev. Crit., 1844, p. Ixxxiii; Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 216; Dier. Nederl. Vog.,
1861, pl. 21, fig. 10; Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865, 56.—Miu1e,
Beitr. Orn. Griechenl., 1844, 94.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844,
63; Cat. Mam., etc., Nepal pres. Hodgson, 1846, 132; List Brit. Birds, 1863,
137.—Hewirtson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1846, 261, pl. 70.—Buyrtu, Cat. Birds
Mus. Asiat. Soc., 1849, 261.—Tnompson, Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 110.—
Harcourt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 146 (Madeira).—KsaERBOLLING,
Danm. Fugle, 1852, pl. xxxi, fig. 2—LmuiyeBnore, Naumannia, 1852, 107 (n.
Russia) —Macemutvray, Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 133; Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842,
55.—ReEInHARDT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 440 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 9 (Fisk-
enaesset, Greenland, Jan. 7, 1820; Julianehaab, Greenland, 1847).—Botte,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 176 (Canary Islands); 1857, 337 (Canaries).—ADAms,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 505 (India); Ibis, 1864, 30 (Egypt).—Taytor,
Ibis, 1859, 52 (Egypt); 1867, 68 (Egypt) —Scnrenck, Reis. Amurland, 1859,
408 (Sungaria).—LinpERMAYER, Vég. Griechenl., 1860, 133.—TristraM, Ibis,
1860, 79 (Algeria, Dec.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 450 (Palestine).—
Powys, Ibis, 1860, 339 (Ionian Islands).—Hr1nrz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 220
(migrations, etc.).—IrBy, Ibis, 1861, 238 (Oudh, India); 1883, 187 (Santan-
der, Spain); Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 158 (spring and autumn).—Swin-

68

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

HOE, Ibis, 1861, 342 (Pekin, China, Nov.); 1863, 309 (n. China); 1865, 349
(Swatow, China); 1867, 399 (Cheo Bay, Amoy, China); 1876, 334 (Japan);
1882, 120 (Kandahar, India); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 403 (Canton,
China; Formosa).—NeEwtTon, in Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 411.—RappeE,
Reis. Sibir., Vég., 1863, 321 (Bureja Mountains); Orn. Caucas., 1884, 44,
420 (breeding at 2,000-3,500 ft.)—Cotnterr, Overs. Christiania Om. Orn.
Faun., 1864, 180; Norges Fugle, 1868, 49.—Wriaur, Ibis, 1864, 142 (Malta).—
JerRpDON, Birds India, ii, 1864, 643.—Drostr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1864,
421 (Borkum); 1869, 341 (Farde Islands).—Sanvaporr, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1865, 283 (Sardinia); Faun. Ital., Uce., 1871, 199.—Gictrout, Ibis, 1865, 69
(Pisa, Italy) —Sunpevaub, Svensk. Fogl., 1866, pl. 36, fig. 1—Hourz,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 372 (Gottland)—Gopman, Ibis, 1866, 100 (Azores);
Azores, 1870, 32.—Barrp, Ibis, 1867, 282 (Iceland; Greenland).—DRaAkE,
Ibis, 1867, 394 (Tangiers, Morocco).—Lockr, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii,
1867, 271.—Smiru, Ibis, 1868, 453 (Portugal).—Brown, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., xii, 1869, 207 (Madeira).—Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac.
Sci., 1, 1869, 293 (smallislands in Norton Sound, at mouth of Golsova River,
Alaska).—Droste, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 341 (Farde Islands) —Frirscn,
Vog. Eur., 1870, pl. 35, figs. 3-5.—Enwers and Bucktiry, Ibis, 1870, 330
(Turkey).—SHELLEY, Ibis, 1871, 145 (Egypt); Birds Egypt, 1872, 231.—
GuRNEY, Ibis, 1871, 298 (Algeria) —Saunpgrs, Ibis, 1871, 386 (s. Spain). —
Gray (R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 263 —Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds,
1872, 43.—Humes and Henprrson, Lahore to Yarkand, 1873, 286.—HEuGLIn,
Orn. N. Ost-Afrika, ii, 1873, 992, App., p. clxxix (Egypt; n. Arabia; White
Nile).—Brooxg, Ibis, 1873, 337 (Sardinia).—Srverrzov, Turkest. Jevotn.,
1873, 69 (breeding).—TaczaNnowsk], Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 101 (Kultuk, e.
Siberia); 1874, 336 (east Siberia); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876, 249 (e.
Siberia); ii, 1877, 155 (Poland); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, 610 (Daltoni,
Korea, March); 1888, 468 (Korea, migrant).—Hume, Nests and Eggs Indian
Birds, 1873, 573; Stray Feath., i, 1873, 231 (Sind, india).—Apam, Stray
Feath., i, 1873, 394 (Sambhur, India).—Saxsy, Birds Shetlands, 1874, 168.—
Hancock, Birds Northumberl. and Durham, 1874, 99.—Durnrorp, Ibis,
1874, 397 (North Frisian [slands)—Sroirtczxa, Stray Feath., iii, 1875, 220
(Yarkand).—F ation, Ois. Belg., 1875, 154.—PrsEvatsxy, in Rowley’s Orn.
Misc., ii, 1877, 433 (s. e. Mongolia, etc.).—Davip and OusTa.Let, Ois. Chine,
1877, 422.—BLAKISTON and Prrer, Ibis, 1878, 219 (Tokyo, Yokohama, and
Hakodadi, Japan); Birds Japan, 1882, 108; Trans. Asiat. Soc. Jap., 1882,
108 (Yezo).—Botavu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 62 (Suifun, e. Siberia).—
Reep (J. T. T.), Ornith. and Ool., vii, 1882, 159, 160 (breeding habits).—
Cougs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 593.—Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind,
1884, 228.—SrEBoum, Ibis, 1884, 267 (centr. China); 1892, 23 (Helgoland);
Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 57; Geog. Distr. Charadriidz, 1887, pp. xix, 210,
fig.; Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 312.—Buaxisron, Amend. List Birds Japan,
1884, 10.—FrmpeEn, Zoologist, 1888, 301 (Barbados, Dec. 24, 1886).—Doérrigs,
Journ, fiir Orn., 1888, 89 (e. Siberia).—SHarper, Trans. Linn. Soc., (2), v,
pt. 3, 1889, 88 (n. Afghanistan); Rep. 2d Yarkand Miss., Aves, 1891, 188.—
Litvorp, Ibis, 1889, 339 (Cyprus, winter).—Mrapr-WaLpo, Ibis, 1889, 509
(Fuerteventura); 1893, 203 (Canary Islands, winter).—CLARKE (W. E.),
Zoologist, 1890, 11 (Jan Mayen Land).—Frivatpsxy, Aves Hung., 1891,
120.—MaparAsz, Erlaut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf., 1891, 102—Sryan, Ibis,
1891, 330, 504 (lower Yangtse River, winter).—CAMPBELL, Ibis, 1892, 246
(Korea).—Dr LA Toucue, Ibis, 1892, 496 (Foochow and Swatow, winter).—
Koenic, Journ. fiir Orn., 1893, 85 (Tunis)—PopHam, Ibis, 1898, 513
(Krasnoyarsk, Yenesei River, Siberia).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 69

V [anellus] cristatus Keyserurne and Buasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. lxix, 207.—
Gray, Gen Birds, iii, 1847, 541.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884,
605.

[ Vanellus] cristatus Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 10, no. 9950.—Covrs, Key N.
Am, Birds, 1872, 243.

Vanellus gavia Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., ete., Brit. Mus., 1816, 29 (Wiltshire,
England).—Srerxens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, pt. 2, 1819, 211.

[ Vanellus| gavia LicuteNsterIn, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 95 (Nubia).

Vanellus bicornis BrEuM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 557 (middle Germany).

Charadr{ius] vanellus candidus NAUMANN (J. F.), Vég. Deutschl., vii, 1834, 276
(color variety).

Char[adrius] vanfellus] pallidus NauMANN (J. F.), Vég. Deutschl., vii, 1834,
276 (color variety).

Char[adrius] van{ellus] varius NAUMANN’ (J. F.), Vég. Deutschl., vii, 1834, 276
(color variety).

Vanellus cristatus communis Braun (A. E.), Verz. Samml. C. L. Brehm, 1866, 11.

Genus HOPLOXYPTERUS Bonaparte.

Hoploxypterus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 418. (Type, by mono-
typy, Charadrius cayanus Latham.)

Medium-sized Charadriide (wing 132-150 mm.) with small but
distinct metacarpal spur; tail nearly half as long as wing; longest
primaries exceeding distal secondaries by less than half the length
of wing; plumage pied (black, white, and brownish gray).

Bill shorter than head, rather stout, the exposed culmen about as
long as middle toe with claw, its distal third strongly arched; gonys
faintly to moderately convex, not prominent basally; broad nasal
groove extending about two-thirds the length of maxilla. Wing
moderate, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal sec-
ondaries by a little less than half the length of wing, scarcely, if at
all, extending beyond tips of longest tertials; a distinct though small
metacarpal spur. Tail nearly half as long as wing, truncated, the
rectrices broad and rounded at tips. Tarsus slender, nearly one-
third as long as wing, covered laterally with small hexagonal scales,
the planta tarsi with indistinct transverse scutella, the acrotarsium
practically ocreate; middle toe, with claw, less than half as long as
tarsus, the outer and inner toes, successively, decidedly shorter;
hallux absent; a very small web between outer and middle toes, the
space between inner and middle toes practically cleft to base; bare
portion of tibia longer than middle toe with claw.

Coloration —Ahbove black, white and brownish gray (forehead,
hindneck, and scapulars black), beneath white with a black jugular
band.

Range.—Tropical South America; Honduras? (Monotypic.)

70 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

HOPLOXYPTERUS CAYANUS (Latham).

CAYENNE PLOVER.

Adults (sexes alike).—Forehead, anterior portion of crown (as far
back as middle of eye), loral, superciliary, suborbital, and auricular
regions, together with hindneck and a broad band across chest,
uniform deep black; margin of pileum, all round (usually broadly),
malar region, chin, throat, foreneck, under parts of body posterior
to chest, under and upper tail-coverts, axillars and under wing-
coverts immaculate white; central portion of pileum (occiput and
posterior part of crown) deep brownish gray (hair brown); inter-
scapulars deep brownish gray (hair brown), the outermost with
outer webs mostly white, forming a broad stripe along each side of
back; scapulars deep black, their concealed bases white; wing-
coverts and tertials ight brownish gray (between drab-gray and
pale mouse gray), the greater coverts, together with secondaries,
white, the distal secondaries tipped with black; tail white broadly
tipped with black, the middle rectrices brownish gray subterminally ;
bill black, the base of mandible reddish; eyelids red-orange or scarlet
(in life); iris brown; legs and feet red-orange, orange-red, or salmon-
red (in life).

Adult male.—Wing, 135-150 (143.3); tail, 55-71 (62.8); culmen,
23-24.5 (23.7); tarsus, 42-45 (44.6); middle toe, 17.5-21.5 (19.2).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 132-149 (141.4); tail, 59-64 (61.2); culmen,
22-24 (23.6); tarsus, 42-45.5 (43.3); middle toe, 19-20 (19.6).°

South America, from Venezuela (San Felix; Maripa, Rio Caura;
Rio Mato; Ciudad Bolivar and Ecuadér (Babahoyo and Guayaquil,
Pacific side; Rio Napo and Sarayacu, Atlantic side), through Peru
(lower Rio Ucayali; Rio Huallaga; Pebas; Santa Cruz; Santa Ana),
British Guiana (Roraima; Ourumi), Cayenne, Bolivia (Rio Suruti,
Province Del Sara) and Brazil (numerous localities) to Paraguay
(upper Rio Parandé); Falkland Islands; Honduras (Aloor, Rio Ulua).

[Charadrius] cayanus LataaM, Index Orn., 1, 1790, 749 (Cayenne; based on
Le Pluvier armé de Cayenne Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., viii, 102; Pl. Enl., 853;
Spurwinged Plover Latham, Synopsis Birds, v. 215).

a4 Hight specimens. b Seven specimens.
J. par 7 Mi = —— — =
| |
; 2. Secre nl PAGE Middle
mainder r | arse |
Locality. Wing. | Tail. eT Tars 8." toe.
|
MALES. | |
Onevadultimaloizomi Vienezlelar- + :os-2ccj ssc ote aoe eee eee 137.5 55 23, 45 | 18
Pour adultmalesitrom Prez: - 26.00. eee sake sens | 145.2 65. 4 23.9 43.5 18.9
Threeadultmales trom Olivia co neces Lect e nose eee cee 142.7 62 3.8 45.8 20. 2
FEMALES.
Two adult females from Venezuel9). 2522. . 25.422 an eeeee scams 142 61.7 24 43.7 19.5
ive‘adultiifemalesifromubrazil =o 25 eee nc osececiscemeees eecwee 141.2 61 23.4 44.3 19.6

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 74

Charadrius cayanus TemMincx, Cat. Syst., 1807, 174.—Vierttor, Nouv. Dict.
d’Hist. Nat., xxvii, 1818, 135.—Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii,
1856, 358 (Lagoa Santa, Brazil).

Ch{aradrius] cayanus LicHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 20 (Cayenne).

Hoplopterus cayanus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Grallee, 1844, 65.—HArTLAUB,
Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 24.—RericHEenBacu, Grallatores, 1851, pl. 99, fig.
701.—Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 68 (Rio Ulua, Honduras).—
ScuaTer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 228 (Honduras); Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond.,
1860, 290 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); 1866, 199 (lower Rio Ucayali, e. Peru);
1867, 591 (s. bank of Rio Amazon), 979 (Pebas, e. Peru); 1873, 309 (lower
Rio Ucayali, Santa Cruz, and Pebas, e. Peru).—Scuiarer, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1860, 290 (Babahoyo); 1861, 46 (Falkland Islands).—ABport, Ibis,
1861, 155 (Falkland Islands).—PrLzeLn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 296, 454 (Ytarare;
Rio Parand; Goiaz; Cuyaba; Barra do Rio Negro).—ZELEpOn, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 113 (Costa Rica).—TaczaANowskI and BERLEPSCH,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 119 (Babahoyo).—Berruerscu, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1887, 125 (Paraguay).—Satvin, Ibis, 1886, 177 (Roraima, Brit.
Guiana).—TaczANowskI, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 335.—ALLENn, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., v, 1898, 149 (Cachoeira and Corumba, Bolivia).—KoENIGsSWwALD,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 394 (Sio Paulo, s. Brazil).—Hrrimayr, Novit. Zool.,
xiv, 1907, 29 (Urucurituba, Brazil); xv, 1908, 101 (Faz. Esperanga, Brazil).

H{oplopterus| cayanus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 542.—CaBanis, in Schom-
burgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 750.

[Hoplopterus] cayanus Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 12, no. 9972.—Sctarer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 142.

Vanellus cayanus ScHueGet, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29 (Charadrii), 1865, 12.—
Sersoum, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xix, 229, figs., pl. 10.

[Hoploxypterus| cayanus BoNarartE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 418.—SHarpr,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 149.—Forses and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1899,
no. 2, 63 (Brit. Guiana; Pard4, Brazil; Rio Huallaga, e. Peru).

Hoploxypterus cayanus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 135 (Roraima
and Ourumi, Brit. Guiana; Sarayacu, e. Ecuador; Pebas, e. Peru; Omega, s.
side Rio Amazon; Corumba, Matto Grosso, w. Brazil; Rio Parana), 732 (lower
Rio Ucayali; Rio de Janeiro).—InERING, Revista Mus. Paulista, ili, 1899,
428 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil); vi, 1904, 343 (Paraguay), 452 (Rio Jurua, Amazonas,
Brazil) —Brrurrscu and Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 129 (Ciudad
Bolivar, etc., Venezuela).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
iii, 1903, 349 (Aloor, Rio Ulua, Honduras; Brit. Guiana; Amazonia; Brazil;
Ecuador).—BrrLEpscH and SToLzMANN, Ornis, xiii, 1906, 102 (Santa Ana,
Peru; measurements; crit.)—Haa@mann, Zool. Jahrb., 1907, 44 (Mexiana
Island).—SNETHLAGE, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 23 (Rio Purts, w. Brazil), 516
(Goyana, Tapajdés, Brazil), 538 (Arumatheua, Tocantins, Brazil); Boll. Mus.
Goeldi, v, 1908, 68 (Rio Purtis).—Beruxrrscn, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 304
(Cayenne).—Retspr, Denkw. Mat.-Nat. Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1910, 93
(Joazeiro, etc.,n.e. Brazil)—Berrront, Fauna Parag., 1914, 38 (Alta Parana).

Hoplopterus cayannus ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 30.

[Charadrius] spinosus (not of Linnzeus) GmMetrn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 691
(Cayenne; based on Pluvier armé de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., ix, pl.
833; Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., viii, 102).

Charadrius spinosus MAXIMILIAN, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1833, 764 (Rio Bel-
monte, Brazil).

Hoplopterus spinosus Gor.pt, Ibis, 1903, 500 (Rio Capim, n. e. Brazil).

Charadrius stolatus WaGuER, Syst. Av., 1827, Charadrius, sp. 12 (Paraguay;
Brazil; Cayenne).

G2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Genus SQUATAROLA Cuvier.

Squatarola Cuvier, Régne Animal, i, 1817, 467. (Type, by tautonymy, Tringa
squatarola Linnzeus.)

Large Charadriide (wing 178-199 mm.) with a minute hallux,
large, stout bill, and spotted upper parts, the under parts largely
uniform black in summer adults.

Bill shorter than head, very stout, its depth at gonydeal angle equal
to more than one-fifth the length of exposed culmen, the broad nasal
fossa occupying about basal half of maxilla, the distal half of culmen
rather strongly convex, the gonys faintly convex, with basal angle
prominent. Wing long and very pointed, the longest primary
(outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by much more than half the
length of wing and extending greatly beyond tips of longest ter-
tials. Tail decidedly more than one-third as long as wing (nearly
as long as from bend to tip of distal secondaries), truncate, but mid-
dle pair of rectrices slightly longest. Tarsus nearly one-fourth as
long as wing, slender, covered all round with smali hexagonal scales,
these somewhat larger in front; middle toe, without claw, between half
and two-thirds as long as tarsus, the lateral toes much shorter, the
outer slightly longer than the inner one; hallux present but minute
(almost vestigial), with claw stout and straight; a well-developed
web between basal phalanges of outer and middle toes, and a distinct
though much smaller one between inner and middle toes; bare
portion of tibia shorter than middle toe or culmen.

Coloration.— Adults spotted above with white and dusky, in sum-
mer with forehead, sides of head, and posterior under parts immacu-
late white, the remaining under parts uniform black.

Range.—Circumpolar regions, south in winter to Brazil, Peru,
South Africa, Australia, Philippines, etc. (Monotypic.)

SQUATAROLA SQUATAROLA (Linnzus).

BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Upper parts pale gray or
erayish white, the forehead, superciliary region, and sides of neck
nearly pure white and unspotted, the back, scapulars, and wing-
coverts with irregular transverse spots of brownish black (this some-
times predominating), the rump often with irregular transverse spots
or bars of the same; primaries dusky, their shafts white for middle
portion, the proximal quills frequently with a more or less distinct
longitudinal mark or narrow stripe of white on outer webs; tail
white, narrowly and irregularly barred with blaekish; loral, subor-
bital, auricular and malar regions, chin, throat, foreneck and under
parts as far as lower abdomen, uniform black, with a faint bronzy or
coppery gloss; lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. uo

immaculate white; axillars sooty blackish; bill black; iris dark
brown; legs and feet dull black or grayish black.

Winter plumage.—Sides of head and under parts white, the former
more or less streaked with dusky, the foreneck and chest shaded with
brownish gray and slightly streaked or mottled with dusky; upper
parts without black spotting, the general color being brownish gray
or grayish brown, broken by whitish margins and darker grayish
submargins to the feathers; otherwise, essentially as in summer.

Young.—Similar to winter adults but upper parts more or less dis-
tinctly speckled with light buff-yellowish.

Downy young.—Above olive-yellowish marbled with blackish, the
hindneck white; a blackish line along sides of crown, another across
lores, from bill to eye, and a less distinct, somewhat curved line of
black beneath eye; underparts white.

Adult male-—Wing, 178-199 (189.3); tail, 68-82 (75.4); culmen,
29.5-31.5 (30.4); tarsus, 42-51 (45.3); middle toe, 25.5-29.5 (28.4).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 179-196 (187.5); tail, 69-84 (73.7); cuimen,
27.5-81 (29.5); tarsus, 41.5-48.5 (44.7); middle toe, 26—28 (27.4).%

Breeding in circumpolar regions; in North America from Noatak
River, Point Barrow, etc., Alaska to Boothia and Melville peninsulas;
in migration practically cosmopolitan, though almost wanting from
the whole of Oceania (recorded only as an accidental visitor to
Hawaii); in South America migrating as far as southern Brazil
(Cujutuba; San Sebastiao; Sao Paulo, etc.), Paraguay, Peru (Chim-
bote), and Galapagos Archipelago (Albemarle, Charles, Chatham,
Hood, and Jervis islands); in Eastern Hemisphere migrating south-
ward as far as Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, etc.

[Tringa] squatarola Linnamus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 149 (Sweden); ed. 12, i,

1766, 252.—BrtnnicuH, Orn. Bor., 1768, 52.—Gmeruin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. u1,
1789, 682.—Laruam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 729.—Turrton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806,

411.
a Twelve specimens.
| lees
Locality. Wing. | Tail. os noes male
| =zihh 2
MALES.
Two adult males from France (migrants)....................-. 195 5 30. 2 45.7 27.2
Eight adult males from Altantic coast, United States (migrants)| 186.4 Ta02 30. 6 43.9 | 27.9
Twoadult}males from Alaskay.. . 52.2. ebwis dis eee cess. < 195.5 2 30 50.5 | 29. 5
FEMALES. |
One adult female from England (migrant)..................... 182.5 71 2-5 44.5 | 21. 5
Two adult females from France (migrants)......-.....-------- 193.5 73 29 46. 5 | 27.
One adult female from Russia (lower Petchora River) ......... 189 74 31 48.5 | 28
Two adult females from Greenland (including Franklin Bay). .| 188.5 74.5 29 44.5 27. 2
Four adult femalesfrom Atlantic Coast, United States (migrants)} 187.5 72.7 29.7 43.9 27.2
One adult female from Arctic coast east of Fort Anderson ..... 185 84 31 44 | 28
One adult female from Grenada, Lesser Antilles (migrant) .....| 179 69 30 41.5 26

74 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Tringa squatarola Scorout, Ann. I, 1769, 101; Bemerk. ed. Giinther, 1770, 117.—
BoppaeErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 52 (Pl. Enl., pl. 854).—Vrertitot, Nouv.
Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxv, 1819, 216—Yarret., Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1843,
413.—CHarMAN, Trav. 8S. Africa, 11, 1868, 416.

Charadrius squatarola NaumMANN, V6g. Deutschl., vii, 1834, 249, pl. 178.—
KJAERBOLLING, Naumannia, 1850, 46 (Denmark).—Toxsias, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1853, 214 (Oberlausitz, Germany).—BRrEwER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—Finsou, New Guinea, 1865, 181.—Wezz, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 267 (Okok, Labrador)—Srverrzov, Turkest. Jevotn.,
1873, 69 (migrant).—ZELEDON, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 113 (Costa
Rica).—STeEJNEGER, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 103 (Bering Island,
Sept., Oct.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 126 (Commander Islands), 394
(Liu Kiu Islands).—AmeEricaAN OrnitTHOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check List, 1886,
and 2d ed., 1895, no. 270.—EvEerMann, Auk, ili, 1886, 92 (Ventura Co., Cali-
fornia).—Seton, Auk, iii, 1886, 152 (w. Manitoba).—Smiru, Auk, iii, 1886,
285 (Colorado).—TuRNER, Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 149 (St. Michaels;
Aleutian Islands).—NeEtson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 122 (Sitka,
Yukon Valley, etc.; habits)—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 227 (West Indian local-
ities and references); Birds West Ind., 1889, 227; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892,
94.—Srennett, Auk, v, 1888, 110 (Corpus Christi, Texas, May 12, July 1).—
WarREN, Birds Penn., 2d ed., 1890, 97.—CuarkeE (W. E.), Auk. vii, 1890,
321 (Fort Churchill, Keewatin).—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii,
1890, 506 (Manitoba).—MacrarRLane, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 429

- (Franklin Bay, breeding).—GATKE, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891,486.—NortHrop,
Auk, vii, 1891, 76 (Andros Island, Bahamas).—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1891, 259 (Sitka; Aleutian Islands)—Scorr, Auk, ix, 1892, 14 (Jamaica).—
Mackay, Auk, ix, 1892, 143-152 (migrations, habits, etc., in Massachu-
setts); x, 1893, 79 (Prince Edward Island).—AntHony, Auk, ix, 1892, 360
(s. w. New Mexico, March).—ReicHeNow, Jahrb. Hamb. Wissench.,
1893, 6 (Zanzibar); Vég. Deutsch Ost-Afrika, 1894, 33——Harrert, Ibis,
1893, 307 (Aruba); Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 307 (Aruba).—Etuior, N. Am.
Shore Birds, 1895, 167, pl. 53 —Hernswaw, Auk, xviii, 1901, 302 (near
Kaalwahu, Kau coast, Hawaii, Oct.); Birds Hawaiian Is., 1902, 87 (coast
of Kau).—Reiser, Denkw. Mat.-Nat. Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss: Wien, 1910, 94
(coast of Piauhy, n. e. Brazil, Sept. 19).

C{haradrius| squatarola Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 173.

Charadrius (Squatarola) squatarola MippENvorrr, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 209,
pl. 19, fig. 1 (egg).

Squatarola squatarola Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 467.—LrEsson, Man.
d’Orn., ii, 1828, 308.—Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 246.—
Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xix, 1896,626 (Albemarle Island, Galapagos).—
AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNIoN Commitrer, Auk, xiv, 1897, 126; Check
List, 3d ed., 1910, 126.—Roruscuitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899,
187 (Albemarle and Charles islands, Galapagos); ix, 1902, 418 (Galapagos
in migration).—Harrert, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 9 (Ruk Island, centr.
Carolines); viii, 1901, 306 (Canary Islands)—Harrerr and Grant, Novit.
Zool., xii, 1905, 103 (San Miguel and Ribeira Grande, Azores).—CLARK
(A. H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905, 248 (Barbados; Carriacou).—
Becx, Condor, ix, 1907, 109, in text (Clipperton Island, Nov.).—CarrikER,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 416 (mouth of Rio Matina, Costa Rica).—
Martuews, Birds Australia, iii, 1913, pl. [132]—Wermorg, Bull. 326, U.S.
Dept. Agric., 1916, 40 (Porto Rico, rare migrant).

S[quatarola] squatarola RorascHitp and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 204
(Galapagos).—CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 416, footnote (Lepanto,
Costa Rica).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 15

Pluvialis squatarola Maccituivray, Man. Brit. Orn., li, 1842, 48; Brit. Birds,
iv, 1852, 86.

Vanellus squatarolus D’Orsiany, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839,
242.—ScHLEGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, 84; Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 217; Dier.
Nederl. Vog., 1861, pl. 21, figs. 11-12a.—TrmmMinck and ScuieceL, Fauna
Japonica, Aves, 1845-50, 106.—Gunp.acn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 278 (Cuba).

Vanellus squatarola SpERuING, Ibis, 1864, 286 (Mediterranean).

[ Tringa] helvetica Liynawus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 250 (Switzerland; based
on Vanellus helveticus Bisson Om v. 1760, 106, pl. 10, fig. 1).—ForstER,
Philos. Trans., xii, 1772, 412 (Albany Fort, Hudson Bay).—Gme in, Syst.
Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 676.—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 728.—Turron, Syst.
Nat., i, 1806, 407.

Tringa helvetica Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 52 (Pl. Enl., pl. 853) —Tem-
MINOK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 172.

Vanellus helveticus Vrr1ttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxv, 1819, 215; Tabl.
Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1077.—Rovx, Orn. Provence, "1825, nie sli —W RIGHT,
Ibis, 1864, 142 (Malta, spring and Sutemny

C[liaradritis) aUevittoa Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 383 (Illinois).

Chlaradrius| helveticus Licurenstetn, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 70.

Charadrius helveticus BoNAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 103;
Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [186]; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., li, 1828,
298.—NvtrTatt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can Water Birds, 1834, 26.—AuDUBON,
Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 280, pl. 334; Synopsis, 1839, 221; Birds Am., 8vo ed.,
v, 1842, 199, pl. 315.—Praxsopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 361.—Pratren,
Trans. Illinois Agric. Soc., 1855, 607 (Illinois).—Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst.,
i, 1856, 216.—Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 294 (Franklin Co.,
Indiana).—NorpMann, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 311 (Kajana, below lat. 64° N.).--
Wiis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 284 (Nova Scotia).—
Buianp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—
BREWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—Co Lier, Overs.
Christiania Omegns Orn. Faun., 1864, 179.—Srnsoum, Ibis, 1882, 222
(Astrakhan), 380 (Archangel, Russia, migrant; Kanin Peninsula, breeding);
1883, 28 (Caucasus); 1888, 347 (Great Liakoff Island, Siberia, June); Hist.
Brit. Birds, ii, 1885, 44; Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1888, pp. xvi, 102-104,
figs.; Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 304.—Tristram, Fauna and Flora Pales-
tine, 1884, 129.—Ramsay, Tab. List Austral. Birds, 1888, 19 (Richmond and
Clarence rivers; Victoria; South Australia; West Australia; Tasmania).—
WHITEHEAD, Ibis, 1890, 59 (Palawan, Oct.)—CAmpBELL, Ibis, 1892, 246
(Korea).

Squatarola helvetica BrenM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 554.—BoNnaparrte, Geog. and
Somp. List, 1838, 46.—Srtys-Lonecuames, Faune Belge, 1842, 121.—MwtHp,
Beitr. Orn. Griechenl., 1844,95.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844,
62; Cat. Mam., etc. Nepal pres. Hodgson, 1846, 131; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1860, 363 (East Gilolo); List Brit. Birds, 1863, 138.—Gossn, Birds Jamaica,
1847, 333.—Govutp, Birds Australia, vi, 1848, pl. 12 and text; Introd., p. 97;
Handb. Birds Australia, ii, 1865, 224; Birds Great Brit., iv, 1872, pls. 36, 37,
and text.—JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 88 (Bermudas, autumn); 1850, 8
(Bermudas, Sept.).—SrrickLanp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850, 220 (Kordo-
fan).—SrricKLAND and Scuarer, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1852, 158 (Damara-
land, w. Africa).—KsAERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1852, pl. 30, fig. 3.—Harr-
LAuB, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 215 (w. Africa); 1855, 361 (Gold Coast); 1858, 450
(Macao); 1861, 268 (Senegal); Orn. West-Afrika, 1857, 213, 275 (Ashanti);
Faun. Madagasc., 1861, 72; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 827 (Zanzibar).—
Remuarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 440 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 9 (Green-

76

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

land); Vid. Medd. naturhist. Forh. Kjobenhavn, 1874, nos. 12-16, 5 (Green-
land).—WalLEs, Rep. Agric. and Geol. Miss., 1854, 321.—CaBanis, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1856, 423 (Cuba).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1857, 39
(Muni River, w. Africa); 1858, 195 (Japan); 1860, 195 (Darien); in Baird,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 697.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
no. 510; Ibis, 1867, 286.—Marrens, Journ. ftir Orn., 1859, 218 (Ber-
mudas).—BryYant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 121 (Bahamas).—
ScHRENCK, Reise Amurl., 1859, 409.—LinpERMAyYER, Vég. Griechenl.,
1860, 133.—SwinnHog, Ibis, 1860, 63 (Amoy); 1861, 51 (Canton), 342 (Pekin);
1863, 404 (Formosa); 1870, 360 (Hainan); 1875, 452 (Hakodate, Japan); Proc.
Zool. Soc., 1863, 309 (China); 1871, 403 (Chinese coast).—Powys, Ibis, 1860,
339 (Corfu; Epirus).—Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 398; Ibis,
1860, 201 (Mauritius); 1867, 359 (Seychelles), pl. 39, fig. 2 (egg).—BARNARD,
An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 438 (Chester Co., Pennsylvania).—
ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 55 (Bahamas); 1862, 205 (Jamaica).—
GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 88 (Cuba; crit.); 1875, 332 (Cuba); 1878,
162, 188 (Porto Rico); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 358; Orn. Cubana,
1876, 180 (Cuba; Jamaica; Barbados); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878,
380 (Porto Rico).—BoarpMan, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 128 (Maine).—
VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iti, 1862, 157 (Oxford Co., Maine).—Rappg,
Reis. Sibir., Vég., 1863, 322.—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 130 (Hudson Bay).—
SUNDEVALL, Svensk. Fogl., 1856-72, pl. 36, fig. 4.—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1864, 66 (Jamaica).—Sciatrer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 178
(near City of Mexico).—Jerpon, Birds India, iii, 1864, 635.—SPERLING,
Ibis, 1864, 286 (Mediterranean, winter); 1868, 291 (Zanzibar).—NorpDMANN,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 372 (Lapland).—Satvaport, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865,
284 (Sardinia); Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871, 202; Ucc. Borneo, 1874, 313; Ann.
Mus. Genova, x, 1877, 163 (Amberbaki); Orn. Papuasia, ili, 1882, 293; Elenc.
Ucc. Ital., 1886, 209; Age. Orn. Papuasia, iii, 1891, 200.—Saxvin, Ibis, 1865,
190 (Guatemala); 1866, 196 (Guatemala).—GuRrnEy, Ibis, 1865, 271 (Monocusi
River, Natal).—McItwrarrn, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 92 (Hamilton,
Ontario).—Dresserr, Ibis, 1866, 34 (s. Texas); Birds Europe, vii, 1871, 455,
pls. 515) fig. 2.517, fig. 2; 518; fig. 2; App.,-1876,,465, pl. 519; fig. 1:—
LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 295 (vicinity New York City); ix,
1869, 210 (Merida, Yucatan); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 307 (Mazatlan,
Sinaloa); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 46 (San Mateo, Oaxaca); Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 197 (St. Vincent, autumn).—Layarp, Birds South
Africa, 1867, 295; Ibis, 1872, 105 (Negros, Philippines, March).—Locue,
Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 260.—Granpinier, Rev. et Mag. de Zool.,
1867, 419 (e. coast Madagascar).—Drake, Ibis, 1867, 429 (Morocco).—TRris-
TRAM, Ibis, 1868, 322 (Palestine)—Smrru, Ibis, 1868, 453 (Portugal).—
Coves, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 121 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex
Inst., v, 1868, 291; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 29 (Fort Macon, North
Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 395; 2d ed., 1882, no. 580; Birds Northwest,
1874, 448.—Cotterr, Norges Fugle, 1868, 48.—Saunpers, Ibis, 1869, 173
(Spain); 1871, 386 (Malaga, May); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, ii, 1883, 278;
Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 535.—Da.i and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac.
Sci., i, 18699 290 (Yukon Valley, breeding).—PrLzeLn, Orn. Bras., 1870,
296 (crit., in footnote), 454 (Cujutuba).—Etwes and Buckx.ey, Ibis, 1870,
330 (Turkey).—Fritscu, Vég. Eur., 1870, pl. 38, figs. 7, 8—Hanrtina, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 117 (Arctic America); Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 43.—
WaLpEN and Layarp, Ibis, 1872, 105 (Negros, Philippines, March).—
FrempENn, Zoologist, 1872, 3245 (Faroé Islands).—TaczanowskI, Journ. fir
Orn., 1872, 101 (e. Siberia, May-Sept.); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876, 249

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. AY

(e. Siberia); ii, 1877, 155 (Poland); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 330 (Chim-
bote, Peru); 1888, 456 (Seoul, Korea); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 338.—
SHELLEY, Birds Egypt, 1872, 236.—A.ston and Harvir-Browny, Ibis, 1873,
67 (Archangel, Russia, June).—Brookg, Ibis, 1873, 337 (Sardinia, winter).—
WaLpeEN, Ibis, 1874, 146 (South Andaman Islands).—Hume, Stray Feath.,
li, 1874,287 (Andamans. )—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1874, 398 (North Frisian Islands).—
Danrorpd and Harvisn-Brown, Ibis, 1875, 410 (Transylvania).—Biytu
and WaLpEN, Birds Burma, 1875, 153 (Arakan; Tonghoo).—WatpeEn, Trans.
Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1875, 226 (Philippines).—Irpy, Orn. Straits Gibralt.,
1875, 159.—Humy, Stray Feath., iv, 1876, 11 (Karachi).—Scutty, Stray Feath.,
iv, 1876, 184 (Kashgar).—Lracr, Stray Feath., iv, 1876, 245 (Ceylon); Birds
Ceylon, ili, 1880, 929.—F arrBanks, Stray Feath., iv, 1876, 262 (Deccan).—
SrEBouM and Harvir-Brown, Ibis, 1876, 222, pl. 5 (lower Petchora, Russia;
habits; crit.; descr. nest and eggs; eggs fig’d.).—BLanrorp, Hast. Persia, i,
1876, 278 (Gwendar, Baluchistan).—Davin and Oustauer, Ois. Chine, 1877,
424.—SwHarpe Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xiii, 1877, 320 (Yule Island); Ibis,
1879, 270 (Moara Island, n. w. Borneo); 1890, 141, 284 (Labuan); 1891, 113 (Fao,
Sept., Oct.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 800 (Borneo); ed. Layard’s
Birds S. Africa, 1884, 658; Sci. Res. 2nd. Yarkand Miss., Aves, 1891, 136
(Kashgar, Noy.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 182, 737.—Retn, Zoologist,
1877, 474 (Bermudas, autumn); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 228 (Bermu-
das, several records); Ibis, 1885, 253 (Morocco, winter).—Srreets, Bull. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., no. 7, 1877, 16 (San Geronimo Island, Lower California).—Ovusta-
LET, Bull. Soc. Philom., 1878, 181 (Seychelles).—Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S. W., iii, 1878, 297 (Port Moresby, Australia); iv, 1879, 101 (South Cape;
Duke of York Island; Solomon Islands).—BLAxkIsTon and Prykrr, Ibis, 1878,
219 (Yezo, Japan); Birds Japan, 1882, 108.—Boapanow, Birds Caucas., 1879,
151.—Fivscu, Verh. z.-b. ges. Wien, xxix, 1879, 243 (Omsk, Siberia).—May-
NARD, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 357.—Gretrott, Icon. Avif. Ital., fase. vii, 1880;
Avif. Ital., 1886, 370; lst Resoc., 1889, 567; 2d Resoc., 1890, 651; 3d Resoc.,
1891, 516; Mem. R. Ac. Torino, xxxix, 1888, 114 (Olga Bay), 139 (Korea).—
« Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ili, 1880, 198 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 513);
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, 43.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 114.—Lraae,
Proc. Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1892, 30 (Tasmania).—Bocaaer, Orn. Angola,
1881, 429.—ZetEpON, Cat. Aves Costa Rica, 1882, 30.—BritrisH OrNITHOLO-
cists’ Unton, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 158.—Srrarns, Proc. U. 8. Nat.Mus.,
vi, 1883, 118 (Labrador, spring and autumn).—Oares, Handb. Brit. Burma,
i, 1883, 365.—Netson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 84 (shores of Bering
Sea to Point Barrow).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rmeaway, Water Birds N.
Am., i, 1884, 132.—Buaxiston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 11.—
McLeneGcan, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1882 (1884), 119 (Kowak River, Alaska;
habits); Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 78 (Noatak River, Alaska, breeding).—
Rappeg, Orn. Caucas., 1884, 43, 414.—Murray, Vertebr. Fauna Sind, 1884,
224.—Murpocr, Rep. Exped. Point Barrow, 1885, 109.—Wetts, List Birds
Grenada, 1886, 7.—Brruerscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 133 (Paraguay); Novit.
Zool., xv, 1908, 305 (Cayenne).—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 186 (w. Texas).—
Giauiont and Satvaport, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, 555 (Olga Bay and
Gensan, Korea, Sept., Aug.)—Buckitey and Harvisr-Brown, Vertebr.
Fauna Outer Hebrides, 1888, 124; Vertebr. Fauna Orkney Is., 1891, 202;
Vertebr. Fauna Argyll and Inner Hebrides, 1892, 164.—F ripen, Ibis, 1889,
490 (Barbados; habits).—Srrere, List Birds and Mam. Exped. Philippines,
1890, 25 (Siquijor).—Hacrrup, Birds Greenland, 1891, 56.—PoynrtinG, Eggs
srit. Birds, pt. iv, 1896, 55, pls. 13, 14.—Bonuore, Ibis, 1903, 300 (Andros and
Green Cay islands, Bahamas).—Satvin and GopMman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,

8

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Aves, ili, 1903, 350 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Valley of Mexico; San Mateo, Oaxaca;
Merida, Yucatan; Chiapam, Guatemala).—InEriING, Revista Mus. Paulista,
vi, 1904, 361 (San Sebastiao, Sao Paulo, s. Brazil).—Grirrorp, Proc. Calif.
Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii, 1913, 53 (Albemarle, Charles, Chatham, Hood, and Jervis
islands, Galapagos).

S[quatarola] helvetica Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 543.—GamBet, Journ. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1849, 220 (coast California)—NrwtTon (A. and E.),
Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 115.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 598.

Sq[uatarola] helvetica Knyseruine and Brasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. lxx, 207.

[Squatarola] helvetica GuNpbiLacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 342 (Cuba).—Gray,
Hand-list, iii, 1871, 13, no. 9980.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 243.—
SciaTer and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 142.—Cory, List Birds West
Ind., 1885 (and revised ed., 1886), 25.—SHarpPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 152.—
Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 65 (Melville
Peninsula and Iglovlik, Arctic America; Labrador; Mexico; Chile; etc.).

Charadrius (Squatarola) helveticus Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i, 1876,
187; 11, 1877, 197; Tab. List Austral. Birds, 1888, 19.

[Tringa] varia Linnzus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 252 (Europe; based on
Vanellus varius Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 193, pl. 9, fig. 2).—Gmeuin, Syst.
Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 682.

[Squatarola] varia Bors, Isis, 1822, 558.—BreuM, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 553;
Vogelf., 1855, 284.—Ltuper, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 301 (Stralsund).—
GuRNEY, in Andersson’s Birds Damara-Land, 1872, 270.—Harttaus, Vog.
Madagasc., 1877, 286.

Pluvialis varius SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865, 53.—DEGLAND
and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 127.—ScHLEGEL and PoLuEeN, Faune Mada-
gasc., Ois., 1868, 416.—Hancock, Bird Northumb. and Durham, 1874, 97.—
RoseNBERG, Malay Archipelago, 1878-79, 278 (Celebes).

Charadrius. varius Finsca and Hartiaus, Vog. Ost-Afrika, 1870, 644.—HEUGLIN,
Orn. N. O.-Afrika, ii, pt. i, 1873, 1012, App., p. clxxx.—MILNE-EDWarpbs
and GRANpDIpIER, Hist. Nat. Madagasc., Ois., 1882, 506.

Charadrius hypomelus Pautas, Reis. Russ. Reichs, iti, 1776, 699 (from Lesnaja
River, near mouth of the Ob, to the Arctic Ocean).

Squatarola squatarola hypomelus MatHews, Birds Australia, iu, pt. 1, April 2,
1913, 69 (Siberia to Australia and Tasmania).—THAYER and Banas, Proc.
New Engl. Zool. Club, v, April 9, 1914, 22 (Nijni Kolymsk, e. Siberia; crit.).

Charadrius hypomelanus Pautuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i, 1826, 138, ‘“‘tab. 59.”

[Charadrius] nexvius GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789 692 (based on Beseke, Schr.
berl. naturf. Ges., vii, p. 464).

[Charadrius squatarola] 8 Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 729 (based on Tringa
varia Linneeus).

Vanellus melanogaster BrecusteIn, Naturg. Deutschl., iv, 1809, 356 (northern
Europe, Asia, and America).—TrmMinck, Man. d’Orn., i, 1820, 547; iv, 1840,
359.—WERNER, Atlas, Coureurs, 1827, pl. 15.—Swarnson and RicHaRDSON,
Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 370.—HoxBo6.t, Naturhist-Tidsskr., iv, 1843, 406
(Greenland); Orn. Beitr. Faun. Groenl., 1846, 37.—Fation, Ois. Belg.,
1875, 153.

Squatarola melanogaster MALHERBE, Faun. Orn. Sicil., 1840, 166.

Charadrius pardela Pattas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 142 (substitute name for
Tringa varia Linneeus).

Charadrius apricarius (not of Linneeus) Wimson, Am. Orn., vii, 1814, 41, pl. 57,
fig. 4.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 79

Squatarola grisea Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., 1816, 29 (nomen nudum; Bristol,
England).—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 543.

Vanellus griseus JENYNS, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 131.—Bo te, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1855, 176 (Canary Islands).

S[quatarola] cinerea Ftemine, Hist. Brit. Anim., 1828,111 (new name for Tringa
squatarola Linnzeus).

Squatarola cinerea Goutp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 290 and text.—THompson,
Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 106.—Turnsutt, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 38
(Phila. ed., 29).—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotl., 1871, 262.—Saxsy, Birds
Shetland, 1884, 187.

Squatarola helvetica australis ReicHeENBACH, Grall. Novit., 1852, pl. 178, figs.
2683, 2684.

Squatarola australis OLpHE-GALLIARD, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ., fase. xiii,
1890, 6.

. [Squatarola] wilsoni LicutensteIn, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 95 (nomen
nudum). ,

Squatarola longirostris Bream (A. E.), Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 79 (nomen nudum;
Menzaleh Lake, n. e. Africa).

Squatarola megarhynchos BreuM, Vogelf., 1855, 284 (n. e. and s. e. Europe; Egypt).

[Squatarola] rhynchomega Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 416 (Abyssinia).

[Squatarola] subtridactyla Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 13, no. 9981 (ex Hasselquist).

Charadrius megalorhynchus REICHENOW, Journ. fiir Orn., 1877, 11 (Loango).

Squatarola squatarola cynosure THAYER and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club;
v, April 9, 1914, 23, in text (Baillie Island, Arctic America; coll. Mus. Comp.
Zool.).—Brooxs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 377 (Arctic coast
Alaska, breeding).

Genus PLUVIALIS Brisson.

Pluvialis Brisson, Orn., v. 1760, 42. (Type, by tautonymy, Charadrius pluvialis
Linneus=C. apricarius Linnzeus.)

Rather large Charadriide (wing 147-189 mm.) resembling Squa-
tarola but without trace of hallux, with bill much smaller and more
slender, and upper parts spotted with yellow.

Bill much shorter than head, slender, its depth at gonydeal angle
equal to about one-fifth the length of culmen; culmen about as long as
middle toe without claw or decidedly shorter, the distal portion
decidedly convex; broad nasal fossa extending for more than basal
half of maxilla; gonys nearly straight, with distinct though not
prominent basal angle. Wing long and very pointed, the longest
primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by much more
than half the length of folded wing and extending much beyond tips
of longest tertials. Tail shorter than distance from bend of wing to
tips of distal secondaries, truncated. Tarsus nearly one-fourth
as long as wing, slender, covered all round with small hexagonal
scales, these larger in front; middle toe, without claw, decidedly
more than half as long as tarsus, the lateral toes much shorter, the
inner one decidedly shorter than’ the outer; hallux wanting; a small

80 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

but distinct web between basal phalanges of outer and middle toes
and a much smaller one between inner and middle toes.

Coloration.—Upper parts speckled or dotted with yellowish on a
dusky ground; summer adults with sides of head and most of under
parts uniform black, the forehead, superciliary region, sides of neck,
and sides of chest white.

Range.—Northern portion of northern hemisphere, south in winter
to Chile, Argentina, Australia, ete. (Two species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PLUVIALIS.

a. Axillars and under wing-coverts white. (Europe and western Asia, south in winter
to northern Africa, northern India, etc.; casual in Greenland.) ........-.-....--
Pluvialis apricarius (p. 80).

aa. Axillars and under wing-coverts brownish gray. <{Pluvialis dominicus.)
6b. Wings and tail averaging decidedly longer, bill, tarsi and toes slightly shorter;
upper parts with less conspicuous yellow spotting, especially in winter plumage
and young; adult male averaging: Wing, 176.4; tail, 67.9; culmen, 22.2; tarsus.
41.9; middle toe, 22.9; adult female, wing 180.8, tail 66, culmen 22.5, tarsus 43,
middle toe, 23.9. (Arctic coast of North America, south in winter to southern
Sout America): kxshis Pa ee: Pluvialis dominicus dominicus (p. 83).
bb. Wings and tail averaging decidedly shorter, bill, tarsi and toes averaging slightly
longer; upper parts more conspicuously spotted with yellow, especially in
winter plumage and young; adult male averaging: Wing, 165.9; tail, 63.6;
culmen, 23.4; tarsus, 42.9; middle toe, 23.1; adult female, wing 167.2, tail
62.5, culmen 23.2, tarsus, 43.3, middle toe 24.1. (Northeastern Siberia and
Alaskan coast of Bering Sea, south in winter to Hawaiian Islands and other
islands throughout Pacific Ocean to New Zealand, Australia, etc.)...-.-...--
Pluvialis dominicus fulvus (p. 88).

PLUVIALIS APRICARIUS (Linnzus).

GOLDEN PLOVER.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Upper parts dusky,
speckled with bright ochre-yellow, this on scapulars and larger wing-
coverts assuming the form of bars extending notch-like from margins
of outer webs toward shafts; anterior lesser coverts deep grayish
brown, with yellowish markings less distinct; alula, primary coverts,
and primaries dusky, narrowly margined at tips with whitish; tail
grayish brown, barred with pale yellow and pale grayish brown, the
lateral rectrices with the pale bars becoming whitish externally;
sides of head (including whole of loral and auricular regions), chin,
throat, foreneck, chest, breast and abdomen uniform dull black,
broadly margined laterally by white from (and including) forehead
and superciliary region down sides of neck to sides of chest; under
tail-coverts white, spotted or otherwise marked with black toward
anal region; axillars immaculate white; under wing-coverts white,
spotted with grayish brown toward edge of wing; bill black; iris dark
brown; legs and feet grayish black.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 81

Winter plumage.—Without any black on sides of head or under
parts, which are white on throat and abdomen, elsewhere pale grayish
brown, streaked on chest, ete., with darker; upper parts less con-
spicuously speckled with yellow.

Young.—Similar to winter adults but upper parts more con-
spicuously speckled with yellow, the chest and adjacent parts strongly
tinged or suffused with buffy yellow.

Downy young.—Upper parts dull buffy yellow (naples yellow or
mustard yellow), irregularly mottled or marbled with black; forehead
and superciliary region dull buffy yellow to pale yellowish buff, the
former with an irregular median streak or series of spots, the latter
with irregular markings of black or brownish black, the lores also
with a central irregular streak or spot of the same; suborbital and
malar regions and under parts dull white, the malar region with a
rictal or post-rictal spot or streak, and on subauricular portion
irregular markings of black.

Adult male-——Wing, 171-189 (180.5); tail, 69-83 (74.4); culmen,
21-24.5 (22.5); tarsus, 37-43 (40.5); middle toe, 24-26.5 (25.1).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 180-181 (180.2); tail, 70.5-72.5 (71.7);
culmen, 22-23 (22.4); tarsus, 38-41 (39.5); middle toe, 23.5-26
(24.7).° :

Europe and Asia; breeding from British Islands Gncluding Shet-
lands) and central Europe to Iceland and Arctic coast of Europe and
Asia as far eastward as valley of Yenesei River, Siberia; migrating
southward to northern Africa (occasionally to southern Africa) and
India; occasional or casual in southern Greenland (several records).

[Charadrius] apricarius Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 150, part (Oeland
Island, Sweden; ex Fauna Suecica, 156; etc.); ed. 12,1, 1766, 254.—Brtnnicu,
Orn. Bor., 1764, 56.—Gme in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 687.—Laruam, Index
Orn., ii, 1790, 742, part—Turrton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 415..—Gray, Hand-
list, iii, 1871, 13, no. 9982.

Charadrius apricarius FaBricius, Faun. Groenl., 1780, 114.—Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-
Asiat., ii, 1826, 146.—Breum, Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 541, pl. 27, fig. 3 Hom,
Naturhist. Tidsskr., 2d ser., ii, 1848, 485 (Faroé Islands).—KsarrBOLune,
Danm. Fugle, 1852, pl. 30, fig. 6—SunpEvatt, Svensk. Fogl., 1856-72, pl.
36, figs. 2, 3—Hxrveun, Ibis, 1872, 62 (Novaya Zemlya; Yugorsky Strait
and Waigats, n. Russia), 118 (Arctic Europe); Orn. N. Ost-Afrika, 1, pt.
1, 1873, 1014 (Nile delta, in winter).—Patmg&n, Finlands Foglar, 1873, 91.—
ReimnuArpt, Vid. Medd. Férh. Kjobenhayn, 1874, nos. 12-1@, 3 (Greenland);
1881, 184 (Greenland).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am.,
1, 1884, 188.—AmeERICcCAN OrNiITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d

‘ ed., 1895, no. 271; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 127.—CHAMBERLAIN (M.), Auk, vi, 1889,
217 (s. Greenland, several records).—Frivautpsky, Av. Hung., 1891, 121.
Clharadrius| apricarius Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 173.

a leven specimens. b Four specimens.
40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——7

82 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Pluvialis apricarius Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 543.—Bonaparte, Cat. Met.
Ucc. Eur., 1842, 57; Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 417.—ScuirGcet, Mus. Pays-
Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865, 49—DreLtaNnp and GEerRsBeE, Orn. Eur., ii,
1867, 123.—Locue, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 262.—Frirscu, Vég.
Eur., 1870, pl. 37, figs. 1, 2.

Charadrius apicarius Exot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 168, pl. 54.

| Charadrius| pluvialis Linnamus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 151 (Sweden); ed. 12,
i, 1766, 254.—Briinnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 57.—Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii,
1789, 688.—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 740, part—Turron, Syst. Nat.,
i, 1806, 415.—Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 152.—Forses and Rosrinson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 65.

Charadrius pluvialis Virtmiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1818, 131, pl. 34,
fig. 3.—Tremmincr, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1820, 535.—Rovux, Orn. Provence, 1825,
pis. 271, 272.—WerneER, Atlas, Cursores, 1827, p!.10.—Breum, Vég. Deutschl.,
1831, 543.—GouLp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 294 and text; Birds Great
Brit., iv, 1864, pls. 38, 39, and text.—BoNnapartTE, Geog. and Comp. List,
1838, 45.—Srriys-Lonecuamps, Faune Belge, 1842, 121.—YarReELL, Brit.
Birds, ii, 1843, 385; 2d ed., 11, 1845, 447; 3d ed., 1856, 476 —Scuurce., Rev.
Crit., 1844, p. Ixxxi; Dier. Nederl. Vog., 1861, pl. 21, figs. 2, 3—Gray, List
Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 66; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 139.—HEwirtson,
Eggs Brit. Birds, 11, 1846, 249, pl. 68, fig. 1.—Tnompson, Birds Ireland, ii, 1850,
83.—Harcourt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 146 (Canary Islands).—
REINHARDT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 440 (Greenland).—Bo..e, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1855, 176 (Canary Islands, winter).—Harritaus, Orn. West-
Afrika, 1857, 215 (Gaboon).—Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 355 (Tunis, Algeria,
Feb., March).—LinpEerRMAYER, V6g. Griechenl., 1860, 134.—Watrer, Ibis,
1860, 166 (Godhavn, Greenland).—NrwrTon, in Baring-Gould’s Iceland,
1863, 411; Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 101.—Tristram, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1864 450 (Palestine, winter); Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884,
129 (Palestine, winter);—Wricut, Ibis, 1864, 140 (Malta, spring and
autumn).—Satvaport, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 284 (Sardinia); Faun. Ital.,
Ucc., 1871, 203; Elenco Ucc. Ital., 1886, 210.—Grexio11, Ibis, 1865, 69
(Pisa, Italy, winter); Avif. Ital., Ist Resoc., 1889, 565; 2d Resoc., 1890, 647;
3d Resoc., 1891, 509.—Litrorp, Ibis, 1866, 178 (Spain); 1889, 339 (Cyprus).—
Batrp, Ibis, 1867, 282 (Iceland).—Draxer, Ibis, 1867, 429 (Tangiers,
Morocco).—Layarp, Birds South Africa, 1867, 296 (Lamu, e. Africa).—Smiru,
Ibis, 1868, 453 (Portugal).—SaunprErs, Ibis, 1869, 173 (Spain); 1871, 386
(s. Spain); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 271; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889,
531.—Fivscw and HarrLaus, Voég. Ostafrika, 1870, 662, footnote.—Gray
(R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 252.—DressEr, Birds Europe, vii, 1871,
435, pl. 515, fig. 1, pl. 518, fig. 1.—Taytor, Ibis, 1872, 232 (Constantinople).—
SHELLEY, Birds Egypt, 1872, 235 (winter).—FEImLpDEN, Zoologist, 1872,
3245 (Firoe Islands, March—Aug.).—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 42.—
Severtzov, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873, 69 (Turkestan, migrant).—SaxBy, Birds
Shetlands, 1874, 157 (breeding).—IrBy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 160; Key
List Brit. Birds, 2d ed., 1892, 47.—F ation, Ois. Belg., 1875, 150.—BLanrorp,
East. Persia, ti, 1876, 278 (Gwadar; Resht, Baluchistan).—SrrBoum and
Harvir-Brown, Ibis, 1876, 221 Gower Petchora River, Russia; habits¢
crit.).—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1879, 152 (banks of Kooray-i-ka and Varéhinsky,
Siberia, June, July; habits); 1882, 222 (Astrakhan), 380 (Archangel, Russia);
1883, 28 (Caucasus); 1892, 22 (Helgoland); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 35;
Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xvi, 97, figs —Co.Ltrerr, Norges Fugle-
fauna, 1881, 106.—Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 583.—BririsH
OrnitHoLoaists’ Unron, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 157.—Rapp#, Orn. Caucas.,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 83

1884, 43, 412.—Murray, Vertebr. Fauna Sind, 1884, 225.—Suanrpe, ed.
Layard’s Birds South Africa, 1884, 657; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 191,
737.—WHITEHEAD, Ibis, 1885, 41 (Corsica).—Drxon, Ibis, 1885, 85 (St.
Kilda).—Retp, Ibis, 1885, 252 (Morocco).—YrErsury, Ibis, 1886, 20 (Aden,
occasional).—Buck ry and Harvir-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebrides,
1888, 141 (resident); Vertebr. Fauna Orkney Is., 1891, 201 (resident); Vertebr.
Fauna Argyll and Inner Hebrides, 1892, 163.—Barnegs, Ibis, 1893, 169, 181
(Aden).—Buaaa, Ibis, 1893, 355 (Shetland Islands; breeding habits).—Prar-
son and Brpwe tt, Ibis, 1894, 233 (Norway, breeding).—Poynrine, Eggs
Brit. Birds, pt. i, 1895, 39, pl. 10.—Prarson, Ibis, 1896, 211 (Russian Lap-
land); 1898, 198 (Dolga Bay, Waigats,.and Cape Greben, n. e. Russia).—
PorHaM, Ibis, 1897, 102 (Yenesei River, Siberia; descr. eggs); 1898, 572
(Yenesei River).—Grant, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 268 (s. Arabia):—Jessr,
Ibis, 1903, 162 (Lucknow, India).

Ch{aradrius] pluvialis Keyseruine and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixx, 208.

Clharadrius| pluvialis HoxBoui, Naturhist. Tidsskr., iv, 1843, 406 (Greenland).—
Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884. 600.

Charadrius aureus MULLER, Syst. Nat., Suppl., 1776, 118 (ex Brisson, Orn., v,
1760, 43).

Pluvialis aurca ScHaerrer, Mus. Orn., 1789, 48.—MacciLiivray, Man. Brit. Orn.,
li, 1842, 49; Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 94.

Charadrius auratus Sucxow, Naturg. der, Thiere, ii, 1801, 1592 (based on C. aprica-
rius Linnzeus, etc.).—Mryer and Wo tr, Taschenb., ii, 1810, 318.—BreuM,
Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 542 —Naumann, Vég. Deutschl., vii, 1834, 138, pl.
173.—ScHLEGEL, Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 211.—Cuiarke (W. B.), Zoologist,
1890 (Jan Mayen Land).

Charadrius altifrons Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 542 (Faroe Islands; Greenland;
Germany).

PLUVIALIS DOMINICUS DOMINICUS (Miiller).

AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER.

Sunilar to P. apricarius, but smaller (except bill and feet) and with
axillars and under wing-coverts brownish gray or grayish brown
instead of white.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Upper parts brownish
black, thickly marked with small roundish and irregular spots of
golden yellow, interspersed with fewer similar markings of grayish
white, the upper tail-coverts barred rather than spotted with yellow;
tail dusky, irregularly barred with grayish-white or pale gray and
yellowish; alula, primary coverts and primaries dusky or blackish,
the last with shafts white in middle portion, the white sometimes
extending to adjacent portion of the webs, especially on proximal
quills; sides of head, including entire loral and auricular regions,
chin, throat, chest, breast, and abdomen uniform black, with a faint
bronzy gloss in certain lights; forehead, superciliary region, sides of
neck and chest, under tail-coverts, and thighs white; axillars and
under wing-coverts brownish gray; bill black; iris dark brown; legs
and feet grayish black.

84 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Winter plumage.—Without black on sides of head or under parts,
which are pale brownish gray, passing into white on under tail-
coverts, the foreneck and chest more or less spotted or mottled with
darker; speckling on upper parts mostly grayish white, the yellow
chiefly confined to rump and upper tail-coverts; no pure white on
forehead, Be beac ney region, or sides of neck; otherwise like summer
plumage.

Young.—Similar to winter adults, but upper parts more generally
and conspicuously spotted with yellow.

Downy young.—Upper parts buffy yellow (colonial buf, more or
less deep), irregularly mottled with black; a band across nape, sides
of head, and under parts dull white, the breast tinged with pale
brownish gray; forehead buffy white with a median streak of black;
a black loral streak and above this a spot of black; a narrow streak
from rictus to beneath auricular region, becoming broader posteriorly.

Adult male.—Wing, 159-183.5 (176.4); tail, 60-75 (67.9); culmen,
20.5-24 (22.2); tarsus, 38.5-45 (41.9); middle toe, 21-24.5 (22.9).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 176-183 (180.8); tail, 64-70 (66); culmen,
22-23.5 (22.5); tarsus, 41-44.5 (48); middle toe, 23-25 (23.9).®

Breeding along or near Arctic coast of North America, from Point
Barrow, northern Alaska, ‘‘to mouth of Mackenzie River, and from
Melville Island, Wellington Channel, and Melville Peninsula south
to northwestern [shores of} Hudson Bay;’’* winters in southern
South America, on open plains of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay (Gran
Chaco; upper Rio Parand), Uruguay (Montevidéo; Bahia Blanca:
Sierra de la Ventura), and Bolivia (Aguairenda; San Francisco);
migrates southward from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, ete., over
Atlantic Ocean via West Indies and Bermuda (a few only going
south by way of the interior), returning northward through the
Mississippi Valley via the continental land area.

a Elven specimens. + Six specimens.
: | Cul- | marcy'c | Middle
Locality. Wing. |) Tail. | en, | Latsus.| "+ Det
MALES.
One adult male from Hudson Bay (Cape Eskimo)............. 177 69 21.'5 38.5 22
Two adult males from Lllinois (migrants)...................... 179. 5 68. 7 22: 7 41.2 23
One adult male from Mackenzie (Fort Simpson)............... 180 72 23 45 23
Seven adult males from northern Alaska (Point Barrow)...... 174.9 67 Zod 42.1 22.9
Twenty-three adult males of P. d. fulvus.......2.... cc. cece eee | 165.9 63. 6 23.4 42.9 23.1
Eleven adult males of P. apricarius. .....-....0c502t. eee ee neces 180. 5 74.4 22.5 40.5 25.1
FEMALES.
Your adult females from Mackenzie (Fort Simpson)...........- 179 66. 4 22. 6 42.4 23.7
‘T'wo adult females from northern Alaska (Point Barrow)...... 184. 5 65. 2 22. 2 44.2 24. 2
Hleven adult females:of Pod. fulyus. wince ocuwececiceisccetaucecs 167. 2 62. 5 23.12 43.3 24.1
Four adult females.of Po apricariue: ct. 2: cd2ccsccn= se ecneeece 180. 2 71.7 22. 4 39. 5 24.7
|

¢ American Ornithologists’ Union Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 127.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 85

[Charadrius] apricarius Linn.xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 150, part (Canada,
cites Edwards, 140); ed. 12,1, 1766, 254, part.—Gmeruin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1,
1789, 687, part.—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 742, part (cites Plwvialis aurea
Sreti hudsonis Brisson).

Charadrius apricarius BONAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 103 (crit.);
Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [186].

Charadrius dominicus MttuER, Syst. Nat., Suppl., 1776, 116 (Santo Domingo;
based on Pluvier doré de S. Domingue Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 48, pl. 6, fig. 1).
—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 241 (Jamaica).—Ripaway, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 9 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 515); Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 515.—Beran, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 164 (Icy Cape, Arctic
coast Alaska, Aug. 25).—Couss, Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 581.—SrearNs,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 119 (Fox Island, Lewis Sound).—NeEtson,
Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 84, part (Arctic coast, Alaska); Rep. N. H.
Coll. Alaska, 1887, 123, part (Fort Reliance, etc.; habits)—Barrp, Brewer,
and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 139.—Murpocu, Rep. Point
Barrow Exped., 1885, 109.—Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, 1885, 246
(Labrador).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check List, 1886, and 2nd
ed., 1895, no. 272.—Seron, Auk, iii, 1886, 152(Manitoba, spring and autumn).—
WELLs, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 627 (Grenada); List Birds Grenada,
1886, 7.—BrckuHam, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 642, 654 (Texas).—
Berwerscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 125 (Paraguay).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887,
227 (West Indian localities and references); Birds West Ind., 1889, 227; Cat.
West Ind. Birds, 1892, 94.—Luioyp, Auk, iv. 1887, 186 (w. Texas).—Scorr,
Auk, vi, 1889, 159 (Punta Rassa, Florida); ix, 1892, 14 (Jamaica), 212 (Florida).
—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 109 (Lower Rio Beni, Bolivia,
Aug.).—FEIDEN, Ibis, 1889, 490 (Barbados; habits).—Sc.tater and Hupson,
Argentine Orn., ii, 1889, 170.—Ciarxke (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 321 (Fort
Churchill, Keewatin).—CuHerrin, Auk, vii, 1890, 332 (Costa Rica); ix, 1892,
329 (Costa Rica, Oct., Nov., Dec.).—WaRrREN, Birds Penn., 2d ed., 1890, 98.
—Tuompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 506 (Manitoba).—Mackay,
Auk, viii, 1891, 17 (Massachusetts); x, 1893, 79 (Massachusetts migration in
1894); xiii, 1896, 80 (migration in 1895); xiv, 1897, 212 (migration in 1896).—
MACFARLANE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 429 (Arctic America).—BeEr-
LEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 399 (Chorillos, Peru);
Ornis, xiii, 1906, 125 (Huaynapata, Peru, Nov. 13), 131 (Puno, Peru, March
27.)—James, New List Chilian Birds, 1892, 11.—Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892,
232 (San Antonio, Texas).—CnApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1892, 96
(Trinidad).—Ettror, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 173, pl. 55.—PoyntineG, Eggs
Brit. Birds, pt. i, 1895, 49, pl. 12.—SuHarper, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv,
1896, 195, 738, part.—Kornrtaswa.p, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 394 (Sao Paulo,
s. Brazil)—Satvaport, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xii, 1897, 35 (Aguair-
enda and San Francisco, s. Bolivia).—Hotmsera, Segundo censo Argentina,
1898, 564.—Inerme, Revista Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 429 (Sao Paulo).—
Kerr, Ibis, 1901, 235 (Gran Chaco, Paraguay).—Satvi1n and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 352 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Huertas de San Javier,
Puebla; Nativitas, Tlaxcala; Duefias, Guatemala; San Jose, Costa Rica).—
LONNBERG, Ibis, 1903, 446 (Moreno, Argentina, Dec. 1).—-RitEy, Smithson.
Misc. Coll., vol. 47, 1904, 280 (Barbuda, Sept. 2).—CakrrkEr, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., vi, 1910, 416 (Costa Rica).—DaBBENE, Orn. Argentina, 1910, 216.—
Grant (C. H. B.), Ibis, 1911, 464 (Cape San Antonio, etc., Argentina, Dec.,
Jan.).—Berrtont, Faun. Parag., 1914, 38 (upper Rio Parana).

36

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

C{haradrius| dominicus Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 115.—
Coves, Key N. Nm. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 599.—Ripe@way, Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, 174.—Carrixer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 416, footnote
(Lepanto, Costa Rica, March 16).

[ Charadrius] dominicus Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, and revised ed., 1886,
25.—SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 152, part—Forsers and Rosinson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 65, part.

| Charadrius dominicus] Var. dominicus Bairp, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water
Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 138.

Charadrius dominicus dominicus Hanrzscu, Journ. fir Orn., July, 1908, 362 (n. e.
Labrador).—Harrert and Venturi, Novit. Zool., xvi, 1909, 251 (Barracas
al Sud, Argentina, Oct., Nov.).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOoaIstTs’ Unton, Check
List, 3rd ed., 1910, 127.—Wermore, Bull. 326, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 40
(Porto Rico, rare migrant).

Pluvialis dominicus dominicus Brooks (W.8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915,
377 (Collinson Point and Demarcation Point, Alaska, to Herschel Island,
breeding; habits, etc.).

[Charadrius pluvialis] 8 LATHAM, Index Orn., 11, 1790, 740 (Santo Domingo; ex
Pluvialis dominicensis aurea Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 48, pl. 6, fig. 1).

Charadrius pluvialis (not of Linnzeus, 1758) Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 71, pl.
59, fig. 5—SaBrine (H.),in Parry’s Voy., 1821, App., p. cxix (North Georgian
Islands, breeding); in Franklin’s Journ., 1823, 683 (North Georgian Islands).—
RICHARDSON, in Parry’s 2nd Voy., App., 1825, 350.—Ross (J.C.), in Parry’s
3rd Voy., App., 1826, 102 (Port Bowen, May).—Bonararte, Ann. Lyc.N.Y.,
li, 1827, 297.—Swainson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 369
(Hudson Bay).—Nurratt, Man. Orn., U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 16.
—AupDUBON, Orn. Biog., ili, 1835, 623, pl. 300.—PraBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass.,
1839, 358.—WatxeEr, Ibis, 1860, 166, 167 (Godhavn and Port Kennedy,
Greenland).—SuNDEVALL, Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh., 1869, 588 (St. Bartholo-
mew).—PErLZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 297, 454.

Olkaradriuis] phnenalist Pandpiae: Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 101
(crit.); Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826 [183].

Charadrius pectoralis Vrnrut0T, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvii, 1818, 145 (Para-
guay; based on Ubatuitui pecho listado Azara, dananie Parag., iii, 1803, 283).

Chlaradrius| virginicus. LicHTENSTEIN, Verz. Double, 1823, 70 (Montevideo,
Uruguay; ex ‘‘Borkh. Bechst.;’’ cites ‘‘Ch. pluvialis Var. 7 Lin. Gm.’’).

Charadrius virginicus MaximintAN, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1833, 761.—Gray,
List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 67 —Harriaus, Index Azara’s Apunt.,
1847, 24.—Jarpine, Contr. Orn., 1849, 83 (Bermudas, Sept., Oct.).—GATKE,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 71 (Helgoland); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 108
(Helgoland).—CasBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 423 (Cuba, Sept.—April).—
Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 690.—Barrp, Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 503; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii,
1859, 25 (Escondido, Tamaulipas).—SciatTer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 227
(Duefias, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 567 (Rio Ucayali, e
Peru); 1868, 176 (Tambo Valley, w. Peru), 570 (w. Peru); 1869, 598 (Cosnipata,
e. Peru); 1873, 309 (Nauta, e. Peru).—Nerwron (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 255
(St. Croix).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 369 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz);
Ibis, 1862, 277 (Europe); 1867, 339 (Chile).—Coorrr and SucKkiEy, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 229 (St. Marys Valley, Montana, Oct.;
San Francisco, California)—ReEmNuHarpt, Ibis, 1861, 9 (Greenland; crit.).—
Gunp1iaAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 88 (Cuba; crit.); 1874, 313 (Porto Rico);
1875, 332 (Cuba); 1878, 162, 189 (Porto Rico); Orn. Cubana, 1876, 296.—Bar-

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 87

NARD, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 431 (Chester Co., Pennsyl-

. vania).—BLaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 8 (Saskatchewan); 1863, 129 (Hudson Bay;
Mackenzie River).—BoarpMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N: H., ix, 1862, 121
(Maine).—Verrit, Proc. Essex Inst., ili, 1862, 152 (Oxford Co., Maine).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1864, 98 (Sombrero; migration); viii,
1867, 294 (vicinity New York City); ix, 1869, 141 (Costa Rica); Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 67 (Dominica), 197 (St: Vincent, Sept., Oct.), 238 (An-
tigua), 241 (Barbuda), 276 (Grenada), 461 (Guadeloupe), 488; iii, 1880, 257
(Dominica).—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 66 (Jamaica).—ALLEN,
Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 77 (Springfield, Mass.).—DressrEr, Ibis, 1866, 33
(s. Texas).—L&toraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 394.—McItwrairn, Proc. Essex
Inst., v, 1866, 92 (Hamilton, Ontario)—Coves, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xii, 1868, 121 (South Carolina); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 28 (Fort
Macon, North Carolina).—Turnspuut, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 37
(Phila. ed., 28).—Franrzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 378 (Costa Rica).—SrTr-
VENSON, Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 465 (Rock Creek, Wyoming).—
Trippk, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 240 (s. Iowa, spring and autumn).—
Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 9.—TaczANnowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,
559 (Chorillos, Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 340.—Brruepscu, Journ. fir
Orn., 1874, 254 (Santa Catarina, s. Brazil; synonymy; crit.).—CorpDrEAux,
Ibis, 1875, 184 (Helgoland, Dec. 20, 1847).—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1877, 165 (Helgo-
land); 1892, 23 (Helgoland).—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1877, 197 (Buenos Aires).—
Rew, Zoologist, 1877, 474 (Bermudas, autumn).—Dateueisn, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, v, 1880, 144 (Helgoland, 1 spec.; Malta, 1 spec.).—ZELEDON, Cat.
Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 30.—Wuirr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 628
(Buenos Aires).—GuRNEy, Ibis, 1883, 198 (Leadenhall Market, England, .
Noy.).—Barrows, Auk, i, 1884, 313 (Bahia Blanca and Sierra de la Ventura,
Uruguay, Feb., March).—Satnyin, Ibis, 1886, 178 (Yuruani River, Brit.
Guiana, 2,700 ft.)—Wursineton, Ibis, 1888, 472 (Lomas de Zamora,
Argentina).

C[haradrius] virginicus Gray, Gen. Birds, 111, 1847, 544.

[Charadrius| virginicus GuNpiLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 342 (Cuba).—Gray,
Hand-list, iii, 1871, 14, no. 9983.—SciaTEeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr.,
1873, 142.

[Charadrius pluvialis| 8. virginicus Buasius, List Birds Europe (ed. Newton),
1862, 17.

{Charadrius| fuluus var. virginicus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 244; Birds
Northwest, 1874, 449.

Charadrius fulvus var. virginicus Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 145.—Rer, Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 228 (Bermudas, frequent).

Charadrius fuluus . . . var. virginicus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 396.

[Charadrius fulvus] b. virginicus Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 450.

Charadrius fulvus virginicus Coves, Bull. U. 8S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv,
July 29, 1878, 633 (Souris River, North Dakota, Sept., May).—(?) HarrLavs,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 278 (Portage Bay, Alaska).

Charadrius pluvialis . . . var. virginicus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1878,
187 (Colorado).

Clharadrius] pluvialis . . . var. virginicus Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 383
(Illinois).

Pluvialis virginicus Barrp, Lit. Rec. and Journ. Linn. Assoc. Penn. Coll., i, Oct.
1845, 254.—Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliti, 1856, 417.

| Pluvialis varius] a. virginicus D’ HaMonviLLE, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 48 (Helgoland).

88

s

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Charadrius virginianus JARDINE and SeExsy, Illustr. Orn., ii, 1830, pl. 85.—
Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1848, 118 (Chile)—BurmeistEer, Syst.
Ueb. Thier. Bras., iii, 1856, 357 (Santa Catarina); Reise La Plata, ii, 1861,
501; Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 260 (Mendoza and Parana, Argentina).—Buastvs,
Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 71 (Helgoland).—Finscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, 587 (Trinidad; crit.).

Chlaradrius] virginianus CABANIS, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii,
1848, 750.

Charadrius virginiacus BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 45.—Gossr,
Birds Jamaica, 1847, 333.—SrrickLanp, Ann. and Mag. N. H., 2d ser., v.
1850, 40-42 (Malta).—AxBrecat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 205 (Jamaica).

Ch{aradrius] virginiacus TscHupi, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. 1,
1844, 310 (Peru).

Chlaradrius] virginianicus Tscuup1, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1845-6, 49, 296.

Charadrius virginiaus JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1850, 9 (Bermudas, Sept., Oct.).

Charadrius virgininus Gouutp, Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iii, 1841, 126 (banks of Rio
de la Plata).

Ch{aradrius] marmoratus WAGLER, Syst. Av., 1827 [70], Charadrius sp. 42 (ex
Temminck, manuscript).

Charadrius marmoratus AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., v. 1839, 575; Synopsis, 1839, 222;
Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 203, pl. 316—LrmBrye, Aves de la Isla de
Cuba, 1850, 105.—Kerwnnicort, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc., i, 1855, 587 (Illinois).
—Pratrten, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc., i, 1855, 607 (Illinois)—Haymonp, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 294 (Franklin Co., Indiana).—PutTnawm, Proc.
Essex Inst., i, 1856, 216 (Massachusetts) —Wituis, Ann. Rep. Smithson.
Inst. for 1858 (1859), 284 (Nova Scotia).—Bianp, Ann. Rep. Smithson.
Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—BrEwerR, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—Hoy, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865),
438 (Missouri).

Pluvialis fuluus americanus SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865,
53 (Labrador; Mexico; Venezuela; Brazil).

Charadrius fulvuus americanus SEEBOHM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1888, pp.
xvi, 100.

Charadrius pluvialis americanus SUNDEVALL, (fv. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1869, 588
(St. Bartholomew), 602 (Porto Rico).

Charadrius auratus (not of Suchow, 1801) We1z, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866,
267 (Labrador).

Squatarola helvetica (not Tringa helvetica Linnzeus) Ltoraup, Ois. Trinidad,
1866, 389.

PLUVIALIS DOMINICUS FULVUS (Gmelin).

PACIFIC GOLDEN PLOVER.

Similar to P. d. dominicus, but the golden yellow spotting of upper

parts much more conspicuous, especially in young, in which the chest

is

strongly tinged with yellow; wing and tail averaging decidedly

shorter, tarsus and toes averaging slightly longer.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 89

Adult male-—Wing, 147-181.5 (165.9); tail, 58-69 (63.6); cul-
men, 21-25 (23.4); tarsus, 39-45.5 (42.9); middle toe, 2226.5 (23.1).¢

Adult female-—Wing, 156-187.5 (167.2); tail, 59-67 (62.5); cul-
men, 21.5-24.5 (23.2); tarsus, 39.5-46 (43.3); middle toe, 23.5-27
(24.1).®

Breeding in northeastern Siberia from Liakoff Island to Bering
Strait and along Bering Sea coast of Alaska; migrating to Hawaiian
Islands and other islands throughout Pacific Ocean and along Pacific
coast of Asia to Japan, Philippine Islands, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago, Borneo, Java, etc., as far as Australia, Tasmania, and
New Zealand; casual or occasional westward to Arabia (Muscat),
Malta, Spain, Helgoland, and British Islands.

[Charadrius] fuluus GMEuin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 687 (Otaheite; based on
Fulvous Plover Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, iii, pt. i, 1785, 211).—Laruam,
Index Orn., ii, 1790, 747.—Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 414.—Gray, Hand-
list, iii, 1871, 14, no. 9985.

Charadrius fulvus VierttotT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvii, 1818, 139.—Gray,
List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 67; Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pacific Ocean,
1859, 47.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 321 (Liu Kiu Islands).—
Finscu and Hartiaus, Faun. Central-polynes., 1867, 188; Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1869, 548 (Tonga Islands); Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 122 (Tongatabu;
Vavao; Hapai), 139 (Tonga Islands; crit.)—HArtTLaus and Finscu, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 8, 117 (Pelew Islands); 1872, 89, 104 (Mackenzie Is-
lands).—Do.e, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1869, 304 (Oahu and Molokai,
Hawaiian group).—Finscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 340 (New Zealand); 1872,
52 (Samoa), 168 (New Zealand); 1874, 193 (New Zealand); 1880, 293 (Ponape,
Caroline Islands), 305 (Kuschai, Carolines); Journ. Mus. Godefir., viii, 1875,
31 (Pelew Islands); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 775 (Eua, Friendly Islands),

« Twenty-three specimens. b Eleven specimens.
Locality. Wing. | Tail. aa Tarsus. Sap
MALES. |
Ten adult males from western Alaska ...........-...---------- 169.6 65. 4 22.9 43 23.6
Two adult males from Bering Island, Kamchatka........-...-- 155 64 22.7 42 24
One adult male from China (Shanghai)................-...---- 164 5Sien rap 44.5 25
SEW OAC EM sleS MTOR SDE t. anne se a <i leicis- 2 seine oe deco <= 165 65.2} 23.7 42.7 | 24.2
‘One adult male from Philippines.............--.------+---+--- | 160 59° | 22 41 23
our adultmealestrom Hawali-.+...22--2cesec-e- co eee seen eee | 166.7 | 63.2) 24.7] 42.6 24.5
Oneadult malo irom a ysan a. e sss socast 5 owes en hee ae eee ee 168.5 61 25 45.5 24
One stultiniale from! Guam. 222 i282. toss seetce- s-e eden coe|) OL02 60 | 22.5] 44.5 23.5
One adult male from New South Wales...........---------+--- 158 59 ovrmee3i 41.5 24.5
FEMALES.
Three adult females from western Alaska....................-- 173. 2 63.8 | 23.3] 44 24
One adit tamalefrout Japan a. .os-25c-snse--wtues eceee et ee 175; 5 |)" 68:5:|" -"24.5:) “ "46 27
One adult female from China Sea (Bunguran Island).......-..- 159 GL ae o85 51) 42 23.5
One adult female from Celebes.............-.-2-2-000e0e0e0e0 e+ 167.5| 62 | 23 | 43 23. 5
Three adult females from Philippines..................-.------ 160 60 | 23.7 42.3 23.8
Two adult females from Hawaii................2.-2.--22--.-+-- 169.2| 64.7| 21.7) 43 | 24

80

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

781 (Ponape, Carolines), 784 (Niuafou, Friendly Islands); 1879, 14 (Duke
of York Island); 1880, 576 (Ruk, centr. Carolines); Ibis, 1880, 79 (Honolulu);
1881, 109 (Kuschai, Carolines), 115 (Ponape).—Swinuoe, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1871, 403 (China; Formosa; Hainan); Ibis, 1873, 427 (Shanghai,
China); 1874, 162 (Hakodadi, Japan).—DresseEr, Birds Europe, vii, 1871,
443, pl. 516, pl. 517, figs. 2, 3; Ibis, 1875, 513 (Great Britain).—WaLpDEN,
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., viii, 1872, 88 (Celebes); ix, 1875, 226 (Luzon, Philip-
pines); Ibis, 1873, 316 (South Andaman Island).—Ho.psworrts, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1872, 470 (Ceylon).—WaLpEN and Layarp, Ibis, 1872, 105
(Negros, Philippines).—TaczaNnowskI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 101 (e. Siberia);
1874, 336 (e. Siberia); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876, 247; ii, 1877, 155
Poland, Nov.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 456 (Seoul, Korea).—BuLLER,
Birds New Zealand, 1873, 212; 2d ed., 11, 1888, 6; Ibis, 1874, 118 (New Zea-
land; crit.)—Hume, Nests and Eggs Indian Birds 1873, 570; Stray Feath.,
1, 1873, 228 (Larkhana, Sind), 462 (Acheen, Sumatra); ii, 1874, 287 (Andaman
Islands); iii, 1875, 179 (Pegu); iv, 1876, 462 (Laccadive Islands).—CovEs,
in Elhott’s Condit. Aff. in Alaska, 1874, 179 (Pribilof Islands); Birds North-
west, 1874, 450, footnote (St. Paul Island, Pribilofs; synonymy; crit.).—
Hutton, Ibis, 1874, 39 (New Zealand).—Satvaport, Ucc. Borneo, 1874, 313;
Ann. Mus. Genova, vil, 1875, 793; viii, 1876, 384 (Bouru); x, 1877, 163; xiv,
1879, 665; xvili, 1882, 324 (geog. range); (2), iv, 1887, 613 (Bhamo); (2), x,
1891, 827 (Killerton Island); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 82 (Amboina);
Voy. ‘Challenger,’ ii, Birds, 1881, 63 (Amboina); Orn. Papuasia, iii, 1882,
294; Age. Orn. Papuasia, iii, 1891, 200.—Buiyrs and Waupen, Birds Burma,
1875, 153.—SuHarpeg, Voy. ‘Erebus’ and ‘Terror,’ Birds, 1875, App., 29 (New
Zealand); Ibis, 1876, 51 (Sibu, Borneo); 1879, 270 (Lawas River, n. w. Bor;
neo); 1881, 51 (Borneo, Oct.); 1886, 167 (Muscat, Arabia); 1890, 142, 284
(Benkoka; Labaun); Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., xiii, 1877, 504 (Port Moresby);
1879, 350 (Labuan); Sci. Res. 2nd Yarkand Miss., Aves, 1891, 156.—Irsy,
Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 161; Ibis,. 1879, 345 (Malaga, Spain); Key List
Brit. Birds, 2d ed., 1892, 47.—Lrace, Ibis, 1875, 400 (Ceylon); Birds Ceylon,
1880, 934; Proc. Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1892, 32 (Tasmania, Oct.—Mar.).—
Layarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 440 (Fiji Islands); 1876, 497 (Samoa),
503 (Friendly Islands); Ibis, 1876, 393 (Fiji Islands).—Tristram, Ibis, 1876,
264 (New Hebrides); 1881, 251 (Marquesas Islands); 1883, 47 (Fanning
Islands); 1889, 558 (Rossel Island); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, 79 (Sidney
Island, Phoenix group).—CaBanis and RetcHeNow, Journ. fur Orn., 1876,
327 (Samoa).—Strreets, Am. Nat., xi, 1877, 71, in text (Christmas Island).—
SctaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 113 (Duke of York Island).—TweEEp-
DALE, Ibis, 1877, 322 ((Sumatra), 550 (Mindanao, Philippines), 701 (Luzon,
Philippines); 1878, 344 (South Leyte Island, Philippines); Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1877, 550 (Zamboanga, Philippines); Voy. ‘Challenger,’ ii, Birds,
1881, 23 (Zamboanga; Mindanao).—Btaxiston and Prykgr, Ibis, 1878, 218
(Yezo, Tokyo, and Yokohoma, Japan).—PrsevatsKky, Rowley’s Orn. Misc.,
li, 1877, 434 (s. e. Mongolia, May; Hoang-bo Valley, April; n. Alashan, Sept.;
Lake Hanka, Aug.).—Davip and OusraLet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 424.—Ram-
say, Ibis, 1877, 464 (Burma); Tab. List Austral. Birds, 1888, 19.—Layarp
(E. L. and E. L. C.), Ibis, 1878, 264 (New Caledonia, ‘‘breeding”’); 1879, 107
(New Caledonia); 1880, 232 (Loyalty Islands), 304 (New Hebrides), 305
(New Britain; Duke of York Island); 1881, 185 (New Hebrides); 1882, 532
(New Caledonia, ‘‘breeding;” habits), 544 (New Hebrides; Fiji Islands).—
Hume and Davison, Stray Feath., vi, 1878, 455 (Tenasserim),—Davipson
and WENDEN, Stray Feath., vii, 1878, 88 (Deccan).—ANDERSON, Sci. Res.
Exped. West Yunnan, 1879, 675 (Tapeng; Tsitkaw).—RosrenBeErRG, Malay

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 9T

Archip., 1878-79, 378 (Kei Islands).—Burier, Cat. Birds Sind., etc, 1879,
57 (winter visitant); Cat. Birds 8. Bombay Pres., 1880, 72.—SrrBoum, Ibis,
1879, 25 (Japan; crit.), 153 (Siberia; crit.; habits; descr. nest and eggs);
1882, 22 (Helgoland), 222 (Astrakhan), 380 (Archangel, n. Russia); 1887,
180 (Liu Kiu Islands); 1888, 349 (Great Liakoff Islands, Siberia); 1890, 104
(Bonin Islands); 1893, 53 (Liu Kiu Islands); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 40;
Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 303; Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xvi,
99.—MeEyER, Ibis, 1879, 146 (Togian Island); Verh. z.-b. ges. Wien, 1881,
767 (Sumba).—Scutty, Stray Feath., viii, 1879, 350 (Nepal Valley, Sept.,
Oct.); Ibis, 1881, 586 (Gilgit, India) —GArxrE, Ibis, 1879, 104 (Helgoland).—
Vina, Stray Feath., ix, 1880, 79 (s. Konkan).—Bineuam, Stray Feath.,
ix, 1880, 196 (Thoungyeen Valley).—Gricuio1, Ibis, 1881, 184 (Malta).—
Keiuam, Ibis, 1882, 8, 189 (localities in Malay Peninsula; habits) —CuHrESE-
MAN, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., xiv, 1882, 264 (Auckland District, New
Zealand).—Euorr, Mon. Pribylov Group, 1882, 129 (frequent straggler).—
Buasius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 139 (Celebes); Ornis, vol. 4, 1888, 319
(Palawan, Philippines); Zeitschr. ges. Orn., 11, 1886, 140 (Celebes).—ScLaTER,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 52, 200 (Maroe, Timor-Laut).—Oates, Birds
Brit. Burma, ii, 1883, 364—British OrnitHotoaists’ Union, List Brit. .
Birds; 1883, 157.—Roxsson, Trans. New Zealand Inst., xvi, 1884, 308
(Portland Island, New Zealand, Jan.).—Forses, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1884, 43 (Tenimber Island).—Finscn, Voy. Sudsee, 1884, 55 (Marshall and
Gilbert Islands)—F ores (H. A.), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, 433 (Timor-
Laut).—PLEeskEF, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb., xxix, 1884, 536 (Ternate).—
Braxiston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 10.—Rappr, Birds Caucas.,
1884, 43, 413 (winter)—Nrnurxorn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1885, 35 (Waigiou).—
Kirk, Trans. New Zeal. Inst., xvii, 1885, 59 (Worsen Bay, New Zealand).—
BirrrxorerR, Notes Leyden Mus., ix, 1886, 79 (w. Sumatra).—GieLiou
and Satvaport, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, 585 (Olga Bay, Korea; crit.).—
Harrert, Journ. fiir Orn., 1889, 377 (Sumatra); Novit. Zool., vii, 1900,
9 (Ruk Island, centr. Carolines), 22 (Dammer Island, Banda Sea); ix, 1902,
218 (Deli, Sumatra); x, 1903, 62 (Batijan).—Sr. Joun, Ibis, 1889, 175
(s. Afghanistan).—Everetr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, 225 (Palawan).—
Strere, List. Birds and Mam. Exped. Philippines, 1890, 25 (Paragua,
Balabac, Mindanao, Negros, and Siquijor Islands)—WuirEeHEaD, Ibis, 1890,
59 (Palawan).—Buckiey and Harvir-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Orkney
Is., 1891, 202 (Nov.).—Sryan, Ibis, 1891, 330, 503 (lower Yangtse, China,
Spring); 1893, 436 (Hainan).—ListEer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, 299
(Phoenix Island).—Dr ta Toucue, Ibis, 1892, 496 (Foochow, spring and
autumn; Swatow, winter).—Scorr-Winson and Evans, Aves Hawaiienses,
pt. 3, 1892—Harriaus, Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii, 1892, 331 (Hainan,
Dec.).—WicLeswortn, Ibis, 1893, 213 (Gilbert Islands).—Hosr, Ibis,
1893, 424 (Borneo, winter).—Roruscuitp, Avif. Laysan, pt. i, 1893, 11.—
MEYER and WicteswortH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1894, 250 (Talaut Island).—
PoyntinG,- Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. ii, 1895, 45, pl. 11.—Pornam, Ibis, 1897,
102 (Yeneseisk, Siberia; notes; descr. nest and eggs); 1898, 512 (Golchika,
Yenesei R., Siberia; descr. nest, eggs, and downy young).—REICHENOW,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1897, 216 (Kaiser Wilhelm’s Land, New Guinea).—KaltsEr,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 256 (Nauru Island)—Her1nrorn, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1902, 400 (Bismarck Archipelago).—Jess, Ibis, 1903, 162 (Lucknow and
Fyzabad, India)—Maruews, Birds Australia, iii, 1913, pl. [133] facing p. 74. .
Clharadrius] fulvus Hartine, Ibis, 1870, 205 (crit.).
[Charadrius fulvus var. dominicus] a. fulvuus Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 449.

92 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. :

Clharadrius| dominicus fuluus Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, March 27, 1880,
9, in text; Man. N, Am. Birds, 1887, 174.—Bryan, Key Birds Hawaiian
Group, 1901, 29.

Charadrius dominicus fuluus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880,
198; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 515a.—Couss, Check List, 2d ed., 1882,
582.—NELSON, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 84 (coast Norton Sound,
Alaska); Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 125 (range, habits, crit., etc.).—
Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 144.—Sres-
NEGER, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 104 (Bering Island; synonymy,
etc.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 380 (Kauai and Honolulu, Hawaiian
Islands; synonymy; crit.); xii, 1890, 380 (Kauai).—Turner, Auk, li, 1885,
157 (Nearer Islands, Aleutian chain); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 149 (St.
Michaels; Atka Island; Attu Island).—American OrnirHovoeists’ UNton,
Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 272a; 8rd ed., 1910, p. 127.—Town-
SEND, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 100 (Port Clarence, June—Aug.).—
Eiuior, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 174.—Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 83
Rossel Island Louisiade Archipelago), 215, 216 (St. Aignan, Louisiades),
216 (Rossel I.); vili, 1901, 100 (Toeal, Little Key; Teoor; Ondor, Goram-laut);
ix, 1902, 425 (Kanjean Island); x, 1903, 37 (Tomia and Binongka, Tukang
Besi Islands; Buton).—Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1901, 251
(Liu Kiu Islands); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1903, 94 (Liu Kiu Is-
lands).—Hensuaw, Birds Hawaiian Islands, 1902, 88 (August-May).—
Poaer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 386 (n. e. China).—FisHer (W. K.), Bull. U.S.
Fish Com. for 1903, 35 (Laysan, etc., in migration).—Brooks, Auk, xxi, 1904,
290 (Comox, Vancouver Island, several, Nov. 3, 4, 1903; crit.).—ALLEN, Bull.
Am. Mus. N.H., xxi, 1905, 241 (Gichiga, n. e. Siberia, in migration).—KErR-
MODE, Prov. Mus. Victoria, 1909, 39 (Comox, Vancouver Island).—CLark
(A. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviil, 1910, 154 (Seoul, Korea, Sept.).

[Charadrius dominicus fulvus] Hensuaw, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 245-262 (migrations).

Clharadrius} dlominicus| fuluus Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 600.

[Charadrius dominicus.] Var. fulvus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water
Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 138.

Charadrius dominicanus fuluus Havitann, Ibis, 1916, 716, 717 (descr. downy
young).

| Pluvialis] fulvus Bonapartre, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 417.—D’ HaMonvILLE,
Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 48 (Malta).

Pluvialis fuluus Scuiecet, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865, 50.—Dre-
LAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 125—VorpeRMAN, Nat. Tidschr.
Nederl. Ind., xlii, 1882, 76 (Batavia, Java).

Pluvialis dominicus fuluus Marnews, Buds Australia, iii, pt. 1, April 2, 1913,
74.—TuHayeR and Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 23 (Nijni
Kolymsk, ete., e. Siberia, breeding) —Brooxs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
lix, 1915, 378 (East Cape and Cape Serdze, n. e. Siberia, July 14, 17).

[Charadrius] pluvialis (not of Linnzeus) LatHaM, Index Orn., i‘, 1790, 740, part.

Charadrius pluvialis Pauttas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 141, part—Horsrrecp,
Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii, 1820, 187 (Java).—Syxers, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1832, 166 (Deccan).—Vieors, Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ Birds, 1839, 29 (Cha-
misso Island, Sept.).—Hopason, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, 86.—PEALE,
Rep. U. 8. Expl. Exped. (Wilkes), 1848, 239.—MippENnporrr, Reis. Sibir.,
Zool., 1851, 210 (Taimyr River, May; Boganida, Siberia, Aug.).—Kurruirz,
Denkw. Reis., ii, 1858, 32, 55.—Scurenck, Reis. Amurl., 1859, 410.—Rappe,
Reis. Sibir., Vég., 1863 (Bureja Mts., Sept.).—PrLzein, Reis. ‘Novara,’ Vég.,
1865, 115 (Nicobar Islands).—SciarrEr, Ibis, 1871, 360 (Hawaiian Islands).—
McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 78 (Noatak River, Alaska).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 93

Charadrius pluvialis? Avams, Ibis, 1878, 437 (St. Michaels, May).

Charadrius pluvialis, var, Rarries, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii, 1820, 328 (Sumatra).

Charadrius virginicus (not of Lichtenstein) Gray, Cat. Mam., etc., Nepal pres.
Hodgson, 1846, 132.—Harriavus, Journ, fiir Orn., 1854, 159 (Ceylon).—
Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 150 (Tenasserim).—Irey, Ibis, 1861,
238 (banks of Gogrs and Choka rivers, India).—SwinuHoe, Ibis, 1861, 342
(n. China); 1875, 452 (Hakodate, Japan; crit.).—Wriaut, Ibis, 1865, 463
(Malta).—Daut and Bannister, Proc. Chicago Ac. Sci., 1, 1869, 289 (St.
Michaels, Alaska).—Datu, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 28 (Popoff Island,
Shumagins, June 22).—Hartine, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 114 (Bering
Straits).—SrEBoum, Lbis, 1877, 165 (Helgoland); 1892, 23 (Helgoland).

Charadrius virginianus JARDINE and SExBy, Ilustr. Orn., it, 1830, pl. 85.—Eyron,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, 157 (Malaya) —Harriaus, Archiv fiir Nat.,
1852, 134 (Fiji; Tonga; Samoa; Paumotu; Society Islands; Kingsmill Is-
land); Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 167 (Bonin Islends; Marianne Islands), 168,
169, 170 (Society Islands; Caroline Islands; etc.).

Charadrius virginius Buiytx, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1849, 262 (Cal-
cutta).

Charadrius virginiacus StrRicKLAND, Ann. and Mag. N. #.., 2nd ser., v, 1850, 40
(Malta; crit.).

[?] Charadrius fulvus virginicus HartLtaus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 278 (Portage
Bay, Alaska, June, July).

P{luvialis] vinginiaca GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phula., 2d ser., i, 1849, 220
(coast California).

Ch{aradrius| zanthocheilus WacuER, Syst. Av., 1827, [68], Charadrius, sp. 36 (loc.
unknown).

Charadrius xanthocheilus Gray, in Dieffenbach’s Trav. New Zeal., ti, 1843, App.,
195; Proc. Zool. Sec. Lond., 1858, 187, 197 (Aru Islands); 1861, 438; Cat.
Mam. and Birds New Guinea, 1859, 51, 62 (Aru Islands); Ibis, 1862, 234 (New
Zealand).—Gou.p, Birds Australia, vi, 1848, pl. 13 and text; Introd., 98.—
Cassin, Orn. U.S. Expl. Exped. (Wilkes), 1858, 239 (islands in Pacific Ocean;
etc.).—Maceriivray, Voy. ‘Rattlesnake,’ li, 1852, 358.—RosEenBereG,
Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind., xxv, 1868, 253; Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 135 (Aru
Islands).—Finscu, New Guinea, 1865, 181; Journ. ftir Orn., 1867, 332 (New
Zealand).—Martsf, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xxvii, 1870, 314 (New Cale-
donia).—Layarp, Ibis, 1884, 123 (Norfolk Island).—Erurriner, Lord Howe
Island, Zool., 1889, 17.

{ Charadrius] xanthocheilus GRAY, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 14, no. 9986.

{Pluvialis] xanthocheilus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 417.

[Charadrius] xanthochilus Marte, Ibis, 1877, 362 (New Caledonia).

Charadrius taitensis LESSON, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1828, 321 (Tahiti).

[Pluvialis] taitensis BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 417.

Charadrius glaucopus Forster, Descr. Anim., 1844, 176 (Otaheite).

Charadrius pluvialis orientalis TemMiINcK and ScHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
1845-50, 104, pl. 62.

Charadrius orientalis Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 195 (Japan).—
Gouip, Handb. Birds Australia, ii, 1865, 225.—Wxirety, Ibis, 1867, 204
(near Hakodate, Japan).—Masters, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i, 1877, 60
(Cocoanut Island; Bet Island; Cape Grenville).

Charadrius auratus longipes ScHtEGEL, Vogels van Nederlands, 1854-58, 211.

[Pluvialis] longipes BoNArARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 417.

Pluvialis longipes LocuE, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ti, 1867, 264.

Charadrius longipes Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 363 (Batchian).—Bra-
situs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 71 (Helgoland).—Swinuor, Proc. Zool. Soc.

94 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Lond., 1862, 319 (Tientsin, n. China); 1863, 309 (China); Ibis, 1863, 404
(Formosa, “‘breeding?’); 1865, 355 (Takow, China); 1870, 360 (Hainan).—
Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 321 (Bonin Islands).—BLakisTon,
Ibis, 1863, 100 (Hakodate).—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 17
(Banjarmassing).—Wricut, Ibis, 1864, 141 (Malta); 1865, 462 (Malta).—
Hartxavs, Ibis, 1864, 232 (Fiji Islands) —BrEaAvan, Ibis, 1868, 389 (Julpi-
goorie, India).—BuLaNnrorp, Ibis, 1868, 470 (Pegu); 1870, 470 (Irawadi,
India); Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xl, 1871, 269 (Wardha Valley, India).—
Gopwin-Austin, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix, 1870, 273 (Khasia Hills,
India).—Hartine, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 115 (Bering Straits; Choris
Peninsula).—Hume and Henperson, Lahore to Yarkand, 1873, 284 (Lahore,
Aug.)—Luoyp, Ibis, 1873, 416 (Kettiawar, India)—Ramsay, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1877, 336 (n..e. Queensland); Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i, 1877, 76 (Fiji
Islands), 218 (New South Wales).—Miituer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1882, 82 (Sa-
langa Island, Siam; crit.).—Murray, Vertebr. Fauna Sind, 1884, 234.

[Charadrius| longipes Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 14, no. 9984.

[Charadrius pluvialis] y. longipes Buastus, List Birds Europe (ed. Newton),
1862, 17. ,

Charadrius (Hiaticula) longipes MARTENS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 27 (Philippines).

Charadrius mongolicus (not of Pallas, 1826) Biaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 330 (Hako-
date, Japan).

Charadrius dominicus (not of Miller) Netson, Cruise “Corwin? in 1881 (1883),
84, part (Norton Sound, Alaska); Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 123, part
(St. Michaels; habits, crit., etc.).—Gria@uioLt and Satvapori, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1887, 585 (Olga Bay, Korea; crit.)—Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxiv, 1896, 195, 738, part.—Cotuerr, Vid.-Selsk Forh. Christiania,
1898, no. 6, p. 6 (Tonga Island).—Bonuore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901,
79 (Patelung and Tringganu, Malay Peninsula).—Barrsis, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1908, 478 (Pulu Islands, Java Sea, Sept.).

[Charadrius] dominicus SHARPE, Hand-list, 1, 1899, 152 part.—ForBers and Ros-
INSON, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 65, part.

Genus EUDROMIAS Brehm.

Eudromias BrenM, Isis, xxiii, 1830, 987. (Type, by monotypy, Charadrius
morinellus Linnzeus.)

Morinellus (not Morinella Meyer and Wolf, 1810) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend.,
xhii, 1856, 417. (Type, by tautonymy, Charadrius morinellus Linneeus.)

Medium-sized Charadriide (wing 137-149 mm.) with very small
slender bill (much less than half as long as head) and more or less
streaked upper parts.

Bill small and slender, much less than half as long as head, the
exposed culmen shorter than distance from its base to anterior angle
of eye and much shorter than middle toe without claw, its terminal
third (approximately) distinctly convex, the gonys straight or very
faintly convex, its basal angle not conspicuous; nasal groove extend-
ing for less than two-thirds the length of maxilla. Wing moderately
long, very pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal
secondaries by decidedly more than haif the length of folded wing,
and extending slightly beyond tips of longest tertials. ‘Tail about
half as long as wing, rounded or slightly graduated, the rectrices
subacuminate at tips, especially the middle pair. Tarsus slender,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 95

about one-fourth as long as wing, the acrotarsium with rather large
transverse scutella, the planta tarsi with much smaller quadrate
scales, the sides of tarsus with small hexagonal scales; middle toe,
without claw, more than half as long as tarsus, the outer and inner
toes, successively, much shorter; hallux absent; a well-developed web
between basal phalanges of outer and middle toes, but none between
inner and middle toes.

Coloration.—Adults with chest brownish gray or grayish brown,
margined below by a narrow dusky and broad white band; breast and
sides cinnamon, encircling a dusky abdominal area; a broad white
supra-auricular stripe; scapulars, wing-coverts, and tertials dusky
broadly margined with buffy. Young conspicuously streaked on
upper parts with buffy, the under parts mostly buffy.

Range.—Northern Europe and Asia, south in winter to northern
Africa, ete.; accidental in Alaska. (Monotypic.)

EUDROMIAS MORINELLUS (Linneus).

DOTTEREL.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Pileum dull black or
blackish fuscous, more or less streaked, especially medially and
anteriorly (sometimes on forehead only) with pale buff, the anterior
portion of forehead dull whitish, dull pale buffy or pale grayish,
streaked or immaculate; a broad white superciliary stripe, extending
from lores to nape, where those of opposite sides are confluent;
loral, suborbital and malar regions, chin, and throat white, more or
less streaked, narrowly, with dusky, the chin and throat, however,
usually immaculate or nearly so; upper portion of auricular region
dusky, the lower posterior portion, together with neck (all round)
and chest light brownish gray or grayish drab, the chest somewhat
paler and sometimes tinged with buffy; general color of upper parts
grayish drab, the scapulars, tertials, and wing-coverts margined with
buff or cinnamon-buff, the interscapulars sometimes narrowly mar-
gined with the same; rump and upper tail-coverts pale grayish drab,
indistinctly margined with buffy; remiges and primary coverts darker
grayish brown or dusky, the secondaries and terminal portion of
proximal primaries margined with dull buffy white; outermost
primary with shaft white; tail grayish drab passing into dusky subter-
minally and tipped with pale brownish buff or buffy white, more broadly
on lateral rectrices; a narrow band or bar, more or less distinct, of
blackish or dusky across lower margin of chest, and immediately
below this a broader band of white or buffy white; breast, sides, and
flanks plain, tawny-olive, or sayal brown; abdomen (extensively),
except lower portion, black; lower abdomen, anal region, and under
tail-coverts immaculate white to pale buff; axillars and under wing-

96 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

coverts pale brownish gray; bill black; iris dark brown; legs and feet
dusky (in dried skins).

Winter plumage.—Pileum conspicuously streaked with black and
buffy (more or less deep); a supra-auricular stripe of immaculate
cinnamon-buff to buffy white, extending from above eyes to nape,
where those of opposite sides are confluent; hindneck light brownish
gray, more or less distinctly streaked with buffy; interscapulars,
scapulars, and wing-coverts deeper brownish gray, broadly margined
with cimnamon-buff, the tertials darker (dusky) broadly margined
with cinnamon: loral, suborbital, rictal, and malar regions and lower
portion of auricular region pale buff or buffy whitish, narrowly
streaked with dusky; chin and throat immaculate buffy white, the
lower throat and foreneck becoming gradually more buffy and nar-
rowly streaked with dusky; chest pale brownish gray, the feathers
indistinctly but rather broadly tipped with buff; a narrow band of
duil whitish separating the jugular area from a similarly colored
area covering sides of breast and (more narrowly) median portion
of breast, the anterior portion of sides nearly uniform buffy wood
brown; rest of under parts, including abdomen, immaculate white,
passing into cinnamon-buffy on lateral under tail-coverts; otherwise,
as in summer plumage.

Young.—Similar to winter adults but scapulars and interscapulars
fuscous-black broadly edged or margined with pale buff; under parts
pale buffy, the chest more or less streaked medially and spotted
laterally with grayish brown, and pale band between chest and
breast less distinct.

Downy young.—‘ Black above, mottled with spots of rufous or
sandy buff;*head patterned with black, with a conspicuous white
forehead and eyebrow, with a black loral streak and line of black
down the centre of the forehead; round the back of the head a creamy
white band.’’?

Adult male.—Wing, 144-149.5 (146.9); tail, 67-72 (69); culmen,
16-16.5 (16.2); tarsus, 34-36 (34.7); middle toe, 18-20.5 (19.1)?

Adult female.—Wing, 137-159 (147.6) ; tail, 66.5—-73 (68.9); culmen,
15-19 (16.3); tarsus, 35-38.5 (36.1); middle toe, 19-21 (20).°

Breeding in northern Europe and Asia, from British Islands and
Norway to eastern Siberia; migrating southward to southern Kurope
and northern Africa; accidental in Alaska (King Island, July 23, 1897).
[Charadrius] morinellus Lrinnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 148 (Sweden); ed.

12, i, 1766, 254.—Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 686—Laraam, Index

Orn., ii, 1790, 746.—Turron, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 413.—Gray, Hand-list, 111,

1871, 14, no. 9989.

a Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 237.
b Five specimens.
¢ Seven specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 97

Charadrius morinellus TEmMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 174; Man. d’Orn., 1815, 326;
li, 1820, 537.—Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam. and Birds Brit. Mus., 1816, 28.—
Viei1LLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvii, 1818, 140.—Rovx, Orn. Prov.,
1825, pls. 273, 274.—Pauxas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 184, pl. 57.—
WerNeER, Atlas, Coureurs, 1827, pl. 5—Naumann, Voég. Deutschl., vii,
1834, pl. 174.—Gouxp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 295 and text.—Sertys-
Lonecuamps, Faune Belge, 1842, 121—Scutrern, Rev. Orit., 1844, p-
Ixxxii; Vog. Nederl, 1854, pl. 212; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, pl. 30, fig. 4.—
KJAERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1852, pl. 30, fig.4.—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1858, 195 (Japan).—SunpDEVALL, Svensk Fogl., 1856-72, 334, pl. 37,
fig. 1; Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockholm, 1874, 21 (Spitzbergen).—HomEyYErR,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 421 (e. Siberia).—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotland,
1871, 254.—Patmin, Finlands Foglar, 1873, 78—Hruvaun, Orn. N. O.-
Afrika, ii, pt. i, 1873, 1016 (Blue Nile; Lower Egypt).—Fatton, Ois. Belg., |
1875, 151.—Buneae, Mél. Biol. Mus. Ac. St. Petersb., xii, livr. 1, 1884, 62
(Lena Delta, Siberia).—Srrsonm, Ibis, 1882, 380 (Archangel, Russia); Hist. |
Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 30, pl. 26, figs. 1-3 (eggs); Geog. Distr. Charadriide, |
1888, 113; Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 305.—RrIcHENow, Syst. Verz. Vég.
Deutschl., 1889, 51.—Frivatpsky Aves Hung., 1891, 122.—MaparAsz,
Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf., 1891, 102. ;

Eudromias morinellus BreumM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 545.—BoNnaparteE, Geog.
and Comp. List, 1838, 45.—Mutuur, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl., 1844, 96.—
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Grallee, 1844, 67.—Tnompson, Birds Ireland, ii,
1850, 93.—Heveuin, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 56 (Egypt and Red Sea in winter);
Ibis, 1872, 62 (Mathews and Yugorsky Straits, n. Russia; molt.); Journ.
fiir Orn., 1872, 118 (European Arctic).—Tristram, Ibis, 1860, 78 (n. Africa);
Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 130 (Beersheba),—LINDERMAYER, Vog.
Griechenl., 1860, 134.—Govutp, Birds Great Brit., iv, 1862, pl. 43 and text.—
Ravpe, Reis. Sibir., Vog., 1863, 323 (e. Siberia); Orn. Caucas., 1884, 43,
415 (Caspian Sea).—GILLeErr, Ibis, 1870, 306 (Novaya Zemlya).—F rirscn,
Vég. Eur., 1870, pl. 33, figs. 16, 17.—Srrevenson, Birds Norfolk, ii, 1870,
76.—SaLvaport, Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871, 204; Elenco Ucc. Ital., 1886, 211.—
SaunveErs, Ibis, 1871, 386 (s. Spain); 1883, 349 (Siberian coast); ed. Yar-
rell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 246; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 521—Hartine,
Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 43.—Suetiey, Birds Egypt, 1872, 236.—DyBow-
skI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 101 (Dauria, breeding).—Srvertzov, Turkest.
Jevotn., 1873, 69 (migrant) —TaczANowskI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 101 (e. Si-
beria); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876, 248 (Baikal, Dauria, breeding);
li, 1877, 155 (Poland, spring and autumn).—Brooxg, Ibis, 1873, 337 (Sar-
dinia).—Saxsy, Birds Shetland, 1874, 162.—Dressrr, Birds Europe, vii,
1875, 507, pl. 526; Ibis, 1876, 327 (Turkestan); 1904, 229 (Taimyr Peninsula,
Siberia, breeding)—Irpy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 161.—CorpEAUx,
Ibis, 1876, 184 (Helgoland).—BLanFrorp, East. Persia, ii, 1876, 278 (Kagreen,
w. of Shiraz).—SrEBoum and HArviE-Brown, Ibis, 1876, 289 (lower Petchora
River, Russia).—SrEsoum, Ibis, 1879, 155 (Koorayika River, lat.7 1°, Siberia);
1882, 221 (Kirghis Steppes, Astrakhan, breeding); 1890, 403 (Ireland).—
British OrnitHouoaists’ Unron, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 160.—CHAPMAN,
Ibis, 1885, 175 (Lapland).—Grenton, Avif. Ital., 1886, 371; Ist. Resoc,
Avif. Ital., 1889, 569; 2nd Resoc., 1890, 561; 3rd Resoc., 1891, 511.—Tarr,
Ibis, 1887, 386 (Portugal).—Koernia, Journ. fiir Orn., 1888, 83 (Tunis, Algeria);
1893, 83 (Tunis)—BuckiEy and Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Fauna Outer
Hebrides, 1888, 125; Vetebr. Fauna Orkneys, 1891, 203; Vertebr. Fauna Argyll,
1892, 166.—MraprE-Watpo, Ibis, 1889, 515 (Canary Islands); 1893, 203

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8 8

Tastt. Say) FAW, TA: {Waigu,, Bodied Ieee’ anal Secheneve.m. esa —
Saaaes, Gat. Ris Gk. Mies, sere, 1595, Sa, SA —Pomeam, Tits, 1857,
We (eres River, bo. 2, Sibemay: 1895, 355 (ees Rover, Yenesask;
he. BP a ON) —Searae, Ths, 94,2) Ga Rove, Siheta, ineeiiaz:
ibis) eae Oboes” Teen, Check Lm, dried, 2,
223 @redenmal a Ame ian’, Alsie)—Tearer and Rawas, Proc. Naw
Bes. Gaal. inh, +, 24, 2 (gi Roles, e. Shere: ao) —nvass,
—— as Gem. Zeal, bs, ISR, S78 Geouienrm Ray, 2. 2. Shea,

Taoerrus Jhairemes) monwlas Mimo, Ras. Sr, Geol, BSS, 2

Ghar Toews, len. SS, Sam; Riga, Mig, Sore).

~ Glwedees @oeroe Poss, Res. Goss. Racks, a, TS, TS.

Secrest XC Seeglisheen: Bbiveom, Gen. , Wish, = >
Taoregres stress Lamacemsn, Tet, 2, OTR, wl 3 a Pe].
(@ieregrias) sex: “Guam, Des. Naz.. 2, 88, 80)—Laveeg, Intex Oe,
Uilfereclis) sera Roreses=, Gam. Reni. zim, Tse, 47.

ees? and Geese, Gem. Fae, B, Db, 222 —laces, Fal Se. Albee,
Sfermlas ongioven: Gas, Jou, Ac. A. Fie, 2 wer. 3, HER, BBL
Faamemax aus. Das, Ver. Devaschl.. 1551, 28.

«- Fiatiromexs stoi Das, View. Deansctil_ TRS), 2.

Banas DTH LS0S Basiseh=ahaeh.

(pees Teeesensate. Set foo TES pm eee rs eee] ee
mam, Garrerussmeciernus Lanes.)

ae Jone mods wee Wie claw @ shee shoae- masal sropre

eonrvex. Ware oer ane pooed. Ste Joessst omer (onto)

hange-
i winter to Chile, Paraguay. ete. (Wonotypic_)
: VOCIERZDS VOCWESES Laser -

pletely encircling the lower neck and 2 broader black band across
chest- fore part of crown. and 2 narrow stripe zcross lores (from ball

te eve and imcindimg anterior edge of forehead) and 2 postoenlar

|

white on outer webs: greater wmg-covert= broadly tpped with
whate: dstal secondaries dusky with wiste base amd tp. the

lateral reetrices_ broadly tipped with white 2nd with 2 sabtermimal
bar of black: bill black: wis dark beown: evelés crapzered @&
searlet: legs and feet pale pmiich eray to grayish yellow (@ Te).
Young—Sumilar to adults. bet feathers of upper pari= more or
less distmetly margimed with rusty, ochraceous. or buty-
Deesy young —Upper parts brownish gray or drab. mumutely and

Tather indistinctly mottled or flecked with darker- 2 marrow black

band seross fore part of crown and from posterior angie of eye -
around posterior marzm of occiput; lower back and ramp with am
regular median stripe and two lateral stripes of black. the space
immediately beneath the latter mumaculate dull pminsh emnamon-

2 black band across wing. the posterior edge of the arm-wimg and

=.

100 BULLETIN -50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

whole of the hand-wing white; forehead, malar region, chin, throat,
nuchal collar, and under parts of body white, the latter deepening
into pinkish cinnamon on under tail-coverts and flanks; a black loral
streak, continued, more narrowly, beneath a cinnamon-whitish sub-
orbital spot; a band of black completely encircling lower neck.
Adult male-—Wing, 154-167 (160.2); tail, 88-103 (95.6); culmen,
19-23 (20.3); tarsus, 33-36.5 (34.6); middle toe, 20-23 (21.7).
Adult female.—Wing, 147-170 (160.1); tail, 90-103 (94.9); culmen
19.5—22 (20.4); tarsus, 32-37 (85.2); middle toe, 20.5-22 (21.4).°
Temperate North America, breeding north to central Quebec
(Point de Monts), central Keewatin, southern Mackenzie, and central
British Columbia, south to Gulf Coast of United States, Bahamas
(New Providence; Little Abaco) (7%) and central Mexico; winters from
Pacific coast of United States (north to Puget Sound), Arizona,
Texas, southern Illinois and Indiana, New Jersey, and Bermudas,
southward to Peru (Tambo Valley; Pacasmayo), and Venezuela,
casually (%) to Paraguay and Chile; casual in Newfoundland; acci-
dental in British Islands (River Avon, England, April, 1857; Peter-
head, Scotland, 1867).
[Charadrius] vociferus Linnzwus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10,1, 1758, 150 (Virginia and
[South] Carolina; based on Chattering Plover, Pluvialis vociferus Catesby,
Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 1730, 71, pl. 71); ed. 12, 1, 1766, 253.—Gme.in, Syst.
Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 685.—LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 742.—Turrton,
Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 413.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1871, 14, no. 9987, part.—
D’Hamonvitte, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 48 (England).
Charadrius vociferus Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1818, 73, pl. 59, fig. 6.—Vi1EILLoT,
Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvii, 1818, 141.—Bonaparter, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
li, 1827, 297.—Swatnson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831,
368.—JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., ii, 1832, pl. 59, fig. 6.—NurTra.,
Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 22.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog.,
iii, 1835, 191, pl. ‘‘215” =225; v, 1839, 577; Synopsis, 1839, 222; Birds Am..,
8vo ed., v, 1842, 207, pl. 317.—Vicors, Zool. Voy. ‘‘Blossom,’’ Birds, 1839,
29.—TowNSEND, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 156 (n. w. United
States)—Prapopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 360.—Gray, List Birds Brit.

a Kighteen specimens. b Fourteen specimens.
; Ex- Mid-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| dle
culmen. toe.
MALES.

Five adult males from eastern United States.............-.-.-- 158. 2 95 20.6 35.1 21.8
Tairteen adult males from western United States.............. 161 95.5 20. 2 34.5 21.7
Sixteen adult males from West Indies (0. v. rubidus)......-.... 148.7 88.5 20. 2 34 21.1

FEMALES.
Three adult females from eastern United States................ 159.5 93.5 20. 2 34.9 21.4
Eleven adult females from western United States........-....- 165 99. 7 21.2 36. 2 21.3
Nine adult females from West Indies (0. v. rwbidus).......-..-- 150.3 89.8 20.4 34,2 20.7

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 101

Mus., Gralle, 1844, 71; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 142.—McCatu, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 232 (Texas).—Bairp, in Stansbury, Rep. Great Salt
Lake, 1852, 319.—Woopuovsg, Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 96.—WalIxgs,
Rep. Agric., etc., Miss., 1854, 321.—HEnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855,
315 (New Mexico).—Kewnnicorr, Trans. Illinois Agric. Assoc., i, 1855, 587.—
PrarreNn, Trans. Illinois Agric. Assoc., i, 1855, 607 (Illinois)—Purnam,
Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 216 (Massachusetts)—Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1856, 294 (Franklin Co., Indiana).—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1859, 63 (Omoa, Honduras).—Marvens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 217
(Bermuda).—Buianp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Ber-
muda).—ScuHLEGeEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865, 23.—Hoy,
Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri).—FRANtTzIus,
Journ fiir Orn., 1869, 378 (Costa Rica).—Tripre, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871,
119 (lowa).—SrEBoum, Geog. Distr. Charadriidz, 1888, 120.

Clharadrius| vociferus BONAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 100 (crit.);
Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [182].—GamBet, Journ. Ac. Scl.
Phila., 2d ser., i, 1849, 220 (coast of California) —CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1859, 82 (Missouri River).

Aigialites vociferus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 45.—JarDINE, Contr.
Orn., 1849, 83 (Bermudas, winter).—Hurop1s, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 9
(Bermudas, winter).—Burnetrt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1851, 116 (upper
South Carolina, winter).—SciatEer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 127 (Cali-
fornia), 206 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1859, 369 (Jalapa), 393 (Oaxaca); 1864, 178
(Valley of Mexico); Ibis, 1862, 275 (River Avon, England, 1 spec., April,
1857).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vil, 1859, 121 (Bahamas).—Taytor,
Ibis, 1860, 313 (Tigre Island, Honduras).—CovEs, Ibis, 1865, 158 (Kansas);
Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 584.—Sanvin, Ibis, 1865, 191 (Guatemala);
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 219 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama).—DreEsseEr,
Ibis, 1866, 33 (s. Texas).—SciaTrer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1868, 176 (Tambo Valley, w. Peru), 570 (w. Peru): 1870, 838 (coast Hon-
duras).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt.-Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 238 (Point de Monts,
Quebec, breeding).

A qialites| veciferus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 600.

Miyialites vocifera Exxiot, North Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 176, pls. 56, 57.

Agialitis vociferus Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 330.—Xanrtvus, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1859, 192 (Ft. Tejon, California) —Scrarer and Satvry, Ibis,
1859, 227 (Guatemala).—Barnarp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860
(1861), 438 (Chester Co., Pennsylvania).—Buaxkiston, Ibis, 1862, 8 (Sas-
katchewan).—VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (Oxford Co.,
Maine).—McItwarairu, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 92 (Hamilton, Ontario).—
Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 84 (Arizona); Check List, 1873,
no. 397.—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 1384 (England, accidental).—
Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1873, 713, 714 (Fire-Hole Basin,
Wyoming; Utah); Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 9 (Aiken, S. C., March 14-April
5\).—HeEnsHaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 10 (Utah).—Coorer, Am.
Nat., vii, 1874, 18 (Cuyamaca Mts., Cal.).—AttEen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xvii, 1874, 66 (Dakota and Montana).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xvii, 1875, 445 (New England, summer).—Netson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xvii, 1875, 342 (Utah), 347, 350 (Nevada), 364 (California).—Reip, Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 229 (Bermudas, frequent).

[Zgialitis| vociferus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 244.—Cory, List Birds
West Ind., 1885, and revised ed., 1886, 25, part (Bahamas).

2 |gialitis] vociferus Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 383 (Illinois).

102 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Aegialitis vociferus Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 692.—
Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 504; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound.
Surv., ii, pt. 11, 1859, 25 (near Matamoros and Boca Grande, Tamaulipas);
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 306°(Cape San Lucas).—BoarpMan, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 128 (Calais, Maine).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., vii, 1862, 478 (Panama); viii, 1867, 294 (vicinity New York City);
ix, 1869, 141 (Costa Rica)—Covurs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 96 (Ft.
Whipple, Arizona); 1871, 28 (Ft. Macon, North Carolina); Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., xii, 1868, 121 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 291 (New
England).—Butcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 150 (Laredo,
Texas).—STEVENSON, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1871, 466 (Camp
Reynolds, Wyoming).—Tripre, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1873, 240 (s.
Towa, breeding).—TurNBuLL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 37 (Phila.
ed., 28). :

Aegialites vociferus ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 155 (Bahamas).—Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 209 (Sisal, Yucatan).

Aigialitis vocifera Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 129 (Saskatchewan).—Covuzs, Birds
Northwest, 1874, 452.—LawreEncer, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 46
(Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca) —Merritt, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 160
(Fort Brown, Texas, resident); Auk, xv, 1897, 352 (Fort Sherman, Idaho,
breeding).—TaczANowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 244 (Pacasmayo,
Peru); Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1886, 342.—ScLhatTeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, 547 (Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia).—Dane.eisn, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 144 (1 record for England).—Burimr, Bull. 2,
Brookville Soc. N. H., 1886, 21 (Franklin Co., Indiana, remaining in mild
winters).—Srton, Auk, iii, 1886, 152 (Manitoba, common summer resi-
dent).—Scort, Auk, iii, 1886, 386 (San Pedro Valley, Arizona, breeding).—
AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895,
no. 273.—ZeELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 129 (Alajuela, San Jose,
and Cartago, Costa Rica).—CuHapBourneE, Auk, vi, 1889, 255 (unusual flight
along New England coast, Nov., 1888).—Poyntine, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. 111,
1896, 37, pl. 9.—Beyer, Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 97 (Louisiana,
resident).—Bonuote, Ibis, 1903, 300 (New Providence and Little Abaco
islands, Bahamas; habits)—Pycrart, Ibis, 1904, 669, in text (Peterhead,
Scotland, 1 spec., 1867).

[ Hgialitis] vocifera SctaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 143, part.

Hiaticula vocifera Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Gralle, 1844, 71.

[ Hiaticula] vocifera LicutENSTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 94.

Oxyechus vociferus REICHENBACH, Grallatores, 1852, p. xviii, pl. 172, figs. 725
726.—HeENRY, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—
AuLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 77 (Springfield, Mass.; summer).—
Bovucarp, Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 15; Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, 44 (San Jose Valley, Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., iii, 1880, 198 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 516); Nom. N. Am: Birds,
1881, no. 516.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rmaway, Water Birds N. Am.,
i, 1884, 148, part.—Suarpsr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 242, 272,
part (Duefias, Guatemala; Tambo Valley, Peru; Paraguay; etc.—
Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., iii, 1903, 355, part.—InErR-
ING, Revista Mus. Paulista, vi, 1904, 343 (Paraguay).—Wituiams (R. W.),
Auk, xxi, 1904, 453 (Leon Co., Florida, resident).—Minuer (W. de W.),
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxii, 1906, 162 (Rancho Baillon, n. w. Durango,
breeding).—Snarp, Condor, ix, 1907, 86 (San Diego Co., California, breed-
ing).—Bryer, Attison, and Korman, Auk, xxv, 1908, 180 (Louisiana,
breeding).—Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 416 (Costa Rica).—

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA,

103

AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 128.—Bowtzs,
Auk, xxviii, 1911, 172 (Puget Sound, winter resident).—Woop (N. A.),
Fourteenth Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci., 1912, 183 (Charity Island, Michigan,
breeding).—Brrront, Fauna Parag., 1914, 39.
[Oxyechus] vociferus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 417 —Snarpr, Hand-
list, i, 1899, 154, part —ForsBesand Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2,

1899, 66, part (Nova Scotia; Jasper House; Bolafios,

Guatemala).

Jalisco;

Coban,

Oxyechus vociferus vociferus THAYER and Banas, Condor, ix, 1907, 136 (Rosario,
Lower California, Nov.)—Horssruen, Ibis, 1916, 681 (Buffalo Lake,

Alberta).

Charadrius (Aegialites) vocifer GLocER, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 108.
[Oxyechus] vocifer Herne and RetcHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 335

(Mexico).

OXYECHUS VOCIFERUS RUBIDUS Riley.

WEST INDIAN. KILLDEER.

Similar to O. v. vociferus but smaller and coloration darker.
Adult male.—Wing, 135-165 (148.7); tail, 80-100 (88.5); culmen,
19-22 (20.2); tarsus, 31-36.5 (34); middle toe, 19-22.5 (21.1).¢
Adult female.—Wing, 139-163 (150.3); tail, 83-106 (89.8); culmen,
20-21 (20.4); tarsus, 32-36 (34.2); middle toe, 20-22 (20.7).°
Greater Antilles: Cuba (San Diego de los Bafios; San Cristébal;
Guama; Guanajiy; Santiago; Pinar del Rio), Isle of Pines (Nueva
Gerona), Haiti (La Vega, Puerta Plata, and Almercén, Santo Do-
mingo), Jamaica (near Spanishtown), and Porto Rico (Manate;
Mameyes; Comario; Caguas; Vieques Island). :

[Charadrius] torquatus (not of Pontoppidan, 1763) Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i,
1766, 255 (Santo Domingo; based on Pluvialis dominicensis torquatus Brisson,
Orn., v, 1760, 70, pl. 6, fig. 2) —Gmetin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. ii, 1789, 685.

Oxyechus vociferus torquatus BANas and Zarrey, Am. Nat., xxxix, April, 1905,

195 (Isle of Pines, Cuba; crit.).

(2) [Charadrius] jamaicensis Miiturr, Natursyst., Anhang, 1776, 117 (Jamaica; based
on Browne, Jamaica, p. 477).—Gmetin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. ii, 1789, 685.—
LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 7483.—Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 413.

@ Sixteen specimens.

Locality.

MALES.

Pigenault wales ivOml GUA occ. estas copes seas es ecesn- aeeeerc
Onemdultimale from Tslejof Pines: «.. Bas o5ecce wb amc nc aiaas
Two adult males from Jamaica (November)...........-.-.-----

Eight adult males from Porto Rico................-.-.-.------

FEMALES,

PHOS AC Ulu AIGS TROUT OUAs mc ce cules sca we cea cic cee cick ee ones ©
DEACUIUNEICSATOM. EOrboulCOscs so cae tacs.wcesleccecseee cess

Wing.

153
135
158. 5

145.3 |

157.3
146.7

Tail.

92. 4
83.5

85. 2

95

87.2

. > Nine specimens.

Cul-
men.

19. 6
19.5
19.7
20.9

20. 2
20. 6

Tarsus.

33.5
35.5
35. 2
33.9

34
34.3

Middle
toe.

21.4

21.5
20.9

20. 8
20.7

104 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(?) Charadrius jamaicensis VrrttLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvii, 1818, 136.

[Charadrius vociferus} 8 LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 743 (=C. torquatus
Linneeus).

Charadrius vociferus (not of Linnzeus) D’OrBIeNy, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba,
Ois., 1840, 246.—Hartiaus, Naumannia, ii, 1852, 53 (Cuba; Haiti).—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—Bryant, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 97 (Santo Domingo).—SunpeEvatt, Oefv. K.
Vet.-Akad. Férh., 1869, 602 (Porto Rico).

Aigialites vociferus Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 330.—Saxxe8, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1857, 236 (Santo Domingo).—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
xvi, 1864, 66 (Jamaica).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 141.

Aigialitis vociferus ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 205 (Jamaica).

Aigialitis vocifera Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 228, part (West Indian references and
localities, except Bahamas); vii, 1900, 374 (Anegada), 375 (Virgin Gorda) ;
ix, 1902, 272 (San Diego de los Bafios, Cuba); Birds West Ind., 1889, 228, part
(except Bahamas); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 95, part (except Bahamas).—
Scorr, Auk, ix, 1892, 14 (Jamaica, resident, breeding).—Curisty, Ibis,
1897, 337 (La Vega and Puerta Plata, Santo Domingo, July; habits) —SciaTer,
Revised List Birds Jamaica, 1910, 21 (breeding).

Ai{gialitis| vocifera Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 115.

Oxyechus vociferus GUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 424 (Cuba); 1862, 88 (crit.),
1874, 313 (Porto Rico); 1875, 333 (Cuba; habits); 1878, 162, 189 (Porto Rico);
Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 359; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878,
382 (Porto Rico).—Sraut, Ornis, vol. 3, 1887, 452 (Porto Rico).—SHARPE,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 242, 742, part (Jamaica; San Cristobal,
Cuba).

[Oxyechus] vociferus GunpuaAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 342 (Cuba).—SHarpPE,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 154, part—ForsBrs and Roprnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus.,
li, no, 2, 1899, 66, part (Jamaica; Almercen, Santo Domingo).

Oxychecus vociferus WELLS, List Birds Grenada, 1886, 7.

Charadrius (Atgialitis) vociferus Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 97
(Santo Domingo).

Oxyechus vociferus rubidus Ritry, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, April 17, 1909, 88
(‘small resident West Indian Killdeer;’’ new name for Charadrius torquatus
Linneus, 1766, not Pontoppidan, 1763).—WetTMorE, Bull. 326, U. 8. Dept.
Agric., 1916, 39 (Porto Rico, resident; habits; food).

Genus PODASOCYS Coues.

Podasocys* Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Jan., 1866, 96. (Type, by original
designation, Charadrius montanus Townsend.)

Medium-sized Charadriide (wing 138-155 mm.) with culmen not
longer than middle toe with claw; tarsus twice as long as middle toe
without claw, more than one-fourth as long as wing; tail decidedly
less than half as long as wing, slightly rounded; and without any
black on under parts.

Bill relatively small and slender, much shorter than head, its depth
at base equal to less than half the length of exposed culmen, the
latter equal to or slightly shorter than middle toe with claw; distal
portion (less than half) of culmen distinctly though slightly arched;
gonys as long as mandibular rami, nearly straight, ascending termi-

« From modes oxis, swift-footed. (Coues.)

a

~

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 105

nally, its basal angle rather prominent. Wing long and_ pointed,
the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by much
more than half the length of wing and extending decidedly beyond
tip of longest tertials. Tail decidedly less than half as long as wing,
slightly rounded or double-rounded, the lateral rectrices shghtly
shorter than middle pair. Tarsus long and relatively slender, twice
as long as middle toe without claw, more than one-fourth as long as
wing, ‘eel with small hexagonal scales, these larger in front,
where on lower portion forming transverse scutella, those on planta
tarsi forming (at least sometimes) a single continuous series of small
transverse scales; outer toe decidedly shorter than middle toe, the
inner toe still shorter; a small web between basal phalanges of outer
and middle toes, but none between inner and middle toes; claws
very small and short, but rather strongly curved; hallux absent.
‘oloration.—Adults with under parts immaculate dull white

shaded on sides of chest with brownish buff; forehead and a broad
superciliary stripe white; loral stripe and fore part of crown black;
rest of upper parts buffy grayish brown, the feathers more or less
distinctly margined with buff, the primaries, etc., dusky with outer
webs of proximal quills white basally.

Range.—Arid plains of temperate western North America. (Mono-
typic.)

PODASOCYS MONTANUS (J. K. Townsend).
MOUNTAIN PLOVER.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Forehead and super-
ciliary stripe white; a narrow loral stripe, from bill to eye, and a patch
on fore part of crown (sometimes covering whole crown) black;
rest of upper parts buffy grayish brown, usually more or less tinged
with buff or ochraceous, the feathers more or less distinctly margined
with ochraceous or buffy; greater wing-coverts tipped with white;
primaries dusky with whitish shafts, the proximal quills with basal
portion of outer web white; tail grayish brown, tipped with whitish and
crossed by a subterminal Band of darker grayish brown or dusky;
under parts (Gncluding lower portion of side of head) immaculate
dull white, more or less distinctly shaded on chest with pale buffy
grayish and, sometimes, tinged with buffy or ochraceous; bill black;
iris dark brown; legs and feet dull light brownish yellow (in life).

Winter plumage.—Similar to the summer plumage, but black
loral streak and crown patch wanting (the latter replaced by grayish
brown), and plumage in general more strongly suffused or tinged
with buff.

Young.—Similar to winter adults but whole side of head and
neck, together with chest, deep creamy buff, and feathers of upper
parts distinctly margined with light buff.

106 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Downy young.—Upper parts pale brownish buff irregularly mottled
with black, this forming a distinct marbling on crown and occiput,
where the ground-color is lighter and clearer buff; forehead and
superciliary region (broadly), sides of head, and under parts immacu-
late buff; a narrow postocular streak of black terminating posteriorly
in a large irregular spot or blotch of black.
~ Adult male. ine, 138-154 (146.7); tail, 57-69 (65.4); culmen,

19-22 (20.6); tarsus, 37-40.5 (38.4); middle toe, 17.5-19.5 (18.3).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 143-155 (148.2); tail, 61-67 (64.2); culmen,
21-22.5 (21.9); tarsus, 37-39 (38.3); middle toe, 17-20 (18.5).

Arid plains of west-central United States, breeding from western
Nebraska and northern Montana, south to northern New Mexico
and northwestern Texas; wintering from northern California and
southern Texas to southern Lower California (San Teltmo; Tia Juana;
La Paz) and northern Mexico (Hermosillo, Sonora; Matamoros, Ta-
maulipas; Zacatecas). Accidental in Massachusetts (Chatham, Oct.
28, 1916).

Charadrius montanus TowsEND (J. K.), Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 192
(‘‘central table-land of the Rocky Mountains,’’ i. e., near neers River,
Wyoming); viii, 1839, 156; Narrative, 1839, BAs? oenctunonearnn Commit-
TEE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 193 (Columbia River).—Avupvu-
BON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 362, pl. 350; Synopsis, 1839, 223; Birds Am., 8vo.
ed., v, 1842, 213, pl. 318.—SrEBouM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1888, pp.
XV, 153.

Clharadrius] montanus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 544.—GamBeEL, Journ. Ac-
Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1849, 220 (coast of California).

[ Charadrius] montanus Gray, Hand-list, 111, 1871, 15, no. 9997.

Agialites montanus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List., 1838, 45.—DresseEr, Ibis,
1866, 33 (s. Texas).—Cougs, Ibis, 1866, 266 (s. California).

Aegialitis montanus Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 693.—
Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 505.—Cougs, Ibis, 1865, 159 (New Mex.
ico).—Coorer, Am. Nat., 111, 1869, 82 (e. base Rocky Mts., Montana).—
Evuiot, Illustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. 2, 1866 (vol. ii), pl. 39.

Aigialitis montanus ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 141 (Fort Hays, w.
Kansas), 181 (middle Kansas; plains of Colorado and Wyoming; South Park,
Colorado); Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 359, 360 (Kansas); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xvii, 1874, 66 (Yellowstone Park).—Rme@way, Am. Nat., vili, 1874, 109
(crit.).—GRINNELL (G. B.), in Ludlow’s Rep. Recon., 1876, 86 (Haymaker’s
Creek, Montana, breeding).

Aigialitis montana Betpina, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 440 (Stockton and
Marysville, California, Oct.-Dec.).—AMmeERIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’. UNION,
Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 281.—Coorrer, Auk, ii, 1887, 91
(near Saticoy, Ventura Co., California, Dec.).—Bryanr (W. E.), Proc. Calif.
Ac. Sci., 2nd ser., ii, 1889, 275 (San Telmo and Tia Juana, Lower California,
winter).—Cookg, Bull. 56, Col. Agric. Exp. Station, 1900, 199 (South Park,
Colorado, heeding),

Ai|gialitis] montana Ripaway, Man. N. iene Birds, 1887, 176.

Agialitus montanus CoopER, Amer. Nat., iii, 1869, 298 (near Great Falls, Mon-
tana). .

@ Right specimens. b Five specimens.
8 I

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 107

Aigralites montanus Barrp, in Rep. Ives’ Expl. Col. R., pt. 1, 1861, 6.
Oxyechus montanus Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 108 (New Mexico).
Ochthodromus montanus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 417.

Podasocys montanus Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 96 (Fort Whipple,
Arizona; New Mexico; habits); Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 592.—E.1ior,
Illustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. 2, 1866 (vol. ii), text to pl. 39.—
CoopER, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 183 (near Los Angeles, Cal.).—Fipaway, Nom.
N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 523.—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii,
1882, 41 (Boerne, Kendall Co., Texas, Jan. 2—Mar. 17).— Barrp, Brewer, and
Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 172.—Amerrican ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List; 3rd ed., 1910, 180.—Saunprrs, Auk, xxvili, 1911, 35
(Gallatin Co., Montana, breeding).—Puituirs, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 74 (Mata-
moros, Tamaulipas, Nov. 30).—Bunxker, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., vii, 1913,
145 (w. Kansas, common summer resident).—Brooxs (W.S8.), Auk, xxxiv,
1917, 86 (Chatham, Massachusetts, 1 spec. Oct. 28, 1916).

P{odasocys] montanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d-ed., 1884, 604.

[Podasocys] montanus SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 153.—Forbes and Rosrnson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 6.

Podasocys montana Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 199 (Cat. N. Am.
Birds, no. 528).

[Agialitis] asiaticus var. montanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 245.

Agialitis asiaticus . . . var. montanus CougEs, Check List, 1873, no. 402.

Eudromias montanus (not Eudromias montana Brehm, 1831) Hartine, Ibis, 1870,
202.—Covgs, Check List, 1873, Appendix, p. 135; Birds Northwest, 1874,
456.—NeEtson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 342 (Utah).

Eudromias montana Cours, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 600 (Montana, breeding).

Endromias montanus Cougs, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878,
634 (Milk River, Frenchmans River, etc., Montana, breeding; habits).

Genus PAGOLLA Mathews.

Ochthodromus (not Ochthedromus LeConte, 1848) RetcHenpacu, Syst. Avium,
1853, p. xvill. (Type, by original designation, Charadrius wilsonia Ord.)
Pagolla® Maruews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 1, April 2, 1913, 83. (Substitute

for Ochthodromus Reichenbach, preoccupied.)

Medium-sized or rather small Charadriide (wing 106-121 mm.)
with rather long and very stout bill (exposed culmen as long as or
longer than middle toe without claw), tarsus less than one and a half
times as long as middle toe without claw (about one-fourth as long as
wing), and tail much more than one-third as long as wing, truncate
or very slightly rounded or double-rounded.

Bill nearly as long as head, very stout, its depth at base equal to
nearly half the length of exposed culmen, the latter as long as or longer
than middle toe without claw; culmen with decidedly more than distal
half arched; gonys much longer than mandibular rami, faintly convex,
ascending terminally, its basal angle not prominent. Wing long and
pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries
by more than half the length of folded wing. Tail much more than
one-third as long as wing, truncate or very slightly rounded or double-
rounded. Tarsus less than one and a half times as long as middle toe

a Pago, a Lapp name (ex Brisson, Orn., v. 64). (Mathews.)

108 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

without claw, about one-fourth as long as wing, slender, the acrotar-
sium with rather indistinct transverse scutella (some of which, how-
ever, are broken into smaller hexagonal scales), the planta tarsi with
smaller and much less distinct transverse scutella; outer toe decidedly
shorter than middle toe but decidedly longer than inner toe; hallux
absent; a small web between basal phalanges of outer and middle toes,
but none between inner and middle toes; claws small, nearly straight.

Coloration.—Under parts immaculate white, interrupted by a jugu-
lar band of black (adult male) or grayish brown or cinnamon (adult
female and young); forehead and superciliary stripe white; loral stripe
and forepart of crown black (adult male) or grayish brown (female and
young); rest of upper parts grayish brown, the primaries, etc., darker.

Range.—Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States and northern
South America; West Indies; Pacific coast of Mexico. (Monotypic.)

KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF PAGOLLA WILSONIA.

a. Black or brown loral stripe narrower, continued very narrowly beneath eye, not
involving anterior portion of forehead or of malar region; white frontal band
broader, and white supra-auricular area distinct; color of upper parts lighter;
middle toe 18-20 mm.

b. Adult female with pileum, subauricular region and jugular band grayish brown.

(Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States; West Indies.)

Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia ((p. 108).

bb. Adult female with pileum, subauricular region and jugular band cinnamon or
sayal brown. (Carribbean coast of Colombia and Venezuela.)

Pagolla wilsonia cinnamomina (p. 113).

aa. Black or brown loral stripe much broader, continued broadly beneath eye, and

involving anterior portion of forehead and malar region; white frontal band nar-

rower, and white supra-auricular area indistinct or obsolete; color of upper
parts darker; middle toe 17.5-18 mm. (Pacific coast of Mexico.)

Pagolla wilsonia beldingi (p. 112).

PAGOLLA WILSONIA WILSONIA (Ord).
WILSON’S PLOVER.

Adult male in summer.—Forehead (backward laterally to above
eyes), sides of rump, lateral upper tail-coverts, and under parts,
including axillars and under wing-coverts white, on the under parts
interrupted by a band of black across chest; loral stripe (from bill to
eye) and anterior portion of crown black; rest of upper parts grayish
brown, the greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white, the
auricular and supra-auricular regions and nape sometimes more or less
tinged with cinnamon-rufous or rusty; primaries dusky, the outer-
most with shaft white, the shafts of the others partly white, the prox-
imal ones with a little white on basal portion of outer webs; tail
rather light grayish brown becoming darker subterminally and
whitish at tip, the general color becoming gradually paler from the
middle rectrices to the outer pair, which are wholly white; bill
black; iris dark brown; eyelid grayish; legs and feet pale grayish flesh
color (in life).

ern inches,

abit Cadebain de Cte

a

i i

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 109

Adult female in summer.—Similar to the male but with jugular band
and loral stripe grayish brown instead of black, the former sometimes
tinged or intermixed with ochraceous, cinnamon, or rusty, and crown
wholly grayish brown or with but little of black on anterior portion.

Winter plumage (sexes alike ?)—Similar to the adult femalein summer,
but jugular band, loralstripe, and fore part of crown more grayish brown.

Downy young.—Crown and occiput light grayish buff, distinctly
but very irregularly marbled or mottled with black; back and rump
similar but more grayish and the mottling coarser and less distinct;
arm-wing light buff, mottled with dusky; hand-wing immaculate
white; forehead, lores, superciliary region, sides of head, broad nuchal
collar and under parts immaculate white; an irregular but distinct
postocular streak of black, confluent posteriorly with the black mot-
tling of occiput; a large bare space on side of neck.

Adult male.—Wing, 106-121 (116. 4); tail, 44-50 (47. 5); culmen,
19. 5-21. 5 (20. 7); tarsus, 27. 5-30. 5 (29); middle toe, 18-20 (19. 2).2

Adult female.—Wing, 112-121 (117.6); tail, 42-50 (46. 9); culmen,
19-22 (20. 8); tarsus, 27-31 (28.6); middle toe, 18-20 (18. 6).°

a Twenty-six specimens. 6 Twenty-four specimens.
Mid-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. Culmen) Tarsus. ae
MALES.

Fight adult males from coast of Virginia..................--.-- 118.4 48.1 21 29 19.2
Five adult males from coast of South Carolina. ..........-.-.-- 117.1 47.9 21 28.7 19.5
Three sdiitimales:fromiMoridass ..- 20555 25a. S28 ee ne 22 tbe 117 47.2 20. 2 29.7 20
Twosduitimalesfrom Alabama: .):. 22.424... .cvs.ecces esse. 118 49 20.5 29 19
Oneadultmale from Louisiana 5... .2<<2=..2\52 «sees. «< ane aes 117 47.2 20. 5 29.8 19
Two adult males from coast of Texas. ...........-...--.------- 114.2 45 19.7 29.7 19.5
One adult male from Bahamas (Andros Island),.....-....----- 106 45 21 27.5 18
Oneadultimale trom Cuba.) 2.ss tase 5. tee tscecteseecstees ees 118 | 45 20 28. 5 18
Two adult males from Jamaica (type and co-type of Aegialitis

wilsonius var. rufinucha Ridgway).......-...---------+------ 114.5 48.7 20 29.5 18
One adult male from Porto Rico (Vieques Island). ............ 116 48.5 21 29.5 19.5
One adult male from St. Christopher................--------.- 115 45 21 28.5 19
One adult male from Margarita Island, Venezuela (P. w. cinna- }

ATLOITUTLA) Wee Sa ae Se aio Pe ee ee oe SRE Peau eRe Mn0d 116 45 20.5 28 19
Two adult males from Lower California (P. w. beldingi) ......-.. 115.5 46.7 20 27.7 17.5

FEMALES.

Five adult females from coast ot Virginia. ................----- 117.7 48 20.6 28. 6 18.6
Two adult females from coast of North Carolina............-... 117.7 46 20.7 28. 2 18.7
Three adult females from coast of South Carolina. .........-..- 117.7 478i) 5 ede 27.7 18.5
Twoadultfemalestrom MlOrd as. - ois eine .ctea’nl- aape cress = 118.7 47.2 20. 5 29.8 19
Twoadiiciemales fron. BabamMas.- <2. o.cssscct cence s eoeee sa 116 46 20.5 28 18.7
Pouradult females from’ Caba os 2. ee kk ag oe. 119.9 46.2 21.2 28.6 18.5
One adult female from Jamaica (type of Aegialitis wilsonius var.

MUSLNUCHUPULOC WAV hee eoemice saat one. ean Soe ees ne Seas 112 46.5 22 29 18
One adult female from Porto Rico (Vieques Island)...........- 121 50 22 31 19.5
One adult female from St. Thomas... ............--.--.---+---- 115 44 19 27.5 18
One adult female from St. Christopher. ..........-----.-.------ 113 44 20.5 29 18.5
Two adult females from coast of Colombia(P.w.cinnamomina) .| 111 45 21.7 28.5 18.5
Two adult females from Lower California (P.w. beldingi)....-... 116.5 47.2 20.5 27.5 Liver!
One adult female from Mazatlan. Sinaloa (P. w. beldingi)........ 113.5 47 21 29 18

110 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States, Gulf coast of Mexico and
British Honduras, and West Indies; breeding from coast of Virginia
(formerly New Jersey) southward to Bahamas (Andros, Inagua, Little

Abaco, Concepcion, and Rum Cay) to Jamaica (Spanishtown), and Brit-.

ish Honduras (Grassy Cay), probably in other West Indian islands,
in which its occurrence is recorded from Cuba (Cabafias; Mariél),
Haiti (Samanaé, Santo Domingo), Porto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas,
St. Christopher, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, and Guadeloupe; occurring
occasionally or accidentally northward to New York (vicinity of
New York City; Long Island, several records; Utica, spring of 1868;
Oneida Lake, 1880), Connecticut (Garnet, Aug. 22, 1877), Massa-
chusetts (Nahant, August, formerly), and Nova Scotia (Brier Island,
April, 28 1880; Halifax). (Possibly occurring, as a winter visitant
or resident, along coast of Brazil, though the Brazilian specimens
may be referable to P. w. cunnamomina.)

Charadrius wilsonia Ord, in Wilson’s Am. Orn.,1x, 1814, 77, pl. 73, fig. 5 (‘‘ Shores
of Cape Island’”’=Cape May, New Jersey; probable type now in coll. Mus.
Comp. Zool.; see Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 133); ed Wilson’s
Am. Orn., ix, 1825, 77, pl. 73, fig. 5.

Charadrius wilsonius Viertiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvii, 1818, 148, part.—
Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., U1, 1827, 296.—Nurrati, Man. Orn. U. S.
and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 21.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 73, pl.
209; v, 1839, 577; Synopsis, 1839, 223; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 214, pl.
319.—Prapopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 359 (abundant at Nahantin August).—
LeMBeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 106.—WatuzEs, Rep. Geol., etc.,
Miss., 1854, 321 (Mississippi).—PutNnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 224.—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N: H., vil, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—ScuieeGeL, Mus.
Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865, 30, part.—(?) Prunzetn, Orn. Bras.,
1870, 297 (Rio Muria, Cujutuba, Feb.).—Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
i, 1878, 450 (Guadeloupe).—Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lx, 1916, 306
(Cayman Islands, breeding).

Clharadrius| wilsonius Bonararte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 100
(crit.); Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [182].—(?) Pe.zEeLn, Orn.
Bras., 1870, 455. :

Aigialites wilsonius BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 45.—Bryanv, Proc-
Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 121 (Bahamas, resident).—Marcn, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, 66 (Jamaica).—Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 34 (Galveston
Island, Texas).—Covurs, Check List, 1873, no. 585; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
vii, 1882, 59 (Garnet, Connecticut, Aug. 22, 1877).—Neruriine, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 222 (coast s. e. Texas, breeding).

[ Aegialites| wilsonius ALBREcaAT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 55 (Bahamas).

Ai{gialites| wilsonius Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 601.

Aegialitis wilsonius Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Rep., ix, 1858, 693;
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 378 (St. Thomas, Greater Antilles).—Barrp,
Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 506.

[Aegialitis] wilsonius Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 294 (vicinity New
York City).

| Zyialitis] wilsonius Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 244.—Cory, List Birds
West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 25. |

Aigialitis wilsonius Cours, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 291; Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xii, 1868, 122 (South Carolina); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxiii, 1871, 28

i i i tai it i tt i i a et ti tn ts

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ki

(Fort Macon, North Carolina); Check List, 1873, no, 398.—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 294 (vicinity New York City)—Brewenr, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 452.—Baitey (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
i, 1876, 26 (Cobb’s Island, Virginia, breeding)—Purpir, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, ii, 1877, 13 (New England records).—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880,
147 (resident); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 143.

Aigialitis wilsonia Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 456 (synonyony).—MERRILL
(J. C.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 160 (coast near Fort Brown, Tex.,
resident).—Ratuspun (F. R.), Revised List Birds Centr. N. Y., 1879, 30
(near Utica, 1 spec., spring, 1868).—Durcner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv,
1879, 242 (Shinnecock Bay, Long Island, May 28, 1879); v, 1880, 186 (Long
Island records); Auk, iii, 1886, 438 (Shinnecock Bay, 1 spec., May 16, 1884).—
AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895,
no. 280.—Raupu and Baaa, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc. ., lil, 1886, 115 (Oneida
Lake, New York, 1 spec., 1880).—Cory, Auk, 1887, 228 (West Indian
localities and references); vii, 1890, 374 pees 375 (Virgin Gorda);
Birds West Ind., 1889, 228; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 95.—RoBInson,
Auk, vi, 1889; 195 (Nelson Gn, Virginia, 1 spec., August, 1887).—NorrTHRop,
Auk, viii, 1891, 76 (Andros Island, Bahamas).—Scorr, Auk, ix, 1892, 15
(Jamaica, resident).—Sronr, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1894, 80 (Cape
Island and Seven Mile Beach, New Jersey).—Fieup, Auk, xi, 1894, 123
(Jamaica, breeding).—Exitior, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 192, pl. 65.—
Bryer, Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 97 (coast Louisiana, common
resident).—Bonnore, Ibis, 1903, 300 (Andros and Little Abaco islands,
Bahamas; habits).

[Agialitis| wilsonia SctateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 143, part.

Ai{gialitis wilsonia Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 115.—Ripeway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 175.

Charadrius wilsonti Lusson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 544.

Aigialitis wilsont ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 30.—Satnvin, Ibis,
1889, 379 (Cozumel Island).—Ripaway, Auk, vili, 1891, 339 (Concepcion
Island, Bahamas).—Verritt (A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1909, 356 (Samana, Santo Domingo).

Aigialitis wilsoniana SAuvin, Ibis, 1864, 387 (Grassy Cay, Brit. Honduras).

Aigialites wilsonianus SAuvin, Ibis, 1865, 191 (Guatemala); 1866, 197 (Guatemala).

Aigualitis wilsonti Rives, Cat. Birds Virginia, 1890, 58 (coast, summer resident).

Miaticula wilsonit Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 70.

[Ochthodromus] wilsonius RetcHeNBAcu, Av. Syst., 1853, p. xviii—BoNaPpaRTE,
Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 418 —Gunpvacna, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 342 (Cuba).

Ochthodromus wilsonius CABANIS, Journ, fiir Orn., 1856, 424 (Cuba).—GuNDLACH,
Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 359; Journ. fir Orn., 1874, 313 (Porto
Rico); 1875, 333 (Cuba; habits); 1878, 162, 189 (Porto Rico); Anal. Soc. Esp,
Hist, Nat., vii, 1878, 381 (Porto Rico),—AtLien, Am, Nat., iii, 1869, 637 (New
Jersey; Long Island).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 199;
Nom, N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 522.—Batrp, Brewer, and Rineway, Water
Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 168.—Goss, Auk, ii, 1885, 221 (Brier Island, Nova
Scotia, April 28, 1880).—Srauu, Ornis, vol. 3, 1887, 452 (Porto Rico).—
AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 130.

Octhodromus wilsonius ALLEN, Proc. eee Inst., iv, 1864, 86.

[Ochthodromus wilsonius.]} Var, wilsonius Bar, Brew ER, and Ripeway, Water
Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 168.

Ochthodromus Salaries wilsonia Hettmayr, Abh, K. B. Ak. Wiss., ii K1.¥xxii,
Bd. iii, Abt., 1905, 715 (crit.).

12 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Ochthodromus wilsonit SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 214, 739, part
(Halifax, Nova Scotia; Pennsylvania; Cobbs Island, Virginia; Fort Macon,
North Carolina; Tarpon Springs, Florida; Corpus Christi, Texas; Progreso,
Holbox Island, and Cozumel Island, Yucatan; Grassy Cay, Brit. Hondures;
Anegada, Antilles)—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii,
1903, 354, part (Progreso, Cozumel Island, and Holbox Island, Yucatan;
Grassy Cay, Brit. Honduras, breeding; Valley of Mexico?; West Indies).

[Ochthodromus] wilsoni SHarPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 153, part.—ForBrs and
Rosrinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., 11, 1899, 66, part (Fort Macon, North Caro-
lina; Jamaica).

Charadrius wilsoni SrEBouM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xvii, 154, part.

Aigialitis wilsonius, var. rufinucha Ripeway, Am. Nat., viii, no. 2, Feb., 1874,
109 (Spanishtown, Jamaica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).

Ochthodromus wilsonius rufinuchus Barrp, BREwER,. and Ripeway, Water Birds
N. Am.,i, 1884, 168, footnote —WeEtTMorE, Bull. 326, U.S. Dept. Agric.,
1916, 38 (Porto Rico).

[Ochthodromus wilsonius.]| Var. rufinuchus Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway,
Water Birds N. Am., 1, 1884, 168. 1

Afegialitis] wilsonia rufinucha Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 175, part
(West Indies).

Eupoda wilsonia rufinucha Wetmore, Auk, xxxiv, Jan., 1917, 58 (Culebra Island,
Feb. 11, 1899).

(?) Charadrius crassirostris Serx, Av. sp. Nov. Brasil., ii, 1825, 77, pl. 94 (Brazil;
see Hellmayr, Abh. K. B. Akad. Wiss., ii, Kl. xxii, Bd. iii, Abt., 1905,
715).—BurmMeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 359.

(?)Ch[aradrius] crassirostris CABANIS, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, i],
1848, 750.

Charadrius morinellus (not of Linnzeus) DeNNy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39
(Jamaica).

PAGOLLA WILSONIA BELDINGI Ridgway. 2

BELDING’S PLOVER.

Similar to P. w. wilsonia, but with black or grayish brown loral
stripe much broader, extending much more broadly beneath eye and
involving anterior portions of both forehead and malar region;
white frontal band narrower; with little, if any, white above auricular
region or posterior portion of eye; general color of upper parts
darker, and middle toe averaging shorter.

Adult male.—Wing, 115-116 (115.5); tail, 45-48.5 (46.7); culmen,
19.5-20.5 (20); tarsus, 27.5-28 (27.7); middle toe, 17-18 (17.5).®

Adult female-—Wing, 113.5-119 (115.5); tail, 45-49.5 (47.2);
culmen, 19.5-21.5 (20.7); tarsus, 27-29 (28); middle toe, 17.5-18
(17.8) :¢

Pacific coast, from Lower California (La Paz; Carmen; San Jose
del Cabo; Pichilinque Bay) southward, through Sinaloa (Mazatlan),

@ New subspecies. Type, in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 86424, adult male, La Paz,
Lower California, Dec. 21, 1881; L. Belding.

b Two specimens.

¢ Three specimens.

st te i ail ea ee le

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 113

Tapic (San Blas), Guatemala (Chiapém) * and Costa Rica (Cocos
Island)? to Ecuador (Puna Island)* and Peru (Tumbez;?% Santa
Lucia).¢

Aigialitis wilsonius (not Charadrius wilsonia Ord) LAwRENcCE, Mem. Bost. Soc.
N. H., ii, 1874, 307 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa).

(?)Agialitis wilsonia TaczANowsk1, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 343.

4igialitis wilsonia Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., ii, 1889, 279
(Cape San Lucas district, Lower California).—BrewstrerR, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., xli, no. 1, 1902, 73 (La Paz, Carmen, and San Jose del Cabo, Lower
California).

[Aigialitis] wilsonia ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 143, part.

Aigialitis wilsoniana Sauvin, Ibis, 1865, 191 (Pacific coast Guatemala).—(?)
TaczANOWSEI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 330 (Tumbez and Santa Lucia,
Peru).

Ochthodromus wilsonius BELDING, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 545.

Ochthodromus wilsoni SHarre, Oat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 214, 739, part (San Blas,
Tepic; Chiapam, Guatemala?; Puna Island, w. Ecuador?).—Satnvin and
GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 354, part (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; San
Blas, Tepic; Chiapam, Guatemala; ‘“‘South America to Peru’’?).—GuirrorD,
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. i, 1913, 53, in text (Cocos Island, Costa
Rica, Sept. 4 and 11, 1905).

[Ochthodromus] wilsoni SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 153, part.—(?)ForBEs and
Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1899, 66, part (‘‘South Mexico’’).

PAGOLLA WILSONIA CINNAMOMINA Ridgway.
CINNAMOMEOUS PLOVER.

Similar to P. w. wilsonia, but pileum and sides of head (suborbital
and auricular regions) and jugular band (in adult female) sayal brown
or dull cinnamon, instead of grayish brown.

Caribbean coast of Colombia (Sabanilla) and Margarita Island,
Venezuela; probably also islands of Aruba and Bonaire, Dutch West
Indies, coast of Venezuela (Carupano; Cumana), island of Trinidad,
coast of British Guiana and Cayenne (Oyapok Fey) and Sbrth-
eastern Brazil (Piehy, Sept.).°

(?) Ch{aradrius] crassirostris (not of Spix, 1825?) CaBanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis.
Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 750.

(?) Charadrius wilsonius (not C. wilsonia Ord, 1814?) ScutneEt, Mus. Pays-Bas,
iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865, 30, part (‘‘South America’’).

Aigialites wilsonius ScLaTER and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 169 (Caru-
pano, Venezuela).

Aigialitis wilsonia (?) Sauvin, Ibis, 1886, 178 (Brit. Guiana).—CHapman, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 75 (Trinidad).

[Agialitis] wilsonia ScuateR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 143, part.

(?) Ochthodromus wilsonia BERLEPSCcH, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 305 (Cayenne).

2 Specimens from these localities not seen by me, but almost certainly are referable
to this form.

b New subspecies. Type, in coll. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 97919, adult female, Saba-
nilla, Colombia, March, 1884; Benedict and Nye.

¢. Specimens from these localities not seen by me.

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——9

114 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(?) Eudromias wilsoni Retser, Denkschr. Mat.-Nat. K]. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, txxvi,
1910, 94 (coast of Piehy, n. e. Brazil, Sept. 14).

Ochthodromus wilsont SHarPe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 214, 739, part
(Carupano and Cumana, Venezuela; Oyapoc River, Cayenne?).

[Ochthodromus] wilsoni SHarPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 153, part.—Forpes and
Rostnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1899, 66, part (Cumana, Venezuela).

Ochthodromus wilsonius rufinuchus (not Afgialitis wilsonius var. rufinucha Ridg-
way, 1874) Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, July 29, 1884, 177 (Sabanilla,
Colombia, March).—Lowge, Ibis, 1907, 552 (Margarita Island, Venezuela).—
Cory, Pub. 137, Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 197 (Aruba, Dutch West Indies), 214
(Isla des Aves), 238 (Margarita Island).

Ochthodromus wilsonia rufinucha HEetumayrR, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 53 (Seelet,
Trinidad; crit.).

Afegialitis] wilsonia rufinucha Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 175, part.

Zgialitis wilsonia rufinucha Rosrnson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 656
(Margarita Island).

Aegialitis wilsonius rufinucha Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 307 (Aruba and
Bonaire, Dutch West Indies).

Aigialitis rufinucha Harrert, Ibis, 1893, 307 (Aruba; Bonaire; crit.), 335 (Bonaire).

Genus CHARADRIUS Linneus.

Charadrius Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 150. (Type, by tautonymy,
Charadrius hiaticula Linneeus.)

Aegialitis Born, Isis, 1822, 558. (Type, as designated by Gray, 1855, Charadrius
hiaticula Linneus. )

Aegialites (emendation) Bor, Isis, 1826, 978.

Aegialeus REICHENBACH, Syst. Avium, 1853, p. xviii. (Type, by monotypy,
Charadrius senipalmatus Bonaparte.)

Leucopolius Bonapartr, Compt. Rend., xhii, 1856, 417. (Type, by tautonymy,
Charadrius leucopolius Wagler=C. marginatus Vieillot.)

Cirrepidesmus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856,417. (Type, by tautonymy,
Charadrius cirrhepidesmos Wagler=C. mongolus Pallas.)

Hiaticula Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 85. (Type, by tautonymy, Charadrius
hiaticula Linneeus. )

Aigialophilus Goutp, Handb. Birds of Australia, ii, 1865, 234. (Type, by original
designation, Charadrius cantianus Latham.)

Small to very small Charadriide (wing 90-153 mm.) with tail much
less than half as long as wing, tarsus not more (usually much less)
than twice as long as middle toe without claw, and culmen less than
one-sixth as long as wing and less than two-thirds as long as tarsus,
the bill slender or small.

Bill relatively small, slender, or else very short; exposed culmen
very slightly if at all longer than middle toe without claw, usually
equal to same or shorter, the greatest depth of bill equal to less than
one-fourth to more than one-third the length of culmen; arched
terminal portion of culmen usually shorter than depressed basal
portion, rarely longer; gonys as long as, longer than, or shorter than
mandibular rami. Wing long and pointed, the longest primary
(outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by about one-half length of
wing. Tailnot more (usually less) than half aslong as wing, truncate
to distinctly rounded, the middle pair of rectrices usually projecting
slightly beyond next pair. Tarsus one and a half times to twice as

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 115

long as middle toe without claw, less than one-fifth to more than one-
fourth as long as wing, slender, covered with small hexagonal scales,
these larger in front where usually more or less transverse on lower
portion; outer toe decidedly shorter than middle toe, the inner toe
still shorter; hallux absent; a distinct web between basal phalanges
of outer and middle toes, the space between inner and middle toes
with web usually minute or scarcely visible, rarely distinct.
Coloration.—Upper parts grayish brown, including rump and upper
tail-coverts; under parts white, usually with a jugular or pectoral
band of black, grayish brown, or cinnamon-rufous, this sometimes
reduced to a patch on each side, or altogether absent.
Range.—Nearly cosmopolitan, but absent from Polynesia. (Many
species. )
KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF CHARADRIUS.2
a. A distinct web between basal phalanges of inner and middle toes; web between
outer and middle toes larger. (Northern North America, south in winter to
southern South America.).)..::-.-<---s.s-- Charadrius semipalmatus (p. 116.)
aa. No distinct (if any) web between inner and middle toes; web between outer and
middle toes smaller,
b. Culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe with claw.
ec. A more or less distinct nuchal collar of white (often with a black one imme-
diately below it); a black or grayish brown jugular band, or patch of same on
each side of chest.
d, Lores with a black or grayish brown stripe, extending from bill to and
beneath eyes to auricular region; upper parts darker grayish brown.
e. Bill stouter, its basal half light-colored (yellow or orange-yellow in life);
no white on crown. (Northern Europe, northwestern Asia, and extreme
northeastern North America.)............ Charadrius hiaticula (p. 120.)
ee. Bill more slender, wholly black or with only extreme base of mandible
yellow; a white bar immediately behind black patch on fore part of
crown. (Europe and Asia, south in winter to northwestern Africa,
India, New Guinea, etc.; accidental in California?)
Charadrius dubius (p. 124).
dd, Lores wholly white; upper parts much paler grayish brown or brownish
gray. (Eastern North America, south in winter to northern Mexico,
Greater Antilles, and Bermudas.).....-...- Charadrius melodus (p. 128).
ce. No trace of white (nor black) nuchal collar; chest cinnamon-rufous in summer
adults, never with a hlack band. (Northeastern Asia, south in winter to
si a Moluccas, and Australia; accidental in Alaska.)
Charadrius mongolus (p. 132).

a Agialites albidipectes Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, March 21, 1883, 526
(digialitis albidipectus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am.,
i, 1884, 153), based on a specimen supposed to be from Chile, in the collection of the
U.S. National Museum, proves to be a South African species with wrong locality on
the label: Charadrius marginatus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvii, 1818, 138;
Aigialitis marginata Gurney, Ibis, 1860, 218; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi,
1896, 282; Charadrius leucopolius Wagler, Syst. Av., 1827, Charadrius, sp. 28; Charadrius
nivifrons, Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 544 (ex Cuvier, Régne Anim., 1829, 501,=
nomen nudum).

Aegialitis occidentalis Cabanhis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 158; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxvi, 1896, 295, from Province of Tarapac4, Chile, I have not seen.

116 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

bb. Culmen as long as or longer than middle toe without claw.

c. A white nuchal collar; no black loral stripe nor jugular band; general color
of upper parts much paler grayish brown or brownish gray. (Charadrius
NiVOSUS.)

d. Color of upper parts darker (light hair brown to nearly drab). (Western

America, from Oregon and Wyoming to Chile.)

Charadrius nivosus nivosus (p. 136).

dd. Color of upper parts much paler (pale drab-gray to nearly grayish white.)
(Gulf coast of United States and Mexico; Cuba.)

Charadrius nivosus tenuirostris (p. 139).

cc. No white nuchal collar; a black loral stripe and jugular band; general color

of upper parts much darker grayish brown. (Southern Mexico to Peru,

Argentina, ‘Paraguay; ete.) 22.212 «20222 JA Charadrius coilaris (p. 140).

CHARADRIUS SEMIPALMATUS Bonaparte.
SEMIPALMATED PLOVER.

Adult male in summer.—Anterior portion of forehead, loral stripe
(from bill to eye and continued beneath the latter to and including
the auricular region), fore part of crown, and a broad collar round
lower neck (broader on sides of chest), black; forehead (except
anterior portion), malar region, chin, throat, upper neck (all round),
a small spot immediately beneath eye, a more or less distinct supra-
auricular streak, and under parts posterior to the black jugular
band, including axillars and under wing-coverts, immaculate white,
the coverts along edge of wing grayish brown basally, the under
primary coverts pale grayish brown; upper parts (except as described)
plain grayish brown (hair brown), the greater wing-coverts tipped
with white; primaries dusky or blackish, their shafts white, the
proximal quills with basal portion of outer web white; tail lisht
grayish brown, blackish subterminally and white terminally, the
outermost rectrix entirely or mostly white, the next with outer
web white; bill black, the basal portion orange or orange-yellow;
iris dark brown; legs and feet pale yellowish or flesh color (in life).

Adult female in summer.—Similar to the male and not always dis-
tinguishable, but usually with the black markings on head and the
er band duller black, the latter mixed or suffused with grayish
brown laterally.

Winter plumage.—Black of head-markings and jugular band
replaced by grayish brown; otherwise as in summer.

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage, but feathers of upper parts
margined terminally with light buff.

Downy young.—Upper parts pale grayish brown mottled with
black, interrupted by a white nuchal collar; forehead, superciliary
region, and suborbital spot pale grayish buffy, the first marked along
median line with black; under parts entirely white.

eS ee

a a i ae ei

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, Ly

Adult male.—Wing, 114-122.5 (119.4) ; tail, 52-57.5 (54.8) ; culmen,
11.5-13 (12.5); tarsus, 21-24 (22.3); middle toe, 16.5-18 (17.4) .?
Adult female—Wing, 115-127 (119.8); tail, 52.5-61 (55.7); culmen,
10.5-13.5 (11.9); tarsus, 21-23 (21.9); middle toe, 16.5-18 (17).°
Breeding in Arctic North America (from Melville Island, Welling-
ton Channel, Cumberland Sound, and Davis Inlet to upper Yukon
valley) south to southern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, coast of
Labrador, and islands in Gulf of St. Lawrence (Magdalen and Mingan
islands); winters from southern Lower California, Louisiana, South
Carolina, etc., throughout West Indies and tropical America south
to southern Brazil (coast of Sio Paulo), Argentina (Moreno; Punta
de Jujty), Bolivia (San Luis), Chile (Coquimbo Lagoon; Punta
Teatina; Cabulco) and Galapagos Archipelago (Abingdon, Albe-
marle, Bindloe, Charles, Chatham, Indefatigable, James, and Jervis
islands); Bermudas during migration; occasional in northeastern
Siberia (Plover Bay; Koliuchin Bay; Herald Island) and casual in
Greenland.
[Charadrius] hiaticula (not of Linnzeus) Larnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 743, part.
Charadrius hiaticula Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 30, pl.37, fig.3.—Orpb, ed. Wilson’s
Am. Orn., vii, 1824, 69.—Dotz, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1869, 304
(Hawaiian Islands).
Tringa hiaticula Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1818, 65, pl. 59, fig. 3.
Charadrius semipalmatus BoNAPaRTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, pt. i, 1825,
98 (based on Tringa hiaticula Wilson, Am. Orn., vil, 65); Obs. Nomencl.
Wilson’s Am. Orn., [180]; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1827, 296; Am. Orn., iv, 1832,
92, pl. 25.—Kaup, Isis, 1825, 1376.—Swainson and RicnHarpson, Fauna
Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 367.—Nurrauu, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds,
1834, 24.—AuDuBON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 256, pl. 330; v, 1839, 579; Synop-
sis, 1839, 224; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 218, pl. 320.—Pxrasopy, Rep.
Orn. Mass., 1839, 361.—Dernny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39 (Jamaica).—
LemBeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 107.—Wattzs, Rep. Geol., etc.,
Miss., 1854, 321.—PutTnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 216 (Massachusetts).—
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 119 (Nova Scotia)—KNEELAND,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 237 (Keweenaw Point, Michigan).—W1:1s,
Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 284 (Nova Scotia).—BLanp,
Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—BRrewer,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—ScuirGeL, Mus. Pays-

a Eleven specimens. b Seven specimens.
Locality. Wing. | Tail. ae Tarsus.| te
MALES.

Six adult males from eastern North America................-. 121.2 55.7 12.7 22.10 17.4
Fiveiadult malesifrom! Alaska cis.) 00502. lak os usd dee eee 117.1 53.6 12.4 21.8 17.3

FEMALES.
Five adult females from eastern North America................ *120.3 56.5 12.5 22.5 17
PWO aUUtE eM sles IOI AI ASKa setae ee eee eee ee tee. ene 118.5 53.7 12 21.2 17

118 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865 380 (Labrador; Brazil, one of the types of
C. brevirostris Maximilian).—Wet1z, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 267
(Labrador).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 378 (Costa Rica).—Finscu,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 589 (Trinidad; crit.).—SrEBoumM, Geog. Distr.
Charadriidx, 1887, pp. xvi, 123.

Char[adrius] semipalmatus Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 217 (Bermudas).

{Charadrius] semipalmatus Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 16.

Aiyialites semipalmatus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 45.—GossE,
Birds Jamaica, 1847, 333.—JarpINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 83 (Bermudas).—
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 121 (Bahamas).—Marcu, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 66 (Jamaica).—Satvin, Ibis, 1865, 191 (Guate-
mala); 1866, 197 (Guatemala).—DressrEr, Ibis, 1866, 34 (Texas).—ScLaTER
and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 591 (Mexiana Island).—Rmewar,
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 517.—Covers, Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no.
586.—NELSON, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883),84 (both sides Bering Sea;
Alaska Peninsula to Point Barrow; Wrangell Island; Herald Island).—
Brewster, Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 384 (Magdalen and Mingan
islands, breeding).

Ai{gialites] semipalmatus Hurovis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 9 (Bermudas, Aug.,
Sept.).—Covges, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 602.

Aigialites semipalmata Wes, List Birds Grenada, 1886, 7.

Aeg{ialites] semipalmatus ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 55 (Bahamas).

Aegialites semipalmatus Hartuaus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 278 (Portage Bay,
Alaska).

Aegialitis semipalmatus CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 425 (Cuba).—Cassin,
in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 694.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 507.—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 228 (coast
Labrador, breeding; habits); 1866, 96 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); 1871, 28
(Fort Macon, North Carolina); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South
Carolina).—GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 88 (Cuba; crit.) —BoaRDMAN,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 128 (Calais, Maine).—Atsrecut, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1862, 205 (Jamaica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1864, 100
(Sombrero); viii, 1866, 294 (vicinity New York City); ix, 1869, 238 (Puna
Island, w. Ecuador).—TurNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 38 (Phila.
ed., 29).— Brertrrscn, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 305 (Cayenne).

Zigialitis semipalmatus Verriu, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (Oxford Co.,
Maine).—McItwrairn, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 92 (Hamilton, Ontario).—
Cougs, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 291 (New England); Check List, 1873,
no. 399.—Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 285 (Tres Marias
Islands)—AtLten, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 359 (Kansas).—Brewer, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 445 (New England, migrant).—Cory, Birds Bahama
Island, 1880, 148; Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 144.—Tristram, Ibis,
1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).—Rem, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 230
(Bermudas, frequent).

[ Zigialitis] semipalmatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 244.—Cory, List Birds
West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 25.

[ Hgialitis] semipalmata Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 143.

Zigialitis semipalmata Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 130 (int. Brit. America).—ScLaTER
and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323 (Galapagos Islands).—CovEs,
Birds Northwest, 1874, 453—TaczaNowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,
560 (Chorillos, centr. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 345.—Satvin, Trans.
Zool. Soe. Lond., ix, 1876, 501 (Indefatigable Island, Galapagos); Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1883, 428 (Paracas Bay, Peru; Coquimbo Lagoon, Chile); Ibis,
1886, 178 (Brit. Guiana)—-LAwRENCE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 197
(St. Vincent), 241 (Barbuda), 461 (Guadeloupe); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,

i a iti i int

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 119

no. 4, 1876, 46 (San Mateo, Oaxaca, Aug., Feb.) —Atuen, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, v, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880,
198 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 517); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xix, 1896, 628
(Albemarle and Indefatigable islands, Galapagos).—Barrp, Brewer, and
Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 154.—Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
vili, 1885, 246 (Davis Inlet, breeding); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 150 (St.
Michaels, 1 spec., Oct. 1; Fort Yukon, abundant).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO-
aists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 274; 3rd ed., 1910, p.
128.—Netson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 126 (Nulato, St. Michaels, etc.;
Plover Bay and Koliuchin Bay, e. Siberia).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 502 (Grand
Cayman); iv, 1887, 229 (West Indian localities and references); vi, 1889, 32
(Cayman Brac, near Cuba); vii, 1890, 374 (Anegada, Lesser Antilles); Birds
West Ind., 1889, 229; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 95.—Bisuopr, Auk, vi, 1889,
147 (Magdalen Islands, breeding).—Frmprn, Ibis, 1889, 491 (Barbados).—
ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 271 (as to Charadrius brevirostris Maxi-
milian).—BrriEeprscH and StotzMann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, 395
(Ancon, Peru, Jan. 29).—Cuerriz, Expl. Zool. C. R. Merid., 1893, 55 (Boca
del Diquis, s. w. Costa Rica).—CuHapMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 75
(Trinidad).—E.uror, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 179, pl. 58.—Bonuorre, Ibis,
1903, 300 (Andros and Green Cay islands, Bahamas).—LénNnBeERG, Ibis, 1903,
446 (Moreno, Argentina), 453 (San Luis, Bolivia, Feb.) —Bzrcx, Condor, ix,
1907, 110, in text (Cocos Island, Jan.).—Lowe, Ibis, 1907, 553 (Margarita
Island, Venezuela, Jan.).—Verrity (A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1909, 356 (Samana, Santo Domingo).—CarrrkEr, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
vi, 1910, 417 (Pacific coast Costa Rica).—WetTmoreE, Bull. 326, U. S. Dept.
Agric., 1916, 38 (Porto Rico, rare visitant).

Ai{gialitis] semipalmata Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 115.—
Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 176.

Aegialitis semipalmata Korniaswatp, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 394 (Sao Paulo, s.
Brazil).—Rotruscuip and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 186 (Chatham,
Albemarle, Jervis, and Indefatigable islands, Galapagos); ix, 1902, 418
(Galapagos in migration).

Ad(gialitis| semipalmata Roruscuttp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 203

(Galapagos).

Ail gialitis] hiatacula . . . var. semipalmata Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y.,
x, 1874, 383 (Illinois).

Aigialitis hiaticula . . . var. semipalmatus Ripaway, Am. Nat., viii, Feb‘, 1874,
109 (crit.).

Aegialitis hiaticula semipalmata Hantzscu, Journ. fiir Orn., July, 1908, 362 (n. e.
Labrador).

{Aegialeus] semipalmatus RetcHenBacn, Av. Syst. Nat., 1852, p. xviii—Gunp-
LACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 342 (Cuba)—Hertne and ReicHenow, Nom.
Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 336 (Labrador; Brazil).

[Agialeus] semipalmatus BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 417.—SHarper,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 154——Forspes and Rosrinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii,
no. 2, 1899, 66 (Barbados; Coquimbo, Chile; etc.).

Aigialeus semipalmatus ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 77 (Massachusetts).—
SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 250, 743.—Satvin and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 357 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Tres Marias
Islands, Tepic; San Mateo and Santa Maria del Mar, Oaxaca; Cozumel
Island, Yucatan; Chiapam, Guatemala; Bahia de Salinas, Costa Rica).—
GirrorD, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii, 1913, 53 (Abingdon, Albemarle,
Bindloe, Charles, Chatham, Indefatigable, James, Jervis, and Narborough
islands, Galapagos; Cocos Island).

120 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Aegialeus semipalmatus GUNDLACH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 359; Journ.
fiir Orn., 1874, 314 (Porto Rico); 1875, 335 (Cuba); 1878, 162, 189 (Porto Rico);
Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 384 (Porto Rico).—Scuatow, Zool.
Jahrb., Supp., iv, Heft 3, 1898, 665 (Punta Teatina and Cabulco, Chile).—
Inprina, Revista Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 430 (coast Sio Paulo, s. Brazil).—
DABBENE, Orn. Argent., 1910, 217 (Moreno; Puna de Jujuy).

Hiaticula semipalmata Gouin, in Darwin, Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ Birds, 1841, 128
(Galapagos Islands)—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iti, 1844, 70 (Rio de
Janeiro).—Harriavs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 170 (Galapagos).

H{iaticula] semipalmata Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 544.

Ch{aradrius] brevirostris Maxrmitian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, pt. li, 1833, 769
(Brazil; type lost.).@—Tscuup1, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. i,
1844, 310 (Peru); Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1845-46, 49, 296.—CABANIS, in
Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 750.

Charadrius brevirostris BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, i, 1856, 359.

CHARADRIUS HIATICULA Linnzus.
RING PLOVER.

Similar to C. semipalmatus, but without any distinct web between
basal portion of inner and middle toes black or grayish brown;
pectoral band broader, and size averaging larger.

Adults in. summer (sexes alike).—Anterior portion of forehead,
lores, suborbital, and auricular regions and fore part of crown black,
all these areas confluent; forehead, postocular or supra-auricular area,
malar region, chin, throat, upper neck (all round), lateral upper
tail-coverts, and under parts, including axillars and under wing-
coverts, immaculate white, this interrupted below by a broad collar
of black round lower neck, broader in front, involving sides of chest
and sometimes invading lower throat; general color of upper parts
(except as described) deep grayish brown (between hair brown and
drab), the greater wing-coverts tipped with white; primaries dusky,
with shafts partially white, the proximal quills with more or less
white on outer webs; proximal secondaries white, or mostly so; tail
grayish brown, blackish subterminally and tipped with white, the
outermost rectrix wholly white; bill black for distal half (approxi-
mately) the basal half orange or orange-red (in life); iris dark brown;
legs and feet orange (in life).

Young.—Black of head-markings and jugular band replaced by
grayish brown and feathers of upper parts margined with pale buffy;
otherwise like adults.

Downy young.—Forehead, superciliary region, malar region, chin
and throat dull white or grayish white; nuchal collar and under parts
of body immaculate white; crown and occiput mottled with pale-
grayish buffy and black, the occiput narrowly bordered posteriorly
and laterally with black; back, wings, rump, etc., irregularly barred
or transversely mottled with pale grayish buffy and black.

a@See Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 271. One of the types, however, is

said to be in the collection of the Leyden Museum; see Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv,
no. 29, 1865, 30.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. oT

Adult male.—Wing, 122.5-138 (127.8); tail, 56.5-67 (59.8) ; culmen,
12-15 (13.7); tarsus, 23-27 (24.7); middle toe, 16-18 (16.8).°

Adult female-—Wing, 129-132 (130.5); tail, 61-63 (62); culmen,
14-16 (15); tarsus, 24.5; middle toe, 16-17 (16.5).°

Breeding from head of Cumberland Gulf (western shore), Smith
Sound (Buchanan Strait, lat. 74° 48’ N.), Greenland (Disko Island;
Port Kennedy; Lichterfels; Prince Regent’s Inlet; Hecla Cove),
Iceland, British Islands (including Faroes and Shetlands), Norway,
etce., to Turkestan and eastern Siberia (Nijni Kolymsk; Gichiga;
Marcova), northward to Spitzbergen and Seven Islands (lat. 813°
N.); winters on shores of Mediterranean Sea and throughout Africa,
including Madeira and Canary Islands; occasional in northwestern
India and accidental in Barbados (Chancery Lane, Sept. 10), Chile,
and southern Alaska (Sitka).

[Charadrius] hiaticula Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 150 (Sweden); ed. 12,
i, 1766, 253, part—Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 683, part.—LatuHam,
Index Orn., ii, 1790, 743, part—Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 411.—REIN-
HARDT (J.), Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 440 (Greenland).—Gray, Hand-list, 111,
1871, 15, no. 9998.

Charadrius hiaticula Vre1tuot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxvii, 1818, 189—Rovx,
Orn. Prov., 1825, pl. 275.—WerNeER, Atlas, Coureurs, 1827, pl. 7.—Fox,
Newc. Mus., 1827, 90.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 544—Naumann, Vég.
Deutschl., vii, 1833, 291, pl. 175.—Govutp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 296
and text.—Hay, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1840, 135 (Tangiers, Morocco) .—
Macariurvray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1840, 52; Brit. Birds, iv, 1850, 116.—-SEtys-
Lonecuamps, Faune Belge, 1842, 120.— YarRELL, Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 401.—
FRAZER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1844, 67 (Tripoli).—Scuiecet, Rev. Crit.,

. 1844, 83; Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 213; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, pl. 21, figs.
5, 6; Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865, 26.—Hewitson, Eggs Brit.
Birds, ii, 1846, 255, pl. 69, figs. 1, 2—Tsrenremann, Abbild. Vogeleieren,
1845-56, pl. 59.—Hotm, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 2nd ser., ii, 1848, 483 (Faroe
Islands)—THomrson, Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 96——WotLtEy, Jardine’s
Contr. Orn., 1850, 108 (Faroe Islands, breeding).—SrricKLanpD, Proc. Zool.

a Fifteen specimens. b Two specimens. fe
, i » | een Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. raant Tarsus. aed
MALES.
Ono adultwmalesrom Russipe 22 4.3 else ses 2 eiele Se seiey = eae 124 59 12 23 17.5
OnoadultimaletromUNor way seqniccc0scmna< = So sepi- oothe wee ones 130.5 62.5} 14.5 24 16.5
Hour adulinmalestrom Mneland ~~. cee o- senna mente - cesies eels 131.7 63. 6 | 14 25. 6 17.2
One memiua a eIroMm Mranees cee as ces cece ono otcls cate enisteas © eee 125. 5 Od |e tee 27 17
Oneadultimate trom’ Spall -5-2)242. 2487 esse cen lose sees 128. 5 68 | 145 24 16.5
Oneaduliimalotrony Ltalysocs css 2s ccese os ot aoes coeuies coset 122.5 Yee | cere 24 16.5
Two adult males from eastern Siberia.......................--- 127 59 13.5 25. 2 17
Two adult males from head of Cumberland Gulf..............- 124.5 56. 7 13:2 23 16.5
Two adult (males) from Greenland... ....0........-0ce.eeeeees Lett 58. 5 13:2 25 16. 2
FEMALES,
Oneaoulremale irom PMP ec cce ce tenet cern tacos tees 132 GS Se oeclo 24.5 16
One acwitemalGurorr PTAnCGs | sete ee eee wee meee 129 61 14 24.5 17

122 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Soc. Lond., 1850, 221 (Kordofan).—Harcourt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1851, 146 (Madeira) —MmppEnporrr, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 213 (Taimyr
River, lat. 74° N.; Boganida River) —KsaErBOLine, Danm. Fugle, 1852,
pl. 30, fig. 2—LitiyeBore, Naumannia, 1852, 107 (n. Russia).—PAssLER,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 242 (Lapland), 306 (Lapland).—Scuitiine, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1853, 373 (Riigen).—MU.ier, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 228 (Provence).—
SUNDEVALL, Svensk. Fogl., 1856-72, pl. 37, fig. 2; Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh.
Stockholm, 1874, 21 (Seven Islands, lat. 81¢ N.).—Wa.keEr, Ibis, 1860, 167
(Port Kennedy, Greenland, June).—Retnuarnt, Ibis, 1861, 9 (Greenland).—
GopMAN, Ibis, 1861, 86 (Norway).—Wricut, Ibis, 1862, 141 (Malta).—
HomeEyeER, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 422 (Balearic Islands) ; 1863, 21 (Balearics);
1870, 421 (e. Siberia) —Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 140.—Ma.maGren,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 372 (Spitzbergen); Oefv. K. Vet. Akad. Férh. Stock-
holm, 1863, 100 (Spitzbergen)—Hartiaus, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,
827 (Zanzibar); Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen., xii, 1891, 43 (Bagamojo; Tunguru).—
LAyARD, Birds South Africa, 1867, 298.—DreLanp and GERBE, Orn. Eur.,
ii, 1867, 137.—LocueE, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 266—Brown, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., 1869, 207 (Madeira).—Srevenson, Birds Norfolk, 1870,
84.—Fritscu, Vég. Eur., 1870, pl. 33, fig. 1; Journ. fir Orn., 1871, 384
(Bohemia).—Finscu and Hartiavus, Vég. Ostafrika, 1870, 657.—Gray (R.),
Birds West Scotl., 1871, 258.—Hrvewmn, Orn. N. O.-Afrika, ti, Abth. i,
1873, 1026 (Nile Valley; Tana Lake; Abyssinia; Qualebet; Sarago; shore of
Red Sea, breeding)—Hancock, Birds Northumb. and Durham, 1874, 99.—
REIcHENow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1877, 11 (Loango coast); 1887, 47 (Kagehi);
1892, 7 (Bukoba); Deutsch. Tief see-Exp., 7 Bd., 5 Lief., 1904, 352.—F1scHER
and RrIcHENow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 248 (Zanzibar; Formosa Bay).—
Buttikorer, Notes Leyden Mus., vii, 1882, 327 (Liberia); xi, 1889, 136
(Liberia).—SEEBouM, Ibis, 1882, 380 (Archangel, Russia); 1888, 347 (Great
Liakoff Island, Siberia; descr. downy young); 1892, 23 (Helgoland, spring
and autumn); Geog. Distr. Charadriidee, 1887, pp. xvi, 125, figs —MaTscHIE,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 138 (Karema, March).—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1891, 259 (Sitka, Alaska; crit.)—THayER and Banes, Proc. New Engl.
Zool. Club, v, 1914, 24 (Nijni Kolymsk, etc., e. Siberia).

Charadrius] hiaticula Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, pt. i, 1825, 99;
Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [181].—H6.Bo., Naturhist. Tidsskr.,
iv, 1848, 406 (Greenland).—Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 544.

Char [adrius] hiaticula Droste, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 341 (Faroe Islands).

* Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula Brooxs (W. 8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix,
Sept., 1915, 378 (Providence Bay, East Cape, and Cape Serdze, n. e. Siberia,
June, July).

[Aegialitis] hiaticula Bote, Isis, 1822, 558.

Aegialitis hiaticula Hourz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 176 (Neu-Vorp.); 1866, 37 (Gott-
land); 1868, 160 (Gotska Sando).—Heveun, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 118
(Novaya Zemlya; Waigats)—Atston and Harvire-Brown, Ibis, 1873, 67
(Archangel).—Harrert, Novit. Zool., viii, 1901, 306 (Canary Islands);
x, 1903, 296 (Rio de Oro, w. Africa)—Hartert and Grant, Novit. Zool.,
xii, 1905 103 (San Miguel, Azores).—CuLark (A. H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
Xxx, 1905, 249 (Barbados).

Afegialitis] hiaticula Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 138 (Barbados).

Aigialitis hiaticula Drake, Ibis, 1867, 429 (n. Africa).—GitLeTtT, Ibis, 1870, 306
(Matthews Strait, Novaya Zemlya).—Etwes and Bucktey, Ibis, 1870, 330
(Turkey).—Saunpers, Ibis, 1871, 386 (s. Spain); 1884, 389 (Pyrennes); ed.
Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 257; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 523.—HEvuaLIN,
Ibis, 1872, 62 (Novaya Zemlya; Waigats).—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds,
1872, 44.—Brookg, Ibis, 1873, 337 (Sardinia).—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1874, 398

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 123

- (North Frisian Islands).—SHetiey, Ibis, 1875, 85 (Durban, Natal); 1888, 305
(Manda Island).—Newron, Handb. N. H. Greenland, 1875, 101.—SEEBoHM
and Harvir-Brown, Ibis, 1876, 289 (lower Petchora River, Russia).—
Dresser, Birds Europe, vii, 1876, 467, pl. 525.—F ripen, Ibis, 1877, 406
(Buchanan Straits, Smith Sound, lat. 78° 48’ N.; habits); 1889, 491 (Bar-
bados; crit.)—SrEBoum, Ibis, 1879, 155 (Siberia); 1882, 221 (Astrakhan).—
Aten, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 91 (Buchanan Straits); Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 241 (Gichiga and Marcova, n. e. Siberia).—Ripeway,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 198 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 518).—Scu1iy,
Ibis, 1881, 587 (Gilgit, n. India; crit.).—Barirp, Brewer, and Ripaway,
Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 157.—AmMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 275; 3rd ed., 1910, 128.—CHAMBER-
LAIN (M.), Auk, vi, 1889, 217 (s. Greenland, breeding).—CuarkE (W. E.),
Zoologist, xiv, 1890, 11 (Jan Mayen Land).—Braae, Ibis, 1893, 355 (Shet-
land Islands, breeding).—PrARSoN and Bipwe tt, Ibis, 1894, 233 ( n. Nor-
way, breeding).—Etuior, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 181, pl. 59.—PoynTIN@,
Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. iii, 1896, 25, pl. 6.—Pxarson, Ibis, 1896, 211 (Russian
Lapland; descr. eggs), 217 (Kolguev; descr. eggs), 222 (Novaya Zemlya;
descr. eggs); 1898, 199 (Waigats, Dolgoi I., Novaya Zemlya and Habarova,
n. e. Russia).—Popuam, Ibis, 1897, 102 (Yenesei R., Siberia); 1898, 513
(Yenesei River).—Harrert, Ibis, 1904, 420 (Lena River, Siberia).

Ai{gialitis] hiaticula Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 177.

Agialites hiaticula BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 45 (Europe).—TRis-
TRAM, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 450 (Palestine).—Nerwrton, Ibis, 1865,
504 (Spitzbergen).—GurRNEY, Ibis, 1868, 255 (South Africa).—SwINHoE,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 (China).—Brooxg, Ibis, 1873, 337 (Sar-
dinia).—Rinaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 518.—Covgs, Check List,
2nd ed., 1882, no. 589.—Trevor-BartryE, Ibis, 1897, 588 (Spitzbergen).

Ai{gialites| hiaticula Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 603.

Aegfialites] hiaticula Keyseruine and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. 1xii, 209.

Aegialites hiaticula JackeL, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 499 (Bayern).—HEvGLIN,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 197 (shores of Red Sea); 1871, 103 (Spitzbergen).—
NorpMANN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 373 (Lapland; Finland).—Matmeren, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1865, 199 (Spitzbergen).—Satvapor1, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 284
(Sardinia)—Buiytu, Ibis, 1867, 165 (India).—Taczanowskl!, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1873, 101 (e. Siberia) —Harrert, Journ. fiir Orn., 1886, 610 (w. Africa).—
Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 150 (Disko Island, Greenland,
July, Aug.).—Koerntie, Journ. fiir Out 1893, 84 (Tunis).

Aegfialitis h[iaticula] fener Hanrzscu, Journ. fiir Orn., July, 1908, 363, in
text.

[ Maticula] hiaticula LicutenstEIn, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 94.

Pluvialis hiaticula Droste, Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 421 (Borkum).

Charadrius hiaticvla Fasricius, Faun. Groenl., 1780, 112.

Charadrius hyaticula TemMINncK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 173.

Charadrius hiaticola TemmincK, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 328; 2nd ed., ii, 1820, 539.—
REIcHENOW, Journ. fiir Orn., 1889, 625 (Zanzibar); Jahrb. Hamburg. Wis-
sench. Anst., x, 1893, 6 (Zanzibar); Vég. Deutsch-Ostafrika, 1894, 34 (Kagey1;
Bukoba).—O.pHe-GALLIARD, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid., fasc. xiii,
1890, 30 (Novaya Zemlya; n. Russia and Siberia, s. to lat. 55° 55’ N.).

Charadrius hiaticola hiaticola Low®, Ibis, July, 1914, 398, 399.

Aigialitis hiaticola SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 256, 743.

| Agialitis] hiaticola SHarPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 154.—Forses and RoBInson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 67.

Aiglialitis| hiaticola hiaticola Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxvi, no. ccx, Dec. 3,
1915, 8, in text (says 4. hiaticola major is probably a synonym).

124 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Charadrius torquatus LEacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 28 (ex Plu-
vialis torquatus Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 63, pl. 5, fig. 2).

Fiaticula torquata Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1844, 68.

Charadrius morinellus (not of Linnzeus) eee Reise Finm., 1827-28, 163 (see
Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 270).

Aegialitis septentrionalis BreuM, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 548 (Iceland; Germany).

HMiaticula annulata Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 65 (new name for Charadrius
hiaticula Linneeus).

Aegialites auritus Hruautin, Syst. Ueb. Vog. N. O. Afrika, 1856, 56 (nomen nudum).

[Charadrius] major ‘‘ Tristram,’’ Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 15 (Palestine; nomen
nudum!).

Charadrius hiaticula major SEEBouM, Geog. Distr. Charadr., 1887, pp. xvi, 126.

Charadrius hiaticola major Lowe, Ibis, July, 1914, 395-408 (crit.).

AA{gialitis] hiaticola major Lowg, Ibis, July, 1914, 396, in text.

Agialitis hiaticola tundre Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxvi, no. ccx, Dec. 3,
1915, 7 (Valley of Yenesei, e. Siberia; coll. Brit. Mus.).

CHARADRIUS DUBIUS Scopoli.
LITTLE RING PLOVER.

Adult male in summer.—tLoral, subocular and auricular regions,
anterior portion of forehead and fore part of crown black, all these
areas confluent; a white band across forehead (from eye to eye) and a
narrower one (sometimes tinged with grayish) crossing crown, imme-
diately behind the black vertical patch, and continued laterally above
eyes and auriculars to sides of occiput; rest of upper parts grayish
brown (between drab and light hair brown), lighter on rump and
median upper tail-coverts, the lateral upper tail-coverts and sides of
rump white; primaries dusky, the outermost with shaft white;
secondaries margined terminally with white; tail with middle rectrices
grayish brown, the other rectrices becoming paler toward the outer-
most, which is white with blackish subterminal spot on inner web,
the next with outer web white, the other rectrices (except middle
pair) dusky subterminally and white at tips; malar and subauricular
regions, chin and throat, immaculate white, confluent with a broad
white nuchal collar; lower neck encircled by a broad collar of black,
broader laterally, where invading sides of chest; rest of under parts,
including axillars and under wing-coverts, immaculate white; bill
black, the base of mandible sometimes yellowish; iris dark aaa
naked eye-ring yellow (in life); legs and feet flesh color (in life).

Adult female in summer.—Similar to the adult male and perhaps
not always distinguishable, but usually with black head-markings
dusky grayish brown or dull blackish, especially those on sides of
head, the black collar round lower neck sometimes dusky grayish
brown laterally.

Winter plumage.—Black of head-markings and collar round lower
neck replaced by grayish brown, and white frontal area less sharply
defined; otherwise as in summer.

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage but general tone of plumage
more or less buffy, the brown of upper parts broken by buffy margins
and dusky submargins to the feathers.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 125

Adult male.-—Wing, 99-118.5 (112.3); tail, 55-60 (57.5); culmen,
13-15 (13.3); tarsus, 22.5-25.5 (23.7); middle toe, 14.5-16 (15.3).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 114-118 (115.5); tail, 54-62 (58); culmen,
12.7-13 (12.9); tarsus, 23.5—25.5 (24.3); middle toe, 14-15.5 (15).°

Europe and Asia, breeding from western Europe to eastern Siberia ;
winters southward to middle Africa (Fernando Po and Gold Coast
on Atlantic side; Somali-land, etc., on eastern side), India, Malay
Peninsula, Philippine Islands, Ceylon, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Cele-
bes, etc., southward to New Guinea and Australia; accidental in
California (San Francisco) and Alaska (Kodiak Island).

Charadrius dubius Scorout, Delic. Flore et Faun Insubr., 11, 1786, 93 (Luzon

Island, Philippines).—Harrert, Ibis, 1892, 576 (e. Prussia).—Poaas, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1902, 386 (n. e. Siberia) —Herrnrortu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 400
(Bismarck Archipelago).

Atgialites dubius Sw1nwo8, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 401 (s. China; Formosa;

Hainan; crit.).—WALDEN, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., viii, pt. ii, 1872, 89 (Ayer
Pannas, Celebes).—Hotpsworts, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 471 (Cey-
lon).—T WEEDDALE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 344 (South Leyte Island,
Philippines).

Aigialitis dubia SwrnHOE, Ibis, 1875, 452 (Hakodate, Japan).—Suarpeg, Ibis, 1876,

51 (Sibu, Borneo); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 350 (Labuan Island, Borneo);
1901, 314 (near Berbera; Laskerato, Somali-land).—T'werrEppatg, Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1877, 701 (Luzon, Philippines; crit.).—BLaxiston and PryeEr,
Ibis, 1878, 219 (Yezo, Tokyo, Fujisan, and Yokohama, Japan).—SrEEBoHM,
Ibis, 1879, 25 (Japan; crit.)—KertHam, Ibis, 1882, 10 (Pulo Battam and
Singapore, Malay Peninsula; crit.)—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 276; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 129.—E1107,
N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 182, pl. 60.—SuHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv,
1896, 263, 744.—Grant, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 268 (s. Arabia).—Banes,
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1903, 94 (Liu Kiu Islands).—Jessz, Ibis,
1903, 162 (Fyzabad and Fatehgarh, India; descr. nest and eggs).—ALxEx-

a Right specimens. 6 Three specimens.
. : < Cul- : Middle
Loeality. Wing.| ta ane Tarsus. toe!
MALES
One\adultimatetromiUltalye ss cc entoss cs ccecine so Occscees< seas 115 58 13 25.5 16
One'adultimaleirom Gancasiss...5.0- anaes oes cee sc erte nine 109 57 13:5 23.5 15
One adult male from eastern Turkestan (10,400 ft.) -.........-. 118.5 60 13 22.5 14.5
One adult male from Valley of Kashmir...............-.-.---- 99 | 55 13 22.5 14.5
Two adult matestrom: Chinasc.oe: e282 2x2 155 22 Soe cee sarees 1162)]|' -5705 13 23.7 15.5
One. adultimale irom: Manehuria -< 322... jj. eet eee P24 2k 114.5 56 13 23 1555
Qne adult male from’ Philippines. -\....-. 322 2251.22 eis. ast Sek 110 59 15 25 16
FEMALES,
Ong adultifemaletrom-Ghina. 22h SsSo50 2 LSU bow dencte bt bee 118 62.. | 13 23.5 15.5
One adult femalewrom) Koreas sso eek. elk Jo. Sok aE 114 54 13 24 15.5
One\adultfemalefrom PH urope, fio 2.25... joss 2kicds2 oo ccles ce Ss - 11435; | tees. |e T7 25. 5 14
SEX UNDETERMINED.
One adult (?) from California (type of 42. microrhynchus Ridg-
WAY eteremateemertcie terse ete encetoce wae cre Sait cla cattiee werctantes cre 111 55.5 12 23 16

126 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ANDER, Ibis, 1903, 398 (Sipopo, Fernando Po J., w. Africa).—WrTHERBY,
Ibis, 1903, 565 (Fars, s. w. Persia).—-Cuarxk (A. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
Xxxviii, 1910, 155 (Seoul, Korea, June 25-Sept. 18 and Dec. 25; Gensan,
Korea, July 25).
[Zgialitis] dubia SHarrE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 154, part.
Ai{gialitis] dubia Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 177.
Aegialitis dubia Buiastus, Ornis, vol. 4, 1888, 319 (Palawan, Philippines).—Har-
TERT and GRANT, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 103 (Flores, Azores).
Aegialitis dubius Rotuscuitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vili, 1901, 142 (New
Guinea).—Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 425 (Kangean Island).
Aigialitis dubius Harter, Ibis, 1904, 420 (Lena R., Siberia).
(?) [Charadrius] erythropus GmEtin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 11, 1789, 684 (Egypt; Nor- |
way; Russia; Luzon, Philippines).
[Charadrius] curonicus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 11, 1789, 692 (‘‘Curonia’’). |
Ch{aradrius] curonicus BrsEexKe, Beytr. Vog. Kurl., 1792, 67 (Courland).
Charadrius curonicus TemMMincxK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 175.—VrertLot, Nouv. Dict. |
d’ Hist. Nat., xxvii, 1818, 1837.—ScureEnck, Reis. Amurl., 1859, 412.—Locueg,
Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., 11, 1867, 208.—F ritscu, Vég. Eur., 1870, pl. 33, figs. :
|
|
|

3, 4.—Homeyer, Journ. fur Orn., 1870, 421 (e. Siberia).—Durnrorp, Ibis,
1878, 33 (Asia Minor).—ReEIcHENow, Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 51;
Vog. Deutsch-Ostafrika, 1894, 34 (Ugalla River).

[ Zgialitis] curonicus SwinHo8, Ibis, 1870, 361.

Aeg{ialiiis] curonicus Keyseruine and Buasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. 1xxi.

Aigialitis curonicus Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 141.—E.wes and Buck.iey,
Ibis, 1870, 330 (Bulgaria; Bosphorus).—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872,
134.

Aigialitis curonica WALDEN, Ibis, 1873, 316 (South Andaman Island).—DREsseEr, |
Birds Europe, vii, 1876, 491, pl. 524; Ibis, 1876, 328 (Turkestan).—Cor-
DEAUX, Ibis, 1875, 185 (Helgoland).—Rmeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii,
1880, 10 (synonymy), 198 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 519).—SeraTer and Harr-
LAUB, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 174 (Socotra).—Scutty, Ibis, 1881, 587
(Gilgit, n. India; crit.)—Swinnoe, Ibis, 1882, 120 (Kandahar, Afghanis-
tan).—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1882, 222 (delta of Volga River; Seal Islands, Caspian
Sea).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 159.

Aigialiies curonica SrxrBoum, Ibis, 1880, 193 (Yenesaisk and north to lat. 60° 307
Siberia). ,

Ai{gialites] curonica Buys, Ibis, 1867, 170.

Aigialites curonicus Brytx, Ibis, 1867, 164 (India; crit.).—Buierr, Ibis, 1869,
154 (Sikkim).—SwruHoe, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1870, 137 (China coast,
winter; crit.).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 519.—Covugs, Check
List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 590.

Ai{gialites] curonicus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 603.

[Hiaticula] curonica LicutenstEIN, Nom, Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 94 (Egypt; Red
Sea). f

Hiaticula curonica Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 68; Cat. Mamm.,
etc., Nepal pres. Hodgson, 1846, 133.

[Charadrius| philippinus Lataam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 745 (Luzon Island, Phil-
ippines; based on Petit Pluvier @ collier de V Isle de Lugon Sonnini, Voy.
Nouv. Guin., 1776, 84, pl. 46).—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1871, 15, no. 10000.

Charadrius philippinus Jerpon, Madras Jour., xii, 1840, 212—Swrnuog, Ibis,
1861, 260 (Talien Bay, China).—ScuiEecrnt, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29:
(Cursores), 1865, 28—DzraLaNnp and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 136.—
VorpDERMAN, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind., xlii, 1882, 204 (Java).

HMiaticula philippina Buyru, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1849, 263
(Calcutta).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIGA. 127

Aigialites philippinus Swinnor, Ibis, 1861, 342 (between Takoo and Peking,
China).

Charadrius philippensis Sykes, Proc. Comm. Sci. Zool. Soc. Lond., ii, 1832, 166
(Dukhun, India).

Charadrius fluviatilis BecustEIN, Gemeinn. Naturg. Deutschl., iv, 1809, 422
(Germany, etc.)—Wyart, Ibis, 1870, 17 (Tor, Sinai) —Hxrvenin, Orn. N.
O.-Afrika, ii, pt. 1, 1873, 1029 (Red Sea; Nile Valley, etc.)—OusTALet,
Bibl. Ecole Hautes-Etudes, xxxi, 1886, Art. 10, p. 12 (Somali-land).

[Charadrius] fluviatilis Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 15, no. 9999.

Aegialitis fluviatilis Brrum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 549.—Finscu and Hartrnaus,
Vog. Ost-Afrika, 1870, 659.

Aigialitis fluviatilis Taynor (E. C.), Ibis, 1867, 68 (Egypt)—SreBoum and
Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1876, 290 (Lower Petchora River, Russia).

Aegialites fluviatilis TaczanowskI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 102 (e. Siberia).

Pluvialis fluviatilis Drostr, Vogelw. Borkum, 1869, 153.

Charadrius minor Wou¥F and Mryer, Vog. Deutschl., Heft xv, 1805.—Mryerr and
Wor, Taschenb. Vég. Deutschl., 1810, 324.—Temminck, Man. d’Orn., 1815,
330; 2d ed., 11, 1820, 542.—Rovux, Orn. Prov., 1825, pl. 276—WeERNER, Atlas,
Coureurs, 1827, pl. 7—Naumann, Vég. Deutschl., vii, 1834, pl. 177; xiii,
229.—GouLp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 297 and text.—Macamutvray, Man.
Brit. Orn., 11, 1840, 53; Brit. Birds, iv, 1850, 128——Crespon, Orn. Gard,
1840, 363.—Srtys-Lonacuamps, Faune Belge, 1842, 120.—ScHLEGEL, Rev.
Crit., 1844, p. Ixxxiii; Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 214; Dier. Nederl. Vogels,
1861, pl. 21, figs. 9, 9a.— YaRRELL, Brit. Birds, 2nd ed., ii, 1845, 473; 3rd ed.,
1856, 502.—Hewitson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1846, 258, pl. Ixix, fig. 4.—
KgAERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1852, pl. 30, fig. 1—Sunprvatn, Svensk
Fogl., 1856-72, pl. 37, fig. 3—Fanion, Ois. Belg., 1875, 152—Srxrsoum,
Ibis, 1882, 380 (Archangel, Russia); 1892, 23 (Helgoland); 1893, 53 (Liu Kiu
Islands); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 16, pl. 26, fig. 8 (egg); Geog. Distr.
Charadriide, 1888, pp. xvi, 130-132, figs.; Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 306
(breeding in Japan).—Sryan, Ibis, 1891, 330 (lower Yangtse River, China,
spring and autumn).—CAmpBELL, Ibis, 1892, 246 (Korea).

Char [adrius| minor Droste, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 341 (Faroe Islands).

Aegialitis minor Born, Isis, 1822, 558.

Aigialitis minor Gounp, Birds Great Brit., iv, 1871, pl.42 and text—Harrine,
Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 117 (Alaska ?).—SHELLEY and Buck.ey, Ibis,
1872, 293 (Accra and Cape-Coast Castle, Gold Coast, w. Africa).—TaczaNnow-
sKI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, 610 (Seoul, Korea, April); 1888, 467
(Korea).—SHELLEY, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 49 (Lado, Africa).

Aigialites minor Hartina, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 117 (coast of Arctic
America or Alaska ?).—Brookgs, Ibis, 1873, 337 (Sardinia; food).

Aegialites minor Bouav, Journ. fiir Orn., 1880, 131 (coast e. Siberia); 1881, 62
(Suifun, e. Siberia)—D6rries, Journ. fiir Orn., 1888, 90 (e. Siberia).—
Koernia, Journ. fiir Orn., 1893, 83 (Tunis).

Hiaticula minor Hopason, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, 86.—RipreLn, Syst. Uebers.,
1845, 118 (Egypt; shores of Red Sea).

Charadrius pusillus HorsFIeLD, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii, 1821, 187 (Java; type now
in coll. Brit. Mus.).

Hiaticula pusilla Buyrx, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1849, 264 (Rajmahal).

Aigialites pusillus Swinnor, Ibis, 1860, 63 (Amoy, China, winter; habits).

Charadrius hiaticula (not of Linnzeus) Panuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 144.

Charadrius minutus Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 145 (‘‘in a quosis deserti
Barabensis’’).

Aigialites minutus JeRDON, Birds India, ii, "1864, 641.

128 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Charadrius hiaticuloides FRANKLIN, Proc. Comm. Sci. Zool. Soc. Lond., i, 1831,
125 (Ganges River, India).

Charadrius intermedius MENETRIES, Cat. Rais. Caucas., 1832, 53 (Lenkoran).—
Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List., 1838, 45.

Agialitis intermedia SHARPE, Ibis, 1872, 73 (Accra, w. Africa).

Aigialitis intermedius SwinHOEk, Ibis, 1870, 361 (Hainan).

Charadrius zonatus Swatnson, Birds West Africa, ii, 1837, 235, pl. 25 (w. Africa).

Aegialites zonatus. HartuausB, Orn. West-Afrika, 1857, 216 (Gambia; Elmina;
Sacconde).

Charadrius alexandrinus (not of Linnzeus) THIENEMANN, Abbild. Vogeleiern,
1845-56, pl. 59.—ReicHENnow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1889, 265 (Quilimane, e.
Africa).—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 259 (Kadiak Island, Alaska).—
REIcHENOW, Jahrb. Hamb. Wissensch. Aust., x, 1893, 6 (Quilimane).

Agialitis alecandrina DuRNFORD, Ibis, 1874, 398 (North Frisian Islands).

[Hiaticula] simplex Licutenstetn, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 94 (East Indies;
nomen nudum).

Charadrius gracilis BrEgM, Naumannia, 1855, 288.

Aegialitis gracilis BREuM, Vogelf., 1855, 282 (Greece).

Charadrius pygmaeus BREHM, Naumannia, 1855, 289.

Aegialitis pygmaea Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 282 (s. e. Europe; Africa, winter).

Aigialitis microrhynchus Ripaway, Am. Nat., viii, no. 2, Feb., 1874, 109 (San
Francisco, California; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.)—Covrs, Check List, ed. 1874,
App., p. 133, no. 400 bis.

Aigialitis microrhyncha Cougs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 456.

Aigialitis hiaticula (not Charadrius hiaticula Linneeus) Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S. W., i, 1877, 394 (Port Moresby, New Guinea); ii, 1878, 197 (s. New
Guinea); iii, 1879, 279 (Laloki River); Tab. List Australian Birds, 1888, 19
(New South Wales).

Ai{gialitis| jerdoni Leaae, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, 39 (India).

Aigialitis jerdoni Lnaae, Birds Ceylon, 1880, 956.—Satvaport, Orn. Papuasia, etc.,
lii, 1882, 303; Age. Orn. Papuasia, etc., iii. 1891, 200; Ann. Mus. Genova, (2),
xii, 1891, 75 (Sumatra).—BripputpH, Ibis, 1882, 287 (Gilgit, May, Sept.).—
Davipson, Stray Feath., x, 1882, 275 (w. Kandeish).—Humg, Stray Feath..,
xi, 1888, 315 (Manipur basin).—Ramsay, Tab. List Australian Birds, 1888, 19.

Charadrius minor jerdoni Spppoum, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1888, 132.

CHARADRIUS MELODUS Ord.
PIPING PLOVER.

Adult male in summer.—Forehead (broadly), whole of loral region,
and sides of head generally (except auricular region), under parts, and
broad nuchal collar immaculate white; patch or band across fore part
of crown, extending from eye to eye, and a much larger one on each
side of lower neck or upper chest black, the latter sometimes meeting
or confluent on median portion; rest of under parts, including axillars
and under wing-coverts, immaculate white; upper parts (except as
described) pale grayish brown or brownish gray, the anterior lesser
wing-coverts darker, the greater coverts tipped with white, the lateral
upper tail-coverts and sides of rump also white; secondaries white,
the distal ones with outer webs dusky terminally or subterminally;
primaries dusky with more or less of white on distal portion of outer
webs (their inner webs white for greater part), the proximal quills
with outer webs white except terminally; tail pale grayish brown on

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 129

middle rectrices fading into white on lateral rectrices, all the rectrices
except outer pair with a subterminal dusky area; bill black terminally,
orange or orange-yellow basally; iris dark brown; legs and feet
orange-yellow (in life).

Adult female in summer.—Similar to the male and not always dis-
tinguishable, but usually (?) with the black crown-band and jugular
areas more restricted and duller black.

Winter plumage.—Similar to the summer plumage but without
black on fore part of crown and lateral jugular patches light brownish
gray instead of black.

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage but feathers of upper
parts margined with pale buff or whitish.

Downy young.—Forehead, superciliary, loral, suborbital and malar
regions, nuchal collar and under parts immaculate white; crown and
occiput pale grayish buffy with a few small and narrow, mostly longi-
tudinal, markings of dusky brown; back, rump, etc., pale grayish
buffy, sparsely marked with irregular zig-zag lines of dusky brown,
the sides of rump with an ill-defined longitudinal patch of dark
brown; anterior portion of wing pale grayish buff with a rather large
blotch of dusky brown, the posterior portion, and whole of hand-
wing, immaculate white.

Adult male.-—Wing, 113-124 (116.7); tail, 47.5-55 (50.6); culmen,
11.5-13.5 (12.6); tarsus, 20.5—23.5 (21.8); middle toe, 14—15.5 (14.8).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 112-121 (114.2); tail, 47-51 (48.7); culmen,
11-13 (11.9); tarsus, 20.5-22.5 (21.2); middle toe, 14-16 (14.4).°

a Twenty specimens 5 Hight specimens.
: : 5 Cul- Middl
Locality. Wing. | Tail. Pia Tarsus. tae
MALES. :

One adult male from Gulf of St. Lawrence (Amherst Island)..| 116 50 11.5 23 15

Two adult males from Massachusetts...................00c000- 117.5 | * 61 11.7 22 15

One adult male from Long Island..................202002ece0e- 118 50 11.5 21 15
Three adult males from New Jersey............-.2---eeeeeeenes 117 48, 8 12.5 22.2 14.7
One adult male from South Carolina...............-... Ye cciad<s 116 52.5 13.5 20. 5 14.5

One adult male from Saskatchewan (Lake Winnipeg).........- 114 51.5 12 21 15

One\adult' male from Wisconsin: ......2<...02.cececcnnsesccse- 116 50 13 20.5 | 14

Hour adult males from! WYOMING ao. coc cela cinis oo cin eeicecnciveccis 119.5 51.9 12.6 22. 2 15
One adult male from South Dakota.....................000-0- 118 52 13 227). 15.5

OCneaduivriale tromelesasee- 2. 5 anche oes cones see ee eee 116 49 1255 21.5 15

FEMALES.

One adult female from Gulf of St. Lawrence (Amherst Island).| 113.5 48 11 21 14.5

One adult female from Massachusetts. ...................-2-0-- 121 50 12 20.5 14

One adult female from Long Island...............-0es-eceeee- 116 49 11.5 22.5 16
One adult female from New Jersey.................20-0-e2c000- 111.5 50 11.5 22.5 14.5
One adult femalefromVirginia=2y oof cle hee cee eee 113 47 12.5 21 14.5
Two adult females from Wisconsin.................--ceceeeece- 113 49 12.5 21 14.7
One adult female from Wyoming.....................20202eee- 113 48 12 21 14.5

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——10

130 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Breeding, locally, from coast of Virginia (Cobbs Island, etc.),
northern Ohio (Cedar Point), northwestern Indiana (Millers), north-
eastern Illinois (Cook Co.), Iowa, and central Nebraska (Loup River),
also Kansas (Douglas Co.)?, northward to southern Saskatchewan,
southern Manitoba (Lake Winnipeg, Lake Manitoba), Ontario (Lake
of the Woods; Hamilton; Toronto; Point Pelee), southern Quebec
(Magdalen Islands and Amherst Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence), and
Nova Scotia; wintering on southern Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United
States (Georgia to Texas), northern Mexico, and Bahamas (resi-
dent?); occasional during migration in Bermudas, Cuba, Jamaica,
and Porto Rico.

[Charadrius] hiaticula, part, LINNa&us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 150 (America).

Charadrius hiaticula, var. Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 30, pl. 37, fig. 3

Charadrius melodus Orv, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., vii, 1824, 71 (Great Egg Harbor,
New Jersey).— Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1827, 296; Am. Orn., iv,
1832, 74, pl. 24.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834,
18.—AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 154, pl. 220; v, 1839, 578; Synopsis
1839, 224; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 223, pl. 321, Pr ABODY, Rep. Orn.
Mass., 1839, 359.—WaruEs, Rep. Geol., etc., Miss., 1854, 921.—Purna,
Proc. Essex Inst., 1, 1856, 216 (Massachusetts)—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., vi, 1857, 119 (Nova Scotia).—Witiis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for
1858 (1859), 284 (Nova Scotia) —Buianp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for
1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—BreEwer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860,
308 (Cuba).—ScHiEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865, 29.—
SrEeBouM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1888, pp. xvi, 121.

C{haradrius|] melodus BONAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 99; Obs.
Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [181]—Gray, Gen. Birds, 111, 1847, 544.

Char|adrius|] melodus Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 217 (Bermudas).

| Charadrius| melodus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1871, 16, no. 10010.

Zigialites melodus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 45.—Gossr, Birds
Jamaica, 1847, 330.—JARpINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 83 (Bermudas).—Bry-
ANT, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 121 (Bahamas, resident).—Marcu,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, 66 (Jamaica) —Brewer, Am. Nat.,
11, 1869, 231 (New Bagland coast).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Bee 1881, no.
520. —Couzs, Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 587.

Algialiies| melodus, JARDINE, Contr. Orn. 1850, 9 (Bermudas, Sept. 5).—CovuEs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 602.

Aegfialites] melodus AuBREcHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 55 (Bahamas).

Aegialitis melodus CABANTs, Journ. fiir Orn., 185 6, 424 (Cuba).—Cassin, in Baird,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 695.—Barep, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
no. 508.—GuNbLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 88 (Cuba; crit.) —BoARDMAN,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 128 (Calais, Maine).—ALBREcHT, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1862, 205 (Jamaica) —LawreEnceE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vin, 1867, 295
(vicinity of New York City).—Covgs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122
(South Carolina)—Turnsutt, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 38, fig.
(Phila. ed., 29).

Agialitis melodus ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 80 (Jamaica).—VER-
RILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (Oxford Co., Maine).—McILwraitTH,
Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 92 (Hamilton, Ontario)—Covrs, Proc. Essex
Inst., v, 1868, 291 (New England, summer); Check List, 1873, no. 400.—
Brewe_Er, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 445 (New England, summer).—

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ¥B1

Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 148 (Bahamas, winter and spring).—ReED,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 230 (Bermudas, 3 specs., 1848, 1850).—
SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 292 (Hudson Bay; Lake of the
Woods; Corpus Christi, Texas; etc.).

Ai|gialitis] melodus Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 383 (Illinois).

[Agialitis] melodus Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 25 (Bahamas;
Greater Antilles).

. Asyialitis meloda BRewsTeER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 44 (descr. young).—
Scort, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 224 (Long Beach, New Jersey, breed-
ing); Auk, ix, 1892, 15 (Jamaica, Oct., 1887, abundant).—Ripeway, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 199 —American OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check
List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 277; 3rd ed., 1910, 129.—Srron, Auk, iii,
1886, 152 (Lake Manitoba, June 12; Lake Winnipeg, 4 specs.).—Cory,
Auk, iv, 1887, 230 (West Indian localities and references); Birds West Ind.,
1889, 230; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 95 (Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Porto
Rico).—Bisnop, Auk, vi, 1889, 147 (Magdalen Islands, breeding).—Rtves,
Cat. Birds Virginia, 1890, 58 (Cobbs Island, breeding).—E.uuror, N. Am.
Shore Birds, 1895, 185, pl. 61.—SHarps, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 748
(Greenland, Jan.; Eastport, Maine; Ipswich, Massachusetts; Pennsylvania).—
Fiemine, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 451 (Toronto, Ontario, regular migrant; all old
records are typical form, all recent ones 4. m. circwmcincta) —TAVERNER
and Swaes, Wilson Bull., no. 60, 1907, 89 (Point Pelee, Ontario, breeding;
habits, etc.)—Jones (L.), Wilson Bull., xxi, 1909, 131 (Cedar Point, n.
Ohio, breeding).—VisHER, Auk, xxvili, 1911, 10 (Harding Co., South Da-
kota, July 17, 18).—Howe, Auk, xxx, 1913, 115 (St. George Bay, Newfound-
land)—Bunker, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., vii, 1913, 145 (Douglas Co.,
Kansas, May 27, 1909)—Wermore, Bull. 326, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 38
(Porto Rico, rare visitant).—Pumirep and Bownpisu, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 266
(n. New Brunswick, breeding; habits).

Ai|gialitis| meloda Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 178.

[4gialitis) meloda SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 155—ForsBres and Rosrnson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 67.

Hiaticula meloda Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1844, 69.

[Aegialeus| melodus GunpuacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 342 (Cuba): 1874, 314
(Porto Rico); 1878, 162 (Porto Rico).—Hrinr and RretcHENow, Nom. Mus.
Hein. Orn., 1890, 336.

Aigialeus melodus ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 86 (coast of Massachusetts,
summer).

Aegialeus melodus GunpuacH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 359; Journ. fiir
Orn., 1875, 386 (Cuba); 1878, 189 (Porto Rico); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.,
vil, 1878, 385 (Porto Rico).

Charadrius okeni WacuER, Syst. Av., 1827, Charadrius, Sp. 24 (based on Wilson,
Amer. Orn., v, 1812, pl. 37, fig. 3).

Aigialitis melodus, Var. cirewmcinctus Ripaway, Am. Nat., viii, no. 2, Feb., 1874,
109 (Loup Fork of Platte River, Nebraska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).

[Higialitis meloda . . . var. circumcincta} a. meloda Covers, Birds Northwest,
1874, 455.

[Aigialitis meloda.] a. Var. meloda Barrp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Water Birds
N. Am., i, 1884, 160.

Aigialitis melodus b. var. cireumcinctus Cougs, Check List, 1873, App. p. 130, no.
400a (nomen nudum).

Aigialitis meloda b. var. cirewmcincta Cours, Check List, ed. 1874, no. 400a.

[Agialitis meloda var. circumcincta] b. cireumeincta Cours, Birds Northwest,
1874, 455.

132 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Ai{gialitis] melodus var. cireumcinctus:- NELSON, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 123
153 (shore Lake eee. n. e. Illinois, Sol onns peecanaa ; very com-
mon).

Aigialitis meloda var. circumcincta Eaaur, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 94
(Rockaway, Long Island, April 30, 1873).

{ Zgialitis meloda.] b. Var. circumcincta Barrp, BREWER, and Rrpaway, Water
Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 160.

Aigialitis meloda cirewmcincta Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880,-
199.—Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 408 (Sullivans I., South Carolina, May 11,
1885).— ALLEN, Auk, ili, 1886, 482 (Long Beach, Barnegat Bay, New Jersey,
April, 1877; Scarboro Marshes and Portland, Maine, May 17, 1878, and May
2, 1880).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNtIoN, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed.,
1895), no. 277a.—Smiru and Patmer, Auk, v, 1888, 147 (Virginia shore, near
Washington, D. C., May 3, 1884).—Brown (N. C.), Auk, vi, 1889, 70 (Scar-
boro, Maine).—Stone, Birds E. Penn. and New Jersey, 1894, 80 (Long Beach,
New Jersey).—Euiiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 186, pl. 62.—Brackertt,
Auk, xiii, 1896, 256 (Marshfield, Massachusetts, 1 pair, April 20, 1896).—
RAINE, Auk, xiii, 1896, 256 (Lake Manitoba, breeding; descr. nest and
eggs).—Wooprurr, Auk, xv, 1898, 62 (Millers, n. w. Indiana, breeding).—
Butter, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 273 (Millers, Indiana, breeding).

Ai{gialitis] meloda circumcincta Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 178.

Aigialites melodus circumcinctus Rripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 520a.—
CovEs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 588.

Ai gialites] m[elodus] cirewmcinctus? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 602.

Charadrius melodus cireumeinctus SEEBOHM, Geog. Distr. Charadr., 1887, pp. xvi,
122, fig.

CHARADRIUS MONGOLUS Pallas.

MONGOLIAN PLOVER.

Adult male in summer.—A white frontal crescent, sometimes
divided by a median black line (usually indicated by superficial
spots “); immediately behind this a crescentic band or bar of black,
confluent on each side with a black loral area, extending from eye
to bill, broadest posteriorly. where extending beneath lower eyelid
to and involving more or less of auricular region, and, usually,
extending, very narrowly, across anterior portion of forehead; a
narrow white crescent on lower eyelid; crown and occiput brownish
gray or grayish brown (nearly hair brown), passing into pinkish buff
or light pinkish cinnamon anteriorly, laterally and posteriorly, this
into deep cinnamon on sides of neck and whole chest; malar region,
chin, throat and foreneck immaculate white, abruptly defined against
cinnamon of chest and sometimes separated from it by a narrow line
of dusky or chain of small blackish spots; anterior portion of sides
cinnamon, the feathers tipped with white, the posterior portion
brownish gray, with broader white tips to feathers; rest of under
parts immaculate white; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials and
rump plain grayish brown (hair brown), the upper tail-coverts

a Rarely the w nite on forehead is reduced to a pair of small and indistinct lateral
spots, the forehead being mostly black.

a a a iinet ae its Bl ie ae

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 133

similar but paler and margined with white, the lateral ones broadly
edged with white; greater wing-coverts and secondaries tipped with
white; middle rectrices deep grayish brown, the other. rectrices
becoming gradually paler, except subterminally, the outermost with
outer web white, and all, except middle pair, narrowly tipped with
white; longer primaries dusky, the shorter (proximal) ones becoming
gradually lighter grayish brown with basal portion of outer webs
white, the outermost with shaft white, the rest with shafts pale
erayish brown passing into whitish subterminally; bill black; iris
dark brown; legs grayish (in life), the toes darker.

Adult female in summer.—Similar to the adult male and not always
distinguishable, but usually with general coloration duller; often
with black head-markings replaced, at least in part, by grayish
brown, the exterior portion of pileum much less (sometimes scarcely
at all) cinnamomeous, and cinnamon of chest paler.

Winter plumage.-—Somewhat similar to the summer plumage but
without any cinnamon on chest, neck or pileum, the chest crossed by
an indistinct narrow band of grayish brown (broader and deeper in
color laterally), the black head-markings replaced by grayish brown.

Young.—Much like the winter plumage but plumage more or less
suffused with buff and feathers of upper parts margined with buffy;
upper parts brownish gray (nearly mouse gray), the feathers more
or less distinctly margined terminally with a paler and more buffy
hue, these paler margins broad and very distinct on wing-coverts,
nearly obsolete on back; forehead (rather narrowly), supraloral and
postocular (supra-auricular) regions, dull buffy whitish or pale dull
buffy; loral, suborbital and auricular regions brownish gray, becoming
dusky immediately in front of eye; no black on head; malar region
and under parts buffy white, more or less strongly suffused or tinged
with buff on chest, the upper margin of which is shaded with grayish
brown, connecting the lateral patches (one on each side) of same;
otherwise essentially like adults.

Downy young.—Sides of head (including a broad supraloral and
superciliary stripe) hindneck, and under parts white, slightly tinged
with pale grayish buffy, especially on breast and sides, the whole of
under parts immaculate; a loral line (from bill to eye), a postocular
streak, a small spot near middle of malar region, a larger spot beneath
suborbital region, an obliquely transverse bar on sides of nape, and
a longitudinal stripe down middle of nape (the last widening pos-
teriorly), black; median portion of crown and occiput (broadly)
irregularly mottled with black and cinnamon or sayal brown; back,
rump, etc., irregularly but boldly marbled with black, cmmamon and
whitish, the markings more longitudinal on back, more transverse on
lower rump.

134 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male.—Wing, 123-139 (131.4); tail, 48-55.5 (52.6); culmen,
15-17.5 (16.1); tarsus, 28-34 (30.1); middle toe, 17-19 (18.2).¢

Adult female.—Wing. 126-152.5 (133.6); tail, 49-56 (52); culmen,
14.5-18.5 (16.2); tarsus, 28.5-31 (29 4); middle toe, 18—20.5 (18.8).°

Breeding in northeastern Siberia and Commander Islands, Kam-
chatka; migrating southward through Korea, Japan, China, Philip-
pine Islands, Malay Archipelago, etc., to New Guinea and northern
Australia; accidental in western Alaska (Choris Peninsula, summer).

Charadrius mongolus Patuas, Reis. Russ. Reichs, ili, 1776, 700 (Kulussutai,
probably on the Onon River, Siberia).—BonnaTeRRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth.,
i, 1790, 22.—ViEtLLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvii, 1818, 143.—Buastvus,
Journ, fiir Orn., 1883, 126 (Celebes).—He1nroru, Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 400
(Bismarck Archipelago).—MatnHews, Birds Australia, i, 1913, pl. [135]
facing p. 92.—Brooks (W. 8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 378 (Cop-
per Island, Kamchatka, June).

[Charadrius] mongolus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 11, 1789, 685.—Laruam, Index
Orn., 11, 1790, 746.

Hiaticula mongola Gou.p, Birds Australia, vi, 1846, pl. 19, right-hand fig., and
text.—REICHENBACH, V6g. Neuholl., 1851, no. 331.—Macarmuivray. Nerr.
Voy. ‘Rattlesnake’, 11, 1852, 358 (n. e. coast Australia; Torres Straits).

[ Pluviorhynchus] mongolus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 417.

Aiyialites mongolus SwinHOoE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 140 (s. China; Hainan;
crit.); 1871, 404 (China); Ibis, 1873, 425 (Shanghai, China).

Hyialitis mongola WALDEN, Ibis, 1873, 317 (South Andaman Island).—StTEJNEGER,
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 105-108 (Commander Islands, Kamchatka;
synonymy, descr., etc.); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 126-128, pl. 7, figs.
3-6 (variations in head-markings); xxi, 1898, 279 (Kuril Islands), —AMERICAN
OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 279; 3rd ed.,
1910, 129.—NeEtson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 127 (Choris Peninsula,
Alaska; descr.).—TaczaNowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 456 (Chemulpo
Korea).—Etuior, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 189, pl. 64.—ALLEN, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 241 (Gichiga, n. e. Siberia).—Crarx (A. H.),
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxvili, 1910, 155 (Gensan, Korea).

Ai{gialitis] mongola Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 179.

Aegialitis mongolus Harrert, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 9 (Ruk Island, centr.

Carolines).
2 Hight specimens. b Eleven specimens.
ae # Cal heGul= arene | Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. men. | Larsus. ah
= |
MALES,
Two adult males from northeastern Siberia.................... | 129 SLa5 17 30 18.5
Two adult males from Commander islands, Kamchatka......- 129. 7 54.5 15. 2 29.5 18
Three adult males from Japan................ Bes Siar ee 137 53.5 1525 29.3 18.5
One adult male from eastern Turkestan.................-.-.-. 123 48 17.5 34 17.5
FEMALES. | '
Two adult females from northeastern Siberia................-. 139. 2 50 Vad 31 19
Six-adult females from Commander Islands..................-- 131 52.3] 15.4 28.9 18.8
One adult female from Liu Kiu Islands.................. eels eo 53 18.5 29 18
Two adult females from Japan.................. st tacee oases 135 52.5 16 29.5 19

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 135

Cirripedesmus mongolus mongolus MatHEws, Birds Australia, ili, pt. 1, April 2,
1913, 92.

Ochthodromus mongolus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 223, 740.—
Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 83 (Rossel Island, Louisiade Archipelago);
vii, 1900, 554 (Great Banda Island); xii, 1905, 201 (Bedout Island, n. w.
Australia)—Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, 1901, 259 (Liu Kiu
Islands, June 1). ,

[Ochthodromus] mongolus SHARPE, Hand-list, 1, 1899, 153.—ForsBes and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 66 (crit.).

O[chthodromus] mongolus Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 216 (Rossel Island).

Charadrius mongolicus Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 11, 1826, 186.—MimppENpor®Fr,
Reis. Sibir., ii, pt. 2, Zool., 1851, 211.,, pl. 19, figs. 2, 3 (Udskoi-Ostrog ; mouth
of Uda River, July).—Scurenck, Reis. Amurl., 1859, 411.—Rappr, Reis.
Siid. Ost. Sibir., 1i, Vég., 1862, 324 (Tareei-nor, May).—ScuHLeGE , Mus. Pays-
Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865, 41 (Amur-land; Philippines; Ceram; Morotai;
Papua).—Fivscu, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1873, [p. 18 of separate].—ScLaTER,
Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1877, 113 (Bismarck Archipelago), 556 (Admiralty
Islands); Voy. ‘Challenger,’ ii, Birds, 1881, 33 (Admiralty Islands).—RosgEn-
BERG, Malay Archip., 1878-90, 278.—Severtzov, Ibis, 1883, 72 (Alai and
Pamir Mts., breeding at 12,000-13,000 ft.; s. part of Trans-Baikalian Siberia,
near Mongolian border, on rivers Oxus and Argun; mouth of Uda, Sea of
Okotsk; habits)—SrrBoum, Geog. Disir. Charadriide, 1888, pp. xvii, 147,
fig. of head; Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 308.—Sryan, Ibis, 1891, 330, 50,
(lower Yangtse River, China); 1893, 486 (Hainan).—CampBELL, Ibis, 1892
246 (Korea).

Ai{gialitis] mongolicus HARrTING, Ibis, 1870, 389 (Choris Peninsula, Alaska).

Aigialites mongolicus SwinHoe#, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 310 (n. China; Mon-
golia; Amurland); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 111, 114 (Choris Peninsula,
summer).—Hotpsworts, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 471 (Ceylon) .—
PELzELN, Verh. z.-b. Verh. Wien, 1873, [p. 6 of separate].—SrEBouM, Ibis,
1879, 25 (Hakodate and South Yesso, Japan).—Ripeway, Cat. Aq. and Fish-
eating Birds, 1883, 9 (Choris Peniasula).

Aigialitis mongolicus SwinwHoe, Ibis, 1870, 360 (Hainan; Shanghai, China),—
Harrtin@, Ibis, 1870, 384 (monogr.; crit.).—Lrea@r, Ibis, 1874, 28 (s. Ceylon).

Aigialitis mongolica Lraas, Ibis, 1875, 401 (s. Ceylon).—Biaxkiston and Pryer,
Trans. Asiat. Soc. Jap., viii, 1880, 192 (Yokohama and Hakodate, Japan);
x, 1882, 108 (Yokohama, Kuril Islands and Hakodate, Japan).—Kertyam,
Ibis, 1882, 10 (Pulo Battam, Malay Peninsula; crit.).—NrEtson, Cruise ‘Cor-
win’ in 1881 (1883), 85 (Choris Peninsula).—Batrp, Brewer, and Rieway,
Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 167.—Gretrort and Satvaport, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1887, 585 (Olga Bay, Korea; crit.).—Hartert, Novit. Zool.,
ix, 1902, 218 (Deli, Sumatra).

Cirrepidesmus mongolicus Hume, Stray Feath., i, 1873, 230 (Kurrachee harbor;
Mekran coast; Korebut, India; crit.).

[Cirrepidesmus| mongolicus Hr1InE and RretcHeNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
336 (Java).

Eudromias mongolicus TaczANowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876, 248; vii,
1882, 397 (Bering Island); Orn. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 52.—Srverrzov, Ibis, 1876,
327 (Turkestan).—TWwrEppALE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 344 (South
Leyte, Sept.).—Sresnecer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 71 (Commander
Islands); Naturen, 1884, 51.—Bo@panow, Consp. Av. Imp. Ross., 1884, 73
(e. Siberia; Dauria; Bering Island; Ussuri-land).

Ch{aradrius] cirrhepidesmos WactErR, Syst. Av., 1827, Charadrius, sp. 18 (no lo-
cality).

136 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Charadrius cirrhipedesmus GRAY, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 363 (East Gilolo).

C{haradrius] cirrhipedesmus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 544.

Ch{aradrius] gularis WacuLER, Syst. Av., 1827, Charadrius, sp. 40 (new name for
C. mongolus Pallas).

Charadrius sanguineus Lesson, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1828, 330 (no locality); Traité
d’Orn., 1831, 544.

Hiaticula inornata Goutp, Birds Australia, vi, 1846, pl. 19, right-hand fig., and
text (Torres Strait, Australia)—ReEIcHENBACH, V6g. Neuholl., 1851, no.
331.—Macaituivray, Narr. Voy. ‘‘Rattlesnake,’’ ii, 1852, 358 (n. e. coast
Australia; Torres Straits).

Aegialitis inornata RetcHENBACH, Grallatores, Novit., 1851, pl. 298, figs. 2426-
2427.

Aigialitis inornata Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i, 1877, 375.—Forsgs,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 127 (Wednesday Island, Torres Straits); Voy.
‘‘Challenger,’’ ii, Birds, 1881, 92.

Charadrius inornatus GRAY, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 187, 197 (Aru Islands);
1861, 438 (Aru Islands); Cat. Mam. and Birds New Guinea, 1859, 62.—RosEn-
BERG, Nat. Tijdschr. Neder]. Ind., xxv, 1863, 253; Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 135;
Malay Archipel., 1878-79, 563.—Finscu, Neu-Guinea, 1865, 181.

Ochthodromus inornatus Gouutp, Handb. Birds Australia, 1, 1865, 237.

Zigialitis mastersi Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i, 1876, 185 (Rockingham
Bay to Cape York, Queensland); 1i, 1878, 107; Tab. List. Austral. Birds, 1888,
19 (Gulf of Carpentaria; Rockingham Bay).—Lreee, Proc. Austral. Assoc.
Advance. Sci., 1892, 38.

Agialitis ruficapilla? (not Charadrius ruficapillus Temminck) BLaKiston and
PryeEr, Ibis, 1878, 219 (Yokohama, Japan; see Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, 25).
Aigialitis ruficapilla SEEBouM, Ibis, 1879, 25 (Hakodate and s. Yezo, Japan; crit.).
Charadrius pyrrhothorax (not of Temminck) Frirscu, Vég. Eur., 1870, pl. 33, fig.

18.—RosENBERG, Malay Archipel., 1878-79, 373 (Aru Islands).

CHARADRIUS NIVOSUS NIVOSUS (Cassin).
SNOWY PLOVER.

Adult male in summer.—F orehead, superciliary region, whole of loral
region, suborbital and malar regions and under parts immaculate
white, the sides of chest with a transverse patch of black; fore part
of crown and upper portion of auricular region black; rest of upper
parts light brownish gray or grayish brown, the crown and occiput
often varying to light buff; proximal secondaries mostly white;
primaries dusky with white shafts, the proximal quills with much
white on outer webs; two outer rectrices (on each side) white, the
rest growing gradually darker to the middle pair, which are grayish
brown, darker distally; bill and naked eye-ring black; interior of
mouth fleshy white (in life); iris dark brown; legs and feet slate color
or slate-grayish (in life).

Adult female in summer.—Similar to the male and not always dis-
tinguishable, but usually with black of head-markings and on sides of
chest much duller, sometimes dusky grayish brown.

Winter plumage.—Similar to the adult female, but black or dusky
of head-markings and patch on side of chest replaced by brownish
eray or grayish brown.

ee

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 137

Y oung.—Similar to the winter plumage, but feathers of upper parts
margined terminally with whitish or buffy whitish.

Downy young.—Upper parts very pale grayish buff, interrupted by
a white nuchal collar, the whole colored portion rather sparsely
mottled or irregularly spotted with black; forehead, hand-wing, and
under parts immaculate white; a dusky postocular streak.

Adult male-—Wing, 101-108 (104.2); tail, 42-47 (44.9); culmen,
14,5-16 (15.1); tarsus, 22.5-25 (23.9); middle toe, 14-15.5 (14.7).¢

Adult female——Wing, 100-105.5 (102.6); tail, 42-44 (43.4); cul-
men, 13.5-15.5 (14.6); tarsus, 22-23.5 (22.9); middle toe, 13.5-15
(14.4).

Breeding in western United States from Pacific Coast to Salt Lake
Valley, Utah (to south-central Kansas ?), north to central California,
south to northern Lower California; wintering from southern Cali-
fornia southward along Pacific coast of Mexico (Mazatlan, Sinaloa),
Central America (Costa Rica) and South America to Peru (Chorillos;
Tambo Valley, Oct., Nov.) and Chile (Cavanche, May, Oct., Dec.;
Valparaiso; Coquimbo, Straits Magellan, June); casual or occasional
in Oregon, Washington (Grays Harbor), and Wyoming?. (Acci-
dental on Kadiak Island, Alaska ?)

a Nine specimens. 6 Seven specimens.
: ; : Cul- Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. iit Tarsus. Bogs
MALES.
Four adult males from California. .......-............-------05 103. 1 43.7 14.7 | 23.6 14.7
Two adult males from southern Lower California..............) 104 45.6 eet | eae7, 14
One adult male from Sonora (migrant)......................-- 108 45.5 15.5 24.5 15
iuaragalimiales (ror tabi... bm. cana bd sob eeumtaageesn ne | 104.5) (46 (Ph 16. APS g 15.2
One adult male from Yucatan (C. n. tenuirostris)............- | 99 37 14.5} 23 14
One adult male from Margarite I., Venezuela (C. n. tenuirostris)., 99 42 15 922. 5 14.5
One adult male from Mississippi (C. n. tenwirostris)..........-. | 102 46 13 25 15
Four adult males from Alabama (C. n. tenuirostris)...........- OG; Dalits 47a] 15 24,2 14.2
Four adult males of C. alexandrinus.................-+--+-2+06- | 109 46.5 16.7 26. 15.7
FEMALES. |
Four adult females from California........................--.-- 103. 6 43.5 14.5 22.7 14.4
Two adult females from southern Lower California............ | 101.5 44 15.2 23. 2 14.5
Oneadult female from: Utalys. . jssu2 sh mesck so losbil . sc cess. | 101 42 Me see Be eps
One adult female from Mississippi (C. n. tenuirostris).......... 98 41 14 23.5 | 14
One adult female from Alabama (C. n. tenwirostris).....0...... 104 47 14 23) | 14
One adult female from Florida (C. n. tenuirostris)..s.........-- 104 44.5 15 23, ll 13.5
Three adult females of C. alexandrinus.........--...0-+------- 108 46.7 15.5 26. 2 | 15.5
| |

Measurements of C. alexandrinus (Charadrius alexandrinus Linneus; C. cantianus
Latham) are given for comparison, this being the Old World representative of C.
nivosus. Besides having longer wings, relatively shorter tail, and decidedly longer
tarsi and toes than C. nivosus, C. alexandrinus has a black loral stripe and other differ-
ences of coloration.

138 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Charadrius melodus (not of Ord) Viaors, Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ Birds, 1839, 30
(San Francisco, California). .

Hiaticula azare (not Charadrius azare Temminck) Darwin, Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’
Birds, 1841, 127, part (Valparaiso, Chile).—SctatTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, 331 (Chile).

Aegialitis nivosa Cassrn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific 2. 2. Surv., ix, 1858, 696 (Pre-
sidio, near San Francisco, California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); ed. 1860 (‘Birds
North America’), 696, pl. 90, figs. 1, 2.—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 158
(Peru).—Scuatow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. iv, Sept. 3, 1898, 665 (Cavanche,
etc., Chile, May, Oct., Dec.).

Aigialitis nivosa TaczaANnowsxi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 559 (Chorillos,
Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 346.—Suarre, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881,
15 (Coquimbo, Straits Magellan, June); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896,
290, 748, part (Tambo Valley, Peru; Valparaiso, etc., Chile; etc.).—Satvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 428 (Chile).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 278; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 129,
part.—BERLEPscH and SToLzMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 399 (Choril-
los, Peru).—Eturot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 188, pl. 63.—Satvin and
GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 359, part (Mazatlan, Sinaloa;
Costa Rica; western South America to Chile; western United States).—Lin-
Ton, Condor, x, 1908, 197 (Buena Vista Lake, Kern Co., California, breed-
ing).—Bow tes, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 172 (Grays Harbor, Washington, Sept.
3, 1899). ;

(2?) Agialitis nivosa Goss, Auk, 111, 1886, 409 (salt plains of Cimarron River,
Oklahoma, and Comanche Co., Kansas, breeding) .“—BuNnxkeEr, Kansas Univ.
Sei. Bull., vii, 1913, 145 (s. w. Kansas; rare summer resident).@

[Agialitis] nivosa ScLaTEeR and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 143, part.—SHARPE ,
Hand-list, 1, 1899, 155, part—Forsers and Roprnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus.,
li, no. 2, 1899, 67 (San Francisco, California; Chile).

Aigialites nivosus Cours, Ibis, 1866, 274 (s. California) —Sctatrger, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1867, 339 (Chile).—Sciater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1868, 176 (Tambo Valley, w. Peru; crit.).

[Agialites] nivosus ScLATER and SaLvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 570 (w.
Peru).

Aigialitis nivosus Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 509.

Aigialitis nivosus Merriam, Sixth Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr., 1873, 714
(Utah).—Hensuaw, Ann. Lye. N. Y., xi, 1874, 11 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah).

Aigialitis cantianus var. nivosus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 173
(near Salt Lake City, Utah).—Hrnsuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv.,
1876, 268 (Santa Barbara, California, July).

Aigialitis cantianus ... var. nivosus Cours, Check List, 1873, App., p. 135, no.
401.—Rimaway, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 109 (crit.).

Aigialitis cantiana var. nivosa Cougs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 456.

A[gialitis] cantianus nivosus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Feb., 1875, 31
(Salt Lake Valley, Utah).

Aigialitis cantianus, 8B. nivosus Ripaway, Orn. Fortieth Parallel, 1877, 604 (near
Salt Lake City, Utah, breeding).

Aigialitis cantiana nivosa Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 199 (Cat.
N. Am. Birds, no. 521).

Aigialitis cantianus nivosus Rripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 521.

Aigialites cantianus nivosus Cougs, Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 591.

Ai| gialites| cantianus nivosus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 603.

a May be C. n. tenuirostris. Specimens not examined.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 139

Charadrius cantianus nivosus SEEBOHM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xvili,
171, fig. of head.

Aigialitis alecandrinus nivosus STEJINEGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, June 5,
1882, 35.

Aigialites alexandrinus nivosus Ripaway, Cat. Aquat. and Fish-eating birds,
1883, 9.—Bexprine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1888, 528 (San Quentin Bay,
Lower California; breeding?).

Charadrius cantianus (not of Latham, 1790) HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
X, pt. iv, no. 2, 1859, 64 (San Diego, California, Jan.; descr.; crit.) —ScHLEGEL,
Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865, 31, part.

Ai{gialitis| cantiana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 245.

Agialitis cantianus Covers, Check List, 1873, no. 401.

(?) Charadrius alexandrinus (not of Linneeus?) ScHAatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891,
259 (Kadiak, Alaska).

CHARADRIUS NIVOSUS TENUIROSTRIS (Lawrence).

CUBAN SNOWY PLOVER.

Similar to C.n. nivosus but much paler, the general color of upper
parts pale drab-gray (sometimes approaching grayish white in mid-
summer plumage), the feathers darker centrally.

Adult male-—Wing, 99-107 (103.5); tail, 37-49 (44.8); culmen,
13-15.5 (14.6); tarsus, 22.5-25 (23.9); middle toe, 14-15 (14.4).¢

Adult female.-—Wing, 98-104 (102); tail, 41-47 (44.2); culmen,
14-15 (14.3); tarsus, 23-23.5 (23.2); middle toe, 13.5-14 (13.8).®

Gulf coast of United States, in Florida (Santa Rosa Island, near
Fort Pickens, breeding; Perdido Bay, Jan.), Alabama (Dauphine
Island, Feb., May, Aug.; Orange Beach, Jan.; Petit Bois, Aug.),
Mississippi (Horn Island, July 3), Louisiana, and Texas (Corpus
Christi), and southward to Bahamas, Cuba (Guantanamo), Yucatan
(Celestin), Venezuela (Margarita Island), and coast of Brazil and
Paraguay; also breeding on Salt plains of Cimarron River, Oklahoma
and Comanche County, Kansas, and occasional near Toronto,
Ontario (May, 1880, and July 6, 1897; three records).°

Aegialitis tenuirostris LAawRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1862, 455 (near
Guantanamo, Cuba; coll. J. Gundlach).—Gunptacnu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862,
181 (Guantanamo, Cuba; crit.).

Aegialeus tenuirostris GuNDLACH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 359; Journ.
fiir Orn., 1871, 294 (Cuba); 1875, 336 (Cuba).

Aigialitis nivosa AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d
ed., 1895, no. 278, part (Caribbean coast Central America; w. Cuba); 3rd
ed., 1910, 129, part (Louisiana; Florida; Bahamas; Cuba; Venezuela;
Brazil).—(?) Goss, Auk, iii, 1886, 409 (salt plains of Cimarron River, Okla-
homa and Comanche Co., Kansas, breeding).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 229
(West Indian localities and references); Birds West Ind., 1889, 229; Cat.
West Ind. Birds, 1892, 95.—Sennerr, Auk, v, 1888, 110, in text (Corpus
Christi, Texas, breeding).—SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 290,

a Seven specimens.
> Three specimens,
¢ Specimens not seen, but more likely to be this form than C. n. nivosus.

140 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

part (Cuba; Corpus Christi, Texas).—Rosinson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii,
1896, 656 (Margarita Island, Venezuela).—CHEerRriz, Auk, xiv, 1897, 402
(Santa Rosa Island, near Fort Pickens, Florida, breeding).—(?) Amzs, Auk,
xiv, 1897, 412 (Toronto, Ontario, July 6, 1897; said to be third record).—
Satvrin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 359, part (Celestin,
Yucatan; Kansas? w. Gulf States).—(?) Fremine, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 452
(Toronto, Ontario, May, 1880 and July 6, 1897)—Bryrr, Anuison, and
Korman, Auk, xxv, 1908, 180 (islands along coast of Louisiana during migra-
tion).—(?) BunKer, Kansas Uniy. Sci. Bull., vii, 1913, 145 (s. w. Kansas;
rare summer resident).—BryeEr, Proc. La. Soc.Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 97
(common along coast of Louisiana).

[Hgialitis] nivosa ScuaTerR and Satnvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 143, part.—
SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 155, part.

(?) [Aegialitis] nivosa Bertrrscy, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 133 (Paraguay).

Aegialites nivosus? (not of Cassin) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 209
(Celestin, Yucatan; crit.).

[Hgialitis] nivosus Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, and revised ed., 1886, 25
Cuba).
CHARADRIUS COLLARIS Vieillot.

AZARA’S RING PLOVER.

Adults wm breeding season (sexes alike)—Forehead (broadly)
suborbital and malar regions, and under parts immaculate white,
interrupted by a black loral stripe (from bill to eye) and a black band
across upper chest or lower foreneck, the latter broader laterally;
anterior half (more or less) of crown black; rest of pileum, and upper
parts in general, grayish brown (deep drab or between drab and hair
brown), the feathers more or less distinctly margined with paler;
immediately behind the black crown-patch there is often (by no
means always) a narrow band of cinnamon, and there is a pronounced
tinge of that color along sides of occiput and on nape and hindneck;
postocular (supra-auricular) region usually whitish; auricular region
grayish brown; greater wing-coverts margined terminally with white;
alule, primary coverts, and primaries much darker grayish brown
than wing-coverts, the primary coverts, secondaries, and proximal
primaries margined terminally with white, the last with outer webs
white basally; middle rectrices dusky grayish brown distally, paler
(like back, ete., proximally); two outer rectrices, on each side,
wholly white (the second sometimes tinged on part of inner web with
pale brownish gray), the next (third) pale brownish gray tipped and
edged with white, the inner web with a subterminal spot of dusky;
axillars and greater part of under wing-coverts immaculate white,
the under primary coverts pale brownish gray tipped with white;
bill black; iris dark brown; legs and feet flesh color (in life).

Adults in nonbreeding plumage.—Similar to the breeding plumage
but feathers of upper parts (except remiges, etc.) distinctly margined
with dull buffy.

Young.—Similar to nonbreeding adults, but without black crown-
patch; loral stripe grayish brown instead of black, and sometimes

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 141

indistinct; and jugular band much duller black (sometimes grayish
dusky), more or less interrupted in middle portion.

Adult male—Wing, 86-103 (95.3); tail, 40-52.5 (45.2); culmen,
13-16.5 (14.4); tarsus, 24-27 (25.2); middle toe, 13-15 (13.6).¢

Adult female—Wing, 89-102 (94.4); tail, 41-48 (42.8); culmen,
13-16 (14.6); tarsus, 23.5-26.5 (24.9); middle toe, 12-14.5 (13.6).°

Continental Tropical America in general, from southern Mexico,
in states of Vera Cruz (Playa Vicente; La Antigua), Oaxaca (Tehudn-
tepec), Tabasco (Montecristo), and Chiapas (Chiapa), and southward
through Guatemala (Chiapam), Honduras (Chamelicén), Nicaragua
(Momotombo; San Emilio), Costa Rica (Rio Frio; Cuabre; Rio
Sicsola; Herradura; Pozo del Rio Grande; Barranca de Puntarenas),
Panama (Lion Hill), and greater part of South America (both sides),
including islands of Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada, and Bonaire) to

a Twenty-seven specimens. + Twenty-three specimens.

Locality. Wing. | Tail. a Tarsus. ae

MALES.
Ounomdul tMaletrom si MAlOd sees oscars. oe ericiasrennc scence oss 90 42.5 14 24.5 13.5
Mwoadulimales trom! Oaxaca: = 52.0.2. aees5--cc sentescasceeee 94.5 45.5 15 26.5 14
Oud\adultmaletrom! TAabasc0s..<sasesce ve see eenie hes Sone es cee 100 | 44 BAr beer eae Sees
Oneadulvmaietrom( Chiapas: :+. 22.226 sees eens c ese eee ee fe, OB |e i45 14.5 25 15
Ondadult male from/Fonduras- = 225.20 5---sn22s.<d- <0 eee | 91 | 42 14.5] 25.5 14
One adult male from Nicaragua..................---22eeeee eee 94.15 )1) 042.8 | 5.5m, 24 14
Six adult males from Costa Rica.........2.2-.2eee-ceeeeeseeeee | 95.7] 43.8] 15 25.2 13.9
Parad wuiumalesdrom Panama) en i ocss cee i cat occu secmaamed- 95.5 | 45 14.5 24.5 | 13.5
One adult male from Colombia..........2.--2s+0es0seeeeeee bray ale S6cuel. dec 35 13 3
Four adult males from Amazon Valley, Brazil.............-..- | 92.7 44,2 14.4 25.5 14 ¢
Two adult males from southwestern Brazil (Mattogrosso)..... | 101.5] 50.5 yaa eae 14 }
Oneadultmaletrom Tobaro® -....0-0 2.05002 s--c2see hea eee ee | 96 43 14 2 | 144
OneadultimaletrOmMParazudy oc. cae sc wdeecc cco cece wesc cs | 103 | 52.5 15 25 | 14.5
Three adult males from eastern Peru....................-.---- | 96.2) 45 13.8 | 25.2| 14

FEMALES, |
Two adult females from Oaxaca. ................---.2+2+--+-- | 94.5) 44.5) 145) 24.2 | a7
Three adult females from Costa Rica...................-.--.--- 94.3) 44.5 15. 2 25ae 14.2
Oueaduiuromaletroml Panam. oso. ates ocee enone ca eee ee cece | 94 | 45 14.5 24 12
Four adult females from Colombia....................--...---- 94,2 44,4 15 25 13.6
One'adult female trom Tobago s.250. - 25s lear ene eee | 94 47 14 25.5 14
One adult female from Margarita Island, Venezuela............ ee 9Suo 43 14 24.5 13
Four adult females from British Guiana. ....................-. | 93 | 43.9 13.7 25 | 13.7
Two adult females from Amazon Valley, Brazil..............-. 98 | 46.5 15.2 25 13.7
Two adult females from southwestern Brazil (Mattogrosso)....| 92 AAD | eRe 26 13.5
One adult female from Paraguay ........-.....2.-.-22eeeeeeeee | 102 48 15 25 14.5
One adult female from eastern Peru..............-+22----20e--- 94 44 13.5 | 25 | 13
One adult female from Argentina...............-2--e--eeeeeee- ede OD nae ee Aden i tee 26. | 13.5

| |

South American specimens, according to the series examined, much more often
(in fact usually) have the cinnamon on head and neck present, and also more pro-
nounced; but the difference is by no means constant, occasional Mexican and Cen-
tral American examples being quite indistinguishable in this respect.

142 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Argentina (Cérdova; Tucuman; Tala; Santa Ana; Oran, Salta;
Barracas al Sud; Rio Pileomayo; Bella Vista; Punta Lara; Mendoza),
Paraguéy (Monte Alto; upper Rio Parané; Rio Pilcomayo), Uru-
guay (Montevidéo; Concepcién; Rio Negro), Bolivia (Reyes; Falls of
Rio Madeira; Caiza), and Peru (Rio Ucayali; Santa Cruz; Cosnipaia;
La Mercéd; Cashibaya; Tarapoto; Pebas; Yquitos).

Charadrius collaris Viz1tiot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxvii, 1818, 136 (Paraguay;
Enc. Méth.. ii, 1823, 334 —LicnrEensteEtn, Verz. Saug. und Végel Mus. Berlin,
based on Imbatuitui collar negro Azara, Apunt. Parag., 111, 1803, 291); Tabl.
1818, 33 (based on ‘‘ Ch. hiaticula var. 8. Gmel. Lath;’’ spec. from Brazil in
Berlin Mus.).—Harriaus, Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 24.—ScHLEGEL, Mus.
Pays-Bas, iv, no. 29 (Cursores), 1865, 37.—SEEBoHM, Geog. Distr. Chara-
driide, 1887, pp. xviii, 173, fig. of head.—FRENZEL, Journ. fur Orn., 1891, 126
(Cordova, Argentina).

Clharadrius] collaris Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 547.

[ Charadrius| collaris Gray, Hand-list, i, 1871, 16, no. 10017.

Aigialitis collaris ScuaTER and “Satyr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 199 (upper
and lower Rio Ucayali, e. Peru; descr. egg); 1873, 309 (upper and lower Rio
Ucayali and Santa Cruz, e. Peru; habits; descr. eggs)—HartinG, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1874, 458, pl. 60, fig. 7 (egg).—LawreEnce, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
no. 4, 1876, 46 (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Oct., Nov.).—A.LLEN, Bull. Essex
Inst., viii, 1876, 83 (Arjos, lower Amazon); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889,
109 (Reyes and Falls of Rio Madeira, Bolivia); v, 1893, 149 (Corumba,
Brazil).—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1878, 67 (Buenos Aires, Argentina).—WHITE,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 628 (Buenos Aires).—Barrp, Brewer, and
Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 153.—Barrows, Auk, i, 1884, 313
(Concepcion, Uruguay, March, Aug.).—Sa.vin, Ibis, 1886, 178 (Bartica Grove,
Brit. Guiana).—TaczANowskI, Orn. du Pérou, i111, 1886, 344.—Kurr, Ibis,
1892, 150 (Rio Pilecomayo, Argentina; habits)—Ricumonp, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., xvi, 1893, 526 (Rio Frio, Costa Rica).—Aptiin, Ibis, 1894, 206 (Rio
Negro, Uruguay; habits).—Roxrinson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 657
(Margarita Island, Venezuela).—Suarpre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896,
288, 747 (Playa Vicente and La Antigua, Vera Cruz; Chiapam, Guatemala.
Momotombo, Nicaragua; Santa Marta and Bogota, Colombia; Intac, Ecuador,
Cosnipata, Peru; Laguna de Valencia, Venezuela; Brit. Guiana, etc.).—
HotmBera, Segundo censo Argentina, i, 1898, 565.—BrERLEPSscH and SroLz-
MANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), 51 (La Merced, Peru).—Satvin and
GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 359 (Playa Vicente and La An-
tigua, Vera Cruz; Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Chiapam, Guatemala; Momotombo,
Nicaragua; Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Panama; Grenada, Lesser Antilles).—
Nico, Ibis, 1904, 40 (Bahia, Brazil) —Carrikxer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi,
1910, 417 (Cuabre and Rio Sicsola, Costa Rica).—Grant (C. H. B.), Ibis,
1911, 465 (Monte Alta, etc., Paraguay, Aug., Sept.).

[ Agialitis] collaris ScuareR and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 143.—SHARPE,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 155.—Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2,
1899, 67 (Cumana, Venezuela; upper Rio Ucayali and Cashibaya, Peru;
Mexico).

Algialitis] collaris Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 179.

Aigialites collaris ScLaTER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 591 (Mexiana
Island and Rio Tocantins, Brazil); 1869, 252 (Laguna de Valencia, Venezuela);
1873, 186 (Cosnipata, Peru).—Harrert, Ibis, 1893, 335 (Bonaire Island,
Dutch West Indies; crit.).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 143

Aegialitts collaris Berterscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 36 (Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay),
125 (Paraguay); 1889, 320 (Tarapoto, n. e. Peru; crit.).—KoENIGSWALD,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 394 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil).—Satvaportr, Boll. Mus.
Zool., ete., Torino, xii, 1897, 35 (Caiza, s. Bolivia; Tala, n. Argentina).—
InprRinG, Rey. Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 431 (Sao Sebastiao and Iguape, Sao
Paulo, s. Brazil); iv, 1900, 290 (descr. eggs); vi, 1904, 343 (Paraguay), 452
(Rio Jurua, Amazon Valley).—Beruerscu and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., ix,
1902, 129 (Altagracia, Venezuela).—Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 307 (Bo-
naire).—BakER, Ornis, xii, 1904, 231 (Santa Ana, Argentina).—Brucu, Rev.
Mus. La Plata, xi, 1904, 250 (Oran, Salta, Argentina).—Ha@mann, Zool.
Jahrb., 1907, 44 (Mexiana I., Brazil).—Sneruuace, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 23
(Rio Purus, w. Brazil), 517 (Goyana, Tapajos, Brazil); Bol. Mus. Goeldi, v,
1908, 69 (Rio Purus).—Hetimayr, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 101 (Rio Araguaya,
Brazil; crit.)—Hartrert and Venturi, Novit. Zool., xvi, 1909, 250 (Barracas
al Sud, etc., Argentina).—Rerser, Denkschr Mat.-Nat. Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss.
Wien, 1910, 94 (Joazeiro, etc., n. e. Brazil).—DaBBENE, Orn. Argentina, 1910,
217 (Cordoba; Tucuman; Oran, Salta; Bella Vista; Barracas al Sud, Buenos
Aires).—Berrrtont, Fauna Parag., 1914, 38 (upper Rio Parana).

HMiaticula collaris SctateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 290 (Babahoyo, w.
Ecuador).

[Leucopolius] collaris Heiner and RetcHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 337
(Venezuela; Pernambuco, Brazil).

Charadrius azare TEMMINCK, PI. Col., v, 1823, pl. 184 and text (Brazil).—LxEsson,
Traité d’Orn., 1831, 544.

Ch{aradrius] azarae LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 71 (Brazil; Montevideo,
Uruguay; cites Ubatuitui a collier noir Azara, Apunt. Parag., 392; Plwvier
Azara Temminck, Pl. Col. 184).—Casanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit-
Guiana, 111, 1848, 751.

Charadrius azarae MaximiitAN, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1832, 772.—BURMEISTER ,
Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 360; Reise La Plata-St., 11, 1861, 501.—
PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 297 (Piehy, March; Marambaya, March; Villa de
Castro, Dec.; Cuyaba, Jan.; Caicara, May; Barra do Rio Negro, April;
Cajutuba).

[Charadrius] azarae PeuzeEuN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 455.

Miaticula azare Goutp, Zool. Voy. ‘‘Beagle,’’ iii (Birds), 1841, 127, part (banks
of Rio de la Plata).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Gralle, 1844, 70.—
SctateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 298 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); 1867,
331 (Chile).

Aegialitis azare LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 334 (Lion Hill, Panama).

Charadrius larvatus ‘‘Temm.’’ Lesson, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1828, 318 (Brazil).

Aegialitis gracilis CaABANIs, Journ. fiir Orn., March, 1872, 158 (Tehuantepec,
Oaxaca, s. w. Mexico; coll. Berlin Mus.).—RetcHENow, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1885, pl. 6, figs. 3a, 3b.

Aigialites nivosus (not Aegialitis nivosa Cassin) Satvrn, Ibis, 1865, 191 (Chiapam,
Guatemala).

Aigialites nivosus? SAtvin, Ibis, 1866, 196 (Chiapam).

Family SCOLOPACID.
SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC.

=Scolopacide Bonaparte, Saggio distr. An. Vertebr., 1831, 57.—Cassin, in
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 689, 708.—Covurs, Key N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 248; 2d ed., 1884, 614.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water
Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 108, 178.—AmericAN OrnITHOoLOGIstTS’ Unton, Check
List, 1886, 147; 3rd ed., 1910, 108.—Rrpa@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 147.
—OBERHOLSER, Outl. Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 2.

144 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

>Scolopacidae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 334 (includes Dromadide!).—
SHARPE, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 73 (includes Phalaropodide
and Recurvirostride).

<Totaninae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 335.—SHarpre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxiv, 1896, xi, 91, 337; Hand-list, i, 1899, xv, 157.—Satvin and Gopman,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 364.

<Scolopacine SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, xii, 91, 520; Hand-list,
i, 1899, xvi, 162.—Satvin and GopMav, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1903, 384.

=Scolopacine SouaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 144.

Very small to very large Charadriiformes with tarsus transversely
scutellate both in front and behind (except in most of the Numeniee,
in which the planta tarsi is covered with small hexagonal scales),
less than twice as long as middle toe with claw, and not unusually
compressed; bare portion of tibia shorter than middle toe with claw,
and toes without a conspicuous lateral membrane.

The Scolopacide are small, medium-sized, or large shore-birds
allied to the Charadriide (Plovers) but differing in the scutellate
intsead of reticulate acrotarsium, differently formed bill, and excep-
tional absence of the hallux. They are also closely related to the
Phalaropodide (Phalaropes) and Recurvirostride (Avocets and ~
Stilts) from which they differ, in part, in the characters mentioned in
the above brief diagnosis. Typical genera are very different indeed
from any members of the related families; but the Scolopacide em-
brace such a large number of forms that it is difficult to find charac-
ters (external ones, at least) which will serve to distinguish them all,
as a family, from the groups mentioned. The most highly specialized
subfamily, the Scolopacine, comprising the woodcocks and true
snipes, has the bill much elongated, covered by a soft skin, and
provided at the tip with extremely sensitive nerves, which enable
these birds, by probing the soil or mud, to detect, by the sense of
touch, worms and other minute animal forms on which they feed.
The eye is large and placed unusually high in the head, and the ear
is placed beneath or even anterior to the center of the orbit. These
characters are most pronounced in the woodcccks (genera Scolopax
and Philohela), being slightly less developed in the snipes (genera
Gallinago, ete.), and still less so in intermediate forms (Limosa,
Pseudoscolopax, Limnodromus, and Micropalama, which lead directly
from the Scolopacine to the Eroliine, though probably all belong-
ing to the latter group.

The Scolopacide are among the most widely dispersed of birds, a
large proportion of the species being more or less cosmopolitan; but
this is owing to their extensive migration, a very great majority of
them being confined during the breeding season to the more northern
portions of the northern hemisphere, in subarctic and cold-temperate
districts of Europe, Asia, and North America. More than 30 species,
belonging to nineteen genera, are exclusively American, and of these
only about twelve, belonging mostly to Gallinago or closely allied

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 145

genera, belong to South America, among these being the monotypic
genus Phegornis and a single species of Rostratula, a genus occurring
elsewhere only in Africa, southern Asia, and Australia. Not a single
species has been discovered which is peculiar to the extensive region
between the northern boundary of the United States and the northern
extremity of South America, though several have the greater part of
their summer range included within the territory of the United States.

KEY TO THE NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICAN GENERA OF SCOLOPACID2.@

a. Bony orbital ring complete; ear-orifice anterior to middle of orbit; mandibular rami
very strongly and abruptly deflected; posterior profile of skull subconical, much
narrower above than below. (Scolopacine.)¢

a Our knowledge concerning the anatomy of the Scolopacide isso fragmentary that
a satisfactory arrangement of the genera is as yet impracticable. It is true that much
has been done, of late, toward the establishment of a sound clgssification, based on
osteological characters, by Mr. Percy R. Lowe, in his ‘‘Study of the Charadriiformes”’,
especially the first paper, ‘‘On the Systematic Position of the Ruff ( Machetes pugnaz)
and Semipalmated Sandpiper (Hrewnetes pusillus)” (Ibis, July, 1915, pp. 609-616),
wherein are given what appear to be excellent reasons for the recognition of two sub-
families, apart from the Scolopacinz, namely, the Eroliine and Tringine. Unfor-
tunately Mr. Lowe’s researches are confined to only part of the genera, and he leaves us
in ignorance concerning the affinities of Limosa, Vetola, Pseudoscolopax, Limnodromus,
Catoptro phorus, Heteroscelus, Tryngites, Bartramia, Numenius, Phxopus, and Mesoscolopax.
The first three of these almost certainly belong to the Eroliine, and the two following
to the Tringine; but the position of Tryngites, Bartramia, Numenius, Phexopus, and
Mesoscolopax is quite uncertain, and consequently I am not able to avail myself of
Mr. Lowe’s two groups in the construction of the above ‘‘key” which therefore must
be understood as a purely artificial one. Rostratula and the true Scolopacine also
require special investigation, especially the former, which doubtless, on account of
its many marked pecularities, represents a distinct subfamily, Rostratuline. It is
possible that if Mr. Lowe had been able to study all these genera when his paper
was prepared he might have found that his groups, Eroliine and Tringine, are not
so distinct as they appeared to be, some of the genera not examined being possibly
intermediate in characters. However this may be, the Scolopacine (woodcocks and
true snipes) seem to form one end of the series, the Eroliine coming between them
and the Tringine.

The South American genera Phegornis (Leptopus, not of Rafinesque, 1822, Fraser,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1844, 157; type, LZ. initchelli Fraser.—Leptodactylus, not of Fit-
zinger, 1826, Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1844, 157; to replace Lepiopus Fraser, pre-
occupied.—Leptoscelis, not of Halliday, 1833, Des Murs, Icon. Orn., 1840, pl. 41; new
name for Leptopus and Leptodactylus Fraser, preoccupied.—Phegornis Gray, Gen.
Birds, ili, 1847, 545; type, Lepltopus mitchelli Fraser), and Rostratula are not included
in the key. The former I have not been able to examine.

6 Doubtless many additional characters may be found by examination of the entire
skeleton.

¢ The curious genus Rostratula Vieillot (Analyse, 1816, 56, type, Scolopax capensis
Linneus; Rhynchxa Cuvier, Régne Anim., 1817, 487, same type) has usually been
placed with this group, but, judging from external characters alone, almost certainly
does not belong here. The bill is distinctly decurved terminally, and the distal por-
tion of the maxilla is hard, smooth, and with a median ridge instead of being soft,
pitted, and noncarinate, as in the Scolopacine. The sexes differ conspicuously both
in size and coloration, the females being larger and more brightly colored than the
males. The geographic range of the genus is also peculiar, the three known species
being confined, respectively, to southern South America, Australia, and southern
Africa and Asia.

40017—19—B ull. 50, pt S——11

146 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

b. Thighs feathered down to tibio-tarsal joint; pileum transversely barred or banded.
( Woodcocks.)
c. Outermost primaries normal, the first (from outside) longest or equal to the

JOMGORU. oc aia Se cp -ceet oe = Re e- oan «pear ieeres iae Scolopax (p. 149).
ce. Outermost primaries abnormal, the fourth or fifth (from outside) longest, the
first three shorter and abruptly much narrower ........- Philohela (p. 155).

bb. Thighs with lower portion naked; pileum longitudinally striped. (Snipes.)
Gallinago (p. 159).
aa. Bony orbital ring very incomplete, widely interrupted below and anteriorly;
ear-orifice posterior to middle of orbit; mandibular rami much less strongly
and abruptly deflected; posterior profile of skull subquadrate, at least as broad
above as below.
b. Nasal fossze relatively broad posteriorly, contracting auteriorly into a narrow
groove which extends nearly to tip of maxilla. (Hroliinx). 4%
c. Anterior toes more or less webbed at base.
d. Exposed culmen more than one-third as long as wing.

e. Tip of bill*very slightly expanded, the expanded portion very short, not
distinctly punctulate; tarsus nearly to quite twice as long as middle
toe without claw, sometimes more than twice as long.

f. Bill straight (not at all upturned distally), very slightly flattened ter-
minally; legs relatively longer (bare portion of tibia usually longer than
middle toe without claw, tarsus usually more than one-third as long as
wing); toes longer and more slender, the middle one, with claw,
usually more than one-fifth as long as wing; claw of middle toe long
(about one-third as long as rest of toe), linear, much flattened and
straight or even slightly recurved terminally, fragile, pectinate.

Limosa (p. 177).

ff. Bill distinctly upturned distally, much flattened for distal third or

more; legs relatively shorter and stouter (bare portion of tibia us-

ually shorter than middle toe without claw, tarsus usually less than

one-third as long as wing); toes shorter and stouter, the middle one,

with claw, less than one-fifth as long as wing; claw of middle toe

normal (short, blunt, decurved, nonpectinate) ....... Vetola (p. 182).

ee. Tip of bill distinctly expanded or dilated, the expanded portion occupying

the distal third or more and distinctly punctulate; tarsus much less
than twice as long as middle toe without claw.

f. A distinct web between inner and middle toes at base.

Pseudoscolopax (extralimital). >

J’. No web between inner and middle toes ........- Limnodromus (p. 195).

a The following osteological characters are given by Lowe (Ibis, 1915, 612) as distin-
guishing this subfamily from the Tringinze: Distal end of premaxilla depressed,
slightly, sometimes conspicuously, spatulate (e. g. Hurynorhynchus), minutely
pitted; pterygoid processes short, thick, and conspicuously divergent; palatal plates
wider posteriorly than anteriorly; maxillo-palatine process completely fused with
prepalatal portion of palatal plate on either side, as a thin, elongate plate with parallel
jnternal border devoid of sculpturing; inwardly projecting plate of maxillary fenes-
trated; line of culmen making an obtuse angle (about 140°) with the basi-sphenoidal
rostrum; zygomatic arch or quadro-jugal rod making a very distinct angle with the
maxillary process of premaxillary; supraorbital grooves indistinct; post-articular
process of mandible directed upward in abruptly hook-shaped fashion; supra-occipital
region of skull, viewed from above, rounded.

b Pseudoscolopax Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxviii, 1852, 280; type, Macro-
rhamphus semipalmatus Jerdon. Eastern Asia; monotypic.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 147

dd. Exposed culmen less than one-third as long as wing.
e. A web between inner and middle (as well as between outer and middle) toes.

jf. Tarsus more than one-third as long as wing....-.. Micropalama (p. 204).
jf. Tarsus not more than one-fourth as long as wing... -. Ereunetes (p. 209)
ee. No web between inner and middle toes .........-..-..- Machetes (p. 218).

cc. Anterior toes cleft to the base (no webs).
d. Hallux present.
e. Bill not distinctly if at all expanded terminally.

f. Feathering on lores extending to nostrils, that on malar region extending
nearly as far forward as anterior end of nostrils; inner webs of remiges
marbled.or freckled: <j. 2.) sis. oeis-fa weld os eei-eeeren Tryngites (p. 225).

jf. Feathering on lores not extending to nostrils, that on malar region not

extending beyond posterior end of nostrils; inner webs of remiges not
marbled or freckled. (Hrolix.)
g. Middle pair of rectrices not longer than the rest; tail less than two-
fifths as dong as jwinh) 24225. weurc|-ov sian jaa Y= Canutus (p. 230).
gg. Middle pair of rectrices distinctly longer than the rest; tail at least.
two-fifths as long as wing.
h. Exposed culmen longer than tarsus.
i. Bill stouter; tarsus less'than one-fifth as long as wing, shorter tham
middle tde.and) claw. }-«iis a<3sij0 122. .3. Arquatella (p. 238.)
vi. Bill more slender; tarsus more than one-fifth as long as wing,
longer than middle toe and claw.
j. Bill distinctly decurved distally; middle toe, with claw, less

than three-fourths as long as tarsus.......-... Erolia (p. 249).

jj. Bill not distinctly decurved distally; middle toe, with claw,
four-fifths as long as tarsus............--.. Pelidna (p. 256).

hh. Exposed culmen shorter than tarsus...........-.-. Pisobia (p. 266).

ee. Bill conspicuously expanded (paddle-shaped) terminally.
Eurynorhynchus (p. 302).
Tel EER. DEORE shy. 3 one wed anys stg PeeGiies <peaare daasy -4e Calidris (p. 307).
bb. Nasal fossze relatively narrow posteriorly, continued anteriorly as a broad
groove for not more than two-thirds the length of the maxilla, or else (Actitis)
inner web of remiges crossed by a broad band of white spots. (Tringinx.¢)
ce. Bill not at all decurved distally.
d, Tail shorter than tarsus (much less than half as long as wing), not graduated;
exposed culmen much more than six-tenths as long as tarsus.
e. Nasal groove extending for much less than two-thirds the length of maxilla;
inner webs of remiges not crossed by a white band.

@ According to Lowe (Ibis., 1915, 612) the Tringine are easily distinguished from
the Eroliinz by the following osteological characters: Distal end of premaxilla more
elongated and pointed, less elastic, and with slit-like depressions instead of pits;
pterygoid processes long, ribbon-shaped, more parallel toward pterygoid articulation;
maxillo-palatine process extending backward on either side of vomer, as a very
attenuated pyriform or sac-like process, free for greater part of its course; inwardly
projecting plate of maxillary not distinctly if at all fenestrated; line of culmen gradu-
ally ascending to nasal region, where abruptly inclined upward; zygomatic arch or
quadrato-jugal rod not making a distinct angle with maxillary process of premaxillary;
supraorbital grooves conspicuous; postarticular process of mandible not hook-shaped;
supra-occipital portion of skull (viewed from above) conical.

The genera Bartramia, Numenius, Phxopus, and Mcsoscolopax were not examin-
ed by Mr. Lowe, and may not belong to this group, in which I place them tenta-
tively; Tryngites and Limosa, for the same reason, being provisionally referred to the
Eroliine.

148 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

jf. A distinct web between basal portion of inner and middle toes.

g. Axillars uniform dusky; primaries extensively white basally; larger,
with stouter bill and feet,(wing more than 180 mm.),
Catoptrophorus (p. 314).
gg. Axillars white; primaries without white at base; smaller, with
more slender bill and feet (wing about 175 mm.),
Pseudototanus (extralimital).@
7. No web between inner and middle toes.

g. Planta tarsi scutellate; axillars white, with or without gray bars; tail

barred. :
h. Tarsus more than one and a half times as long as middle toe without
claw. .

i. Nasal groove extremely short, extending for not more than one-
fourth the length of maxilla; symphysis of mandible posterior
to. the: midGlessncs Vat Bee Erythroscelus (extralimital).?

ii. Nasal groove longer, extending for more than one-fourth (usually
more than one-third) the length of maxilla; symphysis of

mandible anterior to the middle.
j. Nasal groove extending half way to tip of maxilla; bill stouter;
tarsus slightly less than one-third as long as wing.

k. Bill stouter (its depth at base equal to about one-seventh the
length of exposed culmen), more compressed, distinctly
recurved or upturned for distal half, the exposed culmen
nearly as long as tarsus; tarsus less than one-third as long
as wing; rump and lower back white. . . ..Glottis (p. 322).

kk. Bill more slender (its depth at base equal to not more than

one-eighth the length of culmen), less compressed, not

distinctly recurved, the exposed culmen much shorter

than tarsus; tarsus one-third as long as wing; rump and

lower back Gusky~-.--< 2~ aos oan Neoglottis (p. 329).

jj. Nasal groove extending only one-third the length of maxilla;

bill more slender; tarsus much more than one-third as long as

Waki SE Se SO ae. eee Niornis (extralimital).¢

hh. Tarsus decidedly less than one and a half times as long as middle
toe without claw.

i. Exposed culmen shorter than tarsus; nasal groove broad; outer-
most primaries with shafts white; metasternum 4-notched.

Rhyacophilus (p. 346).

ii. Exposed culmen not shorter than tarsus; nasal groove narrow:
outermost primaries with shafts dark brown; metasternum
DOUGH © Otero inks mp ee ee aa Tringa (p. 352)

gg. Planta tarsi reticulate; axillars and tail plain brownish gray.
Heteroscelus (p. 365).
ee. Nasal groove extending for more than two-thirds the length of maxilla;
inner webs of remiges crossed by a broad band of white - .Actitis (p. 371).

a Pseudototanus Hume, Stray Feathers, vi, 1878, 488; type, Totanus guttifer Nord-
mann.—Pseudoglottis Stejneger, Zeitschr. Ges. Orn., i, 1884, 223; type, Totanus
guttifer Nordmann. Northeastern Asia. (Monotypic.)

6 Erythroscelus Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 54; type, Scolopax
fusca Linneus.—Erythroscelis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 409, in syn-
onymy of genus Jotanus. Northern Europe and Asia, southward in migration.
(Monotypic.)

¢ Iliornis Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 156; type, Totanus stag-
natilis Bechstein.—Ilyornis Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 195.

149

dd. Tail decidedly longer than tarsus (nearly half as long as wing), graduated

or strongly rounded; exposed culmen not more than six-tenths as long as
GELISS TS IN he tee ye Fey ee se rd hc ea EY tn Bartramia (p. 378).
cc. Bill decurved distally. (Numeniex.)

d. Bill longer than tarsus with middle toe, usually (?) more than half as long as
wing, longer than tail; size larger (exposed culmen more than 100, tarsus
more than 65, usually more than 75, mm.) ........... Numenius (p. 385).

dd. Bill shorter than tarsus with middle toe, less than half as long as wing, not

longer than tail; size smaller (exposed culmen less, usually much less,
than 100, tarsus less than 65 mm.).

e. Tarsus more than twice as long as middle toe with claw; bill more slender,
its depth of base equal to only about one-tenth the length of exposed
oulmenys!) <“J.ecansey, - serstestigs - dey - Uh el sree Zarapita (extralimital).¢

ee. Tarsus less than twice as long as middle toe with claw; bill stouter, its

depth at base equal to about one-seventh the length of exposed culmen,

f. Bill stouter, less attenuated terminally, more strongly arched, with
exposed culmen as long as or longer than tarsus and first two phalanges -

of middle toe; larger (exposed culmed more, usually much more, than

65, tarsussmore-than's0-mrmis) ewe. - feiss cee Le Pheopus (p. 395).

Jf. Bill more slender, more attenuated terminally, less strongly (sometimes
hardly perceptibly) arched, the exposed culmen shorter than tarsus

and first phalanx of middle toe; smaller (exposed culmen not more

than 60, tarsus not more than 45 mm.) ....--. Mesoscolopax (p. 410).

Genus SCOLOPAX Linneus.

Scolopax > Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 145. (Type, as designated by
Gray, 1840, and by elimination, S. rusticola Linneeus.)

Rusticola (not of Houttuyn, 1770) Vreritor, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., i, 1816,
348; Analyse, 1816, 56. (Type, by tautonymy, R. vulgaris Vieillot=Scolopaz
rusticola Linneeus.)

Rusticula (emendation) VreiLotT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxiv, 1818, 124.

(?) Nesoscotopax Satvaporr, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xvili, 331. (Type, by
original designation, Scolopax rochussenii Schlegel.)

(2?) Parascolopax¢ MatHEws, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, 290, in
text. (Type, by original designation, Scolopar saturata Hodgson.)

Very large Scolopacine (wing 179-200 mm.) with tibia completely
feathered, tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw, and outer
primaries normal.

Bill long, straight, tapering in lateral but not in vertical profile,
its depth at base equal to about one-seventh the length of exposed
culmen, the latter about as long as tarsus and middle toe with claw,
decidedly less than half as long as wing;nasal groove broad, extending
nearly to tip of maxilla, the latter, especially on tomia, decurved
terminally; nostril sub-basal, elliptical, longitudinal. Wing iarge
and broad, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by
more than one-third the length of wing; outermost primary longest,

a Zarapita Mathews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 2, May 2, 1913, 168. Type, by original
designation and monotypy, Nwmenius tenuwirostris Vieillot. Zarapeta Mathews
(ibid., p. 169). (From Zarapito, Spanish name of a curlew; Mathews.)

> cxohdraé, a large, snipe-like bird. (Mathews.)

€ Tapa, besides + Scolopar.

150 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

but the next only slightly shorter, the distal primaries rather strongly
bowed, otherwise normal; tertials broad and rounded at tip, falling
far short of tips of longest primaries. Tail nearly half as long as
wing, slightly rounded; rectrices 12. Tarsus shorter than middle
toe with claw (but longer than middle toe without claw), scutellate
anteriorly, covered laterally and posteriorly by small hexagonal
scales; lateral toes much shorter than middle toe, the outer slightly
longer than the inner; no web between middle and either of the
lateral toes; claws moderate or rather small, moderately curved.

Coloration.—Above brown and gray barred and blotched with
blackish, the posterior half of pileum crossed by three bands of
blackish and three of whitish; under parts dull whitish, narrowly
barred with dusky brown.

SCOLOPAX RUSTICOLA Linnzus.

WOODCOCK.

Adults (sexes alike).t—General color of upper parts rusty brown,
variegated by lighter transverse spots and dusky lines; scapulars and
median portion of back with irregular large black spots or blotches,
the former much mixed with light grayish posteriorly, the inter-
scapular region almost continuously light grayish laterally, forming
a well-defined V-shaped mark inclosing the black-spotted and rusty
central area; rump lighter rusty or cinnamon narrowly barred with
dusky, the upper tail-coverts similar but mostly tipped with light gray-
ish; rectrices black, serrated along edge of outer web with rusty and
broadly tipped with light gray; forehead and anterior portion of
crown brownish gray; rest of pileum black, crossed by four narrow
bands of light rusty or ochraceous, two through the black, the other
two bounding it anteriorly and posteriorly, respectively; a wide
loral stripe of blackish brown, extending from rictus to anterior
angle of eye; chin whitish; rest of under parts pale buffy grayish
(nearly white medially) irregularly barred with blackish brown;
primaries dusky, their outer webs with triangular spots of pale
cinnamon, arranged so as to form transverse bands, the outermost
quill broadly edged with white; bill flesh color in life, light brownish
or horn color in dried skins, dusky terminally; iris dark brown;
feet livid flesh color in life, light brownish in dried skins.

Downy young.—General color warm buff, the upper parts with
large variously shaped areas of chestnut, these arranged as follows:
An isolated, somewhat cuneate, spot on middle of forehead; a
longitudinal stripe down median portion of rump; a longitudinal
patch covering occiput and nape and Ronwne out, on each side,

a As to valleged nitrates in ae ation or oe sexes see Grant, Bull. Brit. oo
Club, xxv, 1910, 34-38, according to whom there is not only no difference between
male and female nor is there any between adults and young.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. tT

two lateral branches, the first from upper part of the eye, the second
from the lower part across side of neck, where continued, more or
less interruptedly, across the chest; a dark chestnut (nearly black)
loral streak (from bill to eye); the other markings, blotch-like,
covering back, part of wings, and anal region.

Adult male-——Wing, 182-200 (187.1); tail, 82-100 (87); exposed
culmen, 70-77 (74.38); tarsus, 34.5-387.5 (86.1); middle toe, 34-39
(35.9).¢

Adult female—Wing, 179-193 (187.7); tail, 79-91 (86.6); exposed
culmen, 70-79 (74.9); tarsus, 33.5-38.5 (86.5); middle toe, 35-39
(36.9).°

Europe and Asia, breeding in northern portions, but also in British
Islands, Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands, and in Himalaya
Mountains at 10,000 feet altitude; wintering in British Islands,
southern Europe, northern Africa, China, Japan, India, Ceylon, ete.;
occasional in eastern North America (Newfoundland; Chambly,
Quebec, Noy. 11, 1882; Chester and Northampton Counties, Pennsyl-
vania; Shrewsbury, New Jersey; Loudoun County, Virginia).

[Scolopaz] rusticola Lrynxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 146 (Sweden); ed. 12,
i, 1766, 243.—Brtnnicw, Orn. Bor., 1764, 49.—Scoporr, Bemerk. ed.
Giinther, 1770, 108.—Scuarrrer, Mus. Orn., 1789, 53.—Gmeutn, Syst.
Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 660.—LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 7183.—Turton,
Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 396—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1871, 54, no. 10352.—Covgs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 252.

Scolopaz [rusticola] SCHAEFFER, Elem. Orn., 1774, pl. 61.

Scolopax rusticola Boppakrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 53 (Pl. Enl., 885) —Brcuster,
Orn. Taschenb., ii, 1803, 279.—Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 170; Man.
d’Orn., 1815, 436; 2nd ed., ii, 1820, 673; iv, 1840, 429.—Mryerr and Wo tr,
Orn. Taschenb., ii, 1810, 361.—Kocn, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816, 311.—Pauas,
Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 171—WerNeER, Atlas, Grallatores, 1827, pl. 28.—
Fremme, Brit. Anim., 1828, 105.—Lrsson, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1828, 269.—
Roux, Orn. Prov., 1830, pl. 299.—Mackenzrg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1832, 123 (Scotland)—Brreum, Handb. Haus Stubenvég., 1832, 353.—
MENETri#s, Cat. Rais. Cauc., 1832, 51 (Lenkoran).—Jenyns, Man. Brit.
Vertebr., 1835, 204—Hopeson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836, 7 (Nepal).—

a Seven specimens. 6 Six specimens.
Ex- :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. one
culmen. eure
MALES.
EWG AC UL WRIOS CROU HULODG & cacreo cree mos </> argon niente ne eh 185 91 2Ds.D 37 35
Five adult males from eastern Asia......................2.50-- 187-1} 87 74 36.1 35.9
FEMALES.
Three adult females from Europe................2........----- 185.7] 86.7} 72.5 35.3 35. 7
Three adult females from Japan..-7 2.22... 2 2 fee 187.7| 86.6] 74:9| 26.5] 36.9

ry

0

2

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

SrrRicKLAND, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836, 101 (Smyrna).—Goutp, Birds
Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 319 and text; Birds Great Brit., iv, 1866, pl. 77 and
text.—BonapartE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 53.—Vieane, Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1840, 7 (Cashmere).—WesB and BrertHEetort, Orn. Canar., 1841,
39.—Buiytu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1842, 94 (Europe; India); Cat. Birds
Mus. Asiat. Soc., 1849, 271 (Calcutta, Nilghiris)—Srnys-LonecHamps, Faune
Belge, 1842, 130.—ScuurGe., Rev. Crit., 1844, p. lIxxxv; Vog. Nederl., 1854,
pl. 220.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralla, 1844, 109; Cat. Mam.
and Birds Nepal pres. Hodgson, 1846, 141; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 175.—
YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1848, 583; 2nd ed., iii, 1845, 1; 3rd ed,. iii,
1856, 1.—Hewirson, Eggs Brit. Birds, 11, 1846, 303, pl. 85.—KsaERBOLLING,
Naumannia, 1850, Heft 111, 47 (Denmark); Danm. Fugle, 1851, pl. 37, fig. 1.—
Tuomeson, Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 235.—Harcourt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1851, 142 (Madeira, breeding).—Mipprnporrr, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 223
(Stanovoi Mountains).—Botie, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 318 (Spain); 1857,
338 (Canary Islands).—Apams, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 506 (India);
1859, 189 (Cashmere).—SuNDEVALL, Svensk. Fogl., 1859, pl. 44, fig. 1.—
SwrnyHog, Ibis, 1860, 66 (Amoy); 1861, 343 (n. China); 1863, 415 (Foochow,
China); 1875, 131 (Chefoo, China); 1877, 145 (Hakodate, Japan); Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1863, 318 (China).—Powys, Ibis, 1860, 340 (Ionian Islands).—
OLPHE-GAILLARD, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 395 (Freiberg).—LINDERMAYER,
Voég. Griechenl., 1860, 146.—Gopman, Ibis, 1861, 87 (Béd6, Norway); 1866,
101 (Azores); 1872, 220 (Madeira).—Hinrz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 220
(migrations, etc.); 1863, 428; 1864, 108, 187; 1865, 237; 1866, 151; 1867, 170;
1868, 397 (Pomerania).—IrBy, Ibis, 1861, 241 (Oudh, India).—Rappgs, Reis.
Sibir., Vég., 1863, 333 (Bureja, Mountains, Aug.); Orn. Caucas., 1884, 41,
388 (4,000 ft., breeding)—Wricut, Ibis, 1864, 147 (Malta)—NorpMaAnn,
Journ fiir Orn., 1864, 375 (Finland; Lapland).—Jerpon, Birds India, iii,
1864, 670.—GicLiol1, Ibis, 1865, 61 (Pisa, Italy); Icon. Avif. Ital., 1883,
no. 304.—Satvaport, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 314 (Sardinia); Faun. Ital.,
Ucc., 1871, 226.—Barrp, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xli, 1866, 25 (New-
foundland); Ibis, 1867, 282 (Newfoundland).—Ho.rz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866,
374 (Gottland); 1868, 123 (Gottland).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii,
1866, 292 (Shrewsbury, New Jersey).—WuirELy, Ibis, 1867, 206 (Hakodate,
Japan).—Drakg, Ibis, 1867, 428 (Tangier, Morocco).—Locue, Expl. Sci.
Algér., Ois., li, 1867, 299.—Drostxr, Journ. fir Orn., 1868, 42 (Borkum);
1869, 344 (Faroe Islands); Vogelw. Borkum, 1869, 240—Co.tuerr, Norges
Fugle, 1868, 51.—Tristram, Ibis, 1868, 327 (Palestine)—Bravan, Ibis,
1868, 391 (Thatone, Burma; Sikhim, India).—Cours, Proc. Essex Inst., v,
1868, 293 (‘‘ Newfoundland to New York’’); Check List, 1873, no. 418; Am.
Nat., x, 1876, 372 (Loudoun Co., Virginia, 1873); Forest and Stream, vi,
April 27, 1876, 180 (Loudoun Co., Virginia).—TurnBUutLt, Birds E. Penn. and
N. J., 1869, 55; Phila. ed., 44 (Shrewsbury, New Jersey, 1859)—Brown,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1869, 206 (Madeira)—E.twes and BucKLEY,
Ibis, 1870, 331 (Turkey).—Gopman, Azores, 1870, 35, 41; Ibis, 1872, 220
(Madeira; Canary Islands).—Strvens, Birds Norfolk, 11, 1870, 272.—F ritscu,
Birds Europe, 1870, pl. 37, fig. 10; Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 386 (Bohemia).—
Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 426 (e. Siberia) —Gurney (J. H., Jr.),
Ibis, 1871, 299 (Algeria)—Saunpers, Ibis, 1871, 389 (s. Spain).—Gray
(R.), Birds West Scotl., 1871, 308—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872,
50.—FEILpEN, Zoologist, 1872, 3249 (Faroes)—Brooks, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, xli, 1872, 86 (Cashmere).—Meves, Oefy. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockholm,
1871, 777 (Archangel).—SuHELLEY, Birds Egypt, 1872, 247.—TaczaNowskKI,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 1538

Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 104 (e. Siberia); 1874, 336 (e. Siberia); 1876, 201 (Ussuri-
land); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876, 256 (e. Siberia); ii, 1877, 158 (Poland);
Mém. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. (7), xxxix, 1893, 949 (e. Siberia; crit.) —
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, 340 (Sardinia).—SEvertrzov, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873,
69.—Saxsy, Birds Shetland, 1874, 199.—Brooks, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
xlili, 1874, 253 (Cashmere).—IrBy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 177; Key List
Brit. Birds, 1888, 46.—Buiytx, Birds Burma, 1875, 157—ANprERson, Stray
Feath., iii, 1875, 356 (Kemo, near Namick, India, 10,000 ft., breeding).—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 452 (no record for New
England).—Wuarrton, Ibis, 1876, 27 (Corsica).—Dresser, Ibis, 1876, 330
(Turkestan); Birds Europe, vii, 1877, 615, pl. 540.—Pryevatsky, in Rowley’s
Orn. Mise., iii, 1878, 93 (Muni-ul Mountains, April; Ussuri, breeding).—
Biakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 221 (Tokyo, Yokohama, and Kawasaki,
Japan; s. Japan).—HumE and Davison, Stray Feath., vi, 1878, 458 (Tenas-
serim).—Boapanow, Birds Caucas., 1879, 160.—ButLer, Cat. Birds Sind,
etc., 1879, 61; Cat. Birds Bombay Pres., 1880, 75.—Leacr, Birds Ceylon,
1880, 806.—Hume and MarsHati, Game Birds India, iii, 1880, 309, with
plate—Botav, Journ fiir Orn., 1881, 63 (Suifun, e. Siberia)—Murray,
Vertebr. Fauna Sind, 1884, 238 —AmpriIcaN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check
List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 227; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 109.—Harvin-Brown
and Buckiey, Vertebr. Faun. Caithness, etc., 1887, 216; Vertebr. Faun.
Outer Hebrides, 1888, 130; Vertebr. Faun. Argyll and Inner Hebrides, 1892,
171.—Lirorp, Col. Figs. Brit. Birds, pt. vii, 1888; pt. xiv, 1890; Ibis, 1889,
339 (Cyprus).—SEEBOHM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1888, xxviii, 502, figs;
Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 347.—Do6rrres, Journ fiir Orn., 1888, 92 (e.
Siberia).—Sr. Jonn, Ibis, 1889, 176 (Afghanistan).—Frivatpsky, Avif.
Hung., 1891, 150.—MaparAsz, Erliut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf., 1891, 111.—
GATKE, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 496—BucKLey and Harvie-Brown,
Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Is., 1891, 211.—Fatio and Sruper, Cat. distr. Ois.
Suisse, 1892, 46.—Dusors, Faun. Illustr. Vert. Belg., Ois., 1894, 234, pl. 212.—
Reiser, Ornis Balcanica, 1894, 163.—Sronr, Birds E. Penn. and N. J.,
1894, 71 (Northampton and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania; New Jersey).—
Extror, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 37, pl. 7—Harrerr, Novit. Zool., viii,
1901, 332 (Canary Islands).—Poaer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 385 (n. e. China).—
Harrert and Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 105 (Azores; habits; descr.
eggs).—Cuark (A. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 150 (Korea).

S{colopax] rusticola Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 584.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, 149.

Scolopax rusticula NauMANN, Vég. Deutschl., viii, 1837, 361, pl. 211—NorpMann,
in Démid. Voy. Russ. Merid., iii, 1840, 252.—Mtate, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl.,
1844, 108.—REIcHENBACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 68, figs. 552, 553.—KapLeck,
Naumannia, 1852, 79 (habits)—Tosras, Journ. fiir. Orn, 1853, 315 (Ober-
lausitz, Germany).—ScuituuG, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 374 (Rugen).—BreuM,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 82 (n. e. Africa)—Harriaus, Journ fiir Orn., 1854,
159 (Ceylon).—Koenie, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 253 (descr. albino).—Bote,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 176 (Canary Islands).—Wresr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855,
514 (Pomerania); 1860, 219 (e. Prussia).—Miier, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856,
230 (Provence).—GuoeeEr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 289 (notes) —Scurxcet,
Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, pl. 22, figs. 4, 4a; Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 27
(Scolopaces), 1864, 2.—TristRAM, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 452 (Palestine);
Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 132.—DrcLianp and Grerpe, Orn. Eur.,
li, 1867, 177.—Sresnecer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 124 (s. Tyrol). —Swinnoe,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 407 (China, winter); Ibis, 1877, 145 (Hakodate,

154 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Japan; crit.); 1882, 120 (Kandahar, Afghanistan).—Ho.ipsworrtg, Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1872, 472 (Ceylon).—PatmEn, Finlands Fogl., 1873, 226.—
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, 340 (Sardinia) —Hervetr, Orn. N. O.-Afrika, ii, pt. .
1, 1873, 1208.— Hancock, Birds Northumb. and Durham, 1874, 102.—F ation,
Ois. Belg., 1875, 178—Davip and OvstaLetT, Ois. Chine, 1877, 475.—
DanrorD, Ibis, 1878, 33 (Asia Minor).—SrErsoum, Ibis, 1879, 26 (Hakodate,
Japan); 1882, 224 (Astrakhan), 382 (Archangel, Russia); 1883, 30 (Caucasus);
1884, 262 (centr. China); 1886, 127 (geog. range); 1891, 378 (w. Szechuen,
China); 1892, 23 (Helgoland); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 231.—Wuarrton,
Ibis, 1879, 454 (crit. nomencl.)—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii,
1880, 199 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no 524); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 524.—
Scutty, Ibis, 1881, 588 (Gilgit, n. India)—Cougrs, Check List, 2nd ed.,
1882, no. 606.—IrBy, Ibis, 1883, 187 (Santander, Spain); Orn. Straits Gibralt.,
2nd ed., 1895, 276.—SaunveErRs, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 320;
Ibis, 1884, 389 (Pyrennes); Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 553.—Marsuatt, Ibis,
1884, 424 (Chamba, n. w. Himalayas; habits) —Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway,
Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 180.—Buaxtston, Amended List Birds Japan,
1884, 11—WuuirrHEAD, Ibis, 1885, 42 (Corsica).—Drxon, Ibis, 1885, 86
(St. Kilda).—Satvapori, Elenco Ucc. Ital., 1886, 231.—Guiexion, Avil.
Ital., 1886, 402; Avif. Ital., lst Resoc., 1889, 609; 2nd Resoc., 1890, 660;
3rd Resoc., 1891, 516.—Taczanowskl1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 459
(Korea).—Koenie, Journ. ftir Orn., 1890, 465 (Madeira); 1893, 89 (Tunis).—
SHARPE, Rep. 2nd Yarkand Miss., Aves, 1891, 143; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxiv, 1896, 671; Handb. Brit. Birds, ili, 1896, 295, pl. 85.—Styan, Ibis, 1891,
330, 504 (lower Yangste River, China); 1893, 436 (Hainan).—Harrtwie, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1893, 6 (Madeira).—Macruerson, Vertebr. Faun. Lakel., 1892,
369.—DrE ta Toucne, Ibis, 1892, 497 (Foochow and Swatow, China).—
MerApDE-WALpo, Ibis, 1898, 204 (Canary Islands)—Martin and Rotuin,
Vertébr. Sauv. lIndre, 1894, 198.—Poyntinea, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. i, 1895,
103, pl. 23.—Popuam, Ibis, 1898, 515 (Krasnoyarsk and Yeneseisk, Yenesei
River, Siberia) —OgritvIE-GraAntT, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxv, 1910, 34-38
(crit. as to supposed sexual differences in coloration).

Sc[olopaz] rusticula KeysErtine and Buasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixxviii, 217.

S[colopaz] rusticula Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 620.

[Scolopax| rusticula SHARPE, Hand-list, 1, 1899, 166.

Rusticola vulgaris Virmuor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 348 (new name
for Scolopax rusticola ‘‘ Lath.’’).

Scolopax major (not of Gmelin, 1789) Lracu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit Mus.,
1816, 31, 32 (Devonshire and Farrington, England).

Scolopax pinetorum BreuMm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 613 (Germany).

Scolopax sylvestris Breum, Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 614 (Germany).

Sc{olopax] sylvestris Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 304.

Rusticola sylvestris Macaitutvray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 105.

Rusticola europea Lesson, Traité d’ Orn., 1831, 555 (new name for Scolopax rusti-

cola Linnzeus).

Scolopax indicus Hopason, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vi, 1837, 490 (India).

Scolopax communis SrvBy, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Aves, 1840, 43 (England).

Scolopax torquata Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 304 (Germany).

Scol[opax] orientalis Brrum, Vogelt., 1855, 304 (‘‘Morgenlande’’).

[Scolopax] scoparia Benson “Orn. Rom. 1820”; Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856,
579 (nomen nudum).

Scolopax platyura Breum, Isis, 1845, 353.

[Scolopax] platyura BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 579.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 155

Genus PHILOHELA Gray.

Rubicola ‘‘Vieill’’[ot] JAMEson, Wilson’s Amer. Orn., iii, 1831, 98. (Type, by
monotypy, Scolopax minor Gmelin.)

Microptera (not of Gravenhorst, 1802) Nutra, Man. Birds U.S. and Can., Water
Birds, 1834, 192. (Type, by original designation, Rusticola minor=Scolopax
minor Gmelin.)

Rusticola (not of Vieillot,.1816) Bonapartre, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 52.
(Type, Scolopax minor Gmelin.)

Philohela Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 90. (Type, by original designation,

~ Scolopax minor Gmelin.)

Medium-sized Scolopacine (wing 118-143 mm.), with tibia com-
pletely feathered, tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw, and three
outer primaries abbreviated and conspicuously narrowed.

Bill straight, tapering in lateral but not in vertical profile, its depth
at base equal to about one-seventh the length of exposed culmen,
the latter longer than tarsus and middle toe with claw; nasal groove
broad, except anteriorly, extending nearly to tip of maxilla, which
is decurved, especially on under (tomial) side; nostrils subbasal,
broadly elliptical, longitudinal. Wing ample, much rounded, the
longest primaries exceedingly distal secondaries by less than one-
third the length of wing; fourth and fifth primaries (from outside)
longest, the three outermost ones decidedly shorter (of these the
third longest, the first shortest), conspicuously reduced in width,
with terminal portion strongly incurved; tertials falling considerably
short of tips of longest primaries, broad, rounded at tips. Tail less
than half as long as wing, rather strongly rounded; rectrices 14.
Tarsus about as long as middle toe without claw, scutellate anteriorly,
covered laterally and posteriorly with small scales; lateral toes
much shorter than middle toe, the outer slightly longer than the
inner; claw of hallux very short, conical, not extending beyond the
toe; no web between toes at base.

Coloration.—Above brown and pale gray, barred with buff and
blotched with black; posterior half of pileum black crossed by three
narrow bands of buff; under parts immaculate buff and cinnamon-
brownish.

Range.—Kastern North America. (Monotypic.)

PHILOHELA MINOR (Gmelin).
AMERICAN WOODCOCE.

Adults (sexes alike).—Head, neck, and under parts pale cinnamon
or dull cinnamon-buff, overlaid or suffused with grayish, the occiput
black crossed by four narrow bands or bars of pale cinnamon; a
brownish black or dusky loral streak (from bill to eye) and an
oblique streak of the same across cheeks; general color of upper parts
mottled cinnamon, intermixed or suffused with grayish, the back and
scapulars with large, irregular black spots, the outer webs of exterior

156 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

row of both scapulars and interscapulars nearly plain light gray, pro-
ducing when the plumage is properly arranged, four tolerably well-de-
fined broad stripes of that color; primaries brownish gray ; tail brownish
black, sharply tipped with light gray, darker on upper surface, paler
(sometimes nearly white) on the lower; under parts pale grayish cin-
namon or dull cinnamon-buff, brighter or more rufescent laterally
and on under wing-coverts, the under tail-coverts with dusky shaft-
streaks; bill pale brownish (dull grayish flesh color in hfe), becoming
dusky terminally; iris dark brown; legs and feet pale brownish (dull
grayish flesh color in life).

Downy young.—Above pale ochraceous-buff, beneath deeper
ochraceous-buff or light pinkish cinnamon; a line from bill to eye, a
large patch covering forehead and fore part of crown, another on
occiput, and a narrow mark back of eye with an oblique one beneath
it, dark chestnut-brown or dark burnt-umber, the upper parts with
several large, irregular patches of the same.

Adult male.—Wing, 118.5-128 (123.5); tail, 54-63 (59.6); exposed
culmen, 60-66 (63.7); tarsus, 28.5-31 (29.5); middle toe, 30-34 (31.2).¢

Adult female-—Wing, 129-143 (184.8); tail, 58-65 (61.4); exposed
culmen, 64-74 (70.8); tarsus, 30-34 (32.6); middle toe, 29.5-36.5
(34.1).¢

Temperate eastern North America; breeding from Gulf coast
(southern Louisiana to northern Florida) northward to Nova Scotia
(Bay of Fundy), southern Quebec, Maine (Lake Umbagog; Houlton),
northern Michigan (Mackinac Island; Ausable Valley), southern
Manitoba, etc., westward to edge of Great Plains, in North and
South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas, or even (more rarely) to eastern
Colorado (Timnath; near Boulder; Jefferson and Park Counties);

a Ten specimens.

Ex-
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. posed Tarsus. iad
| men.
MALES.
Three adult males from New York (March, August).........-- 122.7 58.3 64.5 29.5 31
Five adult males from Maryland, District of Columbia, and
Virginia (Sept. Nove) eae. rarer ee eer ee eee eee eee | 123.4 60 64 29. 2 3155
One adult male from South Carolina (Jan.)..................-- 123 62 60 30 32
One‘adult:maleirom Floridai@ans)s-. -2oseeee« otek -aseeee-e | 127 59 64 31 31.5
FEMALES. |
One adult female from Massachusetts (Oct.)...............---- | 130 63.5 64 30 29.5
One adult female from Pennsylvania (March 23).............-- 139 63.5 71 32 35
Two adult females from Maryland and District of Columbia
(Marchi29: © chy meter goes ewe as re ee ee | 136.2 59.5 2n5 33 opuD
Four adult females from Virginia (Nov., Dec.).............---- 132.7 60. 7 71.6 33 34.7
One adult female from South Carolina (Jan.)...........-.-.---- 143 63 71 3 33805
One adult female from Omaha, Nebraska (May 4)........-.-- 133 60 71 34. 33.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. L577

occasional or casual (in summer) northward to Newfoundland (St.
George Bay), Labrador (Gaspé), Prince Edward and Anticosti
Islands, northern Ontario (near Kearney; Bracebridge), Keewatin,
and Saskatchewan ; wintering from New Jersey (rarely Massachusetts),
the Ohio Valley, southern Missouri, etc., southward to southern
Florida, Gulf coast, and western Texas (Concho County); accidental
in Bermudas (1 specimen, Oct., 1842) and in Jamaica(?).

[Scolopax] minor GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. ii, 1789, 661 (New York; based on
Little Woodcock Latham, Synopsis Birds, ili, pt. 1, 1785, 131; Pennant, Arctic
Zool., ii, 463).—Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 714.—Turron, Syst. Nat.,
i, 1806, 396.—DeENNy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39 (Jamaica).

Scolopax minor Wiuson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 40, pl. 48, fig. 2—Bonaparre, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., 1i, 1827, 331_—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 474, pl. 268,
fig. 1.—Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 296 (Franklin Co.,
Indiana).—ScuieGeL, Mus. Pays-Bas, iv, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 3.—
CastTLE, Am. Nat., 11, 1868, 663 (alighting in trees)—Fow ier, Am. Nat.;
iv, 1870, 762 (Essex Co., Mass.; habits).—SreBoum, Ibis, 1886, 127 (crit.)
Geog. Distr. Charadriidze, 1887, pp. xxvili, 504.

S[colopax] minor Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 76 (crit.);
Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am, Orn., 1826, [158].—Maxii1an, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1859, 93 (Pennsylvania; Missourl).—Nerwron (A and E.), Handb. Jamaica,
1881, 116.

Rusticola minor Vie1LtLoT, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ili, 1816, 351; Gal. Ois., ii,
1825, 242.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 555.—Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp.
List, 1838, 52; Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 579.—Prasopy, Rep. Om. Mass.,
1839, 373.—Gossk, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 354.—THompson, Nat. Hist. Ver-
mont, 1853, 106, fig —Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 68 (Jamaica).

Rusticolar minor WatuEs, Rep. Geol., etc., Miss., 1854, 322.

Microptera minor Nutra, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 194.

Philohela minor Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 90; List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle,
1844, 112; Gen. Birds, ili, 1846, pl. 157, fig. 2.—Rercnenpacu, Gralla-
tores, 1850, pl. 68, fig. 554.—WoopxHouss, in Sitgreaves’ Rep. Zudi and Col.
R., 1853; 101 (Indian Territory).—Kernnicort, Trans. Ils. Agric. Assoc.,
i, 1855, 587 (Illinois) —KNEELAND, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 238
(Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior).—Cassry, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., ix, 1858, 709.—Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 522.—BarNnarD,
An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for, 1860 (1861), 438 (Chester Co., Pennsylvania).—
BoarpMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 128 (Bay of Fundy, breeding).—
VeERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., ili, 1862, 152 (Oxford Co., Maine, breeding).—
HaypeEn, Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv., 1862, 174 (Loup River, Nebraska).—ALLEN,
Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 77 (Springfield, Mass.).—McIiwrairs, Proc.
Essex Inst., v, 1866, 92 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Covzrs, Proc. Essex Inst.,
v, 1868, 293 (New England); Check List, 1873, no. 412; 2d ed., 1882, no.
605; Birds Northwest, 1874, 472.—Lawrencez, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vili, 1867,
293 (vicinity New York City).—ALLEN, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1868,
541 (w. Iowa); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11, 1871, 355 (e. Florida).—Turn-
BULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 39 (Phila. ed., 30) —Maynarp, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 283 (Lake Umbagog, Maine, breeding).—Scorr,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 227 (West Virginia); Auk, vi, 1889, 156
(Panasoffkee Lake, s. Florida, 1 spec., Jan.); ix, 1892, 12 (Jamaica), 212
(Caloosahatchie River, s. w. Florida, rare winter resident).—Snow, Birds Kan-
sas, 1873, 10 (rare)—Merrriam, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 9 (Aiken,South Carolina) ;

158

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 234 (Lewis Co., New York, breeding).—
Brewster, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 146 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia);
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 44 (descr. young stages); Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., xxii, 1883, 386 (Gaspe, Labrador; Fox Bay, Anticosti Island); Auk,
iii, 1886, 102 (near Asheville, North Carolina, breeding); xi, 1894, 291-298
(notes, song-flight, etc.)—BrEweErR, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875,
445 (New England).—Rerp, Zoologist, 1877, 476 (Bermudas); Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 232 (Bermudas, 1 spec., Oct., 1842).—Maynarp,
Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 373.—RospeErts and Benner, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, v, 1880, 18 (Grant Co., Minnesota, June 13).—Rmeway, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 199 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 525); Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 525; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 22 (near Wheatland, Knox
Co., Indiana, breeding).—BatcHEeLpER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882,
151 (near Grand Falls and Fairfield, New Brunswick, 1 spec., Houlton,
Maine, a few breeding).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water birds N.
Am., i, 1884, 183.—Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 246 (Labra-
dor).—BIcKNELL, Auk, 1, 1885, 261 (notes)—AGeErsBore, Auk, ii, 1885,
286 (s. e. South Dakota, breeding)—Srton, Auk, ii, 1886, 151 (Red River
Valley, Winnipeg, and Portage la Prairie, Manitoba).—Smiru (H. G., Jr.),
Auk, iii, 1886, 285 (near Denver, Colorado, Aug. 12 and Oct., 1885).—AmrEr-
ICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 228; 3d
ed., 1910, p. 110.—Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 320 (Roane Co., Tennessee, March) .—
Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 185 (middle Concho Co., w. Texas, fall and winter,
rare).—SENNETT, Auk, iv, 1887, 241 (Cranberry and summit of Roan Moun-
tain, w. North Carolina, breeding).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 311 (West Indian
references and localities; descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 232; Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 92 (Jamaica?).—CHapmMaNn, Auk, v, 1888, 270 (Gainesville,
Florida, Dec.).—THompson, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 498 (Winni-
peg, York Factory, Oak Point and Portage la Prairie, Manitoba).—Dwieur,
Auk, x, 1893, 8 (Prince Edward Island)—Wayne, Auk, x, 1893, 204
(Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina; about 10,000 killed Dec. 27 to Jan. 2,
1892).—Wuirtr, Auk, x, 1893, 223 (Mackinac Island, n. Michigan, sum-
mer resident).—Atuen (F. H.), Auk, xii, 1895, 90 (Cape Breton, Nova
Scotia, Aug.); xxv, 1908, 59 (Sherburne, s. Vermont).—SuHarps, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 679.—Mackay, Auk, xi, 1894, 84 (no fall flight
at Oakham, Massachusetts in 1893).—Etiiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895,
43, pl. 8.—Cooxg, Birds Colorado, 1897, 64 (Denver, Aug. 12, 1885, Oct.,
1885, and June, 1895; near Boulder, fall of 1887; near Fort Lupton); Bull.
44, Col. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1898, 158 (Timnath, Colorado, breeding; Jefferson
and Park Counties, rare summer res.).—BryYeEr, Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99
(1900), 94 (Louisiana, resident, breeding).—FisHer (A. K.), Yearbook U. 8S.
Dep. Agric. for 1901 (1902), 447-454, pl. 63, figs. 37, 38 (geog. range, habits,
etc.) —Fiemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 36 (near Kearney and Bracebridge, n.
Ontario).—Mackay, Auk, xx, 1903, 210 (early spring and Dec. dates for
Massachusetts).—Riney, Auk, xxi, 1904, 384 (evanescent color of eggs).—
WituraMs (R. W.), Auk, xxi, 1904, 452 (Leon Co., n. w. Florida, resident).—
Auuison, Auk, xxi, 1904, 475 (Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, winter res.).—
Woop and FrorsinesaM, Auk, xxii, 1905, 46 (Au Sable Valley, Michigan,
breeding).—Wrtson (B. H.), Wilson Bull., no. 54, 1906, 2 (Scott Co., Iowa,
breeding) —Wayne, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 58 (Capers I., South Carolina, breed-
ing; as to color of eggs fading).—TAVERNER and Swates, Wilson Bull.,
no. 60, 1907, 84 (Point Pelee, Ontario, breeding)—Arnow, Auk, xxv, 1908,
220 (Satilla R., St. Marys, Georgia, breeding).—Jones (L.), Wilson Bull.,
xxi, 1909, 125 (Lorain Co., n. Ohio; habits, etc.)—HrnprErson, Univ-

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 159

Colo. Stud. Zool., vi, 1909, 227 (Boulder Co., Colorado, rare summer res.).—
Scniater, Revised List Birds Jam., 1910, 22 (Jamaica, winter visitant).—
Isety, Auk, xxix, 1912, 42 (Sedgwick Co., Kansas)—Howr, Auk, xxx.
1913, 115 (St. Georges Bay, Newfoundland).—Baynarp, Auk, xxx, 1913,
243 (Alachua Co., Florida, resident, breeding).—Movustey, Auk, xxxiii,
1916, 63 (Hatley, Quebec, rare in May).

[Philohela] minor Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 54, no. 10355.—Covurs, Key N.
Am. Birds, 1872, 252.—Suarpre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 167.—ForsrEs and Ros-
INsON, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 75.

P{hilohela] minor Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 383 (Illinois); Man. N.
Am. Birds, 1887, 150.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 619.

Microptera americana AUDUBON, Synopsis Birds N. Am., 1839, 250 (new name for
Scolopax minor Gmelin); Birds Am., 8vo ed., vi, 1843, 15, pl. 352.—Giraup,
Birds Long Is., 1844, 266.—Pratren, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc., 1, 1855, 608
(Illinois) —Wiiu1s, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 285 (Nova
Scotia, common).—Butanp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288
(Bermudas).

M{icroptera] americana Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., 1, 1856, 218 (Essex Co., Mass.).

Rusticola americana JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 84 (Bermudas, rare in autumn).—
Hurois, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 10 (Bermudas, 1 spec., Oct.) —Mar-
TENS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 218 (Bermudas).

Philohela americana Cougs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South Carolina).

Genus GALLINAGO Koch.¢@

Gallinago» Kocn, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816, 312. (Type, by tautonymy, G. media
Koch=Scolopax gallinago Linnzus.)

Telmatias © Born, Isis, 1826, 980. (Type, Scolopax gallinago Linnzus.)

Pelorychus Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 119. (Type, Scolopax brehmii Kaup.)

Pelorhynchus Suarre, Cat. Birds Br. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 616 (emendation).

Enalius Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 121. (Type, Scolopax sabini Vigors.)

Odura@ Mrves, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 201. (Type as designated by
Mathews, 1913, Scolopax gallinago Linneeus.)

4 The following generic names may, some of them at least, not be synonyms of Gal-
linago as properly restricted; but the determination of this question would involve
a careful study of the many species of snipe from all parts of the earth, which is,
manifestly, impracticable in connection with the present work.

Nemoricola Hopeson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vi, 1837, 491. (Type, by tau-
tonymy, Gallinago nemoricola Hodgson.)

Homoptilura Gray, List. Gen. Birds, 1840, 70. (Type, Scolopax undulata
Boddaert.)

Xylocota BoNArarteE, Icon. Fauna Ital., i, 1839 (fase. 25), text to pl. [43]. (Type,
by original designation, Scolopax paludosa Gmelin=Scolopax undulata Bod-
daert.) (Zbdov, wood; xoréw, to be angry at, to beara grudge.) (Richmond.)]

Spilura Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 579. (Type, as designated by
Bonaparte, id. p. 1023, Scolopax horsfieldi Gray=Scolopax stenura Bona-

parte.) (o7idos, spot; odpa, tail.)

Ditelmatias Matuews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 19, 18, 282. (Type,
by original designation, Gallinago hardwicki Gray.) (Ais, double+ Telmatias. )

Chubbia Matuews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, 291, in text. (Type,
by original designation, Gallinago stricklandi Gray.)

6 From Gallina, a hen. (Mathews.)

© ré\ua, a pool, swamp+ias. (Mathews.)

@ 64, a song; odpa, tail. (Mathews.)

160 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Medium-sized Scolopacine (wing about 117-146 mm., in North
American species) with lower portion of tibia naked, tarsus shorter
than middle toe with claw, culmen longer than middie toe with
claw, and color-pattern of pileum longitudinal (two broad lateral
stripes of blackish and a narrow median stripe of buff.

Bill much longer than head (usually as long as or longer than tarsus
and middle toe), straight, slightly tapering in lateral but not in ver-
tical profile, with base of culmen ascending; in vertical profile with
edges parallel nearly to tip, where depressed and slightly expanded,
the expanded portion minutely punctulate and with a median shallow
depression or groove; nasal groove distinct, extending to or slightly
beyond base of distal punctulate portion; depth of bill at base equal
to about one-seventh to one-tenth the length of exposed culmen;
nostril basal or subbasal (scarcely in contact with loral feathering),
rather small, longitudinal, elliptical or linear. Wing ample, the
longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by nearly half the
length of wing, the tips of tertials falling considerably short of tips
of longest primaries; outermost primary longest, but sometimes
scarcely longer than second. Tail between one-third and one-half
as long as wing, more or less rounded; rectrices 14-16,’ more or less
bowed or incurved, with rounded tips. Tibia with lower portion
bare for a greater or less extent; tarsus longer than middle toe without
claw (but shorter than middle toe with claw), scutellate anteriorly
and posteriorly, but scutella of planta tarsi much smaller than
those of the acrotarsium; lateral toes much shorter than middle toe,
the outer decidedly longer than the inner one; claws moderately
developed, moderately curved and sharp; no web between toes at
base.

Homoscolopax Matuews, Birds Australia, ili, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, 291, in text.
(Type, by original designation, Gallinago imperialis Sclater.) (‘Ouds, the
same, like+Scolopaz.)

Neospilura Matuews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, 293, in text.
(Type, by original designation, Gallinago solitaria Hodgson.) (Néos, new+
Spilura,

Eugallinago Matuews, Birds Australia, ili, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, 294, in text.
(Type, by original designation, Gallinago macrodactyla Bonaparte.) (Ed,
well+Gallinago. )

Odurella MatHuews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, 294, in text. (Type,
by original designation, Gallinago brasiliensis Swainson.) (Odura (a5, a song;
oapd, tail)+ella.)

Macrodura Matuews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, 294, in text.
(Type, by original designation, Gallinago nobilis Sclater.) (Maxpés, large-+
Odura. )

Subspilura Matuews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, 295, in text, 300.
(Type, by original designation, Gallinago megala Swinhoe.) (Sub, under-+
Spilura.)

6 In North American species, at least.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 161

Coloration.—Pileum with two blackish and three pale (more or
less buffy) stripes, two of the latter over each eye; upper parts spotted
and blotched with black and cinnamon-brown, the scapulars and
interscapulars broadly edged with buff; tail partly cinnamon-rufous;
axillars and under wing-coverts white, more or less barred with gray
or dusky; sides and flanks broadly barred.

Range.—Northern hemisphere in general. (Several species.”)

KEY TO THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF GALLINAGO.

a. Larger, with much larger feet (tarsus 35.540, middle toe, without claw, 34-39);
exposed culmen shorter than middle toe without claw; tibia feathered nearly to
tibio-tarsal joint; wing-coverts conspicuously and abruptly tipped with white;
abdominal region with at least concealed bars of dusky, usually distinctly barred ;
four outer rectrices (on each side) predominantly white, without cinnamoneous
tinge; outermost primary with outer web not white. (Europe, Asia, etc.; acci-
GenbalsimeNonrtinvAmeriCys)) ve ceicec.c..-s ass eee oe Get eoe Gallinago media (p. 161).

aa. Smaller, with much smaller feet (tarsus 27.5-33.5, middle toe, without claw,

28-32.5); exposed culmen longer than middle toe with claw; tibia extensively
naked below; wing coverts neither conspicuously nor abruptly (sometimes not at
all) tipped with white; abdominal region wholly immaculate white; only one
lateral rectrix (on each side) predominantly white, all the retriccs tinged, more
or less, with cinnamon-rufous; outermost primary with outer web white.
b. Rectrices usually 14, the lateral ones broader; axillars and proximal under-wing
coverts nearly immaculate white; sides and flanks more or less narrowly barred
with dusky. (Europe, Asia, etc.;Greenland.) .... Gallinago gallinago (p. 165).
bb. Rectrices usually 16, the lateral ones narrower; axillars and proximal under
wing-coverts broadly and regularly barred with dusky; sides and flanks more
broadly barred with dusky. (North America, migrating southward.)
Gallinago delicata (p. 171).

GALLINAGO MEDIA (Latham).
DOUBLE SNIPE.

Much heavier than G. gallinago and G. delicata, with larger legs and
feet. (exposed culmen shorter than middle toe without claw), tibia
feathered nearly to the tibio-tarsal joint, and under parts much more
extensively and heavily barred with dusky.

Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum with a narrow median stripe of pale
buff and two much broader lateral stripes of sooty black, more or
less streaked (narrowly) with pale buffy brown or cinnamon, these
dark lateral stripes becoming much narrower on forehead; a very
broad superciliary stripe of pale buff or dull buffy whitish, involving
sides of forehead and extending to sides of nape, this pale stripe more
or less flecked, minutely, with dusky; nape and hindneck deeper
buff, broadly streaked with dusky, the rest of head and neck pale
buff, rather sparsely streaked or flecked with dusky and relieved by
a more or less ‘‘solid”’ ioral stripe of dusky, extending from lateral
base of maxilla to anterior angle of eye, and an oblique stripe or

a How many species are referable to this genus as properly restricted can not be
stated until the limits of the genus are accurately determined.

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8 12

162 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

patch of dusky from lower part of suborbital region to end of auricular
region, this last, however, sometimes indistinct or even obsolete;
chin and median portion of upper throat, sometimes also lower throat
and anterior portion of malar region, immaculate; prevailing color
of back and scapulars black, but this much broken by broad edgings
of brownish buff and bars or U-shaped lines of cinnamon; lesser
wing-coverts dusky brownish gray, broadly tipped with white and
more or less barred with pale brown or brownish buffy, especially on
proximal coverts, the anterior lesser coverts, however, nearly plain
dusky brownish gray; larger middle coverts, greater coverts, and
primary coverts dusky, abruptly and rather broadly tipped with
white, the secondaries similar but with white tips much narrower
and less abrupt; primaries dusky, narrowly and indistinctly margined
with white at tips; upper rump brownish gray, the feathers tipped or
terminally margined with pale gray or grayish white; lower rump
and upper tail-coverts pale buffy brown, irregularly marked with
black; middle rectrices black with distal portion, abruptly, reddish
cinnamon (sayal brown) passing into white terminally, the white tip
separated from the cinnamon-colored portion by a curved sub-
terminal bar of black, the cinnamomeous portion sometimes with a few
irregular narrow markings of black; lateral pair of rectrices white,
immaculate for the greater part of inner web and terminal third
(more or less) of outer web, the proximal portion of outer web with
several spots of dusky; intermediate rectrices intermediate in color

between the middle and lateral pairs; foreneck and chest brownish’

buffy or pale vinaceous-buff, irregularly spotted and streaked with
dusky; rest of under parts dull white, the breast more or less barred
(irregularly) with dusky, the sides and flanks with more regular and
much larger dusky bars; abdomen-sometimes immaculate or nearly
so superficially (always with concealed bars, however ?); under tail-
coverts buffy, irregularly marked with black; axillars and under
wing-coverts barred with white and grayish dusky, the bars of nearly
equal width and more or less >-shaped, especially on axillars; bill
brownish (in dried skins), becoming much darker terminally; legs and
feet brownish (in dried skins).

Young.—‘“Much more rufous than adults, and having the black of
the upper parts more uniform, the lateral edges to the scapular
feathers not so distinct; the inner greater coverts and inner second-
aries regularly barred with black and rufous, the bars being of about
equal width; the white tips to the wing-coverts not so distinct and
slightly tinged with buff; the sides of the face and hind-neck much
more rufous than in the adults, and the white upper breast also
showing dusky circular bars; the white outer tail-feathers also
barred with dusky brown.” @

a Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 629, 630.

SS a

a

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 163

Downy young.—‘‘Covered with down of an ashy-fulvous, inclining
to rufous here and there on the crown and center of the back, as
well as on the wings; a very broad eyebrow of isabelline white, like
the sides of the face; a line of black in the center of the forehead,
extending on to the crown; lores crossed by a line of black, with
several lines of black on the side of the face; the sides of the back
black, and a black patch on each side of the flanks; under surface
of body orange-buff, with a black patch on the lower throat; the
center of the breast and abdomen isabelline whitish.”

Adult male—Wing, 136-145 (140.2); tail, 49.5-57.5 (54.3); ex-
posed culmen, 61-68 (65.2); tarsus, 35.5-38.5 (36.7); middle toe,
34-37 (34.9).%

Adult female.—Wing, 133.5-145.5 (138.7); tail, 54.5-57 (55.8);
exposed culmen, 62-68 (64.5); tarsus, 37.5-40 (38.5); middle toe,
35-39 (36.5).°

Europe and western Asia; breeding from Prussia to Yenesei River,
Siberia, and northward to beyond latitude 71° N.; wintering in
British Islands, southern Europe, and throughout Africa, and east-
ward to Persia; accidental in northeastern North America (‘‘Hud-
son Bay,” 1 specimen).

[Scolopax| media LatHam, Gen. Synopsis Birds, Suppl., i, 1787, 292 (Lancashire,
England).¢

Scolopax media Mryrer and Wotr, Taschenb., ii, 1810, 362.—Viertiot, Nouv.
Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iti, 1816, 358 (Provence; Italy).—Rovux, Orn. Prov.,
1830, pl. 300.—NaumANnn, V6g. Deutschl., viii, 1836, pl. 208.

Gallinago media Gerrnt,¢ Orn. Meth. Dig., iv, 1773, 59, pl. 1546.—IrBy, Orn.
Straits Gibraltar, 1875, 175.—Finscu, Ibis, 1877, 58, 61 (River Ob, Siberia).—
Dvusors, Faun. Ill. Vertébr. Belg., Ois., ii, 1894, 223, pl. 209.—AmeErIcAN
OrniITHOLOGISTS’ Unrton CommittrEr, Auk, xxv, 1908, 366; Check List,
3rd ed., 1910, 111.

[Scolopax|] major Gettin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 661 (founded on Scolopax
media Frisch, etc.)—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 714 (Siberia; England).

@ Six specimens. b Three specimens.
aN
, ra : pose z Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. eul- | Tatsus.) “toe,
men.
MALES, |
Four adult males from Europe (3) and Africa (1).....-......-- 140 53.5 66.9 36.9 sone
Dworaduld malesifrom, Siberiay Yiss.2.cse Wei. bsh. 28h oes| 140. 7 56 62 36.5 34.5
FEMALES.
®
Two adult females from Europe and Africa.................... 139. 5 56.5} 65.7 38.7 37.2
One adult female from Siberia ...............-..------2---00-- 137 54.5 | 62 38 | 35

¢ Sharpe (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 626) cites as the first reference to this
name: ‘‘Frisch, Vorst. Vég. Deutschl., pl. 228 (1763: teste Dresser).’’ -Frisch and
Gerini are both non-binomial authors.

164

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Scolopax major TEMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 171; Man. d’Orn., 1815, 438; 2d ed.,

1820, 675.—WeERNER, Atlas, Grall., 1827, pl. 29.—Firemine, Brit. Anim.,
1828, 105.—Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1829, 522.—LEsson, Traité d’Orn.,
1831, 556.—Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., vii, 1836, 291.—Gouxp, Birds Europe,
iv, 1837, pl. 320 and text.—YaRRELL, Brit. Birds, 11, 1843, 597. —ScuiEGEL,
Rev. Crit., 1844, p. Ixxxvi; Dier. Nederl., Vogels, 1861, pl. 22, fig. 5; Vog.
Nederl., 1854, pl. 221—Hewirson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1846, 305, pl. 86,
fig. 1—Tuomrson, Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 257.—Maceruivray, Brit. Birds,
iv, 1852, 364.—KsaERBOLLING, Orn. Dan. 1851, pl. 37, fig. 2—SuNpDEVALL,
Svensk. Fogl., 1860, pl. 44, fig. 3—Rapps#, Reis. Sibir., Vég., 1863, 333
(Irkutsk, Sept.).—Strevenson, Birds Norfolk, 11, 1870, 209.—Gray (R.);
Birds West Scotl., 1871, 310—Patmin, Finl. Fogl., 1873, 231.—Saxsy,
Birds Shetl., 1874, 200—Fatton, Ois. Belg., 1875, 179.—SEEBoHM and
HARVIE-Brown, Ibis, 1876, 310 (lower Petchora River, Russia)—BoGpanow,
Birds Caucas., 1879, 162; Consp. Av. Imp. Ross., fase. i, 1884, 103.—Srer-
BOHM, Ibis, 1882, 224 (Astrakhan), 382 (Archangel, Russia); 1883, 31 (Cau-
casus); 1892, 23 (Helgoland); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 237; Geog. Distr.
Charadriidz, 1887, 482.—GAtTkKkE, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 504.

Gallinago major Kocu, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816, 313.—Leracu, Syst. Cat. Mam.

etc. Brit. Mus., 1816, 31.—Srepuens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, 1824, 51, pl. 8.—
Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 52.—Srnys-LonecHamps, Faun.
Belge, 1842, 129.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 109; Cat. Brit.
Birds, 1863, 172.—Govuxp, Birds Great Brit., iv, 1863, pl. 78 and text.—
ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays.-Bas. Scolopaces, 1864, 7—DEGLAND and GERBE, Orn.
Eur., 0, 1867, 181.—Locue, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., 11, 1867, 294.—FritscH,
Vog. Eur., 1870, pl. 37, fig. 7—Satvaport, Faun. Ital., Uce., 1871, 227;
Elenco Ucc. Ital., 1886, 232.—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 51.—
GuRNEyY, in Andersson, Birds Damara-Land, 1872, 312.—SHeniey, Birds
Egypt, 1872, 248—Herveuin, Orn. N. O.-Afr., 11, Abth. i, 1873, 1199.—
DresseER, Birds Europe, vii, 1876, 631, pl. 541.—BLanrorp, East. Persia, ii,
1876, 282.—SrEBOHM, Ibis, 1879, 157 (Siberia; habits).—AyreEs, Ibis, 1880,
268 (Potchefstroom, Transvaal).—BocaaGs, Orn. Angola, 1881, 474.—BritisH
OrnitHoLoGiIsts’ Unton, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 165.—Grenion, Icon. Avil.

Ital., 1883, no. 305; Avif. Ital., 1886, 403; Avif. Ital., lst Resoc., 1889, 614; —

2d Resoc., 1890, 652; 3d Resoc., 1891, 412.—Saunprers, ed. Yarrell’s Brit.
Birds, iii, 1883, 336; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 555.—SHarpr, ed. Layard’s
Birds S. Afr., 1884, 678; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 626 (Hudson
Bay; etc.).—Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 132.—HaRvIiE-
Brown and Bucktey, Vertebr. Fauna Caithness, etc., 1887, 217; Vertebr.
Fauna Outer Hebrides, 1888, 131; Vertebr. Fauna Argyll and Inner Hebrides,
1892, 175.—Evans (W.), Ibis, 1891, 80 (nesting habits)—BuckLEry and
HarviE-Brown, Vertebr. Fauna Orkney Is., 1891, 212.—F r1vatpsxy, Avil.
Hiung., 1891, 148.—Fatro and SruprEr, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, 1892, 46.—
Retser, Orn. Balcanica, 1894, 163.—RericHEenow, Vog. Deutsch-Ost-Afrika,
1894, 43.—Irpy, Orn. Straits Gibraltar, 2d ed., 1895, 277.—Covrs, Auk,
xiv. 1897, 209 (Hudson Bay, fide Sharpe).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union Committes, Auk, xvi, 1899, 105 (Check List no. 230.1).

Gallinago| major Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 52, no. 10328.—Suarrer, Hand-list,
g ‘J ? ? ?

i, 1899, 165.

Telmatias major BreuM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 615.—RricHENBACH, Grall., 1850,

pl. 68, fig. 555.—Cotiterr, Norges Fugle, 1868, 50.—Drostr, Vogelw. Bor-
kum, 1869, 230.—Rappp, Orn. Caucas., 1884, 41, 387 (breeding at 7,000 ft.).

A[scalopar| major KryseriinG and Buasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixxvili, 216

ict rt atte

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 165

Ascalopax major Minx, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl., 1844, 108.—HruG in, Syst. Ueb.
1856, 64 (lower Egypt).—LinperMaAyeER, Vog. Griechenl., 1860, 145.

Scolopax paludosa Rerzius, Faun. Suec., 1800, 173.

Scolopax palustris PALuAS, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 173 (n. Russia; Siberia).

Scolopax leucurus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 501 (Hudson Bay; type
now in coll. Brit. Mus.).—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water birds,
1834, 617.

Gallinago leucurus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, June, 1846, pl. 157.

Telmatias nisoria BrEuM, Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 616.

Gallinago montagui Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 52 (Suffolk, Eng-
land).

Scolopax solitaria (not of Hodgson) Macertitvray, Man. Brit. Birds, ii, 1842, 102.

Telmatias brachyptera Bren, Vogelf., 1855, 305.

Telmatias uliginosa Bren, Vogelf., 1855, 305.

GALLINAGO GALLINAGO (Linnezus).
SNIPE.

Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum with a narrow median (sometimes
more or less broken) stripe of light buff and two broad lateral stripes
of sooty black, the latter much contracted on forehead and some-
times minutely flecked or streaked with pale brown or cinnamon;
a broad superciliary stripe of buff, extending from sides of forehead
{o nape, the buffy color deepening posteriorly, where sometimes
almost cinnamon; a loral stripe of dusky or dusky brown, extending
from Jateral base of maxilla to anterior angle of eye; a narrow, broken,
postocular dusky streak, and an oblique stripe of dusky brown
extending from middle of malar region upward and backward to end
of auricular region; hindneck and sides of neck brownish buffy (more
or less deep) broadly streaked with dusky, the foreneck similar but
with the buffy color paler and streaks massed into a more or less
distinct stripe on each side; chin, throat, and upper portion of malar
region immaculate dull buffy white or very pale buff; chest and upper
breast brownish buffy (nearly vinaceous-buff) irregularly streaked
and otherwise marked with grayish brown, the lower breast paler,
with markings more transverse; rest of under parts white, the sides
and flanks regularly barred with dusky, the under tail-coverts
vinaceous-buff or cinnamon-buff irregularly barred or otherwise
marked with dusky; scapulars and interscapulars black, their outer
webs broadly and abruptly margined with pale buff to deep brownish
buff, the black portion more or less broken by irregular small spots
or bars of cinnamon or cinnamon-brown, these assuming a more or
less U-shaped form on posterior scapulars; anterior lesser wing-
coverts nearly uniform dusky brownish gray, the posterior ones,
together with middle coverts broadly but not abruptly tipped with
pale brownish buffy; greater coverts, primary coverts, and sec-
ondaries dusky, tipped with white; primaries dusky, the outermost
with outer web mostly white; rump deep brownish gray, the feathers

166 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tipped with pale gray or grayish white; upper tail-coverts pale buffy
brown, irregularly streaked and barred with black; middle rectrices
black, their distal portion, abruptly, deep cinnamon or sayal brown
with a subterminal lunulate bar of black and a terminal margin of
buff or cinnamon-buff, the cinnamon area usually with a few small
irregular markings of black; lateral rectrices dull buffy whitish with
inner half of inner web dusky broadly tipped with white and with a
dusky subterminal bar—the intermediate rectrices intermediate in
coloration between that of the middle and lateral pairs; axillars and
under wing-coverts white, sometimes immaculate but usually with a
few small dusky grayish markings, the coverts near the outer edge
of the wing with a few transverse spots or bars of dusky; bill dusky
terminally, brownish in dried skins (grayish blue in life)? basally;
legs and feet brownish (in dried skins); iris dark brown; legs and
feet light brownish in dried skins, pale greenish blue in life.*

Young.—‘‘ Differs from the adult in being more rufous, especially
on the throat and neck. The black markings on the neck are more
broken up and mottled by rufous bars, and the pale outer bands
[stripes] along the scapulars are not so wide.”

Downy young.—‘Covered with down of a chestnut color, inter-
spersed with black along the back, and prettily variegated with silvery
tips to the feathers [sic]; below the eye is a whitish streak, bordered
with lines of black; under surface of body bright chestnut, with a
black spot on the throat and a black line across the foreneck.’’?

Adult male.—Wing, 123-132 (126.5); tail, 53.5-61 (57.2); exposed
culmen, 60-70.5 (64.4); tarsus, 27.5-31.5 (29.9); middle toe, 28-32
(29.8).°

Adult female.—Wing, 122-129.5 (126); tail, 50.5-62.5 (55.9); ex-
posed culmen, 62-73.5 (66.6); tarsus, 28.5-31 (29.8); middle toe,
29.5-31.5 (30.6).¢ ‘

Europe and northern Asia, north to about latitude 70° N.; breeding
in Iceland, Faroes, British Islands, and eastward to and including
Siberia, on Caucasus range at 7,000 feet, in Turkestan, etc.; wintering

a According to Macgillivray. b Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 638, 639.
¢ Seventeen specimens. @ Ten specimens.
Ex- :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Middle
culmen. GE:
MALES,
Four adult males from Europe (including one from Egypt)....| 128.1 57.6 66. 2 30.5 30. 7
Thirteen adult males from eastern Asia. ...........2.2.22.2--2-5 126 57 63.8 29. 8 29.7
FEMALES. |
Three adult females from Hurope.......0.55 22002. 52c.000-sdeee 126. 8 56. 3 69.8 29 30. 5

Seven adult females from eastern Asia, ................-..----- 125. 7 55.7 65. 2 30. 1 30. 6

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 167

southward to northern Africa, southern Arabia, India, Malay Penin-
sula, Andaman Islands, Ceylon, Philippines, etc.; occasional in south-
ern Greenalnd; casual in Bermudas (two specimens, Dec. 24 and 29,
1847).

[Scolopax] gallinago Linnaxvus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 148 (Sweden); ed. 12, i,
1766, 244.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 662.—Latuam, Index Orn., ii,
1790, 715.—Turron, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 397, part.

Scolopax gallinago BoppAkErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 53 (Pl. Enl., pl. 883).—Tem-
MINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 170; Man. d’Orn., 1815, 439; 2nd ed., ii, 1820, 676.—
VierttotT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 355 —Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-
Asiat., ii, 1826, 174.—WerNeER, Atlas, Grallatores, 1827, pl. 30.—FLemina,
Brit. Anim., 1828, 106.—Rovux, Orn. Prov., 1830, pl. 301.—Lesson, Traité
d’Orn., 1831, 556.—JeNywns, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 205.—NauMann, Vog.
Deutschl., viii, 1836, 310, pl. 209.—Srrickianp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836,
101 (Smyrna).—Govutp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 321, fig. 2, and text.—
Macaitiivray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 103; Hist. Brit. Bifds, iv, 1852,
368.— YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 603; 2nd ed., iii, 1845, 25; 3rd
ed., iii, 1856, 31—Scuuraet, Rev. Crit., 1844, 86; Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl.
222; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, pl. 22, figs. 6, 6a—Herwitson, Eggs Brit.
Birds, 1i, 1846, 307, pl. 86, fig. 2—Hotm, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 2nd ser., ii, 1848,
485 (Faroe Islands).—JarpINeE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 86 (Bermudas, 2 specs.,
Dec., 1847).—Hurpis, in Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 13 (Bermudas).—
Mrppenpor®r, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 224 (Boganida, breeding; Stanovoi
Mountains).—KsAERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1851, pl. 37, fig. 3—Harcourt,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 146 (Madeira).—PAsstrr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853,
242 (Lapland).—Meves, Proc. Zool. Soc: Lond., 1858, 179 (noises made by
rectrices during flight) —Taytor, Ibis, 1859, 53 (Egypt).—Satvin, Ibis, 1859,
36 (e. Atlas Mountains).—Bianp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859),
228 (Bermudas).—Powys, Ibis, 1860, 342 (Ionian Islands).—Gtogerr, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1861, 221, 315 (migrations).—Rappr, Reis. Sibir., Vég., 1863, 337
(Tareinor, May).—PREEN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 65 (descr. young).—WriGHurt,
Ibis, 1864, 147 (Malta).—Smirn, Ibis, 1868, 455 (Portugal).—Droste, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1869, 344 (Faroe Islands) —Homeryer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 427
(e. Siberia)—Strevenson, Birds Norfolk, ii, 1870, 305.—Bnanrorp, Geol.
and Zool. Abyssinia, 1870, 432 (Lake Asbangi, winter).—Gray (R)., Birds
West Scotl., 1871, 312.—Patmg&n, Finl. Fogl., 1873, 236.—Srvertzov, Turkest.
Jevotn., 1873, 69 (Turkestan, breeding); Ibis, 1883, 72 (Pamir range).—
FAtion, Ois. Belg., 1875, 180—Danrorp, and Harvir-Brown, Ibis, 1875,
423 (Transylvania).—Srrsoum and Harvre-Brown, Ibis, 1876, 309 (lower
Petchora River, Russia; habits)—Dresser, Ibis, 1876, 330 (Turkestan).—
ANDERSON, Rep. Zool. Exped. West Yunan, 1878, 681 (Kabwet, Jan.;
Bhamo, Feb.).—Boapanow, Birds Caucas., 1879, 162.—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1882,
224 (Astrakhan), 382 (Archangel, Russia); 1883, 31 (Caucasus); 1884, 267 (Kin-
kiang); 1886, 140 (monogr.); 1892, 23 (Helgoland); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1884,
241; Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1888, pp. xxvii, 484, fig.; Birds Japanese Emp.,
1890, 346.—Drxon, Ibis, 1885, 86 (St. Kilda) —Irsy, Key List. Brit. Birds,
1888, 46.—Litrorp, Ibis, 1889, 340 (Cyprus).—SuHarpe, Ibis, 1890, 144, 285
(Borneo).—GArkeE, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 505.—Campsett, Ibis, 1892, 246
(Korea).

Scol[opax] gallinago Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 219 (Bermudas; crit.).

Telmatias gallinago Bote, Isis, 1826, 979—Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 620;
Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 82 (n. e. Africa)—RrIcHENBACH, Grallatores, 1850,
pl. 69, figs. 558, 559. —Hivtz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 220 (migrations, etc.);

168 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1864, 109 (Pomerania).—Sauvaport, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 314 (Sardinia).—
Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, 1869, 236.—SaunpgErs, Ibis, 1871, 389 (s. Spain).—
GopMAN, Ibis, 1872, 220 (Canary Islands).—Rey, Syn. Eur. Brutvégel, 1872,
109.—Ravpbe, Orn. Caucas., 1884, 41, 385 (breeding at 7,000 ft.).

Afscalopax] gallinago Keyseruine and Buasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixxvii,
216.

Ascalopax gallinago Minin, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl., 1844, 108.—JAcKert, Journ.
fir Orn., 1855, 401 (Bayern).—Hervuatin, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 63.—LinpER-
MAYER, V6g. Griechenl., 1860, 145.—Buasius (R.), Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 67
(Braunschweig).—NorRDMANN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 375 (Finland; Lapland).

Scolopaz (Ascolopax) gallinago ScHRENCK, Reis. Amurl., 1860, 426.

Scolopax (Gallinago) gallinago TEMMINCK and ScuLEeGcEL, Fauna Japonica, Aves,
1847, 112.

[Gallinago] gallinago LicuteNsTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 93.

Gallinago gallinago SctaTER AND Harriaus, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 174
(Socotra) —STEJNEGER, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 110 (Bering
Island; crit., synonymy, etc.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 128 (Bering
Island).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed.,
1895, no. 229; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 110.—Harrert, Ibis, 1892, 514 (e. Prussia).
—RetsEr, Orn. Balcanica, 1894, 163.—OciLtviE-Grant, Ibis, 1894, 522 (n.
Luzon ksland, Philippines)—Etiior, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 45, text
fig. of tail—Suarrre, Handb. Brit.. Birds, iii, 1896, 211; Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxiv, 1896, 633——OcitviE-Grant, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 269 (s.
Arabia).—Harrert, Novit. Zool., viii, 1901, 306 (Canary Islands); Ibis, 1904,
423 (Lena River, Siberia).—Poaeg, Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 385 (n. e. China).—
Hartert and Oaitvie-Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 105 (Flores and San
Miguel islands, Azores).—Brooks (W. 8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915,
387 (Copper Island, Kamchatka, April, May).

Scolopax celestis FRENZEL, Beschr. Vog. u. Eier Wittenb., 1801, 58.

Gallinago celestis Dresser, Birds Europe, vii, 1880, 641, pls. 542, 543.—HumE
and MarsHaLi, Game Birds India, ii, 1880, 359, pl.—BritisH OrRNITHOL-
ogists’ Unron, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 166.—Oarrs, Handb. Birds Brit.
Burma, ii, 1883, 381—Saunpzrs, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, ii, 1883, 342;
Ibis, 1884, 389 (Pyrenees); Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 557.—Barrp, Brewer,
and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 192.—Satvapori, An. Mus.
Genov. (2), i, 1884, 223 (Shoa, Africa); Elenco Ucc. Ital., 1886, 232—WuireE-
HEAD, Ibis, 1885, 42 (Corsica).—Retp, Ibis, 1885, 258 (Morocco).—Gie11011,
Avif. Ital., 1886, 404; Ist Resoc., 1889, 616; 2nd Resoc., 1890, 652; 3rd Resoc.,
1891, 512.—Harvie-Brown and Bucxtry, Vertebr. Faun. Caithness, etc.,
1887, 217; Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebrides, 1888, 131; Vertebr. Faun. Argyll
and Inner Hebrides, 1892, 175.—Buckiey and Harvir—-Brown, Vertebr.
Fauna Orkney Islands, 1891, 212.—Sryan, Ibis, 1891, 330, 505 (lower Yangtse
River, China).—MacPuerson, Vertebr. Faun. Lakeland, 1892, 376.—
Barnes, Ibis, 1893, 171 (Aden).—MerapEr-Watpo, Ibis, 1893, 204 (Canary
Islands).—Buaae, Ibis, 1893, 355 (Shetland Islands; habits of young).—
Munn, Ibis, 1894, 72 (Calcutta)—Prarson and Brpwe tt, Ibis, 1894, 234
(n. Norway).— Dusots, Faun. Illustr. Vert. Belg., Ois., 11, 1894, 226, pl. 211.
—Prarson, Ibis, 1895, 245 (Iceland; descr. eggs and young).—IrBy, Orn.
Straits Gibralt., 2nd ed., 1895. 278,—Pornam, Ibis, 1898, 514 (Yeneseisk,
Siberia).—Watron, Ibis, 1903, 34 (Peking, China).—Jesse, Ibis, 1903, 165
(Lucknow, India).—WrrueErsy, Ibis, 1903, 564 (Fars, s. w. Persia).—Banr,
Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., no. 38, 1907, 1 (‘‘bleating”’, and explanation
of method by which produced).

Gallinago cxlestis PEARSON and Binwex1t, Ibis, 1894, 234 (Bodo and Lofodens,
n. Norway, breeding).—Poruam, Ibis, 1897, 103 (Yenesei River, Siberia).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 169

Gallinago media (not of Frisch, 1763 or Latham, 1787) Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam.,
etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 31.—SrEeruens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, 1824, 54.—-SyKEs,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, 163 (Deccan).—Gray, Cat. Mam., etc., Nepal
pres. Hodgson, 1846, 141; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 173—Reruarpr, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1854, 441 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 11 (Greenland, frequent).—
Tristram, Ibis, 1860, 79 (Sahara).—Newron, in Baring-Gould’s Iceland,
1863, 413.—Morg, Ibis, 1865, 438 (breeding range in British Islands).—Gop-
MAN, Ibis, 1866, 101 (Azores); Azores, 1870, 35, 41.—Wutrety, Ibis, 1867,
206 (Japan).—Euwes and Bucxtey, Ibis, 1870, 331 (Turkey).—SHELLEY,
Ibis, 1871, 311 (Egypt); Birds Egypt, 1872, 249——Harrine, Handb. Brit.
Birds, 1872, 51—Fr1LpEN, Zoologist, 1872, 3249 (Faroe Islands, breeding).
—Brookg, Ibis, 1873, 340 (Sardinia).—IrBy, Orn.: Straits Gibralt., 1875,
175.—Wuarton, Ibis, 1876, 27 (Corsica)—Covrs, Check List, 2nd ed.,
1882, no. 607.—Reip, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 233 (Bermudas,
2 specs., Dec. 24 and 29, 1847).

G [allinago] media Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 583.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds,
2nd ed., 1884, 621.

Sc [olopaz] gallinaria MiutER (O. F.), Zool. Dan. Prodr., 1776, 23 (Finmarkia).—
TremMInckK, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 440; 2nd ed., 11, 1820, 677.

[Scolopax] gallinaria GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 11, 1789, 662.

Gallinago gallinaria Vir1ttotT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., i, 1816, 356.—Cripps,
Stray Feath., vii, 1878, 302 (Faridpur, India)—Hume, Stray Feath., viii,
1879, 70, 112 (Malacca).—Bineuam, Stray Feath., vii, 1879, 196; ix, 1880,
196 (Thoungyeen Valley).—Scutty, Stray Feath., viii, 1879, 355 (Nepal).—
BurttER, Cat. Birds Sind, etc., 1879, 61; Cat. Birds Bombay Pres., 1880,
76.—Vipat, Stray Feath., ix, 1880, 84 (s. Konkan).—Rerp, Stray Feath.,
x, 1881, 68 (Lucknow, India).—Cotierr, Norges Fugle, 1881, 85.—
SwINHOE, Ibis, 1882, 121 (s. Afghanistan)—Srrynecer, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., vi, 1883, 69 (Bering Island)—SwinHor and Barnegs, Ibis, 1885, 133
(Mhow district)—Koernie, Journ. fiir Orn., 1888, 277 (Tunis); 1890, 456
(Madeira); 1892, 89 (Tunis).

Scolopax brehmii Kaur, Isis, 1823, 1147 (near Géttingen, Germany).—LeEsson,
Traité d’Orn., 1831, 556.

Scolopax brehnu JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 134, pl. 40.

Telmatias brehkmi Breum, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 618.—RercHENBACH, Grallatores,
1850, pl. 68, fig. 556.

Gallinago brehmi Bonaparte, Faun. Ital. Uce., 1832, Introd., 12, fase. xxv, pl.-
43; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 52; Compt. Rend., xliui, 1856, 579.

Gallinago brehmit Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 174.

Gallinago scolopacina, var. brehmi Frivanpsky, Av. Hung., 1891, 149.

Scolopax sabini Vicors, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiv, 1825, 557, pl. (Queens Co.,
Treland).—Fox, Newcastle Mus., 1827, 117.—JarpinE and SeExBy, Illustr.
Orn., 1827, pl. 27.—Govu.p, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 321, fig. 1. and text.—
Macecitiivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 377.—Litrorp, Col. Figs. Brit.
Birds, pt. xxvii, 1893.

Scolopax sabinii Temmincx, Man. d’Orn., iv, 1840, 432.—Scuircer, Rev. Crit.
Ois. Europe, 1844, p. Ixxxvi.

S{colopax] sabini FLEminG, Brit. Anim., 1828, 105.—Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr.,
1835, 204.—Satvin, Zoologist, 1857, 5593 (Norfolk, England).

Gallinago sabinti BoNapartE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 52; Compt. Rend.,
xliii, 1856, 579.—Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 173 —Harrtine, Handb. Brit.
Birds, 1872, 52.—Hancocx, Birds Northumberl. and Durham, 1874, 113
(crit.).—BririsH OrnirHoLogists’ Unton, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 166.

G[allinago] sabint Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 583.

170 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Enalius sabini Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 121.

A [scalopax] sabint KEyseruING and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixxvii, 216.

Telmatias sabini RetcHENBACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 68, fig. 557.

Gallinago celestis, var. sabinei BARRETT- Hamiuron, Irish Naturalist, iv, 1895, 12.

Scolopax lamottii Barton, Mém. Soc. d’Em. d’Abbev., ser. 2, vol. i, for 1833,
1834, 71 (Abbeville, France).

Scolopax delamottti MartHews, Zoologist, 1853, 3729 (Hastings, England).

Telmatias faeroensis Bream, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 617.

Gallinago faeroeensis BreHM, Naumannia, 1855, 291.

Telmatias stagnatilis BrEHM, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 618 (middle Germany).

Telmatias septentrionalis BREHM, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 619 (Iceland).

Gallinago septentrionalis BREuM, Naumannia, 1855, 291.

Telmatias peregrina BreuMm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 621 (Greenland).

Scolopax peregrina TEMMINCK, Man. d’Orn., iv, 1840, 435.

Gallinago peregrina BREHM, Naumannia, 1855, 291.

[Scolopax] pygmea Battton, Mém. Soc. d’Em. d’Abbev., for 1833, 1834, 71
(Abbeville, France).

(?) [Gallinago] uniclavus Hoveson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vi, 1837, 492
(Nepal, India).

(?) Gallinago uniclava SwinHoe, Ibis, 1860, 66 (Amoy); 1861, 56 (Canton), 343
(Takow; Peking); 1862, 259 (Foochow).—Taczanowsk1, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1874, 325 (Durasun); 1875, 255 (Ussuriland); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876,
257 (Darasun and mouth of the Ussuri, e. Siberia; crit.); viii, 1883, 340
(Kamchatka). :

Gallinago gallinago uniclavus THAYER and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v,
April 9, 1914, 14 (Kolyma River, e. Siberia, but not on Arctic coast; crit.).

Gallinago scolopacnus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 52 (Europe gen-
erally); Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 579—Hartiavs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854,
160 (Ceylon), 299 (w. Africa); Orn: West Africa, 1857, 239.—Apams, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 506 (India).—JERDon, Birds India, iii, 1864, 674.—
PELZELN, Ibis, 1868, 321 (Kotegurh).—Bravan, Ibis, 1868, 393 (India).—
Fritscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 386 (Bohemia).—Hancocx, Birds North.
umberl. and Durham, 1874, 105.

Gallinago scolopacina Srtys-Lonacuampes, Faune Belge, 1842, 129.—RtprE.y,
Syst. Ueb., 1845, 126 (Lower Egypt).—Buytu, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc.,
1849, 272 (Calcutta) —Apams, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 189 (Cashmere) .—
IrBy, Ibis, 1861, 241 (Oudh, India).—Swrnnoeg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1863, 314 (China); 1871, 407 (China; Formosa; Hainan); Ibis, 1863, 415 (For-
mosa); 1870, 362 (Hainan); 1874, 163 (Hakodate, Japan).—Gouxp, Birds
Great Brit., iv, 1863, pl. 79 and text.—ScuHiLecet, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27
(Scolopaces), 1864, 4.—Finrepr, Viagg. Persia, 1865, 345.—Bravan, Ibis,
1867, 333 (Andaman Islands).—DRAKE, Ibis, 1867, 428 (Tangier).—
DEGLAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 183.—Locnuer, Expl. Sci. Algér.,
Ois., ii, 1867, 296.—FritscnH, Vog. Eur., 1870, pl. 37, fig. 8.—FinscH
and Hartiaus, Vog. Ostafrika, 1870, 771.—Sanvaport, Faun. Ital. Ucc.,
1871, 227.—Gurney (J. H., jr.), Ibis, 1871, 299 (Algeria) —HoL_psworrTH,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 473 (Ceylon)—Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind.
Birds, 1873, 586 (Cashmere).—Luoyp, Ibis, 1873, 417 (Kattiawar, India).—
TACZANOWSKI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 106 (e. Siberia); 1881, 187 (Askold
Island, e. Siberia); Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1887, 610 (Seoul, Korea); 1888,
468 (Korea; crit.)—Hrueutn, Orn. N. O.-Afrika, ii, Abth. i, 1873, 1201
(Abyssinia, in winter)—Saxpy, Birds Shetlands, 1874, 201.—Btiytx and
WALDEN, Birds Burma, 1875, 156—Watpen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix,
1875, 235 (Luzon, Philippines).—BiaNnrorp, East. Persia, li, 1876, 282.—

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ea

Davin and Ovstazet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 478.— TwEEDDALE, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1877, 703 (Luzon).—B.Laxiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 222 (Japan);
Birds Japan, 1882, 114.—Priuevausky, in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., ili, 1878, 90
(Koko-nor, March; Lake Hanka, April; Hoang-ho Valley; Kansu, Sept.).—
SrEesoum, Ibis, 1879, 27 (Hakodate; crit.), 156 (Yenesei, Siberia; crit.).—
Lea@eE, Birds Ceylon, 1880, 121.—Scutty, Ibis, 1881, 588 (Gilgit, n. India).—
KertuaM, Ibis, 1882, 16 (Malay Peninsula).—Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind,
1884, 240.—Buaxiston, Amended List Birds Japan, 1884, 12.—MarsuHat1,
Ibis, 1884, 424 (Chamba, n. w. Himalayas).—SuHarpe, Sci. Res. 2nd Yarkand
Miss., Aves, 1891, 144.—MaparAsz, Erliut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf., 1891, 111.
—Frivautpsky, Av. Hung., 1891, 149.—Fatio and Sruper, Cat. distr. Ois.
Suisse, 1892, 46.—Marrtin and Rotun, Vertebr. Sauv. |’ Indre, 1894, 200.

|Gallinago] scolopacina Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 52, no. 10329.

G{allinago| scolopacina Sw1nHoEk, Ibis, 1873, 426 (Shanghai).

G{allinago] sakhalina (not Scolopax sakhalina Vieillot?) Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846,
583.

G[allinago] burka Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 583 (ex Bonaparte, manuscript?).

[Gallinago] burka BonarartE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 579 (ex Latham; cites
uniclavata Hodgs. and media Hodgs. as synonyms).

Gallinago burka Swinnoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 314 (China); 1871, 407
(China, Formosa, and Hainan, in winter).

Gallinago migratoria BreuM, Naumannia, 1855, 291 (cites Telmatias gallinago
Boie.)

Gallinago brachypus Bream, Naumannia, 1855, 291.

Telmatias brachypus Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 307.

Gallinago robusta BkEHM, Naumannia, 1855, 291.

Telmatias robusta Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 306.

Gallinago pétényi BReumM, Naumannia, 1855, 291.

Telmatias pétényi Bream, Vogelf., 1855, 306.

Gallinago lacustris BrrumM, Naumannia, 1855, 291.

Telmatias lacustris BrEHM, Vogelf., 1855, 307.

Telmatias salicaria Breum, Vogeli., 1855, 306 (Germany).

{Gallinago] japonica BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 579.

Gallinago stenura (not Scolopax stenura Kuhl) Cassrn, Orn. Perry’s Japan Exped.,
li, 1857, 227.

Gallinago latipennis Harriaus, Orn. West-Afrika, 1857, 239 (Gambia).

Gallinago vulgaris Dusots, Pl. Col. Ois, Belg., 1858, pl. 182.

Gallinago russata Goutp, Birds Great Brit., iv, 1863, in text to pl. 79 (Dartmoor,
England); Introd. 1873, p. exviii.

Gallinago wilsoni (not Scolopax wilsont Temminck) Swinyor, Ibis, 1875, 454
(Hakodate, Japan).—Srrsonm, Ibis, 1879, 27 (crit)—Buaxiston, Amended
List Birds Japan, 1884, 38.

GALLINAGO DELICATA (Ord).

WILSON’S SNIPE.

Very similar to G. gallinago but rectrices 16 instead of 14, the
lateral pair much narrower and more distinctly barred, and axillars
and under wing-coverts heavily and regularly barred with dusky or
deep slate color.

Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum with a narrow median stripe of pale
buff or dull buffy white and two broad lateral stripes of sooty black
more or less streaked or flecked with pale buffy brown, the dark

172 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

lateral stripes becoming much narrower, and sometimes less distinct,
on forehead; a superciliary stripe of pale brownish buff or dull buffy
whitish, this very broad above lores, much narrower above auricular
region, where narrowly streaked with dusky, the anterior portion
minutely flecked (more or less) with the same; a broad loral stripe,
extending from bill to anterior angle of eye, of dusky brown, more or
less broken by pale buffy brown spots or flecks; malar, suborbital and
auricular regions, chin and upper throat dull brownish white, flecked,
except on last two, with dusky grayish brown, the auricular region
crossed, diagonally, from about middle of malar region to end of
auriculars, by a stripe of dusky intermixed, more or less, with light
buffy brown or cinnamon; neck, all round, pale brownish buffy,
rather broadly streaked with dusky grayish brown, the streaks
darker on hindneck, paler (light fuscous or hair brown) on foreneck,
where the streaks are sometimes coalesced into two indistinctly
defined parallel stripes; chest pale brownish buffy or very pale buffy
brown, transversely spotted or clouded with light grayish brown;
rest of under parts (except under tail-coverts) white, immaculate
medially, the sides and flanks broadly barred with dusky grayish
brown, the bars nearly as wide as the white interspaces; under tail-
coverts buff, with irregular, partly V-shaped, markings of blackish;
axillars very regularly barred with dusky slate and white, the dusky
bars rather wider than the white interspaces; under wing-coverts
similarly but less regularly barred; scapulars and inter-scapulars
black, broadly and sharply edged with buff, or buff and white, these
buffy or whitish edgings forming four conspicuous stripes, the black,
especially on scapulars, more or less broken by an irregular spotting
or marbling of buffy brown (sayal brown or wood brown); wing-
coverts grayish brown or dusky, tipped with dull whitish, the tertials
black, narrowly margined with white (except in worn plumage) and
irregularly barred with buffy brown (wood brown); secondaries deep
brownish gray with broad terminal margins of white; primaries and
primary coverts darker brownish gray or dusky, margined at tips
with paler (primary coverts and proximal primaries sometimes nar-
rowly tipped with white), the outer web of outermost primary white
or broadly edged with white; upper rump grayish brown or dusky,
the feathers tipped with grayish white; lower rump and upper tail

coverts light brownish buffy, barred with dusky, the bars broader,
more irregular, and nearly black on lateral coverts; tail dusky for
about proximal two-thirds, the dusky more or less broken distally by
spots of brownish gray and buffy, the terminal third cinnamon

rufous or mikado brown passing into whitish terminally and crossed
by a subterminal bar of black—the outermost rectrix, however, with-
out cinnamon-rufous, but broadly barred with dull whitish and
dusky, the latter predominating basally, where the paler bars do not

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 173

reach the shaft; bill blackish for terminal third (approximately),
greenish gray (in life) basally; iris dark brown; legs and feet pale
greenish gray (in life), or pale gray washed with yellowish green on
scutella of acrotarsium and toes.

Adult male-—Wing, 121-130 (127.1); tail, 52-63 (57.1); exposed
culmen, 57.5-67.5 (62.9); tarsus, 27.5-32 (30.4); middle toe, 28.5-32
(30.3) .¢

Adult female-—Wing, 117.5-135 (125.2); tail, 50-58.5 (54.5); ex-
posd culmen, 58.5-73.5 (65.4); tarsus, 28-33.5 (30.8); middle toe,
28-32.5 (30.6).°

North and Middle America and northern South America; breeding
from northern Alaska, northern Mackenzie, central Keewatin, and
northern Ungava (Fort Chimo) southward to northern California
‘(southward in higher mountains to Tej6n Pass and northern Los
Angeles County), Utah (Parleys Park), southern Colorado (Twin
Lakes; Estes Park; San Juan, Yuma, and Boulder counties), northern
Towa, northeastern Illinois (Lake and Cook counties), northwestern
Indiana (Kankakee marshes), Pennsylvania, and New Jersey; win-
tering from northern California, New Mexico, Arkansas, North
Carolina, etc., southward throughout Mexico, Central America, West
Indies and northern South America, as far as Colombia (Medellin,
Antioquia), Venezuela (Caracas), British Guiana (Maroni River),
Tobago, and Brazil (Rio Negro, Amazonas; Bahia; Rio de Janeiro) ;
sometimes wintering locally, as far northward as Washington,
Montana, Nebraska, Illinois, and Nova Scotia; occasional in Ber-
mudas (Oct. to May); accidental in Hawaiian Islands (Naalehu, one
specimen) and British Islands.

Scolopaz gallinago (not of Linnzeus) Wimson, Am. Orn., vi, 1812, 18, pl. 47, fig. 1.—
ORNITHOLOGICAL ComMIrrek, Journ. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1837, 193 (Colum-
bia River).—D’Orsieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 231.—
Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39.

S[colopaz] gallinago Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 77 (crit.);
Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [159].

a Kighteen specimens. b Twenty specimens.

aa = ae Exposed seyqe | Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. culment| Tarsus. tOe:
(Pn
MALES.
Eight adult males from eastern United States (migrants). .... 126. 7 55.5 61.6 30.4 30. 5
Four adult males from Alaska (breeding)...............-.---- 126.7 61.5 62.6 29.9 29. 1
Six adult males from western United States, Lower California,
BG esonoraaMmeranes) 22.) 4 oo eeeee ate. heme cree 127.7 56. 2 64.7 30. 6 30.4
FEMALES,
Twelve adult females from eastern United States (migrants)..| 124.2 53.8 63.9 30. 6 30.6
: |
Eight aduit females from western United States and Sonora
ROOT ETAT GS Meee ee ano, CS dicta tea ain ct ye cima ae 12607 1}. 55.5 67.3 31. J) . 8037

174 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Scolopazx delicata Orv, ed. Wilson’s Am, Orn., ix, 1825, p.ccxvili (Pennsylvania).
Gallinago delicata AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and
2nd ed., 1895, no. 230; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 110.—Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska,
1886, 146 (St. Michaels, etc.; habits) —EveRMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 91 (Ventura
Co., California).—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 151 (Manitoba, summer resident).—
AntrHony, Auk, iii, 1886, 164 (Washington Co., Oregon).—Scorr, Auk, iii,
1886, 386 (Arizona).—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 178
(Valley of Mexico).—We 1s, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 628 (Grenada).—
NeEtson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 100 (habits, ete.) —TowNsEnp, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 198 (near s. base Mt. Shasta, July 25), 233 (Hum-
boldt Bay, California) —Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 96 (Martinique), 311 (West
Indian localities and references); Birds West Ind., 1889, 232; Cat. West Ind.
Birds,. 1892, 92.—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 129 (San Jose,
Costa Rica).—CHerrin, Auk, 1892, 329 (San Jose, Costa Rica,
Oct.-Feb.).—Eturor, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 50, pl. 10, text fig. of tail_—
Urey and Wattace, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 150 (Wabash Co., Indiana,
Dec., Jan., also midsummer).—SuHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896,
642 (Medellin, Colombia; Caracas, Venezuela; Maroni River, British Guiana;
St. Vincent; Grenada; Nevis; Rio Negro, Amazonas, Bahia, and Rio Janeiro,
Brazil; etc.)—Cookg, Birds Col., 1897, 64 (breeding in San Juan Co., and at
Twin Lakes, Colorado).—Dnane, Auk, xvi, 1899, 270 (Kankakee marshes,
n. w. Indiana, and Lake and Cook Counties,’n. e. Illinois, breeding),—Bigr-
Low, Auk, xix, 1902, 28 (Cape St. Francis, n. e. Labrador).—HEnsuaw, Birds
Hawaiian Is., 1902, 94 (Naalehu, 1 spec.).—SALVIN and Gopman, Biol.
Centr._Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 392.—BonnoreE, Ibis, 1903, 302 (New Providence
Island, Bahamas, Dec.; habits).—Roserrs, in Wilcox’s Hist. Becker Co.,
Minn., 1907, 167 (breeding).—HENnpeErson, Univ. Col. Studies Zool., vi, 1909,
227 (Boulder Co., Colorado, a few breeding).—Hariow, Auk, xxvi, 1909,
305 (Center Co., Pennsylvania, Jan. 27).—VeErriLt (A. E. and A. H.), Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 356 (San Lorenzo and Sanchez, Santo Domingo).—
CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910 423 (Costa Rica).—Saunpgrs, Auk,
_ xxviii, 1911, 34 (Gallatin Co., Montana, breeding).—Wipmann, Auk, xxviii,
1911, 311 (Estes Park, Colorado, July).—ARNo.tp, Auk, xxix, 1912, 75 (New-
foundland, breeding).—FLEemine, Auk, xxx, 1913, 226 (near Toronto, Ontario,
breeding).—MarLiiarp, Condor, xvi, 1914, 261 (Tejon Pass, California,
breeding).—Lincotn, Proc. Col. Mus. N. H., 1915, 5 (Yuma Co., Colorado,
resident).—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 49 (breeding at Eagle
Lake, Lassen Co., Webber Lake, Sierra Co.; Lake Tahoe; near Gorman; Tejon
Pass, and n. Los Angeles Co., California) —WetTmoreE, Bull. 326, U. 8. Dept.
Agric., 1916, 44 (Porto Rico in winter; food).

G[allinago] delicata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 150.

[Gallinago] delicata SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 165.—ForBrs and Ronrinson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 74 (Cuba; Jamaica; Tobago; San Geronimo,
Guatemala; etc.).

Gallinago gallinago delicata Hantzcu, Journ. fiir Orn., July, 1908, 351, in text.

Scolopax wilsoni TemMMINcK, Pl. Col., v, livr. Ixviii, 1826, text to pl. 403 (North
America).—AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 583.—Watgs, Rep. Geol., etc.
Miss., 1854, 322.—Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 218 (Bermudas).

Scolopaz wilsonti BONAPARTE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 11, 1826, 330; ii, 1828,
445 (crit.).—Swarinson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 401.—
Nutra, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 185.—AupuBoN, Orn.
Biog., ili, 1835, 322, pl. 248; Synopsis, 1839, 248; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842,
339, pl. 350.—TownseEnpD, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vili, 1839, 156 (n. w.
United States)—Prapopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 372.—Giraup, Birds
Long Is., 1844, 261.—JarpiNe, Contr. Orn., 1848, 84 (Bermudas, common in

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ie 5

Oct.).—Hourpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 10 (Bermudas, Oct.-May).—
McCatt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sct. Phua., v, 1851, 223 (Texas).—Tuompson, Nat.
Hist. Vermont, 1853, 105.—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., vii, 1855; 315
(New Mexico).—Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc'. Phila., viii, 1856, 296 (Frank-
lin Co., Indiana).—Wiuts, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 285
(Nova Scotia).—Bianp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Ber-
mudas).—Porg, Am. Nat., ii, 1868, 329 (perching on trees).—CastLe, Am,
Nat., ii, 1868, 663 (perching habits).—Coorrr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 83 (Camas,
Montana).—Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 377 (Costa Rica).—T ripper,
Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 119 (Mimnesota, April—Oct.).

S{colopax] wilsoniti Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 217 (Essex Co., Mass.).

[Scolopaz]| wilsontti PretzELn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 458 (Rio de Janeiro).

Scolpax wilsonti Kennicort, Trans. Ills. Agric. Assoc., 1, 1855, 587 (Illinois).

Gallinago wilsont Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 52.—Gossr, Birds
Jamaica, 1847, 353.—Sctarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.; 1856, 310 (Mexico);
1859, 369 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 178 (City of Mexico).—GuNnptiacu,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 350 (Cuba); 1862, 85 (Cuba; crit.); 1874, 313 (Porto
Rico); 1875, 321 (Cuba); 1878, 161, 188 (Porto Rico); Repert. Fisico-Nat.
Cuba, i, 1866, 353.—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 64 (Omoa, Hon-
duras).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 121 (Bahamas).—SciaTer
and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 228 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 280
(Mosquito coast); 1879, 547 (Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia).—Brewer,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba); xvii, 1875, 445 (New England).—
Auprecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 56 (Bahamas).—VeErRRILL, Proc. Essex
Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (coast of Maine, breeding).—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., xvi, 1864, 67 (Jamaica).—ScuHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolo-
paces), 1864, 6—Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 36 (San Antonio, Texas).—CovEs,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 97 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Ibis, 1866,
265 (Mojave River, Arizona); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South
Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 414; 2nd ed., 1882, no. 608; Birds North-
west, 1874, 475.—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 425 (Vancouver Island).—SuNDEVALL,
Oetv. K. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockholm, 1869, 587 (St. Bartholomew),—Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 141 (Costa Rica); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i,
1878, 197 (St. Vincent, winter).—Sa.tvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 219
(Chitra, Veragua).—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 143 (England).—
AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 209 (Colorado),—Drew, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, vi, 1880, 142 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding).—Da.e.etsnH,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 145 (one British record).—Rernuarpt, Vid.
Medd. nat. Forh. Kjobenhavn, 1881, 186 (Greenland).—Franois, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 243 (Brookline, Massachusetts, breeding)—HartTLavus,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 278 (Portage Bay, Alaska)—Barrp, Brewer, and
Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 188.—Lanait.e, Our Birds in their
Haunts, 1884, 212-215 (habits, etc.).—Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii,
1886, 246 (Fort Chimo, Ungava, June; Rupert House, June 15).—FrILpEn,
Ibis, 1889, 492 (Barbados).

Gallinago wilsoni? Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 314 (Comayagua, Honduras; habits).

Glallinago] wilsoni Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 621.

Gallinago| wilsont GunNpLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).—ScLaTer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 144.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised
ed., 1886, 26.

Gallinago wilsonii BuRNErt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1851, 116 (Pine Barrens,
South Carolina)—KNEELAND, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 238 (Keweenaw
Point, Lake Superior).—Cassrn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
710.—Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no, 523; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound.
Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 25 (Brownsville, Texas, Feb.); in Rep. Ives’ Exped.

176 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Colorado R., pt. v, 1861, 6.—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859,
15.—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—
Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).—
Newron (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 258 (St. Croix).—Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1861, 80 (Jamaica).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 301
(Lion Hill, Panama); vili, 1866, 293 (vicinity New York City).—Barnarp,
An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 438 (Chester Co., Pennsylvania).—
Buiaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 9 (Saskatchewan); 1863, 131 (Ft. Carlton, Lower
Saskatchewan, Red River Settlement).—Boarpman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
ix, 1862, 128 (Calais, Maine).—A.sreout, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 205 (Ja-
maica).—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 77 (Springfield, Mass.)—SciaTer
and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 372 (Lion Hill, Panama).—MoIiwraira,
Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 92 (Hamilton, Ontario)—Couvrs, Proc. Essex
Inst., v, 1868, 293 (New England); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxii, 1871, 30
(Fort Macon, North Carolina).—TuRNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869,
39 (Phila. ed., 30)—Assorr, Am. Nat., iv, 1870, 547, 548 (New Jersey;
breeding).—StTEvENsON, Rep. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1871, 466
(Fort Sanders, Wyoming).—Triere, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1873, 240
~(southern Iowa); Am. Nat., vii, 1874, 342 (migration) —MeErriaM, Sixth An.
Rep. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1873, 700 (Ft. Ellis, Montana), 714
(Utah).—Hensnaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 11 (Parleys Park, Utah).—
Reip, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 232 (Bermudas, frequent).
[Gallinago] wilson Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 252.

Gallinago gallinaria . . . var. wilsonti Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1874,
187 (Colorado).
Glallinago] gallinaria . . . var. wilson Ripcway, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,

x, 1874, 383 (Illinois).
Gallinago gallinaria wilsoni Rripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 34 (Par-
leys Park, Utah, breeding).

Gallinago gallinaria . . . var. wilsont Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 39
(Nevada).

Gallinago scolopacina . . . var. wilsonti Ripaway, Am. Nat., vili, Feb., 1874, 110
(crit.).

Gallinago media wilsont Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ii, Aug. 24, 1880, 199
(Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 526a); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 526a.—NELson,
Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 85 (coast Bering Sea, breeding) —McLENEGAN;
Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1884 (1889), 119 (Kowak River, Alaska)—Drew, Auk, ii,
1885, 18 (Colorado, breeding at 6,000-10,000 ft.).—Wetts, List Birds Grenada,
1886, 8.

G{allinago] media wilsoni Rrpaway, Bull. Ills. State Labr. N. H., no. 4, 1881,
195 (Illinois).

Gallinago celestis wilsoni StreyNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, June 5, 1882, 35.

Telmatias (Scolopax) wilsont RetcHenBacu, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 356, figs. 2790—
2792.

Scolopazx gallinago wilsoni SErBoum, Ibis, ser. 5, iv, 1886, 140 (crit.); Geog. Distr.
Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxvii, 486.

A{scalopaz] wilsontt Maxrmit1an, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 93.

Scolopax drummondii Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 400 (Rocky Moun-
tains; Fur Countries).—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds,
1834, 190.—TowNnsEND, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 156 (n. w.
United States)—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 319; Synopsis, 1839, 249;
Birds Am., 8vo ed., vi, 1843, 9—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii,
1855, 315 (New Mexico).—CaBort, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 33
(Massachusetts; crit.)

Sa

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 177

Gallinago drummondii Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 52; Compt.
Rend., xliii, 1856, 579.

G{allinago] drummondii Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 583.

Scolopax douglasiti Swanson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 400 (descr. in footnote;
Columbia River) —Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834,
191.

Scolopax paludosa “Gmf{elin].”? Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 556, part.

Scolopax americanus Haprietp, Zoologist, xxi, 1863, 8446 (Canada; new name
for Scolopax wilsont).

Gallinago ? SctaTEeR and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 228 (Guatemala).

Genus LIMOSA Brisson.

_ Limosa Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 261. (Type, by tautonymy, [Limosa] limosa
Brisson=Scolopaz limosa Linnzeus.)
-Rusticola Hourruyn, in Nozeman, Nederl. Vogelen, i, 1770 (p. 1 of inhoud).
(Type, by monotypy, R. gruito Houttuyn=Scolopaz limosa Linneus.)
Limicula (not of Leach, 1816) Viermtor, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 245;
Analyse, 1816, 56. (Type, Limosa melanura Leisler=Scolopax limosa Lin-
nus.)

Very large Eroliine (?) (wing 184-225 mm.) with very long bill and
legs, bare portion of tibia longer than middle toe without claw,
middle toe (with claw) more than one-fifth as long as wing, and
claw of middle toe abnormal (long, thin, and straight or slightly
recurved terminally, and pectinate).

Bill more than one-third (sometimes nearly half) as long as wing,
straight (not at all upturned), slightly depressed terminally; nostril
subbasal, longitudinally elliptical (rather narrower anteriorly); nasal
groove extending nearly to tip of maxilla; loral and malar antiz on
same vertical line, or the latter slightly anterior to the former; mental
antia extending beyond posterior end of nostril, sometimes to middle
of nostril; anterior outline of frontal feathering U-or V-shaped at base
of culmen. Wing rather large, pointed, the longest primary (outer-
most) exceeding distal secondaries by more than half the length of
wing; tertials elongated, broad basally but tapering to the subacumi-
nate tip, the longest falling short of tip of third primary (from out-
side). Tail slightly less than two-fifths as long as wing, emarginate
(lateral rectrices longest); rectrices, 12. Tarsus about one-third as
long as wing, continuously transversely scutellate both anteriorly and
posteriorly ; bare portion of tibia about as long as middle toe with claw,
also continuously transversely scutellate before and behind; toes long
and slender, the middle one, without claw, decidedly more than half as
long as tarsus; outer toe decidedly shorter than middle and decidedly
longer than inner toe; hallux slender, about as long (without claw)
- as basal phalanx of outer toe; claw of middle toe elongated, straight
or even slightly recurved terminally, where thin and broad, the
inner edge pectinated; a distinct web between outer and middle toes,

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8 13

178 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

extending for about half the length of basal phalanx of middle toe,
the web between inner and middle toes very small.

Coloration.—A broad band across upper tail-coverts, axillars,
under wing-coverts, tips of greater wing-coverts (broadly) and basal
portion of secondaries, proximal primaries, and lateral rectrices,
immaculate white, the rest of tail black; summer adults with head,
neck, and chest for the greater part cinnamomeous.

Range.—Northern Europe and Asia, migrating to Abyssinia, India,
Australia, ete. (Monotypic.)

KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF LIMOSA LIMOSA.

a. Larger (wing 197-225, exposed culmen 86-124, ‘tarsus 77-92); white at base of
proximal primaries, secondaries, and lateral rectrices more extensive; summer
adults with under parts more extensively barred, the under tail-coverts usually
immaculate white and the cinnamon of chest without bars. (Europe and

western Siberia, south in migration to northern Africa, etc.)...--....-.-.-.-
Limosa limosa limosa (p. 178).

aa. Smaller (wing 184-195, exposed culmen 73-91.5, tarsus 61-65); white at base of
proximal primaries, secondaries, and lateral rectrices more restricted; summer
adults with under parts more heavily barred, the under tail-coverts usually
heavily barred or spotted and the chest barred with dusky. (Eastern Siberia,

etc., migrating to India, Australia, etc.).........- Limosa limosa melanuroides
(extralimital).@

LIMOSA LIMOSA LIMOSA (Linnezus).

BLACK-TAILED GODWIT.

Adult male in summer.—Head, neck, and chest cinnamon, the first
two streaked the last barred with dusky; rest of under parts white,
the breast and sides (sometimes abdomen and under tail-coverts
also) barred with dusky; back and scapulars mixed black, cinnamon,
and grayish; wing-coverts brownish gray, the greater coverts
broadly tipped with white, forming a broad bar or transverse patch;
secondaries also partly white; primaries dusky, the fifth to seventh
(counting from outside) white at base, forming a second white patch
on the closed wing; rump, longer upper tail-coverts, and greater part
of tail blackish or dusky; upper tail-coverts (except terminal half of
the longer ones) and basal portion of tail immaculate white, this
increasing in extent on lateral rectrices, where occupying greater
part of outer pair; axillars and under wing-coverts immaculate
white; bill pale brownish or dull yellowish (in dried skins) with

4 Limosa melanuroides Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1846, 84 (Port Essington,
Australia); Birds Australia, vi, 1846, pl. 28 and text.—Limosa xgocephala
melanuroides Dybowski and Taczanowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ix, 1884, 146;
Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 316, 338 (Kamchatka).—Totanus
melanurus melanuroides Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 163.—Limosa limosa
melanuroides Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, July 2, 1887, 131 (Bering Island).—
Limosa brevipes (not of Gray, 1844) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces),
1864, 21.—Limosa melanura brevipes Campbell, Ibis, 1892, 246 (Korea).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 179

terminal third (more or less) blackish or dusky; iris brown; legs and
feet dusky (in dried skins).

Adult female in summer.—Similar to the adult male but larger and
with less of cinnamon color.

Adults in winter (sexes alike).—Head, neck, back, and scapulars
nearly plain deep brownish gray, the head and neck slightly paler
grayish; chest immaculate pale gray; otherwise, essentially as in
summer plumage.

Young.—‘‘ Distinguished from the adults by being darker brown
above, with broad sandy-rufous edges to the feathers of the upper
surface, the innermost secondaries banded with blackish brown and
sandy rufous; the head rufous, streaked with dark brown, but indis-
tinctly; sides of face buffy white, with very fine streaks of brown;
throat white; lower throat, sides of neck, and chest reddish buff,
slightly mottled with dusky bases to the feathers of the side of the
breast; remainder of under surface white, suffused with rufescent
buff, and shaded with ashy brown on the sides of the body.’’@

Downy young.—‘‘Rusty yellow marked with black, especially on
crown and rump; a narrow streak through the eye, wing-joints,
cheeks, and belly light yellowish.’’?

Adult male-—Wing, 198-225 (210.6); tail, 73-89 (81.9); exposed
culmen, 86-124 (102.6); tarsus, 72-84 (75.3); middle toe, 34.5-42
(36.7).°

Adult female—Wing, 197-220.5 (209.2); tail, 78-88 (83.7);
exposed culmen, 89.5-115.5 (101.3); tarsus, 67-92 (78.8); middle
toe, 34-39 (36.5).¢

Breeding in Europe and western Asia, from Iceland, British
Islands (including Faroes), Holland, northern Germany, and southern
Russia northward (to about as far as Arctic Circle), eastward to
Valley of the Ob, Siberia; migrating southward to southern Europe,
Madeira and Canary Islands, Abyssinia, etc. Casual or occasional in
southern Greenland.

[Scolopax] limosa Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 147 (Sweden); ed. 12, i,
1766, 246.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 666.
Scolopax limosa Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 53 (Pl. Enl., pl. 874).—Tem-

MINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 170.

Actitis limosa It11erR, Prodr. Orn., 1811, 262.
Totanus limosa BrecusTEIN, Orn. Taschenb., ii, 1803, 287; Naturg. Deutschl.,
iv, 1809, 234.

@ Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 385.
> Dresser, Birds of Europe.

¢ Five specimens,

@ Three specimens.

Measurements of L. limosa melanuroides are as follows:—

Adult male (four specimens).—Wing, 184-195 (188.2); tail, 66-82.5 (74.4); exposed
culmen, 73-91.5 (79.7); tarsus, 61-65 (62.9); middle toe, 33.5-36.5 (34.7).

180 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Limosa limosa Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viti, Sept. 2, 1885, 356.—Amerrr-
CAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 252;
3rd ed., 1910, p. 119.—Brusina, Motr., ete., (Orn. Croat.), 1890, 90.—SuHarPE,
Ibis, 1891, 115 (Fao, Persian Gulf, Oct.); Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896,
381, 756.—HacErvp, Birds Greenland, 1891, 55 (s. Greenland, casual).—
Hartert, Kat. Vogels. Mus. Senckenb., 1891, 223.—Exuior, N. Am. Shore
Birds. 1895, 113, pls. 34, 35.—Roruscuixp, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 161 (Anklan,
Russian Turkestan).—HArTERT and OGILVIE-GRANT, Novit. Zool., xti, 1905,
104 (San Miguel, Azores)

L{imosa] limosa Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 164.

[Limosa] limosa SHarpe, Hand-list., i, 1899, 159.—Harterrt, Novit. Zool., vi
1901, 306 (Canary Islands).

Limosa limosa limosa ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 88 (centr. Asia).

Rusticola grutto HourruyNn, in Nozeman, Nederl. Vogelen, i, 1770 (p. 1 of
inhoud). (Holland.)

[?] [Scolopax] lapponica (not of Linnzeus) GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1i, 1789,
667.

[Scolopax] belgica GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 663 (Belgium).

Scolopax belgica ViertLotT, Nouv. Dict., iii, 1816, 356.

Iimosa belgica Satvaport, Elenco Ucce. Ital., 1886, 228; Ann. Mus. Genov., (Du

vi, 1888, 311.—T arr, Ibis, 1887, 393 (Portugal, March).—Saunpers, Man.
Brit. Birds, 1889, 609.—MacpHerson, Vertebr. Faun. Lakeland, 1892, 405.—
IrBy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1895, 289 oe Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. 1,
1895, 235, pl. 50 (eggs).

Scolopax aegocephala (not of Linneeus) Boppagrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 55 (PL.
Enl., pl. 916).

Totanus aegocephalus BecustetN, Naturg. Deutschl., iv, 1809, 234.

Limosa xgocephala Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 34.—Patuas,
Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 178.—Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1827,
327; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 52.—FLemine, Brit. Anim., 1828, 107.—
Muiuxte, Orn. Griechenl., 1844, 102.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle,
1844, 95; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 156.—RUpreE.y, Syst. Ueb., 1845, 125 (Egypt,
winter).—BuytH, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc., 1849, 268 (Calcutta).—
MippEnpDor®?F, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 218 (Great Schantar Island, breed-
ing).—Macainiivray, Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 269 —Rerinuarpt, Ibis, 1861, 11
(Godthaab, Greenland).—Irsy, Ibis, 1883, 186 (Santander, Spain); Orn. Straits
Gibralt., 1875, 169; Key List Brit. Birds, 1888, 49.—Nrwron, in Baring-
Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 412.—Wrieut, Ibis, 1864, 146 (Malta, spring and
autumn).—Morg, Ibis, 1865, 437 (British Islands)—DrcGLaNnD and GERBE,
Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 167.—Lockxs, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 328.—
Barr, Ibis, 1867, 282 (Iceland; Greenland).—Smiru, Ibis, 1868, 454 (Portugal).
—CouietT, Norges Fugle, 1868, 56.—SaunpeErs, Ibis, 1869, 173 (s. Spain);
1871, 388 (s. Spain); 1884, 390 (Pyrenees); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, ii, 1883,
488.—Fritscu, Vog. Eur., 1870, pl. 39, fig. 6—Satvapor1, Faun. Ital.,
Ucc., 1871, 222.—Dressrr, Birds Europe, viii, 1872, 211, pl. 574.—Harrine,
Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 53.—SHEtiey, Birds Egypt, 1872, 245.— FELDEN,
Zoologist, 1872, 3249 (Faroe Islands, breeding)—Herveun, Orn. N. O.-
Afrika, li, pt. i, 1873, 1153 (Abyssinia, etc.)—Patmin, Finlands Foglar,
1873, 131.—A.LstTon and Harvir-Brown, Ibis, 1873, 69 (Archangel, Russia).—
Brooks, Ibis, 1873, 338 (Sardinia, migrant)—DurNrorp, Ibis, 1874, 405
(North Frisian Islands)—DanrortH and Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1873, 422
(Transylvania).—Hancock, Birds Northumberl. and Durham, 1874, 101.—
BuANFoRD, East. Persia, ii, 1876, 283 (Shiraz).—Ripe@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat.

——

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 181

Mus., iii, 1880, 200 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 546); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 546.—Covrs, Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 630.—BritisH ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ Unton, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 178.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripe-
way, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 263.—Retrp, Ibis, 1885, 253 (Morocco).—
Buckiey and Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebrides, 1888, 136;
Vertebr. Faun. Orkney Is., 1891, 221.—F rivauipsky, Av. Hung., 1891, 138.—
Maparasz, Erlaut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf., 1891, 108.—Fartio and StupeEr,
Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, 1892, 46—Harvir-Brown and Bucktry, Vertebr.
Fauu. Argyll and Inner Hebrides, 1892, 183.—Mrapr-Watpo, Ibis, 1893,
205 (Canary Islands).—Litrorp, Col. Figs. Brit. Birds, pt. xxvii, 1893.—
Pearson, Ibis, 1895, 245 (Iceland, breeding).

Liimosa] xgocephala Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 570.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds,
2nd ed., 1884, 636.

[Limosa] xgocephala Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 438, no. 10258.

Limosa aegocephala REINHARDT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 440 (Greenland).—JAcKEL,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 502 (Bayern).—ScuHLEeGceL, Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 225;
Dier.Nederl. Vogels, 1861, pl. 23, figs. 1, 2; Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolo-
paces), 1864, 19 —Miitier, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 229 (Provence).—LinDER-
MAYER, VOg. Griechenl., 1860, 140.—Rappeg, Reis. Sibir., Vég., 1863, 331
(Tarei-nor).—Satvapor!, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 285 (Sardinia).—Droste,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1868, 39 (Borkum); 1869, 343 (Faroe Islands); 1871, 389
(Borkum).

Limosa melanura Leister, Nachtr. Bechst. Naturg., ii, 1813, 153.—Temminox,
Man. d’Orn., ii, 1820, 664.—WerNeErR, Atlas, Grallatores, 1827, pl. 25.—
BreuM, Vo6g. Deutschl., 1831, 627.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 554.—
JeNyNs, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 203—Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., viii,
1836, 406, pls. 212, 213.—Goutp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 305 and text;
Birds Great Brit., iv, 1868, pl. 50 and text——Werss and BerrHetot, Orn.
Canar., 1841, 38 (accidental).—Scuitecet, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. Ixxxviil.—
Maceiturvray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 81—H6zBo11, Naturhist. Tidsskr.,
iv, 1843,-409 (Greenland); Faun. Groenl., 1846, 40.—Yarre.L, Hist. Brit.
Birds, 2nd ed., ii, 1845, 634; 3rd ed., ii, 1856, 681.—Houm, Naturhist. Tidsskr.,
2nd ser., ii, 1848, 513 (Faroe Islands)—THomrson, Birds Ireland, ii, 1850,
222.—REICHENBACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 76, figs. 569-571. Breum, Vogelf.,
1855, 309.—Boute, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 176 (Canary Islands).—Hewirson,
Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1856, 342, pl. 93.—Powys, Ibis, 1860, 343 (Ionian
Islands).—Giauioul, Ibis, 1865, 61 (Pisa, Italy); Avif. Ital., 1886, 400; 1st
Resoc., 1889, 607; 2nd Resoc., 1890, 654; 3rd Résoc., 1891, 5138.—Brown,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1869, 208 (Madeira).—Strevenson, Birds Norfolk,
li, 1870, 248.—Etwes and Bucx.ey, Ibis, 1870, 331 (Epirus).—SuNDEVALL,
Svensk. Fogl., 1870, pl. 38, fig. 5—Saunpers, Ibis, 1871, 310 (s. Spain).—
Gray (R.), Birds West Scotl., 1871, 305.—Srvertzov, Turkest. Jevotn.,
1878, 69 (Turkestan, migrant).—Saxsy, Birds Shetlands, 1874, 197.—Fat1on,
Ois. Belg., 1875, 176.—BoGpanow, Birds Caucas., 1879, 156; Consp. Av.
Imp. Ross., 1884, 85.—Forsers, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 644 (anatomy).—
Sresoum, Ibis, 1883 29 (Caucasus); 1892, 22 (Helgoland); Geog. Distr.
Charadriide, 1887, 389, part—Bucktry and Harvie-Brown, Vertebr.
Faun. Sutherl., Caithness, and West Cromarty, 1887, 225—Litrorp, Ibis,
1889, 342 (Cyprus).

[Limosa] melanura Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 395, footnote (crit.).

L{imosa] melanura Swarxson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 396, footnote (crit.).

Inmicula melanura Viertiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 250—Rovx,
Orn. Prov., 1825, pls. 303, 304.

182 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Fedoa melanura STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, 1824, 73.

Totanus melanurus SEEBOHM, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 162.

Limosa jadreca Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 32 (Lincolnshire,
England).

Limosa islandica BrEuM, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 627 (Wiesen Islands, rarely to
Germany); Vogelf., 1855, 309.

Genus VETOLA Mathews.

Fedoa (not of Leach, 1816) StepHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zoology, xii, pt. 1, 1824, 70.
(Type, Fedoa americana Stephens=Scolopax fedoa Linneus.)

Vetolaa Maruews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 2, May 2,1913,191. (Type, by original
designation, Scolopax lapponica Linnzeus. )

Very large Eroliine (?) (wing about 196-240 mm.) with bill at
least one-third as long as wing, obviously but not conspicuously
recurved, distinctly depressed for distal half; tarsus much less than
one-third as long as wing (sometimes less than one-fourth as long);
bare portion of tibia shorter than middle toe without claw, and with
claw of middle toe normal (short, blunt, and nonpectinate).

Bill shghtly but distinctly recurved or upturned, distinctly de-
pressed distally, much deeper than wide at base, the exposed culmen
at least one-third as long as wing, and at least as long as tarsus and
basal phalanx of middle toe; culmen distinctly ascending basally,
with a more or less concave outline; nostrils sub-basal, longitudinally
elliptical or linear, previous; nasal groove extending nearly to tip of
bill; relative position of loral and malar antie variable; mental antia
extending as far as base of nostril, sometimes farther; anterior outline
of frontal feathering forming a more or less concave (sometimes
nearly straight) line across base of culmen. Wing ample, pointed,
the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by
more (sometimes much more) than half the length of wing; tertials
elongated, broad, with rounded tips (V. fedoa), narrower, subacumi-
nate terminally (V. lapponiea) or intermediate in shape (V. hema-
stica), the longest falling short (for a greater or less distance) of tips
of longest primaries. Tail less than two-fifths as long as wing,
slightly emarginate or nearly truncate, the middle pair of rectrices
sometimes very slightly projecting; rectrices, 12. Tarsus much less
than one-third as long as wing (sometimes less than one-fourth as
long), more or less continuously transversely scutellate anteriorly
and posteriorly (the upper portion sometimes with scutella more or
less broken or irregular); bare portion of tibia shorter than middle
toe without claw, also more or less continuously scutellate before and
behind; lateral toes decidedly shorter than middle toe, the outer
very slightly to decidedly shorter than the inner; hallux slender,
shorter than basal phalanx of middle or outer toe; web between

a Vetola, a Venetian name. (Mathews.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 183

outer and middle toes distinct, extending for half or more the length
of basal phalanges; no web between inner and middle toes.
Ooloration.—Very diverse, no two species being closely similar, but
summer adults with under parts buffy or cinnamomeous (with or
without dusky bars), and tail barred or else blackish with basal

portion of lateral rectrices white.
Range.—Northern hemisphere, visiting southern hemisphere during

migration. (Three species.)
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF VETOLA.

a. Tail distinctly barred; axillars and under wing-coverts pale cinnamon or white.

b. Upper tail-coverts pale cinnamon barred with blackish; axillars and under
wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous. (North America, southward in winter.)

Vetola fedoa (p. 184),

bb. Upper tail-coverts white, spotted with dusky; axillars and under wing-coverts

white, irregularly marked with dusky. (Vetola lapponica.)

c. Rump white, marked with broad acuminate streaks of dusky; head, neck, and

under parts deep cinnamon in summer plumage. (Northern Europe and

CNS OS) bee ee eta cine eae cae oes Sccfesere Vetola lapponica lapponica (extralimital).¢

cc. Rump dusky, the feathers margined with white; head, neck, and under parts

paler cinnamon in summer adults. (Shores of North Pacific Ocean, in

eastern Siberia, Kamchatka, and western Alaska, migrating southward

through Japan and China to Malay Archipelago, Australia, New Zealand,

Cley)ers* - bascssstacess « 2ea at. «slips cis ceree Vetola lapponica baueri (p. 187).

aa. Tail not barred (uniform black, with white base and tip); axillars and most of

under wing-coverts uniform dusky. (North America, chiefly east of Rocky

Mountains; South America in migration.)........... Vetola hemastica (p. 191).

4 [Scolopax] lapponica Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 147 (Lapland); ed. 12,
i, 1766, 246.—Limicula lapponica Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 250.—
L{imosa] lapponica Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, 570.—Limosa lapponica Harting,
Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 53; Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1872, 203, pls. 573, 574;
Poynting, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. 4, 1896, 231, pl. 49 (eggs); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxiv, 1896, 373.—{Limosa lapponica] a lapponica Baird, Brewer, and
Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 254.—Limosa lapponica lapponica Amer-
ican Ornithologists’ Union, Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 119.—[Scolopax] xgocephala
Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 147 (s. Europe); ed. 12, i, 1766, 246.—Totanus
aegocephalus Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., ii, 1803, 288.—Limosa xgocephala Leach,
Syst. Cat. Mam. and Birds Brit. Mus., 1816, 32.—Limosa leucophxa Latham, Index
Orn., ii, 1790, 719 (Europe, Africa, rare in England).—Totanus leucophaeus Bechstein,
Orn. Taschenb., ii, 1803, 289.—Totanus -ferrugineus Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb.,
ii, 1810, 874 (Germany, Lapland, and Hudson Bay).—Limosa ferruginea Pallas, Zoogr.
Russo-Asiat., ii, 1826, 180.—Limosa meyeri Leisler, Nachtr. Bechst. Naturg., ii, 1813,
172.—Limicula meyeri Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 249 (n. Europe).—
Fedoa meyeri Stephens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. i, 1824, 75.—Limosa noveboracensis
Leach, Syst. Cat. Mam. and Birds Brit. Mus., 1816, 32 (Kent).—Fedoa pectoralis
Stephens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. i, 1824, 79 (Devon and Cornwall).—Limosa
rufa (not Totanus rufus Bechstein, 1809) Naumann, Vég. Deutschl., viii, 1836, 446;
xili, 18—, 246; Macgillivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 260; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds,
ed. 2, ii, 1845, 641; ed. 3, ii, 1856, 688; Gould, Birds Great Brit., iv, 1868, pl. 51 and
text; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxiv, 384.—Totanus rufus
Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 156.

184 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

VETOLA FEDOA (Linnezus).

MARBLED GODWIT.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—General color pale cinnamon (or
between pale pinkish buff and vinaceous-buff), becoming paler (pale
dull buff or dull buffy whitish) on head, the superciliary region
(broadly) nearly if not quite immaculate except posteriorly, the
chin and at least upper portion of throat quite immaculate; head
and neck otherwise streaked with dusky, the streaks broadest on
pileum; scapulars and interscapulars with sooty black or fuscous-
black predominating, this broken by broad bars and_ transverse
spots of vinaceous-buff extending from edges of the feathers halfway
or more toward shafts; lesser wing-coverts dusky grayish brown
margined with vinaceous-buff; middle coverts vinaceous-buff broadly
streaked and transversely spotted or barred with blackish; greater
coverts light pmkish cinnamon with narrow zig-zag bars of grayish
brown, the secondaries deeper light pinkish cinnamon, more minutely
flecked (with transverse tendency) with grayish brown; tertials
dusky obliquely barred with vinaceous-buff, the bars interrupted
along median portion (broadly) of the feathers; primary coverts
sooty black, the innermost (proximal) ones less blackish, mottled
on outer webs with cinnamomeous, and margined terminally with
pale buffy; four outermost (distal) primaries sooty blackish or dark
fuscous, the fourth or third and fourth more or less flecked or mottled
along edges with pale cinnamomeous, the proximal primaries cinna-
mon sparsely and minutely flecked with dusky, their shafts dusky
and (at least the longer ones) with a more or less distinct subterminal
spot of dusky and narrowly tipped with pale buffy; lower back and
rump pale cinnamon-buff or vinaceous-buff, each feather with a
broad subterminal crescentic spot of dusky (becoming narrower on
lower rump), the upper tail-coverts pale cinnamon-buff or vina-
ceous-buff barred with dusky; four middle rectrices pale cinnamon-
buff or vinaceous-buff distinctly and rather regularly barred with
dusky, the lateral rectrices deeper cinnamomeous, with narrower,
irregular bars and longitudinal markings of dusky; chest, breast,
sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts narrowly and irregularly barred
with dusky, the bars broadest on sides, more irregular and more or
less lunulate on chest; axillars and under wing-coverts light cin-
namon, the former with a few narrow zig-zag bars of grayish brown,
the latter nearly immaculate; bill dusky terminally, brownish (dull
flesh color in life) for about basal half; iris dark brown; legs and feet
dusky (gray or bluish gray in life).

Adults in winter—Similar to the summer plumage, but chest
immaculate, except laterally, the sides and flanks very indistinctly,
if at all, barred.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 185

Young.—Essentially like winter adults, but the cinnamon-buff
or cinnamon color deeper.

Adult male.—Wing, 221-228 (225.4); tail, 77.5-95 (82.9); exposed
culmen, 92-119 (100.3); tarsus, 67-75 (69.4); middle toe, 33-37
(35.4).¢

Adult female—Wing, 212-234 (224.1); tail, 79-89 (83.4); exposed
culmen, 88.5-117.5 (104.8); tarsus, 67-76.5 (71.4); middle toe,
36-40 (38.3).°

Temperate North America, chiefly interior districts; breeding from
valley of the Saskatchewan, Manitoba (plains of Souris River; near
Winnipeg), etc., southward to North Dakota (formerly to Iowa,
Wisconsin, and northern Ohio); during migration (occasionally or
formerly, at least) near Atlantic coast as far northward as Maine
(Portland), Prince Edward Island, and southern shores of Hudson
Bay, and on Pacific coast as far as Vancouver Island; wintering from
Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and southern Lower California south-
ward to Cuba, Porto Rico, and Grenada, and through Mexico (Mata-
moros, Tamaulipas; Cozumel Island and Mérida, Yucatan; Guan-
ajuato; Valley of Mexico; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; San Mateo, Oaxaca),
Guatemala (Chiapim), British Honduras (Belize), etc., to Ecuadér
(Santa Rosa) and Peru (Ganta Lucia); accidental in Alaska and
Bermuda ?¢

[Scolopaz] fedoa Linna/jus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 146 (Hudson Bay; based on
Greater American Godwit, Fedoa americana Edwards, Nat. Hist., 137; Limosa
americana rufa Brisson, Orn., v, 287); ed. 12, i, 1766, 244.—GmeELIn, Syst.
Nat., i, pt. i, 1789, 663.—LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 718.—Turron, Syst. -
Nat., i, 1806, 398.

Scolopax fedoa Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 30, pl. 56, fig. 4—BOoNAPARTE,
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 75 (crit.).

Limicula fedoa Viertit0ot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 248.

Limosa fedoa SABINE, in Franklin’s Polar Sea, 1823, 689.—Orp, ed. Wilson’s Am.
Orn., vii, 1824, 30.—Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 75;
Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [157]; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., 1, 1826,
328; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 52—Swainson and. Ricwarpson, Fauna
Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 395 (Saskatchewan plains).—Lesson, Traité d’Orn.,
1831, 554.—Nurraut, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 173.—
AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 287, pl. 288; v, 1839, 590; Synopsis, 1839,
246; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 331, pl. 348.—TowNnseEnp, Journ. Ac. Nat.

@ Five specimens. b Hight specimens.

Some of the specimens measured (at least among the supposed females) are
evidently wrongly sexed. According to Dr. Thomas S. Roberts (Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, v, 1880, 18) there is a marked difference in size between the sexes, five
specimens of each sex measuring, before being skinned, as follows:

Five males: Total length, 419.1-447.5 (481.8); extent of wings, 774-800.1 (789.9;
*“bill’’ (exposed culmen?), 93-101.6 (97.5).

Five females: Total length, 460.25-498.33 (485.03); extent of wings, 812.8-860.3
(833.63; ‘bill’? (exposed culmen?), 115.31-128.52 (121.31).

The original measurements were in inches and hundredths.

186

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Sei. Phila., vili, 1839, 156 (n. w. United States)—Prapopy, Rep. Orn.
Mass., 1839, 371.—Vicors, Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ Birds, 1839, 28.—Giraup,
Birds Long Is., 1844, 259.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Grall., 1844, 95.—
LeMBEYE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 90.—REIcHENBACH, Grallatores,
1850, pl. 76, figs. 572.—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 350 (Cuba).—Cassin,
in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 740; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
xiv, 1862, 321 (California)—Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 547.—
Moors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 64 (Belize, Brit. Honduras).—ScniaTER
and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 230 (Belize; Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1873, 456 (coast Honduras; Guatemala); 1878, 141 (Santa Rosa, Ecuador).—
Cooper and Suck ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 245 (Shoal-
water Bay, Washington, spring and fall; San Francisco, California, March).—
BreEwER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—GuNp.LacH, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba); 1862, 84 (Cuba); 1875, 320 (Cuba); 1878, 161, 188
(Porto Rico); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 353; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist.
Nat., vii, 1878, 368 (Porto Rico).—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 9 (Saskatchewan);
1863, 134 (Saskatchewan).—VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 158 (Oxford
Co., Maine).—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 87 (Massachusetts); Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 356 (e. Florida, winter).—ScuHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-
Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 23.—Satvin, Ibis, 1865, 190 (Guatemala).—
Hoy, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri).—DREsSER,
Ibis, 1866, 39 (Texas).—McItwraira, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 93 (Hamil-
ton, Ontario).—Covss, Ibis, 1866, 269 (s. California); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xii, 1868, 123 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 296 (Essex Co.,
Mass.); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxiii, 1871, 32 (Fort Macon, North Caro-
lina); Check List, 1873, no. 428; Birds Northwest, 1874, 292 (habits, etc.);
Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 641 (Pembina, North
Dakota).—LawrEnce, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 294 (vicinity New York
City); ix, 1869, 210 (Merida, Yucatan); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 308
(Mazatlan, Sinaloa, in winter, a few insummer); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4,
1876, 47 (San Mateo, Oaxaca, Aug., Feb.).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 425 (Van-
couver Island).—TurNBULL, Birds East. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 41 (Phila.
ed., 32).—Tripre, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 119 (Minnesota); Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xv, 1873, 241 (southern Iowa).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 10.—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 446 (Mass. Maine coast).—HEN-
sHAw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 457 (San Luis Lakes, e. Colorado;
Oct. 1).—TaczaNnowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 748 (Santa Lucia,
Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 379.—MeErritu (J. C.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
i, 1878, 162 (Fort Brown, Texas).—Maynarp, Birds f. N. Am., 1879, 396.—
Roserts and BENNER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 18 (Grant Co., Minne-
sota, breeding; measurements, etc.).—Ripa@way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iil,
1880, 200 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 543).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rinaway,
Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 255.—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 18 (e. Colorado).—
AcErsBora, Auk, U, 1885, 286 (s. e. South Dakota).—BErteEpscu, Proc.
Zool, Soc. Lond., 1885, 119 (Santa Rosa, Ecuador).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO-
aists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 249; 3rd ed., 1910,
p. 118.—Evermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 91 (Ventura Co., California); v, 1888,
349 (Carroll Co., Indiana).—Srton, Auk, iii, 1886, 152 (near Winnipeg, and
plains of Souris River, Manitoba, summer resident).—Scorr, Auk, iii, 1886,
386 (San Pedro River, Arizona); vi, 1889, 157 (Gulf coast Florida); ix, 1892,
212 (Caloosahatchie River, Florida)—DutcueEr, Auk, iii, 1886, 436 (Long
Island records).—WeE tts, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 628 (Grenada).—
TownsEnpD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 198 (Humboldt Bay, California,
resident; breeding?).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 316 (West Indian localities and

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 187

records; descr., etc.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 237; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892,
93 (Cuba; Porto Rico; Grenada).—SErBoum, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887,
pp. xxvi, 388.—Brcxuam, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, Sept. 19, 1888, 642, 652
(Corpus Christi, Texas).—Satviy, Ibis, 1889, 379 (Cozumel Island).—THomp-
son, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 501 (Manitoba; habits, etc.).—
FisHer (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 23 (Morro Bay, California).—
Exuor, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 106, pl. 31—SuHarpr, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxiv, 1896, 388 (Cozumel Island; Chiapam, Guatemala; etc.), 756
(Hayes River, Hudson Bay; Iowa; California)—Cooxer, Birds Col., 1897, 66
(San Luis Lakes, Oct. 1,-1874).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, iii, 1903, 367 (Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Guanajuato;
Valley of Mexico; Merida and Cozumel Island, Yucatan; Belize, Brit.
Honduras; Chiapam, Guatemala; Cuba).—Harnaway, Auk, xxx, 1913, 551
(Sakonnet Point, Rhode Island, Sept. 7, 1908).—WermorE, Bull. 326, U.S.
Dept. Agric., 1916, 43 (Porto Rico; 1 record only).

L{imosa] fedoa Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 570.—GamBeEt, Journ. Ac. Sci. Phila.,
2d ser., i, 1849, 223 (Pacific coast United States, winter) —Purnam, Proc.
Essex Inst., i, 1856, 217 (Essex Co., Mass.).—Parker, Am. Nat., v, 1871,
169 (Poweshiek and Jasper counties, Ilowa).—Ripa@way, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
x, 1874, 385 (Illinois); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 163.

[Limosa] fedoa Gunpuacn, Journ. fur Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).—Gray, Hand-list,
iii, 1871, 43, no. 10263.—Cousrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 257.—SciaTEerR and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 146.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised
ed., 1886, 26.—SnHArpr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 159.—Forses and RosINnson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 70 (Hudson Bay; New York; Bermudas;
Belize, Brit.-Honduras).

Totanus fedoa Srenoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 158.

Limosa feda Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 543.—Covsrs, Check List,
2d ed., 1882, no. 628.—Br.pine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 529 (San
Quentin Bay, Lower California, May; breeding?).—Brown, (N. C.) Auk, ii,
1885, 385 (Portland, Maine, May, 1884).

L{imosa] feda Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 635.

[Scolopax] marmorata LatnHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 720 (Hudson Straits; based
on Marbled Godwit Latham, Synopsis Birds, Suppl., 245; Pennant, Arctic
Zool., suppl., 68).—Turrton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 401.

Limicula marmorata Viemuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 248; Gal. Ois.,
11,825, 115; pk 243:

Totanus marmoratus Vir1tLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 408 (Antilles;
North America).

Fedoa marmorata STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. i, 1824, 82.

Fedoa americana STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. i,1824, 71 (North America).

Liimosa adspersa NAUMANN, Vég. Deutschl., viii, 1836, 429 (Mexico; coll. Berlin
Museum).—REICHENBACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 76, fig. 573.

VETOLA LAPPONICA BAUERI (Naumann).
PACIFIC GODWIT.

Similar to V. lapponica lapponica® but coloration paler, the rump,
however, much darker (grayish brown or dusky predominating
instead of white); size averaging larger.

Adults vn summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, and under parts
cinnamon, or light cinnamon, the pileum, hindneck, and sides of neck

2 See p. 183.

188 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

streaked with dusky; back and scapulars dusky, irregularly spotted
with whitish and light cimnamon-rufous; rump grayish dusky, the
feathers margined with white; upper tail-coverts white, spotted with
dusky; tail brownish gray, irregularly barred and narrowly tipped
with white; wing-coverts light brownish gray, with dusky shaft-
streaks and whitish margins, the anterior lesser coverts darker and
more uniform in color; primaries and primary-coverts dusky, the
proximal primaries margined terminally with white; axillars and
under wing-coverts white, irregularly marked with brownish gray or
dusky.

Adults in winter.—Above plain brownish gray or grayish brown;
head, neck, and under parts dull whitish, the former streaked with
grayish brown, the chest and sides irregularly barred with grayish
brown; rump, remiges, tail, etc., as in summer plumage.

Young.—Above, including wing-coverts, light grayish buff, buffy
grayish, or pale clay color, coarsely and irregularly spotted with
dusky, chiefly along median portion of feathers, and showing as
shaft-streaks on wing-coverts; lower parts dull buffy whitish, shaded
on chest with deeper grayish buff; otherwise essentially as in winter
adults.

Adult male-—Wing, 218-235 (223.9); tail, 73-80 (77.7); exposed
culmen, 77—86.5 (80.3); tarsus, 49-53.5 (51.2); middle toe, 29-31.5
(30.2).4

Adult female.—Wing, 224-240 (232.5); tail, 77-83.5 (80.1); ex-
posed culmen, 87-114.5 (99.3); tarsus, 51-59 (55); middle toe,
29.5-33 (31.7).°

Breeding in eastern Siberia (Gichiga; Marcova; Nijni Kolymsk,
etc., and westward to Taimyr Peninsula), Kamchatka, and western
Alaska (Kowak Delta, Hotham Inlet, Kotzebue Sound, Lower
Yukon Valley, etc., to Unalaska); migrating southward through
Manchuria, Korea, China, Japan, Philippine Islands, Borneo, Ce-
lebes, and Oceania to Australia, New Hebrides, New Zealand, Nor-

« Ten specimens. 6 Seven specimens, from Alaska.
Ex- 7
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. uals
culmen. :
MALES,
Bight:adult malesfrom Alaska. ..21..¢octccetsec- emcee ett ee 224.6 | 781 80.7 51.2} 30.1
One adult male from Bering I., Kamchatka..................- 223 78 78 51 31
Oneadultmaletrommapans ssteees seat ca scons cress eee 219) "75 77 51.5 30.5
Three adult males of V. 1. lapponica (Europe)..-.....-....-..-- 211.5 76.3 77 49. 2 | 28.8
FEMALES,
Seven adult females from*Algskas sce... oe os ecm ence cseecewes 232.5 | 80.1 99.3 55 31.7
Onéadultfomale from Japan: 2212262621. .5fs sec elt 25 4...18 218 73 98 55 31
One.adult. female from Ching .d oceckcrcntorae 6 screw aretereie patelaierarors 202i 5 |g 106. Bie el aces 36. 5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 189

folk Island, Fiji Islands, and Samoan Islands; casual in Hawaiian
Islands (Kauai, one specimen; Laysan, several), and Lower Cali-
fornia; occasional or casual on Pribilof Islands and at Point Barrow,

Alaska.

Limosa barge, part, Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 180 (Kamchatka; Kuril
Islands).

Limosa baueri NAuMANN, V6g. Deutschl., viii, 1836, 429 (Australia; ex Natterer,
manuscript; no description, but not a nomen nudum, see Stejneger, Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 123).—Prtzetn, Wiener Sitzungs., xli, 1860,
326.—BuLLER, Birds New Zealand, 1873, 198.—Satvaporti, Ucc. Born.,
1874, 331; Orn. Papuasia, etc., 111, 1882, 329; Agg. Orn. Papuasia, etc., iii,
1891, 203.—Tristram, Ibis, 1876, 264 (New Hebrides); 1879, 44 (Solomon
Islands); 1882, 144 (San Cristobal, Solomon Islands).—Davin and OvusTater,
Ois. Chine, 1877, 459.—SuHarpr, Ibis, 1878, 419 (Sarawak, Borneo).—Ram-
say, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8S. W., vii, 1883, 41 (Solomon Islands).—Vor-
DERMAN, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind., xlvi, 1886, 22 (Borneo).—Gta@LiorI
and Satvapor!, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, 588 (Olga Bay, Korea).—
Maruews, Birds Australia, iii, 1913, pl. [148] facing p. 192.

[Limosa] baueri He1nr and RetcHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 326.

Limosa lapponica baueri StesNEGER, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 122
(Commander Islands, Kamchatka, May 10-Sept.; breeding?; synonymy,
crit., measurements, etc.); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 130 (Commander
Islands); xvi, 1893, 616 (Tokyo, Japan).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 250; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 119.—
Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 148 (St. Michaels, Alaska; Aleutian
Islands)—TownsENpD, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 100 (Port Clarence,
Aug. 29).—Nertson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 115 (St. Michaels, etc.;
habits).—TaczaNnowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 457 (Seoul, Korea,
Oct.); Mém. Acad. St. Petersb. (7), xxxix, 1893, 933 (eastern Siberia).—
Harrert, Kat. Vogelsamml. Mus. Senckenb., 1891, 223.—Enuior, N. Am.
Shore Birds, 1895, 108, pl. 32.—HENsHaw, Birds Hawaiian Is., 1902, 93
(Kauai, 1 spec.; Laysan, May, several).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
xxi, 1905, 240 (Gichiga and Marcova, n. e. Siberia, breeding).—CLarK
(A. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 154 (near Fusan, Korea, Oct.,
Nov.; Chemulpo, Sept.)—THAyErR and Banos, Proc. New Engl. Zool.
Club, v, 1914, 19( Nijni Kolymsk, etc., e. Siberia, May, June, July).—Brooxs
(W.8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 379 (Providence Bay, n. e. Si-
beria, June).—HeErsry, Smithson. Misc. Coll., xvi, no. 2, 1916, 25 (mouth
of Yukon River and northward to Nome, Alaska, breeding).

Lflimosa] lapponica bauert Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 163.—Bryan,
Key Birds Hawaiian Group, 1901, 28 (Kauai).

Vetola lapponica baueri MATHEWS, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 2, May 2, 1913, 192.

Limosa lapponica var. nove zealandix Gray, Voy. ‘Erebus’ and ‘Terror,’ Birds,
1846, 13 (New Zealand; coll. Brit. Mus.).

Liimosa] nove-zealandiz Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 570.

Limosa novae-zealandie RrIcHENBACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 127, figs. 2449,
2450.—Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 597.—Casstn, U. 8. Expl.
Exped. (Wilkes), Orn., 1858, 314 (Rose Id., Samoan Group).—Gray, Cat.
Birds Trop. Is., 1859, 50; Ibis, 1862, 326 (New Zealand).—Marie, Actes
Soc. Linn. Bord., xxvii, 1870, 328 (New Caledonia).—Hurron, Ibis, 1870,
398 (New Zealand).—Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1872, 213.—Frvscu,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 196 (New Zealand; crit.)—SHarpe, Voy. ‘Erebus’
and ‘Terror,’ Birds, 1875, App., p. 30.—Layarp (E. L. and L. C.), Ibis,

190 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1878, 262 (New Caledonia).—Lraer, Birds Ceylon, 1880, 833—HumE,
Stray Feath., ix, 1880, 118 (Singapore).—Layarp, Ibis, 1884, 123 (Norfolk
Island).—BuL.LErR, Birds New Zealand, 2nd ed., ii, 1888, 40.—WiaLEs-
worth, Abh. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91 (1891), 66 (Samoa; Tonga; Fiji; New
Hebrides; Loyalty Islands; New Caledonia; Carolines; Gilbert Island).—
Fores, Ibis, 1893, 529 (Chatham Island).

Limosa nove-zealandix? Marie, Ibis, 1877, 363 (New Caledonia).

LIimosa lapponica novx-zealandix Rivaway, Proc. U 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24,
1880, 200; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 544.—NeEtson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in
1881 (1883), 89 (Aleutian Islands; Bering Straits; St. Michaels).—Be.pine,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 545 (Cape San Lucas district, Lower Cali-
fornia).—McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘Corwin,’ 1884, 120 (Kowak Delta, Hotham
Inlet, and Kotzebue Sound, n. w. Alaska, breeding).—Barrp, Brewer, and
Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am, i, 1884, 258.—Murpoon, Rep. Internat. Polar
Exp. Point Barrow, 1885, i114 (Point Barrow, Alaska, not breeding).—SHarpr,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 755 (mouth of Amoor River; Yokohama;
Peel Is., Bonin group; Shanghai, etc.).

[Limosa lapponica] 8 nove-zealandix Bainp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds
N. Am., i, 1884, 254.

Limosa lapponica. .. var. nove-zelandix PALMEN, Vega-Exp., 1887, 302 (Bering I.).

[Limosa lapponica.| Subsp. a Limosa nove zealandix SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxiv, 1896, 377 (St. Michaels, Kotlik, and Unalaska, Alaska; etc.).

[Limosa] lapponica subsp. nove-zealandix Forbes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus., li, no. 2, 1899, 69 (Yokohama and Tokyo, Japan; Shanghai, China;
New Hebrides; New Zealand).

Limosa brevipes Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 95 (Australia; coll.
Brit. Mus.; nomen nudum!)

Limosa australasiana Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 96 (Australia;
coll. Brit. Mus.).

Inmosa foxii PeatE, Rep. U. 8. Expl. Exped., Birds, 1848, 231, pl. 65 (Rose
Island, Samoan group; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).—Harriaus, Archiv fiir
Naturg., 1852, 120.

Inmosa uropygialis Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1848, 38 (Australia; coll. J.
Gould); Birds Australia, vi, 1848, pl. 29 and text; Handb. Birds Australia,
il, 1865, 252.—ReicHEnBAcH, Vég. Neuholland, 1850, 196.—Maceruirvray,
Narrat. Voy. ‘Rattlesnake,’ ii, 1852, 358.—Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1858, 197 (Torres Straits, Australia); Cat. Mam. and Birds New Guinea, 1859,
62.—LAYARD, Ibis, 1863, 245 (New Zealand); 1876, 393 (Fiji Islands); 1877,
363 (New Caledonia); 1882, 534 (New Caledonia); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1875, 439 (Fiji Islands); 1876, 497 (Samoa), 503 (Friendly Islands).—Swin-
HOE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 312 (Amoy, s. China); Ibis, 1863, 409
(Formosa), 445 (n. Japan); 1870, 362 (Hainan); 18738, 368, 424 (Shanghai);
1875, 453 (Hakodate, Japan).—ScuHLecet, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolo-
paces), 1864, 25.—Finscu, New Guinea, 1865, 182; Journ. fiir Orn., 1870,
348 (New Zealand; crit.); 1872, 52 (Samoa), 173 (New Zealand); 1874, 196
(New Zealand); 1877, 775 (Eua, Friendly Islands); Ibis, 188, 540 (New Brit-
ain); Vég. der Stidsee, 1884, 5, 22 (New Britain)—Finscu and Harriavs,
Beitr. Faun. Centr.-Polyn., 1867, 177.—Daut and Bannister, Trans. Chi-
cago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 293 (mouth of Yukon River, etc.; St. Michaels).—
Bairp, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 320, pl. 32 (St. Michaels, etc.,
Alaska).—Marie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord., xxvii, 1870, 328; Ibis, 1877, 363
(New Caledonia).—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 423 (e. Siberia).—
Wawtpen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., viii, 1872, 97 (Celebes).—DrussEr,
Birds Europe, vili, 1872, 213.—Uurron, Ibis, 1872, 246 (Chatham Islands).—

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 191

Cougs, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 419; Check List, 1873, no. 430; 2nd ed., 1882,
no. 631; in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 187 (Pribilof Islands, not breed-
ing).—Daut, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 28 (Akutan Pass, near Unalaska,
June 2); v, 1874, 275 (Unalaska, June 9).—Ramsay, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1877, 338 (Herbert River, Queensland); Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., vii, 1883,
41 (Solomon Islands), 88 (Lord Howe Island); x, 1886, 255 (Claremont Island);
Tab. List Austral. Birds, 1888, 20.—Masrers, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., i,
1877, 60 (Cape York; Bet Island).—BLaxkiston and Prysr, Ibis, 1878, 220
(Yokohama and Yezo, Japan).—Layarp (E. L. and L. C.), Ibis, 1878, 262
(New Caledonia); 1880, 232 (Loyalty Islands)); 1882, 534, 544 (New Caledonia).
—RosEeNnBERG, Malay Archipel., 1878, 278 (Celebes), 373 (Aru), 563 (New
Guinea).—E.uorr, Mon. Pribylov Group, 1882, 130 (straggler)—HarrLaus,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 279 (Yukon River).—BoGpanow, Consp. Av. Imp.
Ross., 1884, 87, part (Bering Island).—Everett, Journ. Straits Branch Asiat.
Soc., 1889, 209 (Sarawak; Labuan).—ErHerinGe, Lord Howe Island, 1889,
17.—Sryan, Ibis, 1891, 331 (Lower Yangste River, China, migrant), 500
(Shanghai).—Dre ta Toucue, Ibis, 1892, 500 (Swatow, China, Jan.).—
Rickert, Ibis, 1894, 225 (Foochow, China).—MrEyER and WIGLESWworRTH,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1894, 252 (Talaut Islands).

[Limosa] uropygialis Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 43, no. 10261.—Covurs, Key N.
Am. Birds, 1872, 258.

L{imosa] uropygialis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 636.

Limosa rufa... var. uropygialis Rinaway, Am. Nat., viii, Feb., 1874, 110 (crit...

Limosa rufa uropygialis TaczaNnowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x, 1885, 475
(Sidemi).—SrrBoum, Geog. Distr. Charadriidee, 1887, 26, 387; Ibis, 1888,
348 (Great Liakoff Island, Siberia).

Limosa uropigialis BLAKISTON and Pryer, Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, vili, 1880, 194.

Limosa rufa (not of Temminck, 1820) Temmrinck and ScHLeGEL, Fauna Japonica,
1850, 114.—MippEnporr?, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 217 (Taimyr River, 74°
N. lat.).—Srrsoum, Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 329.—Scuatow, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1891, 261 (Siberia; Kamchatka; Kuril Islands; etc.).

Limosa lapponica (not Scolopax lapponica Linnezus) Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1858, 196 (Hakodate, Japan).—Swinuog, Ibis, 1863, 91 (Peking).—
TWEEDDALE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 711 (North Bohol).—Braxiston,
Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 11.—Srerre, List Birds and Mam. Philip-
pine Exped., 1890, 26 (Negros).

Inmosa lapponica, var. GRAY, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 364 (East Gilolo).

Limosa lapponica seu rufa SwinHoek, Ibis, 1861, 410 (Amoy).

Gallinago punctata Ettman, Zoologist, 1861, 7470 (New Zealand).

VETOLA H2MASTICA (Linnzus).
HUDSONIAN GODWIT.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head and neck pale dull buff or
cinmnamon-buff to dull buffy whitish, streaked with dusky, the streaks
broadest and most distinct on pileum, the chin, extreme upper throat
and a broad supraloral stripe immaculate or minutely streaked;
scapulars and interscapulars sooty black or dark fuscous, irregularly
spotted or barred, mostly along edges, with pale brownish buffy or
cinnamomeous; wing-coverts plain grayish brown, darker on lesser
coverts, the distal greater coverts broadly tipped with white, the
posterior or proximal middle coyverts sometimes more or less
spotted with buffy or cinnamomeous; secondaries and proximal pri-

192 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

maries dusky grayish brown, the latter abruptly white basally; shafts
of primaries white, except terminally; primary coverts and distal
primaries darker grayish brown or fuscous, the proximal coverts
tipped with white; tertials dusky grayish brown to fuscous-black,
irregularly edged with bufly or cinnamomeous, sometimes indistinctly
spotted with grayish brown; lower back and rump plain dusky grayish
brown or fuscous; anterior upper tail coverts, abruptly, white (usually
immaculate), the posterior (longer) ones sooty black; tail sooty black
or fuscous-black, margined terminally with white, abruptly white
basally (except on middle rectrices), the white increasing in extent
to the outermost rectrix, on which it occupies more than the basal half;
under parts of body light russet or mikado brown, irregularly barred
with dusky (the bars narrower and less distinct on median portions,
broader and more nearly black on sides and flanks), some of the
feathers, usually, narrowly tipped with white; anal region and under
tail-coverts mixed white and light russet, barred with dusky, the bars
broader on longer under tail-coverts; axillars uniform dark sooty
brown or fuscous, the under wing-coverts similar but those along edge
of wing margined with white and the outer webs of greater coverts
white; bill dull yellowish (in life), darker on culmen, blackish termi-
nally; iris dark brown; legs and feet dusky (ight bluish gray in life).

Adults in winter—Back and scapulars plain brownish gray or
grayish brown, like wing-coverts; head and neck paler brownish gray,
sometimes suffused with buffy whitish; under parts dull whitish or
pale grayish buffy, shaded with brownish gray anteriorly; otherwise
as in summer plumage.

Young.—Back and scapulars dull brownish gray or grayish brown,
the feathers margined terminally with buffy and with a submarginal
crescent of dusky; under parts pale dull grayish buffy, the chest more
grayish, the abdomen more whitish; otherwise much like winter
adults.

Adult male.—Wing, 196-210.5 (203.5); tail, 72-76 (74); exposed
culmen, 69-92 (76.7); tarsus, 54-62 (57.5); middle toe, 31-85 (32.5).¢

Adult female-—Wing, 203-222 (212.9); tail, 73.5-82 (77.9); ex-
posed culmen, 67-88 (79.5); tarsus, 55-59.5 (58.1); middle toe,
31-32 (81.7) .¢

a Four specimens.

Some of the specimens measured doubtless have the sex incorrectly determined.
Fourteen males and four females measured (before skinning) by Mr. G. 8. Agersborg
(see Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 60) show a decided sexual difference in size, the
measurements (converted from inches and hundredths to millimeters) being as follows:—

Males.—Length, 355.6-381 (average, 371.8); extent of wings, 622.3-660.4 (639.3);
tail, 76.2-88.9 (82); bill [exposed culmen?], 71.1-81.3 (74.9); tarsus, 55.9-59.7 (57.1);
weight, 74-8 ounces.

Females.—Length, 393.7-419.1 (407.9); extent of wings (one specimen only), 673.1;
tail, 81.3-88.9 (85.3); bill [exposed culmen?], 86.4-90.2 (87.4); tarsus, 62.2-64.8 (63.2);
weight, 9-94 ounces.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 193

Breeding on barren grounds or tundra of arctic North America,
chiefly from lower Anderson River Valley, Mackenzie, to central Kee-
watin (but probably also in parts of Yukon Valley and on east side
of Hudson Bay north to Hudson Strait), northward, at least casually,
to Cumberland Sound (Cape Edwards), west to Port Clarence, Alaska;
migrating southward over eastern North America (usually in autumn
along Atlantic Coast, in spring through Mississippi Valley), to southern
South America as far as Falkland Islands (Mare Harbor; Port
Louis; San Salvador Bay), Straits of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego,
Patagonia (Chubut and Port Desire), and Chile (Valparaiso; Anctd;
Chiloe Island); no record for Mexico nor Central America, few for
northern South America (Laguna de Valéncia, Venezuela; Trinidad),
and in West Indies only Cuba, Guadeloupe, and Barbados; accidental
in Bermudas (one specimen, 1875).

[Scolopaz] hemastica Linnxvs, Syst. Nat.,ed.10, i, 1758, 147 (Hudson Bay; based
on Red-breasted Godwit, Fedoa americana pectore rufa Edwards, Nat. Hist.
Birds, pl. 188).

Limosa hemastica Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 760 (in index); Bull. U.S.
Geol, and Geog, Sury. Terr., iv, 1878, 641 (Milk River, Montana); Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, v. 1880, 59 (Vermilion, South Dakota; measurements); Check List,
2nd ed., 1882, no. 629.—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 200 (Cat. N.
Am, Birds, no. 545); Nom. N. Am, Birds, 1881, no. 545.—NELsoN, Cruise
‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 89 (mouth of Yukon River, 2 specs.); Rep. N. H.
Coll. Alaska, 1887, 117 (Nulato, June; Fort Yukon, migrant; Chilcat; Fort
Kenai).—Srrarns, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1888, 119 (Old Fort Island,
Labrador).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884,
260.—AqrErsBorG, Auk, ii, 1885,, 286 (s. e. South Dakota).—Turner, Proc,
U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 247 (Rupert House).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO-
aists’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 251; 3rd ed., 1910, p.
119.—Seron, Auk, iii, 1886, 152 (Manitoba).—Durcuer, Auk, iii, 1886, 437
(Long Island records).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 316 (West Indian localities and
references; descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 237; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892,
93°(Cuba).—Scrater and Hupson, Argentine Orn., ii, 1889, 191.—Cant-
WELL, Auk, vi, 1889, 340 (Minnesota).—FEILDEN, Ibis, 1889, 495 (Barbados;
habits).—Crarke (W, E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 321 (Fort Churchill, Keewatin,—
Tuompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 502 (Manitoba, migrant).—
MacrartaNne, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 428 (lower Anderson River,
Mackenzie).—Ho.ianp, Ibis, 1892, 212 (Estancia Espartillo, Argentina;
habits).—Cuapman, Bull. Am, Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 77 (Trinidad).—Baae,
Auk, xi, 1894, 163 (Oneida Co., New York).—TrowsripeGE, Ibis, 1894, 449
(flexibility of upper mandible).—Etiior, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 112, pl.
33.—Ho.tmBera, Segundo censo Argent., i, 1898, 569.—TaveRNER, Auk, xxiii,
1906, 335 (Point Pelee, Ontario, May 13).—Fay, Auk, xxviii, 1904, 257 (coast
Massachusetts; large flight Aug. and Sept., 1910).

L{imosa] hemastica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 635.—Ripeway,
Man. N. Am, Birds, 1887, 164.

[Limosa] hemastica Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 26 (Cuba).

Limosa haemastica Berterscu, Journ, fiir Orn., 1887, 126 (Paraguay).—KoeEnIes-
WALD, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 395 (Sio Paulo, s. Brazil) —DasBene, Om.

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8 14

194 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Argentina, 1910, 218 (Chubut, Patagonia; Tierra del Fuego; Malvinas, Buenos
Aires).—Berrron1, Faun. Parag., 1914, 38.

(?) [Scolopaz] alba Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 247 (Hudson Bay; based
on White Godwit from Hudsons Bay, Fedoa canadensis rostro sursum recurvo,
Edwards, Nat. Hist., pl. 139, upper fig.; Limosa candida Brisson, Orn., v. 290;
etc!)

(?) [Recurvirostra] alba LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 787.

(?) L[imosa] alba Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 570.

(?) [Scolopar] candida Linnasus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 247 (North America;
founded on Totanus canadensis Edwards and Totanus candidus Brisson).—
‘GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 668.—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 722.—
TurTON, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 401.

(?) Totanus candidus Viettor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 398.

Scolopax . . . lapponica (not of Linnzeus) Forster, Philos. Trans., lxii, 1772,
411 (Churchill River, Keewatin),

[Scolopaz] lapponica Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 400, part.

[Scolopaz lapponica] 8 GmExin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 667 (America and Europe
to the Caspian Sea).

[Scolopax] hudsonica Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 720 (Hudson Straits; based on
Hudsonian Godwit Latham, Synopsis Birds, Suppl., i, 1787, 246; Pennant,
Arctic Zool., Suppl., 1787, 68).—Turron, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 402.

Limicula hudsonica Vie1tz0ot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iti, 1816, 250.

Fedoa hudsonica SterHeNs, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., x, 1824, 81.

Limosa hudsonica Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 396 (Fort William,
w. Ontario; fort Franklin, Mackenzie).—NuttTatt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and
Can., Water Birds, 1834, 175.—AupuBON, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 426, pl. 258;
v, 1839, 592; Synopsis, 1839, 247; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 335, pl. 349.—
Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 52.—Prasopy, Rep. Orn. Mass.,
1839, 371.—Goutp, Voy. ‘Beagle,’ Birds, 1841, 129 (Falkland Islands;
Chiloe).—Giraup, Birds Long Is., 1844, 260.—Gay, Faun. Chil., Zool., i,
1847, 420.—RerIcHenBacn, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 358, figs. 2818, 2814.—
LeMBEYE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, Suppl., 1850, 125.—Casanis, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1856, 350 (Cuba).—Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix,
1858, 741.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 548.—Wrtuis, An. Rep.
Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 289 (Nova Scotia).—Sciarer, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1860, 387 (Falkland Islands; Straits Magellan); 1867, 339(Chile).— |
Axssortt, Ibis, 1861, 156 (Mare Harbor and Port Louis, Falkland Islands).—
Gunb.wacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 84 (Cuba; crit.); 1875, 320 (Cuba); Repert. -
Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 353.—Boarpman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix,
1862, 129 (Calais, Maine).—VeERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 158 (Oxford
Co., Maine).—B.axiston, Ibis, 1863, 134 (Hudson Bay; Mackenzie River).—
ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 87 (Springfield, Massachusetts).—
ScutecEen, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 22 (Mexico; Falk-
land Islands).—PrLzeun, Reis. ‘Novara,’ Vég., 1865, 128 (Chiloe); Orn.
Bras., 1870, 308, 457.—McI.wrairn, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 93 (Hamilton,
Ontario).—Ltoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 447.—Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., xii, 1868, 123 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 296 (New
England records); Check List, 1873, no. 429; Birds Northwest, 1874, 494.—
Dart and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 293 (mouth of Yukon
River).—TuRNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 41 (Phila. ed., 32).—
Scrarer and Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 252 (Lake Valencia,
Venezuela) ; [bis, 1870, 500 (Ancud, Chile; Chiloe); 1873, 456 (Straits Magellan;
Falkland Islands).—CuNNINGHAM, Ibis, 1870, 500 (Ancud, Chile; Chiloe,
Nov.).—Purpin, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 693 (Massachusetts)—BREWER,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 446 (New England); Bull. Nutt. Orn.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 195

Club, iv, 1879, 64 (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Nov. 2, 1878).—Rein, Zoologist,
1877, 477 (Bermudas); Bull. U. §. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 237 (Bermudas, 1
spec., 1875).—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1877, 43 (Chuput Valley, Patagonia), 200
(Buenos Aires).—Ernst, Flor. y Faun. Venezuela, 1877, 212.—Apams, Ibis,
1878, 439 (St. Michaels and Port Clarence, Alaska) —LAWRENCE, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 450 (Guadeloupe).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am.,
1879, 396.—Kumtien, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 87 (Cape Edwards,
Cumberland Sound, Sept.).—Wuure, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 42 (Buenos
Aires).—Hartiavus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 297 (Chilcoot River, Alaska).—
MACFARLANE, Ibis, 1887, 204 (St. Nicholas Bay).—Srrsoum, Geog. Distr.
Charadriidee, 1889, pp. xxvi, 392.—Ousratet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois.,
1891, 291.—James, New List Chilean Birds, 1892, 12.—SuHarpr, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 388 (Laguna de Valencia, Venezuela; La Plata,
Argentina; Chuput, Patagonia; Falkland Islands; Straits Magellan, etc.),
756 (Port Desire, Patagonia, etc.).—Scuatow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. iv, Heft
3, 1899, 432 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil).—Granrt (C. H. B.), Ibis, 1911, 470 (Los
Ynglesas and Puerto San Antonio, Argentina, Nov., Dec.).

L{imosa] hudsonica Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 570.—Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst.,
i, 1856, 217 (Essex Co., Mass.).—Ripeaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 385
(Illinois).

[Limosa] hudsonica GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).—Gray, Hand-
list, iii, 1871, 43, no. 10264.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 258.—ScLaTER
and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 146.—SuHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 159.—
ForsBes and Rosrinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 69 (Mexico;
Bolivia; Valparaiso, Chile).

Limosa hudsonica? Goud, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 96 (Falkland Islands).

Limosa hudsonica Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1843, 118 (Chile).

[Limosa] hudsonicus LAwRENCcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 294 (vicinity New
York City).

Totanus hudsonicus SrEBoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iti, 1885, 163.

[?] Limosa edwardsit RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 398 (Hudson Bay;
based on White Godwit from Hudson Bay, Fedoa canadensis rostro sursum
recurvo Edwards, Nat. Hist., p.. 139, posterior fig.)—Nutratt, Man. Orn.
U. §. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 179.

Limosa melanura (not of Leisler) Sanne, in Franklin’s Journ. Polar Sea, i, 1823,
689.—BoNAPARTE, Specc. Comp., 1824, no. 204. :
Limosa xgocephala (not Scolopax xgocephala Linneeus) Bonaparte, Ann. Lye.

N. Y., ii, 1828, 327.

Limosa australis Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 95 (San Salvador
Bay, East Falkland Islands).

(?)Scolopax leucophea Virruot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 248, 358
(New York).

(?) Totanus leucopheus Virm.oT, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 407 (Hudson
Bay to Mexico).

Genus LIMNODROMUS Maximilian.

Macrorhamphus Forster, (not of G. Fischer, 1813), Synopt. Cat. Brit. Birds,
1817, 22. (Type, by monotypy, Scolopax grisea Gmelin.)

Macroramphus (emendation) Bonapartr, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 52.
Limnodromus MaximiutaAn, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, Abth. 2, 1833, 716. (Type,
by monotypy, Scolopax noveboracensis Gmelin=Scolopax grisea Gmelin.)
Lymnodromus (emendation) BonApartsE, Fauna Ital. Ucc., i, fasc. xxv (1832-41)

(in text to Gallinago brehmi).
Longirostris 8. D. W., Analyst, iv, no. xv, April 1, 1836, 119. (New name for
Macrorhamphus ‘‘ Leach.’’)

196 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Rather large, snipe-like Eroline (?) (wing 135-150 mm.) with
bill at least two-fifths (sometimes half) as long as wing, with the
slightly expanded and punctulate terminal portion occupying one-
third or more of its total length; tarsus less than twice as long as
middle toe without claw, and without web at base of inner inter-
digital space.

Bill two-fifths to one-half as long as wing, straight, compressed
for proximal two-thirds, the terminal third slightly but distinctly ex-
panded, depressed, and minutely punctulate; culmen ascending ba-
saily, the base of bill much higher than wide; nostril sub-basal, small,
longitudinally elliptical or linear; nasal groove extending to near
middle of expanded terminal portion of maxilla; latero-frontal antia
forming a straight, sometimes oblique, vertical line from base of
culmen to rictus, the malar antia sometimes a continuation of the
same line but usually forming a more or less convex or obtuse
angular projection, the mental antia more or less (never very much)
anterior to the malar antia. Wing moderate, pointed, the longest
primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by about half the
length of wing; tertials elongated, tapering distally but rounded at
tips, the longest falling decidedly short of tip of longest primary.
Tail between one-third and two-fifths as long as wing, very slightly
rounded; rectrices, 12. Tarsus much shorter than exposed culmen,
one-fourth as long as wing or very slightly less, transversely scutellate
anteriorly and posteriorly, but scutella of planta tarsi much smaller
than those of acrotarsium; bare portion of tibia decidedly shorter
than middle toe without claw, with transverse scutella distinct only
on lower portion, both before and behind; middle toe about three-
fourths as long as tarsus, the outer and inner toes, successively, de-
cidedly shorter; hallux small and slender, shorter than basal pha-
lanx’ of middle toe; claws rather small, moderately curved, sharp;
basal phalanges of outer and middle toe connected for about half
the length of the former, the space between inner and middle toe
entirely without web.

Coloration.—Lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail white,
the first often immaculate, the rump spotted, the upper tail-coverts
and tail barred with blackish; axillars and under wing-coverts white
with V-shaped bars of dusky; summer adults with under parts
mostly dull light pinkish cinnamon, more or less spotted or barred
with dusky, the back, scapulars, etc., variegated with black and pale
cinnamomeous; winter plumage nearly plain brownish gray above,
plain white and pale gray beneath.

Range.—Northern North America, migrating to Middle and South
America. (Monotypic.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 197

LIMNODROMUS GRISEUS GRISEUS (Gmelin).

DOWITCHER.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—General color of upper
parts dull light pinkish cinnamon to vinaceous-buff, the pileum,
hindneck and interscapulars streaked with black (the black streaks
very broad on back), the scapulars irregularly spotted with black,.
or black margined terminally and barred with the lighter color;
anterior lesser wing-coverts dusky grayish brown, narrowly mar-
gined with paler; middle coverts black centrally, irregularly mar-
gined with pale dull pinkish cinnamon or vinaceous-buff; greater
coverts grayish brown (more or less deep), edged and tipped with
white, the secondaries similar but with white tip and edging broader
and with a white streak on outer web near shaft; tertials black, ir-
regularly barred and edged with light cinnamomeous; primary coverts
and primaries dusky, the proximal primaries light brownish gray,
margined with white and with an irregular dusky submarginal line;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, the first often im-
maculate, the rump spotted with blackish (the spots usually more
or less cordate), the upper tail-coverts barred with the same; tail
regularly barred with white and dusky or blackish, the bars and
interspaces of approximately equal width, the middle rectrices some-
times tinged with cinnamomeous; sides of head (including broad
superciliary stripe) and neck, and under parts dull light pinkish
cinnamon, usually more or less intermixed with white on under
parts, especially on abdominal region, more or less spotted or speckled
with dusky, the sides and flanks barred or transversely spotted with
the same, the subloral and suborbital regions streaked or flecked
with the same; lores thickly flecked with dusky, forming a broad
(sometimes nearly ‘‘solid’’) stripe from bill to eye, and upper margin
of auricular region streaked with dusky; axillars and under wing-
coverts white, the former with V-shaped bars, the latter with in-
versely V- or U-shaped markings of dusky; inner webs of primaries
plain brownish gray, indistinctly paler along edges; bill blackish,
passing into olivaceous basally (in life); iris dark brown; legs and
feet light yellowish olive or greenish olive (in life).

Adults in winter —Head, neck, back, scapulars, and wing-coverts
nearly plain gray, the chest and sides also gray, more or less inter-
mixed with white, the remaining under parts mostly immaculate
white; an indistinct whitish superciliary stripe; wing-coverts mar-
gined with whitish; otherwise as in summer adults.

Young.—Back, scapulars, and tertials variegated with black and
light clay color, the latter chiefly on edges of the feathers; under parts
dull whitish, more or less suffused with dull buff or pale clay color,

198 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

especially on chest, which, together with sides, is usually more or less
speckled with dusky; otherwise much like winter adults.

Adult male—Wing, 135-149 (141); tail, 53-58.5 (54.6); exposed
culmen, 51-59.5 (55.3); tarsus, 30-36.5 (38.5); middle toe, 23-27
(Zar ce

Adult female.—Wing, 138.5-148 (142.9); tail, 52-57 (54.5); ex-
posed culmen, 55.5-62 (59.4); tarsus, 31-36 (33.3); middle toe, 23-27
(25.4).°

Eastern North America, West Indies, and northeastern South
America; breeding far northward, probably in Ungava and northern
Labrador (possibly western side of Hudson Bay also); migrating
southward along Atlantic coast. (more rarely through Mississippi
Valley), and wintering in southern Florida, West Indies (Bahamas;
Cuba: Jamaica; Sombrero; Guadeloupe; Barbados; Grenada), Trini-
dad, British Guiana, and Brazil (Cujutuba; Para; Bahia); occasional
in British Islands (15 records), and France (2 records); casual in
Greenland, Alaska (Nushagak), and northern Idaho (Fort Sherman).¢

[Scolopaz] grisea GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1789, 656 (coast of New York; based
on Brown Snipe Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 464; Latham, Synopsis Birds, v.
154).—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 724.—Turton, Syst. Nat., 1, 1806, 395.

Scolopax grisea VreitLtot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 357.—TEemmMINcxK,
Man. d’Orn., ii, 1820, 679; iv, 1840, 4837.—BonaparteE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., v. 1825, 81; Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [163]; Ann. Lyc.
N. Y:,. ii, 1827,. 330; Am. Orn., iv, 1832, 51, pl. 23—Fox, Newc. Mus.,
1827, 371.—FLemine, Brit. Anim., 1828, 106—Nurratu, Man. Orn. U. 8.
and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 181—AupuBon, Birds Am., fol. ed., iv, 1838,
pl. 399.—Prapopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 371.—YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds,
li, 1843, 621—ScuHiEceL, Rev. Crit., 1844, 86—DrENnny, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1847, 39.—Hartrina, Birds Middlesex, 1866, 195.

Totanus griseus (not of Bechstein, 1809) Viemuiot, Nouv. Dist. d’Hist. Nat.,
vi, 1816, 406 (environs of New York City).

Macrorhamphus griscus Lracu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 31.—
StrrHENns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, 1824, 61, pl. 9—Jarping, ed. Wilson’s
Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 337; Contr. Orn., 1849, 84 (Bermudas, common).—Bona-
PARTE, Am. Orn., iv, 1832, 51, pl. 23; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 52.—
Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 207.—Goutp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837,
pl. 323 and text; Birds Great Brit., iv, 1872, pl. 76 and text.—MacaiLLivray,
Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 100; Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 275.—Gray, List
Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 109 (Devonshire, England); List Brit. Birds,
1863, 172.—YaRRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, 2nd ed., ili, 1845, 43; 3rd ed.,
iii, 1856, 46.—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 10 (Bermudas, Aug.,
Oct.).—REICHENBACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 356, figs. 2793-2795.—BRrEWER,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1854, 326 (acc. in Europe); xvii, 1875, 445 (New

a Eleven specimens.

b Ten specimens.

¢ Without examination of specimens it is impossible to tell whether records for the
Gulf and Caribbean coasts of Mexico and Central America, as well as certain ones
or localities in the interior of the continent, are referable to this form or to L. g.
fscolopaceus. These doubtful records have been placed where they seem most prob-
ably to belong, but are distinguished by the interrogation mark in each instance.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 199

England).—Rerinnarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 441 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861,
11 (Fiskenaesset, Greenland, 1 spec.).—CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 350
(Cuba).—HapFIELD, Zoologist, xiv, 1856, 5251 (Isle of Wight).—KNrEELAND,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 238 (Keweenaw Point, Mich.).—Cassin,
in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 712.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 524; Ibis, 1867, 285 (England).—Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859,
219 (Berinudas).—LawreEnce, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 479 (Lion Hill,
Panama); viii, 1864, 100 (Sombrero); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 451
(Guadeloupe).—ALBrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 214 (Cuba).—Cousgs, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 229 (Labrador); 1871, 30 (Fort Macon, North
Carolina); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South Carolina); Proc.
Essex Inst., v, 1868, 293 (New England); Check List, 1873, no. 415; 2nd ed.,
1882, no. 609; Birds Northwest, 1874, 476, part (in synonymy).—GUNDLACH.
Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 85 (Cuba; crit.); 1875, 322 (Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat.,
Cuba, i, 1866, 353.—BoarpMan, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 128 (Calais,
Maine).—VERRUL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 158 (Oxford Co., Maine).—
ScuiaTeR, Ibis, 1862, 277 (Europe).—ALLEeNn, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 86
(Massachusetts)—McItwrairy, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 92 (Hamilton,
Ontario).—Ltoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 482 (Aug. to Oct.).—TUuRNBULL,
Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 39 (Phila. ed., 30).—F ranrzrus, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1869, 377 (Costa Rica).—Strvenson, Birds Norfolk, ii, 1870, 348.—
PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 313, 458 (Cajutuba)—Nrwron, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1871, 56 (descr. egg).—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 314.—
Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 144 (15 British records).—ScnaTer and
Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 455 (Neotropical range).—Rri, Zoo-
logist, 1877, 476 (Bermudas); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 233 (Ber-
mudas, several records).—DressEr, Birds Europe, vili, 1878, 187, pl. 571.—
MeErRILL, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 161 (Fort Brown, Texas).—May-
NARD, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 376.—Da.enetsn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v,
1880, 145 (15 British, 2 French records).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
iii, 1880, 199 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 527); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.
527.—STEARNS, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 119 (Labrador).—BririsH
ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 177.—Saunprrs, ed.
Yarrrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 357; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 561, 736.—
TuRNER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 246 (Fort Chimo, Ungava; Davis
Straits)—Satvin, Ibis, 1886, 179 (Brit. Guiana) —AmERICAN ORNITHOLO-
aists’ Union, Check List, 1886 and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 231.—Harvir-Brown
and Bucxiey, Vertebr. Fauna Caithness, 1887, 224; Vertebr. Fauna Outer
Hebrides, 1888, 136; Vertebr. Fauna Argyll, 1892, 177.—Cory, Auk, iv,
1887, 312 (West Indian localities and references); Birds West Ind., 1889,
233; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 92 (New Providence, Bahamas; Jamaica).—
Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 156 (Tarpon Springs, Florida); ix, 1892, 13 (Jamaica).—
FELDEN, Ibis, 1889, 492 (Barbados).—WarrEN, Birds Penn., 1890, 82.—
CuaRKE (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 321 (Fort Churchill, Keewatin).—Hami-
TON, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, 627 (Argyllshire, Scotland).—MacrnHer-
son, Vertebr. Fauna Lakeland, 1892, 378.—Fre.tp, Auk, xi, 1894, 122 (Port
Henderson, Jamaica, small flocks, Aug. 2).—Exutor, N. Am. Shore Birds,
1895, 55, pl. 12.—Poyntine, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. ii, 1895, 123, pl. 27
(eggs). —Wooprurr, Auk, xiii, 1896, 180 (Cook Co., Illinois, July, Aug.,
also May 6).—SHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 394, 757, part.—
Burier, Auk, xiv, 1897, 199 (Liverpool, Indiana, Sept. 9, 1892).—Mrrriti
(J. C.), Auk, xiv, 1897, 351 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, Sept. 12, 5 specs.).—
Howe, Auk, xviii, 1901, 158 (geog. range, descr., etc.).—SALvIN and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 368, part.

200 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[ Macrorhamphus] griseus GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).—Gray,
Hand-list, iii, 1871, 51, no. 10325.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 253,
part.—SciaTEer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 145, part.—D’Hamon-
VILLE, Cat. Ois Eur., 1876, 50.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed.,
1886, 26.—SHarRPE, Hand-list, 1, 1899, 159, part—ForBres and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., 11, pt. 2, 1899, 70.

M{acrorhamphus] griseus KEysERLING and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixxv,
213.—Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 582.—CasBants, in Schomburgk’s Reis.
Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 758 —Parxrr, Am. Nat., v, 1871, 169 (Clinton Co..
Iowa).—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 383 (Illinois); Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, 151.—Nrewton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 116.—
Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 622.

Macrorhamph[us] griseus GuNpDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 293 (Cuba).

Macroramphus griseus YARRELL, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836, 1 (England).—
BoNnAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 52—LawreEnce, Ann. Lyc.N.Y.,
vii, 1860, 273 (Cuba); viii, 1866, 293 (vicinity New York City).—DraLanp
and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 174.

Scolopax (Macrorhamphus) grisea BONAPARTE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 330.

Limnodromus griseus LEMBEYE, Aves de la Isla de- Cuba, 1840, 91.

Limosa grisea SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 26.

Macrorhamphus griseus, a. var. griseus Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orv. Club, v, July,
1880, 158 (synonymy).

[ Macrorhamphus griseus.] Var. griseus Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880,
160.

Masrorhamphus griseus, «. griseus BAIRD, BrEwrER, and Rrpeway, Water Birds
N. Am., i, 1884, 196.

[ Macrorhamphus griseus] a. griseus BarrD, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Water Birds
N. Am., i, 1884, 195 (diagnosis).

Macrorhamptus griseus PELZELN, Orv. Bras., 1870, 313 (Para).

Macrorhamphus griseus griseus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List,
8rd ed., 1910, 111.—Brooxs and Coss, Auk, xxix, 1912, 400.

Ereunetes griseus SEeBOuM, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 168, pl. 68 (eggs); Geog.
Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxiv, 396.

(?) [Scolopax] cayennensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1789, 661 (‘‘Cayenna’’)
based on Cayenne Snipe Latham, Syn., iii, i, 134).

[Scolopax] noveboracensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. il, 1789, 658 (New York;
based on Red-breasted Snipe Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 464; Latham, Gen.
Synop. Birds, v, 154).—LatHam, Index Orn., li, 1790, 723.—Turton, Syst.
Nat., i, 1806, 395.

Scolopax noveboracensis MontaGcu, Trans. Linn. Soc., ix, 1808, 198 (England).—
Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 45, pl. 58, fig. 1—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iv,
1838, 285, pl. 335; Synopsis, 1839, 249; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vi, 1843,10, pl. 351.—
GirauD, Birds Long Is., 1844, 263.—Prarren, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc.,
1855, 608 (Illinois).—Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 218 (Massachusetts).—
Wiuis, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 285 (Nova Scotia).—BLAnpD,
An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).

S{colopax] noveboracensis BONAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 80
(crit.); Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [162].

[ Tringa] noveboracensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 673 (New York; cites
Arctic Zool., 2, p. 474, no. 387; Latham, Synopsis, ili, i, p. 180, no. 25).—
LATHAM, Jndex Orn., ii, 1790, 735.—Turrton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 405.

Scolopax novoboracensis SWAINSON and RicHarpDsoN, Fauna Bor.-Am., li, 1831,
398, part.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 201

A[scolopax| novaeboracensis MAxim1Li1ANn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 93 (Missouri).
Totanus noveboracensis SABINE, in Franklin’s Journ. Polar Sea, 1823, 687.
Limnodromus noveboracensis MAXIMILIAN, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1832, 717.
Macrorhamphus noveboracensis LicHTENSTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 93.
[Scolopax] nutans GmeEuin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1789, 659 (Chateaux Bay, coast
Labrador; based on Nodding snipe Pennant, Arctic Zool., 1i 465; young).

Scolopax leucophxa (not of Latham) Vreriot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iii, 1816,
358 (North America; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.); Gal. Ois., ii, 1825, 110, pl.
241.

Totanus ferrugineicollis Vir1tLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 401 (New
York; new name for Scolopax noveboracensis GMELIN); Tabl. Enc. Méth., 111,
1823, 1099.

Scolopax paykullii Nuusson, Orn. Suecica, ii, 1821, 106, pl. 11 (Lappland).—Ricu-
ARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 398, footnote (crit.).

Macrorhamphus punctatus Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 556 (New York; north
Europe in migration).

LIMNODROMUS GRISEUS SCOLOPACEUS (Say).

LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER.

Similar in coloration to L. griseus griseus but larger, with decidedly
longer bill, tarsi, and toes, the summer adults with cinnamon color of
under parts deeper and much more uniform, covering abdomen, and
sides distinctly barred with dusky.

Downy young.—Pileum (except laterally) very dark burnt-umber
brown margined laterally by asuperciliary stripe of pale dull buffy, this
much broader and more decidedly buffy anteriorly ; beneath the latter
a blackish brown loral streak, extending from rictus to anterior angle
of eye and a broader postocular streak of clear burnt umber or dark
brown; auricular region pale buffy with a narrow longitudinal blackish
line across middle portion; general color of upper parts dark burnt-
umber intermixed with a lighter or clearer tone of the same color,
dotted with grayish white, this on back and rump arranged in two
rather definite longitudinal parallel stripes; chin and throat very pale
brownish buff or dull buffy whitish; rest of under parts pale brownish
buffy, deepening into cinnamon on chest.

Adult male.—Wing, 139-145 (141.1); tail, 50-56.5 (54.5); exposed
culmen, 52-69.5 (61); tarsus, 33.5-40.5 (37.2); middle toe, 24-28
(26.3).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 136-150 (145.4); tail, 56-61 (58.1); exposed
culmen, 62-79 (71.3); tarsus, 36.5—42 (39.8) ; middle toe, 26-30 (27.7).¢

Western North America; breeding from northwestern Mackenzie to
western Alaska, probably also in northeastern Siberia (Tsuktsch-
halfon; June; Cape Wankarem; etc.); migrating southward, chiefly
through western portion of Mississippi Valley, to Mexico (Matamoros,
Tamaulipas; Espia, Sonora; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Guanajuato; Zacate-
cas; San Luis Potosi; San Mateo, Oaxaca), Guatemala (Chiapim;

a Ten specimens.

202 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Lake of Duefias; San Gerénimo), and Costa Rica (Alajuela), probably
‘to western South America (Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Cafiar,
central Kcuadér); occasional, during migration, on Atlantic coast of
United States (Scarboro, Maine; Nantucket, Massachusetts; Point
Judith, Rhode Island; Long Island, New York, several records; Cape
May, New Jersey; Washington, D. C., Georgia, Florida, etc.), also in
West Indies (Cuba; Jamaica; Anegada); wintering from Florida,
Louisiana, etc., southward; casual in Ireland and Japan (Yokohama).

Limosa scolopacea Say, in Long’s Exped. Rocky Mts., i, 1823, 170 (Engineer Can-
tonment, near Boyer Creek, near Council Bluffs, lowa)—Br.., Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., v, 1852, 1 (Long Island; crit.).

Macroramphus scolopaceus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., v, 1852, 4, pl. 1 (Long
Island); vii, 1860, 272 (Cuba: crit.)—McCown, Ann. Lyc.N. Y., vi, 1853, 14
(Agua Nueva, s. w. Texas).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xiv, 1862,
331 (California).—GuNbLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 322 (Cuba).

{ Macroramphus] scolopaceus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 293 (vicinity
New York City).

Macrorhamphus scolopaceus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., v, 1852, 5 (crit.); ix,
1868, 141 (Costa Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 11, 1874, 308 (Mazatlan,
Sinaloa, Oct.).—Bartrp, in Rep. Stansbury’s Surv. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 334
(Mississippi Valley); Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 25
(Espia, Sonora); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 529.—Cassin, in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 712.—Hrnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859,
108 (New Mexico).—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 192 (Fort
Tejon, California).—ALBReEcut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 213 (Cuba).— BLakIsTon,
Ibis, 1863, 132 (Mackenzie River).—Covugs, Ibis, 1866,,271 (s. California).—

GUNDLACH, Repert. Fisico—Nat. Cuba, 1, 1866, 354.—Ettrior, Llustr. New and -

Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. v, 1867 (vol. 1i), pl.40 and text.—DatLand BANNISTER,
‘Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci.,i, 1869, 291 (St. Michaels and Pastolik, Alaska).—ScLtaTER
and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 455 (Neotropical range). BREWER,
Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., xvii, 1875, 445 (coast of Mass.); Bull Nutt. Orn. Club,
iv, 1879, 64 (Nantucket, Massachusetts, Nov. 2).—Lawrence (N. T.), Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 154-157 (erit.; habits) —Durcner, Auk, iii, 1886,
436 (Shinnecock Bay and Long Island City; several specimens, Oct.).—
AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895,
no. 232.—TurRNER, Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 146 (St. Michaels, etc.,
breeding; habits)—Nertson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 100 (shores
of Norton Sound; Yukon River; Point Barrow, etc.; habits; crit., etc.).—
TOWNSEND (C. H.), Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 99 (Port Clarence,
Alaska, Aug.).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 312 (West Indian localities and
references); vii, 1890, 374 (Anegada); Birds West Ind., 1889, 232; Cat. West
Ind. Birds, 1892, 92 (Cuba; Jamaica; Anegada).—SmirH and Patmer (W.),
Auk, v, 1888, 147 (Washington, D. C., April, 1884).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888,
184 (Tarpon Springs and Fort Meyers, Florida, fall and early winter); vi, 1889,
156 (Tarpon Springs and Fort Meyers); ix, 1892, 13 (Jamaica), 212 (Caloosa-
hatchie River, Florida, rare in winter).—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac.
Sci., ser. 2, ii, 1889, 272 (Magdalena Bay and along the estero, Lower Cali-
fornia).—THomrson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 500 (Manitoba).—
MacrarRLANE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 426 (date and number of
eges).—ArrwaTter, Auk, ix, 1892, 345 (San Antonio, Texas).—BARRETT-
Hamittron, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, iv, 1894, p. xviii (Ireland).—E.u1o7,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 203

N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 59, pl. 13.—FLemine, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 449
(Toronto, Ontario, rare migrant).

[ Macrorhamphus] scolopaceus GunpuLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).—
SciaTeR and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 145.—Cory, List Birds West
Ind., revised ed., 1886, 26.

Macrorhamph{us| scolopaceus GUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 293 (Cuba).

M{acroramphus] scolopaceus ScuaTER and Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873,
455 (Central American range).

Macrorhamphus griseus . . . var. scolopaceus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 415a.—
PauMEN, Vega-Exped., v, 1887, 302 (Tschuktsch-halfon, e. Siberia, June
20, 23, 1879).

Macrorhamphus griseus, var. scolopaceus LAWRENCE, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.,
no. 4, 1876, 46 (San Mateo, Oaxaca, Feb., Aug.).

[ Macrorhamphus griseus.] Var. scolopaceus Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v,
1880, 160 (diagnosis).

[Macrorhamphus griseus] b. var. scolopaceus Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v,
1880, 159, 160 (synonymy). ‘
Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., ii, Aug. 24,
1880, 199 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 5272); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.
527a; Cat. Aquat. and Fish-eating Birds, 1883, 10 (range).—Cours, Check
List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 610.—AtLEN and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vili, 1883, 197 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, May 9).—Nxrtson, Cruise
‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 85 (Cape Wankarem, Siberia, and n. Siberian
coast).—Durcner, Auk, i, 1884, 32 (Shinnecock Bay, Long Island, Sept.).—
Merriam, Auk, ii, 1885, 63 (Point Barrow, Alaska).—LawreENnce (N. T.),
Auk, ii, 1885, 273 (s. side Long Island, Oct. 15, 1884).—Aarrspore, Auk,
i, 1885, 286 (s. e. South Dakota)—Murpocu, Rep. Internat. Polar Exped.
to Point Barrow, 1885, 110 (Point Barrow, Alaska, breeding).—TaczANOWSKI,
Mém. Ac. St. Petersb. (7), xxxix, 1893, 951 (Tschuktschi Peninsula and
Cape Vankarema, eastern Siberia)—Howe, Auk, xviii, 1901, 161 (range,
descr., crit., etc.).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 3rd
ed., 1910, 111.—Swartn, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vii, 1911, 49 (Kuiu Island,
etc., s. Alaska, May; crit.)—Haruaway, Auk, xxx, 1913, 557 (Point Judith,
Rhode Island, Sept. 25, 1908)—Norton, Auk, xxx, 1913, 576 (Scarborough,
Maine, Oct., 1912).—Brooxs (W. S.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915,

379 (Herschel Island, Aug. 20).

M[acrorhamphus| g{riseus] scolopaceus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884,
623.

[Macrorhamphus griseus] 8. scolopaceus BArrD, BrEweER, and Ripaway, Water
Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 195.

{ Macrorhamphus Gracie! b. scolopaceus Batto, BREWER, and Rmaway, Water
Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 196.

Ereunetes griseus scolopaceus SkEBouM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, ‘1887, pp.
xxiv, 398.

Scolopax longirostris Bett, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v. 1852, 3 (Long Island,
New York).

Scolopax grisea ORNITHOLOGICAL CoMMITTER, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii,
1837, 193 (Columbia River).—TownsEenp (J. K.), Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1839, 157 (n. w. United States).

Macrorhamphus griseus (not Scolopax griseus Gmelin) SctarEr, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1859, 237 (Vancouver Island).—SciaTErR and Satvin, Ibis, 1860, 277
(Guatemala) —Satvin, Ibis, 1865, 191 (Guatemala).—Dresserr, Ibis, 1866,
36 (s. Texas).—Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 97 (Fort
Whipple, Arizona).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 425 (Vancouver Island).—Da1

204 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

and BANNISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 291 (Pastolik and mouth of
Yukon River, Alaska).—Frantzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 377 (Costa Rica).—
ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11, 1872, 171, 181 (Ogden, Utah, after Sept.
25)—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 187 (Colorado)—MeErriam,
Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1873, 714 (Utah).—HEnsnaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
xi, 1874, 11 (Utah); Zool. Exped. West of 100th Merid., 1875, 453 (Rush Lake,
Utah, Oct. 1; Denver, Colorado, July 24; Mimbres, Arizona, Oct. 22).—
Cougs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 476 (excl. synonymy, part; Bull. U. §.
Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 638 (Souris River, North Dakota,
Aug.—Oct.).—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 438 (St. Michaels, Alaska; habits) —BE.p-
ING, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 440 (Stockton, California, April, Nov.).—
HartTLauB, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 279 (Alaska)—SwHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxiv, 1896, 394, 751, part (St. Michaels, Alaska; Bering Straits; Van-

couver Island; California; Yokohama, Japan; etc.)+-SALvin and GopmAN, °
d , ?

Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 368, part.—CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie
- Mus., vi, 1910, 418 (Costa Rica; crit.).

(2) Macrorhamphus griseus BLAKisTON, Ibis, 1863, 131 (Fort Carlton, Saskatch-
ewan).—T'AcZANOWSKI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 748 (Santa Lucia,
Peru).—Sciater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 547 (Medellin,
Antioquia, Colombia).—Satvin, Ibis, 1889, 379 (Cozumel Island, Yucatan ).—
Seton, Auk, ili, 1886, 151 (Manitoba).—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 185 (Tom
Green and Concho counties, Texas, Sept.).—Sennerr, Auk, v, 1888, 110
(Corpus Christi, Texas, June 11, 1 pair) —Satvaport and Festa, Boll. Mus.
Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1900, 44 (Caflar, centr. Ecuador).

[ Macrorhamphus] griseus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 253, part.—SHarpe,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 159, part.

Macroramphus griseus TaczANowSkKI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 112 (n. e. Siberia).

M [acroramphus] griseus GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., 1, 1849, 224
(coast of California).

(2) Scolopax novoboracensis (not of Gmelin?) Swainson and RicHarpDson, Fauna
Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 398 (Saskatchewan plains).

Macrorhamphus griseus griseus Brooks and Coss, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 467 (e.
Alberta; see Auk, xxix, 1912, 400).

Genus MICROPALAMA Baird.

Micropalama Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 726. (Type, by origi-
nal designation, Tringa himaniopus Bonaparte.)

Micropelama (emendation) Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 48.

Hemipalama (not of Bonaparte, 1825) Bonaparte, Specch. Comp., 1827, 61}.
Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ii, 1828, 316. (Type, Jringa himantopus Bona-
parte.)

Medium-sized Eroliine (wing 116-137 mm.) with very long,
slender legs (tarsus as long as or longer than slender, greatly com-
pressed, bill, the latter nearly one-third as long as wing), bare
portion of tibia half as long as tarsus, and with web between basal
phalanges of both middle and outer and middle and inner toes.

Bill slender, straight, very much compressed (except terminally),
slightly tapering in lateral profile, the edges parallel in vertical profile
to near tip, where distinctly expanded; exposed culmen nearly as
long as tarsus; nasal groove rather narrow, extending to base of
laterally expanded tip of maxilla, the mandible also with a distinct

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 205

though narrow lateral groove; nostril subbasal, small, longitudinally
elliptical; feathering at base of bill forming a re-entrant angle at
base of culmen, the malar antia slightly but distinctly anterior to
loral antia (nearly in line with middle of nostril), the mental antia
about on line with anterior end of nostril. Wing long and pointed,
the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by
more than half the length of wing and extending far beyond tips of
longest tertials. Tail about two-fifths as long as wing, truncate or
shghtly doubly emarginate, the middle pair of rectrices contracted
but not acuminate terminally and projecting beyond the rest; rec-
trices 12. Tarsus slender, as long as exposed culmen or longer,
continuously scutellate anteriorly and posteriorly; bare portion of
tibia more than half as long as tarsus, also scutellate before and
behind; middle toe, without claw, more than half as long as tarsus,
the outer toe decidedly shorter, the inner toe still shorter; anterior
toes all connected basally by webs, that between outer and middle
toes considerably larger than that between inner and middle toes.

Coloration.—In summer adults, upper parts varied with black,
pale gray, and light buff, the first prevailing on back and scapulars;
wing-coverts grayish, margined with paler; upper tail-coverts white,
marked with dusky streaks and bars; top of head dusky, streaked
with whitish; ear-coverts and patch on each side of occiput, light
rusty ; Bceala of dusky from eye to corner of mouth; rest of head,
with neck, dull white, streaked with dusky, the even parts whitish
barred with dusky. In winter, upper parts uniform gray, except
tail-coverts, wings, and tail, which are as in summer; superciliary
stripe and lower parts white, the chest, sides of neck, and lower tail-
coverts streaked with grayish. Young with back and scapulars
dusky, all the feathers margined with pale buff or buffy whitish;
wing-coverts margined with pale buff and white; upper tail-coverts
nearly immaculate white; lower parts soiled white, the chest and
sides more or less strongly washed with buff, and indistinctly streaked
with grayish.

Range.—North America, breeding far northward; migrating to
Middle and South America. (Monotypic.)

MICROPALAMA HIMANTOPUS (Bonaparte).

STILT SANDPIPER.

Adults 1 summer.—Pileum and hindneck streaked with dusky
and grayish white, the former predominating on crown; back and
scapulars varigated with black and pale gray, usually intermixed
with buffy, the first prevailing; wing-coverts deep brownish gray
margined with much paler gray, the secondaries darker, narrowly
edged with white, the proximal ones more broadly margined ter-
minally with white; primaries and primary coverts dusky; rump

206 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

brownish gray, the feathers with paler margins and more dusky
subterminally; upper tail-coverts white, the longer ones barred or
spotted with dusky, the anterior ones more or less streaked with the
same; tail rather light brownish gray, the inner webs of rectrices
(except middle pair) partly white (on the lateral ones mostly so),
irregularly marked, longitudinally, with brownish gray; sides of
head and neck and under parts white, the suborbital, subauricular, and
malar regions, lower throat, foreneck, and chest narrowly streaked
with dusky, the superciliary region, chin, and upper throat nearly
immaculate, the breast, sides, flanks, and upper abdomen rather
broadly barred with dusky, the under tail-coverts irregularly marked
with the same; auricular region and (usually) sides of occiput light
cinnamon-rufous; axillars and under wing-coverts white, sparsely
marked with grayish; bill black terminally, more brownish basally;
iris brown; legs and feet dull yellowish green to yellowish olive or
olive-yellowish.

Adults in winter—Upper parts plain brownish gray, the tail-
coverts, etc., asin summer; superciliary stripe and under parts white,
the chest, sides of neck, and under tail-coverts narrowly streaked
with gray; no bars on under parts nor rufescent auricular area.

Young.—Back and scapulars blackish or dusky, the feathers
broadly margined with pale buff or buffy whitish, the middle of back
sometimes tinged with rusty; wing-coverts margined with pale
buff and white; upper tail-coverts nearly immaculate white; pileum
streaked with dusky, pale buff, and grayish, the hindneck nearly
uniform gray; under parts soiled white, the chest and sides more or
less strongly suffused with buff, the former, together with flanks and
sides of neck indistinctly streaked with grayish.

Adult male.—Wing, 116-135 (124.4); tail, 45-53 (51.1); exposed
culmen, 35.5-41 (38.5); tarsus, 36-43 (39.9); middle toe, 21—22.5
(21:5)24

Adult female-—Wing, 120-137 (127); tail, 44-58 (51.5); exposed
culmen, 36-44 (39.9); tarsus, 39.5-45 (42.9); middle toe, 21-24
(22:2):

North America (except west of Rocky Mountains), Middle America,
and greater part of South America; breeding in northern Mackenzie
(and probably southward to central Keewatin) ; migrating southward,
chiefly through western portion of Mississippi Valley, through Mexico
(Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Laguna de Rosario, Tlaxcala; Zacatecas;
San Mateo, Oaxaca), Guatemala (Duefias), Nicaragua (Momotombo),
West Indies (Cuba; Jamaica; Porto Rico; Sombrero; Anegada;
St. Bartholomew; Barbados; Grenada), Trinidid, etc., to Peru
(Chorillos; Nauta; Yquitos; Rio Ucayali), Ecuadér (Babahoyo;

a Hight specimens. 6 Four specimens.

9000 EE -

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 207

Vinces), Chile, Bolivia (Falls of Rio Madeira), Brazil (Ilha Grande),
Argentina (Los Inglesas and near Esquina, Buenos Aires), Uruguay
(Col6nia), and Paraguéy (Rio Paraguay; Corrientes); wintering
occasionally in southern Texas; occasional or casual in Bermudas,
Newfoundland, and British Columbia.

Tringa himantopus Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., li, pt. i, 1826, 157
(Long Branch, New Jersey); ii, 1827, 316; Am. Orn., iv, 1833, 89, pl. 25,
fig. 3 (Long Island).—Lesson, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1828, 284; Traité d’Orn.,
1831, 560:—Swartnson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 380
(Hayes River, Keewatin).—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water
Birds, 1834, 138.—AupuBoNn, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 332, pl. 344; Synopsis,
1839, 235; Birds Am., 8vo. ed., v, 1842, 271, pl. 334.—Grraup, Birds Long
Isl., 1844, 232.—Hurpis, in Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 10 (Bermudas, Aug.
2, 1848).—M’Cat1, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1851, 222 (Texas).—BLanp,
An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—BreEweEr, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—ScuiEeceL, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no.
27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 54 (Cuba).

Trlinga] himantopus Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 218 (Bermudas).

Tringa (Hemipalama) himantopus BonaParteE, Specc. Comp., 1827, 61; Am. Orn.,
iv, 1832, 89, pl. 25.—Nurratu, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834,
138.

Hemipalama himantopus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 49; Compt.
Rend., xliii, 1856, 596.—Dr Kay, Zool. N. Y., 1844, 235, pl. 86.—CaBANISs,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 418 (Cuba)—Gunptacu, Journ. fir Orn., 1862, 86
(Cuba; crit.).—TaczaNnowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 561 (Chorillos,
centr. Peru).

Totanus himantopus LeMBrye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 95.—Marcu, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci., 1864, 67 (Jamaica, April, June, Aug.).—Gunp1acu, Repert.
Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 356.

T[otanus| himantopus Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 116.

Micropalama himantopus Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
726.—Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 536.—SciaTer and Savin, Ibis,
1859, 229 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 199 (Rio Ucayali, e.
Peru); 1873, 309 (Nauta, e. Peru).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860,
290 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); 1862, 369 (Mexico).—CovEs, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1861, 174 (monogr.; Great Slave Lake; Red Fork Arkansas River);
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst.,
v, 1868, 294 (New England); Check List, 1873, no. 416; 2nd ed., 1882,no. 611;
Birds Northwest, 1874, 480 (synonymy, etc.); Rep. U. 8. Geol. and Geog.
Terr., iv, 1878, 639 (Montana, Aug.).—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 133 (Hudson
Bay).—Mancu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phila., xvi, 1864, 67 (Jamaica).—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1864, 100 (Sombrero); viii, 1866, 294 (vicinity New York
City); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 47 (San Mateo, Oaxaca, Aug.).—DREs-
sER, Ibis, 1866, 37 (Texas)—TuRNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 40
(Phila. ed., 31).—ALtEN, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 6839 (Rye Beach, New Hamp-
shire).—Srevenson, An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1870 (1871), 466 (Fort
Bridger, Wyoming).—Futter, Am. Nat., v, 1871, 727 (Blacksmith Pond,
Mass.).—Brewster, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 307 (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 6 or 7
specs.; Rye Beach, New Hampshire, 10 specs., Aug.).—GuNpDLAcuH, Journ.
fir Orn., 1874, 313 (Porto Rico); 1875, 326 (Cuba); 1878, 161, 188 (Porto
Rico); Orn. Cubana, 1876, 174; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 373
(Porto Rico).—BreweEnr, Proc. Bost.Soc. N.H., xvii, 1875, 446 (Massachusetts) ;

208

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

xix, 1878, 252-256 (New England records); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,
63 (Nantucket, Massachusetts, July 25, 1878).—Retp, Zoologist, 1877, 476
(Bermudas); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 234 (Bermudas, 3 specs.).—
Moors, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 241 (Bahamas).—Merritt, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 161 (Fort Brown, Texas)—Maywnarp, Birds E. N.
Am., 1879, 378.—Jencxs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 237 (Newport,
Rhode Island, Aug. 2, 1880).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880,
199 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 528); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 528.—
CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 105 (St. Johns, New Bruns-

wick, Sept. 8, 1881).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am.;

i, 1884, 201.—LawreEncer (N. T.), Auk, ii, 1885, 273 (Far Rockaway, Long
Isiand, Sept. 10, 1883, July 28, 1884, numerous).—BERLEPScH and Tacza-
NOwSKI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 119 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador).—Tac-
ZANOWSKI, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 363 (Nauta; Chorillos).—Frrrari-
PEReEz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 178 (Tlaxcala). —AMERICAN ORNITHOL-
oaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 233; 3rd ed., 1910, p.
112.—Smira (H. M.), Auk, iii, 1886, 140, in text (Patuxent River, Maryland;
Sept. 8).—Wetts, List Birds Grenada, 1886, 8—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 186
(Tom Green and Concho counties, w. Texas, common in Sept., rare in
spring).—THorne, Auk, iv, 1887, 264 (Fort Lyon, Colorado, common).—
Beruepson, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 119 (South America, as far as Chile).—
Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 312 (West Indian localities and references); Birds West
Ind., 1889, 233; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 92.—Sennett, Auk, v, 1888, 110
(Corpus Christi, Texas, 1 spec., July 3).—Brcxuam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
xi, 1888, 637 (Bexar Co., Texas).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889,
109 (Falls of Rio Madeira, Bolivia, Oct.).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 156 (Key
West, Florida, 1 spec., Nov. 1, 1888); ix, 1892, 13 (Jamaica), 212 (Caloosas
hatchie River, Florida) —Bonp, Auk, vi, 1889, 341 (Cheyenne, Wyoming, 2
specs., May 25, 1889). —FrripEn, Ibis, 1889, 493 (Barbados; habits).—CLARKE

(W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 321 (Fort Churchill, Keewatin)—Patmer, (W.),

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 260 (Penguin Island).—THompson, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 500 (Manitoba) —MacrarLang, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xiii, 1891, 426 (Franklin Bay and Rendezvous Lake, east of Fort Ander-
son, Mackenzie).—BrERLEpSscH and SToLtzMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892,
400, 408 (Chorillos, Peru).—Artrwatrr, Auk, ix, 1892, 232 (San Antonio,
Texas).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 78 (Trinidad).—
Exurot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 61, pl. 14.—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxiv, 1896, 401 (Zacatecas; Duefias, Guatemala; Momotombo, Nica-
ragua; Spanishtown, Jamaica; Anegada; Grenada; Colonia, Uruguay; Yquitos,
Peru), 757 (Ilha Grande, Brazil; etc.).—Rives, Auk, xiv, 1897, 88 (White
Sulphur Springs, Virginia, Nov. 2, 1896)—Kirkwoop, Auk, xvi, 1899, 76
(Baltimore Co., Maryland, Sept. 9, 1898, 3 specs.).—Prarson, Auk, Xvi,
1899, 246 (Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, 1 spec., May 19, 1898).—Satva-
port and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1900, 44 (Vinces, w.
Ecuador, Sept.).—Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903,
370 (Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Zacatecas; Laguna del Rosaria, Tlaxcala; San
Mateo, Oaxaca; Duefias, Guatemala; Momotombo, Nicaragua; South America;
West Indies).—Norton, Auk, xxv, 1908, 81 (Scarborough, Maine, Sept.,
1907).—DasBBENE, Orn. Argentina, 1910, 218 (Buenos Aires); Bol. Soc. Phys.
B. A., i, 1913, 259 (Los Inglesas, etc., Buenos Aires).—Grant (C. H. B.),
Ibis, 1911,470 (Los Inglesas and near Esquina, Buenos Aires, Nov., Feb.).—
ALLEN (A. A.), Auk, xxx, 1913, 430-432 (Ithaca, New York; habits).— Brr-
TONI, Fauna Parag., 1914, 80 (Rio Paraguay; Corrientes)—Hrrsry, Auk,
xxxi, 1914, 246 (Ipswich, Massachusetts, and Mastic, Long Island; flight in

eee ee

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 209

August, 1912).—Brooxs (W. S8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 379
(Demarcation Point, Alaska, May, June; breeding?; Herschel Island, Aug.
2).—WermorE, Bull. 326, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 44 (Porto Rico, rare
winter visitant).

[ Micropalama] himantopus GuNpuacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba),—
Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 254.—Sciater and Satvin, Nom. Av.
Neotr., 1873, 145.—Cory, Hist. Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 26.—
SHarpPe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 159.—Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 70 (New York; Yquitos, Peru).

M{icropalama] himantopus Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 383 (Illinois);
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 152.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 623.

[ Micropelama] himantopus Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 48, no. 10298.

Ereunetes himantopus SUNDEVALL, Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockholm, 1869, 587,
602 (Porto Rico; St. Bartholomew).—Srrsonm, Geog. Distr. Charadriide,
1887, pp. xxiv, 400, fig.

Tringa douglasii Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii. 1831, 397 (Saskatchewan, Hud-
son Bay, etc.;=summer adult).—Nvutraui, Man. Orn. U. 8, and Can., Water
Birds, 1834, 141.

Tringa douglassii Swanson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pl. 66.

Tringa (Hemipalama) douglasii Nurrauyt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., ii, 1834, 141,

Tringa (Heminalama) audubonti Nurraty, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds,
1834, 140 (‘‘ Hayes River, countries of Hudson’s Bay, lat. 57°’’).

H[emipalama] auduboni Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1845, 578.

H{emipalama] multistriata ‘‘Licht[enstein] ’’ Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1845, 578.

Hemipalama multistriata L&oraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 466.—PELZELN, Orn.
Bras., iii, Abth., 1870, 311; iv Abth., 1870, 457.

Hemipalma multistriata KNEELAND, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi,1857, 238 (Keweenaw
Point, Mich.).

Himantopus nigricollis (not of Vieillot) JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 84 (Bermudas;
see Hurdis, Contr. Orn., 1850, 10).

Genus EREUNETES Illiger.

Ereunetes ItuiGER, Prodromus Orn., 1811, 262. (Type, by monotypy, £. petri-
ficatus Uliger= Tringa pusilla Linnezeus. )

Symphemia RaFinesQuE, Journ. de Physique, Ixxxviii, June, 1819, 418. (Type, |
Tringa semipalmata Wilson= T. pusilla Linnzus. )

Hemipalama Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 187. (Type,
by original designation, Tringa semipalmata Wilson= T. pusilla Linnzeus.)

Heteropoda Nurrau., Man. Orn. U.S. and Canada, Water Birds, 1834, 135. (Type,
by original designation, Tringa semipalmata Wilson=T. pusilla Linnzus.)

Small Eroliine (wing 88-102 mm.) with a distinct web between
basal phalanges of both outer and middle and inner and middle toes,
tarsus not more than one-fourth as long as wing, and bare portion
of tibia shorter than middle toe without claw.

Bill compressed, straight, variable in length (exposed culmen de-
cidedly shorter than tarsus to much longer), tapering terminally in
lateral profile, but in vertical profile narrow from base, with edges
parallel to near tip, where slightly expanded; nasal groove broad
basally, contracted distally, extending nearly to base of expanded
tip of maxilla; mandible with a narrow and rather indistinct lateral

40017—-19—Bull. 50, pt 8 15

210 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

groove; nostril sub-basal, longitudinally linear, its upper edge oper-
culate; anterior outline of feathering at base of bill descending
obliquely downward and forward in a nearly straight line, from base
of culmen to lower edge of mandible, the mental antia very slightly
anterior to this point. Wing rather long, pointed, the longest pri-
mary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by a little more than
half the length of wing and extending decidedly beyond tips of
longest tapering but round-tipped tertials. Tail about two-fifths as
long as wing, truncate or slightly rounded (Z. maurt) or slightly
emarginate on each side (doubly emarginate), with four middle
rectrices longest; rectrices 12. Tarsus longer than exposed culmen
(EF. pusillus, male) to decidedly shorter (ZH. mauri, female), equal to
one-fourth the length of wing or slightly less, continuously scutellate
anteriorly and posteriorly; bare portion of tibia shorter than middle
toe without claw, scutellate before and behind; middle toe with
claw as long as or very slightly shorter than tarsus in EF. pusillus, to
decidedly shorter (about six-sevenths) as long in EF. mauri; lateral
toes decidedly shorter than middle toe, the outer longer than the
inner; claws rather long, slender, moderately curved; basal phalanges
of anterior toes united by web, that between the outer and middle
toes much larger than that between inner and middle toes.

Coloration.—Above mostly brownish gray, beneath whitish. In
summer adult spotted with blackish and more or less tinged or inter-
mixed with rusty.

Range.—North America, migrating to South America and West
Indies. (Two species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EREUNETES.

a. Bill. shorter (17-20, averaging 18.6 in male, 18-22, averaging 20.3 in female);
summer adults with little of rusty on upper parts, the prevailing color above being
grayish brown; chest narrowly streaked with dusky; young with little of rusty or
ochraceous on upper parts. (Eastern North America, breeding along Arctic coast
westward to Point Barrow, Alaska; Middle and South America in migration.)

Ereunetes pusillus (p. 210).

aa. Bill longer (20.5-23.5, averaging 22.5 in male, 23-28, averaging 25.9 in female);

summer adults with upper parts chiefly rusty or cinnamon-rufous, the chest with

broad streaks or triangular spots of dusky; young with much rusty, and ochraceous
onupper parts. (Western North America, north to coast of Bering Sea.)

Ereunetes mauri (p. 215.).

EREUNETES PUSILLUS (Linnzus).
SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER.

Adults in summer.—Above light grayish brown, or brownish gray,
the sides of pileum and some of the scapulars and interscapulars
tinged with pale buffy cinnamon, but this sometimes wholly absent;
puleum heavily streaked and dorsal region heavily spotted with

black, the latter occupying the central portion of each feather; rump,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 211

upper tail-coverts, and middle pair of rectrices dusky, the feathers
of rump narrowly margined with brownish gray, the lateral upper
tail-coverts mostly white; other rectrices pale brownish gray, narrowly
edged with whitish terminally; wing-coverts brownish gray, darker
centrally, narrowly margined at tips with paler gray or whitish, the
greater coverts narrowly tipped with white; primary coverts and
remiges dusky, the outermost primary with white shaft, the remain-
ing primaries with shafts at least partly white; a streaked white
superciliary stripe and dusky loral space, the latter usually distinctly
defined along its upper edge but the lower portion broken into
streaks, which extend backward across the suborbital region; auricu-
lar region streaked with grayish brown; under parts white, the chest
and breast tinged with gray and streaked with dusky; bill blackish;
iris dark brown; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins).

Winter plumage.—Above brownish gray with dusky shaft-streaks;
superciliary stripe and under parts white, the chest faintly streaked.

Young.—Similar to summer adults but chest tinged with pale
grayish buff and without well-defined streaks or spots, the scapulars
and interscapulars margined terminally with white and the brown
usually less rusty. |

Downy young.—Forehead dull white to pale grayish buff, divided
by a median line of black, this not reaching to bill; crown cinnamon-
brown, marbled posteriorly with black and white; occiput mottled
whitish; a distinct loral line of black, sometimes forking just before
the eye, the upper branch running toward anterior angle of eye, the
other inclining downward; upper parts mixed black and cinnamon-
brown, thickly bespangled with fine buffy white tufts, terminating
the down-filaments; under parts immaculate dull white passing into
pale brownish buffy anteriorly.

Adult male-—Wing, 88-98.5 (93.9); tail, 38-44.5 (41.2); exposed
culmen, 17-20 (18.6); tarsus, 19-21 (20.5); middle toe, 15-17.5
eo

Adult female.—Wing, 92-101.5 (96.5); tail, 40-44 (41.5); exposed
culmen, 18-22 (20.3); tarsus, 20-22 (20.8); middle toe, 15-17.5
(16.5).° |

North and South America and West Indies; breeding in Arctic
districts, from northeastern Labrador and mouth of Yukon River,
Alaska, to Arctic coast; migrating chiefly eastward of Rocky Moun-
tains; wintering from South Carolina, Texas, ete., southward, through-
out West Indies, Central America, and South America, as far as
Peru (Paracas Bay) and Patagonia; autumn migrant in Bermudas;
casual or occasional in northeastern Siberia, Pribilof Islands, southern
Alaska (Thomas Bay), and British Columbia; accidental in Europe.

a Eleven specimens. 6 Thirteen specimens.

212 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[ Tringa] pusilla LInNwus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 252 (Santo Domingo, Greater
Antilles; based on Tringa cinclus dominicensis Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 222,
pl. 25, fig. 2).—-GmeE in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 681.—Latuam, Index Orn.,
1i, 1790, 737.—TurrTon, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 410, part.

Tringa pusilla Vretttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 452.—Nurra..,
Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 117.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog.,
iv, 1838, 180, pl. 320.—DeENny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39.—ScHLEGEL,
Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 55 (Pennsylvania; Haiti; Suri-
nam; Brazil).

T[ringa] pusilla Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 90; Obs.
Nomenel. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [172].—Maximii1aAn, Jour. fiir Orn., 1859,
92.

Totanus pusillus Virtttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 412.

Pelidna pusilla BoNAPaRTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 50.—Gossr, Birds
Jamaica, 1847, 348.—CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 422 (Cuba).

Ereunetes pusilla CAssin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 195 (Cartagena,
Columbia).—BoarpMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 129 (Calais, Maine).—
VeERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 158 (Oxford Co., Maine).—ALLENn,
Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 87 (Massachusetts).

Ereunetes pusillus Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 233 (Labrador; crit.;
synonymy; habits); xxiii, 1871, 31 (Fort Macon, North Carolina); Ibis,
1865, 158 (Kansas); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South Carolina);
Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 294 (Essex Co., Mass., and Spanishtown, Jamaica);
Am. Nat., iv, 1870, 303; v, 1871, 197 (near Ft. Riley, Kansas); Check List
1873, no. 472; 2nd ed., 1882, no. 612; Birds Northwest, 1874, 481, part;
Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 639 (North Dakota).—Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vili, 1864, 100 (Sombrero); viii, 1867, 294 (vicinity
New York City).—ALuen, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 87 (Springfield, Mas-
sachusetts); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1868, 501 (w. Iowa); Am. Nat., iii,
1869, 638 (Ipswich, Mass., June); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 355
(e. Florida, in winter); iii, 1872, 182 (e. Kansas).—McIiwrairn, Proc.
Essex Inst., v, 1866, 93 (Hamilton, Ontario)—Gunp.tacu, Repert. Fisico-
Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 356; Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 313 (Porto Rico); 1875, 327
(Cuba); 1878, 161, 188 (Porto Rico); Orn. Cubana, 1876, 175.—Dati and
BANNISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 292, part (Nulato, Alaska).—
SuNDEVALL, Oefv. k. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockholm, 1869, 587 (St. Bartholo-
mew), 602 (Porto Rico).—ReEr, Zoologist, 1877, 476 (Bermudas, Aug.);
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 234 (Bermudas, frequent).—MERRILL
(J. C.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 161 (Fort Brown, Texas).—Ripe@way,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 200 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 541); viii, 1884,
177 (Sabanilla, Colombia); ix, 1887, 578 (Swan Island, Caribbean Sea);
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 541.—Da.e.etsnH, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v,
1880, 146 (2 records for British Islands)—McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘Corwin,’
1884, 120 (Kowak River, n. w. Alaska); Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887),
78 (Noatak River, Alaska, breeding).—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 16 (Colorado).—
Murvocu, Auk, ii, 1885, 63, 201 (Point Barrow, Alaska); Rep. Internat.
Polar Exped. Point Barrow, 1885, 113 (Point Barrow, breeding).—BEcK-
HAM, Auk, ii, 1885, 143 (Pueblo, Colorado).—AGERsBorea, Auk, li, 1885,
286 (s. e. South Dakota).—TurNeEr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 247
(Koksoak River, Labrador).—Satvin, Ibis, 1886, 179 (Brit. Guiana).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895,
no. 246; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 117.—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 151 (Red Piver, Mani-
toba).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 552 (Grand Cayman); iv, 1887, 313 (West Indian
localities and references); vii, 1890, 374 (Anegada); viii, 1891, 48 (Guadeloupe);

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 213

351 (Inagua, Bahamas); Birds West Ind., 1889, 234; Cat. West Ind. Birds,
1892, 93.—TowNsEND, Auk, iv, 1887, 12 (Kowak River, Alaska, July, Aug.);
Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 91 (Kowak River, 1 spec., July 20).—
Dwiaut, Auk, iv, 1887, 16 (Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Aug.).—
We ts, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 628 (Grenada).—Sraut, Ornis, vol. 3,
1887, 452 (Porto Rico).—EvEerMANN, Auk, v, 1888, 349 (Carroll Co., Indiana,
April).—Srrsoum, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1888, pp. xxiv, 402, fig.—
Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 94.—DutcHer, Auk, vi, 1889, 128 (Lit-
tle Gull Island).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 157 (Gulf coast Florida, abundant
winter resident; Key West, June, July, Aug.); ix, 1892, 13 (Jamaica), 212
(Caloosahatchie River, Florida, winter resident).—CLaRKE (W. E.), Auk,
vii, 1890, 32 (Fort Churchill, Keewatin).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
xiii, 1890, 501 (Moose River, Manitoba).—WarreEN, Birds Pennsylvania,
1890, 87.—MacFARLANE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 477 (Franklin
Bay, Mackenzie).—CuHApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 77 (Trinidad);
xvi, 1902, 234 (Homer, Cook Inlet, Alaska, 1 spec., Aug. 29).—Enuiort, N.
Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 98, pl. 28.—SuHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv,
1896, 514, 766, part.—Biartow, Auk, xix, 1902, 28 (coast n. e. Labrador,
breeding; descr. downy young).—SALviIn and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, iii, 1903, 382, part—Ritey, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 47, 1904 (Bar-
buda, Sept. 22).—Errrie, Auk, xxii, 1905, 239 (Southampton Island, Arctic
America, breeding; descr. eggs)—HertumMayr, Abh. k. B. Akad. Wiss.,
li KI., xxii Bd., iii Abt., 1905, 715 (crit.).—Banes, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xix, 1906, 102 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Sept. 15).—Berruepscu, Novit. Zool.,
xv, 1908, 307 (Cayenne).—VeErRritt (A. K. and A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1909, 356 (Sanchez, Santo Domingo).—Retser, Denkschr. Mat. Nat.
Kl. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1910, 95 (coast n. e. Brazil)—Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 421 (Coronado de Terraba, Costa Rica.—DABBENE,
Orn. Argentina, 1910, 219 (Patagonia); Bol. Soc. Phys. B. A., i, 1913, 260
(Patagonia).—Swartn, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vii, 1911, 52 (Thomas Bay,
s. Alaska, Aug. 19, 1909; crit.)—Brooxs (W.S.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
lix, 1915, 380 (between Collinson Point and Herschel Island, Demarcation
Point, etc., Arctic coast, breeding; habits; descr. nest)—Herrsry, Smithson.
Misc. Coll., Ixvi, no. 2, 1916, 24 (Imaruk Basin, Alaska, 2 specs., July
28).—Wermore, Bull. 326, U.S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 43 (Porto Rico, com-
mon winter visitant; food).—Barrscnu, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxx, 1917,
132 (Haiti).

[Ereunetes] pusillus Cours Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 254, part.—Cory, List
Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 26.—SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 162,
part.—ForBeEs and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 71, part.

F\reunetes] pusillus Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 384 (Illinois); Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 161.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 624.

[Ereunetes pusillus] a. pusillus Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds
N. Am., 1, 1884, 205, 206.

Eveunetes pusillus pusillus HetuMayr, Novit. Zool., xii, 1906, 54 (Seelet and
Caroni Swamp, Trinidad).—Hanrzscu, Journ. ftir Orn., 1908, 357 (n. e.
Labrador).

Ereunetes petrificatus IutieER, Prodr. Orn., 1811, 262 (Bahia, Brazil).—Cass1n, in
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 724.—Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 5385.—SciaTer and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 229 (Duenas, Guatemala).—
Newron (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 257 (St. Croix).—BLaxkiston, Ibis, 1863,
132 (Hudson Bay; Mackenzie River).—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1864, 68 (Jamaica).—Satvin, Ibis, 1865, 191 (Guatemala); (?) Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1883, 429 (Paracas Bay, Peru).—DresseEr, Ibis, 1866, 37 (Texas).—

214 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Butcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas).—
TuRNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 40 (Phila. ed., 31).—Brewer,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 446 (New England),—A.LEn, Bull. Essex
Inst., vili, 1876, 83 (Marajo Island, Lower Amazon).—LAWRENCE, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 238 (Antigua), 242 (Barbuda), 461, 488 (Guadeloupe);
iii, 1880, 256 (Dominica).—TaczaNnowski, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 362.

[Ereunetes] petrificatus GuNDLACH, Journ, fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).—ScLaTER
and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 145, part.—Hzrtne and ReicHenow,
Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 328 (Puerto Cabello, Venezuela).

Tringa semipalmata Witson, Am, Orn., vii, 1813, 131, pl. 63, fig. 4 (Lake Cham-
plain, New York; coast New Jersey).—Viem.ot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.,
xxxiv, 1819, 462.—BonapartE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 88

- (crit.); Obs. Nomen. Wilson’s Am, Orn., 1826, [170]; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., U,
1826, 158 (crit.); ii, 1827, 316.—Swarnson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-
Am., ii, 1831, 381 (Severn River; nest and eggs).—NutrTauti, Man. Orn.
U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 136.—Lxsson, Traité d’ Orn., 1831, 560.—
Kaup, Thierr., ii, pt. i, 1836, 320.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog’, v, 1839, 110, pl.
405; Synopsis, 1839, 236; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 277, pl. 336.—PEasBopy,
Rep. Orn.. Mass., 1839, 368.—Grraup, Birds Long Is., 1844, 239.—JarDINE,
Contr. Orn., 1849, 84 (Bermudas, Aug., Sept.).—Huropis, in Jardine’s Contr.
Orn., 1850, 9 (Bermudas, Aug., Sept.).—THomrson, Nat. Hist. Vermont,
1853, App., 27.—Prarren, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc., 1, 1855, 607 (Illinois).—
PurnaM, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 217 (Essex Co., Massachusetts).—BRYANT,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 121 (Bahamas).—MarrTens, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1859, 218 (Bermudas).—BLanp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858
(1859), 258 (Bermudas).—Wius, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859),
284 (Nova Scotia).—Finscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 588 (Trinidad;
crit.).

Tr [inga] semipalmata AtBrecut, Journ, fiir Orn., 1861, 56 (Bahamas).

[Tringa (Hemipalama)] semipalmata Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
v, 1825, 88.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 560.

Heteropoda semipalmata BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 49.—DrKay,
Nat. Hist. N. Y., Zool., i, 1844, 236, pl. 86, fig. 195.—Gray, Gen. Birds,
lii, 1845, pl. 156, fig. 1.—RrrcHEeNBACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 74, figs. 594,
595.—L&oTAuD, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 477. :

Hemipalama semipalmata LEMBEYE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 96.—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).

Efreunetes] semipalmatus CABANIS, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iti,
1848, 758.

Ereunetes semipalmatus CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, “419 (Cuba)—Gunp-
LACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 37 (Cuba; crit.).—BurRMeEIsTER, Syst. Ueb.
Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 375, footnote.-—PrLzELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 312, 458
(Cajutuba).

Tringa brevirostris Sp1x, Av. Bras., ii, 1825, 76, pl. 93 (Brazil; see Hellmayr,
Abh. k. B. Akad. Wiss., ii K1., xxii Bd., iii Abt., 1905, 715).

Pelidna brissoni Lesson, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1828, 277 (St. Domingo).

Hemipalama minor LEMBEYE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 97 (Cuba; ex
Gundlach, manuscript).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308
(Cuba).

S[ymphemia] atlantica KarinesQue, Journ. de Physique, Ixxxviii, June, 1819,
418, in text (=nomen nudum).

S[ymphemia] melanura RAFINESQUE, Journ. de Physique, Ixxxvili, June, 1819,
418, in text (Kentucky; =nomen nudum).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 215

? [Breunetes] cabanisi Licutenstetn, Nom. Mus. Berol., 1854 92 (North America).
Ereunetes occidentalis (not of Lawrence) Murpocu, Rep. Exped. Point Barrow,
1885, 148 (May-Sept., breeding).

EREUNETES MAURI Cabanis.
WESTERN SANDPIPER.

Similar to £. pusillus, but bill averaging much longer; summer
adults much more rufescent above and more heavily streaked or
spotted on anterior underparts, and young with rusty ochraceous or
cinnamon predominating on upper parts.

Adults in summer.—Above bright rusty cinnamon, the feathers
black centrally, the cimnamon or rusty sometimes uniform along
sides of crown; wing-coverts grayish brown or brownish gray with
darker narrow shaft-streaks and ill-defined paler margins, the greater
coverts tipped with white; remiges and primary coverts darker
grayish brown, the primaries with white shafts; rump, upper tail-
coverts, and middle rectrices dusky grayish brown, the feathers of
rump more or less distinctly margined with paler, the lateral upper
tail-coverts mostly white; remaining rectrices pale brownish gray,
narrowly margined with whitish distally; a superciliary stripe of white
streaked with dusky grayish, this bordered below by a stripe of light
rusty or cinnamon on side of head, involving more or less of loral, sub-
orbital and auricular regions; rest of head white, narrowly streaked,
except on chin and upper throat, with grayish dusky, the sides of neck
and foreneck similarly but more broadly streaked; rest of under-
parts white, the chest and sides thickly marked with mostly V-shaped
or sagittate spots of dusky; axillars and under wing-coverts (except
‘along edge of wing) immaculate white; bill brownish black; iris dark
brown; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins).

Winter plumage.—Above nearly plain brownish gray or grayish
brown, the feathers with narrow shaft-streaks of darker; superciliary
region and underparts white, the chest faintly streaked with grayish
or dusky. (Distinguishable from the corresponding plumage of £,
pusillus only by the greater average length of the bill.)

Young.—Similar to that of E. pusillus, but with rusty ochraceous
or cinnamomeous predominating on pileum and dorsal region.

Downy young.—Sunilar to that of HL. pusillus, but the rusty areas
on upper parts more extended and darker (more castaneous). Fore-
head, irregular superciliary stripe, and sides of head generally dull
white, more or less tinged with brownish buff, especially on anterior
portion of head; forehead divided medially by an irregular streak of
brownish black; a very narrow loral streak of black, extending near
bill to eye, and beneath this a rather smaller rictal streak; crown
and occiput light chestnut-brown or russet, margined with black and
with several irregular spots of pale buffy; back, rump, and flanks
mixed black and russet (the latter predominating on flanks) minutely

216 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

spangled or dotted with pale buffy; underparts immaculate dull
white, more or less tinged with buff, especially on foreneck (throat
to chest, inclusive).

Adult male.—Wing, 91-99 (94.6); tail, 37.5-42 (40.2); exposed
culmen, 20.5—-23.5 (22.5); tarsus, 20.5-22 (21.2); middle toe, 15-16.5
(1537).4

Aduli female.—Wing, 90-99.5 (96.4); tail, 38-47 (41.7); exposed
culmen, 23-28 (25.9); tarsus, 21-24 (22.1); middle toe, 16-17 (16.6).°

North and Middle America and northern South America; breeding
along Bering Sea coast of Alaska, from mouth of Yukon River to
Kotzebue Sound; migrating southward, chiefly westward of Rocky
Mountains, but not uncommonly along Atlantic coast, from Massa-
chusetts southward; wintering from North Carolina and southern
Lower California to Colombia (Sabanilla), Peru (Paracas Bay),
Venezuela (Margarita Island), and Trinidad.

Heteropoda mauri BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 49 (South and central
parts [N. Am.]; nomen nudum).—GuNob.waAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 419
(Cuba).—Ltoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 480.

Ereunetes mauri CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 419 (Cuba; crit.).—ALLEN, Auk,
xxiii, 1906, 98, in text (crit. nomencl.).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 117.—CarrikerrR, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 421
(Barranca de Punta Arenas, Costa Rica, Aug. 12 and 20, 1906; La Herradura
de Punta Arenas, Aug. 12).—Hatruaway, Auk, xxx, 1913, 551 (Long Island
records).—Brooks (W. S.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, 1915, 381 (East
Cape and Cape Serdze, n. e. Siberia, July 14, 16).—Hersty, Smithson.
Mise. Coll., Ixvi, no. 2, 1916, 24 (shores of Norton Sound).—Brooks (A.),
Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 36 (Chilliwack, Brit. Columbia, common in fall, rare in
spring; crit.).—Bartscu, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxx, 1917, 132 (Haiti).

[Ereunetes] mauriti BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 596.—Gray, Hand-
list, 111, 1871, 51, no. 10321.—HeINE and ReicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein.
Orn., 1890, 328 (Guiana).

[Ereunetes petrificatus] var. mauri GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba),

Tringa semipalmata (not of Wilson) TowNsEND, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii.
1839, 156 (n. w. United States).

(?) Tringa cabanisii ‘‘ Lichtenstein’’ CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 420 (crit.).

Ereunetes occidentalis LAWRENCE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, April, 1864, 107
(California; Oregon; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—E trot, Ilustr. New and Unfig.
N. Am. Birds, pt. 7, 1867 (vol. ii), pl. 41; N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 100, pl.
27.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 178 (Sabanilla, Colombia,
March).—Hensunaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 384 (Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, Aug.
27, 1870).—Smiru (H. M.), Auk, ii, 1885, 385 (Piney Point, Maryland, Aug.,
1885, common).—AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, and
2nd ed., 1895, no. 247.—EVERMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 91 (Ventura Co., Cali-
fornia).—Scorr, Auk, iii, 1886, 386 (Tucson, Arizona); v, 1888, 184 (Florida,
regular winter visitant); vi, 1889, 157 (Gulf coast Florida in winter); ix, 1892,
212 (Coloosahatchie River, Florida, winter).—TuRNER, Contr. -N. H. Alaska,
1886, 148 (St. Michaels; Aleutian Islands; habits)—Nrtson, Rep. N. H.
Coll. Alaska, 1887, 113 (St. Michaels, etc.; habits)—Luioyp, Auk, iv, 1887,

a2 Twelve specimens. b Eleven specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. BET

186 (Concho and Tom Green counties, Texas).—TowNsEND, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 163, 198 (near Red Bluff, Calif.)—Cooxer, Bird Migr.
Miss. Val., 1888, 94.—Brewsrer, Auk, vi, 1889, 69 (Monomoy Island,
Massachusetts, 4 specs., July 19, Sept. 1 and 19; Long Island, Boston
Harbor, Aug. 27, 1870).—Mitter (G. S.), Auk, vii, 1890, 227 (Cape Cod,
Massachusetts, Sept. 2, 1889).—LAwreNce (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 43
(Grays Harbor, Washington, May 11, flocks; summer resident?).—TREatT,
Auk, ix, 1892, 359 (Lynn, Massachusetts, 3 specs., Sept. 4, 1889).—Cory,
Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 93 (Cuba).—Taczanowsk1, Mém. Ac. Imp.
Sei. St. Petersb., (7), xxxix, 1893, 890 (Tchuktche Peninsula, n. e. Sibe-
ria).—Srong, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1894, 75 (Cape May and Atlantic
City, New Jersey).—CuaApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 77 (Trini-
dad).—Patmer (W.), Auk, xi, 1894, 325 (Alexandria Co., Virginia, Sept. 8
and 11, 1894).—Mackay, Auk, xiii, 1896, 88 (Nantucket I., Massachusetts,
Aug. 29, 1895; 4 specs.).—Batny, Auk, xiii, 1896, 174 (Cape May Co., New
Jersey, Sept. 1-15, 1895; more numerous than F. pusillus!).—RoBINsON,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 656 (Margarita I., Venezuela).—BuRNs,
Wilson Bull., no. 12, 1897, 6 (near Atlantic City, New Jersey, 1 spec., Aug.
31, 1891).—Braisuin, Auk, xvi, 1899, 191 (Shinnecock Bay, Long Island,
fall 1897; South Bay and Great South Bay, July; Jamaica Bay, Sept.).—
Wayne, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 58 (coast South Carolina, whole year except May
and June).

[ Breunetes] occidentalis Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 26.

Efreunetes| occidentalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 162.

Eurenetes occidentalis Extiot, Ulustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. 7, 1867
(vol. i1), text to pl. 41.

Ereunetes pusillus . . . var. occidentalis Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 417a.

Ereunetes pusillus, var. occidentalis LAWRENCE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4,
1876, 47 (San Mateo and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, Aug., Oct., Feb.).

Breunetes pusillus occidentalis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ili, Aug. 24, 1880,
201 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 541a); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 54la.—
Cougs, Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 613.—Be.p1n@, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
v, 1883, 529 (San Quentin Bay, Lower California), 545 (Cape San Lucas
district) —Brckuam, Auk, ii, 1885, 110 (Virginia Beach, Virginia, Sept.
6 and 7, 1884, abundant).—SrEBouM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp.
xxiv, 403.—Hetimayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 54 (Seelet, Trinidad).

E{reunetes] pusillus occidentalis Barrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Water Birds.N.
Am., i, 1884, 207.

[Lreunetes pusillus] b. occidentalis Barrp, BREWER, and Rrpaway, Water Birds,
N. Am., i, 1884, 205, 206.

E{reunetes] p[usillus] occidentalis? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 625.

Ereunetes pusillus (not Tringa pusilla Linnzeus) Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1866, 97 (Arizona); Ibis, 1866, 269 (s. California); Birds Northwest,
1874, 481, part—Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869,
292, part (St. Michaels, Kodiak, and Sitka, Alaska).—SrEvENson, Rep.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1871, 466 (North Platte R., Wyoming).—HENsHaAw,
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 11 (Utah).—Betpine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i,
1878, 395 (centr. California)—NELson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 88,
part (localities mentioned except Point Barrow).—SuHarpeg, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxiv, 1896, 514, part—Patmin, Vega-Exped., Fogelf., 1887, tab. 3.—
Satvrn and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., iii, 1903, 382, part.—Berck,
Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., iii, 1910, 71 (Monterey Bay, California).—
GIFFORD, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. 1, 1913, 56, in text (Cocos
Island, Sept. 13).

218 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Hreunetes] pusillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 254, part—SHarpe, Hand-
list, i, 1899, 162, part.—ForBeEs and Rosryson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2,
1899, 71, part (New Westminster, Brit. Columbia; Fort Tejon, California).

Ereunetes petrificatus (not of Illiger) Xanrus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., x
1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California).—(?) Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., *
1883, 429 (Paracas Bay, Peru).—(?) TaczanowskI, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886,

- 362.

[Hreunetes] petrificatus SctaTeR and Satvrn, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 145, part.
Ereunetes petrifactus Brown, Ibis, 1868, 425 (Vancouver Island).

Genus MACHETES Cuvier.

Pavoncella Le acu, Syst. Cat. Mam. and Birds Brit. Mus., 1816, 29. (Type, Tringa
pugnax Linneus. )

Machetes Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 490. (Type, by original designation,
Tringa pugnax Linneeus.)

Philomachus Gray, List Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1841, 89. (Type, Tringa
pugnax Linneeus.)

Machophilus ToteNEMANN, Rhea, Heft i, 1846, 117. (Substitute for Philomachus
Gray.)

Large Erolime (wing 148-186 mm.) with outer and middle toes
united at base by a small (but distinct) web; tarsus much longer than
middle toe with claw; sexually dimorphic, the male being much
larger than the female and ornamented by a conspicuous ruff of
elongated, erectile feathers.

Bill about as long as head (not more than one-fifth as long as wing),
the exposed culmen shorter than middle toe with claw, straight,
tapering terminally in lateral profile, in vertical profile with edges
nearly parallel to the very slightly expanded tip, the latter smooth
(not punctulate) and slightly though distinctly decurved; nasal groove
broad basally, gradually tapering distally, where extending nearly if
not quite to base of slightly expanded and decurved tip of maxilla;
nostril sub-basal, linear or narrowly elliptical, longitudinal. Malar
antia on the same vertical line as loral and a feathering, the
mental antia nearly even with anterior end of nostril. Wing moder-
ate, pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal
secondaries by about half the length of wing, the elongated, tapering
tertials extending nearly if not quite to tip of longest primary (at
least in adult males). Tail more than one-third (but much less than
one-half) as long as.wing, slightly but distinctly rounded; rectices 12.
Tarsus much longer than bill, much longer than middle toe with
claw, a little more than one-fourth as long as wing, continuously
scutellate both before and behind; middle toe, with claw, longer than
exposed culmen, the lateral toes decidedly shorter, the outer slightly
longer than the inner; a distinct though small web between first
phalanges of middle and outer toes.

Plumage and coloration.—Sexually dimorphic, the adult ‘male
decidedly larger than the female and conspicuously different in

—s

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 219

plumage and coloration, the neck adorned with a conspicuous erectile
ruff of elongated feathers, the loral and frontal regions naked (or
partially so) and papillose. Adult males variously eolored, scarcely
two individuals being nearly alike in coloration; adult female grayish
brown with paler margins to feathers, passing into white on abdomen
and posterior underparts, the tertials and middle rectrices more or
less barred or transversely spotted with black or dusky.

Range.—Chiefly Palearctic or Eurasian, but occurring rarely in
North America. (Monotypic.)

MACHETES PUGNAX (Linnzus).
RUFF.

Adult male in summer.—Back and scapulars variegated with black,
gray, buffy, and whitish, the first predominating, the whitish in form
of irregular bars; wing-coverts grayish brown indistinctly margined
with paler, the secondaries similar but with narrow though distinct
edgings of white; primary coverts and primaries darker grayish
brown, indistinctly paler at tips (narrowly), their shafts white or
yellowish white; tertials broadly barred with black and grayish
brown, the latter intermixed with whitish; rump grayish brown, the
feathers with indistinct shaft-streaks of darker, and paler margins;
median upper tail-coverts blackish distally, narrowly barred with
pale-buffy, pale brownish gray, or dull whitish and tipped with brown-
ish gray, the lateral upper tail-coverts immaculate white; middle
rectrices brownish gray, broadly but indistinctly barred with dusky,
narrowly tipped with dull whitish or buffy, and with a rather large
subterminal spot of black, the lateral rectrices rather light plain
grayish brown; abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillars, and greater
part of under wing-coverts immaculate white. In coloration of the
head, neck, chest and breast, varying remarkably, scarcely two
specimens being nearly alike; the occipital tufts or ‘‘cape”’ usually
glossy black, ochraceous, or whitish, the ‘‘ruff’”’? chestnut, glossy
black, buff, ochraceous, or whitish, and these colors maybe either
plain, streaked barred, minutely freckled, or otherwise marked ;* bill
yellowish orange passing into brownish or dusky terminally; papille
of head reddish;:iris brown; legs and feet yellow (in life).

Adult male in winter.—Pileum and hindneck light grayish brown,
the former (at least on crown) narrowly streaked with darker; scapu-
lars, interscapulars, rump, median upper tail-coverts, and wing-
coverts grayish brown, the feathers darker centrally and with paler
margins, the greater wing-coverts tipped with white; sides of head and
neck, together with foreneck, chest, and sides, light grayish brown,

@ The adult males contained in the collection of the British Museum in 1896, num-
bering between thirty and forty specimens, represented no less than fifteen distinct
types of coloration. (See Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 504, 505.

220 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the feathers tipped (more broadly on chest and sides) with whitish or
brownish white; chin and upper throat mostly white; otherwise as in
summer, but Gecipeal tufts (‘cape’) and ruff wholly absent; bill
br he legs and feet greenish yellow (in life).

Adult female in summer.—Similar to the winter male but upper
parts much darker, the feathers of back, scapulars, etc., blackish,
often glossed with purplish, margined with buff or cinnamon, the
tertials barred with blackish and rusty, feathers of chest, etc., blackish
or purplish black centrally, and rectrices barred on distal portion with
cinnamon or rusty; bill blackish; legs and feet greenish gray (in life).

Adult female in winter. ilar to the winter male but much
smaller.

Young male.—‘‘ Resembles thes winter plumage of the adults, but
is much more tawny, the feathers of the upper surface being blackish,
with sandy-buff or whitish margins to the feathers; the lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts dusky brown, mottled with darker
brown centres to the feathers and with sandy-buff edges; wing-coverts
like the back; the primary-coverts with narrow sandy-buff edges and
whitish tips; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish,
fringed with white at the ends and on the outer webs of the second-
aries, the inner ones edged with sandy-buff with subterminal black
markings, before which are some rufous bars; tail-feathers dark brown,
with a few mottlings and bars of sandy-buff near their ends; crown of
head sandy-rufous, with dark brown streaks; lores and an eyebrow
pale buff, with very narrow dusky streaks; the hindneck ashy
washed with sandy-buff and mottled with dusky brown centres to the
feathers; feathers in front of the eye and sides of the face cinnamon-
buff, like the lower throat and the foreneck, the chin whiter; chest
and sides of body ashy grey, washed with cinnamon-buff; the center
of the breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under
wing-coverts white.’’@

Downy young.—¥orehead, sides of head and neck (including super-
ciliary region), and under parts pale pinkish buff, paler on chin,
throat, and abdomen, deepening into nearly cinnamon-bufl on fore-
neck and chest; a narrow streak of brownish black extending from
above base of nasal fossa backward and shghtly downward; a small
spot or short streak of black on anterior portion of malar region; crown
and occiput irregularly blotched or marbled with black, the inter-
spaces grayish buffy; an irregular large blotch of brownish black on
each side of occiput; nape plain dull cinnamon-buff or clay color, the
hindneck similar but paler and duller and irregularly marbled with
dusky; back, wings, and rump mixed black and light brown (light
cinnamon-brown or sayal brown), thickly spangled or dotted with
buffy whitish.

a Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 505, 506.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 2911

Adult male.-—Wing, 171.5-186 (181.6); tail, 65-70 (68); exposed
culmen, 33-35.5 (34.5); tarsus, 47-52.5 (50); middle toe, 31-34
(32.4).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 148-154 (151.2); tail, 52-58.5 (54.7); exposed
culmen, 29.5-32 (31); tarsus, 38.5-43 (40.9); middle toe, 27-29
(28.3).°

Europe, Asia, and Africa; breeding in northern and central Europe
and Asia, from the, British Islands eastward at least to the Taimyr
Peninsula, Siberia, and western Dauria, probably to Kamchatka,
including the Commander Islands, and frorh the Valley of the Banvibe
and the Kirghiz steppes to the Arctic coast; migrating southward to
southern Africa, Madeira and Canary mines. northern. India, Burma,
and, rarely, Ceylon and Borneo (Labuan); occasional in eastern
North America (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Long Island, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina,
Ohio, Indiana, and Ontario’); casual in Barbados and Dutch Guiana
(Surinéam).

[Tringa] pugnax Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 148 (Sweden; ex Fauna
Suecica, 175); ed. 12,1, 1766, 247.—Brtwnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 50.—Scopont,
Bemerk. ed. Gunther, 1770, 113.—GmeELIn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 11, 1789, 669.—
LatHaM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 725.—Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 402.

Tringa pugnax Boppaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 19 (Pl. Enl., pl. 305).—ScHarr-
FER, Mus. Orn., 1789, 52.—TrEmMINckK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 171; Man. d’Orn., ii,

1820, 631.—Bu.tuock, Lond. Mus., 1813, 65.—Vie1tioT, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist.

Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 458, pl. B29, fig. 2—Roux, Orn. Prov., 1825, pls. 290-

292.—WERNER, Atlas, Grallatores, 1827, pl. 14.—Fox, Newcastle Mus., 1827,

87.—FLEmING, Brit. Anim., 1828, 110.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 560.—

MENETRIES, Cat. Rais. Caucas., 1832, 51.—Gouxp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1834, 51 (Trebizond, Persia).—Nutraun, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water

Birds, 1834, 130 (Long Island, New York).—Kaup, Thierr., li. pt. i, 1836,

318.—Ewer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1842, 93 (India).—Btyru, Proc. Zool.

Soc. Lond., 1842, 94 (Europe; India) —YarREtL, Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 573.—

ScHLEGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. xci; Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 236; Dier. Nederl.

Vogels, 1861, pl. 23, figs. 5-8, 8a; Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864,

51.—Harcourt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 146 (Madeira).—PAsstEr,

Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 242 (Lapland).—Brown, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii,

1869, 208 (Madeira) —Homeryer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 424 (e. Siberia).—

Buanrorp, East. Persia, ii, 1876, 284.—LxraceE, Ibis, 1878, 204 (Kirinde,

Ceylon, March).—Srvertrzow, Ibis, 1883, 75 (Kara-Kul and Rau-Kul lakes,

and Alichur River, centr. Asia).—IrBy, Key List Brit. Birds, 1888, 48.—

GATKE, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 526.

Trynga pugnax Paruas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 190.

Pavoncella pugnax Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 29.—STEJNEGER,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 38 (crit. nomencl.); x, 1887, 133 (Bering
Island); xiv, 1891, 492 (Giatoku, Hondo, Japan); xv, 1892, 292 (Yezo,

a4 Ten specimens.

b Nine specimens.

¢ For records for eastern North America see Deane, Auk, xxii, 1905, 410, and
Palmer (T. S.), Auk. xxiii, 1906, 98.

222 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Japan); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 317, 337, 346 (Bering Island,
Kamchatka).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, and 2nd
ed., 1895, no. 260.—Brustna, Motr., etc. (Orn. Croatia), 1890, 90.—Cory,
Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 94 (Barbados)—Brimtery, Auk, ix, 1892, 299
(near Raleigh, North Carolina, 1 spec., May 6, 1892).—Paumer (W.), Auk,
xi, 1894, 325 (Alexandria Co., Virginia, 1 spec., Sept. 3, 1894).—Euxuo7,
N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 137, pl. 43.—Suarpeg, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv,
1896, 560, 764.—JEessx, Ibis, 1903, 164 (Lucknow, India).—NrumaANn,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1904, 332 (Menagascha near Adis Abeba, Abyssinia).—
Hartert, Ibis, 1904, 422 (mouth of Lena R., Siberia).—ALLEN, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 238 (Gichiga and Marcova, n. e. Siberia, breeding at
latter) —Criark (A. H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905, 254 (Barbados).—
THAYER, Auk, xxii, 1905, 409 (Camden, Maine, 1 spec., Sept. 14, 1890).—
Deane, Auk, xxii, 1905, 410 (English Lake, n. w. Indiana, 1 spec., April
12, 1905; U. S. records)—Patmer (T. S8.), Auk, xxiii, 1906, 98 (additional
American records. )}—F.LemineG, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 450 (near Toronto, Ontario,
1 spec., 1882)—Harpy, Auk, xxv, 1908, 82 (Seabrook, New Hampshire, 1
spec., Sept. 24, 1907).—Brruepscn, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 307 (Surinam).

[Pavoncella] pugnax SuHarPe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 162.—ForBEs and RoBInson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 71.

Plavoncella] pugnax Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 168.

Totanus pugnar Niusson, Orn. Suec., ii, 1817, 71.—SEEBoHM, Ibis, 1885, 364
(Yokohama, Japan); 1888, 348 (Great Liakoff Island, Siberia); Hist. Brit.
Birds, iii. 1885, 113; Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxiv, 372; Birds
Japanese Emp., 1890, 327.—ReEIcHENOw, Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889,
47; Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 9 (Bukoba, e. Africa); 1897, 4 (Togo- Tiana) Vog.
Deutsch-Ost- infrila, 1895, 42.

Machetes pugnax Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1817, sooh“neabs: Traité d’Orn.,
1831. 560.—Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., vii, 1834, 502, pls. 190-193.—GouLp,
Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 325 and text; Birds Great Brit., iv, 1871-72,
pls. 61, 62 and text.—Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp, List, 1838, 50.—Trm-
MINCK, Man. d’Orn., iv, 1840, 411.—Srnys-Lonecnamps, Faune Belge, 1842,
126.—Maceitiivray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 75; Hist. Brit. Birds, iv,
1852, 171.—Srrickianp, Ann. and Mag. N. H., xii, 1843, 421 (Corfu); Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850, 221 (Kordofan).—Mtutr, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl.,
1844, 102.—Yarrewn, Hist. Brit. Birds, 2nd ed., 11, 1845, 645; 3rd ed., ii,
1856, 692.—HewitTson, Eggs Brit. Binds li, 1846, 301, pl. 84. THOMPSON,
Birds Ireland, 11, 1850, 230.— Kriwnnbtnene, Neumarnid i, 1850, 47 (Den-
mark); Danm. Fugle, 1851, pl. 36, fig. 2; Suppl., pl. 15, fis! 1-3,—SrricK-
LAND and SciatTer, Contr. Orn., 1852, 159 (Damara-land).—BREWwER, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1854, 327 (occasional in Am.); xvii, 1875, 446 (Mass.);
xix, 1878, 307 (Newburyport, marshes, Massachusetts, 1 spec., May 20,
1871).—J&cxet, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 502 (Bayern).—PAsster, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1856, 61 (Anhalt) —Miutier, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 229 (Provence).—
Hevuaun, Syst. Ubers., 1856, 63; Journ. fur Orn., 1861 197 (Red Sea); Orn.
N. O.-Afrika, ii, Abth. i, 1873, 1180 (Egypt, Nubia, etc.)—SuNpDEVALL,
Svensk Fogl., 1860, pl. 39, figs. 1-6 —LinpERMAYER, V6g. Griechenl., 1860,
141.—Tristram, Ibis, 1860, 80 (n. Africa).—Powys, Ibis, 1860, 343 (Gulf
of Arta, Greece, March).—GirBeEt, Vég., 1860, 379, figs. 679, 680.—Ho-
MEYER, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 429 (Balearic Islands); 1872, 338 (n. Ger-
many).—RappeE, Reis. Sibir., Vég., 1863, 331; Orn. Caucas., 1884, 44,
246.—SwinuHok, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 312 (China); Ibis, 1882, 121
(Kandahar).—Hn7z, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 427 (Pomerania).—Wricut, Ibis,
1864, 147 (Malta) —Norpmawnn, Journ, fiir Orn., 1864, 374 (Lapland; Fin-

;
;
:
:

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 223

land).—Hotrz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 178 (Neu-Vorp.); 1866, 374 (Gottland) —
Mors, Ibis, 1865, 437 (Northumberland, breeding).—Sctiater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1866, 23 (South Africa)—Dercaianp and Gerse, Orn. Eur., ii,
1867, 211.—Locue, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 299.—TuRNBULL, Birds
E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 56 (Phila. ed., 45).—Srevens, Birds Norfolk, li,
1870, 261.—Wyarr, Ibis, 1870, 17 (Sinai, Palestine)—Frirscu, Vég. Eur.,
1870, pl. 38, fig. 1; pl. 43, figs. 4, 5; Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 388 (Bohemia).—
SHELLEY, Ibis, 1871, 310 (Egypt); 1894, 26, 476 (Nyassaland); Birds Egypt,
1872, 246.—Saunvmrs, Ibis, 1871, 388 (s. Spain); 1884, 390 (Pyrenees); ed.
Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, ii, 1884, 426; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 585.—Sanvaport,
Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871, 215 —Gray (R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 307.—
Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 48.—Patmgn, Finl. Fogl., 1873, 169.—
TaczaNowsk!, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 103 (e. Siberia); Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, i, 1876, 251; ii, 1877, 157 (Poland).—Brooxg, Ibis, 1878, 339 (Sar-
dinia).—Srverrzov, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873, 59 (migrant).—Dvxnronrp, Ibis,
1874, 399 (North Frisian Islands)—Saxsy, Birds Shetl., 1874, 198.—Han-
cock, Birds Northumberl. and Durham, 1874, 119.—IrBy, Orn. Straits
Gibralt., 1875, 170; 2nd ed., 1895, 283.—Fatton, Ois. Belg., 1875, 172.—
PELZzeELN, Ibis, 1875, 332 (Spanish Guiana).—Danrortu and Harvie-Brown,
Ibis, 1875, 422 (Transylvania).—Srrsoum and Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1876,
292 (lower Petchora River, Russia; habits; descr. nest and eggs).— Dresser,
Ibis, 1876, 410 (Turkestan); Birds Europe, viii, 1878, 87, pls. 557, 558.—
BLaxkistTon and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 221 (Yezo, Japan).—SrEBoum, Ibis, 1879,
151 (Yenesai River, Siberia); 1882, 223 (Kirghiz Steppes, summer; Astra-
khan, winter), 381 (Archangel, Russia); 1884, 33 (Hakodate, Japan).—
Boepanow, Birds Caucas., 1879, 100; Consp. Av. Imp. Ross., i, 1884, 88.—
Butter, Cat. Birds Sind, etc., 1879, 62 (winter); Cat. Birds S. Bombay Pres.,
1880, 76 (winter)—Lracr, Birds Ceylon, 1880, 873.—Covrs, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, v, 1880, 100 (crit. nomencl.); Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 639.—
Sounty, Ibis, 1881, 588 (Gilgit, India).—Bocacg, Orn. Angola, 1881, 471.—
Swinnog, Ibis, 1882, 121 (Kandahar, s. Afghanistan)—Frimpen and Rem,
Zoologist, 1882, 425 (Natal).—Oares, Birds Brit. Burma, ii, 1883, 396.—
British OrnitHo.oeists’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 171.—NicHo.son,
Ibis, 1883, 86 (Labuan, Borneo).—Barrp, BREwer, and Ripaway, Water
Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 292.—Snarpr, ed. Layard’s Birds South Afr., 1884,
685.—Satvapor1, Ann. Mus. Genov., (2), i, 1884, 229 (Shoa, Nov.-May);
vi, 1888, 312 (Lake Cialalaka, Feb.); Elenco Ucc. Ital., 1886, 222.—Wuurre-
HEAD, Ibis, 1885, 43 (Corsica).—Ayres, Ibis, 1885, 348 (Potchefstrom, Trans-
vaal).—GieuioLt, Avif. Ital., 1880, 391; 1st Resoc., 1889, 593; 2nd Resoc.,
1890, 654; 38rd Resoc., 1891, 5138—Harviz-Brown and Bucxtey, Vertebr.
Fauna Caithness, 1887, 221; Vertebr. Fauna Outer Hebrides, 1888, 134.—
FELDEN, Ibis, 1889, 494 (Barbados, accidental).—Oeitvin-Grant, Ibis, 1890,
442 (Madeira).—Koenie, Journ. fir Orn., 1890, 457 (Canary Islands); 1893,
92 (Tunis).—Bucxk ery and Harvis-Brown, Vertebr. Fauna Orkney Is., 1891,
218.—MacpHerson, Fauna Lakeland, 1892, 389.—Cory, Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 138 (Barbados).—Mrapg-Watpo, Ibis, 1893, 205 (Canary
Islands).—Poyntine, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. iii, 1896, 179, pl. 38 (eggs).—
PopnaM, Ibis, 1897, 104 (Golchika, Yenesei River, Siberia); 1898, 517 (Yene-
seisk, Siberia).—Prarson, Ibis, 1898, 202 (Waigats, Dolgoi Island, and Haba-
rova, n. e. Russia, breeding; descr. eggs).—Grant, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900,
269 (s. Arabia).—Harrert, Novit. Zool., viii, 1901, 306 (Canary Islands).—
WitHErRBY, Ibis, 1903, 564 (s. w. Persia)—AmbpRIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union Commitrer, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 297; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 123.—
EverMANN, Auk, xxx, 1913, 18 (St. Paul Island, Pribilof group, Alaska,

224 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1 spec., Sept. 7, 1910).—HatuHaway, Auk, xxx, 1913, 552 (Point Judith,
Rhode Island, 1 spec., Sept. 7, 1909).—Norton, Auk, xxx, 1913, 576 (None-
such River, Scarborough, Maine, Oct. 16, 1912, and April 10, 1870; Upton,
Maine, Sept. 8, 1874; Camden, Maine, Sept. 14, 1900).—Tuayer and Banas,
Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 22 (Nijni Kolymsk, etc., e. Siberia).

M[achetes] pugnax KeyseRLING and Buasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixxv, 2
Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 640.

Philomachus pugnaz Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 89.

Philomachus pugnax Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Grallae, 1844, 102; Cat. Mam.,
etc., Nepal pres. Hodgson, 1846, 140; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 164.—LAawRENcE,
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., v, 1852, 220 (Long Island); viii, 1866, 294 (Long Island).—
HartiLaus, Orn. West-Afrika, 1857, 236 (Gaboon); Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 271
(Casamanse).—ADAMS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 506 (India).—Cass1n,
in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 737.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 544.—IrBy, Ibis, 1861, 241 (Oudh, India).—Gurney, Ibis, 1862,
34 (Natal); 1873, 283 (Transvaal); in Andersson’s Birds Damara-Land., 1872,
304.—BoarpMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 129 (Maine).—VERRILL,
Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 158 (coast of Maine, accidental).—NrwTon, in
Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 412 (1 spec., Sept., 1820).—Jerpon, Birds
India, iii, 1864, 687.—DrostE, Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 422 (Borkum); 1868, 39
(Borkum); Vogelw. Borkum, 1869, 205.—GieLiou1, Ibis, 1865, 61 (Pisa,
Italy).—Satvaport, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 257 (Sardinia).—Layarp, Birds
South Africa, 1867, 329.—Couss, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 296 (New Eng-
land); Check List, 1873, no. 437.—BrewstER, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 306
(Newberryport marshes, Massachusetts, May 20, 1871); Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, i, 1876, 19 (Upton, Oxford Co., Maine, Sept. 8, 1874).—A.ustTon and
Harvis-Brown, Ibis, 1873, 69 (Archangel, Russia) —Ayres, Ibis, 1873,
283 (Transvaal); 1877, 350 (Transvaal; crit.)—Hume and HENDERSON,
Lahore to Yarkand, 1873, 287.—BLyTH and Wa.LpeENn, Birds Burma, 1875,
156.—Buck ey, Ibis, 1874, 388 (Matabele-land)—Wueaton, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 83 (Licking Reservoir, near Columbus, Ohio, Nov. 10,
1872).—SHARPE, in Oates, Matabele Land, 1881, App. B, 325.—Murray,
Vertebr. Fauna Sind, 1884, 248.—Srron, Auk, ii, 1885, 336 (Toronto Island,
Ontario, 1 spec., spring of 1882)—FrivaLpsky, Av. Hung., 1891, 144.—
Mapardsz, Erliut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf., 1891, 110.

P{hilomachus] pugnax Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 579.

[Philomachus] pugnax Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 260.

Tringa (Machetes) pugnax MippENvboRE?, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 218 (Taimyr
River, Boganida).

(?) Tringa variegata BRiNNicH, Orn. Bor., 1764, 54 (Christiansoé).

(2) [ Tringa] littorea Linnaxvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 149 (Sweden; ex Fauna
Suecica, 151); ed. 12, i, 1766, 251 (cites Fauna Suecica, 185, and Totanvs
cinereus Brisson, Orn., v, 203, pl. 17, fig. 2)—Brtnnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, |
52, 53.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 677.—LatHam, Index Orn., il,
1790, 731.

Tringa grenovicensis LATHAM, Gen. Synop. Birds, Suppl., i, 1787, 249 (Greenwich, |
England); Index Orn., 11, 1790, 731. |

Tringa equestris LArHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 730 (Europe).—VigILLot, Nouy. !
Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 396.

Tringa rufescens BecustEIN, Naturg. Deutschl., iv, pt. i, 1809, 332 (Greenwich,

England).
Machetes alticeps Breum, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 670, pl. 34, fig. 4 (northeastern

Europe).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 925

Machetes planiceps Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 671 (Pomeranian Islands and
middle Germany).

Totanus indicus GRAY and Harpwicke, Illustr. Ind. Zool., ii, 1832, pl. 52, fig. 1,
pl. 54, figs. 1, 2.

Machetes variabilis C. T. Woop, Orn. Guide, [1837,] 203 (Substitute name for
Tringa pugnax Linneus).

Philomachus pugnax indicus RetcHENBACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 72, figs. 596-600.

Limosa hardwickii Gray, Ulustr. Ind. Zool., ii, pl. 52, fig. 2.

Machetes optatus Hopason, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, 86 (Nepal).

Machetes minor BreuM, Vogelf., 1855, 320 (Greece and the Blue Nile).

Terekia cinerea (not Scolopax cinerea Giildenstiidt) Butter, Stray Feath., iv, 1876,
17; v, 1877, 233 (Deesa, India, July—-March).

Genus TRYNGITES Cabanis.

Tryngites® CABANIS, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1856, 418. (Type, by original designation,
Tringa rufescens Vieillot=T. subruficollis Vieillot.)

Tringites (emendation) SciaTER, Ibis, 1862, 277.—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxiv, 1896, 520.

Medium-sized Eroliine(?) (wing 122-136 mm.) with bill decidedly
shorter than head, malar antia on vertical line with middle of nostril,
loral feathering in contact with posterior end of nostril, and inner
webs of remiges marbled or freckled with dusky.

Bill much shorter than head (as long as middle toe without claw,
or slightly shorter),- slender, tapering terminally in lateral profile,
the tip of maxilla depressed and slightly decurved; nasal groove
extending about three-fourths the distance to tip of maxilla, rather
broad posteriorly but contracted anteriorly; nostril basal (in contact
posteriorly with loral feathering), longitudinally linear, but divided
into two nearly equal parts by a knob-like internasal process descend-
ing from upper portion; loral and latero-frontal antiz on same
vertical line, both in contact with (or very nearly so) the posterior
end of nostril; malar antia on same vertical line as middle of nostril,
the mental antia anterior to anterior end of nostril. Wing long and
pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries
by about half the length of the wing; elongated, acuminate tertials
reaching nearly to tip of longest primaries. Tail less than half as long
as wing, slightly rounded, the middle pair of rectrices projecting
slightly but decidedly; retrices 12, rounded at tips, the middle pair
slightly but distinctly contracted terminally. Tarsus about one and
one-fourth times as long as middle toe with claw, more than one-
fourth as long as wing, continuously scutellate anteriorly and pos-
teriorly; bare portion of tibia decidedly shorter than middle toe with-
out claw, scutellate before and behind; lateral toes decidedly shorter
than middle toe, the outer slightly longer than the inner; toes cleft
_ to the base.

@Tpiyyas=Tringa (Cabanis).
40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8S——16

226 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Coloration.—Buffy, above more grayish streaked and blotched with
black; inner webs of remiges mottled or freckled distally with dusky.
Range.—North America (South America in winter.) (Monotypic.)

TRYNGITES SUBRUFICOLLIS (Vieillot).
BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER.

Adults (sexes alike).—General color of upper parts light grayish buff
or light drab-buff, the pileum broadly streaked with black, the lesser
wing-coverts each with a central cuneate spot of black; scapulars
and interscapulars black broadly margined with light grayish buff or
drab-buff; greater coverts grayish brown narrowly edged and more
broadly margined at tip with buffy whitish, the whitish tip preceded
by a more or less V- or U-shaped mark of black; primary coverts
deeper grayish brown with a subterminal black spot and narrow
terminal margin of white; secondaries with outer webs mostly plain
dusky for terminal, grayish brown for basal, half, their inner webs
immaculate white for proximal two-thirds or more, the distal portion
irregularly marbled or mottled with black and pale buffy; tertials
grayish brown deepening into dusky distally, broadly edged, on both
webs, with light buffy drab; primaries grayish brown with a large

subterminal spot of black and smaller white trp; rump and upper |

tail-coverts light buffy drab with a large subterminal area of black;
middle retrices grayish brown passing into dusky terminally and
indistinctly edged with paler; other rectrices lighter grayish brown
(paler and more buffy on outer webs) narrowly tipped with buffy
white and with a subterminal area of black, the brownish portion on

outer webs with one or two longitudinal lines of dusky; sides of head |

and neck and under parts dull light pinkish cinnamon or deep pinkish

buff, passing into buffy white on abdomen, flanks, and under tail- |

coverts, the feathers of foreneck, chest, breast, and sides more or less
distinctly tipped with buffy whitish; axillars, under wing-coverts, and
basal portion of inner webs of remiges immaculate white, the under

primary coverts, however, pale buffy grayish brown, tipped with |

white and with a subterminal spot and irregular longitudinal lines of
black; inner webs of remiges (except basal portion) irregularly
spotted or marbled with black; bill black terminally, more brownish

basally; iris dark brown; legs and feet pale brownish (yellowish in _

life).

margined with white, and with the marbling on inner webs of remiges

and on under primary coverts much more minute (more dot-like) |

than in adults.

Young.—Similar to adults but the upper parts with the black and |
lighter color less charply contrasted, and each feather conspicuously |

\
i
\

{
|
{
i

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 227

Adult male.—Wing, 129-136 (132.1); tail, 58-63 (60.6); exposed
culmen, 19.5—20.5 (19.9); tarsus, 30-37 (32.1); middle toe, 20-21.5
(20.8).¢

Adult female-—Wing, 122-132 (127.2); tail, 54-62 (57); exposed
culmen, 17.5-19.5 (18.4); tarsus, 29-31 (29.5); middle toe, 19-21
(20).°

Breeding in Arctic districts of North America, from northern
Alaska to Keewatin; migrating southward through temperate North
America (chiefly through Mississippi Valley), Mexico, Central America,
and South America, east of Andes, as far as Argentina (Cérdova,
Misiones; Buenos Aires; Moreno; Baraccas al Sud), Paraguay (upper
Rio Parané), Uruguay (Montevidéo), and eastern Peru (upper Rio
Ucayali; Pebas; Xeberos; Chamicuros; Yquitos; Cosnipata); in
West Indies recorded only from Cuba and Barbados, where rare or
accidental in autumn; accidental in Bermudas; not yet recorded
from Greenland, but frequent straggler to British Islands (17 records)
and accidental in France and Helgoland (1 record each); common
migrant to Bering Sea coast of eastern Siberia (Cape Wankarem, etc.)
and occasional migrant to shore of Sea of Okhotsk and northern
Japan (Owari).

Tringa subruficollis Vierntor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 465 (Para-
guay; based on Chorlito garganta blanco acanelado Azara, Apunt., iii, 1805,
320).—HartLaus, Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 25.

T{ringa] subruficollis Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1845, 580.

Tryngites subruficolis Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 356.—
AMERICAN OrniITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895,
no. 262; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 124——Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 189
(Alaska).—Netson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 119 (St. Michaels, Alaska,
1 pair, May 31, 1880).—Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 186 (Concho Co., Texas,
Aug. 31).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 319 (West Indian localities and references);
Birds West Ind., 1889, 240; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 94 (Cuba).—Cooxkg,

Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 97.—Durcuer, Auk, vi, 1889, 136 (Long Island
records).—CHERRIE, Auk, vii, 1890, 332 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Sept.
25-Nov. 15); ix, 1892, 329 (San Jose)—Mackay, Auk, ix, 1892, 389 (Nan-
tucket Island, Massachusetts, Aug. 26-Sept. 8).—Srresnrecer, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 616 (Owari, Japan).—Srone, Birds E. Penn. and N. J.,
1894, 77 (coast New Jersey, rare).—E.uror, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 145,
pl. 45.—Trowsriper, Auk, xiv, 1897, 209 (New England references).—
Posson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 194 (Orleans Co., w. New York, fall 1897).— Bryan,
Auk, xvi, 1899, 276 (Calumet Lake, Cook Co., Illinois, Sept. 18, 1898).—
ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 125 (Cienega, Santa Marta, Colom-
bia, Sept.).—Satvrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1903, 384
(Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Guanajuato; Ruatan I., Honduras; San Jose
Costa Rica; Amazon Valley, Brazil; Paraguay: e. Siberia; accidental in
Europe).—TAVERNER and Swates, Wilson Bull., no. 60, 1907, 87 (Point
Pelee, Ontario, 1 spec., Aug. 29, 1907).—Norron, Auk, xxv, 1908, 81 (Scar-
borough, Maine, 1 spec., Sept. 5, 1907).—Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
vi, 1910, 422 (Costa Rica).—DaBBENE, Orn. Argent., 1910, 219 (Cérdoba,

@ Seven specimens. 6 Four specimens.

228 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Misiones; Buenos Aires)—Hersrey, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 490 (Barr Lake,
Colorado, Aug. 25 and Sept. 4, 1890).

Tlryngites] subruficollis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 167.

[ Tryngites| swbruficollis SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 162.

Tringites subruficollis Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 766.—InERING,
Revista Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 436 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil) —Harrert and
VenTURI, Novit. Zool., xvi, 1909, 251 (Barracas al Sud, Argentina, June 14,
1899).—Brrroni, Fauna Parag., 1914, 39 (upper Rio Parana).—Brooxs
(W. 8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 381 (Demarcation Point and
Humphrey Point, Alaska, pee: habit:

Tringites sub-ruficollis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 521.

[ Tringites] subruficollis FoneES and RosBINnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., li, no. 2,
1899, 72 (s. Mexico; upper Rio Ucayali, e. Peru).

Tringa rufescens (not of Bechstein, 1809) ViriioT, Nouv Dict. d’Hist. Nat.,
xxxiv, 1819, 470 (Louisiana); Gal. Ois., ii, 1825, 105, pl. 238—Lxsson,
Traité d’Orn., 1831, 559.—YarRELL, Trans. Linn. Soc., xvi, 1833, 109 (Cam-
bridgeshire, England); Hist. Brit. Birds, i, 1843, p. x (Yarmouth and coast
of England); ii, 1843, 634 (Parish of Melbourne, Cambridgeshire; Sherring-
ham, Norfolk; Formby, on River Alt; Yarmouth); 2nd ed., iii, 1845, 57;
3rd ed., iii, 1856, 60.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds,
1834, 1138.—AUDUBON, DR Biog., iii, 1835, 451, pl. 265; Synopsis, 1839, 233;
Birds Am., 8vo. ed., v., 1842, 264, pl. 331. See Man. Brit. Vertebr.,
1835, i Me Cooe . and Comp. List, 1838, 50—PrasBopy, Rep.
Orn. Mass., 1839, 367.—TemMmMincxk, Man. d’Orn., iv, 1840, 408.—GOouLD, in
Darwin’s Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ Birds, 1841, 130 (Montevideo, Uruguay).—
Maccitiivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 11, 1842, 68; Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 194.—
Fisuer, Zoologist, 1, 1843, 367 (Yarmouth, England).—Ropp, Zoologist, iv,
1846, 1500 (Cornwall); 1860, 7236 (Lands End, Cornwall).—Bonp, Zoologist,
1843, 148 (coast Sussex).—Grraup, Birds Long Is., 1844, 230.—McCoy, Ann.
and Mag. N. H., xv, 1845, 271 (Ireland) oe Ee Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1847, 39. Se oie or Grallatores, 1850, pl. 67, fig. 657; pl. 357, fo
2803-2805.—LrMBrEYE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 99.— Brewer, Proc.
Bost. Soe. N. H., iv, 1854, 326 (Europe and America); vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—
GATKE, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 71 (Helgoland); Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891,
526.—PutTNaAM, Proc. ent Inst; i, 1856, 217 (Essex Co., Massachusetts).—
NicHouts, Zoologist, xv, 1857, 579 (Bacland), —SwIinuHoE, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1863, 316 (Sea of ee ata oe Zoologist, (2), i, 1866, 389
(Ireland).—Biake-Knox, Zoologist, (2), i, 1866, 457 (Belfast, Ireland).—
STEVENSON, Birds Norfolk, ii, 1870, 358 (coast Norfolk)—Hartine, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 117 (Arctic America).—Gray (R.), Birds West Scot-
land, 1871, 319 (Caithness)—SrEEBoHM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887,
pp. xxvi, 446; Ibis, 1892, 25 (Helgoland).—Litrorp, Col. Figs. Brit. Birds,
pt. xix, 1891.

Tr{inga] rufescens KeysERLING and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, xxvii, 215.

Actitis rufescens NAUMANN, V6g. Deutschl., xiii, 1836, 239.—ScHLEGEL, Rev.
Crit., 1844, 92; Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 79.—Buastus, Ibis,
1862, 71 (Helgoland).

Actiturus rufescens BONAPARTE, Rey. Crit., 1850, 186; Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856,
579.—NeEwTON, List Birds Europe (Bigsiaay, 1862, 18 (Helgoland). ena AND
and GERBE, Orn Eur., ii, 1867, 209 (Abbeville, France).

[ Actiturus] rufescens DVELaos vient Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 52 (England; France;
Helgoland).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 229

Tryngites rufescens CaBANIs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 418 (Cuba); 1878, 199 (Ar-
gentina).—CassIn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 739; ed. 1860
(Birds N. Am.), pl. 6.—Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 546; Ibis, 1867,
285 (England; Helgoland).—Coorer and Sucxiey, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 244 (Shoalwater Bay, Washington, migrant).—Covgs,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 235 (Labrador, 1 spec., Aug. 20); Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 123 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868,
296 (New England); Check List, 1873, no. 439; 2nd ed., 1882, no, 641; Birds
Northwest, 1874, 506.—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 78 (Springfield,
Massachusetts).—Gouxnp, Birds Great Brit., iv, 1865, pl. 64 and text.—
DreEssER, Ibis, 1866, 39 (Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Aug., Sept.); Birds Europe,
viii, 1876, 111, pl. 561.—SciatTer and Satyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866,
199 (upper Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1879, 547 (Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 294 (vicinity New York City).—
Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 165, pl. 15, fig. 4 (egg). —FrAnrzius,
Journ, fiir Orn., 1869, 377 (Costa Rica).—Datt and Bannister, Trans.
Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 293 (Yukon River below Nulato, and Sitka, Alaska;
Anderson River, breeding).—TuRNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 41
(Phila., ed., 32).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 10.—GuNnp.tacu, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1875, 325 (Cuba); Orn. Cubana, 1876, 173.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., xvii, 1875, 446 (New England).—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1877, 200 (Buenos
Aires).—MErRILL (J. C.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 162 (Fort Brown,
Texas, spring and autumn).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 390.—
Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 201 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 556);
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 556.—RaAgspAtE, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881,
61 (Gainesville, Texas, April 23-May 3; habits).—Berier, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vi, 1881, 126 (Montauk Point, Long Island, Aug. 26, 1880).—Merrriam,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 245 (Point de Monts, Quebec, Aug. 28).—
Netson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 90 (Cape Wankarem, e. Siberia,
common; St. Michaels, Alaska, rare; Anderson River, breeding).—BritisH
OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 172.—SauNnpErRs, ed.
Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 435; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 587.—Barrp,
Brewer, and Rineway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 305.—Srrspoum,
Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 222, pl. 31 (eggs) —Murpocn, Auk, ti, 1885, 63
(Point Barrow, Alaska, June 8-July 27); Rep. Internat. Exped. Point Barrow,
1885, 114 (Point Barrow, breeding).—AGrErsBore, Auk, il, 1885, 286 (s. e.
South Dakota).—TaczanowskI, Mém. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., (7), xxxix,
1893, 891 (Cape Wankarem, Siberia).—PatmEn, Vega-Exped., Fogelf., 1887,
tab. 3.—ScLaTeR and Hupson, Argentine Orn., ii, 1889, 190.—Frmpsn, Ibis,
1889, 497 (Barbados, Oct., rare).—Satvin, Ibis, 1889, 587 (Ruatan Island,
Honduras).—F arro and Stupkr, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, 1892, 50.—Poyntine,
Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. i, 1895, 183, pl. 39 (eggs).—KorniaswaLp, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1896 395 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil) —HormsBere, Segundo censo Argentina,
1898, 569.

[ Tryngites] rufescens GuNpLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).—CovEs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 261.—ScLater and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr.,
1873, 146.

T [ryngites] rufescens Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 385 (Illinois).—NELson,
Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 130 (Chicago, Illinois, 1 spec., Sept. 4, 1873).—
Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 642.

Tringites rufescens SctaTer, Ibis, 1862, 277 (Europe)—Braxiston, Ibis, 1863,
134 (Mackenzie River).—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 78 (Spring-

230 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

field, Mass.).—GuNnb.uacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 355.—ScLaTeR
and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 754 (Xeberos, e. Peru), 979 (Pebas,
e. Peru); 1873, 309 (upper Rio Ucayali, Xeberos, Chamicuros, and Pebas,
e. Peru).—Butcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, 1868, 150 (Laredo,
Texas).—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 138.—Data.eisn, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, v, 1880, 149 (European records; British Islands, 17; Helgoland, 1;
France, 1, doubtful)—Taczanowsk1, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 370.—
FEILDEN,’ Ibis, 1889, 497 (Barbados).

[ Tringites] rufescens Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 27 (Cuba).

Tringoides rufescens Come List Brit. Birds, 1863, 161—PruzELNn, Orn. Bras.,
1870, 310 (Ypanema; Mesitonrostos Oct.; Maribitanas, March).

[ Tringoides] rufescens PELzeuN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 457.—Gray, Hand-list, iii,
1871, 46, no. 10283.

[Limicola] brevirostris LicuTENsTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 92 (Brazil).

Actidurus nxvius HEERMANN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1854, 178 (near
San Antonio, Texas); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 20, pl. 6 (near
San Antonio, Texas; habits; descr. nest).

Genus CANUTUS Brehm.

Canutus Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 653. (Type, by tautonymy, Tringa
canutus Linnzeus.)

Anteliotringa® Maruews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, 274. (Type,
by original designation, Totanus tenuwirostris Horsfield.)

Large Eroline (wing 152—180 mm.) with the straight and rather
stout bill longer than tarsus, and tail with middle rectrices not
projecting.

Bill longer than head (longer than tarsus, more than one-fifth as
long as wing), stout basally (its depth at base equal to about one-
fourth the length of exposed culmen), tapering rapidly terminally
in lateral profile, but in vertical profile appreciably contracted in
width in middle portion and slightly expanded terminally; nasal
groove broad basally, gradually but rather rapidly contracted
anteriorly, extending nearly to tip of maxilla; mandible also with a
distinct, but much narrower, lateral groove; nostril sub-basal, longi-
tudinally linear, in lower part: of nasal fossa; loral antia nearly
truncate, gradually receding above to the frontal line, which forms
a distinct concavity at base of culmen; malar antia forming a short
obtuse angle (in C. canutus) or a more elongated acute angle (in
C. tenwirostris) decidedly anterior to the loral antia; mental antia
anterior to malar antia, but occupying only extreme posterior portion
of the interramal space, which is mostly occupied by naked mem-
brane. Wing long and pointed, the longest primary (outermost)
exceeding distal secondaries by more than half the length of wing;
longest tertials (more or less cuneate) falling short of longest primary
by about length of middle toe with claw (in C. canutus) to nearly
twice as much (in C. tenusrostros). _ Tail less than two-fifths as | long

a” Aven Apa rings aie =yas, a font ice indy (Mathers. )

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 231

as wing, truncate or very slightly rounded, the middle pair of rectrices
not projecting beyond the rest; rectrices 12, rounded at tip, except
middle pair which are more narrowly rounded or obtusely pointed
at tip. Tarsus shorter than exposed culmen, about one-fifth as long
as wing, continuously scutellate anteriorly and posteriorly; middle
toe, with claw, about four-fifths as long as tarsus; lateral toes de-
cidedly shorter than middle toe, the outer slightly longer than the
inner, all with a wide lateral margin, and connected at extreme
base by a very small web (practically cleft to base).

Coloration.—Above grayish, variegated with blackish streaks and
longitudinal spots of blackish; underparts mostly white, in summer
mostly cinnamon-buff (C. canutus) or heavily spotted with blackish
(C. tenvirostris); upper tail-coverts white, more or less spotted or
barred with blackish.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CANUTUS.

a. Wing less than 180, exposed culmen less than 40 mm.; shafts of primaries not
wholly pure white basally; summer adults with under parts mostly bufty
cinnamon, the chest not spotted with black. (Northern hemispRere, breeding
MORO WALW 5 getcicinin sia ainisice gaia Ss.c\ein sine'<icyja=s.<ice's © Canutus canutus (p. 231).

aa. Wing 180 or more, exposed culmen 40 or more mm.; shafts of primaries wholly
pure white basally; summer adults with underparts white, the chest heavily
spotted with black. (Eastern Siberia, southward in winter to Malay Archi-
pelago.anid Australia. ). of Sse eceees Je Canutus tenuirostris (extralimital).¢

CANUTUS CANUTUS (Linnzus).

ENOT.

Adult male in summer.—Above light gray, pale cinnamon-rufous,
and black, these colors varying in relative extent,’ the black in form
of streaks on the pileum and hindneck and broader, more or less
cuneate, central spots on back and scapulars; rump pale gray with
lunulate markings and bars of dusky, the upper tail-coverts white,

‘irregularly barred and transversely spotted with dusky or blackish;
Wing-coverts light gray, darker centrally and with dusky shaft-
streaks and paler (sometimes whitish) narrow margins, the greater

@ Totanus tenuirostris Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii, 1821, 192 (Java;=young,
fide Mathews, Birds Australia, iii, 277) —Tringa tenwirostris Swinhoe, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1863, 315 (Shanghai, China).—Anteliotringa tenuirostris Mathews, Birds
Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, 275.— Tinga crassirostris Temminck and Schlegel,
Fauna Japonica, Aves, 1847, 107, pl. 64; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887,
pp. xxv, 421; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 600.—Scheniclus magnus
Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1848, 39 (Australia); Birds Australia, vi, 1848, pl. 33
and text.—Tringa magna Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 596.—Canutus
magnus Mathews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, pl. [164] facing p. 275.

> Usually the gray predominates, but in some midsummer specimens the hlack
prevails.

232 BULLETIN 30, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

coverts tipped with white; secondaries brownish gray narrowly
edged with white; tertials darker brownish gray with pale broad but
not sharply defined edgings: primary coverts and primaries dusky, -
the proximal primary coverts tipped with white, the shafts of pri-
maries white or whitish, passing into grayish brown basally and ter-
minally; tail pale brownish gray, the rectrices narrowly margined
with white distally (sometimes with a narrowsub-edging or lunulate
subterminal mark of dusky), their shafts white except toward tips;
sides of head, including broad superciliary stripe, chin, throat, fore-
neck, chest, breast. and upper abdomen plain buffy cinnamon, vina-
ceous-cinnamon, or mikado brown, paler posteriorly; sides mixed
buffy cinnamon and white, broken by irregular narrow bars and
streaks or other markings of dusky; lower abdomen, flanks, anal
region, and under tail-coverts white, the flanks marked like the sides,
the under tail-coverts with a few small streaks or cuneate markings
of dusky; axillars and under wing-coverts white, the former with
distinct submarginal V-shaped markings of brownish gray, the latter
with fewer and less conspicuous markings of similar form; bill black;
iris dark brown; legs and feet blackish.

Adult female in summer—Similar to the adult male and perhaps
not always distinguishable, but usually with the cinnamon-buff of
underparts decidedly paler, less extended posteriorly, and more often
broken laterally by admixture of white and by dusky markings.

Adults in winter (sexes alike)—Above light brownish gray with
indistinct shaft-streaks of darker; superciliary stripe and underparts
white, the throat, foreneck, chest, and sides streaked or otherwise
marked with dusky; otherwise as in summer plumage.

Young.—Sunilar to winter adults but feathers of upper parts mar-
gined with whitish and with a narrow submarginal lunulate or V-
shaped mark of dusky; white of underparts usually tinged with dull
buffy, especially on chest.

Downy young‘ Forehead warm buff, with a central black line; |
over the eye a double black line; crown, from centre backwards,
black slightly varied with rufous and dotted with buff; nape creamy
buff, slightly varied with blackish; upperparts . . . . black, slightly
varied with reddish brown, and profusely dotted with creamy white;
underparts very slightly washed with warm buff.’

Adult male—Wing, 152-174 (162.7); tail, 60-66 (62.2); exposed
culmen, 31-36.5 (33.9); tarsus, 29.5-33 (31); middle toe, 20-23
(21.7)2

@ Dresser, Birds of Europe. 6 Eighteen specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 233

Adult female—Wing, 155-176 (166.3); tail, 57-65.5 (62.3); ex-
posed culmen, 32-38 (36.3); tarsus, 29.5-33 (31.5); middle toe,
20-22.5 (21.6).2

Breeding in circumpolar regions (Ellesmere Land; Grinnell Land;

near Fort Conger, lat. 81° 44’; Melville Island; Melville Peninsula;

Smith Sound; Greenland; Iceland; Taimyr Peninsula in Siberia, and

probably New Siberian Islands); migrating southward (mostly along

seacoasts) to southern Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand, and
southern South America, as far as Peru (Santa Lucia) and Tierra del

Fuego (Cape Espiritu Santo); in West Indies recorded only from

Jamaica, Barbados, and Grenada; comparatively rare in interior of

North America and along Pacific coast.

[ Tringa] canutus Lixnzxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 149 (Sweden; ex Fauna
Suecica, 150, Ray, 108); ed. 12, i, 1766, 251 Guu, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. ii,
1789, 679.—LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 738.—Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806,
409.—PELzELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 457.—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 48, no.
10300.—CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 257 —Sciater and Savin, Nom.
Av. Neoir., 1873, 145.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 26
(Jamaica?) —Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 164.—Forses and Rosixson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 73 (Iceland; England; Shanghai, China).

Tringa canutus Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 29-—Frewne,
Brit. Anim., 1828 109.—Jarpine, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 335,
pl. 57, fig. 5—Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 213—-Bonaparrte, Geog.

& Fourteen specimens.

Ex- :
Locality. Wing.) Tail. | posed | Tarsus. me
culmen. ae
MALES,
Ten adult males from coast of Virginia.....................---- 161 61.3 343] 30 21.4
REIT: SiCHTIEG sTtRlOs Pree LOSE 2 Mee ee ae a en 163 63.4 33.5 | 31 21.5
One adult male from Mackenzie (Fort Simpson)..............- 174 65.5 35 34 23.5
Sereseiisl Lartiertrene Wranied: 5 224 2 ek See oe 1 65 34.5 30.5 21
Serrvedult sini tram Japan. 22st os eS A zc hs. : 165 61 31 |) «630 21
DuRmePLcinTEG eractics teGass Gotinttey ©. -¢ 22 ttirate | dee} ibe Se 162.5 62.5 32. |] 31 20
/ FEMALES.

Ten adult females from Atlantic coast U. S. (New Jersey to | .
TEES Tr ee eg Soe eS a eee 2 ee eee 166 62.8 36.2-| 31.4

21.7
One adult female from Alaska (Point Barrow).............-.-- 166 63 38 32 22
One adult female from England -................-------------- 163 62 | 32 | 30 20

21.5

Se wonnult females from, Braned:—. ... 25. - << 5 -- s-----2=2-- 169.5 59.7 | 36.5 32.2

The material examined is insufficient so far as European and Asiatic specimens are
concerned for determining whether the species requires subdivision. The few
European specimens and one from China are not distinguishable irom specimens
from eastern North America; but one from Japan and all those from Alaska have the
cinnamon color of the underparts much deeper, and were it not that the only two
summer adults seen from Greenland (sex not determined) agree with these, the
separation of the northwestern series might seem advisable.

234

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

and Comp. List, 1838, 49.—Macartuivray, Man. Brit..Orn., ii, 1842, 67;
Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 185.—Sre,rys-Lonecuampes, Faune Belge, 1842,
126.—ScHiLeGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. Ixxxviii; Vog. Nederl., 1854, pls. 227,
228; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, pl. 24, fig. 1; Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27
(Secolopaces), 1864, 29.—YarrRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, 2nd ed., iii, 1845, 52;
3rd ed., iii, 1856, 55 —MUtaue, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl., 1844, 103.—Gray,
List Birds Brit. Mus., Grallee, 1844, 103; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 165.—Gossn,
Birds Jamaica, 1817, 354.—Biyra, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1849,
268 (Calcutta) —REICHENBACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 73, figs. 611, 612.—
TxHomeson, Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 306.—MrppENDorrr, Reis. Sibir., Zool.,
1851, 219 (Taimyr River, Aug.; Boganida, May).—Harriavus, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1854, 297 (w. Africa); Orn. West-Africa, 1857, 237 (Gambia).—BrEWER,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1854, 326.—Rernaarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854,
441 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 11 (Greenland).—BurmetstrErR, Syst. Ueb. Th.
Bras., li, 1856, 373.—Cass1n, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
715.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 526; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound.
Surv., u, pt. ii, 1859, 25 (Brazos, Texas); Ibis, 1867, 286 (Greenland).—
Batpamus, Naumannia, 1857, 113 (Blue Nile).—Scurencx, Reis. Amur-
land, 1860, 420 (mouth of Amur River, Aug.) —SunpEVALL, Svensk Fogl.,
1860, pl. 42, fig. 1—LinpERMAYER, Vog. Griecheal., 1860, 142.—IrBy, Ibis,
1861, 240 (Cawnpore, India); 1883, 186 (Santander, Spain, May); Key List
Brit. Birds, 1888, 46; Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 171; 2nd ed., 1895,
281.—Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1861, 179, 229 (monogr.); Proc.
Essex Inst., v, 1868, 293 (New England); Proc. Bost. Soc., N. H., xii, 1868,
122 (South Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 426; 2nd ed., 1882, no. 626;
Birds Northwest, 1874, 490.—Boarpman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862,
128 (Calais, Maine).—VeERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., 111, 1862, 158 (Oxford Co.,
Maine).—BuakisTon, Ibis, 1863, 132 (Arctic America and Hudson Bay);
Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 36.—Nerwron, in Baring-Gould’s Iceland,
1863, 412.—Swinuor, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 315 (China); 1871, 408
(Shanghai); 1873, 368 (Shanghai); Ibis, 1873, 424 (Shangha1)—Marcou, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, 67 (Jamaica)—Wricut, Ibis, 1864, 148
(Malta, Jan.).—Row.ey, Ibis, 1864, 223 (Brighton, England).—ALLEn,
Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 86 (Springfield, Massachusetts).—GouLp, Handb.
Birds Australia, 1i, 1865, 259; Birds Great Brit., iv, 1873, pl. 65 and text.—
Satvaport, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 287 (Sardinia); Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871,
214; Elenco Ucce. Ital., 1886, 221.—L&toraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 468.—
McIutwraitH, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 92 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 294 (vicinity New York City); Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 451 (Guadeloupe).—Layarp, Birds South Africa,
1867, 330.—DEGLAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 190.—GuRNEy, Ibis,
1868, 260 (Walvisch Bay, South Africa).—TurNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and
N. J.; 1869, 39 (Phila. ed., 30)—Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chi-
cago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 291 (Yukon delta, Alaska, rare; Sitka, 1 spec.).—
Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, 1869, 211.—ELwes and Bucxiry, Ibis, 1870,
331 (Turkey).—Homeryer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 425 (e. Siberia).—
Fritscu, Vog. Eur., 1870, pl. 38, fig. 9, pl. 39, fig. 2; Journ. fiir Orn.,
1871, 388 (Bohemia).—Satvapvortr, Faun. Ital., Uce., 1871, 214; Elenco
Uce. Ital., 1886, 221—Saunpers, Ibis, 1871, 388 (s. Spain, migrant); ed.
Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 413; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 581.—Gray (R.),
Birds West Scotland, 1871, 318.—Harrtinea, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 48.—
Finscn, Trans. N. Z. Inst., v, 1872, 209 (New Zealand); Journ. fiir Orn.,
1874, 197 (New Zealand).—GuRNEyY, in Andersson’s Birds Damara-land,
1872, 209 (Walvisch Bay).—FerrpENn, Zoologist, 1872, 3250 (Faroe Islands,

atte ged Ew

a nat IM ge hal ee 5

ee ee

Se een

rt

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 235

spring and autumn); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 31 (lat. 81° 44” N.); Ibis,
1877, 3 (North Polar Basin, breeding), 407 (Smith Sound and Grinnell Land,
breeding; habits; descr. young); in Nares’ Voy., ii, 1878, App., 211 (Smith
Sound).—Bu..er, Birds New Zealand, 1873, 194; 2nd ed., ii, 1888, 35.—
PauMEN, Finl. Fogl., 1873, 190.—Gouxp, Birds Great Brit., iv, 1873, pl. 65
and text.—BrookgE, Ibis, 1873, 330 (Sardinia, winter)—TaczaNnowsk1,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 103 (Kultuk, e. Siberia, April); 1877, 748 (Santa Lucia,
Peru); Orn. du Pérou, ili, 1886, 354.—Hrveun, Orn. N. O.-Afrika, ii, Abth. i,
1873, 1183 (coast Egypt; Blue Nile)—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 10 (“‘com-
mon”).—Hancock, Birds Northumberland and Durham, 1874, 115.—
Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 319 (Brazil)—Saxey, Birds Shetland, 1874, 207.—
Danrorp and Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, 422 (Transylvania).—DresseEr,
Birds Europe, vili, 1877, 77, pls. 555, 556; Ibis, 1904, 232 (Taimyr Peninsula,
breeding; descr. nest and eggs and nesting habits).—Davip andOusTa.et, Ois.
Chine, 1877, 469.—Lanepon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 14.—Maynarp, Birds
E. N. Am., 1879, 385.—Ratupun (F, R.), Revised List Birds Centr. N. Y.,
1879, 32 (Penn Yan, etc., 3 specs.).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii,
1880, 199 (Cat. N. Am, Birds, no. 529); Nom. N. Am, Birds, 1881, no. 529,—
Coxitetr, Norges Fugle, 1881, 87.—SEEBouM, Ibis, 1882, 381 (Archangel,
n. Russia); 1884, 34 (Yokohama, Japan); 1888, 348 (Great Liakoff Island,
Siberia); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 174; Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887,
pp. xxv, 422, figs, (excl. syn. Tringa cooperi Baird); Birds Japanese Emp.,
1890, 333.—MerriaM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 256 (Adirondack
region, New York, migrant); Auk, i, 1884, 295 (Godbout, Quebec); ii, 1885,
312 (near Fort Conger, lat. 81° 44’ N., breeding; descr. eggs).—BLAKISTON
and Pryer, Birds Japan, 1882, 111.—Srrarns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi,
1883, 119 (Labrador).—British OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, List Brit. Birds,
1883, 171.—Grextio11, Iconogr. Avif. Ital., 1883,°no. 288; Avif. Ital., 1886,
389; Ist Resoc., 1889, 591; 2nd Resoc., 1890, 662.—SHaArpPE, ed. Layard’s
Birds South Africa, 1884, 683; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 593, 768;
Handb. Brit. Birds, iit, 1896, 232.—Batrp, Brewer, and Ringway, Water
Birds N. Am., 1, 1884, 211.—BoepaNnow, Consp. Av. Imp. Ross., 1884, 89.—
Murpoc#, Rep. Exped. Point Barrow, 1885, 110; Auk, ii, 1885, 63 (Point
Barrow).—Turner, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vili, 1885, 246 (Labrador); Contr.
N. H. Alaska, 1886, 146 (St. Michaels, etc., Alaska, breeding).—Satvin.
Ibis, 1886, 197 (Brit. Guiana)—AmeriIcaN OrnirHoLoaists’ Unron, Check
List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 234; 3rd ed., 1910. p. 112.—Srvron, Auk.,
ili, 1886, 157, 329 (Red River, Manitoba).—TownseEnp (C. H.), Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 198 (Humboldt Bay, California, winter).—Cory, Auk,
iv, 1887, 365 (West Indian localities and references; descr.); Birds West Ind.,
1889, 236; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 93 (Jamaica; Grenada).—NELSOoN,
Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 102 (St. Michaels, 1 spec.; not breeding).—
Tarr, Ibis, 1887, 390 (Portugal, winter).—PatMEN, Vega-Exped., Fogelf.,
1887, pl. 4.—Sennetr, Auk, v, 1888, 110 (Corpus Christi, Texas, July 1, 3,
10).—Cooxe, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 92. (Lanesboro, Minnesota;
Nebraska; Kansas; Illinois)—Harvir-Brown and Bucxktiey, Vertebr.
Fauna Outer Hebrides, 1888, 133; Vertebr, Fauna Argyle and Inner Hebrides,
1892, 179.—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 156 (Tarpon Springs, Florida); ix, 1892,
13 (Jamaica), 212 (Caloosahatchie River, Florida, winter).—Warren, Birds
Penn., 1890, 83.—Mackay, Auk, vii, 1890, 294 (Muskeget Island, Massachu-
setts); ix,1892, 306 (Tuckermuck Island, Mass.); x, 1893, 25-35 (habits, migra-
tion, etc.,in Massachusetts).—Litrorp, Col. Figs. Brit. Birds, pt. xii, 1890.—
PatMER (W.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 260 (Mingan Islands).—THomr-
son, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 500 (Manitoba).—BucKk.Ley and Harvie-

236 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Brown, Vertebr. Fauna Orkney Is., 1891, 218 —Hacerup, Birds Greenland,
1891, 54.—FrivaLpsxky, Av. Hung., 1891, 145 (occasional).—Stryan, Ibis, 1891,
330, 505 (lower Yangtse River and Shanghai, China); 1893, 436 (Hainan).—
STEJNEGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 490 (Tokyo, Japan); xv, 1892,
292 (Hakodate, Japan, May 6).—Harcn, Birds Minnesota, 1892, 124.—Dr La
ToucueE, Ibis, 1892, 498 (Foochow, China).—Ruoaps, Auk, x, 1893, 17 (Wash-
ington); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 36 (Nisqually, Brit. Columbia, rare
migrant).—Koenie, Journ. fiir Orn., 1893, 92 (Tunis).—CHapMAN, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 78 (Trinidad); xvi, 1902, 233 (Homer, Alaska,
1 spec., Aug. 23).—Dusors, Faun. Illustr. Vertébr. Belg., ii, 1894,
154, pl. 194.—Baae, Auk, xi, 1894, 163 (Oneida Lake, New York, 1 spec.,
Aug. 26, 1891).—Brown (E. J.), Auk, xi, 1894, 259 (Smiths Island,
Virginia, May 25, numerous).—PrArson, Ibis, 1895, 248 (Iceland).—
Extiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 65, pl. 15.—Poyntine, Eggs, Brit. Birds,
pt. iv, 1896, 171.—KoENnieaswatp, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 394 (Sao Paulo,
s. Brazil).—Burtier, Auk, xiv, 1897, 199 (Lake Co., Indiana, Aug. 24, 1896).—
Wooprurr, Auk, xiv, 1897, 227 (Millers, n. w. Indiana, Aug. 24, 1896); xv,
1898, 62 (s. end Lake Michigan, large flight in fall of 1897).—CiarxKer, Auk,
xv, 1897, 411 (near Kingston, Ontario, June 2, 1897; several).—ScuaLow,
Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. iv, h. 3, 1898, 660 (Cabo Esperanto Santo, Tierre del
Fuego, Feb.).—Posson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 194 (Orleans Co., w. New York,
Sept. 9, 1897).—Bryer, Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for 1897-1899 (1900), 95 (Louisiana;
rare visitant)—Woop, Auk, xvii, 1900, 391, in text (near Port Austin,
Huron Co., Michigan, 1 spec., Sept. 4, 1899)—Hartert, Novit. Zool.,
x, 1903, 297 (Rio de Oro, w. Africa; crit.)—HeNnNinNGER, Auk, xxi,
1904, 277 (near Tiffin, Ohio, 1 spec., spring of 1894).—Orroson, Ibis, 1905,
105 (breeding in Iceland; descr. eggs)—Hartert and Grant, Novit. Zool.,

. X11, 1905, 105 (San Miguel, Azores).—Ciarx (A. H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
Xxxii, 1905, 251 (Barbados, Lesser Antilles)—Bowtss, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 141
(Tacoma, Washington; 1 spec., Sept., 1897).—TAVERNER and Swates, Wil-
son Bull., no. 60, 1907, 84 (Point Pelee, Ontario; 2 specs., May 30, 1907,
Sept. 15, 1906).—Bryer, Auitson, and Korman, Auk, xxv, 1908, 178 (Grande
Isle, Louisiana, March, April) —Kerrmope, Province. Mus. Victoria, 1909, 36
(coast Brit. Columbia, abundant migrant).—Harrert and Venturt, Novit.
Zool., xvi, 1909, 251 (Barracas al Sud, Argentina, Nov.).—Fay, Auk, xxvii,
1910, 339 (Chatham, Massachusetts, Dec. 31, 1909; 2 specs.).—Puriep, Auk,
XXvli, 1910, 316 (Bulls Bay, South Carolina; very common, June 12. and 13).—
DaBBENE, Orn. Argentina, 1910, 220 (Cabo Espiritu Santo, Tierra del Fuego;
Buenos Aires).—Granv (C. H. B.), Ibis, 1911, 468 (Cape San Antonio, Argen-
tina, Dec.).—BunxKer, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., vii, 1913, 144 (Hamilton,
Greenwood Co., Kansas, Sept. 19, 1911).

Tri{inga] canutus KryseruinG and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixxvi, 214.

T{ringa] canutus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1845, 579.—CaBanis, in Schomburgk’s
Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 758.—NeEtson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 128
(shores of Lake Michigan, n. e. Illinois, regular migrant, May, Sept., Oct.).—
Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 6832.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, 153.

Tringa canuta REINHARDT, Ibis, 1861, 11 (Greenland).—Watrer, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1890, 247 (e. Spitzbergen).—CLarkK, Ibis, 1899, 46 (King Ludwig Islands;
e. Spitzbergen).

T{ringa] canuta Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 384 (shores Lake Michigan,
Illinois).

Trynga canutus PALLas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 197 (Lake Baikal).

ON Sh ee re

eS

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Al

Tringa canuti Brusina, Motr., etc. (Orn. Croat.), 1890, 88.—Reiser, Denkschr.
Mat.-Nat. Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1910, 94 (coast of Piauhy, n. e. Brazil).

Calidris canutus Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 489.—Goutp, Birds Europe, iv,
1837, pl. 324 and text.

Canutus canutus MATHEWS, Birds Australia, ili, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, pl. [163]
facing p. 270. “Ves Bol. Soc. Bbgey B.A., i, 1913, 260 (ambiass al Sur,
Buenos Aires; Tierra del Fuego; etc.).

[Tringa] cinerea BRUNNicH, Orn. Bor., 1764, 53 (Christiansoé).—GmeEL.in, Syst.
Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 673 —Larxam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 733.—Turton, Syst.,
i, 1806, 405 (‘‘America’’).

Tringa cinerea Winson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 36, pl. 57, fig. 2—T»mminck,
Man. d’Orn., 1815, 404; ii, 1820, 627; iv, 1840, 409.—Sanrne (E.), Trans.
Linn. Soc., xii, 1819, 533 (Hare Island, June).—RicHarpson, in Parry’s 2nd
Voy., 1824, 355 (Duke of York Bay; Melville Peninsula)—WerneEr, Atlas,
Grallatores, 1827, pl. 14—Lxrsson, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1828, 283.—Swarnson
and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., i, 1831, 387 (Melville Peninsula).—
Maximinian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1833, 735 —Nutratt, Man. Orn. U.S.
and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 125.—Kaup, Thierr., ii, pt. i, 1836, 317.—
Peapopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 368.—Crespon, Orn. Gard, 1840, 417.—
Harcourt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 146 (Madeira)—Brown, Proc. Bost.
Soc., xii, 1869, 208 (Madeira).—F auton, Ois. Belg., 1875, 171.—SrEBoHm,
Ibis, 1882, 382 (Archangel, n. Russia, in summer).

T[ringa] cinerea BonaPARtTE, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 95 (crit.); Obs.
Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [177].

Canutus cinereus BrEuM, Vo6g. Deutschl., 1831, 655, pl. 34, fig. 2

[ Tringa] calidris LiInNmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 252 (Europe; founded on
Calidris Brisson, Orn., v, 226, pl. 20, fig. 1, etc.) —Latuam, Index Orn., ii
1790, 732 (Europe).

Trynga calidris Pattas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 11, 1826, 202.

[Tringa] islandica Linnxvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12,1, pt. 2, 1767, Addenda (Iceland).—
Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 682 (excl. syn. Tringa ferruginea
Briinnich).—Lataam, Index Orn., 11, 1790, 737.

Tringa istandica Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 29.—Lxracu and
SABINE, in Ross’s Voy., App., 1819, p. lix(Hare Island; Jacobs Bight).—Bona-
PARTE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 320.—LeEsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 558.—
NauMANN, Vog. Deutschl., vii, 1834, 372, pl. 183 —AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iv,
1838, 180, pl. 315; Synopsis, 1839, 231; Birds Am., 8vo, ed., v, 1842, 254,
pl. 328.—YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 630 —HoLsoéui, Fauna Groen-
landica, 1846, 38.—KJAERBOLLING, Naumannia, 1850, 47 (Denmark); Danm.
Fugle, 1852, pl. 35, fig.3; Suppl., 1852, pl. 16, fig. 3.—LintyEBorG, Naumannia,
li, 1852 114 (Tromso, Norway).—Tosias, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 214 (Oberlau-
sitz, Germany).—Wiiuis, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 284
(Nova Scotia) —Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 216.—G1EBEL, Voég., 1860,
377, pl. 676 —NorpMANN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 375 (Lapland).—\ §E1z, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 268 (Labrador).—Drosre, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869,
344 (Faroe Islands) —GArkKr, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, pl. 516.

Trynga islandica NoRDMANN, in Démid., Voy. Russ. Mérid., 111, 1840, 238 (Oe
Black Sea; Crimea, See

Calidris islandica Ross, Voy. of Discovery, 2nd ed., ii, App. iv, 1819, 167 (Hare
Island; Jacobs Bipheya Uinewow: Traité d’Orn., 1831, 558.

Canutus islandicus BrEHM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 654.

Canatus islandicus Liuper, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 301 (Stralsund).

Charadrius utopiensis MULLER, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 117 (based on PI. Enl., 365).

238 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

?[ Lringa] australis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 679 (Cayenne; based on
Southern Sandpiper Latham, Synopsis Birds, i‘i, pt. 1, 187).—LatrHam, Index
Orn., U, 1790, 737.—Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 409.

T[ringa] australis Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., 1i, 1831, 387, footnote (crit.).

[Tringa] nevia GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 41, 1789, 681 (France, n. Russia, and
Siberia; based on Calidris nevia Brisson, Orn., v, 229, pl. 21, fig. 1).—La-
THAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 732.

[ Tringa] grisea GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. U, 1789, 681 (based on Calidris grisea Bris-
son, Orn., v, 1760, 233, pl. 21, fig. 2; Grisled Sandpiper Latham, Synopsis
Birds, iii, pt. i, 175).—Lataam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 733.

Tringa grisea Boppakrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 22 (Pl. Enl., pl. 366).

Tringa ferruginea (not of Briinnich, 1764) Meyer and Wotr, Taschenb. Deutsch.
Vogelk., 1810, 395.—Nizusson, Orn. Suec., ii, L817, 84.—Viemuor; Nouy.
Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 466.—Roux, Orn. Prov., 1830, pls. 282, 283.

Tringa rufa Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 43, pl. 57, fig. 5 (Middle Atlantic States,
probably New Jersey).

T[ringa] rufa Bonararte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.. v, 1825, 93 (crit.); Obs.
Nom. Wilson’s Am, Orn., 1826, [175].

Canutus canutus rufus MATHEWS, Birds Australia, iti, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, 273, in
text (America).—OBERHOLSER, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 200.

(?)[ Tringa] lomatina Licurenstern, Nom. Mus. Berol., 1854, 92 (Bengal; =nomen
nudum).

Canutus rufescens BrrumM, Naumannia, 1855, 292 (for Tringa canutus Linnzus).

Canutus canutus rodgersi Marnews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, 270,
273 (Japan); List of Birds of Australia, 1913, 71.

Genus ARQUATELLA Baird.

Arquatella Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 714, 717. (Type, by origi-
nal designation, Tringa maritima Briinnich.)
Actia@? Herne, in Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 329.

(New name for Arquatella Baird, on grounds of purism.)

Medium-sized to rather large Eroliine (wing 108-135 mm.) with
tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw, the latter shorter than
exposed culmen; bare portion of tibia less than half as long as tarsus,
and with bill compressed, straight, or very slightly decurved distally.

Bill much longer than tarsus (exposed culmen about equal to tar-
sus and first phalanx of middle toe), compressed (nearly twice as deep
as broad basally), gradually tapering terminally, straight or very
slightly decurved distally; nasal groove broad, narrowly cuneate to
beyond middle of maxilla, where rather abruptly contracted; mandi-
ble with a distinct though narrow lateral groove; nostril sub-basal,
narrowly elliptical, its upper edge slightly operculate; anterior edge
of loral feathering forming a nearly straight vertical line, the malar
antia slightly but decidedly more anterior, the mental antia nearly
on a vertical line with anterior end of nostrils. Wing rather long,
pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal seconda-
ries by slightly more than half the length of wing; longest tertials

falling far short of tip of longest primary. Tail more than two-fifths

@“axrtos, Of the seashore. (Richmond.)

eer ee
pull 08

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 239

as long as wing, slightly graduated, the four middle rectrices abruptly
longer than the rest, contracted distally, with tips narrowly rounded;
rectrices 12. Tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw (but equal
to or slightly longer than middle toe without claw), less than one-
fourth as long as wing, continuously scutellate anteriorly and poste-
riorly; bare portion of tibia very short (much less than half as long
as tarsus), non-scutellate; lateral toes decidedly shorter than middle
toe, the outer slightly longer than the inner; no web between middle
toe and either of the anterior toes.

Coloration.—Proximal secondaries (next to tertials), tips of greater
wing-coverts, lateral upper tail-coverts, and most of under parts
(except anteriorly) white; rump, median upper tail-coverts, and
middle rectrices dusky; rest of upper parts grayish, the feathers
darker centrally and faintly glossed with purplish, in winter plumage,
more or less variegated with rusty and black in summer; head and
neck nearly plain brownish gray, the chest with feathers gray
centrally broadly margined with white in winter, the head and neck
more or less streaked and chest spotted or clouded with blackish in
summer.

Range.—Northern portions of northern hemisphere. (Two species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ARQUATELLA.

a. Summer adults and young with little, if any, rusty or cinnamon-rufous on
upper parts, the former without any dusky patch or extensive clouding on
breast. (Northern Europe, northeastern North America, and northwestern Asia.)

Arquatella maritima (p. 239).

aa. Summer adults and young with much rusty or cinnamon-rufous on upper parts,

the former with a conspicuous patch or extensive clouding of dusky on breast.
(Arquatella ptilocnemis.)

b. Larger and much lighter colored; wing averaging 126.5 in male, 129.2 in female;
culmen averaging 30.4 in male, 33 in female. (Islands of Bering Sea, north
of Aleutian chain; coast of Norton Sound, etc., in migration.)

Arquatella ptilocnemis ptilocnemis (p. 244).

bb. Smaller and much darker colored; wing averaging 117.6 in male, 120.2 in

female; exposed culmen averaging 26.3 in male, 29.6 in female. (Com-

mander Islands, Kamchatka; Aleutian and Shumagin islands, Alaska;
coast of Norton Sound, Kotzebue Sound, etc., in migration.)

Arquatella ptilocnemis couesi (p. 247).

ARQUATELLA MARITIMA (Briinnich).

PURPLE SANDPIPER.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—General color of upper parts
dusky, the head and neck narrowly and rather indistinctly streaked
with light buffy, the scapulars and interscapulars sooty black or
blackish brown faintly glossed with bronze or purplish bronze and
irregularly spotted or indented along edges with dull buff and nar-
rowly margined terminally with whitish; rump, upper tail-coverts,

240 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

and middle rectrices sooty blackish, faintly glossed with purplish,
the feathers of rump sometimes indistinctly margined with grayish;
remaining rectrices light brownish gray with white shafts and (some-
times at least) margined terminally with white; lesser and middle
wing-coverts deep brownish gray, darker and faintly glossed with
purplish centrally and margined terminally with grayish white or
pale gray, the greater coverts similar but tipped with pure white;
secondaries like greater coverts but more narrowly tipped with
white, the innermost (proximal) ones mostly white; primaries and
primary coverts dusky grayish brown, the proximal primaries edged,
especially toward base, with white; shaft of outermost and proximal
primaries white, of the intermediate ones more or less tinged with
brownish gray; a superciliary stripe of grayish white, narrowly
streaked with dusky, beneath this a broad stripe, involving lores,
suborbital region, and auriculars, of grayish dusky streaked with.
paler; malar region, chin and throat white, or grayish white, nar-
rowly streaked with dusky, the chin, however (sometimes upper
throat also), immaculate; foreneck and chest more broadly streaked
with dusky, the breast grayish white or pale grayish irregularly
spotted with dusky; rest of under parts white, the sides streaked
and spotted with dark grayish, the under tail-coverts narrowly
streaked with dusky; axillars and under wing-coverts white, the
more anterior of the latter, together with those along edge of wing,
spotted with brownish gray; bill dusky terminally, brownish (yel-
lowish in life) basally; iris dark brown; legs and feet dull yellowish
in life.

Winter plumage.—Above gray (approximately light mouse gray,
quaker drab, or light purplish gray), nearly uniform on head and
neck, the scapulars, interscapulars, and tertials sooty blackish
faintly glossed with purplish and broadly margined with gray; a
whitish crescent on lower eyelid and an indistinct whitish spot on
lores, between which and anterior angle of eye the gray is darker;
chin and upper throat white, the latter broadly streaked with pale
gray; middle foreneck nearly plain pale gray; chest and upper
breast brownish gray, the feathers margined with white, these white
margins becoming gradually broader posteriorly; otherwise as in
summer.

Young.—Similar to the summer adult, but scapulars and inter-
scapulars lacking the lateral ochraceous or buffy indentations and the
pale margins rather more regular or more distinct, the pale margins
to wing-coverts broader and more or less buffy, the hindneck and
cheeks uniform brownish gray.

Downy young.—Above mottled or marbled with blackish and
buffy brown or wood brown, the hindneck pale grayish buffy mottled
with grayish dusky, the back and rump dotted with whitish; fore part

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 941

of head light brownish buffy, broken by a loral streak, a rictal streak,
and a median frontal streak of brownish black; under parts dull
buffy white.

Adult male.—Wing, 118-129 (123.8); tail, 57-64 (59.7); exposed
culmen, 26.5-35 (29.3); tarsus, 21-23 (21.8); middle toe, 21.5-23.5
(22.4).

Adult female.—Wing, 115-130 (124.2); tail, 52-66 (59.4); exposed

culmen, 27.5-34 (29.5); tarsus, 21-23.5 (22); middle toe, 21.5-24
(22:5)? ,
_ Northeastern North America, breeding from Melville Island
and Ellesmere Land southward to Melville Peninsula, eastward to
Greenland; also in Iceland, Faroe Islands, and Arctic Europe and
Asia, as far as Taimyr Peninsula; migrating southward along Atlantic
coast of North America, regularly to Long Island, irregularly or
casually to southern Florida (Caloosahatchie River; Gordons Pass;
Key West), shores of Great Lakes (Cleveland, Ohio, rare; Cook Co.,
Illinois, June, 1895, Nov., 1886), and to British Islands, Azores,
and Mediterranear. coasts of Europe.

[ Tringa] maritima Briwnnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 54 (Christiansoé Island; Norway).—
GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 678.—Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 731.—
Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 409.—Rernnarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 441
(Greenland).—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 49, no. 10302.—Covgs, Key N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 256.

Tringa maritima SABINeE (E.), Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, 1819, 532 (Hare Island,
June; Possession Bay, Sept.); in Parry’s lst Voy., 1824, App., p. eci (Davis
Strait and Baffin Bay, breeding).—VieittotT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.,
xxxiv, 1819, 471.—Tremmincxk, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1820, 619; ii, 1840, 404.—
RICHARDSON, in Parry’s 2nd Voy., 1824, 354 (Winter Island, June).—Ross
(J. C.), in Parry’s 3d Voy., 1826, 101 (Port Bowen, June); in Parry’s Narra-
tive, 1828, 194 (shores of Hecla Cove); in Ross’s 2nd Voy., Nat. Hist., 1835,
p. xxii (Fury Point; Melville Island) —Werner, Atlas, Grallatores, 1827,
pl. ii.— Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., 11, 1827, 318; Geog. and Comp. List,

a Fourteen specimens.
b Sixteen specimens.

Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | P mera Tarsus. Middle
men.
MALES.
Fourteen adult males of A. maritana...........-- eth. see eee ee 123.8 | 59.7 29.3 21.8 22.4
Thirty-two adult males of A. ptilocnemis cowesi............---- 117.6 | 54.4 26.3 22.5 22.5
Eighteen adult males of A. ptilocnemis ptilocnemis.......-..--- 126.5 59.1 30. 4 23.1 22.6
FEMALES.
|
Sixteen adult females of A. maritima................-..2.------ 124.2 | 59.4 29.5 22 22.5
Thirty adult females of A. ptilocnemis couesi...............---- 120. 2 55. 2 29. 6 22.9 23.3
Twenty-seven adult females of A. ptilocnemis ptilocnemis...... 123.2} 60.1 33 23.3 23.2

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8 Li

242

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1838, 49.—Rovx, Orn. Proveng., 1830, pl. 284.—Brrxum, Vég. Deutschl.,
1831, 651.—Swatnson and RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 382
(Hudson Bay).—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 558—Nvurraty, Man. Orn.,
U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 115.—Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., vii,
1834, 467, pl. 188.—Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 211.—AupusBon,
Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 558, pl. 284; Synopsis, 1839, 233; Birds Am., 8vo ed.,
v, 1842, 261, pl. 330.—Kavp, Thierr., ii, pt. i, 1836, 317.—Brewer, Journ.
Bost. Soc. N. H., 1837, 437 (Massachusetts); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1854,
326 (Europe and America).—Gou.p, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 334 and
text—PEABopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 368.—Srtys-Loneacuamps, Faune
Belge, 1842, 126—Maceiniivray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 67; Hist. Brit.
Birds, iv, 1852, 197.—YarreEtt, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 665.—ScHLEGEL,
Rey. Crit., 1844, p. Ixxxviii; Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 229; Dier. Nederl.
Vogels, 1861, pl. 24, figs. 3, 4; Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864,
30.—Mtuue, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl., 1844, 104.—Gray, List Birds Brit.
Mus., Gralle, 1844, 104; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 166.—Ho.LBG.LL, Fauna
Groenlandica, 1846, 39.—JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 84 (Bermuda, autumn. )—
REICHENBACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 73, figs. 621-623.—THompson, Birds
Ireland, ii, 1850, 303.—Huroptis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 9, 37 (Ber-
mudas?).—KJAERBOLLING, Naumannia, i, 1850, 47 (Denmark); Danm.
Fugle, Suppl., 1852, pl. 15, fig. 3—LrtuseBore, Naumannia, li, pt. ii, |852,
109 (n. Russia), 114 (Tromso, Norway).—PAsstErR, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 242
(Lapland).—Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 216 (Essex Co., Massa-
chusetts).—Herwitson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1856, 366, pl. 103.—MU ier,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 230 (Provence).—Casstn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., ix, 1858,.717.—Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 528; Ibis, 1867,
286 (Greenland).—Etwes and Bucktey, Ibis, 1859, 171 (Spitzbergen).—
Bianpb, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 289 (Bermudas?).—SuNDE- .
VALL, Svensk Fogl., 1859, pl. 42, fig. 5—LinpERMAYER, V6g. Griechenl.,
1860, 142.—Rernuarpt, Ibis, 1861, 11 (Greenland).—Gopman, Ibis, 1861,
90 (Norway); 1866, 101, 107 (Azores); Azores, 1870, 35..-NEwToN, in Baring-
Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 413 (Iceland, breeding); Ibis, 1865, 505 (Spitzber-
gen).—B Lakiston, Ibis, 1863, 132 (Arctic America; Hudson Bay).—Ma.m-
GREN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 372 (Spitzbergen); 1865, 199 (Spitzbergen).—
NorpMANN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 375 (Scandinavia).—SALvaporI, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1865, 287 (Sardinia).—Hoy, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864
(1865), 438 (Missouri).—We1z, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 268 (Labra--
dor).—D&GLAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., 1, 1867, 192.—Drosts, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1868, 42 (Borkum); 1869, 344 (Faroe Islands); Vogelw. Borkum, 1869,
214.—TuRNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 39 (Phila. ed:, 30).—
GrttEttT, Ibis, 1870, 306 (Novaya Zemlya; Matthews Strait, Kara Sea).—
Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 425 (e. Siberia) —Hrueun, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1871, 103 (Spitzbergen); 1872, 119 (Arctic Europe); Ibis, 1872, 62
(Novaya Zemlya).—Hartine, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 116 (Arctic
America); Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 48.—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotl.,
1871, 325.—FrILpDEN, Zoologist, 1872, 3250 (Faroe Islands, breeding).—
BrookgE, Ibis, 1873, 339 (Sardinia).—Covurs, Check List, 1873, no. 423;
2nd ed., 1882, no. 626; Birds Northwest, 1874, 488.—Hancocx, Birds
Northumb. and Durham, 1874, 115.—Saxsy, Birds Shetland, 1874, 211.—
Faion, Ois. Belg., 1875, 170.—SrEBonm, Ibis, 1882, 381 (Archangel, n. Rus-
sia); Hist. Brit. Birds, 1ii, 1885, 192, pl. 31 (eggs); Geog. Distr. Charadriide,
1887, pp. xxv, 428, fig.; Ibis, 1892, 25 (Helgoland).—Bocpanow, Consp. Ay.
Imp. Ross., 1884, 90.—Reip, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 236 (Ber-
mudas, 1 spec.).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886,

jrroor:

7
/
)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 243

and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 235; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 112.—DurcHer, Auk, v, 1888,
350 (Long Island).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 184 (Gordon’s Pass, w. Florida,
Nov., 1886); vi, 1889, 156 (Key West, Florida); ix, 1892, 212 (Caloosahatchie
River, Florida, accidental).—CHAMBERLAIN (M.), Auk, vi, 1889, 217 (s.
Greenland).—CiarkeE (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 13 (Jan Mayen Land); Ibis,
1899, 46 (Ryk-ys Islands, breeding; Whale Point Harbor, King Ludwig
Islands; e. Spitzbergen).—Watrer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 238, 241, 242,
244, 247, (e. Spitzbergen).—Brusina, Motr., etc. (Orn. Croatia), 1890, 88.—
WarreEN, Birds Pennsylvania, 1890, 84.—Co.ttert, Ibis, 1890, 467 (Trond-
hjem, Norway, breeding on mountains).—GArKE, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891,
518.—Hacerup, Birds Greenland, 1891, 54 (resident, breeding).—Friv-
ALDSKY, Av. Hung., 1891, 146.—MaparAsz, Erlaut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf.,
1891, 110.—Fatio and Sruper, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, 1892, 48.—StTonr,
Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1894, 73 (Philadelphia; Atlantic City).—Exuior,
N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 67, pl. 16.—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1895, 470
(w. Greenland; descr. eggs).—Wooprurr, Auk, xili, 1896, 180 (South Chi-
cago, Illinois, June, 1895, and Nov. 7, 1891).—Ames, ‘Auk, xviii, 1901, 107
(Toronto, Ontario, Nov. 3, 1900).—Harrerr and Grant, Novit. Zool., xii
1905, 105 (Flores, Azores).

T[ringa] maritima GRay, Gen. Birds, ii], 1845, 579.—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
x, 1874, 384 (shore of Lake Michigan, n. e. Illinois); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887,
153.—NE son, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 127 (shore Lake Michigan, n. e.
Illinois, rare migrant).

Tr[inga] maritima KEYSERLING and Buasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. lxxv, 214.

Totanus maritimus STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, 1824, 146.

Calidris maritima Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1829, 525.

Pelidna maritima BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 49.—Frirscu, Vég.
Eur., 1870, 353, pl. 33, fig. 12—Saunpgrs, Ibis, 1871, 388 (s. Spain).—
Satvaporl, Faun. Ital., Uce., 1871, 212.—Griexto1, Ibis, 1881, 209 (Tuscany
and Genoa, Italy, rare); Iconogr. Avif. Ital., no. 283; Avif. Ital., 1886, 383;
Ist Resoc., 1889, 585; 2nd Resoc., 1890, 657.

Arquatella maritima Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 183 (monogr.); Proc.
Essex Inst., v, 1868, 293 (New England); Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 620.—
BoarpMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 128 (Calais, Maine).—VERRILL,
Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 158 (Oxford Co., Maine).—ALLEN, Proc. Essex
Inst., iv, 1864, 87 (Massachusetts)—LawrencE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii,
1867, 294 (vicinity New York City).—Goutp, Birds Great Brit., iv, 1869,
pl. 74 and text.—BreEweEr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1878, 306 (Chatham,
Massachusetts, Sept. 8, 1877).—Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880,
199 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 530); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 530.—Barrp,
BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 217.—TurNeEr, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 246 (Labrador).—Satvaport, Elenco Ucce. Ital.,
1886, 218.—SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 578, 768.—JoNEs
(L.), Wilson Bull., no. 57, 1906, 114 (Cleveland, Ohio, rare).

A[rquatella] maritima Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 162 (deser., ete. ).—
Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 629.

[ Arquatella] maritima SHARPE, Hand-list, 1, 1899, 164.—ForBrEs and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 73.

Arquatella maritima maritima Hantzscu, Journ. fiir Orn., July, 1908, 352 (n. e.
Labrador).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 3rd_ ed.,
1910; 113:

Tringa (Arquatella) maritima Patmen, ‘ Vega’-Exped., 1887, 313 (Taimur-land ,
lat. 74° 51’ N., Aug. 11).

’

244 BULLETIN 50, UNITE STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Actia] maritima Hetnre and Reiceenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 329
(Iceland; Greenland).

(2?) [Tringa] undata Brtnnicu, Orn., Bor., 1764, 55.—GmeEtin, Syst. Nat., i, pt.
ii, 1789, 678.—LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 732.—TurtTon, Syst. Nat., i,
1806, 404.

(?) [Tringa] striata LiINN&Us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 248 (Europe; based on
Totanus striatus Brisson, Orn., v, 196, pl. 18, fig. 1) —Gwmettn, Syst. Nat., i,
pt. ti, 1789, 672.—Lartuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 733.—Turton, Syst. Nat.,
i, 1806, 404.

(?) Tringa striata Fasricius, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, 107.—BoppaeErt, Tabl.
Pl. Enl., 1783, 51 (Pl. Enl., pl. 827).—Viertot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.,
xxxiv, 1819, 472.

Tringa striata (not of Linnzeus?) Femina, Brit. Anim., 1828, 110.—DreEsseEr,
Birds Europe, viii, 1877, 69, pl. 554; Ibis, 1904, 231 (Taimyr Peninsula, n. Si-
beria, breeding); 1908, 516 (Taimyr Peninsula, breeding).—Satvin, Cat.
Strickland Coll., 1882, 610 (Britain).—BritisH ORrNrITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
List Brit. Birds, 1883, 171.—SaunpgErs, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883,
408; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 579.—StatTer (H. H.) and Carrer, Ibis, 1886,
50 (Iceland;. descr. eggs).—Tart, Ibis, 1887, 390 (Portugal, Nov., Dec.).—
HarviE-Brown and Bucxtey, Vertebr. Faun. Caithness, 1887, 220 (winter);
Vertebr. Faun. Outer Hebrides, 1888, 132.—BuckLry and Harviz-Brown,
Vertebr. Fauna Orkney Is., 1891, 217; Vertebr. Faun. Argyll and Inner
Hebrides, 1892, 178.—MacpHeErson, Vertebr. Faun. Lakeland, 1892, 386.—
Litrorp, Col. Figs. Brit. Birds, pt. xxiv, 1893.—Prarson and BrpweE Lt,
Ibis, 1894, 235 (n. Norway; descr. eggs).—Prarson, Ibis, 1895, 248 (Ice-
land); 1896, 223 (Novaya Zemlya; habits); 1898, 202 (Waigats and Cape
Greben, n. e. Russia; descr. eggs).—Poyntine, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. i, 1895,
167, pl. 36 (eggs).—IrBy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 2nd ed., 1895, 252.—TrEvor-
Barrye, Ibis, 1897, 589 (Spitzbergen; habits; descr. eggs).—CLARKE (W. E.),
Ibis, 1898, 260 (Franz Josef Land, breeding).—ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1899, 386 (Spitzbergen).

[ Tringa] lincolniensis LavHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 734 (Lincolnshire, England;
based on Black Sandpiper Brit. Zool., ii, no. 197; Latham, Synop. Birds,
251).—Turton, Syst. Nat., 1, 1806, 405.

Tringa lincolniensis Virtttor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 469.

Tringa nigricans Montaau, Trans. Linn. Soc., iv, 1796, 40, pl. 2, fig. 2 (Larn or
Lougharne, Carmarthenshire, Wales).—Turron, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 403.—
LEacu, Syst. Cat. Mamm., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 30.—Breum, Vég. Deutschl.,
1831, 652.—IrgBy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 171.

[ Tringa] canadensis LatHaM, Index Orn., Suppl., 1801, p. Ixv (Canada).

Tringa canadensis VretttoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 453.

Trynga arquatella Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 190 (Ingria and Volga;
Desert of Barabens; Kuril Islands; Bering Island).

Tringa littoralis Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 652 (East Indies).

Tringa minuta (not of Leisler, 1812) Watxer, Ibis, 1860, 166 (Frederikshaab,
Greenland).

ARQUATELLA PTILOCNEMIS PTILOCNEMIS (Coues).
PRIBILOF SANDPIPER.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Pileum light fulvous or buff,
broadly streaked with blackish, the hindneck similar but much less
distinctly streaked, and tinged or intermixed with pale grayish;

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 245

scapulars and interscapulars ochraceous, ochraceous-rufous, or light
clay color, the central portion of each feather black, the tips of some
‘narrowly margined with whitish; rump and upper tail-coverts dusky
slate color, the feathers indistinctly tipped with gray; wing-coverts
slate-grayish, margined with white or grayish white, the greater
coverts being tipped with pure white; primaries dark gray or dull
slate color, with white shafts, the proximal quills edged basally with
white; an indistinct loral stripe (sometimes obsolete) and auricular
region pale grayish fulvous finely and indistinctly streaked with
dusky, the rest of head, including superciliary stripe, together with
under parts, white, the chest usually tinged with ochraceous and
narrowly streaked with dusky, the breast blotched or clouded with
grayish dusky, sometimes nearly uniformly dusky, the flanks and
under tail-coverts with a few narrow shaft-streaks of dusky; axillars
and most of under wing-coverts immaculate white, the under primary
coverts, however, very pale gray, the edge of wing spotted with
gray; bill blackish, more brownish basally (in dried skins); iris dark
brown; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins).

Winter plumage.—Wings, rump, upper tail-coverts, and posterior
under ‘parts as in summer; rest of upper parts light gray (between
pale quaker drab and cinereous), the scapulars and interscapulars
darker centrally, with a very faint purplish or bronzy gloss in certain
lights; head and neck light or pale gray, darker and nearly uniform
on pileum, paler and more or less streaked with white elsewhere, the
throat white, immaculate or but sparsely streaked; chest and breast
white, irregularly marked with pale gray.

Young.—Much like summer adults but wing-coverts broadly
margined with pale buff, chest pale buff distinctly marked with short
streaks and sagittate markings of dusky gray, and scapulars, etc.,
more distinctly margined terminally with buff or buffy white.

Downy young.—Above bright sayal brown or cinnamon irregularly
marbled with black, the back and rump bespangled with downy, dot-
like flecks of buffy white; hindneck nearly uniform pale grayish buff;
forehead deep warm buff or light pinkish cinnamon, with a median
streak or longitudinal diamond-shaped spot of black, extending
posteriorly into the fulvous of the crown and occiput, which are
irregularly marbled, longitudinally, with black; a narrow black
loral streak reaching half way or more to eye, and a still narrower
black rictal streak; under parts immaculate buffy white.

Adult male.—Wing, 119-133 (126.5); tail, 52-64 (59.1); exposed
culmen, 27-35.5 (30.4); tarsus, 21.5-24.5 (23.1); middle toe, 20-
24.5 (22.6).¢

a Kighteen specimens,

246 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female.—Wing, 122-134.5 (129.2); tail, 56-65 (60.1); ex-
posed culmen, 28-37 (33); tarsus, 21.5-24.5 (23.3); middle toe,

21.5-25 (23.2). 4

Breeding on St. Lawrence, St. Matthews, and Pribilof Islands, in
Bering Sea; migrating to coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound to
eastern Aleutian Islands (Unimak, Tigalda, and Unalaska islands),

Chilcoot, Portage Bay, and Lynn Canal.

Tringa maritima (not of Briinnich) Datu and BANNISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci.,
i, 1869, 291, part (St. George Island, Pribilofs).—Datu, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sei.,

v, 1874, 275 (Pribilof Islands).

Tringa crassirostris (not of Temminck and Schlegel) Datu, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci.,
v, 1873, 28 (Pribilof Islands); Am. Nat., viii, 1873, 635 (St. Paul Island,
Pribilof group).—Covgs, in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1873 (not paged);
ed. 1875, 182; Check List, 1873, no. 426 bis.

Tringa ptilocnemis Cougs, in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaske, 1873 (not paged), (St.
George Island, Pribilof group, Alaska; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); ed. 1875, 182,
footnote, Birds Northwest, 1874, 491; Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 500, 501 (reprint
of orig. deser.).—Exxrotr, Mon. Pribylov Group, 1882, 129 (breeding habits).—
Hartiaus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 279 (Portage Bay and Chilcoot, Alaska;
crit.).—SeEBouM, Hist. Brit. Birds, isi, 1885, 183.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO-
qists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 237.—NELSOoN, Rep.
N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 105 (Pribilof Islands; St. Matthews Island; St.
Lawrence Island, breeding; Portage Bay, Dec., Jan., April; descr. nest

and eggs).

T[ringa] ptilocnemis Ripaway, Man. N. Am, Birds, 1887, 154.
A[rquatella] ptilocnemis Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. July, 1880, 163
(diagnosis; crit.).—Covugs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 630.
Arquatella ptilocnemis Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, i880, 199 (Cat. N. Am.
Birds, no. 532); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 5382.—Covgs, Check List,
2nd ed., 1882, no. 622.—NeEtson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 86 (Pribilof,

« Twenty-seven specimens.

: Ex- :

Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Maal

iculmen. ;

— — | — | ee |

MALES.

Nine adult males from St. Paul Island, Pribilof group. ......... 127.8 | - 59.6 30.8 23. 4 23.1
Three adult males from St. George Island, Pribilof group...... | 126 57.5 32.8 23.7 23.7

One adult male from St. Matthew Island ...................... 126 60 30 2k 5, 20
Three ‘adult males from), Hallilsland:s. ..japiisec..cech eins osc 125 60.3 29. 2 22.5 21.5

Two adult males from St. Lawrence Island...................- 122.5 56 27 22. 2 22

One‘adultmaletrom Point: Etoline<- 28 2. ¢ <5. -asees sonata toe 130 60. 5 30.5 | 23.5 23

FEMALE.
Eleven adult females from St. Paul Island................-...- 130.2 |. 60.8} 34.2 | 23.6 | 23.5
Seven adult females from St. George Island..................-- 131.1 | 61.2 32.7 23 22.8
| |
Four adult females from St. Matthew Island................... 126.1] 58 31.9 23m 22.7
Two adult females from Hall Island.................-.- wessee |} 1285] 56.5 31.2 23 | 22. 2
Two adult females from St. Lawrence Island............-..-.- 124 58 31.5 23.5) | OMe
One aduit female from Nushagak.......... Seen coe eee | 129 64 33 be al 23.5
t

Oe

a SS ee ee eee er

5 BIRDS OF NORTH’ AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 247

St. Matthews, and St. Lawrence islands).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway,
Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 222.—Srrsnecer, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29,
1885, 112, in text (does not occur on Commander Islands).—McGreaor,
Condor, viii, 1906, 119 (Unimak Island, Aug. 4; Tigalda Island, Aug. 5).

[Arquatella] ptilocnemis SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 164.—ForsBes and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 73.

Tringa maritima ptilocnemis Seesoum, Geog. Distr. Charadr., 1887, pp. xxv,
421.—Exuiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 73, pi. 18.

Tringa maritima ptilocnemys E.xror, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 235.

Arquatella maritima ptiloenemis AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE,
Auk., xxv, July, 1908, 366; Check List. 3rd ed., 1910, 113.

[Arquatella maritima.| Subsp. 8. Arquatella ptiloenemis SHaRvE, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 584,

Tringa gracilis Hartine, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., xlii, April, 1874, 242, pl. 40,
figs. 4-6 (St. Paul Island, Pribilof group, Alaska; coll. Brit. Mus.).

ARQUATELLA PTILOCNEMIS COUESI (Ridgway).
ALEUTIAN SANDPIPER.

Similar to A. p. ptilocnemis but decidedly smaller and much darker
in color; the summer plumage with blackish and rusty or cinnamon-
rufous predominating on back and scapulars, and all the colors much
darker and more extended. Very similar in winter plumage to A.
maritima, but summer plumage and young very different, both being
conspicuously marked with rusty on back and scapulars, and the
summer plumage with breast conspicuously blotched or clouded with
dusky.

Adult male.—Wing, 108-123.5 (117.6); tail, 46-59 (54.4); exposed
culmen, 23-30 (26.3); tarsus, 21-24 (22.5); middle toe, 19-24 (22.5).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 112.5-129 (120.2); tail, 48-60 (55.2); exposed
culmen, 26.5-34 (29.6); tarsus, 21.5-24 (22.9); middle toe, 21.5-25
8.3)"

@ Thirty-two specimens. 6 Thirty specimens.
Ex-
oe rs : posed Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. cal Tarsus. Gia?
men.
MALES.
One adult male from Muller Bay, Alaska Peninsula........... 123.5 57 26 23 23.5
Four adult males from Morzhovoi Bay, Alaska Peninsula. ..... j} 121 | 57.4 20.9.) 22.74 22.9
One adult male from Sannak Island..-..................-.---- | 122 56 27 23.5 23
mhreeadultamales from Atkatisland: 922252. :0..+.---<<----- 114 53 25.8 22 21.5
Ducadultmeale frompA dak Island. 2) esccne oo. de wovee sie ce 116 56 25 22 22
Hour adult males from Tanaga Island.................2......- 113 Berd) 26. 4 222, 22.5
Four adult males from Kiska Island...............-.--..-s--s- lid 52:1) |» 247 2201 22, 2
One adult male from Agattu Island.........................-- 119 55 28 23 23
ive agult males trom Attu Island... . 2 <.< .-- a. dae ccee cence cee 116.7 5bio 20a 23 23.6
Three adult males from Bering Island, Kamchatka...........- 118.3 54.8] 25.5 22.5 22.8
Hour adult males from St. Michael. .-.-..............-..-.--.- 120. 4 54.4 26.9 22.4 21.4
minondiuiGmealoirom Iines Cove........---.-----02.--.-+---.- | 119 Bara 27 22.5 22.5

248 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Breeding on Aleutian and Shumagin Islands, Alaska, and Com-
mander Islands, Kamchatka; wintering on the same islands, but also
migrating to coast of Alaska, from Kotzebue Sound to Sitka, as well
as to St. Lawrence Island, Kuril Islands, and northeastern Siberia
(Plover Bay; Providence Bay, June, July; East Cape).

Trynga arquatella var. Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 11, 1826, 190 (Kuril Islands).

Tringa maritima (not of Briinnich) MrppENpDorFr, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 220
(lat. 75° N., e. Siberia, Aug.).—Swinuog, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 315
(Amur-land).—Da.t and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 291
part (St. Michael, Pastolik, and Sitka, Alaska; Plover Bay, Siberia.)—Barrp,
Trans. Chicago Ac. Sct1., i, 1869, 317, part.—Hartine, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1871, 116 (n. w. Coast North America; crit.).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Bremen,
ili, 1872, 65 (Sitka).—Datt, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1874, 275, part (Aleutian
Islands).—PaLMEN, Swed. Cat. London Fish. Exh., 1883, 203.—DyBowsk1
and TaczANowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ix, 1884, 146 (Kamchatka).—
SreBouM, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 192, part; Birds Japanese Emp., 1890,
335 (Kuril Islands).—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 259 (Unalaska; Kam-
chatka).

Tringa (Pelidna) maritima Dau, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 28 (Unalaska;
Shumagin Islands).

Arquatella maritima Newson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 85 (Aleutian

; Islands).

Arquatella couesi Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, no. 3, July, 1880, 160
(‘Aleutian Islands and coast of Alaska, north to St. Michael’’; type from
Chicagoff Harbor, Attu Island, Aleutians; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 531.—ReEtcHRNow and ScHALow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 70
(reprint orig. descr.).—Cours, Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 621.—Barrp,
Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 221.—STEJNEGER,
Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 112 (Commander Islands; synonymy,
crit., habits, etc.); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 129 (Commander Islands);

px. | |
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus. eG
| men, |
FEMALES. | |
One adult female from Morzhovoi Bay.................--.-.-- 122 54.5 32.5 | 24 24
One adult female from Sannak Island.............-..------.-- 127 Ui) 60k “> BE le eecenes 23
Two adult females from Unalaska Island....................-- 125. 5 58. 2 | 31.2 23.7 24
Four/adult‘females from Atka Island:.:. 02.2. 5.2/2... ..-- 2. 117.7] 55.9| 29.5} 22.6 22.9
Two adult females from Adak Island...........2.......--..--- 118 53.2 | 31 22.-7 23.'2
Three adult females from Tanaga Island...............----.--- 117.3 54.7 | 30. 2 22.7 23.2
Two adult females from Kiska Island...................-..----. 112.7 50 28.5 | 21.7 22. 2
Hour‘adult females from Attw Island! <2... ...<.2 e203 118.7 53. 6 30/3) |) ©2356 24.1
Three adult females from Bering Island..............-.-..-.-- 121.3 57.5 QVETA | P23 23.5
Sixadult femalesifrom St. Michael: ..2:......22..nccts-scecese 123.3 55. 2 29. 2 | 23 23.1
One'adult femalefrom: Kings'Cove .... 2 .'.0.50.2scccccceecsectine 115 55.5 31.5 | 22 23
One adult female from Sitka..........2.0..2.02eceeeeeeeee eee 125, | ines | Sane was 23
| |

Variations in both coloration and dimensions, according to locality, indicate the
possibility that further subdivision of the species may be required. Specimens
from St. Michael and one from St. Lawrence Island have very dark upper parts, the
dorsal region being mostly black, with very little of rusty. Examples from Bering
Island, Commander group, represent the opposite extreme, rusty predominating on
the upper parts, except one specimen, which is almost precisely like one from
Muller Bay, Alaska Peninsula.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 249

xxi, 1898, 280 (Kuril Islands; breeding?).—CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,
xx, 1904, 401 (Muller Bay, Cook Inlet, Alaska, breeding).

A[rquatella| couesi Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 162 (descr.).—
Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 629.

[Arquatella] couesi SHarPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 164.

Arquatella couesti Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 199 (Cat.
N. Am. Birds, no. 531).—BraAn, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 164
(Chernofisky and Iliuliuk, Unalaska, Oct.).

Tr{inga] couesi HartTLAvB, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 280. ,

Tringa couesi Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 356.—TowNsEND
(C. H.), Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 99 (Unalaska, Oct. 23, in flocks).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895,
no. 236.—TurRNER, Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 147 (St. Michaels, breeding;
Aleutian Islands; habits)—Nextson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 103,
pl. 6 (habits, etc.).

T[ringa] couesi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 154.

Tringa (Arquatella) maritima,... var. cowesi PALMEN, ‘ Vega’-Exped., Fogelf, 1887,
314 (Tschuksth-halfons, e. Siberia, June 10).

Tringa maritima couesi SEEBOHM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxv, 4380.—
TaczaANowskI, Mém. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., (7), xxxix, 1893, 905.—
—Entiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 70, pl. 17.

Arquatella maritima couesi AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE,
Auk, xxv, July, 1908, 366; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 113.—CLarx (A. H.),
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxvili, 1910, 50 (Atka, Agattu, and Attu islands,
Aleutians; Commander Islands; habits)—Swarra, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zoology, vii, 1911, 50 (Kuiu Island, s. Alaska, May; habits)—TaveRrNeER,
Auk, xxix, 1912, 396 (Clayquot, Vancouver Island, May 11, 1907).—Brooxs
(W.S.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix; 1915, 386 (Providence Bay and East
Cape, n. e. Siberia, June, July; St. Lawrence Island, June).

[Arquatella maritima.] Subsp. a. Arquatella couesi SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
Xxiv, 1896, 583.

[Arquatella] maritima subsp. couesi Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus.,
li, no. 2, 1899, 73 (Port Etolin, Alaska).

Tringa crassirostris (not of Temminck and Schlegel) Boapanow, Consp. Av.
Ross., i, 1884, 88.

Genus EROLIA Vieillot.

Erolia VirtiLot, Analyse d’un Nouy. Orn., 1816, 55. (Type, by monotypy,
E. variegata Vieillot=Tringa ferruginea Briinnich.)

@rolia (emendation) Vizmiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxiv, 1818, 123.

4rolia (emendation) Viermtor, Gal. Gis., ii, 1825, 89.

Faicinellus (not of Bechstein, 1803 nor Vieillot, 1816) Cuvipr, Régne Anim., i,
1817, 486; 2d ed., i, 1829, 527. (Type, Scolopax pygmxa Linnzeus=Tringa
Jerruginea Briinnich.)

Ancylocheilus Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 50. (Type, Tringa subarquata Giilden-
stidt=T. ferruginea Briinnich. )

Ancylochilus (emendation) Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, 102, no. 625.

Medium-sized Eroliine (wing about 120-130 mm.) with bill
longer than tarsus and distinctly decurved distally, tarsus much
longer than middle toe with claw, and bare portion of tibia as long
as middle toe without claw and distinctly scutellate anteriorly and
posteriorly.

950 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bill much longer than tarsus (nearly one-third as long as wing),
compressed, tapering and distinctly decurved distally, its depth at
base equal to about one-sixth the length of exposed culmen, and
about one and a half times its width at same point; nasal groove
broad but gradually contracted anteriorly, extending nearly to tip
of maxilla, the mandible with a much less distinct narrow lateral
groove; nostril subbasal, small narrow (linear), its upper edge slightly
valvate or operculate; edge of loral and frontal feathering forming a
nearly straight vertical line, considerably posterior to the broadly
rounded malar antia, this very slightly if at all posterior to the mental
antia. Wing rather long, pointed, the longest primary (outermost)
exceeding distal secondaries by more than half the length of wing,
the longest tertials falling considerably short of tip of longest primary.
Tail about two-fifths as long as wing, truncate, the two middle
rectrices abruptly longer than the rest, ae rounded or sub-
acuminate terminally; rectrices 12. Tarsus much shorter than bill,
much longer than middle toe with claw, nearly one-fourth as long as
wing, continuously scutellate anteriorly and posteriorly; bare por-
tion of tibia nearly if not quite as long as middle toe without claw,
also scutellate before and behind; outer toe slightly but decidedly
shorter than middle toe, the inner toe still shorter; no web between
basal portion of anterior toes.

Coloration.—Upper tail-coverts usually more or less barred with
dusky; summer adults with head, neck, and under parts cinnamon-
rufous or chestnut.

Range.—Northern Hemisphere (but chiefly Europe and Asia),
migrating to Africa, India, Australia, etc.; occasional in North
America.

EROLIA FERRUGINEA (Briinnich).

CURLEW SANDPIPER.

Adult male in summer.—Head, neck, and underparts (except anal
region and under tail-coverts) chestnut-rufous or hazel, the pileum
streaked (more or less broadly) with dusky, the hindneck very indis-
tinctly if at all streaked, the feathers of under parts often with more
or less distinct whitish tips, the chin and anterior portion of forehead
sometimes whitish; back, scapulars, and tertials irregularly spotted
with black and chestnut-rufous of cinnamon-rufous, the former in
form of longitudinal median, more or less cuneate, spots on inter-
scapulars, but of transverse tendency on scapulars and tertials; wing-
coverts grayish brown, indistinctly margined with paler, the greater
coverts tipped with white; secondaries and proximal primaries gray-
ish brown (slightly darker than coverts), the former narrowly margined
with white terminally; primary coverts and distal (longer) primaries
dusky, the latter with shafts mostly white; rump grayish brown or

Pee

BIRDS OF -NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 251

brownish gray, the feathers margined with pale gray or grayish white
and with a subterminal lunulate bar of dusky; upper tail-coverts
white, broadly but rather sparsely barred with dusky; tail plain
grayish brown, darker on middle pair of rectrices, the lateral rectrices
narrowly margined terminally with whitish and with shafts white;
anal region and under tail-coverts white, the latter sparsely barred
or transversely spotted with dusky, both more or less tinged or inter-
mixed with cinnamon-rufous; axillars and under wing-coverts
(except along edge of wing) immaculate white; bill dusky, more
brownish basally (where olive or .olive-greenish in life); iris dark
brown; legs and feet olivaceous (more or less dark) in life.

Adult female in summer.—Similar to the adult male and perhaps
not always distinguishable but usually with the chestnut-rufous or
cinnamon-rufous of under parts somewhat paler, or more broken
posteriorly with whitish.

Winter plumage.—Head, neck, back, scapulars, and tertials plain
brownish gray or grayish brown, with dusky shaft-streaks; super-
ciliary stripe, upper tail-coverts, and under parts white, the chest
indistinctly streaked with grayish; otherwise ike summer adults.

Young.—Scapulars and interscapulars dusky, the feathers edged
with dull buffy or light ochraceous and margined terminally with
whitish; lesser and middle wing-coverts margined terminally with
dull buff; otherwise much like winter plumage, but chest and sides of
breast washed with dull buff.

Adult male.—Wing, 120-130 (123.8); tail, 43.5-49 (47.2); exposed
culmen, 33-38 (35.5); tarsus, 28-31 (29.4); middle toe, 19.5-21 (20).2

Adult female.—Wing, 121-131 (127.2); tail, 46.5-50.5 (48.1);
exposed culmen, 33-42 (37.9); tarsus, 27.5-382 (80); middle toe,
18.5-20 (19.4) .%

Eastern Hemisphere; breeding in northern Greenland (Christian-
shaab) ?, and Yenesei delta, Taimyr Peninsula, etc., northern Siberia;
migrating southward to British Islands, Madeira, Canary Islands,
southern Africa, Madagascar, Andaman Islands, India, Philippine
Islands, Malay Archipelago, Australia, etc.; occasional in eastern
‘North America (Nova Scotia; Toronto, Ontario; near Scarborough,
Maine, Sept. 15, 1881; Calais, Maine; Oxford Co., Maine; Essex Co.,
Massachusetts; Ipswich, Massachusetts; East Boston, Massachusetts,
May, 1876; Barnegat Bay, Long Island, July 29, 1904; Shinnecock
Bay, Long Island, May 24, 1883; Egg Harbor, Cape May, and Tucker-
ton, New Jersey; etc.) and in northern Alaska (Point Barrow, June 6,
1883); accidental in Grenada and Carriacou, Lesser Antilles, and in
Patagonia.

[Tringa] ferruginea Briinnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 53 (Iceland and Christiansoé
Island).—Hartert, Novit. Zool., viii, 1901, 306 (Canary Islands).

a Five specimens (none from America).

952 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Tringa ferruginea Meyer, Ann. Wett. Ges., 1, 1809, 53.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO-
cists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 244.—NeELson, Rep.
N. H. Coll, Alaska, 1887,112 (Point Barrow, June 6,1883).—Cory, Auk, iv,
1887, 315 (Grenada); Birds West Ind., 1889, 236 (Grenada); Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 93 (Grenada).—Patmén, Vega-Exped., Foglef., 1887, 308.—
STEJNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 491 (Giotuku, Japan; crit.).—
Haceroup, Birds Greenland, 1891, 55 (n. Greenland, breeding at Christians-
haab.).—Srone, Birds, E. Penn. and N. J., 1894, 74 (Egg Harbor, Tuckerton
and Cape May, New Jersey).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1895,
527 (Aldabra Island, near Madagascar, Nov. 6).—Exuutor, N. Am. Shore
Birds, 1895, 94, pl. 26.—RerIcHENOw, Deutsch. Tief-see Exped., 7-Bd.,
5-Lief., 1904, 353 (Dar-es-Salaam, e. Africa).

T[ringa] ferruginea Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 160.

Numenius ferrugineus MEYER, Ann. Wett. Ges., i, 1809, 53.—Mrysir and Wetr,
Taschenb., 11, 1810, 356.

Tringa (Pelidna) ferruginea PALMEN, ‘Vega’-Exped., 1887, 308 (Taimur-éu, Siberia,
Aug. 15; Tschuktsch-halfon, June 10).

Erolia ferruginea Cuitps, Auk, xxi, 1904, 485 (Barnegat Bay, Long Island, July
29, 1904).—Ciark (A. H.)., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxti, 1905, 252 (Car-
riacou and Grenada, Lesser Antilles)—Fiemine, Auk, xxili, 1906, 449
(Toronto, Ontario, 1 spec., about 1886).—AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List 3d ed., 1910, 116.—Maruews, Birds Australia, 1ii, 1913, pl. [162]
facing p. 266.—DaBBENE, Bol. Soc. Phys. B. A., 1913, 244 (Patagonia).—
THayYer and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 18 (Nijni Kolymsk,
etc., e. Siberia; habits; crit.).

Scolopax subarquata GitpENstApT, Nov. Comm. Petrop., xix, 1775, 471, pl. 18
(near Caspian Sea to Tanain and River Choper).

[Scolopax] subarquata GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 658.—TurrTon, Syst.
Nat., i, 1806, 394.

Numenius subarquata Becustetn, Orn. Taschenb., ii, 1803, 276.

Tringa subarquata TeEMMINCK, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 393; 2nd ed., 1820, 609.—V terL-
Lot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 454.—Bors, Isis, 1822, 560.—
Rovux, Orn. Prov., 1825, pls. 285, 286.—WerRneER, Atlas, Grallatores, 1827,
pl. 9.—Bonapartz, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 317.—Nurrat., Man. Orn.
U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 104.—Naumann; Voge. Deutschl., vill,
1834, 408, pl. 185.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ili, 1835, 444 pl. 263; Synopsis,
1839, 234; Birds Am., 8vo. ed., v, 1842, 269, pl. 3833.—Goutp, Birds Europe,
iv, 1837, pl.328 and text.—BreEwenr, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1837, 437 (Massa-
chusetts); Ibis, 1879, 375 (n. Greenland); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,
190 (descr. alleged eggs from Christianshaab, n. Greenland).—FRaseEr, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, 122 (Erzeroum, Turkey).—PEABopy, Rep. Orn. Mass.,
1839, 366.—MuuHLE, Orn. Griechenl., 1840, 104 (Sept., May).—NorpMAnn,
in Demid., Voy. Russ. Mérid., iii, 1840, 239 (in migration).—SELys-Lone-
cHaMps, Faune Belge, 1842, 124.—Macermtvray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842,
71; Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 215.—Buyrs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1842, 94
(Europe; India).—Grraup, Birds Long Is., 1844, 237.—ScHLEGEL, Rev. Crit.,
1844, p. Ixxxvill; Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 230; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, pl.
24, fig. 3; Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 31; Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1866, 425 (Madagascar).—YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, 2d ed., iii,
1845, 47; 3'd ed., ili, 1856, 50.—DraLanp, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 225.—THomp-
son, Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 284.—Harcourt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851,
146 (Madeira).—MippeEnporr?, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 220 (Tundra of Tai-
myr River, lat. 74° N., breeding; Boganida River, May 27).—KsaERBOLLING,
Orn. Dan., Suppl., 1852, pl. 16, fig. 1.—PAssuer, Journ. ftir Orn., 1853, 242

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 253

(Lapland).—Tostas, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 214 (Oberlausitz).—Harriavus,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 160 (Ceylon); 1855, 361 (Gold Coast); Orn. West
Africa, 1857, 237 (Casamance; Gold Coast; Gaboon); Vég. Madagasc., 1877,
330.—LittyeBore, Naumannia, 1854, 112 (Tromso, Norway).—Putnam,
Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 230 (Essex Co., Massachusetts).—MU Lier, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1856, 230 (Provence).—Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix, 1858, 718.—Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 529; Ibis, 1867, 286
(Greenland).—Wituis, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 285 (Nova
Scotia)—Herveui, Ibis, 1859, 348 (Red Sea); Orn. N. O.-Afrika, ii, pt. i,
1873, 1193.—ScureNnck, Reis. Amurl., 1859, 421 (Amur; Ussuri).—Powys,
Ibis, 1860, 343 (Corfu).—Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 365 (Moluccas);
List Brit. Birds, 1863, 169.—IrBy, Ibis, 1861, 240 (Oudh, India, winter);
Birds Straits Gibralt., 1875, 172 (Tangier, Morrocco, April, Sept.; Gibraltar,
April).—Homeyenr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 428 (Balearic Islands).—PREEN,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 288 (descr. egg).—Rappe, Reis. Sibir., Vég., 1863,
333; Orn. Caucas., 1884, 429.—Wrient, Ibis, 1864, 148 (Malta).—Sper.inec,
Ibis, 1864, 287 (Corfu).—Tristram, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 452 (Pales-
tine); Ibis, 1867, 327 (Palestine); Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 133.—
JERDON, Birds India, iii, 1864, 689.—Layarp, Birds South Africa, 1867, 330;
Ibis, 1869, 76 (Africa).—Spreruine, Ibis, 1868, 292 (Mozambique, Zanzi-
bar).—ScHLEGEL and PoLLeEN, Faun. Madagasc., Ois., 1868, 133 (n. e. Madagas-
car).—TURNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 55 (Phila. ed., 44) (Egg
Harbor, New Jersey, occasional).—Brown, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1869,
208 (Madeira).—Etwes and Buck ey, Ibis, 1870, 331 (Turkey).—Homeyer,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 425 (e. Siberia).—Finscuw and Harriaus, Vég. Ost-
Africa, 1870, 761.—SHELLEY, Ibis, 1871, 311 (Egypt); Birds Egypt, 1872, 254.—
SAUNDERS, Ibis, 1871, 388 (s. Spain, May); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883,
403; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 403; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, 336 (Diego
Garcia Island, Chagos group).—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotl., 1871, 316
(Elgin, breeding).—Hartinc, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 48.—Hotpswortu,
Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1872, 474 (Ceylon).—GurRNEy, in Andersson’s Birds
Damara Land, 1872, 306.—HuMeE and HEeNpeErson, Lahore to Yarkand, 1873,
288.—BrookgE, Ibis, 1873, 339 (Sardinia).—Auston and Harviz-Brown,
Ibis, 1873, 69 (Archangel, Russia).—Luoyp, Ibis, 1873, 417 (Kattiawar, India.)
SeveErRTzov, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873, 69 (migrant); Ibis, 1883, 75 (Pamir range,
centr. Asia; habits).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 425; Birds Northwest,
1874, 491.—TaczanowskI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 103 (e. Siberia). —SaLvapor1,
Ucc. Borneo, 1874, 322; Orn. Papuasia, etc., iii, 1882, 317.—WatLpEN, Ibis,
1874, 147 (South Andaman Islands; crit.).—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1874, 400 (North
Frisian Islands).—DanrorrH and Harvir-Brown, Ibis, 1875, 422 (Tran-
sylvania, May, June).—Buyrx, Birds Burma, 1875, 156.—Fa.Lion, Ois.
Belg.. 1875. 168.—Lraae, Ibis, 1875. 402 (Ceylon).—Brewste_r, Dull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, i, 1876, 51 (East Boston, Massachusetts, May, 1876).—SrEsoum
and Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1876, 293 (lower Petchora River, Russia).—
BLaNnrForp, East. Persia, ii, 1876, 284 (Mekran coast).—Davip and OvusTALET,
Ois. Chine, 1877, 472.—Dressrr, Birds Europe, viii, 1878, 59, pl. 553; Ibis,
1904, 231 (Taimyr Peninsula, breeding; descr. eggs; nesting habits); Consp.
Av. Imp. Ross., 1884, 90.—PrsEvaAusky, in Rowley’s Orn. Misc., iii, 1878,
90 (Hoangho Valley, breeding? Ussuri; Lake Hanka).—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1879,
150 (Koo-ra-i-ka, Siberia; habits); 1882, 224 (Astrakhan); 1883, 30 (Caucasus,
migrant); 1888, 349 (Great Liakoff Island, Siberia); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885,
180; Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxv, 419.—SHELLEY, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1879, 679 (Anjuan, Comorro Islands); Ibis, 1894, 26, 476 (Lake
Shirwa, Nyasaland).—BoepaNnow, Birds Caucas., 1879, 159.—LraGex, Birds

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Ceylon, 1880, 879.—ButTter, Cat. BirdsS. Bombay Pres., 1880, 77.—BocaGgE,
Orn. Angola, 1881, 472.—M1LNg-Epwarps and GRANDIDIER, Hist. Nat. Mad-
agasc., Ois., ii, 1882, 624.—Brppu pa, Ibis, 1882, 288 (Gilgit, India).—Oares,
Handb. Birds Brit. Burma, ii, 1883, 394—Murray, Vetebr. Faun. Sind, 1884,
250.—BtrrrxorerR, Notes Leyden Mus., x, 1885, 102 (Liberia).—Murpocu,
Auk., ii, 1885, 63 (Point Barrow, Alaska).—WutrexgeaD, [bis, 1885, 43 (Corsica,
May).—Tarr, Ibis, 1887, 390 (Portugal).—Reip, Ibis, 1888, 78 (Teneriffe).—
Litrorp, Ibis, 1889, 341 (Cyprus).—Mzapg-WaL.po, Ibis, 1890, 429 (Tenerifie,
May); 1893, 205 (Canary Islands).—Styan, Ibis, 1891, 330, 506 (lower Yangise
River).—GATKE, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 519 —Frivautpsxy, Av. Hung.,
1891, 147 (spring and autumn).—MaparAsz, Erlaut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogell.,
1891, 111.—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 260 (Bering Island; Billings Isiand;
Kuril Islands; crit.).—S1Bree, Ibis, 1892, 114 (Madagascar).—RENDALL, [bis,
1892, 229 (Gambia).—Sryan, Ibis, 1892, 437 (Hainan).—Waurrrakerr, Ibis,
1895, 106 (Tunis).—Poyntine, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. iv, 1896, 165.—PopHam,
Ibis, 1897, 104 (Cape Matte Sule, lat. 72° 30’, Siberia); 1898, 515 (delta of
Yenesei and Golchika, Yenesei R., Siberia; descr. nest and eggs; habits).—
Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1897, 890, pl. 51, figs. 14 (eggs).—Harr-
ERT, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 554 (Great Banda I.).—JEssx, Ibis, 1903, 164
(Lucknow, India).—Ntco tt, Ibis, 1904, 64, 65 (Thursday I., Torres Straits,
May 18).

THlinga subarquata KEYSERLING and Brastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixxvi, 214.

T{ringa| subarquata GRAY, Gen. Birds, iii, 1845, 579.
[ Tringa| subarquata Gray, Hand-list, al 1871, 50, no. 10,319.—CovgEs, Key N

Am. Birds, 1872, 256.

| Tringa (Scheniclus)| subarquata Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 11, 1878, 198

(Australia).

Pelidna subarquata STEPHENS, Shaw's Gen: Zool., xii, 1824, 96.—Cuvier, Régne

Anim., 1829, 527—Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 657; Journ. fir Orn., 1854,
82 (n. e. Africa.)—BoNnaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, ooh Grete
LAND, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850, 221 (Kordofan).—Hartiaus Journ.,
fiir Orn., 1854, 297 (w. Africa)—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv,
1854, 326 (Europe and N. Am.).—Grauto1t, Ibis, 1865, 61 (Pisa, Italy).—San-
vaporI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 287 (Sardinia); Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871,
212.—DEGLAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 195.—Frirscu, Vog. Eur.,
1870, pl. 38, fig. 10, pl. 39, fig. 4; Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 387 (Bohemia).—
Liinper, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 301 (Stralsund).—SaunpeErs, Ibis, 1871, 388
(s. Spain).—Hancock, Birds Northumb. and Durham, 1874, 116.—Ripeway,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 200 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 540); Nom. N.
Am.Birds, 1881, no.540.—Purptin, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 32 (near
Scarborough, Maine, Sept. 15, 1881).—Dutcuer, Auk, i, 1884, 32 (Shinnecock
Bay, Long Island, May 24, 1883).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water

‘Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 246.—Merriam, Auk, ii, 1885, 63 (Point Barrow, Alaska,

June 8).—Murpocu, Rep. Internat. Polar Exped. Point Barrow, 1885,
113 (1 spec., June 6).—Everert, Journ. Straits Branch Asiat. Soc., 1889,
208 (Sarawak; Pontianak).—TaczaNowski, Mém. Ac. St. Petersb. (7),
xxxix, 1893, 925 (eastern Siberia).

Ancylocheilus subarquatus Kaup, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 50.—BoNapArRTE, Compt.

Rend., xliii, 1856, 596.—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 185.
(monogr.) Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 293 (New England).—Verrritu, Proc.
Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 158 (Oxford Co., Maine).—LawreEnce, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., viii, 1866, 294 (vicinity New York City) —Locue, Expl. Sci. Algér.,.
Ois., ii, 1867, 308.

|

|
;

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 255

Ancylocheilus subarquata BoARDMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 128°(Calais ,
Maine).—Goo tp, Birds Great Brit., iv, 1872, pl. 68 and text.—CouvEs, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South Carolina).—Brewer, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H1., xvii, 1875, 446 (Ipswich, Massachusetts).

Ancylochilus subarquatus Goutp, Handb. Birds Australia, ii, 1865, 256.—Covrs,
Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 625.—Wetts, List Birds Grenada, 1886, 8.—
SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 586, 768.—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus.
N. H., xxi, 1905, 238 (Gichiga, n. e. Siberia, June 2).

A[ncylochilus] subarquatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd. ed., 1884, 632.

[Ancylochilus] subarquatus Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 164.—Forses and Ros-
INSON, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 73 (Iceland; s. Luzon, Philippines;
Tasmania, etc.).

Ancylochilus subarquata ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 87 (Massachusetts).

Scheniclus subarquatus Goutp, Birds Australia, vi, 1837, pl. 32 and text; Introd.,
p. 100.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralla, 1844, 105 ——Rtrre.t, Syst.
Ueb., 1845, 126.

Tringa (Scheniclus) subarquata Ramsay, Tab. List Austral. Birds, 1888, 20.

Erolia subarquata Goopr, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 319.

Scolopax subarcuata Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 559.

Tringa subarcuata Kaur, Thierr., ii, pt. 1, 1836, 316.—Hay, Proc. Zool. Soc,
Lond., 1840, 135 (Tangier, Morocco).—Temminck, Man. d’Orn., iv, 1840,
397.—SwinHok, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, 319 (fientsin, China); 1863,
317 (Tientsin); 1871, 409 (Amoy; Formosa); Ibis, 1873, 425 (Shanghai).—
NorpDMANN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 375 (Finland).—ReEIcHENOow, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1877, 11 (Loango coast, w. Africa).—SEEBouM, Ibis, 1882, 381 (Arch-
angel, Russia).—Hartwia, Journ. fiir Orn., 1893, 10 (Madeira Islands).

Pelidna subarcuata Coutett, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 394 (Norway).—Koenia,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 456 (Canary Islands); 1893, 90 (Tunis).

[| Numenius] pygmeus Laraam, Gen. Synop. Birds, Suppl., i, 1787, 291 (Sand-
wich, Kent; Holland); based on Pigmy Curlew Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds,
iii, pt. i, 1785, 127) —YaRRELL, Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 625.

[Scolopax] pygmxa GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. ii, 1789, 655.

Tringa pygmzxa Leacn, Syst. Cat. Mam. [etc.] Brit. Mus., 1816, 30.

Falcinellus pygmxus Cuvier, Régne Anim., 1, 1817, 486.

[Scolopazr]} africana GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1i, 1789, 655 (Cape of Good Hope;
based on Cape Curlew Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ii, pt. i, 1785, 126).

[Numenius] africanus LatHaM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 712.

(?) Scolopax falcinellus Briinnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 49 (‘‘Siselandia.’’).

Tringa faleinella Patias, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 11, 1826, 188.

{Scolopax] dethardingii Stemssen, Handb. Mecklenb. Land-u. Wasservégel, 1794,.
169 (Mecklenburg, Germany).

Tringa islandica (not of Linneus) Rerzrus, Fauna Suecica, 1800, 192.

Erolia variegata VrettLot, Analyse, 1816, 69 (Africa).

4rolia varia VieiLLot, Gal. Ois., 1i, 1825, 89, pl. 231.

(Erolia varia Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 564.

Falcinellus cursorius TemMinck, Pl. Col., v, livr. 86, Sept., 1830, pl. 510 and
text (River Gamtos, Africa).

Tringa (Pelidna) chinensis Gray, Zool. Misc., 1831, 2 (China).

Scheniclus chinensis Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 104.

Erolia ferruginea chinensis Matuews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913,
266.

Pelidna macrorhynchos BREHM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 658 (Baltic Sea).

256 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Falcinellus cuvieri BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 50 eer name for
Scolopax pygmxus Tenure):
Pelidna arquata Bren, Vogelf., 1855, 316 (n. e. Africa, rarely to s. e. Europe).

Genus PELIDNA Cuvier.

Pelidna Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 490. (Type, as designated by Gray,
1840, Tringa cinclus Linneus=T. alpina Linneus. )

Scheniclus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1844, 104 (ex Moehring, 1752).
(Type, Tringa cinclus Linneus=T. alpina Linneus.)

Medium-sized Eroliine (wing 103-126 mm.) with bill longer than
tarsus, faintly decurved terminally, compressed, the tip not dilated;
tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, and tail slightly emarginate
(but middle pair of rectrices projecting and pointed). (Closely
resembling Hrolia, but tarsus and bill relatively shorter, the latter
not distinctly decurved; lateral membrane of anterior toes much less
developed; tail emarginate instead of truncate, the middle pair of
retrices more pointed, and coloration very different.)

Bill longer than tarsus, decidedly less than one-third as long as
wing, compressed, tapering and very faintly decurved distally, its
depth at base equal to about one-fifth the length of exposed culmen
and nearly twice its width at same point; nasal groove broad, taper-
ing anteriorly, the extreme anterior, very narrow, portion extending
nearly to tip of bill; mandible also with a narrow lateral groove;
nostril subbasal, small, narrowly elliptical, longitudinal; edge of
loral feathering advancing farther forward than that of forehead,
which forms a rather deep concavity at base of culmen; malar antia
decidedly anterior to loral antia, the mental antia still more anterior
(nearly on vertical line with posterior end of nostril). Wing rather
long, pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exepeding distal
secondaries by decidedly more than half the length of wing; longest,
almost lanceolate, tertials falling decidedly short of tip oF longest
primary. Tail more than two-fifths as long as wing, slightly emargi-
nate, the middle pair of retrices projecting decidedly beyond the
rest (longer even than lateral rectrices) and acuminate or sub-
acuminate. Tarsus shorter than exposed culmen, nearly one-fourth
as long as wing, continuously scutellate anteriorly and posteriorly;
bare portion of tibia about as long as first two phalanges of middle
toe, also scutellate before and behind; middle toe, without claw,
about three-fourths as long as tarsus; lateral toes decidedly shorter
than middle toe, the inner very slighty shorter than the outer; no
web between bases of anterior toes.

Coloration.—In summer, pileum, back, and seapulars brown or rusty
broadly streaked or longitudinally spotted with black; under parts
mostly white, with a large area of blackish on breast and sides of
abdomen, the chest and foreneck streaked with blackish. In winter
nearly plain brownish gray above and without black on under parts.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 257

Range.—Northern Hemisphere (more southerly in migration).

(Monotypic.)

KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF PELIDNA ALPINA.

a. Averaging smaller, with relatively shorter bill and tarsus (wing 104-114, averaging,
107.4, in male, 103-117, averaging 110.9, in female; exposed culmen 26-31,
averaging 28.6, in male, 26.5-36.5, averaging 32.5, in female; tarsus 21-24,
averaging 23.1, in male, 22-25, averaging 23.5, in female); coloration duller, the
summer adult with dorsal region variegated with black and dull ochraceous
or buffy, and blackish of abdomen not in abrupt contrast with speckled or other-
wise variegated dull grayish of breast. (Europe and western Asia; southern
Greenland; casual on west shore of Hudson Bay.) Pelidna alpina alpina (p. 257).

aa. Averaging larger, with relatively longer bill and tarsus (wing 108.5-125.5, averaging
115.9, in male, 114-125, averaging 177.4, in female; exposed culmen 31-41,
averaging 35.6, in male, 34-42, averaging 38.3, in female; tarsus 23-28, averaging
25.2, in male, 25-27, averaging 26, in female); coloration brighter, summer
adults with dorsal region bright orange-cinnamon variegated with black, the
black of abdomen abruptly contrasted with the nearly immaculate grayish
white of breast. (North America and northeastern Asia.)

Pelidna alpina sakhalina (p. 262).

PELIDNA ALPINA ALPINA (Linneus.) |
DUNLIN.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Pileum streaked with wood brown
and dusky (the latter usually predominating); hindneck dull grayish
white, tinged with wood brown and streaked with dusky; scapulars
and interscapulars black centrally, broadly margined with cinnamon
or cinnamon-brown, the cinnamomeous margins broadest on scapulars,
the black predominating on interscapulars; wing-coverts brownish
gray, narrowly but distinctly margined with grayish white, the
greater coverts tipped with white; primary coverts and remiges
dusky, the secondaries narrowly tipped, or terminally margined, with
white, the proximal primaries edged with white basally; rump
grayish brown, the feathers with indistinct narrow shaft-streaks of
dusky and very indistinct, narrow, paler terminal margins; median
upper tail-coverts dark grayish brown or dusky, the lateral coverts
immaculate white; middle pair of rectrices dusky, edged on distal
portion of outer webs with paler; rest of tail pale brownish gray, the
rectrices narrowly edged with white or grayish white; sides of head
and neck dull grayish white narrowly streaked with dusky, the sub-
orbital and auricular regions tinged with brown; chin, throat, fore-
neck, chest, and breast dull white streaked (except on chin and
extreme upper throat) with dusky, the streaks becoming gradually
larger and more sharply defined on chest and breast, where some-
times spot-like; abdomen more or less clouded with dull black, this
often forming a large, well-defined area, broken only by narrow whit-
ish tips to some of the feathers; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts

40017—-19—Bull. 50, pt S——18

258 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

white, sometimes immaculate but usually with a few very narrow
streaks of dusky; axillars and most of under wing-coverts immaculate
white; bill blackish; iris dark brown; legs and feet blackish (dark
olivaceous in life).

Winter plumage.—Upper parts mostly plain brownish gray, with
indistinct dusky shaft-streaks; an indistinct superciliary stripe,
together with whole of under parts, white, the neck and chest indis-
tinctly streaked with grayish, the sides and flanks sometimes with a
few narrow streaks; otherwise as in summer.

Young.—Scapulars and interscapulars dusky, broadly margined
with cinnamon or cinnamon-buff, this becoming paler (often whitish)
on tips of some feathers; wing-coverts margined with buffy; pileum
light rusty buff or cinnamon, streaked with blackish; sides of head
and neck dull buffy, indistinctly streaked with dusky; under parts
white, the breast and abdomen spotted with blackish.

Downy young.—Forehead and posterior portion of crown buff, or
pinkish buff, divided medially by a rather broad streak of blackish
brown, confluent posteriorly with an area of mixed blackish brown and
light brown occupying greater part of crown and occiput, the latter
rather sparsely flecked or spotted with pale dull buffy; hindneck
pale dull buffy mottled with brownish; back, rump, and wings snuff
brown mottled or intermixed with brownish black, the back minutely,
the rump more coarsely, dotted or spangled with pale buff or buffy
whitish; sides of head and neck dull buffy white, relieved by an
indistinct auricular spot of dusky; under parts dull buffy white
strongly tinged on chest with cinnamon-buff.

Adult male-—Wing, 104-114 (107.4); tail, 44.5-50.5 (46.9);
exposed culmen, 26-31 (28.6); tarsus, 21-24 (23.1); muddle toe,
17-21 (19).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 103-117 (110.9); tail, 46-51.5 (48.4);
exposed culmen, 26.5-36.5 (32.5); tarsus, 22-25 (23.5); middle toe,
18-20 (18.9).°

Breeding in northern Europe (Iceland, Faroe Islands, British
Islands, Norway, Denmark, etc.) and northern Asia (north to about
lat. 74°); migrating southward to Mediterranean basin, Madeira,
Canary Islands, Zanzibar, and islands north of Madagascar, ‘‘and
along the valleys of the Kama and Volga, and through Turkestan to
winter on the shores of the Caspian and on the Mekran coast,’’® east-
ward to India (Calcutta, Lucknow, etc.); occasional in southern
Greenland; accidental in North America (Fort Churchill, Keewatin,

a@ Seven specimens.

5 Thirteen specimens.

¢Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadriide.

@ The status of Greenland birds of this species is a matter of great uncertainty, and
the Greenland references here given under P. a. alpina and P. a. sakhalina, respec-
tively, may, in some instances at least, be wrongly placed. Very singularly, the

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 259

2 specs., prior to 1845; Choris Peninsula, Alaska; Shinnecock Bay, -
Long Island Sept. 15, 1892.)

[ Tringa] alpina Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 149 (Lapland); ed. 12, 1,
1766, 249.—Brinnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 52.—GmMeELIn, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. i1,
1789, 676.—Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 736.—Turton, Syst. Nat., i,
1806, 407.

Tringa alpina Fasricius, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, 111.—Bopparrt, Tabl.

Pl. Enl., 1783, 52 (Pl. Enl., pl. 852)—TemMinck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 171.—

Vierttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 455.—Borm, Isis, 1822,

561; Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 96.—Lxsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 559.—NauMANN,

Vog. Deutschl., vii, 1834, 427, pl. 186.—Kavup, Thierr., ii, pt. i, 1836, 317.—

NorpMANN, in Demid. Voy. Russ. Mérid., iii, 1840, 238.—Yarre.1, Brit.

Birds, ii, 1848, 658.—KsagrBOutina, Danm. Fugle, Suppl., 1852, pl. 16,

fig. 2.—LitiseBore, Naumannia, 1882, 114 (Tromso, Norway).—Tostas,

Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 214 (Oberlausitz).—P&Asster, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853,

242 (Lapland).—Scuuuine, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 374 (Riigen).—MUier,

Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 230 (Provence).—TristraM, Ibis, 1860, 80 (n. Africa);

Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 132.—Powys, Ibis, 1860, 343 (Epirus).—

SUNDEVALL, Svensk Fogl., 1860, pl. 43, figs. 1, 2—NrwrTon, in Baring-

Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 413; Man. N. H. Greenland, 1875, 103.—Gray, List

Brit. Birds, 1863, 167.—Buiaxtsron, Ibis, 1863, 132 (Hudson Bay).—More,

Ibis, 1865, 438 (breeding range in England).—Drakg, Ibis, 1867, 429 (Tan-

gier, Morocco).—Smiru, Ibis, 1868, 455 (Portugal).—Droste, Journ. fiir Orn.,

1869, 344 (Faroe Islands).—Etwes and Bucktey, Ibis, 1870, 330 (Black Sea,

Turkey).—Liuper, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 301 (Stralsund).—Hartine, Proc.

Zool. Soe. Lond., 1871, 115 (Choris Peninsula; crit.); Handb. Brit. Birds,

1872, 49; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 242.—Rey, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872,

154 (Portugal) —Durnrorp, Ibis, 1874, 400 (North Frisian Islands).—

DaNForTH and Harvis-Brown, Ibis, 1875, 422 (Transylvania).—Scutry,

Stray Feath., iv, 1876, 187 (e. Turkestan, breeding).—Dresser, Ibis, 1876,

411 (Turkestan); Birds Europe, viii, 1876, 21, pl. 548.—Srnsonm, Ibis,

1879, 151 (Yenesei, Siberia, lat. 69°-703° N., breeding; descr. downy young;

molt); 1882, 224 (Astrakhan), 381 (Archangel, n. Russia); 1883, 30 (Caucasus,

in migration); 1892, 25 (Helgoland); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 184; Geog.

Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxv, 425, figs —Finscu, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien,

xxix, 1879, 251 (tundra of Podarata River, breeding).—Etwes, Ibis, 1880,

392 (Denmark; breeding?).—BritisH OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unron, List Brit.

Birds, 1883, 169.—SauNpeErs, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 337; Ibis,

1884, 389 (St. Jean de Luz, March); Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 569.—SrvertTzov,

Ibis, 1883, 75 (Pamir Range, centr. Asia, Sept.).—Irsy, Ibis, 1883, 187

(Santander, Spain, May).—Rappr, Orn. Caucas., 1884, 428 (Caspian Sea,

winter).— WHITEHEAD, Ibis, 1885, 42 (Corsica, May).—Drxon, Ibis, 1885, 86

(St. Kilda).—YeErsury, Ibis, 1886, 21 (Aden, winter).—SnHarpe, Ibis, 1886,

’

i
i nh
=

_ American Ornithologists’ Union Check List (several editions) as well as the Catalogue
_ of Birds in the British Museum (vol. xxiv) both completely ignore Greenland in the
geographic ranges of the two forms as there given.

_ 2The A. O. U. Check List (3rd ed., 1910, p. 116) states that P. a. alpina is acci-
_ dental in ‘‘Massachusetts, New York, and District of Columbia;’’ but I have not been
able to find the records, except that for New York (probably the Shinnecock Bay
Occurrence). I believe, however, that the alleged occurrence in the District of
- Columbia, based by H. M. Smith in Auk, iii, 1886, 140, on old entries in the U.S.
National Museum catalogue of ‘‘Tringa alpina” and “ Pelidna alpina”’ is an error, the
_ Specimens there referred to probably being both P. a. sakhalina.

260 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

167 (Muscat) —AMeERICcAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886. and
2nd ed., 1895, no. 243..—Tarr, Ibis, 1887, 390 (Portugal).—CHapMan, Ibis,
1888, 445 (Spain, Sept.).—Brusrma, Motr., etc. (Orn. Croat.) 1890, 88.—
CuarKE (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 321 in text (Fort Churchill, Keewatin).—
WALTER, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 238, 242, 247 (e. Spitzbergen).—Octtvis-
GRANT, Ibis, 1890, 442 (Madeira).—GAtkr, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 520.—
Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 259 (“insulis Oceani orientalis’’).—Harr,
Fauna and Flora Sinai, 1891, 226 (Gaza; Ayum Musca).—MaparAsz. Ausst.
Ungar. Vogelf., 1891, 110.—F rrvautpsxry, Av. Hung.. 1891, 146 (autumn).—
Fatio and Struper, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, 1892, 48.—Linrorp, Col. Figs.
Brit. Birds, pt. xxiv, 1898.—Youne, Auk, x, 1893, 78 (Shinnecock Bay,
Long Island, 1 spec., Sept. 15, 1892).—Buaaa, Ibis, 1893, 356 (Unst, Shetland
Tslands).—Barnegs, Ibis, 1893, 171, 181 (Aden).—Mrapr-Wa po, Ibis, 1893,
204 (Canary Islands).—ReicHenow, Vog. Deutsch Ost-Afrika, 1894, 41.—
Reiser, Ornis Balcanica, 1894, 169.—PEARSoN and Biowe tt, Ibis, 1894, 234
(n. Norway, breeding).—CuApMan, Ibis, 1894, 343 (w. Jutland).—Poyntine,
Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. ii, 1895, 143, pl. 31.—Wurrakerr, Ibis, 1895. 106 (Tunis,
Algeria).—Euuiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 89.—PEarson, Ibis, 1896, 218
(Kolguev, Russia, breeding; descr. eggs and young); 1898, 200 (Waigats,
Dolgoi Island, and Habarova, Russia. breeding; descr. eggs).—Popnam, ibis,
1897, 103 (Golchika, Yenesei River. Siberia, north of 71°; descr. downy
young); 1898, 515 (Yeneseisk and Golchika. Yenesei River; descr. eggs).—
GRANT, Novit. Zool., viii, 1900, 269 (s. Arabia).—Hartert, Novit. Zool.,
vili, 1901, 306 (Canary Islands); I}iis, 1904, 423 (mouth of Lena River,
Siberia).—Jessn, Ibis, 1903, 164 (Lucknow, India).

T[ringa] alpina Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 159.

Scolopax alpina Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiit., 11, 1826, 176, part.

Pelidna alpina Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 661.—Zanper, Archiv Mecklenb.,
xv, 1861, 117 (Meklenburg).—Herm7z. Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 427 (Pom-
erania).—SaLvaporI, Faun. Ital., Ucc.. 1871, 212.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 200 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 539); Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 539.—Covrs, Check List. 2nd ed., 1882, no. 623.—GiciioLI and
SatvaportI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, 586 (Olga Bay, s. e. Siberia; crit.).—
Koenic, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890. 456 (Canary Islands); 1898, 90 (Tunis).—
SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 602, 768.

P{elidna alpina Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 21d ed., 1884, 631.

[Pelidna] alpina Suaren, Hand-list. i. 1899, 164.—ForBers and Rosinson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., 11, no. 2, 1899. 73.

[Pelidna alpina] «. alpina Bairp, Brewer. and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am.,
1, 1884, 241.

(?) Tringa (Pelidna) alpina PatmEN, ‘ Vega’ Exped., 1887, 309 (Tschuktsch-halfon,
Siberia. June).

[Tringa alpina var. americana) 2. alpina Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 489
(synonymy).

Pelidna alpina alpine AmMentcaN OnnirHoiocists’ Unton, Check List, 3rd ed.. |
1910, 116.—TuayerR a 1 Bancs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 17
(characters). ;

[Tring] cinclus Linnaeus. S)\st. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 251 (Europe; based on
Brisson, Orn.,\ 1769. 211. »!. 19, fig. 1).—-Gmeuin, Syst. Nat.,i, pt. 11, 1789,
680.—LatHAM. Invex Orn.. ii, 1790, 735.—Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 410.— |

REINHARDT. Journ. fiir Cro., 1854, 144 (England).—Gray, Hand-list, iii,
1871, 49 no 10310

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 261

Tringa cinclus Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 52 (Pl. Enl., pl. 851).—Leracn,
Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 30.—Rovux, Orn. Prov., 1825, pl.
287.—Seiys-LonecHames, Faune Belge, 1842, 125.—Maceitnivray, Man.
Brit. Orn., 11, 1842, 70; Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 203—Mture, Beitr. Orn.
Griechenl., 1844, 105.—Scatecet, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. Ixxxix; Vog. Nederl.,
1854, pl. 231; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, pl. 24, figs. 10, 11; Mus. Pays-Bas,
v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 32.—H Evatin, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 63 (Egypt and
Red Sea. to end of May); Ibis, 1872. 62 (Waigats Islands. n. Russia. breeding);
Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 119 (Waigats Island); Orn. N. O.-Afrika, ii, Abth. i,
1873, 1183 (Red Sea; Gulf of Aden; Senaar; Kordofan; Tana Lake).—
REINHARDT. Ibis, 1861, 11 (Greenland).—IrBy, Ibis, 1861, 240 (India);
Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 173.—A.trum, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 108 (Miinster-
land).—Wriacut, Ibis, 1864, 148 (Malta, in migration).—Droster, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1864, 422 (Borkum).—Tristram, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 452
(Palestine).—BLanForp, Geol. and Zool. Abyssinia, 1870, 433 (Zoulla, Jan.);
East. Persia, ii, 1876, 283 (Gwadar; Shiraz, Dec.).—Finscu and Harriavus,
Voég. Ost-Afrika, 1870, 758.—GopMan, Ibis, 1872, 221 (Canary Islands).—
SHELLEY, Birds Egypt, 1872, 253.—Brooxer, Ibis, 1873, 339 (Sardinia).—
Luoyp, Ibis, 1873, 417 (Kattiawar, India) —Hvume, Stray Feath., i, 1873,
243 (Karachi. India); vii, 1878, 228 (Raipur, India), 487 (Calcutta).—Apam,
Stray Feath., i, 1873.396 (Sambhur, India, winter)—SreBoum and Harvier-
Brown, Ibis, 1876, 293 (lower Petchora River, Russia, breeding; habits).—
Harttaus, Vog. Madagascar, 1877, 331.—BuTiER, Stray Feath., v, 1877, 233,
236 (Karachi).—Boapanow, Birds Caucas., 1879, 158.—BurTuEr, Cat. Birds
Sind, etc., 1879, 63.—Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, 1884, 251.—CrarKke
(W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 12 (Jan Mayen Land).

Tr[inga] cinclus Keyseruina and Brastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixxvi, 215.

T[ringa] cinclus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1845, 579.

Pelidna cinclus Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 490—Bonaparte, Geog. and
Comp. List, 1838, 50 —Satvapvorr, Journ. ftir Orn., 1865, 288 (Sardinia).—
Fruippr, Viag. Persia, 1865, 351.—GouLp, Birds Great Brit., iv, 1867, pls.
69, 70 and text.—DxrGLaNnpb and GERBE, Orn. Eur., 1, 1867, 197.—Locue,
Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 310 —Frirscu, Vég. Eur., 1870, pl. 38, fig.
4, pl. fig. 11; Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 387 (Bohemia).—SaunpeErs, Ibis, 1871,
388 (s. Spain, winter)—Hancock, Birds Northumb. and Durham, 1874, 117.

Scheniclus cinclus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Grallew, 1844, 104; Cat. Mam., etc..
Nepal pres. Hodgson, 1846, 140.

[Schoeniclus] cinclus Herne and RetcHeNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 329
(Pomerania).

(?) [Scolopaz] pusilla Gettin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 663 (England; based on
Gallinago anglicana Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 309; Dunlin, Pennant, Brit. Zool.,
li, no. 205; ete.).

Numenius variabilis Becustrin, Naturg. Deutschl., iv, 1809, 141, pl. 28, fig. 1
(Baltic Sea).

Tringa variabilis Meyer and Wot, Taschenb., ti, 1810, 397.—Temminck, Man.
d’Orn., 1815, 395; 2nd ed., ii, 1820, 612; iv, 1840, 399.—Werner, Atlas,
Grallatores, 1827, pl. 11—Fox, Newcastle Mus., 1827, 86.—Govutp, Proc.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1834, 51, 133 (Trebizond, Persia) —SrricKLanD, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1836, 101 (Smyrna).—Hay, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1840, 135
(Tangier, Morocco).—WeEBB and BrrtHetot, Orn. Canar., 1841, 38.—
Hopason, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1884, 86.—FrRaser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1844, 67 (Tripoli).—YarRRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, 2nd ed., iii, 1845, 81; 3rd ed.,

26

2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

ili, 1856, 80.—Harcourt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 146 (Madeira).—
Hevuatin, Ibis, 1859, 347 (Red Sea).—Finscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 386
(Bulgaria).—GreseL, Vog., 1860, 378, fig. 678.—Hewrrson, Eggs Brit. Birds,
li, 1846, 313, pl. 88, figs. 1, 2—Taompson, Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 288.—
Bote, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 176 (Canary Islands).—Gopman (F. and P.),
Ibis, 1861, 90 (Bodo, Norway).—Homeryer, Journ. ftir Orn., 1862, 429
(Balearic Islands).—Brown, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1869, 208 (Ma-
deira) —Srvertzov, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873, 69 (migrant).—Fa Lion, Ois®
Belg., 1875, 168.—Litrorp, Ibis, 1889, 340 (Cyprus, April, May).

Pelidna variabilis SrepHeNs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. i, 1824, 98, pl. 88.—
Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 662.—OLPHE-GaALLIARD, Contr. Faun. Orn.
Eur. Occ., fase. xiv, 1891-91.

Tringa schinzii Breum, Beitr. Vogelk., ii, 1822, 355 (new name for Scolopar
pusilla Gmelin).—Naumann, V6g. Deutschl., vii, 1834, 453, pl. 187.—
NORDMANN, in Demid. Voy. Russ. Mérid., i11, 1840, 288 (Odessa); Journ. fiir
Orn., 1864, 375 (Finland)—Temmrnck, Man. d’Orn., iv, 1840, 400 (not of p.
401!) —Srtys-Lonecuamps, Faune Belge, 1842, 125.—LINDERMAYER,
Vo6g. Griechenl., 1860, 143.—Retnuarprt, Ibis, 1861, 11 (Greenland).—
Fatton, Ois. Belg., 1875, 169.—REIcHENOW, Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl.,
1889, 49.—Crarke (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 13 (Jan Mayen Land).—GATKE,
Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 521.—Frivaupsky, Av. Hung., 1891, 146.—Fat1o
and Stuper, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, 1892, 48.

Tringa schinzi SPpERuING, Ibis, 1868, 292 (Zanzibar).

Pelidna schinzii Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 663.—BoNAPARTE, Geog. and
Comp. List, 1838, 50, part—Locue, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., 11, 1867, 312.—
Fritscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 387 (Bohemia).—Suarpe, Handb. Brit.
Birds, i, 1896, 330.

Pelidna calidris BREHM, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 663 (Naples).

Tringa cinclus minor ScuLecEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. Ixxxix (new name for Tringa
schinzvi Brehm); V6g. Nederl., 1854, pl. 232.

Tringa torquata DEGLAND, Orn. Eur., ti, 1849, 230 (ex Cinelus minor et torquatus
Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 216, pl. 19, fig. 2).

Pelidna torquata DeGLANpb and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 199.

Tringa subarquata (not Scolopar subarquata Gildenstadt) NewrTon, Ibis, 1864,
132 (Iceland).

T[ringa| alpina typica StEsJNEGER, Auk, v, July, 1888, 307, in text (crit.).

PELIDNA ALPINA SAKHALINA (Vieillot).

AMERICAN DUNLIN.

Similar to P. a. alpina but averaging decidedly larger, with rela-
tively longer bill and legs, and, in summer plumage, decidedly more
brightly colored, with cinnamomeous markings of upper parts brighter,
more rusty (orange-cinnamon) and the black abdominal area more
conspicuously contrasted with the nearly immaculate white or
grayish white of breast.

Adult male.—Wing, 108.5-125.5 (115.9); tail, 42-57 (52); exposed
culmen, 31-41 (35.6); tarsus, 23-28 (25.2); middle toe, 18.5—22 (20).¢

a Twenty-five specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 263

Adult female.—Wing, 114-125 (117.4); tail, 44.5-56 (53); exposed
culmen, 34-42 (88.3); tarsus, 25-27 (26); middle toe, 19.5—22 (20.4).¢

North America and eastern Asia; breeding from northern Ungava,
Boothia, Melville Penisula, etc., westward through Arctic districts to
mouth of Yukon River, and along Arctic coast of Siberia westward to
mouth of the Yenesei River; migrating southward to southern Florida
(Tarpon Springs; St. Johns Pass), Louisiana, Texas (Fort Brown;
Tom Green County), Arizona (Tucson) and Lower California (San
Quentin Bay; south of lat. 24° 30’), and through Kamchatka, Korea,
Japan, China, etc., to Formosa and Malay Archipelago. (No record
from any portion of middle America, except Lower California.)

[ Tringa] alpina (not of Linneus, 1758) Larnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 736, part.

Tringa alpina Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 25, pl. 56, fig. 2—BoNnAPARTE, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 317.—Swarnson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii,
1831, 383.—NutTtTaLL, Man. Orn. U. §. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 106.—
AupuBON, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 580, pl. 290; Synopsis, 1839, 234; Birds Am.,
8vo ed., v, 1842, 266, pl. 333.—TownsENp (J. K.), Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
viii, 1839, 156 (n. w. United States).—Prasopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 367.—
GirAuD, Birds Long Is., 1844, 228.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., x,
1858, 196 (Japan); xiv, 1862, 322 (Seniavine Straits); in Baird, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 719.—Wruis, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859),
284 (Nova Scotia).—Buakiston, Ibis, 1862, 330 (Japan).—Swinuoe, Ibis,
1863, 97 (n. China); 1866, 136 (Formosa, Sept.); 1870, 363 (Hainan); 1873, 368
(Shanghai, April).—We1z, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 267 (Labrador).—
WHuitELy, Ibis, 1867, 205 (Hakodate, Japan, Nov., Jan.)—Harrine, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 115 (Bering Straits)—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 438 (St.
Michaels, Alaska, breeding).—MerriLL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 16]
(Fort Brown, Texas).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 384.—SrEBoum,
Ibis, 1884, 268 (Kiu-Kiang, China); Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 334.—SmirH

a4 Seventeen specimens.

| | Ex- | :
Fay n +» | posed | Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | “cul- | Tarsus.) “toe.
| men.
r z sancbetgil TY Manali rg) Mitel Syne
| |
MALES. | |
Ten adult males from Atlantic coast United States (migrants) .| 114.5 51 | 36 25. 3 20. 2
Ten adult males from coast of Alaska.................--------- 117.3 52.7 | 35.4] 25.4 19 9
|
Three adult males from Bering Island, Kamchatka............ 114.8 52.4 34.7 | 24.5 20. 2
One adult male from Korea (migrant).................-...---- 117 50.5 | 38.5 ee 19. 5
One adult male from Japan (migrant).........-...-----..-:--- 120 54 | 38.5 27 20
peven adult:malesiof Pa. alpine: 2.252520 2 520222. echoes se 107.4 46.9 | 28.6 23.1 19
|
FEMALES.
_ Ten adult females from Atlantic coast of United States (mi- |
Benrits) 6 a58es Pere ee Se es 117.8 | 53.4| 39.4] 26.3 20.8
Five adult females from Alaska...............22000.----0---- Blatt S 2h eso fee 38 25.7 19.9
One adult female from Bering Island...............--..-..---- 121 B205a|-2 8 bn5 25 19.5
Dre adult famale from. Japanyisis.< Jssceowtiews soe ca). SESE 116.5 53.5 | 39 26 20 5
Thirteen adult females of P. a. alping.........-.....--.------- 110.9} 48.4 | 32.5 23.5 18.9

264 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(H. M.), Auk, iii, 1886, 140 (Washington, D. C., Oct. 22).—Luoyp, Auk, iv,
1887, 186 (Tom Green Co., w. Texas, Oct.).—HaGeErup, Birds Greenland,
1891, 55.—CAMPBELL, Ibis, 1892, 246 (Korea).

Tlringa] alpina Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 92 (crit.); Obs.
Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [174].—Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., 1, 1856,
217 (Essex Co., Mass.).

Scolopax alpina Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 176, part.

Pelidna alpina SteJNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 69 (Bering Island).—
Smitu (H. M.), Auk, ii, 1886, 140 (Washington, D. C., Oct. 20).

Tringa variabilis (not Numenius variabilis Bechstein) SaBine, Suppl. Parry’s
First Voy., 1819, p. cc.; in Franklin’s Journ., 1823, 686.—RicHARDSON, in
Parry’s Second Voy., 1824, 353.—TemMrinck and ScuHLecet, Fauna Japonica,
Aves, 1847, 108.—DysBowsk1, Journ. fiir Orn. 1868, 337 (Darasun).

Tringa cinclus (not of Linneus) Winson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 39, pl. 57, fig. 3.—
MippENpor®?r, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 22 (Taimyr River; Boganida River,
breeding).—ReEINHARDT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 441 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861,
11 (Greenland.)—ScHrenck, Reis. Amurl., 1859, 421 (Amur River, May).—
SwinuHog, Ibis, 1860, 66 (Amoy); 1861, 412 (Amoy); 1863, 411 (Formosa);
1875, 455 (Hakodate); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 316 (China) —HomEYER,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 425 (e. Siberia) —Taczanowsk1, Bull. Soe. Zool.
France, i, 1876, 253 (Kultuk); Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 187 (Askold Island, e.
Siberia); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, 610 (Seoul, Korea, Nov.); 1888, 468
(Korea).—BLAkISTON and Prysr, Ibis, 1878, 221 (Yezo and Tokyo, Japan).—
DysowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ix, 1884, 146 (Kamchatka).—BuakistTon,
Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884,11.—Sryan, Ibis, 1891, 330, 506 (lower Yangtse
River, April, May, Oct., Nov.); 1893, 437 (Hainan).—Dr ta Toucue, Ibis,
1892, 498 (Foochow).

T[ringa] cinclus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 93 (crit.);
Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [175].

Pelidna cinclus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 50—Brewer, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1854, 326 (Europe and N. Am.).

Tringa alpina, var. americana (not Pelidna americana Brehm, 1855)@ Cassin, in
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 719 (United States; crit.).—Barrp,
Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 530.—BuaxisTon, Ibis, 1863, 132 (Hudson Bay;
Saskatchewan; Arctic coast).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 425 (Vancouver Island).—
Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 16.—Merrriam, 6th Annual Rep. U. S. Geol.
Surv. Terr. for 1872, (1873), 714 (Utah) —Hensuaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi,
1874, 11 (Ogden, Utah).—Merritt, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 161 (Fort
Brown, Texas, May).

Tringa alpina, var.: americana TURNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 39.
(Phila. ed., 30).

Tringa alpina .. . var. americanaCougs, Check List, 1873, no. 424; Birds North-
west, 1874, 489 (excel. syn. under ‘‘a. alpina’’),

[ Tringa] alpina var. americana Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 256.

[ Zringa alpina var. americana] b. am ericaena CoueEs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 490.

T{ringa] alpina var. americana Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 384 (Illinois).

Tringa alpina, 8 americana Ripaway, Field and Forest, ii, June, 1877, 211 (Col-
orado).

Tringa alpina americana Hartia us, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 280 (Chilcat River,
Alaska).

a= Pisobia fuscicollis. (See Stejneger Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 121, im
text.)

;
é

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 265

Pelidna americana (not of Brehm, 1855) Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861,
188 (monogr.); xxiii, 1871, 30 (Fort Macon, North Carolina); Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 294
(New England); Am. Nat., v, 1871, 366.—Boarpman, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., ix, 1862, 128 (Calais, Maine)—VeErrimw, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862,
158 (Oxford Co., Maine).—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 77 (Spring-
field, Mass.); Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 267 (Leavenworth, Kansas), 351 (Colorado
City, Colo.); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 355 (e. Florida, winter).—
McIuwraituH, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 92 (Hamilton, Ontario).—Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 294 (New Jersey).—Brewenr, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 446 (New England).—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxiv, 1896, 608, 769.

[Pelidna] americana Forses and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899,
73 (Formosa; etc.).

Pelidna alpina, var. americana Dati and BannisTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci.,
i, 1869, 291 (St. Michaels, Alaska; Brit. Columbia).—ALeN, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., iii, 1872, 182 (Great Salt Lake Valley).

Pelidna alpina americana Rrpeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880,
200 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 5389a); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 539a.—
Coves, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 264.—Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
v, 1882, 165, 173 (Cape Lisburne and Icy Cape, and Point Belcher, Alaska;
Plover Bay, e. Siberia)——Nrtson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 88
(coasts Bering Sea n. of Kotzebue Sound; Cape Wankarem, e. Siberia).—
BELpING, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 351 (south of 24° 30’, Lower Cali-
fornia).—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 18 (Colorado).—Murpocu, Auk, ii, 1885,
63 (Point Barrow, Alaska, May, Sept.); Rep. Exped. Point Barrow, 1885,
113 (breeding). l

P{elidna] a{lpina] americana Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 631.

[Pelidna alpina] 8. americana Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water Birds N.
Am., i, 1884, 241.

Scheniclus alpina americana Goons, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 341.

Scolopax sakhalina View.or, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 359 (Sakhalin
Island, Okotsk Sea).

Tringa sakhalmi VirwuoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 471 (cites
“pl. 86 Voyage autour du Monde, par capitaine Reed Krusenstern’’).¢

Pelidna alpina sakhalina AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Commirrer, Auk,
xxi, July, 1904, 412; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 116.—Criark (A. H.), Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 153 (Chemulpo, Seoul, and Fusan, Korea,
May 28 and Oct.).—EverMann, Auk, xxx, 1913, 17 (St. Paul Island, Pribilof
group, Oct. 30, 1910).—THayer and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club,
v, 1914, 17 (Nijni Kolymsk, etc., e. Siberia); Auk, xxxili, 1916, 45 (Sakhalin
Island, May; crit.)—Brooxks (W.S.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 386
(Providence Bay, East Cape, and Cape Serdze, n. e. Siberia, June, July).

Tringa schinzii (not of Brehm, 1822) Canor, Naumannia, 1852, 66 (Lake Superior).
—Buianp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—
SwINHOE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 366 (Okotsk).

Pelidna pacifica Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 11, 189 in text (west
coast of North America).

[Pelidna] pacifica SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 165.

Pelidna alpina pacifica StesNEGER, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 120
(Bering Island, etc., Kamchatka; synomymy, etc.).—THAyErR and Banes,

4 Sharpe (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 634) places this as a synonym of Gal-
linago gallinago !

266 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v. 1914, 17 (characters).—Brooxs (W. S.),
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 386 (Point Barrow, Collinson Point, and
Wainwright Inlet, n. Alaska, Aug.).—OBERHOLSER, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 200.

Tringa alpina pacifica AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and
2nd ed., 1895, no. 248a.—TurNER, Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 147 (St.
Michaels, etc.).—Scorrt, Auk, ili, 1886, 386 (near Tucson, Arizona, April); vi,
1889, 157 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, winter; St. Johns Pass, June); ix, 1892,
212 (Caloosahatchie River, Florida, winter)—TownsEnp (C. H.), Cruise
‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 100 (Port Clarence, Alaska, June 28; Hall Island,
Sept. 8); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 198, 235 (n. California, winter).—
Nexson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 110 (Point Barrow, summer resident;
coast of Kotzebue Sound; etc.; habits; crit.)—PatmEn, Vega-Exped.,
Fogelf., 1887, 309, part.—Sresnecer, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 130
(Bering Island); Auk, v, 1888, 307, in text (crit.)—SrEBoum, Geog. Distr.
Charadriid, 1887, pp. xxv, 427.—Cookg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 93.—
CLARKE (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 321 (Fort Churchill, Keewatin; crit.).—
THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 501 (Manitoba, in migration).—
Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 43 (Grays Harbor, Washington, May).—
Euiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 92, pl. 25.

Tringa pacifica TOWNSEND (C. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 163 (coast
region of n. California).

Tringa subarquata (not Scolopax subarquata Gildenstidt) SwinHor, Ibis, 1861,
342 (Takow to Peking, China); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, 319 (Tientsin,
China).

T{ringa| chinensis (not of Gray ®) Swirnwokr, Ibis, 1862, 255 (Foochow, China;
erit.):

Tringa cinclus var. chinensis (not of Taczanowski) Swinnoe, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1871, 408 (China).

Tringa alpina v. chinensis TaczANowskl, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 103 (e. Siberia).

Tringa damacensis (not Totanus damacensis Horsfield) Swinuoek, Ibis, 1876, 334
(Yedo, Japan; crit.).

Genus PISOBIA Billberg.

Pisobia © BittperG, Synop. Faune Scand., i, pars ii, 1828, tab. A, and p. 136.
(Type, as designated by American Ornithologists’ Union Committee, 1908,
Tringa minuta Leisler.)

Leimonites (not of Vieillot, 1816¢°) Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 37. (Type, Tringa
temminckii Leisler.)

Limonites (emendation) SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 537.

Actodromas Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 55. (Type, Tringa minuta Leisler.)

Delopygia Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 190. (Type, Tringa bona-
parti Schlegel.)

Heteropygia Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 191. (Type, Tringa bona-
partvi Schlegel.)

Heteropygea (emendation) GreBEL, Thesaurus Orn., 11, 1874, 329.

Limnocinclus Gouutp, Handb. Birds Australia, ii, 1865, 254. (Type, Totanus

acuminatus Horsfield;= Tringa aurita Latham?)

&

a =FHrolia ferruginea.

5 **TIucos, locus humidus, Bow vivo derivatum est.’’ (Billberg.)

¢ Not given as a generic name by Vieillot but for a so-called family comprising the
genera Sturnella, Sturnus,and Buphaga. Derivation, according to Vieillot, ‘‘ Neuwvirns
pratensis.”’

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 267

Neopisobia® Matuews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, 245, in text.
(Type, by original designation, Totanus damacensis Horsfield = Tringa sub-
minuta Middendorff. )

Medium-sized to very small Eroliine (wing 82-146 mm.) with
completely cleft anterior toes; tail two-fifths as long as wing, with
middle pair of rectrices projecting beyond the rest and more or less
contracted (sometimes subacuminate) terminally, and exposed culmen
not longer (usually shorter) than tarsus, the latter usually equal
to or even longer than middle toe with claw, but sometimes shorter.

Bill straight, little if any longer than head (sometimes shorter),
the exposed culmen never longer (usually shorter) than tarsus, taper-
ing distally in lateral profile, its edges more nearly parallel in vertical
profile; nasal groove broad, at least basally, extending nearly to
base of the faintly decurved tip of maxilla; mandible with a nar-
rower and much less distinct lateral groove; nostril sub-basal, small,
linear; malar antia decidedly anterior to edge of loral feathering, the
mental antia still farther forward (about on same vertical line with
middle of nostril). Wing rather long, pointed, the longest primary
(outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by half the length of wing
or slightly more, the acuminate or narrowed ° longest tertials not
extending to tips of longest primaries. Tail more than two-fifths as
long as wing, nearly truncate but inclining to slightly rounded or
slightly. emarginate (P. fuscicollis and P. bairdi), the middle pair of
rectrices contracted terminally (acuminate in P. maculata and
P. acuminata) and projecting, more or less, beyond the rest; rec-
trices 12. Tarsus not shorter (usually longer) than middle toe with
claw, except in P. minutilla and P. subminuta (especially the latter),
usually a little less than one-fifth but sometimes (P. acuminata)
more than one-fourth as long as wing, continuously scutellate ante-
riorly and posteriorly; bare portion of tibia about as long as first
two phalanges of middle toe, or a little shorter, scutellate before
and behind; lateral toes decidedly shorter than middle toe, the
inner decidedly shorter than the outer; no trace of web in either
interdigital space.

Coloration.—In summer above brownish gray or grayish brown,
sometimes suffused or intermixed with rusty, spotted or broadly
striped with black; beneath white, except chest and foreneck which
are pale buffy grayish or dull buffy more or less distinctly streaked

4 Neos, new + Pisobia. (Mathews.)

bSometimes (in P. minuiilla and P. subminuta) the ‘“‘second”’ primary is nearly if
not quite as long as the outermost.

¢jn the smaller species (P. minutilla, P. subminuta, P. temmincki, P. minuta, and
P. ruficollis) the elongated tertials are not acuminate, as in the larger species, but
have more or less broadly rounded tips, and are relatively longer, extending much
more nearly to tips of the longest primaries than in the larger species.

968 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

with dusky (uniform cinnamon-rufous in P. ruficollis). In winter,
upper parts usually nearly plain grayish brown or brownish gray.

Range.—Northern Hemisphere, breeding northward; migrating far
southward. (Nine or ten species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PISOBIA.

a. Larger (wing 114-146, tail 48-65 mm.).

b. Median upper tail-coverts pointed at tip (subacuminate), the tail slightly rounded ;
tarsus not less than 24 (24-30), middle toe not less than 21 (21-25 mm.); rump
and median upper tail-coverts sooty blackish.

c. Shaft of outermost primary wholly white, those of other primaries white at
extreme (concealed) base only; foreneck and chest pale grayish brown
conspicuously streaked with dusky brown. (North America, breeding
northward; South America during migration.) ....Pisobia maculata (p. 269).

cc. Shait of outermost primary only partly white, those of other primaries white

subterminally but not basally; foreneck and chest whitish or pale rusty,
spotted with dusky. (Western Alaska and northeastern Asia, migrating
to Australia, New Zealand, and Malay Archipelago. )
Pisobia acuminata (p. 276).
bb. Median upper tail-coverts not pointed, the tail double-emarginate; tarsus not
more than 24 (20-24), middle toe not more than 21 (16-21 mm.), except
in P. cooperi; rump and median upper tail-coverts not sooty blackish.

c. Median upper tail-coverts dark grayish brown, like rump; scapulars variegated
with pale grayish buff in summer. . (North America, breeding northward;
South America in mierations) mo: 0 <n aces pce = Pisobia bairdi (p. 279).

ce. Median (as well as lateral) upper tail-coverts white; scapulars varegatod with

grayish brown and cinnamon in summer.
d. Smaller (wing 116.5-124, tail 50-57, exposed culmen 21-26, tarsus 22-24).
(North America, breading northward: South America during migration.)
Pisobia fuscicollis (p. 284).
dd. Larger (wing 146, tail 57, exposed culmen 31, tarsus 29). (Long Island,
New York; only one specimen known.)......... Pisobia cooperi (p. 289).
aa. Smaller (wing 82-104, tail 35-47.5 mm.).

b. Middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus, little if any longer than exposed cul-
men, the latter less than one-fifth as iene as wing,

c. Tail double-emarginate; all the primaries with shafts partly white; lateral rec-
trices all pale brownish gray; summer adults strongly rufescent above; legs
and feet blackish.

d. Bill more slender; summer adults with throat and foreneck white, the latter
flecked with grayish brown; winter plumage darker above. (Northern
Europe and Asia, migrating to Africa, India, and Ceylon.)

Pisobia minuta (extralimital).@

a Tringa minuta Leisler, Nachtr. Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl., i, 1812, 74 (near
Hanau on the Main); Naumann, Vég. Deutschl., vii, 1836, 391; Yarrell, Hist. Brit.
Birds, ed. 2, ili, 1845, 66; ed. 3, 1856, 70; Macgillivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852,
227; Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1871, 29, pl. 549, fig. 2, pl. 551, fig. 1.—Pelidna
minuta Stephens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. i, 1824, 105.—Actodromas minuta
Kaup, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 55; Gould, Birds Great Brit., iv, 1870, pl. 72 and text.—
Calidris minuta Cuvier, Rene Anim., ed. 2, i, 1829, 526. isehentchie minuta Gray,
List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, 1844, 106 anonites minuta Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxiv, 1896, 538.—[Pisobia] minuta Lénnberg, Journ. fiir Orn., Oct., 1906, 533.—
(?) Tringa minuta orientalis Taczanowski, Mém. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb., (7), xxxix,
1893, 918.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 269

dd. Bill stouter, especially toward base; summer adults with throat and fore-

neck plain cinnamon-rufous; winter plumage lighter above. (Eastern

Siberia to Commander Islands, migrating southward to Malay Archipelago

and Australia; casual or occasional in Alaska.). Pisobia ruficollis (p. 290).

ec. Tail graduated (slightly); only the outermost primary with shaft white; outer-

most rectrices white; summer adult not at all rufescent above; legs and feet

grayish or olivaceous. (Northern Europe and Asia, migrating to Africa,

India, Ceylon) :etes\senct « iizck- Asad 5 Pisobia temminckii (extralimital).¢

bb. Middle toe, with claw, longer than tarsus, decidedly longer than exposed cul-
men, the latter more than one-fifth as long as wing.

c. Middle toe, with claw, less than one-fourth as long as wing (middle toe, without
claw, 15-17); all the primaries with shafts at least partly white. (North
America, breeding northward; South America in migration.)

Pisobia minutilla (p. 294).

cc. Middle toe, with claw, more than one-fourth as long as wing (middle toe,
without claw, 19-21.5); only the outermost primary with shaft white.
(Northeastern Asia, migrating to Malay Archipelago, Australia, etc.; casual

or occasional in western Alaska.)............. Pisobia subminuta (p. 300).

PISOBIA MACULATA (Vieillot).

PECTORAL SANDPIPER.

Adults in summer.—General color of upper parts light drab, streaked
and spotted with black, the black predominating on scapulars and
interscapulars, in the form of central spots, and on the pileum the
black streaks, rather broader than the buffy drab ones; brown edgings
or margins of scapulars, especially the posterior ones, more or less
tinged or intermixed with cinnamon or rusty; wing-coverts grayish
brown or drab distinctly, but not sharply, margined with paler, the
greater coverts narrowly tipped with dull buffy whitish; secondaries
grayish brown, narrowly edged with paler and margined terminally with
dull buffy white; primary coverts and primaries darker grayish brown,
the latter indistinctly and very narrowly edged with paler, the shaft
of outermost quill entirely yellowish white, the shafts of other quills
light brown, becoming paler (brownish white) subterminally; rump
and median upper tail-coverts sooty black, indistinctly margined with
brownish, the lateral upper tail-coverts white with a median cuneate
or sagittate streak of dusky, mostly on outer web; middle pair of

@ Tringa temminckii Leisler, Nachtr. Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl., 41, 1812, 78 (near
Hanau on the Main); Naumann, Vég. Deutschl., vii, 1836, 483; xiii, 1847, 234; Yar-
rell, Hist. Brit. Birds, ed. 2, iii, 1845, 70; ed. 3, 1856, 74; Macgillivray, Hist. Brit.
Birds, iv, 1852, 232.—Tringa temmincki Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1871, 45, pl. 549,
fig. 1; pl. 551, fig. 2—Pelidna temmincki Stephens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. i,
1824, 103.—Calidris temminckii Cuvier, Régne Anim., ed. 2, i, 1829, 526.—Leimonites
temminckii Kaup, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 37; Gould, Birds Great Brit., iv, 1873, pl. 73
and text.—Limonites temminckii Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, 61.—Limonites temmincki Sharpe,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 555.—[Pisobia] temmincki Lonnberg, Journ. ftir Orn.,
Oct., 1906, 533.—Scheniclus temminckii Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844,
106.—[ Actodromas] temminckii Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 596.—Pelidna
gracilis Brehm, Vogelf., 1855, 318.

270 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

rectrices dusky, narrowly edged with pale grayish brown, the rest of
tail light grayish brown or pale drab, the rectrices narrowly edged
with paler; a superciliary stripe of dull white, narrowly streaked,
especially posteriorly, with dusky; an indistinct loral stripe of light
grayish brown, minutely flecked with dusky, the upper portion of
auricular region light brown narrowly streaked with dusky; rest of
head, neck (all round), and chest dull brownish white (inclining to
pale buffy grayish brown on chest) distinctly streaked with dusky,
the chin and upper throat, however, immaculate white or buffy
white; rest of under parts immaculate white, or buffy white, the
sides and flanks, however, usually with a few narrow shaft streaks
of dusky; axillars and under wing coverts, except near edge of wing
(where spotted with grayish brown) immaculate white; bill blackish
terminally, more brownish basally (where dull greenish yellow in
life); iris brown; legs and feet dusky brown (dull greenish yellow or
yellowish green in life).

Winter plumage.—Similar to the summer plumage but the cimna-
mon or rusty tinge to scapulars, etc., absent and the black and dusky
markings less sharply defined.

Young.—Similar to the summer adult but scapulars and outermost
interscapulars margined terminally on outer webs with white, and
the chest, etc., more buffy and more narrowly or less sharply streaked.

Downy young.—Head light grayish buff (between pinkish buff and
vinaceous-buff), fading: into buffy whitish on chin and throat; a
rather broad median frontal streak of black, a narrow loral line of the
same (throwing off a short vertical branch toward anterior angle of
eye and a narrow branch beneath suborbital region), a still narrower
postocular streak, and a small longitudinal spot near rictus; crown
and occiput marbled with black and dark chestnut or burnt umber,
and with a few mottlings of buffy, this dark-colored area margined
laterally by a broad but irregular stripe of immaculate pale grayish
buff, separated from a broad superciliary stripe of the same by a
narrower irregular stripe of blackish brown; hindneck mottled or
marbled with pale grayish brown, and dusky; general color of back
and rump russet, intermixed with black and dotted or spangled with
pale grayish buffy; wing mostly immaculate russet; under parts dull
buffy white deepening into brownish buff on chest and strongly tinged
on posterior portion with the same.

Adult male.—Wing, 137-146 (139.8); tail, 59-65 (62.4); exposed
culmen, 26-29.5 (28.4); tarsus, 27-30 (27.7); middle toe, 21.5-24.5
(23.6).¢

a Eight specimens.

Meme, arn Cet ere

aes
4

i
4 S
ba)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 271

Adult female—Wing, 119.5-130 (125.8); tail, 51-60 (55.3); ex-
posed culmen, 24-29 (25.8); tarsus, 24-26.5 (25.8); middle toe,
21—-26:5 (22.5).%

Breeding on or near Arctic coast of North America, from north-
eastern Mackenzie to mouth of Yukon River, Alaska, and northeast-
ern Siberia (Nijni Kolymsk, ete.); migrating southward over whole of
North and Middle America (including West Indies and Bermudas)
and South America as far as Chile (Huasco, Tarapacé; Sacaya; Rio
Pilmaiguen; Cavanche; Antofagasta), Argentina (Ranchos; Estan-
cia Espartilla; Rio Pileomayo; Los Inglesas, Ajo; Moreno; Barracas
al Sud; Tucumaén; Entre Rios; Buenos Aires), Uruguéy (Con-
cepeién), and Paraguay (Medano; upper Rio Parana); occasional in
Aleutian Islands (Nearer Island and Unalaska) and Greenland;
easual in England (16 records); accidental in Hawaiian Islands
(Kaahualu, Kau, 2 spees., Oct. 14, 1900).

Tringa maculata Vierttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 465 (Antilles
- and southern United States).—Cassiy, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix, 1858, 720—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 531; Rep. U. S. and
Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 25 (Charco Escondido, Tamaulipas).—
‘Sciater and Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 229 (Duefias, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1866, 199 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 754 (Xeberos, e. Peru); 1869,
598 (Cosnipata, e. Peru); 1873, 309 (upper Rio Ucayali, Xeberos, and Chami-
curos, e. Peru), 455 (Neotropical localities); 1874, 678 (Paucatambo, Peru);
1879, 641 (Tilotilo, Bolivia)—Newron (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 258 (St.
Croix) —Nerwron (A.), Blasius List Birds Europe, 1862, 18.—Gray, List
Brit. Birds, 1863, 166.—BuaxisTon, Ibis, 1863, 132 (Mackenzie River).—
ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas,v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 39.—Lroraup, Ois.
Trinidad, 1866, 474.—DresseEr, Ibis, 1866, 36 (s. Texas); Birds Europe, viii,
1878, 11, pl.546.—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 69 (Bahamas).—
Horrman, Am. Nat., ii, 1868, 217 (Lehigh Co., Penn.; breeding). —Turn-
BULL, Birds E. Penn. and N.J., 1869, 40 (Phila. ed., 31) —SuNDEVALL,
Oefv. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockholm, 1869, 587 (St. Bartholomew).—PELzELN,

a Fifteen specimens.

|
| ean | Middl
3 , : posed . | Middle
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | tou. |Tarsus.| “toe.
| men. ,
— a
MALES.
One adult male from Pennsylvania...............-..---------- | 146 64.5 28 29 24.5
Mwo adulbanales trom Mlinoisns. 2.2! cen. yok ce cae oe. cee cel 213922')|. 7 62 ZOD) |r eay oly mod
|
Hive adultmales trom ‘Alaska -c 2. kote sacs tose sek ate eens 138. 8 62. 2 28. 2 27.6 23.3
|
FEMALES.
Oneadult female from Maryland’. 22... ... 2. -seeses eens ee - 2 127 55 26 26 22
Mwoadult temalesfrom, DMimois: 2. soe <5). esses ses seem nse | 126.5 58 QBoT As bed 22. 5
One adult female from North Dakota................-.-- Br Edt | 124 55 28 | 26 24
One adult female from St. Paul Island, Bering Sea...........-- P28 ase 57 O80 Ht eon 22
One adult female from St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea.......- 127 57 26.5 26 23.5
Wine adult females from mainland of Alaska. ........-..-...--- 125. 4 54.4 26.2] 25.6 22. 2

272

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Orn. Bras., 1870, 311, 457 (Ypanema; Caicara; Engenho do Gama, Sept.;
Mattogrosso, Aug.).—TR1ePE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 241 (s. lowa).—
Hartinc, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 140 (16 records for British Islands).—
Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 420; Birds Northwest, 1874, 486; Bull. U.S.
Geol. and Geog, Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 55 (North Dakota; Montana).—Brr-
LEPSCH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 261 (Santa Catarina, s. Brazil; synonymy;
crit.); 1887,126 (Paraguay).—TaczANnowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,
560 (Chorillos and Lake Junin, Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 356 (Lima;
Junin).—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1877, 43 (Chupat Valley, Patagonia; habits);
1878, 68 (Buenos Aires, Oct. to April). —Rer, Zoologist, 1877, 477 (Bermudas);
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 235 (Bermudas, frequent) —Moore,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 241 (Fortune Island, Bahamas).—SENNE?T,
Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 55 (lower Rio Grande,
‘Texas).—MErRRILL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 161 (Fort Brown, Texas) .—
Betpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1, 1878, 395 (centr. California) —LAWRENCE,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 451, 461, 488 (Guadeloupe); iii, 1880, 258
(Dominica).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 381.—DatauersH, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 146 (16 British Islands records).—SAuNDERS, ed.
Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 368; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 565.—BririsH
OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 108.—Barrows, Auk, i, 1884,
314 (Concepcion, Uruguay, Nov. to Jan.)—Srrsoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii,
1885, 201.—TurNeErR, Auk, ii, 1885, 156 (Nearer Islands, Aleutian chain);
Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 147 (St. Michaels, 1 spec.)—Murpocn, Auk, ii,
1886, 123 (Point Barrow, Alaska).—Srton, Auk, iii, 1886, 151 (w. Manitoba). —
Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 502 (Grand Cayman); iv, 1887, 96 (Martinique), 314
(West Indian localities and references); viii, 1891, 48 (Guadeloupe); ix, 1892,
13 (Maragauna, Bahamas); Birds West Ind., 1889, 235; Cat. West Ind. Birds,
1892, 93.—ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, 404 (Huasco, Tarapaca,
Chile).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed.,
1895, no. 239.—TownsEND, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 100 (Schismaroft
Inlet, Alaska, Aug. 28; Port Clarence, June 28)—Nexson, Rep. N. H. Coll.
Alaska, 1887, 108, pl. 8.—Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 186 (Tom Green and Concho
Counties, w. Texas).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 578 (Swan
Island, Caribbean Sea).—Brcxuam, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 637, 652
(Bexar County, Texas).—IrBy, Key List Brit. Birds, 1888, 46—CookE,
Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 92.—F E1mpEN, Ibis, 1889, 493 (Barbados, July to
Oct.).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 157 (Punta Rassa, Florida); ix, 1892, 13
(Jamaica), 212 (Caloosahatchie River, Florida).—ALLen, Bull. Am. Mus.
N. H., ti, 1889, 109 (Falls of Rio Madeira, Bolivia, Oct.).—MacPHERSON,
Ibis, 1889, 136 (Penrith, England).—Sciarer and Hupson,:Argentine Orn.,
11, 1889, 183.—LinrorD, Col. Figs. Brit. Birds, pt. xiv, 1890; pt. xxiv, 1893.—
Gabe Auk, vii, 1890, 332 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Senth to Nov.); ix, 1892,
329 (San Jose, Costa Rica)—WarREN, Birds Penn., 1890, 94. area.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 500 (Manitcba). Diya Miss. Sci.
Cap. Horn, Ois., 1891, p. B 295.—Hotuanp, Ibis, 1891, 20 (mear Ranchos,
Argentina; habits); 1892, 211 (Estancia Espartilla, Argentina; habits).—
3UTLER, Ibis, 1891, 149 (Great Yarmouth, England).—Kerrr, Ibis, 1892, 151
(Rio Pilcomayo, Argentina) —MacFaruang, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv,
ie 426 (Ft. Anderson, Mackenzie).—Jamers, New List Chilean Birds, 1892,
12.—AtTTWwaTeErR, Auk, ix, 1892, 232 (San eee Texas).—ANnTHONY, Auk,
1K: “1892, 360 (s. w. New Mexico).—BrrLEPSCH and STroLzMANN, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1892, 400 (Lima, Peru).—Euior, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 78,
pli.:20: eee Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. 1, 1895, 135, pl. 29 —iKoENIGSWALD,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 395 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazii).—Satvaportr, Boll. Mus.

i

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 218

Zool., etc., Torino, xii, 1895, 35 (Caiza, Bolivia).—Lane, Ibis, 1897, 310
(Rio Pilmaiguen and Sacaya, Chile, Feb.)—HotmBerc, Segundo censo
Argentina, 1898, 568.—Howr, Auk, xviii, 1901, 107 (sexual difference in
size).—HENsHAw, Auk, xvili, 1901, 202 (Kaahualu, Kau coast, Hawaii,
Oct. 14, 1900); Birds Hawaiian Islands, 1902, 94 (Kau, Hawaii, fall 1900, 2
specs.).—JOURDAIN, Ibis, 1907, 518, pl. 11, fig. 5 (eggs; Point Barrow, Alaska). —
Burur.in, Ibis, 1907, 571, in text, pl. 12, fig. 2 (downy young; nesting
habits).—Grant (C. H. B.),. Ibis, 1911, 468 (Los Inglesas, Ajo, Argentina,
Jan.; Medano, Paraguay, Sept.; Porto Esperanca, Brazil, Sept.).

[ Tringa] maculata Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 49, no. 10303.—Covugs, Key. N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 255.—Sciater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 145.—
D’Hamonvite, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 50 (England).—Cory, List Birds
West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 26.

T[ringa] maculata Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 384 (Illinois); Man. N.
Am. Birds, 1887, 156.—Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 127, 153 (n. e.
Ilhnois, abundant migrant).—NeEwrTon (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881,
116.

Pelidna maculata Parzupakt, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1856, 15.—Dratanp and GERBE,
Om. Eur., ii, 1867, 200.—Hancocx, Birds Northumb. and Durham, 1874,
117.

{ Pelidna] maculata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 593.

Actodromas maculata Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 197, 230 (Henley
Harbor, Labrador, Aug. 20 and later; habits); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii,
1868, 122 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 294 (New England);
Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 616.—Boarpman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix,
1862, 128 (Calais, Maine).—VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 152 (Oxford
Co., Maine).—SciatTer, Ibis, 1862, 277 (Europe).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., viii, 1863, 490 [p. 12 of separate] (Lion Hill, Panama); Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus., no. 4, 1876, 47 (Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, Oct.) —ALLEN, Proc. Essex
Inst., iv, 1864, 77 (Springfield, Massachusetts); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1868,
501 (w. lowa).—SciaTer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 372 (Lion
Hill, Panama).—McItwrairx, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 93 (Hamilton,
Ontario).—GuNp.Lacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 356; Journ. fiir
Orn., 1874, 313 (Porto Rico); 1878, 161, 188 (Porto Rico); Orn. Cubana, 1876,
176; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 375 (Porto Rico)—Brewer, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 446 (New England).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., iii, 1880, 199 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 534); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 188], no.
534.—Bran, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 164 (Point Belcher, Alaska).—
Srearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 119 (Labrador).—NeEtson, Cruise

‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 86 (Alaskan coast Bering Sea; Kotzebue Sound; n.
coast Siberia; Wrangel Island); Auk, i, 1884, 218-221 (breeding habits at St.
Michaels, Alaska).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Water Birds N. Am., i,
1884, 232.—Murpocg, Auk, ii, 1885, 63 (Point Barrow, Alaska, May 30 to Sept.
6); Exped. to Point Barrow, 1885, 111.—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 18 (Colorado).—
AcErRsBorG, Auk, ii, 1885, 286 (s. e. South Dakota).—TurneEr, Proc. U. 8S.
Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 246 (Labrador).—Sraut, Ornis, vol. 3, 1887, 452 (Porto
Rico).—WE tts, List Birds Grenada, 1886, 8; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1887,
628 (Grenada).—RiteEy, Smithson. Misc. Coll., xlvii, 1904, 280 (Barbuda).—
MENEGAUX, Rev. Frang. d’Orn., no. 2, 1909, 32 (Guatanamo, Cuba, Nov. 8).

A[ctodromas] maculata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 626.

[ Actodromas] maculata LAwRENcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 294 (vicinity New
York City).

Actodromas maculatus GuNpLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 328 (Cuba).

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8 19

274 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Actodromus maculatus Dati and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869,
292 (Sitka, Alaska; Plover Bay, Siberia).

Actodromus maculata MAYNARD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 383 (Norway,
Maine).

Ocltodromus maculata McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘Corwin,’ 1884, 12 (Kowak River,
Alaska).

[ Pelidna ( Actodromas)| maculata GuNDLACcH, Journ. fiir Orn. 1861, 340 (Cuba).

Tringa ( Actodromas) maculata PALMEN, ‘ Vega’-Exp., 1887, 321 (Cape Tscheljuskin
n. e. Siberia, Aug.).

Pisobia maculata AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTTEE, Auk, xxv,
July, 1908, 367; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 114.—Carriker, Ann. Carnegie
Mus., vi, 1910, 422 (Costa Rica) —Bowtrs, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 171 (Puget
Sound, not uncommon migrant; Santa Barbara, California, April, Sept.).—
Bertoni, Fauna Parag., 1914, 39 (upper Rio Parana)—WerTmorE, Bull.
326, U.S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 44 (Porto Rico in migration).

Heteropygia maculata SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 562, 767; Handb.
Brit. Birds, iti, 1896, 247.—Scuatow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl.iv, Heft 3, 1898, 660
(Cavanche, Chile, May).—Inerine, Rev. Mus. Paulista, ii, 1899, 437 (Sao
Paulo, s. Brazil); vi, 1904, 452 (Rio Jurua, Amazon Valley).—SAUNDERS,
Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xi, no. Ixxvi, 1900, 34 (Belmullet, County Mayo,
Treland, 1 spec., Oct., 1900).—BrRLEpscH and SToLzMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1902, 52 (Ingapirea, Peru); Ornis, xiii, 1906, 132 (Puno, Peru, March).—
LONNBERG, Ibis, 1903, 446 (Moreno, Argentina, Dec.; food), 453 (San Luis
and Zapatero, Bolivia, Feb., March).—Satvin and GopMaNn, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 389 (Matamoros and Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; Zacatecas;
Santa Rita, Chiapas; San Baltazar, Atlixco, and Pinal, Pueblo; Cordova, Vera
Cruz; Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Duefas, Guatemala; San Jose, Laguna de Car-
tago, and Reventazon, Costa Rica; Panama; Brazil; Peru; Chile; Patagonia;
Swan Island; West Indies; occasional in Europe).—HarreErt and VENTURI,
Novit. Zool., xiv, 1909, 251 (Barracas al Sud, Argentina, Feb.).—DaBBENE,
Orn. Argentina, 1910, 220 (Patagonia; Moreno, Jujuy; Cordoba; Tucuman;
Buenos Aires; Entre Rios).

[ Heteropygrva] maculata SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 163.—ForBEs and RoBinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1899, 72.

[Limnocinclus] maculatus HEINE and REIcHENOWw, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
329 (Carlisle, Pennsylvania; Mexico).

Tringa maculosa [lapsus] Moore, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 241 (Fortune
Island, Bahamas).

Pelidna pectoralis Say, Long’s Exped. Rocky Mts., i, 1823, 171 (near Council
Bluffs, Iowa).— Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 50.—BREweER,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1854, 326 (common to North America and Eu-
rope).—Cassin, Rep. U. S. Naval Astron. Exped., ii, 1855, 195 (Chile).—
CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 420 (Cuba).—Gunptacu, Journ. fiir Orn.
1862, 87 (Cuba).

Tringa pectoralis BonapARTE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 318 (crit.); Am. Orn.,
iv, 1833, 43, pl. 23, fig. 2—Nurratn, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water
Birds, 1834, 111.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 601, pl. 294; v, 1839, 582;
Synopsis, 1839, 232; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 259, pl. 329.—Jenyns,
Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 210.—Goutp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 327 and
text.—Prasopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 367.—TemmMincx, Man. d’Orn., iv,
1840, 397.—Macainiivray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 69; Hist. Brit. Birds,
iv, 1852, 190.—YarRRELL, Brit. Birds, i, 1843, p. xi (Hartlepool, England);
li, 1843, 654 (near Yarmouth, England; Annet, Scilly Islands, England);

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 275

2nd ed., iii, 1845, 77; 3rd ed., ili, 1856, 82.—Ropp, Zoodlogist, i, 1843, 141
(British Islands).—Giraup, Birds Long Is., 1844, 233.—DrKay, Nat. Hist.
N. Y., Zool., i, 1844, 242, pl. 85, fig. 193.—Scutecet, Rev. Crit., 1844, 89.—
THIENEMANN, Rhea, i, 1846, 126 (England).—Jarpine, Contr. Orn., 1849, 83
(Bermudas, Sept., Oct.)—Hurois, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 9 (Rermu-
das, Aug., Sept., Oct.)—LrEmBryeE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 98.—
WoopHowsgs, in Sitgreaves’ Rep: Expl. Zufli and Col. R., 1853, 100 (Indian
Terr. and Texas).—GuRNEY, Zoologist, xi, 1853, 4124 (Yarmouth, Eng-
land).—Kennicorr, Trans. Ills. Agric. Assoc., i, 1855, 587 (Illinois).—
PrarteNn, Trans. Ills. Agric. Assoc., i, 1855, 607 (Illinois).—Botp, Zoologist,
xiii, 1855, 4808 (Northumberland, England).—Sciatrer, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1856, 310 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 556 (Riobamba, Ecuador).—
MO6scuueER, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 335 (Greenland).—Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1859, 130 (peculiar attitudes) —Winris, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for
1858 (1859), 284 (Nova Scotia).—Bianp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858
(1859), 288 (Bermudas).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308
(Cuba).—Rernuarpt, Ibis, 1861, 11 (Nenortalik, Greenland, 2 specs.).—
Hoy, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri).—Wez1z, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 268 (Okak, Labrador).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1869, 377 (Costa Rica)—SuNDEVALIL, Oefv. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockholm,
1869, 602 (Porto Rico).—STEvENson, Birds Norfolk, ii, 1870, 367.—Gray
(R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 321 (Aberdeenshire).—CaBanis, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1878, 199 (Argentina).—Puitrerr, Ornis, vol. 4, 1888, 160 (Antofagasta,
n. Chile).

Tr[inga] pectoralis KryseriurnG and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixxvii,
215.—MartEns, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 218 (Bermudas).

T[ringa] pectoralis Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 216 (Essex Co., Mass.).

[ Tringa] pectoralis DENNY, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39.—ReEInHARDT, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1854, 430, 441 (Greenland).

Scheniclus pectoralis Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 104 (Scilly Is-
lands; n. w. North America).

Limnocinclus pectoralis Goutp, Handb. Birds Australia, ii, 1865, 254; Birds Great
Brit., iv, 1870, pl. 67 and text.

Pisobia pectoralis THAYER and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 15
(Nijni Kolymsk, etc., n. e. Siberia, breeding).—Brooxs (W. S.), Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 383 (Humphrey Point and Demarcation Point,
n. Alaska, breeding).

Tringa acuminata pectoralis SEEBoHM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxv,
443 (fig. of tail).

Tringa fuscicollis (not of Vieillot) Tscuupr, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1845-46, 299
(coast of Peru, up to 12,000 feet).

Tringa dominicensis DEGLAND, Orn. Eur., li, 1849, 232 (ex Tringa cinclus domini-
censis Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 219, pl. 24, fig. 1).

(?) [Pelidna] campestris (not Tringa campestris Vieillot?@) LicoTENsTEIN, Nom.
Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 92 (Brazil; Chile).

Tringa bairdi (not of Coues) Artin, Ibis, 1894, 209 (Uruguay).

d @Not with certainty identifiable? Is placed, with a query, as a synonym of

Numenius borealis by Sharpe, in Cat. Bird Brit. Mus., xxiv, 369.

276 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PISOBIA ACUMINATA (Horsfield).
SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Pileum rufescent brown (sayal
brown or mikado brown) broadly streaked with black; nape and hind-
neck buffy, rather broadly streaked with dusky; scapulars and inter-
scapulars dull black or brownish black medially, broadly edged with
wood brown, some of the feathers (especially posterior scapulars) with
the broad edgings more rufescent and passing into whitish terminally;
wing-coverts deep grayish brown with much paler margins and with
indistinct shaft-streaks of dusky, the greater coverts narrowly tipped,
or terminally margined, with dull white; secondaries deep grayish
brown narrowly edged with grayish white, the proximal ones (next
to tertials) broadly edged distally with white; tertials dusky mar-
gined with pale wood brown and brownish white; primary coverts
dusky, the proximal ones tipped with white; primaries deep grayish
brown, narrowly and rather indistinctly edged with paler, their
shafts ight grayish brown passing into white post-medially or sub-
terminally; rump and upper tail-coverts dark sooty brown or black-
ish brown, the feathers more or less distinctly margined (narrowly)
with wood brownish, the middle pair of rectrices similar but margined
with more rufescent brown or cinnamomeous; rest of tail grayish
brown or brownish gray, the rectrices narrowly margined terminally
with white; side of head, including superciliary stripe, white streaked
with dusky, the sides of neck similar but with heavier streaks; auric-
ular region pale brownish, narrowly streaked with dusky; chin and
throat white, the latter with small spots or flecks of dusky; foreneck,
chest, and sides of breast pale cinnamon-buff or vinaceous-buff, irreg-
ularly spotted, barred, and streaked with dusky, the feathers tipped
with whitish; rest of under parts white, the upper breast, sides, and
flanks with V-shaped markings of grayish brown, the under tail-
coverts with central sagittate spots or streaks of dusky; axillars and
most of under wing-coverts immaculate white; bill blackish termi-
nally, brownish (yellowish in life?) basally; iris brown; legs and feet
dusky (greenish yellow in life ?).

Winter plumage.—Similar to summer adults but less rufescent above |
(the general color grayish brown streaked and striped with blackish,
the pileum, however, distinctly rufescent or cimnamomeous), the chest —
pale grayish buff, indistinctly streaked (not spotted) with dusky. |

Young.—Pileum bright rusty brown (mikado brown or sayal |
brown) sharply streaked with black and bounded laterally by a broad /
superciliary stripe of white finely streaked with dusky; scapulars and —
interscapulars rusty ochraceous or ochraceous-cinnamon, black medi-_
ally or centrally, the outermost series of each margined terminally —
with white; upper tail-coverts and feathers of rump margined termi- }
nally with rusty; foreneck, chest, upper breast, and anterior portion

ee ey ae

os

eee...

7s ey

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. iE

of sides rusty buff or cinnamon-buff narrowly streaked, anteriorly and
laterally, with dusky; otherwise essentially like adults.

Adult male-—Wing, 125-138.5 (131.7); tail, 52-60 (56); exposed
culmen, 24-28.5 (26.2); tarsus, 28-29 (28.5); middle toe, 24-25
(24.5).@

Adult female.—Wing, 120-126 (123); tail, 50-52.5 (51.4); exposed
culmen, 23.5-25 (24.1); tarsus, 27-28 (27.6); middle toe, 23-24
Reocn).2

Breeding on Chukchi Peninsula, northeastern Siberia; migrating
southward, through eastern Siberia, Kamchatka, Korea, China, Japan,
etc., to Caroline Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Tonga Islands, New
Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand; in autumn also migrating east-
ward to western Alaska (Kotzebue and Norton sounds, Pribilof Is-
lands, and Aleutian Islands)* and British Columbia (Comox, Oct. 4,
1903; Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands); casual in Hawaiian Islands
(near Honolulu, 1 spec.; Maui, 1 spec.; Laysan, 1 spec.); accidental
in England (coast of Norfolk, 2 specs.).

(?) [Tringa] aurita LatHaM, Index Orn., Suppl., 1801, p. Ixvi (New South Wales;
based on Brown-eared Sauieiner Batnatne Gen. Synop. Birds, Suppl., ii, , 1801,
314).d

Sean) ae aurita VirtLLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 470.

Pisobia aurita AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTtEE, Auk, xxv, July,
1908, 366; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 118.

Totanus acuminatus Horsere.p, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii, 1820, 192 (Java).

Tringa acuminata Swinuor, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 316 (Pekin and Amoy,
China); 1871, 409 (China, in migration); Ibis, 1863, 412 (Formosa); 1873, 424
(Shanghai, China); 1875, 455 (Hakodate, Japan).—ScuLecet, Mus. Pays-Bas,

a Two specimens.

> Four specimens.

Most of the specimens examined (including all those from Alaska) are in juvenile
plumage, birds in summer plumage being relatively rare in collections. There is a
remarkable differeace in size between two adult males from Australia and New Zea-
land, respectively, and I suspect there may be two forms, the respective breeding
ranges of which remain to be determined. Their measurements are as follows:

|

Ex- ;
Locality. Wing. | Tail. fs posed Tarsus. Mies
ERED EE
MALES. |
One adult male from Sydney, Australia (Nov. 16)........... 125 52 | 24 28 24
One adult male from Canterbury, New Zealand (date not re-
OER ee Ee arent cee saws: 138.5 60| 28.5 28 25

¢ All Alaskan specimens examined are young birds of the year.

@ Latham’s Brown-eared Sandpiper was based on a “Watling” or ‘‘Lambert’’
drawing (no. 244) now in the British Museum, which Sharpe (Hist. Coll. Brit. Mus.,
Birds, 1906, 147) identified as Tringa acuminata Horsfield. Mathews (Novit. Zool.,
Xvili, 1911, 7) has since examined this drawing and finds it a “‘good figure of Linné’s
hypoleucos’’ (i. e., Actitis hypoleucos).

278 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864,.38 (Java; Ternate; Amboina; Port Essington,
Australia).—Wautrety, Ibis, 1867, 205 (Hakodate).—Hartiaus and FInscu,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 8, 18 (Pelew Islands); 1872, 106 (Pelew Islands).
—Meyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 405 (Celebes); Ibis, 1879, 143 (Limbotto).—
Finscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 197 (New Zealand); Vég. der Siidsee, 1884, 22
(New Britain, rare visitor).—TaczaNowskI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 332, 336
(e. Siberia); 1876, 201 (Ussuri-land); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1, 1876, 252 (Kul-
tuk); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 457 (Chemulpo, Korea).—Davip and
OusTALET, Ois. Chine, 1877, 470.—BLakisTon and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 221
(Yezo, Japan); Birds Japan, 1882, 112.—Scutater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, 290 (New Zealand); 1893, 581 (Norfolk, England).—RosENBER@,
Malay Archip., 1878-79, 278, 324, 373, 407, 563 (Ceram; Aru Islands).—
Brpputp#, Ibis, 1882, 206, 287 (Gilgit, Aug.).—Satvaportr, Orn. Papuasia,
etc., iii, 1882, 313; Agg..Orn. Papuasia, etc., iii, 1891, 201.—BLaxisTon,
Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 11.—BoapaNnow, Consp. Ay. Imp. Ross.,
fasc. i, 1884, 91.—GuILLEMARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 664 (Momos,
Waigiou, Oct. 26).—AmERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886,
and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 238.—Netson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 106,
pl. 7 (St. Michaels, Hotham Inlet, and Port Clarence, Alaska; North Cape,
Siberia).—SrEEBouM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxv, 443, fig. of
tail; Birds Japan, 1890, 339; Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iii, 1892, p. ix (coast
of Norfolk, England; 2 specs., no date); Ibis, 1893, 120, 181, pl. 5 (coast of
Norfolk; synonymy).—ButLiER, Birds New Zealand, 2nd ed., ii, 1888, 37
(s. coast South Island).—Cox and Hamruton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. (2),
iv, 1890, 419 (Mudgee district, Australia)—SrrynecerR, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., xiv, 1891, 491 (Horiye, Hondo, Japan).—Sryan, Ibis, 1891, 330 (lower
Yangste River), 506 (Shanghai).—GrovunpD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 581
(Breydon, Norfolk, England, Aug. 30).—Entirot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895,
74, pl. 19.—Poyntine, Eggs British Birds, pt. iv, 1896, 133.—REIcHENOW,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1897, 205, 217 (Kaiser Wilhelm Land, New Guinea).—
Hensuaw, Birds Hawaiian Is., 1902, 94 (Laysan, 1 spec.; near Honolulu,
1 spec.; Maui, 1 spec.).—Harrert, Ibis, 1904, 423 (mouth of Lena River,
n. Siberia).

T[ringa] acuminata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 155.

[Tringa] acuminata Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 49, no. 10304.—Bryan, Key
Birds Hawaiian Group, 1901, 27 (Oahu; Maui; Laysan).

LTimnocinclus acuminatus Goutp, Handb. Birds Australia, ii, 1865,254.—Ramsay,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i, 1877, 375 (New Ireland); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1877, 338 (Queensland).—TWEEDDALE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 834
(Butuan, Philippines, May).—Marnuews, Birds, Australia, iti, pt. 3, 1913,
255.—OBERHOLSER, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 200.

[Limnocinclus] acuminatus Heine and RertcHeNnow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn.,
1890, 329 (Australia).

Pelidna acuminata Satvavort, Ucc. Borneo, 1874, 328.

Tringa (Limnocinclus) acuminata CasretNau and Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. 8. W., i, 1877, 384 (Norman River, Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia).—
Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., ii, 1878, 198; Tab. List Austral. Birds,
1888, 20.

Actodromas acuminata Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 199, 222;
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 533.—Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v. 1882,
164 (Port Clarence, Alaska)—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 619.—
Netson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 86.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripe-
way, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 235.—Brooks, Auk, xxi, 1904, 290 (Comox,
Brit. Columbia, Oct. 4, 1903).—Kermopg, Prov. Mus. Victoria, 1909, 36
(Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 279

A[ctodromas] acuminata Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 628.

Actodromas acuminatus STEJNEGER, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 115
(Bering Island, Kamchatka; synonymy, measurements, etc.); Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 130 (Commander Islands).

Tringa (Actodromas) acuminata PALMEN, ‘ Vega’-Exped., 1887, 323 (Cape Wanka-
rem, n. e. Siberia, Aug.).

Heteropygia acuminata SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 566, 767.—
Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 215, 216 (St. Aignan, Louisiade Archi-
pelago); vii, 1900, 8 (Ruk Island, centr. Carolines).

[ Heteropygia] acuminata SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 163.—ForBeEs and Roprnson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 72.

Heteropygia acuminatus Hartert, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 202 (Alligator River,
n. w. Australia).

Pisobia acuminata THayEeR and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 15
(Nijni Kolymsk, etc., n. e. Siberia, May, June).

Erolia acuminata Matuews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, pl. [161]
facing p. 255.

Tringa australis (not of Gmelin) JARDINE and SExBy, Illustr. Orn., ii, 1836, pl. 91.

Scheniclus australis Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Gralla, 1844, 105 (South
Australia; Rottness Island; West Australia; Port Essington).—Gouxp, Birds
Australia, vi, 1847, pl. 30 and text; Introd. Birds Australia, 1848, 100.—Srurr,
Exp. Centr. Austral., ti, 1849, App., 50.—Reicnensacu, Vég. Neuholl., 1850,
22; Grallatores, 1851, pl. 290, figs. 2378, 2379.—Macaitiivray, Narr. Voy.
‘Rattlesnake,’ ii, 1852, 358.—Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., iv, 1880,
101 (South Cape; Louisiades).

?[Pelidna] australis LicurENSTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 92 (Australia).

[Actiturus] australis BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 597.

Actodromas australis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 331.

Tringa subarquata (not Scolopax subarquata Giildenstidt) Mittier (S.), Verh.
Land-en Volkenk., 1839-44, 110 (Amboina).

Tringa rufescens (not of Bechstein, 1809) Mippenporrr, Sibir. Reis., Vég., 1851,
221 (s. coast Sea of Okotsk, June).

Tringa, sp. SWINHOE, Ibis, 1860, 359 (Amoy); 1861, 342 (between Takow and
Peking).

Tringa pectoralis (not of Say) Swinwo8, Ibis, 1863, 97 (n. China).

Tringa crassirostris (not of Temminck and Schlegel) TaczaNnowsx1, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1873, 103.

PISOBIA BAIRDI (Coues).

BAIRD’S SANDPIPER.

Adults ir summer (sexes alike).—General color of upper parts pale
grayish buff, the pileum broadly streaked with sooty black, the hind-
neck more narrowly streaked with the same, the interscapulars broadly
black medially, the scapulars with large irregular spots of black; wing-
coverts light grayish brown (nearest pale drab-gray), indistinctly
margined with paler and with narrow and indistinct dusky shaft-
streaks—the more anterior lesser coverts darker and more uniform
grayish brown; greater coverts passing into dull buffy whitish at
tips; secondaries darker grayish brown or brownish gray, narrowly
edged with paler, the edgings passing terminally into white (broadly

4=Canutus canutus. '

280 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

on proximal secondaries) ; tertials deep grayish brown passing through
paler grayish brown into brownish white on edges of outer webs;.
primary coverts dusky, narrowly margined terminally with pale gray
or whitish (more broadly on proximal coverts); primaries grayish
brown (darker on distal quills), very narrowly edged with pale brown-
ish gray or grayish white, the shafts of all pale grayish brown basally
and terminally, whitish subterminally (more distinctly and exten-
sively so on outermost quill); rump and upper tail-coverts sooty’
grayish brown, indistinctly or very narrowly margined with pale
brownish buffy, the lateral upper tail-coverts dull whitish, each with
a V-shaped mark of dusky; middle pair of rectrices dusky grayish
brown (like upper coverts), narrowly margined with dull buffy
whitish, the remaining rectrices paler (the outermost very pale)
grayish brown, distinctly but narrowly margined with whitish; sides
of head, including superciliary region, sides of neck, foreneck, and
chest dull buffy whitish (the chest more decidedly buffy, sometimes
pale grayish buff or between tilleul buff and pale olive-buff) narrowly
streaked with dusky, the superciliary region, however, with very few
and minute streaks or nearly immaculate anteriorly; chin, throat and
under parts (posterior to chest) immaculate white; axillars and most
of under wing-covers immaculate white; bill black, more brownish
basally; iris brown; legs and feet blackish.

Winter plumage.—Above nearly uniform buffy brownish or drab,
the feathers with dusky shaft-streaks; under parts duller or more
brownish white, the chest, sides of neck, and sides of breast strongly
tinged with dull brownish buffy but not distinctly streaked; other-
wise essentially as in summer.

Young.—Above buffy drab, the scapulars and interscapulars
darker centrally and margined terminally with white or buffy white,
the pileum streaked with dusky; otherwise much lke the- winter
plumage, but chest streaked with dusky.

Downy young.—Forehead and sides of head very pale grayish
buffy, relieved by a median frontal streak of brownish black (which
does not reach bill but is confluent posteriorly with blackish of
crown), a short, narrow blackish streak on anterior half of lores (not
reaching to bill, however), a less distinct rictal streak, a dusky
brown subauricular spot, and a na:cow postocular streak; anterior
portion of crown brownish black, the posterior portion and occiput
mixed blackish and brown, the occiput dotted or flecked with pale
erayish buffy; hindneck mixed grayish dusky and pale buffy grayish;
back, wings, and rump mixed dusky and snuff brown, dotted or
spangled, especially on rump, with dull buffy whitish; under parts
dull white, the chest shaded with pale brownish gray.

a i

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 281

Adult male.—Wing, 114-122 (118.7); tail, 48-53 (51.1); exposed
culmen, 20.5-23 (21.7); tarsus, 20-23 (21.1); middle toe, 16-18
(17.2).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 119-126 (122.3); tail, 49-54 (51.7); exposed
culmen, 21.5-24 (22.8); tarsus, 20-23 (21.4); middle toe, 16.5-19
(17.4).¢

Breeding on or near Arctic coast of North America, from Point

Barrow, Alaska, to northern Keewatin; migrating southward, chiefly

between Rocky Mountains and Mississippi River, through Mexico,
Central America, and South America as far as Chile (Santiago; Con-
cepcién; Huasco; Sacaya; Caucosa; Lake Huasco; Cueva Negra,
Tarapaca), Argentina (Cérdova; Tucumian; Misiones; Buenos Aires;
Conchitas; Mendoza), Uruguay (Rio Sauce), and Paraguay; occurs
frequently but irregularly, during autumn migration, along Atlantic

coast from Maine southward, and along Pacific coast from Norton

Sound, Alaska, southward; casual in Galépagos Archipelago (Bar-
rington Island) and on Cocos Island; accidental in England and in
southwestern Africa (Walvisch Bay, Damara Land, Oct. 24, 1863);
occasional in northeastern Siberia (Arakamachachi Island, near St.
Lawrence Bay).

(?) Tringa melanotos Viertiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 462 (Para-
guay; based on Chorlito lomo negro Azara, Apunt. Parag., ili, 1805, 317).—
Hartuaus, Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 25.—Capanis, Journ. fiir Orn.,

. 1878, 199 (Argentina).

(?) T[ringa] melanotos Gray, Gen. Birds, iil, 1845, 579.

[ Tringa] melanotis PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 457.

Schexniclus schinzti (not Tringa schinzii Brehm) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii,
Gralle, 1844, 105 (Chile).

Tringa schinzii WoopHouse, in Sitereaves’ Rep. Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853,
100, excl. syn. (Indian Territory; New Mexico).

(?) [Pelidna] dorsalis LicutenstEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 92 (nomen
nudum; Tropical America).

Tringa dorsalis BuRMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 374; Reise La Plata
Staaten, 11, 1861, 503 (Mendoza, Argentina).

(?)Pelidna pectoralis (not Tringa pectoralis Say) Cassin, in Rep. U. S. Astron.
Exped. (Gilliss), ii (Birds), 1855, 195 (Chile).

Tringa bonapartii (not of Schlegel) Casstn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix, 1858, 722, part (Omaha; Fort Kearney; Yellowstone River).—Barrp,
Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 533, part—Hayprn, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc.,
xli, 1862, 174 (“throughout the watercourses of the Northwest?’).

Actodromas bonapariti HENRY, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 108 (New Mexico).

Actodromas bairdii Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xiii, 1861, 194 (fort Resolu-
tion, Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); 1866, 97 (Fort
Whipple, Arizona).—Scriater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, 369 (Mexico).—
Dawt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 292 (Sitka, Kadiak,
Amak Island, and Yukon River, Alaska).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
ii, 1872, 182 (western edge of Great Plains, Aug.).—Brewster, Am. Nat., vi,
1872, 306 (Long Island in Boston Harbor, Aug. 27, 1870)—Brewer, Proc.

a Nine specimans.

282 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 446 (Massachusetts)—Rinpeway, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 200 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 537).—LawreEnce (N. T.),
Auk, li, 1885, 273 (Far Rockaway, Long Island, Aug., 1882).—HensHaw,
Auk, i, 1885, 384 (Locust Grove, Lewis Co., New York, Aug. 18, 1885).—
Fiemine, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 449 (Toronto, Ontario, regular fall migrant).—
TAVERNER and Swates, Wilson Bull.,’no. 60, 1907, 85 (Point Pelee, Ontario,
Aug., Sept.).—Bryrr, Atiison, and Kopman, Auk, xxv, 1908, 178 (Louisi-
ana, rare migrant).—ALLEN (G. M.), Auk, xxv, 1908, 234 (Newburyport,
Massachusetts, Sept. 6, 1906):—Woop (J. C.), Wilson Bull., xxi, 1909, 107
(Wayne Co., Michigan, rather common in autumn of 1908).

Actodromas bairdi Newron, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 18712, 57 (descr. eggs).—
Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 537.—Covers, Check List, 2nd ed.,
1882, no. 615.—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 343 (near
Scarborough, Maine, Sept., 11, 1883).—NeE.Lson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883),
88 (Arctic coast, Point Hope to Point Barrow; Arakamachachi Island, near
St. Lawrence Bay, Siberia; shores Norton Sound, rare).—Batrp, BREWER,
and Rrpaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 230 —Drerw, Auk, ii, 1885, 18
(Colorado, 7,000-13,000 ft. alt.) —Murpocn, Auk, ii, 1885, 63 (Point Barrow,
Alaska, May 29, to Aug. 12); Exped. Point Barrow, 1885, 112 (Point Barrow,
breeding).

A[ctodromas] bauirdi Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 1874, 23 (lower Humboldt
Valley, Nevada., Aug.).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 625.

Actodromas bairdit StEvVENSON, Rep. U. 8S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1871, 466 (North
Platte and Little Sandy, Wyoming).—Merriam, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv.,
1873, 700 (lower Geyser Basin, Wyoming).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi,
1874, 39 (Nevada).—HeEnsuaw, Zool. Expl. West of 100th Merid., 1875, 455
(Crittenden and Camp Apache, Arizona, Aug., Sept.; La Piedra, Colorado,
Sept.).

Actodromus bairdii Merriam, Sixth An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1872 (1873), 713
(Fire-Hole Basin, Wyoming).

Tringa bairdii Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 419; Birds Northwest, 1874, 484.—
Netson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 351 (Nevada); Rep. N. H. Coll.
Alaska, 1887, 109 (St. Michaels, Alaska, 1 spec., Aug.).—ALLEN, Buil. Mus.
Comp. Zool., iti, 1876, 357 (Moho, Lake Titicaca, common).—Lanepon, Birds
Cincinnati, 1877, 14.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 19 (Upton,
Oxford Co., Maine, Sept. 1, 1875).—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii,
1877, 28 (Scarborough Beach, Maine, Sept. 5, 1875); Auk, xiii, 1896, 80 (near
Portland, Maine, 3 specs., Sept., 1895)—Lawrence (N. T.), Forest and
Stream, x, 1878, 235 (Rockaway, Long Island, 4 spec., Sept., 1872).—Harr-
LAUB, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 28 (Dejahshanke, Alaska)—AMERICAN ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ Un1on, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 241.—GREEN,
Auk, vi, 1889, 68 (Onondaga Lake, New York, Aug. 27, 1888; other New York
records).—Averm., Auk, vi, 1889, 189 (Stratford, Connecticut, Nov. 3, 1888).
—Wooprurr (L. B.), Auk, vii, 1890, 89 (New Haven, Connecticut, Oct. 28,
1887 and Oct. 19, 1889).—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 240 (Beaver, Pennsylvania
Sept. 16, 1889).—McCormick, Auk, ix, 1892, 397 (Lorain, Ohio). —MarruEews,
Auk, xi, 1894, 325 (Alexandria Co., Virginia, Sept. 3, 1894).—Exuror, N. Am.
Shore Birds, 1895, 83, pl. 22.—Unrey and Watuace, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895,
150 (Wabash, Indiana, lspec., no date; see Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1893, 118).—
Taytor (H. H.), Auk, xii, 1895, 179 (Scaside Park, Long Island, Sept. 29,
1894; 10 or more).—VauGuan, Auk, xiii, 1896, 80 (East Hampton, Long Island,
Sept. 7, 1895).—Burter, Auk, xiv, 1897, 199 (Wabash, Indiana, Aug. 26, 1893;
Millers, Indiana, Aug. 24, 1896, several) —Hotmpere, Segundo censo Argen-
tina, 1898, 568.—Maruiarp, Auk, xv, 1898, 51 (Point Pifios, California, Aug.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 983

t 25, 1897).—Bratsuin, Auk, xvi, 1899, 191 (Shinnecock Bay, Long Island,

Oct. 31, 1898).—Posson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 194 (Orleans Co., w. New York, Aug.
20-Dec. 2; 7 specs.).

[ Tringa] bairdit Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 255.

T[ringa] bairdii Rrpaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 384 (Illinois)—NeExson,
Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1876, 127 (n. e. Illinois, May, late Aug., early Sept.).

Tringa bairdit? ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 66 (Yellowstone River).

Tringa bairdi SctatErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 332, 339 (Santiago, Chile);
1886, 404 (Huasco, Sacaya, and Cueva Negra, Tarapaca, Chile).—ScLaTer
and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 144 (Conchitas, Argentina; crit.),
176 (Valley of Tambo, w. Peru), 570 (w. Peru); 1878, 455 (Neotropical locali-
ties; crit.) —Hartine, Ibis, 1870, 151 (Walvisch Bay, s. w. Africa, Oct. 24,
1863; Panama; Colombia; Peru).—Rip@way, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 608
(Humboldt Marshes, Nevada, Aug. 26).—Brewsrter, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
vi, 1881, 60, 61 (Lake Umbagog, Maine).—Sprretman, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
vi, 1881, 61 (Rye Beach, New Hampshire, Aug. 26, 1880).—Moran, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 60 (Montauk, Long Island, Sept. 22, 1880).—
TaczANowskI, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 359.—SrEBoum, Geog. Distr.
Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxvi, 444, fig. of tail—Brruepscn, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1887, 133 (South American range).—BERLEPscH and StotzMANnn, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1892, 400 (Chorillos, Peru).—Apruin, Ibis, 1894, 209 (Rio Sauce,
Uruguay).—CHERRIE, Auk, xii, 1895, 87 (Volcan de Irazu, 1,500 meters,
June 8, 1894).—Lang, Ibis, 1897, 311 (Caucosa, Sacaya, and Lake Huasco,
Chile, March; note).—JourpAIN, Ibis, 1907, 518, pl. 11, fig. 5 (eggs, from
Point Barrow, Alaska).

[Tringa] bairdi ScLater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 145.

Heteropygia bairdi SHarpre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 560, 768—RotTH-
scHiLp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 188 (Barrington Island, Galapa-
gos, 1 spec., Oct. 6); 1x, 1902, 418 (Galapagos in migration) —HArrTeErt, Bull.
Brit. Orn. Club, xi, 1900, 27 (Rye Harbor, Sussex, England, 1 spec., Oct. 11,
1900).—Satyin and GopmAn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 390 (Sonora;
Aguas Calientes; Zacatecas; Tres Marias Islands; City of Mexico; Las
Vegas and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Puebla; etc.).—Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
xix, 1906, 102 (Cerro de la Candelaria, near Escazu, Costa Rica, Oct.).—
BerverscH and SToizMANN, Ornis, xili, 1906, 126 (Huaynapata, Peru,
Nov.).—DaBBENE, Orn. Argentina, 1910, 220 (Cordoba; Tucuman; Misiones;
Buenos Aires).—GrrrorD, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. i, 1913, 57
(Barrington Island, Galapagos, Oct. 6, 1897; Cocos Island, Sept. 4, 1905).

H[eteropygia| bairdi Roruscuitp and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 204 (Galapa-
gos).

[Heteropygia] bairdi SHarpre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 164.—ForBes and Ropinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 72 (Santiago and Concepcion, Chile).
Heteropygia bairdii MENEGAUX, Rev. Frang. d’Orn., no. 2, 1909, 32 (Guantanamo,

Cuba, Oct. 15).

Pisobia bairdit AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Committee, Auk, xxv, July,
1908, 367.—Jones (L.), Wilson Bull., xxi, 1909, 126 (Oberlin, Ohio, 2 specs.,
Aug. 30 and April 28).

Pisobia bairdi AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 3rd ed., 1910,
114.—CarrikER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 423 (San Jose, Costa Rica,
Sept. 18).—Jump, Auk, xxvili, 1911, 110 (Chatham, Massachusetts, Oct. 18,
1910).—Hatuaway, Auk, xxx, 19138, 551 (Quanochontaug, Rhode Island,
Aug. 14, 1907, and Aug. 30, 1912).—Brooxks (W. S.), Bull. Mus. Comp.

284 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Zool., lix, 1915, 384 (Demarcation Point, n. e. Alaska, breeding; Herschel
Island, Aug.; Providence Bay, n. e. Siberia, June 11; habits).
Frolia bairdii HARTERT, in Hartert, Jourdain, Ticehurst, and Witherby, Hand-list
of British Birds, 1912, 176; Novit. Zool., xxiii, 1916, 91 (Africa; Siberia; crit.).
Tringa maritima (not of Brinnich) Russet, Expl. Far North, 1898, 259, part
(Herschel Island, 3 specs., July 13 to Aug. 14).¢

PISOBIA FUSCICOLLIS (Vieillot).

BONAPARTE’S SANDPIPER.

In summer plumage (only) resembling P. bairdi, but readily
distinguished by the white (instead of dusky) median upper tail-
coverts and much more broadly streaked as well as less buffy (nearly
pure white) chest.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—General color of upper parts light
grayish brown or brownish gray, more or less tinged on crown, back,
and innermost scapulars with light rusty or cinnamon, the feathers
of pileum and hindneck, scapulars and interscapulars, black medially,
producting conspicuous streaks, broadest and more spot-like on dorsal
region; wing-coverts grayish brown or brownish gray, darker cen-
trally and paler on margins and with indistinct shaft-streaks of
dusky, the greater coverts narrowly tipped with white; primary
coverts and remiges dark brownish gray or dusky (the secondaries
and proximal primaries somewhat lighter), the secondaries narrowly
edged with paler and margined terminally (more broadly on proximal
ones) with dull white; tertials dusky grayish brown medially, passing
into much lighter grayish brown toward edges; rump dusky grayish
brown, the feathers margined with pale grayish buffy or buffy gray-
ish; upper tail-coverts white, the median ones immaculate, or nearly
so, the lateral ones with a cuneate dusky marking on outer webs;
tail grayish brown, very dark (dusky) on middle pair of rectrices,
much paler on lateral rectrices, all narrowly edged with paler and
(except median pair) narrowly margined terminally with whitish;
sides of head and neck and entire under parts white, the chin, upper
throat, breast, abdomen, anal region and (usually ?) under tail-coverts
immaculate, elsewhere streaked with dusky, the streaks broadest
(more or less guttate) on chest and sides of breast, becoming gradually
smaller and narrower anteriorly, the sides and flanks with irregular,
more or less hastate, spots and streaks of dusky, the under tail-
coverts sometimes with a few short shaft-streaks of dusky; maxilla
blackish, more brownish basally, the mandible brownish (in dried
skins) becoming blackish terminally; iris brown; legs and feet dusky
brownish (in dried skins).

Winter plumage.—Wings, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail as in
summer; rest of upper parts brownish gray or grayish brown, the

a Specimens examined by me.—R. R.

ee

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 285

feathers with rather indistinct narrow mesial streaks of dusky; under
parts as in summer, but streaks on chest, etc., less sharply defined.

Young.—Scapulars and interscapulars blackish margined termi-
nally with white and edged laterally with cinnamon-rufous or rusty,
the median interscapulars tipped with the latter color; feathers of
pileum, and rump, as well as tertials, dusky margined with rusty;
wing-coverts margined with pale grayish buffy; otherwise as in
winter plumage, but chest, etc., tinged, more or less strohgly, with
buffy or pale fulvous.

Adult male-—Wing, 117—122.5 (119.7); tail, 50-53 (51.4); exposed
culmen, 21—24 (22.7); tarsus, 22-24 (23.1); middle toe, 18-21 (19.2).2

Adult female—Wing, 116.5-124 (120.6); tail, 50-54 (51); exposed
culmen, 21-26 (23.1); tarsus, 22-24 (22.8); middle toe, 19-19.5
(19.45).2

Breeding along or near Arctic coast of North America, from north-
western Mackenzie to Cumberland Island; occurring also in summer
(but not breeding ?) west to Point Barrow, Alaska, and east to Green-
land; migrating southward, eastward of Rocky Mountains, chiefly
through Mississippi Valley, to southern South America, wintering in
Paraguay (Rio Pilecomayo; Rio Parana), Uruguay (Montevidéo),
Argentina (Buenos Aires; Ranchos; Los Inglesas; near Esquina,
Cape San Anténio; Entre Rios; Mocovi; Cordova; Puerto San Julian,
Patagonia; central Patagonia), southern Chile (Gregory Bay, Straits
of Magellan; Punta Anegada, Tierra del Fuego), and Falkland
Islands; in transit occurs sparingly at intermediate poimts south of
United States, the few Middle American records being as follows, in
part: Cuba; Jamaica; Barbuda; Santa Lucia; Guadeloupe; Barbados,
in West Indies; Bermudas, frequent in autumn; Yucatan (Tizimin;
Cozumel Island); Nicaragua (Momotombo); Panama (Lion Hill).
Casual in Europe (Franz Josef Land, June 28, 1897; San Miguel,
Azores; British Islands, 9 records).

Tringa fuscicollis VirmuLot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 461 (Paraguay;
based on Chorlito pestorejo pardo Azara, Apunt. Parag., lii, 1805, 322).—
Hartiavus, Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 25—Dresser, Birds Europe, viii,
1873, 15 pl. 547.—Berruepscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 263 (Santa Catarina,
s. Brazil; synonymy; crit.); 1887, 36 (Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay, Jan.), 126
(Paraguay).—Coves, Birds Northwest, 1874, 487.—Sciater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1876, 14 (Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles)—Durnrorp, Ibis,
1878, 68 (Buenos Aires, spring and autumn), 404 (centr. Patagonia, common,
‘‘resident”’).—MERRILL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 161 (Fort Brown,
Texas).—SciaTER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 438 (Falkland
Islands); Voy. ‘Challenger,’ ii, pt. vili, 1881, 109 (Peckett Harbor, Falk-
land Islands)—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 382.—A.ten, Bull. Nutt.

Orn. Club, v, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 109
(Falls of Rio Madeira, Bolivia, Oct.); v, 1893, 150 (Chapada, Mattogrosso,

@ Twelve specimens, 5 Two specimens.

286

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

s. w. Brazil, Oct.).—Ropp, Birds Cornwall, 1880, 105 (Penzance, Oct.).—
SHARPE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 16 (Peckett Harbor).—Wurrer, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 42 (Buenos Aires).—BritisH ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 168.—Saunpers, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds,
iii, 1883, 373; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 567.—Satvin, Ibis, 1889, 379 (Cozumel
Island).—Fr5itpENn, Ibis, 1889, 494 (Barbados, July to Nov.).—Scnater and
Hupson, Argentine Orn., ii, 1889, 185.—Rem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no.
25, 1884, 235 (Bermudas, frequent)—Barrows, Auk, i, 1884, 314 (Con-
cepcion, Uruguay).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886,
and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 240.—Srtron, Auk, ii, 1886, 158 (near Shoal Lake
Manitoba, abundant June 4; Duck Mountain, numerous, June 8).—
TACZANOWSKEI, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 360.—Bryant (W. E.); Auk, vi,
1887, 79 (Oakland, California, Oct. 8, 1883).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 314
(West Indian localities and references); Birds West Ind., 1889, 235; Cat.
West Ind. Birds, 1892, 93.—NrLson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 109
(Point Barrow).-—-CookE, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 93.—Ripeaway,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 117 (Gregory Bay, Straits Magellan). —
Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 157 (Tarpon Springs, Florida); ix, 1892, 13 (Jamaica).—
CANTWELL, Auk, vi, 1889, 340 (Minnesota).—WarREN, Birds Penn., 2nd ed.,
1890, 85.—PauMER (W.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 260 (Mingan
Islands).—THompson, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 500 (Manitoba).—
MACFARLANE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 426 (Franklin Bay; descr. nest
and eggs).—HOo.Lianp, Ibis, 1891, 20 (near Ranchos, Argentina; habits); 1892,
211 (Estancia Espartilla, Argentina; habits)—Kerr, Ibis, 1892, 151 (Rio
Pilcomayo, Argentina).—BrrRLEPScH and Sro~zMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1892, 400 (Chorillos, Peru).—CHapmMaNn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi,
1894, 78 (Trinidad).—Baae, Auk, xi, 1894, 163 (Oneida Lake, New York,
Nov. 3, 1891, several).—Brown (E. J.), Auk, xi, 1894, 259 (Smith’s Island,
Virginia, May 14-28).—Exuiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 81, pl. 21.—
Poyntinc, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. iii, 1896, 141, pl. 30—KorENIGswaLp,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 395 (Sado Paulo, s. Brazil).—CuiarKE (W. E.), Ibis,
1898, 259 (Franz Josef Land, 1 spec., June 28, 1897) —HoumBere, Segundo
censo Argent., 1898, 569.—Harrert and Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 128
(San Miguel, Azores).—Rertser, Denkw. Mat.-Nat. Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
1910, 94 (Rio Grande, n. e. Brazil, April 8).—Granrt (C. H. B.), Ibis, 1911,
468 (Los Inglesas and near Esquina, Cape San Antonio, Argentina,
Oct.—March).

[Tringa] fuscicollis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1871, 50, no. 10318.—SciaTeR and SAt-

vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 145.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885 and
revised ed., 1886, 26.—BerruEpscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 126 (Paraguay).

Tr[inga| fuscicollis Tscnup1, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. 1, 1844, 312

(Peru).

T[ringa| fuscicolis Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1845, 580.—Nrewrton (A. and E.),

Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 116.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 157.

[Actodromus| fuscicollis BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 596.
Actodromas fuscicollis Rripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ili, Aug. 24, 1880, 199

(Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 536); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 536.—Batrrp,
Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 227.—Murpocu,
Auk, ii, 1885, 63 (Point Barrow, Alaska); Exped. Point Barrow, Birds, 1885,
112 (straggler).—TurNer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1885, 246 (Koksoak
River, Labrador).—AGErsBora, Auk, ii, 1885, 286 (s. e. South Dakota, rare
migrant).—Ritey, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 47, 1904, 280 (Barbuda, Sept.

205,22).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. BRT

Heteropygia fuscicollis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 574, 768.—
Scuatow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. iv, Heft 3, 1898, 660 (Punta Anageda, Tierra
del Fuego, Jan.).—Inerine, Rev. Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 438 (Ypiranga
and Iguape, Sao Paulo, s. Brazil).— Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, ili, 1903, 391 (Tizimin and Cozumel Island, Yucatan; Momotombo,
Nicaragua; Lion Hill Panama; Patagonia; l’alkland Islands; West Indies).—
Harrert and Venturi, Novit. Zool., xvi, 1909, 251 (Mocovi, etc., Argentina,
Jan., May, Sept.).—DasBene, Orn. Argentina, 1910, 220 (Patagonia; Tierra
del Fuego; Cordova; Mocovi, Chaco; Buenos Aires; Entre Rios).

[ Heteropygia] fuscicollis SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 164.—ForBrEs and Rosin-
son, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 73 (Bermudas; crit.).

Pisobia fuscicollis AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommMiTrer, Auk, xxv,
July, 1908, 367; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 114.—Brrterrscu, Novit. Zool.,
xv, 1908, 308 (Cayenne).—HENpErsoN, Univ. Colo. Stud. Zool., vi, 1909,
228 (Boulder Co., Colorado, rare migrant).—CrLark (A. H.), West Ind. Bull.,
xi, no. 3, 1911, 183 (Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles) —Norton, Auk,xxix, 1912,
536 (Scarborough, Maine, April 27, 1912)—Berronr, Fauna Parag., 1914,
39 (upper Rio Parana).—Brooxs (W.S8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915,
385 (Demarcation Point, n. e. Alaska, June 5, 7).—WermMor®, Bull. 326,
U.S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 44 (Porto Rico, rare migrant).

(2?) T[ringa] campestris (not of Vieillot) LicoteNsTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 74
(Brazil; Montevideo, Uruguay; cites Chorlito a col brun Azara). —

(?) Tringa campestris BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., 111, 1856, 374.—CaABANIS,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 199 (Argentina).

Pelidna cinclus, var. Say, in Long’s Exped. Rocky Mountains, i, 1823, 172.

Tringa schinzii (not of Brehm, 1822)¢ Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826,
317; Synopsis, 1828, 249; Am. Orn., iv, 1833, 69, pl. 24, fig. 2—Swarnson
and RicHarRpDsoN, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 384.—Nurrati, Man. Orn. U.S.
and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 109.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ili, 1835, 529, pl.
278; Synopsis, 1839, 236; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 275, pl. 335.—GouLp,
Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 330 and text.—PraBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839,
367.—TeEMMINCK, Man. d’Orn., iv, 1840, 401 (not of p. 400!).—MacaILuivray,
Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 72; Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 222.—YarreE tL,
Brit. Birds, ii, 1848, 651 (Stoke Heath, England); iii, 1845, 74; 3rd ed., ii,
1856, 79.—Grraup, Birds Long Island, 1844, 241.—DeKay, N. Y. Zool.,
1844, 241, pl. 84, fig. 191.—Ropp, Zoologist, 1846, 1554 (Penzance, Corn-
wall).—JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 83 (Bermudas, Sept., Oct., common).—
LeMBEYE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 98.—THompson, Birds Ireland, ii,
1850, 297.—Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 217 (Essex Co., Massachu-
setts)—Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 296 (Franklin Co.,
Indiana).—KNEELAND, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 238 (Keweenaw
Point, Mich.).—Wriu1s, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 284 (Nova
Scotia).—Buanp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas) .—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—LaWwrENcE, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 451 (Guadeloupe).

Trlinga| schinzti Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 218 (Bermudas).

Pelidna schinzi BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 50.

Pelidna schinzii Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,iv, 1854, 326 (Europe and
America).—CaBANnis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 421 (Cuba).—Gunp acu, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1862, 87 (Cuba; crit.)

a= Pelidna alpina alpina.

288 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Tringa schintzii Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 315 (New Mexico).—
Hurots, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 9 (Bermudas, autumn).

Scheniclus schinzii Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Gralle, 1844, 105 (West Indies;
Puerto de San Julian, Patagonia).

Tringa bonaparte: SCHLEGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. Ixxxix (North America; acci-
dental in England); Mus. Pays-Bas, v. no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 42.—Gray,
List Brit. Birds, 1863, 167.—PrLzELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 311 (Ypanema, May
to Sept.; Cuyaba, Sept.; Caicara, Oct.; Engenho do Gama, Sept.; Matto-
grosso, Aug., Oct.; Maribitanas, May).—Cours, Check List, 1873, no.
421.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 159.

[Tringa] bonaparte: PeuzeELn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 457.—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871,
49, no. 10307.

T{ringa| bonapartei Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 384 (Illinois).

Actedromas bonaparte. Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 108 (New
Mexico).—Covgs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South Carolina);
Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 294 (New England); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
xxiii, 1871, 30 (Fort Macon, North Carolina); Am. Nat., v, 1871, 197 (near
Fort Riley, Kansas)—AttEN, Am. Nat., ii, 1869, 639 (Massachusetts;
error).—BREWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 446 (New England).

Actodromas (Heteropygia) bonapartet CouEs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 232
(Labrador; habits).

Pelidna bonapartei Goutp, Birds Great Brit., iv, 1873, pl. 71 and text.

Tringa bonapartii THIENEMANN, Rhea, i, 1846, 126 (England).—Cassin, in
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 722, part, but chiefly P. bairdi.—
Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 533, part——SciatTerR, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1860, 387 (Falkland Islands); 1861, 80 (Jamaica); Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1867, 339 (Chile).—Axnsort, Ibis, 1861, 156 (Falkland Islands; said
to pret) .—ALBREcHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 205 (Jamaica).—BLakIsTON,
Ibis, 1863, 132 (Saskatchawan and Matkentie rivers).—ScLaTER and SALvIN,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 339 (Chile), 591 (Mexiana Island); 1868, 144
(Conchitas, Buenos Aires, winter visitant; crit.); 1873, 186 (Cosnipata,
Peru), 455 (Neotropical localities; crit.)—Turnsutt, Birds E. Penn. and
N. J., 1869, 40 (Phila. ed., 31).—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 142
(9 English records).—TaczANnowskl, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 560
(Laguna Villa, Chorillos, Peru).—Moorg, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877,
241 (Bahamas).—DaxeueisH, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 147 (9 English
records).

[Tringa] bonapartii Retnaarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 441 (Greenland).—CovEs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 255.

[Actodromas] bonapartii LAwrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 294 (vicinity
New York City).

Tringa buonapartii MatHEew, Zoologist, vi, 1871, 2441 (Barnstaple, England).

Pelidna americana Bream, Naumannia, 1855, 292.

Actodromas melanotos (not Tringa melanotus Vieillot, 1819) Bonaparte, Rey.
et Mag. de Zool., ix, 1857, 59 (Europe).

[Tringa] melanotos DAE Aik Mette, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 50 (England; France).

Tringa melanotus (not of Vieillot) Brasrus, List Birds Europe, 1862, 19.—
Leoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 472.

[Pelidaa] melanotos BonNaPrarte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 596.

Pelidna melanotos DeaLtaNnnd and GERBE, Ois. Eur., ii, 1867, 201.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 289

PISOBIA COOPERI (Baird).
COOPER'S SANDPIPER.

Similar in coloration to P. fuscicollis but summer adult * with
white of median upper tail-coverts broken by V-shaped marks of
dusky, and size decidedly greater.

Adult male in summer (sex not determined) .—General color of upper
parts brownish gray or grayish brown, the feathers blackish centrally or
mesially, producing rather large, irregularly cuneate spots on back and
scapulars and streaks elsewhere, the latter broadest on crown, where
the ground color inclines to grayish buff; a few of the more posterior
scapulars slightly tinged with hght cinnamon-buff or rusty ochraceous;
rump dusky brownish gray, the feathers margined with grayish white
and with blackish shaft-streaks; upper tail-coverts white, with
irregular sagittate and V-shaped marks of dusky; wing-coverts
brownish gray, the smaller with darker centers and blackish shafts,
the greater distinctly tipped with white; remiges dusky, the proximal
primaries edged basally with white, the proximal secondaries more
broadly margined terminally with white; shafts of primaries white
post-medially, passing into grayish brown basally and terminally;
tail light brownish gray, the middle rectrices darker, becoming still
darker terminally, the others narrowly margined with whitish; sides
of head and neck white or grayish white, faintly tinged with buffy or
pale ochraceous and narrowly streaked with dusky, the supraloral
region, however, nearly immaculate (minutely and sparsely flecked) ;
under parts white, the chin, upper throat, breast, abdomen, and anal
region immaculate, the lower throat, foreneck, and chest tinged with
buffy and rather densely streaked with dusky, the upper breast, sides,
and flanks marked with irregular streaks. (becoming more or less
sagittate or hastate on flanks) of dusky, the under tail-coverts
with narrow mesial streaks of the same; axillars and most of under
wing-coverts immaculate white, the coverts near edge of wing spotted
with dusky, the under primary coverts pale gray edged and tipped
with white; length, about 241.5; wing, 146; tail, 57; exposed culmen,
31; tarsus, 29; middle toe, 22.°

Long Island, New York (Raynor South, May 24, 1833; only one
specimen known).

@ No other phase of plumage is known.

6 One specimen, the type, No. 5989, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Raynor South, Long
Island, New York, May 24, 1833; collected by William Cooper.

The relationship of this bird, the type of which remains unique, is distinctly with
P. fuscicollis, from which it could hardly be distinguished but for its decidedly greater
size, all its measurements exceeding the maximum of them of P. fuscicollis. It needs
no comparison with Canutus canutus, the coloration, in toto, and the proportions being
very different.

40017—19—B ull. 50, pt S——20

290 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Tringa cooperi Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 716 (Raynor South,
Long Island, New York; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.),
atlas, pl. 89, fig. 1; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 527.Covgs, Check List,
1873, no. 422; Birds Northwest, 1874, 491.—Maynarp, Birds Eastern N.
Am., 1879, 521.—Entiotr, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 79.

[Tringa] coopert Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 49, no. 10309.

[| Tringa] coopertt Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 255.

T[ringa] cooperi Ripaeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 157.

Actodromas (Heteropygia) coopert Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 202
(monogr.).

Actodromas cooperi Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ili, Aug. 24, 1880, 199;
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 535.—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no.
618.—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 226.

Tringa (Actodromas) cooperi AMERICAN OrniITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List,
1886, 352 (in Hypothetical List); 2d ed., 1895, 328 (in Hypothetical List).

A[ctodromas]| cooperi? Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 627.

[Actodromas] coopert LAwrENcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 294 (Long Island).

Heteropygia coopert SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 574, footnote.

[ Heteropygia]? coopert SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 164.

Pisobia cooperi AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNIoN, Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 371.

PISOBIA RUFICOLLIS (Pallas).
RUFOUS-NECKED SANDPIPER.

Nearest P. minuta,* but wing and tail averaging decidedly longer,
bill and tarsus shorter, the bill stouter (especially toward base);
summer adults with throat and foreneck plain cinnamon-rufous
(instead of white flecked with grayish brown) and winter plumage
lighter above.

Adult male in summer.—Pileum (except anterior and lateral
portions of forehead) broadly streaked with black, the feathers
edged with light rusty brown or cinnamon-rufous and dull whitish;
hindneck light cinnamon-rufous more or less tinged or intermixed
with pale grayish brown, narrowly and indistinctly streaked with
dusky ; interscapulars black centrally, light cinnamon-rufous laterally,
the scapulars similar but the cinnamon-rufous more or less inter-
mixed with brownish gray, the elongated posterior ones with little
if any cinnamon-rufous; wing-coverts and tertials brownish gray
margined with paler and with darker shaft-streaks, the anterior
lesser coverts darker and more uniform grayish, the greater coverts
tipped with white; proximal secondaries (next to tertials) mostly
white, the distal ones dark brownish gray narrowly edged distally
with white; primaries and primary coverts dark brownish gray or
dusky, with white shafts, the proximal ones narrowly edged basally
with white; rump and shorter upper tail-coverts blackish, the
feathers narrowly margined terminally with pale gray and whitish;

a See p. 268.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 291

longer upper tail-coverts and middle pair of rectrices black, the
lateral longer upper tail-coverts white; other rectrices pale brownish
gray with shafts mostly white, their inner webs fading into whitish
basally; anterior and lateral portions of forehead dull white to pale
cinnamon-rufous; loral, suborbital, auricular and malar regions,
throat, foreneck, and sides of neck light cinnamon-rufous or orange-
cinnamon, paler (sometimes whitish) on chin, the sides of neck
usually (sometimes lower foreneck also) narrowly streaked with
dusky; rest of under parts white, for the greater part immaculate,
but chest (at least upper portion) more or less streaked (narrowly)
_ or longitudinally flecked with dusky; axillars and most of under
_ wing-coverts immaculate white, the coverts along edge of wing
brownish gray margined with white, the under primary coverts very
pale brownish gray broadly tipped with white; bill and feet blackish;
iris brown.

Aduli female in summer.—Similar to the adult male and not
always distinguishable, but usually with the cinnamon-rufous of
head and neck somewhat paler and more restricted.

Winter plumage.—Above light brownish gray, the pileum, back,
and scapulars mesially streaked (usually narrowly) with black;
wings and tail as in summer adults; forehead (at least laterally):
rictal, suborbital, and malar regions and entire under parts im-
maculate white, the sides of chest brayish.

Young.—General color of upper parts pale brownish gray, the
crown and occiput broadly streaked with dusky and tinged with
pale brown; scapulars and interscapulars black centrally, margined
with pale brown, the exterior and posterior scapulars margined
terminally with white; wings as in adults but general color slightly
more brownish gray; anterior and lateral portions of forehead,
suborbital and malar regions, and under parts immaculate white,
the chest (except median portion) shaded with pale brownish gray
and indistinctly streaked laterally with dusky.

Downy young.—Forehead and sides of head lhght brownish buff
or vinaceous-buff, fading into dull white on chin and throat; a narrow
loral streak of black, from near base of bill to anterior angle of eye
(broadest anteriorly) ; a median black streak on posterior half of fore-
head, and an indistinct auricular spot of dusky; crown and occiput
mixed black and light snuff brown, the latter with a few irregular
spots of buffy whitish; back, rump, etc. mixed black and snuff brown,
spangled with dull buffy whitish; under parts immaculate buffy
white, the chest shaded with pale brownish gray.

Adult male.—Wing, 91.5-101 (97.3); tail, 39-47.5 (43.1); exposed
culmen, 16-17 (16.4); tarsus, 17.5-19 (18.3); middle toe, 14-16 (15.2).¢

a 'Ten specimens.

292 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female-—Wing, 95-104 (100.6); tail, 39-46.5 (43.5); exposed
culmen, 16.5-18 (17.4); tarsus, 17.5-20 (18.6); middle toe, 14-16
(15.6).2

Breeding in delta of the Lena River, northeastern Siberia; migrating
southward, through eastern Siberia, Kamchatka (including Com-
mander Islands), Korea, Kuril Islands, Japan, China, Formosa,
Philippine Islands, Burma, Malay Peninsula, etc., to Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Aru Islands, Salawati, Duke of York Island, and
Australia; casual or accidental in western Alaska (Nome, July 10,
1908, breeding).?

Trynga ruficollis Patuas, Reis. Russ. Reichs, ili, 1776, 700 (Kulussutai, e. Siberia).

Tringa ruficollis Vir1tLot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 461—WaLpENn,
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1875, 234 (Luzon, Philippines, Feb.).—Davip
and OusTALET, Ois. Chine, 1877, 472.—Humr, Stray Feath., viii, 1879,
113; xi, 1888, 323 (Manipur, India).—Kertnam, Ibis, 1882, 17 (Singapore).—
Biaxkiston and Pryer, Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, x, 1882, 112.—OarTss,
Handb. Birds Brit. Burma, ii, 1883, 390.—BLaxiston, Amend. List Birds
Japan, 1884, 37 (Kuril Islands).—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1884, 34, 308 (Kiukiang,
China).—Boe@panow, Consp. Av. Imp. Ross., 1884, 93.—SHarpeE, Ibis,
1884, 203 (Palawan); 1890, 143 (Pulo Tega, April).—Patmrn, Vega-Exped.,
Fogelf., 1887, 324.—Evurert, Journ. Straits Branch Asiat. Soc., 1889, 207
(Labuan).—WuHiITEeHEAD, Ibis, 1890, 59 (Palawan, Sept.).—Sreers, List
Birds and Mam. Exped. Philip., 1890, 26 (Palawan).—CamPpBE Lt, Ibis, 1892,
246 (Korea).—Ds ta Toucue, Ibis, 1892, 499 (Foochow, China).—Lnees, |
Proc. Austral. Assoc., 1892, 24.—Sryan, Ibis, 1893, 437 (Hainan).—
TaczANowskI, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., (7); xxxix, 1893, 920.—
Dresser, Ibis, 1908, 489, pl. 10, figs. 7-9 (delta of Lena River, n. e. Siberia,
breeding; descr. nest and eggs).

[Tringa] ruficollis Lataam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 736 (near Salt Lakes of Danube).

Actodromas ruficollis STESNEGER, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 118 (Seniavine
Straits and Bering Island, Kamchatka; crit.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x,
1887, 130 (Commander Islands).

Limonites ruficollis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 545, 767.—THAYER,
Condor, xi, 1909, 173 (Nome, Alaska, breeding)—Buturutn, Condor, xii,

a.Ten specimens.

Ex: aA
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed Tarsus, Middle
culmen. :
MALES,
Tenjadult males of BP. TuUpicolts. 5. ..-.- «ogo eccaboncccce nace He 97.3 43.1 16.4 18.3 15. 2
Two.adult malesof ea minute. 2 occ oct es sede e cee eoee ce 91 38 17.5 19.5 15
FEMALES,
Ten adult femalesof P. rUficolliss coc cs «ot detaceeeeet.<sbaeee <e 100. 6 43.5 16.5 18.6 15.6
Six adult femalesiof Pi minuits- 2. re once. scwmanen eo wesce 94.9 40.6 18.3 20. 4 15st

5 This record, however, together with one of an alleged North American specimen
in the collection of Count X. Branicki, Warsaw, Poland, is discredited by the A. O.
U. Committee (Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 371).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 293

1910, 44 (supposed North American specimen in coll. Count Branicki,
Warsaw).

[Limonites] ruficollis SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 163.

Pisobia ruficollis AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 3rd ed., 1910,
371.—MartuEws, Birds Australia, ili, pt. 3, 1913, pls. [159, 160] facing pp.
247, 251.

Tringa minuta ruficollis Srmpoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 205; Ibis, 1888,
348 (delta of Lena River, n. e. Siberia); Geog. Distr. Charadriidée, 1888, 437.—
Nixoxskt, Ile de Sakhal., 1889, 261 (Saghalin Island).

Pisobia minuta rujicollis MaruEws, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913,
247.—TuAyer and Banas, Auk, xxxili, 1916, 45 (Saghalin Island, May).—
Brooxs (W. 8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 382 (Providence Bay
and Cape Serdze, n. e. Siberia, breeding).

Totanus damacensis, part, Horsrrenp, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii, 1821, 192 (Java;
see Hartert, Novit. Zool., xxxiii, 1916, 92).

Tringa damacensis SWINHOE, Ibis, 1863, 413 (Formosa); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1871, 409 (coast of China).

Tringa albescens TEMMINCK, PI. Col., v, 1823, pl. 41 and text (‘‘Oceania’’).—
ReEICHENBACH, Handb., Grall., 1846, pl. 73, fig. 6833.—Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1858, 197 (New Guinea and Australia); 1861, 438 (New Guinea); Cat.
Birds New Guinea, 1859, 52, 62.—Swinuok, Ibis, 1863, 413 (Formosa); 1875,
455 (Hakodate, Japan).—RosEenpere, Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 137 (New
Guinea).—DressErR, Birds Europe, viii, 1871, 33.—Wa.pENn, Ibis, 1873,
317 (South Andaman, Jan.).—SuHarpe, Ibis, 1876, 52 (Matu, May).—Buaxis-
ToN and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 221 (Yezo, Japan).—TWEEDDALE, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1878, 715 (Philippines).—Humg, Stray Feath., viii, 1879, 113,
157 (Tonka; Salangore)—Satvapor1, Ann. Mus. Genov., xviii, 1882, 327
(distr. in Pacific); Orn. Papuasia, iii, 1882, 315 (Aru Islands; Salawati); Age.
Orn. Papuasia, iii, 1891, 201.—Meryerr, Sitz. Abhandl. Ges. ‘Isis’ Dresd.,
1884, Abh. i, p. 55 (Sangi)—Gurm~LEMARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885,
417 (Sandakan Bay), 576 (Weda Island).—Buasius, Ornis, iv, 1888, 627
(Great Sanghir)——WicLteswortH, Abhandl. K. Mus. Dresd. for 1890-91,
no. vi, 1891, 64.—Sryan, Ibis, 1891, 330, 506 (lower Yangtse River, China).

Calidris albescens Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1829, 526.

Scheniclus albescens Goutp, Birds Australia, vi, 1848, pl. 31 and text.—REICHEN-
BACH, Handb., Grall., 1851, pl. 386, figs. 2658-2660.—MaceILLIvray, Voy.
‘Rattlesnake,’ 11, 1852, 358.—Scnater, Proc. Linn. Soc., ii, 1858, 170.

[ Actodromus] albescens BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 596.

Actodromas albescens SALVADORI, Ucc. Born., 1874, 323 (Sarawak).—SuHarpp, Ibis,

1879, 271 (Lumbidan).—GieLioLi and Satvaport, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1887, 586 (Olga Bay, Korea).

[ Actodromas] albescens Herne and RetcHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 329
(Australia).

Tringa (Scheniclus) albescens Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., ii, 1877, 198,
iv, 1879, 92, 101; Tab. List Austral. Birds, 1888, 20.

[Tringa] Calidris australis (not of Gmelin) Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 558
(Australia; coll. Paris Mus.).

[Tringa] ausiralis Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 50, no. 10314.

[ Actodromas] australis BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 596.

Actodromas australis Gcutp, Handb. Birds Australia, ii, 1865, 257.

Tringa pusilla (not of Linneus) Miter, Verh. Land-en Volkenk., 1839-44,
23 (Oetanata).

Tringa minuta (not of Linnzeus) MippENporrr, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 222,
part.—Scurenck, Reis. Amurl., ii, 1859, 423, part—Rosrnbere, N. T.

294 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Nederl. Ind., xxv, 1863, 255; Reis. naar Geelvinkb., 1875, 8; Malay Archip.,
1878-79, 278, 373 (Ke Island), 565.—Hartnaus and Fryscu, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1868, 8, 118; 1872, 106 (Pelew Islands); Vég. Ostafr., 1870, 764, part.—
WaLpEN, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., viii, 1872, 97 (Celebes)—Hume, Stray
Feath., i, 1873, 315 (Andaman Islands); ii, 1874, 289 (Andamans; Nicobars,
Dec.—June); ili, 1875, 323 (Mergui)—Armstrona, Stray Feath., iv, 1876,
342 (Elephant Point)—Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., i, 1876, 375
(Duke of York Island); Tweeddale’s Orn. Works, 1881, 196.—Sanvaport,
Ann. Mus. Genoy., xiv, 1879, 666.—Meryexr, Ibis, 1879, 143 (Limbotto,
July).—Fixscu, Ibis, 1881, 540 (New Britain); Vég. Siidsee, 1884, 5, 23.—
SeEBOuM, Birds Jap. Empire, 1890, 327 (Kuril Islands).

Tringa temmincki (not of Leisler) BuaxrisTon, Ibis, 1862, 330 (n. Japan, Aug.).

Trynga salina Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 199 (Dauria and Desert of
Mongolia; Yenisei; Kamchatka and the islands opposite America).

Tringa salina DyBowsx1 and Parvex, Journ. fiir Orn., 1868, 337 (Darasun).—
SwinHoEk, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 409; Ibis, 1873, 231 (off Cochin
China, May), 426 (Shanghai, April)—Buiyra and Wa.peEN, Birds Burma,
1875, 156.—BRUGGEMANN, Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, v, 1876, 463.—Tacza-
NOwSsKI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876, 253.

Tringa minutilla (not of Vieillot) Bean, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 164 (Plover
Bay, e. Siberia; see Stejneger, Auk, v, 1888, 308).

PISOBIA MINUTILLA (Vieillot).
LEAST SANDPIPER.

Adults in summer.—Pileum light grayish fulvous, or pale buffy
brownish, broadly streaked with blackish, the’ hindneck more
grayish and more narrowly and less distinctly streaked; scapulars
and interscapulars blackish margined and somewhat barred, irreg-
ularly and mostly on subbasal (concealed) portion, with pale fulvous
or cinnamon, some of the feathers margined terminally with whitish;
wing-coverts deep grayish brown, paler toward margins, and blackish
shafts, the greater coverts rather narrowly tipped with white; tertials
dusky, passing into grayish brown on edges and narrowly margined
terminally with paler; distal half of secondaries dusky, margined
terminally with white, the proximal half (concealed by greater
coverts) pale grayish brown; primaries and primary coverts dusky,
the proximal primaries narrowly edged toward base with pale gray
or whitish; rump and median upper tail-coverts (broadly) plain
sooty black; lateral upper tail-coverts white with narrow mesial |
streaks of dusky; middle pair of rectrices dusky grayish brown, —
narrowly edged with paler, the remaining rectrices light grayish |
brown with shafts white (except terminally); a broad superciliary
stripe of dull grayish whitish, distinct and nearly immaculate for
anterior half, indistinctly and narrowly streaked with dusky for pos-
terior (supra-auricular) portion; loral and auricular regions pale
grayish brown, the former minutely flecked the latter narrowly
streaked with dusky; chest, foreneck, sides of breast, and sides of
neck pale grayish brown or pale buffy grayish, narrowly (the first

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 295

rather indistinctly) streaked with dusky; rest of under parts immac-
ulate white; bill blackish; iris brown; legs and feet blackish (more or
less olivaceous in life).

Winter plumage.—General color of upper parts deep brownish
gray or grayish brown, the feathers (especially scapulars and inter-
scapulars) darker centrally; otherwise as in summer.

Young.—Similar to summer adults but many of the scapulars
and interscapulars margined terminally with white (these feathers
without transverse markings), wing-coverts margined with buffy,
and chest decidedly buffy and very indistinctly streaked.

Downy young.—Forehead and sides of head pale brownish buffy,
the posterior half of the former with a median streak of blackish;
a narrow black loral streak, extending from near base of bill to near
anterior angle of eye; a very small and narrow dusky streak near
rictus; auricular region with a blackish streak along middle portion,
a much smaller and shorter one on upper-posterior portion, and a
dusky spot beneath lower part; crown and occiput deep russet,
the latter with a short median streak of black, bordered along each
side by a broken and much less distinct one of pale dull buffy; rest
of upper parts mixed russet and blackish, irregularly dotted or
spangled with pale grayish buffy or dull buffy whitish, the wings
nearly plain russet; under parts immaculate dull white, faintly tinged
on chest with pale brownish or dull buffy.

Adult male-——Wing, 82-88 (85.5); tail, 35-40 (88.2); exposed
culmen, 16-19 (17.2); tarsus, 16.5-19 (17.7); middle toe, 15-17 (16).

Adult female—Wing, 83-91 (86.5); tail, 34-41 (37.1); exposed
culmen, 17.5-20 (18.7); tarsus, 16-19 (18.1); middle toe, 15.5-17
(16.4).°

a Twenty-two specimens. °
6 Sixteen specimens.

| Ex-
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. posed Tarsus. ads
| men.
es % ee Fe EC eee a eee ee) ee ees eee
MALES,
Ten adult males from Atlantic side of United States (migrants) .| 85.4 37.8 17.7 17.6 16
|
Ten adult males from Pacific side of United States (migrants)..| 85.9 38. 2 16.9 17.8 16. 2
One adult male from Mexico (migrant).....................---- 34.5 39.5] 16 17.7 15.5
FEMALES,
Five adult females from Atlantic side.of United States(migrants) 88.3 39 | 19.3 17.9 16.2
Four adult females from coast of Alaska (breeding specimens)..| 86. 7 37.7 18 17.7 16.1
One adult female from Nebraska (migrant)...................- 85 Ot. WeDo 18.5 16.5
Six adult females from California (migrants)..........-.......- 88. 2 38. 5 18.5 18.4 16.5
One adult female from Mexico (migrant).......-.....2...-....- 87.5 39 18 19 17

296 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Breeding from Magdalen Islands, Sable Island, Nova Scotia,
Newfoundland, southern Ungava, central Keewatin, Yakutat Bay,
Alaska, etc., northward to northern Ungava, more southern Arctic
islands, and northwestern Alaska; migrating southward over whole
of North and Middle America; wintering from North Carolina,
Texas, California, etc., to Brazil (Cuyaba; Pernambuco; Para;
Mexiana Island; Bahia; Joaziero), Peru (Chorillos), western Ecuadér
(Balzar Mountains) and Galapagos Archipelago (Abingdon, Albe-
marle, Barrington, Charles, Indefatigable, and Jervis Islands) ;
Bermudas in autumn; occasional in Greenland (Godhayn) and
northeastern Siberia (Plover Bay, Aug.); accidental in England
(2 records).

[Tringa] pusilla (not of Linneus) LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 737, part.—
D’ HAmonvittez, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 50 (England).

Tringa pusilla Witson, Am. Orn., v, 1812, 32, pl. 37, fig. 4—BonaparteE, Journ.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,v, 1825, 90 (crit.); Ann. Lyc. N.Y., 11, 1826, 319.—LicuTen-
STEIN, Preis. Verz., Mex. Vég., 1830, 3; Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 59 (reprint).—
Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 386.—Lxsson,,
Traité d’Orn., 1831, 558.—AupuUBON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 180, pl. 320;
Synopsis, 1839, 237; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 280, pl. 337.—Prasopy,.
Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 368.—JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 83 (Bermudas,
Aug., Sept.) —Hurpis, in Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 9 (Bermudas).—
WoopnHouss, Sitgreaves Rep. Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 100.—HEnry,.
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila , vii, 1855, 315 (New Mexico).—Kennicort, Trans.
Tll. Agric. Assoc., i, 1855, 587 (Illinois)—Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i,.
1856, 217 (Essex Co., Massachusetts).—Scrater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1856, 311 (Mexico).—YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, 3rd ed., i, 1856, preface,
p. Vii—KNEELAND, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 238 (Keweenaw Point,
Mich.).—Maximinian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 92 (descr., etc.).—WILLIS,.
An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 284 (Nova Scotia).—BLanp, An.
Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—BRrEweER, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—Hoy, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst.
for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri).—We1z, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 267
(Okak, Labrador).—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 143 (2 British rec-
ords).—ApDAms, Ibis, 1878, 439 (St. Michaels, Alaska, breeding; descr. nest
and eggs).

Trlinga| pusilla MARTENS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 218 (Bermudas).

Pelidna pusilla BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 50.—Gossr, Birds.
Jamaica, 1847, 348.—Gunpxacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 422 (Cuba); 1862,
87 (Cuba; crit.).

Actodromas pusilla GouLD, Birds Great Brit., Introd., pt. xxv, 1873, p. cxvi.

Tringa minutilla Virw.o0t, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 466 (Halifax,
Nova Scotia; New York; Antilles).—Scuiecer, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27
(Scolopaces), 1864, 48.—Ltoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 476.—NrEwToN,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 165, pl. 15, fig. 3 (egg).—ScLaTer and SALvIN,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 571 (Mexiana Island); 1870, 323 (Indefatigable
Island, Galapagos); 1873, 456 (geog. range).—Dresser, Birds Europe, viii,
1871, 51, pl. 552, figs, 2, 3.—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Verh. Bremen, ili, 1872, 66.
(Yukon and Sitka, Alaska).—Layarp, Ibis, 1873, 396 (Para, Brazil).—
Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 418; Birds Northwest, 1874, 482.—REINHARDT,,
Vid. Medd. nat. Forh., 1874, nos. 12-16, 1 (Greenland).—TaczANowskI,,

|

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 297

Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 561 (Laguna Villa, Chorillos, Peru); 1877
330 (Tumbez, Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 358.—Lawrence, Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 47 (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Oct.); Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., i, 1878, 197 (St. Vincent).— Savin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1876,
504 (Indefatigable Island, Galapagos); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 429:
(Esquimault, British Columbia).—Rerp, Zoologist, 1877, 476 (Bermudas);
Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 235 (Bermudas, frequent).—MERRILL
(J. C.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, 1878, 161 (Fort Brown, Texas); Auk, v,
1888, 366 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, 1 spec., July 10).—Bertprine, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 441 (Stockton, California)—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am.,
1879, 330.—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia).—
Ropp, Bird Cornwall, 1880, 108.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 158; Auk,
iii, 1886, 502 (Grand Cayman); iv, 1887, 313 (West Indian localities and
references); viii, 1891, 48 (Guadeloupe, Aug. to Oct.), 351 (Inagua, Bahamas);
ix, 1892, 48, 49 (Maragauna and Inagua islands, Bahamas); Ibis, 1886, 502
(Grand Cayman); Birds West Ind., 1889, 234; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892,
93.—BritisH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 170.—
SAunpD_ERS, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 396; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889,
573; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1893, 178 (North Devon, England).—Merriam,
Auk, ii, 1885, 376 (Spectacle Reef, near Straits of Mackinac, May 21).—
Sersoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 213.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 242.—Evermann, Auk,
iii, 1886, 91 (Ventura Co., California)—Seron, Auk, iii, 1886, 151 (Red

River, Manitoba).—Scorr, Auk, iii, 1886, 386 (Tucson, Arizona, in migra-

tion); vi, 1889, 157 (Gulf coast Florida to April 4); vii, 1890, 308 (Dry Tortugas,.
April); ix, 1892, 13 (Jamaica), 212 (Caloosahatchie River, Florida, winter).—
PatmgEN, Vega-Exped., Fogelf, 1887, pl. 4—Townsenp, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., x, 1887, 198, 235 (Humboldt Co., Calif.); Auk, iv, 1887, 12 (Kowak
River, Alaska, June).—Netson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 110 (Nulato,
May, June; Sitka, May; Chilcat, May; Belkovsky, July: Plover Bay,
Siberia, Aug.).—Dwicut, Auk, iv, 1887, 16 (Cape Breton Island, Aug.).—
Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 186 (Tom Green and Concho Counties, w.
Texas, April 10 to May 12 and July 20 to Oct. 1).—Cooxer, Bird Migr.
Miss. Val., 1888, 93.—WARREN, Birds Penn., 1888, 36.—Ripaway, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 120, 123, 127 (Indefatigable Island, Galapagos);
xix, 1896, 631 (Indefatigable Island).—Bisuor, Auk, vi, 1889, 146 (Magdalen
Islands, July).—Jrrrries, Auk, vi, 1889, 223 (Santa Barbara, California,
March 17 to April 4).—THompson, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 501
(Manitoba; breeding ?).—MacraRLANE, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891,
427 (Ft. Anderson and Barren Grounds, Mackenzie).—Hacerup, Birds
Greenland, 1891, 55 (n. Greenland, occasional) —AtTtrwaTER, Auk, ix, 1892,
232 (San Antonio, Texas, common migrant).—LAWRENCE (R. H.), Auk,
ix, 1892, 354 (Gray’s Harbor, Washington, April 30)—CHapman, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 289 (Casilda, Cuba); vi, 1894, 77 (Monega, Trinidad).—
Beruerscn and StonzMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 400 (Chorillos,
Peru).—Harrert, Ibis, 1893, 335 (Bonaire)—Ricumonp, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 526 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Rio Frio, Costa Rica).—
Fretp, Auk, xi, 1894, 122 (Port Henderson, Jamaica).—Dunn, Auk, xii,
1895, 394 (Mud Lake, Cook Co., Illinois, July 3 and 26, 1893, numerous).—
Exuiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 86, pl. 23.—Poyntine, Eggs Brit. Birds,
pt. iii, 1896, 155, pl. 34 (eggs)—Roruscuitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool.,
vi, 1899, 188 (Indefatigable, Charles, and Barrington islands, Galapagos);
ix, 1902, 418 (Galapagos in migration).—BiaELow, Auk, xix, 1902, 28 (coast
n. e. Labrador, breeding).—Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 307 (Bonaire,

298 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Dutch West Indies) —Nticott, Ibis, 1904, 574 (St. Christopher, Greater
Antilles, Feb.), 577 (Kingston, Jamaica). ;
T[ringa] minutilla Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1845, 579.—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., x, 1874, 384 (Illinois); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 158.—NELson,
Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 127, 153 (n. e. Illinois, common migrant; said
to breed).—NerwrTon (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 116.—RoruscHiLp

and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 204 (Galapagos Islands).

[Tringa] minutilla Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 50, no. 10,317.—Couvrs, Key N.
Am. Birds, 1872, 254.—Sciatrer and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 145.—
Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 26.

Tringa minuta minutilla SEEBoHM, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 205, in text.

Tringa subminuta minutilla SEEBoHM, Geog. Distr. Charadriidze, 1887, pp. xxv,
439.

Pelidna minutilla Gouup, Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iii (Birds), 1841, 131 (Galapagos
Islands; crit.).

Actodromas minutilla Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 190 (Labrador),
230 (crit.; nomencl.; habits); xviii, 1866, 97 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); xxiii,
1871, 30 (Fort Macon, North Carolina); Ibis, 1866, 269 (s. California ); Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868,
294 (Essex Co., Massachusetts and Spanishtown, Jamaica); Check List, 2nd
ed., 1882, no. 614.—BoarpMANn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 128 (Calais,
Maine).—VERRILL, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 138 (Anticosti Island);
Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 158 (Oxford Co., Maine).—Marcnu, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, 67 (Jamaica, whole year).—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst.,
iv, 1864, 77 (Springfield, Mass.)—McItwrariru, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866,
93 (Hamilton, Ontario)—LAawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 294
(vicinity New York City); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 47 (Tehuan-
tepec, Oaxaca, Oct.).—GuNbuacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 357;
Journ. fiir-Orn., 1875, 328 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vi, 1878, 376
(Porto Rico)—Hernsuaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 11 (Provo and Ogden.
Utah); Zool» Expl. W. of 100th Merid., 1875, 455 (Utah Lake, July; Apache,
Arizona, Aug.).—BREWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvu, 1875, 446 (New
England).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, 200 (Cat. N. Am.
Birds, no. 538); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 538; Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.,
v, 1883, 534, footnote (Todos Santos, Lower Califorria)—BrAN, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 164 (Belkoffsky, Alaska, and Plover Bay, Siberia).—
NeExson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 88 (Norton Sound, Alaska, rare).—
STEARNS, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 119 (Labrador).—Barrp, BREWER,
and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 236.—Drew, Auk, ui, 1885,
18 (Colorado).—TuRNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1885, 247 (Labrador,
breeding).

[Actodromas] minutilla Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 313 (Porto Rico); 1878,
161 (Porto Rico).—Srauu, Ornis, vol. 3, 1887, 452 (Porto Rico).

A[ctodromas] minutilla GuNpuiacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1878,188 (Porto Rico).—
Cougs, Key, N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 625. ;

[Actodromus] minutilla Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlili, 1856, 596. i

Actodromus minutilla Dati and BANNIsTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., 1, 1869, 292
(Nulato, Alaska; mouth of Yukon River, breeding; Sitka).—STEVENSON,
Rep. U. S. Geol. Sury. Terr., 1871, 466 (North Platte and Little Sandy,
Wyoming).—Merriam, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 714 —
(Utah).

[Limonites] minutillus Hetnr and RetcHeNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 329. |

Limonites minutilla SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 548, 767.—SALVIN —
and GopMaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 387.—Lowe, Ibis, 1907, 553 _

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 999

(Margarita Island, Venezuela, Jan.).—Hanrzscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 357
(n. e. Labrador).—Retser, Denkw. Met.-Nat. Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss. Wien.,
1910, 95 (Joaziero, n. e. Brazil).—Girrorp, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii,
pt. 1, 1913, 56 (Abingdon, Albemarle, Barrington, Charles, Indefatigable,
and James Islands Galapagos).

Pisobia minuti!la AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommMiTTer, Auk, xxv,
July, 1908, 367; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 115.—Brrterscu, Novit. Zool.,
Xv, -\ov., 1908, 308 (Cayenne).—CarrIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 422
(Chomez, Costa Rica, Jan.; La Estrella de Cartago, Nov. 5).—Cuark (A. H.),
West Ind. Bull., xi, no. 3, 1911, 183 (Santa Lucia)—Arnotp, Auk, xxix,
1912, 76 (Newfoundland, breeding).—Moore, Auk, xxix, 1912, 210 [-223],
pls. 13, 14 (Magdalen Islands, breeding; habits) —Brooxs (W. S.), Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 383 (Demarcation Point, Alaska, June 5).—
Wermore®, Bull. 326, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 44 (Porto Rico in winter).—
Bartscu, Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., xxx, 1917, 132 (Haiti).

[Tringa] minutella DENNY, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847,39 (United States; Ja-
maica).

Tringa wilsonit Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 121
(based on Tringa pusilla Wilson, Am. Orn., v, 32, pl. 37, fig. 4; type
now in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., no. 4138).—TowNnseENnp (J. K.), Jour.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 156 (n. w. United States).—Cassin, in.
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 721; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
xiii, 1860, 196 (Cartagena, Colombia).—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 532.—X anTus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon,
California).—SciateR and SAtvin, Ibis, 1859, 229 (Guatemala).—ALBRECHT,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 205 (Jamaica)—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii,
1862, 334 (Lion Hill, Panama).—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 132 (Mackenzie
River).—Burcuer, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, 1868, 150 (Laredo, Texas) —
TURNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 40 (Phila. ed., 31).—Frantzius,
Journ. ftir Orn., 1869, 377 (Costa Rica).—Pr.zELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 311
(Cuyaba, April).—Trirre, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1873, 241 (southern —
lowa).

[ Tringa] wilsonti PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 457.

Tringa wilsont Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 121 (Bahamas, April),—
Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 253 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1861, 80
(Jamaica); 1864, 178 (City of Mexico).—A.LBreEcut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 56
(Bahamas).—Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 37 (s. Texas).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 425
(Vancouver Island).

{ Actodromas] wilsont BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 596.

Actodromas wilsoni ScuaTer, Ibis, 1862, 277 (Europe).

[Pelidna (Aciodromas)| wilsonti GuNpuLAcH, Journ, fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).

Actodromas wilsoniti Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 108 (New Mex-
ico).—Newrton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 258 (St. Croix).—Gunp.tacu, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).

Tringa minuta (not of Leisler, 1812) Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., i, 1826, 319
(crit.)—Swarnson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., i, 1831, 385 (Nelson
and Hayes Rivers, Keewatin).—NurtratL, Man. Orn. U. 8S. and Can., Water
Birds, 1834, 119.—Wa.ke_Er, Ibis., 1860 166 (Godhayn, Greenland, July).—
Hartt, Am. Nat., i, 1867, 174 (Basin of Minas, Nova Scotia).

Tringa temminckii (not of Leisler, 1812) Bonaparrr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826,
319.—D’OrsieNny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 240.—(?) Vigors,
Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ Birds, 1839, 29.—ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891,
259 (Sitka, Alaska).

300 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Tringa fuscicollis (not of Vieillot) TscHup1, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1845-6, 51
(according to Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 561).

[Pelidna] nana LicuTeNstetIn, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 92 (nomen nudum;
South America). |

Tringa nana BuRMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., 111, 1856, 375.

PISOBIA SUBMINUTA (Middendorff).

LONG-TOED STINT.

Somewhat resembling P. minutilla, but tarsi and toes much longer,
the middle toe, without claw, longer than exposed culmen and as
long as tarsus; shafts of all the primaries except the outermost
wholly grayish brown; and, in summer adults, scapulars and inter-
scapulars largely intermixed with cinnamon and pale buff.

Adults in summer.—Feathers of pileum, together with scapulars
and interscapulars, broadly black medially or centrally, broadly
edged or margined with light buffy brown or cinnamon, the black
forming broad streaks on crown, large irregular spots or blotches on
dorsal region; hindneck light grayish buffy broadly streaked with
dusky; anterior lesser wing-coverts plain dark grayish brown, the re-
maining coverts the same centrally but broadly margined (especially
at tips) with lighter grayish brown or pale grayish buff, the greater
coverts without white tips; secondaries grayish brown indistinctly
margined at tips with paler; tertials dusky broadly edged with light
brownish buff or pale cinnamon; primaries and primary coverts
dusky grayish brown, the latter with shafts wholly grayish brown,
except the outermost, the shaft of which is wholly yellowish white;
‘rump and median upper tail-coverts plain sooty black, the lateral
upper tail-coverts white (nearly if not quite immaculate); middle pair
of rectrices dusky narrowly edged with pale buffy brownish or whitish,
the remaining rectrices light brownish gray narrowly margined ter-
minally with whitish; sides of pileum (superciliary region) dull
brownish white narrowly streaked with blackish, the supraloral,
superciliary, and supra-auricular regions mostly unstreaked; lores
more brownish, flecked with dusky, forming a more or less dis-
tinct streak between bill and eye; rictal, suborbital, auricular, and
malar regions very pale brownish buffy narrowly streaked with
dusky, this usually predominating on auricular region, which is
more or less tinged with brown; chin and upper throat immaculate
white or buffy white; lower throat, foreneck, chest, and sides of
breast pale brownish buffy (nearly cartridge buff) more or less dis-
tinctly streaked with dusky grayish brown; rest of under parts,
including axillars and posterior under wing-coverts, immaculate
white; bill blackish, the base of mandible more brownish; iris dark
brown; legs and feet dark brownish (grayish yellow in life).¢

@ According to Dr. Leonhard Stejneger.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 301

Winter plumage.—Above deep brownish gray or grayish brown
(between drab and hair brown), the feathers broadly blackish
medially or centrally, producing broad streaks on pileum and large
spots on scapulars and interscapulars; foreneck and chest pale
brownish gray or grayish brown, narrowly and indistinctly streaked
with dusky; otherwise as in summer.

Young.—Much like summer adults, but whitish terminal margins
to scapulars more distinct and continuous, pale margins to wing-
coverts less sharply defined, and texture of plumage distinctive
(softer and more lax).

Adult male.—Wing, 87-93 (89.2); tail, 35.5-39 (87.1); exposed
culmen, 16.5-18 (17.1); tarsus, 20.5-21 (20.9); middle toe, 19-20.5
(19.9).

Adult female.—Wing, 89.5-90.5 (92.2); tail, 35-41 (38.1); exposed
culmen, 17-19.5 (18.2); tarsus, 21-22.5 (21.7); middle toe, 20-21.5
(20.6).¢

Breeding in eastern Siberia, Kamchatka (including Commander
Islands), and Kuril Islands; migrating southward through China,
Japan, etc., to Philippine Islands, Malay Peninsula, Burma, Ceylon,
Borneo, Java, Celebes, northern Australia, etc.; accidental on Otter
Island, Pribilof group, Alaska (1 spec., June 8, 1885).

Tringa subminuta MippENpDoR®?, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 222 (west slope Stanovoi
Mountains, Siberia, May 19; Uda River, June 30).—Scurencx, Reis. Amur-
land, i, 1860, 424 (s. Amur, July).—Swinuog, Ibis, 1863, 97 (northern China).
—Rappb, Reis. Sibir., 1, V6g., 1863, 333 (Tarei-Nor, May).—Jerpon, Birds
India, iii, 1864, 691.—Dysowskxr and Parvex, Journ. fiir Orn., 1868, 337
(Durasun).—TaczAnowsk1, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 103 (e. Siberia); Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876, 253 (s. e. Siberia); 1883, 339 (Kamchatka); Orn.
Faun. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 56; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 457 (Seoul, Korea);
Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Petersb., (7), xxxix, 1893, 914 (eastern Siberia).—Prse-
vausky, Rowley’s Orn. Misc., iii, 1878, 90 (s. e. Mongolia).—Lraar, Birds
Ceylon, 1880, 889.—OaTrses, Handb. Birds Brit. Burma, ii, 1883, 391.—
BiakisTon and Pryer, Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, x, 1882, 112.—BLAxkIsTON,
Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 21, 37 (Kuril Islands).—Srrsoum, Ibis,
1884, 34 (China and Japan; crit.); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 204; Geog. Distr.
Charadriidz, 1887, pp. xxv, 438; Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 338 (Yokohama;
Hakodate; Kuril Islands).—Boapanow, Consp. Av. Imp. Ross., 1884, 92.—
Nrxouskr, Ile Sakhal., 1886, 261.—SHarrex, Ibis, 1890, 143, 287 (Abai, n.
Borneo).—Styan, Ibis, 1891, 330, 506 (lower Yangtse River, in migration);
1894, 335 (Shanghai).—Harrert, Kat. Vogelsamml. Senckenb. Mus., 1891,
221 (Java); Novit. Zool., xiii, 1916, 92 (crit. on the name).

[Actodromus]| subminuta BoNApartE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 596.

Erolia subminuta HARTERT, Novit. Zool., xxiii, 1916, 93.

Erolia minutilla subminuta Harrert, Novit. Zool., xxiii, 1916, 93 (crit. on the
name),

Actodromas subminutus STEINEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 71 (Bering
Island),

@Six specimens.

2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Limonites] damacensis SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 163.—ForsBes and Rosin-
son, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 72.

Tringa minuta (not of Leisler, 1812) Bryrn, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc., 1849, 270
(Calcutta).—LrGa@eE, Ibis, 1874, 29 (Ceylon).

Tringa damacensis (not Totanus damacensis Horsfield) Swinnor, Ibis, 1863,
413 (Formosa); 1875, 455 (Hakodadi, Japan); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863,
316 (Siberia; Amoy; Calcutta); 1871, 409 (China).—Scuirecet, Mus. Pays-
Bas, v. no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 48.—Taczanowsk1, Journ. ftir Orn.,
1873, 103 (e. Siberia)—Hume, Stray Feath., ii, 1874, 482 (Yea); iii, 1875,
182 (Pegu).—Buaxiston and Pryerr, Ibis, 1878, 221 (Yezo, Japan; Kam-
chatka).—SeEBoHM, Ibis, 1879, 26 (s. Yezo; crit.).—Rip@way, Auk,
lil, 1886, 275 (Otter Island, Alaska, 1 spec., June 8, 1885).—TowNsEND
(C. H.), Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 100 (Otter Island).—CHApMaN,
Auk, v, 1888, 394 (Otter Island) —AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGIS7TS’ UNION Com-
MITTEE, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 7; Abridged Check List, 1889, and Check
List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 242.1.—Eniiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 87, pl. 24.

T[ringa] damacensis Hume, Stray Feath., i, 1873, 242 (crit.)—Rimpaway, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 158.

Aciodromas damacensis STEINEGER, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 116 (Bering
Island, Kamchatka, May, June, Aug.; synonymy, crit., etc.), 316 (Kam-
chatka); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1885, 71 (Bering Island); xxi, 1898, 280
(Kuril Islands).—ALuEeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 238 (Gichiga,
n. e. Siberia, June, Aug.),

Tringa (Actodromas) damacensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593.

Pisobia damacensis AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Committe, Auk, xxv,
July, 1908, 367; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 115.—Ciarx (A. H.), Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., xxxviil, 1910, 50 (Bering Island).—Maruews, Birds Australia,
ili, pt. 3, 1913, 251, pls. [159, 160]—Brooxs (W.S8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
lix, 1915, 383 (Cape Zhipanov and Copper Island, Kamchatka, May).

LTimonites damacensis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 553, 767.

Tringa salina (not of Pallas, 1826) DressEr, Birds Europe, vil, 1871, 4, under
T. minuta.—Hoipsworts#, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 474 (Ceylon).—
Biyts and WatpeENn, Birds Burma, 1875, 156 (Rangoon; Tonghoo).)—Scwa-
Low, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 260 (Kamchatka; ‘‘versus America’’).

Actodromas salina SALVApDOoRI, Ucc. Borneo, 1874, 324.

Tringa ruficollis (not of Pallas, 1826) WALDEN, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1875,
234 (Luzon, Philippines, Feb.).—Davip and Ovustatet, Ois. Chine, 1877,
472, part.—Hume and Davison, Stray Feath., vi, 1878, 461 (Thatone; Yea).—
Batu, Stray Feath., vii, 1878, 228 (Ganges; Godaveri).—HvumgE, Stray Feath.,
vii, 1878, 487 (Calcutta); viii, 1879, 113, 161 (Tonka).—Buaxiston and
Pryer, Trans. Asiat, Soc. Japan, viii, 1880, 195 (Japan).

Tlringa] ruficollis SeeBoum, Ibis, 1879, 26 (South Yezo, Japan; crit.).

Genus EURYNORHYNCHUS Nilsson.

Eurynorhynchus Nitsson, Orn. Suecica, ii, 1821(1819?), 29. (Type, by monotypy,
E. griseus Nilsson = Platalea pygmea Linnzus.)

Curynorhynchus (emendation) TeEmMINcK, Man. d’Orn., 2d ed., i, 1820, civ.

Erynorhynchus (emendation) Firzincrer, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wien, li, i, 1865,
302.

Eurhinorhynchus (emendation) Biyru, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii, 1844, 178.

Eurhinorrhynchus (emendation) SHARPE, Zool. Record, xix, 1884, Aves, 44.

Eurhynorhynchus (emendation) SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 535.

Eurinorhychus (emendation) GrirrirH, in Cuvier, Animal Kingdom, viii, 1829,
531.

PI See

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3038

Eurinorhynchus (emendation) Cuvier, Régne Animal, 2d ed., i, 1829, 528.
Eurinorhyncus (emendation) Hartrne, Ibis, 1869, 427.

Eurinorinchus (emendation) Hartine, Ibis, 1869, 427.

Eurinorincus (emendation) Harrie, Ibis, 1869, 427.

Hurinoryncus (emendation) Hartine, Ibis, 1869, 427.

Eurinorynchus (emendation) Pearson, Asiat. Researches, xix, 1836, 69.
Eurrhinorrhynchus (emendation) SHARPE, Zool. Record, xix, 1884, Aves, 2. °
Eurriynorrhynchus (emendation) [PortaKow?] Messager Orn., vi, 1915, 260.
Eurynorhinchus (emendation) LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., v, 1842, 402.
Eurynorrhynchus (emendation) SaunpERs, Zool. Record, xiv, 1879, Aves, 1, 55.
Hurynorynchus (emendation) REICHENBACH, Av. Syst., 1853, 24, xiii.
Euryrhynchus (emendation) Nrrzscu, Observ. Avium Art. Carot. Comm., 1829, 18.
Urinorynchus (emendation) PEarson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, v, 1836, 253.

Small Eroliine (wing 94-102 mm.) resembling Pisobia but with
bill much broader than deep and with its terminal portion broadly
expanded.

Bill about as long as head, the exposed culmen equal in length to
tarsus, between one-fourth and one-fifth as long as wing, much
broader than deep, the distal third (approximately) expanded into
a broad, somewhat rhomboid or kite-shaped paddle or shovel, whose
width is equal to about half the length of exposed culmen; nasal
groove rather broad throughout, extending to base of expanded tip
of maxilla; mandible with a much narrower and less distinct lateral
groove; nostril sub-basal, narrowly oval or elliptical, its upper edge
somewhat operculate; malar antia obliquely truncate, slightly
anterior to loral antia, the mental antia broadly rounded, slightly
anterior to malar antia. Wing rather long, pointed, the longest
primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by more than one-
half the length of wing, and greatly exceeding the elongated, tapering,
but not acuminate tertials. Tail more than two-fifths as long as
wing, distinctly double-emarginate, the middle pair of rectrices
longer than the lateral pair, subacuminate; rectrices 12. Tarsus
about as long as exposed culmen, less than one-fifth as long as wing,
continuously scutellate anteriorly and posteriorly; naked portion of
tibia about as long as first two phalanges of middle toe, non-scutellate
or with scutella indistinct; middle toe, with claw, shorter than tarsus,
the outer toe slightly shorter, the inner still shorter; claws narrow,
rather long, slightly curved; edge of toes finely serrate; no webs
between anterior toes.

Coloration.—Not distinctive, resembling that of Pisobia ruficollis.

Range.—astern Asia. (Monotypic.)

EURYNORHYNCHUS PYGMEUS (Linnzus.)
SPOON-BILLED SANDPIPER.
Adult male wm summer.—Pileum dull cinnamon-rufous or hazel,

(nearly mikado brown or light russet), more or less deep, broadly
streaked with black; rest of head, together with throat and foreneck,

304 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

plain cinnamon-rufous or hazel (more or less deep), fading into whitish
or pale reddish buffy on chin (sometimes all round base of bill) and
into paler cinnamon-rufous or rufous-whitish on chest, the latter’
(sometimes lower foreneck also) more or less streaked or spotted
with dusky; rest of under parts, including axillars and most of under
wing-coverts, white, the breast (at least laterally) and sides more
or less streaked and spotted with dusky; hindneck light grayish
brown, more or less tinged with cinnamon-rufous, and streaked with
blackish or dusky; scapulars and interscapulars black centrally,
margined with cinnamon-rufous and dull buffy whitish; wing-coverts
brownish gray, darker centrally and margined indistinctly with paler,
the greater coverts tipped with white; primary coverts dusky, the
proximal ones tipped with white; primaries grayish brown, becoming
darker distally, the proximal quills narrowly edged with whitish,
the shafts of all largely white; rump deep brownish gray, the feathers
narrowly margined with whitish; median upper tail-coverts and
middle pair of rectrices dusky, the latter with outer webs narrowly
edged with white, the remaining rectrices pale brownish gray, very
narrowly and eee ay edged with white; lateral upper tail-covertr
white; bill and feet dull black (in dried skins); iris dark brown

Adult female in summer.—Similar to the male and not always
distinguishable, but usually with the cinnamon-rufous of head, neck,
etc., slightly less deep.

Winter plumage.—Above brownish gray or grayish brown, passing
into white on forehead, the crown and occiput narrowly streaked or
longitudinally flecked with dusky, the scapulars and interscapulars
with narrow shaft-streaks of dusky and narrowly and indistinctly
margined terminally with whitish; wing-coverts (except more
anterior lesser coverts) with more distinct dusky shaft-streaks and
broader dull whitish terminal margins; remiges, tail, etc., as in sum-
mer; under parts, including loral and malar regions, immaculate
white.

Young.—Crown and occiput light brown, broadly streaked with
black; hindneck pale grayish, narrowly and indistinctly streaked with
darker; interscapulars black, margined with light rusty brown and
whitish, the scapulars similar but with broader and more whitish
margins; wing-coverts dusky centrally, broadly but not sharply
margined with pale buffy grayish or dull whitish, the greater coverts
tipped with white; tertials dusky, margined with hight rusty brown
and white; primaries as in adults; rectrices (except middle pair) gray
margined with white and with a median streak of white; forehead
(to above éyes laterally), lores, rictal and malar regions, and entire
under parts immaculate white, the sides of chest, how ever, with a
few streaks of brownish gray or dusky, and lores sith an indistinct —
streak of grayish brown, from eye to bill.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3805

Downy young.—¥ orehead and sides of head pale buff to deep brown-
ish buff, the former with a median streak of black, this, however, not
extending to base of bill; a narrow loral streak and an irregular auric-
ular spot of blackish; crown and occiput mixed black and cinnamon-
brown or light snuff brown, dotted laterally with pale buff or buffy
whitish; back and rump mixed black and cinnamon-brown or light snuff
brown, spangled with pale grayish buff or buffy whitish dots, the wings
mostly light brown; under parts immaculate dull white, the chin,
throat, and foreneck more or less tinged with buff, sometimes deeply
buffy.

Adult male.—Wing, 94.5-100 (97.9); tail, 37-40.5 (38.6); exposed
_culmen, 20.5-23 (21.8); tarsus, 19-21 (20.5); middle toe, 15-17.5
(16.7).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 98-102 (100.7); tail, 37-41.5 (39.2); exposed
culmen, 21.5-22 (21.8); tarsus, 19.5-20.5 (20.2); middle toe, 16.5-17
(16.8).°

Breeding in northeastern Siberia (Wrangel Island; Pitlekaj;
Providence Bay; Cape Serdze) migrating southward through south-
eastern Siberia, Japan, China, etc., to India (Elephant Point, Ran-
goon; Akyab; Tenasserim; Arakan coast); casual in Alaska (Choris
Peninsula, summer of 1849; Point Barrow ?).

[Platalea] pygmea Linna&xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 140 (‘‘Surinam”; ex Mus.
Adolphus Frederici, 1754¢,); ed. 12, i, 1766, 231—Hrrmann, Tab. Affinat.
Anim., 1783, 135.—Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 615.—LatHam, Index
Orn., ii, 1790, 669.

Platalea pygmaea THuUNBERG, K. Svensk. Vet.-Ak. Handl. Holm., 1816, 194-198,
pl. 6.—SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xi, 1819, 645—Larresnaye, Rev.
Zool., 1842, 402.—Litiyesore, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 299:—PrLze, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1860, 460.

Platalea pygmea SonnrInNI and ViertxoT, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxi, 1819, 571.

Eurinorhynchus pygmxus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 49.—Harr-
LAUB, Rev. Zool., 1841, 5; v, 1842, 36-38, pl. 2, fig. 1 (monogr.).—Buyta,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxv, 1856, 445.—Scriater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1859, 201 (n. e. coast Asia?)—SwinuHoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 409
(Amoy, China).—Buaxiston and Prrer, Ibis, 1872, 221 (Yezo, Japan).—
Goutp, Birds Asia, vii, pt. 24, 1872, pl. 66 and text.—Ripeway, Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus., no. 24 (Nom. N. Am. Birds), 1881, 85, no. 542* (Point Barrow,
Alaska).—Bran, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 165 (Port Providence, Plover
Bay, Siberia, Sept.)—Braxrston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 11.

Efurinorhynchus| pygmxus Gray, Gen. Birds, 111, 1845, 580.

Eu{rinorhynchus] pygmus Buyru, Cat. Birds Mus Asiat. Soc., 1849, 270.

[| Eurinorhynchus| pygmeus Gray, Hand-list, 111, 1871, 51, no. 10323.

Eurinorhynchus pygmaeus Harttaus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 325 (crit.), 328
(monogr.). ;

a Five specimens.

b Three specimens.

¢ Linnzeus’s type was in the collection of the Museum of Upsala, Sweden, as late
as 1860, according to Lilljeborg (Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 299).

40017—19— Bull. 50, pt S——21 ©

306 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Eurinorhynchus pygranus [typog. error] Newson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883),
87 (Plover Bay, Siberia).

Eurynorhinchus pygmxus LAFRESNAYE, Rey. Zool., v, 1842, 402, pl. 2, fig. 1.

Eurhinorhynchus pygmxus Buyru, ibis, 1867, 169 (summer plumage).—SWINHOE,
Ibis, 1867, 234 (Amoy, China; crit.).

Eurynorhynchus pygmxus Hartine, Ibis, 1869, 427, pl. 12 (Choris Peninsula,
Alaska; monogr.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 110-123 (Choris Peninsula).—
SwinuHogk, Ibis, 1873, 425 (Shanghai, China; crit.); 1875, 455 (Hakodadi,
Japan).—Davip and OustTatet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 474.—-HumeE and Davison,
Stray Feath., vi, 1878, 462 (Tenasserim, India).—Humkg, Stray Feath., viii,

. 1879, 113 (India).—NorpDENSKJOLD, Voy. ‘Vega,’ i, 1881, 43, 44 (Tapkan,
n. e. Siberia, June).—Oates, Stray Feath., x, 1882, 240 (Arakan coast);
Handb. Birds Brit. Burma, ii, 1883, 395.—Covgs, Check List, 2nd ed., 1882,
Addenda, p. 136, no. 884.—NeELson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), pl.
facing p. 87; Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 112 (Choris Peninsula; Plover
Bay and Tapkan, n. e. Siberia).—Harriavus, Ibis, 1884, 216 (Hainan).—
BAIRD, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 308.—AMERICAN
OrRNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List N. Am. Birds, 1886 and 2nd ed., 1895,
no. 245.—PatmbiN, Vega-Exped., Fogelf., 5 Bd., 1887, 326, pl. 4 (Pitlekaj,
n. e. Siberia, June 19).—STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv, 1892, 292
(Hakodate, Japan, fall).—Ripeway, Cat. Fish-eating Birds, 1893, 13 (Choris
Peninsula).—E.uiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 95, pl. 27.

Efurynorhynchus] pygmxus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 634.—Rine-
way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 160.

[Eurynorhynchus] pygmxus SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 163.

Eurynorhynchus pygmxus SCHLEGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, 97.—BoGpaNnow, Consp.
Av. Imp. Ross., fasc. i, 1884, 100.—Taczanowsx1, Mém. Ac. Imp. Sci. St.
Petersb., (7), xxxix, 1893, 928.

Eurynorhynchus pygmxus ARMSTRONG, Stray Feath., iv, 1876, 343 (Elephant
Point, Rangoon River, India).

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 3rd
ed., 1910, 117.—THayer, Auk, xxvili, 1911, 153-155, pls. 2, 3 (Wrangel
Island, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).

Eurhinorrhynchus pygmxus SHARPE, Zool. Record, xix, for 1882 (1884), Aves, p. 2.

Eurhynorhynchus pygmxus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 535 (Barra-
kouta Bay and Vladivostok, e. Siberia; mouth of Amur River; Yokohama and
Hakodate, Japan; Shanghai and Swatow, China; Amherst, Tenasserim, Jan.;
Elephant Point, Rangoon, Dec.; Akyab; Naap River, Pegu, Dec.).—Brooxks
(W. S.), Buil. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 382 (Providence Bay and Cape
Serdze, n. e. Siberia, breeding; habits).

[Eurhynorhynchus] pygmxus Forses and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2,
1899, 72 (Sangor Island; Amoy, China; Japan).

Tringa pygmxa SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 27.—
SEEBOHM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxvi, 440; Birds Japanese
Emp., 1890, 338.

Eurynorhynchus griseus Niusson, Orn. Suec., ii, 1821 (1819?), 29 (new name for
Platalea pygmea Linneeus),

Eurinorhynchus griseus Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1829, 528.—Lesson, Traité
d’Orn., 1831, 562.—Harriaus, Rev. Zool., 1841, 5.—JerpoN, Birds India,
iii, 1864, 693 (mouth of Ganges; coast of Chittagong and Arrakan; habits).

Eurinorynchus griseus PEARSON, Asiat. Research., vol. 19, 1836, 69, pl. 9 (Edmon-—
stone Island, northward of the centre of Sangur Sand).—Prrinsep, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, v, 1836, 127.

Eurhinorhynchus griseus Buyra, Ann. and Mag. N. H., xiii, 1844, 178.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 807

E{urhinorhynchus] griseus Newton, Ibis, 1867, 235, footnote.

Eu{rhinorhynchus] orientalis Buyru, Ann. and Mag. N. H., xiii, 1844, 179 (Edmon-
stone Island, Bay of Bengal; based on Pearson, Asiat. Research, xix, 69).

E{urhinorhynchus] orientalis Swinnoer, Ibis, 1867, 234 (crit.).

Eurhinorhynchus orientalis Newton, Ibis, 1867, 235, footnote.

Genus CALIDRIS LIlliger.

Arenaria (not of Brisson, 1760) Becustern, Orn. Taschenb., ii, 1803, 462. (Type,
by monotypy,,. Tringa alba Pallas.)

Calidris Inu1aeR, Prodromus Orn., 1811, 249. (Type, by tautonymy and mono-
typy, Charadrius calidris Linneeus= Tringa alba Pallas.)

Crocethia® BILLBERG, Synopsis Faunae Scand., i, pars. 2, 1828, tab. A and p. 132.
(New name for Calidris Illiger.)

Medium-sized Eroliine (wing 113-127) without any hallux. Bill
about as long as head, straight, tapering in lateral profile, contracted
in middle portion and slightly expanded terminally in vertical profile,
the exposed culmen about as long as or slightly longer than tarsus,
less than one-fifth as long as wing; nasal groove broad basally,
gradually contracted terminally, extending about three-fourths the
distance to tip of maxilla; mandible with a narrow and rather
indistinct lateral groove; nostril sub-basal, longitudinally linear;
malar antia much in advance of loral antia (about on vertical line with
posterior end of nostril), the mental antia much farther forward
(on vertical line with middle of nostril); margin of frontal feathering
forming a V-shaped line at base of culmen. Wing rather long,
pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries
by more than half the length of wing, the elongated tapering tertials
falling far short of tip of longest primary. Tail about two-fifths as
long as wing, truncate or faintly double-emarginate, the middle pair
of rectrices longest, subacuminate; rectrices 12. Tarsus nearly to
quite as long as exposed culmen, about one-fourth longer than
middle toe with claw, less than one-fifth as long as wing, continu-
ouslv scutellate anteriorly and for upper two-thirds (approximately)
posteriorly; bare portion of tibia about half as long as middle toe
without claw, partly scutellate before and behind; lateral toes
decidedly shorter than middle toe, the outer slightly longer than the
inner; all the toes with rather wide, distinctly serrated, lateral mar-
gins, and both interdigital spaces completely cleft; hallux absent.

a“ |. graecis vocis kpoxy litus et dew curro, derivatum adoptavimus.’’ (Billberg.)

308 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

CALIDRIS ALBA (Pallas).

SANDERLING.

Adulis in summer (sexes alike) —Pileum and hindneck pale rusty
or cinnamon-rufous, intermixed, more or less,* with grayish white,
rather broadly streaked with black or dusky; scapulars and inter-
scapulars black centrally, broadly margined with light cinnamon-
rufous or rusty and very pale gray or grayish white;* anterior lesser
wing-coverts (especially near bend of wing) nearly uniform dusky, the
remaining lesser coverts and middle coverts dusky centrally, broadly
-margined terminally with white, the greater coverts grayish brown
or brownish gray, paler along edges and very broadly tipped with
white; secondaries immaculate white for basal half or more, the
distal portion dusky margined terminally with white; primary
coverts and primaries dusky, the former rather broadly tipped with
white (except the longer or distal ones), the proximal (inner) pri-
maries with basal half or more of outer webs white; tertials brownish
gray narrowly margined with white and with blackish shafts; rump
and shorter (anterior) median upper tail-coverts brownish gray, the
feathers darker centrally and broadly margined with pale gray and
erayish white, the lateral upper tail-coverts immaculate white; longer
(posterior) median upper tail-coverts and middle pair of rectrices
dusky narrowly margined with pale gray or grayish white, the re-
maining rectrices light grayish brown narrowly margined with
whitish, the outermost pair paler and with considerable of white on
outer web; sides of head and neck pale rusty or cinnamon-rufous,
more or less intermixed with white, streaked and flecked with dusky,
the foreneck and chest similar, but spotted and barred rather than
streaked; chin, throat, and under parts of body immaculate white,
the sides of breast, however, suffused with rusty or cinnamomeous
and irregularly barred or transversely spotted with dusky; axillars
and most of under wing-coverts immaculate white; bill, legs, and
feet black; iris dark brown.

Winter plumage.—Above pale gray (the anterior lesser wing-
coverts dusky) relieved by narrow shaft-streaks of dusky; under
parts wholly immaculate white; otherwise as in summer.

Young.—Above pale grayish, spotted with blackish and whitish,
the latter on tips of the feathers; otherwise like winter plumage, but
chest more or less tinged with dull buff.

Adult male.—Wing, 113-124.5 (119.1); tail, 45-55 (50.8); exposed
culmen, 23-26 (24.7); tarsus, 23-25 (23.7); middle toe, 14.5-16
(15.5).°

@Warlier in the season the pale gray or grayish white predominates, the rusty or
cinnamon-rufous increasing toward midsummer.

» Fourteen specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 309

Adult female-—Wing, 117-127 (123); tail, 47.5-54.5 (52.8); ex-
posed culmen, 24-28 (26);.tarsus, 23-26 (24.7); middle toe, 16-17
Pie. ).%

Breeding in Arctic districts of both hemispheres (Melville Island,
Ellesmere Land, northern Mackenzie, Point Barrow, etc., in North
America; Greenland; Iceland; Taimyr Peninsula, etc., Siberia);
migrating southward, chiefly along seacoasts, as far as Galapagos
Archipelago (Abingdon, Albemarle, Bindloe, Charles, Chatham,
Hood, James, Jervis, and Seymour islands), Chile (Telcahuano;
Cavanche; Coquimbo Bay), and Patagonia (Tambo Point) in America,
to southern Africa, Aden, India, Burma, Ceylon, Borneo, Jaluit,
Marshall Islands, Christmas Island, Hawaiian Islands, etc., in Eastern
Hemisphere; in America wintering from coast of Virginia, Texas,
Bermudas, California, ete., southward, casually as far northward as
coasts of Massachusetts and Washington; in Eastern Hemisphere
wintering from Mediterranean shores and Japan southward.

Tringa leucophaea PAuuas, in Vroeg’s Cat., 1764, 32 (northern coast of Holland;
not binomial here; see Stone, Auk, xxxix, 1912, 205-208).

Calidris leucophea AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTTEE, Auk, xxv,
July, 1908, 367; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 118.—Brooxs (W. 8.), Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 382 (Demarcation Point, Alaska, Aug. 30).—WeEr-
MORE, Bull. 326, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 43 (Porto Rico, rare migrant).

Calidris leucophaea leucophaea MatHEws, List of the Birds of Australia, 1913, 69.

Calidris leucophaea tridactyla MatHEws, List of the Birds of Australia, 1913, 69.

Arenaria leucophoea Maruews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, pl. [158]
facing p. 241.

Arenaria leucophxa leucophea Matuews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913,
244 (Europe).

Trynga (alba) Pauuas, in Vroeg’s Cat., 1764, (Adumbr.), 7, no. 320 (coast of North
Sea).

ee arenaria Liynzvus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 251 (Europe).—GMELIN,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1i, 1789, 680.—Turrton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 410.

@ Thirteen specimens.

| ose | Middl
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | a | Tarsus. ue .
| men. |
| |
;
MALES. |
One adult male from Europe (Helgoland)...........---------- 120 47.5 | 23 | 23 15
Two adult males from Aldabra Island (near Madagascar)...... | 115.5 48 24, 2 | 23.2 15
Ten adult males from coast of Virginia......................--- 119. 4 51 | | (24.9 | 23.8 15.6
- One adult male from Alaska (Point Barrow)...............---- | 122 STS P25 24.5 | 16
FEMALES,
| Two adult females from Europe. ...... SEIS ee ate | 122.7 49. 2 24. | 25 i6
One adult female from Aldabra Island........-....--.--------- | 126 52 26 | 23.5 16
Nine adult females from Atlantic coast of North America...... eee 52.3 26.3 24.8 | 16.1
One adult female from Lower California. ..................--.- 124 54.5 26 25 16
|

310

BULLETIN 590, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Tringa arenaria TEMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 171.—Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,

li, 1826, 320—AvupuBon, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 231, pl. 230; v, 1839, 582;
Synopsis, 1839, 237; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 287, pl. 338.—ScHLEGEL,
Rev. Crit., 1844, p. xe; Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 235; Dier. Nederl. Vog., 1861,
pl. 25, figs. 1, 1 a; Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 55.—HEnry,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 315 (New Mexico).—PutTnam, Proc.
Essex Inst., i, 1856, 217.—Wriuis, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859),
285 (Nova Scotia) —Bianp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288
(Bermuda).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—
Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 67 (Jamaica).—Sreriine, Ibis,
1864, 287 (Missclonghi).—Frirscu, Vég. Eur., 1870, pl. 33, fig. 7.—SuHeEt-
LEY, Birds Egypt, 1872, 253—Srrsoum, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887,
431; Ibis, 1888, 349 (Great Liakoff Island, Siberia); Birds Japanese Emp.,
1890, 336.—WicLEeswortH, Abh. K. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, no. 6, p. 94.

Calidris arenaria ILLIGER, Prodr. Orn., 1811, 249.—Tremmincx, Man. d’Orn., ii,

1820, 524; iv, 1840, 348 —BonaparteE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825,
105; Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [188]; Geog. and Comp. List,
1838, 50.—WerneER, Atlas, Coureurs, 1827, pl. 8—Swarnson and RicHarp-
son, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 366.—Brenm, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 673.—
JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., iii, 1832, 31; Contr. Orn., 1849, 83 (Ber-
mudas, autumn).—MENETRIES, Cat. Rais. Caucas., 1832, 52 (Baku).—
Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., vii, 1834, 353, pl. 182.—Gou.p, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1834, 15 (North America; crit.); Birds Great Brit., iv, 1873, pl. 66 and
text.—Nutrat, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 4.—PEaxzopy,
Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 357.—Crespon, Orn. Gard, 1840, 352—NorpMaAnn,
in Démid., Voy. Russ. Mérid., iii, 1840, 238 (Odessa; Crimea); Journ. fiir
Orn., 1864, 374 (Lapland).—Maceitirvray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 65;
Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 237—Setys-Lonecnamps, Faune Belge, 1842,
124.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 107; List Brit. Birds, 1863,
171.—RwUprELu, Syst. Ueb., 1845, 126.—Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1844, 157 (Chile) —YarreE tt, Hist. Brit. Birds, 2nd ed., ii, 1845, 491; 3rd ed.,
i, 1856, 506.—Gossg, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 354.—Tuomprson, Birds Ireland,
11, 1849, 121.—Hvrpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 19 (Bermudas, winter).—
KJAERBOLLING, Naumannia, i, 1850, 46 (Denmark); Orn. Dan., 1852, pl. 34,
fig. 1, Suppl., pl. 15, figs. 4, 5.—RercHensacu, Handb., Grallatores, 1851, pl.
72, figs. 605-607.—Harcourt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 146 (Madeira).—
LittyEBoRG, Naumannia, 1, 1852, 124 (Troms6, Norway).—THompson, Nat.
Hist. Vermont, 1853, 102, fig—Passter, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 242 (Lap-
land).—Fritsou, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 280 (Bohemia); 1871, 387 (Bohemia).—
Hartiavs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 298 (w. Africa); 1855, 361 (Gold Coast); Orn.
West-Afrika, 1857, 238 (Gambia; Gold Coast); Vég. Madagasc., 1877, 333.—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1854, 326 (Europe and America); vii,
1860, 308 (Cuba); xvii, 1875, 446 (New England).—Rernuarpt, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1854, 441 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 11 (Disko Island, Greenland, breed-
ing).—Bo.te, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 175 (Canary Islands).—MU.tER, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1856, 229 (Provence).—CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 422 (Cuba).—
BurMEIsTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 371.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci., ix, 1857, 31 (Muni River, w. Africa); xii, 1860, 195 (Darien); in Baird,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 723.—Sctarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1857, 230 (Santecomapam, Vera Cruz); 1859, 369 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1867,
339 (Chile).—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 534; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., xi, 1859, 306 (Cape San Lucas).—NeEwvon (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 256
(St. Croix) —Heveutn, Ibis, 1859, 348 (Zeila, Red Sea; Berbera, Sept. to
Nov.); Orn. N.-O.-Afrika, ii, 1871, 1196 (April, May); Journ. ftir Orn., 1872,
63 (Novaya Zemlya; Waigats Island, Sept.), 119 (Waigats)—SciaTer and

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 311

Santvin, Ibis, 1859, 229 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 176
(Valley of Tambo, w. Peru), 570 (w. Peru); 1870, 323 (Bindloe Island, Gala-
pagos).—Hewnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—
Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 218 (Bermudas).— Powys, Ibis, 1860, 343
(Corfu).—Swinuoer, Ibis, 1860, 359 (Amoy, China); 1861, 542 (n. China);
1863, 315 (China); 1871, 408 (China).—SunpEVALL, Svensk. Fogl., 1860, pl.
76, fig. 1—Linpermayer, V6g. Griechenl., 1860, 141.—Boarpman, Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 1862, 129 (Calais, Maine).—VeErritt, Proc. Essex
Inst., ili, 1862, 158 (Oxford Co., Maine).—Gunptacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862,
87 (Cuba; crit.); 1875, 329 (Cuba); 1868, 161, 188 (Porto Rico); Repert. Fisico-
Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 357; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 376 (Porto
Rico).—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 132 (Mackenzie River).—Rocne and Newron
(E.), Ibis, 1863, 169 (Madagascar?).—Nerwron (A.), in Baring-Gould’s
Iceland, 1863, 413 (breeding); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 56, pl. 4, fig. 2
(egg), 546 (descr. eggs); Ibis, 1892, Addenda to July No., pp. 1-5 (geog.
range); Rec. Austral. Mus., ii, 1892, 22 (Australia)—Maron, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sei. Phila., xvi, 1864, 67 (Jamaica).—TristramM, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,
377 (Grimsey Island, Iceland; descr. eggs), 452 (Palestine); Fauna and Flora
Palestine, 1884, 133 (coast in winter).—Satyin, Ibis, 1864, 386 (Brit. Hon-
duras); 1886, 179 (Brit. Guiana); 1889, 379 (Cozumel Island); Trans. Zool.
Soc. Lond., ix, 1876, 503 (Bindloe Island, Galapagos); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1883, 429 (Coquimbo Bay, Chile).—Monrerro, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865,
95 (Benguela).—Gurney, Ibis, 1865, 272 (Natal); in Andersson’s Birds
Damara Land, 1872, 311.—Satvaport, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 288 (Sardinia);
Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871, 211; Ucc. Borneo, 1874, 322; Ann. Mus. Genova,
(2), i, 1884, 223 (Lake Cialalaka, Italy, Nov.); Elench. Ucc. Ital., 1887,
217.—MclIuwraitu, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 93 (Hamilton, Ontario).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 294 (vicinity New York City); ix,
1869, 210 (Merida, Yucatan); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 47 (San
Mateo, Oaxaca, Aug., Feb.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 197 (St. Vincent),
450 (Guadeloupe).—Dra@tanp and GEeRB#, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 188.—Lay-
ARD, Birds South Africa, 1867, 332 (Cape Colony).—Locue, Expl. Sci.
Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 303.—Smiru, Ibis, 1868, 455 (Portugal).—DyBowskI
and Parvex, Journ. fiir Orn., 1868, 338 (Darasun).—Covugs, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 293 (New
England); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxiii, 1871, 31 (Fort Macon, North
Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 427; 2nd ed., 1882, no. 627; Birds Northwest,
1874, 492 (synonymy).—TurRNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 40 (Phila.
ed., 31).—Brown, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1869, 207 (Madeira).—Finscu,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 337 (w. Africa); Abh. nat. Verh. Bremen, iii, 1872, 65
(Alaska); Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix, 1879, 253 (tundra of Schtschutsja,
Siberia); Ibis, 1880, 331 (Marshall Islands); Vég. der Sudsee, 1884, 56 (Jaluit,
Oct.).—Droste, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 344 (Faroe Islands).—ALLEN, Am.
Nat., iii, 1869, 638 (Ipswich, Mass., June); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 109
(lower Rio Beni, Bolivia, Aug.).—Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac.
Sci., 1, 1869, 292 (St. Michaels, etc., Alaska, May to Oct.).—PrLzELN, Orn.
Bras., 1870, 312, 458 (Ypanema; Cajutuba, Nov.).—Euwes and BucKLeEy,
Ibis, 1870, 331 (Turkey).—Finscu and Hartiavus, Vég. Ostafrika, 1870, 767
(Mozambique).—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 424 (e. Siberia) —GRay
(R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 261.—SaunpeErs, Ibis, 1871, 388 (s. Spain);
ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 420; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 583.—Hartine,
Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872,49.—Brookg, Ibis, 1873, 340(Sardinia).—Ltioyp, Ibis,
18738, 417 (Kattiawar)—Srverrzov, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873, 69; Ibis, 1883, 52
(Pamir range).—TaczanowskI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 102 (e. Siberia); Proc.

ol. Soc. Lond., 1874, 560 (Chorillos, Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 353;

312

‘ralt., 1875, 174 (winter wp to May).

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876, 249 (Kultuk; Darasun); ii, 1877, 156 (Vistula
River, Oct.) —Hancock, Birds Northumb. and Durham, 1874, 114.—Lz
MEssuRiER, Stray Feath., iii, 1875, 381 (Manore, Sind).—Irsy, Birds Gib-
SHELLEY, Ibis, 1875, 86 (near Cape
Town); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 600 (Lamo, e. Africa).—DANFortTH and
Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, 424 (Transylvania).—Fatton, Ois, Belg., 1875,
148.—Scuutty, Stray Feath., v, 1875, 188 (Yarkand, Oct.)—Btanrorp,
East. Persia, 11, 1876, 283 (Mekran coast).—SrEBOHM and Harvise-Brown,
Ibis, 1876, 308 (lower Petchora River, Russia; habits)—Lanepon, Birds
Cincinnati, 1877, 15 (rare migrant).—REICHENOW, Journ. fiir Orn., 1877, 11
(Loango coast, w. Africa); Vég. Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, 1894, 41 (Bukoba).—
FEImLpEN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 31 (North Polar Basin); Ibis, 1877,
406 (Grinnell Land and Smith Sound, breeding n. to 82° 33’ N.; habits; descr.
nest, eggs, and downy young); 1889, 459 (Barbados, Aug. to Dec.); App. to
Nares’ Voy., ii, 1878, 210, col. pl. (Grinnell Land; egg described and illus-
trated) —Davip and OvusTaLet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 467.—Ret, Zoologist;
1877, 477 (Bermudas); Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 236 (Bermudas,
frequent).—DressrEr, Birds Europe, viii, 1877, 101, pls. 559, 560.—Buax1s-
TON and PryeEr, Ibis, 1878, 221 (s. e. coast Yezo); Birds Japan, 1882, 112.—
Durnrorp, Ibis, 1878, 404 (Tambo Point, Patagonia, Dec. 30).—MrErRIm
(J. C.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 161 (Padre and Brazos islands, Texas,
July 10) —Bocpanow, Birds Caucas., 1879, 159.—Lra@ee, Birds Ceylon, 1879,
1220.—ButtrEr, Cat. Birds Sind, etc., 1879, 63 —Wriiams, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, iv, 1879, 182 (Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1 spec., Sept. 30).—SEEBOHM,
Ibis, 1880, 194 (mouth of Yenesei River, Siberia); 1882, 223 (Sarepta, Astrak-
han), 381 (Archangel, n. Russia); 1892, 469 (n. Borneo); Hist. Brit. Birds, iti,
1885, 221, pl. 27, fig. 8 —Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 160; Auk, iv, 1887, 315
(West Indian localities and references); vii, 1890, 374 (Anegada); Birds West
Ind., 1889, 236; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 93.—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., iii, 1880, 200 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 542); xii, 1889, 120 (Bindloe Island,
Galapagos) ; xix, 1896, 629 (Albemarle and Bindloe islands, Galapagos); Nom.
N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 542.—SuHarpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 16 (Telca-
huano, Chile); Christmas Island Monogr.,1900,41 (Christmas Island); ed. Lay-
ard’s Birds South Africa, 1884, 684 (Port Elizabeth, etc.); Sci. Res. 2nd

Yarkand Miss., Aves, 1891, 139; Ibis, 1894, 541 (Labuan; Tampussak River; | |

Baram Point); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 526, 766; Handb. Brit. Birds,
iii, 1896, 260.—NrALE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 654 (Franz Josef Land).—
Boucarp Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 462 (Progreso, Yucatan).—NELSON,
Cruise ‘Corwin ’in 1881 (1883), 88 (rarein Alaska); Rep. N.H. Coll. Alaska, 1887,
115 (Nulato and lower Yukon River).—BritisH OrnirHooaists’ UNION,
List Brit. Birds, 1883, 172.—Oatrs, Handb. Birds Brit. Burma, li, 1883, 398.—
Barrp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 249.—EveEr-
MANN, Auk, i, 1884, 91 (Ventura Co., California, winter)—Murray, Vertebr.
Fauna Sind, 1884, 252.—B.axiston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 11.—
Boapanow, Consp. Av. Imp. Ross., 1884, 99.—Rappg, Orn. Caucas., 1884,
428 (Lenkoran, winter).—STEJNEGER, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 122
(e. Asiatic references); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 82 (Kauai, Hawaiian
Islands), 130 (Commander Islands); xiv, 1891, 492 (Japan).—TurRNER, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vili, 1885, 247 (Koksoak, Labrador).—YrErBury, Ibis, 1886,
21 (Aden).—Gretrott, Avif. Ital., 1886, 390; Avif. Ital., lst Resoc., 1889, 592;
2nd Resoc., 1890, 646; 3rd Resoc., 1891, 509.—Stater (H. H.) and Carter,
Ibis, 1886, 50 (Iceland; descr. nest and eggs).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 248.—Tarr, Ibis, 1887, 391
(Portugal, Aug. to Nov.).—Brcxnam, Proc. U. S. Nat. Hist., x, 1887, 652 |
(Corpus Christi, Texas, April) —Scorr, Auk, iv, 1887, 276 (Little Gasparilla

: BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3138

Pass, s. Florida, migrating northward May 24); vii, 1890, 308 (Dry Tortugas,
spring)—Green, Auk, iv, 1887, 350 (Lake Onondaga, Aug. 12, 1887).—
Patmén, Vega-Exped., Fogelf., 1887, 307, pl. 3—Warren, Birds Penn.,
1888, 236.—Cookr, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 94.—SctaTer and Hupson,
Argentine Orn., ii, 1889, 186.—Litrorp, Ibis, 1889, 341 (Cyprus, Oct.); Col.
Figs. Brit. Birds, pt. xxi, 1892.—Macxay, Auk, vii, 1890, 294 (Muskeget
Island, Massachusetts, March, a few wintering)—Watrer, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1890, 248 (e. Spitzbergen).—C1arKE (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 13 (Jan Mayen
Land); Ibis, 1898, 261 (Franz Josef Land); 1899, 47 (King Ludwig Islands,
e. Spitzbergen).—Koenta, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 314 (Teneriffe); 1893, 91
(Tunis, Algeria).—Patmer (W.), Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., xiii, 1890, 260 (New-
foundland, Aug.).—THompson, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 501 (Mani-
toba).—MacrarLAanE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 427 (near Franklin
Bay, Mackenzie).—OvustTaLeT, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois., 1891, 296.—
Hagerup, Birds Greenland, 1891, 55.—Stryan, Ibis, 1891, 331, 506 (lower
Yangtse River, China); 1893, 437 (Hainan).—MaparAsz, Erliut. Ausst.
Ungar. Vogelf., 1891, 110.—Frivatpsky, Av. Hung., 1891, 145.—Buck.ey and
Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Fauna Orkney Is., 1891, 219.—Scuatow, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1891, 259 (Alaska); Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. iv, Heft. 3, 1898, 659 (Ca-
vanche, Chile, May).—Brruerscn and StotzMAnn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1892, 400 (Chorillos, Peru).—Witson and Evans, Aves Hawaiiense, pt. ii,
1892, 153.—Fatio and Sruper, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, 1892, 50—BarneEs,
Ibis, 1893, 171 (Aden).—MrapeE-WaALDo, Ibis, 1893, 205 (Canary Islands).—
CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 77 (Trimidad); viii, 1896, 1-8
(changes of plumage).—Cooxg, Auk, xv, 1894, 183 (Fort Collins, Colorado) ;
Birds Col., 1897, 66 (Loveland, Sept. 24 and 30, 1889, and May 12, 1890; near
Denver, May 16, 1888; near Fort Collins); Bull. 44, Col. Agric. Exp. Sta.,
1898, 158 (near Colorado Springs, several).—Etttior, N. Am. Shore Birds,
1895, 104, pl. 30.—Prarson (H. J. and C. E.), Ibis, 1895, 248 (Iceland).—
Poyntina, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. ii, 1895, 175, pl. 37 (eggs) —-KOENIGSWALD,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 395 (Sio Paulo, s. Brazil).—Poruam, Ibis, 1897, 104
(Golchika, Yenesei R., Siberia); 1898, 517 (Kuzkin I., Yenesei R.).—
Trevor-Bartye, Ibis, 1897, 590 (Spitzbergen).—HotmsBera, Segundo censo
Argentina, 1898, 569.—Roruscuitp and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 187
(Albemarle, Chatham, Hood, Abingdon, Jervis, and Bindloe islands, Gala-
pagos); ix, 1892, 418 (Galapagos in migration).—Iuerine, Revista Mus.
Paulista, iii, 1899, 437 (Sado Paulo, s. Brazil)—Granrt, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900,
269 (s. Arabia) —Hernsuaw, Auk, xviii, 1901, 202 (Kau coast and Hilo beach,
Hawaii, Oct.); Birds Hawaiian Islands, 1902, 93 (Kauai, several; Kaalulalu,
Kau, Sept., Oct.; Hilo, Hawaii, Oct.).—Hartert, Novit. Zool., viii, 1901,
306 (Canary Islands)—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii,
1903, 385.—Dresserr, Ibis, 1904, 230 (Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, breeding;
descr. eggs) —Harrert and Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 104 (San Miguel,
Azores).—Hartert and Venturi, Novit. Zool., xvi, 1909, 251 (San Vicente,
Buenos Aires, Argentina, Jan.).—Reiser, Denkschr. Mat.-Nat. Kl. K. Ak.
Wiss. Wien, 1910, 95 (coast Piauhy, n. e. Brazil).—Grant (C. H. B.), Ibis,
1911,469 (Cape San Antonio and Tuyu, Argentina, Dec. ,Jan.).—GirrorD, Proc.
Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii, 1913, 56 (Abingdon, Albemarle, Bindloe, Charles,
Chatham, Hood, James, Jervis, and Seymour Islands, Galapagos Archipelago).
C[alidris] arenaria KeysEeruine and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xxv, 214.—
Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1845, 581.—Casanis, in Schomburgh’s Reis. Brit.
Guiana, iii, 1848, 758 —Ripaway, Amn. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 384 (Illinois);
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 162.—Nertson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 128
(Cook and Lake Counties, n. e. Illinois, abundant migrant).—Covrs, Key
N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 633.—Roruscuimp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., °

314 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

vi, 1899, 203 (Galapagos Islands) —Bryan, Key Birds Hawaiian Group.
1901, 28.

[ Calidris] arenaria GuNpuLACcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).—Gray, Hand-
list, 111, 1871, 51, no. 10324.—Covgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 257.—ScLaTEr
and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 145.—Cory, List’ Birds West Ind.,
revised ed., 1886, 26.—SHARpPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 163.ForsBrs and
Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 72 (Jamaica; Chile; etc.).

Arenaria arenaria DaBBEeNr, Orn. Argentina, July 16, 1910, 219 (Patagonia;
Misiones; Buenos Aires).

[ Charadrius] calidris Linn mus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12,1, 1766, 255 (Europe; ex Calidris
grisea minor Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 236, pl. 20. fig. 2) —GmeELIn, Syst. Nat., i,
pt. 1, 1789, 689.—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 741.—Turton, Syst. Nat.,
i, 1806, 415.

Clharadrius] calidris BONAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 105 (crit.);
Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [188].

Charadrius calidris Winson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 68, pl. 59, fig. 4.—YAaRRELL,
Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 427.

Arenaria calidris Meyer and Wotr, Taschenb., ii, 1810, 326, fig—GouLp, Birds
Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 335 and text.—Dre@Lanp, Ois. Eur., 1849, 240.—
LremMBeEye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 101.—Wricut, Ibis, 1864, 148
(Malta).

Trynga calidris Pautas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 202.

Tringa calidris Kaur, Thierr., ii, pt. i, 1836, 318.

[Charadrius] rubidus GmeEtrn, Syst., Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 688 (Hudson Strait;
based on Ruddy Plover Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 1785, 486; Latham, Gen.
Synopsis Birds, iii, pt. i, 1785, 195).—LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 740.—
Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 415.

Charadrius rubidus Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 129, pl. 63, fig. 3—BOoNaPARTE,
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 105 (crit.); Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am.
Orn., 1826, [188].

Calidris rubidus ViEtttoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxx, 1819, 127.

Arenaria leucophea rubida MatHews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18,
1913, 244 (America).

Afrenaria] vulgaris BecustTreIn, Orn. Taschenb., 1803, 462 a, pl. (new name for
Tringa arenaria Linneeus).—TEMMINcK, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 334.

Arenaria grisea BrecustTeIn, Naturg. Deutschl., iv, i, 1809, 368, pl. xxiv, fig. 1
(Europe).

Calidris grisea Meyer, Vog. Liv-u. Esthl., 1815, 177.—Brenm, Voég. Deutschl.,
1831, 674; Naumannia, 1850, 69.

Trynga tridactyla Pattas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 198 (Lake Baical).

Arenaria leucophxa tridactyla MatHews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913,
241, 244.

Calidris tringoides ViEe1LLoT, Gal. Ois., ii, 1834, 95, pl. 234 (new name for Charadrius
calidris Linneeus).

Calidris americana BreuMm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 695; Naumannia, 1850, Heft 2,
68 (North America to Brazil).

? Totanus nigellus VietttoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 409 (based on
Chorlito pies roxos Azara, Apunt., iii, p. 318).

? T[ringa] nigellus VieriLoT, Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1103.

Genus CATOPTROPHORUS Bonaparte.

Catoptrophorus BonapartE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ii, 1827, 323. (Type,
by original designation, Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin. )

Hodites Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 155. (Type, Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin.)

Symphemia (not of Rafinesque, 1819!) of AurHoRs.

aThe type of Symphemia Rafinesque is Tringa semipalmaia Wilson=T. pusilla
Linneeus; therefore, Symphemia is a synonym of Hreunetes Illiger. See Richmond,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii, 1905, 75.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. .3815

Large Tringine (wing 175-220 mm.) with the very stout bill
nearly as long as tarsus; a distinct web between basal portion of
inner and middle (as well as between outer and middle) toes, and with
basal portion of primaries extensively white.

Bill nearly as long as tarsus, stout, but compressed, its depth at
base equal to about one-sixth the length of exposed culmen; nasal
groove broad, extending about half way to tip of maxilla; nostril
considerably anterior to loral antia, narrowly elliptical, longitudinal.
. Wing ample, pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding
distal secondaries by less than half the length of wing. Tail
more than one-third as long as wing, truncate or very slightly
rounded; rectrices12. Tarsus decidedly more than oneanda half times
as long as middle toe without claw, continuously scutellate both
anteriorly and posteriorly; bare portion of tibia about half as long
as tarsus, scutellate behind and for upper portion in front; outer toe
slightly but distinctly shorter than middle toe, slightly longer than
inner toe; basal phalanges of outer and middle toes united by a web,
the inner and middle toes united at base by a slightly smaller web.

Coloration.—Under parts and upper tail-coverts mostly white, the
primaries extensively white basally, blackish or dusky distally; rest
of plumage brownish gray, in summer streaked and barred or spot-
ted, more or less with blackish.

Range.—North America (South America in migration.) (Mono-
typic.)

KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF CATOPTROPHORUS SEMIPALMATUS.

a, Smaller, with relatively shorter and thicker bill (wing, 175-195.5; tail, 66.5-74;
exposed culmen, 52.5-59; tarsus, 51.5-58; middle toe, 31.5-36); summer adults
with upper parts darker, more olive-grayish, more heavily spotted or barred
with dusky, and with anterior and lateral under parts more heavily marked
with dusky. (Eastern United States; Bahamas; etc.).

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus (p. 315).

aa. Larger, with relatively longer and more slender bill (wing, 193-220; tail, 73-88;

exposed culmen, 56-65; tarsus, 57-70; middle toe, 32.5-39); summer adults
with upper parts paler, more ashy gray, less heavily marked with dusky, the
anterior and lateral under parts also less heavily marked. (Western United
States, British Columbia, Alberta, etc., east to Mississippi Valley; occasional
during migration along Atlantic and Gulf coasts.)

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (p. 319).

CATOPTROPHORUS SEMIPALMATUS SEMIPALMATUS (Gmelin).
WILLET.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—General color of upper parts
brownish gray, the pileum and hindneck streaked with dusky, the
back and scapulars irregularly spotted and barred with dusky or
blackish; wing-coverts nearly plain brownish gray, becoming paler
on greater coverts; secondaries largely white; primaries white for

316 + BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

nearly the basal half, the terminal portion dusky; primary coverts
dusky; upper tail-coverts white; tail light brownish gray more or less
distinctly mottled transversely with darker gray; under parts white,
tinged on foreneck and chest with pale gray and along sides with
pale buffy, the foreneck and chest irregularly spotted with dusky,
the sides irregularly barred with the same; axillars and under wing-
coverts plain sooty blackish; bill blackish, more grayish or horn
color basally; iris dark brown; legs and feet grayish.

Winter plumage.—Above plain brownish gray; beneath immaculate
dull white, shaded on foreneck with pale gray; otherwise as in-
summer.

Young.—Above brownish gray, the feathers margined with pale
ochraceous or buffy; sides strongly tinged with pale ochraceous or
buffy and finely mottled transversely with grayish; otherwise
essentially like adults.

Downy young.—Above dull grayish white or pale brownish gray
tinged here and there with pale brown, coarsely and irregularly
marbled with dusky; forepart and sides of forehead plain dull whitish;
sides of head, together with entire under parts, dull white, the lores
crossed, from eye nearly to bill, by a very distinct line of dusky;
behind the eye two dusky lines, a shorter and broader one running
from eye into the dusky mottling of occiput, and a longer and nar-
rower one commencing immediately beneath the former and con-
fluent with dusky mottling on nape.

Adult male.-—Wing, 180-195.5 (188); tail, 67-74 (70.6); exposed
culmen, 53-58 (54.5); tarsus, 54-58.5 (56.7); middle toe, 31.5-35.5
(33.9).¢

Aduli female—Wing, 175-191 (187); tail, 66.5-74 (70.1); exposed
culmen, 52.5-59 (56.2); tarsus, 51.5-58 (55.1); middle toe, 32-36
(34.3).°

a Ten specimens. b Five specimens.
Ex- .
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. pode
culmen. i
MALES.
One adult male from coast of New Jersoy.............--.--000- 192 69 54 56 35. 5
Four adult males from coast of Virginia . .................--2-. 184. 2 71.4 55 56. 4 34. 2
Four adult males from coast of Alabama..............-..-.--- 192. 4 70.9 54.2] 57.6 33.7
One adult male from Bahamas (Andros Island)...............- 188 70. 6 54.5 | 56.7 33.9
Eleven adult males\of ¢: s. inornatus: :.... 0... sa.02-.oceccte eee 205. 2 79. 4 59. 4 | 64.9 34.5
FEMALES,
One adult female from coast of New Jersey.............-.-.---- | 194 68 54.5 55 35
Three adult females from coast of Virginia..................... 184. 8 70. 8 DO. |) oo 34.8
One adult female from Bahamas (Andros Island).............- } 186.5 70 52.5 51.5 32
Six adult fentalesiof Cis: znornatus.o. 2: eto. wedovee eh es eee |, 213.5 80. 9 64.1 68. 3 37.3
Alltheabove specimens were taken during the breeding season. |

'
¥

|

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 317

Breeding from coast of New Jersey (Seven Mile Beach)—formerly
from Nova Scotia—southward along Atlantic and Gulf coasts to
Florida (Old Tampa Bay; Tarpon Springs; Punta Rassa; Caloosa-
hatchie River, etc.), and Texas (Fort Brown), and in Bahamas
(Inagua, Andros, Rum Cay, and Long Island); wintering from
southern Florida and Bahamas southward through West Indies
(Cuba; Jamaica; Porto Rico; Antigua; Barbados; Grenada) and
along Gulf and Caribbean coasts of Mexico (Cozumel Island and
Mérida, Yucatan) and Central America and northern South America
(Cartagena, Colombia; Margarita Island, Venezuela; Trinidad; Brit-
ish Guiana) to Brazil (Rio Guapure) and Bolivia; of doubtful or
uncertain occurrence in Mississippi Valley; accidental in KEurope
(France, 2 records; Sweden; Dalmatia).

[Scolopax] semipalmata GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 659 (New York; based
on Semipalmated Snipe Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 1785, 469, pl. 20, fig. 2).—
Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 722.—TurTon, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 396.

Scolopax semi-palmata Wausone eR Orn., vii, 1813, 2 27, pl. 56, fig. 3

S[colopax] semipalmata BONAPARTE, ace Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 82
(crit.); Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am, Orn., 1826, [164].

Totanus semipalmatus TemmincK, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1820, 637; iv, 1840, 412.—
Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., 1, 1826, 323.—Werner, Atlas, Grallatores,
1827, pl. 15.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 551.—Nurratn, Man. Orn. U.S.
and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 144.—AupuBown, Orn. Biog., ili, 1835, 510, part,
pl. 274; v, 1839, 585, part; Synopsis, 1839, 245, part; Birds Am., 8vo. ed.,
v, 1842, 324, part, pl. 347.—PEaBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 369.—
Giraud, Birds Long Is., 1844, 254.—ScuteceL, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. xciv;
Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 76 (Dalmatia).—THIENEMANN,
Rhea, i, 1846, 126 (Europe)—LremBryer, Aves de la Isla de Cuba,
1850, 92.—WALLENGREN, Naumannia, 1854, 256 (Sweden).—Haysonp,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 295 (Franklin Co., Indiana).—Bryanv,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 119 (Nova Scotia)—KNEELAND, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 238 (Keweenaw Point, Mich.).—Marrens, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1859, 218 (Bermudas).—Wiuts, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858
(1859), 285 (Nova Scotia, breeding).—Bianp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for
1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—NewrTown, Ibis, 1860, 331 (France!; descr.
ege).—LEoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 456.—F1nscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, 588 (Trinidad; crit.) —Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 431, part; Birds
Northwest, 1874, 494, part—Bartry (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 26
(Cobb’s Island, Virginia, breeding; habits).—Rerm, Zoologist, 1877, 477 (Ber-
mudas, July).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 225 (Long Beach, New
Jersey, formerly breeding).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 294.—Cory,
Birds Bahama Is., 1880, and 2nd. ed., 1890, 160 (Inagua Island, breeding).—
DaueetsH, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 147 (France, 2 records).—Hartine,
Ibis, 1883, 134.—SrrBoum, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxiii, 358.

Tlotanus| semipalmatus KeysERLING and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. lxxiii,
211.—Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 573.—Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856,
217 (Essex Co., Mass., August).

[ Totanus] semipalmatus Gr AY, Hand-list, iti, 187 1, 46, no. 10278.

[ Totanus] semipalmata Covres, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 258, part.

Totanus semi-palmatus ee Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 403.

318 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Totanus semipalmata DENNY, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39.

Totanus (Catoptrophorus) semipalmatus BONAPARTE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826,
g230

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 51.—
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Gralle, 1844, 101.—Gossr, Birds Jamaica,
1847, 354.—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 10 (Bermudas, July 10,
1848, 1 spec.).—BreEwER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1854, 326 (North America;
accidental in Europe); vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—NEwton, ed. Blasius’ List
Birds Europe, 1862, 18 (Sweden?).—Rmry, Auk, xxii, 1905, 353 (Andros,
Rum Cay, and Long islands, Bahamas, breeding).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO-
cists’ Union Commirrer, Auk, xxv, 1908, 368.—Puitiep, Auk, xxvii, 1910,
316 (Bull’s Bay, etc., South Carolina, breeding).

[Catoptrophorus] semipalmatus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 596.

C[atopirophorus| semipalmatus CABANIS, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii,
1848, 758.

Catoptrophorus semipalmata semipalmata Banes and Zaprry, Am. Nat., xxxix,
April, 1905, 196 (Isle of Pines, Cuba).

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 122.—Puitires, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 75 (Matamoros,
Tamaulipas).—Wermorg, Bull. 326, U. 8. Dept. Agric., 1916, 42 (Porto Rico,
formerly; resident’?).

Catatrophorus semipalmatus JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 84 (Bermudas, autumn).

Glottis semipalmata Nitsson, Orn. Suec., 11, 1821, 55 (Sweden?).

Symphemia semipalmata HaARTLAUB, Rev. Zool., 1845, 342.—CaBants, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1856, 351 (Cuba crit.).—Cassry, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix, 1858, 729, part (Cape May, New Jersey; Calcasieu Pass, Louisiana); Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 195 (Cartagena, Colombia).—Bartrp, Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 537, part.—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859,
122 (Bahamas, resident)—LAWrReENcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1860, 272
(Cuba; crit.) ; vili, 1866, 294 (vicinity New York City); ix, 1869, 210 (Merida,
Yucatan); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 238 (Antigua), 242 (Barbuda), 488
(Lesser Antilles).—ALBrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 56 (Bahamas), 213
(Cuba).—Taytor (G. C.), Ibis, 1862, 129 (Florida) —Scriater, Ibis, 1862, 277
(accidental in Europe).—Gunpb.acgu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 85 (Cuba; crit.);
1875, 322 (Cuba); 1878, 161, 188 (Porto Rico); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i,
1866, 354; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 369 (Porto Rico).—Boarp-
MAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 129 (Calais, Maine).—VERRILL, Proc.
Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 158 (Oxford Co., Maine).—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., xvi, 1864, 67 (Jamaica).—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 77
(Massachusetts); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11, 1871, 356 (e. Florida).—DrG@LAaND
and GERBE, Ois. Eur., ii, 1867, 233.—Cougs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii,
1868, 122 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 295 (New England,
summer); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxiii, 1871, 32 (Fort Macon, North
Carolina); Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 632, part.—TuRNBULL, Birds E.
Penn. and N. J., 1869, 40 (Phila. ed., 31).—PELzELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 309,
457 (Rio Guapore, March).—Bree, Birds Europe, v, 1875, 15, pl. 2, fig. 2.—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 446 (New England, summer).—
Rrpaway, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 200 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 582,
part); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 552, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripe-
way, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 285, part—Rerm, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
no. 25, 1884, 237 (Bermudas, 1 spec., July 3, 1848).—We ts, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., ix, 1886, 628 (Grenada).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 319

List, 1886, no. 258, part.—Satvin, Ibis, 1886, 179 (Brit. Guiana); 1889, 379
(Cozumel Island).—FEILDEN, Ibis, 1889, 495 (Barbados).—Cory, Auk, iv,
1887, 316 (West Indian localities and references); vii, 1890, 374 (Anegada); viii,
1891, 47 (Antigua, April to July); ix, 1892, 48 (Maragauna Island, Bahamas);
Birds West Ind., 1889, 237; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 94.—Scorr, Auk; vi,
1889, 158 (Old Tampa Bay, Tarpon Springs, and Punta Rassa, Florida, breed-
ing; Key West, autumn); ix, 1892, 14 (Jamaica), 212 (Caloosahatchie River,
Florida, breeding).—(?)Pivpar, Auk, vi, 1889, 312 (Fulton Co., Kentucky).—
Scuicx, Auk, vii, 1890, 328 (Seven Mile Beach, New Jersey, breeding).—
Norturop, Auk, viii, 1891, 76 (Andros Island, Bahamas).—BrewsterR and
CHAPMAN, Auk, viii, 1891, 137 (Suwanee River, Florida).—Exirot, N. Am.
Shore Birds, 1895, 131, pl. 41—Macxkay, Auk, xiii, 1896, 88 (Nantucket
Island, Massachusetts, 5 specs., May 2, 1895).—Suarrr, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxiv, 1896, 405, 757, part (Cozumel Island; Brit. Guiana; San Pedro,
Honduras?).—SaALvin and GopmAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, Ui, 1903, 371,
part (Matamoros and Boca Grande, Tamaulipas; Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Merida
and Cozumel I., Yucatan; San Pedro Honduras?; etc.).—Lowe, Ibis, 1907,
553 (Margarita I., Venezuela, March).

[Symphemia] semipalmata Gunpuacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).—Scra-
TER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 145, part—D’HaAmonvittE, Cat.
Ois. Eur., 1876, 52 (Sweden; France).—Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised
ed., 1886, 27.—SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 160, part.—(?)ForBrEs and
Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 384, part (North America;
Bolivia).

(?)S[ymphemia] semipalmata Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 384, part (Illi-
nois); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 167, part, 584; 2nd ed., 1896, 587.—CovEs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 637, part.

(?) Totanus crassirostris Vierttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 406 (Loui-
siana),

(?)[ Catoptrophorus] crassirostris BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 596.

S[ymphemia] semipalmata typica Brewster, Auk, iv, April, 1887, 146, in text
(descr.; crit.).

CATOPTROPHORUS SEMIPALMATUS INORNATUS (Brewster).

WESTERN WILLET.

Similar to C. s. semipalmatus but decidedly larger, with relatively
longer and more slender bill and paler coloration; summer adults with
upper parts less heavily marked with dusky, the anterior and lateral
under parts also less heavily marked.

Adult male.—Wing, 193-218 (205.2); tail, 73-84.5 (79.4); exposed
culmen, 58-63.5 (59.4); tarsus, 57-69 (64.9); middle toe, 32.5-37
(34.5).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 209.5-220 (213.5); tail, 74-88 (80.9); exposed
culmen, 63-65 (64.1); tarsus, 66.5-70 (68.3); middle toe, 36-39
fafa)

@ Kleven specimens. b Six specimens.

320 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Breeding from central Oregon (Fort Klamath), southern Alberta,
southern Assiniboia and southern Manitoba, southward to southern
South Dakota, central Colorado, central Utah, and northern Cali-
fornia, eastward to western Minnesota (Grant, Traverse, and Becker
Counties), northern Lowa, and coasts of Texas and Louisiana; winters
from northern California (Humboldt Bay, ete.), Texas, Louisiana,
and Gulf coast of Florida through Mexico and Pacific coast of Cen-
tral America (Chiapim and San José, Guatemala; Punta Arenas,
Costa Rica) to western Ecuadér (Bay of Santa Elena) and Peru
Santa Lucia; Tumbez), and Galapagos Archipelago (Abingdon and
Albemarle Islands);* in autumnal migration occurring in British

)

Columbia (Clover Point, Vancouver Island) and on Atlantic coast of
United States, irregularly but sometimes numerously from Massa-
chusetts southward.

Totanus semipalmatus (not Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin) Swarnson, Fauna
Bor.-Am.,1i, 1831, 388, pl. 67 (interior of British America, north to lat. 56°).—
ToWNSEND (J. K.), Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1839, 156 (n.w. United
States)—Woopunouse, Sitgreaves’ Rep. Expl. Zufi and Col. R., 1853, 99
(New Mexico).—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 65
(California; Nevada).—Covuss, Check List, 1873, no. 431, part; Birds North-
west, 1874, 494, part; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 641
(Red River to Rocky Mountains).—NEtson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii,
1875, 348, (Utah)—Hensuaw, Zool. Expl. W. of 100th Merid., 1875, 457
(Arizona; Denver, Colorado).—(?)SENNETT, Bull. U. 8S. Geol. and Geog.
Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 55 (Texas).

T{otantis] semipalmatus Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 391, footnote (crit.).

[ Totanus] semipalmata CourEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 258, part.

Symphemia semipalmata Barry, in Rep. Stansbury’s Surv. Great Salt Lake, 1852,
320 (Salt Lake Valley, etc., Utah); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, no. 2, 1859,
15 (Utah); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 537, part.—Cassin, in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 729, part (Medicine Creek; San Francisco,
Presidio, Bodega, and San Pedro, California); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xiv,
1862, 321 (California).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 108 (Rio
Mimbres, New Mexico).—Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 253 (Orizaba,
Vera Cruz).—Cooprrr and Sucxiery, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii,
1860, 241 (coast of Washington; California).—BLaxistron, Ibis, 1863, 133,
Saskatchewan).—Sa.vin, Ibis, 1865, 190 (Guatemala); 1866, 198 (Chiapam,

Guatemala).—Dressrr, Ibis, 1866, 37 (s. Texas).—Covugs, Proc. Ac. Nat. —

Sci. Phila., 1866, 97 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); Ibis, 1866, 269 (s. California) ;
Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 632, part.—Merrriam, Sixth An. Rep. U. S.
Geol. Surv., 1872 (1873), 700, 714 (Salt Lake, Utah; North Fork, Idaho).—

LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 309 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, resident); —
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 47 (San Mateo, Oaxaca).—(?)TaczANOWSKI,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 748 (Santa Lucia, Peru, Nov., Dec.); Orn. du

Pérou, ili, 1886, 364 (Tumbez).—Ripaway, Orn .40th parallel, 1877, 609 (Great

2 The winter range, as stated above, is largely hypothetical, specimens from south
of Oaxaca (San Mateo) not having been examined.

A,

i

|

|

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3821

Salt Lake, Utah, breeding); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 200 (Cat. N. Am.
Birds, no. 552, part); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 552, part; in Belding,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 534 (Lower California, Jan.).—(?)MERRILL
(J. C.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 162 (Fort Brown, Texas, breeding;
descr. nest and eggs).—Roserts and BENNER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880,
18 (Grant and Traverse Counties, Minnesota, breeding).—Bairp, Brewer,
and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 285, part.—Drew, Auk, il, 1885,
18 (Colorado, breeding at 6,000 ft.).—AGrrsBore, Auk, ii, 1885, 286 (s. e.
South Dakota).—AmerIcaAN OrnirHo.Loaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no.
258, part.—Sreton, Auk, ili, 1886, 152 (Souris and Brandon Plains and from
Red River westward, Manitoba).—Townsenp (©. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
x, 1887, 199 (Humboldt Bay, California, Nov., Dec.).—Cooprrr, Auk, iv, 1887,
91 (Ventura Co., California, winter).—Merrritt (J. C.), Auk, v, 1888, 145 (Fort
Klamath, Oregon, breeding).—Tuompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890,
503 (Manitoba).—Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 405, 757, part
(Tres Marias Islands and San Blas, Tepic; Mazatlan and Presidio, Sinaloa;
“Tehuantepec’’ i. e. San Mateo, Oaxaca; Chiapam and San Jose, Guate-
mala).—(?)Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1900,
44 (Bay of Santa Elena, w. Ecuador, Jan.).—Santvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 371, part (Mazatlan and Presidio, Sinaloa; Tres
Marias Islands and San Blas, Tepic; San Mateo, Oaxaca; Chiapam and San
José, Guatemala.—Girrorp, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., li, pt. i, 1913,
55 (Albemarle and Abingdon islands, Galapagos, Sept. 21 and Nov. 1).

[Symphemia] semipalmata ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 145, part.—
Suarpe, Hand_-list, i, 1899, 160, part.

S[ymphemia] semipalmata GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1849, 223
(California).—Ripa@way, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 381, part (Illinois); Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 167, part.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884,
637, part.

(?)Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Banas, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 291 (Punta Arenas,
Costa Rica, Aug. 13, 1906).—Carrikrer, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 418
Punta Arenas, Costa Rica).

(?) Tot[anus] speculiferus Cuvier, Régne Anim., 2nd ed., i, 1829, 531 (no locality).

(?) Totanus speculiferus Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1851, 552.—PucneEran, Rev. et
Mag. de Zool., ser. 2, lii, 1851, 369.

(?)Catoptrophorus speculiferus BREWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308
(Cuba).

(?)Symphemia semipalmata var. speculiferus GUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340
(Cuba).

(?)Symphemia speculifera ScuaTER, Ibis, 1862, 199, footnote (Florida, crit.).

Symphemia semipalmata speculifera ALLEN, Auk, v, Oct., 1888, 424, in text (crit.).—
Exurot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 132.

Totanus semipalmatus speculiferus SerBoum, Geog. Distr. Charadriidze, 1887, pp.
Xxili, 359. ;

Symphemia semipalmata inornata Brewster, Auk, iv, no. 2, April, 1887, 145
(Larimer Co., Colorado; coll. W: Brewster).—Brcxuam, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., x, 1887, 637, 642, 653 (Bexar Co., Corpus Christi, and Laguna Madre,
Texas).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 185 (Tarpon Springs, w. Florida, frequent in
winter); vi, 1889, 158 (Gulf coast Florida in winter, casual in summer); ix,
1892, 212 (Caloosahatchie River, Florida, rare in winter).—Cooke, Bird

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——22

322 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 96 (Mississippi Valley range and records).—CHAPMAN,
Auk, v, 1888, 395.—AmeEricAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommirtTEsz, Supple- _
ment to Check List, 1889, 7 (Check List no. 258a); Check List, 2nd ed.,
1895, no. 258a.—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2nd ser., ii, 1889,
273 (near La Paz, San Quentin Bay, and Magdalena Bay, Lower California,
winter resident)—Merrriam, N. Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 92 (Snake River,
Idaho, July; Great Salt Lake, Utah, breeding).—FisHmr (A. K.), N. Am.
Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 23 (Morro Bay, California, November).—RicHMoND and
Kwow ton, Auk, xi, 1894, 302 (near Moreland, Montana, Aug. 19).—R1pa-
way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 594.—Bryerr, Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99
(1900), 96 (coast of Louisiana, common resident).—Jonres, Wilson Bull.,
n. §., xiii, 1906, 131 (Lorain Co., Ohio, Sept. 17, 1906).—Bisuor, Auk, xxiii,
1906, 344 (Stony Creek, Connecticut, Aug. 15, 1897).—Roserrts, in Wil-
cox’s Hist. Becker Co., Minnesota, 1907, 168 (breeding).—BryrEr, ALLISON,
and Korman, Auk, xxv, 1908, 179 (coast Louisiana, resident).—KERMODE,
Prov. Mus. Victoria, 1909, 38 (Clover Point, Vancouver I., Brit. Columbia).

Lymphemia] semipalmata inornata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 594;
2d ed., 1896, 588.

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Com-
MITTEE, Auk, xxv, July, 1908, 368; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 122.—Jonrs
(L.), Wilson Bull., xxi, 1909, 121 (Cedar Point, n. Ohio, 1 spec., Sept. 17,
1906).—Brinee, Auk, xxix, 1912, 537 (Nahant Beach, Massachusetts, Aug.
10, 1912).—Harnaway, Auk, xxx, 1913, 551 (Rhode Island records).

Genus GLOTTIS Koch.

Glottis Kocu, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816, pp. xlii, 304. (Type, by tautonymy,
Totanus glottis Bechstein=Scolopax nebularia Gunnerus. )

Limicula Forster, Synopt. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, 23. (Type, Scolopax glottis
LatHam=S. nebularia Gunnerus. ) }

Limicola (emendation) SHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 480, in synonymy

of Glottis.

LIimosa (not of Brisson, 1760) SrrpHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. i, 1824, 85.

(Type, Scolopax glottis Latham=S. nebularia Gunnerus. )

Nea BrurBerG, Synop. Faunae Scand., i, pt. 2, 1828, tab. A and p. 155. (New

name for Glottis ‘‘ Nilsson.’’)

Rather large Tringine (wing 176-191 mm.) with the rather stout,
compressed, and distinctly upturned bill nearly as long as tarsus,
the latter much more than one and a half times (nearly twice) as
long as middle toe without claw, and with nasal groove extending
decidedly less than half way to tip of maxilla.

dill nearly as long as tarsus, stout (its depth at base equal to about
one-seventh the length of exposed culmen), compressed (decidedly
deeper than wide at base) slightly but decidedly upturned or recurved
for distal half, the extreme tip of maxilla slightly but distinctly
decurved; nasal groove extending much less than half way to tip of
maxilla; nostrils sub-basal, longitudinally linear, pervious; loral and
malar antiz on same vertical line (decidedly posterior to end of nostril),
the mental antia nearly on same vertical line with anterior end of

. F BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. B23

nostril. Wing ample, pointed, the longest primary (outermost)
exceeding distal secondaries by decidedly more than half the length
of wing; elongated tertials narrow, tapering terminally, the tip of
longest i STIR about to tip of fourth primary (counted from outside).
Tail about two-fifths as long as wing, very slightly rounded or nearly
truncate, the middle pair of rectrices slightly projecting; rectrices, 12.
Tarsus nearly twice as long as middle toe without claw, continuously
transversely scutellate both anteriorly and posteriorly; bare portion
of tibia about two-thirds as long as tarsus (about as long as middle
toe with claw), also transversely scutellate before and behind; lateral
toes decidedly shorter than middle toe, the outer slightly longer than
the inner; hallux small, much elevated, about half as long as basal
phalanx of middle toe; a small but very distinct web between basal
phalanges of outer and middle toes, but space between inner and
middle toe with web minute, practically absent.

Coloration.—Lower back, rump, and most of under parts immacu-
late white; no white areas on wing; back, wing-coverts, ete., light
brownish gray, more or less blotched with blackish in summer; head
and neck streaked with dusky, the chest streaked or spotted with the
same.

Range.—Northern Europe. and Asia, migrating .to Africa, India,
and Australia; accidental in Florida, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile?
(Monotypic. )

GLOTTIS NEBULARIA (Gunnerus).

GREEN-SHANKE,

Adults in summer.—Pileum and hindneck grayish white, broadly
streaked with dusky; rest of head and neck, together with entire
under parts, white, the loral, auricular, and malar regions, sides of
neck, and foreneck narrowly streaked with dusky, the sides of breast
and anterior portion of sides coarsely and irregularly marked with
dusky, the markings assuming a more or less V-shaped or sagittate
form on sides, the eyelids, a rather broad superciliary stripe, chin,
throat, breast, abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts immaculate;
axillars white, sometimes irregularly marked on distal portion with
grayish; under wing-coverts white, with irregularly sagittate mark-
ings of grayish dusky; scapulars and interscapulars blackish edged
with pale gray; wing-coverts neariy uniform deep brownish gray
the tertiais similar but edged with paler; primaries uniform dusky;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts immaculate white, the large
‘upper tail-coverts, however, narrowly zig-zagged (transversely) atts
dusky; tail white: narrowly and incompletely: (or interruptedly)
barred with Sania dusky; bill blackish becoming more brownish or

324 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

grayish basally; iris dark brown; legs and feet dusky (yellowish gray
or olive-gray, the joints more bluish, in life).?

Winter plumage.—Scapulars and interscapulars brownish gray
margined with whitish, the foreneck, etc., unstreaked; otherwise as
in summer.

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage, but scapulars and inter-
scapulars rather lighter brownish gray, margined with paler gray or
grayish white and with a sub-edging of dusky in form of an irregular
dusky line near to and parallel with the margin, and tertials with
short zig-zag oblique bars along edges of both webs; foreneck, chest,
and sides immaculate white.

Downy young.—‘ Upper parts black and gray, with reddish tinge;
forehead, sides of head, and whole under parts white; a steak through
the eye, a fine line along the forehead, a larger spot on the crown, a
few lines or spots over the arm, sides of rump, and tail-down black,
often mixed with reddish brown.’’?

Adult male.—Wing, 178-191 (182.5); tail, 70-83 (76); exposed
cuimen, 52-58 (54.8); tarsus, 53.5-63 (58.5); middle toe, 32-34.5
B23)

Adult female.—Wing, 176-189 (184.4); tail, 70-82 (76.4); exposed
culmen, 50.5-57% (54.9); tarsus, 51-61 (57.9); middle toe 31-35
(Sonyce

Breeding in northern Europe and Asia (highlands of Scotland, |

fells of Norway, Sweden, etc., and valleys of Petchora and Obb,
Siberia, lat. 60° to 66° N.); migrating southward to southern Africa,
India, Burma, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java, Philippine
Istands, Australia, etc., wintering northward to China and Mediter-

ranean basin; accidental in Florida (also in southern Brazil, Argen- —

tina, and Chile ?); not recorded from Iceland nor Greenland.

@ Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 128, footnote.
b Dresser, Birds of Europe, viii, 1871, 175.

¢ Ten specimens.

d Hight specimens.

Ex- '
| - J
AA 753 5 Nine posed Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. eats Tarsus. onl {
men.
MALES.
Fouradult malestrom}) Purope: csssceg . coset ees. seb otet - babe 182.5 | 77 Bint 58.7 | 32.9
Six adult males from eastern Asia ............... S eyereyats Be itera 182. 9 | 75. 4 54. 2 58.4] 33.8
FEMALES,
|
Oneadult femalefrom Muro pe. = - pea: osccns-ccceeeaetesoeetae 185 82) edo =e 59 34
Seven adult females from eastern Asia..................------- | 184.3 | 75.6 54.9 57.8 32am
|

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 325

[Scolopax] totanus (not of Linnzeus, 1758) Lrynasus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766,
245.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 665.

Limosa totanus Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 183.

Scolopax nebularia GUNNERUS, in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapper, 1767, 251 (District
of Trondhjem, Norway).

Totanus nebularius StTEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, June 5, 1882, 37 (crit.);
xxi, 1898, 281 (Kuril Islands); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 128 (Bering
Island and delta of Avatscha River, Kamchatka; e. Asiatic references; meas-
urements, etc.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i,
1884, 267—AMeERICAN OrnNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d
ed., 1895, no. 253.—Gienrotr, Avif. Ital., 1886, 398; Avif. Ital., Ist Resoc.,
1889, 605; 2d Resoc., 1890, 662; 3rd Resoc., 1891, 517.— Ramsay, Tab. List
Austral. Birds, 1888, 20.—SHetiey, Birds Africa, i, 1896, 192.—Ripaway,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 515 (Ile St. Joseph, Amirante group, Aug.),
524 (Gloriosa Island), 527 (Aldabra Island, Nov.).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc-
Lond., 1897, 189 (Mozambique).

T[otanus] nebularius Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 165.

Glottis nebularius SHARPE, Handb. Brit. Birds, ii1, 1896, 280; Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxiv, 1896, 481, 763.—Granvt, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 268 (s. Arabia).—
Harrert, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 554 (Great Banda Island).—A.iEn, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 239 (Gichiga, n. e. Siberia, breeding; habits;
notes).

[Glottis] nebularius SHarPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 191.

Glottis nebularia AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check List, 3rd ed., 1910.

119.
Tringa nebularius MatHEws, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, pl. facing
p. 225.

[Scolopax] glottis (not of Linneus, 1758) LarHam, Synopsis Birds, Suppl., 1787,
292; Index Orn., ii, 1790, 720.—Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 398 (America),

Scolopax glottis Vretttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ii, 1816, 248.—Lesson,
Traité d’Orn., 1831, 551.—YarRReELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 549.

Totanus glottis Becustrern, Orn. Taschenb., 1803, 287; Naturg. Deutschl., iv,
1809, 249.—Mryerr and Wotr, Taschenb. deutsch. Voégelk., 1, 1810, 372.—
TEMMINCK, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 425; ii, 1820, 659; iv, 1840, 420.—Viertuor,
Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 410.—Rovux, Orn. Prov., 1825, pl. 298.—
WERNER, Atlas, Grallatores, 1827, pl. 25.—Fuiemine, Brit. Anim., 1828,
104.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 551.—NutTratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and
Can., Water Birds, 1834, 618.—Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1834, 5L
(Trebizond); Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 312 and text.—JeNyns, Man. Brit-
Vertebr., 1835, 200.—AupuBON, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 483, pl. 269; Synopsis,
1839, 244; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 321, pl. 346—Naumann, Vo6g.
Deutschl., viii, 1836, 145, pl. 201; xiii, 1847, 243.—Srrickianp, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1836, 101 (Smyrna).—CreEspon, Orn. Gard, 1840, 433.—Norb-
MANN, in Démid., Voy. Russ. Mérid., iii, 1840, 245 (Odessa, March); Journ.
fiir Orn., 1864, 373 (Finland; Lapland).—Srtys-Lonecuamprs, Faune Belge,
1842, 127.—Miinte, Orn. Griechenl., 1844, 99 —ScuHLeceL, Rev. Crit., 1844,
p. xcii; Vog. Nederl., 1854, pl. 242; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, pl. 25, figs-
5-7; Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 61 (Gold Coast, Oct.;
Moluccas; Java; Borneo; Timor; s. Brazil; ‘‘Chile’”)).—YARRELL, Hist. Brit-
Birds, 2nd ed., ii, 1845, 618; 3rd ed., ii, 1856, 665.—Btyru, Cat. Birds Mus.
Asiat. Soc., 1849, 265.—RerrcHEeNnBAcH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 75, figs. 574,
575.—Tuomeson, Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 217 (migrant).—KJAERBOLLING,
Naumannia, i, 1850, 47 (Denmark); Danm. Fugle, 1852, pl. 36, fig. 3.—
Harcourt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 146 (Madeira).—MimpENDORFF

2°26 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 213 (Stanovoi Mountains, May to Aug.).—Lr1-
JEBORG, Naumannia, ii, 1852, 119 (n. Russia).—Tosias, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1853, 214 (Oberlausitz, Germany).—JAcket, Journ. ftir Orn., 1854, 500
(Bayern).—Hartiavus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 361 (Gold Coast); 1858, 450
(Macao); 1861, 271 (Danakil and Somali coasts); Orn. West-Afrika, 1857,
235; Vog. Madagasc., 1877, 326.—MUtteEr, Journ. ftir Orn., 1856, 229 (Prov-
ence).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., x, 1858, 196 (Japan).—Apams,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 505 (India).—Tayuor, Ibis, 1859, 53 (Egypt);
1867, 69 (Egypt).—Grit, Zool. Anteckn., 1859, 11, 53 (Cape of Good Hope,
Dec.) —Hevetin, Ibis, 1859, 347 (Red Sea; Somali coast); Orn. N. O.-
Afrika, iii, Abth., i, 1873, 1169 (n. e. Africa, Aug. to April).—Fivscn, Journ.
fir Orn., 1859, 386 (Bulgaria); 1869, 337 (w. Africa); New Guinea, 1865,
182.—ScuRENCK, Reis. Amurl., 1859, 414 (Ussuri).—Sunprvat, Svensk.
Fogl., 1860, pl. 40, fig. 5—LInpDERMAyYER, V6g. Griechenl., 1860, 137.—
GuRNEY, Ibis, 1860, 218 (Natal); in Andersson’s Birds Damara Land, 1872,
301 (Dec. to April)—Powys, Ibis, 1860, 344 (Epirus; Corfu).—GrBEL,
Voég., 1860, 372.—Irsy, Ibis, 1861, 238 (Kumaon); 1883, 186 (Santander,
Spain); Key List Brit. Birds, 1888, 49.—Homryer, Journ. ftir Orn., 1862,
428 (Balearic Islands); 1870, 422 (e. Siberia)—Swinuoe, Ibis, 1862, 254
(Foochow, China); 1863, 406 (Formesa); 1870, 88, 364 (Hainan); 1875, 453
(s. Yezo, Japan); 1882, 122 (Kandahar, s. Afghanistan); Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1863, 311 (China, etc.); 1871, 405 (China, winter)—Axrum, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1863, 108 (Miimsterland).—Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 160.—
Ravpg, Reis. Sibir., Vég., 1863, 327 (Tareinor, Aug., Sept.); Orn. Caucas.,
1884, 45, 430 (winter).—Wriaurt, Ibis, 1864, 146 (Malta).—Morzp, Ibis, 1865,
436 (Scotland, breeding).—Satvaporr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 286 (Sardinia);
Ucc. Borneo, 1874, 324; Ann. Mus. Genova, xiv, 1879, 666; Elenco Ucc.
Ital., 1886, 227; Age. Orn. Papuasia, iii, 1891, 202—Marrrns, Journ. fir
Orn., 1866, 28 (Philippines).—Dourn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 331
(Princes Island).—Hotrz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 373 (Géttland); 1868, 120
(Gottland).—Nerwron (E.), Ibis, 1867, 346 (Seychelles).—Btyrn, Ibis, 1867,
169 (India)—Layarp, Birds South Africa, 1867, 325—Dypowski and
Parvex, Journ. fiir Orn., 1868, 337 (Darasun).—Srrertime, Ibis, 1868, 292
(Zanzibar).—Drake, Ibis, 1869, 154 (Morocco).—Brown, Proc. Bost. Soc.,
xii, 1869, 208 (Madeira).—Wyart, Ibis, 1870, 17 (Sinai).—Enwes and Buck-
LEY, Ibis, 1870, 332 (Turkey).—Strvenson, Birds Norfolk, ii, 1870, 254.—
GoDWIN-AUSTEN, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix, 1870, 275 (Khasia Hills,
India).—Buanrorp, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xl, 1871, 276 (Wardha Valley,
India).—Saunpers, Ibis, 1871, 287 (s. Spain).—Gray (R.), Birds West
Scotland, 1871, 300 (breeding).—Suetury, Ibis, 1871, 310 (Egypt).—Harr-
inc, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 46—Rnry, Journ. fir Orn., 1872, 154 (Por-
tugal).—PatMEn, Finl. Fogl., 1873, 1389.—Srvertzov, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873,
69; Ibis, 1883, 74 (Pamir range, breeding).—Atston and Harvin-Brown,
Ibis, 1873, 67 (Archangel, Russia)—Brooxe, Ibis, 1873, 338 (Sardinia,
winter).—Hume and Henperson, Lahore to Yarkand, 1873, 290.—Batu,
Stray Feath., i, 1873, 85 (Andaman Islands); ii, 1874, 431 (Chota Nagpur,
India); vii, 1878, 229 (Ganges to Godavery).—TaczaNowsk1, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1874, 336 (e. Siberia); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1882, 397 (Bering
Island); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 457 (Chemulpo, Korea).—BuckKLey,
Ibis, 1873, 388 (Limpopo River, Matabili Land).—Corpravux, Ibis, 1875, 4
185 (Helgoland).—Btiyrn and Watpen, Birds Burma, 1875, 155.—WatLpEn,
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1875, 234 (Luzon, Philippines).—Fatton, Ois.
3elg., 1875, 175.—Srersponm and Harvis-Brown, Ibis, 1876, 291 (lower

Petchora River, Russia, breeding)—Davip and OvstatrT, Ois. Chine,

AA Ya,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3827

1877, 462.—CasteLNau and Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i, 1877,
326 (Norman River, Australia)—Pruevatsxr, Rowley’s Orn. Misc., iii,
1878, 88 (Hoang-ho; Lake Hanka; Ussuri)—Buaxiston and Prrer, Ibis,
1878, 200 (Yezo and Yokohama, Japan); Birds Japan, 1882, 109.—Hume and
Davison, Stray Feath., vi, 1878, 463 (Tenasserim).—Davipson and WeEn-
DEN, Stray Feath., vii, 1878, 89 (Deccan).—Mryer, Ibis, 1879, 143 (Kakas
and Limbotto, Celebes)—Boepanow, Birds Caucas., 1879, 156; Consp. Av.
Imp. Ross., 1884, 94.—RosEensperc, Malay Archip., 1879, 109 (Sumatra),
278 (Celebes), 373 (Aru; Goram; Kei), 407 (Ternate)—Burier, Cat. Birds
Sind, etc., 1879, 64.—Scutty, Stray Feath., viii, 1879, 358 (Nepal Valley).—
Lrace, Birds Ceylon, 1880, 840.—Burtrer, Cat. Birds 8. Bombay Pres.,
1880, 78.—Cotuerr, Norges Fugelf., 1881, 102.—Boxrav, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1881, 62 (Suifun e. Siberia)—Covrs, Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no.
635.—Mrine-Epwarps and Granprprer, Hist. Nat. Madagasc., Ois.,
1882, 630—Srrsonm, Ibis, 1882, 223 (Astrakhan), 380 (Archangel); 1883,
29 (Caucasus); 1884, 267 (Kiukiang, China, Dec., Jan.); 1892, 24 (Helgoland,
spring and autumn); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 149, pl. 29 (egg); Geog.
Distr. Charadriidz, 1887, pp. xxiii, 355, figs.; Birds Japanese Emp., 1890,
321.—VorDERMAN, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind., xliii, 1883, 113 (Batavia,
Java); xlix, 1889, 416 (Sumatra).—Bripputpy, Ibis, 1882, 289 (Gilgit, India).—
Buaxiston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 36 (Nagasaki)—Murray,
Vertebr. Fauna Sind, 1884, 255.—Ayress, Ibis, 1884, 233 (Potchefstroom,
s. Africa).—MarsnHatu, Ibis, 1884, 424 (Chamba, n. w. Himalayas).—Tris-
TRAM, Ibis, 1885, 195 (Korea).—Hartert, Journ. fiir Orn., 1886, 608 (River
Niger, w. Africa)—Harvre-Brown and Bucktey, Vertebr. Fauna Caith-
ness, 1887, 223.—Dorriss, Journ. fiir Orn., 1888, 91 (e. Siberia, Oct.).—
Koentia, Journ. fiir Orn., 1888, 279 (Tunis, Algeria, Nov., Dec.); 1890, 457
(Canary Islands); 1893, 92 (Tunis) —Everrerr, Journ. Straits Branch Asiat.
Soc., 1889, 208 (s. Borneo; Tabanis; Pontianak).—Puaten, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1890, 145 (Mindanao).—Srrrrer, List Birds and Mam. Philippines, 1890,
483 (Negros).—Emin, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 345 (Lake Albert Nyanza).—
Maparisz, Erlaut. Ausst. Ungar. Végelf., 1891, 109.—GArkE, Vogelw.
Helgoland, 1891, 508.—Frivatpsxy, Av. Hung., 1891, 141.—Sryawn, Ibis,
1891, 331, 507 (lower Yangtse River, winter); 1893, 437 (Hainan).—Camp-
BELL, Ibis, 1892, 246 (Korea, spring and autumn).—Der La Tovucne, Ibis,
1892, 500 (Foochow and Swatow, China, winter).—Jessn, Ibis, 1903, 164
(Lucknow, India).

Tlotanus] glottis Krysertinea and Buasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixxii, 210 —
Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 639.

Limicola glottis Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 32.

Limosa glottis SterHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, 1824, 86, pl. 13.

[Glottis] glottis LicHtENsTErnN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 91.

[Scolopax] cineracea LAtHam, Synopsis Birds, Suppl., 1787, 292 (Lincolnshire,
England).

{Scolopar] canescens Guertin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 11, 1789, 668 (Lincolnshire,
England).—Latuam, Index Orn., 11, 1790, 721.

Scolopar canescens VierztoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iti, 1816, 247.

Glottis canescens Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Gralle, 1844, 49.—SrrickLanp,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850, 221 (Kordofan).—SrrickLaAnp and ScLaTER,
Contr. Orn., 1852, 159 (Damara-land) —Harrnaus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854,
297 (w. Africa)—Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 151 (Bangkok,
Siam); Birds Great Brit., iv, 1869, pl. 53 and text.—Apams, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1859, 189 (Cashmere).—F risen, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 189 (Bohemia) ;

328 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Vog. Eur., 1870, pl. 38, figs. 13, 14-—Locur, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii,
1867, 316.

[Glottis] canescens BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 596—HzrrINrE and
ReicHENOwW, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 327 (s. Africa; n. e. Africa;
Senaar; Java; etc.).

Totanus canescens ADAMS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 169.—F rvscu and Harrt-
LAUB, V6ég. Ostafrika, 1870, 745.—DreEsseER, Birds Europe, viii, 1871, 173,
pl. 570; Ibis, 1876, 411 (Turkestan).—Satvapori, Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871,
221._SHELLEY, Birds Egypt, 1872, 256; Ibis, 1875, 86 (Durban, Cape
Colony); 1882, 365 (Mashoona, s. e. Africa, Sept. to Dec.); Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1881, 600 (Usambara Hills, e. Africa) —SHELLEy and Buck.ery, Ibis,
1872, 293 (Accra and Cape Coast, Gold Coast, w. Africa)—Hume, Stray
Feath., i, 1873, 247 (Punjab, India); 11, 1875, 183 (Pegu); iv, 1876, 465
(Cardamum Island).—RerIcHENOW, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 377 (Gold Coast;
Cameroons); 1877, 12 (Loango coast).—IrBy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 165;
2nd ed., 1895, 286—DanrortH and Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, 420
(Transylvania).—Scuuty, Stray Feath., iv, 1876, 189 (e. Turkestan).—
Barratt, Ibis, 1876, 213 (Modder River)—AnpErson, Rep. Zool. Exped. W.
Yunnan, 1878, 677.—F1nscu, Verh. z.-b. ges. Wien., xxix, 1879, 250 (Karaklu |
and Ob River, Siberia, July).—Ayres, Ibis, 1880, 268 (Potchefstroom,
Transvaal, Sept.).—Bocacer, Orn. Angola, 1881, 464.—SHArpPE, in Oates’
Matabele-Land, App. B, 1881, 325; ed. Layard’s Birds South Africa, 1884,
687; Ibis, 1886, 492 (Fao); 1891, 114 (Fao, Sept.), Rep. 2nd Yarkand Miss.,
Aves, 1891, 140.—Sciater and Hartiavs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 174
(Socotra).—Satvaport, Orn. Papuasia, etc., 111, 1882, 325; Ann. Mus. Genova,
XVili, 1882, 329; (2), 1, 1884, 221 (Shoa).—Nicuoxson, Ibis, 1882, 70 (Cocos
Island, West Island, and Cocos Keeling islands, Java, Feb.)—BuTLEr,
FEILDEN, and Reep, Zoologist, 1882, 425 (Newcastle, England, Oct.).—
British OrnitHouoaists’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 177.—SaunpERs,
ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 483; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 605.—Tnris-
TRAM, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1883, 134.—Btrrixorrr, Notes Leyden
Mus., vii, 1885, 244 (Liberia); x, 1888, 102 (Barguary River).—WHITEHEAD,
Ibis, 1885, 43 (Corsica); 1903, 237 (Orange River, South Africa).—Tarr,
Ibis, 1887, 292 (Portugal) —CHapMman, Ibis, 1888, 445 (Spain, Sept.).—Sr.
JoHN, Ibis, 1889, 177 (s. Afghanistan, winter)—RENDALL, Ibis, 1892, 229
(Gambia, Sept.).—Payton, Ibis, 1892, 471 (Mogador, May).—Barngs, Ibis,
1893, 172 (Aden).—Biaauw, Notes Leyden Mus., xv, 1893, 229.—MrapE-
Waupo, Ibis, 1893, 205 (Canary Islands).—CuarkeE (W. E.), Ibis, 1895, 208
(Rhone Delta).—Poyntine, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. iv, 1896, 227, pl. 48.—
Poruam, Ibis, 1897, 105 (Tungooska River, n. w. Siberia); 1898, 518 (Yen-
eseisk, Yenesei River, Siberia).

Totanus fistulans Becustrin, Naturg. Deutschl., iv, 1809, 241.

Glottis fistulans BrEHM, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 631.

Totanus griseus Brecustern, Naturg. Deutschl., iv, 1, 1809, 231, pl. 21 (England;
Germany).—DeEGLAND and GerBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 215.—Hancocx,
Birds Northumb. and Durham, 1874, 120.

Glottis grisea BreuM, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 631.

Totanus chloropus, Mpyer, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Vég. Deutschl., ii,
1810, 371 (Germany); Vég. Liv-und Esthlands, 1815, 198.—Covrs, Check
List, 1873, no. 434.

[ Totanus] chloropus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 259.

Glottis chloropus Nrusson, Orn. Suecica, 1, 1821, 57.—Breuu, Vég. Deutschl.,
1831, 630.—BonaparteE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 51.—Macemuiivray,
Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 91; Hist Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 319.

ier
he
-
ts

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 329

Glottis natans (not of Otto, 1797) Kocu, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816, 305.

Totanus glottoides Vicors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Zool. Soc. Lond., i, 1831, 173 (Hima-
layas).—Gou.Lp, Cent. Birds Himalaya Mts., 1832, pl. 76—Hopason, in
Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, 86.—Swinnoe, Ibis, 1860, 66 (Amoy); 1861, 343
(Takow to Pekin).—Gray, Ibis, 1862, 236 (Norfolk Island).

Limosa glottoides Syxes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, 163 (Deccan).

Totanus nebularius glottoides STEINEGER, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885,
128, in text (e. Asia; crit.).

Glottis nebularius glottoides Matnews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913,
225.

Glottis foridanus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 51 (Florida; type now
in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix,
1858, 730.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 538.

Glottis vigorsii GRAY, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Gralle, 1844, 99 (Nepal, India).

Glottis niveiqula Gray, Cat. Mam., etc., Nepal pres. Hodgson, 1846, 138 (Nepal;
based on Totanus nivigula Hodson, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Gralle, pl. 85,

- figs. 1, 2, no. 766).

Glottis albicollis BREuM, Naumannia, 1855, 292 (new name for Totanus glottoides
‘“Gould”’); Vogelf., 1855, 311.

Glottis linnaei Mato, Goteb. och Bohusl. Fauna, 1877, 81, 278.

Totanus littoreus REIcHENOW, Journ. fiir Orn., 1889, 266 (Quilimane; Zanzibar);
1890, 109 (Cameroons); 1892, 9 (Bukoba); 1897, 4 (Togo Land); 1902, 12
(Togo Land); Syst. Verz., 1889, 48.—Brusina, Motr., etc. (Orn. Croatica),
1890, 90.—F eck, Journ. fiir Orn., 1894, 383 (Walvisch Bay, s. w. Africa).—
ReIsER, Orn. Balcanica, 1894, 167.—Sséstept, MT. deutsch. Schutz., viii,
1895, 13 (Cameroons).—E.uiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 120, 239, pl. 38.

Genus NEOGLOTTIS#¢ Ridgway.

Medium-sized to rather large Tringine (wing 149-199 mm.) re-
sembling Glottis but with bill more slender, less compressed, and not
distinctly recurved, the exposed culmen much shorter than tarsus;
tarsus nearly one-third as long as wing, and the lower back and rump
not white.

Bill slender (its depth at base equal to less than one-eighth the
length of exposed culmen), slightly compressed, very faintly if at all
upturned for distal half, the exposed culmen nearly as long as tarsus
(NV. melanoleuca) or decidedly shorter (V. flavipes); nostrils sub-
basal, longitudinally linear (slit-like), pervious; nasal groove extend-
ing less than half the distance to tip of maxilla (about two-fifths the
distance in NV. melanoleucus, nearly half the distance in NV. flavipes);
loral and malar antiz on practically the same vertical line, the mental
antia as far as or beyond base posterior end of nostril; edge of frontal
feathering forming a more or less deeply concave line at base of cul-
men. Wing ample, pointed, the longest primary (outermost) ex-
ceeding distal secondaries by more than half the length of wing;
elongated tertials rather broad, though tapering terminally, the tip
of longest falling considerably short of tip of fourth primary (counted
from outside). Tail about two-fifths as long as wing, very slightly

4 Néos, new; +Glottis. Type, Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin.

8330 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

rounded (nearly truncate), the middle pair of rectrices very slightly,
if at all, projecting; rectrices 12. Tarsus one-third as long as wing,
continuously transversely scutellate both anteriorly and posteriorly;
bare portion of tibia about as long as middle toe without claw, also
transversely scutellate before and behind; lateral toes decidedly
shorter than middle toe, the outer-decidedly longer than the inner;
hallux much elevated, about half as long as basal phalanx of middle
toe; web between outer and middle toes extending for about half the
length of basal phalanx of the latter, that between inner and middle
toe very small (ess than half as large); anterior toes with lateral
raembranes slightly developed except toward base.

Coloration.—Above, including lower back and rump, gray, more or
less spotted with white and in summer plumage spotted with black
also; upper tail-coverts white, the posterior ones barred with dusky;-
tail barred with white and dusky, the middle rectrices grayish; under
parts mostly immaculate white, the foreneck streaked, the chest irrecu-
larly spotted, the sides irregularly barred with blackish (in summer).

Range.—Northern North America, migrating to West Indies and
Central and South America. (Two species.)

In view of recent dismemberment ‘of the old genus Tctanus (a pro-
cedure which seems to me quite justifiable) I have no other alternative
than to designate a new genus for the two American species formerly
referred to Tetanus. Mr. Gregory Mathews (Birds of Australia, in,
1913, 198) refers T. melanoleucus to Glottis and T. flavipes to
Ihornis; but most certainly these two species are strictly congeneric
(in fact if it were not for the difference in size it would be almost 1im-
possible to distinguish them!), and neither fit at all well into the
genera to which Mr. Mathews refers them. T. flavipes certainly is
not strictly congeneric with Jliornis stagnatilis, as Mr. Mathews says
itis. The latter has the bill relatively much longer and more slender
(more than three-fourths as long as tarsus instead of only about
two-thirds as long), with the nasal groove decidedly less than half as
long as the maxilla; the tarsus much more than one-third as long as
wing, and the coloration decidedly dissimilar. .

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF NEOGLOTTIS.

a. Larger (wing 180-199, exposed culmen 52-61, tarsus 55-68mm.). (Whole of Amer-

ica} breeding, northward :)). J ..2- ss. vs beioe- see Neoglottis melanoleuca (p. 330).
aa, Smaller (wing 149-163, exposed culmen 30-39, tarsus 45.5-55.5 mm.). (Whole
of America, breeding northward.)...........--....- Neoglottis flavipes (p. 337).

NEOGLOTTIS MELANOLEUCA (Gmelin).
GREATER YELLOW-LEGS.
Adulis in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck
streaked with blackish and white or grayish white, the former pre-
dominating, at least on pileum; scapulars and interscapulars black

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 331

or fuscous-black intermixed with brownish gray and spotted along
edges with grayish white or pale gray, the tertials blackish with
oblique spots of pale gray (passing externally into white) along edges;
lower back and rump dusky brownish gray, the feathers more or less
distinctly tipped with pale gray or whitish and with an indistinct
subterminal bar of dusky; upper tail-coverts white, the more pos-
terior ones distinctly barred with dusky, the anterior ones with fewer
and more irregular markings; four middle rectrices brownish gray,
spotted along edges with dusky (the gray interspaces becoming
whitish on edges), the remaining rectrices white (tinged with gray on
distal portion of outer webs), barred (rather broadly) with dusky;
anterior lesser wing-coverts dark brownish gray narrowly margined
with paler; middle and greater coverts mixed brownish gray and
blackish (the latter in form of irregular, sometime large and conspicu-
ous, spots) and spotted, more or less with pale gray or grayish white;
secondaries brownish gray, edged, or spotted along edges, with
white; primary coverts and primaries dark fuscous or fuscous-black,
the three or four innermost (proximal) primaries paler and more
grayish, narrowly margined terminally with whitish and sometimes
spotted with whitish and dusky along edges; sides of head Gncluding
indistinct broad superciliary stripe) and neck and entire under parts
white, the chin and upper throat (sometimes whole throat), abdomen,
anal region, and median anterior under tail-coverts immaculate, the
sides of head and neck and foreneck narrowly streaked with dusky,
the chest and upper breast (sometimes whole breast) iregularly
streaked and spotted (sometimes with a few irregular bars also), the
sides, flanks, and lateral and posterior under tail-coverts barred (more
or less irregularly) with dusky or blackish; axillars and under
wing-coverts white, the former narrowly and irregularly barred with
brownish gray, the latter with mostly V-shaped marks of dusky
brownish gray, the under primary coverts barred with light gray, or
with light gray predominating, margined terminally and barred along
edges with white; inner webs of primaries light gray darkening dis-
tally, the proximal portion finely mottled or freckled with whitish
toward edges, this mottling becoming very distinct on proximal quills;
bill blackish becoming more grayish, or dusky horn colored, basally;
iris dark brown; legs and feet yellow in life.

Winter plumage.—General color of upper parts light gray, the
black markings of the summer plumage (but not the white spotting)
being absent; foreneck and chest more narrowly streaked, breast
nearly if not quite immaculate, and sides and flanks irregularly
marked with grayish; otherwise as in summer,

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage, but gray of upper parts
darker and more brownish, the white spotting tinged with light
brownish buffy.

332 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Downy young.—General color very pale buffy gray or dull grayish
white, becoming more decidely white on under parts of body; a
small spot in center of anterior portion of forehead, a loral streak,
and a stripe on each side of occiput dull black; crown and occiput deep
grayish brown, margined laterally with dull black, the black lateral
stripes uniting posteriorly and extending as a single stripe down
median portion of nape; hindneck deep grayish brown intermixed
laterally with very fine filamentous streaks of dull whitish; lower
back and rump with a broad median stripe of dark grayish brown or
fuscous and two narrower lateral stripes of pale brownish gray, be-
neath which is a broad stripe of grayish brown; outer side of thighs
deep grayish brown. |

Adult male.—Wing, 180-198.5 (187.8); tail, 71-83 (76. 9); exposed
culmen, 52-61 (55.8); tarsus, 57-68 (60.7); middle toe, 32.5-40.5
(Gaia ee -

Adult female.—Wing, 180-197 (188.9); tail, 71-83 (76.6); exposed
culmen, 53.5-58 (55.5); tarsus, 55-62.5 (59.4); middle toe, 33-37.5
(34.8).°

Breeding from Anticosti, Magdalen, and Mingan islands in Gulf
of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, Labrador, etc., to southern Macken-
zie, Cook Inlet, Alaska (Mount Ilamna), and southern British
Columbia (formerly southward to northern Minnesota and Cook
County, northeastern I[llinois?); migrating southward over whole of
United States, Middle America (including Bermudas and West
Indies), and South America, as far as Patagonia (Straits of Magellan)
and Chile (Antofagasta; Rio Pilmaguén; Sitana, Tarapacaé; Tel-
cahuano; Santiago; Valparaiso); not yet recorded from Galapagos
Archipelago; accidental in western Europe (Tresco Abbey, Scilla
Island, Sept. 16, 1906).

a Twenty specimens. 6 Eleven specimens.

Ex- .
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ace
culmen. ‘
MALES. |
Ten adult males from eastern North America.................. | 190. 8 78.5 56.5 | 62.4 36. 6
Ten adult males from western North America. ................ 184.7 75.4 | 54. 5 59 34.3
FEMALES.
Six adult females from eastern North America (South Carolina, |
AMULET ANUS) aoe Atie arate Sjn'= arayefas eee erate clsemeietlne o Santas tae or 1874 |b 77. 1 55: D, |, ogee, 35. 7
Five adult females from western North America..............- |; 190.6 76. 1 55.5 58. 9 33. 7

A sufficient series of specimens may possibly show differences in coloration between
eastern and western birds of this species. Some late spring adults of the latter have
much more white spotting on the upper parts (the black spotting being thereby
rendered more conspicuous) and the under parts more extensively marked with
dusky.

] BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Jao

Scolopax . . . totanus (not of Linnzeus, 1758) Forster, Philos. Trans., ]xii, 1772,
410 (Albany Fort, Keewatin).

[Scolopax] totanus Gmetin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 1, 1789, 665, part (North America).

[Scolopaz totanus| 8 Larnam, Index Orn., 11, 1790, 721.

[Scolopax totanus| 2 Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 399 (North America).

{Scolopax] melanoleuca GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. iil, 1789, 659 (Chateau Bay,
Labrador; based on Stone Snipe Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, 1785, 468).—LarHam,
Index Orn., ii, 1790, 723.—TurtTon, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 396.

Scolopax melanoleuca Swatnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 389, footnote (crit.).

Totanus melanoleucus Virmiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 398 (Labra-
dor).—BonaparteE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 83; Obs. Nom.
Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [165]; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 324; Geog. and
Comp. List, 1838, 51.—Lesson; Traité d’Orn., 1831, 552.—AupuBon, Orn.
Biog., iv, 1838, 68, pl. 308.—Gou.p, in Darwin’s Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iii, Birds,
1841, 130 (Maldonado, Rio de la Plata).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii,
Gralle, 1844, 89.—Tscuup1, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1845-46, 25.—HARTLAUB,
Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 25.—Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 352.—Rercu-
ENBACH, Grallatores, 1850,-pl. 75, fig. 583.—Casor, Naumannia, ii, 1852, 66
(Lake Superior).—WoopnHovsgE, in-Sitgreaves’ Rep. Expl. Zufi and Col.,
1853, 99.—Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 295 (Franklin Co.,
Indiana).—Burmetster, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., 111, 1856, 368; Journ. fiir
Orn., 1860, 261 (Mendoza, Parana and Tucuman, Argentina); Reise La Plata
Staat., ii, 1861, 503.—KNEELAND, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 238 (Kewee-
naw Point, Mich.).—Scuiecet, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces),
1864, 63 (Cuba; Colombia; Surinam; Chile).—Ltoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866,
454.—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 69 (Bahamas).—FRANTzIUS,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 377 (Costa Rica).—SunpEVALL, Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Foérh.
Stockholm, 1869, 588 (St. Bartholomew), 602 (Porto Rico).—SciaTer and
Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 156 (Tinta and Tungasuca, Peru.)—
Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 219 (Veragua, Panama); Ibis, 1886, 180
(Brit. Guiana).—PrizeLn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 308, 457 (Caicara, Oct.; Matto-
grosso, Oct.; Cajutuba).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Verh. Bremen, iii, 1873, 63
(Aleutian Is,, Alaska).—Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 432; 2nd ed., 1882, no.
663; Birds Northwest, 1874, 496; Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1878,
642 (Milk River, Montana, July, Aug.).—Taczanowskxt, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1874, 560 (Chorillos and Junin, e. Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 365
(Callao; Puna Island).—Hensunaw, Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1874, 458.—
Berwepscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 257 (Santa Catarina, s. e. Brazil; sy-
nonymy); 1887, 126 (Paraguay); Ibis, 1884, 441 (Angostura, Venezuela);
Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 306 (Cayenne).—Netson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
Xvi, 1875, 351 (Nevada); Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 117 (Sitka).—Rerp,
Zoologist, 1877, 477 (Bermudas, autumn).—Sennert, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and
Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 55 (Point Isabel, Texas, May); Auk, v, 1888, 110
(Corpus Christi, Texas, June 13, July 3).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1879,
394.—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia); Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 109 (Falls of Rio Madeira, Bolivia, Oct.).—Ripeway,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 200 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 548); v, 1883, 534,
footnote (San Jose, Lower California, Dec.; Cape San Lucas); vii, 1884, 178
(Sabanilla, Colombia, March); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 548.—Cory,
Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 161; Auk, iv, 1887, 317 (West Indian localities and
references); viii, 1891, 47 (Antigua); Birds West Ind., 1889, 238; Cat. West
Ind. Birds, 1892, 93.—Brerwsrter, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 386
(Anticosti and Mingan Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence, breeding; habits).—
Stearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 119 (Labrador).—Nurtinea, Proc.

304

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 379 (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, Jan.).—Bairp,
Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 269.—Barrows, Auk,
i, 1884, 315 (Bahia Blanca, etc., Uruguay, Aug. to Nov.).—BERLEPScH,
Ibis, 1884, 441 (Venezuela).—Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 247
(Koksoak River, Labrador); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 189 (Alaska).—
AmeErRIcAN OrnitrHoLoaisrs’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895,
no. 254; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 120.—Evrermann, Auk, iti, 1886, 92 (Ventura Co.,
California)—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 152 (w. Manitoba, spring and fall
migrant).—Scotr, Auk, iii, 1886, 386 (Tucson, Arizona, Oct. 29); vi, 1889,
157 (Tarpon Springs and Punta Rassa, Florida, winter resident; Key West,
June 1);ix, 1892, 13 (Jamaica), 212 (Caloosahatchie River, Florida, winter).—
FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 178 (Tlaxcala, Mexico).—
Wetts, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix; 1886, 628 (Grenada).—Luioyp, Auk, iv,
1887, 186 (Concho Co., w. Texas, winter, arriving Aug. 30).—TowNsEND
(C. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 163 (near Red Bluff, n. California),
198 (Red Bluff, n. California)—Brcxuam, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887,
637, 653 (Bexar Co., Texas).—SrEBouM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp.
xxiii, 363.—Merrrit (J. C.), Auk, v, 1888, 145 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, April,
Aug.).—Pumerr, Ornis, vol. 4, 1888, 160 (Antofagasta, Chile).—Bisnop,
Auk, vi, 1889, 146 (Magdalen Islands, July 16; breeding?).—ScuaTEr and
Hupson, Argentine Orn., ii, 1889, 186.—Frtmpen, Ibis, 1889, 495 (Barbados,
May, Sept. to Nov.).—Paumer (W.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 260
(Mingan Islands).—THompeson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 502 (Mani-
toba).—CrarKeE (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 321 (Fort Churchill, Keewatin).—
FRENZEL, Journ., fiir Orn., 1891, 126 (Cordoba, Argentina).—OvusTALet,
Miss. Sci. Cap Horn., Ois., 1891, 129.—Brewstrer and CuHapman, Auk, viii,
1891, 137 (Suwanee River, Florida).—Jamrs, New List Chilean Birds, 1892,
12.—Kerr, Ibis, 1892, 51 (Rio Pilcomayo, Argentina); 1901, 236 (Gran Chaco,
Paraguay).—Ho.ianpb, Ibis, 1892, 212 (Estancia Espartilla, Argentina;
habits)—BrriLepscH and SrouzMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 399
(Callao, Peru); 1902, 52 (Ingapirca, Peru); Ornis, xiii, 1906, 182 (Puno, Peru,
Dec.)—Atrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 282 (San Antonio, Texas, migrant).—
LAWRENCE (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 354 (Gray’s Harbor, Washington, May 1).—
Harrert, Ibis, 1893, 334 (Bonaire; crit.); Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 307 (Bon-
aire).—APLIN, Ibis, 1894, 209 (Santa Elena, Uruguay).—Fietp, Auk, xi,
1894, 122 (Port Henderson, Jamaica, June 1, passing northward).—Ricu-
MOND and Knowtron, Auk, xi, 1894, 302 (Gallatin Co., Montana, Sept. ;
crit.).—Exuiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 117, pl. 36.—Suarpez, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 426, 759.—KoENriaswa.p, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 395
(Sao Paulo, s. Brazil) —Lans, Ibis, 1897, 311 (Rio Pilmaguen, Chile, Feb.).—
Kirxover, Auk, xv, 1898, 51 (feeding on minnows).—Ho.tmBere, Segundo
censd Argentina, 1898, 569.—Barrtscu, Wilson Bull., no. 24, 1899, 5 (piscivo-
rous habits).—ImerinG, Revista Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 433 (Sao Paulo).—
BeruerscH and Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 130 (Altagracia, Orinoco
Valley, Venezuela, Nov.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
iii, 1903, 373.—Grirrita, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xix, 1906, 7 (Tresco Abbey,
Scilla Island, 1 spec., Sept. 16, 1906).—Harrtert and Venturi, Novit. Zool.,
Xvi, 1909, 252 (Barracas al Sud, etc., Argentina, March, Nov.).—CARRIKER,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 419 (Costa Rica).—DasBeng, Orn. Argentina,
1910, 219 (Patagonia; Tierra del Fuego; Cordoba; Tucuman; Barracas al Sud,
Buenos Aires; Entre Rios).—Granrt (C. H. B.), Ibis, 1911, 469 (Los Inglesas;
and Luiconia, Argentina, March, April).—VisHpr, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 9
(Harding Co., South Dakota, 1 pair, July 19)—Arnotp, Auk, xxix, 1912,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 835

76 (Newfoundland, breeding).—Berrront, Fauna Parag., 1914, 39 (Yagu-
araspa).—WEtTMORE, Bull. 326, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 43 (Porto Rico,
spring and fall migrant; food).—Barrscn, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxx, 1917,
132 (Haiti).

T[otanus] melanoleucus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 573.—CaBanis, in Schom-
burgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 757.—Gampert, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 2d ser., 1, 1849, 223 (Pacific coast, United States)—Ripa@way, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 384 (Illinois); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 165.—Ne.son,
Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 128, 153 (Cook Co., n. e. Illinois; regular summer
resident, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—Nerwron (A. and E.), Handb,
Jamaica, 1881, 116.—Covsrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 638.

[Totanus|] melanoleucus Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 45, no. 10273.—Covers, Key
N. Am. Birds, 1872, 258.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886,
27.—SnHarpPe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 160.—Forsers and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 70.

Totanus melanoleucas THomeson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, App., p. 27.

Totanus melanoleuca Hensuaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 11 (Utah).—ALLEN,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 66 (Dakota and Montana).

Tlotanus| melanoleucos Licurenstrin, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 73 (Montevideo,
Uruguay). 4

[Glottis] melanoleucos LicutenstTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 91 (Montevideo,
Uruguay).

Glottis melanoleuca SctaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 163 (Bogota, Colombia);
1857, 215 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1858, 461 (Cuenca, Ecuador).—CaBAnIs,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 351 (Cuba).—Gunptacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 85
(Cuba; crit?).

[Glottis (Gambetta)] melanoleuca Gunvuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).

Gambetta melanoleuca Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 731;
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 195 (Cartagena, Colombia).—Barrp,
Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 25 (Eagle Pass and San
Elizario, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 539.—HeEnry, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
xi, 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California) —SctaTer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859,
229 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 144 (Conchitas, Buenos
Aires, summer visitant); 1869, 156 (Tinta and Tungasuca, Peru); 1879, 457
(Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia).—Scrater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860,
253 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1861, 80 (Jamaica); 1867, 339 (Chile); 1886, 404
(Sitana, Tarapaca, Chile)—Covsrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 234
(Labrador); xviii, 1866, 98 (Fort Whipple, Arizona); xxiii, 1871, 32 (Fort
Macon, North Carolina); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South Caro-
lina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 295 (New England).—Gunp.tacn, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba); 1871, 294 (Cuba); 1874, 313 (Porto Rico); 1875,
323 (Cuba); 1878, 161 (Porto Rico); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 354.—
Buakiston, Ibis, 1862, 9 (Hudson Bay, Aug. to Oct.); 1863, 133 (lort
Charlton, April 18).—BoarpMan, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 129 (Calais,
Maine).—VeERRILL, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 189 (Anticosti Island);
Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 152 (Oxford Co., Maine).—A.LBrecut, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1862, 205 (Jamaica).—LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862,
479 (Lion Hill, Panama); viii, 1866, 294 (vicinity New York City);
ix, 1869, 141 (San Jose, Costa Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874,
309 (Colima, Mexico); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 47 (San Mateo,
Oaxaca, Feb.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 288 (Antigua, July), 488
(Lesser Antilles)—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, 68
(Jamaica).—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 77 (Springfield, Massachu-

336 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

setts); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 356 (e. Florida, winter); iii, 1872,
183 (e. Kansas, May; Lake Pass, Colorado; Laramie Plains and Cheyenne,
Wyoming, Aug.; Great Salt Lake, Utah, Sept.); iii, 1876, 357 (Moho and
Conima, Lake Titicaca); Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 351 (Colorado).—Dressrr,
Ibis, 1866, 38 (s. Texas, June).—McIuwrairu, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866,
93 (Hamilton, Ontario)—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 425 (Vancouver Island).—
TURNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 40 (Phila. ed., 31).—Dat and
BANNISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 292 (Sitka, Alaska).—SaLvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 219 (Chitra, Panama).—Assorr, Am. Nat., iv,
1870, 547 (New Jersey, breeding).—STEvenson, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv.,
1870 (1871), 466 (Camp Reynolds and Fort Fetterman, Wyoming).—Wyart,
Ibis, 1871, 383 (La Cruz, Colombia).—Tripre, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872,
241 (lowa).—Maynarp, Proc. Bost. Soc., xiv, 1872, 383 (Coos Co., N. H.;
Oxford Co., Maine, summer).—Merriam, Sixth An. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv.,
1872 (1873), 700, 714 (North Fork, Idaho).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., xvii, 1875, 416.—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1877, 199 (Buenos Aires, Argen-
tina).—MERRILL (J. C.), Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 162 (Fort Brown,
Texas).—BeELpINnG, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 441 (Stockton, California,
April, May).—SHarre, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 16 (Telcahuano,
Chile).—Wuite, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 628 (Buenos Aires).—ReEID,
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 238 (Bermudas, frequent).—BERLEPScH,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 320 (La Cruz, Colombia).—Wirarerton, Ibis, 1888,
472 (Lomas de Zamora, Argentina).

G[ambetta] melanoleuca Parxer, Amer. Nat., v, 1871, 169 (Clinton Co., Iowa).

Gambetta] melanoleuca BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 597.—ScLaTER
and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 145. t

[Aegialodes| melanoleucus Herne and RetcHeNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
327 (Guiana). ;

Scolopax vociferus Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1818, 57, pl. 58, fig. 5 (Atlantic coast,
United States).

S[colopax] vociferus BoNApARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila., v, 1825, 83 (crit.);
Obs. Nom, Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [165].

Totanus vociferus Vie1tLtotT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 401 (Labrador).—
SaBINE, in Franklin’s Journ. Polar Sea, i, 1823, 687.—Swarnson and RicH-
ARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 389.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and
Can., Water Birds, 1834, 148.—Brerwer, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1837, 437
(Massachusetts); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—PEABopy,
Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 369.—AupuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 244; Birds Am.,
8vo. ed., v, 1842, 316, pl. 345—Griraup, Birds Long Island, 1844, 252.—
JARDINE, Contr. Orn, 1849, 84 (Bermudas, Oct.—Huropts, Jardine’s Contr.
Orn., 1850, 10 (Bermudas, Aug. to Nov.).—LremBerye, Aves de la Isla
de Cuba, 1850, 93.—HeEnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 315 (New
Mexico).—PratreEn, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc., 1855, 607 (Illinois)—Purnam,
Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 217 (Essex Co., Massachusetts)—Wituis, An.
Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 285 (Nova Scotia) —Buranp, An. Rep.
Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—Triprg, Proc. Essex Inst.,
vi, 1871, 119 (Minnesota).—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 260 (Sitka,
Alaska).

[ Totanus] vociferus Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 218 (Bermudas).

[ Aegialodes] vociferans Heinz and Retcnenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 327
(Texas).

Totanus sasashew Viet.uor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 412 (Albany
Fort, Keewatin; based on Spotted woodcock, Scolopax totanus Forster, Philos.
Trans., lxii, 1772, 410).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 837

T[otanus] maculatus Maxrmmian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, ii, 1833, 727 (Villa
Vicosa, Brazil; type now in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., see Allen, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 271).

Totanus chilensis Putiirr1, Anales Univers. Chile, xiv, 1857, 182 (Chile); Archiv
fiir Nat., 1857, Bd. i, 264 (Prov. Valparaiso, Chile); Anales Mus. Nac.
Chile, Entr. 15 (zool.), 1902, 63, pl. xxix, fig. 1.

(?) Totanus melanoleucus frazart BREwstER, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, no. 1,
Sept., 1902, 65 (San Jose del Cabo, Lower California; coll. W. Brewster).—
Miter (W. DeW.), Bull Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 341 (Escuinapa, Sinaloa;
crit.).

NEOGLOTTIS FLAVIPES (Gmelin).

YELLOW LEGS.

Practically identical with N. melanoleuca in coloration, but much
smaller.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Pileum and hindneck
streaked with dusky grayish brown or blackish and grayish white;
scapulars and interscapulars brownish gray irregularly spotted with
dull black and with smaller marginal spots of white or grayish white;
tertials brownish gray obliquely barred with black, the gray interspaces
becoming whitish on edges; lower back and rump dusky brownish
gray, the feathers margined terminally with white; upper tail-
coverts white, the larger (posterior) ones broadly barred with dusky,
otherwise with fewer and narrower bars or other markings, often
nearly immaculate anteriorly; tail white, shaded with brownish gray
on middle rectrices, rather broadly barred with dusky, the bars
narrower and more broken on lateral rectrices, on inner webs of which
they are confined to distal half; anterior lesser wing-coverts dark
brownish gray or dusky narrowly margined with white, the more
posterior ones with broader white margins and occasional small white
spots; middle and greater coverts brownish gray and dusky (either
predominating) spotted with paler gray and white; secondaries
deep brownish gray, narrowly margined with white; primary coverts
and primaries fuscous or fuscous-black, the shorter (proximal)
primaries more grayish, narrowly margined with white; shaft of outer-
most primary pale grayish brown basally, passimg into white, or
nearly white, distally; sides of head and neck and entire under
parts white, the lower breast, abdomen, anal region, and most of
under tail-coverts immaculate, the sides of head and neck and fore-
neck streaked with dusky, the chest spotted with dusky, and the
sides barred with the same; flanks nearly immaculate; lateral and
posterior under tail-coverts more or less barred with dusky; anterior
half (more or less) of superciliary stripe sparsely and minutely flecked
with dusky or, sometimes, nearly immaculate, the posterior portion
narrowly but distinctly streaked with dusky; a broad loral stripe of
grayish flecked with dusky, extending from bill to eye; eyelids white;

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8 23

338 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

axillars and under wing-coverts white, the former narrowly barred
with brownish gray, the latter barred with darker gray or dusky or
with irregular V-shaped marks of the same; inner webs of primaries
brownish gray, the proximal portion indistinctly edged with pale
gray or grayish white, or minutely freckled with the same; bill black,
the basal portion of mandible more brownish; iris dark brown; legs
and feet yellow.

Winter plumage.—Upper parts gray, sometimes nearly uniform
but usually shghtly broken, especially on scapulars and wing-coverts,
with transverse spots of dusky and whitish edging or dots along edges
of the feathers: head, neck, and chest nearly uniform light gray,
the chin, throat, and supraloral stripe white; otherwise as in summer.

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage, but the paler markings
on upper parts more or less tinged with dull ochraceous or pale brown
or dull clay color.

Adult male-—Wing, 149-163 (153.5); tail, 61-67 (62.8); exposed
culmen, 35-88 (36.4); tarsus, 45.5-55.5 (50); middle toe, 27-32 (28.8).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 149.5-157 (155.8); tail, 55-66 (63.2); ex-
posed culmen, 30-39 (35. Dy; tarsus, 46.5-52 (50.3); middle toe, 28-30
(28.9).°

Breeding from northern Quebec and southern Saskatchewan (for-
merly southward to Ontario County, New York, Cook County, Illi-
nois, and Heron Lake, Minnesota?) to southern Ungava, central
Keewatin, northern Mackenzie, and northwestern Alaska (Kotzebue
Sound and Kowak River); migrating southward over the whole of
United States (much less plentifully west of Rocky Mountains),
Middle America (including West Indies and Bermudas) and South
America to Chile (Santiago; Sacaya, Tarapacé; Huasco; Caracosa)
and Patagonia (Chupat Valley; Rio Sengel; Gregory Bay, Straits of
Magellan); wintering northward, at least occasionally, to Bahamas,

a Fifteen specimens. b Ten specimens.
Ex- :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | Posed | qarsus,| Middle
men.
MALES.
Six adult males from Atlantic coast United States (migrants)..) 151 62.2 36.4 48.9 28. 2
Six adult males from Mackenzie (breeding)................-.-- | 156.5 63.6 36.4 bry 29
Three adult males from Alaska (breeding)................-..-- | 155.1 63.5 36. 4 50. 8 29. 2
|
FEMALES, |
Four adult femalesfrom Atlantic coast United Satestmierantey 155 62.5 35.5 50. 5 29.1
Two adult females from Mackenzie (breeding)................- | 5S tle GO 36 49 29
One adult female from Alaska (breeding)....................-. | Pee OoenaOG 37 53 28. 5
Two adult femalesfrom Minnesota (1) and Iowa (1) (migrants)..) 155 64 33 49.5 29
|
|

Jes

: BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 339

southern Florida, and Mexico; accidental or casual in British
Islands (three records) and in Greenland; not yet recorded from
Galapagos Archipelago.

[Scolopaz] flavipes GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 11, 1789, 659 (New York; based on
Yellow-shank Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 1785, 468; Latham, Sync». Birds, iii,
pt. 1, 1785, 152).—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 723.—Tunrton, Syst. Nat.,
i, 1806, 395.

Scolopax flavipes Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 55, pl. 58, fig. 4.

S[colopax] flavipes Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 83 (crit.);
Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826 [165].

Totanus flavipes VierLLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 410.—Sasine, in
Franklin’s Journ. Polar Sea, i, 1823, 688.— Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii,
1826, 324; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 51.—LicHTENSTEIN, Preis. Verz.
Mex. V6g., 1830, 3; Journ. {tir Orn., 1863, 59 (reprint)—Swarnson and
RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 390.—LrEsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831,
552.—Nutratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 152 —Aupvu-
BON, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 573, pl. 288; v, 1839, 586; Synopsis, 1839, 243;
Birds Am. 8vo ed., v, 1842, 313, pl. 344.—Townsrenp (J. K.), Journ.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 156 (n. w. United States) —D’Orsieny,
in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 235——-PEaBopy, Rep. Orn.
Mass., 1839, 369.—GouLD, in Darwin’s Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iii, Birds, 1841,
129 (Montevideo; Rio de la Plata).—Grraup, Birds Long Island, 1844,
250.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Gralle, 1844, 100; List Brit. Birds,
1863, 157 —DeEnny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39.—Gossg, Birds Jamaica,
1847, 351—Hartiaus, Index Azara Apunt., 1847, 25 (Paraguay).—Jar-
DINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 84 (Bermudas, Aug.).—ReicHENBACH, Grallatores,
1850, pl. 75, fig. 582—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 10 (Bermudas,
Aug. to Sept.).—Casot, Naumannia, ii, 1852, 66 (Lake Superior).—Woop-
HOUSE, in Sitgreaves’ Rep. Expl. Zufi and Col., 1853, 99.—Hzenry, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci: Phila., vii, 1855, 315 (New Mexico).—PrarrTen, Trans. Ills.
Agric. Soc., 1855, 607 (Illinois)—Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii,
1856, 295 (Franklin Co., Indiana)—Moscuter, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 335
(Greenland).—CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 351 (Cuba).—BuRMEISTER,
Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 369; Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 261 (Mendoza and
Parana, Argentina); Reise La Plata-St., ii, 1861, 503—Yarre tt, Hist. Brit.
Birds, 3rd ed., ii, 1856, 637.—NrwBeErry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857,
98 (California; Oregon).—KNEELAND, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 238
(Keweenaw Point, Michigan).—Miwer, Zoologist, 1858, 5957 (England).—
Wiius, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 285 (Nova Scotia).—BLanp,
An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—Brewer, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—Rernuwarpt, Ibis, 1861, 11 (Green-

-land).—Guwnpbtacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 86 (Cuba; crit.) —ALBREcHT, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1862, 205 (Jamaica)—ScuiEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolo-
paces), 1864, 69 (Haiti; Surinam; Brazil) —Hoy, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for
1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri) —Ltoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 452 —Nrwron,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 166, pl. 15, fig. 5 (egg).—Bryanv, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 69 (Bahamas).—Franrztius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 377
(Costa Rica) —SuNDEVALL, Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockholm, 1869, 588
(St. Bartholomew), 602 (Porto Rico).—PELzELn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 309 (Ypa-
nema; Irisanga, Feb.; Caicara, Sept.; Barra do Rio Negro; Cajutuba).—
Ropp, Zoologist, vi, 1871, 2807 (Cornwall) —Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds,
1872, 137 (3 records).—Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 433; 2nd ed., 1882, no.
634; Birds Northwest, 1874, 497; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv,

340

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1878, 642 (Dakota and Montana).—Hernsuaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 11
(Ogden, Utah); Zool. Expl. West of 100th Merid., 1875, 459 (no localities
specified; less numerous than T. melanoleucus).—TaczaNnowskI, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1874, 560 (Chorillos and Lake Junin, centr. Peru); Orn. du Pérou,
iii, 1886, 367.—Brewster, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 146 (Ritchie Co.,
West Virginia).—BENpIRE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 141 (Camp
Harney, Oregon, abundant in migration).—Rer, Zoologist, 1877, 478 (Ber-
mudas, autumn).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 293.—ScLaTER and
Satyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 547 (Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia).—
Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ili, 1880, 200 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 549);
x, 1887, 578 (Swan Island, Caribbean Sea); xii, 1890, 137 (Gregory Bay.
Straits Magellan); Auk, viii, 1891, 337 (Watling Island, Bahamas), 338 (Rum
Cay); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 549.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880,
162; Auk, iii, 1886, 502 (Grand Cayman); iv, 1887, 317 (West Indian localities
and references); vii, 1890, 374 (Anegada); viii, 1891, 47 (St. Croix), 48 (St.
Christopher), 350 (Eleuthera Island, Bahamas); ix, 1892, 48 (Maragauna
Island, Bahamas), 49 (Inagua); Ibis, 1886, 502 (Grand Cayman); Birds West
Ind., 1889, 238; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 93.—Da.teLeisH, Bull. Nutt,
Orn. Club, v, 1880, 147 (3 records for British Isiands).—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt.

‘Orn. Club, v, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia).—BritrsH ORrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,

List Brit. Birds, 1883, 176.—Hartiavs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 279 (Alaska).—
SAUNDERS, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, ili, 1884, 480; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889,
599.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 273.—
Barrows, Auk, i, 1884, 315 (Azul, Concepcion, etc., Uruguay).—
Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 18 (Colorado).—Bercxuam, Auk, 11, 1885, 143 (Pueblo,
Colorado).—SrrBoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 136, pl. 32, fig. 8 (egg);
Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxiii, 364.—TurRNER, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., viii, 1885, 247 (Koksoak River, Labrador); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886,
148 (St. Michaels, rare; Fort Yukon; Nushagak River, June).—Satvin, Ibis,
1886, 180 (Bartica Grove and Camacusa, Brit. Guiana); 1889, 379 (Holbox
Island, Yucatan).—AMERICAN OrRNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886,
and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 255; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 120.—TownseEnp (C. H.), Auk,
iv, 1887, 12 (Kowak River, Alaska, breeding); Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885,(1887),
91 (Kowak River, breeding); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 163, 198 (Hum-
boldt Bay, n. Cal.).—Netson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 118 (Sitka,
Kadiak, St. Michaels, Nulato, Fort Reliance, etc.).—Dwiaut, Auk, iv, 1887,
16 (Cape Breton Island, Aug.).—WeE.ts, List Birds Grenada, 1886, 8; Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 628 (Grenada).—Brcxuam, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.,
ix, 1887, 637 (Bexar Co., Texas), 653 (Matamoros, Tamaulipas).—CHAPMAN,
Auk, v, 1888, 270 (Gainesville, Florida, March 5 to April 5).—Scorr, Auk,
vi, 1889, 158 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, migrant; Key West, July 16, 20, and
28); ix, 1892, 13 (Jamaica), 212 (Caloosahatchie River, Florida, rare winter
resident).—FEILDEN, Ibis, 1889, 490 (Barbados).—SciaTER and Hupson,
Argentine Orn., ii, 1889, 187.—CrarxeE (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1889, 321 (Fort
Churchill, Keewatin).—Bowoptsn, Auk, viii, 1891, 194 (Ontario Co., New
York, breeding!).—ScuHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 260 (Sitka, Alaska).—
OusTALET, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois., 1891, 297.—Hacerup, Birds Greenland,
1891, 55 (accidental).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, 137 (Tarapaca,
Chile); 1892, 500 (Anguilla, Lesser Antilles)—KeErr, Ibis, 1892, 151 (Rio
Pilcomayo, Argentina).—Ho.uanp, Ibis, 1892, 212 (Estancia Espartilla,
Argentina).—Brriepscy and SrouzMAnn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 400
(Chorillos, Peru); 1902, 52 (Ingapirca, Peru); Ornis, xiii, 1906, 132 (Puno,
Peru, Dec., March).—Atrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 232 (San Antonio, Texas,
migrant).—JAmMEs, New List Chilean Birds, 1892, 12.—Harrert, Ibis, 1893, -

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 341

308 (Aruba); Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 307 (Aruba).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 526 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).—Frerp, Auk, xi, 1894,
123 (Port Henderson, Jamaica).—CuHarMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894,
77 (Trinidad).—E.turor, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 119, pl. 37.—PoyntiNe,
Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. iv, 1896, 215, pl. 45.—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
| xxiv, 1896, 431, 759.—Korntaswa_p, Journ. fitr Orn., 1896, 395 (Sao Paulo,
; s. e. Brazil).—Laneg, Ibis, 1897, 311 (Huasco, Sacaya, and Caracosa, Chile,
breeding! ; habits)—HotmBere, Segundo censo Argentina, 1898, 569.—
InERinG, Revista Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 434 (SAo Sebastiao, Sao Paulo); iv,
1900, 164 (Cantogallo and Novo Fribourgo, Sio Paulo).—BrRLepscn and
Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 130 (Altagracia, Orinoco Valley, Jan.).—
SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 374.—Lowe, Ibis,
| 1907, 554 (Margarita I., Venezuela, March).—Harrert and VENTURI, Novit.
| Zool., xvi, 1909, 251 (Barracas al Sud, etc., Argentina, Jan., March, Nov.).—
Reiser, Denkschr. Mat.-Nat. K1.K.Ak. Wiss. Wien, Ixxvi, 1910, 94 (Lagoa Boca
da Catinga, n.e. Brazil).—Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 419 (Costa
Rica).—DaBBENE, Orn. Argentina, 1910, 219 (Chubut, Patagonia; Straits
Magellan; Cordoba; Quienta, Jujuy; Buenos Aires)—Granr (C. H. B.),
Ibis, 1911, 469 (Santa Rosa, Paraguay, Aug.; Los Inglesas and near Esquina,
Argentina, Nov. to Feb.; Porto Esperanc¢a, Brazil, Sept.).—Brrront, Fauna

ee ed

Parag., 1914, 39.—WermoreE, Bull. 326, U. 8S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 42 (Porto
f Rico in winter; food).—Barrscu, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxx, 1917, 132
f (Haiti).

4 T[otanus] flavipes Maxmi11an, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, ii, 1833, 723.—Tscuun1,
: Wiegmanhn’s Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. i, 1844, 312 (Peru).—Gray, Gen.
\ Birds, iii, 1846, 573.—CaBanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, 1ii,
t

1848, 757.—GamBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d.ser., 1, 1849, 223.—
Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 217 (Essex Co., Mass.).—MAxXIMILIAN,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 89 (descr., etc.).—TrRipre, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871,
119 (Minnesota).—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 384 (Illinois); Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 188.—Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 129, 163
(Cook Co., n. e. Illinois, a few breeding!) —NkrwtTon (A. and E.), Handb.
Jamaica, 1881, 116.—Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 638.—F REN-
zEL, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 126 (Cordoba, Argentina).

Tot{anus] flavipes MARTENS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 218 (Bermudas).

[ Totanus} flavipes PetzEwn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 457.—Gray, Hand-list, 111, 1871, 45,
no. 10274.—Covgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 259.—D’ Hamonvittp, Cat. Ois.
Eur., 1876, 52 (England).—Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886,
27.—Ber.eEpscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 126 (Paraguay).—Suarrr, Hand-list,
i, 1899, 160.—ForsBes and Rostinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 70.

Totanus flaripes [typog. error] NEuson, Cruise ‘Corwin? in 1881 (1883), 89 (mouth
of Yukon River, rare).

Gambetta flavipes Casstn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 732; Proc.

i Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xii, 1860, 195 (Cartagena, Colombia).—Bairp, Cat. N.

| Am. Birds, 1859, no. 540; Rep. U. 8S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859,

25 (Fort Brown, Texas).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 108

(New Mexico, Aug., Sept.).—Sciarer and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 229 (Duenas,

Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 592 (Mexiana Island, Brazil); 1868,

144 (Conchitas, Buenos Aires); 1873, 310 (Chamicuros, e. Peru)—NEwTON

(A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 257 (St. Croix).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1859, 393 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz); 1860, 290 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador);

1867, 339 (Chile); 1886, 404 (Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile); [bis, 1862, 277

(Europe).—Barnarp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 438 (Chester

Co., Pennsylvania) —Buakiston, Ibis, 1862, 9 (Saskatchewan); 1863, 133

ee

Se ae

342 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(Mackenzie River).—Boarpman, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 129
(Calais, Maine).—LAwreENcrE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 334 (Lion Hill,
Panama); viii, 1864, 100 (Sombrero); ix, 1869, 141 (San Jose, Costa Rica),
210 (Progreso, Yucatan); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 309 (Mazatlan,
Sinaloa); Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 47 (San Mateo, Oaxaca, Feb.).
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 197 (St. Vincent), 242 (Barbuda).—Marcu,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, 61 (Jamaica).—ALLEN, Proc. Essex
Inst., iv, 1864, 77 (Springfield, Massachusetts); Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 267 (near
Leavenworth, Kansas), 351 (near Colorado City, Colo.); Bull. Essex Inst.,
viii, 1876, 83 (Marajo, lower Amazon, Aug. 10-20); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
li, 1871, 356 (e. Florida, winter); iii, 1872, 182 (Lake Pass, Colorado, Aug.;
Ogden, Utah, Sept.); iii, 1876, 357 (Moho, Lake Titicaca).—DresseEr, Ibis,
1866, 38 (s. Texas)—McItwraritn, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 93 (Hamilton,
Ontario).—Gunp.acu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 354; Journ. fiir
Orn., 1875, 324 (Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 371 (Porto
Rico).—Covgs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 122 (South Carolina); Proc.
Essex Inst., v, 1868, 295 (New England); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxiii,
1871, 32 (Fort Macon, North Carolina).—Datt and BannisTER, Trans. Chicago
Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 292 (Fort Yukon; Nulato; Kadiak; Sitka) —Turnsvutt,
Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 41 (Phila. ed., 32)—Anssorr, Am. Nat.,
iv, 1870, 547 (New Jersey, breeding).—StEvrenson, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv.
Terr., 1870 (1871), 466 (Camp Reynolds, Camp Logan, Wyoming).—May-
NARD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 383 (Umbagog and Norway, Maine).—
MereiaM, Sixth An. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 (1873), 714 (Utah. )—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 446 (New England, migrant).—
DurnrorpD, Ibis, 1876, 164 (Buenos Aires); 1877, 43 (Chupat Valley, Pata-
gonia), 199 (Buenos Aires, migrant and resident); 1878, 404 (Rio Sengel,
centr. Patagonia).—Rem, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 238 (Bermudas,
frequent).—Berrtrpscn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 119 (Babahoyo, w.
Ecuador).

[Glottis (Gambetta)] flavipes GuNDuLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).

Glambetta] flavipes VerRitt, Proc. Essex Inst., 111, 1862, 152 (Lake Umbagog,
Maine; breeding?).—ParKER, Amer. Nat., v, 1871, 169 (Clinton Co., Iowa).

[Gambetta] flavipes Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 597.—LAWwRENCcE,
Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 294 (vicinity New York City).—ScuaTer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 145.—Gunopuacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 313
(Porto Rico); 1878, 161 (Porto Rico).

Heteroscelus flavipes Boucarp, Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 16.

[ Aegialodes] flavipes He1nr and RretcueNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 327.

Totanus natator VrerLot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 400.

Totanus fuscocapillus Virrtiot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 400 (Paraguay;
based on Chorlito pardo mayor Azara, Apunt. Parag., ili, 1803, 314).

Totanus stagnatilis (not of Bechstein) Gay, Faun. Chil., Zool., 1847, 422.

Genus TOTANUS Bechstein.

Totanus BECHSTEIN, Orn. Taschenb. Deutschl., ii, 1803, 282. (Type, by
tautonymy, 7. maculatus Bechstein=Scolopax totanus Linnzus.)

Carites® BItLBERG, Synop. Faunae Scand., i, pt. 2, 1828, tab. Aand p. 143. (New
name for Jotanus Bechstein; see Richmond, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxxv,
1908, 596.)

Gambetta (not of Koch, 1816) Kaup, Naturl. Syst., 1829, 54. (Type, Tringa
calidris Linnzeus=Scolopax totanus Linnus.)

@ Kapirns, eques; gallicum Chevalier. (Billberg.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3438

Aegialodes @ HEINE, in Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 327.
(New name for Gambetta Kaup, not Koch, on grounds of purism.)
Medium-sized Tringine (wing 144-160 mm.) with exposed culmen
nearly as long as tarsus, the latter a little more than one and a half
times as long as middle toe without claw, and with secondaries white.
Bill rather slender, straight, its depth at base equal to less than
one-seventh the length of exposed culmen, the latter nearly as long
as tarsus; nasal groove rather broad, extending halfway to tip
of maxilla; nostril basal (very nearly in contact with loral antia),
slit-like, overhung by a membrane. Wing rather long, pointed, the
longest primary (outermost) exceeding secondaries by about one-
fourth the length of wing. Tail much more than one-third as long
as wing, truncate; rectrices, 12. Tarsus nearly to quite one-third as
long as wing, scutellate anteriorly and posteriorly; bare portion of
tibia more than half the length of the tarsus, scutellate anteriorly
and posteriorly; a distinct web uniting basal phalanges of outer and
middle toes, and a much smaller web between inner and middle toes.
Ooloration.—Under parts, upper tail-coverts, and rump mostly
white; secondaries white and proximal primaries broadly tipped with
white.
Range.—Palearctic Region. (Monotypic.)

TOTANUS TOTANUS (Linnnzus).

RED-SHANKE.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Above grayish brown (between
light hair brown and drab), the pileum and hindneck streaked with
blackish, the back and scapulars streaked or irregularly marbled
with the same, the markings assuming a more transverse form (often
that of regular bars) on posterior scapulars and tertials; smaller
wing-coverts mostly grayish brown, like back, etc., indistinctly
margined with paler, the middle and greater coverts similar but
usually more or less barred with dusky and whitish; secondaries with
terminal half (approximately) white, sometimes with a few concealed
dusky bars, the basal portion barred with dusky and white or
brownish gray; alule, primary coverts, and longer (distal) primaries
dusky or dull black, the innermost (proximal) primaries extensively
white distally, irregularly barred or vermiculated with dusky; shaft
of outermost primary white, of the others dusky; lower back and
rump white, sometimes nearly immaculate but usually sparsely
flecked, at least beneath the surface, with grayish or dusky; upper
tail-coverts and tail white, barred with dusky, the middle pair of
rectrices more or less tinged with brownish gray; an orbital ring
of dull white, interrupted at anterior angle of eye; sides of head and

@ Aiycadwéns, found on or near the shore. (Richmond.)

344 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

neck white more or less tinged or suffused-with pale brownish gray,
narrowly but distinctly streaked with dusky, the loral region with
dusky predominating, at least anteriorly and next to eye; sometimes
nearly uniform dusky; chin, throat, foreneck, and remaining under
parts white, the chin and throat longitudinally flecked, the foreneck
broadly streaked, the chest and breast (sometimes upper abdomen
also) longitudinally spotted with dusky, the sides, flanks, and under
tail-coverts irregularly barred with the same; lower abdomen and
anal region sometimes nearly immaculate white, but usual!y more or
less distinctly spotted or flecked with dusky; axillars and under
wing-coverts white, more or less barred, irregularly and narrowly,
with dusky but sometimes nearly immaculate except the coverts near
‘dge of wing; bill dusky terminally, reddish or brownish basally,
especially on mandible; iris dark brown; legs and feet pale brownish
(orange-red in life).

Winter plumage.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, and tertials
plain brownish gray, or with the blackish markings of the summer
plumage very slightly indicated, the posterior scapulars, ete., some-
times narrowly margined with white terminally; under parts with
much fewer dusky markings, the chin, throat, breast, abdomen, and
anal region mostly (sometimes wholly) immaculate white, the fore-
neck and chest narrowly streaked with dusky or grayish; otherwise
as in summer.

Young.—Somewhat like winter adults, but general color of upper
parts darker, the pileum and nape streaked with dusky, the scapulars
and interscapulars rather broadly margined with pale brownish
buffy, the wing-coverts margined and spotted with buffy and whitish.

Downy young.—‘‘Reddish above, longitudinally streaked with
black; the sides of the crown and sides of the face buff, with a black line
through the eye; the center of the crown rufous, with a median line
of black, the nape and hindneck for the most part black; down the
back a central line of black, mesially mottled with buff,and on each
side of the back a broad line of pale buff intersected by a line of
black.” 4

Adult male.—Wing, 148-159 (152.9); tail, 62.5-69 (65); exposed
culmen, 39.5-46.5 (42.7); tarsus, 45-51 (47.6); middle toe, 28-30
(28.7).°

Adult female.—Wing, 144-160 (153); tail, 57-63 (62.7); exposed
culmen, 39-45 (42.1); tarsus, 43-51 (46.8); middle toe, 26.5-28.5
OVE AM

Breeding throughout Europe (including Iceland), and eastward
to eastern Siberia; migrating southward to southern Africa, India,
Burma, and Malay Archipelago (Borneo; Java; Celebes; Sumatra;

a Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 418, 419.
6 Ten specimens, from Europe. cSeven specimens, from Europe.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 345

Ceylon), Philippines, Formosa, etc.; accidental in eastern Greenland
(Kililtorajivit on Angmagsalik Fjord) and on western shore of Hud-
son Bay ?

[Scolopaz] totanus LInNxUus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1 1758, 145 (Sweden).—LarHam,
Index Orn., 11, 1790, 721 (England).

Scolopax totanus VirrLot, Nouy. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., ii, 1816, 247, 248.

Totanus totanus Cours, Auk, xiv, April, 1897, 212 (Hudson Bay, fide Swain-
son.)—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommirTreE, Auk, xvi, 1899, 128;
xxix, 1912, 381 (causal in Greenland); Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 371.—Gron-
BERGER, Auk, xxix, 1912, 110 (Kilitorajivit, Anmagsalig Fjord, Greenland).

[Scolopaz] calidris Lisnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 245 (Sweden).—GMELIn,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 664—Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 722 (Europe;
America).—Scolopax calidris TEMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 170.

Totanus calidris BEcusTEIN, Orn. Taschenb., ii, 1803, 284.—TemMincK, Man.
d’Orn., 1815, 415; ii, 1820, 643.—Leracu, Svst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816,
31.—Vtiert1LoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 404.—Nimsson, Orn. Suec.,
ii, 1821, 62.—Rovux, Orn. Prov., 1825, pl. 294—WERNER, Atlas, Grall., 1827,
pl. 22.— Fiera, Brit. Anim., 1828, 102.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 552.—
BreHM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 637—Swarnson and RicHarpson, Fauna
Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 391 (Hudson Bay). —Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can.,
Water Birds, 1834, 155 (Hudson Bay).—Naumann, V6g. Deutschl., viii, 1836,
95, pl. 199.—Goutp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, 310; Birds Great Brit., iv, 1871,
pl. 54 and text.—BonaparteE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 51—Srtys-
Lonecuamrs, Faune Belge, 1842, 128—Mitute, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl.,
1844, 100.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Grall., 1844, 100; Cat. Mam., etc,
Nepal pres. Hodgson, 1846, 139; Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 158 —Hrwrirson, Eggs
Brit. Birds, ii, 1846, 289, pl. 80.—Btyru, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc., 1849,
266.—REICHENBACH, Handb., Grallatores, 1850, pl. 75, figs. 580, 581.—THomp-
son, Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 202.—Mrppenporrr, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851,
205 (Okotsk, Aug.).—KJAERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1851, pl. 36, fig. 5.—
Macerutvray, Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 333.—Scuiecen, Vog. Nederl., 1854, pls.
243, 244; Mus. Pays-Bas, v (Scolopaces), 1864, 65 (Borneo; Java; Celebes).—
Hartiaus, Orn. W.-Afr., 1857, 234 (Ashanti).—Sunprvatt, Sv. Fogl.,
1860, pl. 40, figs. 3, 4.—LinDERMAYER, V6g. Griechenl., 1860, 138.—SwinHOoE,
Ibis, 1861, 363 (n. China, Aug. to Dec.); 1862, 254 (Foochow, China); 1863, 407
(Formosa, Sept.); 1865, 347 (Takow, China); 1870, 364 (Hainan); Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1862, 320 (Tientsin, China).—NrwrTon, in Baring-Gould’s Ice-
land, 1863, 412.—Rappks, Reis. Sibir., Vég.,1863, 328 (Lake Baikal, Aug.,
Sept.).—Jerpon, Birds India, iii, 1864, 702.— PeLzEexn, Reis. ‘Novara,’ Vég.,
1865, 126 (Nicobar Islands).—Fiurepr, Viagg. Persia, 1865, 251—Layarp,
Birds S. Afr., 1867, 324.—DrGLAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 218.—
Cou.etT, Norges Fuglef., 1868, 55; ed, 1881, 102.—Bianrorp, Geol. and Zool.
Abyssinia, 1870, 433 (Red Sea, Jan.).—Frirscn, Vég. Eur., 1870, pl. 34, figs.
4, 6.—Satvapor!, Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871, 220; Ucc. Born., 1874, 328; Elenco
Uce. Ital., 1886, 226; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, 587 (Olga Bay, Korea).—
SaunpeErs, Ibis, 1871, 387 (Andalusia, Spain, breeding); ed. Yarrell’s Brit.
Birds, iii, 1883, 469; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 601.—Snetiry, Birds Egypt,
1872, 255.—GurNeEy, in Andersson’s Birds Damara-Land, 1872, 300 (Lake
N’gami).— SHARPE, Ibis, 1872, 74 (Nagua River and Ashantee, w. Africa);
ed. Layard’s Birds S. Africa, 1884, 688; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 414,
758.—WALDEN, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., viii, 1872, 97 (Celebes).—HEvGLIN,
Orn. N. O.-Afr., ii, pt. 1, 1873, 1165 —Patmen, Finl. Fogl., 1873, 150.—
SEvERTzOW, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873, 69.—Dresserr, Birds Europe, viii, 1875,

346 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

157, pl. 568, fig. 1, pl. 569, fig. 2—BLanrorp, East. Persia, ii, 1876, 285.—
Davin and Ovustatet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 464.—Lrcax, Birds Ceylon, 1880,
852.—Bocaees, Orn. Angola, 1881, 466.—BuLaxktsTon and Prrerr, Birds Japan,
1882, 109.—SrEBoum, Ibis, 1883, 30 (Caucasus, breeding); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii,
1885, 140, pl. 32, figs. 1-3 (eggs); Geog. Dist. Charadriidz, 1888, 353; Birds
Japan. Emp., 1890, 320.—Oavtes, Handb. Birds Brit. Burma, 1i, 1883, 404.—
British OrnitHouoaists’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 176.—Gure.ro1r,
Icon. Avif. Ital., 1886, no. 295; Avif. Ital., 1886, 397, Avif. Ital., 1st Resoc.,
1889, 632; 2d Resoc., 1890, 662; 3rd Resoc., 1891, 517.— Rappz, Orn. Caucas.,
1884, 45, 432 (Tiflis, breeding at 6,300 ft.).—BoapaNow, Consp. Av. Imp. Ross.
1884, 96.—TristTRAM, Flora and Fauna Palestine, 1884, 134.—HARvIE-
Brown and Buck ey, Vertebr. Fauna Caithness, 1887, 223; Vertebr. Fauna
Outer Hebrides, 1888, 135; Vertebr. Fauna Argyle and Inner Hebrides, 1892,
181.—ReEIcHENow, Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 47.—Frivaupsky, Avif.
Hung., 1891, 140—Bucktry and Harvise-Brown, Vertebr. Fauna Orkney
Isl., 1891, 219.—GArTKE, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 507.—Poyntine, Eggs
Brit. Birds, pt. ii, 1895, 217, pl. 46.—Prarson, Ibis, 1896, 212 (Russian
Lapland; descr. eggs).—Roruscuritp, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 161 (Anklan,
Russian Turkestan).—Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 218 (Deli, Sumatra).—
HENNINGER, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 492 (e. Greenland). 5

T{otanus] calidris KeysERLING and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixxii, 211.

[ Totanus] calidris Gray, Hand-list, iti, 1871, 45, no. 10272.—Suarpr, Hand-list, i,
1899, 160.

Gambetta calidris Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 54.—Tristram, Ibis, 1860, 80 (Al-
geria).—Locue, Expl. Sci. Algér, Ois., 1867, 321.

Tringa calidris ApAMs, Ibis, 1864, 33 (Alexandria, Egypt, Feb.).—Wricur, Ibis,
1864, 146 (Malta, Sept.-April).

[Aegialodes] calidris HEINE and RreicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 327.

[Tringa] striata Linnavs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 248 (Europe).—GmeEtin,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 672.

Totanus striatus Brenm, Vo6g. Deutschl., 1831, 637.

Totanus littoralis BrrnM, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 636.

Totanus graecus BreuM, Vogelf., 1855, 312.

Totanus meridionalis Breum, Vogeliang, 1855, 312 (Central Africa); Naumannia,
1855, 292.

Totanus fuscus (not of Leisler) SwinHOE, Ibis, 1866, 295 (Formosa).

Genus RHYACOPHILUS Kaup.

Rhyacophilus Kaur Naturl. Syst., 1829, 140. (Type, Tringa glareola Linneeus.)

Small Tringine (wing 115-126 mm.) closely resembling Tringa but
bill relatively shorter (exposed culmen much shorter than tarsus),
nasal groove broader, and metasternum 4-notched.

Bill straight and slender, its depth at base equal to about one-
eighth the length of exposed culmen, the latter about three-fourths
as long as tarsus, or a little more; nasal groove broad, extending about
halfway to tip of maxilla; wing rather long, the longest primary (outer-
most) exceeding distal secondaries by less than half the length of
wing; tips of longest tertials reaching nearly to tip of longest primary.
Tail between one-third and one-half as long as wing, truncate or nearly
so, but middle pair of rectrices slightly but abruptly longer than the
rest; rectrices 12. Tarsus about one and a half times as long as middle

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 847

toe without claw, decidedly less than one-third as long as wing, scu-
tellate anteriorly and posteriorly; bare portion of tibia about as
long as lateral toes, scutellate before and behind; outer toe slightly
longer than inner toe, both decidedly shorter than middle toe; a very
small web between basal phalanges of outer and middle toes, but
none between inner and middle toes.

Ooloration.—Under parts and upper tail-coverts mostly white;
upper parts grayish brown, in summer blotched with blackish and
speckled with whitish, the young speckled with brownish or rusty
white only; head and neck streaked with grayish white and dusky;
tail barred with dark grayish brown and white.

Range.—Palearctic Region (casual in Alaska). (Monotypic.)

RHYACOPHILUS GLAREOLA (Linnzus).
WOOD SANDPIPER.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Pileum dusky, streaked with
grayish white; hindneck grayish white (usually shaded with brownish
gray along median line), narrowly streaked with dusky; back and
scapulars brownish gray irregularly spotted (for the most part trans-
versely) with blackish and with less numerous, mostly transverse or
triangular, spots of dull whitish; rump darker brownish gray, the
feathers narrowly margined with white; lesser wing-coverts nearly
uniform dusky brownish gray, the middle coverts similar but with
larger dusky and smaller dull whitish or pale grayish irregular spots,
especially on proximal coverts; greater coverts and secondaries
dusky brownish gray, very narrowly (sometimes indistinctly) edged
with whitish; tertials brownish gray, broadly barred with blackish,
the grayish interspaces becoming whitish on edges of feathers; alula,
primary coverts, and primaries dull blackish or dusky, the shaft of
outermost primary white; upper tail-coverts white, mostlyimmaculate,
but the longer ones with a few dusky streaks, spots, or bars; tail
barred with white and dusky, the former predominating on lateral
rectrices, the latter on middle ones; a broad white supraloral stripe or
spot, and beneath this a dusky loral streak, distinct and unbroken
anteriorly; sides of head beneath eyes white or grayish white, nar-
rowly streaked with dusky; chin and throat immaculate white; fore-
neck white narrowly streaked with dusky; chest white to pale
brownish gray (usually more grayish laterally), spotted and barred
with dusky (less so on post-median portion); rest of under parts
white, the sides (sometimes flanks also) irregularly barred with
dusky brownish gray, the under tail-coverts with irregular bars or
other markings of the same; axillars and under wing-coverts white,
the former with irregular narrow bars, the latter with variously
shaped markings of brownish gray; bill black, becoming more
brownish (olive in life) basally; iris dark brown; legs and feet

348 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

dusky brownish (olive-greenish, grayish olive or grayish green in‘
life).

Winter plumage.—Pileum, hindneck, back, scapulars, and wing-
coverts nearly uniform brownish gray, the upper parts without dis-
tinct, if any, blackish spots; foreneck and chest very pale brownish
gray (usually white or nearly so medially) indistinctly streaked with
brownish gray; otherwise essentially as in summer.

Y oung.— Differs from the adults in being closely spotted on the
upper surface, but the spots are more or less rufescent; the lower
throat and chest are ashy as in the winter plumage of the adults, but
the dusky-brown stripes are very distinct and are also visible on the
sides of the body; the axillaries are pure white, or with the merest
trace of frecklings of brown.” 4

Downy young.—Forehead, sides of head and neck (including a
broad superciliary stripe) and under parts dull grayish white or
brownish white, more or less tinged, especially on head, with pale
brownish gray; a sharply defined narrow loral streak of black,
extending from bill to eye; a postocular streak of black, narrow
anteriorly, much broader posteriorly; forehead with a median
narrow stripe of mixed black and brownish gray; crown sooty blackish
laterally (broadly), light grayish brown medially; occiput sooty
blackish laterally, with a pair of oblique spots of pale buffy grayish,
the black extending as a stripe down median portion of nape and
hindneck; general color of upper parts sooty black or dark sooty
brown, slightly intermixed with light buffy brown or drab, the rump
with a median rather broad stripe of sooty black and two lateral
narrow stripes of pale grayish buff or dull buffy whitish.

Adult male-—Wing, 115-123.5 (118.8); tail, 43.5-51 (46.8); ex-
posed culmen, 25-32 (28.1); tarsus, 33-41 (36.6); middle toe,
25-28 (26.8).°

Adult female.—Wing, 117-125.5 (120.4); tail, 47-53.5 (49.6); ex-
posed culmen, 28-30.5 (29.2); tarsus, 35-41 (37.6); middle toe,
25.5-32 (28.2).°

a Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 495. +6 Ten specimens.
¢ Eleven specimens.
Ex-
oa 7 . posed Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | ayy. | Tarsus.| “toe.
men.
MALES.
Four adult males from Europe (one from Aldabra Island)...... 119 46.1 26. 8 35 26.4
Six adult males from eastern and southwestern Asia........... 118.7 47.3 28.7 37.7 27.1
FEMALES.
Twoadult femalesfrom Hurope.. 2.6... 46 ao scien eee eee 120. 2 47.5 29.5 37 26.2
Eight adult females from eastern Asia.......................-. 120. 4 50. 2 29 37.8 28. 2
One adult female from Alaska (Sanak Island, Aleutian chain) .| 120.6 48.5 29.7 37.1 32

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 349

Breeding in northern Europe and Asia, from the Faroe Islands to
the Commander Islands, Kamchatka, in Siberia at least as far north-
ward as Lat. 70° N.; migrating southward over whole of Europe,
Africa, and Asia, to Cape Colony, southern Arabia, India, Burma,
Malay Peninsula and Malay Archipelago, Philippine Islands, Formosa,
Ceylon, Borneo, etc., and even to Australia; accidental in Alaska
(Sanak Island, Aleutian chain, May 27, 1894).

[Tringa] glareola Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 149 (Sweden).—Gmetr,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 677.—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 730.

Tringa glareola Meyer and Wo tr, Taschenb., ii, 1810, 387.—Mryrr, Vég. Liv-u.
Esthl., 1815, 203.—Yarretu, Hist. Brit. Birds, 1, 1843, 534.—THayrer and
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 19 (Nijni Kolymsk, e. Siberia,
breeding; crit.); Auk, xxxiii, 1916, 45 (Saghalin Island, May).—Maruews,
Birds Australia, ii, 1913, pl. [156] facing p. 230.—Brooxs (W. S8.), Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 380 (Copper Island, May 24).

| Tringa ocrophus] 8. Linnsus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 250.

Totanus glareola TeMMINck, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 421; ii, 1820, 654.—Viertot, Nouv.
Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 398 —Lzacn, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus.,
1816, 31.—Born, Isis, 1822, 560—WerneEr, Atlas, Grallatores, 1827, pl. 22.—
Fiemine, Brit. Anim., 1828, 103.—Lxrsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 552.—
JENyNS, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 198 —Naumann, Voég. Deutschl., viii,
1836, 78, pl. 198.—Gou tp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 315, fig. 1, and text; Birds

- Great Brit., iv, 1868, pl. 57 and text—BonapartE, Geog. and Comp. List,
1838, 51—NorpDMANN, in Démid., Voy. Russ. Mérid., iii, 1840, 244 (Odessa,
April).—Srtys-Lonecuamps, Faune Belge, 1842, 127.—Mitinun, Beitr. Orn.
Griechenl., 1844, 100.—Scutraet, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. xciii; Vog. Nederl.,
1854, pl. 246; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, pl. 25, fig. 9; Mus. Pays-Bas, v,
no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 71 (France; Cape Good Hope, June; China; Philip-
pines; Java; Borneo; Celebes).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Gralle,
1844, 100; Cat. Mam., etc. Nepal pres. Hodgson, 1846, 139; List Brit. Birds,
1863, 159.—YarRRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, 2nd ed., ii, 1845, 601; 3rd ed., ii,
1856, 648.—TEm™inck and ScuieGeL, Fauna Japonica, Aves, 1849, 110.—
REICHENBACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 74, figs. 587, 588.—THompson, Birds
Treland, ii, 1850, 210—MrppEenporrr, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 215.—
KJAERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1851, pl. 36, fig. 1—Macermuivray, Brit.
Birds, iv, 1852, 346.—SrrickLaANp and Scrater, Contr. Orn., 1852, 159
(Damara-land)—Hervaun, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 62; Ibis, 1859, 347 (Massawa);
Orn. N. O.-Afrika, ii, Abth. i, 1873, 1163.—Harttavus, Orn. West Afrika,
1857, 234 (Casamanse; Gaboon); Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 271 (Casamanse;
Gaboon).—Gritt, Zool. Anteckn., 1859, 11, 53 (Karoo, Dec. to Feb.).—
GurRNEY, Ibis, 1859, 248 (Natal); 1871, 299 (Algeria); in Andersson’s Birds
Damara-land, 1872, 302.—SuNpDEVALL, Svensk Fogl., 1859, pl. 41, fig. 2.—
ScHrENCK, Reis. Amurl., 1859, 416.—LinpERMAYER, V6g. Griechen]l, 1860,
139.— SwInuHOok, Ibis, 1860, 66 (Amoy); 1861, 343 (Takow and Peking, Aug.
to Dec.); 1863, 407 (Formosa); 1874, 163 (Hakodate, May); 1870, 363 (Hainan);
1875, 453 (Hakodate); 1882, 121 (Afghanistan); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863,
311 (s. China, Sept. and Oct.); 1871, 406 (China).—Tristram, Ibis, 1860,
80 (Algeria); Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 134.—Powys, Ibis, 1860, 344
(Ionian Islands).—Ravpe, Reis. Sibir., ii, Vég., 1863, 329; Orn. Caucas.,
1884, 45, 433 (breeding at 7,000 ft.) —Wriaut, Ibis, 1864, 146 (Malta, March
to July, Sept.)—Fiirrr, Viagg. Persia, 1865, 351—Morg, Ibis, 1865, 435
(Northumberland).—Per.zetn, Reis. ‘Novara,’ Végel, 1865, 131, 162 (Borneo)

~

oO

0

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Ibis, 1868, 321 (Lake Gyagar); Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi, 1881, 155 (Lado,
Feb.) —Deratanp and GerBe, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 223.—Wurrety, Ibis,
1867, 205 (Hakodate) —Layarp, Birds South Africa, 1867, 326 (Zoetendals
Vley, Nov.).—Dysowsk1 and Parvex, Journ. fir Orn., 1868, 337 (Darasun,
Dauria).—DrakeE, Ibis, 1869, 154 (Morocco)—Drostr, Vogelw. Borkum,
1869, 189.—StrEvEeNnson, Birds Norfolk, ii, 1870, 226—Frirscu, Vég. Eur.,
1870, pl. 38, fig. 5—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 423 (e. Siberia).—
Finscu and Hartiaus, Vog. Ostafrika, 1870, 750.—Satvaport, Faun. Ital.,
Ucc., 1871, 219; Ucc. Borneo, 1874, 327 (Sarawak); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, 80(Ternate); Voy. ‘Challenger,’ Zool., 1i, Birds, 1881, 61 (Ternate); Orn.
Papuasia, etc., lii, 1882, 323; Elenco Ucc. Ital., 1886, 225.—Gray (R)., Birds
West Scotland, 1871, 294—Saunpesrs, Ibis, 1871, 387 (Spain, April, May)
ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, 11, 1884, 463; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 593.—-SHELLEy,
Birds Egypt, 1872, 259; Ibis, 1875, 86 (Durban); 1882, 366 (Mashoona-land, °
Feb.); 1894, 27 (Lake Shirwa), 476 (Palombi River, Oct.) —Hartine, Handb.
Brit. Birds, 1872, 47.—FrmpeEn, Zoologist, 1872, 3249 (Faroe Islands).—
PautMEN, Finl. Fogl., 1873, 155; Vega-Exped., Vogelf., 1887, pl. 3 —SEvVERi-
zov, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873, 69 (breeding); Ibis, 1883, 74 (Alai and Pamir
Mountains, breeding).—Atston and Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1873, 67 (Arch-
angel, Russia, breeding)—Brooxg, Ibis, 1873, 338 (Sardinia, April)—
Hume, Stray Feath., i, 1873. 421 (Acheen, Sumatra); ii, 1874, 298 (Andaman
Islands); iii, 1875, 183 (Pegu).—Taczanowsk1, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873,
102 (e. Siberia); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876, 251 (e. Siberia); vii,
1883, 339 (Kamchatka ); Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 54; Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1888, 457 (Seoul, Korea, Sept., Oct.)—CorprEavx, Ibis, 1875, 180
(Helgoland).—DanrortH and Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, 421 (Transyl-
vania).—IrBy, Orn. Straits Gibraltar, 1875, 167 (April, May), 2nd ed., 1895,
285; Key List Brit. Birds, 1888, 49 —Fation, Ois. Belg., 1875, 174.—SEE-
BoHM and Harvise-Brown, Ibis, 1876, 291 (lower Petchora River, Russia,
May).—BLANnForpD, East. Persia, ii, 1876, 285.—DresseEr, Birds Europe, viii,
1877, 143, pl. 565.—Davip and OustTaLet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 464.—Frnscu,
Ibis, 1877, 58 (Ob River, Siberia, July); Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix, 1879,
250 (Schtutschja, Siberia, July).—RericHenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1877, 12
(Loango coast); 1889, 267 (Quilimane); 1902, 12 (Togoland); 1892, 9 (Uganda);
Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 48; Vég. Deutsch Ost-Afrika, 1894, 41
(Usega; Ugalla).—Twrrppate, Ibis, 1877, 504 (Sumatra); Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1877, 703 (Luzon, Philippines); 1878, 711 (Bohol).—ANpgERson, Rep.
Zool. Exped. West Yunnan, 1878, 678.—HumeE and Davison, Stray Feath.,
vi, 1878, 462, 521 (Tenasserim).—PryEVALSKY, Rowley’s Orn. Misc., iii, 1878,
88 (s. e. Mongolia).—Avyrgs, Ibis, 1878, 301, and 1886, 293 (Potchefstroom).—
BLAKIsToN and Pryegr, Ibis, 1878, 320 (Yezo); Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, vii,
1880, 194 (Yezo; Kuril Islands); x, 1882, 110 (Yezo; Kuril Islands).—Boe-
DANOW, Birds Caucas., 1879, 157.—SrEBoum, Ibis, 1879, 152 (Siberia, to
lat. 69° N.); 1882, 223 (Astrakhan, spring and fall, a few breeding), 381
(Archangel, Russia, summer); 1883, 30 (Caucasus, fall migrant); 1892, 24
(Helgoland); Hist. Brit. Birds, i1i1, 1885, 133; Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887,
pp. xxili, 365, figs.; Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 324.—Snarpe, Ibis, 1879,
271 (Limbedan; Moara Island); 1886, 167 (Muscat, Arabia); 1888, 283 (Pala-
wan); 1890, 144, 285 (Labuan, Aug.; Benkoka, Nov.); 1892, 545 (Machakos);
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 351 (Labuan Island, Borneo); in Oates’s Matabele
Land, App. B, 1881, 225 (Inyati, Sept.); ed. Layard’s Birds South Africa,
1884, 690.—RosENBERG, Malay Archip., 1878-79, 278, 373 (Goram).—LEGGE,
Birds Ceylon, 1880, 857.—BocaGcr, Orn. Angola, 1881, 467 (Chinchonxo;
Rio Coroca; Caconda).—Bipputpn, Ibis, 1881, 96 (Gilgit, April); 1882, 228
(Gilgit, Aug.).—Scutty, Ibis, 1881, 589 (Gilgit, spring and fall).—Cotert,

eee ee

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 851

Norges Fuglef., 1881, 103.—Kertuam, Ibis, 1882, 17 (Perak).—Britisu Or-
NITHOLOGISTS’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 175.—Buasrus, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1883, 113 (Celebes); Ornis, vol. 4, 1888, 320 (Palawan, Philip-
pines).—STEJNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 71 (Commander Islands);
x, 1887, 133 (Bering Island, breeding); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 130
(Bering Island, Kamchatka, breeding; e. Asiatic references; measurements,
etc.).—Gieuioll, Iconogr. Avif. Ital., no. 293, 1882-83; Avif. Ital., 1888, 395;
Avif. Ital., Ist Resoc., 1889, 559; 2nd Resoc., 1890, 662; 3rd Resoc., 1891,
517.—Oates, Handb. Birds Brit. Burma, ii, 1883, 401.—BuLaxisron,
Amended List Birds Japan, 1884, 11.—Boepanow, Consp. Av. Imp. Ross.,
1884, 97.—Fiscuer, Journ. fiir Orn. 1885, 116 (Usegua).—Wautreneap, Ibis,
1885, 43 (Corsica, April, May); 1890, 59 (Palawan, July 30).—Cuapman, Ibis,
1885, 164 (Lapland).—Harrerr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1886, 608 (River Niger);
Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 218 (Deli, Sumatra); Ibis, 1904, 421 (mouth of Lena
River, Siberia).—Tarr, Ibis, 1887, 392 (Portugal, Nov.).—Koenia, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1888, 282 (Tunis, Algeria); 1890, 457 (Canary Islands); 1893, 93
(Tunis).—Btrrixorer, Notes Leyden Mus., x, 1888, 244 (Umbella River,
Congo, Dec.).—Sr. Joun, Ibis, 1889, 177 (s. Afghanistan; Kelat).—Limrorp,
Ibis, 1889, 341 (Cyprus, May).—Everert, Journ. Straits Branch Asiat. Soc.,
1889, 208 (Borneo; Palawan).—Frivatpsky, Av. Hungar., 1891, 141.—
StyAN, Ibis, 1891, 331, 507 (lower Yangtse River, China); 1893, 437 (Hai-
nan).—GATKE, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 510.—MaparAsz, Erlaiut. Ausst.
Ungar. Vogelf., 1891, 109.—RENnpaLL, Ibis, 1892, 229 (Gambia, Nov.).—
De ta Toucue, Ibis, 1892, 500 (Foochow and Swatow, China).—MraprE-
Watpo, Ibis, 1893, 205 (Canary Islands).—Rertser, Orn. Balcanica, 1895,
167.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1895, 527 (Aldabra Island,
Dec.).—Poyntina, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. iv, 1896, 203, pl. 43.—Lirrtesoun,
Condor, iv, 1904, 1388 (Sanak Island, Aleutian group, Alaska, 1 spec., May 27,
1894).

T\otanus| glareola KEYSERLING and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixxii, 211.—
Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 573.—Rmpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 166.

Tot[anus| glareola Droste, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 344 (Faroe Islands).

*[Totanus] glareola Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 44, no. 10268.—TaczaANowskI,

Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 336 (e. Siberia).

Totanus glareolus ViettLot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 398.

Rhyacophilus glareola Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 140.—Batt, Stray Feath., ii,
1874, 431 (Chota Nagpur).—Wa.peNn, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1875,
233, 252 (Philippines).—HvmgE, Stray Feath., v. 1877, 44 (Cachar); vii, 1878,
303 (Calcutta); viii, 1879, 70 (Malacca; Pulo Seban; Nealys); xi, 1888, 324
(Manipur).—TweeEppaLg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 703 (Luzon, Philip-
pines).—Crires, Stray Feath., vii, 1878, 303 (Faridpur, India).—BuTLer,
Cat. Birds Sind, etc., 1879, 64; Cat. Birds Bombay Pres., 1880, 77.—Vimat,
Stray Feath., ix, 1880, 86(s. Konkan).—Bineuam, Stray Feath., ix, 1880, 179
(Thoungyean Valley).—Retrp, Stray Feath., x, 1881, 70 (Lucknow).—
Davipnson, Stray Feath., x, 1882, 321 (Khandeish).—Davison, Stray Feath.,
x, 1883, 414 (Nilghiris)—Swinnor and Barngs, Ibis, 1885, 134 (Mhoa
district).—SHarpPx, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 491, 764.—BoNHOTE,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, 80 (Patelung and Tringganu, Malay Penin-
sula)—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 239 (Gichiga, n. e. Siberia,
breeding; habits; song)—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE,
Auk, xxv, 1908, 346; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 121.

R{hyacophilus| glareola Batrp, BREweR, and Rinaway, Water Birds N. Am.,
i, 1884, 278. {

[Rhyacophilus] glareola SHarPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 162.

Rhyacophilus glareolus Mtuter, Journ. fiir Orn., 1882, 435 (Salanga Island, Siam).

352 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Actitis glareola Buytu, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1849, 267 (Calcutta).—
IrBy, Ibis, 1861, 240 (Kumaon).—Jerpvon, Birds India, ili, 1864, 697.—
Gopwin-AUSsTEN, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix, 1870, 273 (Khasia
Hills).—Buanrorp, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xl, 276 (Wardha Valley).—
WALDEN, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., viii, 1872, 96 (Gorontalo); Ibis, 1873, 317
(Andaman Islands).—Hotpswortu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 474
(Ceylon).—Batt, Stray Feath., i, 1873, 85 (Andaman Islands, May); vii,
1878, 228 (Ganges to Godaveri).—Btyta and WaupeNn, Birds Burma, 1875,
155.—BuTLerR, Stray Feath., iv, 1876, 17 (Guzerat)—FatrBanks, Stray
Feath., iv, 1876, 263 (Ahmednuggur).—ARMSTRONG, Stray Feath., iv, 1876,
344 (Elephant Point).—BurT.eErR, Stray Feath., v. 1877, 233 (Deesa, Aug. to
May).—Davipson and WENDEN, Stray Feath., vii, 1878, 89 (Deccan).—
Meyer, Ibis, 1879, 143 (Menado, March; Limbotto, July).—MarsHatt,
Ibis, 1884, 423 (Chamba).—Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, 1884, 253.—
McGrecor, Stray Feath., x, 1887, 466 (Mysore).

[Rhynchophilus] glareola Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 597.—LocuE,
Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., i1, 1867, 325.

Tringa grallatoris® Montaau, Orn. Dict., Suppl., 1818, App., p. 8 (coast of
s. Devon, August).

Totanus grallatoris STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, 1824, 148.

Trynga littorea (not Tringa littorea Linnzeus) Pauuas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat., 1, 1826,
195.

Totanus affinis Horsrietp, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii, 1821, 191 (Java; type now
in coll. Brit. Mus.)—Gray and Harpwicxg, Illustr. Indian Zool., ii, 1832,
pl. 51, fig. 2.—Scrater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 222 (s. e. Borneo).—
WALLACE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 487 (Timor).—SwinuHog, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1868, 311; Ibis, 1866, 294 (Formosa).

[Rhynchophilus] afinis BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 597.

Rhyacophilus glareola afinis MarHews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913,
230.

Totanus sylvestris BREHM, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 638 (Germany).

Totanus palustris BrEHM, V6og. Deutschl., 1831, 639 (Germany).

Totanus kuhlii Bream, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 641 (Java); Vogelf., 1855, 312,
footnote.

T[otanus] glareoides Hopason, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, 86 (Nepal; nomen
nudum).

T{otanus] glareoloides JaRDON, Birds India, iii, 1864, 697 (in synonymy).

Genus TRINGA Linneus.

Tringa Linnmvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 148. (Type, by tautonymy, Tring
ocrophus Linnzus. )

Helodromas Kaur, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 144. (Type, by
monotypy, Tinga ocrophus Linnzus.)

Small Tringine (wing 121-145 mm.) closely resembling Rhya-
cophilus but with tarsus much less than one and a half (only about
one and one-sixth) times as long as middle toe with claw, bare
portion of tibia only about half as long as middle toe with claw,
exposed culmen as long as or longer than tarsus, and metasternum
2-notched (instead of 4-notched).

Bill straight and slender, as long as or longer than tarsus, the nasal
groove extending halfway or more to tip of maxilla. Wing long and

@ Corrected to grallatoria in errata.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 353

pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries
by about one-half the length of wing; longest tertials with tips taper-
ing, obtusely pointed. Tail much more than one-third as long as
wing, truncate or slightly rounded, the rectices (12) rather broad,
with rounded tips. Tarsus much less than one and a half (only
about one and one-sixth) times as long as middle toe with claw,
one-fourth as long as wing, scutellate anteriorly and posteriorly;
bare portion of tibia about half as long as middle toe with claw,
scutellate before and behind; lateral toes decidedly shorter than middle
toe, the inner decidedly shorter than the outer; a small web between
basal phalanges of outer and middle toes, but none between middle
and outer toes.

Coloration.—Deep brownish gray above, more or less flecked or
dotted with white; tail barred with white and dusky (upper tail-
coverts immaculate white in one species); under parts white,
streaked with dusky or grayish on foreneck, etc.

Range.—Northern Hemisphere. (Two species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF TRINGA.

a. Upper tail-coverts white, nearly (sometimes quite) immaculate; middle rectrices
broadly barred with white. (Northern Europe and Asia, migrating southward;
ACCIMOMUAl 1M. NOVA, SCOUUA.) or - van wea ci ope oy cin aeons Tringa ocrophus (p. 353).

aa. Upper tail-coverts dusky, barred with white; middle rectrices dusky, spotted

along edges with white. (Tringa solitaria.)

b. Summer adults with upper parts much more distinctly spotted with white;
young with spotting on upper parts white or grayish white; white bars on tail
averaging wider, the middle pair of rectrices never (?) wholly grayish brown.
(Eastern North America; South America, etc., in winter.)

Tringa solitaria solitaria (p. 358).

bb. Summer adults with upper parts much less distinctly spotted with white;
young with spotting of upper parts brownish buffy or cinnamomeous; white

bars on tail averaging narrower, the middle pair of rectrices often (usually?)
wholly deep grayish brown. (Western North America; Mexico, etc., in
yeuotitee 5° aA aU Ae Se Ob Cone oe emc Tringa solitaria cinnamomea (p. 363).

TRINGA OCROPHUS Linneus.

GREEN SANDPIPER.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Above deep grayish olive or deep
grayish brown (nearest chetura drab), the pileum and hindneck
streaked with grayish white, the scapulars, interscapulars, and
tertials spotted with dull white, the proximal wing-coverts with
much smaller spots of whitish; alula, primary coverts, and primaries
plain dusky grayish brown (blackish fuscous or chetura black),
including shafts, that of outermost primary, however, lighter brown;
lower rump and upper tail-coverts immaculate white (the latter
occasionally with a few dusky bars); tail mostly white, the outermost
rectrices entirely white or white only one or two spots of dusky on,
distal portion of outer web, the others barred distally with dusky

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8——24

854 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

this increasing toward the middle pair of rectrices, which, for the
exposed portion, are dusky barred with white—the next to outer-
most pair, however, without any dusky on inner web, and with only
one or two dusky spots near end of outer web; a white supraloral
stripe, extending to above eyes; lores streaked or flecked with dusky,
sometimes with a dusky line from bill to eye; suborbital and malar
regions white, more or less streaked with dusky; chin and throat
immaculate white, the lower throat, however, usually more or less
streaked or flecked with dusky; foreneck and chest white, rather
broadly streaked with dusky, the lower chest, especially laterally,
usually with markings more irregular, often V-shaped or more or
less transverse; rest of under parts immaculate white; axillars and
under wing-coverts deep grayish brown (like back, etc.), narrowly
barred with white; bill black, slightly more brownish basally; iris
dark brown; legs and feet greenish gray or bluish gray, tinged with
greenish (in life).

Winter plumage.—Similar to the summer plumage, but pileum and
hindneck plain brownish gray (sometimes indistinctly streaked with
darker), back, scapulars, and tertials with much smaller and, usually,
fewer spots, mostly along edges of the feathers, and chest and sides
of neck nearly uniform brownish gray, the foreneck and median
portion of chest rather less distinctly streaked than in summer.

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage, but spotting of upper
parts more brownish.

Adult male.--Wing, 132-145 (136.7); tail, 55-60 (57.6); exposed
culmen, 30-36 (33.7); tarsus, 30.5-36 (33.3); middle toe, 24-29
(26.2) .¢

Adult female.—Wing, 134-144 (140.2); tail, 57-63 (60.5); exposed
culmen, 31.5-36.5 (34.4); tarsus, 31-35 (32.9); middle toe, 25-28
(26.3) .°

@ Seven specimens. 6 Ten specimens.
Ex- ;
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Mian
culmen. 3
MALES,
Onejadult.male from ‘Greece: po. ceo 2 oeeae sees 145 60 34 34.5 27
Three adult‘ malestfrom India. o.02 222s. s. cc- cece sc cee ee 135. 7 Biaot 34.7 33 25.7
Threeiadult males fromiChina .-£0.525 2s. oases Ea 135 56.7 32.7 33. 2 26.5
FEMALES,
Three adult females from Europe (including 1 from Egypt)....| 137 59.3 32. 8 31.7 26
Oneadult femaleifrom Indias ome 3k . sce ows Senge ate se eces 144 62 36 35 28
Six adult females from China (4) and Japan (2)................ 141.2 | 60.8 35 32.9 26.1
)

According to Mathews (Birds of Australia, iii, pt. 2, May 2, 1913, 203) the birds
from eastern Asia are separable as a subspecies (Tinga ocrophus assami Mathews),
which breeds in Siberia and migrates southward as far as the Malay Archipelago.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 355

Breeding in northern Europe and Asia, and in higher mountains
farther southward (Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, Caucasus, Alai
Mountains, Pamir Range, etc.); migrating southward to southern
Africa, India, Burma, Malay Archipelago, Cochin China, Ceylon, etc. ;
wintering thence northward to southern Europe and China; acci-
idental in northeastern North America (Halifax, Nova Scotia; Hud-
son Bay?).

[Tringa] ocrophus Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 149 (Sweden); ed. 12, i,
1766, 250.

Helodromas ocrophus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Un10N, Check List, 3d ed.,
1910, 121.

[Tringa] ochropus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 676.—Latuam, Index Orn.,
ii, 1790, 729.—Turton, Syst. Nat., 1, 1806, 407.

Tringa ochropus YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 528.

Trynga ochropus Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 192.

Totanus ochropus TemmMinck, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 420; ii, 1820, 651.—Vre1Lior,
Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 397.—Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc.,
srit. Mus., 1816, 30.—Rovux, Orn. Prov., 1825, pl. 296.—WeErNrr, Atlas,
Grallatores, 1827, pl. 25—FLemine, Brit. Anim., 1828, 103.—Breum, Vog.
Deutschl., 1831, 641.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 552.—Swainson and
RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 552 (Hudson Bay—error?).—
MENETRIES, Cat. Rais. Caucas., 1832, 51.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and
Can., Water Birds, 1834, 157 (‘‘Hudson Bay”).—JENyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr.,
1835, 197.—NauMANN, Vog. Deutschl., viii, 1836, 59, pl. 197.—SrrickLanp,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836, 101 (Smyrna).—Gou.p, Birds Europe, iv,
1837, pl. 315, fig. 1, and text; Birds Great Brit., iv, 1865, pl. 56 and text.—
BonaAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 51.—NorpMann, in Démid., Voy.
Russ. Mérid., iti, 1840, 243—Macerivray, Man. Brit. Orn., li, 1842, 94;
Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 342.—Srtys-Lonecuamps, Faune Belge, 1842,
127.—Hopason, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, 86.—Mtuue, Beitr. Orn.
Griechenl., 1844, 151.—Scuurcet, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. xciii; Vog. Nederl.,
1854, 245; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, pl. 25, fig. 8; Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no.
27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 70 (Holland; Senaar; Japan).—Gray, List Birds Brit.
Mus., iii, Grallee, 1844, 101, part; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 158; Cat. Mam., etc.
Nepal pres. Hodgson, 1846, 139.—Yarrett, Hist. Brit. Birds, 2nd ed., ii,
1845, 595; 3rd ed., ii, 1856, 642.—Rtrre .t, Syst. Ueb., 1845, 126.—TuHompson,
Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 208.—RericHEenBacH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 74, figs.
585, 586.—MippEenporr?, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 215 (Stanovoi Mountains,
May).—KJAERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1852, pl. 36, fig. 6—Hrwirson, Eggs
Brit. Birds, ii, 1856, 334, pl. 90 —Hervatin, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 62; Orn. N. O.-
Afrika, ii, pt. 1, 1873, 1161 (Aug. to April) —Hartiaus, Orn. W.—Afrika,
1857, 234 (Gaboon).—ScHrEeNckK, Reis. Amurland, 1859, 416.—SuNDEVALL,
Svensk. Fogl., 1860, pl. 41, fig. 1—LinperMaAyer, Vég. Griechenl., 1860,
139.—SwinHoE (R.), Ibis, 1860, 66 (Amoy, China); 1861, 343 (Takoo to
Peking); 1862, 245 (Foochow); 1863, 407 (Formosa); 1870, 363 (Hainan);
1873, 273 (Shanghai, winter); 1875, 453 (Hakodadi); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1871, 406 (China; Formosa).—Ranppg, Reis. Sibir., Vég., 1863, 330 (Lake
Baikal, summer); Orn. Caucas., 1884, 45, 433:—Wriaur, Ibis, 1864, 147
(Malta, spring and autumn).—Fimuerr, Viagg. Persia, 1865, 351—Layarp,
Birds South Africa, 1867, 325 (Colesberg)—DrGLAND and GERBE, Orn.
Eur., ii, 1867, 325.—Cottett, Norges Fugle, 1868, 55.—Drosre, Vogelw.
Borkum, 1869, 192.—Srevenson, Birds Norfolk, ii, 1870, 215.—Frirscu,

356

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Vég. Eur., 1870, pl. 38, fig. 2.—Wvarr, Ibis, 1870, 17 (Sinai).—E.wes and
Buck.ey, Ibis, 1870, 332 (Macedonia).—Finscu, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
vii, 1870, 299 (Goulla, June; Sanapé, April) —Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1870, 423 (e. Siberia) —Gurney, Ibis, 1871, 298 (Algeria) —SaunpErs, Ibis,
1871, 387 (Seville, Spain, Jan.); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 457; Man.
Brit. Birds, 1889, 595.—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 293.—
Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 47.—SuEtiey, Birds Egypt, 1872, 258.—
SHELLEY and Bucxkrey, Ibis, 1872, 293 (Accra and Cape Coast, w. Africa).—
Hume, Stray Feath., i, 1873, 247 (Sind); iii, 1875, 183 (Pegu, winter); vii,
1878, 187 (e. Narra; Karrachi); vii, 1879, 488 (Calcutta, winter); viii, 1879,
113 (India); ix, 1880, 259 (Cachar); xi, 1888, 324 (Manipur).—Apam, Stray
Feath., i, 1873, 396 (Sambhur).—Taczanowsk1, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873,
102 (e. Siberia); 1874, 336 (e. Siberia); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 457
(Seoul, Korea).—PatmEn, Finl. Fogl., 1873, 159.—Irsy, Orn. Straits Gibralt.,
1875, 167 (Aug. to June); 2nd ed., 1895, 284; Ibis, 1883, 186 (Santander, Spain);
Key List Brit. Birds, 1888, 48.—Brooxeg, Ibis, 1873, 339 (Sardinia).—
SeveRTzow, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873, 69; Ibis, 1883, 74 (Alai and Pamir
Mountains, breeding).—Fation, Ois. Belg., 1875, 174.—DanrortH and
Harvis-Brown, Ibis, 1875, 421 (Transylvania, spring and autumn).—
Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1876, 135, pl. 564.—Bianrorp, East. Persia,
ii, 1876, 285 (Baluchistan, March; Shiraz, Dec.).—Wuarron, Ibis, 1876, 27
(Corsica, April) —Ssarrre and Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876,
53 (Chinchonxo, March, April)—Davi and Ovsrauet, Ois. Chine, 1877,
465.—DanFortH, Ibis, 1878, 34 (Asia Minor).—BLaxisTon and Pryrr, Ibis,
1878, 220 (Japan); Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, x, 1882, 110.—PRJEVALSKY, in
Rowley’s Orn. Misc., iii, 1878, 87 (Kansu, Sept.; Ussuri, April) —Brewer,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 49 (Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1872 or 1873).—
ANDERSON, Zool. Results Exped. West. Yunnan, 1878, 679 (Tsitkaw, Feb.;
Tapeng, March)—Hume and Davison, Stray Feath., vi, 1878, 462
(Tenasserim).—ButTLER, Stray Feath., vii, 1878, 187 (e. Narra; Karachi);
Cat. Birds Sind, etc., 1879, 64; Cat. Birds Bombay Pres., 1880, 78.—Cripps,
Stray Feath., vii, 1878, 303 (Faridpur).—Bocpanow, Birds Caucas., 1879,
158.—SEEBouM, Ibis, 1879, 152 (Egarka and Yenesaisk, Siberia, breeding,
descr. nest and eggs); 1882, 223 (Astrakhan), 381 (Archangel, Russia); 1883,
30 (Caucasus, breeding); 1884, 267 (Kiukiang, Nov.); 1892, 24 (Helgoland);
Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1884, 126, pl. 30, figs. 1-3 (eggs); Geogr. Distr.
Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxili, 368, figs.; Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 325.—
Scuuty, Stray Feath., viii, 1879, 357 (Nepal Valley, winter); Ibis, 1881,
589 (Gilgit) —ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 91 (Nova Scotia).—
Boxau, Journ. fiir Orn., 1880, 182 (coast e. Siberia)—Vipat, Stray Feath.,
ix, 1880, 86 (s. Konkan).—Bineuam, Stray Feath., ix, 1880, 197 (Thoungyeen
Valley).—Rerp, Stray Feath., x, 1881, 70 (Lucknow).—Swinuok (C.), Ibis,
1882, 122 (Kandahar and Kushdil Khan, s. Afghanistan, Dec. to May).—
Davipson, Stray Feath., x, 1882, 321 (Khandeish).—GreLiom, Iconogr.
Avif. Ital., 1882, no. 292; Avif. Ital., 1886, 394; Avif. Ital., Ist Resoc., 1889,
597; 2nd Resoc., 1890, 662; 3rd Resoc., 1891, 517.—SHarpr, ed. Layard’s
Birds South Africa, 1884, 689; Ibis, 1886, 167 (Muscat, Arabia); 1891, 114
Fao); Rep. 2nd Yarkand Miss., Aves, 1891, 141.—Biaxiston, Amended
List Birds Japan, 1884, 11.—Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884,
133.—Bocpanow, Consp. Av. Imp. Ross., 1884, 97.—Zarupwny, Bull. Soc.
Mosc., 1885, 329 (Transcaspia)—Swinnor and Barnes, Ibis, 1885, 134
(Mhow, winter).—Nicousx1, Faun. Sakhalin, 1886, 262.—Yrrsury, Ibis,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3857

. _ 1886, 21 (Aden).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 and
2nd ed., 1895, no. 257.—Tart, Ibis, 1887, 392 (Portugal) —Harvizr-BRrown
and Bucktey, Vertebr. Fauna Caithness, 1887, 222; Vertebr. Fauna Outer
Hebrides, 1888, 1385.—Terry, Stray Feath., x, 1887, 480 (Palani Hills.)—
Dorries, Journ. fiir Orn., 1888, 91 (e. Siberia)—Koerntec, Journ. ftir Orn.,
1888, 282 (Tunis).—Litrorp, Ibis, 1889, 341 (Cyprus, March to May); Col.
Figs. Brit. Birds, pt. xxvi, 1893.—Evans, Ibis, 1891, 8i (incubation).—
Styan, Ibis, 1891, 331, 506 (lower Yangtse River).—GArTKE, Vogelw. Helgo-
land, 1891, 510.—Rertser, Vogels Landesm. Sarajevo, 1891, 124.—
Frivatpsxy, Aves Hungar., 1891, 140.—MacpHerson, Vertebr. Fauna
Lakeland, 1892, 394.—WuiraKeER, Ibis, 1894, 100 (Tamerza, Algeria).—
REIcHENOW, V6g. Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, 1894, 42 (winter).—Poyniinc, Eggs
Brit. Birds, pt. i, 1895, 209, pl. 44.—Pornam, Ibis, 1897, 104 (Yeneseisk,
Siberia); 1898, 517 (Yeneseisk).—Watrton, Ibis, 1903, 33 (Peking, China).—
Jesse, Ibis, 1903, 163 (Lucknow, India).—Wrruersy, Ibis, 1903, 564 (Fars,
s. w. Persia) —NEUMANN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1904, 332 (Omo and Godjeb,
Abyssinia).

T\otanus| ochropus KeyseRuNG and Brasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. lxxiii, 211.—
Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 573.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 166.

[T]otanus ochropus Extior, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895,-128, pl. 40.

Helodromas ochropus Kaur, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 144.—New-
ton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 529 (breeding habits).—Grexro1t, Ibis,
1865, 61 (Pisa, Italy).—Locuer, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 323.—Batt,
Stray Feath., ii, 1874, 431 (Chota Nagpur, India).—BririsH ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 400.—Oares, Birds Brit. Burma, ii, 1883, 400.—
WHITEHEAD, Ibis, 1885, 43 (Corsica, winter).—Retp, Ibis, 1885 253 (Mo-
rocco).—SaLvaport, Elenco Ucc. Ital., 1886, 225; Ann. Mus. Genova (2), vi,
1888, 311 (Shoa, Dec.).—SnHettey, Ibis, 1888, 306 (Lake Jipi; Sept.).—Sr.
JoHN, Ibis, 1889, 177 (s. Aighanistan, winter; Khelat, May).—Perarsov, Ibis,
1896, 212 (Russian Lapland).—Covues, Auk, xiv, 1897, 210 (Hudson Bay,
fide Swainson).—AmericAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union CommirTEE, Auk,
xvi, 1899, 106 (Check List no. [257])—Grant, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 269
(s. Arabia)—SHarpre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 437, 759; Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1901, 603 (Jira; Brit. East Africa).—Ciarxk (A. H.), Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxvili, 1910, 154 (Seoul, Korea, Oct.).

[Helodromas] ochropus BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 597.—HeinE and
ReicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 328.—SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899,
160.—ForBeEs and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 70.

Helodromas ochropus ochropus Scnatow, Journ. fiir Orn., Jan.,1908, 87 (centr.
Asia).

Actitis ochropus Buyru, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc., 1849, 267 (Calcutta).—JErR-
pon, Birds India, iii, 1864, 698.—BraAvan, Ibis, 1868, 395 (Umbala, Oct.).—
GoopwIin-AUsTEN, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix, 1870, 273.—BLANFORD,
Geol. and Zool. Abyssinia, 1870, 433.—Houipsworte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1872, 474 (Ceylon).—Humeg and Henperson, Lahore to Yarkand, 1873, 289.—
Luoyp, Ibis, 1873, 417 (Kathiawar).—BiytH and WaLpEN, Birds Burma,
1875, 155.—ButtikEr, Stray Feath., iv, 1876, 18 (Mt. Aboo district); v, 1877,
233 (Deesa).—Scutty, Stray Feath., iv, 1876, 188 (Kashgar).—Davipson
and WENDEN, Stray Feath., vii, 1878, 89 (Deccan).—Bat1, Stray Feath., vii,
1878, 228 (Ganges to Godavery).—Bripputpy, Ibis, 1881, 96 (Aug. to May).—
Murray, Vertebr. Fauna Sind, 1884, 254.—Macereeor, Stray Feath., x, 1887
466 (Mysore).

;
\

358 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Rhyacophilus ochropus RipGway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ii, Aug. 24, 1880, 200 -
(Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. [551]); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. [551].—Cougs,
Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 636.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpcway, Water
Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 282.

R{hyacophilus] ochropus Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 639.

Totanus achropus CRESPON, Orn. Gard, 1840, 427.

Totanus rivalis BrEuM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 642 (Germany); Vogelf., 1855, 313.

Totanus leucourus Bren, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 643 (Germany).

Totanus leucurus GRAY and HARpWICKE, [llustr. Ind. Zool., ii, 1834, pl. 5, fig. 1.—
Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 313.

[ Helodromas] leucurus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliti, 1856, 597.

Helodromas ocrophus assami Matuews, Birds Australia, ili, pt. 2, May 2, 1913, 203
(Siberia; south in winter to Malay Archipelago).

TRINGA SOLITARIA SOLITARIA Wilson.

SOLITARY SANDPIPER.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—General color of upper parts deep
grayish brown, with an olivaceous cast, the pileum and hindneck
narrowly and indistinctly streaked with whitish, the back, scapulars,
and wing-coverts rather sparsely speckled with the same, the upper
tail-coverts barred with white; primary coverts and primaries dull
slate-blackish or dusky; middle rectrices dusky grayish brown, dot-
ted or spotted along edges with white, the rest of tail white, broadly
barred with dusky, the bars more numerous on outer webs, where
extending to the base of the rectrices; eyelids, supraloral stripe, and
under parts white; sides of head (except as described), sides of neck,
foreneck, and chest streaked with dusky grayish brown; axillars and
under wing-coverts slate color, regularly and broadly barred with
white; bill blackish terminally, greenish horn color (in life) basally;
iris dark brown; legs and feet olive-greenish (in life).

Winter plumage.—Similar to the summer plumage but upper parts
more grayish and less distinctly speckled with white; foreneck, chest,
etc., very indistinctly streaked, or simply washed, with grayish.

Young.—Above grayish brown (lighter and more olivaceous than
in adults), thickly speckled with white or buffy whitish; pileum and
hindneck plain brownish gray; sides of head and neck nearly uniform
gray, the foreneck, however, streaked with darker.

Adult male.—Wing, 121.5-129.5 (126.5); tail, 50-57 (53.7); ex-
posed culmen, 27—30.5 (28.8); tarsus, 28-31 (29.9); middle toe, 24—26
(24.7).4

a Eleven specimens,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 359

Adult female-—Wing, 126-134 (127.8); tail, 52-59 (55.4); exposed
culmen, 28-32 (29.3); tarsus, 27-32.5 (29.4); middle toe, 24-26
(25.1).%

Breeding from western Pennsylvania (Beaver County), Ontario
(Simcoe Island), northern Indiana (Wabash County), northeastern
Illinois (Cook and Lake Counties), lowa, Minnesota (Becker County),
etc., northward to Newfoundland (?%), northern Ungava, central
Keewatin, etc.; migrating southward, over United States east of
Rocky Mountains, through West Indies, Bermudas (probably also
along Gulf and Caribbean coasts of Mexico and Central America) to
Argentina (El Rancho; Estancia Espartilla; lower Rio Pileomayo;
Santa Ana; Oran, Salta; Barracas al Sud), Uruguéy (Concepcién;
Santa Elena; Montevidéo), and Paraguéy (Monte Alta; Porto Es-
peranca; Riacho; Sapucéy; upper Rio Parané); accidental in Green-
land and Scotland (Lanarkshire).

[ Totanus ochropus| 8 Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 730 (King Georges Sound;
based on Green Sandpiper, Var. 8 Latham, Synopsis Birds, iii, pt. 1, 1785, 171).

Tringa solitaria Wrtson, Am. Orn., vil, 1813, 53, pl. 58, fig. 3 (highest mountains

. from Kentucky to New York).

Totanus solitarius ViewLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 413 (Paraguay).—
Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 86 —AupuBon, Synopsis,
1839, 242; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 309, pl. 343.—D’OrBreny, in La
Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 238.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii,
Gralle, 1844, 101.—Jarpine, Contr. Orn., 1849, 84 (Bermudas, Sept.).—
Huropis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 10 (Bermudas, Aug.—Nov.).—PRATTEN,
Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc., i, 1855, 607 (Illinois) —Wi1u1s, An. Rep. Smithson.
Inst. for 1858 (1859), 285 (Nova Scotia).—BLanp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for
1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—ScuLEeGeL, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolo-
paces), 1864, 73.—Hoy, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438
(Missourl).—SciaTerR and Sayin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 979 (Pebas,
e. Peru); 1868, 169 (Venezuela); 1873, 309 (Nauta, Chamicuros, and Pebas,
e. Peru).—(?)Frantzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 377 (Costa Rica) —SunpDE-
VALL, Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockholm, 1869, 587 (St. Bartholomew),
602 (Porto Rico).—PE.LzELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 309.—Hartine, Handb. Brit.
Birds, 1872, 137 (Scotland).—Layarp, Ibis, 1873, 396 (Para, Brazil)—CovEs,

a Nine specimens.

Ex- 3
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. mage
culmen. :
MALES.
Bleven adult.males of, 7". s. solitaria 2. ......2.- 2.2230. e- sp ee 126.5 53.7 28. 8 29.9 | 24.7
Sixteen adult males of 7. s. cinnamomea..........--....------- 132. 2 56. 2 30. 2 30.1 24.8
FEMALES.
Ninoadult females'of 7) eueoitiarian....-_. 0. so.- ee cee eee ese 127.8 55. 4 29.3 29. 4 25.1
Four adult females of 7. s. cinnamomea..............-...----- 138.7 57.6 30.3 31.7 24.7

6 Type locality probably Pocono Mountains, Pennsylvania, where Wilson says they
regularly breed.

8360 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Check List, 1873, no. 435; Birds Northwest, 1874, 435, part; Bull. U. S.
Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 643 (Milk River, etc., Montana, July,
Aug.).—ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 66 (Musselshell and Yel-
lowstone Rivers).—BERLEPSCcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 258 (Santa Catarina,
s. e. Brazil); 1887, 37 (Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay, Dec.), 126 (Paraguay);
1889, 321 (Sarayacu and Rio Ucayali, e. Peru).—Taczanowsk1, Orn. du
Pérou, iii, 1886, 368, part—Brewster, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 146
(Ritchie Co., West Virginia).—Reip, Zoologist, 1877, 478 (Bermudas).—
Ernst, Estud. Flora y Fauna Venez., 1877, 312.—Maynarp, Birds E. N.
Am., 1879, 292.—DataueisuH, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 147 (Lanarkshire,
Scotland, 1 spec.).—BritisH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, List Brit. Birds,
1883, 175.—SrEesoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 130; Geog. Distr. Char-
adriide, 1887, pp. xxiii, 367, part——BrerLerscn and IneErine, Zeitschr.
Orn., 1885, 182 (Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, s. Brazil, March, Oct.).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 256, part; 2nd
ed., 1895, no. 256.—Srtron, Auk, iii, 1886, 152 (Manitoba).—Fox, Auk, iii,
1886, 320 (Roane Co., Tennessee).—Lanapon, Auk, iv, 1887, 129 (Chilhowee
Mountains, Tennessee, Aug. 21).—Srnnetr, Auk, iv, 1887, 241 (w. North
Carolina, 2,800-3,500 ft., April, July, Aug.).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 318 (West
Indian localities and references); viii, 1891, 48 (Guadeloupe); Birds West Ind.,
1889, 239; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 92—Brirrain and Cox, Auk, vi,
1889, 117 (Restigouche Valley, New Brunswick, July).—Scorr, Auk, yi,
1889, 158 (Tarpon Springs, Florida, Sept., March, April; Key West, July 28,
1888, common); ix, 1892, 13 (Jamaica), 212 (Caloosahatchie River, Florida,
migrant).—Satvin, Ibis, 1889, 379 (Ruatan Island, Honduras).—(?) THomp-
son, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 503, part (Manitoba).—Haacsrup,
Birds Greenland, 1891, 55 (Kangek, lat. 64° N.)—Topp, Auk, viii, 1891, 236
(Beaver Co., Pennsylvania, 1 pair breeding).—(?) CHERRIE, Auk, ix, 1892,
329 (Costa Rica).—Wuite, Auk, x, 1893, 223 (Mackinac Island, n. Michigan,
rare summer resident).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 150 (Chapada,
Mattogrosso, s. w. Brazil, Sept. to April)—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8S. Nat.
Mus., xvi, 1893, 526 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Rio Frio, Costa Rica).—
Litrorp, Col. Figs. Brit. Birds, pt. xxvi, 1893—CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus.
N. H., vi, 1894, 77 (Trinidad).—Ettiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 124, pl.
39.—Poyntine, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. iv, 1896, 213.—U.rey and WaALLAcE,
Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 151 (Wabash, Indiana, ‘‘breeding’’).—Satvapor!I,
Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xii, 1897, 35 (Aguairenda and Caiza, s. Bolivia).
—CriarkKE (C. K.), Auk, xv, 1898, 328 (Simcoe Island, Ontario, breeding;
descr. nest and eggs; habits)—Jourpatn, Ibis, 1907, 517, pl. 11, figs. 1-4
(eggs)—Retser, Denkschr. Mat.-Nat. Kl. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1910, 94
(Joazeiro, etc., n. e. Brazil).

T [otanus] solitarius Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 217 (Essex Co., Mass.).—
MaAxrminian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 90 (Missouri).—Triepe, Proc. Essex Inst.,
vi, 1871, 119 (Minnesota, uncommon).—Rimeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x,
1874, 384 (Illinois); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 196, part.—Nertson, Bull.
Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 129, 153 (Cook Co., n. e. Illinois, ‘‘ breeding” ).—
Newron (A and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 116.

Tot [anus] solitarius MARTENS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 218 (Bermudas).

T [otanus] chloropus®... var. solitarius Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874,
384 (Illinois).

Rhyacophilus solitarius Casstx, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
733, part.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am Birds, 1859, no. 541, part—NrEwTon (A. and

a Tjapsus for ochropus!

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3861

E.), Ibis, 1859, 259 (St. Croix).—Scrarer, Proc. Zool. Lond., 1861, 80
(Jamaica).—BaRrNARD, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 438 (Chester
Co., Pennsylvania).—BoarpMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 129
(Calais, Maine, breeding).—VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 152
(Oxford Co., Maine),—A.pBrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 205 (Jamaica).—
Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, 67 (Jamaica).—ALLEN, Proc.
Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 77 (Springfield, Massachusetts); Am. Nat., iii, 1869,
638 (Ipswich, Mass., June); vi, 1872, 351 (near Colorado City, Colo.).—
ScraTer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 199 (Rio Ucayali, e.
Peru); 1867, 592 (Mexiana Island, Brazil); 1870, 838 (coast Honduras).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vili, 1866, 294 (vicinity New York City);
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 238 (Antigua), 242 (Barbuda), 461 (Guade-
loupe).—Gunptacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba., i, 1866, 355; Journ. fiir Orn.,
1871, 294 (Cuba); 1874, 313 (Porto Rico); 1875, 324 (Cuba); 1878, 161, 188
(Porto Rico); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 372 (Porto Rico).—
Cougs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H., xii, 1868, 123 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex
Inst., v, 1868, 295 (New England); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxiii, 1871, 32
(Fort Macon, North Carolina); Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 637, part.—
TURNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 41 (Phila. ed., 32).—Asporrt,
Am, Nat., iv, 1870, 548 (New Jersey, June-Aug.).—FUuLLER, Am. Nat., v,
1871, 727 (Needham, Mass., July 24)—Maynarp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xiv, 1871 (1872), 383 (New Hampshire).—Trirrg, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv,
1871 (1872), 241 (lowa, breeding).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872,
182, part (Kansas); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 169 (Santa Lucia).—Ripe-
way, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 108 (crit.); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, 200 (Cat.
N. Am. Birds, no. 550); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 550.—BrEweErR,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 446 (New England, migrant); Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 197 (descr. egg alleged to be of this species from
Castleton, Vermont) ¢.—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1878, 68 (Buenos Aires, Oct. to
March).—Satvin and GopMaAn, Ibis, 1880, 178 (Sierra Nevada de Santa
Marta, Colombia, Dec.).—MerrriaM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 239
(Point de Monts, Quebec, breeding).—Srrarns, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi,
1883, 119 (Labrador).—Barrows, Auk, i, 1884, 315 (Concepcion, Uruguay,
Aug. 20 to Oct.; Jan.).—Barirp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water Birds N.
Am., i, 1884, 278, part.—Reip, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 239
(Bermudas, frequent)—TurnerR, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 247
(Fort Chimo, Ungava; breeding?).—Sctater and Hupson, Argentine Orn.,
ii, 1889, 188.— Fempen, Ibis, 1889, 496 (Barbados).—Houuanp, Ibis, 1891, 20
(near El Rancho, Argentina; habits); 1892, 212 (Estancia Espartilla, Ar-
gentina; habits).—Kerrr, Ibis, 1892, 151 (lower Rio Pilcomayo, Argentina,
Sept.).—Aptin, Ibis, 1894, 209 (Santa Elena, Uruguay).—KoENIGswaLp,
Journ, fiir Orn., 1896, 395 (Sao Paulo, s. e. Brazil) —HotmBere, Segundo
censo Argentina, 1898, 569.—Grant (C. H. B.), Ibis, 1911, 469 (Monte Alto,
Paraguay, Aug.; Porto Esperanca and Riacho Paraguay, Brazil, Oct.).

(2) Rhyacophilus solitarius SctateR and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,
372 (Lion Hill, Panama); 1869, 598 (Tinta, s. Peru); 1870, 219 (Castillo and
Volean de Chiriqui, Panama); 1879, 547 (Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 141 (San Jose, Costa Rica).

[Rhyacophilus} solitarius GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).—ScLaTER
and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 146, part.—Cory, List Birds West Ind.,
1885, and revised ed., 1886, 27.

a The egg described certainly is not that of Tringa solitaria, but probably is that
of Charadrius melodus.

362 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

R [hyacophilus] solitarius Parker, Amer. Nat., v. 1871, 169 (lowa).—Covss,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 639.

[?] Rhynchophilus solitarius LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 334 (Lion
Hill, Panama).

Helodromas solitarius SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 444, 760, part.—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CoMMITTEE, Auk, xvi, 1899, 105.—
IneRING, Revista Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 434 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil).—
BerierscH and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 129 (Ciudad Bolivar,
Altagracia, and Caicara, Venezuela, Aug., Oct., Dec.).—Satvrn and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iil, 1903, 375, part.—BarrR, Ornis, xii, 1904, 231
(Santa Ana, Argentina).—Brucu, Rev. Mus. La Plata, xi, 1904, 250 (Oran,
Salta, Argentina).—Hetimayr, Abh. K. B. Akad. Wiss. ii Kl., xxii Bd.,
iii Abt., 1905, 714 (crit.)—RosBeERtTs, in Wilcox’s Hist. Becker Co.,
Minn., 1907, 168 (breeding?).—BeEruierscu, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 307
(Cayenne).—SNETHLAGE, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 517 (Goyana, Tapajos,
Brazil):—Cuvss, Ibis, 1910, 67 (Sapucay, Paraguay, Aug. 26).—DasBBENE,
Orn. Argentina, 1910, 219 (Cordoba; Tucuman; Buenos Aires).—BERTONI,
Fauna Parag., 1914, 38 (upper Rio Parana).

(?) Helodromas solitarius BERLEPSCH and SroLtzMaNN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1902, 52 (La Merced, Peru); Ornis, xiii, 1906, 102 (Santa Ana, s. Peru, Sept.),
125 (Huaynapata, Peru).

{ Helodromas] solitarius SHarpE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 161, part—ForBes and
Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 70.

Helodromas solitarius solitarius BANGS and Zarrey, Am. Nat., xxxix, April, 1905,
196 (Isle of Pines, Cuba, May).—Harrert and VENTURI, Novit. Zool., xvi,
1909; 251 (Barracas al Sud, Argentina, March, Oct.).—(?) CARRIKER, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 419 (Tenorio, San Jose,"Boison, and El] Hogar, Costa
Rica, Jan., Sept., Dec.) —AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List,
3rd ed., 1910, 121—Wermore, Bull. 326, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 42 (Porto
Rico, common in winter).—Hartow, Auk, xxxv, 1918, 22 (breeding in La
Anna, Pike Co., Pennsylvania).

Totanus chloropygius VreEILLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 401 (Hudson

Z Bay to Santo Domingo).—BonaparTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825,
86 (crit.); Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [168]; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii,
1827, 325; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 51——LeEsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831,
552.—JARDINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orm., ili, 1832, pl. 58, fig. 3—NuvTTALL,
Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 159 -—AupuBON, Orn. Biog.,
lii, 1835, 576, pl. 289; v, 1839, 583.—PrasBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 370.—
GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 350.—DENNy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847
39.—REICHENBACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 74, fig. 584.—THompson, Nat.
Hist. Vermont, 1853, 105.—CasBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 352 (Cuba).—
KNEELAND, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 238 (Keweenaw Point, Mich.).—
BREWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,-vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—GuNnob.Lacu, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1862, 86 (Cuba; crit.).—Ltoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 450.—
Gray (R.), Ibis, 1870, 292 (Lanarkshire, Scotland, 1 spec.); Birds West Scot-
land, 1871, 295.—TaczaNowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 560 (Chorillos,
e. Peru). ;

[ Totanus] chloropygius D’ HAMoNVILLE, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 52 (Scotland).

{ Rhynchophilus] chloropygius BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlili, 1856, 597.

Totanus punctatus ViEILLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 411 (Paraguay;
based on Chorlito pardo minor Azara, Apunt. Parag., iii, 1805, 315).—Harrt-
LAUB, Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 25.

Tlotanus] punctatus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 573.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. . 363

T[otanus] caligatus LicHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 74, in text (Paraguay;
no descr.; based on Petit Chorlito brun Azara, Apunt. Parag., iii, 1805, 315).

Totanus caligatus BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., ili, 1856, 370.

Tringa glareola (not of Linnzus) Orp, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., vii, 1825, 57.

Tringa macroptera Sr1x, Av. Bras., li, 1825, 76, pl. 92 (seacoasts, Rio de Janeiro
and Bahia, Brazil; see Hellmayr, Abh. K. B. Akad. Wiss.,ii Kl., xxii
Bd., iii Abth., 1905, 714).—Scrater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 163
(Bogota, Colombia).

Totanus macropterus GouLp, Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iii (Birds), 1841, 129 (Monte-
video, Uruguay).

TRINGA SOLITARIA CINNAMOMEA (Brewster).
WESTERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER.

Similar to J. s. solitaria, but larger; summer adults with upper
parts much less distinctly spotted with whitish, white bars on tail
averaging decidedly narrower (and blackish ones correspondingly
broader), and middle pair of rectrices often (usually?) wholly deep
brownish gray; young with spotting on upper parts decided brownish
buffy or cinnamomeous, instead of whitish.

Downy young—General color of upper parts cinnamon-drab,
longitudinally varied with brownish black; forehead and crown with
a broad median streak of black; a sharply defined black loral streak,
extending from bill to eye; a narrow black stripe across auricular
region (longitudinally), or a black post-auricular spot; occiput brown
centrally, black exteriorly, the black border sending from each side a
forward branch; an oval patch of brownish black on median portion
of rump, this bordered along each side by a stripe of pale dull
vinaceous-buff, the two buffy stripes converging or almost uniting
both anteriorly and posteriorly; wings cinnamon-drab, margined
posteriorly with dull white, the brown portion with several irregular
spots or blotches of black; under parts dull white.

Adult male-—Wing, 124-137 (132.2); tail, 52.5-59 (56.2); exposed
culmen, 27.5-32 (30.2); tarsus, 29-32 (80.1); middle toe, 23.5-27
(24.8) .¢

Adult female—Wing, 137-142 (138.7); tail, 56-59 (57.6); exposed
culmen, 29-32 (30.3); tarsus, 30-33 (31.7); middle toe, 24—25 (24.7).°

Breeding from northwestern Alaska (Kotzebue Sound), Mackenzie
(Great Bear Lake, etc.), and northern Alberta, southward to British
Columbia (Ducks), Utah (Parleys Park, Wahsatch Mountains), Colo-
rado (up to 10,000 feet), and New Mexico (San Miguel County, up to
8,000 feet); migrating southward over Mexico (including Lower Cali-
fornia) and, probably, Pacific slope of Central and South America

@ Sixteen specimens.
5 Four specimens.

364 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

and Galapagos Archipelago (Chatham Island, Oct.) to Peru (Tumbez :
Chorillos; La Mercéd; Santa Ana; Huaynapata).®

Totanus chloropygius (not of Vieillot) Swarnson and RicHArpson, Fauna Bor.-
Am., 11, 1831, 393, part (Great Bear Lake).

(?) Totanus chloropygius WAGLER, Isis, 1831, 521 (Mexico).—TaczaNnowskI, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 560 (Chorillos, Peru).

(?) Tlotanus] chloropygius Tscuupi, Wiegmann’s Archiv ftir Naturg., x, pt. i,
1844, 312 (Peru).

Tlotanus] chloropygius GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1849, 223.

[ Totanus] chloropygius Gray, Hand-list, 11, 1871, 44, no. 10269, part.

Totanus solitarius (not Tringa solitaria Wilson) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
vii, 1855, 315 (New Mexico).—Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 435, part; Birds
Northwest, 1874, 498, part; Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878,
643 (Dakota and Montana).—Netson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 342,
345 (Utah), 351 (Nevada).—Ripeway, Field and Forest, ii, 1877, 211 (Colo-
rado).—HENsHAw, Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 459 (Camp Apache,
etc., Arizona, July 29 to Aug. 28; Pueblo, Colorado, July 27).—Mearns, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 197 (Fort Klamath, Oregon).—Scorrt, Auk, iii, 1886,
386 (near Tucson, Arizona, migrant).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, no. 256, part—Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 189.—
CooprEer, Auk, iv, 1887, 91 (Ventura Co., California, winter)—TowNsEND
(C. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 198, 285 (Mt. Shasta, California).—
Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 186 (Concho Co., w. Texas, Sept., Oct., a few in
spring).—BrckHamM, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 637, 653 (Bexar Co.,
Texas).—NeEtson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 118 (Anvik and Nulato,
lower Yukon Valley).—SErnsoum, Geog. Distr. Gharadriide, 1887, pp. xxiii,
367, part.—Merriuu (J. C.), Auk, v, 1888, 144 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, May,
Aug.).—MeErriaM, N. Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 88 (Walker Lake, Arizona,
Sept. 1); no. 5, 1891, 92 (Lemhi River and Birch Creek, Idaho).—ATrwaTER,
Auk, ix, 1892, 232 (San Antonio, Texas, migrant).—Cookg, Birds Col., 1897,
67 (breeding from plains up to 10,000 ft.).—MrrcHeLi, Auk, xv, 1898, 307 (San
Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding up to 8,000 ft.).

[ Totanus] solitarius Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 259, part.

T[otanus| solitarius Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 196, part.

(?) Totanus solitarius LicuTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 3 (Mexico) ;
Journ, fir Orn., 1863, 59 (reprint).—SciaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, 310
(Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 461 (Ecuador).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1869, 377 (Costa Rica).—TaczaNnowskI, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 368 (Chorillos
and Tumbez, Peru).—BrrLEPscH and SToL~zMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1892, 400 (Chorillos, Peru).

Rhyacophilus solitarius Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 733
part (Fort Tejon, California; Steilacoom, Washington).—Henry, Proc. Ac
Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 541, part.—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 9 (Forks Saskatchewan, May);
1863, 183 (Mackenzie River).—Covugs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci..Phila., 1866, 98
(Fort Whipple, Arizona).—Dat. and BannistER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci.,
i, 1869, 292 (Nulato, Alaska, May).—Coopgrr, Am. Nat., villi, 1874, 18 (Cuya-
maca Mts., Cal.).—Strevenson, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1871, 466

a The winter range of this form is uncertain, owing to absence of specimens from most
of the localities south of the United States from which the species has been recorded.
The above statement of the winter range is, therefore, based more or less on theoretical
considerations, and some of the references, both under this form and YT. solitaria
olitaria, may be wrongly allocated.

<<

LS

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 365

(Camp Reynolds and Ft. Fetterman, Wyoming).—ALLEN, Am. Nat. vi, 1872,
351 (near Colorado City, Colo.); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 182, part
(Colorado; Wyoming, Aug.).—Hrnsnaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 11,
(Ogden, Utah).—Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 309 (Mazatlan,
Sinaloa).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 610 (Truckee Valley, Nevada,
May 13; Glendale, Nevada, July); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 200
(Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 550), part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no, 550,
part.—McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘Corwin,’ 1884, 121 (Hotham Inlet or Kowak
River, n w. Alaska).—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 18 (Colorado).—Procror, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, xix, 1907, 35 (n. Alberta, breeding; descr. nesting sites).

(?)Rhyacophilus solitarius SctatER and Satyin, Ibis, 1859, 229 (Guatemala),

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 598 (Cosnipata, Peru).—ScuaTer, Proc. Zool;

Soc. Lond., 1860, 254 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); 1864, 178 (City of Mexico).—

Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 38 (s. Texas).—LAWr=ENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869,

141 (San Jose, Costa Rica); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 47 (Tapana.

Oaxaca, Oct., April).

[Rhyacophilus] solitarius ScLatER and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 146.

Rhyacophilus ochropus, var. solitarius Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov.
1873, 187 (Colorado).

Rhyacophilus glareola solitarius Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 15, 18
(Truckee Valley, Nevada, ‘‘breeding”), 34 (Parleys Park, Utah, breeding).

Rhyacophilus glareola . . . var. solitarius Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vil, 1875,
39 (Nevada).

Helodromas solitarius SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 444, 760, part.—
SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 375. -

(?)Helodromas solitarius Roruscuirp and Harrerr, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 188
(Chatham Island, Galapagos, 2 specs., Oct. 12); ix, 1902, 418 (Galapagos in
migration).—BrruerscH and StrotzMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, 52
(La Merced, Peru); Ornis, xiii, 1906, 102 (Santa Ana, Peru, Sept.), 125
(Huaynapata, Peru).

(?) Helodromas solitarius solitarius Brooxs (W.S.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix,
1915, 379 (Griffin Point, Alaska, June 1).

Totanus solitarius cinnamomeus BREWSTER, Auk, vii, Oct., 1890, 377 (San Jose
del Cabo, Lower California; coll. W. Brewster) —Cuarman, Bull. Am. Mus.
N. H., iii, 1890, 132 (Ducks, Brit. Columbia, breeding; habits)—AMERICAN
OrnirHoLocists’ Union Commitrrer, Auk, viii, 1891, 84 (Third Suppl. to
Check List, no. 256a); Check List, 2nd ed., 1895, no. 256a.—ALLEN, Bull
Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 23 (Cachita, Sonora, Oct.).—Eziror, N. Am. Shore
Birds, 1895, 126.—Rip@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1896, 587.

Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus AmMpRICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Com-
MITTEE, Auk, xvi, Jan., 1899, 105: Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 121_—Brew-
sTER, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 67 (San Jose del Cabo, Lower Cali-
fornia, Aug. 25 to Sept. 2).—Barry (Florence M.), Auk, xxi, 1904, 445 (San
Miguel Co., New Mexico, Aug.).—RockweELL, Condor, x, 1908, 160 (Grand
River Junction, w. Colorado, June 22).—Swartu, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
vii, 1911, 53 (Port Snettisham and Taku River, s. Alaska, Sept.).—Rmey,
Canad. Alpine Journ., 1912, 54 (Moose Pass, Brit. Columbia, July 29).

Helodromas cinnamomeus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 760.

[ Helodromas] cinnamomeus SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 161.—Forses and RosIn-
son, Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 70.

Genus HETEROSCELUS Baird.
Heteroscelus (not Heteroscelis Latreille, 1825) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix, 1858, 734. (Type, by original designation, ‘‘ Totanus brevipes Vieillot,’’
i. e., Scolopax incana Gmelin.)

366 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Heteractitis®? STEJNEGER, Auk, i, July, 1884, 236. (New name to replace
Heteroscelus Baird, thought to be preoccupied.)

Medium-sized Tringine (wing 160-180 mm.) with stout bill, tarsus
shorter than exposed culmen (though longer than middle toe with
claw), planta tarsi with scutella small (sometimes broken or irregular),
and color of upper parts wholly plain brownish gray.

Bill straight and rather stout, its depth at base equal to nearly
one-sixth the length of exposed culmen, the latter longer than tarsus;
nasal groove broad, extending half way to tip of maxilla Gn Z.
brevipes) or two-thirds the distance (in /7. incanus); gonys about as
long as mandibular rami (H. brevipes) or decidedly shorter (H.
incanus), faintly convex; culmen slightly but decidedly decurved
terminally. Wing long and pointed, the longest primary (outermost)
exceeding distal secondaries by about one-half the length of wing.
Tail nearly half as long as wing (somewhat shorter in H. brevipes),
very slightly rounded. ‘Tarsus slightly shorter than exposed culmen
but longer than middle toe with claw, the acrotarsium with trans-
verse, slightly oblique, scutella, these becoming smaller and finally
broken into small seales on upper portion; planta tarsi with the
scutella much smaller, sometimes broken up into small scales; bare
portion of tibia short (much less than half as long as middle toe),
covered with small scales, those on posterior side sometimes in form
of small transverse scutella; lateral toes decidedly shorter than
middle toe, the outer toe slightly longer than the inner one; basal
phalanges of outer and middle toes connected by a deeply incised
web, but web between inner and middle toes much smaller, practically
absent.

Coloration.—Above plain brownish gray, the remiges, primary
coverts, etc., darker; beneath white, more or less barred with brown-
ish gray or dusky in summer, clouded or suffused with grayish ante-
riorly and laterally in winter.

Range.—Coasts and islands of Pacific Ocean. (Two species).

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HETEROSCELUS.

a. Nasal groove (measured from latero-frontal antia) much more than half (about
two-thirds) as long as exposed culmen; upper tail-coverts uniform gray, or
merely edged (narrowly) with white; summer adults with abdomen and under
tail-coverts barred with dusky. (Alaska and Yukon Territory to northeastern
Siberia, migrating to Lower California, Galapagos Islands, Hawaiian Islands;
CUO ache cma tiarcintie js orepsih< reper d Se ee Heteroscelus incanus (p. 367)

aa. Nasal groove (measured from latero-frontal antia) only about half as long as ex-

posed culmen; upper tail-coverts distinctly barred with white; summer adults
with abdomen and under-tail coverts immaculate white. (Shores and islands of

a From érepos=different and 6 axritys=an inhabitant of the shore. (Stejneger.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 367

the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans, from Kamchatka to Australia,
BQRmeo: CCUG. ei 8 oe 2 ekrarachs 26, ecb. sen 4 Heteroscelus brevipes (extralimital).¢

HETEROSCELUS INCANUS (Gmelin).

WANDERING TATTLER.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Upper parts plain, deep slate-gray
(or between slate-gray and deep neutral gray), the upper tail-coverts
sometimes narrowly margined with whitish; primaries and primary
coverts dull blackish or dusky, the former with shafts brown on outer,
white on inner, surface, the outermost, however, with shaft white on
outer side also; a rather well-defined superciliary stripe of grayish
white, and a dusky loral stripe, from base of maxilla to anterior
angle of eye; suborbital region grayish white, narrowly and indis-
tinctly streaked with dusky grayish, the auricular region similar but
more decidedly grayish, especially the upper portion; under parts
white, the foreneck streaked, the remainder of under surface (except
chin and throat) barred with dusky slate color; axillars and under
wing-coverts white, barred and spotted with dusky slate color; bill
dusky, more brownish basally (greenish horn color with base dull
yellow in life); iris dark brown; legs and feet light brownish (yellow
in life).

Winter plumage.-—Upper parts slightly lighter slate-gray than in
summer; under parts without streaks or bars, the white shaded with
slate-grayish on foreneck, chest, and sides.

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage, but tertials, scapulars,
and upper tail-coverts indistinctly spotted with white along edges,
and slate-gray of sides, etc., faintly mottled with white.

Adult male.—Wing, 161-174 (169.5); tail, 71-77.5 (74.4); exposed
culmen, 34—40.5 (37.9); tarsus, 32-34 (32.9); middle toe, 26-28 (27).°

@ Totanus brevipes Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 410 (no locality);
Cassin, Orn. U. S. Expl. Exped., 1858, 339.—[Gambetta] brevipes Bonaparte, Compt.
Rend., xliii, 1856, 597. Heteroscelus brevipes, part, Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix, 1858, 734.— Heteractitis brevipes Stejneger, Bull. 29,U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 137 (Com-
mander Islands; synonymy; crit.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, 281 (Kuril
Islands); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 449.—Totanus incanus brevipes
Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxiii, 361.—Heteractitis incanus brevipes
Nikolski, Faun. Sakhal., 1889, 265; Hartert, Ibis, 1904, 427 (upper Lena River,
Siberia).— Heteroscelus incanus brevipes Mathews, Birds Austral., iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18,
1913, 207.—Tringa brevipes Mathews, Birds Austral., ili, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, pl.
207.—Totanus incanus (not Scolopax incana Gmelin) and Heteroscelus incanus of
numerous authors.—Trynga glareola (not Tringa glareola Linnzeus) Pallas, Zoogr.
Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 194, pl. 60.—Totanus pedestris, part, Lesson, Traité d’Orn.»
1831, 552.— Totanus pulverulentus Miiller, Naturk. Verh., 1844, 152 (Timor); Tem-
minck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves, 1849, 109, pl. 65.—[Gambetta] pulveru-
lenta Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 597; Gould, Handb. Birds Austral., ii,
1865, 268.—Actitis pulverulenta Dybowski and Parvex, Journ. fiir Orn., 1868, 337.—
Totanus griseiceps Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1848, 39 (Port Essington, Australia).

+ Ten specimens.

368 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female.—Wing, 169-180 (174.6); tail, 73-80 (77.2); exposed
culmen, 38-42 (39.8); tarsus, 31.5-33.5 (32.6); middle toe, 26.5-28.5
(2726) :4

Breeding from south-central Alaska (vicinity of Mount McKinley)
eastward to east-central Yukon (Macmillan River), southward to
shores and islands of Prince William Sound; migrating along Pacific
coast of North America, from Norton Sound southward, to Aleutian
and Pribilof Islands, coast of northeastern Siberia (Plover Bay, etc.),
Kamchatka (Petropaulski; Bering Island), Korea (Seoul), and
islands throughout Pacific Ocean, as far as the Marquesas, Low (or
Paumotu), Society, Samoan, Fiji, New Hebrides, Caroline, and Mari-
ana groups, New Caledonia, and Torres Straits (First Cousin Island ;
Cape York) ; in America wintering from Lower California to Galapagos
Archipelago (Abingdon, Albemarle, Barrington, Bindloe, Brattle,
Champion, Culpepper, Duncan, Gardner-near-Hood, Hood, Indefa-
tigable, James, Jervis, Narborough, Seymour, Tower, and Wenman
Islands).

[Scolopax] incana GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 658 (Eimo [or Moorea] Island,
Society Group, and Palmerston Island, Pacific Ocean; based on Ash-colowred
Snipe Latham, Synopsis Birds, iii, pt. 2, 1785, 154).—Laruam, Index Orn.,
li, 1790, 724.—Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 395.

Totanus incanus VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 400.—SciateER,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 9 (Huaheine, Society Islands); 1877, 113 (Duke

of York Island), 587 (Admiralty Islands); 1878, 351 (Hawaiian Islands); Voy.

‘Challenger,’ ii, pt. viii, 1888, 99 (Hilo Bay, Owyhee).—ScuiEGet, Mus.

Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 74, part.—Marir, Actes Soc. Linn. Bor-

deaux, xxvii, 1870, 328 (New Caledonia).—Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.

S. W., i, 1877, 76 (Fiji Islands).—F1nscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 775

(Ena, Friendly Islands).—Layarp (E. L. and L. C.), Ibis, 1877, 363 (New

Caledonia); 1878, 262 (islets off coast New Caledonia; crit.) —TristRaAm,

Ibis, 1881, 251 (Marquesas Islands; crit.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, 79

(Sidney Island, Phoenix Group).—SrEBoHM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide,

1887, 360; Ibis, 1890, 101 (Peel Island, Bonin Group).—KartseEr, Journ. fiir

Orn., 1902, 256 (Nauru Island).

Totanus (Gambetta) incanus Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Is., 1859, 50 (Society, Low,
Marquesas, Hawaiian, Tonga, Fiji, Samoan, and Palmerston Islands).

Totanus (Heteractitis) incanus PALMEN, ’Vega’-Exped., 1887, 305 (Tschuktsh-
halfon, e. Siberia, June).

Actitis incanus Finscu and Hartiaus, Orn. Centr.-Polyn., 1867, 182.—DoteE,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1869, 303 (Hawaiian Islands) —Harriavus and
Fryscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 273 (Savai; Raratonga); 1872, 106 (Uap,
Pelew Islands).—Finscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 53 (Samoa); 1880, 294
(Ponape, Caroline Group), 306 (Kuschai, Carolines); Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen,
iii, 1872, 64 (Sitka, Unalaska, etc., Alaska).

Actitis incana Finscx, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 781 (Ponape, Carolines), 785
(Niuafu, Friendly Islands); 1879, 15 (Duke of York Island); 1880, 576 (Ruk,
centr. Carolines); Ibis, 1880, 79 (Honolulu), 216 (Taluit), 330 (Marshall Is-
lands); 1881, 105, 109 (Kushai, Carolines), 115 (Ponape, Carolines), 246
(Pleasant Island).—Layarp, Ibis, 1880, 232 (Loyalty Islands), 305 (New

a2Ten specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, | 369

Hebrides).—Layarp (KE. L. and L. C.), Ibis, 1881, 136 (Aneiteum); 1882, 534
(New Caledonia), 544 (New Hebrides; Fiji Islands).

[ Heteroscelus] incanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 261.—HerInr and ReIcHE-
now, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 327, part (Kamchatka).

Heteroscelus incanus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 440; 2nd. ed., 1882, no. 642; in
Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 187 (Pribilof Islands, migrant).—Sarvim,
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1876, 503 (Indefatigable and Abingdon Islands,
Galapagos); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 429 (Acapulco, Guerrero).—Srreets,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 7, 1877, 19 (Palmyra Island, Fanning Group).—
Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 200 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 553);
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 553.—Exuiorr, Mon. Pribylov Group, 1882, 130
(summer visitant, not breeding).—Bran, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 165
(Plover Bay, e. Siberia; Unalaska)—Be.prna, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, _
532 (Cerros Island,.Lower California, April) —NELson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in
1881 (1883), 89 (lower Yukon River up to Nulato and Anvik; islands in
Bering Sea; Bering Sea coast of Siberia)—Barrp, Brewer, and Rmeway,
Water Birds N. Am., i,:1884, 290.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii,
1889, 116 (Hood and James Islands, Galapagos).

H[{eteroscelus| incanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 643.

Heteroscelus incanus incanus MATHEWS, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913,
Zale

Heterosceles incanus TACZANOWSKI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 457 (Seoul, Korea,
Sept.).

Heteractitis incanus STEINEGER, Auk, i, July, 1884, 236; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
no. 29, 1885, 132-137 (Bering Island, Kamchatka; crit., range, measurements,
synonymy, etc.); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 83 (Kauai, Hawaiian Group);
xii, 1890, 381 (Kauai).—Turner, Auk, 1, 1885, 157 (Nearer Islands, Aleutian
chain, rare summer visitant); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 148 (St. Michaels;
Unalaska; Atka; Attu).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List,
1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 259; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 122.—Townsenp (C. H.),
Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 100 (Otter Island, Bering Sea, June 8); Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 134 (Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Group, w.
Mexico, March 4).—NeExson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 118 (Nulato, May
27; Unalaska; Sanak Island; shores Norton Sound, etc., habits).—Coorrr,
Auk, iv, 1887, 87 (Santa Barbara, California) —Btaxe, Auk, iv, 1887, 329
(Santa Cruz Island, California) —Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2nd
ser., ii, 1889, 273 (Cerros Island, Lower California, winter).—Rip@way, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890, 116 (Hood and James Islands, Galapagos); xix,
1896, 632 (Abingdon, Albemarle, Hood, Indefatigable, and James Islands,
Galapagos).—Fisuer (A. K.), N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 23 (Monterey, Cali-
fornia, Oct. 3).—Etuior, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 135, pl. 42.—Suarpe, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 453, 761.—GRINNELL (J.), Pub. 1, Pasadena
Ac. Sci., 1897, 26 (San Clemente I., California, March 29); Pub. 2, 1898, 18
(Santa Catalina I., March).—AnrHony, Auk, xv, 1898, 315 (San Benedicto
I., Revillagigedo Group, April), 316 (Socorro I., Revillagigedo Group, May).—
Roruscuiwp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 188 (Culpepper, Chatham,
Charles, Abingdon, Albemarle, Indefatigable, James, and Hood Islands,
Galapagos); ix, 1902, 418 (Galapagos in migration).—BaArrerT-HAMILToON,
Ibis, 1900, 293 (Petropaulski, Kamchatka; fresh colors unfeathered parts).—
HensuHaw, Birds Hawaiian Islands, 1902, 92 (permanent resident on all
islands, but apparently not breeding; habits)—CuarMan, Bull. Am. Mus.
N. H., xvi, 1902, 234 (Homer, Cook Inlet, Alaska, Aug. 24).—SNopeRass
and Heuer, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iv, 1902, 511 (Guadalupe I., Lower Cali-

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8

25

370 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

fornia; Revillagigedo Islands; Cocos I.; Galapagos).—FisHer (W. K.), Bull.
U.S. Fish Com. for 1908, 34 (Laysan and Necker Islands, Hawaiian Group,
migrant).—McGreeor, Condor, viii, 1906, 119 (Unalaska Island, Alaska, June
2).—CiarkK (A. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 50 (Unalaska,
Agattu, and Attu Islands, Aleutian chain).—GirrorD, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci.,
4th ser., ii, pt. i, 1913, 55 (Abingdon, Albemarle, Barrington, Bindloe, Brattle,
Champion, Charles, Chatham, Culpepper, Duncan, Gardner-near-Hood,
Hood, indefatigable, James, Jervis, Narborough, Seymour, Tower, and
Wenman Islands, Galapagos; Cocos Island, Costa Rica).—Brooxs (W. 8.),
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 380 (Copper Island, May).

H[eteractitis] incanus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 168.—RotTuscuitp and
Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 204 (Galapagos)—Bryan, Key Birds
Hawaiian Group, 1901, 27.

[ Heteractitis] incanus SHarPe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 161.—Forsers and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 70 (First Cousin Island, Torres Strait;
Samoa; Phoenix Islands; Huaheine and Tahiti, Society Islands; Marquesas;
etc.).

Heteractitis incana SAtvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 377
(Acapulco, Guerrero).

Tringa incanus MATHEWS, Birds Australia, ili, pt. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, pl. 152, facing
p. 211.

Trynga glareola var. Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 1i, 1826, 194, part.

Scolopax solitarius (not of Wilson) BLoxHam, in Byron’s Voy. ‘Blossom,’ 1826,
252 (Hawaiian Islands).

Totanus solitarius HARTLAUB, Archiv fiir Nat., 1852, Bd. i, 134 (Tonga Islands).

Tringa brevipes (not Totanus brevipes Vieillot) Lesson, Compl. Buffon, ix, 1837,
416 (Pacific Islands)—PucHERAN, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1851, 370 (crit.).—
Krrtiirz, Denkw., i, 1858, 258.

Totanus brevipes (not of Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 40
(Pacific coast America; Pacific Islands); Rep. U. 8. Expl. Exped. (Wilkes),
1858, 318 (Paumotu Group).—PELzELN, Reis. ‘Novara’, Vég., 1865, 129:
(Puynipet; Tahiti).—Sciater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 323
(Abingdon and Indefatigable Islands, Galapagos).

Heteroscelus brevipes Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 734
(excl. syn.); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), pl. 88.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 542.—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 425 (Vancouver Island).—SciaterR and
Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 323 (Abingdon and Indefatigable
Islands, Galapagos).—Coorrr, Am. Nat., iv, 1871, 758 (Monterey, Cal.).

[ Heteroscelus| brevipes ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 146.

Heterosceles brevipes DALL and BANNISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., 1, 1869, 293
(Sitka, Alaska; Yukon River, rare).

Totanus pedestris Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 552, part.

Totanus fuliginosus Goutp, in Darwin’s Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iii (Birds), 1841,
130 (Galapagos Islands; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.).—Gray, List Birds:
Brit. Mus., iii, Gralle, 1844, 101; Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, pl. 154.—RercHEN-
BACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 318, fig. 2369.—Harriavs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854,
170 (Galapagos).

Tlotanus] fuliginosus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 573.

[Gambetta] fuliginosa Bonararte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 597.

Scolopax undulata (not of Boddaert, 1783) LicHTENSTEIN, Forster’s Descr. Anim.
It. Mar. Austr., 1844, 173 (Otaheite; Uliatea).

Totanus undulatus VERREAUX, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1860, 457.

Scolopax pacifica LicHTENSTEIN, Forster’s Descr. Anim. It. Mar. Austr., 1844, 173:
(Tongatabu).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 371

'

Totanus oceanicus Lesson, Compl. Guvr. Buffon (Lévéque ed.), xx, 1847, 244
(Oualan Island).—Harriavus, Archiv fiir Nat., 1852, Bd.i, 121, 135 (Marquesas;
Caroline Islands); Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 167 (Bonin and Marianne Islands),
168 (Caroline Islands).

[Gambetta] oceanica BoNAaPartEe, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 597.

[ Heteroscelus] oceanicus Hr1Ne and ReicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
327 (St. Savoi, Samoan Islands).

Actitis pulverulentus (not Totanus pulverulentus Miiller) Lichtenstein, Nom.
Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 92 (Hawaiian Islands).

Totanus polynesie PEALE, Rep. U.S. Expl. Exped. (Wilkes), Birds, 1848, 237,
(Fiji Islands; Paumotu Group).—Harriaus, Archiv fiir Nat., 1852, Bd. i,
120 (Fiji; Tonga; Samoa; Society Islands; Paumotu; Marquesas Islands; Mathew
Island); Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 169, 170 (Tonga; Samoa; Society Is.; Paumotu
Group).

Totanus semipalmatus (not Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin) Srregers, Am. Nat.,
xi, 1877, 71, in text (Christmas Island).

Genus ACTITIS Illiger.

Actitis Int1GER, Prodromus Orn., 1811, 262. (Type, as designated by Stejneger.
1885, and by elimination, Tringa hypoleucos Linnzus; see Stejneger, Bull,
U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 131.)

Tringoides BoNaPaRTE, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., ii, ‘£1828’’ (Nov., 1827), 326°
(Type, as designated by Richmond, 1917, Tringa macularia Linneus.)

Tryngodes (emendation) Heine and Reicuenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
327.

Guinetta Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840,68. (Type, Tringa hypoleucos Linnzeus. )

Small Tringine (wing about 89-110 mm.) with the strongly
rounded or graduated tail very nearly to more than half as long as
wing; nasal groove extending for two-thirds the distance to tip of
maxilla; exposed culmen as long as tarsus, and wing with a broad
white band extending obliquely across inner webs of remiges.

Bill straight, moderately stout, its depth at base equal to about
one-sixth the length of exposed culmen, the latter as long as tarsus;
nasal groove extending for about two-thirds the distance to tip of
maxilla, broad basally but very narrow anterior to nostril; tip of
both culmen and gonys slightly but distinctly convex, especially the
former. Wing moderately long and pointed, the outermost primary
exceeding the distal secondaries by about one-half the length of wing.
Tail slightly less to slightly more than half as long as wing, strongly
rounded or graduated; rectrices 12. Tarsus as long as or longer
than middle toe with claw, much more than one-fourth as long as
wing, scutellate anteriorly and posteriorly, but scutella of planta
tarsi smaller, narrower, and much less distinct; bare portion of tibia
about half as long as middle toe, scutellate posteriorly; lateral toes
much shorter than middle toe, the inner slightly shorter than the
outer; a small but distinct web between basal phalanges of outer
and middle toes, but none between middle and inner toes.

at2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Coloration.—Above brownish gray, barred, streaked, or irregularly
marked with blackish; beneath mostly white, sometimes spotted
with black or dusky; a-broad, oblique band or white across inner
webs of remiges.

Range.—Northern hemisphere. (Two species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ACTITIS.

a. Summer adults with under parts everywhere spotted with blackish. (North

America; Middle and South America in winter.)......Actitis macularia (p. 372).

aa. Summer adults with under parts immaculate white, except chest, which is pale
grayish brown streaked with darker. (Northern Europe and Asia, migrating

to South Africa, India, Australia, etc.)..... Acititis hypoleucos (extralimital).2

ACTITIS MACULARIA (Linnzus).

SPOTTED SANDPIPER.

Adults in summer.—Upper parts greenish or bronzy grayish brown,
‘with a faint metallic gloss, the pileum streaked with dusky, the back,
scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts irregularly
marked with blackish, the markings mostly in form of transverse
spots but intermixed, more or less, with others of more or less sagittate
or lanceolaté form; secondaries broadly tipped with white and.with
more than their basal half abruptly white; primaries plain dusky; tail
bronzy grayish brown, the lateral rectrices broadly barred with white,
the rest (except middle pair) tipped with white; a more or less
distinct superciliary stripe of white (sometimes nearly obsolete) ;
under parts white, marked everywhere (except on chin and upper
throat—sometimes on these) with roundish spots of black or dusky;
axillars immaculate white; inner webs of primaries (except outer-
most) with a longitudinal patch of white, increasing in width toward
the innermost, on which the white extends to shaft; maxilla black,
with yellowish tomia, the mandible mostly or wholly yellow (in life) ;
iris dark brown; legs and feet pale grayish olive (in life).

af Tringa| hypoleucos Linneeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 149 (Sweden); ed. 12, i,
1766, 250.—Tringa hypoleucos Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 171.—Actitis hypoleucos
_ Boie, Isis, 1822, 560; Naumann, V6g. Deutschl., viii, 1836, 7, pl. 194; Stejneger,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, 1885, 131.—Totanus hypoleucos Temminck, Man.
d’Orn., 1815, 424; Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 407.— Totanus hy poleucus
Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, 371.—Gwinetta hypoleuca Gray, List Gen.
Birds, 1840, 68.—Tringoides hypoleucus Bonaparte, Saggio Distr. Metod., 1831, 58;
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 456, 762.—Totanus guinetta Leach, Syst.
Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 30 (ex Tringa guinetta Brisson).—Trynga leucoptera
Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 196.—(?) Tringa leucoptera Schalow, Journ. fiir -
Orn., 1891, 260 (Kodiak Island, Alaska).—Actitis cinelus Boie, Isis, 1826, 327.—
Actitis stagnatilis Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 649.—Aciéitis empusa Gould, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 222 (Port Essington, Australia).—Totanus empusa Gray,
Cat. Birds New Guinea, 1859, 52.—T'ringoides empusa Sclater, Journ. Proc. Linn.
Soc., ii, 1858, 170.—[ Actitis] schlegeli Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 597.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Pili

Winter plumage.—Above plain grayish olive, or bronzy olive, with
a faint metallic gloss, the feathers with more or less distinct dusky
shaft-streaks, but without other markings except’on wing-coverts,
which are more or less barred with dusky; under parts immaculate
white, faintly shaded across chest (more distinctly so laterally)
with brownish gray; otherwise as in summer.

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage but wing-coverts, scapu-
lars, and upper tail-coverts narrowly barred, more or less distinctly
with pale buff and dusky; mandible dull purplish or livid flesh color
basally (in life).

Downy young.—Above light brownish gray or drab, minutely
freckled with dusky; pileum with a median streak of black, extending
from middle of forehead to nape; a similar black streak down middle
of back and rump; sides of head (including superciliary region),
sides of neck, chin, and throat grayish white, the rest of under parts
immaculate pure white; a very narrow streak of black from bill
to eye, sometimes interrupted on or near middle portion; a narrow
postocular streak of black, extending from eye to nape.

Adult male.—Wing, 89-105 (100.5); tail, 45-53 (49); exposed
culmen, 21.5-25.5 (23.6); tarsus, 19.5-24 (22.2); middle toe, 18-22
(19.4).2

Adult. female —Wing, 100-109 (104); tail, 47-53 (50.4); exposed
culmen, 21.5—25 (23.6) ; tarsus, 21-25 (22.8) ;middle toe, 18-21 (19.7).?

Breeding nearly throughout temperate and subarctic North Amer-
ica, northward to tree limit in northwestern Alaska, northern Mac-
kenzie, central Keewatin, northern Ungava, and Newfoundland,
southward to southern Califarnia, Arizona, southern Texas, southern
Louisiana, and northern South Carolina; migrating southward over
whole of Mexico, Central America, West Indies, and Soutia America,
as far as southern Brazil (Sao Paulo; Chapada, Mattogrosso), Bolivia
(San Francisco; lower Rio Beni) and Peru (Lima; Huambo; Tum-
bez; La Mercéd; Huaynapata); Bermudas (possibly breeding), Cocos

@ Kighteen specimens. b Seventeen specimens.
eee : |
| | Expos- 2
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | ed cul- Terss.eaoue
men, | :
: | a eee
| |
MALES. | |
| |
Twelve adult males from eastern North America.........-..... 102073) 50: 2 23.8 19.6
Five adult males from western North America.............--- 96.1 46.6 Dee Dl er 21e Gl, Wek n es
FEMALES, |
Ten adult females from eastern North America......../.....-- | 104.3 50. 6 23.9 | 22.9 19.8
Seven adult females from western North America (including |
Alaska)! Eee Rn ees When Slee: nok oa ieee oc | 103.6 | 50 23.1822. Talay 1986
|

= >

374 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Island, and Galapagos Archipelago (Abingdon and Albemarle islands)
in migration; accidental on British Islands.

[Tringa] macularia LINN&US, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 249 (Pennsylvania; based
on Spotted Tringa, Tringa maculata Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., ii, 1740,
139, pl. 277, lower fig.) —GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. i, 1789, 672.—LatHam,
Index Orn., ii, 1790, 734.—TurtTon, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 404.

Tringa macularia Winson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 60, pl. 59, fig. 1—BonaparTE,
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 86 (crit.); Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn.,
1826, [168!)—Yarrett, Hist. Brit. Birds, li, 1843, 544.—Bryanrt, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1866, 191 (Porto Rico); Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 257 (Porto
Rico).

Totanus macularius Temminck, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 422; ii, 1820, 656; iv, 1840,
417.—Vre1Lu0T, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 406—BonaparteE, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 325 —WeErneEpR, Atlas, Grallatores, 1827, pl. 23.—FLEm-
ING, Brit. Anim., 1828, 103.—LicHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830,
3; Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 59 (reprint)—BreEum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 646.—
Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 552.—Swatnson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-
Am., ii, 1831, 394.—Nurrau., Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834,
162.—_JeNyNS, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 199—-Gouxp, Birds Europes, iv,
1837, pl. 317 and text.—AupuBON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 81, pl. 310; Synopsis,
1839, 242; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 303, pl. 342.—Prasopy, Rep. Orn.
Mass., 1839, 370.—Grraup, Birds Long Is., 1844, 257.—Gray, List Birds
Brit. Mus., iii, Gralle, 1844, 102.—Yarretti, Hist. Brit. Birds, 2nd ed., ii,
1845, 613; 8rd _ed., ii, 1856, 660.—THIENEMANN, Rhea, i, 1846, 126 (Europe).—
Denny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39 (U. S.; Mexico; Jamaica).—Jar-
DINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 84 (Bermudas, common in summer till erid of Sept.;
breeding?).—Hiearns, Zoologist, vi, 1848, 2147 (England); vii, 1849, 2456
(England).—MiineEr, Zoologist, vii, 1849, 2455 (Whitby, England).—Durr,
Zoologist, vii, 1849, 2499 (British Islands) —Hurpis, in Jardine’s Contr.
Orn., 1850, 9 (Bermudas, July to Sept.; April)—LrmBeryer, Aves de la Isla
de Cuba, 1850, 94.—THompson (W.), Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 216.—THompson
(Z.), Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 105 —HEnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii,
1855, 315 (New Mexico).—PratreEn, Trans. Ills. Agric. Soc., 1855, 607 (Illi-
nois).—Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 217 (Essex Co., Massachusetts).—
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 119 (Nova Scotia).—Wiuis, An.
Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 285 (Nova Scotia).—Buanp, An. Rep.
Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—Hoy, An. Rep. Smithson.
Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri).—We1z, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866,
268 (Labrador).—Trrerg, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 119 (Minnesota).—GRAY
(R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 299.—SaunpeErs, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds,
iii, 1883, 452; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 592—SrErBoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii,
1885, 122, pl. 30 (egg); Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxiv, 372; Ibis,
1891, 24 (Helgoland).—Harrtert, Ibis, 1893, 325 (Curacao); Novit. Zool., ix,
1902, 307 (Curagao).—Poyntine, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. ii, 1895, 199, pl. 42.—
BurrerFietp, Auk, xxi, 1904, 485 (Romney Marsh, Kent, England, 2 specs., |
May 5, 1904.

| Totanus] macularius D’ HAMONVILLE, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 52 (w. Europe).

T{otanus] macularius MaximIman, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 90 (descr., etc.).

Tot{anus] macularius Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 218 (Bermudas).

Totanus macularis TowNsSEND (J. K.), Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839,
156 (n. w. United States).

{ Actitis] macularius Bors, Isis, 1826, 979.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 875

Actitis macularius NauMANN, V6g. Deutschl., viii, 1836, 34, pl. 195.—Bona-
PARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 51.—Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 349.—
Burnett, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1851, 116 (upper South Carolina).—
Macecinuivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 356.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., iv, 1854, 326 (America; Europe, accidental).—Casanis, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1856, 417 (Cuba).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces),
1864, 83—Finscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 588 (Trinidad; crit.).—
Goutp, Birds Great Brit., iv, 1873, pl. 59 and text.—TaczaNowskI, Orn.
du Pérou, iii, 1886, 369 (Tumbez; Huambo).~-AtLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,
ii, 1889, 109 (lower Rio Beni, Bolivia, Aug.).—Retsrr, Denkschr. Mat.-Nat.
Kl. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Ixxvi, 1910, 95 (coast of Piauhy, n. e. Brazil).—Smira
(A. F.), Wilson Bull., xxvi, 1914, 81-86 (nesting habits, etc.; photograph of
nest and eggs on pp. 84, 85).

A[ctitis] macularius Tscuup1, Wiegmann’s Archiy fiir Naturg., x, pt. i, 1844, 312
(Peru).

A[ctitis] macularia Keyseruine and Buasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. lxxiii, 212.

Actitis macularia Macaitirvray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 97.—Gunp.acu, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1856, 417 (Cuba); 1862, 86 (Cuba).—DrcGianp and GERBE, Orn,
Eur., ii, 1867, 229.—SunpEvatu, Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stockholm, 1869,
587 (St. Bartholomew), 602 (Porto Rico).—Brr.eprscn and TaczANOWSKI,
Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 577 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador).—Turnerr, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 247 (Port Chimo, Ungava, breeding); Contr. N.
H. Alaska, 1886, 190 (Alaska).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check
List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 263; 3d ed., 1910, p. 124.—TownsEnp (C. H.),
Cruise ‘Corwin! in 1885 (1887), 91 (upper Kowak River, Alaska, July).—NEL-
son, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 120 (Nulato; Sitka)—Cory, Auk, iv,
1887, 180 (Old Providence Island, Caribbean Sea), 181 (St. Andrews Island),
318 (West Indian localities and references); vi, 1889, 32 (Cayman Brac); vii,
1890, 375 (Tortola); Birds West Ind., 1889, 239; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 94.—
Peters, Journ. fiir Orn., 1892, 120 (Curacao).—Cuerrig, Auk, ix, 1892, 329
(San Jose, Costa Rica, Sept. 1 to March 1; ‘‘A few . . . remain all the year and
breed®’).—Brriepscu and StotzMann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 395, 408
(Lima, Peru, Nov.).—A.uEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 150 (Chapada,
Mattogrosso, s. w. Brazil)—CHapmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 76
(Trinidad).—Eturot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 149, pl. 46—Merrm (J.
C.), Auk, xv, 1898, 54 (as to removing young).—Mircnett, Auk, xv, 1898,
307 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding).—Antuony, Auk, xv, 1898, 316
(Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, w. Mexico, 1 spec., May 14).—Bryer,
Proc. Louisiana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 96 (breeding near New Orleans).—
BieEtow, Auk, xix, 1902, 29 (coast n. e. Labrador, breeding).—Hunrt, Wilson
Bull., no. 51, 1905, 51, 52 (habits)—Verrint (A. E. and A. H.), Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 356 (Santo Domingo).—Carrikrer, Ann, Carnegie
Mus., vi, 1910, 420 (San Jose, Bolson, Carillo, Guapiles, Ujarras de Terraba,
Tucurriqui, and La Estrella de Cartago, Costa Rica).—WetmoreE, Bull. 326,
U.S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 41 (Porto Rico in winter; food).—Nostg, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 1x, 1916, 366 (Guadeloupe; resident?).

T[ringoides] macularia Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 574.

Tringoides macularia Canot, Naumannia, ii, 1852, 65 (Lake Superior).—Woop-
HOUSE, in Sitgreave’s Rep. Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 99 —Haymonp,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 295 (Franklin Co., Indiana)—KNeEE-
LAND, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 238 (Keweenaw Point, Mich.).—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—Gray, List Brit.
Birds, 1863, 160.—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 95 (Trinidad).—Ltoraup, Ois. Trini-

~ dad, 1866, 458.—Sciatrer and Satvyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 629

376

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(Tucacos, Venezuela); 1870, 783 (Merida, Venezuela).—PrtzEtn, Orn.
Bras., 1870, 309, 457 (Sapitiba; Ypanema; Paranagua; Maribatanas; Caju-
tuba).—Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896,.468.—Satvaponrt, Boll.
Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xii, 1897, 36 (San Francisco, s. Bolivia)—BERLEPSCH
and Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 130 (Altagracia, etc., Orinoco Valley,
Venezuela, Sept. to March).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
iii, 1903, 378.—Brrinescn, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 307 (Cayenne).

Tringoides macularius ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 215 (Orizaba, Vera

Cruz); 1858, 461 (Gualaquiza, Ecuador); 1860, 254 (Orizaba), 298 (Esmer-
aldas, w. Ecuador); 1861, 80 (Jamaica); 1864, 178 (City of Mexico); Ibis, 1862,
277 (Europe).—Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,-735.—
Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 543.—HEwry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
xi, 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—Xanrtvs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859,
192 (Fort Tejon, California).—ScniatTEer and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 230 (Guate-
mala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 372 (Lion Hill, Panama); 1867, 592
(Mexiana Island, Brazil) —Nrwvon (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 256 (St. Croix). —
Barnarp, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861), 488 (Chester Co., Penn-
sylvania).—BoarpMaN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 129 (Calais, Maine).—
Taytor, Ibis, 1862, 129 (Florida); 1864, 95 (Trinidad).—VeErrim, Proc.
Bost. Soc: N. H., ix, 1862, 189 (Anticosti Island); Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862,
152 (Oxford Co., Maine).—ALBReEcHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862; 205 (Jamaica).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 334 (Lion Hill, Panama); vii, 1866,
294 (vicinity New York City); ix, 1868 142 (Costa Rica); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
no. 4, 1876, 48 (San Mateo, Oaxaca, Aug., Oct., Dec.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
i, 1878, 67 (Dominica), 197 (St. Vincent), 276 (Grenada), 360 (Martinique).—
Buiaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 134 (Mackenzie River).—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst.,
iv, 1864, 77 (Springfield, Mass., summer); Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 83
(Santarem, lower Amazon, April 12, common); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880,
169 (Santa Lucia).—DressEr, Ibis, 1866, 38 (Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Aug.;
San Antonio, Texas, Sept., Oct.)—McItwrarru, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866,
93 (Hamilton, Ontario)—Gunp.tacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 355;
Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 313 (Porto Rico); 1875, 325 (Cuba); 1878, 161, 188
(Cuba); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 372 (Porto Rico).—CovEs,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 98 (Fort Whipple, Arizona)); xxiii,
1871, 32 (Fort Macon, North Carolina); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 123
(South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 295 (New England, summer);
Check List, 1873, no. 436; 2d ed., 1882, no. 638; Birds Northwest, 1874, 501.—
Dati and BANNISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 293 (Nulato and St.
Michaels, Alaska).—Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 377 (Costa Rica).—
TURNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N.J., 1869, 41 (Phila. ed., 32).—Axssorr, Am.
Nat., iv, 1870, 547 (Trenton, N. J., summer).—Wyart, Ibis, 1871, 383 (Ocafia,
Colombia).—AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 210 (Wyoming; Colo-
rado, summer).—MAYNARD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872, 383 (New Eng-
land).—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 139 (16 alleged British records).—
Semper, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 653 (Santa Lucia).— STEVENSON, Rep.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870 (1871), 466 (Fort Fetterman and Camp Gifford,
Wyoming).—Scort, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1873, 227 (Kanawha Co., West
Virginia).—MerrriaM, Sixth An. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 (1873), 701,
714 (North Fork, Idaho; Utah); Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 9 (Aiken, South Carolina,
March 14—April 5).—Nertson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 343, 345, 347,
352 (Nevada).—Brewer, Proc. Bost.Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 446 (New England,
summer).—Hernsuaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 11 (Utah); Zool. Expl. W.
100th Merid., 1875, 460 (throughout West)—Brewsrer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
xi, 1875, 146 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia) —Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

aoe

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 877

1878, 44 (San Jose Valley, Costa Rica).—ListrEr, Ibis, 1880, 44 (St. Vincent).—
Datcuetsu, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 147 (European records; British
6 authentic, 11 doubtful, 11 erroneous; Belgium?; Germany?; Italy?¢).—

: Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 162; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 154
(Jacmel, Haiti); Birds Haitiand San Dom., 1885, 148.—Taczanowsk1, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 49 (Huambo, Peru).—Lane11ie, Our Birds in their
Haunts, 1884, 433, 434 (habits)—Reip, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1885,
239 (Bermudas, frequent).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ringway, Water Birds
N. Am., i, 1884, 301.—Satvin, Ibis, 1885, 194 (Cozumel I., Yucatan); 1886,
180 (Bartica Grove and Camacusa, Brit. Guiana) —Wet1s, List Birds Gre-
nada, 1886, 8—KorNIGswALD, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 395 (Sado Paulo, s.
Brazil).—Snwarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 762 (Bartica Grove,
Brit. Guiana, Nov.; Venezuela, Nov.; Santos, Brazil, Aug.).—Curisry, Ibis,
1897, 337 (Sanchez and Rio Yuna, Santo Domingo).—Curtis, Bull. Brit.
Orn. Club, no. lx, 1899, p. xxxv (Finea, County Longford, Ireland, 1 spec., Feb.
2, 1899) —IneErING, Rev. Mus. Paulista, 111, 1899, 435 (Sao Paulo).—Datmas,
Mém. Soc. Zool. France, xiii, 1900, 144 (Tobago).— BeRLEpscu and SroLzMANN,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, 52 (La Merced, Peru); Ornis, xiii, 1906, 102
Santa Ana, Peru, Dec. 4), 126 (Huaynapata, Peru, Oct. 15)—Lowe, Ibis,
1907, 553 (Margarita I., Venezuela, Jan.) —Grrrorb, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci.,
4th ser., ii, pt. i, 1913, 56 (Abingdon and Albemarle islands, Galapagos, May,
Sept.; Cocos Island, Costa Rica, Sept.).

[ Tringoides| macularius GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).—Gray,
Hand-list, iii, 1871, 46, no. 10280.—CovgEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 260.—
ScniaTer and Satvrn, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 146.—Cory, List Birds West
Ind., revised ed., 1886, 27.—SHarpr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 161.—ForBers and
Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 71 (Bermudas; Bolafos, Jalisco;
Belize, Brit. Honduras; Jamaica; Surinam; Peru; etc.).

T{ringoides| macularius Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 115.—CovEs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 640.

Tringrides hypoleucus . . . var. macularius Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov.,
1873, 187 (Colorado).

T[ringoides|hypoleucus . . . var. macularius Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874,
384 (Illinois).

Tringoides hypoleucus macularius Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 31
(Salt Lake City, Utah).

Tringoides hypoleucos macularius Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 34
(Parleys Park, Utah, breeding).

Tringoides hypoleucus . . . var. macularius Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii,
Jan., 1875, 39 (Nevada).

[ Tryngodes] macularia Heiner and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 327.

Actiturus macularius REICHENBACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 74, fig. 591, pl. 358, figs.
2811, 2812.

Tringites macularius SCLATER and SALviIn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 309 (Chami-
curos, e. Peru.)

[ Actitis] notata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 597.

Tringoides hypoleuca (not Tringa hypoleucos Linneeus) Ltoraup, Ois. Trinidad,
1866, 458.

Tringoides hypoleucus Franvzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 377 (Costa Rica).

Tringa bairdi (not of Coues) GRINNELL (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 126 (Sitka; see Grinnell,
Condor, iv, 1902, 17).

@ According to Gurney (Naturalist, 1895, 311,312) most if not all of the British rec-
ords are erroneous and pertain to A. hypoleucos!

378 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIGNAL MUSEUM.

Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson.

Bartramia Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 553. (Type, by monotypy, B. laticauda
Lesson= Tinga longicauda Bechstein.)

Bartramius(emendation) Bonaparte, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., ser. 2, ix, 1857, 59.

Actidurus BONAPARTE, Saggio dist. met. Anim. Vert., 1831, 148. (Type, Tringa
bartramia Wilson= 7’. longicauda Bechstein.)

Actiturus (emendation) BonAparTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 51.

Euliga Nutratt, Man. Orn. U. 8S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 167. (Type, by
original designation, Totanus bartramius Temminck=Tringa longicauda
Bechstein. )

Euligia (emendation) GuNptacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 86.

Rather large Tringine (?) (wing 157-181 mm.) with tail nearly
half as long as wing, strongly rounded, or graduated; exposed culmen
only about half as Jong as tarsus, the latter less than one-third as
long as wing, and nearly twice as long as middle toe without claw, and
coloration grayish brown and buffy barred and streaked with black,
the under parts largely whitish.

Bill relatively small and slender (about as long as head or slightly
shorter), the tip of maxilla slightly but distinctly decurved; exposed
culmen more than half as long as tarsus, about as long as middle toe
with part of its claw, slightly less than one-fifth as long as wing; nasal
groove narrowly cuneate, extending about three-fourths of distance
to tip of maxilla, the mandible with a narrow and rather indistinct
lateral groove; nostril subbasal, longitudinally linear, in lower edge of
nasal fossa; loral antia much anterior to malar antia, forming a not
very definite line, near base of nostrils, and very slightly if at all an-
terior to the scarcely divided frontal antia; mental antia about on
vertical line with anterior end of nostril. Wing long and pointed,
the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by a
little more than half the length of wing, but projecting only slightly
beyond tips of the longest tertials, the latter broad basally and grad-
ually tapering to the acuminate tip. Tail nearly half as long as
wing, graduated for nearly one-fourth its length, the rectrices (12)
slightly narrowed terminally but with broadly rounded tips. Tarsus
long and slender, more than one and a half times as long as exposed
culmen, less than one-fifth as long as wing, nearly twice as long as
middle toe without claw, continuously scutellate anteriorly and
posteriorly; bare portion of tibia nearly as long as middle toe with
claw, also continuously scutellate before and behind; lateral toes
much shorter than middle toe, the outer longer than the inner; a
small but distinct web between basal phalanges of outer and middle
toes, but none between inner and middle toes.

Coloration.—Above grayish brown and buffy, streaked and barred
with blackish, buff predominating on tail; beneath buffy whitish, the
foreneck streaked, the chest and sides with V-shaped markings of
blackish.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ~ 879

Range.—North America, migrating to South America. (Mono-
typic.)
BARTRAMIA LONGICAUDA (Bechstein).

UPLAND PLOVER.

Adults in swmmer (sexes alike).—Pileum dusky grayish brown or
dull sooty blackish, divided by a broken or interrupted (sometimes
indistinct) median line of pale buffy and more or less streaked with
the same, the forehead distinctly streaked with buffy and dusky;
nape pale buffy, passing into dull grayish buffy on lower hindneck,
narrowly streaked with blackish, the hindneck more broadly streaked
with dusky; interscapulars sooty blackish centrally, broadly margined
with pale buffy and pale buffy grayish brown; scapulars grayish brown
passing into pale buffy on margins and obliquely barred with black-
ish; anterior lesser wing-coverts grayish brown narrowly margined _
with pale dull buffy, the remaining coverts pale grayish brown passing
into pale buffy brown tipped or terminally margined (broadly) with
pale buffy and rather distantly barred with dusky; tertials light
grayish brown passing into pale buffy or dull buffy whitish on edges
and obliquely barred with blackish; primary coverts dusky; pri-
maries dark grayish brown or dusky, the proximal quills, margined
terminally with white, broadly on outer webs, where, on three or
four innermost quills more or less spotted with white; rump and
upper tail-coverts plain dusky or sooty blackish, the longer upper
tail-coverts more or less margined and spotted on terminal portion
with light buffy grayish brown and pale buffy, the lateral ones with
outer webs largely dull buffy white and with more or less of the same
on terminal portion of inner webs; tail passing from grayish brown
(indistinctly paler on edges) on middle pair of rectrices through
pinkish buff or light pinkish cinnamon into pale pinkish buff on outer-
most pair, on which the outer web and broad terminal space on inner®
web are white—the four outermost (on each side) broadly tipped with
white and with a broad, more or less sagittate, subterminal bar of
black, the four middle rectrices obliquely barred (on both webs) with
black, the lateral ones with much fewer and less regular black bars and
other markings; sides of head, posteriorly, sides of neck, foreneck,
and chest pale buff, narrowly streaked with black; loral, suborbital,
and malar regions, chin, throat, and under parts of body dull buffy
white, immaculate on malar region, chin, throat lower breast (except
laterally), abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts, the upper
breast and sides of lower breast with V-shaped markings of black, the
sides and flanks with bars (somewhat V-shaped anteriorly) of the
same; axillars white regularly barred with slate-blackish, the under
wing-coverts white, spotted and barred with the same; maxilla black-
ish edged (except terminally) with light brownish or dull yellowish;

380 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL’ MUSEUM.

mandible pale brownish or dull yellowish, dusky at tip; iris dark
brown; legs and feet light brownish (yellowish gray in life).

Winter plumage.—Similar in pattern to the summer plumage, but.
the general coloration much more decidedly buffy.

Young.—Similar to adults, but buff of head, neck, chest, wings,
etc., much deeper, streaks on foreneck and chest much less distinct,
and interscapulars plain blackish with distinct buff margins.

Downy young.-—Sides of head and under parts immaculate dull
white; forehead (except laterally) pale buffy grayish brown, with a
rather indistinct central spot of dusky; crown and occiput pale buffy
grayish brown, longitudinally but irregularly mottled with black and
margined with the same; nape with a central spot and lateral broad
streaks of black; back, rump, wings, etc., irregularly mottled with
black on a ground of pale buffy grayish brown and dull whitish.

Adult male.—Wing, 157-181 (163.3); tail, 79-92 (83.4); exposed
culmen, 26-31 (28.2); tarsus, 438.5-49 (46.4); middle toe, 25-28.
(26.2).%

Adult female.—Wing, 161-178 (166.6); tail, 79-89.5 (75.6) ; exposed
culmen, 27.5-32 (29.8); tarsus, 47-50.5 (48.5); midale toe, 25-27
(26.3).°

Breeding from northern Virginia, southern Indiana, southern
Illinois, southern Missouri, southern Oklahoma, Colorado, north-
eastern Utah (Kamas Prairie), southern Oregon (Fort Klamath),
ete., northward to southern Maine (Oxford CountyY, southern
Quebee (Hatley), southern Ontario (islands near Kingston), southern
Michigan, central Wisconsin,* Manitoba, central Keewatin, southern

« Ten specimens. b Nine specimens.
| Ex- Was
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Middle
| culmen.| :
MALES,
One adult male from Pennsylvania (Carlisle, May 20).......... 162 79 D6: | a 4355 25
Three adult males from southern Illinois (Richland County,
ORETIG) PA. Se ieee FAS dP Sek beet ee eR eee BEE 160. 8 81.5 |" 929; 2 46.7 27.3
Four adult males from Nebraska (1), North Dakota (2), and
IMT) GS) CS) os oversea SNe siete eee a ae IS ee er eee 160. 9 82. 4 28 47.5 25.7
One adult male from Mackenzie (Fort Smith)...............-. 164 89 28. 5 47 25
One adult male from northwestern Alaska (Kowak River).....- 181 92 28 43.5 27
FEMALES.
One adult female from Mackenzie (Fort Smith)................ 178 89.5 82 47 25
Five adult females from Montana (1), North Dakota (3), and |
An Sas; (1!) cece meen on cite tannic Sctociss arieists reenact 165.5 81.6 29.7 48.3 26. 5-
One adult female from southern Illinois (Richland County, :
FTG). aS. SEL SC eS PR PR eh PEN ee 161 84 30 50 26
One adult female from Louisiana (April 8—migrant?)...........) 168 39.5 | ee ee 48 27
One adult female from Cuba (Cabafias, May 22)................- | 165 86 28 50 26. 5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3881

Mackenzie, and northwestern Alaska (valley of Kowak River);
migrating southward over Mexico, Central America, and West
Indies to Argentina (Buenos Aires; Cordova; Tucumaén; Mendoza;
Lomas de Zamora; Barracas al Sud; Estancia Espartilla), Uruguay
(Concepcién), Paraguay (Rio Parana; Gran Chaco), Bolivia (Tata-
renda; Lake Titicaca), Peru (Rio Ucayali; Pebas; Cosnipata; Nauta;
Chamicuros; Chorillos; Huaynapata), and Chile; occasional in Ber-
muda and in western Europe (6 British records, 1 each for Holland,
Germany, Italy, and Malta).

Tringa longicauda BEcHSTEIN, in Latham’s Allg. Ueb. alles bek. Végel, iv, pt. ii,
1812, 453 (North America).

Bartramius longicaudus BONAPARTE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., ser. 2, ix, 1857, 59.

Bartramia longicauda Drecuanpd and GerBe, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 231.—Covss,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 100; Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 640.—
Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 111, 1880, 201 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 555);
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 555.—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii,
1882, 256 (Adirondack region, New York, breeding); Auk, ii, 1885, 315
(Godbout, Quebec, 1 spec., May 7, 1885).—ALLEN and Brewster, Auk, viii,
1883, 198 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, April, numerous).—Barrp, Brewer,
and Rineway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 296.—Saunpers, ed. Yarrell’s
Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 440; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 589.—Drew, Auk, ii,
1885, 18 (Colorado, 5,000-10,000 ft.)—AGrrsBorcG, Auk, ii, 1885, 286 (s. e.
South Dakota).—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 152 (Manitoba, abundant summer
resident.)—AMERICAN OrNiITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2nd
ed., 1895, no. 261; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 123.—Turnerr, Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886,
189 (Alaska).—Wetts, List Birds Grenada, 1886, 8—TownseEnp (C. H.),
Auk, iv, 1887, 12 (Kowak River, n. w. Alaska, breeding); Cruise ‘Corwin’
in 1885 (1887), 91 (upper Kowak River, July 15).—Nextson, Rep. N. H.
Coll. Alaska, 1887, 119 (Fort Yukon).—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 186 (Concho
Co., w. Texas, migrant).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 319 (West Indian localities
and references); ix, 1892, 48 (Maragauna, Bahamas); Birds West Ind., 1889,
240; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 94.—Brruxrpscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 126
(Paraguay); 1889, 101 (Tonantins, n. w. Brazil, May); Novit. Zool. xv,
1908, 307 (Cayenne).—We ts, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 628 (Gre-
nada).—Brcknam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 637, 653 (Bexar Co., *
Texas).—Merritu (J. C.), Auk, v, 1888, 145 (Fort Klamath, Oregon, breed-
ing); xiv, 1897, 351 (Fort Sherman, Idaho, breeding).—CHapman, Auk, v,
1888, 270 (Gainesville, Florida, April)—Brewsrer, Auk, v, 1888, 389
(Winchendon, Massachusetts, breeding).—ZELEepON, Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R.,
1, 1888, 129 (Alajuela, Costa Rica).—ALtEeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889,
109 (Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, Aug.); v, 1893, 150 (Chapada, Mattogrosso, s. w.
Brazil, Sept., Oct., April)—FrmpeEn, Ibis, 1889, 497 (Barbados; habits).—
Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 158 (Key West, Florida, Oct. 3); ix, 1892, 14 (Jamaica?
the single record doubtful), 212 (Caloosahatchie River, Florida, migrant).—
CHERRIE, Auk, vii, 1890, 332 (San Jose, Costa Rica, Sept. 25 to Nov. 15).—
Tuompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 503 (Manitoba; habits, etc.).—
Artwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 232 (San Antonio, Texas, migrant).—Mackay,
Auk, ix, 1892, 305 (Nantucket and Tuckernuck islands, Massachusetts,
breeding).—BeErLEpscH and StroitzMAnn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 395
(Magdelena Vieja and Lima, Peru, March); Ornis, xiii, 1906, 125 (Huayna-
pata, Peru, Sept., Oct.).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1898, 526

382 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Rio Frio, Costa Rica).—E.iiot, N. Am. Shore
Birds, 1895, 148, pl. 44.—Poyntina, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt..i, 1895, 187, pl. 40.—
Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 509, 765.—Cooxg, Birds Col.,
1897, 67 (summer resident, breeding up to 6,000 ft.).—Macxkay, Auk, xiv,
1897, 229 (Tuckernuck I., Massachusetts, breeding).—CiarKke, Auk, xiv,
1897, 411 (islands near Kingston, Ontario, breeding).—InERiInG, Rev. Mus.
Paulista, ii, 1899, 435 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil).—Forses and Rosrnson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 71 (Duefias, Guatemala; Texas).—DURFEE,
Auk, xx, 1903, 65 (breeding dates at Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts).—
SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1903, 380.—LONNBERG,
Ibis, 1903, 460 (Tatarenda, Bolivia, April).—Hotmes, Wilson Bull., no. 58,
1907, 22 (Summit, New Jersey, rare summer resident).—ALLEN (F. H.), Auk,
xxv, 1908, 59 (Londonderry, s. Vermont).—RockweE tL, Condor, x, 1908, 160

: (Plateau Valley, Mesa Co., w. Colorado, 1 spec.).—KERMopDE, Prov. Mus.
Victoria, 1909, 38 (Comox, Vancouver I.; 150-Mile House, Caribou Road).—
HartTeErT and VEnTuRI, Novit. Zool., xvi, 1909, 251 (Barracas al Sud, etc.,
Argentina, Dec.).—Rertsrr, Denkschr. Mat.-Nat. Kl. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
Ixxvi, 1910, 95 (Joazeiro, n. e. Brazil)—Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi,
1910, 420 (Costa Rica).—DaBBENE, Orn. Argentina, 1910, 219 (Cordoba;
Tucuman; Buenos Aires).—VisHER, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 10 (Harding Co.,
South Dakota, breeding).—Saunpgers, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 34 (Gallatin Co.,
Montana, breeding).—Matuews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 3, 1913, 234, pl.
[157].—Moustey, Auk, xxxiii, 1916, 65 (Hatley, Quebec, breeding).—Wet-
MORE. Bull, 326, U. 8. Dept. Agric., 1916, 42 (Porto Rico, 1 record only).—
Dice, Auk, xxxv, 1918, 43 (near Two Rivers, Walla Walla Co., s. e. Wash-
ington).

Blartramia] longicauda Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 641.—Ripeway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 169.

[Bartramia] longicauda D’Hamonvit_e, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 52 (centr. Europe).—
Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, and revised ed., 1886, 27.—SHarpeE, Hand-
list, i, 1899, 162.

Totanus longicauda D’OrBIGNY, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 237.

Actiturus longicaudus Newton, ed. Blasius’ List Birds Europe, 1862, 18.—GuNp-
LACH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 355; Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 326
(Cuba).—Dresssr, Birds Europe, viii, 1877, 119, pl. 562.—Grieui011, Ibis,
1881, 184 (Malta).—BritisH OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, List Brit. Birds, 1883,
173.—Ramsay, Tab. List Austral. Birds, 1888, 20 (Wide Bay district; New
South Wales; interior).—Satvin, Ibis, 1889, 379 (Ruatan Island, Honduras).

Actiturus longicauda ScuatTER and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 547
(Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia).

A{[ctiturus] longicauda Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 115.

Actiturus longicaudatus BERLEPSCH, Journ. fiir Orn., xxii, July, 1874, 260 (Santa
Catarina, s. e. Brazil; synonymy; crit.).—GuUNDLACcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881,
401 (Porto Rico).

Bartramia longicaudata Berront, Fauna Parag., 1914, 38 (upper Rio Parana).

Tringa bartramia Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 63, pl. 59, fig. 2 (Schuylkill River,
Pennsylvania).—BoNnapartE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 85 (crit.).—
AUDUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 231; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 248, pl. 327.—
JARDINE, Vontr. Orn., 1849, 87 (Bermudas?).—PutTnam, Proc. Essex Inst.,
1, 1856, 216 (Essex Co., Massachusetts).—TRiprE, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871,
119 (Minnesota).

Totanus (Euliga) bartramius Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds,
1834, 168.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 383

Euligia bartramia CaBantis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 418 (Cuba).—GuNpLAcH,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 86 (Cuba; crit.).

Totanus bartramius. BONAPARTE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1827, 325.—Werner, Atlas,
Grallatores, 1827, pl. 20.—Swarnson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii,
1831, 391 (Saskatchewan).—BREWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1837, 4387
(Massachusetts).—GouLp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 313 and text.—Aupvu-
BON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 24, pl. 303.—PraBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839,
370.—TuHompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1853, 104, fig —Wates, Rep. Agric.,
etc., Miss., 1854, 322.—More, Zoologist, 1854, 4254 (Doncaster, England.—
Kewnicotr, Trans. Ills. Agric. Assoc., i, 1855, 587 (Illinois).—Prarren,
Trans. Ills. Agric. Assoc., i, 1855, 607 (Illinois) —Hoy, An. Rep. Smithson.
Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438 (Missouri).—Butimon, Zoologist, 1866, 37 (Fal-
mouth, England).—Marurw, Zoologist, 1877, 389 (River Parret, Somerset-
shire, England).

Tlotanus] bartramius BONAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 85 (crit.);
Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [167].

Totanus bartramia TEMMINCK, Man. d’Orn., 11, 1820, 650; iv, 1840, 415.—Gurney,
Zoologist, x, 1852, 3388 (near Warwick, England, Oct.) —BuRMEISTER, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1860, 261 (Mendoza, Argentina); Reise La Plata-St., i, 1861, 503.

Actidurus bartramius BONAPARTE, Saggio Metod. Anim. Vertebr., 1831, 143.

Actiturus bartramius BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 51; Compt. Rend.,
xliii, 1856, 597.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Gralle, 1844, 102.—Rercn-
ENBACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 74, fig. 590.—BreEweERr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
iv, 1854, 326 (N. Am.; Europe, accidental); xvii, 1875, 446 (New England,
summer).—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Expl. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 326
(New Mexico); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 545; Ibis, 1867, 285 (Germany,
England).—Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 737.—
Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—SciaTER
and Sauvin, Ibis, 1859, 230 (Duefias, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1864, 372 (Lion Hill, Panama); 1866, 567 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 979
(Pebas, e. Peru); 1868, 169 (Caracas, Venezuela); 1869, 598 (Cosnipata, e.
Peru); 1870, 783 (Merida, Venezuela); 1873, 309 (Nauta, Chamicuros, and
Pebas, e. Peru).—Sctarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 253 (Orizaba, Vera
Cruz); Ibis, 1862, 277 (Europe); 1890, 425 (Argentina).—BuRMEISTER, Reise
La Plata-St., 1861, 503.—Barnarp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1860 (1861)
438 (Chester Co., Pennsylvania).—BuaxistTon, Ibis, 1862, 9 (plains of Sas-
katchewan, breeding); 1863, 134 (Saskatchewan).—BoarpMAN, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 129 (Calais, Maine).—VeErritt, Proc. Essex Inst., iii,
1862, 152 (Oxford Co., Maine, breeding).—LawreEnce, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii,
1862, 334 (Lion Hill, Panama); vili, 1866, 294 (vicinity New York City); ix,
1868, 142 (Costa Rica)—Marcn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, 67
(Jamaica).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Artil. Inst. Woolwich, iv, 1864, 124 (Colville
Bay, Brit. Columbia).—Govu.p, Handb. Birds Australia, 11, 1865, 242 (near
Sydney); Birds Great Brit., iv, 1872, pl. 63 and text.—Covugs, Ibis, 1865, 158
(Fort Riley, Kansas); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 295 (New England); Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 123 (South Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 438;
Birds Northwest, 1874, 502; Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878,
644 (Dakota; Montana, June—Aug.).—DreEssEr, Ibis, 1865, 314 (s. Texas,
Sept.); 1866, 38 (San Antonio, Texas).—McIziwrairTn, Proc. Essex Inst., v,
1866, 93 (Hamilton, Ontario).—BurcueEr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, 1868,
150 (Laredo, Texas).—ALLEN, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1868, 501 (Iowa);
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 182 (Kansas; Colorado); Am. Nat., vi, 1872,
351 (near Colorado City, Colo.); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 67 (Dakota

384 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

s :

and Montana, breeding).—Coorrer, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 83 (e. base Mullang
Pass, Montana), 298 (Great Falls, Montana).—Turnsuut, Birds E. Penn.
and N.J., 1869, 41 (Phila. ed., 32).—Wrieur, Ibis, 1869, 247 (Malta).—Da.Lu
and BANNISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 293 (Fort Yukon, Alaska).—
Rernuarpt, Vid. Med. Nat. Forh., 1870, 38 (Campos, Brazil)—Harrine,
Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 137 (records for British Islands); Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1880, 543 (Lincolnshire, England); Zoologist, 3d ser., iv, 1880, 508
(England, Oct.; seven British records).—TriprE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xv, 1872, 241 (lowa, breeding) —Maynarp, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1872,
383 (Coos Co., N. H.; Norway, Me., breeding); Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 388.—
Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 10.—Merrram, Sixth An. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv.
Terr., 1872 (1873), 714 (Utah).—Ripe@way, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, i187
(Colorado); vii, 1875, 34 (Kamas Prairie, Utah, July); Field and Forest, ii,
1877, 211 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 611 (Kamas Prairie).—HEn-
suaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 11 (Kamas Prairie, Utah); Zool. Expl. W.
of 100th Merid., 1875, 461 (Sulphur Spring, Arizona, Aug. 18).—TaczANowskI,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 560 (Chorillos, Peru); Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1886,
371.—Litrorp, Ibis, 1875, 22 (Malta)——Hupson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1876, 104 (Buenos Aires; abundant).—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1877, 199 (Buenos
Aires; habits).—Rerp, Zoologist, 1877, 478 (Bermudas, Sept.); Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 240 (Bermudas, 2 specs.; Sept. 20, 1874, and Sept. 18,
1875).—CaBanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1878, 199 (Argentina).—SENNET?T, Bull.
U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 55 (Brownsville, Texas, A pril).—
Merri (J. C.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 161 (Fort Brown, Texas,
March, July).—Dauetersu, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 149 (European
records; British Islands, 6; Holland, 1; Germany, 1; Italy, 1; Malta, 1).—
GieuioLr, Ibis, 1881, 184 (Italy, Oct.).—Barrows, Auk, i, 1884, 315 (Con-
cepcion, Uruguay, Nov. to April; habits)—Laneiie, Our Birds in their
Haunts, 1884, 566, 567 (habits; notes).—WirHINeTon, Ibis, 1888, 472 (Lomas
de Zamora, Argentina).—Sctater and Hupson, Argentine Orn., ii, 1889,
189.—Ho.uanp, Ibis, 1892, 212 (Estancia Espartilla, Argentina; habits).—
Apuin, Ibis, 1894, 209 (Uruguay; habits) —Korntaswa.p, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1896, 395 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil) —Houmsere, Segundo censo Argentina, 1898,

- 569.—Kerr, Ibis, 1901, 236 (Gran Chaco, Paraguay).

[ Actiturus| bartramius GuNpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).—Covgs, Key
N. Am. Birds, 1872, 261.—Sciater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 146.

A{ctiturus] bartramius GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1849, 223
(prairies of interior).—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 384 (Illinois).

T[{ringoides| bartramius Gray, Gen. Birds, ui, 1846, 547.

Tringoides bartramius WoopHOUSE, in Sitgreaves’ Rep. Expl. Zuni and Col. R.,
1853, 100.—Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 295 (Franklin
Co., Indiana).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—
Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 162 (Cambridge and Newmarket, England).—
Lroraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 463.

[ Tringoides| bartramius Gray, Hand-list, ili, 1871, 46, no. 10281.

Tringoides bartramia PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 310.

[ Tringoides| bartramia PeuzeLn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 457.

Actitis bartramius ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 78.

Totanus bartramii THIENEMANN, Rhea, i, 1846, 126 (Europe).—GArkeE, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1856, 377 (England).

Totanus bartrami Sresoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 110, pl. 32 (eggs); Geog.
Distr. Charadriide, 1887, 376.

Tringa bartramii Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 315 (New Mexico).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 885

Actitis bartrami NAUMANN, V6g. Deutschl., viii, 1836, 43, pl. 196; xiii, 1847, 238.—
Scuecet, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. xcii.

A[ctitis] bartrami Keyserune and Brastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ix xiii, 212.

Actiturus bartrami LicutENSTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 92.

Totanus variegatus VirttotT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 397 (South
America; Antilles); Gal. Ois., 11, 1834, 107, pl. 239.

Totanus melanopygius VrettiotT, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 401 (central
United States; Louisiana). ©

Bartramia laticauda Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 553 (new name for Tinga bartra-
mia Wilson).—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 78.

Totanus campestris Viriuiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 400 (Paraguay,
based on Chorlito ribetos blancos acanaledos Azara, Apunt., p. iii, 312),—Harr-
LAUB, Syst. Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 25.

T{otanus] campestris Vre1tLoT, Tabl. Enc. Méth., 1ii, 1823, 1098.

Pavoncella pugnax (not Tringa pugnax Linneus) Macoun, Cat. Canad. Birds, 1900,
177, part (see Fleming, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 450).

Genus NUMENIUS Brisson.

Numenius Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 311. (Type, by tautonymy, [Numenius]
numenius Brisson=Scolopax arquata Linnzeus.)

Neomenius @ (emendation) BirtBERG, Synop. Faunae Scand., 1, pars 2, 1828, tab.
A and p. 159.

Cracticornis GRAy, List Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1841, 88. (Type, Scolopax
arquata Linneeus.)

Very large Scolopacide (wing more than 250 (251-308) mm.) with
the long, slender, and distinctly arched or decurved bill longer than
tarsus and middle toe, more than half as long as wing; tarsus more
than twice as long as middle toe without claw, and tail shorter than
tarsus and middle toe.

Bill very long, slender, strongly and regularly decurved from, or
posterior to, middle portion, the exposed culmen longer than tarsus
and middle toe, longer than tail, more than half as long as wing,
narrower than deep (except terminally), the tip (of both maxilla and
mandible) slightly expanded; nostrils sub-basal, longitudinally linear,
pervious; nasal groove distinct for basal half, or less, only, quite
obsolete terminally; loral and malar antiz on same vertical line, the
mental antia slightly posterior to anterior end of nostril, the frontal
antia forming a more or Jess concave (sometimes nearly straight) line
across base of culmen; wing ample, pointed, the outermost primary
longest and exceeding distal secondaries by nearly to quite half the
length of wing; tertials elongated, but tips of the longest falling con-
siderably short of tips of longest primaries; tail about two-fifths as
long as wing or slightly less, slightly but distinctly rounded; rectrices
12; tarsus a little more than one-fourth as long as wing, more than
twice as long as middle toe without claw, scutellate anteriorly, covered
with hexagonal scales posteriorly; bare portion of tibia about as long

@ Neounna, nova luna, ab formam rostri derivatum videtur. (Billberg.)
40017—19— Bull. 50, pt 8 26

386 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

as middle toe, covered all around with small hexagonal scales;
lateral toes decidedly shorter than middle toe, the outer slightly
longer than the inner; hallux well developed, slender, about as long
as first phalanx of outer toe; interdigital spaces webbed basally, the
web between outer and middle toes connecting nearly whole of basal
phalanges, that between inner and middle toes smaller; all the an-
terior toes margined laterally by a distinct though narrow tumid
membrane.

Coloration.—General color grayish brown to light pinkish cinna-
mon, streaked and otherwise varigated with dusky, the under parts
of body mostly immaculate whitish or light pinkish cmnamon; some
species with rump white.

Range.—Northern Hemisphere. (Three species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF NUMENIUS.

a. Rump and lower back white; general tone of plumage grayish brown, the under
parts and axillars whitish. (Europe and western Asia, south in winter to Cape
of Good Hope, Madagascar, and India; accidental on Long Is!and, New York.)

Numenius arquatus(p. 386).

aa. Rump and lower back pale cinnamon and dusky, like rest of upper parts; under

parts pale pinkish buff, axillars light vinaceous-cinnamon. (Nuwmenius ameri-
canus. )

b. Larger (wing 268.2-308, averaging 279.3 in male, 268.5 in female; exposed culmen
137-219. 2, averaging 145.3 in male, 184 in female). (More southern United
States, chiefly west of Mississippi River, north to {llinois, Idaho, Utah, Nevada,
ClLOA Se ies ws ce See sige nese Numenius americanus americanus (p. 390).

bb. Smaller (wing 251.5-287, averaging 265.6 in male, 268.5 in female; exposed

culmen 105.4-170.7, averaging 121.1 in male, 158.7 in female). (Saskatche-
wan to eastern British Columbia and south to South Dakota, Wyoming, and
eastern Oregon—to New Mexico, Texas, etc., in migration.)

Numenius americanus occidentalis (p. 394).

NUMENIUS ARQUATUS (Linneus).

EUROPEAN CURLEW.

Adults (sexes alike).—General color of upper parts light grayish
brown or grayish buffy (nearly light drab to drab-gray), streaked
with dusky, the streaks broadest on back, scapulars, tertials, and wing-
coverts, on the tertials throwing off lateral projections; greater coverts
and secondaries deep brownish gray or grayish brown, transversely
spotted with pale grayish buffy, the bars thus produced (in the closed
wing) of the two colors about equal in width or with the pale ones
slightly wider than the darker ones; alula, primary coverts, and prima-
ries dusky, the two first margined terminally or narrowly tipped
“with white (more broadly on proximal coverts), the primaries spotted
and terminally margined with white; lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts white, the first and second immaculate, or nearly so,
superficially, but with concealed mesial streaks of grayish dusky,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 387

the upper tail-coverts (sometimes lower rump also) with conspicuous
longitudinal, more or less hastate or V-shaped markings of dusky,
the longer upper tail-coverts sometimes tinged with pale buffy
grayish; tail barred with dull white and dusky grayish brown, the
paler bars usually more or less shaded with pale buffy grayish,
especially on middle rectrices, on which the pale bars are sometimes
wholly grayish buffy; supraocular region and posterior portion of
supraloral region dull white, minutely and sparsely flecked with
‘dusky; chin and throat immaculate dull white or buffy white; rest
of head and neck, together with chest, very pale grayish buffy
(pale vinaceous-buff or tilleul buff) narrowly but sharply streaked
with dusky, the breast, sides, and flanks similar but with ground
color more nearly white, the flanks more or less spotted or barred
with grayish brown; rest of under parts white, the under tail-coverts
with narrow mesial streaks of dusky; axillars and under wing-
coverts immaculate white, or with scattered streaks or bars of brown-
ish gray; inner webs of primaries brownish gray, barred or trans-
versely spotted with white, these white bars or spots not extending
to the shaft and sometimes broken up into an irregular mottling or
marbling; maxilla black terminally passing into brown basally, the
mandible black terminally with basal half (more or less) light brown-
ish (dull flesh color in life) ; iris dark brown; legs and feet dusky (more
or less grayish in life).

Winter plumage.—‘ Very similar to the breeding-plumage, but
paler, and much less heavily striped, especially on the under surface -
of the body; the black spots and streaks on the rump scarcely apparent
and concealed by the white plumage; upper tail-coverts white, with
very few brown cross-bars; tail white, barred with brown.”’ ¢

Young.—‘“ Differs from the adult in being much more tawny
and ... may always be distinguished from the old ones by the much
lighter pattern of the notches and bars on the innermost secondaries,
these markings being tawny-buff, and the black centers to the
feathers being much broader.” ?

Adult male-—Wing, 285-286 (285.5) tail, 107-108.5 (107.7);
exposed culmen, 125-152.5 (138.7); tarsus, 77; middle toe, 42.°

Adult female.—Wing, 284-304 (294); tail, 117-118.5 (117.7;)
exposed culmen, 118-131 (124.5); tarsus, 78-79 (78.5); middle toe, 42.°

Breeding in northern and central Europe, from the British Islands
eastward to the Kirghis steppes and plains of the Caucasus, north-
ward to the Scandinavian peninsula, delta of the Dvina and basin
the Volga rivers, southward to Holland (and delta of the Rhone 2) ;

a Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 345.
» Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 346.
¢ Two specimens, from England.

~

388 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

migrating southward to southern Africa (Cape Colony), Madagascar,
India, etc.; occasional in Faroe Islands, Azores, and Iceland; acci-
dental in eastern United States (Long Island, New York; see Dutcher,
Auk, ix, 1892, pp. 390, 392) ?

[Scdlopaz] arquata Linnxus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 145 (Sweden); ed. 12, i,
1766, 242.—Guetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 655.

[Numenius] arquata Latruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 710.—SHarre, Hand-list, i,
1899, 157.

[Numenius] arquatus Larnam, Synopsis Birds, Suppl., i, 1787, 291. ,

Numenius arquatus BoppAERT, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 50 (Pl. Enl., 318).—
Virmior, ~ Nouy. Dict. “d’Hist: ‘Nat. “wu.” 1897) 304 Parcas,
Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 168.—Rovux, Orn. Prov., 1825, pl. 306.—
WERNER, Atlas, Grallatores, 1827, pl. 5.—Brrum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831,
608.—SrricKLanD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1836, 101 (Smyrna).—Bona-
PARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 49.—Srtys-Lonacuamps, Faune Belge,
1842, 130.—Mitute, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl., 1844, 110.—Gray, List Birds
Brit. Mus., iti, Gralle, 1844,: 93; List Brit. Birds, 1868, 143.—
Hewitson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1846, pl. 79.—Biyru, Cat. Birds Mus.
Asiat. Soc., 1849, 268 (Calcutta).—THompson, Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 184
(resident).—Harcovurt, Proc. Zool. Soc: Lond., 1851, 146 (Madeira).—
REICcHENBACH, Grallatores, 1851, pl. 78, fig. 539.—Ks#rpOtimne, Danm.
Fugle, 1852, pl. 33a, fig. 4. Breum, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 81 (Khartoum).—
Hevuauin, Syst. Uebers., 1856, 62; Orn. N. O.-Afrika, ii, pt. 1, 1873, 1146.—
Hartiaus, Orn. W.-Afrika, 1857, 232—LinpeRMAYER, V6g. Griechenl.,
1860, 147.—NeEwtTon, in Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 413.—JeRpoN,
Birds India, iii, 1864, 683 —SuNpEVALL, Svensk. Fogl., 1865, pl. 38, fig. 2.—
Layarb, Birds South Africa, 1867, 322.—DrGLAND and GeErBE, Orn. Eur.,
li, 1867, 159.—Locus, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 331.—CoLLeErt,
Norges Fugle, 1868, 57.—F 1nscu and Harttavus, Vég. Ost-Afrika, 1870, 736.—
BLANForRD, Geol. and Zool. Abyssinia, 1870, 432.—Strvenson, Birds Nor-
folk, ii, 1870, 194.—Gopman, Azores, 1870, 34.—Fritscu, Vég. Eur., 1870,
pl. 40, fig. 4—Satvaport, Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871, 233; Ucc. Borneo, 1874,
332; Elenco Uce. Ital., 1887, 182 (Liu Kiu Islands).—Gray (R.), Birds West
Scotland, 1871, 287.—GurNey, in Andersson’s Birds Damara-Land, 1872,
299. _Hartinc, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 53.—SHarrsr, Ibis, 1872, 74
(Nagua River, w. Africa); ed. Layard’s Birds South Africa, 1884, 692, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 341, 753.—SHELLEY, Birds Egypt, 1872, 243.—
PatMeEn, Finlands Foglar, 1873, 118.—Severtzow, Turkest. Jevotn., 1873,
69.—DresserR, Birds Europe, viii, 1873, 248, pl. 578-—Saxsy, Birds
Shetl., 1874, 190.—Irpy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 178; 2nd ed., 1895,
290; Key List Brit. Birds, 1888, 49.—F auton, Ois. Belg., 1875, 168.—Buan-
FORD, East. Persia, ii, 1876, 286.—BogpaNnow, Birds Caucas., 1879, 156.—
BocaGe, Orn. Angola., 1881, 461.—ForseEs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881,
644 (anatomy).—BririsH OrnituoLtoeists’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883,
179.—Oates, Handb. Birds Brit. Burma, ii, 1883, 412.—SaunpErRs, ed.
Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 499; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 611—Murray,
Vertebr. Fauna Sind, 1884, 247.—Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine,
1884, 134.—Boapanow, Consp. Av. Imp. Ross., 1884, 81.—RappE, Orn.
Caucas., 1884, 45, 436(breeding at 6,300feet)—Vorprer Man, N. T. Nederl.
Ind., xliv, 1884, 204 (Java).—Srrsoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 94; Geog
Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxii, 322, figs —Harvin-Brown and BUCKLEY,
Vertebr. Fauna Sutherl., Caithn., and West Cromarty, 1887, 226; Vertebr.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 389

Fauna Outer Hebrides, 1888, 138.—RericuENow, Syst. V6g. Deutschl.,
1889, 46; Vég. Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, 1894, 43.—Gretrort, Avil. Ital., Ist Resoc.,
1889, 621; 2nd Resoc., 1890, 656; 3rd Resoc., 1891, 514.—Litrorp, Col. Figs.
Brit. Birds, pt. xix, 1891—MaparAsz, Erliut. Aust.. Ungar. Vogelf., 1891,
107.—F rivatpsky, Aves Hung., 1891, 137.—Retser, Vogels Mus. Sarajevo,
1891, 119.—GArKer, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 473.—Buckiry and Harviz-
Brown, Vertebr. Fauna Orkneys, 1891, 224; Vertebr. Fauna Argyll and
Inner Hebrides, 1892, 184.—Fatio and SrupEr, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, 1892,
46.—MacpHerson, Vertebr. Faun. Lakeland, 1892, 406.—Marsuat, Auk,
ix, 1892, 390 (Long Island, New York, in 1853; see comments by Dutcher,
immediately following)—AMeErRIcAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List,
2nd ed., 1895, 328 (Hypothetical List, no. 11.1); 3rd ed., 1910, 371.

Numenius arquata TemMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 169; Man. d’Orn., 11, 1820, 603.—
Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., viii, 1836, 478, pl. 216; xiii, 1847, 248.—GouLp,
Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 302 and text; Birds Great Brit., iv, 1869, pl. 48
and text.—YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 510; 2nd ed., ii, 1845, 577;
3rd ed., ii, 1856, 610.—ScuteceEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. xcv; Vog. Nederl.,
1854, 247; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, pl. 22, fig. 8; Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27
(Scolopaces), 1864, 85 —MaceiLuivray, Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 243.—Lraee,
Ibis, 1874, 29 (s. Ceylon); 1875, 402 (s. Ceylon).—Kertuam, Ibis, 1882, 16
(localities on Malay Peninsula; habits)—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1882, 224 (Astra-
khan, spring and autumn; Kirghiz steppes, breeding), 382 (Archangel,
Russia).—Dixon, Ibis, 1885, 85 (St. Kilda).—NiELsEn, Ornis, vol. 3, 1887,
157 (Iceland).—Prarson and Bipwett, Ibis, 1894, 236 (n. Norway).—
Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1895, 588—Poynvtina, Eggs Brit.
Birds, pt. ii, 1896, 243, pls. 51, 52.—Poruam, Ibis, 1897, 106 (Yeneseisk,
Siberia).—Waturon, Ibis, 1903, 33 (Pekin, China).—Jxssz, Ibis, 1903, 163
(Lucknow, India).—WirneErsBy, Ibis, 1903, 565 (Fars, s. w. Persia).

N[umenius] arquata Keyseruine and Buasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xxviii,
217.—TaczaNnowskEI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 57 (crit.).

Cracticornis arquatus Gray, List Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1841, 48.

Numenius arcuata Houm, Naturhist. Tidssk., 2nd ed., ii, 1848, 513 (Faroe Islands)—
Droste, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 343 (Faroes).

Numenius arcuatus Ussuer, Ibis, 1874, 74 (Gold Coast, w. Africa) —RricHENow,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1877, 12 (Loango Coast, w. Africa).—Kornie, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1890, 454 (Canary Islands); 1893, 88 (Tunis, Algeria)—ScuarerR, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1897, 189 (Mozambique).

[Scolopax] madagascariensis LinNmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 242 (Madagascar;
based on Cowrly de Madagascar Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 321, pl. 28).—Gmertin,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 655.

Numenius madagascariensis Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 12 (Pl. Enl., pl.
198).—Viertot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.,viti, 1817, 306—Gray. List Birds
Brit. Mus., iii, 1844, Gralle, 93—Nerwton (E.), Ibis, 1863, 457 (Mada-
gascar); Trans. Norfolk Soc., 1889, 553 (Réunion; Seychelles; Rodriguez).—
ScHLEGEL and POLLEN, Faun. Madagasc., Ois., 1868, 133.—SHaRpPE, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 571.—Harriaus, Vog. Madagasc., 1877, 323.

[Numenius| madagascariensis Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 710.—BoNAPARTE,
Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 597.—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 42, no. 10, 244.

Numenius arquatus var. madagascariensis MILNE-EDWARDS and GRANDIDIER, Nat.
Hist. Madagase., Ois., 1882, 619. pl. 254.

Numenius arquatus madagascariensis StBREE, Ibis, 1892, 115 (Madagascar).
Numenius major SrEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. 1, 1824, 26 (new name for
Scolopax arquata Linneus).—SHarPE, Ibis, 1886, 168 (Muscat, Arabia).

Jumenius virgatus CUVIER, Régne Anim., i, 1829, 521 (Cape Good Hope).

390 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Numenius lineatus Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1829, 521 (India) —Humg, Stray.
Feath., i, 1873, 237 (Sind); ii, 1874, 296 (Andaman Islands, Aug. to April);
iv,- 1876, 464 (Laccadives); xi, 1888, 322 (Manipur).—Apam, Stray Feath., i,
1873, 396 (Sambhur).—Luoyp, Ibis, 1872, 417 (Kathiawar).—BiyTu and
Wa.pEN, Birds Burma, 1875, 155 (Arakan; Kyasoo Creek).—ARMSTRONG,
Stray Feath., iv, 1876, 341 (Rangoon).—Davipson and WENDEN, Stray
Feath., vii, 1878, 89 (Deccan).—Scutty, Stray Feath., vii, 1878, 350 (Nepal
Valley).—Buttsr, Cat. Birds Sind, etc., 1870, 62 (winter); Cat. Birds 8.
Bombay Pres., 1880, 76 (winter visitant) —Lrace, Birds Ceylon, 1880, 906.—
Buakiston, Amended List Birds Japan, 1884, 39.—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1884,
34 (Japan), 268 (Kiukiang, China).—Everert, Journ. Straits Branch Asiat.
Soc., 1889, 208 (Borneo).—WuiTEHEAD, Ibis, 1890, 59 (Palawan Island,
Philippines).—Sryan, Ibis, 1891, 331, 508 (lower Yangtse River, winter);
1893, 437 (Hainan).—Dr La Toucue, Ibis, 1892, 501 (Foochow and Swa-
tow, China, winter).

Numenius arquatus lineatus SEEBOHM, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, 324; Birds
Japanese Emp., 1890, 314.—Taczanowskt, Faun. Or. Siber. Orient., pt. 11,
1893, 938.

Numenius medius Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 609 (Germany); Vogelf., 1855, 303
(Greece; Germany); Naumannia, 1855, 291.

Numenius orientalis BreuM, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 610 (East Indies); Vogelf.,
1855, 302; Naumannia, 1855, 291.

Numenius nasicus Temminck, Man. d’Orn., iv, 1840, 393 (Borneo; Sumaira).

Numenius arquatula Hopason, in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, 86 (Nepal, India;
type in coll. Brit. Mus.).—Gray, Cat. Mam., etc., Nepal pres. Hodgson,
1846, 137.

(?) Numenius hudsonius (not of Latham) Breum, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 81
(Charthum, Sudan).

Numenius assimilis BreuM, Vogelf., 1855, 302 (s. Germany); Naumannia, 1855,
291.

Numenius rufescens (not of Gould) BreuMm, Vogelf., 1855, 302 (s. Europe; n.
Africa); Naumannia, 1855, 291.

Numenius longirostris (not of Wilson) Bren, Vogelf., 1855, 303 (s. Europe;
Africa, winter); Naumannia, 1855, 291.

Numenius tenuirostris (not of Vieillot) Heuer, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 62: Ibis, 1859,
347 (Red Sea; Gulf of Suez; Arabia Petraea; Massaua, Aug.: Gulf of Aden,
Oct. to Dec.).

Numenius cassini SwinHok, Ibis, 2nd ser., 111, Oct., 1867, 398 (Amoy, China; coll.
R. Swinhoe).

NUMENIUS AMERICANUS AMERICANUS Bechstein.

LONG-BILLED CURLEW.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—General color light pinkish cinna-
mon, the head (except chin and throat, which are much paler), neck
(all round), and chest streaked with dusky grayish brown, the streaks
much broader and more blackish on pileum; back and scapulars
striped and barred with dusky grayish brown, the median portion of
each feather dusky, from which dusky bars are projected, across each
web, to the margin, producing a coarse ‘‘herring-bone”’ pattern;
smaller wing-coverts with a median broad cuneate streak of dusky
grayish brown, the greater coverts, together with secondaries, nar-

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 891

rowly and rather distantly barred with grayish brown, the bars con-
nected, rather narrowly, along the median line of each feather; pri-
mary coverts and four outer primaries dusky, the fourth primary
(from outside) spotted or otherwise marked along edge with light
pinkish cinnamon; proximal primaries light pinkish cinnamon, rather
distantly barred with dusky, the bars confluent along shafts of the
quills; shaft of outermost primary white, of the others brown; rump
dusky, the feathers conspicuously spotted (on each web) with light
pinkish cinnamon; upper tail-coverts and tail light, pinkish cinna-
mon, barred with dusky grayish brown; sides and flanks sparsely and
rather narrowly barred (mostly if not wholly on outer webs of feath-
ers) with grayish brown; axillars and under wing-coverts much deeper
pinkish cinnamon (approaching cinnamon), sometimes immaculate,
sometimes sparsely and narrowly barred with grayish brown; bill
dusky, the basal portion of mandible paler (dull grayish flesh color
or lilaceous in life); iris dark brown; legs and feet dusky (grayish in
life.

Winter plumage.—Similar to summer adults, but the general color-
ation deeper pinkish vinaceous, especially the under parts.

Downy young.—General color buff, deeper and inclining to ochra-
ceous-buff on under parts; upper parts, including pileum, coarsely
and rather sparsely marbled or irregularly spotted and streaked with
black.

Adult male—Wing, 268.2—288 (279.3); tail, 105.5-128.3 (114.2);
exposed culmen, 137-155.2 (145.3); tarsus, 77-90.4 (83.2);4 middle
toe, 37-40.2 (39.7).°

Adult female.—Wing, 268-308 (291.3); tail, 104-135.6 (118.4);
exposed culmen, 163—219.2 (184); tarsus, 81-93.7 (86.9) ;* middle toe,
39.543 (41.6).¢

More southern United States, breeding northward to northeastern
{llinois (formerly), Utah, southern Idaho (American Falls; Dickey),
eastern Nevada (Franklin Lake), etc., southward to Florida (Caloo-
sahatchie River; Punta Rassa), southern Texas, southern Arizona,
etc.; now practically restricted to country west of Mississippi River
and along Gulf coast, but formerly occurring over whole of eastern
United States, and northward (more rarely) as far as Newfoundland,
Labrador(?), Ontario, ete.; wintering along southern Atlantic and
Gulf coasts of United States (South Carolina to Texas) and in
Mexico, also (occasionally, at least) in Cuba, Jamaica, Guadeloupe,
St. Vincent, and Grenada.

@ Ten specimens, including three measured by Dr. Louis B. Bishop.

b Seven specimens.

¢ Kleven specimens, including six measured by Dr. Bishop.

¢ Five specimens.

It is evident that Dr. Bishop’s measurement of the tail is different from mine, his
measurements being considerably greater.

392 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Scolopax arquata] 8 GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 1, 1789, 656 (North America).

[Numenius arquata] 8 Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 710 (North America).

Numenius americanus Becusrein, in Latham, Allg. Ueb. Végel, iv, pt. ii, 1812,
432 (New York).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION ComMmiTrEE, Auk,
xxv, July, 1908, 368, part; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 124, part.

Numenius americanus americanus Puiuures, Auk, xxviii, Jan., 1911, 74 (Mata-
moros, Tamaulipas, Feb.).

Numenius longirosira Witson, Am. Orn., viii, 1814, 23, pl. 64, fig. 4 (New Jersey).

N[umenius] longirosiris Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 72
(crit.); Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [154]—Gray, Gen. Birds, iii,
1847, 560.~Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 385 (Illinois); Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, 170, part—Nertson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 130, 153 (n. e.
Illinois, summer resident, formerly abundant, now rare; breeding also in
central parts of ilinois) —NrwrTon (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 116.—
Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 645.—Mackay, Auk, ix, 1892, 350
in text (Swampscott, Massachusetts, 1 pair, ‘‘a number of years ago;’’ Nan-
tucket Island, 1 spec., about 1887).

Numenius longirosiris BONAPARTE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 11, 1826, 314; Geog. and Comp.
List, 1838, 49.—(?) Swarnson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., 11, 1831,
376, part.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 565.—NurratL, Man. Orn. U. 8.
and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 94, part—AvupuBON, Orn. Biog., ili, 1835,
240, part, pl. 231; v, 1839, 587; Synopsis, 1839, 254, part; Birds Am., 8vo
ed., vi, 1843, 35, part, pl. 355 ——PraBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 365.—
Giraup, Birds Long Is., 1844, 271.—Drnwny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847,
39 (Jamaica).—LeMBEYE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 85.—RrIcHENBACH,
Grallatores, 1850, pl. 78, fig. 544, pl. 359, figs. 2815,.2816.—McCatu, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1851, 223 (Texas).—Bartrp, in Rep. Stansbury’s
Expl. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 320 (Salt Lake Valley, etc.); Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 549; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 25;
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, no. 2, 1859, 15 (Great Salt Lake, May 15).—
WoopHousg, in Sitgreaves’ Rep. Expl. Zuni and Col. R., 1853, 98 (Indian
Terr.; Texas).—Wattes, Rep. Agric., etc., Mississippi, 1854, 322.—Krn-
nicorr, Trans. Illinois Agric. Assoc., i, 1855, 588 (Illinois); Prarren, Trans.
Illinois Agric. Assoc., i, 1855, 608 (Illinois)—PutTnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i,
1856, 218 (Massachusetts).—CaBANIs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 349 (Cuba).—
Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, 294 (Franklin Co.,
Indiana).—Casstn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 743, part —
Wiis, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 285 (Nova Scotia).—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba); xvii, 1875, 446 (New
England).—Gunptacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 84 (Cuba; crit.); 1875, 320
(Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 352.—A.BRecut, Journ. fir
Orn., 1862, 206 (Jamaica).—Taytor, Ibis, 1862, 129 (Florida).—Boarp-
MAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 129 (Calais, Maine).—VeERRILL, Proc.
Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 158 (Oxford Co., Maine).—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, 68 (Jamaica).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays—Bas, v, no.
27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 85, part (Texas)—AtLEeN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv,
1864, 87 (Springfield, Massachusetts); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 182
(Kansas).—CovuEs, Ibis, 1865, 158 (Kansas); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868,
123 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 296 (New England); Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxiii, 1871, 32 (Fort Macon, North Carolina); Check
List, 1878, no. 441, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 643, part; Birds Northwest,
1874, 508, part—Hoy, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 438 (Mis-
souri).—Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 40 (Matamoros, Tamaulipas, July, Aug.; San
Antonio, Texas, winter; Galveston Island, May, June).—McItwrairn, Proc.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 393

Essex Inst., v, 1866, 93 (Hamilton, Ontario) —Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
viii, 1866, 294 (vicinity New York City); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 197
(St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles), 451, 488 (Guadeloupe).—TURNBULL, Birds
E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 41 (Phila. ed., 32) —Tripre, Proc. Essex Inst.,
vi, 1871, 119 (Minnesota, spring); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1873, 241
(Decatur Co., Iowa).—A1kEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 210 (Colo-
rado, breeding); xvii, 1874, 67 (Missouri and Musselshell rivers).—ALLEN,
Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 272 (Kansas).—Merriam, Sixth An. Rep. U. S. Geol.
Surv. Terr., 1872 (1873), 701, 714 (Bear River and Salt Lake, Utah); Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 256 (near Plattsburg, New York, formerly).—
Riwweway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 31 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah, breeding),
34 (Parleys Park, Utah, rare); Field and Forest, ii, 1877, 211 (Colorado),
Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 611 (Antelope Island and s. shore Great Salt Lake,
June, breeding); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 201 (Cat. N. Am. Birds,
no. 558, part); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 558, part.—Ner.son, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 348 (Salt Lake City, Utah)—HeEnsuaw, Ann.
Lye. N. Y., xi, 1875, 11 (Great Salt Lake Valley); Zool. Expl. W. of 100th
Merid., 1875, 461 (Fairfield, Utah; St. Charles River, Colorado, Aug.).—
Sennett, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 55 (Brownsville,
Texas) —MeErnritt (J. C.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 162 (Fort Brown,
Texas, resident)—Maynanp, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 398.—Barrp, BREWER,
and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 311, part.—Turner, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 248 (Labrador).—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 18 (plains
of Colorado).—LAWRENCE (N. T.), Auk, ii, 1885, 273 (Far Rockaway, Long
Island, Aug. 20, 1873, and Aug. 26, 1885)—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 264, part.—Cory, Auk,
iv, 1887, 320 (West Indian localities and references); Birds West Ind., 1889,
241; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 94 (Cuba; Jamaica; St. Vincent).—BrcuKam,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 637, 653 (Bexar Co., Texas).—SEEBOHM,
Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxii, 327, part.—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889,
158 (Tarpon Springs and Punta Rassa, Florida, resident; breeding?); ix,
1892, 14 (Jamaica), 212 (Caloosahatchie River, Florida, breeding).—WaRREN,
Birds Penn., 1890, 95.—Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 232 (San Antonio, Texas,
migrant).—Dutcuer, Auk, x, 1893, 272 (Rockaway Meadows and Foster’s
Meadows, Long Island, 25 to 50 years previously).—Euuiot, N. Am. Shore
Birds, 1895, 153, pl. 47.—Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 352,
part (Patricio, Corpus Christi, and San Antonio, Texas; Iowa; Lyons Falls,
New York, Jan. 10).—Butier, Auk, xiv, 1897, 199 (Dubois Co., Indiana,
April 2, 1896; Liverpool, Indiana).—Howsr, Auk, xvi, 1899, 190 (Jamestown,
Rhode Island, Sept. 9, 1897).—Jonzs (L.), Wilson Bull., no. 57, 1906, 114
(Cleveland, Ohio, Sept. 15, 1885).

[Numenius] longirostris GunpLacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 340 (Cuba).—Gray,
Hand-list, iii, 1871, 42, no. 10247, part—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872,
262, part.—SciaTer and Sayin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 146, part.—Cory,

, list Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 27.—SHarPeE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 158,
part. ‘

Numenius (Numenius) longirostris Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1861, 235
(Labrador).

Numenius melanopus Vrerttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., viii, 1817, 306, part
(North America, breeding around Hudson Bay, etc.; based on Numenius
arquata var. 8 Latham, Scolopax arquata var. 8 Gmelin; includes Phxopus
hudsonicus!)

Numenius rufus Vie wxor, Gal. Ois., ii, 1834, 118, part, pl. 245 (New York; Hudson
Bay).

394 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

NUMENIUS AMERICANUS OCCIDENTALIS (Woodhouse).

LESSER LONG-BILLED CURLEW.

Exactly like NV. a. americanus in coloration, but smaller, especially
the bill.

Adult male.—Wing, 253.5-287 (265.6); tail, 96-123.7 (108.6);
exposed culmen, 105.4-144.8 (121.1); tarsus, 69.8-81.5 (74.5);
middle toe, 35-41.5 (38.1).%

Adult female.—Wing, 251.5-274.6 (268.5); tail, 104-116 (110.2);
exposed culmen, 118.1-170.7 (158.7); tarsus, 72.9-88.1 (82).¢

Northwestern United States and adjacent provinces of Canada,
northward to Manitoba (Red River; Souris River), Saskatchewan
(Crane Lake), Alberta (Jasper House), and eastern British Columbia,
formerly (at least casually) to Vancouver Island; breeding southward
to southern Oregon (Fort Klamath; Pendleton), Montana (Gallatin
Co.; Darnells; mouth of Milk River), Wyoming (Newcastle) and
South Dakota; migrating southward at least as far as southern Cali-
fornia (Huntington Beach, Orange Co., Aug. 22), New Mexico (near
Albuquerque), and Tamaulipas (Matamoros, Jan.).°

Numenius longirostris (not N. longirostra Wilscn) Swarnson and RicHARDSON,
Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 376 (Saskatchewan?; banks of Columbia River?).—
TownsEnp (J. K.), Journ, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 156 (n. w. United
States) —Cassrn, Orn. U.S. Expl. Exped. (Wilkes), 1858, 315 (Oregon, etc.);
in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 743, part.—Batrp, Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 549, part—Cooprer and Suck.ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
xii, pt. 11, 1860, 245, part (Fort Dalles, Oregon; Simcoe and Yakima Valleys,
near Fort Steilacoom, and Shoalwater Bay, Washington).—BuakrstTon, Ibis,
1863, 134 (‘‘fur-countries”).—FrtmNeErR, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864
(1865), 428 (Fort Crook, n. California).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 425 (Vancouver
Island).—Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 441, part; 2nd ed., 1882, no. 643,
part; Birds Northwest, 1874, 508, part; Am. Nat., vili, 1874, 601 (upper
Missouri and Milk River, Montana; nesting habits); Bull. U. S. Geol. and
Geog. Surv. Terr., 1v, 1878, 645 (Pembina and Buford, North Dakota).—
Merriam, N. Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 92 (Blackfoot River, Idaho).—SeEtTon,
Auk, ii, 1886, 152 (Red River and Souris River, Manitoba, rare summer
resident).—MErritt (J. C.), Auk, v, 1888, 145 (Fort Klamath, Oregon,
breeding).—SuHarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 352, part (Fort Crook,
California; British Columbia; Powder River, Montana),

[Numenius] longirostris Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 42, no. 10247, part—Cougs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 262, part.—Sciarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr.,
1873, 146, part.—SnHarpsr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 158, part—Forpers and
Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 69 (near Jasper House,
Alberta).

N[umenius] longirostris GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1849, 223.

Numenius americanus (not of Bechstein) AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION
CommiTTEE, Auk, xxv, 1908, 368, part; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 124,

4 Measurement sheets having been mislaid, the number of specimens measured
can not be stated. The series was, however, larger than that of N. a. americanus.

b In all probability several of the Mexican records of ‘‘ Numenius longirostris”
pertain to this form.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 395

part.—Saunpers, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 35 (Gallatin Co., Montana, breeding).—
Brooks, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 37 (Chilliwack, Brit. Columbia, April).—
Dicer, Auk, xxxv, 1918, 43 (near Prescott, s. e. Washington, breeding).
Numineus occidentalis WoopuouseE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1852, 194
(Rio Grande, near Albuquerque, New Mexico, Aug. 20, 1851; type formerly
in U.S. Nat. Mus.; destroyed in 1888).
Numenius occidentalis WoopHovuse, in Sitgreaves’ Rep. Expl. Zuni and Col.
| R., 1853, 98, pl. 6 (descr.).
Numenius americanus parvus Bisnop, Auk, xxvil, Jan., 1910, 59 (Crane Lake,
Saskatchewan; coll. L. B. Bishop).—Putturrs, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 75 (Mata-
moros, Tamaulipas, Jan.).

| The following references may pertain to either N. a. americanus or
| N. a. occidentalis, examination of specimens being necessary to
determine their proper allocation:

Numenius longirostris LicHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 3; Journ.
fiir Orn., 1863, 59 (reprint).—Viaors, Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ Birds, 1839, 28.—
Henry, Proc.’Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 315 (New Mexico); xi, 1859, 108
(New Mexico).—Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 178 (City of Mexico).—
SaALvin, Ibis, 1865, 190 (Guatemala); 1866, 197 (Chiapam and Duefias, Guate-
mala).—Cougs, Ibis, 1865, 165 (Arizona); 1866, 269 (s. California); Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 98 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).—Coorrr,
Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 298 (Great Falls, Montana).—Finscn, Abh. nat. Ver.
Bremen, i, 1870, 363 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—SciaTer and Savin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1873, 456 (Mexico; Guatemala).—LAWreENcE, Mem. Bost. Soc.
N. H., ii, 1874, 309 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876,
48 (Juchitan, Oaxaca, Feb.).—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix,
1886, 179 (Puebla)—Suarpre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 342, part
(Chihuahua, Jan.; San Blas, Tepic, April 28; City of Mexico; Zacatecas,
Aug.; Cozumel Island; Duefias, Guatemala; San Diego, California), 753 (Can-
ada; California).—Satyv1n and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 111, 1903, 364
(Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Rio Guerrero, Chihuahua; San Blas, Tepic; Zaca-
tecas; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Guanajuato; Guadalajara, Jalisco; Valley of Mexico;
Juchitan, Oaxaca; Laguna de San Baltazan, Puebla; Cozumel Island; Duefias
and Chiapam, Guatemala).—Mititer (W. DeW.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,
xxii, 1906, 162 (Rancho Santuario, n. w. Durango, Feb.).

N [umenius] longirostris MaxrmiutaNn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 88 (deser., etc.).

Genus PHA4OPUS Cuvier.

Curlirius RAFINESQUE, Anal. de la Nature, 1815, 17 (nomen nudum).
Phxopus Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1817 (1816), 485. (Type, by tautonymy, Scolo-
pax phexopus Linnzeus.)

Large Scolopacide (wing 211-267 mm.) resembling Numenius,
but with relatively shorter and stouter and more abruptly decurved
bill, the exposed culmen shorter than tarsus and middle toe; tarsus
less than twice as long as middle toe without claw, and tail longer
than tarsus with middle toe.

Bill shorter than tarsus and middle toe, straight or nearly so for .
basal half, rather abruptly decurved terminally, slightly compressed,
the tip very slightly expanded; nostrils sub-basal, longitudinally
linear (slit-like), pervious: nasal groove distinct for more than basal

8396 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

half (sometimes two-thirds or more) of maxilla; loral and malar antiz
on same vertical line or the former shghtly posterior to the latter,
or (Gin P. tahitiensis) the loral antia decidedly anterior to the malar
antia; mental antia extending nearly if not quite to anterior end of-
nostrils; frontal antia forming a deeply. concave line across base of
culmen. Wing ample, pointed, the outermost primary longest and
exceeding distal secondaries by decidedly more than half the length
of wing; tertials elongated, but the longest falling short of tips of
three longest primaries. Tail nearly two-fifths as long as wing (some-
times longer, sometimes, shorter, than exposed culmen), slightly
rounded, sometimes with middle pair of rectrices slightly shorter
than next pair; rectrices, 12. Tarsus decidedly less than twice as
long as middle toe without claw, transversely scutellate anteriorly,
covered with hexagonal scales posteriorly; bare portion of tibia
shorter than middle toe without claw, covered all around with hex-
agonal scales; lateral toes decidedly shorter than middle toe, equal,
or the outer toe slightly longer than the inner; hallux well developed
but slender, elevated, decidedly shorter than basal phalanx of middle
toe; interdigital spaces webbed basally, the web between middle
and outer toes extending for length of basal phalanx of the latter,
that between middle and inner toes slightly smaller; all the anterior
toes margined laterally by a distinct tumid membrane.

Coloration.—Pileum deep grayish brown or sooty, divided longitudi-
nally by a median line of pale buffy and bordered along each side by
broad superciliary stripe of the same narrowly streaked with dusky;
a grayish brown or dusky loral and postocular stripe; general color
of upper parts grayish brown, more or less varied with paler edgings
or spotting; sides of head and neck, foreneck, and chest pale brown-
ish buffy, streaked with grayish brown or dusky, the chin, upper
throat, abdomen, etc., immaculate buff or buffy white; one species
with rump white.

Range.—Northern parts of northern hemisphere in summer, nearly
cosmopolitan during migration. (Three species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PHZ OPUS.

a. Feathers of thighs without bristle-like tips; tail grayish brown, narrowly and
sometimes indistinctly barred with darker.

b. Rump, axillars, and under wing-coverts white, or prevailingly white.

(Phxopus phxopus.)

c. Rump immaculate white or with only a few (mostly concealed) darker mark-

ings; axillars more narrowly and more sparsely barred; size averaging larger

(wing averaging 237.7 in male, 240.5 in female; exposed culmen 81.2 in male,

82.8 in female; tarsus 56.7 in male, 59.6 in female). (Northern Europe in

summer; south to Africa, India, etc., in winter; occasional in Greenland;

accidental in Nova Scotia.)........-- Pheopus pheopus pheopus (p. 397).

cc. Rump always more or less (sometimes heavily) spotted; axillars more heavily

and extensively barred; size averaging smaller (wing averaging 227 in male,

/

a

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 397

237.7 in female; exposed culmen 73 in male, 78.8 in female; tarsus 55.5 in

male, 56.2 in female). (Fastern Asia, south to Malay Archipelago and

Australia in winter.)........ Pheopus phzopus variegatus (extralimital).¢

6b. Rump dark grayish brown, the feathers tipped with light bufiy brown; axillars

and under wing-coyerts vinaceous-buff, the former narrowly barred, the

latter irregularly marked, with dusky. (Northern North America, south to

southern South America in migration.)........ Pheeopus hudsonicus (p. 402).

aa. Feathers of thighs with long, -bristle-like tips; tail light pinkish cinnamon (some-

times more or less shaded with grayish brown) broadly and sharply barred, or

banded, with dark grayish brown. (Western Alaska and islands of Pacific
Ocean, from Hawaii to New Caledonia; breeding range unknown.)

Pheopus tahitiensis (p. 407),

PHHAOPUS PHHZOPUS PH#OPUS (Linnzus).

WHIMBREL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Pileum uniform dark grayish
brown (clove brown or fuscous) divided longitudinally by a narrow
median stripe of very pale buffy or dull buffy whitish, streaked more
or less with dark grayish brown and margined laterally by a broad
superciliary stripe of very pale buffy or dull buffy whitish, narrowly
streaked dark grayish brown; rest of sides of head, together with
neck (all round) very pale dull buffy or dull buffy whitish streaked
with grayish brown, the streaks broader on hindneck, much narrower
and more sharply defined on malar, suborbital, and auricular regions;
a more or less distinct broad stripe of deep grayish brown across lores
(from rictus to eye) and a narrower postocular streak; general color
of upper parts grayish brown, the interscapulars rather broadly (but
not sharply) margined with paler and slightly buffy grayish brown,
the scapulars similar but some of them (especially the longer ones)
with indistinct or not sharply defined paler marginal spots; lesser
wing-coverts narrowly margined with very pale grayish buffy or dull
buffy whitish; middle and greater coverts spotted (marginally) and
more broadly margined with dull buffy whitish, the secondaries tipped

4 Tantalus variegatus Scopoli, Del. Fior. et Faun. Insubr., ii, 1786, 92 (Luzon Island,
Philippines; based on Le Courlis tacheté de I’ Isle de Lugon Sonnini, Voy. N. Guin.,
1776, 85, pl. 48).—_ _Numenius variegatus Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Genov., xviii, 1882, 330;
Orn. Papuasia, etc., iii, 1882, 332; Mathews, Birds Australia, iii, 1913, pl. [145]
facing p. 176.—Numenius phxopus variegatus Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29,
1885, 138 (Bering Island, Kamchatka); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadriidee, 1880, 330;
Birds Japan. Empire, 1890, 317.—[_Numenius phxopus.| Subsp. a Numenius variegatus
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 361.—Phxopus phxopus variegatus Mathews,
Birds Australia, iti, pt. 2, May 2, 1913, 176.—[Scolopax] luzoniensis Gmelin, Syst.
Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 656 (Luzon Island, Philippines; based on Luzonian Curlew
Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, iii, pt. 1, 1785, 122).—[Numenius] luzoniensis Latham,
Index Zool., ii, 1790, 711.—Numenius atricapillus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.
Vili, 1817, 303 (Luzon).—Numenius uropygialis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1840,
175 (s. coast Australia); Birds Australia, vi, 1848, pl. 43 and text; Dresser, Birds
Europe, viii, 1873, 245; Ramsay, Tab. List Birds Australia, 1888, 20.

398 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

and transversely spotted, or broadly barred, with the same, the paler
spots shaded, more or less, with light grayish brown; tertials mostly
nearly uniform grayish brown, usually with indistinct broad bars of
darker; primary coverts and primaries dusky, margined terminally
with white (except longer primaries), the four innermost primaries
spotted along edge of outer web with dull brownish white; entire
lower back and rump white, the feathers with median streaks of
grayish brown, these mostly concealed, but on lower rump exposed
and broader (more or less guttate or cuneate); anterior median
upper tail-coverts white, narrowly streaked, medially, with dusky,
the lateral and terminal coverts pale grayish brown spotted with paler
and more buffy grayish brown and with dusky shaft-streaks; tail
light grayish brown (grayish drab or light hair brown), barred (some-
times indistinctly) with darker, the lateral rectrices narrowly tipped
with dull white, the outermost one with ground color white, except
distally, and distinctly barred even where bars on middle rectrices are
indistinct; under parts dull white, the chin and upper throat, abdo-
men, flanks, analregion, and median shorter under tail-coverts im-
maculate, the lower throat, foreneck, chest, and upper breast very
pale dull grayish buffy streaked with grayish brown, the streaks nar-
rower and more sharply defined on upper breast, the sides streaked
and irregularly spotted with the same (on a white ground); longer
and lateral under tail-coverts narrowly streaked and spotted with
grayish brown or dusky; axillars pure white, obliquely barred with
grayish brown; under wing-coverts white, partly immaculate but
partly spotted Grregularly) with dusky, the under primary coverts
irregularly barred cr spotted with pale gray; inner webs of primaries
brownish gray with cuneate indentations of whitish, these extending
halfway or more toward shaft, but sometimes this dull white form-
ing a continuous but irregular broad edging; bill dusky, the mandible
becoming pale brownish or light horn color basally; iris dark brown;
legs and feet dusky grayish (light grayish blue or bluish gray in life).:

Winter plumage.—‘Similar to the summer plumage, but with the
lower back perfectly white,? the black streaks being concealed, the
under parts less distinctly streaked, and the flanks less distinctly
barred.” ®

Young.—*May always be distinguished by the more mottled
appearance of the upper surface, most of the feathers being spotted
on both webs with whitish or pale rufescent buff; the lower back and
rump are plentifully mottled with spots of dusky brown, and the
innermost secondaries [tertials] very distinctly notched with rufescent
buff; the streaks | on the throat and breast and the bars on the flanks

a Some specimens in summer mime also show an immaculate (superficially)
white lower back and ramp.—R. R.
b Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 358.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 399

almost as plentifully developed as in the adults; the bars on the

axillaries are often incomplete, and are, in rare instances, entirely

absent.’’¢

Downy young.—General color pale grayish buff (nearly tilluel buff),
slightly deeper on head and under parts; a median stripe on fore-
head (not extending to bill), two broader stripes on posterior portion
of crown and occiput, a pestocular streak (broader posteriorly), an
irregular stripe down median portion of nape and hindneck, and
‘rregular stripes and spots on back, rump, and wings, dusky grayish
brown or fuscous.

Adult male.—Wing, 228-247 (237.7); tail, 96-102 (98.7); exposed
culmen, 75-87.5 (81.2); tarsus, 56-58 (56.7); middle toe, 33-36
(34.5).°

Adult female.—Wing, 233-255 (240.5); tail, 92-104 (99.3); ex-
posed culmen, 77-90 (82.8); tarsus, 55-63.5 (59.6); middle toe,
33.5-36.5 (34.9).°

Breeding in the arctic and subarctic districts of Europe and western
Asia, from Iceland, Faro, Shetland, and Orkney islands and northern
portions of Scandinavian peninsula to the valley of the Petchora
River, northward to Spitzbergen, Jan Mayen Land, etc.; migrating
southward to the Azores and Canary islands, Madeira, Cape Verde
Islands, Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar, Seychelles, Aden, India,
Ceylon, etc.; frequent in southern Greenland, and accidental on
Sable Island south of Nova Scotia (1 spec., May 25, 1906).

[Scolopax] pheopus Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10,1, 1758, 146 (Sweden); ed. 12,
i, 1766, 243.—GmMeE LIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 657.—Turron, Syst. Nat.,
i, 1806, 394, part.

Scolopaz phxopus Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 51 (Pl. Enl., pl. 842).—
Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 566.

[Numenius] pheopus LATHAM, Synopsis Birds, Suppl., i, 1787, 291; Index Orn..
ii, 1790, 711.—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 42, no. 10249.—Suarre, Hand-list,
i, 1899, 158.—Scuarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1897, 189 (Mozambique).—
Forses and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 69.

Numenius pheopus TEMMINCK, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1820, 604.—Rovux, Orn. Prov.,
1825, pl. 307.—Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 11, 1826, 169, part.—BoNAPARTE,
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 444; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 49.—MENETRIEs,
Cat. Rais. Caucas., 1832, 50 (Caucasus).—Gou.p, Birds Europe, iv, 1837,
pl. 303 and text; Birds Great Brit., iv, 1871, pl. 49 and text—WerbB and
BeEeRTHELOT, Orn. Canar., 1840, 37.—NorpMANN, in Démid., Voy. Russ. Mérid.,
iii, 1840, 255.—Srtys-Lonecuames, Faune Belge, 1842, 131.—YAaARRELL,

aSharp, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv. 388.

b Three specimens.

¢ Eight specimens.

Extreme and averages of a series of P. p. variegatus are as follows:

Adult male (5 specimens).—Wing, 211-239 (227); tail, 88-100 (92.4); exposed cul-
men, 66—79.5 (73); tarsus, 52-59 (55.5); middle toe, 32-35 (33.7).

Adult female (3 specimens).—Wing, 232-242 (237.7); tail, 87-98.5 (93); exposed
culmen, 74.5-87 (78.8); tarsus, 55-57 (56.2); middie toe, 34-35 (34.7).

400

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 516; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 425 (Mada-
gascar).—GRay, List Birds Brit. Mus., ii, Gralle, 1844, 94; List Brit. Birds,
1863, 154.—Buiytu, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc., 1849, 268 (Calcutta); Ibis,
1867, 168 (Calcutta) —Tuompson, Birds Ireland, ii, 1850, 196 Harcourt,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 146 (Madeira)—Macerttvray, Brit. Birds, iv,
1852, 253.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ix, 1857, 40 (Muni River, w.
Africa); xi, 1859, 174 (Camma River, w. Africa).—Powys, Ibis, 1860, 344
(Corfu and Epirus, spring and autumn).—Rernu#arpr, Ibis, 1861, 10 (Green-
land, numerous occurrences; crit.)—GopMan (F. and P.), Ibis, 1861, 87
(Bodo, Norway, breeding); 1866, 101, 107 (Azores); Azores, 1870, 34, 41.—
Irsy, Ibis, 1861, 240 (Oudh, India); Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875,178; 2nd ed.,
1895, 291; Key List Brit. Birds., 2nd ed., 1892, 54.—Nrewron (E.), Ibis,
1861, 276 (Mauritius); 1863, 457 (Madagascar); 1867, 359 (Seychelles).—
Newron (A.), in Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 413 (April to Sept.).—Roc#
and Newron (E.), Ibis, 1863, 171 (Madagascar).—JERpon, Birds India, iii,
1864, 684.—Wriaut, Ibis, 1864, 145 (Malta) —Grettott, Ibis, 1865, 60 (Pisa,
Italy); Avif. Ital., 1886, 409; Avil. Ital., Ist Resoc., 1889, 624; 2nd Resoc.,
1890, 656; 3rd Resoc., 1891, 514.—Gurney, Ibis, 1865, 272 (Natal); 1882, 75
(Mombasa) ;in Andersson’s Birds Damara Land., 1872, 300.—Morg, Ibis, 1865,
434 (British Islands)—Bairp, Ibis, 1867, 282 (Iceland; Greenland).—
Hartiaus, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 827 (Zanzibar)—DEaLAND and
GERBE, Ois. Eur., ii, 1867, 162.—Locus, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867,
333.—LAYARD, Birds South Africa, 1867, 322 (Walfisch Bay; Cape Town).—
ScHLEGEL and PoLLEeN, Faune Madagasc., Ois., 1868, 183.—TristraM, Ibis,
1868, 327 (Palestine); Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 134 (winter visitant).—
SmirH, Ibis, 1868, 454 (Portugal)—Draxe, Ibis, 1869, 154 (Morocco).—
Brown, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1869, 208 (Madeira).—StTEVENSON,
Birds Norfolk, ii, 1870, 199.—Etwes and Bucx.ey, Ibis, 1870, 331 (Turkey).—
Satvapor1, Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871, 225; Elenco Ucc. Ital., 1886, 230.—
Gray (R.), Birds West Scotl., 1871, 288.—Saunprrs, Ibis, 1871, 389 (s.
Spain); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, ii, 1883, 507; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886,
336 (Diego Garcia, Chagos group); Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 613—Harrtine,
Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 53.—SunpDEVALL, Svensk. Fogl., 1856-72, pl. 38,
fig. 3—Suarpex, Ibis, 1872, 74 (Nagua River, Gold Coast); 1886, 492 (Fao,
July to March); Rep. Trans. Venus Exped., 1878, 462 (Rodriguez); ed.
Layard’s Birds South Africa, 1884, 692; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, 336
(Diego Garcia); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 355, 753.—Taytor, Ibis,
1872, 232 (Constantinople).—SHELLEY and Bucxuey, Ibis, 1872, 290 (Gold
Coast).—SHELLEY, Birds Egypt, 1872, 244; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 679
(Grand Comoro Island); Ibis, 1888, 306 (Lamu).—FrmpEN, Zoologist,
1872, 3248 (Faro Islands, April to Sept.) —Hoxipswortu Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1872, 474 (Ceylon).—Paimmin, Findlands Foglar, 1873,
122.—WatpEN, Ibis, 1873, 317 (Andaman _ Islands).—Brooxg, Ibis,
1873, 340 (Sardinia)—Lioyp, Ibis, 1873, 417 (Kattiawar, India) —Dres-
seR, Birds Europe, vii, 1873, 227, pl. 576.—Ussuer, Ibis, 1874, 74
(Gold Coast).—Hancock, Birds Northumb. and Durham, 1874, 101.—DurRN-
rorD, Ibis, 1874, 399 (North Frisian Islands)—Danrorra and Harvie-
Brown, Ibis, 1875, 424 (Transylvania).—F ation, Ois. Belg., 1875, 167.—
Butter, Stray Feath., iv, 1876, 16 (Sind); v, 1877, 233 (Deesa); vii, 1878,
187 (Karachi Harbor); ix, 1880, 429 (Deccan and s. Mahratta country); Cat.
Birds Sind, etc., 1879, 62; Cat. Birds S. Bombay Pres., 1880, 76 (winter).—
Hume, Stray Feath., iv, 1876, 464 (Laccadives); v, 1877, 329 (Sind.); vii,
1878, 487 (Calcutta).—Ayres, Ibis, 1877, 350; 1878, 301 (Transvaal).—
OustraLeT, Bull. Soc. Philomath., 1878, 185 (Seychelles).—Boepanow,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 401

Birds Caucas., 1879, 156.—Lraar, Birds Ceylon, 1880, 910.—Vimat, Stray
Feath., ix, 1880, 85 (s. Konkan).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880,
201 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. [561]); xviii, 1896, 515 (Ile Alphonse, etc.,
Amirante group), 518 (Flat Island), 519 (Coétivy), 520 (Assumption), 524 (Ile
Glorieuse), 528 (Aldabra); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. [461]—Rem,
Stray Feath., x, 1881, 70 (Lucknow, India).—Bocaaeg, Orn. Angola, 1881,
462.—Cottetr, Norges Fugle, 1881, 101.—SrEesoum, Ibis, 1882, 224 (Astrak-
han), 382 (Archangel, Russia);1883, 29 (Caucasus); 1892, 22 (Helgoland);
Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 100; Geog. Distr. Charadriidz, 1887, pp. xxii,
328, figs—Mitne-Epwarps and Granpiprer, Hist. Nat. Madagasc., Ois.,
1882, 621.—Covgs, Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 644.—Cocks, Zoologist,
1882, 408 (Spitzbergen; July) —Oares, Handb. Birds Burma, ii, 1883, 411,
part—British OrnirHotoaists’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 179.—
Murray, Vertebr. Fauna Sind, 1884, 247.—D1xon, Ibis, 1885, 85 (St. Kilda) —
YerBury, Ibis, 1886, 21 (Aden).—AMeERICAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check-list, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 267; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 125.—Harvig-
Brown and Buckiey, Vertebr. Fauna Sutherl., Caithn., and Cromarty,
1887, 225; Vertebr. Fauna Outer Hebrides, 1888, 137; Vertebr. Fauna
Argyll and Inner Hebrides, 1892, 183.—Cuapman, Ibis, 1888, 445 (Spain,
Sept.); 1894, 347 (w. Jutland).—Mm.nr-Epwarps and OvusraLet, Nouv.
Archives Mus., (2), x, Bull., 1888. 286 (Comoro Islands)—CHAMBERLAIN,
Auk, vi, 1889, 217 (Arsuk. s. Greenland, May 25, 1887).—Oer1ivie-Grant, Ibis,
1890, 442 (Madeira); 1896, 47 (Great Picton, Salvage Islands).—Granam,
Birds Iona and Mull, 1890, 237.—CLarKe (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890 (Jan
Mayen Land).—Hacervup, Birds Greenland, 1891, 20.—Srpreg, Ibis, 1892,
115 (Madagascar).—ReENDALL, Ibis, 1892, 229 (Gambia).—Fatio and SrupER,
Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, 1892, 46.—Barnes, Ibis, 1893, 171, 181 (Aden).—
Meape-WAtpo, Ibis., 1893, 205 (Canary Islands).—PEARSON and BrpwELt,
Ibis, 1894, 235 (n. Norway, breeding)—E.tior, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895,
162, pl. 51.—Poyntine, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. ii, 1895, 249, pl. 53.—JusszE,
Ibis, 1903, 163 (Chota Peninsula and Lucknow, India).—WirnHersy, Ibis,
1903, 565 (Fars. s. w. Persia)—Brewster, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 190 (south of
Sable Island, Nova Scotia, 1 spec., May 23, 1906).

N[umenius| phxopus Hopsoxu, Naturhist. Tidssk., iv, 1843, 407 (Greenland).—
Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 645.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, 171.

Numenius phaeopus WeERNER, Atlas, Grallatores, 1827, pl. 6—Breum, Vog.
Deutschl., 1831, 611.—Naumann, Voég. Deutschl., 1836, 506, pl. 217; Nau-
mannia, i, 1850, 11 (Anhalt, Germany).—Scu.4eGe, Rev. Crit., 1844, xev; Vog.
Nederl., 1854, pl. 248; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, pl. 22, figs. 9, 9a; Mus. Pays-
Bas, v, no. 27(Scolopaces), 1864, 93, part. —Miuue, Orn. Griechenl., 1844, 10.—
Hom, Naturhist. Tidssk., 2d ser., ii, 1848, 485 (Faro Islands) —RericHEN-
BACH, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 78, figs. 540, 541—KsarrBOLLING, Naumannia,
i, 1850, 48 (Denmark); Danm. Fugle, 1852, pl. 33a, fig. 5—LiLisEeBorG,
Naumannia, ii, pt. ii, 1852, 109 (n. Russia), 114 (Tromso, Norway).—Topsias,
Journ, fiir Orn., 1853, 215 (Oberlausitz, Germany).—PAss.Ler, Journ. fir
Orn., 1853, 242 (Lapland), 312 (Lapland).—F rirscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853,
370 (Bohemia); 1871, 390 (Bohemia); Vég. Eur., 1870, pl. 40, fig. 2—Harr-
LAUB, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 159 (Ceylon), 296 (w. Africa); 1855, 301 (Gold
Coast); Orn. W. Afrika, 1857, 232 (Gambia; Ashantee); Vog. Madagasc., 1877,
322.—Rernuarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 440 (Greenland).—Bo tue, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1855, 176 (Canary Islands); 1857, 338 (Canary Islands).—JAECKEL,
Journ, fiir Orn.. 1855, 402 (Bayern).—Miuer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 230

40017—19—B ull. 50, pt S——27

402 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(Provence).—Herva.in, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 62 (banks of Nile in winter); Orn.
N.-O.-Afrika, 11, pt. 1, 1873, 1150 (lower Egypt; Khartoum; Abyssinia; coast of
Arabia).—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 369 (in captivity).—HeErNE, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1860, 201 (Camma, Africa).—LINDERMAYER, V6g. Griechenl., 1860,
146.—Bxastus (R.), Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, Beilage, 68 (Braunschweig).—
Aurum, Journ, fiir Orn., 1863, 120 (Mimsterland).—Rappg, Reis. Sibir.,
1863, 340, part; Orn. Caucas., 1884, 45 (Tiflis, breeding at 6,300 ft.), 485
(Lenkoran).—NorbDMANN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 375 (Finland; Lapland).—
SALvaAport, Journ. ftir Orn., 1865, 315 (Sardinia).—Ho.rz, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1868, 160 (Gottska-Sando, Norway).—Finscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 336
(w. Africa).—Dourn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 9 (Cape de Verd Islands).—
Birtrxorger, Notes Leyden Mus., vii, 1885, 243 (Liberia); x, 1888, 102 (Junk
River, Liberia); xi, 1889, 137 (Liberia).—Hartert, Journ. ftir Orn., 1886,
608 (w. Africa); Novit. Zool., vai, 1901, 306 (Canary Islands); x, 1903, 297
(Rio de Oro, w. Africa).—Koernie, Journ, fiir Orn., 1890, 454 (Canary Is-
lands); 1893, 89 (Tunis).—ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1899, 386 (Spitz-
bergen).—GrRaAntT, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 268 (s. Arabia).—REIcHENOW,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 12 (Togo Land, w. Africa); Deutsch. Tiefsee-Exped.,
7 Bd., 5 Lief., 1904, 353 (Chagos Islands).

N[umenius| phacopus Knyseruine and Biasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. Ixxviii,
217.

Numl[enius] phaecopus Droste, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 343 (Faro Islands).

Numenius pheopus Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 170.—Viettuot, Nouv. D ct.
d’Hist. Nat., viii, 1817, 303.—YarreE tt, Hist. Brit. Birds, ed. 2, 11, 1856, 583;
ed. 3, ii, 1856, 616.—SrEBOHM and Brown, Ibis, 1876, 311 (lower Petchora
R., Russia).

Numenius phoeopus Harter and GRANT, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 104 (San Miguel,
Azores).

[Phxeopus] phexopus Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1817, 485.

[Scolopax] borealis (not of Forster, 1772) GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 11, 1789, 654.

Numenius minor Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., ete., Brit. Mus., 1816, 32 (Devonshire,
England; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.).

[Phaecopus| minor Heinz and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 326

Pl{hxopus| vulgaris FuEMiING, Philos. Zool., ii, 1822, 254.

(?) Phaecopus arquatus (not Scolopax arquata Linnzeus) STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen.
Zool., xii, pt. i, 1824, 36, pl. 5.

Numenius islandicus Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 610 (Iceland; Germany).

Numenius haesitatus HARTLAUB, Orn. West-Afrika, 1857, 233 (island of St.Thomas)

[Numenius| hesitatus Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 42, no. 10251 (nomen nudum).

[Numenius| melanorhynchus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 597 (nomen
nudum; Greenland).—Gray, Hand-list, 111, 1871, 42, no. 10251.

Numenius melanorhynchus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 1021,

PHHOPUS HUDSONICUS (Latham).
HUDSONIAN CURLEW.

Sumilar to P. pheopus, but lower back and rump concolor with
interscapular region, under parts decidedly more buffy, and ground
color of axillars and under wing-coverts vinaceous-buff instead of
white.

Adults (sexes alike).—Pileum uniform dark grayish brown (clove
brown or fuscous) divided longitudinally by a narrow stripe (more or

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 403

less broken by dusky streaks) of pale dull buffy and bordered laterally
by a broad superciliary stripe of pale dull buffy, narrowly streaked
with dusky; a broad dusky loral stripe, extending from above rictus
to anterior angle of eye, and a less distinct postocular streak of dusky;
nape pale dull buffy passing into light grayish brown on lower hind-
neck, streaked with dusky, the streaks broader and less dark toward
back; scapulars, interscapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts deep grayish brown, the feathers tipped (at least laterally) and
spotted along edges (not sharply) with paler grayish brown and dull
grayish buffy, the latter more evident on upper tail-coverts and lower
rump, where sometimes forming more or less distinct bars; wing-
coverts and secondaries similar to scapulars and interscapulars but.
(except anterior lesser coverts) paler grayish brown with distinct
shaft-streaks of dusky and, where unworn, more distinctly margined
terminally with pale grayish buffy; primary coverts and primaries
dusky, the four innermost primaries spotted on outer webs (nearly
if not quite to shafts) with pale grayish buffy (this sometimes mottled
with grayish brown); shaft of outermost primary white, that of the
next nearly white, the others light grayish brown; tail grayish brown
(ight hair brown or grayish drab) barred with dusky (the dusky bars:
considerably narrower than the grayish brown interspaces), the rec-
trices narrowly and indistinctly margined at tips with pale grayish
buffy or dull buffy whitish; chin and upper throat (sometimes whole
throat) immaculate dull white or buffy white; rest of under parts,
together with sides of head (beneath eyes) and sides of neck, pale
dull buff, the lower breast, abdomen, anal region, and antero-median
under tail-coverts immaculate, the sides of head and neck, foreneck,
chest, and upper breast slightly tinged with brownish and streaked
with deep grayish brown, the sides and outer flanks strongly tinged
or suffused with pale cinnamon or vinaceous-buff and barred or trans-
versely spotted with grayish brown, the lateral and posterior under
tail-coverts similarly but less heavily and more irregularly marked;
axillars vinaceous-buff, obliquely barred (rather broadly) with gray-
ish brown; under wing-coverts vinaceous-buff with irregular V-
shaped spots or bars of grayish brown; inner webs of primaries gray-
ish brown, deeply serrated or serrately barred with light vinaceous-
buff; bill blackish, the basal portion of mandible pale brownish (more
or less flesh colored or lilaceous in life); iris dark brown; legs and feet.
dusky (grayish in life).

Adult male.—Wing, 231-257 (239.1); tail, 88-101 (92.9); exposed
culmen, 77-93.5 (83.1); tarsus, 52-61 (55.7); middle toe, 33-36.5
(35).2

a Thirteen specimens.

404 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female.—Wing, 240-267 (252.4); tail, 92-102 (97.1); exposed
culmen, 84-95.5 (91.5); tarsus, 54-61 (57.9); middle toe, 34-38.5
(35.9) .%

Breeding along Arctic coast of North America, from mouth of
Yukon River, Alaska, to Franklin Bay, etc., Mackenzie; migrating
southward, chiefly along Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North Amer-
ica, through West Indies, Mexico, Central America and greater part
of South America to Galapagos archipelago (Albemarle, Charles,
Chatham, Hood, Indefatigable, James, and Narborough islands),
southern Chile (Province of Santiago; Vifa del Mar, near Valparaiso,
and Aranca, Tarapaca; island of Chiloe; Taleahuano), and Brazil
(Para; Cajutuba; coast of Piauhy); casual or occasional on Pribilof
Islands, Bermudas (August) and in southern Greenland (Godthaab;
Julianshaab; Jacobshavn; Fiskenaesset); accidental in Iceland,
England, and Spain.

[Scolopaz] borealis (not of Forster, 1772) Gmetrn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1789, 654,
excl. synonymy, part.

Scolopaz borealis Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 22, pl. 56, fig. 1.

Numenius borealis (not of Latham, 1790) Orp, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., vii, 1824,
p. —.—Brewer, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1840, 473, part (excl. synonymy,
etc.).

[ Numenius| hudsonicus LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 712 (Hudson Bay; based on
Eskimaux Curlew Pennant, Arctic Zool., li, no. 364, pl. 19; Hudsonian Curlew
Latham, Synopsis Birds, Suppl., i, 1787, 243) —ReEINHARpDT?, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1854, 440 (Greenland).—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 42, no. 10248.—Covuss,
Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 262.—SchtatTer and Sanvin, Nom. Av. Neotr.,
1873, 146.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, and revised ed., 1886, 27.—
Sarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 158.—Forses and Rosrinson, Bull. Liverp
Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 69.

Numenius hudsonicus BONAPARTE, Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826 [242];
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 314; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 49.—SwaInson

a Kleven specimens.

Ee) Gane ipa
Locality. Wing.) Tail. | posea | T8? Middle-
eulmen,, 54S toe.
MALES.
One adult male from Hudson Bay (Moose Factory, July)..... | #235 | 89 S619 be 36
Five adult males from Atlantic coast United States (migrants).| 235 89. 2 87.6 54 34.4
Three adult males from Alaska (breeding)....................- BAAS | ay9453 | ed 48x) 1715948 34.3
One adult male from California (migrant)...................... 245 97 91 61 4 | 35.5
Two adult males from Lower California (La Paz), migrants. .... 235 | 91 | =. 8185 57 | 36
One adult male from Galapagos Islands (migrant)............. | 257 [LOT be Sete o Stl 36.5
|
FEMALES. |
|
Five adult females from South Carolina (migrants)............. | 247.4 94. 2 90. 2 57 34.7
Two adult females from Barbuda, West Indies (migrants) ..... 246 100. 2 Ob Wi sotany 36. 2
One adult female from Alaska (breeding).............-.-.----- 260 98 Soi oS 35
|
One adult female from Washington (migrant)................. 262 102 95.5 | 58. 5 37
Two adult females from California (migrants).................- 262. 5 98.5 92.5 | 60. 2 38. 2

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 405

and RicHArpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 377.—LeEsson, Traité d’Orn.,
1831, 565.—Nurraut, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 97.—
AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 283, pl. 237; v, 1839, 589; Synopsis, 1839>
254; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vi, 1843, 42, pl. 356.—GouLp, in Darwin’s Zool.
Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iii, Birds, 1841, 129 (Childe Island, Chile).—Fraser, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1843, 117 (Chile).—Jarpine, Contr. Orn., 1849, 84 (Ber-
mudas, autumn).—Huropis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 11 (Bermudas,
Aug.).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 315 (New Mexico).—
Kewnnicortt, Trans. Ills. Agric. Assoc., 1, 1855, 588 (Illinois)—PutTnam,
Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 230 (Massachusetts).—Cassin, in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 744.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.
550.—MarrTens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 219 (Bermudas).—Wrtus, An. Rep.
Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 285 (Nova Scotia).—Buanp, An. Rep. Smith-
son. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 313 (Bay
of Fonseca, Honduras).—ReEINHARDT, Ibis, 1861, 10 (Godthaab, Julianshaab,
Fiskenaesset, and Jacobshavn, Greenland).—BoarpMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., ix, 1862, 129 (Calais, Maine).—VeErritu, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862,
158 (Oxford Co., Maine).—Btaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 134 (Saskatchewan; Slave
Lake).—LAawreEnce, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1864, 100 (Sombrero); viii, 1866,
294 (vicinity New York City); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 309 (Mazat-
lan, Sinaloa; Rio Zacatula, Colima); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 48 (Ven-
tosa Bay, Oaxaca, Dec.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 233 (Antigua), 242
(Barbuda), 277 (Grenada).—Satvin, Ibis, 1865, 190 (Guatemala); 1866, 197
(Chiapam, Guatemala); 1886, 180 (Brit. Guiana); Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
ix, 1876, 504 (Indefatigable Island, Galapagos); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883,
429 (Paracas Bay, Peru).—McItwrartn, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 93 (Ham-
ilton, Ontario).—Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 40 (San Antonio, Texas, spring and
autumn).—We1z, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 267 (n. e. Labrador).—
DEGLAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 163.—ScnaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. ©
Lond., 1867, 333 (Chile).—Sciater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1868, 176 (Valley of Tambo, w. Peru); 1870, 323 (Indefatigable Island, Gala-
pagos); 1873, 456 (Neotropical range).—Covgs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii,
1868, 123 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 296 (New England);
Check List, 1873, no. 442; 2nd ed., 1882, no. 645; Birds Northwest, 1874,
509.—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 425 (Vancouver Island).—Datt and BANNISTER,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1869, 293 (St. Michaels, Alaska) —FRrantzius,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 377 (Costa Rica).—TurNsButt, Birds E. Penn. and
N. J., 1869, 41 (Phila. ed., 32).—Finscu, Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, ii, 1870,
363 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—NewrTon, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 57, pl. 4,
fig. 3 (egg) —AnEeNn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 365 (e. Florida); iii,
1872, 356 (Kansas); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 272 (s. e. Brazil) —Lu-
FORD, Ibis, 1873, 98 (s. Spain, accidental).—BreEweER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
Xvii, 1875, 446 (New England, migratory).—Retp, Zoologist, 1877, 478 (Ber-
mudas, Aug.); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 240 (Bermudas, fre-
quent).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 330 (Chimbote and
Santa Lucia, Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 380.—Maynarp, Birds E. N.
Am., 1879, 399.—Datue.eisu, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 150 (Iceland,
1 record; Spain, 1 record).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, 201
(Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 559); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 559; Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., xii, 1889, 123 (Indefatigable Island); xix, 1896, 633 (Albemarle,
Chatham, and Indefatigable Islands, Galapagos); Auk, viii, 1891, 339 (at sea,
Bahamas, May 3).—SHarpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 16 (Taleahuano,
Chile); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 364 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Chiapam,
Guatemala; Barbados; Para and Cajutuba, Brazil; Tambo Valley and Para-

406

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

cas Bay, Peru; Vinia del Mar, Aranca, Tarapaca, Talcahuano, Chiloe,
and Province of Santiago, Chile; Charles and Indefatigable Islands, Galapa-
gos), 754 (Cape San Lucas; etc.).—Brxtpine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883,
545 (Lower California)—Stearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 119
(Labrador).—NeExson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 90 (shores of Norton
Sound, Alaska, a few breeding); Auk, 1i, 1885, 241 (100 miles inland from
Point Barrow; Kotzebue Sound, passing northward in spring); Rep. N. H.
Coll. Alaska, 1887, 120 (Norton Sound, summer resident; habits, etc.).—
Barrp, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 315.—TuRNEr,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 248 (Koksoak, Labrador); Contr. N. H.
Alaska, 1886, 149 (St. Michaels; Yukon delta).—Brckuam, Auk, ii, 1885, 143
(Pueblo, Colorado, 1 spec., date unknown).—Murpoca, Auk, 1, 1885, 201
(not observed at Point Barrow).—AGeErsBora, Auk, 11, 1885, 287 (s. e. South
Dakota, common migrant).—We tts, List Birds Grenada, 1886, 8; Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 629 (Grenada).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 265; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 125.—Ever-
MANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 92 (Ventura Co., California, rare winter visitant).—
MacFaruang, Ibis, 1887, 208 (Chimbote, w. Peru).—THornez, Auk, iv, 1887,
264 (Fort Lyon, Colorado, flock of about 50 seen April 30, 1885).—SrrBoum,
Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxii, 331.—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 320
(West Indian localities and references); vii, 1890, 374 (Anegada); Birds West.
Ind., 1889, 240; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 94.—ZrLEDON, Anal. Mus. Nat.
C. R., 1, 1888, 130 (Punta Arenas, Costa Rica).—BrcKuam, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., xi, 1888, 637, 654 (Bexar Co., Texas).—F EILDEN, Ibis, 1889, 497 (Barba-
dos; habits).—CLarkeE (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 321 (Fort Churchill, Kee-
watin).—MacFarbane (R.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 429 (Franklin
Bay, Mackenzie).—Hacerup, Birds Greenland, 1891, 55 (occasional visit-
ant).—LAWRENCE (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 43 (Grays Harbor, Washing-
ton, April 19; winter resident?).—Scorr, Auk, ix, 1892, 212 (Caloosahatchie
River, Florida, migrant).—Macxkay, Auk, ix, 1892, 345-352 (habits in Massa-
chusetts).—BERLEPScH and STrotzMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 395
(Lima, Peru, Oct. 6).—James, New List Chilean Birds, 1892, 12.—CHapman,
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 76 (Trinidad).—Irpy, Orn. Straits Gibralt.,
2nd ed., 1895, 291.—Etuiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 156, pl. 48.—Lang,
Ibis, 1897, 312 (Vifia del Mar, near Valparaiso, Chile; habits).—ScHatow,
Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., iv, Heft 3, 1898, 659 (Chile).—Roruscuitp and Har-
TERT, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 189 (Charles, Chatham, Albemarle, and Indefat-
igable Islands, Galapagos); ix, 1892, 418 (Galapagos in migration).—SALVIN
and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 365 (Mazatlan; Rio Zaca-
tula, Colima; Ventosa Bay, Oaxaca; Laguna de Chiapam, Guatemala; Fon-
seca Bay, Honduras; Punta Arenas and San Carlos, Costa Rica; Galapagos;
South America).—RinEy, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 47, 1904, 280 (Barbuda,
Lesser Antilles, Sept., Nov.).—Brcx, Condor, ix, 1907, 109, in text (Clip-
perton Island, Nov.).—Brruepscn, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 305 (Cayenne).—
Reiser, Denkschr. Mat.-Nat. Kl]. K. Ak, Wiss. Wien, Ixxvi, 1910, 94 (coast of
Piauhy, n. e. Brazil) —Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 418 (Costa
Rica).—Guirrorp, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. 1, 1918, 54 (Albemarle,
Charles, Hood, Indefatigable, James, and Narborough islands, Galapagos).—
Bocearpus, Auk, xxx, 1913, 270 (Rockaway Beach, Long Island, Dec. 24,
1912).—Wermorge, Bull. 326, U.S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 41 (Porto Rico, rare
visitant).

Numenius hudsonicus? ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 206 (Jamaica).
[Numenius] hudsonicus D’Hamonvitie, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 50 (Iceland; Eng-

land).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 407

N[umenius] hudsonicus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 569.—CaBanis, in Schom-
burgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848, 757.—Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x,
1874, 385 (Illinois); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 171.—Cours, Key N. Am.
Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 645.

Numenius (Phxopus) hudsonicus Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 235
(Henley Harbor, Labrador).

Unemius [typog. error] hudsonicus McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1884, 121
(Kowak River, n. w. Alaska, breeding).

Numerius [typog. error] hudsonicus ScuaTErR and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1868, 570 (Peru).

Phxopus hudsonicus Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 108 (New
Mexico).

[Phaeopus] hudsonica Herne and Retcuenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 326
(Mexico).

Numenius phxopus var. hudsonica PeLzEn, Ibis, 1873, 121 (as to supposed type).

Numenius hudsonius Viewxot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., viii, 1817, 304.—ALLEN,
Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 87 (Massachusetts, migrant, winter).—GUNDLACH,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 161, 187 (Porto Rico); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.,
vii, 1878, 367 (Porto Rico).

N[umenius] hudsonius Hotpéii, Naturhist. Tidsskr., iv, 1843, 407 (Greenland).

Numenius melanopus Vieittot, Nouv. Dict. Nat., viii, 1817, 306, part (North
America; includes Numenius americanus).

Numenius rufiventris Vicors, Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, 356 (n. w. North America);
Zool. Voy. ‘ Blossom,’ Birds, 1839, 28 (no locality given).—Bairp, in Rep.
Stansbury’s Surv. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 334 (Pacific coast, North America).

Numenius brasiliensis Maxrmmian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, pt. 11, 1833, 708
(s. e. Brazil; type now in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.; see Allen, Bull. Am.
Mus. N..H., ii, 1889, 272).

Numenius rufus Virwior, Gal. Ois., ii, 1834, 118, part (Hudson Bay; type now
in coll. Brit. Mus.; includes N. americanus).

Numenius intermedius Nutraut, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834,
100 (North America).

Numenius phacopus (not Scolopax phxopus Linnzus) CABANIS, in Schomburgk’s
Reis. Brit. Guiana, lil, 1848, 757.—PrLzEtn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 308, 457.

PHZOPUS TAHITIENSIS (Gmelin).

BRISTLE-THIGHED CURLEW.

Adults in breeding scason (sexes alike).—Pileum with two broad
stripes of dark sooty brown (fuscous or clove brown), slightly broken
by a few broad streaks of buffy, separated, longitudinally, by a
narrower stripe of light buff, broadly streaked with dark sooty
brown, and bordered laterally by a broad superciliary stripe of light
buff, narrowly streaked with dark sooty brown; hindneck dull light
buff, rather broadly streaked with dark sooty brown; general color
of upper parts dark brown (clove brown or fuscous) irregularly
spotted with buff, the lower back and rump nearly uniform dark
brown; primary coverts and primaries dusky (dark fuscous, nearly
fuscous-black on coverts), the outer webs of four to six inner prima-
ries with large spots of buff; shaft of outermost primary white, that
of the next whitish proximally, the others growing gradually deeper

408 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

brownish; upper tail-coverts light cinnamon-buff to pinkish buff,
with a few irregular (partly V-shaped or narrowly obomegoid)
markings of fuscous, especially anteriorly (next to rump); tail light
cinnamon-buff to pinkish buff (the middle rectrices sometimes shaded
with grayish brown) tipped with paler and crossed by about six
broad bars, or bands of fuscous; side of head and neck and entire
under parts dull light pinkish buff to very pale buff (between car-
tridge buff and ivory yellow), the chin and upper throat, breast,
abdomen, posterior flanks, anal region, and under tail-coverts immacu-
late, the sides of head and neck, lower throat, foreneck, and chest
streaked with fuscous, the sides and anterior part of flanks (some-
times sides of chest also) irregularly barred or transversely spotted
with the same, mostly on outer webs of feathers; a more or less
‘“‘solid”’ loral stripe of fuscous, extending from rictus to eye, and a
narrow postocular stripe, or streak, of the same; axillars broadly
barred or banded with cinnamon-buff and fuscous, the two colors
about equal in extent, the fuscous bars more or less confluent along
shafts; under wing-coverts cinnamon-buff, heavily spotted with
fuscous, the under primary coverts for the greater part uniform
grayish brown; inner webs of primaries grayish brown, spotted or
mottled along edges with pale cinnamon-buff; bill blackish brown,
the basal half, or more, of mandible paler (dull dark flesh color in hfe) ;
iris dark brown; legs and feet dusky (livid bluish in life).

Winter plumage.—Similar to the summer plumage but more deeply
colored, the spotting of upper parts deep cinnamon-buff to cimnamon.?

Adult male.-—Wing, 222-230 (226.9); tail, 84-96 (92.1); exposed
culmen, 69-88 (78.7); tarsus, 51-58.5 (55.2); middle toe, 34.5-40
(36.8).°

Adult female.—Wing, 227-252 (240.3); tail, 97-109 (100.7) ; exposed
culmen, 83-96 (90); tarsus, 54.5-60 (56.7); middle toe, 36.5-41
(39.1).°

Breeding range unknown, but possibly some portion of north-
western Alaska (Fort Kenai, May 18; St. Michaels, Norton Sound,
May 23; Kotzebue Sound, Aug. 26; Kowak River); migrating south-
ward through various island groups of the Pacific Ocean, chiefly
eastward of the 180th meridian, having been recorded from the fol-
lowing: Hawaiian group (all the islands, including Laysan, Sept. to
spring); Fanning group (Fanning, Palmyra, and Christmas islands) ;
Phoenix group (Phoenix and Canton islands); Marshall group (Jaluit
Island); Gilbert group; Society group (Tahiti); Low Archipelago or
Paumotu group (Vincennes Island); Marquesas; Cook Islands (Cook,

a At least on newly acquired feathers. One thus marked (shot November 8) is
molting from a much faded plumage in which the spotting of the upper parts and
the general color of the under parts is almost buffy white on the old feathers.

b Six specimens,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 409

Palmerston and Hervey islands); Mariana (Marianne) group; New
Caledonia.

[Scolopaz] tahitiensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 656 (island of Tahiti
Society group, South Pacific Ocean; based on Otaheite Curlew Latham,
Synopsis Birds, iii, pt. 1, 1785 122; see Stejneger, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x,
1887, 83, 84).—TurTon, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 393.

Numenius tahitiensis StePHENS, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. 1, 1824, 32.—Bowna-
PARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 507.—Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Is., 1859, 49
(Society Islands; Cook Islands; New Caledonia; Hawaiian Islands; Christmas
Island).—Fivscu and Harriavs, Faun. Centralpolynesiens, 1867, 175.—Ripe-
way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 201 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 562); Nom.
N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 562.—NeExson, Arctic Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883),
90 (St. Michaels, Alaska, 1 spec., spring of 1880); Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska,
1887, 121, pl. 9 (St. Michaels)—Batrp, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds
N. Am., i, 1884, 324.—AmeErican OrnitHoxoeists’ Unron, Check List, 1886,
and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 268; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 125.—TownseEnp (C. H.), Auk,
iv, 1887, 12 (Kowak River, n. w. Alaska, 1 spec.); Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885
(1887), 91 (Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, 1 spec., Aug. 26).—SrEBoHM, Geog.
Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxii, 332.—Lrstrer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1891, 299 (Phoenix Island).—WiaLteswortaH, Abh. K. Zool. Mus. Dresden,
1890-91 (Aves Polynes.), 66 (Marianne, Society, Marquesas, Paumotu, and
Fanning Islands; Hervey Island).—Winson and Evans, Aves Hawaiienses,
pt. iii, 1892.—Roruscuinp, Avif. Laysan, pt. i, 1893, 17.—Exuior, N. Am.
Shore Birds, 1895, 161, pl. 50.—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 367
(Canton Island, Phoenix group; Molokai, Hawaiian group), 754 (Samoa;
Phoenix Island).—Hrnsuaw, Birds Hawaiian Is., 1902, 91 (all islands of
group, Sept. to spring).—Fisuer (W. K.), Bull. U. 8S. Fish Com. for 1903,
35, pl. 8, fig. 42 (Laysan, migrant).

Niumenius] tahitiensis Vierttot, Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1828, 1157.—Gray, Gen.
Birds, iii, 1847, 569.—Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 171.—Bryan,
Key Birds Hawaiian Group, 1901, 28.

[Numenius] tahitiensis Forspes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2,
1899, 69 (Palmerston Island; Fanning Island; Marquesas Islands).

Numenius tahitensis Virmuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., viii, 1817, 308.

(?) [Numenius] taitiensis Lataam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 711.

Numeniis taitensis Cours, Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 647.

N{[umenius] taitensis Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 646.

Namenwus Femoralis PEALE, Zool. U. 8. Expl. Exped. (W ilkes), 1848, 233, pl. 66,
fig. 1 (Vincennes Island, Paumotu group, Pacific Ocean; coll. U. 8. Nat.

| Mus.).—Hartiaus, Achiv fiir Naturg., 1852, 120; Journ. fiir Orn., 1854,
170 (Paumotu group).—Cassrin, Orn. U.S. Expl. Taacacdl (Wilkes). 1858, 316,
pl. 37 (Vincennes Island, Paumotu group).—Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Is., 1859,
50 (Paumotu group).—Ripeway, Am. Nat., vili, 1874, 435 (Fort Kenai, Alaska,
1spec., May 18, 1869).—Covgs, Check List, 1873, App., p. 185, no. 442 bis; Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 7, 1877, 19 (Palmyra and Christmas islands).—SrTreEeEtTs,
Am. Nat., xi, 1877, 71, in text (Christmas Island); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
no. 7, 1877, 19 (Palmyra Island, Fanning group, very abundant).—Iinscu,
Ibis, 1880, 220, 331 (Jaluit, Marshall Islands), 432, 433 (Gilbert Islands).—
TristRAM, Ibis, 1881, 251 (Marquesas Islands); 1883, 47 (Fanning Island).—
STEJNEGER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 83 (Kauai Island, Hawaiian
group; crit.); xi, 1888, 97 (Niihau and Kauai islands).

[Numenius] femoralis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 579.

410 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

? Gray, Cat. Birds Tropical Is., 1859, 50 Ghee and Gil-

Numenius
bert Islands).

Numenius phaeopus (not Scolopax phxopus Linnzeus) Rear Mus. Pays-Bas,
v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 93, part.

Numenius australis (not of Gould) Doz, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1869, 303
(Hawaiian Islands).

N[umenius] tibialis Layarp (E. L. and E. L. C.), Ibis, 1882, 533 (Ansevata, New
Caledonia).—TristraM, Ibis, 1882, 534.

Genus MESOSCOLOPAX Sharpe.

Mesoscolopax® SuHarrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 371. (Type, by
original designation, Numenius minutus Gould.)

Medium-sized or rather large Scolopacidee (wing 180-215 mm.)
with the slender, slightly decurved, bill shorter than tarsus and first
phalanx of middle toe and much shorter than tail; hallux much
shorter than basal phalanx of middle toe, and primaries projecting
beyond distal secondaries much farther than distance from tips of
the latter to bend of wing.

Bill slender, attenuated and slightly decurved distally, its narrow
tip very slightly expanded; exposed culmen shorter than tarsus
and basal phalanx of middle toe, much shorter than tail; nostril
subbasal, longitudinally linear (slit-like); nasal groove distinct for
at least pasal half of maxilla, sometimes for two-thirds or more;
malar antia posterior to latero-frontal antia, the mental antia about
on line (vertically) with anterior end of nostril; frontal antia forming
a very slight indentation (angular or shallowly concave) at base of
culmen. Wing ample, pointed, the longest primary (outermost)
exceeding distal secondaries by much more than half the length of
wing; tertials elongated, subacuminate, but the longest falling far
short of tip of longest primary (not extending beyond fourth, some-
times not beyond sixth, primary, from outside); tarsus less than
twice as long as middle toe without claw, the acrotarsium trans-
versely scutellate, the planta tarsi transversely scutellate in V.
minutus, usually with rather large hexagonal scales (but sometimes
more or less transversely scutellate) in M. borealis; bare portion of
tibia as long as middle toe without claw, transversely scutellate before
and behind in A. minutus, with small hexagonal scales in front and
larger ones behind in V. borealis; lateral toes decidedly shorter than
middle toe, the outer shghtly longer than the inner; hallux small,
decidedly shorter than basal phalanx of middle toe; interdigital
spaces webbed basally, the web between outer and middle toes
decidedly shorter than basal phalanges of those toes, that between
inner and middle toes stiil smaller (more deeply incised); all the
anterior toes with a more or less distinct lateral tumid membrane
(conspic tlously dey eloped in M. borealis, indistinct in M. mameutis)

a Mies, me alee alge nan ena Preodeoti: (icnmona)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 411

Coloration.—Above spotted with fuscous and grayish buffy, the tail
grayish brown or brownish gray barred with fuscous; primaries
wholly fuscous, even on inner webs, or with only an indistinct edging,
or marginal mottling, on the latter; pileum fuscous streaked with buffy
and divided medially by a line of the same; under parts dull buffy
(more or less deep) the foreneck and chest streaked with fuscous, the
sides and flanks more or less barred with the same; axillars cinnamon-
buffy (more or less deep) barred with grayish brown or fuscous.

Range.—Northern parts of Northern Hemisphere, far southward
in migration. (Two species.)

The type of Mesoscolopax agrees so closely with ‘‘ Numenius”’
borealis in essential features of structure and in details of coloration
that it seems necessary to place the two species together, the only
alternative being to make a special genus for JN. borcalis, a procedure
which the slight structural differences do not, in my opinion, warrant.
In M. minutus the legs and toes are relatively longer and more slender,
the lateral membrane of the anterior toes decidedly less developed,
and both the acrotarsium and planta tarsi, as well as both anterior
and posterior sides of the naked portion of the tibia, are always,
distinctly and regularly transversely scutellate. In J. borealis the
legs and toes are relatively shorter and stouter, the lateral mem-
brane of the anterior toes is conspicuously developed, and only the
acrotarsium is (as a rule) regularly transversly scutellate; but occa-
sional specimens show a scutellation of the planta tarsi closely ap-
proximating a regular single series of transverse scutella, and the
posterior side of the naked portion of the tibia is often covered with
large, decidedly transverse scales. In coloration the two species
agree so minutely that the pale buff axillars and under wing-coverts
of M. minutus and the cinnamon-buff of the same in M. berealis
constitute practically the only difference. The bill is, apparently,
slightly less decurved in Jf. minutus than in M. borealis.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MESOSCOLOPAX.

a. Tarsus distinctly transversely scutellate behind; ground color of axillars and
under wing-coverts pale buff. (Eastern Siberia, etc., migrating to Moluccas,
USGL AM A Ohne aoe soc cinco ee cma Mesoscolopax minutus (extralimital).¢

a Numenius minutus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1840, 176 (New South Wales);
Birds Australia, vi, 1848, pl. 49 and text; Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica,
Aves, 1849, 111, pl. 67; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadriidz, 1887, 335; Birds Jap.
Empire, 1890, 317; Mathews, Birds Australia, iii, pt. 2, 1913, pl. [146] facing p. 180.—
Mesoscolopax minutus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 371: Mathews, Birds
Australia, ii, pt. 2, 1913, 180 —Nwmenius minor (not of Leach, 1816) S. Miller, Verh.
Land-en Volkenk., 1840, 110; Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1873, 245; Ramsay, Tab.
List Austral. Birds, 1888, 20.—(?) Numenius brevirostris (not of Lichtenstein, 1823)
Rosenberg, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind., xxv, 1863, 255; Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 137.

412 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

aa. Tarsus not distinctly, if at all, transversely scutellate behind; ground color of
axillars and under wing-coverts cinnamon-buff. (Northern North America,
migrating to West Indies, Central America, and South America.) ‘
Mesoscolopax borealis (p. 412).

MESOSCOLOPAX BOREALIS (Forster).

ESKIMO CURLEW.

Adults in breeding season (sexes alike).—Pileum sooty black,
more or less streaked with pale buffy, especially along median line;
a broad superciliary stripe of pale buffy narrowly streaked with
blackish, especially on supra-auricular portion; lores rather thickly
speckled, flecked, or streaked with blackish, forming a more or less
distinct cuneate patch between bill and eye; a blackish or fuscous
postocular streak (along upper edge of auriculars); interscapulars
sooty black, broadly edged (laterally) and spotted along edges with
dull buff, the scapulars similar but with the buffy spots along edges
larger; lesser wing-coverts sometimes nearly uniform sooty blackish
or dark fuscous, sometimes margined (at least in part) with dull
buffy; middle coverts dusky grayish brown or fuscous centrally,
broadly margined or marginally spotted with buffy, the greater
coverts lighter grayish brown, more narrowly margined with buffy;
secondaries still lighter grayish brown, narrowly margined with very
pale buffy or buffy whitish; tertials dusky grayish brown or fuscous,
deeply notched with light dull buffy, or with broad angular spots
of the same along edges; primary coverts and primaries dusky
grayish brown or fuscous, the proximal coverts and quills narrowly
margined terminally with whitish: lower back and rump dark fuscous
spotted with buff, the upper tail-coverts similar but with buff spots
larger and paler and on the longer coverts forming interrupted broad
bars; tail light grayish brown or brownish gray, sometimes tinged
with cinnamon on lateral rectrices, distinctly barred with dark
fuscous, and narrowly tipped with paler; chin, throat, and anterior
portion-of malar region immaculate buffy white; rest of head and
neck (except as described) and under parts dul! buff (between
pinkish buff and vinaceous-buff), the lower breast, abdomen, and anal
region usually immaculate or nearly so, the sides of head and neck,
foreneck, chest, and upper breast narrowly streaked with fuscous,
the sides with V-shaped markings, the flanks with irregular, rather
broad, bars, the lateral and longer under tail-coverts with a few small
streaks and spots of the same; axillars and under wing-coverts
cinnamon-buff, the former with narrow V-shaped bars, the latter
with rather sparse irregular spots, bars, and streaks of fuscous;
inner webs of primaries wholly uniform grayish brown, or with an
indistinct edging or marginal mottling of pale cinnamon-buffy; bill
blackish, the basal portion of mandible brownish; iris dark brown;
legs and feet dusky (dull slate color or dark gray in life).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 413

Adult male.—Wing, 200.5-214 (206.3); tail, 77-83.5 (80.1); exposed
culmen, 48-53 (51.3); tarsus, 39.5—44 (42.1); middle toe, 24-26 (25.1).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 189.5-215 (203.8); tail, 76-82 (79.8); ex-
posed culmen, 47-60 (54.9) ; tarsus, 41-45 (43.9) ; middle toe, 25.5-27.5
(26:3).

Breeding on the barren grounds of Arctic America, from Norton
Sound, Alaska, to northern Mackenzie (valley of Anderson River;
Point Lake); migrating southward, through eastern North America
and West Indies (Porto Rico; Barbados; Grenada) to Falkland
Islands, Patagonia (Chupat Valley), Uruguay (Concepcién; Monte-
vidéo), Paraguay, Argentina (Entre Rios; Buenos Aires), and Chile;
accidental or casual in Bermudas, California (San Diego, Sept.,
1883) ,in Galapagos archipelago (Charles Island), Greenland (2 records),
Iceland, and British Islands (5 records); one record for Guatemala
(San Geronimo, April, ); northeastern Siberia (Cape Wankarem,
Aug. 6, 1881) ? (Now nearly extinct.)

Scolopaz borealis Forster, Philos. Trans., lxii, 1772, 411 (Albany Fort, Keewatin),
431 (Hudson Bay).

S[colopax] borealis BoNAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 73 (crit.);
Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [155].

[Numenius| borealis LarHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 712.—Marrens, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1859, 219 (Bermudas).—LAwrReENcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 294
(vicinity New York City).—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1871, 42, no. 10255.—
Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 262.—ScuaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av.
Neotr., 1873, 146.—D’Hamonvittez, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 50 (Scotland).—
GuNpbLAcH, Journ. fir Orn., 1878, 161 (Porto Rico).—Cory, List Birds
West Ind., 1885, and revised ed., 1886, 27.—SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899,
158.—ForBes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., 1, no. 2, 1899, 69 (Pictou,
Nova Scotia).

Numenius borealis Viertuor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vill, 1817, 302.—
Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 314; Synopsis, 1828, 314; Am. Orn.,
iv, 1833, 118, pl. 26, fig. 3; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 49.—Swarnson and
RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., li, 1831, 378, pl. 65 (Point Lake, Mackenzie,
breeding).—Lrsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 566.—Nurrauu, Man. Orn. U. S.
and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 101.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., 11, 1835, 69, pl.
208; v, 1839, 590; Synopsis, 1839, 255; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vi, 1843, 45, pl. 357.
—NavumAann, Vog. Deutschl., viii, 1836, 506.—Viaors, Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’
Birds, 1839, 28.—TownseEnp (J. K.), Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839,
156 (n. w. United States).—Prasopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 366.—GrrauD,
Birds Long Is., 1844, 274.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Gralle, 1844,
94.— JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 84 (Bermudas, very rare in autumn).—
Hourpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 10 (Bermudas, autumn).—McCat11,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1851, 223 (Texas).—KyaERBOLLING, Naumannia,
iv, 1854, 308 (Iceland; Europe).—PutNam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 215
(Massachusetts).—YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, 3rd ed., 1, 1856, 620.—
Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 744.—Barrp, Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 551.—Wiuuts, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859),
285 (Nova Scotia).—Buanp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288
(Bermudas).—RermuHarpt, Ibis, 1861, 10 (Greenland, 2 specs.); Vid. Medd.

a Vive spec.mens.

414

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Nat. For. Kjobenhavn, 1881, 185 (Greenland).—Satvin, Ibis, 1861, 356
(San Geronimo, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 429 (Charles
Island, Galapagos)—BoarpMAN, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., ix, 1862, 129
(Calais, Maine).—VeErRRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 158 (Oxford Co.,
Maine).—SciaTER, Ibis, 1862, 277 (Europe); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,
339 (Chile) —Buaxiston, Ibis, 1863, 134 (Barren lands, Arctic America).—
ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 87 (Massachusetts); Am. Nat., vi, 1872,
272 (Fort Hays, Kansas, 1 spec.); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 182
(Kansas, June).—ScuHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, ne. 27 (Scclopaces), 1864,
101 (Brazil).—Lkrotraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 444.—Dressxr, Ibis, 1866,
40 (s. Texas); Birds Europe, viii, 1873, 221, pl. 575.—We1z, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., x, 1866, 267 (n. e. Labrador).—Covgs, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii,
1868, 123 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 296 (New England);
Check List, 1873, no. 443; 2nd ed., 1882, no. 646; Birds Northwest, 1874,
510; in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 188 (Pribilof Islands, migrant).—
Dau and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 293 (Fert Yukon,
Alaska).—TuRNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 42 (Phila. ed., 33).—
Cooper, Am. Nat., 111, 1869, 83 (Ft. Benton, Montana, ‘‘ breeding ’’).—Nrw-
TON, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 56, pl. 4, fig. 1 (egg; Arctic coast east of Ander-
son River, Mackenzie).—BrooxeE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 299 (Sligo,
Ireland).—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 290 (Aberdeen, Sept.).—
Harrine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 145 (4 British records); Zoologist, 1879,
135 (Aberdeenshire, Scotland).—Sctarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1873, 456 (Neotropical range)—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xvii, 1875, 446 (New England, migrant).—Rerrm, Zoologist, 1877, 478
(Bermudas); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 241 (Bermudas, frequent) .—
SenNeETT, Bull. U. 8S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 56 (Corpus
Christi, Texas) —Merritt (J. C.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 162 (Fort
Brown, Texas).—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1878, 404 (Chupat Valley, centr.
Patagonia).—GUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 188 (Porto Rico); Anal. Soc.
Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 367 (Porto Rico).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am.,
1879, 400.—Kumuren, Bull, U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 88 (Kingwah
Fjord, June).—Dateueisu, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 210 (5 British
records).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 201 (Cat. N. Am.
Birds, no. 560); xix, 1896, 633 (Charles Island, Galapagos); Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 560.—Harvre-Brown, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow,
1881, 314 (Kincardineshire, Scotland).—Etirorr, Mon. Pribylov Group,
1882, 130 (1 spec., June, 1872).—NeE son, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883),
90 (Norton Sound, Alaska, breeding; Wankarem, n. e. Siberia); Rep. N. H.
Coll. Alaska, 1887, 121 (coast Bering Sea and Kotzebue Sound; Fort Yukon;
Nulato; Point Barrow; habits)—BririsH OrnirHonoaists’ Union, List
Brit. Birds, 1883, 178.—Saunprrs, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 512;
Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 615.—STearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883.
120 (Labrador).—Barrows, Auk, i, 1884, 316 (Concepcion and pampas,
Uruguay, Sept. 9 to March 1).—Hotrernorr, Auk, i, 1884, 393 (San Diego,
California, 1 spec., Sept., 1883).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rmeway, Water
Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 318.—Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885,
248 (Koksoak River, Labrador, Sept. 4); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 149
(60 miles west of Nunivak Island, Bering Sea, May 22, 1874).—Murpocu,
Auk, li, 1885, 63 (Point Barrow, Alaska, May 20 to July 6, rare).—LAWRENCE
(N. T.), Auk, ii, 1885, 273 (Far Rockaway, Long Island, Sept. 12, 1875,
Sept. 10, 1876, and Sept. 26, 1884; 4 specs.)—AcrErRsBore, Auk, 1, 1885,
287 (s. e. South Dakota, spring, sometimes very abundant).—SEEBoHM,
Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 94, pl. 33, fig. 3 (egg); Geog. Distr. Charadriide,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 415

1887, pp. xxi, 333.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886,
and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 266; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 125.—Wetts, List Birds Grenada,
1886, 8; Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 629 (Grenada).—McLENEGAN,
Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 78 (Noatak River, n. w. Alaska, breeding).—
Beruepscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 126 (Paraguay).—PatméNn, Vega-Exped.,
1887, 301 (Cape Wankarema, Tschuktschi coast, n. e. Siberia, Aug. 6, 1881).—
Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 320 (West Indian localities and references); Birds
West Ind., 1889, 241; List West Ind. Birds, 1892, 94 (Porto Rico; Grenada).
—Irsy, Key List Brit. Birds, 1888, 49.—Brcknam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
x, 1888, 637, 654 (Bexar Co., Texas).—Sciater and Hupson, Argentine
Orn., ii, 1889, 192.—FrmpEN, Ibis, 1889, 498 (Barbados; habits).—
MacFartaneg, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 429 (Fort Anderson,
Mackenzie).—Ovustatet, Mis. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois., 1891, 290.—Mackay,
Auk, ix, 1892, 16-21 (migrations, etc., in New England); x, 1898, 79 (migration
in Massachusetts in 1892); xiii, 1896, 182 (Prince Edward Island, flock,
Sept. 1, 1872); xiv, 1897, 212 (1896 migration in Massachusetts); xv, 1898,
52 (1897 migration in Massachusetts); xvi, 1899, 180 (1898 migration in
Massachusetts).—Scorr, Auk, ix, 1892, 212 (Caloosahatchie River, Florida,
migrant).—James, New List Chilean Birds, 1892, 12.—Livrorp, Col. Figs.
Brit. Birds, pt. xxi, 1892.—Taczanowsk1, Mém. Ac. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb.,
Xxxix; 1893, 946 (Wankarem, n. e. Siberia, Aug. 6, 1881).—Aptin, Ibis, 1894,
210 (Uruguay).—Poyntina, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. ii, 1896, 253, pl. 54.—
KoeEniGswaLp, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 395 (Sao Paulo, s. e. Brazil).—Etuior,
N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 160, pl. 49.—Suarpr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxiv, 1896, 368, 755 (Mexico; San Geronimo, Guatemala; Grenada; Barbados;
Xavier, Brazil; Paraguay; Chupat, Patagonia; etc.); Handb. Brit. Birds, iii,
1896, 326.—HotmBerrG, Segundo censo Argentina, 1, 1898, 569.—I HERING,
Rev. Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 432 (Sao Paulo)—Cuarman, Bull. Am. Mus,
N.H., xvi., 1902, 234 (Kenai Mts., Alaska, Aug. 11).—Burter, Auk, xxiii,
1906, 274 (Chalmers, Indiana, April 19, 1890)—Fiemine, Auk, xxiii, 1906,
451 (Toronto I., Ontario, 2 specs., 1864; Wolf I., near Kingston, Oct. 10,
1873).—Barsour, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 459 (at sea, bet. Ireland and Newfound-
land, lat. 49° 06’ N., long. 27° 28’ W., May 26, 1906).—DaBBENE, Orn.
Argentina, 1910, 218 (Patagonia; Entre Rios).—Coa.e, Auk, xxviii, 1911,
276 (Oconta, Wisconsin, April 27, 1889)—Snyper, Auk, xxx, 1913, 269
(Fox Lake, Dodge Co., Wisconsin, Sept. 10, 1912).—Lamp, Auk, xxx, 1913,
581 (East Orleans, Massachusetts, Sept. 5, 1913).—Brrronr, Fauna Parag.,
1914, 38.—Wermorg, Bull. 326, U. 8S. Dept. Agric. 1916, 41 (Porto Rico, 1
record).—Swenk, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1915 (1916), 325-340 (history;
probable extermination).
| N[umenius| borealis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1847, 569.—Ripaway, Ann. Lyc.
| N. Y., x, 1874, 385 (Illinois); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 171.—Covgs, Key
N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 646.
Numenius (Phxopus) borealis Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 236 (Hen-
ley Harbor, Labrador, Aug. 16 and after; habits, etc.).
[Phaeopus]| borealis HernE and RercHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 326.
Unemius [typog. error] borealis McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘Corwin,’ 1884, 121 (Kowak
River, n. w. Alaska, breeding; habits).
N[umenius| brevirostris LicurENsteIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 75 (Montevideo,
Uruguay; coll. Berlin Mus.).
Numenius brevirostris Temmincx, Pl. Col., v, 1825, pl. 381 and text.—Gou Lp,
in Darwin’s Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iii, 1841, 129 (Buenos Aires).—HARTLAUB,
Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 25.—RertcHensBacu, Grallatores, 1850, pl. 78,

416 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

fig. 546.—SciaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 387 (Falkland Islands).—
Axssort, Ibis, 1861, 156 (Falkland Islands).—Prnzein, Orn. Bras., 1870, 308
(Ypanema).

[Numenius] brevirostris PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 457.

Numenius macrorhynchus Paruierr and LANDBECK, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir
Naturg., 1866, i, 129 (Chiloe, Chile).

[Numenius] microrhynchus Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 43, no. 10256.

(?) Tringa campestris VrettuotT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxiv, 1819, 454
(Paraguay; based on Chorlito campesino Azara, Apunt. Parag., iii, 1803, 310).

(?) T[ringa] campestris VrettuoT, Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1087.

[Numenius] hemirhynchus ‘‘Temmf[inck]” Bonaparte, Excursions divers Mus.,
etc., 1856, 17 (nomen nudum).

Numenius hudsonicus (not of Latham) PEaBopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 366.

Family PHALAROPODIDA.
THE PHALAROPES.

=Phalaropodine BONAPARTE, Saggio distr. Anim. Vertebr., 1831, 59.—ScLATER
and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 144.—SresNreGcErR, Standard Nat. Hist.,
iv, 1885, 107, in text.—Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, xii, 91,
693; Hand-list, 1, 1899, xvi, 167.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, ii, 1903, 394.

=Phalaropodide Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 689, 705.—
Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 336.—CougEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 247;
2d ed., 1884, 612.—Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 385; Bull. Ills.
State Labr. Nat. Hist., no. 4, 1881, 197; Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 143.—
Bartrp, BREWER, and Rrpaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 108, 325.—
AMERICAN OrNiITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, 145; 3rd ed., 1910,
107.—OBERHOLSER, Outl. Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 2.

>Phalaropodide BONAPARTE, Saggio distr. Anim. Vertebr., 1831, 59 (includes
Recurvirostride).

Small natatorial Charadrii with tarsi excessively compressed, toes
margined laterally with a conspicuous, usually lobed or scalloped
membrane, and plumage of under parts very dense, gull-like.

The Phalaropodide are small sandpiper-like birds which differ
conspicuously from the Scolopacide and allied groups in their lobed
or scalloped-margined toes and greatly compressed tarsi, the plumage
being at the same time more full and compact, like that of the
coots, gulls, and petrels. These characters are mainly adaptive,
and enable the Phalaropes to swim with ease. In fact, they are as
much at home upon the surface of the water, even that of the ocean,
as are any of the true so-called swimming birds.

The family is restricted, during the breeding season, to the northern
portions of the northern hemisphere (one species, however, breeding
much farther southward in the western United States), and is very
limited in the number of its species, of which only three are known,
referable to three genera. Allof them occur in America, one of them
being peculiar, the other two occurring in Europe and Asia also.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIGOA. A417

KEY TO THE GENERA OF PHALAROPODIDA.

a. Bill broad, somewhat expanded subterminally; nostrils separated from loral feath-
ering by a space about equal in length to basal depth of maxilla; tarsus not more
than one-sixth as long as wing, not longer than middle toe with claw; lateral
membrance of anterior toes very broad, the outer margin of the segments strongly
POTIV CXt a ete Bae toe eee ee Serta an NG Acar Se reraye OD Phalaropus (p. 417).

aa. Bill slender, not at all expanded subterminally; nostrils close to loral feathering;
tarsus at least one-fifth as long as wing, longer than middle toe without claw;
lateral membrane of anterior toes narrower, the margin of the segments much less
strongly convex, or the margin continuous, without convex segments.

‘b. Bill attenuated terminally (tapering in both lateral and vertical profiles); tarsus
shorter than exposed culmen, about one-fifth as long as wing, but not longer
than middle toe with claw; lateral membrane of toes broader, distinctly
seatloned; tail praduatede \acesdsu2 sary. Gehl kgs EH Lobipes (p. 423).

bb. Bill subulate (of nearly uniform thickness, both vertically and horizontally,
throughout); tarsus longer than exposed culmen, about one-fourth as long as
wing, decidedly longer than middle toe with claw; lateral membrane of
less very narrow, not distinctly if at all scalloped; tail doubly emar-
PUR YL MRS. ENA AREP ESD SUE DEMERS INT ce ESE ARIE Steganopus (p. 430).

Genus PHALAROPUS Brisson.

Phalaropus Brisson, Orn., vi, 1760, 12. (Type, by tautonyony [Phalaropus |
phalaropus Brisson= Tringa fulicaria Linneus.)

Crymophilus @ Vietttot, Analyse, 1816, 62. (Type, Phalaroype a festons dentalés

Buffon= Tringa fulicaria Linnezeus.)

Crymophila (emendation) Vorat, Thierreich, i, 1831, 876, footnote.

(?) Amblyrhynchus © (not of Leach, 1816) Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can.,
Water Birds, 1834, 247. (Type, by original designation, Tringa glacialis
Gmelin= 7. fulicaria Linneeus?)

Phalaropes with broad bill, short tarsi (not more than one-sixth
as long as wing and not longer than middle toe with claw), and
nostrils decidedly in advance of loral feathering.

Bill relatively broad (its width near tip more than one-sixth the
length of exposed culmen and much greater than its depth at same
point), the broad lateral groove of maxilla extending nearly to tip,
the exposed culmen a little longer than tarsus; nostril longitudinal,
linear or curved-linear, situated decidedly (for more than its length)
anterior to nearest loral feathering. Wing long and pointed, the
longest primary (outermost or two outermost) extending decidedly
beyond tips of longest tertials. Tail less than half as long as wing,
graduated. Tarsus short (not longer than middle toe with claw,
slightly shorter than exposed culmen), compressed, the acrotarsium
with a single continuous series of narrow transverse scutella; outer
toe a little shorter than middle toe, the inner toe decidedly shorter;
anterior toes extensively webbed basally (the webs occupying about

@ Kpuyés, glacier, gukéw, gaudeo (Vieillot).
b’AuBrbs, blunt; pbyxos, bill, beak (Richmond).

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8S——-28

418 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

half the interdigital spaces) and with broad, deeply scalloped lateral
margins or lobes.

Coloration.—Summer adults with under parts vinaceous-brown or
purplish cinnamon, the female with sides of head white and fore
part and top of head blackish slate, the male similar but with pileum
streaked with buff and white on sides of head more restricted; winter
plumage white below, mostly bluish gray above.

Range.—Circumpolar regions south in winter to Chile, Falkland
Islands, ete. (Monotypic.)

PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS (Linneus).

RED PHALAROPE.

Adult female in summer.—Anterior and upper parts of head,
including chin, anterior portion of malar and loral regions, and entire
pileum down to upper eyelid (except posterior portion) uniform dark
gray or blackish slate; sides of head, including greater part of loral
region and whole of suborbital and malar regions, immaculate white;
neck, all round, and entire under parts deep purplish cinnamon or
vinaceous-brown; hindneck mixed slate color or slate-gray and
cinnamon; back and seapulars light ochraceous or buff, striped with
black; wing-coverts slate color or deep slate-gray, the greater coverts
tipped with white; remiges slate-dusky; axillars and under wing-
coverts white, the coverts along edge of wing grayish dusky; bill
greenish yellow “% (in life), the tip black; iris brown; legs and feet
pale grayish blue (in fife).?

Adult male in summer.—Similar to the female but slightly smaller
and decidedly duller in coloration; pileum and hindneck streaked with
ochraceous or buffy, white on sides of head more restricted and less
sharply defined, and cinnamomeous of under parts usually slightly
paler and broken, more or less, by admixture of white.

Winter plumage (sexes alike).—Head, neck, and under parts pure
white, the occiput and orbital region slate color or blackish slate;
upper parts plain light bluish gray.

Young.—Pileum, hindneck, back, and scapulars dull black, the
feathers edged with pale tawny or brownish buff; wing-coverts,
rump, and upper tail-coverts slate-grayish, the middle wing-coverts
margined with pale buff, the upper tail-coverts with ochraceous or
tawny; head and neck (except as described) and under parts white,
the throat and chest tinged with brownish buff.

Downy young.—Forehead, sides of head and neck (including a
broad superciliary stripe), chin, throat, foreneck, and chest dull
brownish buff, the forehead more brownish; crown brown (light
snuff brown or saccardo umber) medially, black laterally, the black

@ According to Audubon.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 419

lateral stripes continued along each side of occiput, which is pale
brown, transversely mottled or irregularly barred with dusky
medially, the two buff superciliary stripes nearly uniting posteriorly
where, however, separated by a black nuchal stripe; general color of
upper parts light buffy brown, mottled with dusky, the rump with a
median stripe of black margined along each side by a stripe of dull
buffy whitish; under parts of body dull buffy white, tinged poste-
riorly with brownish buff.
Adult male.—Wing, 119-130 (125.2); tail, 59-70.5 (62.9); culmen,
18.5+23 (21.9); tarsus, 19.5-21.5 (20.7); middle toe, 19.5-21.5 (20.5).¢
Adult female——Wing, 129.5-139 (135.1); tail, 63-71 (66.4);
culmen, 21-24 (22.5); tarsus, 20-22.5 (21); middle toe, 19-21.5 (20.4).°
Breeding in circumpolar regions; in North America, from northern
Alaska, Melville Island, northern Ellesmere Land, etc., southward
to mouth of Kuskokwim River, Alaska, northern Mackenzie, central
Keewatin, Hudson Strait, and southern Greenland; in Eastern
Hemisphere, breeding from Iceland to eastern Siberia; migrating
southward, over oceans and along sea coasts as far as New Zealand,
Falkland Islands, southern Patagonia, Chile (Coquimbo Bay; Val-
paraiso Bay; off Juan Fernandez); occasional or casual in Bermudas |
and Hawaiian Islands (Kauai), and interior of United States during
migration,
[Tringa] fulicaria Linnxvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 148 (Hudson Bay; based
on Red Coot-footed Tringa Edwards, Nat. Hist., iti, pl. 142); ed. 12, i, 1766,
249.—Briinnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 51.—Gmeun, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 676.
Tringa fulicaria Fasrictus, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, 111.
Phalaropus fulicarius BONAPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, 232;

Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [196]; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, pt. i,
1826, 159; pt. ii, 1827, 341; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 54.—Lrsson, Man.

a Sixteen specimens. b Eleven specimens.

pee e | Cake Middle

Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | men, | Tarsus. “toe,
5 —— eS fen

MALES.

One adult malefrom Greenland. ....... 22. :-1--202---s-5---s 119.5 60 22 20.5 20
One adult maletromyspitzbergen: 222.8... 5-6 sce... ween - 2 eo | 122 | 6 20 19.5 19.5

One adult male from Siberia (Holy Cross Bay).............-.-- VIG 6 5 23 21.5 21
Ten adult males from Alaska (mainland)...................--- | 126.3 | 63.6 21.8 20.9 20. 8
Two adult males from Otter Island, Bering Sea...............- Die I 6252 22 20 19.7

One adult male from Massachusetts..............-..2..---0--05 Weko6y alee 762) 5) | 28 21 20

FEMALES.

Three adult females from Greenland...........-.--------------| 137.2] 66.8 22.3} 20.7 20.3
One adult female from Spitzbergen..................-.-..----- | $186 6963 23h 20 20. 5
Two adult females from northern Alaska (Point Barrow).....- | 133.5 65. 2 23 21 20. 2
Three adult females from St. Paul Island, Bering Sea........-- | 135 67.3 22. 5 21.8 20. 2

Three adult females from Otter Island, Bering Sea.............) 134.5 67 2) |) «22,7 21.2 21

Two adult females from Labrador and Ungava.............-.-. 134 65.7| 22,2 20. 7 20

420

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

d’Orn., ii, 1828, 280; Traité d’Orn., 1831, 562.—Swatnson and RicHarDson,
Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 407 (Columbia River; breeding on North Georgian
Islands and Melville Peninsula).—Jarpine, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., iii, 1832,
195, pl. 73, fig. 4.—Nurraty, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834,
236.—AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., ii1, 1835, 404, pl. 255; Synopsis, 1839, 239;
Birds Am., 8vo. ed., v, 1842, 291, pl. 339.—Prasopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839,
376.—BuiytH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1842, 94 (Europe; India); Cat. Birds
Mus. Asiat. Soc., 1849, 271 (Calcutta).—Srtys-Lonecuamps, Faune Belge,
1842, 123.—Grirawup, Birds Long Is., 1844, 245.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus.,
ili, Gralle, 1844, 107; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 176.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., iv, 1854, 326 (Europe; America); xvii, 1875, 445 (New England,
migrant; Maine, summer).—Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 230 (Massa-
chusetts).—Casstn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 707; Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xiv, 1862, 322 (Bering Straits)—Barrp, Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no, 521; Ibis, 1867, 287 (Greenland).—SuNDEVALL, Svensk Fogl.,

- Suppl., 1860, pl. 12, figs. 4, 4b; Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Stockholm, 1874, 20 (Spitz-

bergen).—ReErNHARDT, Ibis, 1861, 11 (Greenland).—ScuiEeGet, Dier. Nederl.
Vogels, 1861, pl. 23, figs. 9, 10, 10a; Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces),
1864, 58.—Buaxrston, I[bis, 1863, 131 (Hudson Bay).—VERRILL, Proc. Essex
Inst., ix, 1862, 234 (Oxford Co., Maine).—Swrnuok, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1863, 315 (Hindostan).—MatmeGRren, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 372 (Spitzbergen) ;
1865, 199 (Spitzbergen).—NrwtTon, in Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 411
(breeding); Ibis, 1865, 499, 505 (Spitzbergen); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,
165, pl. 15, fig. 1 (egg).—AttEN, Proc. Essex Inst., 1v, 1864, 86 (Massachu-
setts, migrant).—JerpoNn, Birds India, iii, 1864, 695.—LAWRENCE, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 295 (vicinity New York City).—DrcGtanp and GERBE,
Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 236.—Draxk, Ibis, 1867, 429 (Tangiers, Morocco).—
Cougs, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 292 (New England coast, migrant); Check
List, 1873, no. 411; 2d ed., 1882, no. 604; Birds Northwest, 1874, 471; in
Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 181 (Pribilof Islands).—Datt and Bannis-
TER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 291 (Yukon River; Plover Bay, n. e.
Siberia).—TurnsButt, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 55 (Phila. ed., 44).—
Hevaeuin, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 103 (Spitzbergen; n. Europe).—Satvaport,
Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871, 210.—Hartine, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 113
(Godthaab, Greenland); Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 50.—Frirscn, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1871, 385 (Bohemia).—IrBy, Ibis, 1873, 97 (s. Spain, Nov.); 1879, 345
(Tangier, Morocco, Dec.); Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 165; 2d ed., 1895,
275.—DressErR, Birds Europe, vii, 1874, 606, pls. 538, 539, fig. 1; Ibis, 1904,
233 (Taimayr Peninsula, Siberia, breeding).—Hanceocx, Birds Northumb.
and Durham, 1874, 123.—CorprEaAux, Ibis, 1875, 185 (Helgoland).—Dan-
rorTH and HarviE-Brown, Ibis, 1875, 420 (Transylvania).—BLanrorp, Zool.
East. Persia, 1i, 1876, 284.—Fr1tpEN, Ibis, 1877, 406 (‘‘Danish America,”
82° N. lat., June 30; 82° 30’ N. lat., July; crit.)—Davip and OvsTALET,
Ois. Chine, 1877, 481.—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 438 (St. Michaels, Alaska, breed-
ing).—BuriEr, Cat. Birds Sind, etc., 1879, 64.—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am.,
1879, 372.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880,:201 (Cat. N. Am.
Birds, no. 563); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 563.—GuictioL1, Ibis, 1881,
209 (Italy, Aug. to Feb.); Avif. Ital., 1886, 381; Avif. Ital., Ist Resoc., 1889,
584; 2d Resoc., 1890, 659.—Exturorr, Mon. Pribylov Group, 1882, 129 (numer-
ous July to Oct., but not breeding).—NerLson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881
(1883), 91 (Alaskan and Siberian coasts Bering Sea and adjacent Arctic coast;
breeding from mouth of Kuskoquim River northward; habits).—SEVERTZOV,
Ibis, 1883, 76 (Kara-Kul, centr. Asia).—Satvin, Ibis, 1883, 429 (Coquimbo
Bay, Chile).—Britisn Ornirno.toaists’ Unron, List Brit. Birds; 1883, 164.—

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 491

Haast, Trans. N. Z. Inst., xvi, 1883, 279 (Waimate Lagoon, New Zealand,
June).—Saunpers, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1883, 310; Ibis, 1884, 389
(St. Jean de Luz, Dec.); Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 549.—CapeEn, Ool. Birds
New Engl., 1883, 86, pl. 19, fig. 1 (Maine, ‘‘breeding’’).—Stearns, New
Engl. Bird-life, ii, 1883, 189.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripnaway, Water Birds
N. Am., i, 1884, 326.—Biaxiston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 137.—
SerBoum, Ibis, 1884, 33 (Kuril Islands); 1888, 349 (Great Liakoff Island,
Siberia, breeding; descr. eggs); 1892, 25 (Helgoland); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii,
1885, 85, pl. 27, figs. 7-9 (eggs); Geog. Distr. Charadriidse, 1887, pp. xxiii,
338, fig.; Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 318.—Murpocu, Rep. Exped. Point
Barrow, 1885, 115 (breeding at Point Barrow, Alaska).—Tarr, Ibis, 1887, 385
(Portugal, Sept. to Nov.).—Buttrer, Birds New Zealand, 2d ed., ii, 1888,
30.—REICHENOW, Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 50.—Brusina, Orn.
Croatica, 1890, 88.—Waurer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 238, 241, 242, 244, 247,
249 (e. Spitzbergen).—CampBELL-OrpD, Ibis, 1891, 294 (Outer Hebrides).—
Buckiey and Harvie-Brown, Vertebr. Fauna Orkney Is., 1891, 210 (rare
visitant).—Sciater, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, i, no. x, 1893, p. lv (Chile);
Ibis, 1893, 569 (Chile).—Prarson (H. J. and C. E.), Ibis, 1895, 245, 248
(Iceland).—Poyntine, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. 111, 1896, 91, pl. 21.—TREvor-
Barrye, Ibis, 1897, 589 (Spitzbergen).—Poruam, Ibis, 1897, 103 (Golchika,
Yenesei River, Siberia; descr. eggs); 1898, 513 (Yenesei River, n. of Go-
chika).—CLarkeE (W. E.), Ibis, 1899, 46 (Whale Point Harbor, King Lud-
wig Islands, and Ryk-ys Islands, Spitzbergen, breeding).—Scuatow, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1895, 470 (w. Greenland, breeding; descr. eggs); 1899, 385 (Spitz-
bergen ).—Nico1t, Ibis, 1894, 50 (Valparaiso Bay, Chile, Feb., abundant).—
Harrtert and Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 107 (San Miguel, Azores).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTrek, Auk, xxv, 1908, 365; Check
List, 3d ed., 1910, 107.—BuNnxKkerr, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., vii, 1913, 143
(Lake View, Kansas, Nov. 5, 1905).—GriINNeELL, Pacific Coast Avifauna,
no. 11, 1915, 48 (coast California, common migrant).

Pf{halaropus| fulicarius Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1848, 586.—GamBet, Journ. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1849, 224.—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874,
385 (Illinois)—NeEtson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 125 (n. e. Illinois,
rare migrant).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 614.

[Phalaropus| fulicarius LAwreNce, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 295 (vicinity
New York City).—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 55, no. 10,360.—Cours, Key
N. Am. Birds, 1872, 248.

Phalaropus fulicaria Kaur, Thierr., 11, pt. i, 1836, 320.

Phalaropus fulcarius KENNicort, Trans. Ills. Agric. Assoc., 1, 1855, 538 (Illinois).

Crymophilus fulicarius StEJNEGER, Auk, ii, April, 1885, 183; Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., no. 29, 1885, 140 (Bering Island, Kamchatka); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
xiv, 1891, 492 (Japan).—AMeERIcAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List,
1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 222.—TurRNEr, Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 145
(St. Michaels, etc.; habits)—Durcuer, Auk, tii, 1886, 486 (Shinnecock
Bay, Long Island, Sept. 26, 1885).—Smiru (H. M.), Auk, ui, 1886, 482 (near
Washington, D. C., 1 spec., Oct., 1885; correction of former error as to identi-
fication).—TowNsENp (C. H.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 197 (Humboldt
Bay, California, May); Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 99 (Otter Island,
Bering Sea, June).—Netson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 97 (habits,
etc.)—WarREN, Birds Penn., 1881, 235.—CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,
iii, 1891, 132 (Brit. Columbia).—MacFar.ane, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv,
1891, 425 (Franklin Bay, Mackenzie, breeding) —Mackay, Auk, viii, 1891,
120 (Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, Oct. 25, 1890); ix, 1892, 294-298 (Nan-
tucket Island, May 1, 1892, numerous); xi, 1894, 225 (between Muskeget and

42

2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Tuckernuck islands, Massachuseets, May 2, 1893).—Wuire, Auk, viii, 1891,
233-235 (Gulf of St. Lawrence, May 26-30, 1899, numerous).—Miturr (G.S8.),
Auk.ix, 1892, 298, 299 (Provincetown Harbor, Massachusetts, May 21-23,
1892, numerous; habits, etc.).—Morris, Auk, xi, 1894, 181 (near Chicopee,
Massachusetts, Sept. 30, 1893).—CanrieLtp, Auk, xii, 1895, 77 (Bridgeport,
Connecticut, May 20, 1894).—Extrot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 23, pl. 2.—
SHarPeE, Handb. Brit. Birds, tii, 1896, pl. 84; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv,
1896, 693.—ScHatow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., iv, Heft 3, 1898, 662 (Chile). —
Wayne, Auk, xviii, 1901, 271 (Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina, Dec. 4, 1900).—
Hensuaw, Birds Hawaiian Is., 1902, 95 (Kauai, 1 spec., spring) —Harvert,
Ibis, 1904, 424 (mouth cf Lena River, Siberia).—Snow, Auk, xxiii, 1906,
106 (near Lawrence, Kansas, Nov. 5, 1905)—Dycuer, Auk, xxilt, 1906, 106
(near Lawrence, Kansas, Nov. 5, 1905) —DasBBeNrE, Orn. Argentina, 1910,
222 (s. Patagonia).—Gurrorp, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. i, 1913,
57, in text (at sea, lat. 7° 24” N., long. 103° 52’ W., Aug. 18, 1905, 3 specs.),

Clrymophilus] fulicarius Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 144.

[Crymophilus] fulicarius Suarpe, Hand-list, 1, 1899, 167.—Forses and Rosin.
son, Bull. Liverp. Mus., 11, no. 2, 1899, 75 (Iceland; St. George Island, Pribilof
group; Kamchatka; etc.).

[Phalaropus] lobatus (not Tringa lobata Linneeus) TuNsTaLL, Orn. Brit., 1771, 3.—
Latuam, Ind. Orn., Suppl., 11, 1790, 776.

Phalaropus lobatus Vicors, Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ 1839, 28.—MAacGILLIVRAY-
Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 82; Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 284—YarRrRELL,
Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 43.—Herwirson, Eggs Brit. Birds, 11, 1846, pl.
92, fig. 1.—Jarprne, Contr. Orn., 1849, 84 (Bermudas, 1 pair, March).—
THomeson, Birds Ireland, ii, 1849, 336.—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn.,
1850, 9 (Bermudas, March).—Buytn, Ibis, 1859, 464 (Calcutta, May 11,
1846).—Jonrs, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 47.—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotland,
1871, 327.—Smiru (H. M.), Auk, iii, 1886, 140 (near Washington, D. C.,
1 spec., Oct., 1885).—Treat, Auk, iv, 1887, 78 (near Hartford, Connecticut,
Sept. 27, 1886).

(?) [Tringa] glacialis GmEtin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. ii, 1789, 675 (near Icy Cape,
Siberia; based on Plain Phalarope Pennant, Arctic Zool., li, 1785, 495).—
Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 406.

(?) [Phalaropus] glacialis LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 776.

(?) Phalaropus glacialis RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 409, footnote
(descr.).—Nutratu, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 247.
[Phalaropus] hyperboreus (not Tringa hyperborea Linneeus) LatHam, Index Orn.,

ui, 1790, 776, part (supposed female).

Phalaropus hyperborea Witson, Am. Orn., ix, 1814, 75, pl. 73, fig. 4.

Phalaropus rufus Becustern, Naturg. Deutschl., 2nd ed., iv, 1809, 381 (Germany;
Hungary; n. Europe; Asia; America).—Pa.uas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826,
205.—Brrum, Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 678.—KyarrBOuiinea, Orn. Dan., 1852,
pl. 514A, fig. 2; Suppl., 1852, pl. 33, figs. 3, 4—We1z, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
x, 1866, 268 (Labrador).—Homryer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 424 (e. Siberia).—
Scnatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 261 (Kuril Islands).

Crymophilus rufus Virm.or, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., viii, 1817, 521; Gal. Ois.,
ii, 1826, 176, pl. 270.

Phalaropus platyrhynchos Trmminck, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 459 (n. e. Europe;
n. Asia; America; accidental in England, Germany, and Switzerland).

Phalaropus platyrhynchus Werner, Atlas, Pinantipedes, 1827, pl. 4.—Breasm,
Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 679.—Naumann, Voég. Deutschl., viii, 1836, 255, pl.
206.—GouLp, Birds Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 337 and text.—KJAERBOLLING,
Naumannia, i, 1850, 48 (Denmark).—Passtrer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 310.—

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 423

Martin, Zool. Gart., 1871, 157.—Fatton, Ois. Belg., 1875, 189.—GArxkgE,
Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 528.

Phalaropus platyrhinchus Temmincx, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1820, 712; iv, 1840, 446.—
Fox, Newc. Misc., 1827, 118.

Phalarophus platyrhynchus RernHarvt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 441 (Greenland).

Phalaropus griseus LeEacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 34 (Yorkshire,
England).

Ph{alaropus| rufescens Keysertine and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. 1xxii,
212 (based on Le Phalarope roussatre Brisson, Orn., vi, 1760, 20).

Phalaropus rufescens ScutEcet, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. xciv; Vog. Nederl., 1854,
pl. 239.—MippEnporrr, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 216 (Taimyr River, breed-
ing; Boganida River).—Mutxuer, Journ. fur Orn., 1856, 229 (Provence).—
NorDMANN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 374 (Finland).—Drostg, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1868, 406 (e. Friesland).—Taczanowskt1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876,
251; ii, 1877, 157 (Poland); Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 55.—Boapanow,
Consp. Av. Imp. Ross., 1884, 81.

Phalaropus rufesceus ZANDER, Archiv Mecklenb., xv, 1861, 119.

Phalaropus platyrostris NoRDMANN, in Démidoff, Voy. Russ. Mérid., ili, 1840, 250.

Phalaropus cinereus Frirscu, Vég. Eur., 1871, pl. 39, fig. 3.

Lobipes wilsonii? (not Phalaropus wilsoni Sabine) BLakiston and Pryer, Trans.
Asiat. Soc. Japan, viii, 1880, 196; x, 1882, 113 (Japan).

Genus LOBIPES Cuvier.

Lobipes Cuvier, Régne Anim., i, 1817 (1816), 495. (Type, by original designa-
tion, Tringa hyperborea Linneeus= T. lobata Linneeus.)

Small Phalaropes (wing 102-113 mm.) with slender, acuminate-
subulate bill, nostrils close to loral feathering, lateral membrane of
toes broad and distinctly scalloped, and web between outer and
middle toes extending to or beyond second articulation of the latter.

Bill slender and pointed (acuminate-subulate), narrower than deep
subterminally, the exposed culmen a little longer than tarsus; lat-.
eral grooves of maxilla narrow, extending halfway (approximately)
to tip; nostril basal (close to loral feathering), small, longitudinally
linear. Wing long and pointed, the longest primary (outermost,
which is only slightly longer than the next) extending decidedly
beyond tip of longest tertials. Tail nearly half as long as wing
moderately graduated. ‘Tarsus as long as middle toe without claw
or slightly longer, much compressed, the acrotarsium covered by a
continuous single series of transverse scutella; outer toe nearly
long as middle toe, the inner toe slightly shorter than outer toe;
lateral membrane of anterior toes broad, distinctly (but moderately)
scalloped, the web between outer and middle toes extending to or
beyond second articulation of middle toe.

Coloration.—Under parts white, upper parts slaty or dusky;
adults in summer with sides of neck and whole chest cinnamon-
rufous, this more restricted and less distinct in male.

Range.—Circumpolar regions, south in winter to Guatemala,
Bermudas, Celebes, Aru Islands, Hawaiian Islands, ete. (Monotypic.)

424 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

LOBIPES LOBATUS (Linnezus).
NORTHERN PHALAROPE.

Adult female in summer.—Upper parts dull dark slate-gray or
blackish slate, the back and scapulars striped with buff or ochraceous;
greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white; chin, throat, and
under parts of body immaculate white; sides of neck, foreneck, and
chest plain cinnamon-rufous; bill black; iris dark brown; legs and
feet bluish gray, the toes with joints darker gray or dusky.

Adult male in summer.—Similar to the female, but slightly smaller
and decidedly duller in coloration, the dusky grayish of upper parts
duller and less uniform, the cinnamon-rufous of neck almost confined
to sides of neck, the chest mixed white and grayish, more or less
tinged with cinnamon-rufous.

Winter plumage (sexes alike).—Forehead, superciliary stripe, sides
of head and neck, and under parts, white, the sides of chest washed
or clouded with pale gray; pileum grayish, the feathers with dusky
shaft-streaks and whitish margins; a blackish spot in front of eye;
suborbital and auricular regions mixed dusky and grayish white;
upper parts chiefly gray.

Young.—Pileum dusky, with or without streaks; back and scapu-
lars blackish, distinctly margined with buff or ochraceous; middle
wing-coverts margined with buff or whitish; auriculars dusky;
forehead, lores, supra-auricular stripe, and under parts white, the
chest and sides of breast sometimes suffused with dull brownish.

Downy young.—General color of upper parts tawny or brownish
tawny (sayal brown); crown and occiput mostly black (sometimes
wholly so), or heavily clouded or marbled with black; a black post-
‘auricular spot or patch; rump with a broad median stripe of black,
edged along each side by a narrow stripe of white or pale buffy, the
remaining upper parts more or less spotted or marbled with blackish;
sides of head (except as described), chin, throat, and foreneck pale
cinnamon or buff, the remaining under parts dull white, shaded
posteriorly with pale grayish brown.

Adult male.—Wing, 102-109 (105.1); tail, 46-50 (48.3); culmen,
21-23 (22); tarsus, 18-20 (19.2); middle toe, 18—20.5 (19.5).¢

a Eleven specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 425

Adult female.—Wing, 105-116 (110.2); tail, 48.5-52.5 (50.2); cul-
men, 20-24 (22.4); tarsus, 18.5-21 (19.8); middle toe, 18-20 (19.1).¢

Breeding in circumpolar regions, from western Alaska to eastern
Siberia; in North America, from northern Alaska, Melville Island,
central Greenland, etc., to Pribilof and Aleutian islands, valley of
upper Yukon River, northern Mackenzie, southern James Bay, and
northeastern Labrador; in Europe and Asia breeding in Iceland,
Shetland, Orkney, and Faro islands, Outer Hebrides, and northern
Norway to northeastern Siberia and Commander Islands, Kam-
chatka; migrating southward as far as Peru (Chorillos; Tumbez),
Patagonia, Galapagos Archipelago (Albemarle, Indefatigable, James,
and Narborough islands), New Guinea (at sea near; Aru Islands),
New Britain, Bismarck Archipelago, etc.; occurs (occasionally at
least) in Hawaiian Islands (Kauai) and Bermudas; frequent during
migration in interior of United States, Mexico, and Central America.

[Tringa] lobata Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 148, 824 (Hudson Bay;
based on Tringa fusca, etc., Edwards, Nat. Hist., i, 1750, 46, pl. 26, 143, pl.143);
ed. 12, 1, 1766, 249.—Brinnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 51.—GmMELin, Syst. Nat.,
i, pt. ii, 1789, 674.—Turton, Syst. Nat., i, 1806, 406.

Tringa lobata Fasricius, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, 109.—Boppaerrt, Tabl.
Pl. Enl., 1783, 48 (Pl. Enl., pl. 766).

Phalaropus lobatus Satvaport, Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871, 210.—Briiacremann,
Abh. nat. Ver Bremen, v, 1876, 96 (Celebes).—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 438 (St.
Michaels, Alaska; habits)—TurNner, Auk, ii, 1885, 157 (Nearer Islands,
Aleutian chain, abundant visitant); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 146 (St.
Michaels, etc., breeding; habits)—Srrsynecer, Auk, ii, 1885, 183; Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 139 (Bering Island, Kamchatka, breeding).—
AMERICAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895,
no, 223.—NeE.son, Rep. N. H. Coll, Alaska, 1887, 99 (habits, etc.).—THoRNE,
Auk, iv, 1887, 336 (Fort Keogh, Montana, 4 specs., June 18)—WarRREN,
Birds Penn., 1888, 235.—Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 88 (Walker
Lake, Arizona, Aug. 19).—THompson, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 479
(Manitoba)._BEerLEpscu and SrotzMANNn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 400
(Chorillos, Peru).—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1895, 470 (w. Greenland).—
Exuiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 27, pl. 3—Cooxg, Bull. 56, Col. Agric.

¢ Eleven specimens.

: = | : dul- iddl
Locality. Wing. Tail. | oo | Tarsus, organ =
cee ee | ee oe ee ee
MALES.
Seven adult males from Alaska..........-.2------e-++-eeeeeeee 105.1 48. 6 22 19 19.5
Four adult males from Nevada (Washoe Lake, May 30)......-- 105.1 | 47.6 22 19.6 19.5
|
FEMALES,
|
‘\'wo adult females from Bering Island, Kamchatka..........-- WMO tee ole | ec aie Lo 18.5
MOUraGUIE TomalOStrOMe AIMSKA soon ce mc tc ccc ctaceeneness 110.4 | 50.4 Zot 20. 2 19. 2
Three adult females from Nevada (Washoe Lake, May 30)...-. 111.8 50. 2 23.3 20.5 19.7
One adult female from Lower California (San Rafael, May 12)..| 110 | 49 23.5 20 19.5
One adult female from Greenland.............----------------- 105 49 21.5 18.5 18

4

2

5 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Exp. Sta., 1900, 199 (Middle Park, 7,000 ft., May 26; Breckenridge in migra-
tion).—Roruscuitp and Harterr, Novit. Zool., viii, 1901, 143 (at sea near
New Guinea).—BricEetow, Auk, xix, 1902, 28 (coast n. e. Labrador, breeding).
—Hensuaw, Birds Hawaiian Islands, 1902, 96 (Kauai, 1 spec., winter).—
Wayne, Auk, xxii, 1905, 397 (near Charleston, South Carolina, June 3, 1903!).

Pt{halaropus lobatus Bonaparte, Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [197].—
Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 145.—Bryan, Key Birds Hawaiian
Group, 1901, 25 (Kauai).

Phataropus lobata Witson, Am. Orn., ix, 1814, 72, pl. 73, fig. 3.

Ph{alaropus] lobatus Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., 1831, 405, footnote (crit.)..

Phalaropus (Lobipes) lobatus PALMEN, ‘ Vega’-Exped., 1887, 332 (n. e. Siberia).

Lobipes lobatus Barrp, BREweErR, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884,
330.—AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ UNton CommitrEe, Auk, xxv, 1908, 315;
Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 107.—Carrikerr, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 423
(Desamparados, near San José, Costa Rica)—Taytor, Univ. Calif. Pub.
Zool., vii, 1912, 358 (Quinn River Crossing, Humboldt Co., Nevada, large
flock, May 19; 4 specs. May 29).—GriInNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna,
no. 11, 1915, 48 (common migrant in California).

[Tringa] hyperborea LiInN&us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 249 (based on Tringa
lobata Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 148, 824).—Briinnicu, Orn. Bor.,
1764, 172.—GueEuin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 675.—Turton, Syst. Nat., i,
1806, 407.

Tringa hyperborea Fasricius, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, no. 75.

[Phalaropus] hyperboreus TunsTatu, Orn. Brit., 1771, 3—LatHam, Index Orn.,
ii, 1790, 775, part (male only).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866,.
295 (vicinity New York City).—Gray, Hand-list, iii; 1871, 55, no. 10361.—
SciraTerR and Sartvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 144.—SHarrr, Hand-list, i,
1899, 167.—ForBeEs and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 75
(Duefias, Guatemala; etc.).

Phalaropus hyperboreus TEMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 179; Man. d’Orn., 1815, 457;
ii, 1820, 709; iv, 1840, 445.—Leracu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 34
(Orkney Islands).—Vie1ttoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 481.—
BoNaAPARTE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, pt. i, 1826, 159 (crit.); pt. ii, 1827, 342.—
Fox, Newc. Mus., 1827, 118.—Werner, Atlas, Pinantipédes, 1827, pl. 3.—
Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 406 (Great Slave
Lake, June).—Nurrauu, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 239.—
AuDUBON, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 118, pl. 215; v, 1839, 595.—Goutp, Birds
Europe, iv, 1837, pl. 336 and text.—BreEwer, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1837,
437 (Massachusetts); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875, 445 (New England
coast, migrant); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 151 (Cape Cod, Massachu-
setts, May 10, 1878).—TownseEnp (J. K.), Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii,
1839, 157 (n. w. United States).—CreEspon, Orn. Gard, 1840, 460.—Norp-
MANN, in Démidoff, Voy. Russ. Mérid., ili, 1840, 249 (Odessa, March).—
YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 48 —Hrwitson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ii,
1846, pl. 92, fig. 2.—KsarrBO6LiIne, Naumannia, i, 1850, 48 (Denmark).—
LinuseBorG, Naumannia, ii, pt. ii, 1852, 112 (Tromso, Norway).—Gray,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 188 (Aru Islands); Cat. Mam. and Birds New
Guinea, 1859, 52; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 176.—Hartiaus, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1858, 447 (Japan).—Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
706.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 520; Ibis, 1867, 286 (Europe;
North America); Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 290 (Nulato and Pastolik,
Alaska).—Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 108 (New Mexico).—SuUNDE-
VALL, Svensk Foglar, 1860, pl. 41, figs. 4, 5.—Satvrn and Scrater, Ibis, 1860,
277 (Duefias, Guatemala, Aug.).—RerHarpt, Ibis, 1861, 11 (Greenland).—

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 427

VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst.,,iii, 1862, 157 (Oxford Co., Maine); Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., ix, 1863, 234 (Bay of Fundy, August).—Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862,
331 (Japan); 1863, 130 (Hudson Bay, autumn; Mackenzie River).—NerwrTo\X,
in Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 412 (breeding).—JEerpon, Birds India, iii,
1864, 696 (Madras).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces)
1864, 58.—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 86 (Springfield, Massachu-
setts)—More, Ibis, 1865, 439 (British Islands).—Finsca, New-Guinea,
1865, 182.—McIziwrairH, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 92 (Hamilton, Ontario).—
Brown, Ibis, 1868, 424 (Vancouver Island).—TurNBULL, Birds E. Penn.
and N. J., 1869, 38 (Phila. ed., 29).—Droste, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 345
(Faro Islands).—Etwes and Buckuey, Ibis, 1870, 332 (Bosphorus).—
Hartin@, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 113; Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 50.—
Gray (R.),, Birds West Scotland, 1871, 329 (Outer Hebrides, breeding).—
StEvENSON, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1871, 466 (Big Sandy
River, Wyoming).—Dysowskx1, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 102 (Darasun); 1875,
256 (Ussuri).—Dressrr, Birds Europe, vii, 1874, 597, pl. 537, pl. 539, fig. 2;
Ibis, 1876, 411 (Turkestan). Fation, Ois. Belg., 1875, 188.—CorpDEaux,
Ibis, 1875, 185 (Helgoland).—Buanrorp, East. Persia, ii, 1876, 284 (Teheran,
March).—TaczaNnowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool., France, i, 1876, 251; ii, 1877, 157
(Poland); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 330 (Chorillos, Peru); Orn. du Pérou,
iii, 1886, 381 (Tumbez).—SreeBoum and Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1876, 290
(lower Petchora River, Russia, breeding; habits, etc.).—Apams, Ibis, 1878,
438 (St. Michaels, Alaska, breeding; habits).—Sciarer, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1878, 579 (at sea off Humboldt Bay, California, Feb.)—Maynarp,
Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 371.—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1879, 155 (Koorayika River,
Siberia, June); 1882, 223 (Astrakhan, in migration; Kirghis steppes, June,
July), 381 (Archangel, Russia), 425 (Samarkand, winter); 1883, 31 (Caspian
Sea); 1884, 267 (Kiukiang, Aug.); 1890, 403 (Iceland); 1892, 25 (Helgoland);
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 764 (Atreck River); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1884,
89; Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxiii, 340; Birds Japanese Emp.,
1890, 318.—GreI0LI, Ibis, 1881, 209 (Genoa); Avif. Ital., 1886, 382; Avif. Ital.,
1st Resoc., 1889, 584; 2nd Resoc., 1890, 659.—BLaxisTon and Prrer, Trans.
Asiat. Soc. Japan, 1882, 113 (Japan).—BririsH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
List Brit. Birds, 1883, 164.—Srverrzov, Ibis, 1883, 75 (Pamir, Alichur, and
Kara-Kul, centr. Asia) —Saunpers, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, ii, 1883, 315;
Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 551.—Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883,
384 (habits)—Buaxisron, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 21.—Murray,
Vertebr. Fauna Sind, 1884, 2538.—Finscu, Vég. Siidsee, 1884, 5, 22 (New
Britain).—CHArMAN, Ibis, 1885, 171 (Pulmakelf River, Lapland, breeding).—
Suarrr, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2), Zool., v, pt. 3, 1889, 89 (n. Afghanistan);
Handb. Brit. Birds, iii, 1896, 197; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 698.—
St. Joun, Ibis, 1889, 177 (Chaman, Oct.).—REIcHENOW, Syst. Verz. Vég.
Deutschl., 1889, 50.—Brusiva, Orn. Croatica, 1890, 88.—BucKLEYy and
Harvise-Brown, Vertebr. Fauna Orkney Is., 1891, 207 (breeding).—MeEr-
r1AM, N. Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 91 (Salmon River Mountains, Idaho, Sept.
5).—MapardAsz, Erliut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf., 1891, 112.—FrRivaupsxy,
Av. Hung., 1891, 151.—Koente, Journ. fiir Orn., 1893, 94 (Tunis).—Buace,
Ibis, 1893, 356 (Unst, Shetland Islands, breeding).—Prarson and BIDWELL,
Ibis, 1894, 234 (Lofoden and the Posanger, n. Norway; breeding habits).—
WHITTAKER, Ibis, 1895, 106 (Tunis)—Prarson (H.J. and C. E.), Ibis, 1895,
245, 248 (Iceland, breeding; descr. eggs); 1896, 212 (Russian Lapland, breed-
ing; descr. eggs), 218 (Kolguev, n. Russia); 1898, 200 (Waigats and Dolgoi
Islands, n. e. Russia, breeding; descr. eggs).—Prarson (H. T.), Bull. Brit.
Orn. Club, iv, 1895, p. xxviii; Ibis, 1895, 379 (Iceland, summer).—BLANFORD,

428 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ne her Eon

Ibis, 1896, 288 (Indian seas).—PornHam, Ibis, 1897, 103 (Golchika, Yenesei
River, Siberia, breeding; descr. eggs and downy young), 513 (Yenesei River,
lat. 72° 50’ N.).—Poyntine, Eggs Brit. Birds, pt. iii, 1896, 95, pl. 22 (eggs).—
GRANT, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 59 (s. Arabia).—Hernrora, Jour. fiir Orn.,
1903, 90 (Bismarck Archipelago).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, iii, 1903, 394 (Bahia de Véentosa, Oaxaca; Lake of Duefias, Guatemala;
Desamparados, Costa Rica).—Harrert and Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905,
106 (San Miguel, Azores).—DasBeNne, Orn. Argentina, 1910, 222 (Pata-
gonia).—GiFFoRD, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. i, 1913, 57 (Albe-
marle, Indefatigable, James, and Narborough Islands and near Cowley
Island, Galapagos).

Pi{halaropus] hyperboreus? Cooper, Am. Nat., iv, 1871, 758 (Monterey, California).

Phalaropus (Lobipes) hyperboreus MARTENS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 220 (Bermudas).

Phalarophus hyperboreus REINHARDT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 441 (Greenland).

Phalaropus hyperboreus PeaBpopy, Rep. Orn., Mass., 1839, 376.

Lobipes hyperboreus StEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. 1, 1824, 169.—
CuviEeR, Régne Anim., 2nd ed., i, 1829, 532.—Lxrsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831,
563.—BreEuM, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 676, pl. 35, fig. 4—-MENETRIES, Cat. rais.

Caucas., 1832, 52 (Caspian Sea; Lenkoran, June).—Kaup, Thierr., ii, pt. 1,

1836, 323.—BoONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 54; Compt. Rend.,
XXXvill, 1854, 664 (Nicaragua).—AupUBON, Synopsis, 1839, 240; Birds Am.,
8vo ed., v, 1842, 295, pl. 340.—Macamutvray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 84;
Hist. Brit. Birds, iv, 1852, 291.—Srtys-Loneacuanmps, Faune Belge, 1842, 124.—-
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iti, Gralla, 1844, 108.—Griravup, Birds Long Is.,
1844, 248.—BreEweEr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iv, 1854, 326 (Europe; America).—
Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 230 (Massachusetts).—BtLanp, An. Rep.
Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—Btytu, Ibis, 1859, 464
(Madras, India); 1867, 169 (Aru Islands).—Swinnog, Ibis, 1861, 412 (Amoy);
1863, 415 (Formosa, Nov., March); 1870, 363 (Hainan; Luichow Peninsula,
April); 1875, 455 (Hakodate, Japan); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 408 (China);
1863, 315 (Amur-land).—Locue, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 289.—Dra-
LAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., 11, 1867, 239.—CouEs, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868,
292 (New England); Check List, 1873, no. 410; 2nd ed., 1882, no. 603; Birds
Northwest, 1874, 469; in Elliott’s Affairsin Alaska, 1875, 180 (Pribilof Islands,
breeding); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1878, 40 (near Morgantown, North Caro-
lina; no date); Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 637 (Rocky
Mountains, Montana, lat. 49°, Aug. 16)—Da.t and Bannister, Trans.
Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 290 (Yukon River, Alaska, breeding).—Fritscu,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 385 (Bohemia).—Wat.pEn, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., viii,.
1872, 97 (Celebes).—TaczaNowskI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 102 (e. Siberia); 1875,
256 (Ussuri region).—Entrorr, Rep. Fur Seal Is. (Yukon and Anderson Rivers,.
Alaska, breeding); Mon. Pribylov Group, 1882, 129 (breeding).—GouLp,,.
Birds Great Brit., iv, 1873, pl. 83 and text—Hancock, Birds Northumb. and
Durham, 1874, 123.—Apam, Stray Feath., ii, 1874, 338 (Sambhur, India).—
Satvaport, Ucc. Borneo, 1874, 321; Orn. Pupuasia, etc., iii, 1882, 311;
'Elench. Ucc. Ital., 1887, 216; Agg. Orn. Papuasia, iii, 1891, 201.—Datt,
Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1874, 274 (Kyska Island, Aleutians, June 30).—
LAWRENCE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 46 (Ventosa Bay, Oaxaca,
Oct.).—Davw and OustTatet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 482.—BurieEr, Stray Feath..,.
v, 1877, 290 (Mekran coast); Cat. Birds Sind, etc., 1879, 64; Cat. Birds Bom-
bay Pres., 1880, 109.—BtaxkistTon and Pryenr, Ibis, 1878, 221 (Yezo, Japan).—
Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 197 (Fort Klamath, Oregon; no.
date).—Rmeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 201 (Cat. N. Am. Birds,
no. 564); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 564.—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,

Ae

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 4929

vi, 1881, 249 (Howardsville, Colorado, 9,500 ft., May 22).—NeEtson, Cruise
‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 91 (coasts Bering Sea and adjacent Arctic coasts;
habits; breeding on Aleutian Islands and northward).—Goss, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 187, in text (Fort Wallace, w. Kansas, 1 pair, May 25,
1883).—Srearns, New England Bird Life, ii, 1883, 187—Murpocu, Rep.
Exped. Point Barrow, 1885, 115.—Rerrp, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1885,
231 (Bermudas, 3 specs.).—GieLioLi and Satvaport, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1887, 586 (Olga Bay, e. Siberia; crit.) —ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 261
(Kuril Islands; geog. range).

| Lobipes] hyperboreus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 248.

I[obipes] hyperboreus Rrpcway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 385 (Illinois) —Net-
son, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 125 (n. e. Illinois, rare migrant, May, Sept.,
Oct.).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 613.

| Tringa] fusca GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 675 (America; based on Phalaro-
pus fuscus Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 18; Coot-footed Tringa Edwards, Nat. Hist.,
i, 1750, 46, pl. 46; Brown Phalarope Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 1785, 495).—
Turron, Syst. Nat., 1, 1806, 405, 406.

[Phalaropus] fuscus LArHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 776.

Phalaropus fuscus Vir1ttor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxv, 1817, 480.—Nurratt,
Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 239.

Phalaropus cinereus Meyer and Wotr, Taschenb. Deutsch. Vogelf., ii, 1810, 417
(Germany, migrant).—Rovux, Orn. Provence, 1825, pl. 337.—ScHLEGeEt, Rey.
Crit., 1844, p. xciv.—MippEenporrr?, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 215 (s. e. Siberia,
breeding; Taimyr River, lat. 733° N., June; Boganida River, lat. 70° N.,
June).—Frirscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 370.—KsAERBOLLING, Orn. Danm.,
1854, pl. 51 A. fig. 1; Suppl., pl. 33, figs. 1, 2—MUzirr, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1856, 229 (Provence).—ScHrENcK, Reis. Amurland, 1859, 418 (Komar
River, Sept.).—ZanpeEr, Archiv Mecklenb., xv, 1861, 118.—Atrum, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1863, 120 (Munsterland:).—Praen, Journ. fiir Orn., 1864, 65 (Poel,
Germany).—Weiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 268 (Labrador).—DrosteE,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 390 (Borkum); 1868, 406 (e. Friesland).—HomeryeEr,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 424 (e. Siberia) —Hervueutn, Ibis, 1872, 63 (Novaya
Zemlya); 1872, 119 (Waigats).—Finscu, Verh. z.- b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 1872,
253, 272 (at sea off Korea); Ibis, 1877, 78 (Ob River, Siberia).—Apams, Ibis,
1878, 438 (Norton Sound, Alaska).—Irpy, Ibis, 1883, 187 (Santander, Spain,
Dec.).—Boapanow, Consp. Av. Imp. Ross., 1884, 80.—Rappeg, Orn. Caucas.,
1884, 425 (Lenkoran; Tiflis).

Ph{alaropus| cinereus Keyseruine and Buasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, p. lxxiii, 212.

Phalaropus vulgaris BecustEeIN, Orn. Taschenb., ii, 1803, 317, plate (n. Europe;
n. Asia; N. America).

Phalaropus williamsii Stmmonps, Trans. Linn. Soc., viii, 1807, 264 (Orkney
Islands).

Phalaropus ruficollis Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 203 (Caspian Sea).

Phalaropus cinerascens Pauias, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 204 (Siberia; Russia,
rare).

Phalaropus angustirostris NAUMANN, Vég. Deutschl., viii, 1836, 240, pl. 205
(n. Europe; n. Asia; North America); Naumannia, i, 1850, 9 (Anhalt, Ger-
many).—Topras, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 214 (Oberlausitz).—Pass er,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 242 (Lapland), 310.—Srverrzov, Turkest. Jevotn.,
1873, 69.—Finscu, Ibis, 1881, 540 (New Britain).—GAtkr, Vogelw. Helgo-
land, 1891, 829.

Phalaropus angustirrostris NAUMANN, Rhea, i, 1846, 23.

430 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Phalaropus fulicarius (not Tringa fulicaria Linneeus) Frirsca, Vég. Eur., 1871,
pl. 39, fig. 5—Humkg, Ibis, 1872, 469 (Sind, India); Stray Feath., i, 1873,
144, 245 (between Gwadar and Muscat); vii, 1878, 487 (Calcutta).

Phalaropus asiaticus Hume, Stray Feath., i, 1873, 246 (between Gwadar and
Muscat).

Lobipes tropicus HumkE, i, 1873, 247 (Karachi, India; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.).

Steganopus tricolor (not of Vieillot) Brooks and Coss, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 467
(Birch Lake, Alberta; see Auk, xxix, 1912, 400).

Genus STEGANOPUS Vieillot.

Steganopus % Vietiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxiv, 1818, 124 (no type indi-
cated, but diagnosis given); xxxii, 1819, 136. (Type, S. tricolor Vieillot.)
Holopodius Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ii, 1828, 342. (Type, by
original designation, Phalaropus wilsonit Sabine=Steganopus tricolor Vieillot.)

(?) Amblyrhynchus (not of Leach, 1814) Nurratnt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can.,
Water Birds, 1834, 247. (Type, by original designation, Tringa glacialis
Gmelin =Steganopus tricolor Vieillot ? ) ®

Rather large Phalaropes (wing 116-135 mm.) with slender, slightly
depressed bill, basal nostrils, long tarsus (distinctly longer than
middle toe with claw), narrowly margined and slightly webbed toes,
and double-emarginate tail.

Bill about as long as tarsus, slender, slightly depressed, with lateral
outlines nearly parallel; nostril basal (close to loral antia), narrow,
the lateral groove of maxilla indistinct. Wing long and pointed, the
longest primary (outermost) extending much beyond tips of longest
tertials. Tail between one-third and one-half as long as wing,
double-emarginate. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe with
claw, much compressed, the acrotarsium covered with a continuous
series of narrow transverse scutella, the planta tarsi also transversely
scutellate; unfeathered portion of tibia much longer than first
phalanx of middle toe, transversely scutellate before and behind;
inner toe decidedly shorter than middle toe, the outer toe not de-
cidedly shorter than inner; lateral membrane of anterior toes narrow,
shallowly or indistinctly scalloped, the web between outer and
middle toes not extending to second articulation of the latter.

Coloration.—Under parts white; adult female in summer with
forehead and crown pale bluish gray, a black stripe on side of head
passing into rich chestnut on lower neck; adult male similar but
coloration much duller.

Range.—Temperate North America, chiefly west of. Mississippi
River, south in winter to Chile, Argentina, and Falkland Islands.
(Monotypic.)

a Sreyavorus, planipes. (Vieillot.)

b Tringa glacialis Gmelin (based on Plain Phalarope Pennant, Arctic Zool.,ii, 495) is not
identifiable with certainty. It has usually been considered to be the young of Phala-
ropus fulicarius, but I agree with Doctor Coues (Birds of the Northwest, 467, footnote)
in considering it more likely the young of Steganopus tricolor.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 431

STEGANOPUS TRICOLOR Vieillot.
WILSON’S PHALAROPE.

Adult female in breeding plumage.—Forehead and crown pale
bluish gray, the former with a blackish line along each side; occiput
and nape white, passing into bluish gray or slate-gray on back and
scapulars; stripe on side of head, chiefly behind eye, and continued
down side of neck, black, passing on lower neck into rich dark chest-
nut, this continued backward, more or less brokenly, along each
side of interscapular region, the outer portion of the scapular region
also with a stripe of chestnut; short stripe from above lores to above
eyes (not extending to bill), suborbital and rictal regions, chin and
throat immaculate white; foreneck and chest soft buffy cinnamon,
deeper laterally and posteriorly, and fading gradually into creamy buff
on breast; rest of under parts immaculate white; wings brownish gray,
the coverts and tertials margined with paler; rump brownish gray;
upper tail-coverts white, the longer feathers marked more or less
with mouse gray subterminally; tail mouse gray, the lateral feathers
irregularly barred on the inner web and narrowly tipped with white;
bill black; iris dark brown; legs and feet black.

Adult male in breeding plumage.—Smaller and much duller in color
than the adult female, the beautiful pattern and richly contrasted
colors of the latter but faintly indicated.

Winter plumage.—Upper parts plain light gray, except upper tail-
coverts which, together with superciliary stripe and entire under
parts, are white, the chest and sides of breast faintly tinged with pale
gray.

Young.—Crown, back, and scapulars dusky, the feathers con-
spicuously margined with buff; wing-coverts grayish brown, mar-
gined with pale buff or whitish; upper tail-coverts, superciliary stripe,
and lower parts white, the neck tinged with buff.

Downy young.—General color bright cinnamon-buff or tawny-
buff, paler beneath, the abdomen nearly white; occiput and nape
with a distinct median streak of black, on the former branching
laterally into two narrower irregular lines; lower back and rump with
three broad black stripes; flanks with a black spot and caudal region
crossed by a broad subterminal bar of black.

Adult male.—Wing, 116-125 (121.1); tail, 48-54 (51.2); exposed
culmen, 28-31 (30.5); tarsus, 28.5-33 (30.1); middle toe, 22-25 (24).¢

@'Ten specimens.

432 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female—Wing, 130-137.5 (182.6); tail, 52.5-65 (55.9);
exposed culmen, 31-36 (33); tarsus, 30.5-33 (31.7); middle toe,
24.5-26.5 (25.3) .%

Breeding from central Washington, central Alberta, Saskatchewan
(north to lat. 55°), Lake Winnipeg, etc., southward to eastern Cali-
fornia (Tulare Lake; Lake Tahoe; Lower Klamath Lake), Nevada
(Soda Lake, Carson Desert; Humboldt Co.), Utah (Salt Lake Valley),
southern Colorado, southern Kansas (Meade Co.), northern Iowa,
northern Illinois, northwestern Indiana, and Wisconsin; migrating
southward through Mexico (Valley of Mexico; Xochimilco, Ixtapalapa,
Tlalpam, and Laguna de Chapulco, Puebla; Jeres, Zacatecas; Tres
Marias Islands, Tepic), Guatemala (Lake of Duefias), etc., to Chile
(Valparaiso Bay; Lake Quintero), Argentina (Barracas al Sud,
Buenos Aires; Calchaquies, Tucumaén; Mendoza; Misiones; Chubut
Valley, Patagonia), Falkland Islands, and Galapagos Archipelago
(Albemarle Island); occasional (sometimes locally numerous) along
Pacific coast, from southern British Columbia to Lower California;
occasional during migration in eastern United States and Canada
(Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Long
Island, New York, New Jersey, and South Carolina); accidental in
England (Leicestershire).

Phalaropus lobatus (not Tringa lobata Linneeus) Wiison, Am. Orn., ix, 1814, 72,
pl. 73, fig. 3.—Orp, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., ix, 1825, 72, pl. 73, fig. 3 —Hart-
LAUB, Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 25.

Steganopus tricolor Vrertuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 136 (Para-
guay; based on Chorlito tarso comprimeido Azara, Apunt. Parag., iii, 1803,
327).—WuiTakER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, 297 (Leicestershire, England;
accidental).—Rives, Auk, iv, 1887, 73 (Newport, Rhode Island, 1 spec.,
Sept. 18, 1886).—Durcuerr, Auk, v, 1888, 177 (Shinnecock Bay, Long Island,
1 spec., Sept. 13, 1887).—Exuiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 30, pl. 4.—SHARPE,

Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 705.—AMBERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION
CommitrrE, Auk, xiv, 1897, 126; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, p. 108.—Srone,

a Kleven specimens.

| Exposed lee
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | eul- | Tarsus.| Atal
| men. | e
MALES. |
One adult maleirom Illinois. ==... . on. c2scc eos csoteeceeeese L1G" "51 30 98. 5 | 22
One adult male from Wyoming......................020-2000- 119 50 | 31 29.5 | 24
One adult male from Montana. ............2-2.0e-0eceeeeeeee 121 Sle |) )28 30.5 | 24.5
Oneiadult maleitirom Nevada s. - a2:s2- 26 0-4. ete gdno a dees 119 50 | 31 33. || 24
Two adult males from ‘Arizona..............cuees Age ae | 122.5 50. 2 30.5 30.5 24.7
Four adult males from California (San Diego County)......... | 122.7) 652.5 | 30 30.1 | 24.1
FEMALES. |
One adultfemalefromiitontana <S3e0-25.55 sa sesce eee | 131 56 36 33 | 26.
One-adultiiemalefromArizonay:.<=-20jsde~ Saset ele cee 131 53 32 31 | 25. 5
Nine adult females from California (San Diego County)....... | 133 56. 2 32.8 31.6 | 253

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 433

Auk, xv, 1898, 268 (Ocean City, New Jersey, 1 spec., May 19, 1898).—Brr-
LEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, 53 (Ingapirca, Peru).—
Sanvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iti, 1903, 395 (Tres Marias
Islands; Valley of Mexico; Xochimilico, Ixtapalapa, Tlalpam, and Laguna de
Chapulco, Puebla; Jeres, Zacatecas; Lake of Duenas, Guatemala).—I HERING,
Rev. Mus. Paulista, vi, 1904, 344 (Paraguay).—Taverner, Auk, xxiii, 1906,
335 (Wayne Co., Michigan, May 5 and 12, 1906).—FLemine, Auk, xxiii, 1906,
448 (Toronto, Ontario, rare migrant).—Roserts, in Wilcox’s Hist. Becker Co.,
Minnesota, 1907, 167 (breeding).—TowNnseENnpb (C. W.), Auk, xxv, 1908, 81
(Salisbury, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Aug. 18, 1907).—Go.pman, Condor, x,
1908, 203 (Tulare Lake, California, June).—ALLEN (G. M.), Auk, xxv, 1908,
238 (coast Massachusetts; no data).—Kermopg, Prov. Mus. Victoria, 1909, 36
(Chilliwack, Brit. Columbia).—Jones (L.), Wilson Bull., xxi, 1909, 124
(Oberlin, Ohio, 2 specs., May 10 and 14, 1899).—Harrerr and Venturi,
Novit. Zool., xvi, 1909, 251 (Barracas al Sud, Argentina, Sept., Oct.).—
DaBBENE, Orn. Argentina, 1910, 222 (Chubut, Patagonia; Calchaquies, Tucu-
man, 4,000 meters; Mendoza; Misiones; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires).—
Saunpers, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 34 (Gallatin Co., Montana, breeding).—CHAm-
BERLAIN (B.), Auk, xxviii, 1911, 109 (Sullivan Island, South Carolina, 1 spec.,
Sept. 7, 1910).—Bow tgs, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 171 (Santa Barbara, California,
numerous summer of 1910).—Grant (C. H. B.), Ibis, 1911, 467 (Bolivia,
upper Rio Paraguay, Oct. 15).—Taytor, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vii, 1912,
359 (Humboldt Co., Nevada, breeding; habits)—Girrorp, Proc. Calif. Ac.
Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. i, 1913, 57 (Albemarle Island, Galapagos, Nov. 3, 1905, 3
specs.).—Hatuaway, Auk, xxx, 1913, 551 (Quanochontaug, Rhode Island,
Aug. 28, 1909).—VisHer, Auk, xxx, 1913, 566 (Sanborn Co., South Dakota,
breeding).—Bertoni, Fauna Paraguaya, 1914, 39.—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific
Coast, Avifauna, no. 11, 1915, 48 (breeding at Lake Tahoe, Lower Klamath
Lake, etc., California).

[Steganopus] tricolor SHarrre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 167.—ForsBEs and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 75 (Valparaiso and Lake Quintero, Chile;
etc.).

Phalaropus tricolor SrryNecer, Auk, ii, April, 1885, 183.—AmERICAN ORNITHOL-
ocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 224.—Srron, Auk,
iii, 1886, 151 (Long Lake, Lake Winnipeg, and Moose Mountain, Manitoba,
breeding).—Dutcuer, Auk, iii, 1886, 436 (Atlanticville, Long Island, 1 spec.,
Aug., 1885) —Townsgnp, Proc. U. 8. Nat Mus., x, 1887, 198 (w. Lassen Co.,
California, June).—Goss, Auk, iv, 1887, 8 (Meade Co., Kansas, breeding;
nesting habits)—Beruerscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 126 (Paraguay).—War-
REN, Birds Penn., 1888, 235.—T'nompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat Mus., xiii, 1891,
497 (Manitoba).—Merrriam, N. Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 91 (Marsh Valley,
s. e. Idaho, June 30).—CoBEaux, Ottawa Nat., 1900, 26 (s. Saskatchewan,
breeding).

P{halaropus] tricolor Ripaway, Man. N. Am Birds, 1887, 145.

Phalaropus wilsonii Sasine, in Franklin’s Narr. Journey Polar Sea, i, 1823, App.,
691 (Cumberland House, Saskatchewan).—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., i,
pt. i, 1826, 159; pt. ii, 1826, 342 —Lesson, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1828, 280; Traité
d’Orn., 1881, 568.—Swaryson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., 1i, 1831,
405, pl. 69 (adult female in summer plumage; Saskatchewan, north to 55°
breeding).—Nvurraty, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 245.—
AvupuBOoN, Orn. Biog., iti, 1835, 400, pl. 254.—ORNITHOLOGICAL COMMITTEE »
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1837, 193 (Columbia River)—Brewenr, Journ .

Bost. Soc. N. H., 1837, 437 (Massachusetts) —Townsenp (J. K.), Journ Ac

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8 29

434 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 157 (n. w. United States) —Prasopy, Rep. Orn.
Mass., 1839, 376.—FRaser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1843, 118 (Lake Quintero,
Chile).—Gray, Gen. Birds, ili, 1848, pl. 158 (adult female, breeding plu-
mage).—KNEELAND, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1857, 238 (Keweenaw Point,
Lake Superior).—Cassrn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 705.—
Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 519.—Hewnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
xi, 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—Wiius, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858
(1859), 285 (Nova Scotia).—BtaxisTon, Ibis, 1863, 130 (Saskatchewan).—
ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 86 (Springfield, Massachusetts). —ScHiE-
GEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no. 27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 60.—LAWRENCcE, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., viii, 1866, 295 (vicinity New York City) —TurnsuLt, Birds E. Penn.
and N. J., 1869, 55, fig. (Phila. ed., p. 44) —PEuLzELn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 313,
458.—SrEvENSON, Prelim. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1871, 466 (Camp
Reynolds, Wyoming).—Orton, Am. Nat., iv, 1871, 716.—Merrriam, Sixth
An. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 (1873), 701 (Great Salt Lake, Utah,
June 19; Marsh Creek, Idaho, June 30), 714 (Utah).—Hensuaw, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., xi, 1875, 11 (Great Salt Lake, Utah).

Phalaropus wilsoni ScuaTerR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 179 (near City of Mex-
ico); 1867, 339 (Chile); Bull. Brit. Orn. Union, no. xxi, 1894, p. vi (Falkland
Islands); Ibis, 1895, 145 (Falkland Islands)—DresseEr, Ibis, 1866, 35
(s. Texas).—Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 198 (Guatemala).—Covgs, Ibis, 1866, 263.
(Colorado River, Arizona).—BRrEWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1875,
445 (Mass., rare migrant)—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1877, 42 (Chuput Valley,
Patagonia, habits), 198 (Buenos Aires).—BrENprirE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xix, 1877, 141 (Camp Harney, Oregon, breeding).—SrEBoum, Geog. Distr.
Charadr., 1887, pp. xxiii, 342, figs—Ho.tmBerre, Segundo censo Argentina,
i, 1898, 568.

[Phalaropus] wilsont ScuaTER and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 144.

Phalaropus (Holopodius) wilsont BONAPARTE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 342; Am.
Orn., iv, 1832, 59, pls. 24, 25.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., ii, 1834,
245.

Holopodius wilsont BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 54.

H{olopodius| wilsonit GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1849, 224.

Lobipes wilson SrePHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xu, pt. 1, 1824, 167.—JarpInE,
ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., iii, 1832, 190, pl. 73, fig. 3—AupuBoN, Synopsis,
1839, 241; Birds Am., 8vo ed., v, 1842, 299, pl. 341.—Grraup, Birds Long
Is., 1844, 246—Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 217 (Massachusetts).

L{obipes| wilsonti Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 385 (Illinois).

Steganopus wilsontt Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 97 (Colorado River,
Arizona, Sept.); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 292 (New England, rare).

[Steganopus] wilsoniti Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 248.

Steganopus wilsoni Cougs, Ibis, 1865, 158, in text (Fort Riley, Kansas); Check
List, 1873, no. 409; 2d ed., 1882, no. 602; Birds Northwest, 1874, 467; Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 38-43 (habits); Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv.
Terr., iv, 1878, 636 (Pembina, etc., North Dakota, breeding; Frenchman’s:
Creek, etc., Montana, breeding; habits)—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii,
1875, 31 (Salt Lake Valley, Utah, breeding); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 111, 1880,
201 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 565); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 565; Orn.
40th Parallel, 1877, 604 (Pyramid Lake, Nevada, May; Great Salt Lake,
Utah, June).—Hensuaw, Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 451 (Cienega,
Arizona, Aug. 20).—Kumuren, Field and Forest, ii, 1876, 11, 12 (Wisconsin;
breeding habits)—Ratrusun (F. R.), List Birds Centr. N. Y., 1879, 30
(Penn Yan, 1 spec.)—Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 197 (Fort
Klamath, Oregon).—JeNnoxks, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 237 (Newport,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 435

Rhode Island, 1 spec., Aug. 2, 1880).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
vii, 1882, 238 (Point de Monts, Quebec, in fall migration).~-DuTcnErR, Auk,
i, 1884, 33 (Shinnecock Bay, Long Island, 1 spec., Aug. 20, 1883).—Barrp,,
Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 335.—LAWRENCE
(N.T.), Auk, ii, 1885, 273 (East River, New York City, 1 spec., Oct. 15, 1879)

S[teganopus] wilsoni Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 124 (n. e. Hlinois,
breeding; habits)—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 612.

Phalaropus fimbriatus TemMincx, PI. Col., v (livr. 2, Sept., 1825), pl. 370 (““‘Séné-
pala

Phalaropus frenatus Vreittor, Gal. Ois., ii, 1826, 178, pl. 271 (New York; coll.
Rivoli).—PELzELN, Reise ‘ Novara,’ Vég., 1865, 132 (Chile).

Lobipes frenatus Cuvier, Régne Anim., 2nd ed., i, 1829, 532.

Lobipes incanus JARDINE amd Sexsy, Illustr. Orn., i, 1825, pl. 16 (Mexico; coll.
W. Jardine; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.),

Ph{alaropus] stenodactylus WaGurr, Isis, 1831, 523 (Mexico; winter plumage)-

Lobipes antarcticus ScutaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 332 (crit.).

Family RECURVIROSTRID.
THE AVOCETS AND STILTS.

=Recurvirostrine BoNAPARTE, Saggio distr. Anim. Vertebr., 1831, 59—Carus,
Handb. Zool., 1, 1868, 336.—SctateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873,
144.—SrEJNEGER, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 107, in text.

= Recurvirostride Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 689, 703.—
Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 247; 2nd ed., 1884, 609.—Rimeway, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 385; Bull. Ills. State Labr. Nat. Hist., no. 4, 1881, 197;
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 146.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water
Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 108, 340—AmeErRiIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, 146; 3rd ed., 1910, 108—OsERHOLSER, Outl. Classif. N-
Am. Birds, 1905, 3.

=Himantopodine Suarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, xi, 90, 309; Hand-
list, i, 1899, xv, 156.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ili,
1903, 360.

>Phalaropodide Bonaparte, Saggio distr. Anim. Vertebr., 1831, 59.

Extremely long-legged, long-necked, long- and slender-billed Char-
adrii with tarsus more than twice as long as middle toe with claw,
covered, all round, with small hexagonal scales; bare portion of tibia
much longer than middle toe with claw; bill subulate, much longer
than head, straight or more or less (sometimes conspicuously)
recurved; feet more or less webbed; hallux absent or if present.
rudimentary; neck more lengthened than in other Charadrii, and
plumage of under parts very dense, as in Phalaropodide, Laridx, and
other natatorial Charadriformes.

The Recurvirostride agree with the Phalaropodide in the density
of the plumage on the under parts of the body, and are probably more
nearly related to them than to any other of the allied groups. Not-
withstanding their excessively long legs they are able to swim with
great facility.

The family is partly of tropical or subtropical distribution and
few in number as to species. Only three genera are recognized, one

436 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

of which is peculiar to Australia. America possesses two genera
and four species, each continent having a peculiar species of each
cenus.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF RECURVIROSTRIDA.

a. Anterior toes all extensively webbed; bill much depressed distally, nearly to
quite as long as tarsus.
b. Billi more or less strongly recurved; hallux present (but very small).
Recurvirostra (p. 436).

bb. Bill’ straight; halluxiabsent: 23. pase. Sones Cladorhynchus (extralimital).@
aa, Anterior toes cleft nearly to base; bill terete or slightly compressed distally, much
shorter than tarsus. (Hallux absent.)............--2...- Himantopus (p. 441).

Genus RECURVIROSTRA Linneeus.

Recurvirostra Linnus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 151. (Type, by monotypy,
Recurvirostra avosetta Linneeus.)

Avocetta Brisson, Orn., vi, 1760, 538. (Type, ‘‘ Avocetta” = Recurvirostra avosetta
Linneus. )

Large Recurvirostride (wing more than 200 mm.) with the long,
slender, depressed and distinctly recurved bill nearly as long as
tarsus, the latter covered, all round, by small, mostly longitudinal,
hexagonal scales; anterior toes extensively webbed, and hallux present
(though very small).

Bill nearly to quite as long as tarsus, slender, depressed distally,
more or less strongly recurved for terminal half, the tip of maxilla
attenuated and decurved; nostril sub-basal, longitudinal, in lower
part of a distinct lateral groove extending for about one-third to one-
half the length of the maxilla. Neck rather long. Wing long and
pointed, the longest primary (outermost, two outermost, or, rarely,
second from outside) extending considerably beyond tips of elongated
tertials. Tail, between one-third and one-half as long as wing,
truncate; rectrices 12-14. Tarsus one-third as long as wing or
longer, compressed, covered all round with small, mostly longitudinal,
hexagonal scales, these larger and more longitudinal in front, smaller
laterally; middle toe decidedly less than half as long as tarsus, the
lateral toes shorter, the inner toe shorter than the outer; hallux
minute, but with a distinct claw; anterior toes webbed, more exten-
sively between outer and middle toes; bare portion of tibia one-
third (R. andina) to half (R. americana) as long as tarsus, the lower
portion scaled, like tarsus, the upper portion smooth or with scales
indistinct.

- *Leptorhynchus (not Leptorrhynchus Guérin, 1830) DuBus, Mag. de Zool., v, 1835,
pl. 45 (type, LZ. pectoralis DuBus). Cladorhynchus Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 69;
Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, 577, pl. 155, fig. 1 (type, Leptorhynchus pectoralis DuBus).

This genus is intermediate between Recurvirostra and Himaniopus, though nearer
to the former. ‘The single species is peculiar to Australia.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 437

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage of head, neck, and under parts
dense, gull-like. Under parts, sometimes head and neck also,
usually also scapulars, immacu ate white; upper parts mostly black
or dusky; head and neck sometimes cinnamomeous, at least in part

Range.—Temperate portions of North America, Europe and Asia,
northern Africa, Australia, and Peruvian Andes. (Five species, of
which only two are American.)

KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF RECURVIROSTRA.
«=

a, Scapulars and tips of greater wing-coverts and secondaries white; longer tertiala
and tail pale gray; head and neck cinnamomeous in summer plumage; bill only
moderately recurved. (Temperate North America.)

Recurvirostra americana (p. 437).

aa. Scapulars and whole of wing and tail sooty blackish; head and neck pure white in
summer plumage; bill very strongly recurved. (Chilean Andes.)

Recurvirostra andina (extralimital).¢

RECURVIROSTRA AMERICANA Gmelin.

AMERICAN AVOCET.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head (except anteriorly), neck,
and chest light cinnamon, passing into white on anterior portion of
head; outer scapulars, median interscapulars, rump, upper tail-
coverts, under parts of body (including under tail-coverts), proximal
secondaries, and broad tips to greater wing-coverts white; wings
(except proximal secondaries and distal half of greater coverts),
inner (proximal) scapulars and adjacent lateral interscapulars
brownish black; tail grayish white or very pale gray; axillars and
under wing-coverts white; bill black; iris brown;? legs and feet
light grayish blue.

Adulis vn winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but head, neck,
and chest white, tinged with pale bluish gray, especially on pileum
and hindneck.

Young.—Similar to winter adults but hindneck tinged with light
cinnamon or tawny, primaries slightly tipped with whitish, and
scapulars, etc., tipped or transversly mottled with light cinnamon or
tawny.

Adult male.—Wing, 214.5-230 (222.4); tail, 79-90 (83:8); culmen,
75-97 (89.6); tarsus, 85-100 (91.3); middle toe, 38—46.5 (41.9).¢

@ Recurvirostra andina Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, xix, Nov., 1861,
131; Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., xxix, 1863, 121 (Parunicota, Chile, 16,000 ft.);
Taczanowski, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 384; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896,
334, 752.—Recurvirostris andina Harting, Ibis, 1874, 257, pl. 9 (monogr.).—Himantopus
andinus Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, 232; Geogr. Distr. Charadriidze, 1888, 286.

5 Not red, as stated by some authorities.

¢ Ten specimens.

A388 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female.—Wing, 212-226 (217.7); tail, 79-87 (83.1); culmen,

5-93 (88.8); tarsus, 85-96 (90.3); middle toe, 37-44 (40.9).¢

Breeding from eastern Oregon, central Alberta (Buffalo Lake), Sas-
katchewan (Fort Carlton)—formerly to Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake;
Mackenzie River)—Manitoba (Winnipeg; Souris River), etc., south-
ward to southern California (Orange Co.), southern New Mexico,
southern Texas (Fort Brown; Corpus Christi), northern Iowa, cen-
tral Wisconsin, etc.; migrating southward over Mexico (Matamoros,
Tamaulipas; Alvarado and Cérdova, VeraCruz; Guadalajara, Jalisco;
Oputo, Sonora; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Zacatecas; Guanajuato) to Gua-
temala (Chiapam); casual or occasional in eastern United States and
eastern Canada, from Ontario and New Brunswick to Florida; also in
Cuba, Jamaica, and Barbados.

[ Recurvirostra] americana GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. ii, 1789, 693 (North America;
based on Pennant, Arct. Zool. ii, 1785, 502, pl. 21).—Larxuam, Index Orn.,
ii, 1790, 787, part (includes R. nove-hollandix).—Turton, Syst. Nat., i
1806, 419.—Gunpb.acu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 342 (Cuba).—Gray, Hand-
list, 111, 1871, 47, no. 10288.—CovEs, Kay, N. Am. Birds, 1872, 247.—ScuaTEeR
and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 144.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885,
and revised ed., 1886, 26.—SHarpE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 154. ©

Recurvirostra americana Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 126, pl. 63, fig. 2—lLxracn,
Zool. Misce., ii, 1815, 114, pl. 101.—Vier1tot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iii,
1816, 103.—TEemmincx, Man. d’Orn., 11, 1820, 592.—Bonarparts, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., li, 1826, 345; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 54.—Swarnson and Ricu-
ARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 375 (Saskatchewan, May).—LeEsson,
Traité d’Orn., 1831, 592.—OrnirHoLoGiIcAL ComMITTEE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., vii, 1837, 193 (Columbia River).—AupusBon, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838,
168, pl. 318; Synopsis, 1839, 252; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vi, 1843, 24, pl. 353.—
TownsEND (J. K.), Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, 156 (n. w. United
States).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Gralle, 1844, 97.—Giraup, Birds
Long Is., 1844, 269.—Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 389.—REICHENBACH,

a Eleven specimens.

| | |
: \ gees a Cul- : Middle
Locality. | Wing. Talos rent Tarsus. toe:
MALES. |
|
Twoadultimales from’ Montana sa... occa cons te asm bocieneccesies | 225.5 87 | 94 91.2 | 43.5
Oneadult. male from: Colorado. ..2.... S420) 3.. tS Ree: | 219 86.0 197 94.5) . 40.5
Oneadultimaletrom) Wtaht: i s2..6.. s3as0 =. tees eee hee eee I 221 Z9F Fie 80.15 86.5 43.5
Four adult males from southern California (San Diego County).| 222.4 | 82.5 | 92.5 94 | 42. 2
One adult male from northern Lower California.............- | 217 82 88 85 | 38
One adult male from Vera Cruz (Mirador, winter)............- | 227 “Yai aie ky 88 | 41
| | | |
FEMALES.
Oneladultiiemalefrom Louisiana: 7. ../i.% «ass S$esce . oe] O94 Mheye887 cit 08 96 44
Oneadult femaledromNevada:y =... 2555 .e-h eS. coh ae bee 1G eh Score ese 85.3 | 37
One adult female from northeastern California (Fort Crook)....| 226 | 84 | 84 90 40.5
Four adult females from southern California (San Diego Coente ) | 214.7 $4.5 | 84 89 | 41.4
Three adult females from northern Lower California...........| 215.5 | 80 | 85.5 90.3 41.3
| 91 95!) | 41.5

One adult female from Arizona-Sonora boundary.............. 223)) i 186.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 439

Grallatores, 1851, pl. 66, fig. 991.—Barrp, in Rep. Stansbury’s Sury. Great
Salt Lake, 1852, 320 (Great Salt Lake Valley); Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound.
Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 25 (Brazos River, Texas); Cat."N. Am. Birds, 1859,
no. 517; Rep. Ives’ Expl. Col. R., pt. v, 1861, 6.—Woopnovss, in Rep.
Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 100.— Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., vii, 1855, 315 (New Mexico); xi, 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—PuTNAM,
Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 230 (Essex Co., Massachusetts).—CaBanis, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1856, 422 (Cuba).—Casstn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix,
1858, 703.—Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon.
California).—BrEWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba); xvii,
1875, 452 (New Brunswick).—Boarpman, Proce. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862,
128 (Calais, Maine); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 241 (Quaco, New Bruns-
wick, 3 specs., 1880).—VerRRiLL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 157 (coast Maine,
1 spec.).—GunobLacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 88 (Cuba; crit.); 1875, 330
(Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 357; Orn. Cubana, 1876, 178.—
Ausrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 206 (Jamaica).—BtLaxkiston, Ibis, 1863,
130 (Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan; Mackenzie River, rare).—Marcu, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., xvi, 1864, 67 (Jamaica).—ScuHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, v, no.
27 (Scolopaces), 1864, 104.—Covgs, Ibis, 1865, 158 (Kansas); 1866, 263 (Colo-
rado River, Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 97 (Fort Whipple,
Arizona); xxiii, 1871, 33 (Fort Macon, North Carolina); Proc, Bost. Soc.
N. H., xii, 1868, 123 (South Carolina); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 292 (New
England records); Check List, 1873, no. 407; 2nd ed., 1882, no. 600; Birds
Northwest, 1874, 460; Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 635 (French-
mans Creek, Milk River, etc., Montana, breeding; habits).—Satvin, Ibis,
1865, 192 (Guatemala); 1866, 198 (Chiapam, Guatemala).—Dresssr, Ibis,
1866, 35 (s. Texas).—McIiwrairu, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 92 (Hamilton,
Ontario).—LawreENcgE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 295 (vicinity New York
City); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 308 (Rio de Coahuyana, Colima;
Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—TuRNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 38 (Phila.
ed., 29).—Autrn, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 357 (e. Florida, winter);
iii, 1872, 171 (Great Salt Lake, breeding); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874,
66 (Yellowstone River, Montana).—Srevenson, Prelim. Rep. U. 8S. Geol.
Surv. Terr., 1871, 466 (North Platte River, Wyoming).—ArKeEn, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 209 (Arkansas River, Colorado).—-Merrriam, Sixth An.
Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv., 1873, 701, 714 (Great Salt Lake, Utah, June 19);
N. Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 88 (Little Colorado R., Arizona, Aug. 13); no. 5,
1891, 91 (Saw Tooth Lake, Idaho, Sept.; Henry Fork of Snake River, July).—
Hartina, Ibis, 1874, 253 (monogr.; crit.; habits).—NE.tson, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., xvii, 1875, 342, 348 (Utah) —Hrnsnaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875,
12 (Great Salt Lake, Utah); Zool. Expl. W. 100th) Merid., 1875, 448 (Provo,
Utah, Nov. 26; Alkali Lakes, Colorado, June 21; habits)—Ripeway, Orn.
40th Parallel, 1877, 605 (Soda Lakes, Carson Desert, Nevada, breeding; shores
and islands Great Salt Lake, Utah, breeding); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii,
1880, 201 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 566); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 566.—
SenNett?, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 54 (Galveston Bay, Texas).—
Merritt (J. C.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 160 (Fort Brown, Texas,
resident); Auk, xiv, 1897, 351 (Fort Sheridan, Idaho, 1 pair, Sept.).—(?) Kum-
LIEN, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 84 (Lake Kennedy, Baffin Land).—
Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 368.—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, iv, 1879, 108 (Cape Elizabeth, Maine, 1 spec., Nov. 5, 1878).—Purpiz,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 123 (Natick, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Oct.
19, 1880).—CHAMBERLAIN (M.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 105 (St.
Martins, New Brunswick, several).—Brtpinc, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi,

440

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1883, 351 (Lower California south of lat. 24° 30’)—Barrp, Brewer, and
Riweway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 341.—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 18 (Colo-
rado).—BrckHam, Auk, ii, 1885, 144 (Pueblo, Colorado); Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., x, 1887, 642 (Bexar Co., Texas), 651 (Corpus Christi, Texas) —AGrrs-
BorG, Auk, ii, 1885, 286 (s. e. South Dakota)—Evrnrmann, Auk, iii, 1886,
91 (Ventura Co., California, 1 spec., April 28, 1881).—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886,
151 (s. w. Manitoba).—Scorr, Auk, iii, 1886, 386 (near Tucson, Arizona, fall
migrant); ix, 1892, 12 (Jamaica).— AMERICAN OrNirHoLoaists’ Unron, Check
List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 225; 8rd ed., 1910, p. 108—TowNnsEND
(C. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 163, 198 (w. Lassen Co., California,
June).—Cory, Auk, iv, 1887, 232 (West Indian localities and references);
Birds West Ind., 1889, 232; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 92 (Cuba; Jamaica;
Barbados).—Jerrriges, Auk, vi, 1889, 223 (Santa Barbara, California, April
19).—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2nd ser., ii, 1889, 271 (La Paz,
Lower California).—FEmpEN, Ibis, 1889, 492 (Barbados).—THompson, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 497 (Winnipeg and Souris River, Manitoba).—
Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 104 (near Corpus Christi, Texas,
breeding).—Arrwatsr, Auk, ix, 1892, 232 (San Antonio, Texas, migrant).—
Antuony, Auk, ix, 1892, 360 (Grant Co., s. w. New Mexico, Sept. 7).—
Dutcuer, Auk, x, 1893, 272 (near Ponquoge, Long Island, in 1844; Canarsie,
Long Island, 1847; Southampton, Long Island).—Fisner (A. K.), N. Am.
Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 22 (Ash Meadows, Nevada, March 15; Owen’s Lake,
Little Owens Lake, near Kernville, Buena Vista Lake, Owens Valley, and
Morro Bay, California) —Sronr, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1894, 70 (New
Jersey coast, rare).—Etiiot, N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 33, pl. 5—SHarpe,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 330, 752 (‘‘“Hudson Bay Territory®’; Zac-
atecas; Chiapam, Guatemala; etc.)—KENNARD, Auk, xiv, 1897, 212 (Ips-
wich, Mass., 3 specs., Sept. 13, 1896) —CoBEaux, Ottawa Nat., 1900, 27
(s. Saskatchewan, rare).—FLeminc, Auk, xix, 1902, 79 (Toronto, Ontario, 1
spec., Sept. 19, 1901); xxiii, 1906, 448 (Toronto, 2 records).—Satvin and
Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 363 (Matamoros, Tamaulipas;
Oputo, Sonora; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Rio de Coahuyana, Colima; Zacatecas;
Guanajuato; Guadalajara, Jalisco; Valley of Mexico; Alvarado and Cordova,
Vera Cruz; Chiapam, Guatemala).—Brarstin, Auk, xxii, 1905, 78 (Barnegat,
New Jersey, 1 spec., May 30, 1880).—Atuen (A. A.), Auk, xxvii, 1910, 344
(Ithaca, New York, 1 spec., Sept. 15, 16, 1909) —AtiEn (G. M.), Auk, xxx,
1913, 23 (Essex Co., Massachusetts, May 23, 1887) —BuNKeER, Kansas Univ.
Sci. Bull., vii, 1913, 143 (Kansas, rare summer resident).—GRINNELL (J.),
Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 11, 1915, 49 (California; common summer visitor
to interior valleys and Modoc region, breeding northward to Lower Klamath
Lake and southward to Santa Ana, Orange Co.).—Horssrueu, Ibis, 1916,
680 (near Buffalo Lake, Alberta, breeding).

R{ecurvirostra| americana BONAPARTE, Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [201].—

Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 576.—Maxrmran, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 9
(Missouri).—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 385 (Illinois); Man. N. Am.
Birds, 1887, 146.—Nrewrton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 115.—-
Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 611.

Avocetta americana Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., ed. 1, iii, 1804(?), 340.
Himantopus americanus Sersoum, Ibis, 1886, 230 (Geog. range; crit.); Geog.

Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxi, 291, fig.

H{imantopus| americanus SeEBoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, 111, 1885, 75.
(?)[Recurvirostra] alba GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 694 (Hudson Bay; based on

Limosa candida Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 290; Barge blanche Daubenton, PI.
Enl., pl. 875; White Godwit Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, pl. 139; White Avocet

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 44]

Latham, Synopsis, iii, pt. i, 296).—Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 787.—
TurTON, Syst. Nat., 1, 1806, 419.

Recurvirostra alba Viewttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ii, 1816, 247 (Hudson
Bay).

Recurvirostra occidentalis Vicors, Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, 356 (San Francisco,
California=adult, winter plumage); Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ Birds, 1839,
28, pl. 12 (San Francisco).—WaateEr, Isis, 1831, 522 (Mexico).—Gray, Gen.
Birds, iii, 1847, pl. 155.—RericHensBacu, Grallatores, 1851, pl. 288, figs. 2364,
2365.—BarrD, in Rep. Stansbury’s Survey Great Salt Lake, 1852, 326, 334
(San Francisco, California; New Mexico).—Cassin, Illustr. Birds Calif.,
Texas, etc., 1855, 232, pl. 40—Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856,
421.—HartLAus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 450 (California).

R{ecurvirostra] occidentalis GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., i, 1849,
224 (California).

Genus HIMANTOPUS Brisson.

Himantopus Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 33. (Type, by tautonymy, [Zimantopus]
himantopus Brisson=Charadrius himantopus Linneeus.)

Macrotarsus Lackerpr, Tabl. Oiseaux, 1799, 18. (Type, Charadrius himan-
topus Linnzeus. )

Hypsibates Nrrzsca, in Ersch und Gruber’s Encycl., xvi, 1827, 150. (Type,
Charadrius himantopus Linnzus.)

Rather large Recurvirostride (wing about 200-230 mm.) with
excessively long, slender legs, slender, straight or very faintly re-
curved terete bill, no hallux, and with anterior toes cleft nearly to
base.

Bill about one-third as long as wing (much more than half as long
as tarsus), slender, terete, deeper than wide distally, straight or with
distal half very faintly upturned; nostril sub-basal, linear, in a dis-
tinct groove extending about one-half the length of maxilla. Neck
rather long, slender. Wing long and pointed, the longest primary
(outermost) extending much beyond tips of longest tertials. Tarsus
about half as long as wing, slender, compressed, covered with small,
more or less hexagonal scales, those in front larger and more longi-
tudinal; middle toe, without claw, a little less than one-third as
long as tarsus, the lateral toes decidedly shorter, the inner decidedly
shorter than outer; anterior toes cleft nearly to the base, but a per-
ceptible web between outer and middle toes (extending about as
far as middle of first phalanges); bare portion of tibia about two-
thirds as long as tarsus, the lower portion reticulate, like tarsus, the
upper portion smooth; hallux absent.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage of head, neck’and under parts
dense, gull-like. Coloration white and glossy black in males (the
black more sooty in females), some forms entirely black; legs and
feet pinkish red.

_ Range.—Temperate portions of both hemispheres. (About seven
species, of which two are American and one peculiar to the Hawaiian
Islands.)

442 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

KEY TO THE AMERICAN AND HAWAIIAN SPECIES OF HIMANTOPUS.

a. White of forehead not extended over crown; black of hindneck continuous with
that of back.
b. Lores with posterior half black; black of hindneck involving sides of neck also;
tail tipped with blackish. (Hawaiian Islands.)
Himantopus knudseni (extralimital).¢
bb. Lores almost wholly white; black of hindneck much narrower, not involving
sides of neck; tail wholly pale gray. (United States to West Indies, north-
ern Brazil, Peru, and Galapagos Archipelago.)
Himantopus mexicanus (p. 442).
aa. White of forehead extended over crown; black of hindneck separated from that
of back by a band of white. (Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Chile.)
Himantopus melanurus (extralimital).>

HIMANTOPUS MEXICANUS (Miiller).

AMERICAN STILT.

Adult male.-—Whole forehead, a large spot above and behind pos-
terior half (more or less) of eye, lores (except near eye), lower portion
of auricular region, greater part of suborbital region, whole of malar
region, sides of neck and entire under parts, from chin to under tail-
coverts, inclusive, rump, and upper tail-coverts immaculate white,
sometimes tinged with creamy pink or pale vinaceous in breeding
season, especially on chest; rest of head, together with hindneck,
back, scapulars, and wings uniform black with a slight but distinct
greenish blue gloss; tail pale gray; bill black; iris carmine red or rosy
carmine, sometimes grayish brown next to pupil; legs and feet (in
life) clear rose-pink.

Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but back and scapulars
grayish brown and black of other portions duller.

Young.—Similar to adult female, but scapulars, interscapulars,
and tertials margined with buff or dull whitish, the black of head and
hindneck finely mottled with the same.

Downy young.—Upper parts light buffy grayish mottled with dusky,
the back and rump with several large blotches of black; head, neck,

a Himantopus knudseni Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, no. 609, May 17, 1887,
81, pl. 6, fig. 2 (Kauai, Hawaiian Islands; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Seebohm, Geogr.
Distr. Charadriide, 1887, pp. xxi, 280; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 323.

b Himantopus melanurus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., x, 1817, 42 (Paraguay;
based on Zancudo Azara, Apunt. Parag., iii, 1805, 299); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxiv, 1896, 316.—Himantopus brasiliensis BreumM, V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 684
(Brazil); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 454 (Conchitas, Argentina;
fig. of head; synonymy; geog. range); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadriide, 1887,
pp. xxi, 281, fig.; Sclater and Hudson, Argentine Orn., 1889, 179.—Himantopus
mexicanus (not Charadrius mexicanus Miller) Maximilian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv,
1833, 741; Burmeister, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 367.—Himantopus nigricollis
(not of Vieillot) Gould, in Darwin’s Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iii, 1841, 1380 (Rio de la
Plata; near Buenos Aires); Gay, Faun. Chil., Zool., 1847, 424; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.,
1871, 310, 457.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 443

and under parts bufly whitish or brownish white, the crown, occiput,
and hindneck grayish, the crown with a mesial streak of black, the
occiput with several irregular spots of the same.

Adult male.—Wing, 214-232 (222.4); tail, 67-76 (72.9); culmen,
59.5-70 (65.3); tarsus, 98-119 (108.8); middle toe, 35-42 (38.8).¢

Adult female—Wing, 202.5-218 (211.8): tail, 65.5-71.5 (69.3);
culmen, 61-67 (63.9); tarsus, 95.5-109 (103.6); middle toe, 36.5-40
(3820)!

Breeding from central Oregon, northern Utah (southern Idaho?) ¢
and southern Colorado to southern California (Orange County),
southern New Mexico, southern Texas (Brownsville; Fort Brown;
Corpus Christi), northern Tamaulipas (Matamoros), and coast of
Louisiana; also, on coast of South Carolina (Sullivans Island),
Georgia (St. Simons Island) and Florida (Caloosahatchie River), on
Bahamas (New Providence, Andros, Great Inagua, Maragauna, and
Green Cay islands), Jamaica (?), Peru (Santa Cruz) and on Galapagos
Archipelago (Albemarle, Charles, Chatham, Hood, James, Inde-
fatigable, and Seymour islands); formerly breeding northward to
New Jersey (Cape May; Egg Island, Delaware Bay) and occurring
during migration, casually or occasionally northward to Long Island

a Nineteen specimens. » Fifteen specimens.
Es =: 2 eee = 7 aL = * =
We Bare | :
3 . + | Cul- re Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | portion | Tarsus.|
men. of tibia. as
MALES.
Seven adult males from Florida................-.----- OT 28 ce ZUNE os BH Vee a 106.6 | 29.6
Two adult males from Porto Rico (May)..............| 221 | 73.2 GO itt 24 21 115.5 | 39.5
One adult male from Arizona-Sonora boundary... -... | BPA Veoh 64. —|eoosetewe 112.) 39.5
Nine adult males from northern Lower California... - . | 293.6% 73.9 } SROSH2 IEREE laze 108.7 | 38.1
Three adult males from Galapagos Islands (June, July).| [194.1], 68.8 62.2°\ 70.5 97.6 | 38.8
FEMALES. |
One adult female from New Jersey (Cape May).....-- 216 68 Ct ele gee 102.5 38
Five adult females from Florida....................--- | 207.4 68 6505) | 23-2 103. 4 | 38. 2
One adult female from Bahamas (Eleuthera Island, | ;

TUL y Ss) Sere Eee C Ihe. Aste soc an st token seuee 211.5) ||» 70 GLiG 1) Se252 109 | 40
‘One adult female from Cuba (May 18)...............-- 204.5) 67 Gdlem Eee > a | 1085] 39
‘Two adultfemales from southern California (San Diego | | | |

COUNUY ares eee aera eee aa aoe e sce ciccee « 21575) sO VCS: 2 ot nee 98. 2 37
One adult female from northern Lower California... .. 21256" |), 6959) eh 64. Viste... 3 105. 4 | 38. 2
One adult female from southern Lower California

(Tent ea se 2 oe hae ees a tne 542 Ass ipa m tian a | 221 «| .%6 OS rab deeser os « 98 39
‘Two adult females from Galapagos Islands (June, July)| [195.6] 66 64.1 61.8 98. 8 39.7

The wing measurements of the Galapagos specimens are defective, all of them having
the primaries not fully grown out.

Adult females from Florida have the back and scapulars a decidedly darker grayish
brown than those from western localities.

¢ Olds Ferry, Snake River.

444 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(Great South Bay, 2 specimens, 1843), Massachusetts (Essex County),
Maine (near Calais), New Brunswick (Maces Bay, Sept., 1880; Grand
Menan), Wisconsin, Nebraska, etc.; ranges southward, at least during
migration (probably breeding locally) over whole of Mexico, Central
America, West Indies, and northern South America® as far as Ama-
zon Valley (Mexiana Island; Para, Santarém, Amapa, Ilha Grande,
and Joazeiro, Brazil) and Peru (Santa Cruz, breeding; Ingapirca;
Santa Lucia; Tumbez).

Charadrius mexicanus MULLER, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 117 (Mexico; based on
L’ Echasse du. Mexique Brisson, Orn., v, 1760, 36).

Himantopus mecicanus Orv, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., vil, 1824, 52.—WacGtER, Isis,
1831, 520.—Bonapartr, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 54.—SaLu®, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 237 (Saato Domingo).—GIEBEL, V6g., 1860, 371,
fig. 664.—Bryant (H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 97 (Santo Domingo).
—Rineway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 606 (Soda Lake, Carson Desert, Nevada,
breeding; near Salt Lake City, Utah, breeding); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii,
1880, 10 (crit. nomeuncl.), 201 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 567); v, 1883, 534,
footnote (Sierra de Santiago, Cape San Lucas, and San Jose del Cabo, Lower Cal-
ifornia); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 567.—MERRILL, (J. C.), Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus.,i, 1878, 161(Fort Brown, Texas,resident; descr. nest and eggs).—BELDING,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 440 (Stockton and Sutter Co., California, breed-
ing); vi, 1883, 352 (Lower California s. of lat. 24° 30’) —CHAMBERLAIN (M.),
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 105 (Maces Bay, New Brunswick, 1 spec.,
Sept., 1880).—Cours, Check List, 2nd ed., 1882, no. 601.—Bartey (H. B.),
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883 42 (St. Simons Island, Georgia, breeding).—
Barrp, BREwER, and Ripeway, Water Birds, N. Am., i, 1884, 345.—Cory,
Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1835, 146; Auk, iv, 1887, 231 (West Indian
localities and references); viii, 1891, 46 (Antigua and Anguilla, Lesser
Antilles), 351 (Inagua, Bahamas); ix, 1892, 48 (Maragauna, Bahamas);
Birds West Ind., 1889, 231; Cat. West Ind Birds, 1892, 92 (New Providence,
Andros, Maragauna, and Great Inagua Islands, Bahamas; Cuba, Jamaica,

@ This species has been recorded from the following localities south of the United
States: Mexico: Sonora (Cachuta); Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Presidio de Mazatlan, Dec. 20);
Jalisco (Guadalajara; Santa Ana, Dec. 3; Zapotlan); Michoacan (Lake Patzcuaro,
Dec. 22); Tepic (Tres Marias Islands, Feb. 20); Colima (Rio de Coahuyana); Oaxaca
(San Mateo, Aug.); Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Santa Ana, Oct.; Tuxpan; Lake Tamaqua);
Puebla (Laguna de Chapulco; Santa Ana); Guanajuato; Tamaulipas (Matamoros,
breeding; Tampico; 'Tamesi); Yucatan (Progreso, Oct.; Cozumel Island, June; Holbox
Island); Lower California (Sierra de Santiago, Jan.; San Jose del Cabo, Feb. and Oct.
14 and 19; Cape San Lucas, Feb.)

Guatemala: San Jose, Jan.; Chiapam.

Honduras: Ruatan Island.

Nicaragua: Momotombo.

Costa Rica: Rio Frio; Las Trojas.

Panama: Lion Hill.

Venezuela: Cumana.

British Guiana.

Cayenne.

West Indies: Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico, and St. Croix, Greater
Antilles; Anguilla, St. Bartholomew, Antigua, St. Vincent, and Barbados, Lesser
Antilles; Cura¢ao and Bonaire, Dutch West Indies.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 445

Haiti, Porto Rico, Tortola, and St. Croix, Greater Antilles; Barbuda, Antigua,
St. Vincent, and Barbados, Lesser Antilles), 155 (St. Bartholomew, Greater
Antilles) —ZeLEepON, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 113 (Costa Rica);
Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1888, 130 (Las Trojas, Costa Rica).—Drew, Auk,
ii, 1885, 18 (Colorado, 5,000-8,000 ft.).—Goss, Auk, iii, 1886, 114 (Laken,
s. w. Kansas, June).—FrrRARI-PeREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 178
(Laguna de Chapulco, Puebla).—American OrniTHOLOGIStS’ Unton, Check
List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 226; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 109.—SrxEBonm,
Ibis, 1886, 232 (geog. range; crit.); Geog. Distr. Charadriidé, 1887, pp.
Xxi, 279, fig —Coorrnr, Auk, iv, 1887, 87 (Ventura Co., California).—Town-
sEND (C. H.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 163 (Lassen Peak, California),
198 (n. e. California); xiii, 1890, 134 (Clarion Island, Revillagigedo group).—
Scortr, Auk, vi, 1889, 156 (Sanibel Island, w. Florida, 2 specs., March 26 and
May 2, 1886); ix, 1892, 12 (Jamaica; breeding?), 212 (Caloosahatchie River,
Florida, breeding).—Mortimerr, Auk, vi, 1890, 338 (St. Johns River, Florida,
April; swimming ability)—Norrnnop, Auk, viii, 1891, 76 (Andros Island,
Bahamas, breeding).—Rikrer and CHapman, Auk, viii, 1891, 163 (Santarem,
lower Amazon, April 16).—Merrrriam, North Am Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 91
(near Old’s Ferry, Snake River, Idaho, July).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sei. Phila., 1892, 104 (near Corpus Christi, Texas, breeding).—Durcuer,
Auk, x, 1893, 272 (Great South Bay, Long Island, 2 specs., 1843).—Ruicu-
MOND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 526 (Rio Frio, Costa Rica, Feb. 29).—
Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 791 (Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan,
Dec. 22; fresh colors of unfeathered parts).—Fisupr (A. K.), N. Am. Fauna,
no. 7, 1893, 22 (Mojave Desert, California, July).—Sronn, Birds E. Penn. and
N. J.,1894, 70 (Cape May, New Jersey; Egg Island, Delaware Bay).—Ettror,
N. Am. Shore Birds, 1895, 35, pl. 6.—Suarpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv,
1896, 320.—GoE pt, Ibis, 1897, 164 (Amapa, n. e. Brazil).—Roruscuiip and
Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 189 (Indefatigable, Albemarle, Chatham,
and James Islands, Galapagos; crit.); ix, 1902, 412 (indefatigable I.), 418
(Galapagos; resident and breeding?).—Bryer, Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for
1897-99 (1900), 94 (Louisiana, resident) —BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, ii, 52 (Ingapirea, Peru).—Harrert, Novit. Zool., ix,
1902, 307 (Cura¢gao and Bonaire, Dutch West Indies); Ibis, 1893, 325 (Curagao),
334 (Bonaire) —Bonnore, Ibis, 1903, 301 (Green Cay, Bahamas; Andros
Island, Bahamas, breeding; habits)—Satvrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 361.—Banes and Zarpry, Am. Nat., xxxix, 1905, 195
(Isle of Pines, Cuba, May 15).—Wayne, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 57 (Sullivans L.,
South Cerolina, breeding; habits) —Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb, 1907, 45 (Mexi-
ana I., Brazil.)—Bryerr, ALLISON, and Korman, Auk, xxv, 1908, 176 (Louisi-
ana, resident).—RetserR, Denkschr. Mat.-Nat.Kl. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, lxxvi,
1910, 94 (Joazeiro, Ilha Grande, etc., n. e. Brazil) —Carriker, Ann, Carnegie
Mus., vi, 1910, 417 (Costa Rica).—Grurrorp, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci. 4th ser., ii,
pt. i, 1913, 54, pl. 1, fig. 2 (Albemarle, Charles, Chatham, Hood, Indefatigable,
James, and Seymour islands, Galapagos, breeding).—GRINNELL, Pacific
Coast Avifauna, no. 11, 1915, 49 (California; common summer visitor to inte-
rior valleys. breeding northward to Sutter Co., southward to Orange Co.).

H{imantopus| mexicanus TscHupr, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. i, 1844,

313 (Peru).—Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 577—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds,
2nd ed., 1884, 611.—Ripe@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 147.—RoruscHILp
and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 204 (Galapagos Archipelago).

[Himantopus] mexicanus SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 156.—Forsers and Rosin-

son, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 68 (Cumana, Venezuela; Para,
Brazil; etc.).

446

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Himantopus mexicanus? Ripcway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xix, 1896, 633 (James

Island, Galapagos; crit.).

?Himantopus mexicanus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat: Mus., xix, 1896, 633 (Albe-

marle, Chatham, Indefatigable, and James Islands, Galapagos; crit., meas-
urements, etc.).

[Charadrius] himantopus (not of Linnzeus) GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 11, 1789, 690,

part.—LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 741, part.

Recurvirostra himantopus Wiuson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 48, pl. 58, fig. 2.
[Charadrius himantopus| 8. LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 741 (ex Himantopus

mexicanus Brisson, Orn., v. 36).

Himantopus nigricollis Virttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., x, 1817, 42 (North

America to Cayenne); Gal. Ois., ii, 1834, 85, pl. 229.—BoNnaparTE, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1826, 322; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 54.—LeEsson, Traité
d’Orn., 1831, 550.—Nurtraut, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834,
§.—AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 247, pl. 328; Synopsis, 1839, 253; Birds
Am., 8vo ed., vi, 1843, 31, pl. 354.—Prasopy, Rep. Orn. Mass., 1839, 358
(accidental).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., ii, Gralle, 1844, 98, part.—
Gosste, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 386; Illustr. Birds Jamaica, 1849, pl. 108.—
JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1848, 84 (Bermudas. autumn).—LeEmBEYE, Aves de la
Isla de Cuba, 1850, 102.—McCaut, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1851, 222
(Texas).—HeEnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, 315 (New Mexico);
xi, 1859, 108 (New Mexico).—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 206
(Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1860, 290 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); 1864, 178 (near
City of Mexico); 1866, 567 (Rio Ucayali, e. Peru).—Cassin, in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 704.—Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 518;
Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 25 (Brazos, Texas).—
Newron (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 258 (St. Croix.)—ScraTer and Satvi, Ibis,
1859, 228 (La Antigua, Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 567 (Rio
Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 591 (Mexiana Island, mouth of Amazon River);
1870, 323 (Indefatigable Island, Galapagos); 1873, 310 (upper Rio Ucayali
and Santa Cruz, e. Peru, breeding; descr. nest and eggs), 453 (synonymy ;.
geog. range).—BryanT, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 15 (Enterprise,
Florida), 121 (Bahamas).—MartTens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 218 (Bermudas).—
Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 192 (Fort Tejon, California)—
Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—ALBrReEcaT, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1861, 56 (Bahamas); 1862, 206 (Jamaica).—BoarpMaAN, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 128 (Calais, Maine).—Taytor, Ibis, 1862, 129 (Florida).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1863, 12 (Lion Hill, Panama); vili, 1866,
295 (vicinity New York City); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 308 (Rio de
Coahuyana, Colima; Mazatlan, Sinaloa); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876,
46 (San Mateo, Oaxaca, Aug.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 197 (St. Vin-
cent), 238 (Antigua), 242 (Barbuda).—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
xvi, 1864, 67 (Jamaica).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, v. no. 27 (Scolopaces),
1864, 107, part.—Cougs, Ibis, 1865, 159 (New Mexico); 1866, 263 (Colorado.
River, Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, 97 (Fort Whipple,
Arizona); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 123 (South Carolina); Proc.
Essex Inst., v, 1868, 292 (New England); Check List, 1873, no. 408; Birds
Northwest, 1874, 462.—Satvin, Ibis, 1865, 192 (Guatemala); 1886, 178 (Brit.
Guiana); 1889, 379 (Cozumel Island); Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1876, 502
(Indefatigable Island, Galapagos).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 319 (Galveston,
Texas); 1866, 35 (s. Texas).—SuNDEVALL, Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh., 1869, 602
(Porto Rico).—TurNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 38 (Phila. ed.,
29).—ALLEN, Am. Nat., iii, 1870, 638 (Massachusetts); Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., ii, 1871, 356 (e. Florida); iii, 1872, 171 (Great Salt Lake, Utah).—

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 447

Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 383 (Cienega, Colombia) —Merriam, Sixth An. Rep.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 (1873), 702, 711 (Great Salt Lake, breeding),

_ 714 (Utah)—Harrine, Ibis, 1874, 254 (Guatemala to Brazil)—Coorerr,
Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 18 (Cuyamaca Mts., Cal.).—Hensuaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
xi, 1875, 12 (Great Salt Lake); Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 450 (Fair-
field, Utah, Aug.; Alkali Lakes, Colorado, breeding).—Rerp, Zoologist,
1877, 475 (Bermudas); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 231 (Bermudas,
1 spec., June 3, 1853).—Taczanowskt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 748
(Santa Lucia, Peru); Orn. du Pérou, ili, 1886, 383 (Tumbez).—SEnNeETT?,
Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 54 (Brownsville, Texas,
breeding).—MayYNArbp, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 368.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is.,
1880, 153 (Bahamas, breeding).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 462
(Yucatan).—Beruierscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 119 (Babahoyo,
w. Ecuador).—FEILpEN, Ibis, 1889, 492 (Barbados).—Perrers, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1892, 121 (Curagao).

H{imantopus] nigricollis BONAPARTE, Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [202].—
GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2nd ser., i, 1849, 224 (w. Mexico; Santa
Barbara, Cal., April).—Maxrmmm1an, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 92 (Missouri
River).—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 385 (Illinois)—NrwtTon
(A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 115.

[Himantopus] nigricollis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1871, 48, no. 10294.—Covrs, Key
N. Am. Birds, 1872, 247.—Sciarer and Sartvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 144.—
Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, and revised ed., 1886, 26.

[Himantopus nigricollis] a. nigricollis Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 462
(synonymy).

Himantopus nigrocollis Casot, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1845, 46 (Surinam).
Himmantopus nigricollis Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 230 (Essex Co.,
Massachusetts). .
H{ypsibates] nigricollis CABANIS, 1n Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, ili, 1848,

758.

Macrotarsus nigricollis CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 422 (Cuba).—GuNDLAcH,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 88 (Cuba; crit.); 1871, 294 (Cuba); 1874, 313 (Porto
Rico); 1875, 329 (Cuba; habits); 1878, 161, 188 (Porto Rico); Repert. Fisico-
Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 357; Orn. Cubana, 1876, 177; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.,
vil, 1878, 377 (Porto Rico).

[ Macrotarsus] nigricollis GuNpuacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 342 (Cuba).

Himantopus leucurus VirrtrotT, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., x, 1817, 42 (Mexico).—
Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 550.

Himantopus melanopterus (not of Meyer, 1814) Nurraxyt, Man. Orn. U. S. and
Can., 1834, 10.—Denwny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39 (North America).

Himantopus rufipes (not of Bechstein, 1809) LicureNstrErNn, Preis-Verz. Mex.
Vog., 1830, 3 (Mexico); Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 58 (reprint).

Suborder LARI.
THE GULL TRIBE.

=Pelagii Viertiot, Analyse, 1816, 65.

=Laride BONAPARTE, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 206.—LAWRENCE, in Barrp, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 819, 837.—Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 361.—
SciaTer and Satyvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, viii, 147.—Covgs, Key N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 308; 2nd ed., 1884, 733; Birds Northwest, 1874, 590.—STEJNEGER,
Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 77, in text.—FUrBrRiNGcER, Unters. Morph.

448 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1158.—Gapow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 35.—BEppDARD,
Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 350.—KNowtton, Birds of the World, 1909,
49, 386.—SHarege, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72; Hand-list, i,
1899, xiv, 133.

=Laride SAUNDERS, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, xiii, 3.—SaLvin and
GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 397.

=Lariformes SHarrge, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72; Hand-list, i,
1899, xiv, 133.

=Laroidee STEINEGER, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 74, in text.

=Lari SHARPE, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72.—OBrrnHoLsErR, Outl.
Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 3.

>Lari Gapow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 35 (includes Alcz!)—Knowtron, Birds
of the World, 1909, 49, 385 (includes Alc).

=Gavix SciatTerR, Ibis, 1880, 409.—SauNpDERs, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896,
xiii, 1, 3—SaALvIN and GopmAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 397.

=Longipennes BatrD, BREWER, and Ripgway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884,
191.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNIoNn, Check List, 1886, 84; 3rd ed.,
1910, 33.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 1, 20.

=Longipennes Nirzscx, Meckel’s Deutsches Archiv Phys., 1820, 265.—Dvsots,
Mém. Soc. Zool. France, iv, 1891, 23.

> <Larinae Bonaparte, Saggio distr. Anim. Vertebr., 1831, 59 (includes
Chionides; excludes Stercorariide).—GaAbDow, in Bronn’s Thier-Reich, Vég.,
li, 1893, 205 (excludes Rynchopide).

>Longipennes LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 820
(includes Tubinares)—Covges, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 307 (includes
Tubinares).

Long-winged, short-, or relatively short-, legged, aquatic Chara-
driiformes with hypotarsus simple (grooved but without canals) ;
coracoids in contact (except in Stercorariide); supraorbital grooves
present, large, the space between them broad and flat; basipterygoid
processes absent (vestigial or rudimentary in young); occipital
foramina absent in adults; furcula with a hypocleideum; adult
downs on both pteryle and apteria; bill and legs relatively short, the
latter attached to middle of body; anterior toes more or less (usually
fully) webbed; hallux absent or minute; young tardily nidifugous
(nearly nidicolous).

Metasternum usually 4-notched (2-notched in Stercorariide) ; cora-
coids in contact behind spina externa (except in Stercorariide);
ectepicondylar process usually well-developed; coraco-humeral groove
distinct, very deep; cervical vertebree, 15; dorsal vertebrz, 5; hama-
pophyses of dorsal vertebra well-developed; ribs articulating with
sternum, 6-7; hypotarsus with 2 grooves; tensores patagii limicoline,
but somewhat more complicated; thigh-muscle formula, AX +,
AXY+, ABXY+, or BXY+; syrinx typically tracheo-bronchial;
carotids, 2; spinal pteryla well-defined on neck by lateral apteria,
forked on upper back; ventral pteryla dividing farther down neck
than in Limicol; rectrices, 12.

|
!

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 449

Characters possessed in common by the Lari and the Limicole, as
opposed to the Alc, are given on pages 2 and 3. Those possessed by
both the Lari and the Alew but not shared by the Limicole are as
follows:

Hypotarsus simple (without canals); supraorbital grooves large;
bill and legs relatively short and stout; anterior toes fully webbed
(with a few exceptions) ; young tardily nidifugous (nearly nidicolous) ;
habits aquatic.

The Lari are long-winged swimming birds, of graceful, bouyant,
and powerful flight, with anterior toes more or less fully webbed, the
hallux small and elevated, sometimes rudimentary or nearly obsolete,
and the legs are attached near the middle of the body, which therefore
assumes a nearly horizontal position when the birds are standing or
perching. Their nidification is not materially different from that of
the Limicole, but the young remain longer in the nest than those of
the latter group, being, in fact, more nidicolous than nidifugous.

Distribution, cosmopolitan.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF LARI.

a, Ambiens muscle and biceps slip absent; tendons to ulna side of arm, 2; bill pecu-
liar, the mandible much longer than the maxilla, both excessively compressed.
Rynchopide (p. 449).
aa. Ambiens muscle and biceps slip present; tendons to ulna side of arm, 1 or none;
bill not peculiar.
b. Ramphotheca simple (bill without cere); caeca rudimentary (except in genus
Gygis of Sternide); metastermum 4-notched; coracoids in contact; claws mod-
erately to feebly developed.

ec. Thigh-muscle formula with B (except in Gygis),; expansor secundariorum absent
(except in Anous); exposed culmen at least one and one-fourth (sometimes
nearly three times) as long as tarsus, the latter usually less than one-tenth
(never much more than one-ninth) as long as wing; tail usually (often
deeply) forked; pterylosis typically charadriine...........Sternidz (p. 458.)
cc. Thigh-muscle formula without B; expansor secundariorum present; exposed
culmen less than one and one-fourth times as long as tarsus (usually shorter
than tarsus), the latter more than one-tenth (sometimes more than one-sixth)
as long as wing; tail usually truncate or slightly rounded, rarely graduated,

never very deeply forked; pterylosis not typically charadriine.
Laridz (p. 561).
6b. Rhamphotheca complex (bill with a cere); caeca well-developed, long; cora-
coids separated; metasternum 2-notched; claws large, strongly hooked,
BEDE coe ste tere ee eee Ree tic ac ce ocvein ac aR aes Stercorariidz (p. 676).

Family- RY NCHOPID.
THE SKIMMERS.

=Rhynchopsine BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List Birds, 1838, 60.

=Rhynchopine LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 837, 865.—
Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 362.—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869,
314; Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 323; 2d ed., 1884, 734, 772; Birds Northwest,
1874, 712.—Sciater and Sarnvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147.—STEJNEGER,
Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 83, in text.—Gapow, in Bronn’s Thier Reich,

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——30

450 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Voég., ii, 1891, 206.—SHarrr, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72
Hand-list, 1899, xiv, 1388.—SaunpgErs, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896,
xii, 4, 152.—Brpparp, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 356.—Sanvin and
GopMAN,. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 416.—KNow.tron, Birds of the
World, 1909, 393. .

=Rhynchopide Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, April 11, 1883, 409.—
Barrp, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 191.

=Rhynchopside Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Sept. 4, 1880, 240.

=Rynchopide AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, 96; 3rd ed.,
1910, 48.—OBERHOLSER, Outl. Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 3.

Very long-winged, small-footed Lari with bill wholly unique, the
mandible much longer than the maxilla, both compressed to knife-like
thinness (except at extreme base), the distal portion of the maxilla
grooved beneath to receive the very sharp tomia of the distal portion
of the mandible, the latter much higher at tip than the latter and
obliquely truncate or subtruncate in lateral profile. Wing very long,
pointed, the longest primary exceeding distal secondaries by about
two-thirds length of wing. Ambiens muscle and biceps slip absent
(present in other Lari); tendons to ulna gide of arm, 2 (1 or none in
other Lari).

The Rynchopidz are perhaps most nearly allied to the Sternide
but differ—not only from the latter but from all other birds—in the
altogether peculiar conformation of the bill. They also differ from
other Lari in absence of the ambiens muscle and biceps slip, and in
possessing two tendons to the ulna side of the arm.

In general habits the Rynchopide are much like the Sternide
and Laridx, but their manner of feeding is wholly different, for in
- search of their food the mouth is opened and the long, knife-like
mandible buried in the water as the bird skims along its surface.

Only one genus is known, this being represented by about four
species, of which two are American, the others inhabiting the seas
and estuaries of Africa and India, respectively.

Genus RYNCHOPS Linneus.

Rynchops Linnasus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 138; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 228. (Type
by monotypy, Rynchops nigra Linneeus. )

Rhynchops (emendation) Larnam, Index Orn., li, 1790, 802.

Rhijncops (emendation) TEMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 181.

Rhincops (emendation) Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ii, 1828, 19.
351, 447. :

Rhyncops (emendation) VreittotT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., 111, 1816, 338.

Rygchopsalia Brisson, Orn., vi, 1760, 222 (ex Barrére, Orn. Sp. Nov., 1745. 20).
(Type, ‘‘Rygchopsalia” = Rynchops nigra Linneeus. )

Rhynchopsalia (emendation) Grocer, Hand-u. Hilfsb., 1842, 463.

Psalidorhamphos 4 Dumont, Dict. Sci. ‘Nat., iv, 1805, 173. (Substitute name for
Rynchops Linnzeus.)

@ WaXis (Wadidos), a pair of shears, a kind of razor; paudos, beak. (Richmond.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45]

Anisoramphet Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., iv, 1805, 173. (Alternative substitute
name for Rynchops?)
(Generic characters same as Family characters.)

= KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF RYNCHOPS.

a. Under wing-coverts and axillars white or very pale brownish gray, in abrupt and
conspicuous contrast with black along edge of wing; secondaries very broadly
tipped with white; under tail-coverts white; lateral rectrices white or mostly so.
(Rynchops nigra.)

b. Axillars and under wing-coverts pure white; smaller (wing 350-401 in male,
338-358 in female; culmen 63-72 in male, 52-57 in female). (Atlantic and
Gulf coasts of United States, south in winter to Yucatan, Trinidad, etc.)

Rynchops nigra nigra (p. 451).

bb. Axillars and under wing-coverts pale brownish gray or tinged with that color,
larger (wing 385-412 in male, 382 in female; culmen 74.5-83 in male, 66 in
female). (Atlantic coast of South America and Pacific coast of Central
America and Mexico.)......-....------- Rynchops nigra intercedens (p. 453).

aa. Under wing-coverts and axillars brownish gray, not strongly contrasted with
blackish along edge of wing; secondaries very narrowly tipped with white; under
tail-coverts brownish gray margined with white; lateral (as well as middle)
rectrices deep brownish gray narrowly edged with white. (Atlantic and Pacific;
coasts of South America; casual in Yucatan.).. Rynchops cinerascens (p. 455)-

RYNCHOPS NIGRA NIGRA (Linneus). x

BLACK SKIMMER.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Forehead, lores, suborbital and
malar regions, and entire under parts (including axillars and under
wing-coverts), lateral upper tail-coverts, and broad tips to second-
aries and proximal primaries, immaculate pure white; rest of plumage
(except tail), including auricular region, uniform black or sooty black;
tail mostly white, the middle pair of retrices grayish brown edged
with white, the remaining retrices more or less tinged at tips with
the same; basal half (approximately) of bill bright vermilion red Gn
life), the mandible more scarlet, passing into orange or yellow on
tomium, the terminal half black; iris dark brown; legs and feet rich
orange-vermilion (in life).

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults but the black duller
and more brownish and interrupted by a broad collar of white across
lower hindneck.

Young.—Upper parts light buff, each feather with a central spot
of blackish, these spots largest on scapulars; lores and suborbital
region uniform pale buff, the former, however, with a dusky space
immediately in front of eye; greater wing-coverts blackish gray or
grayish black, tipped with white; secondaries white for most of their
exposed portion; primaries blackish, the fourth, fifth, and sixth (from
outside) margined terminally with light buff, the four inner (proximal)

@"Avoos, unequal; paudos, beak. (Richmond.)

452 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ones dusky passing into white at tips; under parts entirely immac-
ulate white; bill, legs, and feet dull or dusky reddish.
Downy Mie einen parts pale grayish buff irregularly and rather
sparsely mottled with blackish; under parts immaculate white.
Adult male-—Wing, 350-401 (381.7); tail, 116-134 (124.3); culmen,
63-72 (68.1); greatest depth of bill, 26.5-29.5 (28.1); tarsus, 31-34.5
(32.9); middle toe, 22-24 (22.6).¢
Adult female.—Wing, 338-358 (346); tail, 101.5-110.5 (106.6); cul-
men, 52-57 (55); greatest depth of bill, 22-24 (22.9); tarsus, 25-29
(27.6); middle toe, 18-19 (18.4).°
Breeding along Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States, from
New Jersey (Little Egg Harbor, Long Beach, Brigantine Beach),
formerly (up to 1832) northward to Muskeget Island, Massachusetts,
to Texas; migrating southward to eastern Nicaragua (Los Sabalos),
coast of British Guiana, coast of Venezuela (Margarita Island), Trini-
dad, and coast of northeastern Brazil (Ilha Grande; Rio Sao Fran-
cisco); wintering northward to Gulf coast of United States; casual,
usually after storms at sea, northward to Bay of Fundy, and inland
near Whitesboro, Oneida County, New York, fall of 1893; Washing-
ton, District of Columbia; Chester, South Carolina, Sept. 10, 1882;
Obion County, Tennessee; casual or occasional in Cuba and St. Croix.
[Rynchops] nigra Linnazvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 138 (coast of South Caro-
» lina; based on The Cut Water Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 1731, 90, pl. 90;
etc.); ed. 12, 1, 1766, 228.—GnELIn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1789, 611.
Rynchops nigra Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 243 (Woods Hole,
Massachusetts, 1 spec., Aug. 19, 1879).—AmERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, and 2nd ed., 1895, no. 80; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 48.—Baae,
Auk, xi, 1894, 162 (near Whitesboro, Oneida Co., New York, 1 spec., fall of
1893).—Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 74 (Cuba; St. Croix; West Indian references);
Birds West Ind., 1889, 275.—Scuicx, Auk, vii, 1890, 327 (Seven Mile Beach,
New Jersey, breeding).—Baae, Auk, xi, 1894, 162 (near Whitesboro, Oneida
Co., New York, 1 spec., fall of 1893).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1895, 466 (Obion Co., Tennessee, 1 spec.).—Rosinson, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., xviii, 1895, 654 (Margarita I., Venezuela, summer; habits)—BryeEr,
Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 87 (coast Louisiana, resident).
R{ynchops| nigra Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 49.
[Rhynchops| nigra LatHamM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 802.—Cours, Key N. Am
Birds, 1872, 324.—ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147.—Cory,
List Birds, West Ind., 1885, and revised ed., 1886, 33 (Cuba; St. Croix?).—
Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 1388.—ForBres and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus., li, no. 2, 1899, 56.
Rhynchops nigra Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 85, pl. 60, fig. 4—Nutratt, Man.
Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 616.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iv,
1838, 203; Synopsis, 1839, 314; Birds Am., 8vo. ed., vii, 1844, 67, pl. 428.—
Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 60.—GrrHARDT, Naumannia, iv,
1854, 193 (n. Florida).—LAwRENCcE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix,
1858, 866; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 299 (vicinity New York City). —Bairp,
Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 28 (Brazos, Texas); Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 697. a akon sete fiir Orn., 1859, 348 (Cuba);

a Ten specimens. b Four specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 453

1875, 395 (Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 393 (Cuba).—Cousrs and
Prentiss, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1861 (1862), 419 (Washington, D. C.,
accidental).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 24 (Sternae), 1864, 39.—
Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 199 (near City of Mexico).—
Ltoraun, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 534.—Dressrer, Ibis, 1866, 45 (s. Texas).—
Cougs, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 309 (New England coast, formerly); Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 127 (South Carolina); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1871, 46 (Fort Macon, North Carolina); Check List, 1873, no. 507; 2nd ed.,
1882, no. 809; Birds Northwest, 1874, 715 (monogr.).—SciarEer and SaLvIn,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 566 (monogr.).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., ii, 1871, 368 (e. Florida, winter).—Baritey (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, i, 1876, 28 (Cobb’s Island, Virginia, breeding).—Boucarp, Liste Ois.
récol. Guat., 1878, 18 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 462 (Yuca-
tan).—Scott, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879. 227 (Little Egg Harbor,
Brigantine Beach, and Long Beach, New Jersey, breeding).—Brewer,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xx, 1879, 276 (Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 1 spec.,
Aug. 19, 1879).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 206 (Cat. N.

* Am. Birds, no. 656); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 656.—Purprs, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 125 (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in 1605; breeding
on Muskegat Island, Massachusetts up to 1832).—Barirp, Brewer, and
Rineway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 192.—Loomis, Auk, ii, 1885, 193
(Chester, South Carolina, 1 spec., Sept. 10, 1882, after storm).—Satviy, Ibis,
1886, 180 (Brit. Guiana).—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 83 (Cuba; St.
Croix).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 84 (Trinidad).—Saun-
vDERS, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. xxv, 1895, p. xxv (crit.); Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxv, 1896, 153, part (Tampico, Tamaulipas, Feb.; Rio Lagarto and Pro-
greso, Yucatan, June; Cozumel Island, Feb.; etc., except spec. from Acapam,
Guatemala).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 416,
part (Matamoros Lagoon and Tampico, Tamaulipas; City of Mexico?; Guana-
juato?; Rio Lagarto, Progreso, and Cozumel Island, Yucatan; Los Sabalos,
Nicaragua?; Trinidad; West Indies).—Rertser, Denkschr. Mat.-Nat. Kl. K.
Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1xxvi, 1910, 98 (Rio Sao Francisco and Ilha Grande, n. e.
Brazil).

R{hynchops} nigra CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2nd ed., 1884, 772.

Rhijnchops nigra TEMMINCK, Cat, Syst., 1807, 181.

Rhyncops nigra Sonntnt, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iii, 1816, 337.—GuNpbLAcH,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 180 (Cuba).

[Rhyncops] nigra GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 348 (Cuba).

Rhincops nigra BoNAPaRTE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 352.—Nurrauy, Man. Orn.
U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 264.—AupuBon, Birds Am., fol., iv, 1838,
pl. 323.

R{hincops| nigra Bonaparte, Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [207].

[Rynchops] fulva Linna&us, Syst. Nat., ed 10,1, 1758, 138 (Guiana; based on Ryng-
chopsalia fulva, rostro nigro, Barrére, ‘‘av. 10’’).—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii
1789, 611.

[Rhynchops nigra] 8. Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 803 (=R. fulva Linneeus).

Rihyncops] borealis Swarnson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 340 (new name for “niger
ALICE”) '

RYNCHOPS NIGRA INTERCEDENS (Saunders).

SOUTHERN SKIMMER.

Similar to #&. n. nigra, but averaging much larger, white of under
wing-coverts usually tinged with pale brownish gray (at least the more

°

454 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL: MUSEUM.

posterior ones), and usually (?) with more of brownish gray on
median portion of lateral rectrices.¢

Adult male.—Wing, 385-412 (402.8); tail, 112-133.5 (124.3); cul-
men, 74-83.5 (78.7); greatest depth of bill, 28.5-31 (29.8); tarsus,
33.5-37 (34.7); middle toe, 20.5-25 (23.3).°

Adult female.—Wing, 382; tail, 119.5; culmen, 66; greatest depth of
bill, 24.5; tarsus, 28; middle toe, 17.°

Seacoasts and larger inland waters of southern Brazil (Sao Paulo;
Iguapé, Sio Paulo; Santa Catarina; Rio Araguaya; Espirito Santo),
Paraguay (Rio Pilcomayo; La Paz, Jan. 29; Gran Chaco), Uruguay,
and Argentina (Buenos Aires; Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Avellaneda;
Rio Parana); also, Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America (San
Blas, Tepic; Rio Zacatula, Colima, April; Manzanillo, Colima, Feb. 11;
San Mateo, Oaxaca?; Acapiam, Guatemala, Jan.).?

4

a4An adult male from Paraguay, which in large size agrees closely with this form,
has the under wing-coverts wholly pure white and has no more gray on the lateral
rectrices than some specimens of R. n. nigra.

b Six specimens.

¢ One specimen.

Great-
ee tye sie euith |! eS el ete dale
Locality. Wangs Sr aileey Set cep Tarsus. oat
bill.
MALES.
Three adult males of R. n. intercedens Paraguay (2) |
andrsouthermpbrazil(1) a29 8 Sash ee seee ecto ccee 408.3 | 1285 | 82 30.5 34. 2 22.7
Three adult males of R. n. intercedens from Pacific
coast of Mexico (2)and Guatemala (1)-........-- ee S9653 Ne 20e24 10 tba 29.28) abu3 24
Tenmadult males of Runtsnign@a cent «sein lee se 2) 381.7 | 124.3 68. 1 28. 1 32.9 22.6
Two presumed adult males of RF. cinerascens ...-.-.---- 413.3 | 123.8 87.2 31.3 36 8
FEMALES. : |
Oneadult female of R. n. intercedensfrom Argentina....| 382 119.5 66 24.5 28 17
Four adult femalesof BR... Nigna scsims <n =. 213-3 sleee ctes'e 346 106.6 1255 22.9 27.6 18. 4
Seven presumed adult females of R. cinerascens -.....-- 377 117.4 67.1 24.9 35.7 20.7

Unfortunately none of the specimens of R. cinerascens and none of the South Ameri-
can examples of R. nigra intercedens have the sex determined; but each is readily
divisible into two series according to size, in ali probability representing males and
females, respectively, the sexual difference in size being almost certainly as well-
marked in these two forms as in R. nigra nigra.

@Notwithstanding the anomalous distribution outlined above, I am unable to dis-
tinguish satisfactorily specimens from the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America
(none have been examined, however, from the coast of Oaxaca) from true R. n.
intercedens. Most certainly they are not R.n. nigra nor R. cinerascens. Possibly a com-
parison of larger series from both the Atlantic coast of southern Brazil, etc., and Pacific
coast of Mexico and Central America may show differences suflicient to warrant the
subspecific separation of the latter.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 455

Rhynchops nigra (not Linnzeus) MaxpwiitaNn, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1833, 877
(Espirito Santo, s. Brazil)—Darwry, Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iti, 1839, 161
(coast Uruguay); ed. 1841, iii, 143, part (habits) —Harrnaus, Index Azara’s
Apunt., 1847, 26 (Paraguay).—BurmeErstErR, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856,
454; Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 267 (Rio Parana, Argentina); Reis. La Plata, ii,
1861, 250 (Rio Parana).—Sanvin, Ibis, 1865, 193 (Acapam, Guatemala); 1866,
200 (Acapam, Guatemala).—PrLzeELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 324, 461, part.—
ScLtaTer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 566, part (monogr.).—
LAWRENCE Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 318 (San Blas, Tepic; Rio Zaca-
tula, Colima).—Brrterscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 279 (Santa Catarina, s.
Brazil; synonymy; crit.); 1887, 37 (Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay), 126 (Para-
guay).—Wuire, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 628 (Buenos Aires)—SAUNDERs,
Cat. -Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 153, part (Acapam, Guatemala, Jan.).—
SaLvrin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 111, 1903, 416, part (San Blas,
Tepic; Rio Zacatula, Colima; San Mateo, Oaxaca?; Acapam, Guatemala).

Rynchops nigra DuRNFoRD, Ibis, 1877, 200 (Buenos Aires).

Rhynchops melanura (not of Swainson) Scrarer and Hupson, Argentine Orn., ii,
1889, 193.

Rhynchops intercedens SAUNDERS, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. 25, March, 1888,
p. xxvi (Sao Paulo, s. e. Brazil; coll. Brit. Mus.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxv, 1896, 155 (Sao Paulo and Santa Catarina, s. e. Brazil; Buenos Aires,
Argentina) —Kerrr, Ibis, 1901, 236 (Gran Chaco, Paraguay)—Harrert,
and Venturi, Novit. Zool., xvi, 1909, 254 (Avellaneda, etc., Argentina,
Dec.; crit.).

Rynchops intercedens Hetumayr, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 102 (Rio Araguaya,
Brazil; crit.).

[ Rhynchops] intercedens SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 138.—ForseEs and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 56.

Rhynchops nigra intercedens HERING, Revista Mus. Paulista, i11, 1899, 442 (Iguape,
Sao Paulo, s. Brazil); iv, 1900, 106 (Sao Paulo); vi, 1904, 344 (Paraguay).—
Bertoni, Fauna Parag., 1913, 38. ’

Rynchops nigra subsp. intercedens DABBENE, Orn. Argentina, July 16, 1910, 212.

RYNCHOPS CINERASCENS Spix.

DUSKY-TAILED SKIMMER.

Similar to R. nigra intercedens, but adults with under wing-coverts
wholly deep sooty gray, axillars light gray, secondaries very narrowly
tipped with white, and tail deep sooty, the rectrices (except middle
pair) very narrowly edged with whitish.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Forehead, entire loral, suborbital
and malar regions and under parts immaculate white, shading into
brownish gray or under tail-coverts which, however, are whitish on
margins; axillars and proximal under wing-coverts light brownish
gray, the remaining under wing-coverts much deeper brownish gray,
becoming blackish along edge of wing, the inner webs of remiges
deep brownish gray passing into dusky terminally; crown (including
posterior portion of forehead), occiput, nape, hindneck, auricular and
orbital regions (narrowly in front of and beneath eyes) and upper
parts generally plain black or sooty black, the secondaries narrowly
and not abruptly tipped with white, the lateral upper tail-coverts with

456 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

outer webs brownish gray passing into white or grayish white on
edges; tail deep brownish gray, the outer webs of rectrices narrowly
edged with whitish; basal half (approximately) of bill pale yellowish
or brownish (red in life ?), the terminal portion blackish; legs and feet
pale brownish (red in life’).

Immature.—‘‘Like the above [adult male in breeding plumage],
but with an irregular collar mottled with dull white, a mottled dark
brown crown and nape; some brownish streaks on the cheeks and
forehead.’’¢

Young.—‘‘Forehead and cheeks dirty white, profusely streaked
with brown; crown, nape, and upper surface dull umber-brown; the
features of the mantle, wings, and tail bordered and tipped with buff
and grayish white.” ¢

Adult male.—Wing, 400-430 (414.3); tail, 115-137 (123.8); culmen,
84.5-89 (87.2); greatest depth of bill, 31-31.5 (31.3); tarsus, 33.5-37.5
(36); middle toe, 23.5-24 (23.8).°

Adult female—Wing, 356-392 (377.6); tail, 109-126 (117.4):
culmen, 63-77 (67.1); greatest depth of bill, 23-28.5 (24.9); tarsus,
28.5-33.5 (31.4); middle toe, 18.5-23.5 (20.7).°

Coasts and inland waters of nearly the whole of South America,
from Colombia (Dique, Rio Magdalena), through Venezuela (mouth
of Rio San Juan; Caicara), British Guiana (Rupurumi River, Feb.;
Oururnei, Dec.), Dutch Guiana, Brazil (Amazon River; Mexiana
Island, Dec.; Rio Jurud, Sio Paulo; Sao Paulo), Paraguay (Colénia
Risso; near Puerta Braza), Argentina (San Vicente; Rio Amores,
Nov.; Rio de la Plata; Cape San Antonio; Ricacho Aucho), to Straits
of Magellan, and northward along the Pacific coast of Chile (Vina del
Mar, near Valparaiso; Coquimbo Bay, Nov.; Ancud; Chafaral;
island of Chiloe), Peru (Callao Bay; Chorillos) and Ecuador
(Babahoyo); also upper tributaries of the Amazon River in eastern
Ecuadér and eastern Peru (Rio Huallaga, at Yurimdguas, Nov.;
lower Rio Ucayali, breeding; upper Rio Ucayali), island of 'Trinidéd
(Port of Spain), and casual at Cozumel Island, Yucatan, and at
Lake Titicaca, Peru.

Rh{ynchops] nigra (not Rynchops nigra Linnzeus) LicHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl.,
1823, 80, part (Paraguay; cites ‘‘Coupeur d’eau Azar[a] 408”).

Rhynchops nigra Lesson, Man. d’Orn., 1828, 385 (Chile).—FRrasrr, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1843, 119 (Chile)—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844,
174.—Tscuupt1, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1846, 53, 307 (coast of Peru).—-ScLaTER,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 77 (e. Ecuador).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas,
Sternae, 1863, 39 (South America).—PELZELN, Reis. ‘ Novara’-Exped., 1865,
151 (Chile); Orn. Bras., 1870, 324, 461, part; Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1873,
159 (Callao, Peru).—Sciarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 18738, 310
(lower Rio Ucayali and Rio Huallaga, e. Peru).—Atten, Bull. Mus. Comp.

a Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 157.
>’ Three specimens, sex undetermined but almost certainly males.
¢ Seven specimens of undetermined sex but probably female.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 4907

Zool, iii, 1876, 359 (Lake Titicaca, Peru, 1 spec.).—TaczaANowsk1 and
Berterscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 120 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador).—
Puruirrr, Ornis, vol. 4, 1888, 160 (Chafiaral, coast n. Chile).

R{hynchops| nigra Tscuup1, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. i, 1844, 314
(Peru).

[Rhynchops] nigra Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 124, no. 11092, part.—Scrarer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 310, part (Upper Amazons).

Rhyncops nigra Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 384 (Dique, upper Rio Magdalena, Colombia).

Rhynchops cinerascens Sr1x, Av. Sp. Noy. Bras., ii, 1825, 80, pl. 102 (Rio Amazon,
Brazil).—ReEtcHENBAcH, Natatores, 1848, pl. 18, fig. 255.

Rhynchops nigra cinerascens? BeruterscH and Harrert Novit. Zool., ix, April,
1902, 132 (Caicara, Venezula; crit).

Rhynchops nigra cinerascens InERING, Revista Mus. Paulista, iv, 1904, 452 (Rio
Jurua, Sao Paulo, s. Brazil).—Brruerscn, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 310 (Suri-
nam; Brit. Guiana; mouth of Amazon River).—BrrEBeE, Zoologica, i, 1909, 74
(mouth of Rio San Juan, Venezuela).—Harrert and Venrurt, Novit. Zool.,
xvi, 1909, 254 (San Vicente and Rio Amores, Argentina, Noy.; crit.).

Rynchops nigra cinerascens HetimMayr, Abh. K. B. Akad. Wiss., ii KI., xxii.
Bd, iii. Abth., 1905, 715 (crit.).—DaBBene, Bol. Soc. Phys. Buenos Aires, i,
1913, 243 (Rio de la Plata).

Rynchops. nigra cinerascens (?) HetuMayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 55 (Port of
Spain, Trinidad; crit.).

Rynchops cinerascens DABBENE, Bol. Soc. Phys. Buenos Aires, i, 1913, 257 (San
Vicente and Rio Amores, Argentina).

[Rynchops| melanurus Swatnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 373 (founded on Anim,
Menag., no. 175).

Rhyncops melanurus Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 340, no. 175 (coast of
Demerara).

Rhynchops melanura REtcHENBACH, Natatores, Novit., 1850, lxviii, pl. 331, fig.
2623.—SciaTER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc: Lond., 1866, 201 (lower Rio
Ucayali; descr. eggs); 1867, 593; 1871, 566 (Mexiana Island, mouth of Amazon
River); Ibis, 1869, 284 (Ancud, Chiloe, and Straits Magellan). —TaczaNnowskI,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 562 (Chorillos, Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886,
437.—SAUNDERS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 522 (Coquimbo Bay, Chile;
crit.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 156 (Cozumel Island, Yucatan; Vene-
zuela; Brit. Guiana; Surinam; Mexiana Island; lower and upper Rio Ucayal,
and Yurimagus, Rio Huallaga, e. Peru; Straits Magellan and Coquimbo Bay,
Chile; Callao Bay, Peru).—Brrierscn and SrotzMANnn, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1892, 400 (Callao Bay, Peru).—Korntaswatp, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896,
39 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil)—Inerina, Revista Mus. Paulista, iv, 1900, 294
(descr. eggs).—Satvin and GopMAn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 417
(Cozumel Island; etc.).—Granrt (C. H. B.), Ibis, 1911, 470 (Cape San Antonio
and Riacho Aucho, Argentina, Dec., Aug.; Colonia Risso and near Puerta
Braga, Paraguay, Sept.). .

Rhlynchops| melanurus CaBANIS, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii, 1848,
761.

[Rhynchops] melanura PevzeLn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 461.—Ssarre, Hand-list, i,
1899, 138.—ForseEs and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899; 56
(Chile).

R{ynchops] melanura Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 49.

Rynchops melanura HotmBerea, Segundo censo Argentina, i, 1898, 559.

Rhynchops brevirostris Spix, Av. Sp. Nov. Bras., ii, 1825, 81, pl. 103 (Brazil) —
REICHENBACH, Natatores, 1848, pl. 18, fig. 256.

Rhynchops fulva (not Rynchops fulva Linnzeus) Born, Isis, 1844, 191 (Guiana).

458 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Family STERNID.

THE TERNS.

=Sternink BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List Birds Europe and N. Am. 1838, 61;
—LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 837, 858.—Carus.
Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 362.—CoveEs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 214,
Key, 1872, 317; 2d ed., 1884, 734, 754.—SciaTEeR and Satvin, Nom. Av.
Neotr., 1873, 147.—Barrp, Brewer, and RipGway, Water Birds N. Am.,
li, 1884, 196, 197.—SaunpErs, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, xiii, 3, 4.—
AMERICAN ORniTHOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check List, 1886, 92.—Gapow, in
Brona’s Thier-Reich, Vég., ii, 1891, 205.—BrEpparp, Struct. and Classif.
Birds, 1898, 356.—SuHArRPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, xiv, 133.—SatviIn and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1903, 397.—Know ton, Birds of the World,

. 1909, 390.
=Sternidae REICHENOW, Voge. Zool. Gart., 1, 1882, 27.

Medium-sized to very small Lari with the bill nearly straight,
relatively narrow (vertically), with terminal portion of culmen not
strongly if at all decurved, its depth at gonydeal angle usually less
(never more) than at middle of nostril, the exposed culmen at least
one and one-fourth times (sometimes nearly three times) as long as
tarsus; feet relatively small, the tarsus little if any more than one-
ninth (usually less than one-tenth, sometimes only one-nineteenth)
as long as wing; tail usually (often deeply, sometimes excessively)
forked, rarely graduated; thigh-muscle formula with B (except in
Gygis); expansor secundariorum muscle absent (except in Anous);
pterylosis typically charadriine.

The Sterniide are closely related to the Laridz, but seem to be
sufficiently distinct to merit family rank. Although single characters
often occur in both groups, every species is, nevertheless, distinctly
and unmistakably either a Tern or a Gull.

The Sternide are as arule birds of smaller size, lighter build, and
more graceful form and actions than the Laride, and obtain their
food in a different manner, pouncing suddenly on it from the air and
striking it with their sharp bills. From this habit the vernacular
name ‘‘Striker” is applied to them on the coast of Virginia and
elsewhere. Their nidification is closely similar to that of the Laride.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF STERNID.

a. Tarsus longer than first two phalanges of middle toe, more than one-fifteenth as
long as wing, more than one-third (usually one-half or more) as long as exposed
_culmen, the latter more or less decurved terminally; webs between anterior

toes not deeply incised; coloration not wholly white.
b. Tail simply forked (more or less deeply), the lateral pair of rectrices longest or

equal to the longest.
c. Frontal feathering advancing farthest anteriorly on sides of maxilla, where
forming a distinct (though sometimes obtuse) angle immediately behind
nostril.

|
|

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 459

d. Feet with webs occupying more than half the length of interdigital spaces;
tail much more than one-third as long as wing, forked for more than one-
fifth its length, the outer pair of rectrices narrowed and more or less acu-
minate terminally.

e. Feathers of occiput elongated, forming a distinct erectile crest; bill rela-
tively larger or longer.

f. Occipital feathers broad and blended; tarsus decidedly longer than
middle toe with claw; tail forked for less than, oae-fourth its length;
bill very stout, its greatest depth equal to about one-third the leneth
of exposed culmen; inner webs of primaries unicolored.

Hydroprogne (p. 460).

#. Occipital feathers narrow, acuminate (lanceolate); tarsus not longer

thaa middle toe with claw; tail forked for about half its length; bill
more slender, its greatest depth much less than one-third the length
of exposed culmen; inner webs of primaries bicolored.
Thalasseus (p. 466).
ee. Feathers of occiput not elongated; bill relatively smaller.

Jf. Bill relatively shorter and much stouter, its greatest depth equal to
nearly one-third the length of exposed culmen; gonys much shorter
than mandibular rami; tail forked for only one-third its length; tarsus
decidedly longer than middle toe with claw...Gelochelidon (p. 478).

J. Bill relatively longer and much more slender, its greatest depth less

than one-fourth the length of exposed culmen; gonys nearly to quite
as long as mandibular rami; tail forked for half its length, or more;

tarsus not longer (usually shorter) than middle toe with claw.
g. Tail more than half as long as wing; size larger (wing 230 mm. or more).
; Sterna (p. 485).¢
gg. Tail not more than half as long as wing; smaller (wing not more than
ABOMIMIM) Sead oes elon fae ee OE oe Sternula (p. 520).
dd. Feet with webs occupying less than half the length of the interdigital
spaces; tail little if any more than one-third as long as wiag, forked for
less than one-fifth its length the lateral rectrices broad and rounded
Corminadlin ers shove OLE ewe ih Sead Hydrochelidon (p. 526).
cc. Frontal feathering advancing farthest duteriérly on or near base of culmen (if
forming an obvious lateral angle this very short and obtuse and placed much

above level of nostril).

d. Frontal feathering slightly concave or indented at base of culmen; gonys
much shorter than mandibular rami; no plumes on sides of head; under
parts white.

e. Tail much more than half as long as wing, forked for more than half its
length, the lateral rectrices narrow and acuminate; inner webs of pri-
Bistied WHlCOlOred es. ass J. en a aut ee Seena (extralimital).?

ee. Tail much less than half as long as wing (but little more than one-third),
forked for less than one-third its length, the lateral rectrices broad
and only subacuminate at tips; inner webs of primaries bicolored.

Phaétusa (p. 540).

9 Tacluding Onychoprion, which I am unable to separate generically.

> Seena Blyth, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc., 1849, 291 (type, by tautonymy, Sterna
seena Sykes).—Potamochelidon Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus.
Hein. Orn., 1890, 355 (to replace Seena Blyth, on grounds of purism, Torayés,
river; xeddwv, a swallow; Richmond.)

India to Malacca. (Monotypic.)

460 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

dd, Frontal feathering forming a straight line across base of culmen; gonys
longer than mandibular rami; a slender, recurved, auricular plume on
each side of head; under parts dark-colored.

Larosterna (extralimital).¢
bb. Tail both forked and graduated, the lateral rectrices much shorter than the
longest, sometimes shorter than middle pair.

c. Lateral rectrices shorter than middle pair; middle toe, ithe claw, much
shorter than exposed culmen; coloration sooty above and below, cake the |
puleum and hindneck (wholly or in part) white or gray.

d, Gonys shorter than mandibular rami; tail more graduated, the lateral
rectrices conspicuously shorter than middle pair, the third or fourth
pars (from,outside) lonpest. ss.,<.5 + 2c: secese gp cies Ae Anous (p. 544).

dd. Gonys much longer than mandibular rami; tail less graduated, the
lateral rectrices not conspicuously shorter than middle pair, the
second, or second and third, pairs (from outside) longest.

Megalopterus (p. 552).
cc. Lateral rectrices longer than middle pair; middle toe, without claw, longer
than exposed culmen; coloration bluish gray, paler on head, neck, and

under parts. ...... Procelsterna (extralimital).>
aa. Tarsus not longer than first two phalanges of middle toe, only about one-nine-
teenth as long as wing, less than one-third as long as exposed culmen, the latter
straight to the acute (sometimes slightly recurved) tip; webs between anterior
toes deeply incised; coloration wholly white (except shafts of remiges and
rectrices). Gygis (p. 557).

Genus HYDROPROGNE Kaup.

Hydroprogne Kaur, Skizz Entw.-Ges, Eur. Thierw., 1829, 91. (Type, as desig-
nated by Gray, 1846, Sterna caspia Pallas.)
Sylochelidon Bren, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 767. (Type, by original designa-

tion, Sterna caspia Pallas.)

Helopus WaauxEr, Isis, 1832, 1224. (Type, by original designation, Sterna caspia
Pallas.)

Pontochelidon Hoaa, Edinb. New Philos. Journ., xl, no. 81, July, 1846, 55, 69.
(Type, as designated by Mathews, 1915, Sterna caspia Pallas; see Mathews,
Austral Avian Rec., ii, 1915, 133.)

Heroprogne ButuER, Suppl. Birds New Zealand, i, 1905, 157. (Misspelling only.)

Very large (the largest of) Sternide (wing 400-423 mm.) with
large, stout bill, slightly forked tail, and with occipital feathers
elongated but blended (not lanceolate).

Bill relatively large and very stout, its depth at base equal to nearly
half the distance from anterior end of nostril to tip of maxilla or
nearly one-third the length of exposed culmen, the latter about as
long as combined length of tarsus and first two phalanges of middle

aNoene irae a Efenhions: 18 329) Boie, Isis, 1844, 189 (type, by monotypy,
Sterna inca Lesson).—Sternolophota ‘‘ Lesson,’’ Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xliii, no.
21, Nov., 1856, 993.—Larosterna Blyth, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc., 1849 (1852),
293 (type, by monotypy, Sterna inca Lesson).—Jnca (not of Lepeletier and Serville,
1825) Jardine, Contr. Orn., 1850, 33 (type, by tautonymy, Sterna inca Lesson).

Coasts of Chile and Peru. (Monotypic.)

b Procelsierna Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool. (2), Ois., pl. 29 and descr. (type, P.
tereticollis Lafresnaye=Sterna cxerulea F. D. Bennett).

Southern Pacific Ocean, north to Hawaiian group. (Three species.)

|

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 461

toe,. the gonys more than half as long as mandibular rami; nostril
considerably anterior to latero-frontal antia, narrowly elliptical,
longitudinal; latero-frontal antia nearer to vertical line from mental
antia than to that from malar antia. Wing long and pointed, the
longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by nearly
twice the distance from tips of the latter to bend of wing. Tail a
little more than one-third as long as wing, forked for between one-
fourth and one-third its length, or even less, the rectrices (except
middle pair) contracted terminally, especially the outermost pair, but
not acuminate. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, nearly
half as long as bill from rictus; anterior toes fully webbed.

Plumaye and coloration.—Occipital feathers distinctly but not con-
spicuously elongated, soft and blended. Adults pale gray above
with black pileum, under parts immaculate white; inner webs of
primaries unicolored, or at least not distinctly bicolored; bill red;
downy young unspotted.

Range.—Nearly cosmopolitan, but wanting in Central and Sou
America, West Indies, and Pacific islands. (Monotypic.)

HYDROPROGNE CASPIA (Failas).

CASPIAN TERN.

Adults wn breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Enti r= pileum, including
upper half of lores and auricular region and part,of suborbital region,
uniform deep black, the lower eyelid with a crescentic streak of white;
rest of upper parts pallid neutral gray, fading into white on upper
tail-coverts, the tail grayish white; inner webs of primaries uniform
dark hoary gray or slate color; rest of plumage immaculate pure
white; bill deep coral red, duller subterminally, the tip orange or ©
yellowish; iris dark brown; legs and feet black.

Adults in post-nuptial plumage.—Similar to the breeding plumage
but black on pileum more or less intermixed with white.

Adults in winter.—Similar to the post-nuptial plumage but with
pileum, ete., streaked with white; bill more orange-red.

Young.—Upper parts pale grayish with a few roundish or more or
less hastate spots of dusky, largest on tertials; pileum grayish white,
the crown flecked with black, this increasing in extent posteriorly
until nearly uniform dull black on occiput and nape; rectrices with
a subterminal spot of dusky; under parts white; bill dull orange-
reddish, more dusky terminally or subterminally.

Downy young.—Upper parts grayish white, the down of pileum
dusky gray beneath surface; back and rump finely and indistinctly
mottled with grayish; throat and foreneck uniform pale grayish, the
remaining under parts white.

462 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male.—Wing, 400-422 (411.1); tail, 130-150 (137.9); exposed
culmen, 65-75 (69.4); tarsus, 40.5-46 (43.2); middle toe, 31.5-36
(S455 Ee

Adult female.—Wing, 404-423 (416); tail, 135-148 (140.2); exposed
culméen, 64-70 (67.5); tarsus, 40-44 (42.4); middle toe, 32.5-34
(3374) 2

Nearly cosmopolitan, but not recorded from Japan, Greenland,
Iceland, nor Pacific islands; in North America breeding in Mackenzie
(mouth of Mackenzie River; Great Slave Lake), coast of southern
Labrador, islands of northern Lake Michigan (Gravel Island, etc.),
coast of Virginia (Cobb’s Island, formerly at least), coast of South
Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas (Padre Island), and
southern Oregon (Lower Klamath Lake; Tule Lake), probably also
(at least formerly) Utah (Great Salt Lake) and Nevada (Sink of
Humboldt River); occurs irregularly or casually nearly throughout
North America (locally), northwestward to Yukon Valley and St.
Michaels, Alaska, on James Bay, and in Newfoundland; winters
on South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States and on Pacific
coast from central California to Colima, western Mexico; in Eastern
Hemisphere breeding in Albania (Dobrudscha), shores and islands of
Caspian Sea, western Africa (mouth of Zambesi River), Australia, and
Tasmania, and occurs, irregularly or locally, from about latitude 60°
N. to southern Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, Australia, Tasmania,
New Zealand, ete. :

Sterna caspia Pattas, Novi Gomm. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop., xiv, pt. i, 1770, 582.
pl. 22, fig. 2 (Caspian Sea); Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 332.—BrcusTEIn,
Naturg. Deutschl’, ii, 1791, 825.—Rerzrus, Fauna Suecica, 1800, 164.—
TEMMINCK, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 476; ed. 2, 1820, 738; 4me pte, 1840,
454.—Niisson, Fauna Suecica, 1817, 155.—Vinittot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist.
Nat., xxxli, 1819, 177.—Breum, Beitr. Vogelk., iii, 1822, 630; Lehrb. Eur.

a — = = — a a i ee =

aTen specimens. b Four specimens.
beng
Ex- :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| aiddle
culmen. ;
ee ae = TP bcl Se AR Ge | REE
MALES.
|
Oneladult male from: Germany -.J.055c: sc cota cnsene seek ee 400 136.5 69 40.5 34.5
One adult male from Algeria. .............2.-.-. Ch RRC ae 416 140.5 75 43 33.5
One adult male from Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie. ......-...-. | 402 | 145 68 43.5 35
Five adult males from eastern United States................... 415.2 | 132.6 69. 3 42. 6 | 34.3
One adult male from California (Tule Lake, July 8)............ 411 144 67 46 35
One adult male from Sonora (Colorado River, March 28)....... 416 150 69 46 36
FEMALES. |
One adult female from Great Slave Lake...............2...... 416 | 148 64 ASS 54 32.5
Three adult females from eastern United States................ 416 | 137.7 68.7 42 33.7
! |

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 463

Vég., 1824, 680.—SrerHENS, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1825, 146.—
WerneER, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, pl. 2—Aupourn, Hist. Nat. Egypte, 1826,
pl. 9, fig. 1; in Expl. Sonnini, 2d ed., 1828, 416—Lesson, Traité d’Om.,
1831, 622.—Sexsy, Brit. Birds, ii, 1833, 463.—Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr.,
1835, 264.—Eyron, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 54.—Gou.p, Birds Europe, v, 1837,
pl. 414 and text.—Naumann, Voég. Deutschl., x, 1840, 18, pl. 248.—Scuinz,
Eur. Faun., i, 1840, 370.—Macerriivray, Man. Brit. Birds, pt. ii, 1842, 230.—
Se.ys-Lonecuamps, Faune Belge, 1842, 149.—Y arre x1, Brit. Birds, iii; 1843,
385; ed.2, iii, 1845, 493.—ScuiEGEL, Rev. Crit.,1844, p. exxviii; Vog. Nederl.,
1854, 612, pl. 360; Dier. Neder]. Vogels, 1861, 241; Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 24,
1864, 13.—Hewrrson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1846, 421, pl. 97.—ReicHENBACH,
Natatores, 1848, pl. 18, figs. 258-260.—Dra@xLanpb, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 337.—
KyaerBoitinG, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 326, pl. 40A; Suppl., 1854, pl. 20, figs.
1, 2.—Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Expl. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 335 (Atlantic
coast United States); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 682.—HartLavuB, Orn.
W.-Afr., 1857, 253 (Gambia); Fauna Madag., 1861, 85 (Madagascar); Vog.
Madag., 1877, 382.—LAwreENc®, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
859.—LINDERMAYER, V6g. Griechenl., 1860, 81.—VeErRILL, Proc. Essex Inst.,
lii, 1862, 161 (Maine).—Rappe, Reis. Sibir., Vég., 1863, 388.—BLakisTon,
Ibis, 1863, 153 (Mackenzie River).—Satvaport, Ucc. Sard., 1865, 120.—
Layarp, Birds S. Africa, 1867, 269.—DrGLaNp and GERBE, Orn. Eur., i,
1867, 448.—Etwes and Bucktey, Ibis, 1870, 337 (coast Albania; breeding
on marshes of Dobrudscha).—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 4388 (e.
Siberia).—Frscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 364 (New Zealand); 1872, 253 (New
Zealand).—Finscuw and Harriaus, Vég. Ost-Afr., 1870, 826.—GuRNEY, in
Andersson’s Birds Damara-Land, 1872, 359; Zoologist, 1887, 457 (England ).—
Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 167.—SuHeE.ey, Birds Egypt, 1872, 296.—
Heveauin, Orn. N.O.-Afr., Bd. ii, pt. 2, 1873, 1434.—Patmén, Finlands Fogl.,
1873, 564.—BrookgE, Ibis, 1873, 345 (Sardinia)—Covugs, Check List, 1873,
no. 591; 2d ed., 1882, no. 793; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 62 (Cincin-
nati, Ohio, 3 specs., Oct. 9, 1882; Little Miami River, Ohio, Oct. 15).—
SauNnvDErRS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 656 (monogr.).—DresseEr, Birds
Europe, viii, 1877, 289, pl. 584.—SrEnnetrT,, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv.
Terr., iv, 1878, 65 (Galveston, Texas).—Tayntor, Ibis, 1878, 374 (Port Said
and Damietta, Egypt)—HensnHaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 243
(Cobbs Island, Virginia, breeding; descr. downy young).—BoarpMan, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 64 (Lake Jesup, Florida, March).—Rieway, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 221 (Cobbs Island, Virginia, breeding; descr. nest
and eggs); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 680.—Lracr, Birds Ceylon,
1880, 1008.—PrarsatL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 63 (Cobbs
Island, Virginia, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—NeEtson, Cruise of ‘Cor-
win,’ in 1881 (1883), 109 (mouth of Yukon River, rare; not north of St.
Michael’s Alaska).—MinrnNe-Epwarps and GranpipirER, Hist. Nat. Madag.,
Ois., 1882, 650.—SeEBoHM, Ibis, 1882, 230 (Seal Islands, Caspian Sea, breed-
ing); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 268.—BririsH OrnirHOoLoaists’ UNION,
List Brit. Birds, 1883, 182.—SuHeEtiey, Ibis, 1883, 562 (Bonny River, w.
Africa).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884,
280.—SuHarpPe, ed. Layard’s Birds 8. Africa, 1884, 703; Rep. Voy. ‘Alert,’
1884, 28.—Durcuer, Auk, i, 1884, 34 (Shinnecock Bay, Long Island, Sept.,
1882; six specs.).—TurNeER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 252 (Moose Fac-
tory, Ontario) —Saunperrs, Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 625.—REIcHENOW, Syst.
Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 62; Vég. Deutsch. Ost-Afr., 1894, 20.—Litrorp,
Ibis, 1889, 347 (Cyprus).—GArKE, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 586.—FrRiva.p-
sky, Av. Hung., 1891, 179.—MaparAsz, Ausst. Ung. Vogelf., 1891, 121.—

464 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Koenie, Journ. fiir Orn., 1893, 96 (Tunis) —AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union Commirrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 99; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910,
p. 42.—Posson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 193 (Kendall, w. New York, Sept.,
1890).—BeryeEr, Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 86 (resident on coast
of Louisiana).—BreEwsteEr, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, no. 1, 1902, 23 (La
Paz, Lower California, Jan. 25; crit.)—Howez, Auk, xix, 1902, 91 (Ipswich,
Massachusetts, Sept. 6, 1901).—Poaas, Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 388 (n. e. China).
—Wanrp (H. L.), Bull. Wisc. Nat. Hist. Soc., iv, 1906, 113-133 (Gravel Island,
Lake Michigan, breeding; breeding habits, etc.) —TavERNER and SwALss,
Wilson Bull., no. 59, 1907, 50 (Point Pelee, Ontario, May, Aug., Sept.).—F1n-
LEY, Condor, ix, 1907, 97, in text (Lower Klamath and Tule Lakes, s. Oregon,
breeding).—LinTon, Condor, x, 1908, 196 (Buena Vista and Kern Counties,
California, May, June).—PreEBLE, N. Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 271 (breeding
n. to mouth of Mackenzie River).—Taverner, Auk, xxv, 1908, 327 (Lake St.
Clair, Michigan, April 26).—Jonzs, Wilson Bull., xxi, 1909, 70 (Sandusky
Bay, Ohio, Sept. 13 and 23, 1907, and May 4 and 12, 1908).—Brooks (A.),
Auk, xxix, 1912, 252 (Okanagan Lake, British Columbia, July 8, 1910).—
Lano, Auk, xxix, 1912, 389 (Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, 8 specs., Sept. 29,
1911).—SHarpuess, Auk, xxx, 1913, 105 (near West Chester, Pennsylvania, 2
specs., Sept. 28, 1912).—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 23 (Cali-
fornia; winter visitor and migrant coastwise and in interior).

[Sterna] caspia GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1789, 603.—LarHam, Index Orn., ii,
1790, 803.—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 120, no. 11050.—Covurs, Key N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 319.

Siferna] caspia KeysERLING and Buasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xcvii, 246.—
Hartiaus, Journ. fir Orn., 1860, 175 (Madagascar).

S[terna] caspia Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 391 (Illinois).—NeEtson,
Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 147 (Lake Michigan, near Chicago, migrant and
winter visitant; Waukegan, Illinois, June 9, 1876).

Thalasseus caspius Bore, Ibis, 1822, 563.—Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1862, 537 (monogr.); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 308 (New England).—Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New York City).—Extror,
New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. 4, 1867 (vol. ii), pl. 56 and text.—O.pH-
GALLIARD, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid., livr. x, 1886, 5.—Sanvaport,
Ucc. Ital., 1887, 274.

Hydroprogne caspia Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 91, 196.—F rirscu, Vog. Eur., 1870,
454, pl. 54, fig. 11—Govu.p, Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, pl. 68 and text.— -
SaunpeErs, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 32.—Sanvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903,401 (Mazatlan and Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—
Harrert, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 199 (Lewis Island, n. w. Australia).—
Martuews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, 1912, pl. [105] facing p. 333.

[ Hydroprogne]| caspia SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 134.—ForBrs and RoBinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 53 (Egypt; Persia; Gambia; Amoy,
China; Actaeon Island, Tasmania; New Zealand).

Sylochelidon caspia Bream, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 770.—Bonaparre, Geog. and
Comp. List, 1838, 62; Cat. Ucc. Eur., 1842, 72.—Macaiiuivray, Brit. Birds,
v, 1852, 626.—Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 345.—Jerpon, Birds India, ii, 1864,
835.—GouLp, Handb. Birds Australia, ii, 1865, 392.—Locur, Expl. Sci.
Algér., Ois., ii, 1867,196.—Satvaport, Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871, 278.—SwinHOoE,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 421 (China).—Hotpsworrta, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1871, 480 (Ceylon).—Lerae@s, Ibis, 1875, 407 (s. Ceylon).—TaczaNnow-
ski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 261 (e. Siberia) —Davip and OUSTALET,
Ois. Chine, 1877, 522.—Ramsay, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 347 (n. e.
Queensland).—Guie tout, Ibis, 1881, 217(Cazliari, Italy); Avif. Ital., 1886, 411.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 465

Sylochelidon caspius LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., v, 1852, 37 (Long Island; New
Jersey; crit.).

Hel{opus] caspius WaauER, Ibis, 1832, 1224.

Sterna ( Thalasseus) caspia Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 667 (monogr.).

S[terna] (T)[halasseus] caspia Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 757.

[Sterna caspia] 8 GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 604.—LarHam, Index Orn.,
ii, 1790, 804.

Sterna caspica SPARRMAN, Mus. Carls., ii, fasc. 3, 1788, no. 62.—Powys, Ibis, 1860,
356 (Corfu; Epirus).—Krirx, Ibis, 1864, 337 (mouth of Zambesi River,
Africa, breeding).—K®.iER, Orn. Carinthiae, 1890, 306.

Sylochelidon caspica RetcHENBAcH, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 4; Longipennes,
1852, 5. :

Thalasseus caspicus ROCHEBRUNE, Faun. Sénégal, Ois, 1884, 336.

Hydroprogne caspica Kaur, Sk. Entw. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 91.

Sterna tschegrava LerEcHiIn,® Nov. Comm. Petrop., xiv, pt. i, 1770, 500, pl. 18,
fig. 2 (south Russia). AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886,
and 2d ed., 1895, no. 64.—NeEtson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 58
(mouth of Yukon River and near St. Michaels, occasional visitant).—Brcx-
HAM, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 644 (Corpus Christi, etc., Texas).—
Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 101 (Nueces Bay, Texas).—WuiTE,
Auk, x, 1893, 222 (Lake Michigan).—Harrison, Wilson Bull., no. 12, 1897,
8 (La Crescent, Minnesota, 8 specs., Sept. 14, 20 specs. Sept. 15, 1896).

Hydroprogne tschegrava tschegrava Matuews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20,
1912, 337 (shores of Caspian Sea, breeding).

Larus atricilla (not of Linnzeus) GMELIN (S. G.), Nov. Comm. Petrop., xv, 1771,
478, pl. 22, fig. 2 (Tscherkask).

Sterna megarhynchos Woutr and Mryer, Voég. Deutschl., ii, 1805, 33 and fig.—
MEYER and Wotr, Taschenb. Deutsch. V6g., ii, 1810, 457 and fig.

Sterna schillingi Bren, Beitr. Vogelk., iii, 1822, 641, pl. 4; Lehrb. Eur. Vég.,
1824, 681.

Sylochelidon schillingi Breum, Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 770; Vogelf., 1855, 345;
Naumannia, 1855, 295.

Sylochelidon balthica Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 769; Vogelf., 1855, 345;
-Naumannia, 1855, 295.

Thalassites melanotis SwAINnson, Birds West Africa, ii, 1837, 253 (w. Africa; type
now in coll. Cambridge [England] Mus.).

Sylochelidon melanotis Bots, Isis, 1844, 186.

[Sylochelidon] melanotis BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772.

Sterna melanotis Harttaus, Orn. West-Afr., 1857, 254.—Forsgs, Ibis, 1883, 500
(Bonny; large colony).

Sylochelidon macrorhyncha Borg, Isis, 1844, 186.

Sylochelidon strenwus Gouup, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., (pub. May) 1846, 21 (s.
coasts Australia; Bass Straits and Tasmania, breeding; coll. J. Gould?); Birds
Australia, vii, 1848, pl. 22 and text.—RricuenBacn, Vég. Neuholl., ii, 1850,
9, 346.

[Sylochelidon] strenua BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772.

Hydroprogne tschegrava strenua Matuews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20,
1912, 333, 337 (Australia).

Sterna cayana (not of Latham) Ricnwarpson, Journ. Boat-Voy., i, 1851, 87, 155
(Great Slave Lake, breeding).

Sterna major Exuman, Zool., 1861, 7472 (New Zealand).

a Lepechin has anteriority over Pallas (see Sterna caspia Pallas), but of the six species
described in his paper only three are binomial.

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8——31

466 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Thalasseus imperator Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Dec., 1862, 538, in text
(North America, but neither type locality nor type indicated).
S[terna] . . . caspia, var. imperator Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y., x, Jan.,

1874, 391 (Illinois).

Sterna caspia var. imperator Merrit (J. C.), Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 172
(Padre Island, Texas, breeding).

Sterna caspia . . . imperator Cours, Check List; 1873, no. 561.

Hydroprogne tschegrava imperator MaTHEwS, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20,
1912, 337 (North America).

Sterna regia (not of Gambel) Rmeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 173 (Great Salt
Lake, Utah, summer); vii, 1875, 16 (Truckee Valley, Nevada, May), 23 (Sink
of Humboldt River, Nevada, summer); Orn. Fortieth Parallel, 1877, 639
(Sink of Humboldt, Great Salt Lake, etc.).

Genus THALASSEUS Boie.

Thalasseus Bots, Isis, vili, 1822, 563. (Type as designated by Wagler, 1832,
Sterna cantiaca Gmelin.=S. sandvicensis Lathma. )

Thallasseus (emendation) Born, Isis, vill, 1822, 880.

Actochelidon Kaur, Skizz. Entw.-Ges. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 31. (Type by mono-
typy, Sterna cantiaca Gmelin=S. sandvicensis Latham.)

Pelecanopus WAGLER, Isis, 1832, 277, 1225. (Type, Sterna pelecanoides King=
Sterna bergii Lichtenstein.)

Pelanopus (emendation) Gray, Hand-list Birds, iii, 1871, 120.

Large to very large Sternide (wing 268-391 mm.) with long and
moderately stout to rather slender bill, deeply forked tail with lateral
rectrices attenuated, occipital feathers elongated, lanceolate, form-
ing a distinct crest, and inner webs of primaries distinctly bicolored.

Bill long and relatively rather (sometimes decidedly) slender, its
depth at base equal to between one-fourth and one-third the dis-
tance from anterior end of nostril to tip of maxilla, the exposed
culmen decidedly to much longer than combined length of tarsus
and middle toe with claw; gonys shorter to much longer than
mandibular rami; nostril close to but not in contact with latero-
frontal antia, linear or narrowly elliptical, longitudinal; latero-frontal
antia intermediate in position between malar and mental antiz, but
rather nearer the latter. Wing long and pointed, the longest primary
(outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by more than twice the dis-
tance from tips of the latter to bend of wing. Tailnearly to more than
half as long as wing, forked for a little less to decidedly more than
half its length, the lateral rectrices slender and attenuated, but not
acuminate, terminally. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe
without claw; webs between anterior toes slightly but distinctly
incised.

Plumage and coloration.—Occipital and nuchal feathers conspicu-
ously elongated and lanceolate, forming a distinct erectile crest.
Adults with pileum uniform black, the forehead and crown mostly
white in breeding season; upper parts pale gray; under parts, rump,
and tail white, the first often tinted with eosine pink; inner webs of
primaries distinctly bicolored. Downy young with upper parts
streaked or longitudinally flecked with blackish

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 467

Range.—Cosmopolitan, in warmer regions, mostly on sea-coasts,
(About seven species, four of them American.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THALASSEUS (ADULTS ONLY).

a. Bill red or yellow.

b. Larger (wing 358-393); billred. (Coasts of United States, northward regularly to
Virginia and California; southward to Brazil and Peru; also west coast of
ATTICA VIPING cas She ee aa ae eh aoe asta n.n c= Thalasseus maximus (p. 467).

bb. Smaller (wing much less than 350).

c. Bill orange-red; gonydeal angle faranterior to nostril. (Pacific coast of America

fromm @alitormmia, to Chiles), bo. -c264-<-%02 se=e 2 Thalasseus elegans (p. 472).

cc. Bill lemon yellow; gonydeal angle very little anterior to nostril. (Atlantic
coast of South America, from Venezuela to Patagonia.)

Thalasseus eurygnathus (p. 474).

aa. Bill black, usually tipped with yellowish or whitish. (Thalasseus sandvicensis.)

b. White edging to three or four outer primaries much wider, extending quite to
tip; wing and tail averaging decidedly longer? (Western and southern Europe
and eastward to Caspian Sea; south in winter to Persian Gulf and Cape of
Good Hope.)...........Thalasseus sandvicensis sandvicensis (extralimital).¢

bb. White edging to three or four outer primaries much narrower, usually not

extending to tip, which is occupied by an extension of the dark gray inner
stripe; wing and tail averaging decidedly shorter? (Southern Atlantic and
Gulf coasts of United States and Mexico; in winter, both coasts of Mexico
and Central America, Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and southward to Brazil and
Siplompias 5. - > a ses. eteiaaess Thalasseus sandvicensis acuflavidus (p. 476).

THALASSEUS MAXIMUS (Boddaert).
ROYAL TERN.

Adults in breeding?) plumage (sexes alike).—Entire pileum, includ-
ing occipital crest, nape, and upper half of lores, uniform deep black;
rest of head and neck, under parts, rump, upper tail-coverts, and
edge of wing immaculate pure white; back, scapulars and wings pale

a[ Sterna] sandvicensis Latham, Gen. Syn., Suppl. i, 1787, 296 (Kent, etc.) —[Sterna]
cantiaca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 606 (near Sandwich, England; based on Sand-
wich Tern Latham, Synop., vi, 356; etc.).—Sterna cantiaca Temminck, Man. d’Orn.,
1815, 479; Werner, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, pl.3; Gould, Birds Eur., v, 1837, pl. 415 and
text; Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., x, 1840, 50, pl. 250; Schlegel, Vog. Nederl., 1854,
611, pl. 359; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 569, part (monogr.);
Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 653, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxv, 1896, 75, part; Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1877, 301, pl. 586.— Thalasseus can-
teacus Boie, Isis, viii, 1822, 563.—Thallasseus cantiaca Boie, Isis, viii, 1822, 880.—
Aciochelidon cantiaca Kaup, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 31, 196; Gould, Birds Great
Brit., v, 1873, pl. 69 and text.—Thalasseus cantianus Brehm, Naumannia, 1855,
295.—[Sterna] boysii Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 806 (new name for S. cantiaca
Gmelin).—Sterna boysii Temminck, Cat. Syst:, 1807, 184.—Sterna stubberica Otto,
in German ed. Buffon’s Hist: Nat. Ois., xxx, 1790, 104.—(?) Sterna columbina
Schranck, Fauna Boica, i, 1798, 232.—Sterna canescens Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb.,
li, 1810, 458.—Thalasseus canescens Brehm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 776.—Thalasseus
candicans Brehm, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 777.—Thalasseus pauli de wurlemberg
Brehm, Vogelf., 1855, 346 (Greece).—Sterna sandvicensis sandvicensis Baird, Brewer
and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 289, footnote (ex Sterna sandvicensis
Latham, Synop. Suppl., i, 1787, 296); American Ornithologists’ Union, Check List,
1910, 43.

468 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

gray (pallid neutral gray, sometimes approaching pale neutral gray),
the outer web of outermost primary darker gray ; inner webs of prima-
ries with a deep or dark gray broad stripe next to shaft, this dark
gray continued across tips and for some distance along inner edge,
the remainder white; tail grayish white, more or less tinged with pale
gray; bill orange or reddish orange; iris dark brown; legs and feet
black.

Adults in post-nuptial plumage.-—Similar to the above but whole
forehead and fore part of crown white, only the occipital crest, nape,
and posterior portion of crown being black.

Adults in winter.—Similar to the post-nuptial(?) plumage, but
black of occiput and nape also intermixed, more or less, with white,
and bill paler orange.

Young.—Somewhat like winter adults, but upper parts sparsely
spotted with dusky grayish brown, these spots largest on tertials;
rectrices deep grayish brown or dusky subterminally; pileum speckled
or flecked with white or dusky, the occipital crest but slightly de-
veloped.

Downy young.—Pale creamy buff, fading into white on chest,
breast, and abdomen; upper parts streaked or irregularly flecked
with black; bill pale yellowish or dullivory whitish, more horn colored
at tip; legs and feet grayish.

Adult male.—Wing, 360-382 (371); tail, 147.5-192 (171.9); exposed
culmen, 59-68 (64.1); tarsus, 29.5-34.5 (81.8); middle toe, 25-28
(26.8)?

Adult female.—Wing, 357-393 (374); tail, 130-196.5 (167.5); ex-
posed culmen, 57.5-67 (62.7); tarsus, 30-34.5 (32.6); middle toe,
24.5-28.5 (27.1).°

a This species, sometimes at least, breeds in this plumage, which indeed, may be
the true breeding plumage. A colony of several thousand pairs which I found breed-
ing (the eggs freshly laid) on Cobbs Island, Virginia, early in July, 1880, consisted of
birds which were all, so faras could be determined, with white forehead and fore crown.

b Ten specimens.

c Highteen specimens.

5 Cul-

: Middle
Locality. Wing. Tail. | men: Tarsus.) too.
|
MALES. | |
Three adult maies from Virginia and South Carolina........... 372 | 183.8 | 66.7 32.7 27.7
One adult male from Bahamas (Andros Island, June).......... 371 | 181.5) 59 | 205 25.5
Three adult males from Lower California (January, August)...| 366.7 | 153.5 | 64.8 34.3 27.2
One adult male from Tres Marias Islands (May 31)............. 374 | 186 | 66.5 | 34 27.5
' Two adult males from Yucatan (Arcas Keys, June)..........-- $74.5 |) 170 | 60.5.) 31.7.) 25.5

FEMALES.

Nine adult females from Virginia to Florida................... 369.9 | 166.9

|. igri eB Bal tte
One adult female from Cuba (Mariel, May 11).................. 367. | 189 | 61> Ainsst? 24.5
Three adult females from southern California.......2.......... 384.3] 164.2| 64.3] 33.7 27.3
Three adult females from Lower California (January, August)...} 373.3 | 160.3 | 64, 2 | 34 27.3

Two adult females from Sinaloa (Mazatlan, March)............ 381.5 | 175 | 63iey | seen: | hell

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 469

Coasts of tropical and warm-temperate America and west coast of
Africa; breeding northward to coast of Virginia (Cobbs Island) and
along Gulf coast of United States, from Florida to Texas (Padre
Island; Galveston Bay); no certain record of breeding on Pacific
coast; casual northward (as straggler) to Pennsylvania (Chester
County), coast of New Jersey, Massachusetts (Nantucket Island,
July 1, 1874), Michigan (Mackinac Island)” and Wisconsin;® on
Pacific side northward to Tomales Bay, California (said to have
formerly bred on San Miguél Island), and southward to Peru (Payta,
Jan.; Tumbez; Santa Lucia); on Atlantic side occurs throughout
West Indies, on Trinidad and islands of Curac¢ao, Aruba, and Bonaire,
and along coast of South America as far as southern Brazil (Rio de
Janeiro, July; Santa Catarina, Aug.; Rio Parahyba; Sio Paulo;
Iguapé, Sao Paulo; Sapituba) and Argentina (estuary of Rio de la
Plata; Tuya, March); also occurs in winter along Atlantic coast of
Africa, from Morocco (Tangier) to Angola.

Sterna maxima BopparErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 58, no. 988 (Cayenne; based on
Hirondelle de Mer, de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., ix, pl. 988).—ScnaTerR
and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 567 (monogr.).—LAWRENCE,
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 318 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa); Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., i, 1878, 198 (St. Vincent); i, 1879, 242 (Barbuda), 277 (Grenada, breed-
ing), 462 (Guadeloupe), 488 (Antigua).—SaunpErs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1876, 655 (monogr.); 1882, 521 (Payta, Peru, Jan.; crit.); Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxv, 1896, 80 (Cape Roni, Gambia, Accra, and Cape Coast Castle, w.
Africa; Rancho Nuevo, Vera Cruz, Jan.; Rio Lagarto, Yucatan, June; Cozu-
mel Island, Feb.; Belize and. Glovers Reef, Brit. Honduras, May; Honduras;
Anegada, Dec.; Grenada, Sept.; Surinam; Brazil, April; Rio de Janeiro,
July; Santa Catarina, Aug.; Mazatlan, Aug.; Manzanillo, Colima, June;
Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan.; Payta, Peru, Jan.; Jamaica; etc.).—REICHENOW,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1877, 10 (Loango coast, w. Africa).—TaczANowskI, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 749 (Tumbez, Peru).—Merruu (J. C.), Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 172 (Padre Island, Texas, breeding).—Bocaer, Orn.
Angola, 1881, 509.—Sanvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 624.—Covrs, Check
List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 794.—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 462
(Yucatan).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884,
284.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 173 (Trinidad); vii, 1885,
173 (St. Thomas).—Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 178; Auk, v,
1888, 76 (West Indian references); vii, 1890, 374 (Anegada); Birds West Ind.,
1889, 277; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 82, 135 (Great Baharha, Biminis, Berry
Islands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, Cat Island, and Inagua,
Bahamas; Cuba; Isle of Pines; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico; Anegada; St.
Croix; Sombrero; Barbados; Antigua; Guadeloupe; St. Vincent; Grenada) .—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895,
no. 65; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 43.—EvERMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 89 (Ventura Co.,
California, resident).—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886,

@ Recorded by H. H. Bailey (Auk, xxiii, 1906, 277) as breeding on Isabella Island,
Tepic; but as no specimens were obtained it seems probable that 7. elegans, which is
known to occur on that island, was mistaken for 7’. maximus.

> These records perhaps erroneous identification of Hydroprogne caspia.

470 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

179 (Vera Cruz).—TaczaNowskl, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 439; Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1877, 749 (Santa Lucia, Peru).—WEL.ts, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
ix, 1887, 632 (Grenada, breeding).—Satvin, Ibis, 1889, 379 (Cozumel
Island).—SctaTER and Hupson, Argentine Orn., ii, 1889, 195.—ALLEN,
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 272 (Rio Parahyba, Brazil).—Scorr, Auk,
vii, 1890, 306 (Dry Tortugas, breeding; remarks as to molt)—WuirTe, Auk,
x, 1893, 222 (Mackinac Island, Michigan).—HartTert, Ibis, 1893, 309) Aruba,
Curacao and Bonaire; crit.), 326 (Cura¢ao), 337 (Bonaire); Novit. Zool., ix,
1902, 308 (Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire); x, 1903, 297 (Rio de Oro, w. Africa).—
Strong, Birds E. Penn. and N.J., 1894, 45 (Chester Co., Pennsylvania,
and coast New Jersey ).—F1E.pD, Auk, xi, 1894, 120 (Jamaica).—KoENIGSWALD,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 396 (Sio Paulo, s. Brazil)—HotmBere, Segundo
censo Argentina, 1898, 558.—Netson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 24
(Tres Marias Islands, May; breeding?).—InErinG, Revista Mus. Paulista, ili,
1899, 444 (Iguape, Sio Paula) —BeryeEr, Proc. La. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900),
86 (coast Louisiana, breeding)—BrewsterR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli,
no. 1, 1902, 24 (La Paz, Lower California, Jan.; San Jose del Cabo, Sept.,
Oct.).—SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1903, 406 (Mazat-
lan, Sinaloa; Manzanillo, Colima; Guaymas, Sonora; Isabella Island; Tres
Marias Islands; San Mateo and Gulf of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Jalapa and
Rio Rancho Nuevo, Vera Cruz; Rio Lagarto, Merida, and Cozumel Island,
Yucatan; Belize, Glovers Reef, etc., Brit. Honduras; Chiapam, Guate-
mala; Honduras; Costa Rica; coast of South America to Santa Catarina,
s. Brazil, and Peru; West Indies; west coast Africa).—(?) Barney (H. H.),
Auk, xxiii, 1906, 377 (Isabella Island, W. Mexico, breeding).@—Brr-
LEPScH, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 309 (Cayenne).—VeErRRILL (A. E. and
A. H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1909, 355 (Santo Domingo).—DaBBENE,
Orn. Argentina, 1910, 211 (estuary of Rio de la Plata) —Puiurr, Auk, xxvii,
1910, 312 (coast North Carolina, breeding).—CarrikeER, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
vi, 1910, 414 (near Puerto Limon, Costa Rica, Feb.).—Grant (C. H. B.).,
Ibis, 1911, 472 (Tuyu, Argentina, March 1).—GrRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avif.,
no. 11, 1915, 24 (California; more or less common n. to Tomales Bay; formerly
breeding on San Miguel Island) —Wermorg, Bull. 326, U. S. Dept. Agric.,
1916, 48 (Porto Rico, Vieques, and Culebra, common visitant).

[Sterna] maxima SciaTerR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147.—Cory, List
Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 33.—SHAaRpPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 135.—
Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 54 (Mazatlan;
Jamaica, crit.).

Thalasseus maximus LAWRENCE, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 1876, 51 (San Mateo,
Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Aug., Feb.).—OBERHOLSER, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 199.

[Phaéthusa] maxima HEINE and ReicHENOW, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 355.

S[terna] maxima NewrTon (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 117.

S[terna] (T') [halasseus] maxima Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 759.

[Sterna] cayana LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 804 (Cayenne).

Sterna cayana TEMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 184.—Vie1LLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist.
Nat., xxxii, 1819, 168.—SterpHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, 1825, 155.—
Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, pt. i, 1825, 31 (Florida; crit.);
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 353.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water
Birds, 1834, 268.—AupuBON, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 505, pl. 273; vi, 1839, 639;
Synopsis, 1839, 316; Birds Am., 8vo. ed., vii, 1844, 46, pl. 429—Der Kay,
N. Y. Zool., ii, 1844, 299, pl. 127, fig. 277.—Giraup, Birds Long Island,
1844, 355.—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 96 (Pampator, Margarita Island, Venezuela).

a May be T’. elegans and not T. maximus.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 471

Thalasseus cayanus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 61.—Gossr, Birds
Jamaica, 1847, 431.

[Sterna] cayennensis GmeEttn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 604 (Cayenne; based on
Hirondelle de Mer, de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., ix, pl. 988; Grande Hiron-
delle de Mer de Cayenne Buffon, Hist, Nat. Ois., viii, 346).

Sterna cayennensis Int1GER, Prodromus Orn., 1811, 272.—D’OrBteny, in La Sagra’s
Hist: Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 214.—RertcHEenBacH, Natatores, 1848, pl. 19,
fig. 266.—Scutrcet, Mus. Pays-Bas, no. 24 (Sternae), 1864, 8.—Lkoraup,
Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 535.

Thalasseus cayennensis CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 234 (Cuba).

Gelochelidon cayennensis BREWER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).

Sterna cayanensis HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 2, 1859,
72 (San Diego, California)—PrnzeLtn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 324 (Sapituba,
Brazil).

[Sterna] cayanensis PeLzELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 461.

Stferna] galericulata LicuTrENsTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 81 (coast of Brazil; coll.
Berlin Mus.).

Sterna galericulata RetcHENBAcH, Natatores, 1848, pl. 22, fig. 823.—HartTLavuB,
Orn. W.-Afr., 1857, 254 (Ashantee).—ScuLeGeL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 24
(Sternae), 1864, 7.—Bocaar, Journ. Lisb., 1867, 149 (Loanda, w. Africa).—
GurRNEY, Ibis, 1868, 262 (s. Africa). —KoENIGSWALD, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896,
396 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil).

{Sterna] galericulata Gray, Hand-List, iii, 1871, 120, no. 11054.

Sylochelidon galericulata Born, Isis, 1844, 186.—RocHEBRUNE, Faun. Sénég.,
Ois., 1884, 337 (Almadies).

P{haéthusa] galericulata Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 660.

{Phaéthusa] galericulata LicurenstEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 98 (Brazil).—
Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772. '

Thalasseus galericulatus Buastus, Journ. fiir.Orn., 1866, 82.

Sterna erythrorhynchos MaxtmittIAn, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, pt. ii, 1833, 857
(Rio Parabyba, s. e. Brazil; type now in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.; see
Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 272).—BurmetsTErR, Syst. Ueb. Th.
Bras., ili, 1856, 450.

Sterna] erythrorhynchos Tscuup1, Wiegmann’s Archiv, x, pt. i, 1844, 314 (Peru).

Sylochelidon erythrorhynchus Bork, Isis, 1844, 186.

Sterna cristata (not of Stephens) Swarnson, Birds West Africa, ii, 1837, 247, pl. 30
(type now in coll. Mus. Cambridge, England).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus.,
Anseres, 1844, 176.—REICHENBACH, Natatores, 1848, pl. 22, fig. 822.

Sterna regia GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1848, 128 (southern coast of
United States).—LAwreEnce, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
859.; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 210 (Merida, Yucatan).—Barrp, Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 683.—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 134
(Bahamas); xi, 1867, 98 (Santo Domingo).—A.LBrecut, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1861, 58 (Bahamas); 1862, 207 (Jamaica).—SctatTeEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1861, 82 (Jamaica).—Gunoptacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 94 (Cuba, crit.).—
Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 96 (Margarita Island, Venezuela.)—DressrEr, Ibis,
1866, 44 (coast Texas).—Ltotaup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 543.—TuRNBULL,
Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 47 (New Jersey).—Coves, Check List, 1873,
no. 562.—Brewster, Am. Sportsm., July 25, 1874 257 (Nantucket Island,
Massachusetts, July 1, 1874); v, Jan. 16, 1875, 249 (Nantucket Island).—
Hensuaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 13 (Utah).—Bamey, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, i, 1876, 28 (Cobb’s Island, Virginia, breeding).—Cory, Birds Bahama
Is., 1880, 210; 2d ed., 1890, 210.—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.

472 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

681.—NEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 225 (Galveston Bay, etc.,
breeding).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 36.—Daueetsu, Auk,
i, 1884, 97 (Tangier, Morocco, Dec. 10, 1883; flock).—Wetts, List Birds
Grenada, 1886, 11.

[Sterna] regia Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 120, no. 11055.—Covrs, Key N. Am,
Birds, 1872, 319.

S[terna] regia Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 391 (Illinois).—Netson, Bull.
Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 147 (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in summer).

Thalasseus regius Newton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 371 (St. Croix).—CovuEs,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 538 (monogr.); 1871, 42 (Fort Macon, North
Carolina; habits, etc.); Ibis, 1864, 388 (Chiapam, Guatemala; Brit. Hon-
duras); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 126 (South Carolina).—Satvin,
Ibis, 1864, 385 (Long Cay, Brit. Honduras); 1866, 199 (Guatemala).—Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1865, 103 (Sombrero, Lesser Antilles; habits);
ix, 1869, 210 (Yucatan).—Gunpuacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, 1866, 392
(Cuba); Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 314 (Porto Rico); 1875, 388 (Cuba; habits);
1878, 162, 191 (Porto Rico); Orn. Cubana, 1876, 309; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist.
Nat., vii, 1878, 410 (Porto Rico).—Brtpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883,
545 (Cape San Lucas district, Lower California), 549 (San Jose del Cabo.—
Sraut, Ornis, vol. 3, 1887, 453 (Porto Rico).

[Thalasseus] regius LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New
York City).

T{hallaseus] regius GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., 1, 1849, 228.

Sterna ( Thalasseus) regia Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 669.

[Phetusa] regia BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772.

[Sylochelidon] regia Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 348 (Cuba).

Sylochelidon regia GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 294 (Cuba).

Sterna bergii (not of Lichtenstein) Hartiaus, Orn. West-Afr., 1857, 254 (Gam-
bia).—SHELLEY and Bucktey, Ibis, 1872, 293 (Accra and Cape Coast Castle,
w. Africa).—IrBy, Orn. Straits Gibr., 1875, 209.

Sterna elegans (not of Gambel) Lroraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 542.

THALASSEUS ELEGANS (Gambel).
ELEGANT TERN.

Adults in breeding (2) plumage (sexes alike).—Pileum, including
occipital crest, nape, and upper half of lores, uniform deep black;
rest of head and neck, entire under parts, lower rump, upper tail-
coverts, and tail immaculate pure white, the under parts more or less
deeply suffused with eosine pink; back, scapulars, upper rump, and
wings plain pallid neutral gray; inner webs of primaries with a sharply
defined stripe of dark gray next to shaft, this color extending across
tips and for a short distance along edge; bill orange or reddish orange;
iris dark brown; legs and fect black.

Adulis in post-nuptial (%) plumage.—Similar to the above, but
forehead and lores white; crown white, spotted with dusky, only the
occipital crest, nape, and sides of crown to and in front of eye, uniform
black.

Young.—Pileum dull brownish black, nearly uniform on occiput
(where the feathers are not elongated nor lanceolate, but short and
blended), the whole crown streaked with white; forehead and lores

I REREAD SR

= ARP RTE EIT

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 478

white, finely streaked with blackish; hindneck, upper tail-coverts, and
under parts white, the lower portion of the first with a few roundish
spots of dusky; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts dull whitish,
coarsely and irregularly spotted with dusky grayish brown, this
forming an almost uniform area on lesser wing-covert region, the
anterior border of which is white; secondaries dusky, margined termi-
nally with white; primaries dark hoary gray, narrowly margined with
white, their inner webs mostly white but with a broad stripe along
shaft and around tip dusky gray; rectrices deep brownish gray becom-
ing paler gray basally, their tips margined with white; bill dull reddish
or brownish; legs and feet dusky.

Adult male.—Wing, 292-320 (309.4); tail, 115-165 (140.2); exposed
culmen, 59-65.5 (62.4); tarsus, 28-30.5 (29.5); middle toe, 22.5-23.5
(22.8).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 310; tail, 129; exposed culmen, 57.5; tarsus,
28.5; middle toe, 20.°

Pacific coast of America, from San Francisco Bay, California, to
Chile (Coquimbo Bay, Sept., Nov.; Viiia del Mar, near Valparaiso;
Valdivia, Jan.); accidental on Gulf coast of Texas (Corpus Christi,
July —).°

Sterna elegans GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1848 (pub. 1849), 129
(Mazatlan, Sinaloa).—Barrp, in Rep. Stansbury’s Exped. Great Salt Lake,
1852, 335 (Mazatlan); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 684.—LAWRENCE, in
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 860; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.)
Atlas, pl. 94.—SaunpErs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 653 (monogr.); 1882,
521 (Callao Bay, Peru; Coquimbo Bay, Chile, Sept., Nov., crit.); Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 84 (Corpus Christi, Texas, July; La Union, Salvador,
Dec.; San Mateo, Oaxaca, March; Chorillos, near Callao, Callao Bay, and
Iquique, Peru; Coquimbo Bay, Chile, Nov.; Vifia de Mar, near Valparaiso;
Valdivia, Jan.).—Rimaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 682.—CovEs,
Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 795.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water
Birds N, Am., ii, 1884, 287.—Taczanowsk1, Orn. du Pérou, ili, 1886, 442.—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no.
66; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 43.—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., ser. 2, 1889,
252 (Magdalena Bay, Lower California).—TowNnsEnD, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,

@ Five specimens.
+’ One specimen.
¢ Specific records are as follows:
California: Monterey Bay, Sept., Oct., 1896; San Francisco Bay.
Lower California: La Paz, March; Magsaena Bay.
Sonora: Guaymas, breeding.
Sinaloa: Mazatlan.
Tepic: Isabella Island (breeding?).
Oaxaca: San Mateo, March; Gulf of Tehuantepec.
Salvador: La Union, Dec.; Bay of Fonseca.
Honduras: Bay of Fonseca.
Peru: Callao Bay; Chorillos; Iquique.
Chile: Coquimbo Bay, Sept., Nov.; Vifia del Mar, near Valparaiso;. Valdivia, Jan.
Texas: Corpus Christi, July

474 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

xili, 1890, 137 (La Paz, Lower California, March).—Brrurprscu and Stouz-
MANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 400 (Callao, Peru).—Loomis, Proc.
Calif. Ac. Sci., 3rd ser., ii, 1900, 319 (Monterey Bay, California).—GRINNELL,
Pacific Coast Avif., no. 3, 1902, 13 (California range); no. 11, 1915, 24 (Cali-
fornia; irregular summer and fall visitant north to San Francisco Bay).—
Satvin and GopmaAn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 407 (Guaymas,
Sonora; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Isabella Island; Gulf of Tehuantepec and San
Mateo, Oaxaca; La Union, Salvador; Bay of Fonseca, Honduras; coast of
Chile; Corpus Christi, Texas).—Berck, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., iii, 1910,
64 (Monterey Bay, California, Sept., Oct., 1896).—BrewstsEr, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., xli, no. 1, 1902, 24 (La Paz, Lower California, March 14; Mag-
dalena Bay, common; Guaymas, Sonora, breeding).

S[terna] elegans Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 40.

[Sterna] elegans Gray, Hand-list, ili, 1871, 120, no. 11056.—Suarpz, Hand-list, i,
1899, 135.—ForsBeEs and Rosrinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 54
(Chile?).

T[hallaseus] elegans GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, i, 1949, 228.

[ Thalasseus] elegans BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772.

Thalasseus elegans Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 540 (monogr.); Ibis,
1864, 389 (Salvador).—Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 198 (Bay of Fonseca, Salvador).—
OBERHOLSER, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 199.

S[terna] (T) [halasseus] elegans Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 760.

[Phaéthusa] elegans HEINE and REIcHENOw, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 355,
part (Chile).

(?) [Thalasseus] gayi BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772 (Chile).

[Sterna] gayi Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 119, no. 11049.

Sterna comata Puitrerr and LANDBECK, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., xxix,
1863, pt. 1, 126 (Chile).

Sterna galericulata (not of Lichtenstein) Finscu, Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, i, 1870,
359 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa)—SciatTerR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871,
568-9, part, fig. 2—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 563.—LAWRENCE, Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 317 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Isabella Island).

[Sterna] galericulata Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 320.—SciaTER and SALvVIN,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147.

Sterna (Thalasseus) galericulata Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 671 (monogr.).

(?) Sterna maxima (not of Boddaert?) Bartey (H. H.), Auk, xxiii, 1906, 377
(Isabella Island, Tepic, w. Mexico, breeding).

THALASSEUS EURYGNATHUS (Saunders).
' CAYENNE TERN.

Adults in breeding (%) plumage (sexes alike).—‘‘ Identical with the
preceding [T°. elegans] in plumage, but the bill is lemon-yellow and the
angle of the gonys is immediately below or very little in front of the
anterior end of the nostril; the hind parts of the tarsi, the soles, and
the claws are dull yellow. Total length 17.5 inches [444.5 mm.],
culmen 2.7 [68.58 mm.], wing 12.1 [307.34 mm.], tail 6.5 [165.1 mm.],
tarsus 1.1 [27.94 mm.], middle toe and claw 1.2 [80.48 mm.].’’4

Young.—Forehead, crown, and occiput white, the last, together
with posterior portion of crown, streaked with dull blackish: nape

aj fave not seen an adult of dee species, ea therefore copy the above description
from Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 85.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 475

and postocular (supra-auricular) region dull black, the feathers mar-
gined, more or less distinctly, with grayish white; hindneck, upper-
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, the rump more or less
spotted with gray; scapulars and interscapulars pale gray, indis-
tinctly though rather broadly margined terminally with white, the
tertials similar but darker gray centrally; anterior lesser wing-coverts
(except along edge of wing) gray, the feathers darker centrally, form-
ing a well-defined broad stripe across anterior portion of wing; pos-
terior lesser coverts immaculate white; middle and greater coverts
white basally, terminally, and along edges, gray centrally; secondaries
dark gray (more or less silvery or ‘“‘frosted”’), tipped and distally
edged with white, their inner webs mostly white; primaries dark gray,
“frosted”? with lighter gray, margined terminally with white, their
inner webs broadly edged with white, except the longer (distal) quills;
primary coverts similar but margined terminally with pale gray;
middle pair of rectrices pale gray (more whitish on inner webs), tipped
and terminally edged with white; outermost rectrices white to near
tip, where gray and blackish, the intermediate rectrices white proxi-
mally, gray and dusky distally and margined with white at tips; sides
of head (beneath eyes) and entire under parts, together with axillars
and whole under surface of wing (except a broad stripe of deep gray
along shafts on inner webs of primaries) immaculate white.

Downy young.—‘‘ Grayish white, thinly streaked with dark gray on
the crown, behind the eye, and on the upper parts generally; under
parts white; bill olivaceous; trasi and toes brown, claws lighter.” 4

Atlantic coast of South America, from Colombia (Burilaca, Santa
Marta) and Islands of Margarita, Aruba, Tobago, and Trinidad to
eastern Patagonia (Port Desire).

(?) Sterna cayennensis Lkoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 535.

[Sterna] cayennensis Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 120, no. 11051, part (Venezuela).

(?) [Phaéthusa] cayennensis HEINE and REIcHENOW, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
355, part (Brazil).

Sterna galericulata(not of Lichtenstein) PELzELN, Orn. Bras., 1870,324, 461—ScLaTER
and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 568-9, part.

Sterna eurygnatha SaunvERS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876 (pub. Oct. 1), 654
(Santa Catarina, s. Brazil; coll. Brit. Mus.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896,
85 (Venezuela; Bahia, Camamu, Rio de Janeiro, Imbituba and Santa
Catarina, Brazil; Puerto Desiado e. Patagonia).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N.
H., vi, 1894, 84 (Trinidad).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat Mus., xviii, 1896,
653 (Margarita Island, Venezuela; crit.).—Cory, Pub. 137, Field Mus. N. H.,
1909, 194 (Aruba), 234 (Margarita Island).—DanBeEne, Orn. Argentina, 1910,
211 (Puerto Desiado, e. Patagonia).

[Sterna] eurygnatha SHarrE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 135.—Forses and Rosrnson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 54.

Sterna curggnatha [error typ.] Inertne, Revista Mus. Paulista, iv, 1900, 294
(descr. eggs).

@ Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 85.

476 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Sterna elegans (not of Gambel) Ltoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 542.
(?) Sterna elegans Cory, Auk, x, 1893, 220 (Tobago).
(?) [Phaéthusa] cayennensis (not Sterna cayennensis Gmelin) HEINE and REIcHENOW,
Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 355 (Brazil).
[Phaéthusa] elegans He1nr and RreicHeNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 355,
part (Brazil).

THALASSEUS SANDVICENSIS ACUFLAVIDUS (Cabot).

CABOT’S TERN.

Similar to T. s. sandvicensis* but white margin to inner webs of
three or four outer primaries much narrower, usually falling short of
the tip, which is occupied by a continuation of the inner dark gray
stripe; wing and tail averaging decidedly shorter?

Adults in breeding (%) plumage (sexes alike).—Pileum, including
occipital crest, nape, and upper half of lores uniform deep black;
upper parts pallid neutral gray to nearly pale neutral-gray, the outer
webs of primaries slightly darker, with a silvery or hoary cast; inner
webs of primaries mostly white, with a broad stripe of dark gray
along shafts; hindneck, entire under parts (including axillars and
under wing-coverts), rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail immaculate
pure white; bill black tipped, more or less extensively, with yellow
or whitish; iris dark brown; legs and feet black.

Adults in post-nuptial (?) plumage.—Similar to the breeding (2)
plumage but forehead and lores white, the crown streaked with
black and white, and black occipital feathers faintly tipped with
white.

Young.—Pileum, nape, and upper half of lores dull blackish or
dusky, irregularly intermixed with dull whitish, especially on crown,
which is coarsely spotted; occipital feathers short and blended;
rest of upper parts, including rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail pale
gray, coarsely and irregularly spotted with dull blackish or brownish
black; wings, except smaller coverts, as in adults; rectrices becoming
darker gray terminally, where irregularly spotted, or with hastate
spots, of dusky or blackish; under parts immaculate white; bill
dusky or dull blackish, scarcely or at least not abruptly, paler at
tip.

Downy young.—Entirely white, the rump with a few minute flecks
of blackish; bull pale dull grayish yellow or dull ivory white, with a
subterminal fleck of dusky on maxilla and mandible; legs and feet
dusky.

Adult male.—Wing, 259-302 (278.2); tail, 122-130 (126.2) ; exposed
culmen, 52-54.5 (53.3); tarsus, 25-27 (26); middle toe, 19-20.5
(29.5):

a See p. 467. b Five specimens.

Jsrtay tte

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 477

Adult female.—Wing, 270-294 (283.5); tail, 99-121 (111.8);
exposed culmen, 49.5-53 (50.9); tarsus, 25-26 (25.5); middle toe,
18-20 (19).¢

Breeding along South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States,
from North Carolina (Pimlico Sound; Royal Shoal Island) to Florida
and Texas (Padre Island; Galveston Bay); migrating southward to
Bahamas, Greater Antilles (Cuba; Jamaica; Porto Rico; Antigua),
Gulf and Caribbean coasts of Mexico, British Honduras (Light House
Reef, May; Saddle Cay; Northern Two Cays), Honduras, and coast
of South America, from Colombia (Cartagena) to southern Brazil
(Rio de Janeiro), and Pacific coast of Oaxaca (Gulf of Tehuantepec;
San Mateo, Aug., Feb.) and Guatemala (Chiapim, Jan.); wintering
northward to Bahamas, Florida, Louisiana, etc.; accidental north-
ward, in summer, to Virginia (Cobbs Island), New Jersey (Grassy
Bay), Massachusetts (Chatham, Aug., 1865), and Ontario (Lucknow
Spring, 1882, 3 specimens).

Sterna boysii (not of Latham, 1790) Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water
Birds, 1834, 276.

Sterna cantiaca (not of Gmelin, 1789) AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 531, pl. 279;
Synopsis, 1839, 317; Birds Am., 8vo. ed., vii, 1844, 87, pl. 431.—Dr Kay, New
York Zool., Birds, 1844, 303, pl. 124, fig. 274.—TurNBuLL, Birds E. Penn: and
N. J., 1869, 47 (New Jersey; straggler)—Atten, Am. Nat., iii, 1870, 644
(Massachusetts).—PELzELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 324 (Rio de Janeiro).—ScLaTEeR
and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 569, part (monogr.).—Couvgs, Check
List, 1873, no. 564; 2d ed., 1882, no. 796.—SaunpErs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1876, 653, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 75, part (Laguna
Verde and La Antigua, Vera Cruz, Sept.; Cozumel Island, Feb.; Lighthouse
Reef, Brit. Honduras, May; Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan.; Cartagena, Colombia,
Feb.; and other American localities)—Srnnetr, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog.
Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 65 (coast of Texas, breeding).—Merritt (J. C.), Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 172 (Padre Island, Texas, breeding).—Cory, Birds
Bahama Is., 1880, and 2d ed., 1890, 211.—Satvm, Ibis, 1889, 379 (Cozumel
Island).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 405 (Gulf
of Tehuantepec and San Mateo, Oaxaca; Laguna Verde and La Antigua,
Vera Cruz; Celestin and Cozumel Island, Yucatan; Lighthouse Reef, Saddle
Cay, and Northern Two Cays, Brit. Honduras; both coasts Guatemala).

@ Four specimens.

| Ex- | =
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus. saadle
‘culmen. =
a ut zi | a ere eT Nees
MALES. |
Five adult males from Europe and northern Africa (7. s. |
SOMMDECENSIS) . .. eae <A eos SAEs =, PIE oe Ee 296.8} 141.1] 53.1 26 20.7
Five adult males from eastern United States.................-- 278. 2 | 126.2 | 53.3 26 19.5
FEMALES,
Two adult females from Europe(France) ( 7’. s. sandvicensis)...| 279.5 | 126. 2 50.5 | 25.5 20
Four adult females from eastern North America............... 283. 5 | 111.8 50. 9 25.5 19
|

478 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Thalasseus cantiacus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 61, part. —CaBANIs,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 234 (Cuba).—ALBReEcut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 207
(Jamaica).— LAWRENCE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 51 (San Mateo,
Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Aug., Feb.).

[Sterna] cantiaca SctaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147.—PELzELn,
Orn. Bras., 1870, 461.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 320.—Cory, List
Birds West Ind., 1885, and revised ed., 1886, 33.—Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899,
135, part.

Sterna ( Thalasseus) cantiaca Couss, Birds Northwest, 1874, 673, part (monogr.).

Sterna] (T) [halasseus] cantiaca Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 761.

Sterna acuflavida Casor, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 11, 1847, 257 (Tancah, Yucatan).—
Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 860.—Batrp, Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 685; Rep. U.S.and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, 27
(Brazos, Texas).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 134 (Bahamas).

[Sterna] acuflavida ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 58 (Bahamas).—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 210 (Celestin, Yucatan).—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871,
119, no. 11048.

Sterna cantiaca acuflavida Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ii, Aug. 24, 1880, 208;
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 683; Cat. Aquat. and Fish-eating Birds, 1883,

33.—NeEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 225 (Galveston Bay. etc.,
Texas, breeding).

Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida BARD, BREWER, and Rida te Water Birds N. Am.,
li, 1884, 288.—AmpERICAN OrnNiTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d
ed., 1895, no. 67; 3d ed., 1910, p. 43.—Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 77 (West Indian
localities and references; descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 278; Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 82 (Eleuthera, Acklin Island and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba;
Jamaica; Porto Rico; Antigua).—McIuwrairn, Birds Ontario, 1894, 52
(Lucknow, Ontario, 3 specs., spring 1882).—Srone, Birds E. Penn. and N. J.,
1894, 451 (Grassy Bay, New Jersey).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for
1897-99 (1900), 86 (coast Louisiana, resident).—Fretp, Auk, xxi, 1904, 120
(Jamaica).—Prarson, Auk, xxv, 1908, 312 (Royal Shoal Island, North Caro-
lina, breeding).—Puimp, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 313 (Pimlico Sound, North
Carolina, breeding).—WetTmore, Bull. 326, U. 8. Dept. Agric., 1916, 48
(Porto Rico, rare visitant).

[ Thalasseus] acuflavidus GuNpDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 346 (Cuba); 1874, 314
(Porto Rico).—Sraut, Ornis, vol. 3, 1887, 453 (Porto Rico).

Thalasseus acuflavidus Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—
GunbuaAcu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 390 (Cuba; habits); 1878, 163 (Porto Rico);
Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 392; Orn. Cubana, 1876, 309; Anal. Soc.
Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 411 (Porto Rico).—Covzs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1862, 540 (monogr.); 1871, 42 (Fort Macon, North Carolina); Ibis,

1864, 389 (Chiapam, Guatemala; crit.); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 308 (New .
England); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1868, 126 (South Carolina).—Satvyy, Ibis,
1864, 381 (Saddle Cay, Brit. Hone 1866, 198 (Honduras).

Th{alasseus] acuflavidus Couns, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 542.—GUNDLACH,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 191 (Porto Rico).

Thalasseus acuflavida GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 94 (Cuba).

Thalasseus sandvicensis acuflavidus OBERHOLSER, Auk, xxxiv, April, 1917, 199.

[ Actochelidon] acuflavida Hersn and Retcurnow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
355.

Genus GELOCHELIDON Brehm.

Gelochelidon Bren, Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 771. (Type, by monotypy
Lachseeschwalbe Brehm=Sterna nilotica Linneeus. )

Gelichelidon (emendation) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. iti, 1844, 176.

ge

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 479

Chelochelidon (emendation) Brexm, Isis, 1842, 413.

Geochelidon (emendation) GuNptaAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 346.

Laropis WaGuER, Isis, 1832, 1225. (Type, Sterna anglica Montague=S. nilotica
Linnzeus.)

Medium-sized Sternide (wing 275-338 mm.) with relatively short
and stout bill, short and moderately forked tail, and long tarsus.

Bill shorter than head, stout, its depth at base equal to nearly
half the distance from anterior end of nostril to tip of maxilla, the
exposed culmen shorter than combined length of tarsus and first
phalanx of middle toe, rather strongly convex or decurved for distal
half; gonys shorter than outer toe without claw, decidedly shorter
than mandibular rami, nearly straight, strongly ascending terminally,
its basal angle rather prominent; nostril close to but scarcely touching
latero-frontal antia, rather broadly elliptical or narrowly oval,
longitudinal; latero-frontal antia only slightly anterior to malar
antia, the mental antia about on line (vertically) with middle of
nostril. Wing long and pointed, the longest primary exceeding
distal secondaries by twice the distance from tips of the latter to
bend of wing. Tail less than half as long as wing, forked for about
one-third its length, or less, the lateral rectrices contracted but not
attenuated terminally. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe
with claw; webs with anterior margin moderately excised.

Plumage and coloration.—Feathers of occiput normal (short and
blended). Summer adults with pileum and nape uniform black,
the remaining upper parts pale gray, the under parts immaculate
white, the inner webs of primaries distinctly bicolored; winter adults
with head and neck white, the auricular region and spot in front
of eye dusky; downy young mottled or marbled above. (Coloration,
in all stages, essentially as in typical species of Sterna.)

Range.—Europe, south of 55° north latitude, to northern Africa
and Australia; Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States, southward
in winter to Patagonia, ete. (Monotypic.)

GELOCHELIDON NILOTICA (Gmelin).
GULL-BILLED TERN.

Adults in breeding season (sexes alike).—Pileum, nape, and upper
half of lores uniform deep black; rest of upper parts, including rump,
upper tail-coverts, and tail, uniform pale gray (between gull gray
and pallid neutral gray) ; entire under parts, including sides of head up
to and including auricular and suborbital regions and lower half of
lores, together with axillars and under wing-coverts, immaculate
pure white; bill wholly deep black; inside of mouth flesh color (in
life); iris dark brown; legs and feet dark reddish brown (dark walnut
brown) in life, the soles of toes pinkish brown.

480 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adults in winter.—Head and neck white, the hindneck tinged
with pale gray, the auricular region and a crescentic space immedi-
ately in front of eye dusky grayish; otherwise as in summer.

Young.—Upper parts pale gray, the feathers more or less tipped
with pale clay color or dull buff, this sometimes nearly uniform on
back and scapulars, where the gray is mostly concealed, the pileum
and hindneck, as well as back and scapulars, sometimes streaked with
dusky, but oftener immaculate; a blackish crescentic spot immediately
in front of eye, and a dusky grayish suffusion on upper portion of
auricular region, forming a more or less distinct postocular stripe;
rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and wings nearly uniform pale gray;
remiges deeper, more silvery, gray, the secondaries and proximal
primaries tipped or terminally margined with white; rectrices darker
gray subterminally and tipped with white or buffy; under parts
immaculate white; bill dusky brownish, the mandible dull brownish
orange, dusky terminally; legs and feet varying from dull reddish
brown to dusky brown (in life), the soles more reddish.

Downy young.—Upper parts light grayish buff with several large
and tolerably well-defined dusky irregular spots on posterior half of
head, a distinct dusky stripe down each side of hindneck and upper
back, the wings, rump, and flanks with rather distinct large spots of
dusky; under parts white, tinged with grayish on sides of throat;
bill brownish inclining to orange (in life) on mandible; legs and
feet brownish orange (in life).

Adult male-—Wing, 288-338 (301); tail, 104.5-135.5 (114.8);
exposed culmen, 37-42 (38.7); tarsus, 27-36 (29.5); middle toe,
20-25.5 (21.4).%

Adult female-——Wing, 275-313 (292.3); tail, 103-127 (112.2); ex-
posed culmen, 35-38 (36.5); tarsus, 27.5-32 (29.1); middle toe, 20-22.5
(20.8) .%

2 'Ten specimens.

| | Ex-
E et -, | posed Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | eta Tarsus. | too,
| men.
MALES. |
One adult male from Spain (Seville, October). ................ 324 | 119 Sone ees 25.5
One adult male from Australia (@.n. macrotarsa).............. 338 | 135.5 | 42 36 25
Six adult males from Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States.| 298.8 | 115. 2 38.3 28. 7 21
One adult male from Bahamas (Andros Island, May) .........- 316 | 125 39 30 21.5
One adult male from Vera Cruz (Pajaros, April 25)............ 293 118 37 29.5 21
Two adult males from Guerrero (Cayacal, April 12)............ 303.7 |} 107.2 40.7 32 22.7
FEMALES, |
|
One adult female from Spain (Coria del Rio, April 29)......... 298 AS-i, 37 32 22.5
One adult female from Russia (Volga River)..................- 313 127 Sees 31 22
Four adult females from coast of Virginia (May)............... 296. 7 116.1 36 29 20.5
Four adult females from coast of Mississippi (July)............ 290.2 | .108.2| 37.1 29.9 21. 2
One adult female from Bahamas (Rum Cay, July 10).........- 289 | 119.5 | 35 28.5 20.5
One adult female from Guerrero (Cayacal, April 12)............ 286 | 105.5 | 37 27.5 21

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 481

Nearly cosmopolitan, but absent from co]der regions; in America
breeds northward to coast of Virginia (Cobbs Island)—formerly to
New Jersey (Seven Mile Beach; Cape May), and along Gulf coast
from Florida to Texas (Padre Island; Galveston Bay; Fort Brown),
also in Bahamas, in Cuba, and on island of Mexiana, at mouth of
Amazon River; accidental northward to Massachusetts (Ipswich,
Sept., 1871), Maine (near Portland, March, 1885,) New Brunswick
(Grand Menan, Aug., 1879), Ohio, and northeastern Illinois (near
Chicago, rare straggler); ranges southward along Gulf, Caribbean,
and Atlantic coasts to Brazil (Mexiana Island, breeding; Sao Paulo)
and Argentina (estuary of Rio de la Plata; Bahia Blanca; Estancia
Espartilla; Ranchos; Santa Elena, Oct.; Barracas al Sud; Luiconia) ;
occurs also on Pacific coast of Oaxaca (Gulf of Tehuantepec; San
Mateo) and Guatemala (Chiapam), and in Ecuadér (Vaqueria); in
Eastern Hemisphere northward to about lat. 55° N., from British
Islands to eastern Siberia, southern China, etc., southward to northern
Africa, southern Arabia, India, Ceylon, Java, Australia, and Tas-
mania.

Sterna nilotica LinNmus, in Hasselquist, Reis. Palist., 1762, 325 (River Nile,
near Cairo, Egypt; not considered binomial).

[Sterna] nilotica GmE.in, Syst. Nat., i, p. ii, 1789, 606 —Latuam, Index Orn., ii,
1790, 806 (Egypt). —Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 119, no. 11040.

Sterna nilotica Virmtot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 166.—Hume,
Stray Feath., i, 1873, 281 (Sind, India); Nests and eggs Indian Birds, 1875,
648.—Apam, Stray Feath., i, 1873, 403 (Sambur Lake, India, winter.—
Butter, Stray Feathers, iv, 1876, 31 (n. Guzerat, India)—Armstrona, Stray
Feath., iv, 1876, 351 (Irawaddy, India).—RericHEenow, Syst. Verz. Vég.
Deutschl., 1889, 61; Vég. Deutsch Ost-Afr., 1894, 21 (Lake Victoria
Nyanza).—Frivatpsky, Av. Hung., 1891, 179.—MaparAsz, Ausst. Ung.
Vogelf., 1891, 120.—Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. Senckenb., 1891, 240.

Lar[opis] nilotica WacuER, Isis, 1832, 1225.

Gelochelidon nilotica SrresNEGER, Auk, i, Oct., 1884, 366.—AmERICAN ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 63; 3rd ed.,
1910, p. 42.—Satvapor1, Ucc. Ital., 1887, 279.—Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 76
(West Indian localities and references; descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 277;
Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 82 (New Providence, Long Island, Miraporvos,
and Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cuba; Barbados).—(?) Prnpar, Auk, vi, 1889,
311 (Fulton Co., Kentucky, summer resident 7),—Suickx, Auk, vii, 1890,
327 (Seven Mile Beach, New Jersey, breeding)—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1892, 101 (Corpus Christi, Texas, breeding)—Bryer, Proc.
Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 86 (coast Louisiana, breeding) —HarreErt,
Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 604 (near Vaqueria, n. w. Ecuador, Sept.).—ALLEN
(G.M.), Auk, xxv, 1908, 234 (near Portland, Maine, March, 1885).—DaBBENE,
Orn. Argentina, 1910, 210 (estuary of Rio de la Plata; Estancia Espartilla,
Buenos Aires),

Gelochelidon nilotica nilotica MatHEws, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20, 1912,
330 (Europe; n. Africa in winter).

a4} xtremely doubtful.
40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S—-32

482

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Sterna anglica Montacu, Orn. Dict. Suppl., 1813, fig. (Sussex, England; coll.

Brit. Mus.).—Leacu, Syst. Cat Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 41.—Tremminox,
Man. d’Orn., 2d ed., 1820, 744; 2d ed., 4™°pte., 1840, 460.—Mryer, Taschenb.,
ili, 1822, 188.—FLeminea, Brit. Anim., 1828, 143.—WerwneEr, Atlas, Palmi-
pédes, 1828, pl. 8—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 621.—Maximiuan, Beitr.
Naturg. Bras., iv, 1833, 867.—Srisy, Brit. Birds, ii, 1833, 480, pl. 88, fig. 1.—
Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 269.—Jmnyns, Man.
Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 269.—Eyton, Rarer Brit. Birds, 1836, 97, figs.; Cat.
Brit. Birds, 1836, 54.—Gouxp, Birds Europe, v, 18387, pl. 416 and text.—
AuDuUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 127, pl. 410; Synopsis, 1839, 316; Birds Am.,
8 vo. ed., vii, 1844, 81, pl. 4830.—D’Orzieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba,
Ois., 1839, 215.—Scouinz, Europ. Fauna, 1840,374.—Naumann, Vag. Deutschl.,
x, 1840, 38, pl. 249.—Srtys-Lonecuamps, Faune Belge, 1842, 149.— YaRRELL,
Brit. Birds, iii, 1848, 407; 2d ed., iii, 1845, 515 —DrKay, N. Y. Zool., Birds,
1844, 301, pl. 127, fig. 270.—Grraup, Birds Long Is., 1844, 353.—ScHLEGEL,
Rev. Crit., 1844, 130; Vog. Nederl., 1854, 613, pl. 361; Dier. Nederl. Vog.,
1861, 241; Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 24 (Sternae), 1864, 34.—HeEwirtson, Eggs
Brit. Birds, ii, 1846, 431, pl. 121, fig—RericHenBAcH, Natatores, 1848,
pl. 19, fig. 261.—Jarpine, Contr. Orn., 1849, 87 (Bermudas?).—Dra@Lanp,
Ois. Eur., ii, 1849, 336.—Ksmrpoiiine, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 327, pl. 40A,
fig. 2; Suppl., 1854, pl. 20, fig. 1—LinpERMAYER, V6g. Griechenl., 1860,
180.—Rappg, Reis. Sibir., Vég., 1863, 388.—Satvaport, Ucc. Sard., 1864,
121; Orn. Papuasia, etc., iii, 1882, 406.—DEG@LAND and GerBE, Orn. Eur.,
li, 1867, 450.—Exuwes and Buck ey, Ibis, 1870, 337 (coast Albania).—Ho-
MEYER, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 439 (e. Siberia.) —Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds,
1872, 170.—Heveun, Orn. N. O.-Afr., Bd. ii, pt. 2, 1878, 1425—Brooxkg,
Ibis, 1873, 346 (Sardinia).—Covegs, Check List, 1873, no. 560; 2d ed., 1882, no.
792.—BatLey (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 28 (Cobb’s Island,
Virginia, breeding).—Saunpers, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 644 (monogr.);
ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 531; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 623; Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 25.—Moorkg, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877,
141 (Bahamas).—SenNETT?, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878,
64 (Galveston, Texas, breeding).—Merritt (J. C.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i,
1878, 172 (Fort Brown, Texas, breeding).—Taytor, Ibis, 1878, 374 (Damietta,
Egypt).—Deanp, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 63 (Grand Menan, 1 spec.,
Aug., 1879)—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, and ed. 1890, 209.—Ripeway,
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 679.—Neurutne, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii,
1882, 225 (Galveston Bay, etc., Texas, breeding).—Srrsounm, Ibis, 1882, 230
(Kirghis steppes, breeding); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 263.—Oarrs, Birds
Brit. Burma, ii, 1883, 422—BririsH OrnirHotocists’ Union, List Brit.
Birds, 1883, 182.—Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 135.—Rerp,
Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 268 (Bermudas, 1 spec., April 25, 1875).—
Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 277—Hot-
LAND, Ibis, 1890, 428 (near Ranchos, Argentina); 1892, 212 (Estancia Espar-
tilla; habits) —Kogrnie, Journ. fiir Orn., 1893, 97 (Tunis).—Jessr, Ibis,
1903, 166 (Lucknow, India).—Bonuore, Ibis, 1903, 313 (Andros Island,
Bahamas; breeding?).—WirHersy, Ibis, 1903, 566 (Fars, n. w. Persia).

Sterna] anglica KeyseruNG and Buasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xevili, 247.
[Sterna] anglica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 319.—Cory, List Birds West

Ind., revised ed., 1886, 33.

S[terna] anglica Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 391 (Illinois)—NE.Lson,

Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 147 (Lake Michigan, near Chicago, extremely
rare visitant).

Sterna (Gelochelidon) anglica Cougs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 664.
S[terna] (@)[elochelidon] anglica CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 757.

ven

ak eetite,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 483

Thalasseus anglica Bore, Isis, 1822, 880.

Viralva anglica SterHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. i, 1826, 174.

Laropis anglica WaciER, Isis, 1832, 1225.

Gelochelidon anglica BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 61; Cat. Ucc. Eur.,
1842, 76.—Borr, Isis, 1844, 187.—ReE1cHENBACH, Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 4;
Av. Syst. Nat., v, 1852.—Macariitvray, Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 666.—
CaBANIs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 234 (Cuba).—Covrs, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1862, 536 (monogr.); Ibis, 1864, 389 (Chiapam, Guate-
mala; crit.); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 126 (South Carolina),—
Jervon, Birds India, ii, 1864, 836.—Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 199 (Chiapam).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New York City);
Bull. U. 8. Nat Mus., no. 4, 1876, 51 (San Mateo, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca,
Aug., Feb.).—Fritrscxw, Vog. Eur., 1870, 457, pl. 55, fig. 1—Sanvaport,
Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871, 283; Ucc. Borneo, 1874, 371; Orn. Papuasia, iii, 1882,
430.—Brewster, Am. Nat., vi, 1871, 306 (Ipswich Beach, Mass., 1 spec.,
Sept., 1871.)—Sotater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 572 (mo-
nogr.).—ALLEN, Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 366 (e. Florida)—Hoipswortn,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 400 (Ceylon).—Gou Lp, Birds Great Brit., v,
1873, pl. 74 and text.—Btyru and Watpen, Birds Burma, 1875, 163.—GuNp-
LAcH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 392; Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 388
(Cuba; habits); Orn. Cuba, 1876, 309.—Lxrces, Ibis, 1875, 407 (s. Ceylon).—
Hotianp, Ibis, 1879, 169 (Santa Elena, Argentina, Oct., common).—Gie-
Liou, Ibis, 1881, 218 (Italian localities); Avif. Ital., 1886, 414; i, Resoc.
Avif. Ital., 1889, 629; 11, Resoc., 1891, 652.—Bipputpexg, Ibis, 1882, 290 (Gil-
git, n. India).—ZrELEpDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 36.—Rappr, Orn.
Caucas., 1884, 485 —Saunprrs, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 25, 456.—
KOENIGSWALD, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 396 (Sao Paulo, s. Brazil) —Inerrine,
Revista Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 443 (Sao Paulo).—Grant, Novit. Zool., vii,
1900, 270 (s. Arabia)—Harrert, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 554 (Great Banda
Tsland).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1903, 400 (Mata-
moros, Tamaulipas; San Mateo and Gulf of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Laguna
de Chiapam, Guatemala; etc.)—Haamann, Journ. fiir Orn., 1906, 106
(Mexiana Island, mouth of Amazon River, breeding; descr. eggs); Zool.
Jahrb., 1907, 45 (Mexiana Island).—Harterr and Venturi, Novit. Zool.,
Xvi, 1909, 253 (Barracas al Sud, Argentina, Feb., Sept.).—Granr (C. H. B.).
Ibis, 1911, 474 (Luiconia, Argentina, April 29).

[Gelochelidon] anglica SctaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147.—SHArRPE,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 134—Forsres and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii,
no. 2, 1899, 53.

Gelochelidon anglicus Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 100.—Buyru, Cat. Birds Mus.
Asiat. Soc., 1849, 290.—JerpoN, Birds India, iii, 1864, 836.

Gelichelidon anglica Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii (Anseres), 1844, 176.

Sterna aranea Witson, Am. Orn., viii, 1814, 148, pl. 72, fig. 6 (Cape May,
New Jersey).—Vreitiot, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 169; Faune
Frang., 1828, 398, pl. 161, fig. 1—BoNnapartre, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
11,1827, 354—Aupourn, Hist. Nat. Egypte [1826], pl. 9, fig. 2; Expl.
Sonnini, 2d ed., 1828, 418.—Savi, Orn. Tosc., iii, 1831, 90.—JaRDINE,
ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., iii, 1832, 179.—Gay, Faun. Chil., Zool., i,
1847, 485.—RerIcHENBACH, Natatores, 1848, pl. 22, figs. 826-827.—Bur-
MEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 452.—LawreEncg, in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 859.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 681.—
WueaTon, Ohio Agric. Rep., 1860, no. 272 (Chio)—AttEeNn, Proc. Essex
Inst., 1864, 90 (Springfield, Massachusetts).—Dressrer, Ibis, 1866, 44 (s.
Texas).—Léotaup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 540.—PrtzELn, Orn. Bras., 1870,
325.

484 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

S[terna] aranea BONAPARTE, Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [208].

[Sterna] aranea PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 461.—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 119,
no. 11041.

(?) Hydroprogne aranea Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 91, 196.

Gelochelidon aranea BrEHM, Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 775; Vogelf., 1855, 347; Nau-
mannia, 1855, 295.—BonaparTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 61.—BrEwEr,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—Gunp.acu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862,
94 (Cuba; crit.); 1871, 294 (Cuba).

Viralva aranea GOULD, in Darwin Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iii, 1841, 145 (Bahia Blanca,
Argentina).

{Gelochelidon] aranea BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772.—GuNDLACcH,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 346 (Cuba).

S[terna] anglica ‘‘aranea” Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 391 (Lake Michi-
gan, Illinois).

Gelochelidon nilotica aranea MATHEWS, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20, 1912,
330 (North America).

Sterna affinis (not of Riippell) Horsrietp, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii, 1820, 199;
Zool. Res. Java, 1824, 8.

Viralva affinis STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 175.

Gelochelidon affinis Botr, Isis, 1844, 187.

{Gelochelidon] affinis BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772.

Gelochelidon nilotica afinis Matuews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20, 1912,
330 (Java, etc.).

Sterna risoria Bream, Vogelk., iii, 1822, 650, pl. 5; Lehrb. Eur. Vég., 1824, 682.

Sterna meridionalis Breum, Lehrb. Eur. Voég., 1824, 988.—Hxvatin, Ibis, 1859,
35 (Massaua).

Gelochelidon balthica BrEuM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 772; Vogelf., 1855, 346; Nau-
mannia, 1855, 295.

Gelochelidon agraria BrEHM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 773: Vogelf., 1855, 347; Nau-
mannia, 1855, 295.

[Gelochelidon] meridionalis BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772.
Gelochelidon meridionalis BrEHM, Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 774; Vogelf., 1855, 347;
Naumannia, 1855, 295.—Locur, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 198.
Sterna nuttalli ‘‘Aud” [ubon] Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds,

1834, 279, footnote (Dry Tortugas, Florida).

S[terna] nuttalli Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 659.

Hydrocecropis nuttalli Bortz, Isis, 1844, 179.

Sterna macrotarsa Gouup, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 26 (Tasmania; coll.
J. Gouutp); Synop. Birds Australia, pt. ii, 1837, fig. 2.

S[terna| macrotarsa GRAY, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 659.

[Sterna] macrotarsa Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 119, no. 11042.

Gelochelidon macrotarsa Botr, Isis, 1844, 187.—RrrcHENBAcH, Vég. Neuhol.,
1850, 347.—BonaparTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772.—Gouip, Handb.
Birds Australia, ii, 1865, 403; Birds Australia, Suppl., 1869, pl. 81—Ramsay,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 348 (Brisbane).—Matuews, Birds Australia,
ii, 1913, pl. [104] facing p. 327.

Gelochelidon nilotica macrotarsa Maruews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20,
1912, 327, 331 (Australia).

Gelochelidon palustris Macetutvray, Man. Brit. Orn., pt. ii, 1842, 237.

Gelochelidon velox Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 347; Naumannia, 1855, 295.

Gelochelidon nilotica addenda Maturws, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20, 1912,
331 (China; breeding).

Gelochelidon nilotica grénvoldi Maturws, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20,
1912, 331 (South America; breeding).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 485

Genus STERNA Linnezus.

Sterna Linnavs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 137; ed. 12, 1, 1766, 227. (Type, as
designated by Gray, 1840, Sterna hirundo Linnzeus.)

Onychoprion WAGLER, Isis, xxv, 1832, 277. (Type, by monotypy, Sterna serrata
Wagler =. fuscata Linneeus.)

Chelido® BrLBERG, Synop, Faunae Scand., i, pars 2, 1828, tab. Aand p.193. (New
name for Sterna Linneus.)

Planetis WaauER, Isis, xxv, 1832, 1222. (Type, Sterna guttata Wagler ex Forster,
manuscript, =S. fuscata Linnzus.)

Planetes (emendation) Giste1, Naturg. Thierreichs fiir héhere Schulen, 1848, p. x.

Haliplana Waaurr, Isis, xxv, 1832, 1224. (Type, Sterna fuliginosa Gmelin=
S. fuscata Linneus.)

Melanosterna® Buytu, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xv, 1846, 3738. (Type, Sterna
anzxthetus Scopoli.)

Thalassipora “‘Boie” Riprrti, Syst. Ueb. Vég. Nord-ost-Afrika, 1845, 140.
(Type. Sterna infuscata Lichtenstein=S. fuscata Linneeus).

Dipsaleon GisteL, Naturg. des Thierreichs fiir hdhere Schulen, 1848, p. x. (New
name for Planetis Wagler.)

Medium-sized to rather small Sternide (wing about 210-300 mm.)
with tail more than half as long as wing, deeply forked and with
lateral rectrices attenuated (sometimes subacuminate) terminally,
and occipital feathers normal (short and blended).

Bill about as long as head, moderately slender, its greatest depth
nearly equal to half the distance from anterior end of nostril to tip of
maxilla, the more or less prominent gonydeal angle usually about
midway between tip of mandible and malar antia, rarely anterior to
the middle, more often decidedly posterior to the middle; nostril
narrowly oval, elliptical, or linear, always separated from the latero-
frontal antia, but width of intervening space variable. Wing long
and pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal
secondaries by at least twice the distance from tips of the latter to
bend of wing (except in S. melanogastra). Tail much more than half as
long as wing, forked for more than half its length (except in S. melanau-
chen),° the lateral retrices more or less slender and attenuated (some-
times sub-acuminate) terminally. Tarsus sometimes longer, some-
times shorter, than middle toe without claw; webs with anterior
margins moderately excised.

Plumage and coloration.—Occipital feathers normal (short and
blended), except in S. melanauchen.< Adults with at least part of
pileum and nape.uniform black (except in S. trudeaui) sometimes with
a white frontal crescent, one species (S. melanauchen) ° with only the
nape and a stripe through the eye black; rest of upper parts plain
gray (more or less deep) to sooty black; under parts white or gray,

a“ |... graecum Xedidw, Hirundo marina, conservavimus.”’ (Billberg.)
b Médas (uedav-), black; +Sterna. (Richmond.)
¢ S$, melanauchen should probably be separated generically.

486 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

one species (S. melanogastra) with under parts of body mostly black.
Downy young buffy or brownish above, irregularly spotted or marbled
with blackish; in one species (S. fuscata) streaked above with dusky
and buffy grayish, in varying relative proportion.¢
Range.—Cosmopolitan. (Sixteen, or more, species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STERNA.
(Based on adults only.)

a. Back, scapulars and wings clear gray, not darker (usually paler) than neutral gray,
the tail white or mostly white; inner webs of primaries largely white.

b. Pileum and nape immaculate white; under parts pale gray like upper parts;
bill yellow with a subterminal band of black. (Coasts of southern South America,
from Brazil to Chile; casual on Long Island and coast of New Jersey.)

Sterna trudeaui (p. 488).
bb. Pileum, at least partly, the nape wholly black; under parts white or if gray the
color decidedly paler than that of upper parts; bill not yellow nor with a
black subterminal band.
c. Pileum entirely black in summer.

d. Inner web of lateral rectrix gray or dusky terminally, the outer web entirely
white; bill orange; tarsus 21.5-24 mm., middle toe 19.5-22.5mm. (Temperate
North America, in winter southward to Guatemala.)..Sterna forsteri (p. 490).

dd. Inner web of lateral rectrix white throughout, the outer web gray or white;

bill red or black; tarsus not more (usually much less) than 20 mm., middle
toe not more (usually much less) than 19 mm.

e. Outer web of outermost rectrix dark gray; under parts of body not pure
white (more or less grayish); bill mostly red at all seasons; wing usually
more than 235 mm.

f. Tarsus, 17.5-20 mm., longer than middle toe without claw; tail forked
for usually less than 102 mm.; under parts of body paler gray (pallid
neutral gray to grayish white); bill and feet vermilion or orange-red
(Northern Hemisphere; south in winter as far as southern Africa,
ImdiasvanduBrazals) i sites stare eA eee ar Sterna hirundo (p. 493).

jf. Tarsus 13.5-17 mm., shorter than middle toe without claw; tail forked
for usually more than 102 mm.; under parts of body deeper gray (pale
neutral gray); bill and feetcarmine red. (Northern portions of Northern
Hemisphere in summer; said to winter in Antarctic Ocean.)

Sterna paradisza (p. 499).

ee. Outer (as well as inner) web of outermost rectrix white; under parts of

body pure white (often suffused with pink); bill mostly black in summer,

red basally in winter; wing usually less than 235 mm. (Nearly cos-

mopolitan in temperate and tropical regions, mostly along sea-

coaste:) ssi ty. eee. 2. Uo Jase ee. Sterna dougalli (p. 505).

cc. Forehead and sides of crown white; a black stripe from bill to eye. (Coasts of
Bering Sea and southward to Kadiak Island and Japan.)

Sterna aleutica (p. 510).

a}t may be that S. fuscata should be separated generically (as Onychoprion fuscata),
on account of the conspicuously different young, both in down and in first plumage,
and possibly some details of structure which, however, I have not been ablé to dis-
cover. But in this case S. anxtheta and S. lunata, which have usually been asso-
ciated with S. fuscata must remain in Sterna, for they do not agree with S. fuscata in
coloration of the young.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 487

aa, Back, scapulars, and wings (also rump, upper tail-coverts, and six to ten middle
rectrices) deep gray or blackish; inner webs of primaries wholly dusky.
*b. Back, etc., deep brownish gray (quaker drab), paler and grayer toward hindneck,
the latter white, grayish white or pale gray. (Sterna anzxtheta.)
ce. Under parts distinctly tinged with gray; hindneck light gray or grayish white;
lateral retrices extensively brownish gray distally, this involving whole
width of outer as well as inner web. (Philippine Archipelago and China
Se@aa)abes-ptressiet persett .. 257 no Sterna anetheta anetheta (extralimital).¢
cc. Under parts not distinctly if at all tinged with gray (practically white); hind-
neck white; lateral rectrices with very little brownish gray, this on terminal
portion only and involving only inner portion of outer web or restricted to
inner web.
d. Larger, with stouter bill (wing 251-274, tail 147.5-188, tarsus 19-22.5, middle
toe 22-25 mm.
e. Larger, with relatively longer or more slender bill (wing 260-274, tail 163-
178, culmen 36-44 mm.); under parts of body faintly but distinctly tinged
with gray. (Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America.)
Sterna anzetheta nelsoni (p. 514).
ee. Smaller, with relatively shorter or stouter bill (wing 251-263, tail 147-174,
culmen 38-41 mm.); under parts of body pure white. (Caribbean Sea,
Gulf of Mexico, and adjacent waters, north to Bahamas, etc.)
Sterna anztheta recognita (p. 512).
dd Smaller, with more slender bill (wing 206, tail 141, culmen 40, tarsus 18,
middle toe 20.5 mm.). (Indian Ocean, west to Seychelles.)
Sterna anaetheta antarctica (extralimital).>
bb. Back, ete., blackish brown or brownish black, the hindneck also blackish;
young with under parts sooty brown. (Onychoprion.—Sterna fuscata.)

a Sterna anaethetus Scopoli, Del. Florae et Faunae Insubr., ii, 1786, 92 (Panay Island,
Philippine Archipelago); Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 101, part.—
Melanosterna anzxthetus anxthetus Mathews, Birds of Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912,
402.—Haliplana anxtheta Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 422 (Pescadero
Islands, China Sea).—[Sterna] panaya Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 808 (Panay,
Philippines).—Sterna panaya Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 173.—
[Sterna] panayensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat.,i, pt. ii, 1789, 607 (Panay Island, Philippines) —
Sterna panayensis Schlegel, Mus. Pays.-Bas, vi, no. 24, 1864, 26.—Sterna panayana
Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 603 (Hakodadi, Japan.—(?) Haliplana keri
Boie, Isis, 1844, 190 (Japan).

6. Sterna antarctica Lesson, Traité d’ Orn., 1831, 621 (Ile de France=Mauritius, near
Madagascar, and Calcutta, India)—Melanosterna anxthetus antarctica Mathews, Birds
Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 402 (Seychelles; Mauritius; Laccadive Islands).—
Sterna melanoptera Swainson, Birds West Africa, ii, 1837, 249 (West Africa; coll. Mus.
Cambridge, England).—Sterna anxtheta (not S. anaethetus Scopoli) Saunders, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 101, part.—Sterna anxthetus Ridgway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat.
Mus., xvili, 1896, 510 (Mahé, Seychelles).— (?) Onychoprion anasthxtus Walden,
Ibis, 1874, 149 (South Andaman, Andaman Islands).—Sterna panaya (not of Latham)
Fischer and Reichenow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1878, 247 (East Africa).

In addition to the subspecies given above, Mathews recognizes the following:

Sterna anetheta nove-hollandie (Melanosterna anxthetus novx-hollandix
Mathews, Birds of Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 397, 401; Australian seas).
Sterna aneztheta fuligula (Melanosterna anxthetus fuligula Mathews, Birds of
Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 402; Red Sea).
I have not seen specimens of either of these forms.

488 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

c. Under parts much more purely and extensively white, the gray tinge very

faint and confined to posterior portions. (Tropical and subtropical portions

of Atlantic Ocean!) 22S SAA Seen: Sterna fuscata fuscata (p. 514).

cc. Under parts much less purely white, the gray tinge much stronger and ex-
tending forward to chest.

d. Lateral rectrices less elongated (135-170 mm.) and with inner webs more ex-

tensively dusky terminally. (Pacific coast of America, from Tres Marias

to: Galapagos islands?),2 6230 -- 22-2220 Sterna fuscata crissalis (p. 519).

dd. Lateral rectrices more elongated (191-210 mm.) and with terminal portion

of inner webs less extensively dusky. (Hawaiian Islands; Liu Kiu

Islands?) Tes 10. OOO TOT. % Sterna fuscata oahuensis (extralimital).¢

STERNA TRUDEAUII Audubon.

TRUDEAU’S TERN.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—General color plain pale gray
(nearest lilac gray), paler (nearly white) on rump, upper tail-coverts
and tail, fading into white on head and upper neck, the primary
coverts and greater part of primaries still paler gray or silvery white,
the outer web or outermost primary deeper gray than back, etc., the
inner (proximal) primaries with inner webs becoming dusky toward
edge and margined with white; a spot of black immediately in front
of eye, and a less sharply defined postocular stripe of the same, occu-
pying upper portion of auricular region; axillars and under wing-

a Sterna oahuensis Bloxham, Voy. ‘Blonde’, 1826, 251 (Oahu, Hawaiian group).—
Onychoprion fuscatus oahuensis Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, no. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 394
(Hawaiian group).—Planetis guitatus Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1222 (‘‘Waihu,’’ i. e., Oahu;
=young).—Sterna guttata Forster, Descr. Anim., ed. Lichtenstein, 1844, 211.—
Sterna fuliginosa (not of Gmelin) Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890, 379
(Kauai, Hawaiian group); Henshaw, Birds Hawaiian Islands, 1902, 122 (Oahu;
Kauai; Laysan, breeding); Fisher (W. K.), Bull. U. 8S. Fish Com. for 1890, 11, pl. 2,
figs. 1-4 (Laysan, breeding).—Haliplana fuliginosa Rothschild, Avifauna Laysan, etc.,
i, 1893, 39, pl. of nesting place —(?) Sterna fuliginosa crissalis (not Haliplana fuligi-
nosa var. crissalis Lawrence) Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi, July, 1901, 256
(Liu Kiu Islands).

Besides the forms mentioned above, the following additional subspecies are recog-
nized by Mr. Gregory Mathews:

Sterna fuscata serrata.—Sterna serrata Wagler, Naturl. Syst. Amphib., 1830, 89,
footnote (New Caledonia); Reichenbach, Natat. Novit., 1850, p. Ixix, pl. 332, figs.
3635-3637.—Onychoprion serratus Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 79.—Haliplana serrata
Boie, Isis, 1844, 190.—Sterna (Onychoprion) serrata Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pacific,
1859, 59.—Onychoprion fuscatus serratus Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1,
1912, 389, 394 (Australian seas).—[Sterna] gouldii Reichenbach, Natatores, Larinae
1848, pl. 22, fig. 829; Nov. Syn. Av., 1850, [p. 2], pl. 272, fig. 2267-68.—Onychoprion
fuliginosus? Gould, Birds Australia, vii, 1848, pl. 32.—Sterna melanura Gould, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 156 (New South Wales; =young).

Sterna fuscata infuscata.—St[erna] infuscata Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 81
(East Indies ‘‘et Insulis aleuticis’’).—Haliplana imfuscata Boie, Isis, 1844, 190.—
Thalassipora infuscata Riippell, Syst. Ueb., 1845, 140 (Red Sea)—Hydrochelidon in-
fuscata Heuglin, Orn. Nord Ost-Afrika, ii, 1873, 1457 (not of pp. 1512 and eevi, which
=8S. anxtheta fuligula).—Onychoprion fuscatus infuscatus Mathews, Birds Australia,
ii, no. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 394 (Indian Ocean).

ws

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 489

coverts and broad tips to secondaries, immaculate white; bill yellow
with a broad subterminal band or area of black; iris dark brown;
legs and feet brownish in dried skin (said to be orange-yellow or dull
orange in life).

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults, but stripe on side
of head more grayish, especially the postocular portion, and (espe-
cially in fresh plumage) the silvery frosting on primaries more pro-
nounced,

Immature (young wm first winter ?).—Similar to winter adults, but
under parts pure white instead of pale gray, primaries darker, and
bill more dusky or browoish, only the tip being distinctly yellow.

Young.—‘‘The patch before and the streak behind the eye decid-
edly larger, and there is an indication of a grayish crescent on the
nape; the crown grayish white, slightly mottled with brown, as are
the feathers of the mantle; tail-feathers dark ash-gray with white
margins; bill yellowish brown at the base, the rest blackish, with no

_ yellow at the tip; tarsi and toes yellow.” @

Adult male-—Wing, 264; tail, 140; exposed culmen, 38.5; tarsus
22; middle toe, 21.°

Coast of southern South America, from Brazil (Rio de Janeiro;
Santa Catarina; Sio Paulo) through Uruguéy (Maldonado) and
Argentina (Estado del Plata; southern Chaco; Punta Lara; Buenos
Aires; Aj6; Rancho, breeding; Estancia Espartilla, breeding; Bar-
racas al Sud; San Martin; Monte) to Chile (Arica Bay); accidental
on coast of New Jersey (Great Egg Harbor), and on Long Island.

Sterna trudeaui AupuzBon, Birds Am., fol. ed., iv, 1838, pl. 409, fig. 2 (Great Egg
Harbor, New Jersey; type now in coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.?); Orn. Biog., v, 1839,
125; Synopsis, 1839, 319.—Gay, Hist. Chile, i, 1847, 484.—Covgs, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 542 (mongr.); Check List, 1873, no. 571; 2d ed., 1882,
no. 802; Birds Northwest, 1874, 675.—ScuHLiEGEL, Mus. Pays—Bas, vi, no. 24
(Sternae), 1864, 29 (Brazil) —Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299
(coast New Jersey).—LANpBEcK, Anal. Univ. Chile, xli, 1872, 515.—Ripe-
way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 208; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.
684.—Barrp, Brewer, and Riaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 290.—
AMERICAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no.
68; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 44.—DansBENE, Orn. Argent., 1910, 211 (s. Chaco;
Estado del Plata).

@ Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 131.
Notwithstanding that S. trudeauii in its adult plumages is unlike any other species
in coloration, the immature and young plumages resemble very closely those of S.

forsteri. The latter may, however, always be distinguished by the darker terminal

portion to the inner webs of the lateral rectrices, which are relatively narrower and more
elongated, decidedly shorter hallux, and differently shaped bill, which is more slender
or at least relatively less deep basally. According to Saunders, the young (which I
have not seen) of S. trudeauii has the crown and nape paler, with less distinct mottlings.
5 One specimen. Three other specimens, adults and fully grown immature birds
of undertermined sex, measure as follows: Wing, 248-276 (256.7); tail, 114-142 (125.3),
exposed culmen, 39-42 (40.2); tarsus, 22.5-24.5 (23.7); middle toe 19-22 (20.7).

490 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

S[terna] trudeaui Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 659.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds,
2d ed., 1884, 767.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 41.

[Sterna] trudeaui PELzELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 461.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds,
1872, 322.—Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 137.

Sterna trudeauii AUDUBON, Birds ie 8vo. ed., vii, 1844, 105, pl. 435.—Giravp,
Birds Long Island, 1844, 354. Tarwmunont in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., ix, 1858, a Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 687.—ScLaTER
and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 570 (monogr.).—Orton, Am.
Nat., iv, 1871, 716 (Audubon’s type said to be in coll. Mus. Vassar College).—
SAUNDERS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 660 (monogr.); 1891, 373 (Argentina;
descr. eggs); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 130 (Rio de Janeiro and Santa
Catarina, Brazil; Maldonado, Uruguay; Punta Lara, Buenos Aires, and
Ajo, Argentina; Chile)—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1877, 200 (Province of Buenos
Aires, Argentina).—TaczanowskI, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 443.—ScLaTER
and Hupson, Argentine Orn., ii, 1888, 195.—Ho.anp, Ibis, 1890, 428 (near
Ranchos, Argentina; descr. nest and eggs); 1892, 212 (Estancia Espartilla,
Argentina; habits; descr. eggs).—Hotmpere, Segundo censo Argentina,
1898, 558.—InERING, Revista Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 446 (Sao Paulo, s.
Brazil).—Harrert and Venturi, Novit. Zool., oe 1909, 253 (Barracas al
Sud, San Martin, and Monte, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Jan., June).—GRANT
(C. H. B.), Ibis, 1911, 473 (Los Inglesas, Linconia, and Tuyu, Argentina,
Oct.—March).

[Sterna] trudeauii Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 118, no. 11027.—Scnarer and Satvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147.—Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii,
no. 2, 1899, 55 (Chile).

Gelochelidon trudeaui Born, Isis, 1844, 187.

[ Thalasseus] trudeaui BoNaAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772.

Phaetusa trudeauii Buasrus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 73 (monogr.).

[Phaetusa] sellovii LicurensterN, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 98 (nomen
nudum; Maldonado, Uruguay; coll. Berlin Mus.).

Sterna frobeentti Puitrpr1 and LaNpBEcK, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg.,
xxix, pt. 1, 1863, 125 (Arica Bay, Chile)—Lanpsercx, Anal. Univ. Chile,
1872, 515.

Sterna frobenit Putuieri and LANDBECK, Cat. Av. Chile., 1869, 49.

[Sterna] frobeenti Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 118, no. 11032.

(?) [Phaethusa] chloropoda (not Sterna erence Vieillot) Heine and REICHENOW,
Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 355 (Chile).

STERNA FORSTERI Nuttall.

FORSTER’S TERN.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Pileum and nape uniform black;
rest of upper parts, including rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail,
pallid neutral gray, the primaries with a velvety surface, especially
in unworn plumage; inner webs of elongated outermost rectrices
darker (sometimes quite dusky) terminally, the outer webs white;
inner webs of primaries without any well-defined white space, except
on two outermost, the remaining quills usually with edge of mner
web more or less dusky; tips of secondaries, anterior upper tail-
coverts, lateral and under portions of head and neck, and entire
under parts, including axillars and under wing-coverts, immaculate
white; bill dull orange, with terminal third (more or less) black or

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 491

dusky; iris dark brown; legs and feet intense orange or orange-red
(in life).

Adults in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but pileum
white, tinged on occiput and nape with grayish, the side of head
with a dusky stripe surrounding eye and extending along upper
portion of auricular region; tail with lateral rectrices relatively shorter
and broader; bill duller orange, and feet paler or less intense
orange-red.

Young.—Similar to winter adults, but pileum, hindneck, back,
scapulars, tertials, and wing-coverts overlaid or washed with brown,
this nearly uniform on crown and back, the sides of head tinged
with the same; rectrices all distinctly dusky terminally, especially
on inner webs.

Downy young.—Upper parts light buffy brown or avellaneous,
irregularly spotted or marbled with black; under parts slightly paler
buffy brown, passing into nearly brownish white on chest, breast,
and abdomen, the throat usually more or less strongly suffused with
sooty ; bill light brownish basally, dusky terminally; feet pale brownish.

Adult male.—Wing, 246-269 (258.4); tail, 151-218.5 (174.2);
exposed culmen, 38-42 (39.4); tarsus, 22.5-24 (23:2); middle toe, 20-
22.5'(21).2

Adult female-——Wing, 242-264 (255.6); tail, 140-168.5 (158.5);
exposed culmen, 37-41 (39); tarsus, 21.5-24 (22.8); middle toe,
19.5-22.5 (20.8).°

Breeding from southern Oregon (Lower Klamath Lake; Tule
Lake), Saskatchewan (Saskatchewan River), Manitoba (Lake Mani-
toba; Lake Winnipeg; Lake Winnipegosis; Shoal Lake; Waterhen
River; Selkirk) southward to interior lakes and marshes of Cali-
fornia (tule marshes near Sacramento; Eagle Lake; Lake Tahoe),
Nevada (marshes near sink of Humboldt River; Ruby Lake;
Franklin Lake), Utah (marshes of Utah Lake and Great Salt Lake),
northern Colorado, northern Nebraska, Minnesota (Grant, Traverse,
and Becker counties), northeastern Illinois (Cook County), and
southern Ontario (Mohawk Island, in Lake Erie; St. Clair Flats);

a Thirteen specimens. b Eleven specimens.
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. car Tarsus maddie
| |
~ ae
MALES. | |
Ten adult males from coast of Virginia..............--.-------- | 256.8 | 176.2} 39.5 23. 2 | 21
Three adult males from California (2) and Nevada (1)......---- 263.7 | 167.3 39. 2 23.2 | 20.8
FEMALES. | |
Ten adult females from coast of Virgima............-..-------- | 254.8 | 157.7 | 39.1 22.8 20.8
One adult females from bevada....... Sais) fi ie seupaepes OY. ou: | 264 166 37.5 237 || 21
|

492 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

also along Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States, locally, from
New Jersey (Seven Mile Beach) and Virginia (Cobbs Island, etce.),
to Texas (Galveston Bay; Fort Brown); casual northward to Massa-
chusetts (Ipswich Beach, Sept., 1870); wintermg from southern
California, Gulf coast, and coast of South Carolina southward to
Guatemala (Lake of Duefias) and along Pacific coast to Sinaloa
(Mazatlan, Oct. to April) and Oaxaca (San Mateo; Ventosa Bay,
Dec., Feb.); accidental off coast of Brazil (off Pernambuco).

Sterna hirundo (Variety) Forster, Philos. Trans., lxii, 1772, 421 (Churchill
River?, Hudson Bay).

[Sterna hirundo|] 8. Laraam, Index Orn., 11, 1790, 808 (cites Sterna hirundo,
var. Forster).

Sterna hirundo (not of Linnzeus) Swarnson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am.,
li, 1831, 412 (Saskatchewan River).

Sterna forsteri Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 274,
footnote (Saskatchewan River; based on S. hirundo Swainson and Richard-
son).—LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., v, 1852, 222 (California; crit.); viii,
1867, 299 (vicinity New York City); in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix, 1858, 862; Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 318 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Oct.
to April); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 51 (San Mateo and Ventosa Bay,
Oaxaca, Dec., Feb.).—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 691.—CovEs,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 544 (monogr.); 1866, 99 (Arizona); 1871,
44 (Fort Macon, North Carolina); Ibis, 1864, 390 (Lake of Duefias, Guate-
mala); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 308 (New England); Check List, 1873,
no. 566; 2d ed., 1882, no. 798; Birds Northwest, 1874, 676.—ScHLEGEL,
Mus. Pays-Bas., vi, no. 24 (Sternae), 1864, 19.—Satvrin, Ibis, 1866, 199
(Duefias, Guatemala).—Ettror, New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, i, 1869, Introd.
(tail figured).—Sciater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 569 (mon-
ogr.).—SNow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 12 (migrant).—Merrriam, Sixth Am. Rep.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1873, 704 (Marsh Creek, Idaho, breeding).—H=EN-
sHAw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. xi, 1875, 13 (marshes of Great Salt Lake, Utah, breed-
ing); Rep. Zool. Exped. 100th Merid., 1875, 486 (Utah Lake, Utah, breeding).—
SauNpDERS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 65 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxv, 1896, 46 (Lake of Duefias, Guatemala, Oct. 28; Tehuantepec»
Oaxaca, Feb.; at sea 200-300 miles off Pernambuco, Brazil, etc.)—Jouy,
Field and Forest, 1877, 181 (District Columbia).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex
Inst., v, 1873, 173 (Great Salt Lake, Utah, breeding); Orn. Fortieth Parallel,
1877, 639 (Sacramento, California, June; Pyramid, Ruby, and Franklin
Lakes and Humboldt marshes, Nevada, breeding; Great Salt Lake, Utah,
breeding); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 208; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 685.—SENNET?T, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 65
(Galveston, Texas, breeding; habits)—Merrritt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1,
1878, 172 (ort Brown, Texas, breeding; descr. nest and eggs).—RoBERTS
and Benner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 20 (Grant and Traverse Coun-
ties, Minnesota, breeding)—Brewsrrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882,
126 (Cobbs Island, Virginia, breeding); Auk, vi, 1889, 66 (near Chatham,
Massachusetts, Oct. 2, 1888; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, no. 1, 1902, 25
(San José del Cabo, Lower California, Dec. 15 to May 17).—NEHRLING,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 225 (coast of s. e. Texas, breeding).—
Bexipine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1883, 546 (Cape San Lucas district,
Lower California).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Water Birds North
Am., ii, 1884, 292.—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 18 (Colorado, up to 6,000 ft.).—

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 493

Aq@ersBora, Auk, ii, 1885, 289 (s. e. South Dakota)—AmeEriIcAN Or-
NITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 69; 3d ed.,
-1910, p. 44.—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 147 (Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipeg,
Lake Winnipegosis, Shoal Lake, Waterhen River, and Selkirk, Manitoba,
breeding).—TowNsEND, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 192 (n. California,
breeding).—Brcxuam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 644 (Corpus Christi,
Texas).—Pinpar, Auk, vi, 1889, 31 (Fulton County, Kentucky, breeding).—
Suicx, Auk, vii, 1890, 327 (Seven Mile Beach, New Jersey, breeding).—
THompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 469 (Lake Winnipeg, etc.,
Manitoba, breeding).—Raoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 101 (Corpus
Christi, Texas).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903,
402 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; San Mateo and Ventosa Bay, Oaxaca; Lake of Duefias,
Guatemala; off Pernambuco, Brazil).—Fintby, Condor, ix, 1907, 97, in text
(Lower Klamath and Tule lakes, s. Oregon, breeding).—RoxBeErrs, in Wilcox’s
Hist. Becker Co., Minn., 1907, 162 (breeding).—Linron, Condor, x, 1908,
196 (Buena Vista Lake, Kern Co., California, May, June).—GoLpMAN,
Condor, x, 1908, 201 (Tulare Co., California, June).—GrRINNELL (J.), Pacific
Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 24 (California range; breeding at Eagle Lake,
Lake Tahoe, Sacramento, etc.; wintering sparingly north to Santa Cruz
and Stockton).

[Sterna] forsteri Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 118, no. 11026. —ScnaTer and SALVIN,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147 Hee Hand-list, i, 1899, 134.—ForBEs
and Rosrinson; Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 54 (Cobbs Island, Vir-
ginia).

S[terna] forsteri Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 16 (Truckee Valley,
Nevada, breeding), 23 (Sink of Humboldt River, breeding), 31 (Great Salt
Lake, Utah, breeding); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 391 (Illinois); Man. N.
Am. Birds, 1887, 42.—NeEtson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 147 (n. e. Illinois,
breeding; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed.,
1884, 763.—Scort, Auk, iv, 1887, 274, 278, in text (w. coast Florida, May).

[Sterna] forsteriti Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 321.

Sterna havelli Aupuson, Birds Am., fol. ed., 1838, pl. 409, fig. 1 (Louisiana,
opposite New Orleans;—young); Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 122.—LAWRENCE,
in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 861.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 686.—Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ° 1862, 543
(monogr.).—BrewsteEr, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 306 (Ipswich Beach, Massachu-
setts, Sept., 1870).

S[terna] havelli Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 659.

[Sterna] havelli Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 118, no. 11028.

Sterna havellii AupuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 318; Birds Am., 8vo. ed., vii, 1844,

103, pl. 434.
Gelochelidon havelli Born, Isis, 1844, 187.

[Gelochelidon] havelli BoNaPpartE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772.

STERNA HIRUNDO Linneus.

_ COMMON TERN.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Pileum and nape, including upper
half of lores, uniform black; rest of upper parts pale neutral gray,
the edge of wing, tips of secondaries, lower part of rump, upper tail-
coverts, and greater part of tail immaculate pure white; under parts
of body uniform pallid neutral gray to grayish white, fading into

494 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

white on under and lateral portions of head, the under tail-coverts,
axillars, and under wing-coverts pure white; outer web of outermost
rectrix gray, becoming darker terminally, in abrupt contrast with
the pure white of inner web, the outer webs of remaining rectrices
(except middle pair) pale gray; outer web of outermost primary
blackish slate, of the other primaries pale silvery gray; inner webs
of distal primaries for the most part white but with a stripe of
grayish next to shaft, this stripe abruptly defined on outer five quills
but becoming gradually broader and paler toward the fifth, and
extending round tip of web and returning toward base as a sub-
edging, the edge itself white; five inner (proximal) primaries with
inner webs pale silvery gray edged with white; bill vermilion red,
blackish terminally, except on tomia; inside of mouth orange-
vermilion; edges of eyelids black; iris dark brown; legs and feet
orange-vermilion.

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults, but forehead, crown,
and anterior part of lores white, the crown intermixed with black;
only the occiput and nape uniform black; under parts pure white.

Young.—Orbital region, occiput, and nape black; crown mixed
black and grayish white; forehead, loral region, sides of head (below
orbital region), entire under parts, upper tail-coverts, inner webs of
rectrices, and tips of secondaries, white; upper parts (except as de-
scribed) pale gray, the scapulars, interscapulars, and tertials tipped
with pale buff and marked with a subterminal lunule of dusky brown
or grayish brown; anterior lesser wing-coverts dusky, forming a
broad bar across anterior portion of wing; primaries much as in
adults, but darker; larger wing-coverts pale gray, indistinctly mar-
gined or edged with white; outer webs of rectrices grayish, much
darker on outermost pair; bill dusky brownish, the mandible paler
and more reddish basally; legs and feet pale yellowish in dried
skins (flesh color in life?).

Downy young.—Upper parts pale grayish buff or light brownish
buff (dull avellaneous), irregularly spotted or marbled with blackish,
except on forehead; under parts immaculate white or buffy white,
the throat more or less suffused with sooty, sometimes uniform
sooty.

Adult male.—Wing, 256-273 (265.6); tail, 128-174 (148.9);
exposed culmen, 33-39 (37.2); tarsus, 18-20.5 (19.2); middle toe,
16.5-18 (17.3).¢ ‘

Adult female.—Wing, 235-273 (257.7); tail, 132.5-161.5 (147.4);
exposed culmen, 32-40.5 (35.7); tarsus, 17.5-20 (18.9); middle toe,
16-18 (17.1).2

Breeding from Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), central Keewatin,
southern Ungava, and Newfoundland southward to coast of North

a Fifteen specimens. b Seventeen specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 495

Carolina (Pimlico Sound), western Pennsylvania (Cedar Point, Erie
County), northern Ohio, southern Ontario (Point Pelee and adjacent
islands in Lake Erie), northeastern Illinois (Cook County), Michigan
(Charity Island and other islands in Lake Michigan north of lat.
44°), Manitoba (Lake Winnipeg, etc.), and southern Saskatchewan,
and Alberta (Alix); also on coast of Texas and Louisiana, on island of
Bonaire, Dutch West Indies, and, formerly, in Bermudas; occa-
sional during migration in British Columbia (Comox, 2 specimens,
Sept. 24, 1903; west coast Vancouver Island), California (common
migrant along coast), Arizona (San Pedro, Sept. 3, 1872), Colorado
(New Windsor, May 14, 1908), and other parts of the imterior;
migrating to Bahamas (Abaco), Jamaica, Grenada, Venezuela
(Cumanaé), Panama (Gattin Lake, June 9 and Dec. 3), Cayenne,
Brazil (Bahia), etc.; in Eastern Hemisphere breeding in temperate
portions of Europe and Asia, migrating southward to southern
Africa, India, Ceylon, etc.

[Sterna] hirundo Linnzvus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 137 (Sweden); ed. 12, i,
1766, 227.—GMeELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 606.—LarHam, Index Orn.,
ii, 1790, 807.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 320.—Cory, List Birds
West Ind., 1885, and revised ed., 1886, 33 (Bahamas).

Sterna hirundo Boppagrt, Tabl. Pl, Enl., 1783, 57 (Pl. Enl., pl. 987).—Brcu-
stEIN, Naturg. Deutschl., 1791, 828.—TmmMminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 184;
Man. d’Orn., 1815, 481; i, 1820, 740; iv, 1840, 458.—Mryerr and Wo tr,
Taschenb., ii, 1810, 459.—Winson, Am. Orn., vii, 1813, 76, pl. 60, fig. 1.—
Kocu, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816, 366.—Lxracu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit.
Mus., 1816, 41.—Ninsson, Orn. Suec., 1817, 156.—Viemtotr, Nouv. Dict.
d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 172; Faune Frang., Ois., 1828, 401.—Borr, Isis,
1822, 563, 882.—Breum, Beitr. Vogelk., iii, 1822, 678; Lehrb., 1824, 688; Vég.
Deutschl., 1831, 781.—SrerHEeNns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1825, 150.—
Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., li, 1828, 354; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 61.—
WERNER, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, pl. 6.—FLemine, Brit. Anim., 1828, 143.—
Kavp, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 26.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 621.—Sav1,jOrn.
Tosce., 1ii, 1831, 85.—JArping, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., ii, 1832, 368.—SELBy,
Brit. Birds, ii, 1833, 468, pl. 90, fig. 1.—Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can.,
Water Birds, 1834, 271.—JenyNs, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 266.—GouLD,

Locality. Wing. | Tail. eee Tarsus. | made
| |
— — | ] — a
MALES,
Six adult males from Europe........2.. 202.20. c 22 eee e enone 268.7 | 154 36. 2 19.2 17.2
Ten adult males from coast of Virginia..............-.-.-.-..- 263.7 | 145.8 37.7 19.2 17.3
FEMALES. |
Seven adult females from Europe (6) and Syria (1)............ | 262.4) 142.9 35.7 18,6 16.9
Ten adult females from coast of Virginia (9) and District of |
Bolambia (1). Seek. et eS BAUER che ey | 254.4 | 150.1 35.7] 19.2 17.1
|
{ J

496

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 417 and text; Birds Great Brit., v. 1873, pl. 70 and
text.—AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 74, pl. 309; Synopsis, 1839, 318;
Birds Am., 8vo. ed., vii, 1844, 97, pl. 433.—Scuinz, Eur. Faun., 1840, 373.
—NauMANN, Vég. Deutschl., x, 1840, 89, pl. 252.—Srrys-LonecHamps,
Faune Belge, 1842, 150.—Macaritiivray, Man. Brit. Orn., pt. li, 1842, 231;
Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 638.—YARRELL, Brit. Birds, 11, 1843, 396; 2d ed., iii,
1845, 504.—Giraup, Birds Long Is., 1844, 347.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus.,
Anseres, 1844, 177; Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 240.—ScHLEGEL, Rev. Crit.,
1844, p. exxix; Vog. Nederl., 1854, 608, pl. 357; Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 24
(Sternae), 1864, 17.—Dr Kay, N. Y. Zool., Birds, 1844, 298, pl. 125, figs.
275, 276.—Grraup, Birds Long Island, 1844, 342.—Hrwirson, Eggs Brit.
Birds, ii, 1846, 427, pl. 120, fig. 1.—ReicHensacu, Natatores, 1848, pl. 19,
figs. 269-273; Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 4; Av. Syst. Nat., Longipennes, 1852,
p. v.—JARDINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 80 (Bermudas, summer resident); 1850,
6 (Bermudas).—Dea@uanp, Ois. Eur., ii, 1849, 342.—FuHompson, Birds
Ireland, iii, 1851, 281—KysarrBOLiine, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 329, pl. 40A;
Suppl., 1854, pl. 20, fig. 3—Hervetin, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 70 (n. Egypt).—
Jonss, Naturalist in Bermuda, 1859, 91—B.Lanp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst.,
1859, 288 (Bermudas).—LINDERMAYER, Vég. Griechenl., 1860, 178.—H1Nnt1z,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 229 (migrations).—CovEs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1862, 547 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 565; 2d ed., 1882, no. 797;
Birds Northwest, 1874, 680.—VeERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 160
(coast Maine, breeding).—SunpDEVALL, Svensk Fogl., 1863, pl. 48, fig. 4.—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New York City);
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 623 (Guadeloupe).—JEerpon, Birds India,
iii, 1864, 839.—DrEGLAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., 11, 1867, 456.—Locug, Expl.
Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 201.—F rirscn, V6g. Eur., 1870, 458, pl. 54, fig. 4.—
Etwes and Buck ey, Ibis, 1870, 337 (Constantinople, Turkey).—SwINHOE,
Ibis, 1871, 422 (China).—Gopman, Ibis, 1872, 222 (Canary and Madeira).—
PautmEtn, Finlands Fogl., 1873, 568.—Taczanowskx1, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873,
111 (e. Siberia)—Hensnaw, Zool. Exped. West of 100th Merid., 1875,
486 (San Pedro, Arizona, Sept. 3, 1872).—Batrey (H. B.), Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, i, 1876, 28 (Cobb’s Island, Virginia, breeding).—Lanepon, Birds
Cincinnati, 1877, 18.—Ratusun (F. R.), Revised List Birds Centr. N. Y.,
1879, 41 (Seneca Lake, 1 spec., June; Owasco Lake).—Cory, Birds Bahama
Is., 1880, 211; Auk, v, 1888, 77 (accidental in Bahamas; references); Cat.
West Ind. Birds, 1892, 82 (Abaco Island, Bahamas; Jamaica); Pub. 137
Field Mus. N. H., 1909, 194 (Aruba, Dutch West Indies).—SrEBoum, Ibis
1882, 230 (Astrakhan); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 280.—Brrwsrer, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 401 (Magdalen Islands, breeding; habits;
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, no. 1, 1902, 25 (San José del Cabo, Lower Cali-
fornia, Sept. 5-30).—SrvErtzow, Ibis, 1883, 77 (Pamir range, central
Asia, breeding).—MArRsHALL, Ibis, 1884, 425 (Chamba, n. w. Himalayas).—
Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 295.—
RappE, Orn. Caucas., 1884, 486.—BuTLEeR, Bull. 2, Brookville Soc.
N. H., 1886, 14 (Franklin Co., Indiana, 1 spec. June 3, 1884).—SETon,
Auk, iii, 1886, 147 (w. Mantioba, breeding)—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 70; 3d ed., 1910, p. 44.—
Satvapor!, Ucc. Ital., 1887, 276.—EvERMANN, Auk, v, 1888, 346 (Lake
Maxinkuckee, Indiana, May 11).—Prinpar, Auk, vi, 1889, 311 (Fulton
Co., Kentucky, summer resident).—Suick, Auk, vii, 1890, 327 (Seven
Mile Beach, New Jersey, breeding).—Kogrnie, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 457
(Canary Islands); 1893, 98 (Tunis)—THompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
xiii, 1980, 469 (Lake Winnipeg, etc., Manitoba, breeding).—GarTKE,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 497

Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 585.—Harrert, Ibis, 1893, 309 (Aruba; Bonaire;
crit.), 326 (Curccao), 337 (Bonaire, breediig); Novit Zool., ix, 1902, 309
(Aruba; Bonaire).—Rwoaps, Auk, xvi, 1899, 309 (Allegheny River, w.
Pennsylvania, 1 spec. Oct. 8, 1892).—CoBEAux, Ottawa Nat., 1900, 25
(s. Saskatchewan, breeding).—Norron, Proc. Portl. Soc. N. H., ii, 1901,
157 (Gut of Canso, Labrador).—Brooxs, Auk, xxi, 1904, 289 (Comox,
Brit. Columbia, 2 specs. Sept. 24, 1903) —Errrie, Auk, xxii, 1905, 236
(Hudson Bay).—Jones, Wilson Bull., n. s., xiii, 1906, 35, 43 (life history,
with photographic illustrations); xxi, 1909, 70 (Cedar Point, Erie Co., Penn-
sylvania, breeding) —TAVERNER and Swa tes, Wilson Bull., no. 59, 1907, 50
(Point Pelee,Ontario; breedingabundantlyon adjacent islandsin I.ake Erie).—
WrteETt, Condor, x, 1908, 50 (Alamitos Bay, California, Sept. 25, 1907).—
PreBie, North Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 272 (breeding to northward of Great
Slave Lake).—Kerrmope, Provincial Mus. Victoria, 1909, 25 (w. coast Van-
couver Island).—Cooxkr, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 314 (New Windsor, Colorado,
lspec. May 14, 1908).—Becr, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4thser., iii, 1910, 64 (Mon-
terey Bay, California, April, May, Aug., Oct.), 109 (California specs, in coll. Calif.
Acad. Sci.).—Puturep, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 313 (Pamlico Sound, North Carolina,
breeding).—Woop and Gaiar, Pub. 4, Mich. Geol. and Biol. Surv., 1911,
277 (breeding in Michigan north of lat. 44°).—Isreny, Auk, xxix, 1912, 38
(Sedgwick Co., Kansas, migrant).—ArNotp, Auk, xxix, 1912, 75 (Newfound-
land, breeding).—Woop (N. A.), 14th Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci., 1912, 180
Charity Island, Michigan, breeding).—TowNnsENp (C. W.), Auk, xxix, 1912,
19 (St. John’s River, etc., New Brunswick); xxx, 1913, 5 (Natashquam
River, Labrador).—L6nnBERG, Ibis, 1913, 301 (crit. on name).—JEWELL,
Auk, xxx, 1913, 423 (Gatun Lake, Panama, June 9, 1912; Gatun, Dec. 3).—
GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avif., No. 11, 1915, 24 (California: common
migrant along coast)—Horssruan, Ibis, 1916, 675 (Alix, Alberta, breed-
ing).—WetmMorgE, Bull. 326, U.S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 47 (Porto Rico, Aug.).—
Puitrer and Bownpisu, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 265 (n. New Brunswick, breeding).—
Merwin, Auk, xxxv, 1918, 74 (Thousand Islands, breeding).

S[terna] hirundo Bonaparte, Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [208].—
Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 659 —Maximr1An, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 258.—
Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1875, 391 (Illinois); Man. N. Am. Birds,
1887, 43.—Nertson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 147 (n. e. Illinois, abundant
migrant, a few breeding).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1882, 762.

St{erna] hirundo Kryseriine and Brastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xevii, 246.—
Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 222 (Bermudas).

Sterna . . . hirundo Forster, Philos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 421 (Churchill River,
Keewatin).

Larus hirundo Scorout, Ann. I, Hist. Nat., 1769, 82.

Hydrocecropis hirundo Botr, Isis, 1844, 179.

Larus bicolor Scopout, Ann. I. Hist. Nat., 1769, 81 (= immature).

Larus sterna Scorour, Ann. I, Hist. Nat., 1769, 82 (= immature).

(?) Larus columbinus Scorotr, Ann. I, Hist. Nat., 1769, 82 (= young).

Sterna fluviatilis NAUMANN, Isis, 1819, 1847, 1848 (rivers of Schleswig-Holstein):
—Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 779.—Satvaport, Ucc. Sardinia, 1864, 122;
Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871, 280.—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 75.—
Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1872, 263, pl. 580.—Snetiey, Birds Egypt,
1872, 299—Gurney, in Andersson’s Damara-Land, 1872, 361—HerveLIN,
Orn. N. Ost-Afr., Bd. 2, pt. 2, 1873, 1418.—Brookg, Ibis, 1873, 346 (Sardinia).
—SaunpveErs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 649 (monogr.); ed. Yarrell’s
Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 549; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 631; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——33

498 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

xxv, 1896, 54, (Grenada, Sept. 14; Cayenne; Bahia, Brazil; San Jose,
Guatemala, Dec. 8; etc.), 457—Davip and OvusTaet, Ois. Chine, 1877,
525.—Scort, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 227 (Long Beach, New Jersey,
breeding).—Lreer, Birds Ceylon, 1880, 1015.—Ripa@way, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 208; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 686.—BritisH
OrnitrHoLoaists’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 180 —Suarpe, ed. Layard’s
BirdsS. Africa, 1884, 701.—TristraM, Faunaand Flora Palestine, 1884, 135.—
Rep, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 269 (Bermudas, formerly breed-
ing).—Guieuioit, Avif. Ital., 1886, 415; 1st Resoc. Av. Ital., 1889, 630; 2nd
Resoc., 1890, 661; 3rd Resoc., 1891, 517.—Harvis-Brown and Bucktey,
Fauna Sutherl., 1887, 227; Fauna Outer Hebrides, 1888, 141.—RricuENnow,
Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 61.—Buck.ey and Harvie-Brown, Fauna
Orkney Is., 1891, 228.—Frivatpsky, Av. Hung., 1891, 179.—MaparAsz,
Austr. Hung. Vogelf., 1891, 120.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., ed. 1890, 211;
Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 278 (Bahamas).—Hartert, Novit. Zool., x, 1903,
297 (Rio de Oro, w. Africa)—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, iii, 1903, 403 (San Jose, Guatemala; e. coast South America to Bahia;
West Indies, etc.).—Harrert and Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 100 (Flores
and San Miguel and off Terceira and Santa Maria, Azores; breeding).—
Bervepscu, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 309 (Cayenne). ;

[Sterna] fluviatilis Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 118, no. 11021.—SHarpr, Hand-
list, i, 1899, 185.—ForBrs and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2,
1899, 54 (Cumana, Venezuela; etc.).

Sterna nitzschit Kaur, Isis, 1824, 153.

S[terna] nitzschiti Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 659.

Sterna pomarina Bream, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 781.

Sterna marina Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 55.

Sterna sencgalensis SwAINsoN, Birds West Africa, ii, 1837, 250.—Harrnaus, Orn.
W.-Afr., 1857, 255.—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 176 (Camma
River, w. Africa).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, Sternae, 1863, 16, 17.—
BocaGeE, Journ. Lisb., 1867, 149.

S[terna] senegalensis Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 659.

Hydrocecropis senegalensis Borg, Isis, 1844, 179.

Sterna wilsont BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 61 (based on Sterna hirundo
Wilson).—LaWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 861.—
Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 689.—Bryant (H.), Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., vii, 1859, 134 (Bahamas).—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861,
247 (Rigolet, Labrador; habits)—DressEr, Ibis, 1866, 44 (s. Texas).—
PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 325.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 12.

[Sterna] wilsont AuBrEcH?r, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 58 (Bahamas),—PrLzELn,
Orn. Bras., 1870, 461.—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 118, no. 11024.

Sterna wilsonit BLAKISTON, Ibis, 1863, 153 (Mackenzie River and Nelson River,
Mackenzie).

Hydrocecropis wilsoni Born, Isis, 1844, 179.

Sterna blasii Breum, Naumannia, 1855, 295 (=Sterna hirwndo auct.); Vogeil.,
1855, 348.

Sterna ———? Cougs, Ibis, 1864, 389 (San José, Guatemala).

Sterna macrodactyla Buastus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 75, 79 (Cape of Good Hope).

Sterna macroptera Buastus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 76, 79 (Cape of Good Hope).—
Finsca, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., vii, 1870, 303 (Zoulla).—Hrueuin, Orn.
N. O.-Afr., Bd. ii, pt. 2, 1873, 1418.—RericHENow, Journ. ftir Orn., 1877,
10 (Loango).—Bocages, Orn. Angola, 1881, 510.

[Sterna] macroptera Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 118, no. 110238.

Sterna hirundo macroptera Harrert, Kat. Vogelsamml. Mus. Senckenb..1391.239.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 499

Sterna dougalli (not of Montagu) Layarp, Birds South Africa, 1867, 369.—
CHAPMAN, Tray. 8. Africa, 1868, 424.

Sterna tibetana SAUNDERS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 649.—Hume, Stray
Feathers, v, 1877, 485 (Tibet, n. of Sikkim, India); viii, 1879, 158 (Tonka,

Malay Peninsula).
Sterna major OLPHE-GAILLIARD, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ., pt. x, 1886, 28.
[Sterna paradisxa]® (not of Briinnich) Dwienr, Auk, iv, 1887, 14 (Cape Breton
Island, Nova Scotia, breeding; see Dwight, Auk, vi, 1889, 186).

STERNA PARADISZA Briinnich.

ARCTIC TERN.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Pileum and nape, including upper
two-thirds of lores, uniform deep black; rest of upper parts mostly
plain light gray (between light and pale neutral gray), the tips of
secondaries and tertials, upper tail-coverts, and greater part of tail
(including whole of inner webs) white; elongated lateral rectrix with
outer web deep gray, growing darker terminally, in strong and abrupt
contrast with pure white of inner web, the outer web of next rectrix
pale gray; outermost primary with outer web dark gray or slate color;
inner webs of all the primaries mostly white, with a stripe of silvery
gray next to shaft, this gray stripe growing gradually wider toward
inner primaries, on which it extends across tip of inner web and
runs anteriorly near edge for a greater or less distance, the three or
four innermost primaries, however, with inner webs light silvery gray
edged with white; under tail-coverts, axillars, and under wing-coverts
immaculate pure white; rest of under parts plain light gray (pale
neutral gray, slightly paler than color of upper parts), fading into still
paler gray on throat and chin, and into white on sides of head, next
to black of pileum and lores; bill carmine or nopal red, usually tipped
with blackish; iris dark brown; legs and feet intense red.

Adults in winter—Sinilar to summer adults, but forehead, crown,
and anterior portion of lores white, the crown streaked with black,
only the occiput, nape, and posterior portion of lores uniform
black; under parts white, sometimes slightly tinged with gra,

Young.—Orbital region, occiput, and posterior portion of crown
dull black; forehead and anterior portion of lores and crown white,
the crown intermixed with blackish and stained with brownish;
back, scapulars, and wings pale gray, the feathers, tipped with pale
buff and marked with a subterminal lunule of dusky brown, these
markings most distinct on tertials and longer scapulars, more faint
on back; primaries and secondaries much as in adults; lower rump,
upper tail-coverts, and entire under parts white, the lateral portions of
chest and breast stained with pale dull brownish; outer webs of
rectrices deep gray or slate color, paler on middle pair, all the rectrices

@ Mentioned, in text, under name Arctic Tern.

500 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

with a rather indistinct subterminal lunule of dusky; bill dusky or
blackish for terminal half, orange-reddish basally; legs and feet pale
reddish (flesh color in life?).

Downy young.—Upper parts very pale buffy grayish or grayish
buffy to wood brown or bright avellaneous, irregularly spotted or
marbled with blackish, except on forehead; forehead, suborbital
and malar regions, and throat grayish to sooty blackish; chest white
or brownish white, passing into very pale buffy grayish to light
buffy brown or drab on posterior and lateral under parts.

Adult male.—Wing, 257-290 (272.5); tail, 148-202.5 (176.8);
exposed culmen, 29.5-42 (33.2); tarsus, 13.5-16 (14.9); middle toe,
15-17 (16.1).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 238-277 (263.1); tail, 135-193 (165.5); ex-
posed culmen, 28-35 (31.1); tarsus, 13.5-15.5 (14.4); middle toe,
15-17.5 (15.9).°

Breeding from northern and western Alaska (Semechi and Amchitka
islands, Aleutian chain; Shumagin Islands; coasts of Norton and
Kotzebue sounds, Yukon Valley, Point Barrow, etc.), Melville
Island, northern Greenland, etc., southward to southern Alaska
(Yakutat Bay), northern British Columbia, Lower Slave Lake, central
Keewatin, Quebec (Point de Monts), Magdalen Islands, Maine, and
(formerly) coast of Massachusetts (Muskegat Island, etc.); migrating
southward along or near Atlantic coast to Long Island, see to

Hight adult females from Alaska................02.202-e0eeeee- 270.9
One adult female from eastern Siberia (Valley of Yenesai)...... 260

166.6} 315 | 14.4 15.2
TOO tia: 14.5 15.5

a Tyenty kee specimens. b Sixteen specimens.
| |

| rh Middl
3 xT . pose iddle

Locality. Wing. | Tail. are Tarsus. toni

| men.
——=
— — | |
MALES. |
| |

Two adult males from northern Europe..........--.--.-..--.-- 271 183.7 33 16 16.5
_ Three adult males from Disco Island, Greenland............... 269.3 | 174 33 14.7 15.8
One adult male from Cumberland Gulf......................2. 285 176.5 33 15 16.5
Two adult males from Newfoundland (Funk Island)...........| 276 193.7 34.7 15.7 16.5

One adult male from Quebec (Rupert House).............-..-- 278 194 32 15 16
One adult male from}Nova Seotigs. jc. 22.2 deeseee tee ecuet es 265 164.5 34 15 15.5
Two adult males from Massachusetts (Muskegat Island)....... 262.5 | 157 30.5 14.2 15.7

Nine adult malestrom-Alaskae.. conse sa sneccemer erate aacace eee 278.21" “173 32.7 14.8 16
One adult male from Bering Island, Kamchatka............... 279 186 , 42 15 16.5

FEMALES.

One adult female from Greenland.............--.--- Pairs: 277 | 193 32 15°65) 147

One adult temale from Cumberland Gulf...............-.-...-- 270 161 31 1555y\) 96

One adult female from Ungava (Fort Chimo).................. 257 151 29 14 15

One adult female'from Nova Scotia: 27... ccc. aecw cece cece 253 173 | (31.5 15 16
Three adult females from Massachusetts (Muskegat Island)....} 241.7) 152.7 30.5 14.2 16.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 501

eastern Pennsylvania (Delaware and Lehigh Rivers), and along Pacific
coast to southern California (Monterey Bay); casual in Colorado
(Loveland, July 9, 1889; near Denver, spring, 1887); accidental in
Hawaiian group (Hilo Beach, May 9, 1891); wintering far southward
(coasts of Brazil, Chile, Peru, etc., and parts of Antarctic Ocean);
in Eastern Hemisphere breeds in Arctic region (up to lat. 82°, or higher,
including Spitzbergen and other Arctic islands), from Iceland to the
Commander Islands, Kamchatka, migrating southward to Africa
and parts of Antarctic Ocean as far as lat. 74° S.

[Sterna] hirundo, part (not of Linneus, 1758) Briinnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 45, part
(young).—Linnzus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12,1, 1766, 227.—Rerzius, Fauna Suecica,
1800, 162.

Sterna hirundo Miiuier, Zool. Danm., Prodr., 1774, 170.—Puirrs, Voy. towards
North Pole, App., 1774, 188.—Fasricrus, Fauna Groenl., 1780, 105.—
Monr, Island Naturh., 1786, 43.—Sasine (E.), Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, 1819,
542 (Greenland).—Leracu, in Ross’ Voy. Baffin Bay, App., ii, 1819, pl. 8.—
Scoressy, Arctic Reg., i, 1820, 533 (Spitzbergen).—FasBer, Prodr. Orn.,
1822, 68.—Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 781.—Gamtarp, Voy. Islande,
Zool., 1851, 163.—Satvapor1, Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871, 280.—Dresser,
Birds Eur., viii (pt. xii), 1872, 255, pl. 579.—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds,
1872, 76.—SuHEtLEY, Birds Egypt, 1872, 299.—Hrvueun, Orn. N. O.-Afr.,
Bd. ii, pt. 2, 1873, 1421—Atston and Harviz-Brown, Ibis, 1873, 12 (Arch-
angel, n. Russia).—Durnrorp, Ibis, 1874, 200 (North Frisian Islands, breed-
ing).—IrBy, Orn. Str. Gibr., 1875, 210.—Nerwron, Arctic Man., 1875, 105.—
SEEBOHM and Harvie-Browny, Ibis, 1876, 451 (lower Petchora River, Russia;
habits)—Cotietr, Nyt Mag. Naturv., 1877, 214 (Norway).—Guieut011, Ibis,
1881, 217 (Genoa, Italy).—Neratz, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 654 (Franz Josef
Land).—O.rHe-GatuiarD, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid., pt. x, 1886, 21.—
Hagerup, Birds Greenl., 1891, 47.—ScnHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 262
(St. Paul Island, Pribilof group, Alaska).

[Sterna] hirundo Heine and ReicHEnow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 354.

Stuna [typ. error] hirundo O’ Retty, Greenland, 1818, 143.

Sterna paradisxa Brunnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 46 (Christiansde Island, Denmark).—
ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 24 (Sternae), 1864, 15.—Buasius, Journ.
fir Orn., 1866, 74 (monogr.)—DrG@LAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867,
458.—Bairp, Brewer, and Rieway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 299.—
TurNER, Auk, ii, 1885, 158 (Semechi Island, Aleutian chain, breeding);
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 252 (Ungava Bay, breeding); Contr. N. H.
Alaska, 1886, 127 (St. Michaels, etc.; habits) —Srrsnecer, Bull. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 85 (Bering Island, Kamchatka, a few breeding);
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 124 (Bering Island)—AMERIcAN ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 71; 3d ed., 1910,
p. 44.—Mewes and Homeyer, Ornis, ii, 1886, 272 (Archangel, Russia).—
Neuson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 58 (habits)—TowNnsEnp (C. H.),
Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 90 (lower Kowak River, July, Aug.).—
PatMEN, Vega-Exped., Bd. v, 1887, 349.—CHAMBERLAIN, in Hagerup’s
Birds Greenl., 1891, 47.—Macrartane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891,
419 (Fort Anderson, Mackenzie).—Cooxes, Birds Col., 1897, 51 (Loveland,
Colorado, July 9, 1889, and near Denver, Spring, 1887).—Srone, Birds E.
Penn. and N. J., 1894, 46 (Delaware and Lehigh Rivers, Pennsylvania).—
CuaprMAN, Bull. Am. Mus., xii, 1899, 229 (Disko Bay, etc., Greenland).—

502

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avif., no. 3, 1902, 13 (California range); no. 11,
1915, 24 (fall migrant s. to Monterey Bay).—HernsHaw, Birds Hawaiian
Islands, 1902, 123 (Hilo Beach, Hawaii, 1 spec., May 9, 1891).—PREBLE,
North Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 272 (breeding s. to Lower Slave Lake).—
Beck, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., iii, 1910, 64 (Monterey Bay, California,
in migration).—Brooxs (W. S.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 372
(St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea, breeding; Cape Serdze, n. e. Siberia,
July; etc.)—Wetmorg, Bull. 326, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 47 (Porto Rico,
rare Visitant).

S[terna] paradisxa Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 43.
Sterna macrura NAUMANN, Isis, 1819, 1847 (coast of Schleswig-Holstein); Vég.

Deutschl., x, 1840, 114, pl. 253—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres,
1844, 178, part.—ScHLeGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. cxxix.—DEGLAND, Orn.
Eur., ii, 1849, 344.—THompson, Birds Ireland, iii, 1851, 293.—_MmmpENDorrFr,
Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 245, pl. 25, figs. 2 (downy young), 3 (egg).—Law-
RENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 862.—NEwrTon, in Bar-
ing-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 417; Ibis, 1865, 506 (Spitzbergen).—RavpE,
Reis., Sibir., Vég., 1863, 388.—GurRNEY, Ibis, 1868, 262 (8. Africa) —Da..
and BANNISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 306 (Yukon River, Alaska,
habits).—Fritscu, Vog. Eur., 1870, 459, pl. 54, fig. 1.—Gituerr, Ibis, 1870,
306 (Novaya Zemlya).—HeEveun, Ibis, 1872, 64 (Novaya Zemlya; Waigats,
n. Russia).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, v, 1873, 366 (Greenland).—
GouLD, Birds Great Britain, v, 1873, pl. 72 and text.—Cougs, Birds North-
west, 1874, 685 (monogr.); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, 123, no. 799.—Tacza-
NowskKI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1875, 261 (mn. e. Siberia); Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1877, 749 (Tumbez, Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 441.—SauNDERS,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 650 (monogr.); 1880, 163 (lat. 32° S., long. 57°
18’ E.; crit.); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 553; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889,
663; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 62.—Frmpen, Ibis, 1877, 402 (North
Polar Basin), 408 (Smith Sound, north to lat. 81° 50’; habits); in Markham’s
Polar Reconn., 1881, 334 (Novaya Zemlya); Trans. Norfolk and Norwich
N. H. Soc., iii, 1881, 209 (Franz-Josef Land).—SrEBoum, Ibis, 1879, 161
(Yenesai River, Siberia); 1882, 385 (Archangel, n. Russia) —KUuMLIEN,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 101 (Greenland, etc.).—Ripeaway, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 208; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 687.—MerriaM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 241 (Point de Monts,
Quebec, breeding).—Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 402
(Magdalen Islands, etc., breeding; habits)—Netson, Cruise of ‘Corwin’
in 1881 (1883), 109 (both sides Bering Sea; Point Barrow).—BririsH ORnI-
THOLOGISTS’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 180.—Bunexr, Mél. Biol. St.
Petersb., xii, livr. i, 1884, 54 (Lena delta, Siberia)—Suarper, ed. Layard’s
Birds South Africa, 1884, 701.—Stater (H. H.) and Carrer, Ibis, 1886,
50 (n. Iceland; habits).—Grietror, Avif. Ital., 1886, 416; Avif. Ital., 1st Re-
soc., 1889, 632 (Lombardy); 2nd Resoc., 1890,165.—Harvize-Brown and Buck-
LEY, Fauna Sutherl., etc., 1887, 227; Fauna Outer Hebrides, 1888, 139;
Fauna Argyll, etc., 1892, 185.—Sanvapor1, Ucc. Ital., 1887, 276.—Mco-
LENEGAN, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 79 (Noatak River, Alaska, breed-
ing).—Tscnust, M. T. Orn. Ver. Wien., 1888, 80 (Hungary).—REIcHENOw,
Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 61.—Crarkk (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 51 (Jan
Mayen Land); Ibis, 1898, 262 (Franz-Josef Land, summer resident); 1899, 47
(Whale Point Harbor, Ryk-ys Islands, King Charles Islands, and Olga Straits,
e. Spitzbergen, breeding); 1907, 345 (Weddell Sea, lat. 64° 29” to 72° S.,
long. 12° 49” to 35° 29’ W.).—Btaae@, Ibis, 1893, 356 (Shetland Islands).—
Harrert, Katal. Vogelsamml. Senckenb., 1891, 239.—Bucktry and Harvir-

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 503

Brown, Fauna Orkneys, 1891, 227.—GArxer, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 585.—
CotLeTT, Norges Fugelf., Nyt Mag. f. Naturv., Bd. xxxv, 1894, 316.—
Litrorp, Colored Figs. Brit. Birds, pt. xxviii, 1894.—Prarson and Bip-
WELL, Ibis, 1894, 236 (n. Norway; breeding habits).—Scnatow, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1895, 465 (w. Greenland); 1899, 384 (Spitzbergen); Végel der Arktis,
1904, 150 (synonymy, range, etc.).—PEarson, Ibis, 1896, 212 (Russian Lap-
land; descr. eggs), 219 (Kolguev), 223 (Novaya Zemlya); 1898, 202 (Pachtusoff
Island, Novaya Zemlya, breeding).—Poruam, Ibis, 1897, 106 (Yeneseisk,
Siberia); 1898, 518 (Golchika and delta of Yenesei River, Siberia, breeding).—
Trevor-Barrye, Ibis, 1897, 591 (Spitzbergen; habits)—RricHENow,
Deutsch Tiefsee-Exp., 7-Bd. 5-lief., 1904, 350 (13° E., 57° S. and 66° E.,
56° S.).

Si[erna] macrura Kryseruine and Brastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xcvii, 246.

[Sterna] macrura LawrENcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New York
City).—Snarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 135.—Forsres and Rosrinson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 54 (Kamchatka; Chernobuso Island, Alaska;
etc.).

S[terna] macrura Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 764.

Sterna macrura macrura Hantzscon, Journ. fiir Orn., July, 1908, 328 (Labrador).

Sterna macroura Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 784.—KsaERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle,
1852, 330, pl. 40B; Suppl., 1854, pl. 20, figs. 4, 5. -Hruetin, Syst. Ueb., 1856,
70 (Egypt, in winter) Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 103 (n. Europe); 1872, 124 (Euro-
pean Arctic); in Petermann’s; Mittheil., 1869, 408.—RerinuaArpt, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1854, 443 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 19 (Greenland).—Batrp, Cat. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 690.—Evans and Srurae, Ibis, 1859, 167 (w. Spitzbergen).—
BoarpMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 131 (Maine; breeding).—VERRILL,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 141 (Gulf of St. Lawrence); Proc. Essex
Inst., iii, 1862, 161 (Maine, breeding).—Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1862, 549 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 567.—Gray, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863,
240.—Matmaren, Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockholm, 1863, 101; 1864, 385
(Spitzbergen).—Locne, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 202.—Drosrte, Journ
fiir Orn., 1869, 388 (Farée Islands); Vogelw. Borkums, 1869, 326.—HomeyYEr,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 438 (e. Siberia)—Maynarp, Nat. Guide, 1870, 152.
(Massachusetts, breeding).—SuNpEVALL, Oefv. k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stock-
holm, 1874, 21 (Spitzbergen).—Lanepon, Birds Cincinnati, 1877, 18.—
Frnscu, Reis. West. Sibir., 1879, 279.—Watrer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 238,
240, 241, 244, 246, 247, 249, 250 (e. Spitzbergen; food).

S{terna] macroura Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 659.

[Sterna] macroura WHEATON, Ohio Agric. Rep., 1860, no. 274 (Ohio).—Covsgs,
Key. N. Am. Birds, 1872, 321.

Hydrocecropis macroura Botr, Isis, 1844. 179.

Sterna arctica Temminckx, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1820, 742 (Orcades, coast d’ Ecosse,
England, and the Baltic); ed. 2, 4me pte, 1840, 458.—Sasine (E.), Suppl.
Parry’s Ist Voy., 1821, p. ccii.—Borr, Isis, 1822, 563, 879.—Meryer, Taschenb.,
ili, 1822, 187.—Sasrne (J.), App. Franklin’s Journ., 1823, 694.—SrEPHENs,
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1825, 152.—Ricuarpson, App. Parry’s 2d Voy.,
1825, 356.—Ross (J. C.), App. Parry’s 3rd Voy., 1826, 103; App. Parry’s 4th
Voy., 1828, 194 (Spitzbergen, breeding).—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii,
1828, 354 (crit.); Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 61.—WeErNeER, Atlas, Palmi-
peédes, 1828, pl. 7.—Kavp, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 26.—Swarnson and RicHarp-
son, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 414.—Brenum, Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 785.—
Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 621.—Savi, Orn. Tosc., iii, 1831, 86.—SenBy,
Brit. Birds, i, 1833, 473, pl. 90, fig. 2.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can.,
Water Birds, 1834, 275.—Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 267.—AUDUBON

504 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 366, pl. 250; Synopsis, 1839, 319; Birds, Am., 8vo. ed.,
vii, 1844, 107, pl. 436.—Goutp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 419 and text.—
Scuinz, Vég. Eur., 1840, 373.—Macermtivray, Man. Brit. Orn., pt. 1i, 1842,
232; Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 643.—Srtys-Lonecuampes, Faun. Belg., 1842, 150.—
YARRELL, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 399; 2d ed., iti, 1845, 507 —Hewitson, Eggs
Brit. Birds, ii, 1846, 428, pl. 120, fig. 2—ReicuEensacu, Natatores, 1848, pl.
20, figs. 274-280.—Wot.Ey, in Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 113 (Farées).—
Meyer, Brit. Birds, vii, 1857, 90, pl. 298.—SunpEVALL, Svensk Fogl., 1863, pl.
48, figs. 2, 3—Gray (R.) Birds West Scotl., 1871, 468.—Turnput, Birds
E. Penn. and N. J.. 1869, 139 (fall and winter).—Pautmin, Finlands Foglar,
1873, 573; Cat. Swed. Lond. Fish. Exhib., 1883, 202.—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 440
(St. Michaels, Alaska; habits).—Frr1tpren, Zoologist, 1879, 7 (Prince Albert
Land),—SEEBoHM, Hist. Brit. Birds, ili, 1885, 284.

S[terna] arctica MAXIMILIAN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 258.—Purnam, Proc. Essex
Inst., i, 1856, 221 (Beverly Harbor, Mass.)

Sterna argentata Breum, Beitr. Vogelk., iti, 1822, 692; Lehrb. Eur. Vég., 1824,
689; Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 782; Naumannia, 1855, 295; Vogelf., 1855, 348.—
HomeEyYeEr, Ornis, 1885, 81.—LUTKEN, Ornis, 1885, 141; 1886, 99.—W1nGE (O.),
Ornis, 1885, 592:(Denmark, breeding).—Gronpat, Ornis, 1885, 371 (Iceland).

Sterna brachytarsa GraBa, Reise n. Faré, 1830, 219.—Brenum, Vog. Deutschl.,
1831, 787.

Sterna argentacea BrEuM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 786.

Sterna oceant BrrEHM, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 786.

Sterna brachypus Swainson, Birds West Africa, ii, 1837, 252.—Harrnavs, Orn.
W.-Afrika, 1857, 255.—Layarp, Birds South Africa, 1867, 371.—GuRNEY,
Ibis, 1868, 262 (s. Africa). —SprERLING, Ibis, 1868, 284 (Europa Island, Mozam-
bique Channel).

S[terna] brachypus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 659.

[Sterna] brachypus Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 118, no. 11022.

Hydrocecropis brachypus Bors, Isis, 1844, 179.

Sterna senegalensis SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas., vi, Sternae, 1863, 16, part.

Sterna coccineirostris ReicHENBACH, Natatores, Novit., 1850, p. viii, pl. 271, fig.
2262 (‘‘Mexico”’).

[Sterna] coccineirostris Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 118, no. 11029.

Sterna pikei LAwreNceE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1853, 3 (vicinity of
Monterey, California); in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 863; ed.
1860 (Birds N. Am.), pl. 95.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 693.—
Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 550 (monogr.).

[Sterna] piket Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 118, no. 11031.

[Sterna] pykit Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772.

[Sterna] longipennis (not of Nordmann, 1835) Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 321
(erroneous identification of S. piket Lawrence).

Sterna longipennis Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 568.—SrrsNEcER, Proc. U. 8S.
Nat Mus., vi, 1883, 70.

Sterna portlandica Ripaway, Am. Nat., viii, no. 7, July, 1874, 433, in text (Portland
Harbor, Maine; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ix, 1875, 54, 55 (crit.).—Covgs, Birds
Northwest, 1874, 691 (monogr.).—Brewster, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1876, 201
(crit.).

(?) Sterna atrofasciata Puier1 and LanpsBeck, Wiegmann’s Archiv fir Naturg.,
1863, Bd. i, 204 (Colchagua, Chile =young?).

(?) [Sterna] Reno Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, no. 11035.

(?) [Pelodes] albistriata (not Hydrochelidon albistriata Gray, 18442) HEINE and
ReicHEeNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 356 (‘‘St. Johns Id., West Indies’’).

4 Or else the locality probably wrong.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 505

STERNA DOUGALLI Montagu.

ROSEATE TERN.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Pileum, nape, and upper half of
lores uniform deep black; rest of upper parts plain pale gray (pallid
neutral gray) passing into silvery white on upper tail-coverts and tail;
secondaries tipped with white, and inner webs of primaries broadly
edged with the same; outermost primary with outer web dark gray or
blackish slate, the inner webs of three outer primaries white with a
stripe of silvery gray next to shaft, the white extending to the extreme
tip; lateral and lower portions of head and neck, lower hindneck, and
entire under parts, including axillars and under wing-coverts, immac-
ulate white, usually more or less deeply tinted with pink, especially
on under parts of body; bill black, usually more or less reddish at
extreme base (mostly red in pre-nuptial season); iris dark brown;
legs and feet pure vermilion red or scarlet (in life).

Adults in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but forehead
and anterior portion of crown white, the latter shaded with grayish
and indistinctly streaked with darker, only the orbital region, occiput,
and nape uniform black.

Young.—Pileum and nape pale buffy grayish, finely mottled or
stippled with darker, and streaked, especially on crown, with dusky;
orbital region and upper portion of auricular region dusky or blackish;
remainder of head, lower hindneck, and entire under parts white, the
hindneck, and sometimes sides of breast, finely mottled with
buffy grayish; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, upper tail-coverts,
and tail pale gray, the back and scapulars overlaid or washed with
pale buff, irregularly mottled with dusky, each feather with a subter-
minal V-shaped mark of dusky; primary coverts and primaries darker
gray, edged with paler, the inner webs of the latter broadly edged with
white; rectrices each with a subterminal V-shaped mark of dusky and
with outer web rather darker grayish; bill brownish dusky; legs and
feet dusky (in dried skins).

Downy young.—Upper parts pale grayish buffy or buffy grayish,
thickly flecked or irregularly streaked with dusky; anterior portion
of forehead uniform dusky; throat and lateral portions of head and
neck dull grayish; rest of under parts immaculate dull white; bill
brownish, tipped with blackish; legs and feet dusky.

506 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male.—Wing, 222-231.5 (230); tail, 166-214.5 (187.6);
exposed culmen, 36-40.5 (38.1); tarsus, 18-20 (19); middle toe,
17-18.5 (17.9).¢

Adult female—Wing, 218.5-233 (230); tail, 138-215 (187.6);
exposed culmen, 36-40 (38.1); tarsus, 18.5-20 (17.9).¢

Atlantic coast of United States, West Indies, and greater part of
Eastern Hemisphere; breeding, locally, from Sable Island, near
Nova Scotia, to Long Island (formerly from Maine to Florida), on
outer Bahama cays, islets about Guadeloupe, and in Grenada, for-
merly in Bermudas; migrating southward through West Indies
(where doubtless breeding on many islands) to coast of British
Honduras (Grassy Cay; Belize), Pacific coast of Oaxaca (Ventosa
Bay), Trinidad, and coast of Venezuela and Brazil; accidental in
Ohio and northwestern Indiana (Lake Michigan, near Miller’s, Aug.
14, 1916); in Eastern Hemisphere breeding in Europe from about lat.
57° N. to Mediterranean Sea, Azores, and Madeira; also in Andaman
Islands, New Caledonia, etc., and occurring, at least during migra-
tions, along eastern coast of Asia from Liu Kiu Islands to Malay
Archipelago, Moluccas, New Caledonia (breeding), Australia, ete.

(?)Larus polo-candor SpARRMAN, Mus. Carls., fasc. iv, 1789, no. 83 (Polo-Condor
Island, French Indo-China.®

(?)Larus pulo-condor Laraam, Index Orn. Suppl., 1801, p. Ixviii.—Vreror,
Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxi, 1818, 497, 500.

(?)Rissa polo-condor RrtcHENBACH, Natatores, Novit., 1850, p. x1, pl. 274, fig.
2278.

Sterna dougalli Monracu, Suppl. Orn. Dict., 1813, text and plate (no pagina-
tion; The Cumbraes, Firth of Clyde, Scotland; type now in coll. Liverpool
Mus.; see Forbes and Robinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., li, no. 2, 1899, 54).—
Lracu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 41.—Cuvirer, Régne Anim.,
Ois., 1817, 344, Atlas, pl. 93—Trmmincx, Man. d’Omm., ed. 2, 1820, 738;
ed. 1840, 4™° pte. 457.—Born, Isis, 1822, 563-——MryeEr, Taschenb., iii,

a 'Ten specimens (American).

Tail. | posed | Tarsus.

. Middle
Locality. | Wing. |
| iculmen. toe.
= Pik anes le pra ee och da Wit aks
MALES. | |
Nine adult males from Atlantic coast of United States (Massa- | |
chusetts to New York)..............-- ngs oaen scamadeleceees| 230.9 | 187.2 38.3 19 17.9
Oneadult male'totDominica wes ss) eke een st cee eens 222 | 192 | 36 19 18.5
One adult male from Liu Kiu Islands (S. d. bangsi)..........-- | 220 | 151.5 35 20 18

One adult male from Culian Island, Philippines (8. d. bangsi)..| 220.5) 161.2) 35.5 19. 2 17.2
FEMALES. |

Nine adult females from Atlantic coast of United States (Massa- |

Betts to Now Workys- ees cide fics cet ote ee nee | 227 | 181 | 37.6] 192] 17.9
One: ddult-temale'from Dominica .** ss. Jae oats os eee ce | 218. 5 | 189 | 37 19. 5 17.5
One adult female from Liu Kiu Islands (S. d. bangsi)......-.-- | 215 | 164 | 360) |Pe19 17
Three adult females from Culian Island, Philippines (S.d. bangsi)) 216.5 | 155. 3 | 36). mi eel One LTae

>See Sundevall, Kritisk Sparrm., 1859, 13.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 507

1822, 187.—Brrum, Lehrb., 1824, 686; Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 779—Ster-
PHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 153-—Werrner, Atlas, Palmi-
pédes, 1828, pl. 5—Fxiemine, Brit. Anim., 1828, 143.—Lesson, Traité
d’Orn., 1831, 621 (Bengal).—Savi, Orn. Tosc., iii, 1831, 93.—Srpy, Brit.
Birds, ii, 1833, 470, pl. 89, figs. 1,2.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water
Birds, 1834, 278.—Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 265——Gouxp, Birds
Europe, v, 1837, pl. 418 and text.—Scuinz, Eur. Faun., 1840, 372.—Eyron,
Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 55.—Naumann, V6g. Deutschl., x, 1840, 78, pl. 251.—
Srenys-LonecHoampes, Faune Belge, 1842, 150.—Giraup, Birds Long Island,
1844, 351.—Casor, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1844, 248 (Massachusetts). —
Hewirson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1846, 425, pl. 119—RericuensBacu, Nata-
tores, 1848, pl. 22, figs. 824, 825——Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 6
(Bermudas, breeding).—KsarrBoutine, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 328, pl. 40A;
Suppl., 1854, pl. 20, fig. 2—Purnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 221.—
Meyer, Brit. Birds, vii, 1857, 87, pl. 292.— Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859,
91.—Marrtens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 222 (Bermudas).—Gopman, Ibis,
1866, 103 (Azores); Azores, 1870, 38 —DrGuanp and GrrBE, Orn. Eur., 1i,
1867, 459.—TurNBuLL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 38.—SunprvatL1,
Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockholm, 1869, 589 (St. Bartholomew).—
SciaTerR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 571 (monogr.).—Gray
(R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 466——Coves, Birds Northwest, 1874, 658
(monogr.); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 800.—Humgs, Stray Feathers, iv,
1876, 294 (Andaman Islands).—SaunprErs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876,
652 (monogr.); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 544; Man. Brit. Birds,
1889, 629; Ibis, 1891, 187 (Lake Léman, Switzerland); 1896, 246 (geog.
range); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 70 (Antigua, June; Guadeloupe,
Sept.; St. Vincent, Aug.; etc.) Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1876, 273,
pl. 581.—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 51 (Ventosa Bay,
Oaxaca); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 238 (Antigua, Lesser Antilles); i,
1879, 277 (Grenada, breeding), 360 (Martinique), 488 (Dominica), 462 (Guade-
loupe).—SuHarPeE, Philos. Trans., vol. 168, 1878, 464 (Rodriguez); ed. Lay-
ard’s Birds South Africa, 1884, 702; Rep. Voy. ‘Alert’, 1884, 281 (Torres
Strait)—Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., ii, 1878, 201—HumeE and
Davison, Stray Feath., vi, 1878, 492 (Tenasserim).—RatuBun, Birds Centr.
N. Y., 1879, 41 (Penn Yan, 1 spec.).—ParkeEr, Stray Feath., ix, 1880, 489
(Ceylon, breeding).—Lxraer, Birds Ceylon, 1880, 1033.—Ripaway, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 208; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 688.—GuiG-
LIOLI, Ibis, 1881, 218 (Massaciuccoli, Italy)); Avif. Ital., 1886, 414.—MiILNE-
Epwarps and Granpivirr, Nat. Hist. Madag., Ois., 1882, 657.—SaLvaporI,
Orn. Papuasia, etc., iii, 1882, 407; Ucc. Ital., 1887, 277.—BritisH OrntI-
THOLOGISTS’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 181.—OarTers, Birds Burma,
ii, 1883, 425.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii,
1884, 303.—Rerp, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 269 (Bermudas, for-
merly breeding).—SrErsoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 277; Ibis, 1887,
181 (Liu Kiu Islands, Japan).—AmeEricaN OrniTHOLOoGIsTs’ Union, Check
List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 72; 3d ed., 1910, p. 45 We. ts, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 632 (Grenada, breeding); List Birds Grenada, 1886,
11.—Oartes, ed. Hume’s Nests and Eggs Ind. Birds, iii, 1887, 301.—NEwTon
(E.), Trans. Norfolk Soc., iv, 1888 553 (Mascarene Islands).—Cory, Auk,
v, 1888, 78 (West Indian localities and references); viii, 1891, 46 (Antigua;
crit.), 48 (Guadeloupe; crit.), 351 (Inagua, Bahamas); Birds West Ind.,
1889, 279; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 82 (New Providence and Great Inagua
islands, Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Porto Rico; St. Bartholomew; Antigua;
Guadeloupe; Dominica; Martinique; Grenada).—Scorr, Auk., v, 1888, 375
(Johns Pass, Florida, 1 spec., Sept. 24, 1886).--RricHENow, Syst. Verz.

508 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Vog. Deutschl., 1889, 61.—More, List Irish Birds, ed. 1890, 27.—StTEvEN-
son and SourHweE tt, Birds Norfolk, iii, 1890, 300.—Suicx, Auk, vii, 1890,
327 (Seven Mile Beach, New Jersey, breeding).—Grant, Ibis, 1890, 422
(Madeira).—SresjnEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 489 (Liu Kiu
Islands).—GArke, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 554.—Harvrert, Ibis, 1893, 310
(Aruba; habits; crit.); Novit. Zool., viii, 1901, 98 (Ree Island; crit.);ix, 1902,
308 (Aruba; habits; crit.); x, 1903, 17 (Obi Major).—Lizrorp, Col. Fig. Brit.
Birds, pt. xxviii, 1894—Howe, Auk, xiv, 1897, 204 (Weepecket Island,
Buzzard Bay, Massachusetts, breeding).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 404 (Ventosa Bay, Oaxaca; Belize and Grassy Cay,
Brit. Honduras; Venezuela; West Indies)—ALLEN (G. M.), Auk, xxii, 1905,
117 (outer Bahama cays, breeding).—Joners, Wilson Bull., n. s., xiii, 1906,
43-47 (life history).—Proctor, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxiii, 1913, 85, in
text (Kiunga Island, e. coast Africa, breeding; descr. eggs).—NorTon,
Auk, xxx, 1913, 574 (Bluff Island, Saco Bay, Maine; Aug. 19, 1912; Green
Islands, Casco Bay, July 20; and other Maine records).—WertTmorg, Bull.
326, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 47 (Porto Rico, June, July, Aug.; crit.).—
Sropparp, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 86 (Lake Michigan, near Miller’s, Indiana,
Aug. 14, 1916). |

S[terna] dougalli Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 766.—Ripaway, Man. |
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 44. |

[Sterna] dougali SctateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147.—Cory,
List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 33.—SHarrr, Hand-list, i, 1899,
135.—Forsess and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 54 (Jamaica;
Bermuda; etc.).

S[terna] dougalli dougalli CuarK (A. H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905, 258
(Guadeloupe; crit.).

Sterna dougalli dougalli Nosie, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lx, 1916, 368 (Guade-
loupe, common and breeding on outlying islands).

Sterna dougallii Virttrot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 174; Faune
Frang¢., 1828, 399, pl. 161, fig. 1; Gal. Ois., 11, 1834, 225, pl. 290.—AupuBon,
Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 296, pl. 240; Synopsis, 1839, 320; Birds Am., 8vo. ed.,
vii, 1844, 112, pl. 4837.—BonapartE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 61.—
YARRELL, Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 393.—JarpingE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 80 (Ber-
mudas, summer resident).—Bianp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858
(1859), 288 (Bermudas).—Hartinea, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 76.

Thalassaea dougalli Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 97, 196.

Hydrocecropis dougalli Born, Isis, 1844, 179.

Sterna douglasiti SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 24 (Sternae), 1864, 24.—ScHLE-
GEL and Potten, Fauna Madag., ii, 1868, 147—Harriaus, Vo6g. Madag.,
1877, 385.

Sterna douglasi Buastus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 80.—Satvaport, Faun. Ital.,
Uce., 1871, 281.

Sterna macdougalli MacatLuivray, Man. Brit. Orn., pt. li, 1842, 233; Brit. Birds,
v, 1852, 648.

Stlerna] paradisea (not S. paradisaca Briinnich) KEyseRLINeG and Buasius, Wirb.
Kur., 1840, pp. xevil, 247.

Sterna paradisca BONAPARTE, Cat. Ucc. Eur., 1842, 76.—Mtuir, Orn. Grie-
chenl., 1844, 146.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844, 178; Cat.
Brit. Birds, 1863, 239.—ScuiEGeL, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. cxxx.—D5GLAND,
Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 346.—THompson, Birds Ireland, iii, 1851, 271.—Law-
RENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 863.—Barrp, Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 692.—LinpERMAYER, V6g. Griechenl., 1860, 179.—
WHEATON, Ohio Agric, Rep., 1860, no. 275 (Ohio).—Covss, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sei. Phila., 1862, 551 (monogr.); Ibis, 1864, 389 (Grassy Cay, Brit. Honduras);
Proc. Essex Inst., 1868, 60 (Massachusetts, breeding); Proc. Bost. Soc. N.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 509

H., xii, 1868, 126 (South Carolina).—Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 199 (Honduras).—
Ltoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 589.—AxLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 90
(Massachusetts); Am. Nat., iii, 1870, 643 (Massachusetts, breeding).—May-
NARD, Nat. Guide, 1870, 186 (Massachusetts, common, breeding).—F rirscu,
Vog. Eur., 1870, 457, pl. 57, fig. 1.—Gou.p, Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, pl. 71
and text.—WALDEN, Ibis, 1874, 149 (Port Blair, Andaman Islands; crit.).—
Hume, Stray Feath., iti, 1875, 501 (Andaman Islands).—Gunptacu, Repert.
Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 392; Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 391 (Cuba); 1878, 163,
191 (Porto Rico); Orn. Cubana, 1876, 310; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii,
1878, 411 (Porto Rico).—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 212; ed. 1890, 212.
—OLPHE-GALLIARD, Contr. Faun. Eur. Occid., livr. x, 1886, 19.—Srant,
Ornis, vol. 3, 1887, 453 (Porto Rico).

[Sterna] paradisea LawreNcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New
York City).—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 119, no. 11038.—Covrs, Key N.
Am. Birds, 1872, 321.

S[terna] paradisea Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 659.

[Sterna] paradisxa (not of Briinnich) Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 321.

Sterna paradisea Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 569.

Sterna gracilis Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1845 (pub. Oct.), 76 (Houtman’s
Abrolhos, off w. coast Australia; coll. J. Gould?); 1847, 222 (Houtman’s
Abrolhos); Birds Australia, vii, 1848, pl. 27 and text; Handb. Birds Australia,
li, 1865, 399.—RercHenspacu, V6g. Neuholl., 1850, 346.—Gray, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 166 (New Caledonia); Cat. Mam. and Birds New
Guinea, 1859, 63; Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pacific Ocean, 1859, 58.—ScHLEGEL,
Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 24 (Sternae), 1864, 19 —Finscu and Harriaus, Faun.
Centralpolnes., 1867, 215.—Ho.tpswortu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 481
(Ceylon).—HumgE, Stray Feath., ii, 1874, 317 (Andaman Islands).—LrGeE,
Stray Feath., iii, 1875, 376 (Ceylon).—Layarp (E. L. and E. L. C.), Ibis,
1878, 265 (New Caledonia); 1880, 233 (Loyalty Islands, e. of New Caledonia);
1882, 540 (New Caledonia; habits; descr. ezgs)—Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S. W., iv, 1880, 84; vii, 1883, 41 (Solomon Islands).—TristraM, Ibis, 1882,
144 (Solomon Islands).— Matuews, Birds Australia, 11, 1912, pl. [108] fac-
ing p. 358.

{Sterna] gracilis SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 1385 (Australia only).

Sterna dougalli gracilis Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 82 (Antigua and Re-
donda, Lesser Antilles), 135 (crit.).—Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxvi,
1901, 256 (Liu Kiu Islands; crit.); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1908, 94
(Liu Kiu Islands).—Roruscnitp and Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902.
594 (Ysabel Islands, Solomon group; crit.; descr. eggs)—Harrerrt, Novit,
Zool., xii, 1905, 199 (Bedout Island, n. w. Australia) —Ciark (A. H.), Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905, 257 (St. Vincent, Grenada, and Grenadines,
Lesser Antilles; crit.; habits; descr. nest and eggs).

Sterna dougallii gracilis MatHEws, Birds Australia, li, pt. 4, 1912, 358, 365.

Sterna dougallii bangsi MatHews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 364
(Foo Chow, China; Liu Kiu Islands).

Sterna dougallii korustes MATHEWS, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 364
(Andaman Islands, breeding).

Sterna dougallii arideensis MarHews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912,
364 (Seychelles, breeding).

Sterna bicuspis LicHteENSTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. ey 1854, 98 (Bahia, Brazil;
coll. Berlin Mus.).

Sterna tenwirostris LicHTENSTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Bevis 1854, 98 (East Indies;
coll. Berlin Mus.).@

@According to Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 72, but this name does not
occur in the copy of Lichtenstein’s Nomenclator in the Library of the U. S. National
Museum. A nomen nudum.

510 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Sterna melanorhyncha (not of Gould, 1848) Newron (E.), Ibis, 1863, 460 (Tama-
tave; Madagascar).—Masrters, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., 1876, 62.—Ram-
say, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 347 (Queensland, Australia).

Sternula korustes Hume, Stray Feath., 1874, 318 (Andaman Islands).

(?) Sterna nigrifrons Masters, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., 1876, 62 (Warrior
Reef, Australia).

STERNA ALEUTICA Baird.
ALEUTIAN TERN.

Adults in summer (sexes alike)—Forehead white, extending lat-
erally to or somewhat beyond posterior angle of eye; rest of pileum,
together with nape, upper portion of auricular region, and a broad
stripe on lores, extending from bill to eye, uniform deep black; rest
of upper parts mostly plain gray (nearly light neutral gray), the tips
(sometimes edges also) of secondaries, lower rump, upper tail-coverts,
and tail immaculate pure white; primaries slightly darker gray,
their shafts white, their inner webs mostly white but with a broad
stripe of deep gray nearest to shaft and a narrow edging or sub-
edging of the same; suborbital and malar regions, lower portion of
auricular region, axillars, under wing-coverts, and under tail-coverts
immaculate pure white; rest of under parts, together with neck, all
round, light gray (pale mouse gray), fading gradually into the white
of chin and under tail-coverts; bill, legs, and feet black; iris dark
brown.

Adults in winter—Similar to summer adults, but, according to
Saunders, ‘‘with rather more white on the forehead.”

Young.—Pileum, lores, and hindneck smoky grayish brown, dark-
ening on occiput into dusky or dull sooty blackish, this dark color
extending laterally nearly or quite to eye, the smoky brown color
of hindneck extending over sides of neck to sides of chest, sometimes
even tinging median portion of the latter and the foreneck; back,
scapulars, proximal wing-coverts, and tertials dull slate-blackish or
dusky brownish gray, the feathers broadly and sharply margined,
especially at tips, with deep yellowish ochraceous; rest of wing gray,
the greater coverts and secondaries tipped with white, the primaries
essentially as in adults; upper part of rump dusky brownish gray,
the feathers narrowly tipped with pale fulvous, this preceded by a
subterminal bar of dusky; lower rump and upper tail-coverts gray,
the lateral coverts paler (sometimes nearly white), the longer ones
tipped with buff; tail pale gray, the rectrices becoming dusky sub-
terminally and tipped with deep buff or ochraceous, their inner webs
paler (nearly white), the outer web of lateral pair pure white; under
parts white, clouded or stained on sides of chest (sometimes also on
middle of chest, foreneck, throat, etc.), with smoke brown; maxilla

@ Gat. Birds Brit. Mus.. xxv, 1896, 99.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 511

dusky, the mandible light reddish (brownish in dried skins) with
terminal third or fourth dusky; legs and feet light reddish.¢

Downy young.—Upper parts rather light sooty brown, varying to
buffy brown, coarsely mottled or marbled with blackish, the mark-
ings smaller and more sharply defined on head, where the anterior
portion of crown and the superciliary region are sometimes immacu-
late; forehead, chin, throat, and sides of neck dark sooty grayish,
the remaining under parts lighter sooty grayish.

Adult male.—Wing, 261-280 (271.4); tail, 121-194 (166.4) ; exposed
culmen, 30-34 (32.7); tarsus, 16.5-18 (17.1); middle toe, 20—22 (21.1).°

Adult. female—Wing, 252-275 (263.2); tail, 103.5-162 (138.2);
exposed culmen, 30-35 (33.2); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.9); middle toe,
20.5—24 (21):°

Western Alaska, from shores of Norton Sound to Kodiak Island;
St. Lawrence Bay, northeastern Siberia; in winter south to northern
Japan (Inaboya, off Yedo; Saghalin Island).

Sterna aleutica Batrp, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, 1869, 321, pl. 31, fig. 1 (Kodiak
Island, Alaska; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Daut and Bannister, Trans. Chicago
Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 307 (Kodiak).—Covugs, Check List, 1873, no. 572; 2d ed.,
1882, no. 803; Birds Northwest, 1874, 696 (monogr.).—SAUNDERS, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 664 (monogr.); Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv, 1878, 403, 405
(range): Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 98 (St. Michaels, Alaska; Inuboe,
off Yedo, Japan).—Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 38 (St.
Michaels); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 208; Nom.
N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 689.—NELSON, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 109
.(Kodiak Island to Bering Straits; St. Lawrence Bay, Siberia); Rep. Nat. Hist.
Coll, Alaska, 1887, 59 (Kodiak; St. Michaels and shores of Norton Sound; St.
Lawrence Bay, e. Siberia; habits, etc.)—Bartrp, Brewer, and Ringway,
Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 307.—Turnerr, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886,
127 (St. Michaels; habits, etc.) —AmErtcan OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check
List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 73; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 45.—Srrsoum, Birds
Japan. Emp., 1890, 299 (Inuboe, Japan).—ALLEN, Auk, x, 1898, 123
(Alaska).—THAYER and Banes, Auk, xxxili, 1916, 44 (Saghalin Island,
Japan, June).—Hersry, Smithson. Misc. Coll., Ixvi, no. 2, 1916, 15 (off
Cape Nome, and land localities not specified).

[Sterna] aleutica Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 118, no. 11037.—Covrs, Key N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 322._Suarpr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 136—Forses and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 55 (St. Michaels).

S[terna] aleutica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 768.—Ripaway, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 45.

Sterna camtschatica (not of Pallas) Finscu, Abh. nat. Ver. Brem., ili, 1882, 85.

@ The young of Sterna aleutica may be very easily distinguished from that of S. para-
disea—the only other small Ternassociated with it in Alaska—by the following differ-
ences of coloration: (1) The distinctly cinereous rump and upper tail-coverts; (2) the
pure white, instead of uniform blackish, outer webs of the lateral rectrices; (3) the
deep smoke brown hue of the forehead, crown, nape, and sides of the breast; (4) the
broad white anterior border to the forearm; (5) the dusky stripe near the edge of the
inner webs of the primaries; and (6) the much darker general coloration, and especially
the blackish dorsal region, with wide, deep ochraceous borders to the feathers. The
adult needs no comparison with any other species of the genus.

5 Five specimens.

¢ Four specimens.

512 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

STERNA ANATHETA RECOGNITA (Mathews).
CARIBBEAN BRIDLED TERN.

Similar to S. a. anetheta® but under parts wholly pure white,
hindneck white, and lateral rectrices white with very little brownish
eray on terminal portion of inner web only.

Adults (sexes alike)—Forehead and superciliary region, lower
portion of lores, suborbital region, lower portion of auricular region,
and entire under parts, including axillars and under wing-coverts,
immaculate pure white; lower hindneck grayish white or very pale
gray; crown, occiput, nape, upper hindneck, postocular region (in-
cluding upper portion of auricular region) and broad stripe across
lores (from bill to eye) uniform black; back, scapulars, rump, upper
tail-covertsand eight middle rectrices plain blackish fuscous, becoming
more grayish (nearly quaker drab) on upper back, where fading
anteriorly to grayish white on lower hindneck; wings deeper fuscous-
black, the primaries darker (more nearly black), the anterior margin
of wing, abruptly, pure white; outermost pair of rectrices white, with
terminal portion of inner web brownish gray, the next pair similar
but with much more gray, this on terminal portion of outer web also;
the third pair (from outside) with the dusky grayish general color pass-
ing into white basally, more extensively on inner web; inner webs of
primaries with an extensive, well-defined ‘‘wedge”’ of white; bill,
legs, and feet black.

Adult male-—Wing, 251-263 (257); tail, 147.5-164 (155.1); ex-
posed culmen, 39-41 (39.9); tarsus, 19-21 (20.2); middle toe, 22—23.5
(23).°

Adult female-—Wing, 255-263 (258.8); tail, 150.5-174 (162.9);
exposed culmen, 38-40.5 (39.2); tarsus, 19.5-20.5 (20); middle toe,
22-24 (22.9).°¢

a See p. 487. b Six specimens. ¢ Five specimens.
Ex- | :

Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed. | Tarsus.| amadle

| eee | ,

| |
MALES. |
One adult male from Bahamas (Booby Rock)........---....-- | 25) dehy p LOA ia oes 21 23.5
Five adult males from Porto Rico (Desechio Island and Agua- |

GUNA RG ee sck sees Le Le a See ey te Lies re Eo SRT Soe > Q574 we |) 153334 /%, 39:9 20a el 22:9
Seven adult males from coast of Guerrero (S. a. nelsoni) .....-.| 267.7 «1. 120 42 20.7 | 23.8
Three adult males from southern China Sea (S. a. anaetheta)..., 267.5 | 178.2 42.5 21.5 | 23.3

One adult male from ‘Island of Candia ”’ (S. a. PMitssaceh | 251 | 122 37.5 19 20
One adult male from Mahe, Seychelles (S. a. antarctica)........ 206 | 141 40 18 20. 5

FEMALES, |

Three adult females from Porto Rico (Desechio Island). .......| 257° |" A685 39.5) 19.9 23
Twolsdtit femalesifromelonsgOsncss ls cote coe cece teacise Bene ce | 261.5] 162.2 38.7 20. 2 22.7

One adult female from coast of Guerrero (S. a. nelsoni) ......-.. 260 170 40.5 20 23
One adult female from off coast of Central America (S.a.nelsoni).| 270 | 169 36 | 20) ¥ HSacretera wis
Two adult females from southern China Sea (S. a. anztheta) .. -| 265.5 | 175.5 39: 7)|) 20 222

One adult female from eastern Sumatra (S. a. anextheta) ....-.... | 263 | 176.5 41 21 22

|

pas

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 513

Western portion of middle Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea, breed-
ing from Bahama Islands to coast of Venezuela, and on cays of British
Honduras (Saddle Cay; Lighthouse Reef; Southern Water Cay;
coast near Belize); % accidental in Florida (Cape Canaveral), Georgia
(coast, Sept., 1902), and South Carolina (Frogmore, Aug. 25, 1885).

Haliplana panayensis (not Sterna panayensis Gmelin) Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 199
(coast of Belize, British Honduras; crit.).

Onychoprion panayensis ScLATER and Satyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.¢ 1871, 572,
part (monogr.).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 36 (Costa Rica).

[Onychoprion| panayensis ScLateR and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147, part.

Haliplana panaya Satvin, Ibis, 1864, 381 (Saddle Cay, British Honduras).—
Cougs, Ibis, 1864, 391 (Lighthouse Reef, British Honduras; crit.).

Haliplana discolor Cours, Ibis, 1864, 392 (a new name for Haliplana panaya auct.
not of Gmelin and Latham).—LawreEnce, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1864, 101,
105 (Sombrero, Greater Antilles; habits; crit.).—Exi1or, New and Unfig.N.
Am. Birds, pt. 18, 1869 (vol. ii), pl. 57 and text.

[Sterna] anosthxta (not S. anaethetus Scopoli) Cours, Key, 1872, 323, part
(Florida).—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, and rev. ed., 1886, 33.

Sterna anostheta Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 574.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is.
1880, 215, pl. [8] (Long Island, Bahamas, breeding); Auk, iv, 1887, 96 (Mar-
tinique).—Wetts, List Birds Grenada, 1886, 11.

Sterna anosthxtus Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 77 (Bahamas, breeding; Cuba; Sombrero;
descr.; synonymy); Birds West Ind., 1889, 278.

Sterna (Haliplana) anexstheta Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 701, part (monogr.).

Sterna anxstheta SAUNDERS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 664, part (monogr.);
1877, 43 (coast Great Britain); Zoologist, 1877, 213 (mouth of Thames, Eng-
land?); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 101, part (Cape Canaveral, Florida;
Clarence Harbor, Bahamas; Jamaica; Redonda; Guadeloupe; St. Vincent;
Grenada; Southern Water and Saddle cays, British Honduras), 457 (St. Vin-
cent).—LAWRENCE, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 68 (Dominica, breeding) ;
i, 1879, 488 (Dominica).—DateuetsH, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 220
(1 British record).—Gunptacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1881, 400 (Cuba).—Har-
TERT, Ibis, 1893, 310 (Aruba; habits; crit.)—Bonuore, Ibis, 1903, 314
(Andros Island, Bahamas, breeding; habits).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 408 part (Lighthouse Reef, Saddle Cay, Southern
Water Cay, etc., British Honduras; Costa Rica; West Indies).

@ The only actual breeding records I have found, however, are the following: Long
Island and Andros, Bahamas; Jamaica; Dominica; Guadeloupe; Grenada; Saddle Cay,
British Honduras. Other definite localities recorded are the following:

Bahamas: Clarence Harbor; Booby Rock, June 8; Long Rock, off Abaco; Eleu-
thara; Miraporvo.

Greater Antilles: Jamaica; Porto Rico (Desechio, June 14, July 6; Aguadilla,
June 24).

Lesser Antilles: Sombrero; St. Bartholomew; Redondo; Guadaloupe (breeding);
Martinique; St. Vincent; Grenada (breeding).

Dutch West Indies: Aruba.

Tobago.

Bermudas.

Costa Rica: (This, however, may be the Pacific form, S. a. nelsoni, since it is not
stated whether specimens taken or observed in Costa Rica were on the Atlantic or
Pacific side.

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8——34

514 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Sterna] anestheta SHarPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 136, part—Forsrs and Rosrnson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, 1899, 55, part (Bermuda).

Sterna anxthetus Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 131 (Frogmore, South Carolina, 1
spec., Aug. 25, 1885).—WeE ts, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1887, 632 (Grenada,
breeding).—Scorr, Auk, viii, 1891, 360 (Jamaica, breeding; habits; descr.
eges).—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 83 (Abaco, New Providence,
Andros, Long, and Miraporvo Islands, Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Sombrero;
Guadeloupe; Dominica).—Fretp, Auk, xi, 1894, 119 (Kingston Harbor,
Jamaica, breeding).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check List, 2d
ed., 1895, no. 76 (excl. syn. and range, part).—ALLEN (G. M.), Auk, xxii,
1905, 118 (Long Rock, off Abaco, Bahamas).—Ciarx (A. H.), Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905, 258 (St. Vincent; Grenadines; Grenada; descr
eges).—Riwey, Auk, xxii, 1905, 353 (Andros, Eleuthera, and near Abaco
Island, Bahamas).

S[terna] anzxthetus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 46, part (Florida coast).

Sterna anaetheta Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 309 (Aruba; habits).

Sterna anxtheta AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 3rd ed., 1910,
46.—Rossieno., Auk, xxx, 1913, 105 (coast of Georgia, 1 spec., Sept., 1902).—
WermorE, Bull. 326, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 46 (Desechio and Mona Is-
lands, Porto Rico, breeding; food).

Sterna anesthetica Cougs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 805.

[Sterna] anxsthetica CouEs, Key, 2d ed., 1884, 769.

Sterna nubilosa (not of Sparrman) SunpEvauu, K. Vet.-Ak. Stockholm Forh.,
1869, 589 (St. Bartholomew).

Melanosterna anxthetus recognita MatHEws, Birds of Australia, i, pt. 4, no. 1,
Nov. 1, 1912, 403 (Bahamas).

Melanosterna anxtheta recognita OBERHOLSER, Auk, xxxiv, April, 1912, 199.

STERNA ANATHETA NELSONI Ridgway.
PACIFIC BRIDLED TERN.

Similar to S. a. recognita but averaging larger, with relatively
longer or more slender bill, and under parts of body tinged with pale
gray.

Adult male.—Wing, 260-274 (267.7); tail, 163-178 (170);
posed culmen, 41.5-44 (42); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.7); middle toe, 23-25
(23.8).°

Adult female.—Wing, 260-270 (265); tail, 169-170 (169.5); exposed
culmen, 36-40.5 (38.2); tarsus, 20; middle toe (one specimen), 23.¢

Pacific coast of Mexico and Cara America (Sihuatanejo, Guerrero,
April 9, 1903; off coast of Central America, May 29, 1867).

STERNA FUSCATA FUSCATA Linnezus.

SOOTY TERN.

Adults in summer (sexes alike). —Forehead (including latero-frontal
antie and a lateral extension on each side of crown as far backward as
middle of eye), suborbital region, lower half or more of auricular re-

a New subspecies. Type, U. 8. Nat. Mus. (Biol. Survey Collection), no. 185437,
adult male, Sihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico, April 9, 1903; Nelson and Goldman.

6 Seven specimens, from Sihuatanejo, Guerrero.

¢ Two specimens, one from Sihuatanejo, one from ‘‘off ‘coast of Central America.”

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 515

gion, and entire under parts, including axillars and under wing-
coverts, immaculate white, the posterior under parts -(especially
under tail-coverts) very faintly tinged with pale gray; crown, occi-
put, nape, upper portion of auricular region, and broad stripe on
lores (from lower portion of lateral base of maxilla to anterior angle
of eye) uniform deep black, this extending narrowly above eye; rest
of upper parts, including hindneck, rump, upper tail-coverts, and
tail plain fuscous-black, the remiges with a somewhat grayish cast,
the feathers of hindneck white beneath surface; anterior margin of
‘lesser wing-covert area, abruptly, white; lateral pair of rectrices
white, with distal portion of inner web, more or less extensively,
dusky; next pair of rectrices with inner web blackish distally, passing
into pale gray or grayish white basally; inner webs of primaries
neutral gray with a well-defined stripe of dusky next to shaft, the
latter yellowish white; bill, black; iris, dark brown; legs and feet,
_ dusky or blackish.

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults but, according to
Saunders ‘‘with white flecks on the lores and crown.”

Immature.— Brownish black above, darker on the upper wing-
coverts; outer tail-feathers nearly as sooty black as the rest of the
rectrices, except towards the tips; tarsi and toes reddish brown.’’4

Young.—Upper parts deep sooty brown (clove brown to blackish
brown or fuscous-black), the scapulars, interscapulars, tertials,
smaller wing-coverts, feathers of rump, and upper tail-coverts tipped
with white or brownish white, the bars thus formed broadest on pos-
terior scapulars, narrowest on interscapulars, rump, and upper tail-
coverts; under parts lighter grayish brown (clove brown to dusky
drab), passing into much lighter grayish brown or brownish gray on
anal region and under tail-coverts, where the feathers are more or
less distinctly tipped with a darker or more brownish hue, the abdo-
men more or less intermixed with white; outermost (and other)
rectrices wholly dusky; remiges as in adults, but darker stripe next
to shaft on inner webs less distinct; bill brownish black or dusky
brown.

Downy young.—Upper parts varying from dark sooty (fuscous-
black), narrowly streaked with pale grayish buffy or dull buffy
whitish, to pale buffy grayish narrowly and indistinctly, but thickly
streaked with dusky; suborbital and malar regions and sides of neck
and chest (usually chin and throat also), light brownish gray minutely
flecked with paler; rest of under parts immaculate dull white; bill
brownish; legs and feet brownish or dusky.

Adult male.—Wing, 272-300 (286.6); tail, 130-162 (148.9) ; exposed
culmen, 40-47 (44.1); tarsus, 22-25 (23.1); middle toe, 19-22 (20.9).®

4 Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 109.
5 Seven specimens from Arcas Keys, Yucatan.

516 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female—Wing, 278-295 (286.5); tail, 134-136 (135); ex-
posed culmen, 42.5-44 (43.2); tarsus, 20.5-22.5 (21.5); middle toe,
19.5-20 (19.7).2

Middle Atlantic Ocean and contiguous American waters; breeding
from coast of Florida, Louisiana, Texas, and Bahamas through West
Indies to islands near coast of British Honduras (Curlew Cay; Saddle
Cay; Southern Water Cay), island of Los Hermanos, off Venezuela,
island of Fernando Noronha, Ascencion Island, etc.; casual north-
ward (after storms at sea) to North Carolina (Fort Macon), New
Jersey (Long Beach), New York (Owasco Lake, Sept. 20, 1876; Con-
stitution Island, Sept. 18, 1878; Lake Ronkonkoma, Long Island,
Sept. 13, 1878; Lake Ontario, near Mexico, Dec.,? Connecticut
(Saybrook, summer, 1876), Rhode Island (Newport, June 8, 1908),
Massachusetts (Merrimac River, near Lawrence, Oct. 29, 1876),
Vermont (Lake Champlain, Sept., 1876; Rutland, 1876), and Maine
(Piscataquis, Oct. 5, 1878); wintering from Gulf coast to Brazil and
Falkland Islands; casual in western Europe (3 records for British
Islands, 1 each for France, Germany, and Italy) and Azores (Santa
Maria).

[Sterna] fuscata LInN&US, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 228 (Santo Domingo=Haiti,

Greater Antilles)—GmeEtm, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 610.—LatHam, Index
Orn., ii, 1790, 807.

a Two specimens.

|
| ance | Middl
. . Mai | pose e
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | ‘out Tarsus.) toe.
men. |
— Si
MALES. | |
Seven adult males from Yucatan (Arcas Keys)..........---.-- 286.6 | 148.9] 44.1 23.1 | 20. 9
Three adult males from Tres Marias (2) and Socorro (1) Islands |

CSTE CHISSAUS) arene wis los cntelen ce tes -eins ek stile oe ese cicionsisiscicects 288 | 147.7 42 22 20. 5
One adult male from lat. 11° 20’ N., long. 109° 20’ W. (S. f.

CHISSA1IS). 8) nhudsan cn. Skate be St Seated ee tm ceaihe be kies Sette 280 | 162 |} 39.5] 21 19.5
One adult male from Laysan Island (S. f. oahuensis) ......-..- 294 |; 191.5 44 23 21
Two adult males from Gloriosa Island near Madagascar (S. f. |

ABP USCOLE) a2 netic oe cseie ale, < isaele caine = ela ereeriewetha aeiisinisisiecels 293 18 | 44.2] 21.2 20

|
FEMALES. |
One adult female from Grenada (Ile Ronde) .................-- 278 | 134 42.5 | 20. 5 19.5
One adult female from Argentina (Tortugas) .................- | 295 136 44 22.5 20
Five adult females from Tres Marias Islands (S. f. crissalis)....| 288 | 151.2 AD ne) 22 20.8
|
One adult female from Galapagos (Chatham Island) (S. f. cris- |

SUES Vara na Na Sete cree elslacieine clot! oles beh ae ewitna aero sees 271 +| 161.5] 41 22 20
One adult female from Laysan Island (S. f. oahuensis)........- | 294 210 | 41 | 23 21.5
One adult female from Gloriosa Island (S. f. infuscata) ......-.- 207) 0197; | 41.5 | 22 21

| |
b George A. Davis, in letter to Professor Baird.

2

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 517

Sterna fuscata Bureau, Bull. Soc. Sci. Ouest France, xiv, 1904, 229-233.—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTrEE, Auk, xxv, 1908, 358;
Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 46.—Stone, Birds E. Penn. and N.J., 1998, 63 (Long
Beach, New Jersey)—Harnaway, Auk, xxx, 1913, 547 (near Newport,
Rhode Island, 1 spec., June 8, 1908).—Wetmore, Bull. 326, U. S. Dept.
Agric., 1916, 46 (Porto Rico; Mona Island).—Huser, Auk, xxxiv. 1917, 206
(Corson’s Inlet, Cape May Co., New Jersey, Sept. 7, 1916).

Sterna fuscata fuscata Nosur, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lx, Aug., 1916, 369
(Guadeloupe, breeding on outlying islands).

Anous? fuscatus STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 141.

(?)A[nous] fuscata Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 661.

Onychoprion fuscatus fuscatus Marnews, Birds of Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912,
394 (Atlantic Ocean).

Onychoprion fuscatus OBERHOLSER, Auk, xxxiv, April, 1917, 199.

[Sterna] fuliginosa GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 605 (Atlantic Ocean, etc.).—
Lataam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 804, part (islands in Atlantic Ocean).—
ALBRECHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 58 (Bahamas).—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds,
1872, 322.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 33.—ForsBes and
Rosrson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no, 2, 1899, 55, part (Bermudas; United
States)—Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 136, part.

Sterna fuliginosa Wttson, Am. Orn., viii, 1814, 145, pl. 72, fig. 7—Viemnxor,
Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 168.—Bonaparre, Obs. Nomencl.
Wilson, 1826, no. 245; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1827, 355.—Sreruens, Shaw’s
Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 164.—Lxsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 622.—Jar-
DINE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., iii, 1832, 182; Contr. Orn., 1849, 86 (Bermudas,
1 spec.).—Nutrauut, Man. Orn. U.S.and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 284.—Av-
DUBON, Orn. Biog., ili, 1835, 268, pl. 235; v, 1839, 641; Synopsis, 1839, 317;
Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 90, pl. 482.—D’Orsieny, in La Sagra’s Hist.
Nat. Cuba, Aves., 1839, 215.—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 13 (Ber-
mudas, Oct., 1846).—Brown, Zoologist, xi, 1853, 3755 (England).— YarreE Lt,
Brit. Birds, 2d Suppl., 1856, 50.—Lawrencg, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.

-Surv., ix, 1858, 861 (Florida to Texas); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 68
(Dominica), 277 (Grenada, breeding), 462 (Guadeloupe).—Bairp, Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 688.—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 134
(Bahamas); xi, 1867, 98 (Santo Domingo).—(?) Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1859, 109 (Rio Grande, New Mexico).—Jonegs, Naturalist in Bermuda,
1859, 91.—BLanp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 288 (Bermudas).—
NaAuMANN, Vog. Deutschl., Anhang, xiii, 1860, 267, pl. 387.—ScHLEGEL, Mus.
Pays-Bas, vi, no. 24 (Sternae), 1864, 25.—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 172 (Tortola,
Lesser Antilles).—Dresser, Ibis, 1866, 44 (coast Texas).—DrGLAND and
GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 462.—SuNpEVALL, Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Férh. Stock-
holm, 1869, 589 (St. Bartholomew), 603 (Porto Rico).—Harrine, Handb.
Brit. Birds, 1872, 169 (Tutbury, England).—Coves, Check List, 1873, no.
573; 2d ed., 1882, no. 804.—SaunpErs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 666,
part (monogr.); 1877, 796, part (Ascension Island); 1886, 6 (Bath, England);
Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv, 1878, 404, part (range); Voy. ‘Challenger’, ii, pt. viii,
1881, 136, part (Ascension Island); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, 1ii, 1884, 562;
Illustr. Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 637; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 106,
part (Corpus Christi Pass, Texas; Southern Water Cay, Brit. Honduras; mouth
of Rio Amazonas; Jamaica; Fernando Noronha Island; Ascension Island;
Fernando Po, w. Africa).—SEEBOoHM, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 292.—Pur-
pIiE, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 22 (Saybrook, Connecticut, 1 spec.,
summer 1876).—DEaNb, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 27 (Merrimac River,
near Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Oct. 29, 1876); v, 1880, 64 (Piscata-
quis, Maine, 1 spec., Oct. 5, 1878).—Ratusun, Rey. List Birds Centr. New

518 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

York, 1879, 41 (Owasco Lake, New York, | spec., Sept. 20, 1876).—MEArRnNs,
Bull. Essex Inst., xiii, 1881, 87 (near West Point, New York, | spec., Sept.
14, 1878; Constitution Island, 1 spec., Sept. 13, 1878).—PrNross, Ibis, 1879,
277 (Ascension Island; habits; descr. young and nest and eggs).—BreweEr,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xx, 1879, 276 (Lake Champlain, Vermont, 1 spec.,
Sept., 1876; Rutland, Vermont, 1 spec., 1876).—Data etsuH, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, v, 1880, 220 (3 British, 1 French, 1 German, 1 Italian records).—Cory,
Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 214; Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 181; Auk, v,
1888, 78 (West Indian localities and references); Birds West Ind., 1889, 279;
Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 83 (Abaco, New Providence, and Long islands,
Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico; St. Thomas; St. Croix, Greater
Antilles; St. Bartholomew, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Grenada, Lesser An-
tilles); Field Mus. N. H., Pub. 137, 1909, 226 (Los Hermanos Island, breed-
ing).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 691; Auk, iii, 1886, 433
(descr. young).—Merriam, Auk, i, 1884, 59 (Lake Champlain, 1 spec., Sept.
6, 1876).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., ui, 1884,
312.—Reip, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 270 (Bermudas, rare resi-
dent).—AMERICAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed.,
1895), no. 75.—Dutcuer, Auk, iii, 1886, 433 (Lake Ronkonkoma, Long
Island, 1 spec., Sept. 13, 1878).—Srennert, Auk, iv, 1887, 24 (descr. downy
young).—WE Ls, List Birds Grenada, 1886, 11; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix,
i887, 632 (Grenada, breeding).—BrckuHam, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888,
644 (Corpus Christi, Texas).—Youna, Ibis, 1891, 145 (Morant Cays, Jamai-
ca).—Scortt, Auk, viii, 1891, 361 (Jamaica, breeding; habits: descr. eggs).—
Vernitt (G. E.), Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci., viii, 1892, 219 (Domin-
ica).—Sronr, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1894, 47 (Pennsylvania and New
Jersey records).—BrEyYER, Proc. Louisiana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 86
(coast of Louisiana, resident).—-BonuHots, Ibis, 1903, 314 (Andros Island,
Bahamas, breeding; habits).—Satvrn and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,
iii, 1903, 409, part (Curlew Cay, Saddle Cay, Southern Water Cay, etc., Brit.
Honduras; Ruatan Island, Honduras; Greytown, Nicaragua; Carolinas to New
England ).—Nico., Ibis, 1904, 39 (Fernando Noronha, breeding).—HArtrEert
and Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 101 (Santa Maria, Azores).—PBrn.LEePscH,
Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 309 (Cayenne).

S[terna] fuliginosa BoNAPARTE, Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [212].—
Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 117.—Covrs, Key N. Am.
Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 768.

Stferna] fuliginosa MARTENS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 222 (Bermudas).—GuNDLACH,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 93 (Cuba; crit.).

[Sterna] fuliginosa Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, and rev. ed., 1886, 33.—
Forsis and Ropinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 55, part (Ber-
muda).

Hydrochelidon fuliginosum Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 61.

Hydrochelidon fuliginosa Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 483.—ALBReEcuT, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1862, 207 (Jamaica).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860,
308 (Cuba).

Halipl{ana] fuliginosa Wacurr, Isis, 1832, 1224.

Haliplana fuliginosa Capantis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 233 (Cuba).—Coves, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 556, part (monogr.); 1871, 46 (Fort Macon,
North Carolina).—Satvin, Ibis, 1864, 392 (Curlew Cay, Brit. Honduras)
1866, 200 (coast of Belize, Brit. Honduras).—LAwreEncg, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,
vili, 1867, 184 (Greytown, Nicaragua).—GuNnbLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 314
(Porto Rico); 1875, 393 (Cuba); Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 393; 1878,

“163, 191 (Porto Rico); Orn. Cubana, 1876, 311; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.,
vii, 1878, 414 (Porto Rico).—Sraut, Ornis, iti, 1887, 453 (Porto Rico).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 519

[Haliplana] fuliginosa GuNpuacn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 346 (Cuba).

Sterna (Haliplana) fuliginosa Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 698, part (monogr.).

Onychoprion fuliginosus Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 144 (Ascension
Island).—Newron (A.and E.), [bis, 1859, 371 (St. Croix, Lesser Antilles).—
Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 379 (St. Thomas, Greater
Antilles).—Scrater and Sanvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 572, part
(monogr.).—GIGLioL® Ibis, 1881, 218 (Piedmont, Italy); Avifauna Ital.,
1886, 415.—ZELeDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 36.

[Onychoprion] fuliginosus SctaTer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147, part.

[Sterna] spadicea GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 610 (Cayenne; founded on
the Brown Tern Latham Syn., iii, 2, 359, no. 12).—Laruam, Index Orn.,
ii, 1790, 807 (Cayenne). : ;

Sterna spadicea Virwtior, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 175.

Anous? spadicea STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 148.

Anous Vherminiert Lesson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 255 (Antilles; =young).

STERNA FUSCATA CRISSALIS (Lawrence).
SOCORRO SOOTY TERN.

Similar to S. f. fuscata but underparts much more strongly tinged
‘with gray, this gray tinge extending forward to chest, though deeper
posteriorly; similar in coloration to S. f. oahuensis but lateral rectrices
less elongated and with inner webs more extensively dusky terminally.

Adult male.—Wing, 280-292 (286); tail, 135-170 (151.2); exposed
culmen, 39.5-43.5 (41.4); tarsus, 21-23 (21.7); middle toe, 19.5-20.5
(20.2)?

Adult female—Wing, 271-298 (285.2); tail, 124-161.5 (152.9)
exposed culmen, 41-43.5 (41.9); tarsus, 21-23 (22); middle toe,
20-21.5 (20.7).°

Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America, from Sinaloa (Mazat-
lan) and Tepic (Tres Marias Islands; Isabella Island). to Panama
(Panama; Santiago de Veraégua) and southward to Clipperton Island
and Galapagos Archipelago (Crossman, Culpepper, and Wenman
islands); breeding on Isabella Island, off Tepic, Socorro Island and
Oneal Rock, Revillagigedo group, Clipperton Island, and Culpepper
Island. .

(2?) Sterna luctuosa Puitrerr and LANpBEecK, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg.,
1866, i, 126 (Valdivia, Chile).

Haliplana fuliginosa (not Sterna fuliginosa Gmelin) Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1867, 161 (Santiago de Veragua, Panama).

Sterna fuliginosa (not of Gmelin) AnrHony, Auk, xv, 1898, 316 (Socorro Island,
breeding).—Roruscuitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 89 (Culpepper
Island, Galapagos), 107 (at sea north of Culpepper Island), 191 (Culpepper and
Wenman islands, crit.); ix, 1902, 413 (Culpepper Island, breeding; Clipper-
ton Island), 418 (Culpepper Island, breeding; Wenman Island).—Snopcerass
and HeLier, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iv, 1902, 505 (Clipperton Island; descr. ;
measurements; habits; descr. eggs)—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 409, part (Socorro, Isabella, and Tres Marias islands and
Mazatlan, w. Mexico; Panama and Santiago de Veragua, Panama).—GiFFrorD,

4See p. 488. ® Four specimens. cSix specimens. .

520 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. 1, 1913, 19 (Crossman, Culpepper, and
Wenman islands, Galapagos; habits; Clipperton Island and Oneal Rock, near
Socorro Island).

S{terna] fuliginosa Roruscartp and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 204 (Wenman
and Culpepper islands).

Haliplana fuliginosa var. crissalis LAWRENCE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xiv, 1871
(pub. 1872), 285 (Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, w. Mexico; coll.
U.S. Nat. Mus.; ex Baird, manuscript); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 318
(Socorro; Tres Marias).

Sterna fuliginosa crissalis Nevson, N. Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 24 (Tres Marias
Islands; Isabella Island; habits; crit.)—Batmry (H. H.), Auk, xxiii, 1906,
378 (Isabella Island, w. Mexico, breeding).

Sterna fuscata crissalis AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTTEE, Auk, xxv,
July, 1908, 345.

[Sterna] crissalis SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 136.

Genus STERNULA’ Boie.
Sternula Borg, Isis, x, 1822, 563. (Type, by monotypy, Sterna minuta Lin-
neus=S8. albifrons Pallas.)

Very smali Sternide (wing not more than 185 mm., usually con-
siderably less), with gonys much longer than mandibular rami; tail
only about half as long as wing, with lateral rectrices slender and
acuminate terminally, and tarsus not longer than middle toe with
claw.

Bill about as long as head, rather slender, with gonys decidedly
longer than mandibular rami and with basal angle rather prominent;
latero-frontal antia nearer (in vertical line) to mental than to malar
antia. Wing long and pointed, the longest primary (outermost)
exceeding distal secondaries by more than twice the distance from
tips of the latter to bend of wing. ‘Tail about half as long as wing,
forked for less than half its length, the lateral rectrices slender and
acuminate, or subacuminate, terminally. Tarsus slightly shorter
than middle toe with claw; webs with anterior margin slightly or
moderately incised.

Plumage and coloration.—Occipital feathers normal (soft and
blended). Adults of most species with forehead and under parts
white (the latter sometimes gray), the rest of pileum (sometimes
whole pileum) and a loral streak black; back, wings, etc., pale gray.
Downy young buffy or buffy-whitish above, sometimes nearly im-
maculate, but always (?) with more or less numerous irregular
markings of dusky.

Range.—Nearly cosmopolitan. (About eight species, three of
them American.)

KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF STERNULA.

a. Under parts white (or at most very faintly tinged with gray); tail pale gray.

b. Smaller (wing less—usually much less—than 180 mm.); bill usually tipped
ewith blackish; black loral streak broader; color of back, etc., paler gray.
(Sternula antillarum.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 521

c. Under parts pure white; gray of upper parts slightly paler; black of pileum
less extended posteriorly; outer webs of not more than two outer primaries
dusky gray; bill rarely without blackish tip. (Atlantic and Gulf coasts and
Mississippi Valley of United States and southward to Venezuela.)

Sternula antillarum antillarum (p. 521).

ce. Under parts grayish white or very pale gray; gray of upper parts slightly

darker; black of pileum extended posteriorly over median portion of nape;

outer webs of usually three outer primaries, dusky; bill frequently without
blackish tip. (Pacific coast of Mexico and Southern California.)

Sternula antillarum browni (p. 525).

bb. Larger (wing more than 180 mm.); bill without blackish tip; black loral streak

narrower; color of back, etc., deeper gray. (Eastern South America from

Venezuela to Argentina.) .........---- Sternula superciliaris (extralimital).¢ .
aa, Under parts gray; tail deep gray, like back, etc. (Coast of Peru and Northern
OMilee) HA ee Pe Age ES TE ah A Sternula lorata (extralimital).>

STERNULA ANTILLARUM ANTILLARUM (Lesson).
LEAST TERN.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Forehead and sides of crown
white; a narrow stripe on lores (from bill to eye), crown, occiput,
and upper portion of nape uniform deep black; rest of head and
entire under parts, including axillars and under wing-coverts, im-
maculate pure white; upper parts, including hindneck, rump, upper
tail-coverts, and tail plain pallid neutral gray, slightly deeper gray
on back, scapulars, and wings; two outer primaries dusky gray or
blackish slate color, their inner webs broadly edged with white, the
remaining primaries pallid neutral gray (like coverts, etc.), their
inner webs edged with white; bill bright yellow, usually tipped with
black; iris dark brown; legs and feet orange-yellow (in life).

Adulis in winter.—Similar to summer adults but lores, forehead,
and crown grayish-white (purer white anteriorly), an occipital cres-
cent and a stripe extending from this to and surrounding eye, black-
ish; bill blackish or dusky; legs and feet dull yellow.

Young.—Somewhat like winter adults, but humeral region with a
broad space of dusky grayish, scapulars and interscapulars with V-

@ Sterna superciliaris Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 176 (Paraguay;
based on Hati ceja blanca Azara, Apunt. Parag., iii, 1802, 377); Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 571 (monogr.); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876,
662 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 124.—Sternula superciliaris Boie,
Isis, 1844, 183.—Sterna maculata Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxii, 1819, 176
(Paraguay; based on Hati manchado Azara, Apunt. Parag., ili, 1802, 377=young).—-
Sterna argentea Maximilian, Reis. Bras., i, 1820, 67 (Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, pt. 1i,
1823, 871 (Rio Parahyba, s. e. Brazil; type now in coll. Am. Mus. N. H.).—Sternula
argentea Boie, Isis, 1844, 183.

6 Sterna lorata Philippi and Landbeck, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., 1863,
pt. i, 124; Saunders, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 126.—{Sterna] loricata Gray,
Hand-list, iii, 1871, 121, no. 11068.—Sterna exilis (not of Tschudi) Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1867, 336, 344 (monogr.); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1876, 663 (monogr.); Taczanowski, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 445.

522 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

or U-shaped submarginal markings of dusky, crown streaked and
occiput mottled with dusky, and primaries darker gray; bill dusky,
more brownish basally; legs and feet brownish (in dried skins).

Downy young.—Upper parts buffy-white to deep pinkish-buff,
nearly immaculate, but with one or more small irregular black spots
on occiput, or-on occiput and crown, and a few small and indistinct
irregular spots or streaks of dusky on rump; under parts immaculate
white or buffy white, the throat usually more buffy; bill pale yellow-
ish brown, tipped with dusky; legs and feet pale yellowish.

Adult male-—Wing, 163-178 (168.1); tail, 70-93 (81.2); exposed
culmen, 26-31 (28.8); tarsus, 14-15.5 (14.5); middle toe, 11.5-13.5
(12.8).2

Adult female.—Wing, 160-167 (162.9); tail, 61-85.5 (72.9); ex-
posed culmen, 25.5-30 (27.5); tarsus, 14-16 (14.7); middle toe,
11-13.€2.9)"

Breeding along Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States,
from eastern Massachusetts (Ipswich; Nantucket Island; Martha’s
Vineyard)—formerly from Maine—to Texas, up the Mississippi
Valley to northern Indiana (Wolf Lake, Noble County), Iowa,
southeastern South Dakota, and northwestern Nebraska (at least
formerly), and southward throughout Bahamas and West Indies
and Gulf coast of Mexico to British Honduras (Glover's Cay;
Grassy Cay; Long Cay) and coast of Venezuela; casual or accidental
in Labrador, Newfoundland, and Colorado (Colorado Springs; Fort
Collins); occurs also, at least as migrant or winter resident, on islands

a Fourteen specimens. 6 Thirteen specimens.
es
: ; : pose Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | * Guy. | Tarsus.| “to9.
men.
MALES.
Eight adult males from Virginia (5) and Maryland (3)......... 167.9 81.6 27.4 14.6 12.6
Oneadult'male from’ South’ Carolinas ssi 202-2 -=2s-csc--cccce ee 169 85 30 15 13.5
One adult male from Florida.........-... ak MER Et Re LEG ATE S157 Per SU ln ee eco 13.5
One adult malefrom Bahamas (Andros Island, Jume)........-- 163 75 2705 14.5 | 13
Three adult males from Cuba (Cabafias, May 29-31l\.-...---.-- 170; 2) 181, Fie 20 14.3 1255
Three adult males from Pacific coast at U. S. and Mexican
houndany; (Sia. brown) ..%..a2 £400. 4a i292 Senne eta 166 | 75.7} 28.2] 143] 122
FEMALES. |
Four adult females from Virginia (3) and Maryland (1).......- 160. 6 70.9 27.6 15 12.6
Three adult females from North Carolina...................... 165.8 78 26.5 14.3 12.2
Three adult females from South Carolina.......-........-.--.. 161.2 | 65 27.8 15 ay
Three adult females from Cuba (Cabafias, May 29-31).......... 165 ceel8ao 28. 2 14.5 12.2
Two adult females from Pacific coast at U. S. and Mexican
HowNdary, (9.-a.- Brownlow, sesahe swe os seach eo Sees sues 166.2| 75 24.5) 14 11.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 523

of Aruba and Bonaire, Dutch West Indies, Trinidad, Margarita
Island, off Venezuela, and coast of northeastern Brazil (Piauhy, etc.) ;

occurs occasionally in winter on coast of western and southwestern
Africa.

[Sterna] minuta (not of Linnzeus) Laraam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 809, part
(America).
Sterna minuta Witson, Am. Orn., vii, 1818, 80, pl. 60, fig. 2—Bonaparre,
' Ann, Lyc. N. Y:, ii, 1828, 355.—Jarprine, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., ii, 1832,
371.—AupuUBON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 175, pl. 319; Synopsis, 1839, 321;
Birds Am., 8vo. ed., vii, 1844, 119, pl. 439.—Grraup, Birds Long Island, 1844,
300.—LEMBEYE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 123.—Putnam, Proc. Essex
Inst., i, 1856, 221 (Massachusetts) —SHarpe, Ibis, 1872, 74 (Nagua River,
Fantee, w. Africa),
S[terna] minuta Bonaparte, Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [208].
Sterna argentea (not of Maximilian, 1820) Nurraun, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can.,
Water Birds, 1834, 280.—Bonapartre, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 61.—
Gosst£, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 437.—ALBREcHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 207
(Jamaica).—L&oraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 545.
(?) Sternula bailloni Born, Isis, 1844, 183 (Newfoundland).
Sternula antillarum Lesson, Compl. Oeuvres Buffon, xx, or Descr. Mam. et
Ois., 1847, 256 (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; = young).— Gunptacu, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1871, 294 (Cuba).
Sternula antillarum antillarum OBERHOLSER, Auk, xxxiv, April, 1917, 199.
Sterna antillarum Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 552 (monogr.); Ibis,
1864, 390 (Glovers Reef, Brit. Honduras; crit.); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868,
308 (New England, breeding); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 45 (Fort
Macon, North Carolina, breeding); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xii, 1868, 126
(South Carolina).—Satvin, Ibis, 1864, 384 (Long Cay, Brit. Honduras);
1866, 199 (Long Cay and Grassy Cay, Brit. Honduras; crit.).—LAWRENCE,
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1864, 106 (Sombrero, Lesser Antilles); Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 68 (Dominica).—Gunpb.acu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1875, 391
(Cuba; habits); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 412 (Porto Rico).—
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 98 (Santo Domingo).—ScLaTER
and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 571 (monogr.).—SaunpgErs, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 661, part (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv,
1896, 122, part (Ipswich, Massachusetts, June, July; Nantucket, Massachu-
setts; Bone Island and Cobbs Island, Virginia, June, July; Capers Island,
South Carolina; Brownsville and Corpus Christi, Texas, May; Antigua;
Barbados; Venezuela; Long Cay, Glovers Reef, Brit. Honduras; Nagua
River, Fantee, w. Africa).—Merrrut (J. C.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878,
172 (Fort Brown, Texas, breeding).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879,
227 (Long Beach, New Jersey, breeding); Auk, vii, 1890, 306 (Dry Tortugas,
Florida, breeding).—Rip@way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N.
Am. Birds), 208, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 690, part.—Barrp,
Brewer, and Rrpaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 309, part.—Cory,
Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 179; Auk, v, 1888, 79 (West Indian localities
and references); Birds West Ind., 1889, 280; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 83
| (Abaco, New Providence, Andros, Great Inagua, and Cay Sal islands,
| Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico; St. Bartholomew; Antigua;
Guadeloupe; Dominica; Barbados).—AcrrsBore, Auk, ii, 1885, 289 (s. e.
South Dakota, breeding).—Goss, Auk, iti, 1886, 115 (Kansas, breeding);
Birds Kansas, 1886, 3.—Ratpx and Baaa, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii,

524 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1886, 104 (near Hartford, Oneida Co., New York, 1 spec.).—AMERICAN
OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton. Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 74; 3rd ed.,
1910, p. 45.—Cooxksz, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 58; Auk, xi, 1894, 183
(Colorado Springs and Fort Collins, Colorado).—FrtLpen, Ibis, 1889, 502
(Barbados).—Suicx, Auk, vii, 1890, 327 (Seven Mile Beach, New Jersey,
breeding).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 101 (Texas).—HarTeERtT,
Ibis, 1893, 310 (Arubaand Bonaire, Dutch West Indies; habits), 337 (Bonaire);
Novit. Zool., ix, 1902, 308 (Aruba; Bonaire).—Stone (W.), Birds E. Penn.
and N.J., 1894, 47.—Burtsr, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. for 1893 (1894), 119 (breed-
ingat Wolf Lake, Noble Co., n. w. Indiana).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N.H.,
vi, 1894, 84 (Trinidad).—Rosinson, Proc. U. ¢. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1895, 653
(Margarita Island, Venezuela, breeding).—Hower, Auk, xiv, 1897, 402
(Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts, breeding).—Srone (C. F.), Auk, Xvi,
1899, 284 (Yates Co., New York, 3 specs., Sept. 6-11, 1896).—Bryerr, Proc.
Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 86 (coast Louisiana, resident),—SmiTrF
(H. M.), Auk, xix, 1902, 76 (Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts, breeding).—
SALVIN and GopmaNn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, 111, 1903, 410, part (Matamoros,
Tamaulipas; Long Cay, Grassy Cay, and Glovers Reef, Brit. Honduras;
Coban, Guatemala?; coast Venezuela; West Indies; w. coast Africa).—REISER,
Denkschr. Mat.-Nat. Kl. Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, lxxvi, 1910, 97 (coast of
Piauhy, etc., n. e. Brazil, Sept.) Wetmore, Bull. 326, U.S. Dept. Agric.,
1916, 47 (Porto Rico, Aug., Sept.).—Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lx,
1916, 305 (Little Cayman, breeding).

[Sterna] antillarum GunpLaexH, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 393 (Cuba).—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New York City).—
SciaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147, part.—GunbLacu, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1874, 314 (Porto Rico); 1878, 163 (Porto Rico).—Cory, List Birds
West Ind., 1885, and revised ed., 1886, 33.—Sraut, Ornis, vol. 3, 1887, 453
(Porto Rico).—SHarrg, Hand-list, i, 1899, 187, part—ForBes and Rosin-
son, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 55 (Virginia; Texas).

S[terna] antillarum Cours, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 340 (life history).—Ripeway,
Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 391 (Illinois); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 46, part.—
Newson, Bull. Essex Inst., ix, 1877, 61 (Cairo, Illinois, common).—NEWwToNn
(A. and E.), Handb. Birds Jamaica, 1881, 117.

Stlerna] antillarum Gunpuacw, Journ. fiir Orn.,1878, 191 (Porto Rico).

Sterna antillarum antillarum Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxix, April 4, 1916,
71 (measurements).

{Sterna superciliaris var. antillarum] b. antillarum Cours, Birds Northwest,
1874, 692, part (monogr.).

Sterna superciliaris antillarum Merriam, Birds Connecticut, 1877, 154.—SENNETT,
Bull. U.S. Geol. and -Geog. Surv., iv, 1878, 66 (lower Rio Grande, Texas).—
Cougs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 801, part.

S[terna] superciliaris antillarum Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 766, part.

Sterna superciliaris var. antillarum Battey (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1,
1876, 28 (Cobbs Island, Virginia, breeding).—Lanapon, Birds Cincinnati,
1877, 18.—Ratupun (F. R.), Revised List Birds Centr. N. Y., 1879, 41
(Cayuga Lake; 2 specs.).

Sternula melanorhynchus Lesson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 257 (Guadeloupe,
Lesser Antilles; = young).

Sterna frenata GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1848, 128 (North America).—
LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. PacificR. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 864.—Barrp, Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 694.—BreweEr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 308
(Cuba).—Saxnvin and Scriater, Ibis, 1860, 278 (Coban, Guatemala).—WHEA-

BIRDS “F NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 525

TON, Ohio Agric. Rep.. 1860, no. 276 (Ohio). —Brerwenr, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
vii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).—CovEs and Prentiss, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for
1861 (1862), 418 (District of Columbia).—AtLEeNn, Proc. Essex Inst., 1864, 90
Massachusetts).—DressEr, Ibis, 1866, 44 (s. Texas).—Turnsutt, Birds E.
Penn. and N. J., 1869, 39.—SNnow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 12.

[Sterna] frenata GuNpLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn.. 1862, 93 (Cuba, crit.).

[Sternula] frenata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 773.—GuNnpbLacu, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1861, 346 (Cuba).

“Sternula] australis LichtENSTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 98, nomen nudum
(South Africa; coll. Berlin Mus.).

Sternula superciliaris (not Sterna superciliaris Vieillot) CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1857, 232 (Cuba).

Sterna superciliaris (not of Vieillot, 1819) Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 570.—
Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, and 2d ed., 1890, 213.

St[erna| superciliarts Buastus, Journ. ftir Orn., 1866, 74.

[Sterna] superciliaris Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 121, no. 11066.—CovEs, Key N.
Am. Birds, 1872, 322, part.

S[terna] superciliaris Nevson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 149 (Calumet marshes,
n. e. Illinois, June 11, 1876).

Sterna minuta americana SUNDEVALL, Oefv. k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Stockholm, 1869,
589 (St. Bartholomew, Lesser Antilles).

STERNULA ANTILLARUM BROWNI (Mearns).
BROWN’S LEAST TERN.

Similar to S. a. antillarum but under parts grayish white or dis-
tinctly tinged with pale gray, gray of upper parts slightly deeper, and
black of pileum extended farther down median portion of nape; bill
frequently without blackish tip (wholly yellow); and usually with
three outer primaries dusky.

Adult male-—Wing, 154-175 (166); tail, 70-80 (75.7) ; exposed cul-
men, 27-29 (28.2); tarsus, 14-14.5 (14.3); middle toe, 12—-12.5 (12.2).¢

Aduli female —Wing, 165-167.5 (166.2); tail, 68-82 (75); exposed
culmen, 24—25 (24.5); tarsus, 14; middle toe, 11-12 (11.5).°

Pacific coast, from Monterey Bay, California (breeding), southward
to Pacific coast of Guatemala.

Sterna antillarum (not Sternula antillarum Lesson, 1847) Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1866, 100 (coast of California).—Lawrencr, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., no. 4, 1876, 52 (San Mateo, Oaxaca, Aug.).—SaunprErs, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1876, 661, part; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 122, part
(San Blas, Tepic, April).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat.
N. Am. Birds), 208, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 690, part.—Batrp,
Brewer, and Rinaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 309, part.—AMERICAN
OrnitHoLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 74, part;
3rd ed., 1910, p. 45, part.—BrewsteEr, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, no. 1, 1902,
26 (San Jose del Cabo, Lower California, Sept. 6-12).—Sanvin and GopMAN,
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii,1903, 410, part (Manzanillo, Colima; San Blas,
Tepic; San Mateo, Gulf of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Pacific coast Guatemala).—
Becx, Condor, ix, 1907, 58 (near mouth of Salinas River, Monterey Bay,
California, breeding).—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 11, 1915, 25
(breeding on coast of California north to Monterey Bay).

a Three specimens. b Two specimens.

526 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Sterna] antillarum Scuarer and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147, part.—
SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 137, part.

S[terna| antillarum Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 46, part.

[Sterna superciliaris var. antillarum| b. antillarwm Cours, Birds Northwest,
1874, 692, part (monogr.).

Sterna superciliaris antillarum Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 801, part.

S[terna| superciliaris antillarum Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 766, part.

Sterna superciliaris (not of Vieillot, 1819) LawrEncr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii,
1874, 318 (Manzaniilo, Colima).

Sterna antillarum brownt MEARNS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxix, April 4, 1916, 71
(near Monument no. 258, Mexican Boundary Line,.edge of Pacific Ocean,
San Diego Co., California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

Sternula antillarum brownt OBERHOLSER, Auk, xxxiv, April, 1917, 199.

Genus HYDROCHELIDON Boie.

Hydrochelidon Bott, Isis, x, 1822, 563. (Type, as designated by Gray, 1841],
Sterna nigra Linneeus.)

Viralva StrPHeENs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 166. (Type, Sterna nigra
Linneus. )

Pelodes Kaur, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 107. (Type, by original
designation, Sterna leucopareia Temminck. )

Chlidonias (not Chlidonia Hiibner, 1816) RarrNESQuE, Kentucky Gazette, n.s., 1,
no. 8, Feb. 21, 1822, [3], col.5. (Type, by original designation, C. melanops
Rafinesque=Sterna surinamensis Gmelin. See Rhoads, Auk, xxix, 1912. 197.)

Small Sternide (wing 190-250 mm.) with incompletely webbed
toes and short, slightly forked tail with outer rectrices broadly
rounded terminally.

Bill relatively small (little if any longer than head, usually shorter),
its depth at base less than one-fourth (H. nigra) to more than one-
fourth (7. leucopareia) as long as exposed culmen, the latter slightly
convex distally; gonys about as long as mandibular rami (7. nigra)
to decidedly shorter (1. lewcopareia), its basal angle not prominent;
nostril elliptical, longitudinal, weil separated from latero-frontal
antia, the latter broad. Wing rather long and pointed, the longest
primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by very much less
than twice the distance from tips of the latter to bend of wing.
Tail much less than half (very little more than one-third) as long as
wing, slightly forked, all the rectrices broad and rounded at tips.
Tarsus as long as or longer than middle toe without claw; webs
small, very deeply incised, occupying less than half of interdigital
spaces.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage of head, neck, and under parts
blended. Summer adults with head and neck, all round, uniform
black, or else (7H. leucopareia) with sides of head (beneath eyes), chin,
and. throat white; under parts white only on anal region and under
tail-coverts, otherwise gray or black.

Range.—Temperate portions of Europe, Asia, and North America;
in winter southward to New Zealand, Australia, Africa, and South
America... (Three species.)

BIRDS OF NORTH ANDeMIDDLE AMERICA. 527

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF HYDROCHELIDON.

a

a, Under parts not white; pileum uniform black. (Summer adults.)

b. Upper tail-coverts and lower rump gray, concolor with back, etc.; smaller
wing-coverts not conspicuously paler than back.

c. Sides of head white; under parts pale gray anteriorly, becoming much darker
gray on flanks and abdomen; larger (wing 213.5249, tarsus 19-22). (Southern
and central Europe to China, Philippines, Australia, Airica, etc.; accidental
INyHaTHIaGdosn) seed see Se ees se s 5 Hydrochelidon leucopareia (p. 528).

cc. Whole head, neck, and under parts (except anal region and under tail-

coverts) uniform black or deep gray; smaller (wing 191-215, tarsus 14-18).
- (Hydrochelidon nigra. )
d, Under parts gray (light purplish gray to blackish purple-gray). (Europe
| and western Asia; Africa in winter.)
Hydrochelidon nigra nigra (extralimital).@
dd, Under parts black. (North America, south in winter as far as Chile.)
Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (p. 532).
bb. Rump white, in contrast with dark gray or grayish black qf back; smaller
wing-coverts conspicuously paler than back, passing into white anteriorly.
| (Warmer parts of Eastern Hemisphere; accidental in Wisconsin and Barbados. )
Hydrochelidon leucoptera (p. 536).
aa. Under parts white; pileum not uniform black.
b. Back, scapulars, etc., uniform gray. (Winter adults.)
c. Rump gray, conten with back, etc.
d. Larger (wing 213.5-249, tarsus 19-22); upper parts much paler gray; bill

DIO Washes seeyceet ats ...-Hydrochelidon leucopareia, winter adults (p. 528).

dd. Smaller (wing 191-215, tarsus 14-18); upper parts much darker gray; bill
Dlacks 2 essen: Hydrochelidon nigra nigra, winter adults (extralimital).
Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis, winter adults (p. 533).

CNP EMI Pay LUC a5 eee ral Bae aaen leucoptera, winter adults (p. 537 ).

“a [Sterna] nigra Trees Syst. Nat., ea 10, i, 1758, 137 (Sweden): a-Sterva nigra
Selby, Brit. Birds, ii, 1833, 477, pl. 91: Gould, Bis Europe, v, 1837, pl. 422; Nau-
mann, Vég. Deutschl., x, 1840, 189, pl. 256.—Hydrochelidon nigra Boie, Isis, 1822, 563;
Macgillivray, Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 658; Gould, Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, pl. 75 and
text; Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1876, 327, pl. 592; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1876, 642 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 17; ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit.
Birds, iii, 1884, 516; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 617. —Hydrochelidon nigra. nigra American
Grithdlocintn’ Gran: Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 47.— Viralva nigra Stephens, Shaw’s
Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. i, 1826, ley = Fvdtoctelidon nigrum Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp.
List, 1838, 61.—|Rallus] lariformis Linneeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 153 (Europe).—
{ Hydrochelidon lariformis.| a. (European references) Coves, Birds Northwest, 1874,
704.—[Sterna] nxvia Linneeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12,1, 1766, 228 (south Europe=young).
Larus merulinus Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat., 1769, 81.—(?)Larus columbinus Scopoli,
Ann. I. Hist. Nat., 1769, 83.—Sterna nubilosa Sparrman, Mus, Carls., fasc. ili, 1788,
no. 63 (Finland;=young).—Sterna /issipes (not of Linnzeus) Latham, Index Orn., ii,
1790, 810; Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl., ii, 1791, 833; Yarrell, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843.
413; ed. 2, iii, 1845, 523; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, Sternae, 1863, 29; Harting, Handb,
Brit. Binds, 1872, 76.—Hydrochelidon fissipes Bonaparte, Cat. Ucc. Eur., 1842, 77;
Degland and Gerbe, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 465; Fritsch, Vég. Eur., 1870, 462, pl. 54,
fig. 6; Salvadori, Fauna Ital., Ucc., 1871, 284.—Hydrochelidon obscura Brehm, Vog.
Deutschl., 1831, 795.—Hydrochelidon nigricans Brehm, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 795.—
Hydrochelidon pallida Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 295; Vogeli., 1855, 350.—Hydro-
chelidon obscura Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 295; Vogelf., 1855, 350.

528 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

bb. Back and scapulars partly dusky brown or grayish brown, the feathers mar-
gined with buffy whitish or cinnamon. ( Young.)
c. Rump gray or grayish brown, like back.
d. Larger; general color of upper parts much paler.
Hydrochelidon leucopareia, young (p. 529).
dd. Smaller; general color of upper parts much darker.
Hydrochelidon nigra nigra, young (extralimital).
Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis, young (p. 533).
ec Runiptwhite. feet eee ane seers Hydrochelidon leucoptera, young (p. 537).

HYDROCHELIDON LEUCOPAREIA (Temminck).@
WHISKERED TERN. _

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Pileum and nape, including
greater part of lores and upper portion of auricular region, uniform
black; rest of upper parts plain light gray (between neutral gray and
light neutral gray, slightly more bluish than light quaker drab),
sometimes slightly paler on wing-coverts or darker on back and
hindneck, the outer webs of primaries lighter and more silvery gray;
lateral rectrices paler gray than middle pair, fading into white
basally; lower portion of lores, suborbital region, greater part of
auricular region, post-auricular region, and anterior portion of
malar region, immaculate white; chin, throat, and posterior half or
more of malar region very pale gray (almost grayish white on chin),
deepening on neck, all round, and chest into a gray like that of upper
parts, this gradually deepening on abdomen, sides, and flanks into
deep purplish gray (deep quaker drab or purplish dark quaker drab) ;
under wing-coverts, under tail-coverts, and anal region immaculate
white; inner webs of primaries mostly white, the portion next to
shaft gray; bill deep red; iris dark brown; legs and feet vermilion red
(in life).

Adults in winter—Forehead, crown, and occiput white, streaked,
except on forehead, with blackish, the nape nearly uniform black;
sides of head (beneath eyes), neck (all round), and entire under parts
immaculate white; lores white, flecked with dusky in front of eyes;
otherwise like summer adults, but bill and feet duller red or reddish
brown.

a This species is divided by Mathews (Birds of Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20, 1911,
pp. 321-323) into eight subspecies, as follows:

(1) H. leucopareia leucopareia (Temminck). (Southern and central Europe; north-
ern Africa.)

(2) H. leucopareia indica (Stephens). (Northern India.)

(3) H. leucopareia leggei Mathews. (Ceylon.)

(4) H. leucopareia delalandii (Bonaparte). (Southern Africa.)

(5) H. leucopareia swinhoei Mathews. (China.)

(6) H. leucopareia javanica (Horsfield). (Java, etc.)

(7) H. leucopareia fluviatilis (Gould). (Eastern and southern Australia.)

(8) H. leucopareia rogersi Mathews. (Northern and northwestern Australia.)

Owing to lack of sufficient material bearing on any of these supposed forms I am
not prepared to express an opinion as to their validity.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 529

Young.—Forehead and anterior half (more or less) of lores (some-
times superciliary region also), sides of head and neck, and entire
under parts immaculate white; crown, occiput, and nape nearly
uniform dusky, or grayish white spotted or streaked with dusky;
general color of upper parts light bluish gray, the hindneck clouded
with dusky brown (the feathers white beneath surface), the scapulars
broadly dusky subterminally and margined terminally with cinna-
mon or cinnamon-buffy, the proximal wing-coverts sometimes with
indistinct transverse spots of dusky brownish; otherwise as in adults,
but bill dusky or dark brownish.

Downy young.— ‘Down at the base of the bill black, forehead
ruddy fawn-color; upper part paler fawn, mottled and streaked with
black; under parts white, except the throat, which is sooty black for
a few days.’

Adult male-—Wing, 221-249 (231.5); tail, 80-88 (84.7); exposed
culmen, 28-30 (29); tarsus, 19-22 (20.7); middle toe, 18.5-20.5 (19.7).°

Adult female-—Wing, 219; tail, 83; exposed culmen, 25.5; tarsus,
21.5; middle toe, 20.°

Southwestern, central, and southern Europe, eastward to China;
southward over Africa, India, Malay Archipelago, etc., to Australia;
accidental in Barbados, Lesser Antilles.

Sterna leucopareia TeEmMMiINcK, Man. d’Orn., ed. 2, ii, 1820, 746 (Hungary; ex

Natterer, manuscript); iv. 1840, 463.—Meryer, Taschenb., iii, 1822. 189.—
Bote, Isis, 1822, 563.—Breum, Beitr. Vogelk., iii, 1822, 674; Lehrb., 1824,
694.—WERNER, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, pls. 10, 11.—Savi, Orn. Tosc., iii,
1831, 92.—GouLp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 424 and text.—NauMann, Vog.
Deutschl., x, 1840, 168, pl. 255.—Scuinz, Europ. Faun., 1840, 374.—CrEs-
pon, Faun. Mérid., ii, 1844, 118 (breeding in August).—ScHLEGEL, Rev.
Crit., 1844, p. cxxxi.—Rtprew, Syst. Ueb., 1845, 139 (Lower Egypt).—

4 Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 14.
6 Four specimens.
¢ One specimen.

|
: -, |Exposed| Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. culmen. Tarsus. taal
MALES.
Two adult males from Burope....2 5-1. -nioks- seer aoaseck mewtiesiem- 239. 5 82.5 29.5 21 20
Two adult males from British East Africa (August).........-- 223.5 87 (28) 20. 5 19.5

Two adult males from northern India (Kashmir) (H. 1. indica).,| 226.2 84.5 29. 2 20.5 185
Two adult males from Philippines (Mindanao, May) (H. l.

BUENO GL met sa ements te cre a acne comers ded ckiceaee 219.5 76.2 30.5 21.5 19.7
FEMALES.

One adult female tromybley pte oe a cincerciserie cea ta cess ecnmuwccse 219 83 25.5 21.5 20
One adult female from Kashmir (H. 1. indica)...............-- 215 81 28 19 18
Oneadult female from northern China (Tientsin) (H. 2. swin-

WEE EE swt Ne oboe kt TO. POSSESSES, 4 219. 5 81 27.5 20 18.5
Three adult females from Philippines (Manila Harbor, May)

GERI stsinhoe))e£..cseccke techt.. elt Oe. ERR ce 217 81.5 27.7 19.8 18.5

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——35

530

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

YARRELL, Brit. Birds, 2d ed., 111, 1845, 511.—Hewrirson, Eggs Brit. Birds,
li, 1846, 430,* pl. 120.*—THompson, Birds Ireland, iii, 1851, 298.—REIcHEN-
BACH, Natatores, 1848, pl. 21, figs. 812-815.—Batpamus, Naumannia, 1851,
Heft iv, 44 (Hungary, breeding).—KsaERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 331,
pl.40 B; Suppl., 1854, pl. 21, figs. 1, 2—Powys, Ibis, 1860, 357 (Butrinto, in
winter).—ANDERSON, Ibis, 1872, 81 (Fyzabad, India, breeding; habits;
descr. nest and eggs).

Viralva leucopareia StEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1825, 171.
Pelodes leucopareia Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 107.
Hydrochelidon leucoparcia Bresm, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 797.—Bonaparre,

Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 61.—Bo1k, Isis, 1844, 184——MacecILiivray,
Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 663.—Goutp, Handb. Birds Australia, 11, 1865, 406;
Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, pl. 77 and text.—SHELLEY, Birds Egypt, 1872,
301.—Hoxupswortu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 480 (Ceylon).—WatLpDEN,
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1877, 244 (Luzon, Philippines).—Ramsay,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., i, 1877, 386 (Gulf of Carpentaria) —Meryer (A. B.),
Ibis, 1879, 146 (Togian Islands).—Ho tus and PELzELn, Beitr. Orn. Siidair.,
1882, 332.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ij, 1884,
318.—TaczANowskI, Ornis, vol. iv, 1888, 506 (Poland, not breeding).—
Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 83, 136 (Barbados).

H{ydrochelidon| leucopareta RipGway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 47.
Hydrochelidon leucopareia leucopareia MaTuEws, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept.

20, 1912, 321 (s. and centr. Europe; n. Africa).

Sterna hybrida Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 338 (s. Volga and Sarpa,

Russia).—Miuuir, Orn. Griechenl., 1844, 147.—Drcianp, Orn. Eur., ii,
1849, 353.—HevuGLIn, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 70 (Egypt and Nubia, resident).—
LINDERMAYER, Vég. Griechenl., 1860, 180.—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, v1,
no. 24 (Sternae), 1864, 32.—Wricurt, Ibis, 1864, 153 (Malta); 1874, 238 (Salini,
Malta).—Euwes and Buck ey, Ibis, 1870, 338 (Epirus).—Hartine, Handb.
Brit. Birds, 1872, 168.—Hume, Stray Feath., i, 1873, 281 (Sind, India).—
Apam, Stray Feath., i, 1873, 403 (Sambhur Lake, India)—Bnanrorp,
East. Persia, ii, 1876, 294.—MitnE-Epwarps and GRANDIDIER, Hist. Nat.
Madag., Ois, 1882, pl. 649 (osteology ).—SrEBoum, Ibis, 1882, 231 (Volga delta)
Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 260.—ALLEON, Ornis, vol. ii, 1886, 424 (Dro-
budscha, breeding).—STEVENSON and SouTHwE LL, Birds Norfolk, 111, 1890,
306.—Oares, ed. Hume’s Nests and Eggs of Ind. Birds, 11, 1890, 305.—
SuHarPeE, Ibis, 1891, 116 (Fao).

St{erna] hybrida Keyseruinc and Brastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xevili, 248.
Hydrochelidon hybrida Bonaparte, Cat. Ucc. Eur., 1842, 77.—Gray, List Birds

Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844, 180; Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 242.—Brrnm, Nau-
mannia, 1855, 295; Vogelf., 1855, 351.—Tristram, Ibis, 1860, 82 (North
African lakes).—Finipri, Viagg. Per_., 1865, 352.—Buasivs, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1866, 82 (monogr.).—DEGLAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., li, 1867, 468.—LocneE,
Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., 1867, 208.—DopeEr.eEIn, Avif. Sicil., 1869, 253.—
Fritscn, Vég. Eur., 1870, 460, pl. 54, fig. 10 —Satvaport, Faun. Ital., Ucc.;
1871, 283; Ucc. Borneo, 1872, 374 (Sarawak); Orn. Papuasia, etc., 1882, 427;
Ucce. Ital., 1887, 279.—Swinnokr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 421 (Formosa).—-
Heveuin, Orn. N. O.-Afr., Bd. 2, pt. 2, 1873, 1449—WatLpEN, Trans.
Zool. Soe. Lond., viii, 1874, 103 (Celebes).—IrBy, Orn. Str. Gibr., 1875, 211.—
Lraae, Ibis, 1875, 407 (Ceylon).—Saunpers, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876,
640 (monogr.); 1877, 794 (Manila, Philippines; crit.); Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1877, 201 (s. Spain); Voy. ‘Challenger,’ ii, pt. viii, 1881, 133 (Manila);
ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 527; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 621; Ibis,
1891, 187 (Lake Léman, Switzerland); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 10,
456.—Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1877, 315, pls. 588, 589.—Davin and

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 53T

OusTALET, Ois. Chine, 1877, 524.—Twrreppaue, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1877, 551 (Manila)—Lraee, Birds Ceylon, 1880, 996.—BocaGcr, Orn.
Angola, 1881, 514.—GreLio1, Ibis, 1881, 218 (Italian localities); Avif. Ital.,
1886, 419 (not known to breed in Italy); 1° Resoc. Avif. Ital., 1889, 634; 2°
Resoc., 1890, 653; 3° Resoc., 1891, 227.—Scutty, Ibis, 1881, 594 (Gilgit,
n. India).—BritisH OrnitHouocists’ Unton, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 184.—
Oates, Birds Brit. Burma, 11, 1883, 419.—Trisrram, Fauna and Ilora Pales-
tine, 1884, 136.—Rappr, Orn. Caucas., 1884, 487.—SHarpr, ed. Layard’s
Birds South Africa, 1884, 699.—RricHENow, Syst. Verz. Véz. Deutschl.,
1889, 61; Journ. fiir Orn., 1897, 204, 216 (Kaiser Wilhelm Land, Papua).—
Nortu, Nests and. Eggs Australian Birds, 1889, 353, 402.—Everrerr, Birds
Borneo, 1889, 210.—FE1LpEN, Ibis, 1889, 502 (Barbados).—FrivaLpsky, Av.
Hung., 1891, 181.—MaparaAsz, Ausstel. Ungar. Vogelf., 1891, 121.—-Farro and
StupeEr, Cat. distrib. Oils. Suisse, 1892, 64, 65.—Litrorp, Col. Fig. Brit.
Birds, pt. xxvili, 1894.—Koente, Journ. fiir Orn., 1893, 99 (Tunis; descr.
eggs).—Poeer, Journ. fir Orn., 1902, 388 (n. e. China).—Watron, Ibis.
1903, 34 (Tientsin, China).—Jrssp, Ibis, 1903, 166 (Lucknow, India; habits).—
NEUMANN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1904, 326 (Hora Schale, Abyssinia) —Harrert,
Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 199 (Alligator River, n. w. Australia).—Cnark (A. H.),
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905, 259 (Barbados).—Maruews, Birds
Australia, ii, 1912, pl. [103] facing p. 323.

H{ydrochelidon| hybrida Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 660.

{Hydrochelidon| hybrida Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 121, no. 11071.—SuHarps,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 133.—ForBes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii,
no. ?, 1899, 53 (Lake Halloula, Algeria; South Africa; Nellora, s. India;
Luzon and Caguan, Philippines).

Hydrochelidon hybridus TaczANowskt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 111 (e. Siberia).

Pelodes hybrida GurNey, in Andersson’s Damara-Land, 1872, 362.—OLpHE-
GALLIARD, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid., fase. x1, 1886, 41.

[ Pelodes| hybrida HetNe and Rercuenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 356.

Sterna javanica Horsrrecp, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii, 1820, 198 (Java; type now in
coll. Brit. Mus.).—SrrerHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1825, 158.—
Gray and Harpwicke, Illustr. Ind. Zool., i, 1832, pl. 70, fig. 1 (Cawnpore,
India).—RericHENBACH, Natatores, Novit., 1850, pl. 270, fig. 2258.

Sternula javanica Borg, Isis, 1844, 183.

H{ydrochelidon| javanica Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 660.

[ Hydrochelidon] javanica Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 122, no. 11073.

Hydrochelidon leucopareia javanica Matuews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20,
1912, 321 (Java, etc.).

[Pelodes| javanica Heine and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 356.

Sterna delamotta Viettiot, Tab]. Encyc. Méth., i, 1820, 350 (Picardy).

Hydrocecropis delamotta Botr, Isis, 1844, 179.

Sternula delamotli Born, Isis, 1844, 183 (Cape Bonin, w. Africa). °

Viralva indica SterHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 169 (India;
founded on the Tehary Tern, Latham, Gen. Hist., x, 103).

H{ydrochelidon| indica Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 660.

Hydrochelidon indica Biytru, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc., 1849, 290.—Gray, Cat.
Mam., etc., Nepal pres. Hodgson, 1863, 78.—Swinuor, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1863, 328 (Formosa).—Jervon, Birds India, iii, 1864, 837—HumE
and Hrnprerson, Lahore to Yarkand, 1873, 301 (Kashmir.)—Hume,
Nests and Eggs Ind. Birds, 1875, 648.—Biyra and Watpen, Birds Burma,
1875, 163.

[ Hydrochelidon| indica BoNAPartE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 773.—Gray, Hand-
list, iii, 1871, 121, no. 11072.

Hydrochelidon leucopareia indica MatHEws, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20,
1912, 321 (n. India).

532 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Pelodes| indica Herve and ReicHenNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 356.

Sterna leucoptera [lapsus for S. leucopareia] Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 622
(Cape Good Hope).—Bucktey, Ibis, 1874, 391 (Transvaal).

Sterna similis Gray, in Hardw. Illustr. Ind. Zool., i, 1832, pl. 70, fig. 2 (Cawnpore,
India; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.).—RericHensBacu, Natatores, Novit.,
viii, 1850, pl. 271, fig. 2261.

Hydrocecropis similis Born, Isis, 1844, 179.

Al[ydrochelidon] similis Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 660.

Hydrochelidon fluviatilis Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1842 (published Feb.,
1843), 140 (interior of New South Wales, coll. J. Gould); Birds Australia,
vii, 1848, pl. 31 and text.—Srurt, Exped. Centr. Austral., ii, 1849, App.,
p. 58.—Rericuensacn, Vég. Neuholl., 1850, 347.—PrE.zEin, Reis. ‘ Novara’,
Vog., 1855, 155.—Ramsay, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 348 (Richmond,
Fitzroy, and Mary rivers and Rockingham Bay, Queensland).

H{ydrochelidon] fluviatilis Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 660.

{ Hydrochelidon| fluviatilis Gray, Hand-list, 111, 1871, 122, no. 11075.

Hydrochelidon leucopareia fluviatilis Matuews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20,
1912, 321 (e. and s. Australia).

Hydrocecropis leucogenys Bots, Isis, 1844, 179.

Hydrochelidon leucogenys BrEHM, Naumannia, 1855, 295; Vogelf., 1855, 350.

Hydrochelidon marginata Buyrs, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xv, 1846, 376 (Hoogly,
India).

Hydrochelidon meridionalis Bream, Vogelf., 1855, 351.

Hydrochelidon nilotica BrEuM, Naumannia, 1855, 295; Vogelf., 1855, 351.

[ Hydrochelidon] delalandii Bonararte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 773 (‘‘leucopareia
ex Cap. B. Spei, Mus. Par.’’).—Gray, Hand-list, iti, 1871, 122, no. 11076.
Hydrochelidon leucopareia delalandii Matnews, Birds Australia, 1, pt. 3, Sept. 20,

1912, 321 (s. Africa).

Sterna innotata BEAVAN, Ibis, 1868, 404 (Thatong Creek, India).

[Sterna] innotata Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 119, no. 11043.

Sterna melanogastra (not S. melanogaster Temminck, 1827) Satvaport, Ucc. Bor-
neo, 1874, 377.—Sr. Joun, Ibis. 1889, 180 (Quetta).—VoRDERMAN, Nat.
Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind., xliv, 1884, 207 (Java); xlix, 1889, 420 (Sumatra).

Sterna macroura (not S. macrura Naumann, 1819) Srvrents, Journ. fiir Orn., 1877, -
68 (Dobrudscha, breeding).

Hydrochelidon nigra (not Sterna nigra Linneus) BroputrH, Ibis, 1881, 102 (Gilgit,
India; see Scully, Ibis, 1881, 594).

Hydrochelidon leucopareia legget MatHEews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20,
1912, 321 (Ceylon).

Hydrochelidon leucopareia rogersi MatHEws, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20,
1912, 321, 323 (n. and n. w. Australia).

Hydrochelidon leucopareia swinhoei Matuews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20,
1912, 321 (China).

HYDROCHELIDON NIGRA SURINAMENSIS (Gmelin).

BLACK TERN.

Similar to H. n. nigra,* but under parts much darker (black or
grayish black, instead of gray).

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, and under parts,
except under tail-coverts and anal region, uniform sooty black or

@ See p. 527.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 538

grayish black (blackish fuscous or fuscous-black to chetura black,
varying, rarely, to deep purple-gray);-under tail-coverts and anal
region immaculate white;-back and scapulars, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail, and wings deep neutral gray or purple-gray, the wings
somewhat lighter (neutral gray); edge of wing, from body to carpo-
metacarpal joint, white; axillars and under wing-coverts light neutral
gray; bill black, the rictus purplish red (in life); interior of mouth
lavender pink (in life); iris dark brown; legs and feet dusky livid
purplish (in life).

Adults in winter.—Head, neck, and under parts white, the orbital
and auricular regions dusky, the crown and occiput dark grayish,
the feathers margined with paler; upper parts (except as described)
as in summer.

Young.—Similar to winter adults, but scapulars, interscapulars,
and tertials tipped with light buffy brownish, anterior lesser wing-
coverts dusky, crown, occiput, and nape dusky, and sides and flanks
washed or tinged with gray.

Downy young— Upper parts light sayal brown, snuff brown, or
verona brown, the rump with large irregular spots of blackish, the
back and occiput usually with similar but much smaller markings;
under parts paler brown becoming much paler (sometimes duli
whitish) on chest; sides of head, including lores (sometimes also
anterior portion of forehead, sometimes only the loral and orbital
regions) dull whitish or very pale brownish.

Adult male-—Wing, 192-213 (203.2); tail, 73-87.5 (79.8); exposed
culmen, 26-29.5 (27); tarsus, 14.5-16 (15.4); middle toe, 15-16:
(15.6) .2

Adult female——Wing, 191-215 (199.6); tail, 73.5-82 (77.8); ex-
posed culmen, 25.5-27 (26.2); tarsus, 14-16.5 (15.6); middle toe,
14.5-16.5 (15.5). ¢

a Ten specimens.

| |] wre |
Ex- ;
Locality. | Wing. Tail. | posed | Tarsus. ads
| jculmen. ,
MALES. ; |
Six adult males from Europe (5) and northern Africa (1) (H. n. |
MiGt@) (acer eee berks See LACE. bec STS. ck ee 207 | 79: Si set 26. 4 15.8 | 15.4
One adult male from Virginia (Isaacs, July 20)...............-- | 197 73, | 29.5 14.5 15.5
Eight adult males from Mississippi Valley....................- 203.9 80. 2 26. 7 15. 6 15. 6
Oneadult. male som.CAniOrmin. +. 02. chs... - 055 ee eee e eae. 202.5 | 82.5 7.5 15 | 15.5
FEMALES. |
Four adult females from Europe (H. n. nigra)............-.-.-- | 202.7 81.6 27.7 15.7 15.6
One adult female from Pennsylvania (Carlisle, May 24)....... -| 200 77 27 1 4] 15
Seven adult females from Mississippi Valley................--- | 199.7 Tock led Bota 15.9 | 15.8
Two adult females from California.......:.......2.:.--..--.--- 202 75.7 25. 2 14.2 | 14.7

o34 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Breeding in interior and western districts of United States and
Canada, northward to southwestern British Columbia, Mackenzie
(Great Slave Lake) and southern Keewatin, eastward to eastern
Ontario (Lansdowne; Kingston; near Toronto; Point Pelee) and
western Pennsylvania (Cedar Point, Erie County), southward to
southern California (Riverside County), Nevada, Utah, Colorado,
Kansas, northern Missouri, northern [linois, and northern Ohio;
migrating southward over Mexico and Central America to Dutch
Guiana (Surinam), Peru (Callao Bay), and Chile; occasional during
fall migration along or near Atlantic coast, from Nova Scotia, Prince
Edward Island, and Maine southward, and in West Indies (Cuba;
Jamaica; Porto Rico) and Bermudas; accidental (?) in Yukon Val-
ley, Alaska (Fort Yukon).

[Sterna] surinamensis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 11, 1789, 604 (Surinam; based on
l’HMirondelle de Mer: la gran espéce Fermin, Descr. Surinam, 1i, 1769, 187;
Surinam Tern Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, ili, pt. 2, 1785, 352).—Laruam,
Index Orn., 11, 1790, 804.

Sterna surinamensis VietLor, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 177.

Hydrochelidon surinamensis SAuNDERS, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 20.—
GRINNELL, Pacifie Coast Avif., no. 3, 1902, 14 (California range),—SALvIn
and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves., 111, 1903, 398.—CARRIKER, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 414 (Costa Rica).

{| Hydrochelidon] surinamensis BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 773.—Gray,
Hand-list, iii, 1871, 122, no. 11074.—SuHarpe, Hand_-list, i, 1899, 134.—ForBEs
and Roprnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 53.

Hydrochelidon lariformis surinamensis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ii,
Aug. 24, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 208; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 693.

Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis STEJNEGER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., v, June 5,
1882, 40.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNtIoN, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed.,
1895, no. 77; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 47.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water
Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 318.—FErraARI-PEREz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix,
1886, 179 (Laguna de San Baltazar and Laguna de Chapulco, Puebla).—
Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 60 (Fort Yukon, breeding).—
Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 79 (West Indian localities and references); Birds West
Ind., 1889, 280; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 83 (Cuba; Jamaica; Porto Rico).—
Tuompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 470 (Manitoba, breeding;
habits; etc.).—Hrrcucock, Auk, ix, 1892, 71 (Prince Edward Island, Sept.
13, 1887).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 101 (Corpus Christi,
Texas).—Cuarke, Auk, xiv, 1897, 411 (Lansdowne and Kingston, Ontario,
breeding). —BrewsrErR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., xli, no. 1, 1902, 26 (San
Jose del Cabo, Lower California, Sept. 6, 17).—TavERNER and SWALEs,
Wilson Bull., no. 59, 1907, 51 (Point Pelee, Ontario, common summer
resident).—PREBLE, North Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 274 (breeding n.
to Great Slave Lake).—Kermopg, Provincial Mus., 1909, 25 (Sumas,
Okanagan Lake, Burrard Inlet, Fraser River, and interior Brit. Colum-
bia).—Jonrs, Wilson Bull., xxi, 1909, 71 (Cedar Point, Erie Co. Penn-
sylvania, breeding).—Puiuipp, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 313 (Pamlico Sound,
North Carolina, 2 spees., June 25).—Fiemine, Auk, xxx, 1913, 225 (near
Toronto, Ontario, breeding).—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 25
(California: breeding locally s. to Riverside Co.).—Wermore, Bull. 326,
U.S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 46 (Porto Rico, 1 record).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 535

H[ydrochelidon| nigra surinamensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am, Birds, 1887, 47.

Hidrochelidon nigra surinamensis ZELEDON, Anal. Mus. Nac. ©. R., 1, 1888, 133
(Punta Arenas, Costa Rica).

[ Pelodes| surinamensis Herne and RetcHeNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 356
(Mexico).

Chlidonias nigra surinamensis Ruoaps, Auk, xxix, April, 1912, 198, in text.

Sterna plumbea Witson, Am, Orn., vii, 1813, 83, pl. 60, fig. 3 (Schuylkill River,
Pennsylvania;=young).—Vre1ttor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819,
174.—Swarnson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., li, 1831, 415, footnote

(crit.).—Jarpbine, ed. Wilson’s Am, Orn., ii, 1832, 374.

Anous plumbea STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1825, 142.

Hydrochelidon plumbea Bore, Isis, 1844, 184.—LAWwRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 864; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 479 (Lion Hill, Pan-
ama); vili, 1867, 479 (vicinity New York City).—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 695.—GuNbLaAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 93 (Cuba; crit.).—BLaAxIs-
TON, Ibis, 1862, 10 (Saskatchewan).—Coves and Prentiss, An. Rep. Smith-
son. Inst. for 1861 (1862), 176 (District of Columbia).—SciaTer and SALvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 373 (Brit. Honduras).—Sciatrer, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1864, 179 (City of Mexico).—PELZzELN, Reis. ‘Novara’, Vég., 1865,
155 (Chile).—DresseEr, Ibis, 1866, 45 (s. Texas).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873,
12.—Wueaton, Outro Agric, Rep., 1860, no. 277 (Ohio).

H[ydrochelidon| plumbea Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 660.

{ Hydrochelidon]| plumbea GunpvuacH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 346 (Cuba).

Hydrochelid [on] plumbea Gunvuac#, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 294 (Cuba).

Sterna nigra (not of Linneeus, 1758) Sasrve (J.), App. Franklin’s Journ., 1828,
694.—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 355.—Swaryson and RicHarp-
son, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 415.—Nutrauit, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can.,
Water Birds, 1834, 282.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 535, pl. 280; v,
1839, 642; Synopsis, 1839, 320; Birds Am., 8vo. ed., vii, 1844, 116, pl. 438.—
GiraAupD, Birds Long Island, 1844, 352.—LemBeye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba,
1850, 124.—ArkEn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1872, 210 (Colorado).

S{terna] nigra Bonaparte, Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am, Orn., 1826, [211].—
Maximiiian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 258.—Newron (A. and E.), Handb.
Jamaica, 1881, 117.

Hydrochelidon nigrum Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 61.—GossE,
Birds Jamaica, 1847, 437.

Hydrochelidon nigra CaBANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 232 (Cuba).—ALBRECHT,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 207 (Jamaica).—SauNnpErs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1876, 642, part (monogr.).—Merrm. (J. C.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1,
1878, 172 (Fort Brown, Texas, summer).—Drane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
v, 1880, 63 (Grand Menan, Maine, 3 specs., Aug., 1879).—Brewster, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 125 (New Hampshire and Massachusetts records).—
Rei, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 271 (Bermuda, | spec., Oct., 1876).

Sterna exilis Tscuup1, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., ix, pt. i, 1843, 389 (coast
of Peru;=young).

St[erna] exilis Tscxup1, Wiegmann’s Archiy fiir Naturg., x, pt. i, 1844, 314 (Peru).

Sterna frenata (not of Gambel, 1848) Sanvin, Ibis, 1860, 278 (Coban, Guatemala;
see Salvin, Ibis, 1866, 205).

[Sterna] fissipes (not Linnseus, 1758) LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 810, part
(America).

Sterna fissipes TURNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 39.

S[terna] fissipes Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 392 (Illinois).

536 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Hyérochelidon fissipes Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 554 (monogr.);
1866, 99 (Colorado River, Arizona); 1871, 46 (Fort Macon, North Carolina, in
migration); Ibis, 1864, 391 (Southern Water Cay, Brit. Honduras); Check
List, 1873, no. 575.—Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 205 (Coban, Guatemala).—Law-
RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New York City); Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 318 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, winter); Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., no. 4, 1876, 52 (San Mateo, Oaxaca).—Datn and Bannister, Trans.
Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 307 (Fort Yukon, Alaska, breeding).—SciaTer and
SALVIN, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1871, 573 (monogr).—Gunpbtacu, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1874, 314 (Porto Rico); 1875, 393 (Cuba); 1878, 163, 191 (Porto Rico).—
Hensuaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 13 (marshes of Great Salt Lake, Utah,
breeding).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 190 (Nantucket
Island, Massachusetts, Aug., 1878, numerous).—ZeLepON, Cat. Aves de
Costa Rica, 1882, 36.

| Hydrochelidon] fissipes Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 323.—ScnaTer and
Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 148.

[Hydrochelidon lariformis] 8. (American references.) Cours, Birds Northwest,
1874, 705 (monogr.; not Rallus lariformis Linnzus, 1758).

Hydrochelidon lariformis HeENsHAw, Zool. Expl. W. of 100th Merid., 1875, 487.—
LeBaron, Forest and Stream, 1876, 372 (Ipswich Bay, Massachusetts,
Aug. 25, 1875) —Srreers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus, no. 7, 1877, 27 (Mita Point,
Sinaloa) —Roserts, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1877, 34-36 (near Minneapolis,
Minnesota; breeding habits)—Rmeaway, Orn. Fortieth Parallel, 1877, 640
(Sacramento, California, breeding).—Covers, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog.
Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 656 (Pembina and Souris River, North Dakota, breeding;
habits); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 806—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, iv, 1879, 108 (Scarborough, Maine, in fall).

H{ydrochelidon] lariformis Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 149, 150 (n. e.
Tiinois, abundant summer resident)—CovurEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed.
1884, 770.

[ Hydrochelidon] lariformis Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 34.

Sterna melanops RaFINESQUE, Kentucky Gazette, i, no. 8, Feb. 21, 1822, p. 3,
col. 5, in text (near Harrodsburg, Kentucky).

Chlidonias melanops RaFINESQUE, Kentucky Gazette, i, no. 8, Feb. 21, 1822,
p. 3. col. 5, in text.

HYDROCHELIDON LEUCOPTERA (Temminck).¢
WHITE-WINGED BLACK TERN.

Much lke H. nigra surinamensis, but lower rump and upper tail-
coverts white (tail also white or very pale gray), and adults with
more anterior lesser wing-coverts white and feet vermilion or coral red.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, and under parts,
except under tail-coverts and anal region, uniform sooty blackish
(varying from brownish sooty black to dusky purple-gray); back,

@ The far eastern birds of this species have been separated subspecifically —Sterna
grisea Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii, 1820, 190 (Java; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.).—
Hydrochelidon grisea Boie, Isis, 1844, 184.—Hydrochelidon leucoptera grisea Mathews,
Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20, 1912, 312 (China to northern Australia; New Zea-
land?); Thayer and Bangs, Auk, xxxiii, 1916, 44 (Saghalin Island; crit.). Messrs.
Thayer and Bangs, however, in their series from Saghalin Island, were unable to
appreciate any differences from European birds. The small series examined by me
is not sufficient to justify expressing an opinion in the case.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5387

scapulars, and upper part of rump dusky gray (dark quaker drab) ;
wings neutral gray, becoming paler anteriorly and quite white on
anterior lesser coverts and outer margin of wing; lower rump and
upper tail-coverts immaculate white, sometimes pale gray; tail
grayish white or very pale gray, more decidedly grayish terminally;
anal region and under tail-coverts immaculate pure white; axillars
and under wing-coverts deep gray; bill dusky (dull reddish in life);
iris dark brown; legs and feet coral red or orange-red (in life).

Adults in winter.— In the latter part of July, when the molt begins
(in Europe), the bird is curiously parti-colored, the new feathers of the
head, neck, and under parts being white and those of the back gray
(paler than in Hydrochelidon nigra). .. . Later, the under parts,
including the under wing-coverts and axillaries, become white, the
crown of the head and the nape being merely mottled with black;
but by the following April the black color has reappeared to a con-
siderable extent, especially on the axillaries.” *

Immature.—“‘In birds which are not mature, though capable of
breeding, the black of the under parts has a brownish tinge and the
tail-feathers are pearl-gray, especially toward the tips.”

Young.—‘ Posterior portion of the crown, a patch on the side of the
head, and one on the hind-neck dark sooty gray, the feathers with
lighter margins, the patch on the hind-neck with brownish markings;
rest of the head, neck, and entire under parts pure white; back and
scapulars blue-gray, broadly tipped with blackish gray; wings as in
the adult in winter, but the wing-coverts tipped with light reddish
brown; rump and upper tail-coverts white; tail light French gray,
becoming darker toward the tip.” ?

Downy young.— Upper parts warm reddish buff, boldly marked
with black on the crown, nape, back, wings, and rump; under parts
grayish buff with a sooty tinge, marked with sooty gray on the upper
throat; space round the eye nearly white.’’?

Adult male.—Wing, 196.5-209 (201.6); tail, 65.5-76 (70); exposed
culmen, 23-26.5 (24.3); tarsus, 16-20 (18.2); middle toe, 15.5-19
(16.8).°

@ Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 9.
> Dresser, Birds of Europe.
¢ Hight specimens. No adult females measured.

| | Ex- 3
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. pow Tarsus. ee
men.
MALES.
Three adult males from Europe...........2..2-2sceeceeeeeeeee | 200.8! 687/ 228] 185] 17
Two adult males from British East Africa (August 9).......... | 203.2! 68 24.2| 18 16.5
Two adult males from northern China (Tientsin) (//. 1. grisea).| 203.5 70. 2 25.7 17 16.5
One adult male from Philippine Islands (Mindanao, June) (Z/. |
IE ONESEL,) REPOS eee Lee ence en ans aah awa mous 197 76 26 20 17.5

538 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Breeding in central and southern Europe and eastward to China
(but not in Japan); migrating southward over whole of Africa and
southern Asia, Malay Archipelago, etc., to Australia and New Zealand;
accidental in Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong, July 5, 1873)¢ and
Barbados, Lesser Antilles (Oct. 24, 1888).

(?) [Sterna] fissipes L1INNawus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 228 (s. Europe; based
essentially on Sterna nigra Brisson, Orn., vi, 1760, 211, pl. 20, fig. 1).—
GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. i1, 1789, 610.

(?) Sterna fissipes MULLER, Syst. Nat., Suppl., 1776, 354.

Sterna fissipes Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., li, 1826, 338 (excl. syn.).—AYREs,
This, 1871, 267 (Transvaal).

Hydrochelidon fissipes Bote, Isis, 1844, 184.—Taczanowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1876, 262 (e. Siberia).—Rappeg, Orn. Caucas., 1884, 488.—Brustina,
Orn. Croatia, 1889, 92. :

(?) [Sterna] cinerea GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 11, 1789, 607 (Italy; based on L’ Hi-
rondelle de mer, cendrée Brisson, Orn., vi, 1760, 210=young).—LaTHAM,
Index Orn., 11, 1790, 808.

(?) Sterna cinerea VietuLot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 167.

Sterna leucoptera TemmiNcK, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 483 (shores of Mediterranean
Sea; Swiss lakes, etc.); 2d ed., 1820, 747.—MrrIsNeR and ScHinz, Vég.
Schweiz, 1815, 264.—VirrttotT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 169;
Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1820, 348; Faun. Fran¢., Ois., 1828, 397, pl. 160, fig. 2.—
Bren, Beitr. Végelk., 111, 1822, 676.—WeRNER, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828,
pl. 12.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 622.—Sav1, Orn. Tosc., iii, 1831, 83.—
Goutp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 423 and text.—Naumann, Voég. Deutschl.,
x, 1840, 214, pl. 257.—Scurnz, Europ. Faun., 1840, 375.—ScHuLEGEt, Rev.
Crit., 1844, p. cxxxi.—Miuur, Orn. Griechenl., 1844, 147.—YaRRELL, Brit.
Birds, Ist Suppl., 1845, 527; Brit. Birds, 2d ed., ili, 1845, 527.—REIcHENBACH,
Natatores, 1848, pl. 20, figs. 803-806.—DraLanp, Ois. Eur., ii, 1849, 351.—
THomeson, Birds Ireland, i, 1851, 307.—Batpamus, Naumannia, 1851,
Heft iv, 47 (Hungary, breeding).—Branpt, in Lehmann’s Reis. Buchara,
1852, 330 (Trans-Ural steppe).—KJAERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 332, pl.
60B; Suppl., 1854, pl. 21, figs. 3, 4—Hrueuin, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 71 (Egypt;
Nubia).—Meyer, Brit. Birds, vii, 1857, 105, pl. 296.—LinpERMAYER, Vog.
Griechenl., 1860, 181.—JarcKEL, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 300 (crit.).—Powys,
Ibis, 1861, 357 (Corfu).—Wriaut, Ibis, 1864, 153 (Malta)—DyBowskt1,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1868, 338 (Dauria).—Etwes and Bucxtey, Ibis, 1870, 338
(Epirus).—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 439 (e. Siberia).—Hartine,
Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 169.—Bucx try, Ibis, 1874, 391 (Transvaal).—
SEEBOHM, Ibis, 1882, 231 (Kirghis Steppes); Hist. Brit. Birds, i1i1, 1885, 257.—
STEVENSON and SoutTHwetu, Birds Norfolk, iii, 1890, 316.—HaARTLAUB,
Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, xii, Heft ii, 1892, 334 (Tientsin, China).

Stlerna] leucoptera Keysertine and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xeviii, 248.

Hydrochelidon leucoptera Bots, Isis, 1822, 563.—Breum, Voég. Deutschl., 1831,
796; Naumannia, 1855, 295; Vogelf., 1855, 350.—Bonaparte, Cat. Ucc. Eur.,
1842, 77.—REICHENBACH, Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 4; Av. Syst. Nat., Longi-
pennes, 1852, p. v.—Macariiivray, Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 661.—ScHRENCK,

« There is also a record of ‘‘six of these birds seen on a small lake near the source
of the western branch of Swan River [Manitoba] on September 1, 1881;’’ but as no
specimens were obtained the record can not be considered a valid one. (See Seton,
Auk, lii, 1886, 148.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 539

Reis. Amurl., 1859, 511.—Tristram, Ibis, 1860, 82 (e. and-w. Sahara Des-
ert); Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 137.—Rapps, Reis. Sibir., Vég.,
1863, 389.—SatvaporI, Ucc. Sardin., 1864, 123; Ucc. Ital., 1887, 280.—
Finipri, Viagg. Pers., 1865, 352.—Fritscn, Vég. Eur., 1870, 461, pl. 54,
fig. 7.—SAUNDERS, Ibis, 1871, 399 (s. Spain); 1891, 187 (Lake Léman, Swit-
zerland); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 641 (monogr.); Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1877, 201 (s. e. Spain); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 522; Man. Brit.
Birds, 1889, 619; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 6, 456.—Hurron, Cat.
New Zealand Birds, 1871, 43.—Brooxkg, Ibis, 1873, 346 (Sardinia) —BuLier,
Birds New Zealand, 1873, 287; 2d ed., ii, 1888, 76; Man. Birds New Zealand,
1882, 81.—Covugs, Check List, 1873, App., p. 137, no. 575 bis; 2d ed., 1882,
no. 807.—Brewe_er, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 188 (Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin,
1 spec., July 5, 1873).—Finscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 206 (New Zealand ).—
Dresser, Birds Europe, vili, 1875, 321, pls. 590, 591.—IrBy, Orn. Straits
Gibralt., 1875, 211.—Davi and Ousratet, Ois. Chine, 1877, 524.—Hume,
Stray Feath., viii, 1879, 115, 495 ((Andaman Islands).—Lr@a@e, Birds Cey-
lon, 1880, 1000.—Ripa@way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am.
Birds), 208; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 694.—Grea.io0LI, Ibis, 1881, 218
(Florence, Italy, May, rare); Avif. Ital., 1886, 419; 1° Resoc. Avif. Ital.
1889, 635; 2° Resoc., 1890, 653; 3° Resoc., 1891, 512.—British OrNITHOLO-
aists’ Unton, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 185.—Oares, Birds Brit. Burma, ii,
1883, 420.—SHarpeE, ed. Layard’s Birds South Africa, 1884, 700; Bull. Brit.
Orn. Club, no. xi, 1893, p. v (Suakim).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway,
Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 323.—WurreHEaD, Ibis, 1885, 47 (Corsica,
May 28).—Torre and Tscuust, Ornis, vol. i, 1885, 564 (Austria-Hungary ).—
(?) Seron, Auk, iii, 1886, 148 (Swan River, Manitoba, six ‘‘seen?’ Sept. 1,
1881).—TaczANowskI, Ornis, vol. 2, 1886, 506 (Poland, breeding).—AmeErI-
CAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 78;
3d ed., 1910, p. 47.—Symonps, Ibis, 1887, 335 (Orange Free State).—REIcHE-
Now, Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 61; Vég. Deutsch-O.-Afr., 1894, 21
(Tanganyika).—FEImDEN, Ibis, 1889, 502 (Barbados, Lesser Antilles, 1 spec.,
Oct. 24, 1888).—Everrert, Birds Borneo, 1889, 210.—Rappr and WALTER,
Ornis, vol. v, 1889, 127 (Trans-Caspia).—Payton, Ibis, 1891, 465 (Moga-
dor).—MaparAsz, Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf., 1891, 121.—FrivALpsky, AV.
Hung., 1891, 181.—F arto and Sruper, Cat. distr. Ois. Suisse, 1892, 64, 65.—
Cory, Birds West Ind., 1889, 298 (Barbados); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 83,
136 (Barbados).—Koente, Journ. fiir Orn., 1893, 98 (Tunis)—Litrorp, Col.
Figs. Brit. Birds, pt. xxix, 1894.—Poaer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 388 (n. e.
China).—He1nrotn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 398 (Bismarck Archipelago).—
ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 228 (Lake Kauka, n. e. Siberia,
breeding).—Criark (A. H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxii, 1905, 259 (Bar-
bados).—Martnuews, Birds Australia, ii, 1912, pl. [102] facing p. 312.

H{ydrochelidon] leucoptera Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 770.—Ripa-

way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 47.

[ Hydrochelidon] leucoptera Kaur, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 196.—

SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 133.—ForBres and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 53 (Baltic Sea: Damietta, Egypt; Lake Shirwa, Nyassa-
land; Potchefstroom, Transvaal; South Australia).

? Hydrochelidon leucoptera Finscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 254 (New Zealand; crit.).
Hydrochelidon leucoptera leucopiera Matuews, List of the Birds of Australia,

1913, 44.

Viralva leucoptera SterHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 170.
Hydrochelidon leucopterum BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 61.

540 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Sterna grisea HorsrietpD, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii, 1821, 199 (Java; type in coll.
Brit. Mus.).—STEPHENS, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1825, 159.

Hydrochelidon grisea Bots, Isis, 1844, 184.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres,
1844, 180.

H[ydrochelidon| grisea Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 660.

Hydrochelidon leucoptera grisea MarnHrws, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 3, Sept. 20,
1912, 312 (China to n. Australia; New Zealand); List of the Birds of Australia,
1913, 44.

Hydrochelidon leucourus Sty¥FertTITz and BreuEM, Isis, 1833, 985.

Hydrochelidon nigra (not Sterna nigra Linneeus) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus.,
Anseres, 1844, 180; Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 243.—Biyru, Cat. Birds Mus.
Asiat. Soc., 1849, 291.—Jerpon, Birds India, 111, 1864, App., 875.—DEGLAND
and GeERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 466.—Locuer, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., 1867,
207.—Satvaport, Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1871, 274; Ucc. Borneo, 1874, 372.—
SHELLEY, Birds Egypt, 1872, 301; Ibis, 1888, 306 (Lamu, e. Africa).—
GuRNEY, in Andersson’s Birds Damara-Land, 1872, 363.—Hxueutn, Orn.
N. O.-Afr., Bd. ii, pt. 2, 1873, 1447.—Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 708.—
Wa.pen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., viii, 1874, 103 (Celebes).—PRJEVALSKY,
Rowley’s Orn. Misc., iii, 1878, 145(Tsaidemin Lakeand basin of Lake Hauka,
Mongolia, breeding).—Finscu, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix, 1879, 280 (Chinese
Altai, 5,000 ft.) —Botav, Journ. fiir Orn., 1882, 342 (Dauria).—Buastus (W.),
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxiii, 1883, 73 (s. e. Borneo); Ornis, 1888, 633
(Great Sanghir Island).—VorpERMAN, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind., 11, 1892,
413 (Java).

H{ydrochelidon| nigra Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 660.

[| Hydrochelidon| nigra Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 773—Gray, Hand-
List, 111, 1871, 121, no. 11070.

Sterna nigra SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 24 (Sternae), 1864, 31.—Ho.ps-
wortH, Proc. Zool Soc. Lond., 1872, 481 (Ceylon)—Lraar, Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, 1874, 58 (Ceylon).—BLanrorp, East. Persia, ii, 1876, 290.—
Buastus and Nenrkorn, Verz. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxil, 1882, 432 (Amboina;
see Ibis, 1883, 212).

Hydrochelidon niger Stvertsov, Turkestan. Jevotnie, 1873, 70 (Turkestan, up
to 10,000 ft.).

Hydrochelidon hybridus (not Sterna hybrida Pallas) TaczAnowskt, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1873, 111; 1874, 337 (Dauria; see Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 262).

Hydrochelidon subleucoptera Bren, Vogelf., 1855, 350 (n. e. Africa, rare in s.
Europe).

Hydr[ochelidon] subleucoptera Brreum, Naumannia, 1855, 295.

Hydrochelidon javanica (not Sterna javanica Horsfield) Swinuor, Ibis, 1860, 68;
1861, 345 (n. China).

Genus PHATUSA Wagler.

Phaetusa WaGuER, Isis, xxv, 1832, 1224. (Type, by original designation and
monotypy, Sterna magnirostris Lichtenstein=S. chloripoda Vieillot.)

Phaethusa (emendation ) Acassiz, Nomencl. Zool., Index, 1846, 283.

Phetusa (emendation) BonAPpartge, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772.

Thalassites Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 373. (Type, by monotypy, Sterna
magnirostris Lichtenstein=S. chloripoda Vieillot.)

Large Sternide (wing 266-312 mm.) with nostril far anterior to
latero-frontal antia, anterior line of frontal feathering not indented
at base of culmen, and tail much less than half as long as wing,
forked for only about one-fourth its length.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 541

Bill longer than head, large and stout, the exposed culmen more
than one-fifth as long as wing; gonys much shorter than mandibular
rami, straight or very nearly so, its basal angle not prominent;
depth of bill at base equal to nearly one-fourth the length of com-
missure; nostril elliptical, narrower posteriorly, separated from the
nearest loral feathering by a space much greater than length of
nostril; anterior outline of feathering on head without indentation
at base of culmen, where truncated or slightly convex, sloping thence
downward and backward to the rictus, sometimes with a very smell
projecting angle (latero-frontal antia) on each side of base of culmen.
Wing long and pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding
distal secondaries by nearly twice the distance from tips of the latter
to bend of wing. Tail much less than half as long as wing, forked
for about one-fourth its length, the lateral rectrices rather abruptly
contracted, but not acuminate, terminally. Tarsus longer than
middle toe without claw (but shorter than middle tow with claw);
webs between anterior toes with anterior edge slightly incised.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage distinctly blended only on
pileum. Adults with pileum, nape and auricular region black (the
feathers tipped with white in post-nuptial plumage), the rest of_
upper parts grayish brown or brownish gray, the distal wing-coverts
and under parts white.

Range.—South America; accidental in Cuba. (Monotypic.)

PHATUSA CHLORIPODA (Vieillot).
LARGE-BILLED TERN.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike)—Pileum, nape, and
auricular region uniform black, this descending to anterior angle of
eye and extending along median line of hindneck; back, scapulars,
proximal wing-coverts, tertials, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail
plain deep neutral gray ; distalsmaller wing-coverts, secondaries, greater
wing-coverts, lores (sometimes anterior margin of forehead, narrowly),
and under parts immaculate white, the sides and flanks more or less
strongly tinged with pale or pallid neutral gray, the sides of neck
deeper gray; primary coverts and primaries dull black, the innermost
primaries with inner webs more grayish and margined terminally
with white; inner webs of primaries with an extensive white “wedge,”
especially the outermost; bill yellow, more or less tinged with grayish
or horn color basally; legs and feet grayish dusky (said to be olive,
with yellow webs, in life).

Adults in post-nuptial plumage ’—Similar to breeding adults, but
feathers of the black pileum tipped with grayish white.

Immature.—Kssentially like adults but pileum light gray, deepen-
ing into black on auricular region and near anterior angle of eye;
back, etc., pale gray (between light neutral gray and light mouse

542 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

gray); secondaries more extensively gray than in adults; white of
distal wing-coverts tinged with gray and metacarpal region mostly
gray; primary coverts and primaries duller or more brownish black,
and bill duller yellow and more tinged with horn color or olive.

Young.— Similar to the immature plumage, but feathers of pileum
broadly tipped with vinaceous-buff or pale ochraceous, and with
mesial streaks of black; interscapulars and anterior scapulars (some-
times proximal wing-coverts also) more or less distinctly margined
terminally with vinaceous-buif or pale avellaneous, the posterior
scapulars very broadly tipped with the same, the tertials tipped or
terminally margined with pale buff or buffy white; feathers of rump,
upper tail-coverts, and tail tipped with dull vinaceous-buff or pale
avellaneous; white of lores and blackish postocular area tinged or
suffused with pale avellaneous.

Adult male—Wing, 273-312 (299); tail, 103-118 (112); exposed
culmen, 62-68.5 (65.3); tarsus, 23.5-26 (24.4); middle toe, 21.5—23
(22.1).¢

Adult female——Wing, 266-296 6.7); tail, 97-112 (106.1); ex-
posed culmen, 57-67 (62.4); tarsus a —26 (24.2); middle toe, 21.5—22
(21.924

Caribbean and Atlantic coasts and larger mland waters of South
America, from Colombia (Punta Caiman and Trojas de Cataca, Santa
Marta) through Venezuela (Rio Orinoco; Rio San Juan; Rio Manimo;
Rio Mato; Cumané; Caicaré; Altagracia; La Priciédn; Laguna de
Valéncia; Margarita Island), British Guiana (Rupurumi River;
Ourumee), Dutch Guiana, Cayenne, Brazil (Mexiana Island; Para;
Serra Grande and Conceiciao, Amazonas; Rio Sao Francisco; Rio
Araguaya; Santa Catarina; Sao Paulo; Iguapé, Sao Paulo), Uruguay
(Concepcién), Paraguay (Rio Paranda; Tuyti; Colonia Risso; near

« Hight specimens.

Ex-
Leeality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| | Middle
culmen,)
1 |
Leen oh) ee ee = | =
MALES.

Three adult males:from Colombiais. 62.6 doc enw tee ow oeeesinndion 29857} L133 67 24.5 22.5
Three‘adult*males from’ Venezuela = 2.22 2152 0028 Sl ob ee 295. 7 109. 3 62.5 24 21.7
One adult male from Amazon Valley -..........2..----0.0..--- 307 118 68 26 23
One zdult: male tromeBolivias. 25223.) dstsc-skccss geen eoeeee 302 110 66 23.5 21.5

FEMALES.
Ore adult female from Colombia ..........2.2222ee2eeeeeeeeees 289 112 66 24 22
Three adult females‘from Venezuela ..-....02..-0-2- cence ce en- 280. 7 102. 7 61.2 23.7 2.8
One adult female from Amazon Valley ......................-- 302 107 64.5 | 26 22
Two adult femaies from Bolivia ............. eeA. SAS SSES Se oe 291.5 | 108.7 64 24.5 21.7
One:adult female from Argentina... ..).....226 «cbc cise acteiscjen< 298 104 5h5 24 22

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 54

Puerto Braza), and Argentina (Barracas al Sud; Buenos Aires; San
Vicente, Chaco; Puerto Ocampo; Rosario; Mar Chiquita, Cordoba;
Kstuario del Plata; Rio Paranaé; Rio Uruguay); in the interior
Bolivia (lower Rio Beni; Rio Surutt, Province del Sara; Bahio
Negro) and eastern Peru (upper and lower Rio Ucayali; Rio Hual-
laga; Pebas); on Pacific side, Peru and Ecuadér (Rio Guayaquil;
Riobamba); island of Aruba; accidental in eastern Cuba (Laguna del
Centeno, Nipe Bay, Prov. Oriente, May 28, 1910).

(?) [Sterna] simplex GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 606 (Cayenne; based on
Simple Tern Latham, Gen. Synop. Birds, iui, pt. 2, 1785, 355).—Larnam,
Index Orn., ii, 1790, 805.

(2?) Sterna simplex VretttoT, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 167.

(?) [Sterna simplex] B Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 806 (Syn., vi, 356).

(?) Viralva simplex SrEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1825, 172.

Sterna chloripoda Viriti0oT, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 171 (Paraguay ;
based on Hati cogote oscuro Azara, Apunt. Parag., ii, 1802, 372); Tabl. Enc.
Méth., i, 1820, 349.—Harria us, Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 26.—Lnoraup,
Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 537.

[ Thalasseus| chloripoda Bor, Isis, 1844, 182.

(2) Sterna brevirostris VrertLot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 166 (Para-
guay; based on Hati pico corto Azara, Apunt. Parag., iii, 1802, 376); Tabl.
Enc. Méth., i, 1820, 347.

Stlerna] magnirostris LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 81 (Brazil; coll. Berlin
Mus.).—Tscuup1, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., x, pt. i, 1844, 314 (Peru).—
CaBANIS, in Schomburek’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, 11i, 1848, 761.

Sterna magnirostris Spix, Av. Bras., ii, 1825, 81, pl. 104 (Rio Sado Francisco,
Brazil) —Maxmrian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1833, 861.—Tscuunpr, Fauna
Peruana, Aves, 1846, 53, 305.—HarrtLaus, Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 26.—
REICHENBACH, Natatores, 1848, pl. 18, fig. 257.—BurMerstEeR, Syst. Ueb.
Th. Bras., ii, 1856, 450; Reise La Plata, ii, 1861, 519.—ScHLEGEL, Mus.
Pays-Bas, vi, no. 24 (Sternae), 1864, 12.—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 96 (Orinoco
River, Venezuela).—SciaTeER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867,
593, 979 (Mexiana Island,B razil).—PrEtzetn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 324.—LAYARD,
Tbis, 1873, 396 (Para, Brazil).—Saunpers, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 643
(monogr.).—DurRNForD, Ibis, 1880, 412 (Rosario, Argentina).—Barrows,
Auk, 1, 1884, 316 (Concepcion, Uruguay, 1 pair, Sept. 9, 1880).—MacFar-
LANE, Ibis, 1887, 209 (Guayaquil, w. Ecuador).—TaczaNowsk1, Orn. du
Pérou, iii, 1886, 438.—Beruepscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1887, 126 (Paraguay).—
ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 111 (lower Rio Beni, Bolivia, Aug.).

[Sterna] magnirostris PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1870, 461.

Ph{aetusa] magnirostris WAGLER, Isis, 1832, 1224.

P{hxtusa| magnirostris Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 79; Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 659.

Phaetusa magnirostris HELLMAYR, Novit. Zool., xv, 1908, 102 (Rio Araguaya,
Brazil)—Hoimpera, Segundo censo Argentina, i, 1898, 558.—RAMSDEN,
Auk, xxix, 1912, 100 (Laguna del Centeno, Nipe Bay, Prov. Oriente, Cuba,
May 28, 1910).—Berront, Faun. Parag., 1914, 38.

Phacthusa magnirostris REICHENBACH, Av. Syst. Nat., Longipennes, 1852, 5.—
SciaTeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 310 (lower Rio Ucayali.
Rio Huallaga, and Pebas, e. Peru).—Brruepscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 278
(Santa Catarina, s. e. Brazil; synonymy; range; descr. young; crit.).—
DurnrorD, Ibis, 1877, 200 (Buenos Aires).—TaczANowskI and BERLEPSCH.

o44 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 112 (Riobamba, Ecuador).—Sciater and
Hupson, Argentine Orn., ii, 1889, 194.—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1891, 301 (in Zool. garden, London).—CHApmaN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi,
1894, 84 (Trinidad).—Saunpers, Oat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 23 (Rupu-
runi River and Ourumee, Brit. Guiana; Surinam; Mexiana Island; s. Brazil;
Rio Parana; upper Rio Ucayali and Pebas, e. Peru; Guayaquil, w. Ecua-
dor).—Rosinson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 653 (Margarita Island,
and Cumana, Venezuela).—KoENIGSWALD, Journ. fiir Orn., 1896, 396 (Sido
Paulo, s. Brazil).—Inerine, Revista Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 443 (Iguape,
Sao Paulo); iv, 1890, 293 (descr. eggs)—BERLEpPscH and Hartert, Novit.
Zool., ix, 1902, 132 (Altagracia, Caicara, and La Pricion, Orinoco River,
Venezuela).—BrErEBE, Zoologica, 1, 1909, 74 (mouth of Rio San Juan, Vene-
zuela).—Cory, Field Mus. N. H., Pub. 137, 1909, 194 (Aruba), 233 (Margarita
{sland).—Harrert and Venturi, Novit. Zool., xvi, 1909, 253 (Barracas
al Sud, San Vicente, and Puerto Ocampo, Argentina; descr. eggs).—REISER,
Denkschr. Mat.-Nat. Kl. Kaiserl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1xxvi, 1910, 97 (localities in
n. e. Brazil).—DaBBENE, Orn. Argent., 1910, 210 (Mar Chiquita, Cordoba;
San Vicente, Chaco; Estuario del Plata; Rio Parana; Rio Uruguay).—Grant
(C. H. B.), Ibis, 1911, 471 (Tayru, Colonia Risso, and near Puerta Braga,
Paraguay, Aug.-Oct., breeding; habits; descr. nest and eggs).

[Phethusa] magnirostris SctarER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147.—
SHarPe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 134.—ForBres and Rosryson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899; 53

[Phaethusa] magnirostris Herne and RertcHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
350.

[Phxtusa] magnirostris BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 772.

Thalasseus magnirostris ScLATER and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 200
(lower Ucayali, e. Peru).

Thalassites magnirostris SWAINSON, Classif Birds, ii, 1837,.372.

Sylochelidon magnirostris GRAY, ie Birds Brit. Mus., he 1844, 175.—
Buastus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 82.

Sterna speculifera ‘‘Temm[inck]” Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 622 (Brazil; see
Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 11, 1850, 544).

S[terna] speculifera Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 659.

Sylochelidon speculifera Botz, Isis, 1844, 186.

Sterna albifrons PUCHERAN (not of Pallas, 1764), Rev. et Mag. de Zool., ii, 1850,
544 (coll. Paris Mus.; ex Cuvier, manuscript).

Genus ANOUS Stephens.

Anous® STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. i, 1826, 139. (Type, as designated
by Gray, 1840, A. niger Stephens=Sterna stolida Linnzeus.)

Stolida Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 620. (Type, by tautonymy, Sterna stolida
Linneus. )

Gavia (not of Forster, 1788, nor Boie, 1822) Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 373.
(Type, G. leucoceps Swainson=Sterna stolida Linnzus.)

Aganaphron GurocerR, Hand- und Hilfsbuch, 1842, 463. (Type, Sterna stolida
Linneus. )

Medium-sized Sternide (wing 244-292 mm.) of uniform dusky
coloration (the forehead sometimes whitish), graduated and slightly
forked tail, and without latero-frontal antiz.

@”Avous, silly, stupid. (Richmond.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 545

Bill about as long as head, the exposed culmen longer than middle
toe with claw, its greatest depth equal to more than one-third the
distance from anterior end of nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen straight
for basal two-thirds (approximately), sometimes even faintly concave
above nostrils, rather abruptly and strongly decurved for terminal
third; gonys decidedly to much shorter than mandibular rami,
nearly if not quite straight, prominent basally; nostril narrowly
elliptical, longitudinal, separated from nearest loral feathering by a
space greater in extent than length of nostril; anterior outline of
feathering of forehead and lores forming an angle on base of culmen
(frontal antia), sloping thence backward and downward to rictus,
without trace of projection on lateral base of maxilla (latero-frontal
or loral antia). Wing long and pointed, the longest primary (outer-
most) exceeding distal secondaries by decidedly less than twice the
distance from tips‘of the latter to bend of wing, the primaries rather
broad terminally, with narrowly-rounded tips. Tail more than half
as long as wing, graduated and slightly forked, the lateral rectrices
about two-thirds as long as the longest (third or third and fourth
pairs, counting from middle), the middle pair shorter than the longest
by less than length of tarsus; rectrices not attenuated terminally,
though distinctly tapering, their tips narrowly rounded. Tarsus
much shorter than middle toe without claw; outer toe as long as
middle toe; webs between anterior toes slightly excised.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage blended throughout, the occipi-
tal feathers without trace of elongation. Adults plain grayish
brown, grayer on pileum, the forehead sometimes white or grayish
white; a white streak on lower eyelid and small white spot on upper
eyelid.

Range.—Tropical seas of both hemispheres. (Monotypic.)

KEY TO THE AMERICAN FORMS OF ANOUS STOLIDUS.@ ,

a. General color lighter and browner; pileum lighter gray, becoming more distinctly
and extensively whitish anteriorly. (Tropical and subtropical portions of
Atlantic Ocean; breeding northward to coasts of Florida and Louisiana.)

Anous stolidus stolidus (p. 546).

@ In addition to the forms of this species occurring in American waters, the follow-
ing subspecies are recognized by Mathews (Birds of Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912,
405-411):

(1) Anous stolidus unicolor. Sterna wnicolor Nordmann, in Erman’s Verz. u. Pfl.,
1835, 17 (South Seas; coll. Berlin Mus.).—Anous unicolor Boie, Isis, 1844, 188.—
Anous stolidus unicolor Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, no. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 411 (Society
Islands; Paumotu, etc.).

(2) Anous stolidus gilberti. (Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, no. 4, Nov. 1, 1912,
405, 411) (Australia.)

(3) Anous stolidus pileatus. Sterna pileata Scopoli, Del. Faun. et Flor. Insubr.,
li, 1786, 92 (Philippines; based on Le Petit Fouquet des Philippines Sonnini, Voy.

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8 36

546 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

aa, General color darker and less brown; pileum darker gray, becoming less dis-
tinctly (sometimes not at all) whitish anteriorly. -
b. Intermediate in coloration between A. s. stolidus and A.s.galapagensis. (Pacific
coast of Mexico and adjacent islands.).....- Anous stolidus ridgwayi (p. 550).
bb. Decidedly darker than A. s. ridgwayi, with pileum often but little paler on
forehead than on occiput. (Galapagos Islands.)
Anous stolidus galapagensis (p. 551).

ANOUS STOLIDUS STOLIDUS (Linnzus).
NODDY.

Adults (sexes alike).—General color plain deep sooty brown
(nearly clove brown), the under parts somewhat lighter (nearly
sepia), paler and more grayish on hindneck, where passing, anteriorly,
through pale gray into white or grayish white on forehead and super-
ciliary region; a bar or narrow crescent of white on lower eyelid;
lores and narrow space immediately above eye black or sooty black,
in abrupt and strong contrast with white or grayish white of fore-
head and superciliary region, the sides of head and neck, chin, and
throat sooty brownish but of a more grayish cast (sometimes nearly
dark plumbeous, especially in fresh plumage) than the general color;
remiges and primary coverts darker sooty brown, the primaries and
their coverts approaching sooty black; axillars and under wing-
coverts deep brownish gray; bill black; iris dark brown; legs and
feet brownish (said to be dull brownish red or reddish brown, with
ochraceous webs, in life).

Young.—Essentially like adults but general color lighter sooty
brown and pileum much less distinctly gray, with white, or very pale
gray restricted to a narrow superciliary line, sometimes continued
around lateral and anterior edges of forehead.

Downy young.—Immaculate dull grayish white to pale brownish
gray or even sooty brown, paler (sometimes dull white) on abdomen.

Nouv. Guinea, 1776, 125, pl. 85).—A[nous] pileatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ili, 1846, 661;
Pelzeln, Reis. ‘ Novara,’ Vég., 1865, 155, 162.—Anous pileatus Salvin and Godman,
Biol. Centr.—Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 413, part (Pacific Ocean, from Philippine Islands
to China and Laysan).—Anous stolidus pileatus Hartert, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 9;
Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 4; Nov. 1, 1912, 411 (Philippines; Liu Kiu Islands;
China Sea).—{Sterna] philippina Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 805.—Thalasseus
philippina Bole, Isis, 1844, 182.

(4) Anous stolidus rousseaui. Anous rousseaui Hartlaub, Beitr. Orn. Madagascar,
1861, 86.—Anous stolidus rousseaui Mathews, Birds Australia, i, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912,
411 (Madagascar; Mauritius; Seychelles; etc.).

(5) Anous stolidus plumbeigularis. Anous plumbeigularis Sharpe, Phil. Trans.,
clxviii, 1879, 468 (Red Sea; coll. Br. Mus.).—Anous stolidus plumbeigularis Mathews,
Birds Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 411 (Red Sea).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. .. pad

Adult male.—Wing, 261.5-273 (268.1); tail, 139-148 (144);
exposed culmen, 41—44.5 (43.4); tarsus, 23.5-25.5 (24.4); middle toe, .
31—32.5 (81.5).4 :

Adult female.—Wing, 259-266 (263.3); tail, 137.5-140 (138.2);
exposed culmen, 39.5-42 (40.5); tarsus, 23-24.5 (23.6); middle toe,
29-31 (30).°

Atlantic Ocean, chiefly on American side, from Florida Keys,
Bahamas, and coast of Louisiana (where resident), southward through
West Indies and along Gulf and Caribbean coasts of Mexico and
Central America to islands of Trinidad and Los Hermanos, coast of
Brazil, St. Paul Rocks, mid-Atlantic, Fernando Noronha, and south
Trinidad, off Brazil, and St. Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da
Cunha and Inaccessible islands, off southern Africa; breeding through-

a Right specimens. 5 Five specimens.
|
| Ex- .
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | hosed ‘Tarsus. as
men.

MALES.
One'adult'male from Bahamas. 2. 25°22. 202. er eee ee. 265 139 41.5 24 31
Four adultmales from, Porto'Rico\. 1655. 228520 NS es 270.2 | 148.7 44.1 24.3 3155:
One adaltimale from'Grenadari as: 5... .oc8 son0 .. 18 sc 2. See 259 146 44.5 25 32
One adult malefrom Atlantic Ocean................-..---+---- 261.5 | 148 AD gf neeetS ol eee
One adult male from Tepic (Isabella Island) (A. s. ridgwayi)...| 261.5 | 149.5 41 25.5 30
Four adult males from coast of Guerrero (A. s. ridgwayi)....... 266.2 | 147.7 42.9 24,2 | 39.6
Two adult males from Clipperton Island (A. s. ridgwayi)....... 274.5 | 161.5] 40.5 24.5 32.2
Two adult males from Cocos Island (A. s. ridgwayi)...........- 289 165.5 41.7 25 3225
Seventeen adult males from Galapagos Islands (A. s. galapa-

GQETESS CS SR Cer ee Se ee a anes Soest pares. ee aye 270 151-8) | 2 B9SSul nee 9 30.8
One adult male from Guam, Pacifie Ocean (A. s. wnicolor?)....| 283 167 40 26 33.5
One adult male from Raraka Island, Pacific Ocean (A. s. wni-

COLOR T:) anasto eR ee ao See & Seracretre esas uh skis Sak anteeoaa't ata 284.5 | 167.5 44.5 26 33
Three adult males fromislands near Madagascar (A.s.rowsseaui)| 277.7 | 151 42.8 24.8 31.2
One adult male from Straits of Malacea (4. s. pilectus?).....-. 275 154 | 40 23.5 39.5
One adult male from southern China Sea (A. s. pileatus)....... 265 169 38 25.5 31.5

FEMALES.
One adult female from Tortugas, Florida..................-..- 261.5 | 136 ADIGA | MRE ase sen esas
Four adult females from Porto Rico.............-....--------- 263.7 | 121.7| 40.6] - 23.6 30
One adult female from British Honduras..............-.......- 272 151 43.5 24 31
Eight adult females from Tepic (Isabella Island) (A. s. ridg-

DEUS) eee See OR Ee os Sadat wok. ca eb ac bec ase « ee 274.6 151.1 41.6 24.4 30.7
Four adult females from coast of Guerrero (A.s. ridgwayi)..... 272.5.| 147; 41.1 24 30.7
Six adult females from Clipperton Island (A. s. ridgwayi)...... | 270 153.8 39.6 24.1 31.2
Fight adult females from Galapagos Islands (A.s.galapagensis).| 265.2 | 144.7 38.9 22. 6 30
One adult female from Laysan Island (A. s. wnicolor?).......-. 277 166 40 24 30
One adult female from Guam, Pacific Ocean (A. s. unicolor?)..| 278 164.5 39 23 30
One adult female from Seychelles (A. s. rowsseawi)......---..- 244 144 | 41 23 31
Two adult females from southern China Sea (A. 8. pileatus)....| 270 150 Saad 24.5 31.2

¢

548 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

out its range;* accidental in Bermudas (1 specimen, Sept. 12, 1854)
-and off British Islands (2 records).

[Sterna] stclida LinNxws, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 137 (West Indies; based on
The Noddy Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 1731, 88, fig. 88; La Mouette brune
Brisson, Orn., vi, 1760, 199, pl. 18, fig. 2); ed. 12, i, 1766, 227; Amoen. Acad.,
iv, 1759, 240.—GmE In, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 604.—Latuam, Index Orn.,
ii, 1790, 805.

Sterna stolida BoppaeErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 58 (Pl. Enl., pl. 997).—Trmmincx,
Cat. Syst., 1807, 184.—VierttoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxii, 1819, 178,
part, pl. G3, fig. 3—CarmicHaEL, Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, 1819, 497 (Tristan
da Cunha, breeding).—WeERNER, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, pl. 9.—Bona-
PARTE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 356.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 620,
part.—Maximinian, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., iv, 1833, 874.—NutTratt, Man.
Orn. U. 8S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 285.—AupuBoNn, Orn. Biog., iii,
1835, 516, pl. 275; v, 1839, 642; Synopsis, 1839, 322; Birds Am., 8vo. ed.,
vii, 1844, 123, pl. 440.—THompson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835, 84 (off

' Jreland); Mag. Zool. Bot., i, 1837, 459 (off Ireland).—Jenyns, Man. Brit.
Vertebr., 1835, 270.—Goutp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 421 and text.—
D’Orsteny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 213.—Scur1nz; Europ.
Faun., 1840, 377.— YarrRe.Lt, Brit. Birds, iti, 1843, 417; 2d ed., 1845, 531.—
Deratanp, Orn. Eur., ti, 1849, 335.—THompson, Birds Ireland, iii, 1851,
308.—BuRMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., 111, 1856, 453 (Fernando Noronha).—
Hewrrson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1856, 486, pl. 134, fig. 3—MeryeEr, Brit.
Birds, vii, 1857, 113, pl. 298.—ScuirGet, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, Sternae, 1864,
36, part.— Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc., xi, 1867, 97 (Santo Domingo).—Hartine,
Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 170.—Sresonm, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 294,
pl. 49 (eggs).

St{erna] stolida Martens, Journ. ftir Orn., 1859, 222 (Bermudas).

Megalopterus stolidus BoNaPartTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 61.—GouLp, in
Darwin’s Zool. Voy. ‘Beagle,’ iii, 1841, 145, part (St. Paul Rocks, Atlantic
Ocean).—Maceitiivray, Man. Brit. Orn., pt. ii, 1842, 236; Brit. Birds, v,
1852, 672.—ALBREcuHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 207 (Jamaica).

M{egalopterus| stolidus Keysrerutine and Brastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xeviii,
248.

Anous stolidus Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, 100; List Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres,
1844, 180; Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 244.—ReicHENBAcH, Syst. Nat., 1850, pl.
4.—Capanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 234 (Cuba) LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 865; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1865, 106 (Sombrero;
breeding habits); Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 277 (Grenada, breeding),
488 (Dominica).—Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 696.—Bryant, Proc.
Bost. Soe. N. H., vii, 1859, 133 (Bahamas, breeding).—ALBREcHT, Journ. ftir
Orn., 1861, 58 (Bahamas).—GuNob.tacnH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 94 (Cuba; crit.);
1874, 314 (Porto Rico); 1875, 395 (Cuba; habits); 1878, 163, 191 (Porto
Rico); Orn. Cubana, 1876, 311.—Covss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862,

a Breeding localities for which definite records are at hand are the following:
Bahamas: Washerwoman Cay, Andros Island; Miraporvos Islands.

Greater Antilles: Jamaica; Porto Rico, including Mona and Desecheo islands.
Lesser Antilles: Sombrero; St. Vincent; Guadeloupe; Grenada.

Off Venezuela: Trinidad; Los Hermanos Island.

Off Brazil: St. Paul Rocks; South Trinidad.

Off British Honduras: Curlew Cay; Southwest-of-all Cay.

Off southern Africa: Ascension Island; Tristan da Cunha; Inaccessible Island.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 549

557, part (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 576; 2d ed., 1882, no. 808: Birds
Northwest, 1874, 710 (excl. syn. part).—Satvin, Ibis, 1864, 392 (Glovers
Reef, Brit. Honduras).—SunprEvALL, Oefy. K. Vet.-Akad. Stockholm, 1869,
590 (St. Bartholomew).—Metuss, Ibis, 1870, 106 (St. Helena).—PrLzeLn,
Orn. Bras., 1870, 461 (Fernando Noronha).—SciatTer and Satyry, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 8388 (coast Honduras); 1871, 566, part. (monogr.).—
SaunpDeErs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 669, part (monogr.); 1877, 797, part
(Inaccessible Island, near Tristan da Cunha; St. Paul Rocks; crit.; deser.
eggs); Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv, 1878, 405, part (range); Voy. ‘Challenger,’
li, pt. viii, 1881, 137, part (same); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, ili, 1884, 567;
Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 639; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 136, part
(Florida; e. coast Mexico; Jamaica; Nevis; St. Vincent; Grenada, Redonda;
Glovers Reef and Cay Dolores, Brit. Honduras; Fernando Noronha; Bahia,
Brazil; Inaccessible Island, near Tristan da Cunha; St. Paul Rocks, middle
Atlantic)—MosgE.LEy, Nat. on ‘Challenger,’ 1879, 68 (St. Paul Rocks).—
Penrose, Ibis, 1879, 280 (Ascension Island; habits; descr. eggs).—DA.-
GLEIsH, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 220 (two British records).—Cory, Birds
Bahama Is.; 1880, and 2d ed., 1890, 216; Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885,
182; Auk, v, 1888, 80 (West Indian localities and references); Birds West
Ind., 1889, 291; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 83 (New Providence, Andros,
and Long Islands, Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti; Sombrero; St. Bar-
tholomew; Montserrat; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Grenada); Pub. 137, Field
Mus. N. H., 1909, 226 (Los Hermanos Island, breeding).—Ripeway, Proce.
U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 208; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 695.—May-
NARD, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 481 (Florida).—GrispaLe, Ibis, 1882, 493
(Montserrat).—Rerp, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 271 (Bermudas, 1
spec., Sept. 12, 1854).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am.,
li, 1884, 325, part—Murray, Narr. ‘Challenger,’ 1885, 204 (St. Paul
Rocks).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UnroNn, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed.,
1895, no. 79; 3d ed., 1910, p. 47.—Wetts, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1887,
632 (Grenada, breeding).—Scorr, Auk, viii, 1891, 358 (Jamaica, breeding;
habits) —CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 84 (Trinidad).—Stoneg,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, 115, 116 (crit.)—Bryerr, Proc. Louis. Soc.
Nat. for 1897-1899 (1900), 86 (coast of Louisiana, resident).—Bonuore, Ibis,
1903, 315 (Washerwoman Cay, Andros Island, Bahamas, breeding; habits).—
Salvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1903, 412, part (cays on
coast Brit. Honduras; Honduras; West Indies).—Ntco11, Ibis, 1904, 36 (St.
Paul Rocks, breeding); 1906, 670 (South Trinidad, breeding).—Lowe, Ibis,
1909, 310 (St. Vincent, breeding).

[ Anous] stolidus GuNpLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 348 (Cuba).—Gray, Hand-iist,
lii, 1871, 123, no. 11084, part—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 323.—
ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147, part.—Cory, List Birds
West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 34.—Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 137, part. -
Forbes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 56, part (Tortuga
Keys, Florida).

A[nous] stolidus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 661, part—Cours, Key N. Am,
Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 771, part.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 48, part ,

Anous stolidus stolidus Mararws, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 410
(Atlantic Ocean).—Wermorge, Bull. 326, U. S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 46 (Porto
Rico; Mona and Desecheo islands, breeding; habits; food).—Nosie, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., lx, 1916, 369 (Guadeloupe, breeding).

Anous niger SrEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1825, 140, pl. 17 (Tropical
seas, St. Helena, Bermuda Islands, Brazil, and Cayenne).

550 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

G[avia] leucoceps Swatnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 373 (Louisiana; based on
Mouette brune, de la Louisiane Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 997).

A[nous] leucoceps Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 661.

(?)Anous melanogenys (not of Gray, 1846) Léoraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 547.

Anous superciliosus SHARPE, Philos. Trans., clxviii, 1879, 468 (coast of Central
America and the Antilles).

ANOUS STOLIDUS RIDGWAY! Anthony.
SOCORRO NODDY.

Similar to A. s. stolidus but coloration slightly darker, the pileum
darker gray, becoming white only on anterior margins.¢

Adult male—Wing, 261.5-292 (272.6); tail, 142-169 (160.5); ex-
posed culmen, 41-43.5 (41.9); tarsus, 23-26 (24.6); middle toe,
30-34 (31.3).°

Adult female.—Wing, 265-283 (272.6); tail, 141.5-162 (151.1);
exposed culmen, 38-43 (40.8); tarsus, 23-26 (24.2); middle toe,
29-32 (30.8).°

Pacific coast of Mexico, from Tres Marias Islands and Isabella
Island, Tepic, to coast of Guatemala, Socorro Island, Revillagigedo
group, Clipperton Island, and Cocos Island.

Anous stolidus (not Sterna stolida Linnzeus) SctaTER and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 233
(Pacific coast Guatemala).—LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 318
(Isabella Island, Tepic, n. w. Mexico, breeding; habits; descr. nest and
eges).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 325,
part (Pacific coast Central America).—TowNsEnND, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Xxvli, 1895, 125 (Cocos Island, Costa Rica; crit.).—CARRIKER, An. Carnegie
Mus., vi, 1910, 415 (Cocos Island).—Grrrorp, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser.,
i, pt. i, 1913, 24, part (Clipperton and Cocos islands).

Anous stolidus ridgwayi ANtHony, Auk, xv, no. 1, Jan., 1898, 36 (Socorro
Island, Revillagigedo group, off w. Mexico; coll. A. W. Anthony); no. 4,
Oct., 1898, 316 (Socorro Island).—NeEtson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899,
26 (Tres Marias, May; Isabella Island, May; between San Blas and Tres
Marias; habits)—Snop@rass and HeE.uErR, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iv,
1902, 507 (Clipperton and Cocos islands; descr., measurements; habits;
descr. eggs).—MatueEws, Birds Australia, ii, 1912, 411 (Socorro; Tres Marias).

[Anous] stolidus subsp. ridgwayi Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii,
no. 2, 1899, 56 (reprint of orig. descr.). :

[Anous] ridgwayt SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 137.

Anous pileatus (not Sterna pileata Scopoli, 1786) Satvin and Gopman, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1903, 661, part, excl. syn. (Isabella, Tres Marias, and
Clipperton islands; Pacific coast Guatemala).

@ So far as the material examined enables me to judge, typical specimens of this
form are confined to Socorro, Clipperton, and Cocos islands; at any rate, examples
from Isabella island, off Tepic, and from the coast of Guerrero (Sihuatenejo) are in
coloration more like A. s. stolidus; in fact, some of them I am not able to distinguish
satisfactorily from that form.

b Nine specimens.

¢ Kighteen specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 551

ANOUS STOLIDUS GALAPAGENSIS (Sharpe).
GALAPAGOS NODDY.

Similar to A. s. ridgwayt but much darker and less brownish,
the head and neck almost slate color and the forehead mouse gray,
often but little lighter or grayer than the occiput, though usually
with a more or less distinct supra-loral line of pale gray or hoary gray.

Adult male.—Wing, 254-285 (270); tail, 141-164 (151.3); exposed
culmen, 38-48 (39.8); depth of bill at base, 9-10.5 (9.7); tarsus,
21-24.5 (22.9); middle toe, 30-33 (30.8).°

Adult female—Wing, 245-281 (265.2); tail, 127-155 (144.7);
exposed culmen, 35.5—-43.5 (38.9); depth of bill at base, 8-9.5 (8.8) ;°
tarsus, 21-24 (22.6); middle toe, 28.5-31.5 (30).¢

Galapagos Archipelago (Abingdon, Albemarle, Barrington, Bindloe,
Brattle, Champion, Charles, Chatham, Culpepper, Dalrymple, Daphne,
Duncan, Gardner-near-Charles, Gardner-near-Hood, Hood, Inde-
fatigable, James, Jervis, Nameless, Narborough, Onslow, Seymour,
Tower, and Wenman islands).

Megalopterus stolidus (not Sterna stolida Linneeus) GouLD, in Darwin’s Zool. Voy.
‘Beagle,’ iii, 1841, 145, part (Galapagos Islands).

Anous stolidus SuNDEVALL, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 125 (Galapagos Islands).—
Savin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1876, 504 (Dalrymple Rock, near Chat-
ham Island, Galapagos).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xii, 1890, 116
(Dalrymple Rock and Chatham Island).—Girrorp, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci.,
4th ser., ii, pt. i, 1913, 24, part (Abingdon, Albemarle, Barrington, Bindloe,
Brattle, Champion, Charles, Chatham, Culpepper, Dalrymple, Daphne, -
Duncan, Gardner-near-Charles, Gardner-near-Hood, Hood, Indefatigable,
James, Jervis, Nameless, Narborough, Onslow, Seymour, Tower, and Wenman
islands, Galapagos; habits), 113 (measurements).

Anous galapagensis SHARPE, Philos. Trans., cl xviii, 1879, 469 (Dalrymple Rock,
Chatham Island, Galapagos; coll. Brit. Mus.).—Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1883, 430 (Charles Island).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xii,
1890, 116 (Hood and Chatham islands); xix, 1896, 642 (Albemarle, Charles,
Hood, Chatham, Tower, and Wenman islands: descr., measurements, etc.).—
Strong, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, 115-117 (crit.)—SaunpeErs, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 143 (Dalrymple Rock and Charles Island).—
Roruscuitp and Hartrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 89 (Culpepper Island;
habits).

A[nous] galapagensis Roruscuitp and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 109
(Wenman Island).

[ Anous] galapagensis SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 137.

Anous stolidus galapagensis Roruscuitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, April,
1899, 107 (at sea near Culpepper Island), 108 (Culpepper Island), 191 (Gala-
pagos Islands; crit.; descr. nest and eggs); ix, 1902, 413 (Wenman Island;
descr. downy young), 418 (Galapagos).—Matuerws, Birds Australia, ii, 1912,
411 (Galapagos).

A[nous] stolidus galapagensis RoTHscHi~D and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899,
204 (Galapagos).

a Eleven specimens, ~ ¢ Two specimens,
b Seventeen specimens. @ Kight specimens.

552 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Anous] stolidus subsp. galapagensis ForBES and Roxsinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus.,
ii, no. 2, 1899, 56.

Anous galapagoensis Baur, Am. Nat., xxxi, 1897, 782 (Duncan Island), 783
Gardner-near-Hood Island).

Genus MEGALOPTERUS Boie.

Megalopterus Botr, Isis, 1826, 980. (Type, by monotypy, Sterna tenuirostris
Temminck.)

Micranous¢ Saunvers, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. xxiii, Jan. 29, 1895, p. xix;
Ibis, April, 1895, 276. (Type, by original designation, Sterna tenwirostris
Temminck. )

Anousella® MatuEws, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 412, in text. (Type,
by original designation, Anous leucocapillus GOULD.)

Medium-sized or rather small Sternide (wing 210-225 mm.)
resembling Anous, but with gonys longer than mandibular rami
(instead of shorter), maxilla not decurved distally, and tail less
strongly graduated and less deeply forked.

Bill relatively slender, longer than head, nearly straight (the
exposed culmen, however, shorter than middle toe with claw), its
greatest depth equal to only one-fourth (or less) the distance from
anterior end of nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen straight for most of
its extent, very slightly decurved distally; gonys longer than man-
dibular rami, straight, sightly ascending terminally, rather prominent
basally; nostril narrowly elliptical or linear, longitudinal, almost
wholly anterior to mental antia; anterior outline of feathering on
forehead and lores sloping backward and downward from frontal
antia (at base of culmen) to rictus, without trace of loral or latero-
frontal antia. Wing long and pointed, the longest primary (outer-
most) exceeding distal secondaries by decidedly more than half the
length of folded wing, but by very much less than twice the distance
from tips of distal secondaries to bend of wing. Tail decidedly more
than half as long as wing, slightly forked and moderately graduated,
the lateral pair of rectrices about three-fourths as long as the longest
(third and fourth pairs, counting from middle), the middle pair
shorter than longest by much less than half the distance between
tips of longest and shortest rectrices; rectrices shghtly but distinctly
tapering terminally, with rounded tips. Tarsus decidedly shorter than
middle toe without claw; outer toe as long as middle toe or very
slightly shorter; webs between anterior toes with anterior edge but
slightly excised.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage blended throughout as in Anous,
‘with occipital feathers not elongated,. Adults plain dusky, except
pileum and nape, which are grayish or whitish.

Range.—Tropical seas of both hemispheres. (Two species ?)

@ Mixpés, small; + Anous (avoos, silly, stupid). (Richmond.)

b Anous (vous. foolish)+ella. (Mathews.) 4

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 553

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF MEGALOPTERUS.4@

a. Lores light gray to grayish white, like pileum; general coloration lighter.
b. Islands of western Indian Ocean (Seychelles, Mauritius, Madagascar, etc.)—.
Megalopterus tenuirostris tenuirostris (extralimital).>
bb. West coast of Australia ....Megalopterus tenuirostris melanops (extralimital).
aa. Lores black or very dark brown, in strong and abrupt contrast with gray or white
pileum; general coloration darker.

b. Whole forehead (as well as crown, etc.) distinctly white or gray, sharply defined
against black of lores; lores black, much darker than cheeks. (Megalopterus
minutus.)

c. Pileum white or grayish white, in rather abrupt contrast with deep gray of
hindneck; gray of tail much darker,
| d. Color of under parts, hindneck, and upper back slightly darker. (West
Indies, Gulf and Caribbean coasts of Mexico and Central America, etc.).
Megalopterus minutus atlanticus (p. 554).
dd. Color of under parts, hindneck, and upper back slightly lighter and grayer.
(Philippine Islands.)....Megalopterus minutus worcesteri (extralimital). ¢

@ Specimens of Megalopterus are so few in American collections (with the exception of
M. melanogenys and M. diamesus) that Iam unable to bring together a sufficient series
to show clearly the relationships of the several forms. Therefore, this ‘‘key’’ is a
provisional one only. Besides the forms here mentioned, Mr. Gregory Mathews, the
| latest reviser of the group, in his Birds of Australia, recognizes the following sub-

species, but I have not seen specimens of any of them, nor of M. tenuirostris tenui-
rostris and M. diamesus: :

Megalopterus tenuirostris melanops.—Anous melanops Gould, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond.,
1845 (pub. Feb., 1846), 103 (Houtman’s Abrolhos, w. coast Australia); Birds Australia,
vil, 1848, pl. 35 and text; Handb. Birds Australia, ii, 1865, 417.— Megalopterus tenui-
rostris melanops Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 414, 416.—Sterna
tenuirostris (not of Temminck) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Sternae, 1863, 37 (Australia).—
Anous tenwirostris Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 670, part (monogr.); Stone,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, 117, part (West Australia; crit.) — Micranous tenui-
rostris Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus, xxv, 1896, 144, part (West Australia).—
(?)Anous atrofuscus Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, 117 ‘ (Mer de Monte-
video ’’).—(?)A[nous] atrofuscus Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 48, part.

Not having seen either form of this species I am unable to give their distinctive
characters. /

Megalopterus minutus marcusi— Micranous marcusi Bryan, Occ. Papers Bernice
Pauahi Bishop Mus., ii, 1903, 101 (Marcus Island).—Megaiopterus minutus marcust
Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 423 (Marcus Island; Mariannes?).

6 Sterna tenuirostris Temminck, PI. Col., 1823, pl. 202 and text (‘‘Senegal’’); Schlegel,
Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 24 (Sternae), 1864, 37, part (Reunion; Mauritius).— Megalop-
terus tenutrosiris Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 79.—Hydrocecropis tenuirostris Boie,
Isis, 1844, 179.—Anous tenuirostris Reichenbach, Natatores, 1848, pl. 20, fig. 288;
Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 670, part, pl. 61, fig. 1 (monogr.); Hartlaub,
Fauna Madagasc., 1861, 86; Vég. Madagasc., 1877, 392; Milne-Edwards and Grandidier,
Nat. Hist. Madagasc., Ois., 1882, pls. 290a, 290b (osteology); Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1894, 115-117, part (Mauritius; crit.) — Micranous tenuirostris Mathews, Birds
Australia, il, 1912, pl. (116) facing p. 414.—Megalopterus tenuirostris tenuirostris
Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 416 (Seychelles, breeding).

¢ Micranous worcesteri McGregor, Philippine Journ. Sci., Sec. D, vol. vi, 1911, 185
(Cavalli, Sulu Sea).— Megalopterus minutus worcesteri Mathews, Birds Australia, ii
no. 4, Noy. 1, 1912, 423 (Philippines).

?

554 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

cc, Pileum light gray passing gradually into the deeper gray of hindneck; gray
of tail decidedly lighter. (Hawaiian Islands.)
Megalopterus minutus melanogenys (extralimital). @
bb. Forehead with a distinct brownish gray or grayish brown area on each side,
adjoining the dark loral area, the latter dark sooty brown or sooty blackish,
like checks. (Kermadec Islands.) ....... Megalopterus ——? (extralimital). 6
MEGALOPTERUS MINUTUS ATLANTICUS © Mathews.

CARIBBEAN WHITE-CAPPED NODDY.

Adults (sexes alike).—General color plain deep sooty brown,
blackish brown, blackish fuscous or sooty black, passing, through
a lighter and grayer hue on hindneck, and neutral gray on nape, into
immaculate white or grayish white on pileum; lores and space imme-

diately above eyes black (in strong and abrupt contrast with white»

of forehead and crown), the lower eyelid with a white streak; tail
and longer tail-coverts (both upper and lower) brownish gray (be-
tween mouse gray and deep quaker drab) ; bill black; iris dark brown;
legs and feet dusky brownish.

Immature.—‘ Forehead and crown white; lores white; neck and
nape sooty black, which throws the white crown into strong relief,
owing to the absence of any intermediate lead color; mantle, tail, and
under parts umber-brown, the primaries blackish.’’¢

Young.—‘‘ Forehead and anterior crown white; lores black; upper
parts generally umber-brown, with cinnamon borders to the wing-
coverts and secondaries; primaries blackish; under parts mouse-
brown. In anolder bird the white is less pure, but extends farther back
on the crown, and the plumage has a slightly barred appearance.” ¢

Downy young.— Forehead and crown dull white, rest of the body
sooty black.’’¢

a Anous melanogenys Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 661, pl. 182; Stejneger, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xi, 1888, 94 (Niihau, Hawaiian Islands; crit.) —Megalopterus minutus
melanogenys Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 423 (Hawaiian group).—
Anous hawaiiensis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. x, July 4, 1893, p. lvii;
Ibis, 1893, 571 (Hawaiian Islands; coll. Tring Mus.); Henshaw, Birds Hawaiian Is.,
1902, 125 (habits) —Micranous hawaiiensis Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv;
1896, 148; Fisher (W. K.), Bull. U.S. Fish Com. for 1903, 16, pl. 3, figs. 9-11 (Laysan,
etc.; habits); Bryan, Occas. Papers B. P. B. Mus., iv, no. 2, 1908, 47 [137] (Molokai).—
M [icranous] hawaiiensis Bryan, Key Birds Hawaiian Group, 1901, 9.

Not having examined a specimen of Micranus diamesus, I am unable to include
that form in the key. The original description compares it with M. hawaiiensis
(=melanogenys) but at the same time says that it has the pileum ‘‘nearly pure white!”

b I am unable to place this bird, of which two specimens have been examined.
They may be the young or immature of one of the known forms, but descriptions of
younger stages as given by Saunders and others do not at all apply to it.

¢ Owing to absence of specimens, I am unable to compare this form with M. m.
minutus.

@ Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 147. Since Saunders included all the
geographic forms or subspecies, except M. m. hawaiiensis (=melanogenys) under one
name and description, it may be that the descriptions quoted are from some other form
of the species.

|

|
!

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 555

Adult male—Wing, 214.5-215 (214.7); tail, 112.5-113 (112.7);
exposed culmen (one specimen only), 41; tarsus, 20-20.5 20. 2); middle
toe, 26-28 (27).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 222; tail, 116; exposed culmen, 42.5; tarsus,
20; middle toe, 27.5.°

Tawa of Caribbean Sea and middle Atlantic Ocean, from coast
of British Honduras (Southwest-of-all Cay; Glovers Reef) to St.
Paul Rocks and Fernando Noronha, off Brazil, and Ascension
Island and Tristan da Cunha, off southern Africa.

A[nous] tenuirostris (not Sterna tenwirostris Temminck, 1823) Sanvrn, Ibis, 1864,
383 (Southwest-of-all Cay, Brit. Honduras).

Anous tenuirostris Cours, Ibis, 1864, 393 (Glovers Reef, Brit. Honduras; crit.);
Birds Northwest, 1874, 710, footnote, part (synonymy).—Satvin, Ibis,
1866, 200 (Glovers Reef).—Sctarer and Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1871, 566, part (coast of Honduras; Trinidad; monogr.).

{ Anous] tenwirostris SCLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 147.

Anous melanogenys (not of Gray, 1846) SaunpERS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876,
670, part, pl. 61, fig. 2 (coast of Central America; monogr.); 1877, 798, part
(St. Paul Rocks, Atlantic Ocean; Tristan da Cunha Island); Voy. ‘Chal-
lenger,’ ii, pt. viii, 1881, 137, part (St. Paul Rocks; Tristan da Cunha).—
PenrosE, Ibis, 1879, 280 (Ascension Island; habits; descr. eggs).—Batrp,
Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., 1, 1884, 324, part (coast
Honduras).

A[nous] melanogenys Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 48, part (‘‘Gulf coast
of Mexico’’).

Anous leucocapillus (not of Gould, 1845) SAunpERs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876,
670, part, pl. 61, fig. 3 (monogr.).—Stoneg, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894,
117, part (Brit. Honduras; crit.).

@ Two specimens, from Glovers Reef, British Honduras,
b One specimen, from Glovers Reef.

Ex-
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. cee | Tarsus. ate
men.
|
MALES.
Two adult males from British Honduras......................- | 214.7) 112.7 41 20. 2 27
Twenty-six males from Clipperton and Cocos Islands (M. m.

GUUNTCSES eee ne aR EERE Fins = co cidecins saeeneceeeat natin tanec 232 124 44.7 20. 2 27.8
Seven adult males from Hawaiian Islands ( M. m. melanogenys).| 218.1 | 124 42.1 19. 8 | 26. 4
One adult male from Philippine Islands (MM. m. worcesteri)....| 218 120. 5 44 20. 5 30

FEMALES, | |
One adult female from British Honduras.................-..-.- 222 116 42.5 20 aie
Thirty adult females from Clipperton and Cocos Islands ( Mf. m. |

Ginmiesus). 00. Eee OO RON Bit Arak ae | 229 121 42.2 19.7 27.5
Four adult females from Hawaiian Islands (M. m. melanogenys ) -| 211.4 | 115.4 39.7 18.7 25. 2
Two adult females from Philippine Islands (.M. m. worcesteri)..| 213 115 39. 2 20. 2 28.5
Two adult females from Kermadec Island (M. m. Bete liu ioaae tells pLLO 41.5 19.7 28.2

(Measurements of M. m. diamesus are from Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser.,
iy, 1913; 32, 1132)

556 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

A[nous] leucocapillus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 48 (not of Ist
ed., 1887).

Micranous leucocapillus SAUNDERS, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 145, part
(Glovers Reef, Brit. Honduras; Fernando Noronha Island, off n. Brazil
St. Paul Rocks; Ascension Island).—SAatvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr. -
Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 415 part (Glovers Reef and Southwest-of-all Cay, Brit.
Honduras).—Nrcott, Ibis, 1904, 36 (St. Paul Rocks, middle Atlantic Ocean
habits).

[ Micranous] lewcocapillus SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 138, part (Caribbean Sea;
“BR. America’’).

Megalopterus minutus atlanticus MaTHEwS, Birds of Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1,
1912, 423 (Ascension Island; St. Paul Rocks; Fernando Noronha; Carib-
bean Sea: British Honduras).

MEGALOPTERUS MINUTUS DIAMESUS (Heller and Snodgrass).

CLIPPERTON NODDY.

Similar to M. m. melanogenys * “but differs in being darker on the
shoulders, on the lower part and sides of the neck and on the sides
of the head, and in having a more slender and shorter bill and shorter
tarsus.”

Adults (sexes alike).—‘ Forehead and top of head almost pure
white, back part of head and nape with a plumbeous tinge. Back
of neck plumbeous, darkening into dark plumbeous on shoulders
and then into brown on the mantle. Rest of upper parts, except
upper tail-coverts and tail, dark dusky brown; outer webs of outer
primaries sooty brown, almost black; upper tail-coverts and tail
dark plumbeous-gray. Under parts dark dusky brown darkest on
lower breast and on belly. Lower tail-coverts somewhat lighter
plumbeous-brown. Tail below same color as above. Lores and
line extending from lores over eye to middle of posterior side of
eye, black, a small white spot in this line above posterior part of eye.
Lower two-thirds of lower eyelid white. Cheeks deep dark plumbeous,
pale color of back of head and neck scarcely extending upon lateral
parts.”

Immature.—“Top of head pure white, with a few brown feathers
posteriorly. Outer webs of outer primaries blackish brown, that of
the first almost black. Lores, supraocular line and cheeks dusky
brown. Atl other parts pure dark brown, but with no dusky tinge
except on the lower part of the throat.”

a See p. 554.

“In Micranous hawariensis [i. e. M. minutus melanogenys| the pale slaty plum-
beous color of the back of the head and neck reaches so far ventrally on the sides
of the head and neck and even on the upper part of the breast, that there is distinctly
marked off on the chin and throat a median longitudinal area of dark plumbeous
brown well defined on each side against the paler lateral parts.’’ (Heller and
Snodgrass. )

ee

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. FT

Adult male-—Wing, 216-241 (232); tail, 112-132 (124); culmen,
40-48.4 (44.7); depth of bill at base, 8-10.6 (9); tarsus, 19.2-21.6
(20.2): middle toe, 26.5-28.9 (27.8).4

Adult female.—Wing, 212-246 (229); tail, 111-129 (121); culmen,
37.1-42.4 (42.2); depth of bill at base, 7-10.2 (8.4); tarsus, 18.1-
20.5 (19.7); middle toe, 25-29.5 (27.5).°

Off Pacific coast of Central America, breeding on Clipperton and
Cocos Islands.

Micranous diamesus HELLER and SNoparass, Condor, iii, May, 1901, 76 (Cocos
Island; coll. Leland Stanford Jr. Univ.).—Snopa@rass and Hetier, Proc.
Wash. Acad. Sci.. iv, 1902, 509 (Cocos and Clipperton islands; descr.; crit.,
measurements).—GirForD, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. 1, 1913,
29 (breeding on Clipperton and Cocos islands; habits, measurements, etc.),
113 (measurements).

Megalopterus minutus diamesus MarHews, Birds of Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1,
1912, 423.

Genus G Gls Wager.

Gygis (not Gyges Bory de St. Vincent, 1825) Wacuer, Isis, xxv, 1832, 1223.
(Type, by original designation and monotypy, Sterna candida Gmelin=
S. alba Sparrman. )

Leucanous © Matruews, Birds Australia, ii, pt..4, Nov. 1, 1912, 432, in text.
(Type, by original designation, Gygis microrhyncha Saunders. )

Alphagygis¢ Matuews, Austral. Avian Rec., ii no. 5, Sept. 24, 1914, 110.
(Substitute for Gygis Wagler, 1832, considered as preoccupied by Guges
Bory de St. Vincent, 1825.)

Rather small Sternide (wing 218-251 mm.) with wholly white
coloration, cuneate, straight-tipped bill, deeply excised webs, and
tail both forked and graduated.

Bill about as long as head, compressed and cuneate terminally
and relatively deep basally; exposed culmen longer than tarsus and

a4 Twenty-six specimens.
+ Thirty specimens.

Depth .
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | ou of bill Tarsus. uate
* Jat base.| ;
MALES.
Sixteen adult males from Clipperton Island..... as = 230 123; 44.1 9.4 20.3 27.5
Ten adult males from Cocos Island.................... 233 124 45.3 8.6 20 28
FEMALES.
Twelve adult females from Clipperton Island.......... 227 121 41.9 8.7 19.7 27.3
Eighteen adult females from Cocos Island............- 231 120 42.4 8 19.6 27.6

(The above measurements are from Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. i,
1913, 32, 113.)

© Aeuxés, white+ Anous (avous, foolish). (Mathews.)

4 “Adda, first+Gygis (yivns, a fabulous bird); Mathews.

558 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

middle toe without claw (sometimes much longer than combined
length ot tarsus and middle toe with claw), nearly straight through-
out, but slightly depressed immediately above nostril and more or
less elevated basally; gonys longer than mandibular rami, ascending
terminally; nostril rather narrowly elliptical, longitudinal, rather
small, situated in advance of mental antia and separated from nearest
loral feathering by a space much gteater than length of nostril;
anterior outline of feathermg on forehead and lores variable; in
G. alba sometimes forming a frontal antia or projecting angle on base
of culmen and sloping thence backward and downward to rictus, but
sometimes, as in G. microrhyncha, forming a notch or reentrant
angle at base of culmen, with a distinct antia (latero-frontal) on each
side. Wing long and pointed, with longest primary exceeding distal
secondaries by less than twice the distance from tips of the latter to
bend of wing; outermost primary longest in @. alba, sightly shorter
than the next in G@. microrhyncha. Tail less than half as long as wing
(much less in G. microrhyncha), both forked and graduated with next
to outer pair of rectrices longest, the middle pair of rectrices much
shorter than the outermost and all the rectrices acuminate in @. alba,
but as long as or slightly longer than the outer and ail the rectrices
broader and less acuminate terminally in G. microrhyncha. Tarsus
about as long as combined length of first two phalanges of middle
toe; outer toe decidediy shorter than middle toe; webs deeply
excised, occupying only about half the interdigital spaces.

Plumage and coloration Plumage soft and blended. Color,
entirely white, except a narrow black orbital ring and brownish
shafts to primaries and (sometimes) rectrices.

Range.—Pacific, Indian, and southern Atlantic oceans. (Two

Species. )
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GYGIS.4

a, Bill much stouter, its depth at base equal to about one-fourth the length of exposed
culmen; tail nearly half as long as wing, deeply forked, the outermost rectrices
much longer than middle pair, all, except middle pair, distinctly acuminate;
shafts of primaries and rectrices distinctly brown or dusky. (Intertropical
portions of Pacific, Indian, and southern Atlantic Oceans). ..Gygis alba (p. 559).¢

a Mr. Gregory Mathews divides this species into the following geographic forms or
subspecies:
(1) Gygis alba alba.—Sterna alba Sparrman, Mus. Carls., fase. i, 1786, no. 11 (“India

orientali, ad promontorium Bonae Spei Insulas que maris pacifici);”’ Mathews,
Bds. Austr. li, p. 441, designates Ascension Id., as type locality); Gmelin, Syst. Nat.,
i, pt. 11, 1789, 607; Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 808.—Gygis alba SHARPE, Ibis, 1904,
217 (South Trinidad I.).—Gygis alba alba Mathews, Birds Australia, 01, pt. 4, Nov. 1,
1912, 442 (Fernando Noronha; Ascension Island; South Trinidad Island).—Gygis
candida (not Sterna candida Gmelin, 1789) Melliss, Ibis, 1870, 106 (St. Helena, breed-
ing); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 667, part (monogr.); 1877, 797, part
(Ascension I.); 1880, 163 (Trinidad I.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 149, part

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 559

aa. Bill much more slender, its depth at base equal to less than one-fifth the length of
exposed culmen; tail much less than half as long as wing, slightly forked, the
outermost rectrices little if any longer than middle pair, none of the rectrices
distinctly acuminate; shafts of primaries and rectrices not distinctly (sometimes

not at all) dusky. (Marquesas Islands, central Pacific Ocean.)
Gygis microrhyncha (extralimital). 4

GYGIS ALBA CANDIDA (Gmelin)??
HAWAIIAN WHITE TERN?

Adults (sexes alike).—Whole plumage immaculate pure white;
shafts of primaries and rectrices brownish or dusky, and margin of
eyelids black; bill black (in life “black at the tip, shading through
purple to indigo blue at the base’’);° iris blue;? legs and feet ‘dark
brown, the webs yellow.” @

Immature.—Similar to adults, but with a postocular spot and
anterior margin to eyelids black, and shafts of primaries and rectrices
black or dusky.

Young.—Similar to the immature plumage (as described above),
but back, scapulars, and tertials tinged or washed with russet or
brown, lesser wing coverts and middle rectrices margined terminally
with brown or russet, shafts of primaries olive-brown, and shafts of

(Fernando Noronha, Trinidad and Ascension islands); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc.,
xx, 1890, 480 (Fernando Noronha); Ihering, Revista Mus. Paulista, iv, 1900, 294
(descr. eggs.).—Gygis crawford: Nicoll, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, no, exxvi, July 10,
1906, 102; Ibis, 1906, 669 (South Trinidad Island.)

(2) Gygis alba monte.—Gygis alba monte Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, no. 4, Nov. 1,
1912, 443 (Seychelles, breeding).

(3) Gygis alba pacifica.—Sterna pacifica Lesson, Hist. Nat. Mam. et Ois., x, 1837,
156 (Low Archipelago, Pacific Ocean).—Gygis alba pacifica Mathews, Birds Australia,
li, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 443 (Society Islands, Samoa, ete.).—Sterna nivea Bennett,
Narrative Whaling Voy., i, 1840, 370 (Caroline Atoll).

(4) Gygis alba royana.—Gygis alba royana Mathews, Birds Australia, 1, pt. 4, Nov.
1, 1912, 483, 443 (Kermadec Island and Norfolk Island, breeding; Friendly Islands?).

(5) Gygis alba kittlitzi.—Gygis alba kittlitzi Hartert, Katal. Vogelsamml. Senckenb.
1891, 237 (Caroline Islands); Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 4, 1912, 443 (Caroline
group; Mariannes?).

(6) Gygis alba candida (Synonymy given separately.)

@ wygis microrhyncha Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 668 and cut (Marquesas
Islands, central Pacific Ocean; coll. Brit. Mus.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896,
152; Tristram, Ibis, 1881, 252; Cat. Coll. Birds, 1889, 10; Wiglesworth, Abh. Zool.
Mus. Dresden, 1890-91 (1892), no. vi, 78; Kaiser, Journ. fiir Orn., 1902, 255 (Nauru
Island).

b Scantiness of material (I have seen no specimens at all from the American side of
the Pacific) and the fragmentary manner in which the various forms are treated by
the most recent reviser of the group, Mr. Gregory Mathews, necessitates the interro-
gation mark in connection with the subspecific name. The Pacific-American sub-
species is referred tentatively to G. a. candida as being the nearest form geographically :
but it may be different.

¢ Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., ii, 1913, 32.

4 Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 150.

560 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

rectrices white, all except those of three outer pairs, however, olive-
brown subterminally.

Downy young.—Upper parts pinkish buff or light brownish buff
(more or less deep) fading into buffy whitish on forehead, super-
ciliary region, and under parts; a postocular streak or elongated
spot of black, and on occiput a median transverse spot or bar and
two lateral spots (one on each side) of black.

Adult male.—Wing, 223-260 (244); tail, 110-122 (117); exposed
culmen, 37.4-43 (40.2); tarsus, 11.9-13.2 (12.5); middle toe, 20.4—
22.5 (21.7).

Adult female.—Wing, 231-254 (241); tail, 107-129 (119); exposed
culmen, 36.7-41.6 (39.2); tarsus, 11.1-12.8 (12); middle toe, 21-22.4
Cns7) 2 }

More eastern portions of middle Pacific Ocean, from Krusen-
stern Island, Lisiansky Island, Laysan, Necker Island, and Christ-
mas Island eastward to Revillagigedo Islands (Oneal Rock, near
Socorro Island), Clipperton Island, Cocos Island, and Galapagos
Archipelago (Tower Island).

[Sterna] candida GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 607 (Christmas Island and other
parts of the South Seas, seen also in St. Helena; founded on Latham, Gen.
Syn., ili, 2, 363, no. 17).

« Ten specimens from Clipperton and Cocos Islands, 40 miles south of Cocos Island
and Oneal Rock, near Socorro Island. (Measurements from Gifford, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., 4th ser., 11, 1913 34.),

Ex-
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. poses Tarsus. Middle
men.
MALES. |
One adult male from Oneal Rock, near Socorro Island (G. a.

COIR OP i ope trae oho ae, SS ge eS =. <islsind- piso «bet eeosb sce 240 115 37.4 12.9 20. 4
Three adult males from Clipperton Island (G. a. candida?)..... | 236.3] 117.3 39. 2 12.5 21.9
Six adult males from Cocos Island, Costa Rica (G@. a. candida?).| 247.7 | 116.5 41.2 12.4 21.8
Two adult malesfrom Guam, w.-central Pacific (G. a. kitilitzi?).. | 241.5 | 109.5 40. 2 13 21.2
One adult male from Raraka, Paumotu group (G. a. pacifica?). | 251 127 45.5 12.5 21.5
One adult male from Tahiti, Society group (G. a. pacifica)..... 249 103 41.5 12.5 20.5
One adult male from Dog Island, Pacific Ocean (G. a. ?).| 240 128 40 13 19.5
One adult male from Aldabra, north of Madagascar (G.a.monte)) 232 110 40.5 12 19.5

FEMALES.
Six adult females from Clipperton Island (G. a. candida?)...... 236.7 | 117.4 38.8 12.2 21.6
Three adult females from Cocos Island (G@. a. candida?).......-.. ls ogreao Vi o9e. | Mindjus 11.9 21.7
One adult female from 40 miles south of Cocos Island (G. a.

candida?)..... Mo dome a OCR AD SOR oor elas omeoe dlageteeianoe ciate 245 122 38.9 12.1 22.4
Two adult females from Laysan (G. a. candida) ..............-- 238 L135 25) “Stet 13 21
One adult female from Guam (G. a. kittlitzi?) ..........-.2-.---- | 230 112.5 36 13 22
One adult female from Aldabra (G. a. monte).........--...---- 237 111.5 40 12 20

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 561

Gyg{is] candida WaatER, Isis, 1832, 1223.

Gygis candida SaunpErs, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 149, part (Krusen-
stern Island).—Snope@rass and Heuer, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iv, 1902,
511 (Cocos and Clipperton Islands; descr.; measurements; descr. nest).

Gygis alba candida Matuews, Birds of Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 443 (Christ-
mas Island; Hawaiian group).

Sterna nivea BeNNeET?r, Narrative Whaling Voy., i, 1840, 384 (Christmas Island,
breeding).

[Gygis] alba (not Sterna alba Gmelin, 1788) LicurensteIn, Nom, Ay. Mus. Berol.,
1854, 97 (Hawaiian Islands).

Gygis alba Dou, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1869, 306 (Hawaiian Islands).—Rorus-
cuitp, Avifauna Laysan, i, 1893, 35, pl. 3, fig. 11 (Laysan)—Hensuaw,
Birds Hawaiian Isl., 1902, 126 (Laysan and Lisiansky islands, breeding).—
GirForD, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., li, pt. i, 1913, 32 (Tower Island,
Galapagos; Oneal Rock, near Socorro Island; habits, measurements, etc.).

G[ygis] ‘alba kittlitei (not of Hartert, 1900) Bryan, Key to Birds Hawaiian Group,

1901, 9 (Laysan, etc.).

Gygis alba kitthitzi Fisner (W. K.), Bull. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1903, 17, pl. 4,
figs. 13-17 (Laysan, etc., habits); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvi, 1903, 562,in
text (Necker Island).

Family LARIDZ.
THE GULLS.

=Larine BonAParteE, Giornale Arcadico di Scienze, 1831, 58; Saggio distr. Anim,
Vertebr., 1831, 59; Consp. Gen. Avium, ii, 1857, 211.—LAwreEnce, in Baird,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 837, 840.—Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868,
361.—Couss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1869, 214; Key N. Am. Birds, 1872,
310; 2d ed., 1884, 734, 739; Birds Northwest, 1874, 617.—SciaTeER and SAtvin,
Nom. Avy. Neotr., 1873, 148.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds
N. Am., ii, 1884, 196, 197.— American OrniTHOLOGIstTS’ Union, Check List,
1886, 86; 3rd ed., 1910, 35.—Rmaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 23.—Saun-
DERS, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, xiii, 4, 161.—Brpparp, Struct. and
Classif. Birds, 1898, 355.—SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, xiv, 139.—Sanvin and
GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 418.—KNow.tron, Birds of the
World, 1909, 386.

>Larinae GADow, in Bronn’s Thier Reich, Vég., ii, 1891, 205 (includes Stercora-
riide).

>Laride BARD, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 191, 196
(includes Sternide).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List,
1886, 86; 3rd ed., 1910, (includes Sternid).

>Laridae OBERHOLSER, Outl. Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 3 (includes Sternide).

>Longipennes DuBois, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, iv, 1891, 116 (includes Sternide).

Small to very large Lari with the exposed culmen less than one and

one-fourth times as long as tarsus (usually shorter than tarsus), the
latter more than one-tenth (sometimes more than one-sixth) as long
as wing; tail usually truncate or very slightly rounded, rarely (in two
genera only) forked, still more rarely (in one genus only) cuneate or
graduated; pterylosis not typically charadriine.

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——387

562 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bill moderately to strongly compressed, but exceedingly variable
as to relative depth and width, the culmen always more or less de-
curved terminally, the tip of the maxilla overhanging or overreaching
that of the mandible to a greater or less extent; gonys shorter
(usually much shorter) than mandibular rami, the gonydeal angle
more or less prominent, sometimes conspicuously so; nostrils lateral,
near middle of maxilla or posterior to the middle, narrow, longitudinal,
pervious, usually broader and rounded at anterior end, narrower and
acute posteriorly; frontal feathering always advancing farther on
sides of maxilla than at base of culmen, forming a prominent, usually
obtuse but sometimes acute, angle in nearly direct line behind nostril.
Primaries relatively shorter and broader and secondaries relatively
longer than in Sternide. Tail usually truncate or very slightly
rounded, rarely forked, still more rarely cuneate or graduated; when
forked, the bifurcation only moderate, and the lateral rectrices in-
stead of being attenuated as in most Sternide are broad and rounded
at tips, like the middle ones. Tarsus distinctly compressed, the
acrotarsium regularly transversely scutellate, the planta tarsi and
sides of tarsus with small roundish or hexagonal scales (reticulate) ;
upper surface of toes continuously transversely scutellate; anterior
toes fully webbed; hallux usually well-developed though small,
rarely (in one genus only) rudimentary or nearly obsolete.

The Laride are cosmopolitan in their range, though most numerous
in both species and genera in the Northern Hemisphere. America
possesses about thirty-five species, belonging to nine genera, of which
only eight species and one genus are extralimital to the present work,

The birds of this family frequent the sea-coasts, estuaries, and
larger inlana waters. Their food consist: of various marine animals
(including fishes), offal, insects, garbage from vessels, and, in fact,
anything eatable. They nest upon rocks, aloag beaches (behind the
surf-line), and in marshes. Eggs several, variable as to ground-color,
but always spotted.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF LARID&.

a. Exposed culmen decidedly more than two-thirds as long as tarsus; tail truncate,
very slightly rounded, emarginate, or forked.
b. Hallux obsolete or rudimentary; tarsus shorter than middle toe without claw.
Rissa (p. 564).
bb. Hallux well developed; tarsus longer than middle toe without claw.
c. Tail truncate or very slightly rounded.
d. Hallux joined to inner toe by a rugose or serrate membrane; tibia with less
than lower third unfeathered.

e. Depth of bill at gonydeal angle much less than distance from anterior end
of nostril to tip of maxilla and not greater than its depth at base; color
of plumage entirely white (sparsely spotted with dusky in young).

Pagophila (p. 575).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 563

ee. Depth of bill at gonydeal angle equal to or greater than distance from
anterior end of nostril to tip of maxilla, and much greater than its depth
at base; coloration of plumage with little if any white.

. Leucopheus (extralimital).¢
dd. Hallux quite free from inner toe; tibia with lower third or more unfeathered.
e. Bill very deep subterminally and compressed, its depth at the very
prominent gonydeal angle greater than distance from anterior end of
nostril to tip of maxilla and equal to about three times its transverse
width or thickness at same point.......-.-...- Gabianus (extralimital).®
ee. Bill not notably deep and compressed, its depth at gonydeal angle less
than distance from anterior end of nostril to tip of maxilla, and much

less than three times its transverse thickness at same point.

/. Bill very long and slender, the exposed culmen longer than middle toe
with claw, its length from rictus greater than length of tarsus, its
greatest depth less than hali the distance from anterior end of nostril
EO Olea. a ee et eee ees Gee says Fine Gelastes (extralimital).¢

#. Bill shorter or stouter (or both), the exposed culmen shorter than
middle toe with claw, its length from rictus shorter than tarsus, its
greatest depth more than half the distance from nostril to tip of
maxilla.

g. Adults with under parts wholly white, young with under parts white
to medium grayish brown, but if the latter the color neither uni-
form nor very dark (sooty).

h. Summer adults with head and neck wholly white; young with
rump and upper tail-coverts always spotted or barred with grayish
or dusky, the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts streaked and
mottled with grayish brown and whitish or buffy...Larus (p. 580).

hh. Summer adults with head black, gray, or brown, forming a con-
spicuous “‘hood” in contrast with white or pink of under parts;
young with rump and upper tail-coverts immaculate white, the
interscapulars, scapulars, and wing-coverts grayish brown mar-
gined (but not streaked nor mottled) with whitish or buffy.

i. Very large (wing more than 450 mm.); bill very large and deep,
strongly decurved terminally, the gonydeal angle very promi-
nent; downy young unspotted..... Ichthyaétus (extralimital) -4

@ Leucophaeus Bruch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 108 (type, by original designation,
Larus scoresbit Traill).—Procellarus Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 211 (type, by
original designation, P. neglectus Bonaparte=Larus scoresbii Traill).—Epitelarus
Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 211 (type, by original designation, . [or Procellarus]
neglectus Bonaparte= Larus scoresbii Traill).

Southern South America. (Monotypic.)

>’Gabianus Bruch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 100 (ex Bonaparte, manuscript; type, by
original designation and monotypy, Larus pacificus Latham).

Australia and Tasmania. (Monotypic.)

¢Gelastes Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 212 (type, by tautonymy and original
designation, G. rubriventris Bonaparte= Larus gelastes Thienemann).—Lambruschinia
Salvadori, Cat. Ucc. Sardin., 1864, 128 (type, by original designation, Larus gelastes
Thienemann),

Mediterranean, Caspian, and Red Seas, Persian Guif, coasts of Africa, ete. (Mono-
typic.) .

@ Ichthyaetus Kaup, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 102 (type, by original designation and
tautonymy, Larus ichthyaetus Pallas).

Black Sea to India, Ceylon, etc. (Monotypic.)

564 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ii. Much smaller (wing less than 350 mm.); bill relatively much
smaller, much less strongly (sometimes hardly at all) decurved
terminally, the gony nea angle much less prominent, downy
young spotted.

j. Tarsus longer (usually much longer) than middle toe without
claw, decidedly to much longer than exposed culmen; pri-
maries partly black ‘“‘patterned;” summer adults with white
spots above and below eyes, or a white orbital ring; larger
(wing 247-348 mm.)........-..-.-.. Chroicocephalus (p. 635).

jj. Tarsus not longer than middle toe without claw, very slightly
longer than exposed culmen; primaries without black
‘‘pattern;” summer adults without white about eye; very
small (wing less than 225 mm.) .....-. Hydrocolzeus (p. 649).

gg. Adults with under parts wholly sooty brown or deep brownish gray

(the head and neck sometimes white); young wholly sooty brown,

the feathers of upper parts sometimes margined terminally or

tipped with paler brown, whitish or buffy .....- Blasipus (p. 652).

ce. Tail forked.

d. Exposed culmen equal to or longer than tarsus, the latter not longer than
middle toe with claw; bill deepest at base, distinctly decurved terminally;
tail nearly half as long as wing, forked for about one-third its length;
larger (wing 390-434, culmen 48.5-53); no black ring round neck.

Creagrus (p. 658).

dd, Exposed culmen decidedly shorter than tarsus, the latter decidedly longer

than middle toe without claw; bill deepest at gonydeal angle, not de-

curved terminally; tail decidedly less than half as long as wing, forked

for only about one-eighth its length; smaller (wing 260-285, culmen
25-28.5);summeradults with a black ring round upper neck. Kema (p. 662).

aa. Exposed culmen very little if any more than two-thirds as long as tarsus; tail
cuneate or graduated, the middle pair of rectrices longest and much longer

than‘the lateral pair). 25.2. 28.2 STREP EE oct Nee) ERROR Oe Rhodostethia (p. 668).

Genus RISSA Stephens.
Rissa STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, 1826, 180. (Type, by monotypy,
R. brunnichit Stephens=Larus tridactylus Linneeus.)
Cheimonea Kaur, Nat. Syst. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 84,196. (Type, Larus tridactylus
Linnzeus).
[??] Polocandora RericHeNBACcH, Nat. Syst. Vég., 1852 (1853), p. v. (Type not
indicated.)

Medium-sized Laride (wing, 293-330 mm.) with hallux absent or
rudimentary; tarsus much shorter than middle toe without claw,
not serrate behind; tail truncate or slightly emarginate, and young
with a black nuchal patch (in one species with a black area on lesser
wing-coverts and black band across tip of tail).

Bill decidedly shorter than head (the exposed culmen decidedly
shorter to very slightly longer than middle toe, without claw),
rather stout, moderately compressed, the tip distinctly decurved,
the culmen nearly straight basally but from above anterior end of
nostril gradually curved to tip; gonys less than half as long as man-
dibular rami, slightly but distinctly concave, its moderately promi-
nent basal angle much anterior to anterior end of nostril; nostril
with anterior end much posterior to middle of maxilla. Wing long

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 565

and pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal sec-
- ondaries by more than half the length of the wing. Tail two-fifths
as long as wing or a little more, truncate or slightly emarginate.
Tarsus relatively short, much shorter than middle toe without claw
(decidedly shorter to very slightly longer than exposed culmen),
the planta tarsi not serrate or roughened; hallux absent or rudi-
mentary, if present very minute and without claw; webs between
anterior toes full, scarcely if at all emarginate anteriorly.

Coloration.—Adults with head, neck, rump, tail-coverts, tail, and
under parts immaculate white; back, scapulars, and wings plain
bluish gray, the primaries with black and white “pattern” on distal
portion; in winter, the white of occiput, nape, and sides of chest
overlaid or clouded with color of back; young with a black patch
across hindneck, in one species with part of lesser wing-covert area
and a band across tip of tail also black.

Range.—Circumpolar regions, south, in winter, to Mediterranean
and Caspian Seas, Bermudas, and coasts of United States to about
35° N. (Two species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF RISSA.

a. Without black on hindneck. (Adults.)
b. Legs and feet blackish; exposed culmen 34-49. (Rissa tridactyla.)
ce. Hallux usually obsolete; smaller, except feet (averaging: Male, wing 312.7,
tail 128.4, culmen 38.7, tarsus 34.1, middle toe 41.1; female, wing 299.4,
tail 121.2, culmen 34.1, tarsus 31.5, middle toe 36.1). (Northern Atlantic
and adjacent portions of Arctic Ocean.)..Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (p. 565).
ec. Hallux usually obvious, often distinct though minute; larger, except feet
(averaging: Male, wing 323.6, tail 135.1, culmen 40, tarsus 33.9, middle toe
40.9; female, wing 320.6, tail 131.3, culmen 39.1, tarsus 33.7, middle toe
40). (Northern Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, and adjacent waters.)
Rissa tridactyla pollicaris (p. 571.)
bb. Legs and feet red (yellowish in dried skins); exposed culmen 28-31.5. (Bering
Senay sset. ASEe eae Sante «See le eee Rissa brevirostris (p. 573).
aa. With a black patch on hindneck. (Young.)
6. Anterior lesser wing-coverts and band across tip of tail black.
Rissa tridactyla tridactyla, young (p. 566).
Rissa tridactyla pollicaris, young (p. 571).
bb. Without any black on lesser wing-coverts or tail.
: Rissa brevirostris, young (p. 573).

RISSA TRIDACTYLA TRIDACTYLA (Linnzus).
KITTIWAKE,

Adults im summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail, and entire under parts, including axillars and under wing-
coverts, immaculate pure white; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and
secondaries plain light gray (between light and pale neutral gray), on
the secondaries passing into white terminally; primaries paler gray
(pale neutral gray), the five distal ones with their terminal portion
black, this color extending for about 82-83 mm. on the outermost (the

566 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

outer web of which is almost wholly black) and 18-20 mm. on the
fifth; proximal primaries pale neutral gray, scarcely paler terminally, ©
the sixth (from outside) sometimes with a black subterminal spot on
outer web, the fifth (from outside) tipped with white, the fourth some-
times also with a white terminal spot; bill pale yellow, more or less
tinged with greenish; rictus and inside of mouth orange-red or
vermilion (in life); iris dark brown; naked eye-ring orange-red or
vermilion (in life); legs and feet black or olivaceous-black.

Winter plumage.—Similar to the summer plumage but occiput,
nape, and hindneck (sometimes sides of chest also) washed with light
or pale neutral gray, the auricular region and a spot immediately in
front of eye darker gray or blackish gray, this color sometimes
extending across occiput.

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage but hindneck crossed by
a patch of black, anterior lesser wing-coverts with more or less of
black, proximal lesser coverts and tertials black centrally, primary
coverts and five outer primaries with outer webs black, tail crossed
at tip (except on outermost rectrices) by a broad band of black
(widest on middle rectrices), bill black, and legs and feet dusky
brownish.

Downy young.—Head, neck, wings, and under parts immaculate
white, the neck and base of wings more or less tinged with buff;
back, rump, and flanks yellowish gray, the down darker basally.

Adult male.—Wing, 298-324 (312.7); tail, 126-130 (128.4);
culmen, 38-39 (38.7); tarsus, 33-35 (34.1); middle toe, 39.5-43
(41.1).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 293-306 (299.4); tail, 114.5-126 (121.2);
culmen, 34-34.5 (34.1); tarsus, 31-32 (31.5); middle toe, 37-39
(3831)2

a Four specimens. b Five specimens.
— i
Ex- :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. wiaals
culmen. %
MALES,
One adult male'from Spitzbergent. 5428/2238 20. J ee. 323 130 39 34 41
One'adult male from Norwayse: [2 255. G8 8 ee. cc oceans codceees 298 128.5 39 33 89.5
One adult male from Davis Strait....... 222... .cckcceccecceces #306 | 126 39 385 41
One adult male from Maine (December).-..............-..----- 324 *| 129 38 34.5 43
Eleven:adult;malesiof W. t. pollicaris. cc be sac ce selelncie ss $23.6 | 135.1 40 | 33.9 40. 9
Ten adult males of R. brevirostris............2.0-csceeeccvcceees 311.6 | 125.4 29.4} 30.1 39. 3
FEMALES. |
Two'adult femalesfrom' France; . 222 2224 ck eo eS 301.5 | 123 34, 2 31.2 Sted
One adult female from Orkneys.....-- SAE. oie ae _ Aes 293 WAL 5ilteey eee 32 39
One adult female from Cumberland Gulf....................... 298 126 34 32 39
One adult female from New Hampshire (January)..........-. 303 119.5 | 34 31 37
Five adult females of Rat. pollicaris.s- 32124) 2.24.28 eS 320.6 | 131.3 39.1 33.7 40
Nine adult females of R. brevirostris... 22... 22. e ces cee ccc eee cek 312. 9. | 125. 7, 29.7 29. 8 39 3

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 567

Breeding in Arctic and Subarctic Europe and Asia, and North
America eastward of Mackenzie River, northward to northern
Greenland (Thank God Harbor), Ellesmere Island (Cape Union),
north of Wellington Channel, lat. 77° N., Melville Island (Winter
Harbor), Grinnell Land (Fort Conger), Jan Mayen Land, Franz
Josef Land, Spitzbergen, and other islands in Arctic Ocean, where
it has been observed as far northward as lat. 84° 52’, southward to
coast of Mackenzie (Franklin Bay), southern Greenland, Quebec
(Godbout; Point de Monts), islands in Gulf of St. Lawrence (Anti-
costi; Magdalen Islands), Shetland Islands, northwestern France,
and mainland of Arctic Europe and Asia; migrating southward,
regularly, to New England coast, Long Island Sound, coast of New
Jersey (Long Branch; Atlantic City), and Bermudas, irregularly
or casually to Vermont (Enosburg Falls, Nov. 12, 1906), New York
(Oak Orchard, Orleans County, April 10, 1881; Auburn, Jan. 4, 1854;
Oneida Lake, Nov. 9, 1890; Seneca Lake; Constantia, Oswego
County, Noy. 9, 1890), Pennsylvania (Lancaster; Erie, Oct. 17, 1900),
Ontario (Toronto, Oct. 31, 1899, and Nov., 1899), northeastern
Illinois (near Chicago, Dec. 9, 1896), Michigan (Neebish Island),
Missouri (Kansas City, 1897), Colorado (Boulder, Dec.), and Wyoming
(Douglas, Nov. 18, 1898); in Eastern Hemisphere migrating south-
ward to Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, and shores of Mediterranean,
Black, and Caspian Seas. .

[Larus] tridactylus Linnavs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 186 (Great Britain?); ed.
12, 1, 1766, 224.—Gmettn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 596.—Lataam, Index
Orn., ii, 1790, 817.—Rernuarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 443 (Greenland).—
MarrENs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 222 (Bermudas).—Covrs, Key N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 314.

Larus tridactylus Mijuuer, Natursyst., Suppl., 1776, 344.—Fasricirus, Fauna
Groenlandica, 1780, 98.—Rerzius, Fauna Suecica, 1780, 154.—Monr,
Island. Naturh., 1786, 41.—Brcusrein, Naturg. Deutschl., ii, 1791, 804.—
Meyer and Wotr, Taschenb. Deutschl., ii, 1810, 486.—Trmminck, Man.
d’Orn., 1815, 502; 2d ed., 1820, 774.—Mersner and Scuinz, Vég. Schweiz,
1815, 275.—Meyerr, Vog. Liv-u. Esthl., 1815, 236.—Nitsson, Orn. Suecica,
li, 1817, 174.—VirittoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxi, 1818, 503; Faune
Frang., Ois., 1828, 390.—O’Retmuxy, Greenland, 1818, 143.—Sasine (E.),
Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, 1819, 549 (Greenland); in Parry’s First Voy., Suppl.,
1821, p. cev (Davis Strait) —Lracu, in Ross’s Voy. Baffin Bay, 4to ed.,
App., li, 1819, p. liii—Sasine (J.) in Franklin’s Polar Sea, App., 1823, 695
(Hudson Bay).—Breum, Lehrb. Eur. Vég., 1823, 705.—Ross (J. C.), in
Parry’s Third Voy., App., 1826, 105 (North Somerset Land); in Parry’s Fourth
Voy., App., 1828, 195 (lat. 822°, beyond Spitzbergen).—Bonaparte, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828 (‘‘Synopsis”), 359.—WerneER, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828,
pl. 25.—Savi, Orn. Tosc., iii, 1831, 70.—Swarinson and RicHaRDson,
Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 423—M&netrits, Cat. Rais. Caucas., 1832, 56.—
Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 298.—Jenyns, Man.
Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 274.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 186, pl. 224;
Synopsis, 1839, 326; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 146, pl. 444.—-NauMANN,
Voég. Deutschl., x, 1840, 322, pl. 262.—Scuinz, Eur. Fauna., 1840, 385.—

568

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Crespon, Orn. Gard, 1840, 487.—NorpMaNnn, in Démidoff, Voy. Russ.
Mérid., iii, 1840, 281 (Odessa, 1 spec.).—Srtys-Loneacuampes, Faune Belge,
1842, 153.—YarRRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, iti, 1843, 444; 2d ed., iii, 1845, 562.—
ScHLEGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. cxxvi; Vog. Nederl., 1854, 599, pls. 350, 351;
Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, 236; Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 30.—
DrKay, Zool. New York, it, 1844, 361.—Hewrrson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1846,
439, pl. 124.—JarpINzE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 86 (Bermudas).—Dra@Lanp, Orn,
Eur., ii, 1849, 316.—Hurpts, in Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 13 (Bermudas.
March, 1849, several)—THompson, Birds Ireland, iti, 1851, 340.—Ksarr-
BOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 338, pl. 41.—Baty, Orn. Savoie, iv, 1854, 316.—
Hevatun, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 103 (n. Europe); Ibis, 1872, 65 (w. coast
Novaya Zemlya).—ArmstrRona, N. W. Pass. ‘Investigator,’ 1857, 347 (Prince
Albert Land).—Jones, Naturalist in Bermuda, 1859, 92.—Buanp, An. Rep.
Smithson. Inst., 1859, 289 (Bermudas).—LINDERMAYER, Vég. Griechenl.,
1860, 174.—MUtuErR, Vid. Medd., 1862 (1863), 70 (Faroe Islands).—Wriaurt,
Ibis, 1864, 151 (Malta); 1874, 238 (Malta)—Drcatanp and GERBE, Orn.
Eur., ii, 1867, 428.—Maumaren, Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Stockholm, 1863, 104;
1864, 387 (Spitzbergen).—Drostr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 386 (Faroes).—
Gray, (R.) Birds West Scotland, 1871, 478.—HeEve ttn, Ibis, 1872, 65 (Novaya
Zemlya).—GopMan, Ibis, 1872, 222 (Teneriffe, Canary Islands).—Har-
TING, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 77.—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 552.—
Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, v, 1873, 366 (s. Greenland).—PALMEN,
Finlands Fogl., 1873, 608.—SunpEvauL, Oefy. K. Vet.-Ak. Stockholm,
1874, 21 (Spitzbergen).—BrEssEzs, Bull. Soc. Geogr. Paris, 1875, 296 (Thank
God Harbor); Amerik. Nordpol-Exp., 1879, 312 (Smith Sound, lat. 81° 40/
N.).—MerriaM, Birds Conn., 1877, 132.—Ratusun (F. R.), Rev. List Birds
Centr. N. Y., 1879, 41 (Seneca Lake, 1 spec.).—SrEBouM, Ibis, 1879, 24;

‘1882, 385 (Archangel, Russia); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 340.—Ropp, Birds

Cornwall, 1880, 169.—Couttns, Rep. U. 8. Com. Fisheries for 1882 (1884), 330
(Grand Banks, etc.; habits).—RaAppg, Orn. Caucas., 1884, 479 (Caspian Sea?).
—Watter, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 240-250 (e. Spitzbergen).—StTEVENSON and
SoutHweEL., Birds Norfolk, iii, 1890, 334.—GArKr, Vogelw. Helgoland,
1891, 575.—JAcKEL and Buastus, VOg. Bayerns, 1891, 359.—CiaRKE (W. E.),
Ibis, 1899, 48 (Whale Point Harbor, etc., Spitzbergen; breeding on Ryk-ys
and King Charles islands).

Lf{arus] tridactylus Faser, Prodr, Island. Orn., 1822, 90 (Iceland).—KryYsERLING

and Brastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xev, 242.—Neruson, Bull. Essex Inst.,
viii, 1876, 146 (Lake Michigan, Illinois, rare winter visitant).

Larus trydactylus TEMMINCEK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 187.

[Gavia] tridactylus Bots, Isis, 1822, 563.

Cheimonea tridactyla Kaur, Nattirl. Syst., 1829, 84, 196.

[Cheimonea] tridactyla HEINE and ReicHEnow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 360.
Laroides tridactylus Breum, Voge. Deutschl., 1831, 754.

Rissa tridactyla BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 62.—MacGiLLVRAyY, Man.

Brit. Orn., 1842, 249; Hist. Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 515.—Gray, List Birds Brit.
Mus., Anseres, 1844, 174; Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, pl. 180, fig. 6; List Brit. Birds,
1863, 236.—Brenm, Naumannia, 1855, 294; Vogelfang, 1855, 341.—Harr-
LAUB, Orn. Westafrik., 1857, 253 (Senegal).—Lawrence, in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 854; Ann. Lyc. N.Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New
York City).—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 672.—WueEaToNn, Ohio
Agric. Rep., 1860, no. 270 (n. Ohio).—Rermuarpt, Ibis, 1861, 18 (Green-
Jand).—Coves,Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 304 (monogr.); Check List, 2d
ed.,1882, no. 782.—NrEwrTon, in Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 418; Ibis, 1865,
508 (Spitzbergen; habits); Arctic Man., 1875, 106.—Satvaport,Ucc. Sardin.,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 569

1864, 131; Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1872, 291; Ucc. Ital., 1887, 289.—Buastus,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 384 (crit.).—GopMANn, Ibis, 1866, 103 (Azores); Azores,
1870, 38.—Locue, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., 11, 1867, 185.—GILLETT, Ibis, 1870,
306 (Novaya Zemlya).—Fritscu, Vég. Eur., 1870, 464, pl. 56, fig. 9. —BLaKE-
Knox, Zoologist, n. s., 1870, 2119-2124 (plumages).—Saunpers, Ibis,
1871, 400 (Spin); 1884,391 (Gulf of Gascony); 1891, 188 (Lake Léman, Switzer-
land); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 163 (monogr.); Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv,
1878, 394 (range); ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 650; Man. Brit.
Birds, 1889, 667; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 458, part.—Gou.p, Birds
Great Brit., v, 1873, pl. 61 and text.—Co.tertt, Forh. Selsk. Christiania, 1873,
297 (n. Norway); N. Mag. Naturv., 1877, 211 (Norway).—Heve.r, Orn.
Nordost-Afr., Bd. ii, pt. 2, 1874, 1415 (Egypt, in winter).—IrBy, Om. Str.
Gibralt., 1875, 212.—Frempen, Ibis, 1877, 409 (Port Foulke, Smith Sound);
in Markham’s Polar Reconn., 1881, 334 (Novaya Zemlya); Trans. Norwich
Soc., iii, 1881, 209 (Franz Josef Land); iv. 1887, 351 (Labrador).—Ripeway,
Field and Forest, ii, 1877, 210 (Boulder Co., Colorado, 1 spec., Dec.); Proc-
U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 206 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 658); Nom. N. Am,
Birds, 1881, no. 658.—KumMLIeEN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 99 (Cum.
berland Sound).—Harrt, Zoologist, 1880, 207 (78° N. lat.).—Giaurout, Ibis,
1881, 219 (Italian records); Avif. Ital., 1886, 427; 1 Resoc. Avif. Ital., 1889, 51;
2 Resoc., 1890, 660.—CHAMBERLAIN, Birds New Brunsw., 1882, 61; Auk, vi,
1889, 213 (s. Greenland).—N«ratg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 654 (Franz
Josef Land).—MerruiaM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 241 (Point de Monts,
Quebec, breeding).—Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 398
(Birds Rock and Anticosti Island, breeding; habits).—Srearns, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., vi, 1878, 122 (Labrador).—Rem, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884,
267 (Bermudas, frequent).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds
N. Am., ii, 1884, 202, part.—Torre and Tscuust, Ornis, 1885, 561 (Hun-
gary ).—ALBARDA, Ornis, 1885, 630 (Holland),—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 40.— GrONDAL, Ornis, 1886,
371 (Iceland).—OLPHE-GALLIARD, Contr, Faun. Eur. Occid., fase. x, 1886,
82.—FiscHer and PELzELN, Mitt. Orn. Ver. Wien, 1886, 211 (Jan Mayen
Land).—Harvise-Brown and Bucxkiey, Faun. Sutherl., etc., 1887, 234;
Faun. Outer Hebrides, 1888, 150; Faun. Argyll, ete., 1892, 133.—ScHNEIDER,
Ornis, 1887, 551 (upper Alsace).—Tarr, Ibis, 1887, 396 (Portugal).—Taczanow-
SKI, Ornis, 1888, 508 (Poland).—Cooxke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 55
(Great Lakes); Birds Col., 1897, 50 (Boulder Co., Colorado?1 spec.).—GREELY,
Rep. Exped. Lady Franklin Bay, ii, 1888, 22 (Fort Conger, Grinnell Land).—
BisHop, Auk, vi, 1889, 145 (Magdalen Islands, breeding).—RxzicHENow,
Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 62.—Brusina, Orn. Croatia, 1889, 94.—
KELLER, Orn. Carinthiae, 1890, 302.—CLarKke (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 48
(Jan Mayen Land, breeding; descr. nest and eggs); Ibis, 1892, 442-447 (devel-
opment of rudimentary hallux); 1898, 267 (Franz Josef Land, breeding;
habits).—Rives, Cat. Birds Virg., 1890, 41 (Cobbs Island, Virginia, rare in
winter).—Borrer, Birds Sussex, 1891, 273.—Hacerur, Birds Greenland,
1891, 46.—Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 149 (Melville Bay); Birds
E. Penn. and N. J., 1894, 42.—Harrert, Ibis, 1892, 520 (e. Prussia, winter).
D’UrBaN and Matuews, Birds Devon, 1892, 371.—MacrHerson, Birds
Lakeland, 1892, 437.—Hartina, Journ. fiir Orn., 1893, 12 (Madeira Islands).—
Waite, Auk, x, 1893, 222 (Mackinaw Island, Michigan, migrant).—Buaae,
Ibis, 1893, 357 (Shetland Islands, breeding).—MrapE-WaLpo, Ibis, 1893, 206
(Canary Islands).—Litrorp, Col. Figs. Birds Brit. Is., pt. xxiv, 1893; Birds
Northampt., 1893, 406.—Baaa, Auk, xi, 1894, 162 (Constantia, Oswego Co.,
New York, Nov. 9, 1890).—Prarson and Bipwe tt, Ibis, 1894, 236 (n. Nor-

70 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

way).—UssH_er, Proc. Roy. Irish. Acad. (3), iii, 1894, 410.—Matuew, Birds
Pembrokshire, 1894, 103.—PkraARson, Ibis, 1896, 223 (Novaya Zemlya);
1898, 203 (Novaya Zemlya).—Wooprurr, Auk, xiv, 1897, 228 (Lincoln
Park, Chicago; no date)—Trrvor-Bartyg, Ibis, 1897, 593 (Spitzbergen).—
Posson, Auk, xvi, 1899, 193 (Orleans Co., w. New York; no date).—CHar-
MAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xii, 1899, 225 (Snow Bay, Greenland; Bird Rock,
Guli St. Lawrence; descr. different stages of young; crit.; descr. nest).—
Firemine, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 442 (Toronto, Ontario, Oct., Nov., 1899).—
Kouter, Wilson Bull., xxii, 1910, 187 (Essex Co., New Jersey, flock of 12;
Feb. 22, 1903).

R [issa[ tridactyla Gray, Gen Birds, iii, 1846, 655. —Riveway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x,
1874, 293 (Illinois, on Lake Michigan, in winter); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887,
25.—Covuss, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 748.

[Rissa] tridactyla LicHrENsTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 99.—BONAPARTE,
Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 771.—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 117, no. 11017.—
Forses and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 58, part.

[Rissa] iridactylus Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 103 (monogr.); 1855, 284 (monogr.).
—BonaparteE, Consp. Av., li, 1857, 225.

Rissa tridactylus Harrert and Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 102 (San Miguel,
Azores).

[Rissa tridactyla] a. tridactyla Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N.

Am., ii, 1884, 202.

Rissa tridactyla tridactyla Hanrzscn, Journ. fir Orn., July, 1908, 321 (Labrador).
AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 35.—(?) THAYER
and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 9, in text (Chuan Bay,
e. Siberia, breeding).—Cooxe, Bull. 292, U. S. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.),
1915, 16, fig. 6 (range and migrations).

Larus (Rissa) tridactylus DrostE, Vogelw. Borkum, 1869, 344.—Hevueuin, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1872, 125 (Arctic Europe).—Covss, Birds Northwest, 1874, 644.

Rissa trydactila Covis, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 247 (Eskimo Bay, Labra-
dor, Aug.).

Xema tridactylum JausERT and BarTHELEMY-LAPOMMERAYE, Rich. Orn. Fr.,
1859, 393.

[Larus] rissa BrisNNIcH, Orn. Bor., 1764, 42 (Iceland and Chirivtintncs Island, Nor-
way; occurs also near EIAGHnAY. —Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 224.
Larus rissa Puiers, Voy. North Pole, App., 1774, 187. BErcHsruny, Naturg.

Deutschl., ‘ii, 1791, 804.—Leacu, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mus., 1816, 40;in J. Ross’s
Voy. Baffin Bay, 8vo ed.,ii, App., 1819, 159.—Scorrssy, Arctic Voy., 1, 1820,
534.—Fiemina, Brit. Anim., 1828, 141.—Srxpy, Brit. Birds, i, 1838, 498,
pl. 94.—Gounp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 435 and text——MeEyEr, Brit.
Birds, vii, 1857, 139, pl. 305.—Hux ry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 430,

fig. 2 (skull).

Rissa rissa SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 143, part.

Rissa rissa rissa ScHaLow, Vogel der Arktis, 1904, 138 (synonymy, range, etc.).

Laroides rissa BreuM, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 755.

[Larus] nxvius Linnazus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 225 (Europe).—ScHAFFER,
Mus. Orn., 1789, 64.

Larus albus (not of Gunnerus, 1767) Mituer, Natursystems, Suppl., 1776, 108
(based on Mouette cendrée tachetée Brisson, Orn., vi, 1760, 185, pla hg2).

Larus cinerarius (not of Linnzeus) Fasricrus, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, 101

(=winter plumage). -

[Larus] riga.GmE.in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 594 (Boreal America, Europe, and.

Asia; founded on Larus rissa Braanlich; Orn. Bor., 1764, 42, no. 140, etc.).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 571

Larus riga Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 619.

Larus torquatus Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 328 (Baltic and White Seas).

Larus gavia Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 329 (Baltic and White Seas).

Rissa briinnichii SrePHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 181, pl. 21 (Arctic
Circle).

Laroides minor Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 756 (n. Europe).

Rissa minor BreuM, Vogelf., 1855, 341 (Europe); Naumannia, 1855, 294.

Rissa cinerea Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 52.

Risa borealis Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 341 (Greenland, rare in Europe); Naumannia,
1855, 294.

Rissa gregaria Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 341 (Europe); Naumannia, 1855, 294.

RISSA TRIDACTYLA POLLICARIS Stejneger.

PACIFIC KITTIWAKE.

Similar to R. t. tridactyla, but hallux rarely obsolete, usually dis-
tinct often with an obvious claw; black on outer webs of second and
third primaries (from outside) usually extending not so far along edge
from tips, and size averaging decidedly larger (except feet).

Adult male.—Wing, 309-330 (323.6); tail, 125-142 (135.1);
exposed culmen, 38-42 (40); tarsus, 31-36 (33.9); middle toe,
39-45 (40.9).?

Adult female.—Wing, 313-327 (320.6); tail, 127-135.5 (131.3);
exposed culmen, 36-43 (39.1); tarsus, 32-35 (33.7); middle toe,
39-42 (40).°

Breeding on islands and coasts of Bering Sea and adjacent portions
of Arctic and northern Pacific Oceans, northeastward to Herald Island,
Cape Lisburne, Icy Cape, and Point Barrow (rarely), southward to
Cook Inlet (Seldovia)—probably to Yakutat Bay—Shumagin
Islands and more eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and Commander
Islands, Kamchatka, westward, along Arctic coast, to Kolutschin.
Islands and Chaun Bay, Siberia; migrating southward to southern
California (San Diego Bay), Lower California (San Gerénimo Island;
Los Coronados Islands), and Japan (Yezo; Tokyo; faeonn Island,
July; Kuri Islands).

Larus ryssa (not L. rissa Briinnich, 1764) Parias, Spicil. Zool., v, 1769, 28.

Larus rissa Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 321 (Kamchatka).

[Rissa] rissa SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 143, part.

Larus tridactylus (not of Linnzeus) Krrrirrz, Isis, 1832, 1104 (n. w. North America);
Denkw. Reise Russ. Am. Mikron. and Kamtschatka, i, 1858, 248; ii, 1858,
225.—CoINDE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1860, 401 (Aleutian Islands).—BuakI-
ston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 217 (Yezo and Tokyo, Japan).—Apams, Ibis,
1878, 440 (St. Michaels, Alaska; habits) —Srrsoum, Ibis, 1879, 24; 1884, 32
(Kuril Islands); Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 294.—Biaxiston, Amend.
List Birds Japan, 1884, 34.—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 263 (Sitka,
Alaska).

a Eleven specimens. b Five specimens.

572 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Rissa tridactyla Dati and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 305 (Sitka,
Amak, etc., Alaska; Plover Bay, Siberia).—Frivscn, Abh. Nat. Ver.
Brem., iii, 1872, 84 (Alaska).—Datt, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 32 (Shu-
magin Islands, Alaska; habits)—BLAKiston and Pryer, Trans. Asiat.
Soc. Japan, vill, 1880, 190; x, 1882, 105.—TaczaNnowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1883, 398 (Kamchatka, etc.); Mém. Acad. St. Petersb., xxxix, 1893,
1049 (e. Siberia).—SaunpeErs, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 305, 458, part,

[Rissa] tridactyla ForBEs and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 58.
part (Kamchatka).

[Larus (Rissa)| brachyrhynchus (not Larus brachyrhynchus Richardson, 1831, nor
Gould, 1843) Brucs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 103 (North America).

Rissa brachyrhyncha TaczANowskt, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 264; Orn.
Faun. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 65.

Rissa nivea (not of Gray, 1845) Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 212 (nomen nudum).

[Larus (Rissa)| niveus Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 285 (excl. syn.).

R{issa] kotzebui (not of Bonaparte, 1854!) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 226.

Rissa kotzebui Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 305 (monogr.).—E..ioT,
Illustr., New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. 11, 1868, pl. 53, left-hand fig.,
and text.—STEJNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 60.

[Rissa] kotzebui Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 117, no. 11019.

[Larus tridactylus] var. kotzebui Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 314.

Larus tridactylus . . . var. kotzebui Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 552a.

Larus tridactylus var. kotzecbui Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 646; in Elliott’s
Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 199 (Pribilof Islands)—Eturorr, Mon. Pribylov
Group, 1882, 132 (breeding; very numerous).

Rissa tridactyla kotzebuei Ripaway, Cat. Aquat. and Fish-eating Birds, May,
1883, 29.

Rissa tridactyla kotzbuet Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 206
(Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 658a); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 658a.—BEAN,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 167 (Bering Sea).—NeEtson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in
1881 (1883), 105 (rocky shores Bering Sea; habits).—Goss, Auk, i, 1885,
222 (Port Townsend, Washington, March 2, 1882).—Sournwick and JENCKs,
Auk, ii, 1885, 313 (Nicasio, California).

[Rissa] kotzebwii BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 771.

Rissa tridactyla kotzebuii Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 783.

R{issa] tlridactyla| kotzebuii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 748.

Larus kotzebuei Newtson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, Jan., 1880, 35, in text (St.
Michaels, Alaska).

[Rissa tridactyla] b. pollicaris BArrp, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am.,
li, 1884, 202 (no type-locality indicated and no diagnosis; but intended as
subspecific designation of the North Pacific form; ex Stejneger, manuscript).

Rissa tridactyla pollicaris StEINEGER, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 78 (Com-
mander Islands, Kamchatka, breeding; crit., etc.).—TurNner, Auk, ii,
1885, 158 (Nearer Islands, Alaska); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 124 (St.
Michaels, etc., habits)—AmERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List,
1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 40a; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 36.—Netson, Rep. N. H.
Coll. Alaska, 1887, 49 (habits)—TowNsEND, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887),
98 (Pribilof Islands; Otter Island).—Patmgn, ‘Vega’-Exped., Bd. v, 1887, 361
(Bering Sea).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 663 (Middleton
I., Alaska).—Taczanowsk1, Mém. Acad. St. Petersb., xxxix, 18938, 1052
(e. Siberia). —ANTHoNy, Auk, xii, 1895, 177 (San Diego, California, Feb.);
xv, 1898, 267 (San Geronimo Island, Lower California; regular but not com-
mon winter visitant off San Diego and about Los Coronados Islands).—THAYER
and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 9 (breeding westward to

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 573

Koliuchin Islands, n. e. Siberia); Auk, xxxix, 1916, 44 (Saghalin Island,
Japan, July).—Cooxker, Bull. 292, U. S. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915,
19, fig. 6 (range and migrations).—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11,
1915, 21 (winter visitant, south to San Diego).—Brooxs (W. 8.), Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 375 (Commander Islands and e. coast Kamchatka,
May; e..coast Siberia; Bering Straits) —Granrn1, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 397
(Stepovak Bay, Alaska Peninsula, breeding).
R{issa] tridactyla pollicaris Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 25.
Rissa tridactyla (pollicaris?) LAWRENCE (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 353 (Gray’s Harbor,
i Washington, flock, Feb. 12).
Larus (Rissa) tridactylus . . . pollicaris PALMEN, ‘Vega’ Exped., v, 1887, 358 (n.e.
Siberia).
Rissa pollicaris StEINEGER, Auk, v, July, 1888, 310, in text.—GriNNELL, Pacific
Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June, 1902, 11 (California range).
Rissa brevirostris (not of Brandt) LAwWreENce, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix, 1858, 855, part.
Larus canus (not of Linneus) Livron, Condor, ix, 1907, 110 (Alamitos Bay, Los
Angeles Co., California, April 14),

RISSA BREVIROSTRIS (Bruch).

RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE.

Adulis in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail, and entire under parts immaculate pure white; back,
scapulars, and wings plain neutral gray, the secondaries broadly
tipped with white; outermost primary with outer web black, the
next mostly (sometimes wholly) black, the next three black subter-
minally (the black decreasing from about 63-64 mm. on the third to
about 19 mm. on the fifth), the tip of each gray, like back, ete.; proxi-
mal primaries neutral gray, their inner webs broadly edged, their
outer webs tipped with white, the sixth (rom outside) usually with
a black subterminal spot on outer web; bill lemon or chrome yellow,
slightly tinged with greenish terminally; rictus and inside of mouth
orange-red or vermilion (in life); iris dark brown; naked eye-ring
vermilion red (in life); legs and feet vermilion red (yellowish in dried
skins).

Winter plumage.—Similar to the summer plumage, but hindneck
tinged with neutral gray and auricular region with a transverse spot
or bar of the same.

Young.—Similar to adults but nape crossed by a broad band of
grayish black or blackish slate, auricular region with a transverse
spot or band of the same, and a suffusion of blackish in front of eye;
primary coverts and otter webs of three or four outer primaries
black, but no other black on wings and none on tail; bill black or
dusky; legs and feet brownish.

Downy young.—Head, neck, wings and under parts immaculate
white, the neck and base of wings more or less tinged with buff; back,
rump, and flanks yellowish gray, the down darker basally. (Appar-
ently identical in coloration with the same stage of 2. tridactyla.)

574 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male.—Wing, 300-321 (311.6); tail, 119-132 (125.4); exposed
culmen, 28-31.5 (29.4); tarsus, 28-32.5 (30.1); middle toe, 38-41
(39.3).%

Adult female.—Wing, 304-325 (812.9); tail, 114-132.5 (125.7);
exposed culmen, 29-30.5 (29.7); tarsus, 29-30.5 (29.8); middle: toe,
36.5-42 (39.3).°

Breeding on Pribilof Islands, western Aleutian (Nearer) Islands,
Alaska, and Commander Islands, Kamchatka; occurring also on
Otter Island (June 12-14, 1885) and St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea;
occasional or casual at St. Michaels, Alaska (1 specimen, Sept. 18,
1876), and accidental in Yukon Territory (Forty Mile, Oct. 12, 1899);
winter range unknown.

Larus brachyrhynchus (not of Richardson, 1831) Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1843 (pub. Dec., 1843), 106 (‘‘Russian America”); Zool. Voy. ‘Sulphur,’ 1844,
50, pl. 34.—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., 111, 1872, 84 (Sitka, Alaska).

R{tssa] brachyrhyncha Bonaparte, Consp. Av., U1, 1857, 226.

Rissa brachyrhyncha Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 306 (monoer.)

[ Rissa] brachyrhyncha Gray, Hand-list, 111, 1871, 117, no. 110i8. “

Rissa nivea (not Larus niveus Pallas) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844,
174.—REICHENBACH, Novit. Natat., 1850, pl. 269, fig. 2254.—LAWRENCE, in
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 855.—Barirp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
i859, no. 675.—Enuiot, New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. ii, 1868 (vol. ii),
pl. 53, right-hand fig., and text.

R [issa] nivea Gray, Gen. Birds, ui, 1846, 655.

[Rissa] nivea Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 771.

[Rissa] niveus Brucn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 285 (monogr.).

[Larus] brevirostris Brucw, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 103 (northwestern America).—
Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 315.

Larus brevirostris Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 353; in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska,
1875, 199.—Extto7t, Monogr. Pribylov Group, 1882, 133 (breeding; habits).

Larus (Rissa) brevirostris Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 285.—Covgs, Birds North-
west, 1874, 646.

[Rissa] brevirostris Brucu, Journ. fiir. Orn., 1855, 285.—Suarre, Hand-list, 1,
1899, 143.—Forsess and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 58.

Rissa brevirostris LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv’, ix, 1858, 855.—
Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 674.—Dauut and BANNISTER, Trans.
Chicago Ac. Sci., 1, 1869, 305 (St. George Island, Pribilof group).—Finscu,
Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 85 (n. w. coast of America).—SAUNDERS,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 164 (monogr.); Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv, 1878, 394
(range); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 312.—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., ili, 1880, 206 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 659); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 659.—Coves, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 784.—NeELson, Cruise ‘Cor-
win’ in 1881 (1883), 105 (Aleutian and Pribilof Islands; St. Matthew Island);
Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 50 (habits).—Bay]rp, Brewer, and Ripeway,
Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 207.—Srryneaer, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, -
1883, 60 (Bering Island); Auk, i, 1884, 358 (not occuring on Okotsk Sea); Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 82 (Commander Islands, Kamchatka, breeding).—
Turner, Auk, ii, 1885, 158 (Attu Island, Aleutians, breeding); Contr. N. H.

a Ten specimens. b Nine specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 575

Alaska, 1886, 124 (Aleutians and Pribilof Islands; St. Michaels, 1 spec., Sept.
18, 1876).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed.,
1895, no. 41; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 36.—TowNsEND, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887),
98 (Pribilof Islands; Otter Island).—Taczanowsk1, Mém. Ac. Bt. Petersb. |
xxxix, 1893, 1053 (e. Siberia).—Cuark (A. H.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii,
1910, 35 (near Unalaska Island; western Aleutians; Commander Islande).—
Cooke, Bull. 292, U. 8. Dept. Agric., (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 21, fig. 7 (range and
migrations).

R{tssa] brevirostris Datu, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., v, 1873, 32 (Pribilof Islands).—
Covers, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 748.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds,
1887, 25.

[Larus (Laroides)| citrirostris ‘‘Schimper” Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 284
(Kamchatka).

[Rissa] kotzebuii Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 212 (western North America -
California).

Larus warnecki CoInDE, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1860, 401 (St. Paul Island, Bering
Sea).

Genus PAGOPHILA Kaup.

Gavia (not of J. R. Forster, 1788) Bore, Isis, 1822, 563. (Type, Larus eburneus
Phipps=L. albus Gunnerus.)

Pagophila Kaur, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 69.
typy, Larus eburneus Phipps=L. albus Gunnerus.)

Cetosparactes MACGILLIVRAY, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 251. (Type, Larus eburneus
Phipps=ZL. albus Gunnerus.)

(Type, by mono-

Medium-sized Laridz (wing 300-362 mm.) with tarsus larger than
middle toe without claw, roughly granulated or almost serrate behind,
the scutella on front (as well as those of toes) large and prominent;
webs of feet deeply incised; longer primaries attenuated and sub-
falcate terminally, and color wholly pure white in adults, sparsely
spotted with blackish in young.

Bill much shorter than head (the exposed culmen usually a little
shorter, rarely slightly longer, than tarsus), relatively stout, very
slightly compressed; culmen nearly straight or even faintly concave
basally, gradually decurved from above middle of nostril; gonys
half as long as mandibular rami or slightly more, straight, ascending
terminally, its basal angle prominent; nostril relatively large, its
broader anterior end slightly posterior to gonydeal angle. Wing long
and pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding tertials by
considerably more than half length of wing, the longer primaries
attenuated and subfalcate terminally. Tail more than two-fifths as
long as wing, truncate. Tarsus longer than middle toe without claw,
about as long as exposed culmen (usually a little longer, rarely slightly
shorter),stout, the transverse scutella of acrotarsium large and prom-
inent, the planta tarsi roughly granulated or almost serrate; anterior
toes with thick and prominent transverse scutella, the lateral ones with
roughly granulated outer edges, the connecting webs of anterior toes
rather deeply incised; hallux well-developed (rather large for the

576 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

family), with well-developed, rather large, claw; claws of anterior
toes large and strongly curved; bare portion of tibia very short, in-
cluding only the extreme lower portion.

Coloration.—Adults (at least in summer) entirely immaculate
white; young (and winter adults?) white, sparsely spotted with
dusky.

Range.—Circumpolar regions, south in winter to British Islands,
France, Long Island, Lake Ontario, British Columbia, etc. (Mono-
typic.)

PAGOPHILA ALBA (Gunnerus).

IVORY GULL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Entirely immaculate white, the
shafts of primaries yellowish; bill greenish gray or olivaceous (drying
more dusky) basally (as far as anterior end of nostrils), the terminal
portion yellow (sometimes tinged with red or orange), the tomia
yellowish or horn color; isis dark brown; bare orbital ring brick red
or vermilion; legs and feet black.

Winter plumage.— (Undetermined or undescribed.)

Young.—Similar to adults, but anterior portion of head grayish
brown or brownish gray, primary coverts, primaries, tertials, longer
scapulars, and rectrices with a terminal or subterminal spot of dusky,
and lesser wing-coverts with small central spots of the same; bill
blackish, clouded with pale yellowish.

Downy young.—Entirely pure white, even to the base of the down.

Adult male.—Wing, 318-362 (333.6); tail, 128.5-156.5 (137.4);
exposed culmen, 31-36 (34.9); tarsus, 33-38 (35.8); middle toe,
2955-30 (Bont ce

Adult female.—Wing, 300-327 (315.7); tail, 133-137 (135); ex-
posed culmen, 33-34 (33.3); tarsus, 35-39 (86.3); middle toe, 31.5-
34.5 (33)

a Five specimens. b Three specimens.
Ex-
penaies 7 1. posed | m,..,. | Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | eal Tarsus. +08:
men.
MALES.
One adult male from southern Greenland..............-.----- 318 128.5 31 33 29. 5
Two adult males from head of Cumberland Gulf.............. 332.5 | 136.5 36. 2 36. 2 35
One adult male from Quebee (Godbout, December)........--- 323 129 35 35.\5 34
One adult male from Bering Island, Kamchatka..............| 362 156.5 36 38 35
FEMALES.
One adult female from off northeast Greenland............--- 300 137 34 85 31.5
Two adult females from head of Cumberland Gulf. ........... 323.5 | 134 33 37 Boer!

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 577

Breeding on islands in Arctic Ocean, chiefly northward of Europe
. and Asia, where noted as far northward as lat. 85°; in Arctic America
breeding from Prince Patrick Island, Melville Island (Winter Harbor),
Ellesmere Land, and northwestern Greenland (Thank God Harbor;
Rensselaer Bay) to coast of northern Mackenzie (Darnley Bay) and
northern Baffin Land (Port Bowen); in Arctic Asia breeding on
Polynia Island, Spitzbergen, etc.; migrating southward in winter as
far as British Columbia (Dease Lake, Sept., 1889; Penticton, Oct.,
1897; Okanagan Lake, Noy. 1, 1907), Pribilof Islands (St. George
Island, 1 specimen), Kowak River, and Point Barrow (Oct., Sept.),
Alaska; Commander Islands, Kamchatka (Bering Island, Dec. 2,
1875), Ontario (Toronto, Dec. 15, 1887), Quebec (Point de Monts,
April, 1877), New Brunswick (St. Johns, Nov., 1880; Grand Menan),
coast of Labrador (Okak; Rigolet), Nova Scotia (Halifax), Maine
(Penobscot Bay, Dec., 1894), Massachusetts (Monomoy Island,
Dec. 1, 1886), and Long Island (Sayville, Jan. 5, 1893); in Europe
southward (casually) to Iceland, Faroe Islands, northern France,
Switzerland (Lake Léman), northern Russia (Archangel), etc.

[?] Larus albus GUNNERUS, in Leem’s Beskr. Finm. Lapper, 1767, 285 (northern
Norway).@

Larus albus ScHAEFFER, Mus. Orn., 1789, 65, pl. 42.

Gavia alba STEJNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, June 5, 1882, 39 (crit. nomencl.).—
AMERICAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895,
no. 39.—NeEtson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 49 (Point Barrow; Murchi-
son Bay, Spitzbergen, breeding).—Grerrty, Rep. Exped. Lady Franklin
Bay, ii, 1888, 22.—Brnprre, Auk, v, 1888, 202 (Storen, n. coast Spitzbergen,
breeding; descr. eggs) —CHAMBERLAIN, Auk, 1889, 213 (s. Greenland).—
REICHENOW, Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 62.—HacrErup, Birds Green-
land, 1891, 46.—Strone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 148, 149 (Melville
Bay, July; measurements, etc.)—Taczanowsxkt, Mém. Acad. St. Petersb.,
xxxix, 1893, 1055 (e. Siberia and s. to Petropaulski, Kamchatka).—DurcHEr,
Auk, xii, 1895, 290 (Great South Bay, Long Island, Jan. 5, 1893).—Scuatow,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1899, 380 (Spitzbergen, breeding; descr. eggs); Végel der
Arktis, 1904, 135 (synonymy, range, etc.).

G[avia] alba Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 24.

[Gavia] alba HeInE and RetcHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 360.

Pagophila alba Cours, Auk, xiv, July, 1897, 313.—AmeErRIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union Commitrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 99; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, p. 35.—
Errrig, Auk, xxii, 1905, 235 (Cape Fullerton, Sept. 22, 1904).—F.LEmINe,
Auk, xxiii, 1906, 442 (Toronto, Ontario, Dec. 15, 1887).—Presie, North Am.
Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 262 (breeding at Port Bowen and Darnley Bay, Arctic
America; Waiter Harbor, Melville Island, May; Assistance Harbor, Welling-
ton Channel, Sept.)—Kerrmope, Provincial Mus. Victoria, 1909, 24 (Dease
Lake, Cassiar, and Okanagan Lake, Brit. Columbia).—Cooxer, Bull. 292,
U.S. Agric Dept. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 14, fig. 5 (range and migrations).

@ See Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 301, footnote.
40017—19—Bull, 50, pt S——88

578

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Larus eburneus Purers, Voy. North Pole, App., 1774, 187 (coast of Spitzbergen).—

BoNNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 87.—TemmMinck, Man. d’Orn., 1815,
498; 2d ed., 1820, 769; pt. 4, 1840, 474.—VietL1ot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., ©
xxi, 1818, 494; Faun. Fran¢., 1828, 389.—Nitsson, Orn. Suecica, 1817, 171.—
O’ Rettiy, Greenland, 1818, 142.—Sasrine (E.), Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, 1819,
348 (Baffin Bay); Parry’s First Voy., Suppl., 1821, p. eciv (Davis Strait).—
Leacu, in Thompson’s Ann. Philos., xii, 1819, 61 (Baffin Bay); in Ross,
Voy. Baffin Bay, App., ii, 1819, p. liv; 8vo. ed., ii, 1819, 160.—ScorEsBy,
Arctic Voy., 1, 1820, 535 (Spitzbergen).—Mansy, Voy. Greenl., 1822, 50.—
Breum, Lehrb., 1824, 703.—SrerHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826,
195.—Ross (J. C.), Parry’s Third Voy., App., 1826, 104 (Davis Strait and
Baffin Bay); Parry’s Fourth Voy., App., 1828, 194 (Spitzbergen and north-
ward).—WeERNER, Atlas Palmipédes, 1828, pls. 21, 22—Bonarartg, Ann-
Lyc. N. Y., 1, 1828 (Synopsis), 360.—Swarnson and RicHarpson, Fauna
Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 419.—Lzusson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 618.—SE.By, Brit. Birds,
li, 1833, 497, pl. 94.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834,
301.—AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1835, 571, pl. 287; Synopsis, 1839, 326;
Birds Am., 8vo. ed., vii, 1844, 150, pl. 445.—Jmnyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr.,
1835, 276.—Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 53.—Gouxip, Birds Europe, v,
1837, pl. 487 and text.—NaumMANN, V6g. Deutschl., x, 1840, 341, pl. 263;
Anhang, 1860, 277.—YarRRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 449; 2d ed., iii,
1845, 567.—ScHLEGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, 126; Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari),
1863, 6.—DxEGLAND, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 315 — KyaERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle,
1852, 337, pl. 41; Suppl., 1854, pl. 22.—Carre, Journ. Roy. Dublin Soc., i,
1856, 57, pl. 1 (habits; egg)—Mryer, Brit. Birds, vii, 1857, 143, pl. 306.—
Miitter, Vid. Medd., 1862 (1863), 72 (Faroe Islands)—MatLMGREN, Oefv.-
Ak. Férh. Stockholm, 1863, 102; 1864, 385 (Spitzbergen).—Hancock, Ibis,
1867, 253 (Islay Island).—Drosres, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 387 (Faroes).—Hrvua-
LIN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 103 (n. Europe); Ibis, 1872, 65 (Matthews Strait and
west coast Novaya Zemlya).—Harrinea, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 122
(Assistance Harbor, Barrow Straits, 744° N., 744° W.); Handb. Brit. Birds,
1872, 174.—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 481.—Patmén, Finlands
Foglar, 1873, 610.—Finscu, Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, v, 1873, 365 (s. Green-
land).—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 550.—SuNpEvaLL, Giv. Ak. Foérh.,
1874, 21 (Spitzbergen).—[?] SwryuHogr, Ibis, 1875, 140 (Chefoo, China; seen
only).—Berssexts, Bull. Soc. Geogr. Paris, 1875, 296; Amerik. Nordpol-
Exped., 1879, 312 (Polaris Bay).—Buner, Mél. Biol. Acad. St. Petersb., xii,
livr. 1, 1884, 49 (Lena delta, Siberia).—SrEBoum, Ibis, 1882, 385 (Archangel,
Russia); Hist. Brit. Birds, 111, 1885, 337.—Mruats, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1886, 137 (Thurso and East Haven, Caithness, Scotland).—CouLert, Ibis,
1888, 440, pl. 13 (Spitzbergen; descr. nest, eggs, and downy young); Tromsé
Mus. Aarsheft., xiii, 1890, 187-196, with map (account of colony on Spitz-
bergen); Nyt Mag. Naturv., Bd. xxxv, 1894, 312 (Norway).—GArKE,
Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 582.—Watrser, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 238, 241,
244, 246, 247, 249, 250 (e. Spitzbergen).—CiarKeE (W. E.), Ibis, 1899, 48
(Whale Point Harbor, King Ludwig Islands, Ryk-ys Islands, King Charles
Islands, and Olga Straits, Spitzbergen).

[Larus] eburneus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. ii, 1789, 596.—LatHam, Index Orn.,

li, 1790, 816.—Covgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 314.

L{arus] eburneus Keyseruine and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xevi, 242.
Larus eburnea Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 292 (Spitzbergen; descr.

nest, eggs, and young).

Gavia eburnea Bore, Isis, 1822, 563.—Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 765.—Bona-

PARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 62; Cat. Ucc. Eur., 1842, 77.

Gavia eburneus Born, Isis, 1822, 876.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 579

Pagophila eburnea Kaur, Sk. Entw. Eur. Thierw. (Natiirl. Syst.), 1829, 69.—
Gray, List Gen. Birds, ed. 1841, 90 and App. p. 15; List Birds Brit. Mus.,
Anseres, 1844, 174; Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, pl. 180, fig. 1; List Brit. Birds, 1863,
237.—REICHENBACH, Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 5; Av. Syst. Nat., Longipennes,
1852, p. v.—LicutensteIn, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 99.—ReriInHARDT,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 443 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 18 (Greenland).—Breum,
Naumannia, 1855, 295.—Carre, Jour. Roy. Dublin Soc., i, 1856, 57, pls. 1, 2
(Prince Patrick Island; descr. eggs).—LawreENcE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 856.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no 676.—Evans
and Sturae, Ibis, 1859, 171 (w. Spitzbergen).—NeEwron, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1861, 400 (Spitzbergen; descr. eggs); Ibis, 1865, 507 (Spitzbergen;
habits; descr. nest and eggs; crit.); Arctic Man., 1875, 105.—Covgs, Proc.
| Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 308 (monogr.); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 785.—
| Wriaut, Ibis, 1866, 216 (Polynia Islands; Prince Patrick Id.; breeding).—
MatmGREN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 200 (Spitzbergen).—Buastivs, Journ. fir
Orn., 1865, 384 (crit.)—Dranuanp and GEeRBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 405.—
Locue, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 188 (Algeria?).—Frirscu, Vég. Eur.,
1867, 464, pl. 55, figs. 3, 5.—GitueTT, Ibis, 1870, 306 (Novaya Zemlya).—
Cottett, Forh. Selsk. Christiania, 1873, 297 (n. Norway); N. Mag. Naturv.,
1877, 210 (n. Norway).—PELzELN, Ibis, 1873, 52 (spec. in coll. Leverian
Mus.)—GouLp, Birds Great Brit., v. 1873, pl. 62 and text.—Dressrr, Birds
Europe, viii, $877, 349, pl. 595.—Friipen, Ibis, 1877, 409 (Smith Sound;
n. to 82° 20’, s. to Baffin Bay); Zoologist, 1878, 417; 1879, 8 (Prince Albert
Land); in Markham’s Polar Reconn., 1881, 334 (Novaya Zemlya); Trans.
Norwich Soc., iii, 1881, 209-211 (Franz Josef Land); iv, 1887 351 (Digges
Island, Hudson Bay).—SaunpeErs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 162 (monogr.) ;
ed. Yarrell’s Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1884, 656; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 669; Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 301; Ibis, 1904, 234 (Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia,
July, Sept., not breeding).—Kumuten, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 99
(Cumberland Sound).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 206 (Cat.
N. Am.Birds no. 657); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 657.—Brewster, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 187 (St. Johns, New Brunswick, Nov., 1880).—Mer-
RIAM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 241 (Point de Monts, Quebec, April,
1877).—CHAMBERLAIN, Bull. N. H. Soc. New Brunswick, 1882, 61.—NEALE,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 653 (Franz Josef Land).--NEtson, Cruise ‘Corwin’
in 1881 (1883), 104 (Tafkau, n. e. Siberia; off Herald Island; etc.).—Bririsa
OrniITHOLOGISTS’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 186.—TaczaNowsk1, Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 341 (Kamchatka).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway,
Water Birds, ii, 1884, 198.—Cuapman, Trans. N. H. Soc. Northumberl., viii,
pt. 1, 1884, 155 (Spitzbergen, breeding).—Cocks, Zoologist, 1884, 13 (Spitz-
bergen).—McLenecGan, Cruise ‘Corwin,’ 1884, 124 (Hotham Inlet or Kowak
River, Alaska)—Homeyir, Ornis, 1885, 80 (Germany).—Murpocu, Rep.
Point Barrow Exped., 1885, 122 (Point Barrow, Alaska).—GRO6ONDAL, Ornis,

. 1886, 37 (Iceland).—Patmén,’ Vega’-Exped. Vetensk., v, 1887, 356 (all
along Siberian coast)—BucktEY and Harvyie-Brown, Faun. Orkney
Islands, 1891, 229; Fauna Argyll and Inner Hebrides, 1892, 189.—Far1o
and StupeEr, Cat. Ois. Suisse, 1892, 62 (Lake Léman).—Lirorp, Col. Figs.
Brit. Birds, pt. xxvi, 1893.—CLarkk (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 50 (Jan Mayen
Land); Ibis, 1898, 264 (Franz Josef Land, breeding; habits; descr. nest and
eggs; etc.).—Popuam, Ibis, 1897, 106 (Ugor Strait) —Trevor-Barrye, Ibis,
1897, 592 (Spitzbergen; habits).—Prarson, Ibis, 1898, 202 (Bear Bay, Novaya
Zemlya).—CHApMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xii, 1899, 225 (Sukkertoppen,
Greenland, Oct., Nov.).

»

580 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

P{agophila] eburnea Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 654.—Coves, Key N. Am. Birds,
; 2d ed., 1884, 749.

[Pago phila] eburnea Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 212; Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856;
771.—SHarPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 143.—ForBes and Rosrinson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 58 (Melville Island; Wellington Channel,
Spitzbergen).

[Larus (Pagophila)] eburneus Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 106; 1855, 286 (monogr.)

[Pagophila] eburneus BoNAPARTE, Consp. AV., li, 1857, 230.

Larus (Pagophila) eburneus Heve.tin, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 125 (Arctic Europe).—
Cougs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 648. .

Cetosparactes eburneus Macattiuivray, Man. Brit. Orn., pt. ii, 1842, 252; Brit.
Birds, v, 1852, 508.

Larus candidus Miuuer, Prodromus Zool. Danm., 1776, p. viii (Greenland).—
Fasricius, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, 103.—FLemine, Brit. Anim., 1828, 142.

Larus niveus BoppakErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 58 (based on Gotland blane du
Spitzbergen Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 994).—Marmorran and Vian, Bull. Soe.
Zool. France, 1879, 249 (Crotoy, France).

Gavia nivea Bren, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 766.

[Pagophila] nivea BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 771.

[Pagophila] niveus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., li, 1857, 230.

Larus cyanorhinchus TeMMINcK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 186, 187 (new name for Larus
eburneus ‘‘Lath[am]’’).

Larus brachytarsus HOLBouL, Fauna Groénl., 1846, 52.

L{arus] brachytarsus HOuBoiL, Naturhist. Tidsskr., iv, 1843, 422 (Greenland).

Larus (Pagophila) brachytarsus Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 106.

Pagophila brachytarsus Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 309 (monogr.).

[Pagophila] brachyiarsa Retnuarvt (J.), Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 443 (Greenland).

? Pagophila brachytarsa RerNHarvt (J.), Ibis, 1861, 18 (Greenland; crit.).

[Larus (Pagophila)] brachytarsus Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 287 (monogr.).

Pagophila brachytarsa BONAPARTE, Naumannia, 1854, 212.

Pagophila brachytarsi LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
856.—Batirp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 677.

Genus LARUS Linnecus.

Larus Linnajus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 136. (Type, as designated by
Gray, 1840, Larus glaucus Linneus=L. hyperboreus Gunnerus.)

Lencus Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 84. (Type, as designated by Gray, 1855,
Larus marinus Linneus.)

Leucus (emendation) Gray, App. List Gen. Birds, 1842, 15.

Laroides Bren, Isis, 1830, 993. (Type, as designated by Gray, 1840, Larus
major Brehm=Larus argentatus Pontoppidan. )

Plautus (not of Gunnerus, 1761, nor Briinnich, 1771) Rercuunsacn, Av. Syst.
Nat., Longip., 1852, p. 2; Nat. Syst. Véz., 1852 (1853), p..v. (Type, by
monotypy, Larus glaucus Briiinich=L. hyperboreus Gunnerus.)

Glaucus (not of Forster, 1800) Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 101. (Type, by
tautonymy, Larus glaucus Briinnich=L. hyperboreus Gunnerus.)

Dominicanus Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 100. (Type, by tautonymy, Larus
dominicanus Lichtenstein. )

Gavina Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 212. (Type, Larus audouint Payreau-
deau.)

Clupeilarus BONAPARTE, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 220. (Type, Larus fuscus
Linnzus. )

Einalia® Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 358.
(New name for Laroides Brehm, on grounds of purism.)

@ Kivadwos, of the sea. (Richmond.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 581

Medium sized to very large Laride (wing 317-497 mm.) with the
well-developed hallux entirely free from inner toe; tibia with at least
— Jower third unfeathered; tarsus longer than middle toe without claw,
the planta tarsi not rugose or serrated; tall truncate or very slightly
rounded; adults with head, neck, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail and
entire under parts immaculate white (the head and neck streaked
or clouded with grayish in winter); young with rump and upper
tail-coverts always spotted, barred or mottled with grayish or dusky,
back, scapulars, and wing-coverts streaked and mottled with grayish
brown and whitish or buffy, and under parts more or less washed or
mottled with grayish brown.

Bill shorter than head (the exposed culmen shorter than middle
toe with claw), variable as to relative depth, and prominence of
gonydeal angle.

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF LARUS.

a. Head, neck, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and entire under parts immaculate
white (the head and neck, at least in part, streaked or mottled with gray or
brown in winter). (Adulis.)

6. Depth of bill at gonydeal angle contained less than four and a half times in
length of tarsus; middle toe, without claw, not less than 45 mm.; mandible
with a subterminal spot of red.

c. Gray of primaries fading gradually into white terminally, without darker
subterminal markings.

d. Larger (wing 425-474; tail 172.5-216; culmen 49-67.3). (Circumpolar
regions, south in winter to Long Island, Great Lakes, California, Medi-
terranean, Black and Caspian Seas, Japan, etc.). Larus hyperboreus (p. 584).

dd, Smaller (wing 379-394; tail 155-165; culmen 40.5-44.5). (Northern Atlantic

and adjacent parts of Arctic Ocean, south in winter to Long Island,
Great Lakes, British Islands, Baltic Sea, etc.).Larus leucopterus (p. 590).

ec. Gray of primaries succeeded by abruptly darker subterminal spaces and
abruptly white tips.

d. Subterminal spaces on primaries gray.

e. Second primary (from outside) very pale gray, very broadly tipped with
white, the outer web with an elongated subterminal area of gray, sharply
defined against the paler ground color.

f. Smaller (wing 393-416; tail 161-166; culmen 43-47; tarsus 53-56; middle
toe, 49.5-52.5). (Northeastern North America, south in winter to
Connecticut and New York.)...........---- Larus kumlieni (p. 593).

ff. Larger (wing, 417-468; tail, 172.5-194; culmen, 51-57; tarsus, 61-69;
middle toe, 54-64). (Coast of Alaska, south in winter to Lower
Calitoninias)aeees siete eas oe ee ee eos oe Larus nelsoni (p. 595).

ee. Second primary (from outside) deep gray, either to extreme tip or else

with very small white tip and a small white space some distance from
tip, on one or both webs. (Size of L. nelsoni.) (Northern Pacific
Ocean and Bering Sea, south in winter to Lower California, northern
JAW ANS TCH) Seta ak SEAL Me ae Ete wets «5 Larus glaucescens (p. 597).

dd. Subterminal spaces on primaries black, at least in part.

e. Subterminal spaces on primaries partly blackish slate. (Size of LD.
kumlieni, but with darker back, etc., and heavier bill.) (Ellesmere
Warrdtand northern Alaskas)s.-0ee soot ct eae Larus thayeri (p. 600).

582 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ee. Subterminal spaces on primaries wholly black.

f. Shafts of primaries within black subterminal spaces white; tarsus 73-77,
middle toe 69-74.5. (Northern Atlantic Ocean, south in winter to
coast of United States, Great Lakes, Canary Islands, etc.)

Larus marinus (p. 601).
ff. Shafts of primaries within the black subterminal spaces black; tarsus
less than 73, middle toe less than 69.
g. Color of back, ete., deep or dark gray (not paler—usually much
darker—than neutral gray).
h. Second primary (from outside) with a distinct gray ‘“‘wedge” on
inner web.

i. Larger (wing, 436-470; tail, 179-196; culmen, 54-65.5; tarsus,
59-72; middle toe, 55.5-65.5). (Bering Sea and northern Pa-
cific Ocean, south to Japan.).....-.- Larus schistisagus (p. 605).

vi. Smaller (wing, 423-425; tail, 157-165.1; culmen, 51.5-52.1; tarsus

61-68.5; middle toe, 49-54). (Northern Europe and Asia,

south in winter to northern Africa; accidental in Greenland.)

Larus affinis (p. 608).

hh. Second primary (from outside) without distinct gray ‘“‘wedge”
on inner web.

7. Gonydeal angle very prominent, the depth of bill at angle
(21.6-24.1) much greater than at base; legs and feet flesh color
in life; middle toe 55.5-65.5. (Pacific coast of North America.)

Larus occidentalis (p. 610).

vi. Gonydeal angle not conspicuously prominent, the depth of bill
at angle (15.2-17.3) little if any greater than at base; legs and
feet yellow in life; middle toe 41.9-49.5. (Northern Europe,
south in winter to Mediterranean Sea, Canary Islands, Red Sea,
PersiamGulfi \ete:): 201.,24. 29s Larus fuscus (extralimital).¢

gg. Color of back, ete., light to pale gray (paler than neutral gray).
h. Mandible without a black subterminal spot; iris light yellow.

i. Legs and feet (in life) flesh color.

j. Naked eye-ring (in life) flesh color; color of back, etc., paler
(pallid neutral gray or light gull gray). (Northern Europe and
North America, south in winter to Mediterranean, Black, and
Caspian seas, Bahamas, Cuba, Yucatan, and western Mexico.)

Larus argentatus (p. 612).
jj. Naked eye ring (in life) vermilion red; color of back, etc.,
darker (light neutral gray). (Bering Sea and adjacent
parts of Arctic Ocean, south in winter to California, Japan,

coast of China, Formosa, and Bonin Islands.)
Larus vegee (p. 618).

a [Larus] fuscus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 1386; ed., 12, i, 1766, 225;
Gould, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 431 and text; Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, pl. 56 and
text; Naumann, Vég. Deutschl., x, 1840, 419, pl. 267; Schlegel, Vog. Nederl., 1854,
597, pls. 345, 346; Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1873, 421, pl. 603; Saunders, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 250.—Leucus fuscus Kaup, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 86, 196.—
Laroides fuscus Brehm, Isis, 1830, 993.—Dominicanus fuscus Bruch, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1853, 100.—[Clupeilarus] fuscus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770.—Larus
Jlavipes Wolf and Meyer, Naturg. Vég. Deutschl., ii, 1805, 32 with pl.; Meyer, Taschenb.
Vog. Deutschl., ii, 1810, 469, with pl.—Laroides melanotus Brehm, Isis, 1830, 993.—
Laroides harengorum Brehm, Isis, 1830, 993.—Laroides a. nigrodorsalis Brehm, Nau-
mannia, 1855, 294.—JLaroides 8. assimilis Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 294.—Larus
graellsii A. Brehm, Allg. Deutsch. Naturh., 1857, 483 (Malaga).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 583 ©

it. Legs and feet (in life) yellow; color of back, etc., paler

(intermediate between that of ZL. vege and that of JL.

| argentatus). (Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas and

eastward to Lake Baikal, south in winter to west coast of Af-

rica, Red Sea, India, etc.)..-... Larus cachinnans(extralimital).@

hh. Mandible with a subterminal black spot; iris dark brown. (West-

ern North America, south in winter to western Mexico.)

Larus californicus (p. 620).

bb. Depth of bill at gonydeal angle contained at least four and a half times in length

| of tarsus; middle toe, without claw, less than 45 mm.; mandible without
any red.

ce. Bill with a subterminal band or transverse spot of black. (Northern North
America, south in winter to Bermuda, Cuba, Gulf of Mexico, and southern
INNGXE COM ses ee Sees ses ea eiee rays meres hee home ee Larus delawarensis (p. 623).

cc. Bill without any black.

d. Gray ‘“‘wedge2’ on inner web of third primary (from outside) never tipped
with white nor carried definitely farther than tip of sixth (usually not
much beyond tip of seventh) primary; wing 339-380, averaging 363. 4
in male; culmen 36.5-45, averaging 39.4 in male. (Northern Europe and
Asia, south in winter to Mediterranean Sea, Nile basin, Persian Gulf, etc.;
Seren talaUMUAprAtOny) Cee cr. an. as wos so score Larus canus (p.627).
dd. Gray ‘‘wedge’”’ on inner web of third primary (from outside) always ter-
minated with white, this carried beyond tip of sixth (sometimes beyond
tip of fifth) primary; wing 328-366, averaging 358.9 in male, 344.6 in
female; culmen 32-38, averaging 36.4 in male, 34.1 in female. (North-
western North America, south in winter to southern California.)
Larus brachyrhynchus (p. 632).
aa. Head and neek streaked or clouded, rump and upper tail coverts spotted or barred
with grayish brown or dusky, wing-coverts streaked or mottled with grayish
brown and whitish or pale buffy, and under parts more or less washed or clouded
with grayish brown. ( Young.) >
b. No “‘solid”’ black or dusky on tail, which is light brownish gray or grayish brown
(smoke gray or mouse gray), more or less mottled with whitish.

c. Darker, the back mouse gray, this color predominant over the lighter markings;
tail almost uniform mouse gray, the white mottlings few and confined almost
exclusively to the base and lateral feathers.

Larus glaucescens, young (p. 597).
ce. Lighter, the back smoke gray, the whitish markings more numerous and
usually predominant; tail smoke gray, the white markings more numerous

and more generally dispersed.

@ Larus cachinnans Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 318; Saunders, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xx, 1896, 266.—Laroides cachinnans Bruch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 282.—
Larus leucophaeus Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 99 (Arabia;=nomen
nudum); Dresser, Birds Europe, vili, 1873, 411, pl. 602, fig. 1.—Glaucus leucophaeus
Bruch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 101 (Red Sea).—Laroides leucophaeus Bonaparte, Nau-
mannia, 1854, 212.—Glaucus michahellesti Bruch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 101 (Dalmatia).
Laroides michahellesii Bruch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 282.—Zarus michahellesii Erhard,
Faun. Cykladen, 1858, 45, 62.—Larus epargyrus Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Av. Mus.
Berol., 1854, 99.—(?) Larus heuglini Bree, Birds Europe, 2d ed., v, 1876, 58.

b This key to the young has been prepared by Mr. J. H. Riley, at my request.—R. R.

(584 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

d. Larger, depth of bill at base usually more than 17.5 mm. :
Larus hyperboreus, young (p. 585).
dd. Smaller, depth of bill at base usually much less than 17.5 mm.
Larus leucopterus, young (p. 590).
6b. Tail with at least the terminal or subterminal third blackish or brownish, the
lateral feathers sometimes barred with white.
e. Culmen 60 mm. or more.
/. Bill longer and heavier; middle toe without claw longer (culmen about
63; middle toe about 65)..........-- Larus marinus, young (p. 601).
Jf. Bill shorter and weaker; middle toe without claw shorter (culmen
about 61; middle toe about 60)... .Lanus schistisagus, young (p. 606).
ee. Culmen considerably less than 60 mm., not over 55.
g. Middle toe without claw over 45 mm.
h. Culmen 50 mm. or more.
i. Upper parts darker, more fuscous.
j. Tarsi and feet (in dried skin) blackish brown.
Larus occidentalis, young (p. 610).
jj. Tarsi and feet (in dried skin) light isabella color.
Larus fuscus, young.
it. Upper parts lighter, more of a hair brown.
k. Bill heavier; middle toe without claw longer (depth of bill
about 18; middle toe about 52)........-.... Larus vege.¢
Larus argentatus and subspecies, young (p. 612).
kk. Bill slenderer; middle toe without claw shorter.
Larus affinis, young (p. 608).
hh. Culmen considerably less than 50 mm.
Larus californicus, young (p. 621).
gg. Middle toe without claw considerably less than 45 mm.
h. Bill slenderer; dark tail band not so well defined and lighter
inclining to a more grayish brown (depth of bill at base
about lOmin) ese: Larus brachyrhynchus, young (p. 633).
hh. Bill heavier; dark tail band more sharply defined and darker,
more inclined to blackish (depth of bill at base 11 mm. or

more).
i. Bill more robust, usually more than 11 mm. in depth at ~
DOSS. sig thy ota Larus delawarensis, young (p. 624).

it. Bill weaker, not more than 11 mm. in depth at base.
Larus canus, young (p. 628).¢

LARUS HYPERBOREUS Gunnerus.

GLAUCOUS GULL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail, and entire under parts, including axillars and under

aL, kumlieni, L. nelsoni, and L. thayeri, immature plumages of which are not avail-
able, probably come in here.

> Extralimital.

¢ I. argentatus (forms) and L. vege can not be distinguished in the immature plu-
mages in a key.

@ Immature plumages of L. canus and L. delawarensis are very nearly alike and
the depth of the bill at the base not always to be relied upon.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 585

wing-coverts, immaculate pure white; back, scapulars, and wings
uniform pale gull gray, on the primaries passing gradually into white
terminally, the secondaries passing into white terminally (for about
44.5 mm.); shafts of primaries yellowish white to pale straw yellow;
bill yellow (lemon, or gamboge), the mandible with a lateral sub-
terminal spot of red; iris yellow; naked eye-ring red; legs and feet
flesh color or pinkish (in hfe).

Adults in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but head and
neck streaked or clouded with pale-grayish brown or brownish gray ;
naked eye-ring pale yellow and legs and feet paler flesh color.

Young in first plumage.—General color grayish white, more or
less tinged with pale brownish gray, or grayish brown, on under parts,
the upper parts transversely mottled with brownish gray and more or
less tinged with pale buffy, the head and neck streaked and clouded
with pale brownish gray or grayish brown; tail pale brownish gray
or grayish brown, more or less mottled with whitish; bill yellowish
or flesh color with terminal portion blackish; iris yellowish brown;
legs and feet brownish flesh color.

Immature (second winter ?)—Entirely white or yellowish white,
the bill and feet colored essentially as in first plumage.

Downy young.—Grayish white, the under parts more purely white ;
head and neck irregularly marked with scattered large spots of dusky,
the back, wings, and rump irregularly clouded with dark grayish.

Adult male.—Wing, 428-474 (453.7); tail, 175-207 (186.3); ex-
posed culmen, 53-67.3 (60.2); tarsus, 53.1-74 (65.6); middle toe,
51.3-66 (61.3).¢

Adult female—Wing, 424-457 (436.7); tail, 172.5-190 (182.7);
exposed culmen, 49-60.5 (55.4); tarsus, 57-69.3 (62.5); middle toe,
53-63 (56.5).?

a Kleven specimens. 6 Hight specimens.
a ae: LN ————___——
; 2 Ex-
Locality |} Wing. | Tail. | posed | 'Tarsus.| Middle
culmen, | toe.
MALES. |
Three adult males from northeastern North America.........-.. 455.6 | 195.5 61.5 61.5 | 59.8
Four adult males from Point Barrow, Alaska................-- 449.4 | 185.7 56.6 65.8 | 61.6
Four adult males from Bering Sea, etc., Alaska...........-.... 456.8 | 197.7 63.8 68. 5 | 62. 3
|
FEMALES.
One adult female from Spitzbergen.......................-.-- 457 190 60.5 62 | 63
Two adult females from Cumberland Gulf...................-- 431.5 | 180.7 58.2 65.4} (58.5)
Two adult females from Point Barrow, Alaska.............-..- 430.5 | 175.7 49.5 58.5 | 53.2
Three adult females from St. Michaels and Point Gustavus,
PLES KO Eres ac San = 2 Sag Rt ok » Nh Se cs 2 lt Ne eel tr 437.8 | 186.3 55.8 63.5 55.9
| |
| |

586 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Breeding on islands in Arctic Ocean, northward to northwestern
Greenland (Thank God Harbor), Prince Patrick Island, Franz
Joseph Land, King Oscar Land, Spitzbergen, etc., southward to New-
foundland, coast of Labrador (Hopedale), eastern and northwestern
shores of Hudson Bay, Franklin Bay, Mackenzie, Herschel Island,
Yukon, Point Barrow, St. Matthew Island, Pribilof Islands (Walrus
Island) and mouth of Kuskoquim River, Alaska (possibly to eastern
side of Alaska Peninsula, where taken at Kukak Bay, July 3, 1899),
Indian Point and Chukchi Peninsula, Koff Island, Kara Sea, and lower
Petchora River, northern Russia, etc.; migrating southward to Long
Island, Great Lakes (Toronto Bay; Lake Michigan, near Chicago and at
Racine), Monterey, California, Japan, and Caspian, Black, and Medi-
terranean seas, casually to coast of North Carolina (Cape Lookout,
April 3, 1887), Bermudas (large flock March to April 28, 1901), Erie,
Pennsylvania (Feb. 22, 1898), New York (Ossining, Jan. 19, 1889;
Buffalo, Jan. 29, 1895; Bangor, Franklin County), northwestern
Indiana (Millers, Aug. 8, 1897), northern Texas (Red River, Clay
County, Dec. 17, 1880), Washington (Tacoma Bay), and Hawaiian
Islands (Kauai; Maui).

Larus glaucus (not of Pontoppidan, 1763¢) Brinnicn, Orn. Bor., 1764, 44 (Ice-
land).—Fasrictus, Faun. Groenl., 1780, 100—Mour, Iceland Naturh.,
1786, 42.—Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Méth., 1, 1790, 841.—Rerztus, Fauna
Suecica, 1800, 156—TrmmMinck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 186; Man. d’Orn., 2d
ed:, ii, 1820, 757; iv, 1840, 467.—Vrermuor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxi,
1818, 505; Faun. Frang., Ois., 395—Sapine, Trans. Linn. Soc., xii,
1819, 543 (Greenland); Suppl. Parry’s Ist Voy., 1821, p. cciii (Barrow
Strait, etc.)—Leracu, in Ross’s Voy. Baffin Bay, 4th ed., 1819, p. liv;
8vo ed., ii, 1819, 161.—ScorEssy, Arctic Voy., i, 1820, 535.—Bots,
Isis, 1822, 875.—BrerHM, Beitr. Vogelk., iii, 1822, 800; Lehrb., 1824,
729; Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 733.—Mansy, Voy. Greenland, 1822, 48.—
SrePHEeNS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 189—RicHarpson (J.),
App. Parry’s 2d Voy., 1825, 358 (Lyon Inlet, s. of Melville Peninsula).—
Ross, App. Parry’s 3d Voy., 1826, 103 (Point Bowen and North Som-
erset: Land); App. Parry’s 4th Voy., 4828, 194 (Low Island, Spitz-
bergen).—Bonaparts, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 361; Geog. and Comp.
List, 1838, 63—WeERNER, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, 15.—FLrmine, Brit.
Anim., 1828, 139.—Swa1nson and Ricuarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., 1, 1831,
416.—NvutTrat, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 306.—SELBY,
Brit. Birds, ii, 1838, 498, pl. 99—JeNnyNs, Man. Brit. Vertbr., 1835, 279.—
Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 53.—Goutp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 432
and text; Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, pl. 57 and text.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog.,
v, 1839, 59, pl. 396; Synopsis, 1839, 329; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 170,
pl. 449.—Naumann, Voég. Deutschl., x, 1840, 350, pl. 264.—Scuinz, Europ.
Faun., 1840, 378.—Srenys-Lonacuamps, Faune Belge, 1842, 153.—Mac-
GILLIVRAY, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 247; Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 557.—Yar-
RELL, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 475; 2d ed., iii, 1845, 595 —Grraup, Birds Long
Island, 1844, 363.—ScutreceL, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. cxxv; Vog. Nederl., 1854,

a =fLarus canus Linneus, 1758.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 587

y
594, pls. 340, 341; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, 234; Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23
(Lari), 1863, 4—Hewrirson, Eggs Brit. Birds, 1, 1846, 450, pl. 128, fig. 2.—
DEGLAND, Orn. Europ., ii, 1849, 309.—THompson, Birds Ireland, iii, 1851,
388.—BraANpbT, in Lehmann’s Reis. Buchara, 1852, 331 (mouth of Ural
River).—KsAERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 341, pl. 42.—MrppENporrr,
Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1853, 241.—Carre, Journ. Roy. Soc. Dublin, i, 1856,
60 (Prince Patrick Island).—Meyer, Brit. Birds, vii, 1857, 147, pl. 307.—
LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 842; Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New York City).—Batrrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 656.—Evans and Srurae, Ibis, 1859, 167 (w. Spitzbergen).—
REINHARDT, Ibis, 1861, 16 (Greenland; crit.).—Cowvrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phil., 1861, 243 (Labrador); 1862, 294 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 543;
2d ed., 1882, no. 768; Birds Northwest, 1874, 620 (monogr.); in Elliott’s Aff.
in Alaska, 1875, 198 (Pribilof Islands; habits, etc.).—Gray, List Brit. Birds,
1863, 230.—Rapp#, Reis. Sibir., ii, 1863, 382.—Nrwron, Ibis, 1865, 509
(Spitzbergen; habits); Arctic Man., 1875, 106.—Dratanp and GrERBE, Orn.
Eur., u, 1867, 409.—Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869,
304 (St. Michaels, Alaska)—Drostr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 386 (Faroe
Tslands).—Gituetr, Ibis, 1870, 306 (Novaya Zemlya).—Homeyver, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1870, 436 (e. Siberia); 1871, 104 (n. Europe).—Gray (R.), Birds
West Scotl., 1871, 490.—Hartine, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 122 (Mel-
ville Island); Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 77.—Hruattn, Ibis, 1872, 65 (Novaya
Zemlya and s. to Yugrosky Strait), 175 (Arctic Europe).—FriipEn, Zoologist,
1872, 3289 (Faroes); 1879, 7 (Prince Albert Land); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877,
31 (North Polar Basin), 409 (Cape Sabine, north to 82° 34’; Smith Sound);
in Markham’s Polar Reconn., 1881, 334 (Novaya Zemlya).—Satvaport,
Faun. Ital., Uce., 1872, 295; Ucc. Ital., 1887, 287.—PatmEn, Finlands
Fogl., 1873, 585; ‘ Vega’ -Exped., 1887, 365 (Jan Mayen Land, Spitzbergen,
Novaya Zemlya, etc.; n. e. Siberia).—Swinunos, Ibis, 1874, 165 (Hakodate,
Japan).—Bessets, Bull. Soc. Geogr Paris, 1875, 296; Amerik. Nordpol.-
Exped., 1879, 312 (Polaris Bay).—Irsy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 215
(Tangier, Morocco); 2d ed., 1895, 301.—SrrBonm and Harvie-Brown,
Ibis, 1876, 453 (lower Petchora River, Russia; habits; descr. downy young
and nest)—Dresser, Birds Europe, vili, 1877, 433, pl. 605.—SauNDERs,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 165 (monogr.); Ibis, 1884, 391 (s. w. France);
ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 636; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 663; Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 289, 458.—BLaxiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878,
217 (Hakodate, Japan).—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 440 (St. Michaels, Alaska;
habits).—Sresoum, Ibis, 1879, 23 (Hakodate, Japan), 161 (Yenesei River,
Siberia); 1882, 230 (Caspian Sea), 385 (Archangel, Russia; Kanin Peninsula,
breeding); 1888, 350 (Great Liakoff Island, Siberia); Hist. Brit. Birds, iu,
1885, 330; Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 290.—Kumuren, Bull. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., no. 15, 1879, 95 (Cumberland Sound).—Merarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
v, 1880, 189 (Long Island, New York, March 4, 1880)—Ripeway, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., iti, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 206,; Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 660.—Racspate, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 187 (Clay Co.,
n. Texas, 1 spec., Dec. 17, 1880).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 482
(Massachusetts in winter, rare)—Merrrtam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii,
1882, 257 (Bangor, Franklin Co., New York, 1 spec.).—NEALE, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1882, 653 (Franz Joseph Land).—Exutorr, Mon. Pribylov Group,
1882, 132 (breeding at Walrus Inlet; descr. downy young).—BeEan, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 168 (Cape Lisburne, Alaska).—NeEtson, Cruise ‘Cor-
win’ in 1881 (1883), 106 (Bering Sea and adjacent Arctic Ocean; habits,
etc.).—TaczaNnowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 341 (Kamchatka).—

588

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

British OrnNirHoLocists’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 187.—Brown
(N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 186 (Peakes Island, near Port-
land, Maine, 1 spec. April 27, 1883).—McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘Corwin,’ 1884,
124 (Kowak River, Alaska); Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 79- (Noatak
River, Alaska)—TowNnsENbD, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 90 (lower
Kowak River, Aug. 25)—Coxuins, Rep. U. S. Com. Fish and Fisheries
for 1882 (1884), 329 (Grand Banks, off Newfoundland; habits).—Barrp,
BREWER, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 211.—SrEearns,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vi, 1884, 122 (Labrador).—BuNnegz, Mél. Biol., xii,
livr. 1, 1884, 48, 53 (Lena delta, Siberia)—Murpocu, Exped. Point Bar-
row, 1885, 122.—Srron, Auk, i, 1885, 337 (Toronto Bay, Ontario, 1 spec.,
spring 1884).—AmerIcAN OrnirHo.oaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, and
2d ed., 1895, no. 42.—Gr6NpDAL, Ornis, 1886, 370 (Iceland).—GuiGLIoLI,
Avif. Ital., 1886, 433; 1 Resoc., 1889, 647.—TowNnseENp, Auk, iv, 1887, 12
(Kowak River, Alaska).—Watter, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 241-249 (e. Spitz-
bergen).—CuLarke (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 49 (Jan Mayen Land; habits); Ibis,
1898, 264 (Franz Joseph Land, breeding); 1899, 47 (Whale Point Harbor,
King Ludwig Islands, King Charles Islands, and Olga Straits, e. Spitz-
bergen, breeding)—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 263 (Sitka, Alaska);
1895, 464 (w. Greenland; descr. eggs); 1899, 378 (Spitzbergen).—MacFar-
LANE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 417 (Franklin and Liverpool bays
and islands on the Lower Anderson; breeding).—GATKE, Vogelw. Helgo-
land, 1891, 566—Hacerup, Birds Greenland, 1891, 46.—Harrert, Ibis,
1892, 521 (e. Prussia).—Litrorp, Col. Fig.. Brit. Birds, pts. xxiii, xxvii,
1893.—Dvusois, Vertebr. Belg., Ois., ii, 1894, 577, pl. 289.—BipweE 1, Ibis,
1894, 236 (Sendjen, Norway).—Savaas, Auk, xii, 1895, 312 (Niagara River,
near Buffalo, New York, Jan. 29, 1895).—Prarson, Ibis, 1896, 219 (Gobiste
River, Kolgues, Russia; descr. eggs), 223 (Novaya Zemlya; habits); 1898,
203 (Waigats; Dolgoi Island; Novaya Zemlya; Habarova, n. e. Russia).—
Poruam, Ibis, 1897, 107 (Siberiakoff Island, Kara Sea; descr. downy young);
1898, 519 (Golchika, Yenesei River, Siberia; descr. eggs).—TREVOR-BATTyeE,
Ibis, 1897, 593 (Spitzbergen).—Jogs, Auk, xv, 1898, 50 (Plymouth, Massa-
chusetts, March 24, 1897).—Wooprurr, Auk, xv, 1898, 61 (near Millers,
n. w. Indiana, Aug. 8, 1897).—CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xii, 1899,
229 (Holsteinborg, Parker Snow Bay, etc., Greenland; habits).—Loomis,
Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 3d ser., ii, 1900, 357 (Monterey Bay, California, | spec.,
May 4).—Dwieut, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 30 (full descriptions; crit.) —FLEMING,
Auk, xxiii, 1906, 442 (Toronto, Ontario, winter resident).

[Larus] glaucus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 600.—Laruam, Index Orn., il,

1790, 814.—Reinnarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 443 (Greenland).—Gray,
Hand-list; iii, 1871, 112, no. 10960.—Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 311.—
Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 142—Forpes and Ropinson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 58 (Wellington Channel; Shetland Islands; Yorkshire,
England).

L{arus] glaucus KryseruinG and Burasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xevi, 243.—-

Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 654.—Buastvus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 381 (crit.).—
Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., vili, 1876, 145 (Lake Michigan, n. e. Illinois, rare
winter resident; near Racine, Wisconsin, 3 specs.).—Cours, Key N. Am.
Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 741.

[Lencus] glawcus Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 86.
Leucus glaucus OLPHE-GALLIARD, Orn. Eur. Occ., fasc. x, 1886, 41.
[Leucus] glaucus BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770; Consp. Av., 11, 1857,

215.—HEINE and ReIcHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 358.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 589

Plautus glaucus REtcHENBACH, Ay. Syst. Nat., Longipennes, 1852, p. v, pl. 47,
figs. 316-318.

Laroides glaucus BoNAPARTE, Naumannia, 1854, 211.

[Laroides] glaucus Brucu, Journ, fiir Orn., 1855, 281 (monogr.).

Larus hyperboreus GUNNERUS, in Leem’s Beskr. Finm. Lapper, 1767, 226, footnote
(n. Norway).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommirrEr, Auk, xxv,
1908, 357; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, p. 36.—Berck, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th
ser., lili, 1910, 62 (Monterey Bay, California, 3 specs.).—ARNoLD, Auk, xxix,
1912, 75 (Newfoundland, breeding).—Wriaut (H. W.), Auk, xxxi, 1914, 397
(Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, 1 spec., March 3 and 4, 1914).—GrINNELL
(J.), Pacifie Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 21 (winter visitant south to Monterey
Bay).—Cookg, Bull. 292, U. S. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 22, fig. 8
(range and migrations).—Brooxs (W.8.). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915,
375 (Arctic coast Alaska, breeding at Camden Bay and coast near Herschel
Island).—Hersry, Smithson. Misc. Coll., Ixvi, no. 2, 1916, 12 (‘‘the
dominant bird of Bering Sea;’’ Tacoma Bay, Washington, May 2, 1 spec.).—
Hanna, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 407 (St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea, breeding;
habits).

Larus giganteus ‘‘Temmfinck]”? Bentcken, Ann. Wetterau. Gesellsch., iii, 1812,
140.

Larus maximus (not of Leach, 1816) O’Retiy, Greenland, 1818, 141, pl. 13.

(?)Zarus leuceretes ‘ScutErr, N. Ann. Wetterau. Gesellsch., iv, 1819, 314.

Larus consul Bortz, Wiedemann’s Zool. Mag., 1819, 126 (Spitzbergen).—BreEum,
Isis, 1830, 994; Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 735.

Glaucus consul Brucu, Journ, fiir Orn., 1853, 101.

(?)Larus medius Breum, Beitr. Vogelk., ii, 1822, 810; Lehrb., Eur. Vog., 1824,
731; Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 736.

Larus islandicus EpMonston, Mem. Wern. Soc., iv, 1822, 185.

Larus minor Breum, Isis, 1830, 993 (new name for Larus medius Brehm; see
Hartert, Nov. Zool., xxiii, 1916, 296); Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 736; Naumannia,
1855, 294; Vogelf., 1855, 338.

Larus leucopterus (not of Faber, 1822) Vieruot, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1823, 346.—
Daw and BannisTer, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., 1, 1869, 304 (St. Michaels, and
Yukon River below Anvik, Alaska).—Saunpers, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. ,
1878, 166, part (Japan; monogr.); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, ii1, 1884, 648, part
(Bering Sea and North Pacific Ocean); Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 664, part
(Bering Sea and North Pacific’ Ocean) —Srrsoum, Ibis, 1879, 24 (Japan) ;
Birds Japan. Emp., 1890, 202.—Harriaus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 285
(Alaska).—Netson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 106 (Aleutian Islands
and Bering Sea; Plover Bay, Siberia; etc.); Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska,
1887, 52 (islands in Bering Sea and Arctic coast)—TowNnsENpD, Auk, iv,
1887, 12 (Kowak River, Alaska).—(?)Fatio and SrupsEr, Cat. Ois. Suisse,
1892, 62 (Lake of Neuchatel, Switzerland).

Larus glacialis Brena, Lehrb. Eur. Vég., 1824, 705; Isis, 1830, 993; Vég.
Deutschl., 1831, 732; Naumannia, 1855, 294; Vogelf., 1855; 338.—Mace1L-
LivRAy, Mem. Wern. Soc., v, pt. i, 1824, 270 (Shetland).

[Laroides] glacialis BoNAPARTE, Naumannia, 1854, 212.

[Laroides| glacialis Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 282 (monoer.).

Larus hutchinsii RicHaArpDson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii,
1831, 419 (Albany River, Hudson Bay).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1862, 290—Covrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 294
(monogr.).—LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (Long Island, New

590 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

York; crit.).—Euiot, New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. 12, 1868 (vol. ii),
pl. 53, rear fig., and text (wing figured, in text, as that of LZ. glawcescens).—
Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 304 (Fort Yukon,
Alaska).

Larus barrovianus Ripaway, Auk, iii, no. 3, July, 1886, 330 (Point Barrow,
Alaska; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 593.—TuRNER,
Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 125 (St. Michaels, etc.; habits)—Netson, Rep.
N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 51 (habits, etc.).—Cuapman, Auk, v, 1888, 393.—
AMERICAN OrNiITHOLOGISTS’ UNiON Commirresx, Suppl. to Check List, 1889,
5; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 42, 1.—HrnsnHaw, Birds Hawaiian Is., 1902,
126 (Kauai, 2 specs.).—ScuHatow, Voég. der Arktis, 1904, 146 (synonymy,
range, etc.).—Brooxs, Auk, xxi, 1904, 289 (Comox Bay, Brit. Columbia,
Dec. 15, 1903).—KerMovs, Provincial Mus. Victoria, 1909, 24 (Comox
Bay).—Ciark (A. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxxvili, 1910, 35 (Patience
Bay, Sakhalin Island, Sept. 28).

L{arus] barrovianus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 26.—Bryan, Key Birds
Hawaiian Group, 1901, 6 (Kauai; Maui).

Larus] barrowianus PALMEN, ‘Vega’-Exped., 1887, 365, footnote.

Larus glaucescens (not of Naumann, 1840) Taczanowsxt, Mém, Acad. St. Petersb.,
(7), XXxix, 1893, 1019 (e. Siberia).

LARUS LEUCOPTERUS Faber.
ICELAND GULL.

Similar in coloration to L. hyperboreus, but much smaller, with
relatively smaller bill and feet and longer wing.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail, and entire under parts, including axillars and under wing-
coverts, immaculate pure white; back, scapulars, and wings uniform
pale gray (between pale and pallid neutral gray, slightly darker than
in L. hyperboreus), this on remiges fading terminally into white
(broadly); bill deep yellow or orange-yellow, sometimes greenish
yellow terminally, the mandible with a lateral and subterminal spot
of red; iris pale yellow; naked orbital ring orange-red (in life); legs
and feet pale flesh color (in life).

Adults in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but head and
neck streaked with dark grayish, naked orbital ring yellow (in life)
and legs and feet paler flesh color.

Y oung.— Head and neck broadly streaked with brownish gray and
grayish white, the upper parts coarsely spotted and mottled with
the same; under parts nearly uniform hght brownish gray.

Adult male.—Wing, 379; tail, 155; exposed culmen, 44.5; tarsus,
53; middle toe, 48.4

Adult female-—Wing, 393.7; tail, 165; exposed culmen, 40.5; tar-
sus, 53.3; middle toe with claw, 53.3.4

@ One specimen.
Four adults with sex undetermined measure as follows: Wing, 391.2-419 (404.1);
tail (one specimen), 170.2; exposed culmen, 41.9-48.3 (43.8); tarsus (three specimens),
2.1-55. 9 (54.6); middle toe (three specimens), 44.4—49.5(47).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 591

Breeding on coasts of Greenland (from southern end to las. 70° |
or farther on western side), westward to Cambridge Bay, Victoria
Land and Boothia Peninsula, eastward to Jan Mayen Land, occurring
as far northward as lat. 81° 40’ (Fort Conger, May 19 and June 5);
migrating southward as far as Massachusetts (Boston Harbor, Jan.
31, 1880, Feb., 1881), Connecticut (Stamford, Feb. 16 and March 3,
1894), New York (Rockaway Beach, Long Island, Feb. 6, 1898; Rye,
March 3, 1894; near Brockport, Sept. 10, 1899; Lansingburg, Nov.
21, 1888; Oswego, Dec. 28, 1899; Peterboro, Feb. 1, 1884; Ithaca,
March 17, 1897; Rochester, April 14, 1904), Ohio (Lorain, Dec. 22,
1888), Ontario (Toronto, Dec. 2, 1898; Port Sydney, April 6, 1898),
Michigan (Sault Ste. Marie), northeastern Ulinois (Lake Michigan, near
Chicago, ‘‘regular winter resident’’), and Nebraska (Dorchester, Jan.
15, 1907), in Europe southward to Iceland, Shetland and Faroe
islands, Scotland, England (Lincolnshire), Wales (Towyn), Cornwall
(Mounts Bay), Norway, Baltic Sea (rarely) and coast of France
(Gulf of Gascony in severe winters).

Larus argentatus (not of Pontoppidan, 1763) Sasine, Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, 1819,
546.

Larus leucopterus Faser, Prodr. Isl. Orn., 1822, 91 (Iceland).—Breum, Beitr.
Vogelk., iti, 1822, 817; Lehrb., 1824, 715; Ornis, Heft ii, 1826, 137 (Elbe).
—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 361; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,
63.—Kaupr, Nattirl. Syst., 1829, 28—Swarnson and RicHarpson, Fauna
Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 4f8.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 617.—Nurra11, Man.
Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 305.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii.
1835, 553, pl. 282; Synopsis, 1839, 327; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 159, pl.
447.—Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 53.—Scuinz, Europ. Fauna, 1840, 378.—
TEMMINCK, Man. d’Orn., 2d. ed., pt. 4, 1840, 467.—WerRNeEr, Atlas, Paimipédes,
1840, pl. 19.—Naumann, Voég. Deutschl., x, 1840, 367, pl. 265.—Macatxut-
vray, Man. Brit. Orn., pt. 11, 1842, 247; Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 566.—Srtys-
LonecHamps, Faune Belge, 1842, 154.—YarrReEtt, Brit. Birds, i, 1843, p.
xi (Lincolnshire, England).—Scuircen, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. cxxv; Vog.
Nederl., 1854, 595, pl. 342; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, 234; Mus. Pays-Bas,
vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1864, 5—DercLanp, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 310.—KzsaEr-
BOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 340, pl. 41; Suppl., 1854, pl. 22, figs. 1, 2.—
Hewitson, Eggs Brit. Birds, 1, 1856, 498, pl. 139, figs. 1, 2—LAWRENCE,
in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 843; Auk, i, 1884, 240 (Peterboro.
New York, Feb. 1, 1884.)—Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 658.—R«EIN-
HARDT, Ibis, 1861, 17 (Greenland).—Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862,
294 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 544; 2d ed., 1882, no. 769; Birds North-
west, 1874, 622 (monogr.)—Gray, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 230.—NEwrTon,
in Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 418—Dretanp and GrErRBE, Orn. Eur.,
ii, 1867, 411.—F rirscn, Vog. Eur., 1870, 473, pl. 56, fig. 6—Droste, Journ.
fir Orn., 1869, 386 (Faroe Islands)—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 77.—
PatMEN, Finlands Fogl., 1873, 589 (Finland?); ‘Vega ’-Exped. Vetensk., 1887,
369, foot note (not found in Siberia or Bering Sea).—Finscu, Abh. Nat.
Ver. Bremen, v, 1873, 364 (s. Greenland).—Couuerr, Forh. Selsk. Chris-
tiania, 1873, 293 (n. Norway).—HarviE-Brown, Proc. N. H. Soc. Glasgow,
1873, 210 (Forth, Scotland) —Nrwron, Arctic Man., 1875, 106 (Greenland).—
DresseEr, Birds Europe, viii, 1876, 439, pl. 606.—Netson, Bull. Nutt. Orn.

592 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Club, i, 1876, 41 (regular winter visitant to Lake Michigan, n. e. Ilinois).—
KuMurENn, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1877, 97 (Cumberland Sound and s.
Greenland).—SaunpeErs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 166 (monogr.); ed,
Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 642; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 665; Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 295 (Mount’s Bay, Cornwall; Towyn, Wales; Iceland,
winter; Greenland; Newfoundland, Dec.).—Ripe@way, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., iti, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds no. 661), 206; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881,
no. 661.—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 483 (Boston Harbor, rare in
winter).—Banas, (A. E. and O.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 124 (Boston,
Massachusetts, Jan. 31, 1880).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881,
235 (Lewis Co., New York, rare winter vistant).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vii, 1882, 60 (near Boston, Nov., 1881).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, viii, 1883, 125 (Maine).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds
N. Am., ii, 1884, 216.—FiscHEr and Prrze~tn, MT. Orn. Ver. Wien,
1886, 210 (Jan Mayen Land, breeding).—Srrsoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iu,
1885, 333.—LUTKEN, Ornis, 1885, 145 (Denmark).—GRONDAL, Ornis, 1886,
370 (fceland).—AMERICAN OrnitTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, and
2d ed., 1895, no. 43; 3d ed., 1910, p. 36.—FrmpeEn, Trans. Norw. Soc., iv,
1887, 351 (Digges Island, breeding)—HarviE-Brown and Bucxtey, Fauna
Sutherl., 1887, 234; Fauna Outer Hebrides, 1888, 149.—GreeEty, Rep. Exped.
Lady Franklin Bay, ii, 1888, 22 (Smith Sound).—CHAamMBERLAIN, Auk, vi,
1889, 215 (s. Greenland).—StrEvENsoN and SourHwett, Birds Norfolk, iii,
1890, 336.—CLARKE (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 50 (Jan Mayen Land, breeding
habits); Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., xiv, 1899, 164-167 (descr. white
stage).—BuckKLEy and Harvie-Brown, Fauna Orkney Is., 1891, 234.—
GarxKen, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 567.—Hacrrup, Birds Greenland, 1891,
46.—MacFarbane, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., «xiv, 1891, 418 (not found in
Mackenzie).—Oainvigz, Zoologist, 1892, 114 (Aldeburgh).—HarreErt, Ibis,
1892, 521 (e. Prussia, 1 spec.).—Lritrorp, Col. Figs. Brit. Birds, 1893, pt.
XxvVi.—GuRNEY, Zoologist, 1894, 85 (Norfolk, England).—Dvusotrs, Vertebr.
Belg., Ois., ii, 1894, 580, pl. 290.—PortrErR, Auk, xii, 1895, 76 (Stamford,
Connecticut, Feb. 16 and March 3, 1894).—Scuatow, Journ. ftir Orn., 1895,
464 (w. Greenland; descr. eggs); Végel der Arktis, 1904, 145 (synonymy,
range, etc.).—Ames, Auk, xviii, 1901, 106 (Toronto, Ontario, Dec. 2, 1898).—
Dwieut, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 34 (crit.).—FLemine, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 442 (To-
ronto, Dec. 12, 1898).—Presie, N. Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 264 (Felix
Harbor, Boothia; Melville Island; Arctic coast, breeding; Cambridge Bay,
Victoria Land, breeding).—Joners, Wilson Bull., xxi, 1909, 68 (Lorain,
Ohio, Dec. 22, 1888).—Cooxr, Bull. 292, U. S. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.),
1915, 25, fig. 9 (range and migrations).

| Larus] leucopterus REINHARDT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 443 (Greenland).—Gray,
Hand-list, iii, 1871, 112, no. 10962.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 311.—
SHarpge, Hand-list, i, 1899, 142.—Forspres and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 58 (Davis Strait; Iceland; Barra Firth, Shetland Islands;
Crit.)

L{arus] lewcopterus Keyseruine and Buiasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xevi, 243.—
Hé.tsor, Naturh. Tidssk., iv, 1843, 418 (Greenland).—Gnray, Gen. Birds,
iii, 1846, 654.—Buastius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 382 (crit.)—Nertson, Bull.
Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 145 (regular winter resident on Lake Michigan, north-
east Illinois)—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 741.—Rmpeway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 26. :

Laroides leucopterus Breum, Isis, 1830, 993; Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 746; Nau-
mannia, 1855, 294.—BonapartEe, Naumannia, 1854, 211.

[Laroides| leucopterus Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 281 (monogr.).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 593

Glaucus leucopterus Brucs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 101.

[Leucus] leucopterus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770; Consp. Av., ii,
1857, 217.— HEINE and RetcHeNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 358.

Leucus leucopterus OLPHE-GALLIARD, Orn. Eur. Occid., fasc. x, 1886, 47.

Larus (Leucos) leucopterus Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, 1869, 357.

Larus glaucoides Meyer, Taschenb., Zusiitze, iii, 1822, 197 (Iceland and coasts of
the North and Baltic Seas).—Bore, Isis, 1822, 562.—Temminck, Pl. Col.,
livr. 77, 1828, introd. Larus.

Laroides glaucoides Breum, Isis, 1830, 993; Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 744; Nauman-
nia, 1855, 294.

Larus moltke TetmMann, Dan. og Isl. Fugl., 1823, 159.

Larus arcticus MAceILtivray, Mem. Wern. Soc., v, pt. 1, 1824, 268 (Greenland).

[Leucus] arcticws BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 216.

Larus islandicus Epmonston, Mem. Wern. Soc., iv, 1823, 506 (not of p. 185,
which=Z. glauwcus).—F Lemna, Brit. Anim., 1828, 139.—Se.sy, Brit. Birds,
li, 1833, 501, pl. 98.—JeNyNns, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 279.—Gouxp,
Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 433 and text; Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, pl, 58
and text.—Meyer, Brit. Birds, vii, 1857, 150, pl. 308.—FE1ILDEN, Zoologist,
1872, 3289 (Faroe Islands).

Larus icelandicus YARRELL, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 456; 2d ed., ni, 1845, 575.—
Tuompson, Birds Ireland, iii, 1851, 385.—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotl.,
1871, 484.

[Leucus] minor Bonararte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770.

[Leucus leucopterus| a minor BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 217 (Iceland).

Laroides subleucopterus BrexuM, Isis, 1830, 993; V6g. Deutschl., 1831, 746; Nau-
mannia, 1855, 294.

[Larus (Glaucus)| glacialis (not of Brehm, 1824) Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 101.

[Larus (Laroides)] glacialis Brucn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 282.

LARUS KUMLIENI Brewster.
KUMLIEN’S GULL.

Similar to L. lewcopterus, but adults with four outer primaries
with a subterminal space of deeper, more brownish, gray on outer
webs, the second, third, and fourth, second and third, or third and
fourth also with a subapical band of the same color; the young
decidedly darker than that of L. lewcopterus, and with bill blackish
except at base.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail, and entire under parts, including axillars and under
wing-coverts immaculate pure white; back, scapulars, and wings
uniform pallid to pale neutral gray, the secondaries and five or six
proximal primaries broadly and rather abruptly tipped with white;
four to five distal primaries broadly and abruptly tipped with white,
the second, third, and fourth (from outside), second and. third, ‘or
third and fourth, with a subterminal band (usually extending across
both webs but sometimes confined to inner web) of brownish gray,
those on the second or fourth (or both) sometimes imperfectly
developed or obsolete, more rarely only that on third complete;

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——39

594 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

four outer primaries with the outer web brownish gray subterminally,
this sometimes confluent with the band on inner web but sometimes
separated from the subterminal band by a white area; inner webs
of primaries pure white (except for the subterminal brownish-gray
band, when present), passing into delicate pale gray basally, the
outermost sometimes with a narrow subterminal stripe of gray on
inner web along shaft; bill yellow, the mandible with a lateral sub-
terminal spot of red; iris cream color;* naked orbital ring reddish
purple;* legs and feet flesh color. ¢
Young.—General color brownish gray or grayish brown, this
nearly uniform on under parts, the upper parts mottled with dull white
and indistinetly mottled and irregularly barred with darker gray,
the head and neck paler and very indistinctly streaked; primaries
deep brownish gray, darker on outer webs; tail nearly uniform
brownish gray, finely mottled basally and on outermost rectrices
with whitish, the tail-coverts brownish gray or grayish brown more
coarsely mottled or blotched with whitish; bill blackish, paler (flesh
color in life?) basally; iris gray; legs and feet dull flesh color (n
life).
Adult male.—Wing, 416; tail, 166; exposed culmen, 47; tarsus,
56; middle toe, 52.5.° '
Adult female—Wing, 393; tail, 161; exposed culmen, 43; tarsus,
53; middle toe, 49.5.¢
Breeding from Cumberland Sound to Ruprecht [sland, on eastern
side of Ellesmere Land, in Lat. 79° N.; migrating southward to
Nova Scotia (Bay of Fundy, about November 1, 1881); New Bruns-
wick (Grand Menan, about January 21, 1883), Prince Edward
Island (October 7, 1905), Quebec (Tadousac, probably spring of
1901), and New York (mouth of Mohawk River, January 28, 1884;
Rockaway Beach, Long Island, March 8, 1898).
(?) [Larus (Laroides)| chaleopierus (not Larus chaleopterus Lichtenstein, 1854)
Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 282, part (Greenland).
(?) [Leucus| chalcopterus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770, part (Green-
land); Consp. Av., li, 1857, 216, part (Greenland).
(?) Larus chalcopterus REINHARDT, Ibis, 1861, 17 (Greenland). {
Larus glaucescens (not of Naumann, 1840) Kumiyen, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no.
15, 1879, 98 (Cumberland Sound; Baffin Land).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 125 (Bay of Fundy, Nov. 1, 1881).—Merrum1, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 125 (Grand Menan, New Brunswick, Jan., 1883).
(?) Larus leucopterus (not of Faber, 1822) Banes, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
vi, 1881, 121 (off Boston, Massachusetts)—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vii, 1882, 60 (near Boston).—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii,
1883, 125 (West Sullivan, Maine, Jan., 1883).
Larus leucopterus (or kumlieni) Bratsurxn, Auk, xvi, 1899, 190 (Rockaway
Beach, Long Island, March 8, 1898).

@ In life, according to Kumlien. ¢ One specimen.
b One specimen (type of the species).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 595

Larus kumlieni Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, no. 4, Oct., 1883, 216 (Cum-
berland Sound; coll. U. S. Nate Mus.).—Park, Auk, i, 1884, 196 (Mohawk
River, New York, Jan. 28, 1884.)—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water
Birds N. Am., 1, 1884, 219.—Harvise-Brown, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb.,
viii, 1885, 301 (Newgummiloak, 64° 30’ W., 64° N.; crit.) —RricHENow and
ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1885, 453 (reprint of orig. deser.).—AMERICAN
OrnirHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List., 1886, and 2d ed.. 1895, no. 45; 3d ed.,
1910, p. 37.—SAuUNDERS, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 288 (Cumberland
Sound, June 10).—Scuatow, Vogel der Arktis, 1904, 144 (synonymy, range,
etc.).—Braisuin, Auk, xxii, 1905, 168 (Rockaway Beach, Long Island,
March 8, 1898).—ALLEN (F. H.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 205 (Boston Harbor, Feb 19;
crit.); xxv, 1908, 296 (coast of Massachusetts in winter).—Dwieur, Auk,
xxiii, 1906, 36, pl. 1 (full descriptions; crit.).—Hanrzscn, Journ. ftir Orn.,
1908, 325 (Labrador).—Cooxkeg, Bull. 292, U.S. Dept. Agric., 1915. 28, fig. 11,
(range and migrations).

Llarus] kumlieni Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 742.—Ripe@way, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 27.

[Larus] kumlieni SuHarern, Hand-list, i, 1899, 142.—ForsBes and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., 11, no. 2, 1899, 58.

LARUS NELSONI Henshaw.
NELSON’S GULL.

Similar in coloration to L. kumlient, but very much larger.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail, and entire under parts, including axillars and under
Wwing-coverts, immaculate pure white; back, scapulars, and wings
pale gray (between pale and pallid neutral gray, exactly as in L.
argentatus), the secondaries and five or six proximal primaries
broadly, but not abruptly, tipped with white; five distal primaries
marked subterminally with brownish gray as follows: Outermost
primary with outer web deep brownish gray to within about 76.2 mm.
of the tip (measured next to shaft), the inner web rather lighter gray
for about the same distance, but broadly edged with white (the gray
about 10 mm., the white about 20 mm. wide), this white confluent
with that of terminal portion; second primary (from outside) tipped
with white for about 61 mm., the brownish gray subterminal space
on outer web about 58.5 mm. long next to shaft, but nearly twice as
long (about 114 mm.) along the edge, the very oblique anterior out-
line very sharply defined against the pale gray of basal portion; third
primary tipped with white for about 23 mm., preceded by a brownish
gray area on outer web about 68.5 mm. long, the inner web being
pale gray, like basal portion of outer web, but at about 63.5 mm.
from tip fades into white, the latter, however, interrupted by a sub-
terminal broad spot of mottled grayish, extending entirely across the
web; fourth primary tipped with white for about 25.5 mm., the outer
web then brownish gray for about 30 mm. along shaft and 63.5 mm.
along edge, the pale gray of the remaining portion perceptibly paler
next to the brownish gray subterminal space, the inner web having

596 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

an indistinct spot of brownish gray about opposite the distal end of
the darker area on outer web, the mner web being nearly white for
about 35.5 mm. anterior to this spot but gradually deepening into
pale gray basally; fifth primary with the pale gray color fading
gradually into white at about 45.5 mm. from tip, but the white ter-
minal portion marked on both webs by a spot of brownish gray, that
on outer web about 45.5 mm. broad on edge of the web, but less than
half as wide next to shaft, that on inner web about 12.7 wide, and
much more distinct than the corresponding spots on third and fourth
primaries; bill deep yellow, the tip whitish, the mandible with a large
subterminal lateral spot of red.

“? Young (Vancouver I., 20th Dec.). This specimen is very simi-
lar to the young of L. glaucescens, but the retrices are of a deeper brown
and unmottled on the exterior webs of the outermost pair. In this
respect the bird resembles the young of L. occidentalis, but some new
gray feathers appearing on the mantle are far too pale for that
species. The measurements suit L. nelsoni better than L. glau-
cescens.’’%

Adult male.—Wing, 468; tail, 194; exposed culmen, 57; tarsus, 69;
middle toe, 64.°

Adult female.—Wing, 417; tail, 172.5; exposed culmen, 51; tarsus,
61; middle toe, 54. ¢

Breeding range unknown, and has been taken at few localities
only, as follows: Alaska (St. Michael, June 20, 1880; Coast Bering
Strait, date unrecorded; Point Barrow, Sept. 5, 1897); British
Columbia (Vancouver Island, Dec. 20);?4 Lower California (San
(San Gerénimo Island, Mar. 18, 1897).

[?| [Larus] chalcopterus LicotENSTEIN, Nom. Ay. Mus. Berol., 1854, 99 (nomen
nudum; Polar regions; coll. Berlin Mus.).

[?] [Leucus] chalcopterus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770; Consp. Av.,
li, 1857, 216, part (Bering Strait).

[?] [Larus (Laroides)] chalcopterus Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 282 (monogr.).

[Larus] glaucescens (not of Naumann, 1840) Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1871, 113, no.
10965, part.

Larus nelsoni HensHAaw, Auk, i, no. 3, July, 1884, 250 (St. Michaels, Alaska;
coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); in Nelson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 53.—Batrp,
BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 222.—AmMmRICAN
OrnitHoLocists’ Unrton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 46; 3d ed.,
1910, p. 37.—NeEtson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 53 (Point Barrow,
Alaska).—SAUNDERS, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 287 (Alaska coast;
Vancouver Island, Dec. 20).—Dwicur, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 41 (crit.).—CooKkn,
Bull. 292, U.S. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 30, fig. 12 (range and migra-
tion).

a Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 288.

b One specimen (the type).

¢ One specimen.

@d Saunders, Cat, Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 288. The specimen a young bird,
and the identification doubtful.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 597 -

L{arus| nelsoni Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 27.

[Larus] nelsoni SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 142.—Forsrs and Rosinson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 58.

[?] Larus kumlieni (not of Brewster) Murpocu, Exped. Point Barrow, 1885, 123
(Point Barrow, Alaska).

LARUS GLAUCESCENS Naumann.

GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail and entire under parts, including axillars and under
wing-coverts, immaculate pure white; back, scapulars, and wings
uniform pale neutral gray (deeper than in JZ. leucopterus), the second-
aries extensively and rather abruptly white distally, the primaries
becoming darker (the fourth and fifth, from outside, abruptly so)
subterminally, and abruptly tipped with white; outermost primary
with an additional white space immediately anterior to a sub-
terminal spot 25 mm. or more long of deep gray, the second (from
outside) gray to extreme tip or else with a very small white tip, and
small white spaces at some distance from tip on one or both webs;
sixth primary (from outside) with a broad subterminal bar or band
of deep gray, preceded by a white area; bill yellow, whitish at tip,
the mandible with a subterminal lateral spot of red; rictus flesh
color; iris light yellowish gray or dull creamy white; naked orbital
ring reddish flesh color (in life); legs and feet flesh color.

Adults in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but head and
neck clouded with brownish gray; bill paler yellow or yellowish
white, more decidedly yellow on culmen and tomia.

Young.—General color deep gray, nearly uniform on under parts
but on upper parts broken by a coarse irregular spotting or mottling
of grayish white or pale dull buffy, the head and neck indistinctly
streaked; primaries and rectrices plain pale brownish gray, with a
slight glaucous cast, the outermost rectrices more or less distinctly
mottled with paler; bill blackish, paler basally; legs and feet brownish
(in dried skins).

Immature.—Back, scapulars, etc., mixed pale gray and brownish
gray or grayish brown; primaries and tail uniform brownish gray;
head and neck grayish white clouded with brownish gray; under
parts nearly uniform brownish gray; bill yellowish for basal half and
tip, the intermediate portion dull blackish; legs and feet dull brownish
(in dried skins).

Downy young.—Head, neck, and under parts dull buffy white,
deepening into very pale buffy grayish on back, rump, and flanks;
pileum and sides of head with a greater or less number of well-defined
irregular spots of black, one on median portion of forehead, at base
of culmen, the arm-wing with several large blackish or dusky spots,

a98 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the back, rump, and flanks irregularly striped or clouded with grayish
dusky; bill black, broadly tipped with dull yellowish.

Adult male.-—Wing, 411-452 (437.6); tail, 172-186.5 (180.6); ex-
posed culmen, 53.5-61.5 (58.3); tarsus, 61.5-70 (65.9); middle toe,
58-66 (62.2).4

Adult female.—Wing, 413-414 (413.5); tail, 171-177.5 (174.2); ex-
posed culmen, 53.5-55 (54.2); tarsus, 61.5-63 (62.2); middle toe,
57-59 (58).°

Breeding from coast of Washington (Destruction Island; Carroll
Islet) northward along coast of British Columbia and Alaska, and.
westward over Aleutian Islands to Commander Islands, Kamchatka,
thence northward to Pribilof Islands, Amak Island, and St. Lawrence
Island, Bering Sea, Providence Bay, Siberia, and Noatak Bay, and
Cape Denbigh, Alaskan mainland; migrating southward along Pacific
coast of United States as far as Guadalupe Island, Lower California,
and on Asiatic side to Japan (Hakodate).

[?] Larus glaucopterus Krvriirz, in Lutke’s Voy. ‘Séniavine,’ French trans-
lation, iii, 1836, 272, 280 (Unalaska); Denkw., 1, 1858, 259, 335.
[Larus] glaucopterus LicHteNsTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 99 (Bering

Strait). 5
Larus glaucopterus ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 263 (Sitka and Unalaska,
Alaska).

[?] [Lareides] glaucopterus Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 211 (Kamchatka).

L{arus] glaucescens NAUMANN, V6g. Deutschi., x, 1840, 351 (North America; coll.
Berlin Mus.).

Larus glaucescens LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 842.—
Kirtuirz, Denkw., i, 1858, 259, 285, 335.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
no. 657.—CoveEs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 294 (monogr.); Check List,
1873, no. 545; 2d ed., 1882, no. 770; Birds Northwest, 1874, 622 (monogr.).—
Datiand Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 304 (Sitka and Kodiak,
Alaska).—-ELitiot, New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, i, 1869, Introd. (wing
figured and name transposed).—Frnscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, 83
(Alaska).— Datt, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 32 (Aleutian Islands, resident;
habits, etc.); v, 1874, 278 (Kyska Island, Aleutians, breeding).—SwinHor,
Ibis, 1874, 165 (Hakodate, Japan).—Buaxkiston and Prrer, Ibis, 1878, 217

@ Ten specimens. > Two specimens.
y Het Mid-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. oui Tarsus.| dle
men. toe.
MALES.
Seven adult males from Alaska...................0. 0.22022 s00- 435.7 | 181.6 58. 2 64.7 61.9
Two adult males from Washington (June)..............-....--. 451.5 | 181 | 60. 2 67.7 64.5
One adult male from Pering Island, Kamchatka (June)........| 423 WH) abd 65 59.5
FEMALES. | |
| |
One adult female from Alaska (Sitka, June). . | 413 171 | 55 | 63 59
One adult female from Pering Island (June)...........-...-.-- | 414 177.5 | 53.5 61.5 57

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 599

(Hakodate); Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, viii, 1880, 189; x, 1882, 103.—Saun-
DERS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 167 (monogr.); Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv,
1878, 395 (range); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 284.—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1879,
23 (Japan); Birds Japan. Emp., 1890, 290.—Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 206; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 662.—Bran,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus:, v, 1882, 168 (Port Clarence, Alaska).—SrrsJNEGER,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 62 (Commander Islands, Kamchatka,
breeding; synonymy, crit., etc.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water
Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 223.—McLrenrGan, Cruise ‘Corwin,’ 1884, 124
(Kowak River, Kotzebue Sound, and Bering Sea); Cruise ‘Corwin,’ 1885
(1887), 79 (Noatak River, Alaska, breeding).—TurNerr, Auk, ii, 1885, 158
(Attu Island, Aleutians, breeding) ; Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 125 (St. Michaels
1 spec.; Aleutian and Shumagin Islands; Kadiak; etc.).—Amrrican OrRNI-
THoLoGiIstTs’ Unron, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 44; 3d ed., 1910,
p. 37.—EverMANN, Auk, i, 1886, 88 (Ventura Co., California, in winter).—
Netson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 53 (U nalas! ka, Akutan, Sanak, and
other Aleutian islands; St. Michaels, in summer; Sitka; Kodiak; habits).—
TownsEND, Cruise ‘Corwin,’ 1885 (1887), 90 (Kowak River, Alaska).—
PatMEN, Vega-Exped. Vetensk., Bd. v, 1887, 369 (Pitlekaj, ‘Tschuktsch
Peninsula).—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., i, 1888,
36 (Farallon Islands, a as late as May).—AuLen, Auk, 1893, 123 (range).—
FisHer (A. K.), N. Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1898, 13 (coast California south of San
Simon, re) ALi NELL, Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 6 (Redondo, Los
Angeles Co., California, winter; Santa Catalina Island, Dec.); Pacifie Coast
Avifauna, no. 11, 1915, 21 (California; winter visitant s. to San Diego).—HEN-
sHAW, Birds Hawaiian Is., 1902, 126 (Hawaii and Oahu, rare winter visitor).—
Dwieut, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 35 (crit.; descr.immature plumages).—Jonrs, Wilson
Bull., no. 65, 1908, 197, cut (Carroil Islet, Washington, breeding; descr. nest
and eggs).—Criark (A. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 35 (San
Francisco Bay; Unalga Pass, Unalaska, Atka, Attu, and Agattu, Aleutian
chain; Commander Islands).—THayrer and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool.
Club, v, 1914, 10, in text (breeding on Amak Island, Bering Sea, but not seen
farther northward).—Cookg, Bull. 292, U.S. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915,
27, fig. 10 (range and migrations).—BrooKxs (W. S8.), Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., lix, 1915, 373 (St. Lawrence Island, breeding; Providence Bay, Siberia,
breeding; Copper Island, May 22).—Herrsry, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol.
66, no. 2, 1916, 13 (Seattle, Washington, to Ketchican, Alaska).

[Larus] glaucescens Gray, Hand-list, ili, 1871, 118, no. 10965.—Covrs, Key N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 312.—Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 142.—Forses and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 58 (Kamchatka).

Larus] glaucescens StRINEGER, ree: U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 70 (Commander
Ids.).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 741.—Ripaway, Man. N.
Am. Birds, 1887, 27.

[Zarus (Glaucus)| glaucescens Brucn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 101.

[Laroides] glaucescens Bonapartsé, Naumannia, 1854, 212.

{Larus (Laroides)] glaucescens Brucn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 281 (monogr.).

[Leucus] glaucescens BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770; Consp. Av., ii,
1857, 216.

Larus chalcopterus (not of Lichtenstein) LAwrencr, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. .
Surv., ix, 1858, 843.—Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 295 (monogr.).

[Larus] chalcopterus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1871, 113, no. 10964.

Larus fuscus (not of Linnzeus) Penzenn, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1873, [sepa-
rate, p. 8].

{?] Lerus borealis (not of Bruch) Taczanowskxt, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, 397.

600 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

LARUS THAYERI Brooks.

THAYER’S GULL.

‘“‘About the size of Z. kumlient Brewster, but differing in color of
mantle, primaries, and having a larger and more heavy bill.

“The color of the mantle is intermediate between kumlient and
argentatus, darker than the former, lighter than the latter.

“The first primary is broadly tipped with white, the outer web
blackish slate (Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Color), on the inner web
this color extends rather less than one-half across the web; second
primary similar only with subterminal black band and _ blackish
slate on inner web more narrow, on the outer web it does not extend
so near the base of the feather as on the first; third primary with
white tip, blackish slate on outer web less extensive, on inner web
the black is limited to a subterminal patch about 35 mm. long ex-
tending across web; fourth primary with white tip, blackish slate on
outer web extending about 45 mm., on inner web about 20 mm.,
fifth primary with white tip, then subterminal blackish slate band,
then narrow poorly defined bar of white.

‘““ Measurements.—Type, adult male: Wing, 406; tail, 167; tarsus,
65. pill 57,

“Description of immature male taken by Joseph Dixon at Griffin
Point, Arctic Alaska, June 25, 1914. Orig. No. 3752: First primary
fuscous hair-brown on outer web, lighter on inner web, changing to a
neutral gray, with narrow whitish tip; second primary similar but
slightly darker on inner web, especially near tip where it is as dark as
outer web, and extends to outer edge; third primary the same;
fourth primary similar except that outer web has narrow lighter edge,
and inner web for the most part neutral gray; fifth primary similar
but no brown on inner web except a patch near the tip which extends
across the web.

“The tail feathers are white with subterminal patches of fuscous
hair-brown varying in size, being smaller on the outer feathers.

“The inner secondaries have light brown areas on outer webs
about 30 mm. long, with paltid neutral gray edges.” (Original
description.)

Breeding in the high Arctic islands of northern Canada from Elles-
mere Land westward to Banks Island, migrating south in winter
chiefly on the Pacific coast to Vancouver Island, British Columbia;
only one record from the Atlantic coast (Fadousac, Quebec, July 26).

a Since the manuscript of this article was written, the material on which this sup-
posed species was based, together with additional specimens, has been examined by
Dr. Jonathan Dwight, Jr., who has found that complete intergradation with L. argen-
tatus is clearly shown. Therefore, according to Dr. Dwight, the form should be
known as Larus argentatus thayert. (See Auk, xxxiv, Oct., 1917, 413, 414, pl., 15.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 601

Larus thayeri Brooxs (W.S8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, no. 5, Sept., 1915,
373 (Buchanan Bay, Ellesmere Land, Arctic America, coll. Mus. Comp.
Zool.).—ANDERSON, Summary Report Geological Survey of Canada for 1916,
1917, 377 (Bernard Harbor; Kater Point, Arctic Sound; Cape Kellett,
Banks Island).

Larus argentatus thayeri Dwieant, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 414, pl. 15 (localities; crit.).

Larus argentatus TAVERNER, Summary Report Geological Survey of Canada for
1916, 1917, 356 (near Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, B. C.; crit.).

LARUS MARINOUS Linneus.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL,

Adults in summer (sexes alike):—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail and entire under parts, including axillars and under
wing-coverts, immaculate pure white; back, scapulars, and wings
uniform dark sooty gray or blackish gray (between dark quaker
drab and deep slaty brown), the tertials and secondaries broadly
(the latter abruptly) tipped with white; outermost primary black,
tipped with white for about 63-75 mm., the second (from outside)
similar but more grayish basally and the white terminal area inter-
rupted by a broad black bar on one or both webs; third, fourth, and
fifth primaries becoming successively and more extensively, more
grayish basally, tipped with white and with an extensive black sub-
terminal area preceded by white, either in form of a spot or bar or
shading gradually into the dusky gray of proximal portion; remain-
ing (proximal) primaries dark sooty gray broadly tipped with white;
bill deep yellow, paler at tip, the mandible red subterminally; rictus
orange-red or vermilion (in life); iris pale yellow, whitish or silvery;
bare orbital rmg vermilion (in life); legs and feet pale flesh color.

Adults in winter.—Similar to the summer plumage, but pileum and
hindneck streaked with dusky.

Young.—Upper parts dark slaty brown or dusky, the feathers
broadly margined with pale dull buffy; remiges dusky or blackish,
narrowly tipped with whitish; tail dusky, narrowly tipped with white
and crossed on distal portion by a narrow band of grayish or brownish
white; head, neck, and under parts dull whitish, the pileum, hind-
neck, and sides of head and neck streaked with dusky grayish brown,
the under parts (except throat) clouded or irregularly spotted with
grayish brown; bill blackish, sometimes paler basally; iris brown;
legs and feet dull whitish (in life).

Downy young.—General color dull grayish white, the upper parts
marbled or irregularly spotted with dull grayish; head marked with
irregular well-defined spots of black, as follows: Forehead with a
narrow mesial streak; crown with two spots, one behind the other,
with a minute spot on each side, opposite the space between the two
larger spots; occiput with four large spots, arranged in transverse
series, and below these three others, their position corresponding to

602 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the spaces in the series above; below these three spots a ragged or
irregular band across each side of nape, the two separated by a con-
siderable interval, and still lower, on hindneck two or three spots of
rather indefinite form and arrangement; three small loral spots,
arranged longitudinally; a spot above each eye, and several irregular
large spots on lower portion of head, rather less distinctly defined
than the others.

Adult male.-—Wing, 486; tail, 198; exposed culmen, 68; tarsus, 75;
middle toe, 69.2

Adult female-—Wing, 465-494 (479.5); tail, 185-201 (192); ex-
posed culmen, 59.5-62 (60.7); tarsus, 73-77 (75); middle toe,
69-74.5 (71.7).°

Breeding along Atlantic coast of North America, from Nova
Scotia (Halifax, Kentville, Pictou), Anticosti Island, Quebec (God-
bout; Point de Monts), Newfoundland, and coast of Labrador,
northward to western coast of Greenland, as far as lat. 73° (Uper-
navik), Iceland, Shetland Islands, and thence to northern Russia
(Petchora River); migrating southward to New Jersey, casually to
Florida (St. Augustine, winter 1894-95), Cuba, and Bermudas (Dec.,
1851, Dec. 27, 1862), in the interior to Yates County and Buffalo,
New York, Toronto, Ontario, Olentangy River at Columbus, Ohio
(Dec. 16, 1907), northeastern Iinois (Lake Michigan, near Chicago),
and Mackinac Island and near Detroit (March, 1904), Michigan, and
on eastern side of Atlantic Ocean to Azores, Canary Islands, and
(more rarely) shores of Mediterranean Sea, casually to coast of Senegal,
western Africa.

[Larus] marinus Linn.xus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 136 (s. Sweden); ed. 12, i,
1766, 225.—GmMeE tn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 598 —Laruam, Index Orn.,
li, 1790, 813.—-Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 223 (Bermudas).—Gray,
Hand-list, iii, 1871, 112—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 312.—SHarpe,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 141.—ForBes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii,
no. 2, 1899, 57.

Larus marinus Miuier, Nat. Syst., ii, 1773, 346.—Fasricrus, Fauna Groen-
landica, 1780, 102.—Boppagrrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 58.—Monr, Island.
Naturh., 1786, 42.—Rerzius, Fauna Suecica, 1790, 156.—BoNNATERRE, Tabl.
Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 84.-BecustTeEIn, Naturg. Deutschl., ii, 1791, 815—Wo.r
and Mryer, Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., Heft xx, 1805, 58, with pl.—Tem-
MINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 185; Man. d’Orn., 1815, 490; 2d ed., ii, 1820, 760; iv,
1840, p. 471.—Mryer and Wotr, Taschenb. Vég. Deutschl., ii, 1810,
465.—Meyer, Vog. Liv-u. Esthl., 1815, 230.—Mzrtsner and Scuinz, Vog.
Schweiz, 1815, 266.—Nriisson, Orn. Suec., 1817, 164.—Cuvirr, Régne Anim.,
Ois., 1817, 340, Atlas, pl. oot Ghats Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, 1818, 543
(Baffin Bay).—Virttiot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxi, 1818, 507; Faun.
Franc., Ois., 1828, 392.—Breum, Vogelk., iii, 1822, 756; Lehrb., 1824, 735;
Vog. De sutschl., 1831, 731; uh oc 1855, 338.—SrerHens, Shaw’s Gen.

a One specimen, ee om France.
5Two specimens from Labrador and Massachusetts, respectively.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 603

Zool., xiii, pt. i, 1826, 186.—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828,
362; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 63.—WerNer, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828,
pl. 17.—Fiemine, Brit. Anim., 1828, 140.—Srxsy, Brit. Birds, ii,
1833, 507, pl. 97.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. §S. and Can., Water Birds,
1834, 308.—JeNyNs, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 278.—AupuBON, Orn.
Biog., iti, 1835, 305, pl. 241; v, 1839, 636; Synopsis, 1839, 329; Birds
Am., 8 vo ed., vii, 1844, 172, pl. 450 —Eyron, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 53.—
Goutp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 430 and text; Birds Great Brit., v, 1873,
pl. 55 and text.—Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., x, 1840, 438, pls. 268, 269.—
Scatnz, Eur. Faun., 1840, 379.—Macermutvray, Man. Brit. Orn., pt. ii, 1842,
244; Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 526.—Srtys-Lonacuampes, Faune Belge,1842, 154.—
YARRELL, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 471; 2d ed., iii, 1845, 591.—Gray, List Birds
Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844, 168; Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 231.—ScHuLEBGEL, Rev.
Crit., 1844, p. exxiv; Vog. Nederl., 1854, 596, pls. 343, 344; Dier. Nederl.
Vogels, 1861, 235; Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 10.—MUuur, Orn.
Griechenl., 1844, 145.—Giraup, Birds Long Island, 1844, 361.—Herwirson,
Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1846, 447, pl. 128, fig. 1—Dreuanp, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849,
301.—JARpDINE, Contr. Orn., 1849, 87 (Bermudas).—RErIcHENBACH, Syst. Nat.,
1850, pl. 5; Av. Syst. Nat., Longipennes, 1852, pp. iv, v.—THompson,
Birds Ireland, iii, 1851, 377.—Ksarrpoéntirne, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 324, pl.
42; Suppl., 1854, pl. 23—Rernuarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 443 (Green-
land); Ibis, 1861, 16 (Greenland).—HeuaGuin, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 69 (Lower
Egypt).—Meyer, Brit. Birds, vii, 1857, 159, pl. 310.—CaBanis, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1857, 236 (Cuba).—LAWRENC#, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix,
1858, 844; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New York City).—
Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 660.—LINDERMAYER, Voge. Griechenl.,
1860, 177.—Courns, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 244 (coast Labrador,
breeding; habits, etc.); 1862, 295 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 546; 2d
ed., 1882, no. 771; Birds Northwest, 1874, 624 (monogr.).—GUNDLACH,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 95 (Cuba; crit.).—-Verritt, Proc. Essex Inst., iii,
1862, 159 (breeding on islands in Bay of Fundy).—Matmeren, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1863, 453 (Spitzbergen).—Gray, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 231.—NrwrTon,
in Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 418; Arctic Man., 1875, 107 (Greenland,
63°-68° N.).—Satvaport, Ucc. Sardin., 1864, 130; Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1872,
295: Ucc. Ital., 1887, 287.—Buastus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 379 (crit.).—
DeEGLAND and GERBB, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 413.—Doptriem, Avil. Sicil., 1869,
232.—Droste, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 384 (Faroes); Vogelw. Borkum, 1869,
353.—Fritscu, Vég. Eur., 1870, 427, pl. 55, fig. 8—Saunpers, Ibis, 187],
400 (s. w. Spain); 1884, 39 (s. w. France); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 179
(monogr.); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 631; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889,
661; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 241, 458.—Gray (R.), Birds West
Scotl., 1871, 488.—Gopman, Ibis, 1872, 223 (Allegranza, Canary Islands).—
Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 77.—Sunprvatt, Svensk. Fogl., 1872,
pl. 50, fig. 5—Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1872, 427, pl. 604.—CoLLErT,
Forh. Selsk. Ohristiania, 1873, 297 (n. Norway).—Patmén, Finlands Fogl.
1873, 601.—Marcuanpb, Rev. Zool., 1873, pl. 12 (downy young).—HEvGLIN,
Orn. N. O.-Afr., Bd. ii, pt. 2, 1873, 1279.—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen,
v, 1876, 364 (s. Greenland).—Brooxeg, Ibis, 1873, 348 (Sardinia). —Irsy,
Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 215.—Ssrsoum and Harvir—Brown, Ibis, 1876,
452 (Lower Petchora, Russia).—Mrrriam, Birds Connecticut, 1877, 132, 142,
146; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 241 (Point de Monts, Quebec, breed-
ing).—Ret1, Zoologist, 1877, 489 (Bermuda); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 25,
1384, 265 (Bermuda, Dec., 1851, and Dec. 27, 1862).—Kumtutren, Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 99 (Greenland, n. to 70° N.).—Ropp, Birds Cornwall,

604 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1880, 173.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds),
206; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 663.—MayNnarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881,
483 (to Florida in winter).—CuarKer, Handb. Yorkshire Vertebr., 1881, 83;
Ibis, 1895, 210 (Rhone delta, France).—Grettont, Ibis, 1881, 220 (Genoa,
Italy); Avifaun. Ital., 1886, 663; 1 Resoc. Avif. Ital., 1889, 648.—SrEBoHM,
Ibis, 1882, 386 (Archangel, Russia; Kanin Peninsula, breeding); Hist. Brit.
Birds, iii, 1885, 323.—Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 395
(Anticosti Island, numerous and breeding; habits)—RocHEBRUNE, Faun.
Sénég., Ois., 1884, 333 (Cape Blanco, etec., Senegal) —Bairp, Brewer, and
Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 225.—Rappr, Orn. Caucas., 1884,
479 (not found on Caspian Sea).—Torre and Tscuust, Ornis, 1885, 560
(Hungary).—GrR6NDAL, Ornis, 1886, 370 (Iceland).—AmeErIcAN ORNITHOLO-
cists’ Unron, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 47; 3rd ed., 1910, p.
37.—Tarr, Ibis, 1887, 396 (Portugal).—Ruoaps, Auk, v, 1888, 318 (Atlantic
City, New Jersey, in winter).—Harvir-Brown and Bucktry, Faun. Suther-
land, etc., 1887, 233; Faun. Outer Hebrides, 1888, 148; Faun. Argyll, etc.,
1892, 192.—LitrorpD, Ibis, 1889, 349 (Cyprus); Col. Figs. Brit. Birds, pt.
xxv, 1893.—ReErtcHENow, Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 63.—STrEVENSON
and SouTHWELL, Birds Norfolk, iii, 1890, 341.—Rrvess, Cat. Birds Virg., 1890,
41 (Cobb’s Island, Virginia, rare in winter).—GAtTkKE, Vogelw. Helgoland,
1891, 567.—Fatio and SrupErR, Cat. Ois. Suisse, 1892, 60, 61.—MEADE-
Waxpo, Ibis, 1893, 206 (Canary Islands, rare)—ALLEN, Auk, x, 1893, 123
(range).—Waite, Auk, x, 1893, 222 (Mackinac Island, Michigan, rare mi-
grant).—Dusors, Vertebr. Belg., Ois., ii, 1894, 583, pl. 291.—PEARson and
BIDWELL, Ibis, 1894, 236 (n. Norway).—STones (W.), Birds E. Penn: and N.
J., 1894, 43 (New Jersey coast, rare in winter).—Prarson, Ibis, 1895, 245
(Iceland; breeding habits); 1896, 213 (Russian Lapland; descr. young).—
SavacE, Auk, xii, 1895, 312 (Buffalo, New York, Jan., 1894, Feb. 19, 20,
and 22, 1895).—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1895, 465 (w. Greenland; descr.
eges),—PopuamM, Ibis, 1897, 106 (north of Golchika, Yenesei River, Siberia).—
Stone (C. F.), Auk, xvi, 1899, 284 (Yates Co., New York, April 18, 1898;
about 15 seen, 1 shot).—Brartstin, Auk, xvii, 1900, 71 (Adies Pond, New-
foundland, breeding).—Bricrtow, Auk, xix, 1902, 26 (coast n. e. Labrador,
breeding),—Harrerr and Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 102 (San Miguel,
Azores).—Fiemine, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 442 (Toronto, Ontario, winter resi-
dent).—Jones, "Wilson Bull., xx, 1908, 54 (Olentangy River, Ohio, Dec. 16,
1907).—Arno.tp, Auk, <r0e 1912, 75 (Newfoundland, breeding).—WEBER,
Auk, xxix, 1912, 100 (near Jones Inlet, Long Island, Aug. 14, 1910).—Ban-
NERMAN, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxiii, 1913, 58, in text (Allegranza Island,
Canaries, formerly breeding). agian Bull. 292, U. S. Dept. Agric. caAr
Survey), 1915, 30, fig. 13 (range and migrations).

L{arus] marinus Keyseriine and Brasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xevii, 245.—
Gray, Gen. Birds, ili, 1846, 654 Binding: Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 379.—
Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 391 (Lake Michigan, n. e. Illinois, in
winter); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 28.—NeEtson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876,
145 (not uncommon resident on Lake Michigan, n. e. Illinois, in winter).—
Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 742.

[ Lencus] marinus Kaup, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 86, 196.

[Dominicanus] marinus Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 100; 1855, 280 (monogr.).—
3ONAPARTE, Compt. Rend. xlii, 1856, 770; Consp. Av., 1i, 1857, 213.—HEINE
and RretcHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 357.

Dominicanus marinus Locugz, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 177.—OLPHE-
GALLIARD, Faun. Eur. Occid., fase. x, 1886, 34.

(Larus marinus] y Lataam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 814 (=Larus marinus Linneus).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 605

Larus maculatus (not of Briinnich, 1764) Boppagrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 16
(based on Le Grisard Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 266; Le Goeland varié ou Le
Grisard Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., xvi, 200; Brisson, Orn., vi, 167).

Larus giganteus BeNIcKEN, Ann. Wetterau. Gesel., iii, 1812, 140 (Baltic Sea;=
young).—TemmMinck, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 490, footnote.

Larus maximus (not of O’Reilly, 1818) Leacu, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mus., 1816, 40.—
BreuM, Beitr. Vogelk., iii, 1822, 741; Lehrb., 1824, 733; Isis, 1830, 993;
Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 728; Naumannia, 1855, 294; Vogelf., 1855, 337.—
Buaaa, Ibis, 1893, 356 (Shetland Islands, breeding; habits).

L{arus] miilleri Bren, Isis, 1830, 993 (nomen nudum); Naumannia, 1855, 294.

Larus miilleri Bren, Vég. Deutchl., 1831, 729, (Iceland in winter to the German
and Holland coasts); Vogelf., 1855, 337.

Larus] fabricii BRenM, Isis, 1830, 993 (nomen nudum).

Larus fabricti Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 730 (Greenland and in winter to
coast of middle Europe); Vogelf., 1855, 337; Naumannia, 1855, 294.

Larus nigripallus DuBors, Pl. Col. Ois. Belg., iii, 1860, 240.

Larus albus Miituer, Natursyst., Suppl., 1776, 108 (Europe; based on Le Grisard
Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 266).

LARUS SCHISTISAGUS Stejneger.
SLATY-BACKED GULL.

Similar to L. marinus, but slightly smaller; back, scapulars, and
wings decidedly lighter and less sooty (much as in L. occidentalis,
but averaging decidedly darker), and first (outermost) primary, as
well as second and third, with a distinct gray ‘‘wedge”’ on inner web.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail, and entire under parts, including axillars and under
wing-coverts, immaculate pure white; back, scapulars, and wings
uniform deep gray (neutral gray to deep neutral gray), the secondaries
and tertials rather broadly tipped with white, the proximal primaries
more broadly and abruptly tipped with white; four outer primaries
with outer webs black, or slaty black, becoming more grayish basally,
their inner webs for the greater part deep neutral gray or dul slate-
gray, but abruptly blackish subterminally; outermost primary
ubruptly tipped with white, for about 53.5 mm, (measured along
shaft), both webs with a small spot of blackish at edges, about 10
mm. from tip; second (from outside) with the terminal white spot
only about 10 mm. in extent, but the inner web with a large oval
spot of white, about 23 mm. long, within the black area; third with
the white termina] spot about the same size as that on the second,
‘the inner web with a grayish white space, commencing about 40.5
mm. from tip, abruptly defined, with a strongly convex outline,
against the subterminal black area, but not distinctly contrasted
with the gray of basal portion; fourth primary similar to third, but
the white space on inner web more distinct and commencing only
about 33 mm. from tip; fifth similar, but with white space on inner
web still larger and nearer to tip (about 25.5 mm.), and the outer
web deep neutral gray or dull slate-gray to within about 38 mm. of

606 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tip, the extremity of this grayish portion obtusely wedge-shaped and
fading into white at the apex; sixth primary without any distinct
black area on inner web, which is white for about 45.5 mm. from tip
(measured along shaft), the outer web white for about 15.5 mm., then
slaty black for about 18 mm. (measured along edge), the anterior
outline of the black deeply concave and partially inclosing a grayish
white space; bill deep yellow, paler at tip, the mandible with a subter-
minal Jateral spot of red; rictus yeUowish flesh-color; iris naples
vellow or yellowish cream color; bare orbital ring purplish gray
(in life); legs and feet pinkish flesh color (in life).

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults, but head and neck
(especially pileum and hindneck) streaked with dusky.

Young.—‘ Clove-brown, with darker streaks on the head and neck,
dark centers and buffish-white margins to the feathers of the mantle;
rectrices nearly uniform brown, with very little marbling at the bases
and on the outermost; primaries brown, paler on their inner webs;
edge of wing and coverts almost unmottled grayish brown; under
surface brown, the tail-coverts striated; bill dark horn-color, paler
at the base; tarsi and toes reddish brown.’’4

Adult male.—Wing, 445-470 (458.6); tail, 179-196 (189.2); ex-
posed culmen, 59-65.5 (61.9); tarsus, 64-72 (68.7); middle toe, 62—

5 (64).°

Adult female.—Wing, 436; tail, 182; exposed culmen, 54; tarsus,
59; middle toe, 55.5.°

Coasts and islands of eastern Siberia and Kamchatka and Okotsk
Sea, breeding from eastern Siberia (Plover Bay; coast near Bering
Strait; Gichiga) to Kuril Islands; migrating southward to northern |
Japan (Hakodate; Sakhalin Island; Samushi Island, and mouth of
Amur River; casual or occasional in Alaska (Chernofisky Bay,
Unalaska, large flock, Oct.1,1880; Port Clarence; Sitka), on Diomede
Islands in Bering Strait (Sept., 1880), and on Herald Island, Arctic
Ocean; accidental at Franklin Bay, Mackenzie (June 9, 1901).

Larus argentatus (not of Pontoppidan, 1763) MippeNnvorrr, Reis. Sibir., Zool.,
1851, 243, part Ee ie Sea).—Kirriitz, Denkw. Reis., ii, 1858, 225, part.

a Peano) Cat. Birds Brit. Oetee XXV, 1396, 25 260.
b Five specimens.
¢ One specimen (Kuril Islands, June).

Locality. | Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| “Middle
| culmen. |
c) fe pare 1 |——-|- les 2p of Sl Stine
MALES. | |
One adult male from Bering Island, Kamchatka (May 5)e..--- | 463 | 191 60 66 | 62
Four adult males from Kuril Islands (June, August).....--..-- | 457.5 188 62.4 69.4 | 64, 5
|

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 607

Larus cachinnans (not of Pallas, 1826) Krrriirz, Denkw. Reis., i, 1858, 336.—
SwInHOE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 327 (Amurland, crit.); 1871, 421
China coast; crit.); Ibis, 1863, 428 (Formosa).—STeJNEGER, Naturen, 1884,
6 (Bering Island).

Larus argentatus var. cachinnans Scurencx, Reis. Amurl., i, 1860, 504 (Amur
River).

Larus fuscescens (not of Bruch, 1853) Meves, Oeiv. Ak. Forh., 1871, 787.

[Larus] borealis (not of Bruch, 1853) Gray, Hand-list, 111, 1871, 113, no. 10976.

Larus borealis Seepoum, Ibis, 1884, 32 (Kuril Islands; crit.).—BLaKiston,
Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 20, 34.

(?) Larus occidentalis (not of Audubon) Wuirety, Ibis, 1867, 210 (Hakodate,
Japan).

Larus marinus (not of Linnzeus) Swrnnor, Ibis, 1874, 165 (Hakodate, Japan;
crit.)—SauNpDERS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 180, part (Hakodate
monogr.).—BLAKISTON and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 217 (Hakodate); Trans. Asiat.
Soc. Japan, x, pt. i, 1882, 104.—SrEBoum, Ibis, 1879, 24 (Japan); Birds
Japan. Emp., 1890, 291.—Rip@way, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 60
(Herald Island, Arctic Ocean, and Port Clarence, Alaska)—Bran, Proc. U.
S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 168 (Chernoffsky, Unalaska Island, Oct. 1).—NELson,
Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 107 (Greater Diomede Island, Bering Strait;
Chernofisky, Unalaska; Port Clarence).—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891,
262, 263 (Sitka, Alaska).

Larus pelagicus (not of Bruch, 1853) TaczanowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876,
263: 1882, 397; Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 64.

Larus schistisagus STEINEGER, Auk, i, no. 3, July, 1884, 231 (Bering Island, Com-

mander group, Kamchatka; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

no. 29, 1885, 67 (Bering Island; Petropaulski; Bay of Avatscha and Staritskof

Island, breeding; descr.; crit., etc.); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 119, (Com-

mander Islands; crit.); xxi, 1898, 276 (Kuril Islands, Japan, breed-

ing; crit.) —Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884,

229 (Unalaska and Port Clarence, Alaska; Herald Island; Plover Bay; Bering

Island; Petropaulski; Japan).—AMmeERIcAN OrRNiITHOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check

List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 48; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 37.—NeEtson, Rep.

Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 53 (Diomede Islands; Chernofisky Bay, Un-

alaska; Petropaulski, Kamchatka).—Nrkoxsxi, Sakhalin Faun., 1889, 270

(Sakhalin Island).—Taczanowsk1, Mém. Ac. St. Petersb. (7), Xxxix,

1893, 1024 (e. Siberia) —ALLEN, Auk, x, 1893, 123 (range); Bull. Am. Mus.

N. H., xxi, 1905, 225 (Gichiga, n. e. Siberia, breeding; habits)—Saun-

pERS, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 258 (Kuril Islands, June; mouth

of Amur River, May 21; Hakodate, Japan).—ScHatow, Vogel der Arktis,

1904, 141 (synonymy, range, etc.).—PRrEBLE, North Am. Fauna, no. 27,

1908, 264 (Franklin Bay, Mackenzie, June 9).—CuiarK (A. H.), Proc. U.

S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 35 (Ulaga Pass, near Unalaska Island; Com-

mander Islands; Petropaulski; Samushi Island, Kurils; Sakhalin Island,

Sept.).—Hennincer, Wilson Bull., xxii, 1910, 119 (coast Siberia, near

Bering Strait, breeding; descr. eggs).—Cooxe, Bull. 292, U. 8. Dept. Agric.

(Biol. Surv.), 1915, 33, fig. 14 (range and migrations).—THayYeR and BANGs,

Auk, xxxiii, 1916, 44 (Sakhalin Island, May 11).—Brooxs (W. S.), Bull.

Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 373 (Cape Shipunski, Siberia, May 21; Avatcha .

Bay, Kamchatka, May).—Hersey, Smithson. Misc. Coll., Ixvi, no. 2, 1916,

13 (off Nome, Alaska).—G1ANnrini, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 397 (Stepovak Bay, ,

Alaska Peninsula).
L{arus] schistisagus Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 29.

608 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Larus] schistisagus SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 141—ForsBes and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 58.
Larus marinus schistisagus SEEBOHM, Birds Japan. Emp., 1890, 291.

LARUS AFFINIS Reinhardt.
SIBERIAN GULL.

Similar to L. schistisagus, but much smaller (about the size of
L. occidentalis), bill much more slender, color of back, etc., slightly
lighter, third primary (from outside) without any white space on
inner web between the black and gray areas, and iris, orbital ring,
and feet very different in color.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail and entire under parts, including axillars and under
wing-coverts, immaculate pure white; back, scapulars and wings
warm neutral gray to nearly mouse gray, the tertials, secondaries,
and proximal primaries tipped with white, the distal primaries
abruptly tipped with white and marked subterminally with black;
second primary (from outside) with a distinct gray ‘“‘wedge”’ on
inner web; bill yellow, the mandible with a subterminal lateral
spot of red, the maxilla sometimes tinged with red in front of nos-
tril; iris yellow; bare orbital ring orange-red or vermilion in life;
legs and feet yellow (in life).

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults, but head and neck,
all round, heavily spotted or broadly streaked with dusky, yellow
of bill paler or more greenish, and yellow of feet paler.

Young.—(No specimens available. Said to be like that of JZ.
fuscus, but with general color of back and wings lighter).

Adult female.-—Wing, 423-424 (427); tail, 157-165 (160); ex-
posed culmen, 51.5-52.5 (52); tarsus, 61-68.5 (64); middle toe,
49-54 (52).°

Breeding in northern Russia and Siberia, from Dwina River to
Yenesei River and Taimyr Peninsula (doubtfully in valley of Lena
River); migrating southward as far as Mekran coast, western side
of India, Gulf of Aden, island of Socotra, and coast of Somaliland,
eastern Africa; accidental in southwestern Greenland (Nenortalik,
Julianehaab) and southwestern France (Hendaye).

|?] Larus littoreus (not of Forster, Descr. Anim., 1844¢) Forster, Indian Zool.,
1781, 42.

Larus, sp. 1.2? JERDON, Madras Journ., xii, 1840, 225 (Deccan, India).

Larus fuscus (not of Linnzeus) Hurron, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., xv, 1847, 792
(Cabul, Afghanistan).—Btiyru, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc., 1849, 288, part
(see Hume, Stray Feath., iv, 502).—Jerpon, Birds India, iii, 1864, 830
(Jaulna, Deccan).—Fiuiepr, Viagg. Pers., 1865, 352 (Caspian Sea).—BtytTu,
Ibis, 1897, 176, 314.—BLanrorp, East. Pers., ii, 1876, 290 (Beluchistan).

a No adult males examined. ¢ —Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein.
b Three specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 609

[Larus] cachinnans (not of Pallas) Licurenstern, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854,
99 (Arabia).

Larus cachinnans Meves, Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Foérh., 1871, 786 (Cholmogony,
Dwina).—Heveattin, Orn. N. O.-Afr., Bd. ii, 1873, 1392, part (Somali coast).—
Meves and HomeyeEr, Ornis, 1886, 275 (lower Dwina).

Larus (Dominicanus)| cachinnans Brucn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 100.

[Larus (Laroides)| cachinnans Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 282.

[Clupeilarus] cachinnans BoNararte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 221, part.

Larus affinis RetnHarpt, Vid. Medd. Nat. Forh. Kjobenhavn, 1853, 78 (Nenor-
talic, Julianehaab, s. Greenland; coll. Royal Mus. Copenhagen); Journ. fiir
Orn., 1854, 433; Ibis, 1861, 17 (Greenland; crit.) —Srrsoum and Harvie-
Brown, Ibis, 1876, 452 (Lower Petchora, Russia; crit.)—SaunpeErs, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 171 (monogr.); Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv, 1878, 397
(range); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 254.—GArTxKE, Ibis, 1878, 489 (Helgo-
land).—Fiyscu, Ibis, 1879, 111 (Tajo, Lissabon; Katwijk, near Leyden;
Kamchatka; Macao); Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, 268 (w. Siberia).—SEr-—
BoHM, Ibis, 1879, 162 (Yenesei River, Siberia; habits; range)—Hume,
Stray Feath., viii, 1879, 115 —Vinat, Stray Feath., ix, 1880, 94 (s. Konkan,
Malabar).—Buttrr, Stray Feath., ix, 1880, 439 (Deccan coast).—DRreEssER,
Birds Europe, viii, 1880, 417; Ibis, 1904, 234 (Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia,
breeding; descr. nest); 1908, 515 (Taimyr Peninsula; descr. nest and eggs,
etc.).—Sciater and Hartiaus, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 174 (Socotra
Island).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds),
207; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 665.—Covgs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882,
no. 776.—OLPHE-GALLIARD, Ibis, 1885, 236 (Hendaye, s. w. France); Orn.
Eur. Occid., fasc. x, 1886, 66.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check
List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 50; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 388.—Pieskre, Mém.
Acad. St. Petersb. (7), xxxvi, 1888, 56 (Turkestan).—Prarson, Ibis, 1896,
219 (Kolguev, n. Russia), 224 (Novaya Zemlya); 1898, 203 (Waigats, Dolgoi

Island, Novaya Zemlya, and Habarova, n. e. Russia).—Poruam, Ibis, 1897,
106 (Yenesei River, Siberia, breeding; habits; descr. nest and eggs); 1898,
519 (Yenesei River).—Grant, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 270 (s. Arabia).—
Scuatow, Végel der Arktis, 1904, 140 (synonymy, range, etc.).—CooKE,
Bull. 292, U. S. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Sury.), 1915, 35, fig. 17 (range and
migrations).

L{arus| affinis Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 745.—Rmpaway, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 29.

[Larus] afinis Retnnarpr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 443 (Greenland).—SHARPE,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 141.

Larus affinis affinis Lowe, Ibis, July, 1914, 397, in text.

Larus fuscus affinis KENNEDY, Ibis, Jan., 1917, 31 nd Atlantic, lat. 58° 5’ N.,
long., 1° 01’ E.).

Larus rufescens BONAPARTE, Naumannia, 1854, 211 (Red Sea).

[Clupeilarus| fuscescens (not Dominicanus fuscescens Bruch, 1855) BONAPARTE,
Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 221.

Larus leucophaeus (not of Lichtenstein) Heuautn, Ibis, 1859, 349 (Somali coast
and Gulf of Aden); in Petermann’s Mitth., 1861, 29 (Red Sea).

Larus, sp.? Heveutn, Ibis, 1872, 65 (Novaya Zemlya; Waigats).

Larus occidentalis (not of Audubon) Hume, Stray Feath., 1873, 273 (n. w. coast
India); 1876, 414 (Bombay).

Larus marinus (not of Linnzeus) Atston and Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1873, 52
(lower Dwina River).

Larus borealis (not of Bruch, ex Brandt, 1853) Srrsoum, Ibis, 1882, 386
(Archangel, Russia; Solovetsk Island, breeding; habits).

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8—-—40

610 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

LARUS OCCIDENTALIS Audubon.
WESTERN GULL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail, and entire under parts, including axillars and under
wing-coverts, immaculate pure white; back, scapulars, and wings
uniform neutral gray to deep neutral gray, the secondaries, tertials,
and proximal primaries broadly (for 25 mm. or more) tipped with
white; four outer primaries with outer webs black, becoming more
erayish basally (especially the fourth), the outermost one with its
terminal portion, for about 50 mm., abruptly white, crossed, on one
or both webs, by a subterminal black bar; second to fifth primaries
(from outside) tipped with white, the fifth with much more of neutral
eray than black on outer web; sixth primary with the black reduced
to a subterminal bar; bill deep yellow, the mandible with a sub-
terminal lateral spot of red; iris brown; bare orbital ring vermilion
red; legs and feet yellow (in life).

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults, but pileum and hind-
neck streaked with dusky.

Young.—Upper parts grayish brown or deep brownish gray,
irregularly spotted or marbled with grayish white, the remiges,
primary coverts, and rectrices uniform dull black or dark grayish
brown, narrowly tipped with white; under parts grayish brown or
brownish gray, nearly uniform on breast and abdomen, elsewhere
more or less clouded or irregularly spotted with grayish white;
bill blackish terminally, flesh color or pale brownish basally; iris
brown; legs and feet flesh color (pale brownish in dried skins).

Downy young.—General color pale dull vinaceous-buff or brownish
buff, shghtly more grayish on back, rump, flanks, etc.; head with
numerous large, well-defined but irregular black spots, of which the
largest is on the occiput, or on median portion of forehead, at base
of culmen, one on middle of crown, and one near base of mandible;
forearm, back, and rump with large, distinct, and for the most part
sharply defined, irregular black spots or marblings.?

Adult male.—Wing, 397-447 (423.7) ; tail, 150-177 (164.1) ; exposed
culmen, 52-59 (57); tarsus, 63-68 (65.9); middle toe, 60.5-65.5
G22)2

Adult female.—Wing, 368-433 (400.6); tail, 146.5-167.5 (156.9);
exposed culmen, 51-58 (53.8); tarsus, 58-66 (61); middle toe, 55.5-63
(58.6) .°

Pacific coast of North America, from western Mexico to British

Columbia; breeding from Lower California (coast near Carmen _

a In general appearance the downy young of Larus occidentalis is not very unlike
that of Chroicocephalus atricilla, but the pattern of the head markings is very different.

6 Six specimens.

¢ Ten specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 611

Island; San Pedro Martir Island; Los Coronados Islands) northward
to British Columbia (Similkameen Valley); migrating southward to
Isabella and Tres Marias islands, Tepic, casually to Socorro Island,
Revillegigedo group (specimen found dead May 3, 1897), northward
to Vancouver Island; accidental in Colorado (Loveland, Sept. 30,
1889).

Larus occidentalis AupUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 320 (Cape Disappointment,
Washington); Synopsis, 1839, 328; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 161.—
LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 845.—Batrp, Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 662.—Casstn, Orn. U.S. Expl. Exped. (Wilkes),
1858, 247 (California) —HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv.,
1859, 73 (coast California; habits)—CoorEr and Sucxiey, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 271 (Shoalwater Bay, Straits of Fuca, etc.,
Washington; Lower California; habits).—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1862, 296 (monogr.); Ibis, 1866, 271 (San Pedro, California); Check List,
2d ed., 1882, no. 774.—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863,
15.—E.uot, New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. 7, 1867 (vol. 11), pl. 52, upper
fig., and text.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am.
Birds), 207; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 664.—SaunpErs, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1878, 172 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 257.—BELDING,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 545 (Cape district, Lower California).—Batrp,
BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 230.—HENsHaw,
Auk, ii, 1885, 232 (California coast)—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 49; 3d ed., 1910, p. 38.—Biaxg, Auk,
iv, 1887, 329 (Santa Cruz Island, California, breeding).—Bryant (W. E.),
Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., i, 1888, 37 (Farallon Islands, breeding; habits;
descr. nest and eggs).—Goss, Auk, v, 1888, 240 (San Pedro Martir Island,
Lower California, breeding).—Jerrries, Auk, vi, 1889, 222, in text (Santa
Barbara, California).—LAWRENCE (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 41 (Grays Harbor,
Washington, winter resident).—GRrINNELL (J.) Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,
1897, 23 (Santa Barbara Islands, breeding); Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915,
21 (breeding on Farallons, Santa Barbara Islands, etc.).—Cooxeg, Birds Col.,
1897, 50 (Loveland, Colorado, | spec., Sept. 30, 1889); Bull. 292, U. S. Dept.
Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 34, figs. 15, 16 (range and migrations).—ANTHONY,
Auk, xv, 1898, 315 (Socorro Island, 1 spec., May 3, 1897).—BrEewstTER,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, no. 1, 1902, 20 (La Paz Bay, etc., Lower Cali-
fornia, in winter; breeding on rocky islet near Carmen Island).—GrINNELL and
Daacert, Auk, xx, 1903, 30 (Los Coronados Islands, Lower California, breed-
ing).—Ray, Auk, xxi, 1904, 434, pl. 26 (Farallon Islands; habits, ete.).—
KermMopkg, Provincial Mus. Victoria, 1909, 24 (coast Brit. Columbia, resident;
Chilliwack; breeding in Similkameen Valley).

L{arus] occidentalis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 654.—Buasius, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1865, 379 (crit.).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 744.—Ripeway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 28.

[Larus] occidentalis SHarPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 141.—Forses and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 58.

[Larus (Glaucus)] occidentalis Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 101.

[Larus (Laroides)| occidentalis Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855; 282.—Boucarp,
Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 18.

[Laroides] occidentalis BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770; Consp. Av.,
ii, 1857, 219.

612 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Larus argentatus.| Var. occidentalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 312 (excl.
syn. borealis Brandt and cachinnans Pallas); Birds Northwest, 1874, 633
(monogr.).

Larus argentatus . . . var. occidentalis Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 5476.

[Larus argentatus| c. occidentalis Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 626 (synonymy).

Larus argentatus occidentalis Cougs, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 7, 1877, 25 (Lower
California).

Larus argentatus var. occidentalis HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Expl. W. 100th
Merid., 1876, 276 (Santa Cruz Island, breeding; San Francisco Harbor).
Larus fuscus (not of Linnzeus) SAUNDERS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 158

(Magdalena Bay, Lower California; crit.).

LARUS ARGENTATUS Pontoppidan.
HERRING GULL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail and entire under parts, including axillars and under
wing-coverts, immaculate pure white; back, scapulars, and wings
uniform pale gray (between pale and pallid neutral gray), the ter-
tials, secondaries, and proximal primaries tipped with white (the
white about 25.5 mm. in extent on secondaries and not sharply
defined); outermost primary with outer web black, becoming gray-
ish basally, abruptly tipped with white, this rarely interrupted or
broken by a more or less distinct subterminal black bar; second
primary (from outside) abruptly tipped with white, the subterminal
portion black; third, fourth, and fifth primaries similar, but the basal
half or more pale gray (like ‘‘mantle’’), this increasing in extent to
the fifth and extending farther on inner web than on outer, the
‘‘wedge’’ thus formed abruptly defined against the subterminal
black; sixth primary pale gray, broadly tipped with white, and
crossed by a broad subterminal space of black, widest on outer web;
seventh primary similar, but the black more restricted and confined
to outer web; remaining primaries broadly tipped with white but
without any black; bill yellow, the mandible with a subterminal
lateral spot of red; iris silvery white to pale yellow; bare orbital
ring yellow (in life); legs and feet flesh color (in life).

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults, but head and neck
(except throat and foreneck) streaked with dusky grayish brown.

Young.—Predominant color grayish brown, nearly uniform on
under parts of body, the head and neck streaked with whitish, the
upper parts variegated by an irregular spotting of pale grayish
buffy, many of the feathers margined with the same; primary
coverts, primaries, and rectrices very dark grayish brown or dusky,
narrowly tipped with whitish, the two or three outer rectrices (on
each side) more or less mottled basally with whitish; bill pale flesh
color or fleshy white basally, blackish terminally, sometimes | (in
younger birds) mostly blackish; iris brown; legs and feet pale flesh
color.

‘BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 613

Downy young.—Dull buffy grayish white, the under parts (except
throat) immaculate; head marked with irregular spots of black,
irregularly distributed; back, wings, and rump clouded with dusky
grayish; bill black, tipped with yellowish; legs and feet brownish (in
dried skins).

Adult male.—Wing, 401-419 (410); tail, 162.5-168 (165.2); ex-
posed culmen, 52.5-56 (54.2); tarsus, 60-62 (61); middle toe,
57.5-59.5 (58.5).%

Adult female.—Wing, 401-417 (407.5); tail, 159-166 (161.4); ex-
posed culmen, 45.5-51.5 (48.4); tarsus, 54-59 (56); middle toe,
49-53 (51.2).°

a Two specimens. 5 Five specimens.
| Ex-, : :
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | posed |Tarsus. | gale
culmen. c
MALES.
Ong aaultmia1e feOmM GNeland se aps. so se woe eenioe cen a tactaa- 401 162. 5 56 60 57.5
Oneltadultimale iron Prance- 22. Le Lae ee ee ee | 419 16S up ee52.5 62. 59.5
Six adult males from North America (L. a. smithsonianus)..... | 452 iis 60 66.1 | 59.7
FEMALES. |
Three adult females from England (2) and Seotland (1)........ 1, 40407° |) 463) ele 47.7 56 51
One adult female from Germany...........-.--.--------------- | 408 159 | 51.5] 56 52
One adult female from Cumberland Gulf................4.--.-- | 417 159 AS ie eee [25 SERS
Four adult females from North America (L. a. smithsonianus).| 426 173.5 | 55.2 60.5 55.5
|

In view of the paucity of material examined, I follow the decision of the A. O. U.
Committee in uniting the North American and European birds of thisspecies. Never-
theless, the differences in size and coloration in the series examined are so marked that
[ cannot help believing that careful and unbiased examination of adequate material
will show that they are separable as subspecies. The series examined by me plainly
shows the following difference between the North American and European birds (see
‘*Key’’ on p. 582): —

k. Smaller (wing 401-419, averaging 410 in male, 405.5 in female; culmen 45.5-56,
averaging 54.2 in male, 48.6 in female; tarsus 54-62, averaging 61 in male, 56 in
female; outermost primary with terminal white area usually without interruption
by a subterminal black bar, the latter if present very small and rarely continu-
ous. (Northern Europe, southward in winter to Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian
seas; occasional in northeastern North America.)... - - Larus argentatus argentatus.

kk. Larger (wing 417-465, averaging 452 in male, 424.2 in female; culmen 48-63.

averaging 60 in male, 53.8 in female; tarsus 58-68, averaging 66.1 in male, 60.5
in female; outermost primary with white on terminal portion usually divided
into two separate areas by a subterminal spot or bar of black, this rarely less
than 12.5 mm. wide, often extending to extreme tip, then reducing the white to
a subterminal spot. (Northern North America, southward in winter to Bahamas,
Cuba, Yucatan, western Mexico, etc.)-....-.--- Larus argentatus smithsonianus.

The European birds are probably divisible into two forms.

614 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Breeding from Maine (coast from Penobscot Bay eastward; near
Houlton), Nova Scotia, New York (near Wilmert; Adirondack
region; Hamilton County; Herkimer County; Four Brothers, Lake
Champlain), southern Ontario, islands in Lake Huron north of lat. 44°
N. (Little Charity Island, Saginaw Bay; etc.), Lake Michigan (The
Sisters and Strawberry Island, Green Bay; Grand Island), Minnesota
(Mille Lacs; near Grand Marais), Manitoba (Shoal Lake; Lake Winni-
peg; ete.) and British Columbia (Sabine Lake) northward to Alaska
Peninsula (Stepovak Bay), central Alaska (near Mount McKinley; mid-
dle Yukon Valley), northern Mackenzie (Arctic coast), Melville Island,
Wellington Channel, King Oscar Land, and Cumberland Sound (lat. 67°
N.); breeding in Europe and western Siberia from Iceland to northern
Russia (White Sea) and southward to British Islands and northern
France; migrating southward, more or less regularly, as far as Ber-
mudas, Bahamas, Cuba (Cardenas; Matanzas), Florida (Gulf coast
and Lake Okeechobee), coast of Texas (Corpus Christi; Fort Brown),
Yucatan (off Progreso, March 22), Lower California (mouth of
Colorado River; Cerros Island) and Tepic, western Mexico (Isabella
Island; Tres Marias Islands), European migrants passing southward
to Canary Islands, Madeira, and Mediterranean and Caspian seas.

Larus argentatus Ponrorriwan, Danske Atlas, i, 1763, 622 (Denmark).—Brinnicu,
Orn. Bor., 1764, 44 (Christiansoe).—BONNaTERRE, Tab!l. Enc. Méth., i, 1790,
83.—Leacu Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 40.—TEemMinck, Man.
d’Orn., 2d ed., ii, 1820, 764; pt. 4, 1840, 470.—SasBrneE(E.), Parry’s First Voy.,
1821, App., p. eciv (North Georgian Islands).—Borr, Isis, 1822, 562, 875.—
Meyer, Taschenb., Zusit.,iii, 1822, 195.—BreuM, Beitr. Vogelk., iii, 1822, 770;
Lehrb., 1824, 710.—SaBine (J.), Franklin’s Jour., 1823, App., 695 (Hudson
Bay).—RicHarvson, Parry’s Second Voy., 1825, Suppl., 358 (Winter Island,
n. of Melville Peninsula).—StePHeEns, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826,
191.—Ross, Parry’s Third Voy., Suppl., 1826, 104.—WernNe_Er, Atlas, Palmi-
pédes, 1828, pl. 16—Bonapartz, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 360; Geog. and
Comp. List, 1838, 63.—Viertuot, Faun. Fran¢., Ois., 1828, 393.—FLEMING,
Brit. Anim., 1828, 140.—Kaup, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 58.—Eyron, Cat. Brit.
Birds, 1836, 53.—Sesy, Brit. Birds, 1i, 1833, 504, pls, 96, 96*.—NuTTAaLL,
Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 304.—Jenyns, Man. Brit.
Verterbr., 1835, 276.—AUuDUBON, Orn., Biog., iii, 1835, 588, pl. 291; v, 1839,
638; Synopsis, 1839, 328; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 163, pl. 448.—Gou tp,
Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 434 and text; Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, pl. 59 and
text.—Viaors, Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ 1839, 39.—Naumann, Vog. Deutschl.,
x, 1840, 379, pl. 266.—Scuinz, Eur. Faun., 1840, 379.—Macainuivray, Man.
Brit. Orn., pt. ii, 1842, 246; Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 544.—Sriys-LoNGCHAMPs,
Faune Belge, 1842, 154.—ScHurGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. exxiv, Vog. Nederl.,
1854, 598, pls. 347, 348; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, 236; Mus. Pays-Bas, vi,
no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 16, part.—Giraup, Birds Long Is., 1844, 169.—DrKay,
Zool. New York, ii, 1844, 306, pl. 122, fig. 270, pl. 129, fig. 284, pl. 130, fig.
286.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844, 169; Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863,
232.—YARRELL, Brit. Birds, 2d ed., iii, 1845, 588.—Herwirson, Eggs Brit.
Birds, ii, 1846, 445, pl. 127.—Jarptnn, Contr. Orn., 1849, 86 (Bermuda, in
winter).—Dra@Lanpb, Orn., Eur., ii, 1849, 306.—Hurpis, in Jardine’s Contr.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 615

Orn., 1850, 13 (Bermudas, Feb., March).—THompson, Birds Ireland, iii,1851,
356.—KJAERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 399, pl. 42; Suppl., pl. 23, figs. 1,
2.—RetnHARpT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 435 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861, 17
(Godthaab, Greenland; crit.).—Mryer, Brit. Birds, vii, 1857, 153, pl. 309.—
CaBANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 236 (Cuba).—LAWrReENcE, in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 844; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 275 (Cuba
crit.).—Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 661.—Buanp, An. Rep. Smith-
son. Inst., 1859, 289 (Bermudas).—Barttetr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1859, 467 (return of birds to zoological gardens).—Buaxisron, Ibis, 1861,
10 (Hudson Bay).—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 245 (coast
Labrador, breeding, habits, ete.); Check List, 1873, no. 547; 2d ed., 1882,
no. 772.—SuNDEVALL, Svensk. Fogl., 1863?, pl. 50, figs. 1-3.—Butastus,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 380, part.—DraLanp and Gersp, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867,
417.—Hourz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1868, 124 (Gottland, breeding).—Droster,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 385 (Faroe Islands).—Datt and BaNNistER, Trans.
Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 305 (upper Yukon River, Alaska; Plover Bay,
Siberia?).—Fritscu, Vég. Eur., 1870, 474, pl. 54, fig. 12.—Saunpers, Ibis,
1871, 400 (Straits Gibraltar, winter); 1894, 300 (crit.); Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, 167 (monogr.); Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv, 1878, 395 (range); ed. Yarrell’s
Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 618; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 657; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxv, 1896, 260, 458.—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotl., 1871, 487..—-ScLaTer and
Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 576 (monogr.).—Hartine, Handb.
Brit. Birds, 1872, 77.—Gopman, Ibis, 1872, 222 (Canary Islands; Madeira).—
PALMEN, Finlands Fogl., 1873, 591.—Dresssr, Birds Eur., vili, 1873, 399, pl.
602, fig. 2.—Cotert, Forh. Selsk. Chr., 1873, 292 (n. Norway).—A.sTon and
Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1873, 52 (Archangel, n. Russia).—Durnrorp, Ibis,
1874, 402 (North Friesian Islands, breeding).—Nerwron, Arctic Man., 1875,
106.—IrBy, Orn. Straits Gibral., 1875, 214; 2d ed., 1895, 300; Ibis, 1883,
189 (Santander, Spain, Nov., abundant).—Sennerr, Bull. U. 8S. Geol. and
Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 64 (Galveston, Texas)—Kumuten, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 99 (Cumberland Sound, up to lat. 67° N., breeding).
Fertven, Zoologist, 1879, 7 (Prince Albert Land).—Ropp, Birds Cornwall,
1880, 172.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds),
207; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 666.—Roserts, 8th An. Rep. Geol. and
N. H. Surv. Minn., 1880, 165 (breeding near Grand Marais, Minnesota).—
Hartiaus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 284 (Alaska).—Brewster, Proc. Bost.
Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 397 (Anticosti Island, etc., breeding; habits).—
British OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, List Brit. Birds, 1884, 188.—TrRistram,
Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 137 (Tyre, in winter).—Rerp, Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 266 (Bermudas, frequent).—Bartrp, Brewer, and
Ripeway, Weter Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 255.—Srrsounm, Hist. Brit. Birds,
lii, 1885, 326.—LUrKEN, Ornis, 1885, 145 (Denmark).—Torre and Tscuust,
Ornis, 1885, 560 (Austria-Hungary).—AMeErIcaN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 51; 3d’ed., 1910, p. 38.—HarviE-
Brown and Buck ey, Faun. Sutherl., etc., 1887, 232; Fauna Outer Hebrides,
1888, 146; Faun. Argyll, etc., 1892, 191.—TaczaNowskI, Ornis, 1888, 507
(Poland).—Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 75 (Bahamas and Cuba in winter); Birda
West Ind., 1889, 276; Birds Bahama Is., 2d ed., 1890, 239; Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 82, 135 (Bahamas; Cuba).—Rappe and Watrer, Ornis, 1889, 125
(Krasnovodsk, in winter).—REIcHENOW, Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl., 1889,
63.—CLARKE (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 50 (Jan Mayen Land).—STEvEN-
son and SourHweE tL, Birds Norfolk, iii, 1890, 339.—BucKLey and Harvie-
Brown, Faun. Orkney Is., 1891, 232.—GArxkn, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891,
570.—Borrer, Birds Sussex, 1891, 267.—D’Ursan and Maruews, Birds

616 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Devon, 1892, 375.—Litrorp, Col. Figs. Brit. Birds, 1893, pt. xxiii.—
Briaaa, Ibis, 1893, 357 (Shetland Islands, breeding).—PraArRson and BIpwELL,
Ibis, 1894, 236 (Storr Tamso, n. Norway, breeding)—Knieut, Auk, xvii,
1900, 63 (crit.).—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avif., no. 3, 1902, 12 (California
range); no. 11, 1915, 21 (winter visitor along whole coast California).—SaLvin
and GopMaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 423 (off Progreso, Yucatan;
Isabella Island, Tepic; Tres Marias; West Indies)—Warp (H. L.), Bull.
Wisc. N. H. Soc., iv, 1896, 113-133, pls. 1, 2 (Grand Island, Wisconsin,
breeding; nesting habits, etc.)—Woop (N. A.), 14th Rep. Mich. Ac. Sci.,
1912, 180 (Charity Island, Michigan, breeding).—Srrone, Auk, xxxi, 1914,
178-199, pls. 19, 20 (habits, etc.); An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1914 (1915),
479-509, pls. 1-10 (habits, etc.).—Cooxge, Bull. 292, U.S. Dept. Agric. (Biol.
Surv.), 1915, 36, figs. 18, 19 (range and migrations).—G1ANINI, Auk, xxxiv,
1917, 397 (Stepovak Bay, Alaska Peninsula, breeding).

[Larus] argentatus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 600.—ReinHARDT, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1854, 443 (Greenland).—Gunob.tac8, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 348 (Cuba).—
Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 113—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 312.—
SciaterR and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 148.—Cory, List Birds West
Ind., revised ed., 1886, 33 (Bahamas; Cuba).—SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899,
141.—ForBeEs and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., 1, no. 2, 1899, 58.

L{arus]| argentatus Knyseruine and Buasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xevi, 244.—
Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 654.—Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 222 (Ber-
mudas).—Buastus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 380 (crit.)—Cours, Key N. Am.
Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 743.—Ripa@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 30.

[Larus argentatus| a. argentatus Cougs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 625 (synonymy).

Llarus| argentatus var. argentatus Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., vili, 1876, 145
(Chicago Harbor, March 27, 1876).

Larus argentatus var. argentatus Netson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 41 (Chi-
cago Harbor, March 27, 1876).

Larus argentatus argentatus HaNnrzscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 327, in text.

Laroides argentatus BREHM, Isis, 1830, 993; Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 740; Naumannia,
1855, 294.—Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 78; 2d ed., 1841, 99.—OLPHE-
GALLIARD, Orn. Eur. Occid., fasc. x, 1886, 55.

[Larus (Laroides)| argentatus Brucn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 282 (monogr.).

[Laroides] argentatus BONAPARTE, Comp. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770; Consp. Av., 11,
1857, 218.

[Larus (Glaucus)| argentatus Brucw, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 101.

Larus (Laroides) argentatus Drostr, Vogelw. Borkum, 1869, 346.

[Hinalia] argentata HeINe and RreicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 358.

[Larus] varius Briinnicn, Orn. Bor., 1764, 45 (Iceland and Christiansoe;=young).

Larus fuscus (not of Linnzeus) PENNANT, Brit. Zool., 2d ed., ii, 1788, 131.—
BoNNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 82.—Brcustetn, Naturg. Deutschl.,
ii, 1791, 818.—Monracu, Orn. Dict., i, 1802.—YARRELL, Brit. Birds, ii, 1843,
468.

[Larus marinus| 8 LatHaMm, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 814 (cites Larus argentatus
Briinnich).

Larus glaucus (not of Briinnich) Rerzius, Fauna Suecica, i, 1800 156.—MEYER
and Wo tr, Taschenb., ii, 1810, 471.—BrnicKEen, N. Ann. Wetterau. Ges., iii,
1812, 138.—MEISNER and Scurnz, Vég. Schweiz, 1815, 268.—TrmMINckK, Man.
d’Orn., 1815, 493.—Kocu, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816, 372.—Nttsson, Orn.
Suecica, 1817, 167.

Larus cinereus (not of Scopoli, 1769) Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 15 (based on
Le Gotland cendré Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 253).—Lracu, Syst. Cat. Mam.,
etec., Brit. Mus., 1816, 40.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ol?’

Larus argenteus Bors, Isis, 1822, 562—Breum, Beitr. Vogelk., iii, 1822, 781;

Lehrb., 1824, 712.—Macamurvray, Mem. Wern. Soc., v, 1824, 264.

[Larus] argenteus LicuteNsTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 99.

Laroides argenteus Breum, Isis, 1830, 993; Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 741; Naumannia,
1855, 294.

Larus argentatoides Breum, Beitr. Vogelk., iii, 1822, 791, 799 (n. e. Germany and
west coast of North America); Lehrb., 1824, 713.—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., ii, 1828, 360.—Swainson and Ricuarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831,
417 (Melville Peninsula, breeding).—Tuompson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835,
83 (Ireland).—Scuinz, Europ. Fauna, i, 1840, 380 (North America).—Meryer,
Illustr. Brit. Birds, iv, 1843, pl. (not numbered).—FEILpEN, Zoologist, 1879,
7 (Prince Albert Land).

[Larus] argentatoides Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 113, no. 10972.

Laroides argentatoides Bren, Isis, 1830, 993; Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 742; Nau-
mannia, 1855, 294.

[Larus (Laroides)| argentatoides Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 282 (monogr.).—
BonaPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770; Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 218 (North
America).

[Larus (Glaucus)| argentatoides Brucn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 101 (North America).

Laroides argentaceus Breum, Isis, 1830, 993; Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 742; Nauman-
nia, 1855, 294; Vogelf., 1855, 349.—OnpHE-GatuiarD, Orn. Eur. Occid.,
fasc. x, 1886, 60.

[Laroides| argentaceus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770; Consp. Av., ii,
1857, 218 (n. France).

L{aroides| major Breum, Isis, 1830, 993 (nomen nudum).

Laroides major Breum, Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 738 (n. e. Germany and the Danish
coast); Vogelf., 1855, 339; Naumannia, 1855, 294.

LI{aroides| americanus Breum, Isis, 1830, 993 (nomen nudum).

Laroides americanus BreuM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 743.

Laroid{es| americanus BrEumM, Naumannia, 1855, 294.

Larus marinus (not of Linnzeus) LemBryr, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 122
(see Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 291).—Casants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857,
236 (see Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 275).

Larus smithsonianus Couns, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xiv, 1862, 296 (eastern
and western coasts of North America; no type locality designated).—GuNp-
LACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 294 (Cuba); 1875, 387 (Cuba); Orn. Cubana,
1876, 308.

[Larus] smithsonianus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New
York City).—SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 141.

Larus argentatus . . . var. smithsonianus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 547a.
[Larus argentatus] b. smithsonianus Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 625 (syn-
onymy).

{Larus argentatus.| Var. smithsonianus Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 626
(descr., etc.).

Liarus] argentatus var. smithsonianus Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 391
(Illinois).

Larus argentatus smithsonianus Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24,
1880, 207; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 666a.—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vi, 1881, 235 (Adirondack region, New York, resident, breeding).—
BatcHeLver, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 152 (Houlton, Maine, breed-
ing).—Covurs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 773.—HrnsHaAw, Auk, ii, 1885,
232 (Santa Barbara to San Diego, California, abundant, Nov., Dec.).—
TurRNER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, 252 (Hudson Strait, breeding).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check List, 1886, no. 5la.—RaALpH

618 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

and Baae, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iti, 1886, 104 (Herkimer and Hamilton
counties, New York, breeding).—EverRMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 88 (Ventura
Co., California)—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 147 (Lake Winnipeg, etc., w.
Manitoba, breeding).—Nertson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 54 (upper
Yukon River).—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d’ser., 11, 1889, 251
(Cerros Island, Lower California).—Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 306 (Dry Tortugas,
Florida, March).—THomrson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 468 (Mani-
toba).—MacrarLane, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 418 (Mackenzie,
breeding along Arctic coast).—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 82, 135
(New Providence Island, Bahamas; Cuba).—Macxkay, Auk, ix, 1892, 221-228
(habits in New England).—Ruoaps, Auk, x, 1893, 71 (coast of Washington
and Brit. Columbia).—AtLen, Auk, x, 1893, 125 (range)—GRINNELL (J).,
Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 6 (coast Los Angeles Co., California, winter ;
Santa Catalina Island, Dec.).—Nertson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 23
(San Juanita Island, Tres Marias, May 22).—Hawnrzscu, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1908, 327 (Labrador).—Woop and Gaier, Pub. 4, Mich. Geol. and Biol.
Surv., 1911, 276 (breeding in Michigan n. of lat. 44° N.).

Llarus| argentatus smithsonianus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 31.

L{arus| alrgentatus|] smithsonianus Covers, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 743.

[?] Larus occidentalis (not of Audubon) JARDiINg. Contr. Orn., 1849, 86 (Bermudas;
3 specs.).—Hurp1s, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850. 13 (Bermudas, in winter).—
Buianp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859). 289 (Bermudas).

L{arus| oceidentais Martens, Journ. ftir Orn., 1859, 222 (Bermudas).

LARUS VEG (Palmén).

VEGA GULL.

Similar to L. argentatus, but color of back, etc., decidedly darker.

Adults in summer (sexes alike). —Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail and entire under parts, including axillars and under wing-
coverts, immaculate pure white; back, scapulars, and wings uniform
light neutral gray (about the same shade as in LZ. californicus), the
tertials, secondaries, and proximal primaries passing terminally into
white (this about 31-32 mm. wide on secondaries, where rather
abruptly defined); outermost primary black, the terminal portion, for
about 57 mm., abruptly white, this white area usually interrupted
by a subterminal spot or bar of black (appearing terminal when the
white at apex is worn off); second primary (from outside) black,
abruptly tipped with white, the inner web with a large oval or rounded
spot of white preceding the subterminal black; third primary similar
but becoming gray basally, only the tip white, the gray on inner web
paler than that on outer web and becoming still paler distally, where
sharply defined against the subterminal black area and reaching to
within about 63.5-70 mm. of tip of the quill; fourth primary similar,
but the black more restricted, the gray “ wedge’’ on inner web becom-
ing decidedly white distally; fifth primary similar, but with the black
still more restricted, and gray of outer web lighter; sixth primary
gray (like back, ete.), passing into white terminally and crossed near
tip by a band or broad bar of black; seventh primary similar to sixth,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 619

but with the subterminal black band incomplete, sometimes obsolete
or nearly so; remaining (proximal) primsries without any black; bill
yellow, the mandible with a subterminal lateral spot of red; legs and
feet pale flesh color (in life).

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults, but pileum and hind-
neck broadly streaked or longitudinally clouded with brownish gray
or grayish brown.

Adult male.—Wing, 471; tail, 195; exposed culmen, 64; tarsus,
62.5; middle toe, 62.5.4

Adult female.—Wing, 435; tail, 159; exposed culmen, 55; tarsus,
62; middle toe, 55.°

Arctic coast of Siberia, from Taimyr Peninsula eastward to Bering
Straits, breeding at Kolyma delta, on New Siberian Islands, Cape
Kibora Island, Cape Bolshaja, etc.; during migration eastward to
Bering Sea, coast of Alaska (Choris Peninsula; Kotzebue Sound; St.
Michaels; Ulaga Pass, near Unalaska), and southward along Asiatic
coast to Kamchatka (Avacha Bay), Korea, Japan (Tsusuma Island;
Sakhalin Island, June; Hakodate), China (lower Yangtse River; Kiu-
Kiang; Foochow; Pakhoi; Amoy; Chefoo), and Bonin Islands; also
to coast of California (Ventura County) ?

Larus argentalus (not of Pontoppidan) MrippEeNpvorrr, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851,
242, part.—Kuirriirz, Denkw., i, 1858, 336; ii, 1858, 201, 225.—SwinuHor,
Ibis, 1861, 345 (n. China).—Rappeg, Reis. Sibir., Vég., 1863, 383.—BuNGE,
Mél. Biol., xii, 1884, 47 (Lena delta, Siberia).—AtieNn, Bull. Am. Mus.;
N. H., xxi, 1905, 226 (Novo Marinsk, n. e. Siberia).

Larus argentatus var. cachinnans (not Larus cachinnans Pallas) ScHRENCK, Reis.
Amurl., i, 1859, 504.

Larus cachinnans HomEYER, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 436 (e. Siberia).—SauNnDERS.
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 169, part.—Davip and OustTater, Ois. Chine,
1878, 519.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ili, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds).
207; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 667.—Covgs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882,
no. 775.—NELSON, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 152 (Norton Sound, etc.,
Alaska; Plover Bay, Siberia); Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska. 1887, 54 (Siberian
coast, Bering Sea; Kotzebue Sound to mouth of Yukon River, Alaska).—
Seesoum, Ibis, 1884, 270 (Kiu-Kiang, China); 1890, 105 (Bonin Islands);
1892, 96 (Tsusima Island, Japan); 1893, 53 (Liu Kiu Islands); Birds Japan.
Emp., 1890, 291.—Murpocu, Exped. Point Barrow, 1885, 200 (Plover Bay,
Siberia).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884,
240.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check List, 1886, no. 52.—Ever-
MANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 88 (Ventura Co., California, in winter).—GIGLIoLi and
Satvaport, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, 592 (Vladivostok, e. Siberia; Korea;
crit.) —TaczaNowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1888, 458 (Ginzan, Korea,
Feb.).—Sryan, Ibis, 1891, 508 (lower Yangtse River, China).—Dr La
Toucue, Ibis, 1892, 501 (Foochow, etc., China, in winter).—HarrLavus,
Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, xii, Heft ii, 1892, 334 (Pakhoi, China).

@ One specimen, from Kanagawa, Japan (Mar. 29).

5 One specimen from Formosa Channel, China.

Ten aduits of undetermined sex measure as follows: Wing, 385-463 (424.3); tail
(five specimens), 164-179 (171); exposed culmen, 48.3-56 (52.3); tarsus, 54.6-63.5
(60.5); naiddle toe, 40.6-60 (52.1).

620 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

L{arus] cachinnans Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 744.

Larus fuscus (not of Linnzus) SwinHog, Ibis, 1860, 68 (Amoy, China).

[?] [Larus (Glaucus)] borealis Brucn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 101 (n. Asia, ex
Brandt, unpublished letterpress).

[?] [Laroides] borealis Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 212; Compt. Rend., xlii,
1856, 770; Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 219 (Kamchatka). Buen, Journ. fiir ‘Or: Ms
1855, 282 (monogr.).

Larus borealis DauL and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 305 (St.
Michaels, Alaska; Plover Bay, e. Siberia)—Barrp, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci.,
i, 1869, 324 (St. Michaels; Plover Bay).—Taozanowskl, Journ, ftir Orn.,
1873, 111 (e. Siberia); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876, 263 (e. Siberia); vii,
1882, 397 (Kamchatka).

[Larus] borealis Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 113, no. 10976.

[Larus argentatus| d. borealis Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 626 (synonymy).

Larus occidentalis (not of Audubon) WutrE xy, Ibis, 1867, 210 (Hakodate, Japan;
see Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 217, and Saunders, Ibis, 1879, 24).—
Hartine, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 110-123 (Choris Peninsula, Kotzebue
Sound, Alaska).—Swinuog, Ibis, 1875, 140 (Chefoo, China); Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1871, 421 (China).—BuakistTon and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 217 (Hakodate,
Japan); .

Larus affinus (not L. affinis Reinhardt) Nexson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883),
107 (Cape Vankarema, Plover Bay, etc., e. Siberia).

Larus argentatus Briinn [ich] var., vege PALMEN, Bidr. Sibir. Vogelf. ‘Vega-’ Exped.
Vetensk., Bd. v, 1887, 370 (Pidlin, coast n. e. Siberia; synonymy on p. 378).—
TaczANowsklI, Mém. Acad. Petersb., xxxix, 1893, 1028 (coast e. Siberia).

L{arus| argentatus var. vege SAUNDERS, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. xv, 1894, p.
Xxiv (crit.; geog. range).

Larus vege STEINEGER, Auk, v, July, 1888, 310, in text (crit.)—AMERICAN OR-
NITHOLOGISTS’ Union CommitTex, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 20; Check
List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 52; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 38.—Srxrsoum, Ibis, 1889, 349
(Great Liakoff Island, e. Siberia; crit.; descr. eggs).—SauNpDERS, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 269.—Scuatow, Végel der Arktis, 1904, 142 (synonymy,
range, etc.).—Dresser, Ibis, 1908, 514 (islands of New Siberia Archi-
pelago, breeding).—Criark (A. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 36
(Ulaga Pass, near Unalaska Island, Aleutians; Avacha Bay, Kamchatka).—
THAYER and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 10 (breeding on
Arctic coast, e. Siberia); Auk, ii, 1916, 44 (Saghalin Island, June).—Cooke,
Bull. 292, U. 8. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 40, fig. 20 (range and
migrations).—Herrsty, Smithson. Misc. Coll., Ixvi, no. 2, 1916, 14 (off
Nome, Alaska).

Liarus| vege Rroeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 30.

[Larus] vege SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 141—ForBrs and Rosinson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 58.

Larus argentatus vege Harter, Ibis, 1904, 417 (Lena River, e. Siberia; crit.).

LARUS CALIFORNICUS Lawrence.
CALIFORNIA GULL.
Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail, and entire under parts, including axillars and under

wing-coverts, immaculate pure white; back, scapulars, and wings
uniform gray (between pale and light neutral gray), the tertials,

ee le eal

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 621

secondaries, and proximal primaries passing into white terminally,
the white tips to secondaries about 20.5 mm. wide); outermost
primary black, abruptly tipped with white (for about 51 mm.), with
or without a black subterminal bar or spot; second primary (from
outside) black, abruptly tipped with white, usually with a second
white spot or ‘‘mirror”’ within the distal portion of the black; third
primary black, abruptly tipped with white, the black passing into
gray basally; fourth primary gray (darker than back, etc.) for about
basal half, then black, abruptly tipped with white; fifth primary
similar to fourth but the black more restricted and more abruptly
defined against the gray; sixth primary lighter gray (like back),
passing into white terminally and crossed by a subterminal band of
black; remaining (proximal) primaries neutral gray, lke wing-
coverts, etc., broadly but not sharply tipped with white; bill, yellow
(greenish yellow to chrome) the subterminal third of mandible red
(orange-red to carmine), with a more or less distinct spot.of blackish
within or immediately in front of the red, and one directly above it
on the maxilla, the tip of which is sometimes grayish white; rictus
and naked eye-ring vermilion red; iris dark brown; legs and feet
pale grayish green.¢

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults, but pileum, sides of
head, hindneck, and sides of neck broadly streaked with grayish
brown.

Young.—Upper parts coarsely and irregularly spotted with
grayish brown and grayish buffy white, in nearly equal amounts,
the whitish on margins of the feathers and forming broad irregular
bars, mostly on sub-basal portion of feathers; primary coverts,
remiges, and rectrices blackish or dusky, the first narrowly tipped
with white, the lateral rectrices with irregular broken bars of the
same; head, neck, and under parts mottled or clouded with grayish
brown or brownish gray and grayish white, the former predominating
on head and neck, where nearly uniform on hindneck; bill dusky,
black terminally, brownish basally; iris brown; legs and feet brownish
(in dried skins).

Downy young.—General color grayish white, purer white and
immaculate on central under parts; head with black or blackish
markings (irregular spots) of indefinite or complicated arrangement,
most numerous on upper portion; upper parts clouded with dusky
eray.

Adult male.—Wing, 381-428 (407.1); tail, 140-163 (154.3); exposed
culmen, 44.5-54.5 (49.8); depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 15-18.5
(17.1); tarsus, 51.5-63 (57.2); middle toe, 46-55 (51.2).°

4 Fresh colors of breeding birds obtained by the author at Pyramid Lake, Nevada.
b Eight specimens.

622 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female.-—Wing, 317-402 (374.9); tail, 123.5-168 (144.7);
exposed culmen, 42-52.5 (45.4); tarsus, 47-59.5 (52.1); middle toe,
45-52.5 (47.6).¢

Western North America, from southern Mexico to Mackenzie;
breeding from eastern California (Mono Lake; Eagle Lake; Clear
Lake), Nevada (islands in Pyramid Lake; Soda Lakes, Carson
Desert), Utah (islands in Great Salt Lake; Utah Lake) and North
Dakota (Stump Lake; Devils Lake), to Mackenzie (Fort Anderson;
lower Anderson River; Great Slave Lake, from Fort Resolution to
Fort Rae); migrating to Coast of California and southward as far as
southern Mexico (Rio de Coahuyana and Manzanillo, Colima; San
Mateo, Oaxaca, Feb.; Alvarado, Vera Cruz); also occuring as migrant
(regular or casual) in western Oregon (Portland), British Columbia
(coast as far northward as Cormorant Island; Esquimault; Vancouver
Island; Hot Springs, Alton; Okanagan Lake), Kansas (Reno County,
Oct. 20, 1880), Texas (Galveston; Laredo, Oct. 16, 1866), Colorado
(Middle Park, 7,000 ft. alt., April 28, 1874; Denver, Oct. 26, 1878;
Coventry, 1905; Loveland, May 7, 1890; Larimer County, April 18,
1894), and accidental in Hawaiian Islands.

Larus californicus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1854, 79 (San Joa-
quin River, near Stockton, California; coll. G. N. Lawrence); in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 846: Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 51 (San
Mateo, Oaxaca, Feb.).—Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 663.—CooPER
and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 273 (coast of Wash-

ington).—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 300 (monogr.); Birds North-
west, 1874, 634 (monogr.); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 777.—BLakIsTON,

a Right specimens.

| Depth
ux of a | wateet
ee ra ae pose a Marcy, Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. cul- | gonyd-| Tarsus.) “toe,
men. eal |
angle
| ee
MALES. |
| |
Three adult males from Mackenzie (June, July).....-.-. 422.7 | 161.5 53. 8 17.7 | 60.3 | 54
Two adult males from western Nevada (May, July)...| 396.5 | 151.5] 49 | 17.2|} 56./ 50.5
One adult male from Utah (July)........22.2.22.20--- 410 | 155 46.5) 17 | 57 | 50
One adult male from Southern California (November).| 405 152 48) Dry. [expo | 61
One adult male from State of Colima, wsstern Mexico | |
(October)=...--.-:---- aie rectiarate ar ieaedih ees Shores 381 140 a6) 45° 1" S1s5 | 46
| |
FEMALES. |
One adult female from western Nevada (May 26)...... 383 146.5 43 ew ler - secs | 49.5 | 46
Four adult females from coast of Washington (August, |
September) 2a sass esta eee ccclecccioes 358.2 | 136.4 43. IOs | 50. 2 46
Three adult females from coast of California (Novem- |
Ded). eCOMbOn) esa epaseciease tet saosin oe sinaeeseace | 30403. 155; 3.1|'5) 4002 ees nse | Bde 5h o0a2
} }

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 623

Ibis, 1863, 152 (Mackenzie River).—Euiior, New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds,
pt. 7, 1867 (vol. ii), pl. 52, lower fig., and text.—Hrnsnaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
xi, 1875, 13 (Utah); Birds Hawaiian Is., 1902, 127 (1 spec., locality unknown).—
Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 16 (Pyramid Lake, Nevada, breed-
ing), 32 (Great Salt Lake, Utah, breeding); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 637;
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 207; Nom. N. Am. Birds,
1881, no. 668.—BrNpirE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 148 (Malheur
Lake, e. Oregon, breeding).—Saunvers, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 175
(monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 276 (Vancouver Island and
Esquimault, Brit. Columbia; Yellowstone Lake, Aug.; etc.).—BrLpina,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 549 (San Jose del Cabo, Lower California,
May 17).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripnaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884,
242.—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 179 (Alvarado, Vera
Cruz).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed.,
1895, no. 53; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 39.—TownseEnpD, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887,
191 (Eagle Lake, California, breeding).—Cooxer, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888,
56 (Reno Co., Kansas, 1 spec., Oct. 20, 1880); Bull. 56, Col. Agric. Exp. Sta.,
1900, 192 (Middle Park, Colorado, 7,000 ft., April 24; Denver, Oct. 26); Bull.
292, U.S. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 41, fig. 21 (range and migrations).—
MacFartane, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 418 (lower Anderson River,
Mackenzie, breeding).—RicHmonp and KNowrTon, Auk, xi, 1894, 301 (Jef-
ferson River, Montana, Sept.)—Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli,
no. 1, 1902, 20 (La Paz, etc., Lower California, in winter).—Satvrn and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 425 (Valley of Mexico; Alvarado, Vera
Cruz; San Mateo, Oaxaca).—Seton, Auk, xxv, 1908, 69 (Great Slave Lake,
Mackenzie, abundant).—PreEBLE, North Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 267 (Great
Slave Lake, breeding; Fort Resolution).—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avif.,
no. 4, 1915, 22 (California; winter visitant to whole of State, breeding at Eagle
Lake, Lassen Co.; occasional in summer from Lake Tahoe northward).

L{arus] californicus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 745.—Ripaway, Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 31.—Bryan, Key Birds Hawaiian Group, 1901, 7 (Ha-
waiian Islands, accidental).

[Larus] californicus SHarpPe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 142.—Forpes and Rosrnson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 58. ;

[Laroides] californicus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770; Consp. Av., ii,

1857, 220.
[Larus delawarensis.| Var. californicus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 313.
Larus delawarensis . . . var. californicus Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 548a.

L{arus] argentatus, var. californicus Rrpaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873,
173, 195, in text (Pyramid Lake, Nevada; Great Salt Lake, Utah); vii, 1875,
40 (Nevada).

Larus delawarensis (not of Ord) ALLEN (J. A.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872,
178, 183 (Great Salt Lake, Utah, breeding).

LARUS DELAWARENSIS Ord.

RING-BILLED GULL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail, and entire under parts, including axillars and under
wing-coverts, immaculate pure white; back, scapulars, and wings
uniform pale gray (between pale neutral gray and no. 8 gray), the
tertials, secondaries, and proximal primaries rather broadly, but not

624 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

abruptly, tipped with white; outermost primary black with a white
subterminal area, about 38-45 mm. long, involving both webs, the
shaft, however, black; second primary (from outside) similar but with
the white subterminal area smaller, and extreme tip also white; third
primary with basal half (approximately) pale gray and apical white
spot larger; fourth primary similar but the subterminal black area
more restricted, the line between it and the pale gray anterior portion
more sharply defined; fifth pale gray passing terminally into white,
but crossed near tip by a band of black about 19 mm. wide; sixth
similar but with the subterminal black reduced to a more or less dis-
tinct spot; remaining (proximal) primaries pale gray passing into
white terminally, without any black subterminal markings; bill
greenish yellow with a subterminal band of black, the tip sometimes
tinged with orange or orange-yellow; interior of mouth deep orange-
red; rictus and naked orbital rmg vermilion red; iris light yellow or
cream-yellow; legs and feet light yellow, sometimes slightly tinged
with greenish.

Adults iv winter.—Similar to summer adults, but head and neck
(except chin, throat, and foreneck) streaked with brownish gray.

Young.—Upper parts dusky grayish brown, the feathers margined
with pale grayish buffy; primaries blackish, the proximal quills
light gray basally and tipped with white; secondaries light gray for
basal half (approximately), dusky or blackish distally, where edged
with white; proximal two-thirds (approximately) of tail pale gray
(more whitish basally) mottled with deeper brownish gray or grayish
brown, the distal third dusky or blackish, narrowly tipped with
white; under parts white, spotted or clouded laterally with grayish
brown; bill blackish, the basal portion of mandible and of maxillary
tomia paler (dull flesh color in life); iris brown; naked orbital
ring bluish; legs and feet grayish (in life).

Downy young.—General color pale buffy grayish, paler (dull buffy
whitish) on head, neck, and chest; head with numerous irregular
blackish spots and streaks, of which the most distinct, and blackest,
is a longitudinal spot or streak in center of forehead; back, rump, etc.,
more or less distinctly clouded or marbled with eS) bill black,
with terminal third or more dull yellowish.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 625

Adult male.—Wing, 365-389 (378.1); tail, 143-161 (150.8); exposed
culmen, 42-45.5 (44.3); tarsus, 54-61 (56.5); middle toe, 41.5-43.5
(42.5) .%

Adult female—Wing, 334-372 (362.4); tail, 132-150 (141.8); ex-
posed culmen, 37-41.5 (89.5); tarsus, 47-54 (50.9); middle toe,
37-42 (89.4).%

Greater part of North America; breeding from southern Oregon
(Lower Klamath Lake; Malheur Lake), Utah (Great Salt Lake) ?,
Idaho. (Minidoka), Colorado (San Luis Lakes, 7,500 ft. alt.), North
Dakota (Devils Lake; Stump Lake), Minnesota (Akron Lake),
Wisconsin (islands in Green Bay, formerly; Lake Koshkonong, in
1860), northern Michigan (Neebish Islands; Gull Island, near Vaus
Harbor, in 1892), southern Ontario (islands in Georgian Bay), Quebec
(Hamilton Inlet; Cape Whittle; Little Mecattina; Rupert House), and
southeastern Labrador northward to southern Ungava, central
Keewatin (a little northward of Fort Churchill), southern Mackenzie
(Great Slave Lake), westward to east-central Alberta (Buffalo Lake,
near Red Deer) and southeastern British Columbia (Shuswap Lake);
migrating southward, over whole of United States, as far as Cuba
and Mexico (Tuhudntepec, Oaxaca, February, March; Mazatlan
and Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Guaymas, Sonora, December;
Santa Ana, near Guadalajara, Jalisco); accidental in Bermudas
(Jan. 1, 1849) and Hawaiian Islands (Feb. 1, 1901).

Larus delawarensis Orv, in Guthrie’s Geog., 2d Am. ed., ii, 1815, 319 (Delaware
River, below Philadelphia)—LawreEnce, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., ix, 1858, 846; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New York
City); Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 317 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, in winter);
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 51 (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Feb., March).—

a Ten specimens.

Ex- |
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. es Tarsus. eae
| men. |
a AIEEE ee eee ee ———
MALES. | |
One adult male from Nevada (November).....-.......-..-----| 384 151 45.5 56.5 43
One adult male from New Mexico (September). .....--- ease | 389 161 45.5 61 43.5
Three adult males from California (May, June, September)....| 373.3 | 145.3 44.3 56. 7 | 42.3
Four adult males from Sonora (March, April).......-..-------- 378 154. 2 44.2 | 55.9 42.5
One adult male from Jalisco (December).........-..-- oe 376 143 42 | 654 41.5
FEMALES.
One adult female from District of Columbia (March),.-..-....- 368 143 39 | 48.5 38
One adult female from Illinois (March)............-...-------- 357 138 41.5) 54 42
One adult female from Nebraska (April)................--.---- 369 143 39.5 | 52 41
Two adult females from Wyoming (July)......-.............-- 357 141.5 38 49.2 39.7
One adult female from Nevada (December)..............--.--- 366 14625 41 | 60 37
One adult female from Oregon (June)..........-.---...-------- 372 132 41 --| 883.5 41
One adult female from Lower California (February).........-- 372 142.5 39 | 51 38.5
One adult female from Sonora (no date)................---.--- 334 140 38 50 38.5
One adult female from Sinaloa (no date)..............-......-- 372 150 40 52 39

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——41

626 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 664; Rep. U.S. and Mex. Bound. Surv.,
li, pt. 1, 1859, 27 (Brazos, Texas).—Cooprer and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 273 (Puget Sound, Washington).—CovsEs,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 246 (coast Labrador); 1862, 302 (monogr.);
Check List, 1873, no. 548; 2d ed., no. 778; Birds Northwest, 1874, 636;
Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 655 (near Mouse River, N.
Dakota).—Buakxiston, Ibis, 1862, 10 (Saskatchewan River).—HeEnsHaw,
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 18 (Utah); Zool. Exped. W. 100th Merid., 1875,
485 (Provo, Utah, Nov. 30); Auk, ii, 1885, 232 (Santa Barbara to San Diego,
California, in winter); Birds Hawaiian Is., 1902, 127 (1 spec., exact locality
unknown).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 638 (Pyramid Lake, Nevada,
Dec.); Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 207; Nom. N.
Am. Birds, 1881, no. 669.—BrEnpirE, Froc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 148
(Malheur Lake, e. Oregon, breeding).—Saunpers, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1878, 176 (monogr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 273 (Santa Ana, near

' Guadalajara, Jalisco, Nov.; Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Jan., Feb.;
Guaymas, Sonora, Dec.; etc.).—Rerm, Zoologist, 1877, 489 (Bermudas, once);
Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 266 (Bermudas, 1 spec., Jan. 1, 1849).—
Spenne7r, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 64 (Galveston,
Texas).—MAYNARD, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 485.—Br.pine, Proc. U. §.
Nat. Mus., v, 1888, 545 (Cape San Lucas district, Lower California).—Barrp,
Brewer, and Rineway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 244.—Drew, Auk,
ii, 1885, 18 (Colorado, 6,000-9,500 ft.) —AmeErtIcAN OrniTHOoLoGIsTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 54; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 39.—Srron, Auk,
ili, 1886, 147 (w. Manitoba, breeding).—Townsenp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
x, 1887, 192 (Summit Lake, near Mt. Lassen, California, | spec., June 5).—
Fempren, Trans. Norwich Soc., iv, 1887, 351 (Hudson Bay).—THompson,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 468 (Winnipeg, Lake Winnipeg, etc.,
Manitoba, breeding).—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 82, 185 (Cuba).—
Cooke, Bull. 56, Col. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1900, 192 (San Luis Lakes, Colorado,
7,500 ft., breeding); Bull. 292, U. 8. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 43,
fig. 22 (range and migrations) —BrewstTer, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli,
no. 1, 1902, 21 (Cape district, Lower California, in winter).—SALvIN and Gop-
MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 424 (Guaymas, Sonora; Mazatlan and
Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Guadalajara and Santa Ana near Guadalajara,
Jalisco; Gulf of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Bermudas; Cuba).—PREBLE, North
Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 267 (breeding n. to Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie).—
Woop and Garces, Pub. 4, Mich. Geol. and Biol. Surv., 1911, 277 (breeding
near Neebish Islands, Upper Peninsula, Michigan).—GRiINNELL (J.), Pacific
Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 22 (California; winter visitor, whole State).

[Larus] delawarensis Gray, Hand-List, iii, 1871, 111, no. 10948.—CovEs, Key N.
Am. Birds, 1872, 313.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 33
(Cuba?).—SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 142.—ForsBes and Rosinson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 58.

L{arus] delawarensis Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 391 (Illinois in winter);
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 32.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884,
745.—Bryan, Key Birds Hawaiian Group, 1901, 7 (Hawaiian Islands, acci-
dental).

Larus canus (not of Linneus) Bonaparte, Specchio Comp., 1827, 69; Ann. Lyc.
N.-Y., ii, 1828, 359.

Larus argentatoides (not of Brehm) Bonapartr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., 1, 1828, 360
(New York).

Larus zonorhynchus RicHARDSON, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am.,
ii, 1831, 421 (Saskatchewan, Manitoba).—Nurraty, Man. Orn. U. 8. and
Can., Water Birds, 1834, 300.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 98, pl. 212;

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 627

v, 1839, 638; Synopsis, 1839, 327; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 152, pl. 446.—
Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 63.—Grraup, Birds Long Is., 1844,
360.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844, 171.—JarpiInE, Contr.
Orn., 1849, 86 (Bermudas, in autumn).—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn.,
1850, 13 (Bermudas, 1 spec., Jan., 1849).—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1857, 236
(Cuba).—Buanp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 289 (Bermudas).—
GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 94 (Cuba; crit.) —ScuiteGEL, Mus. Pays-
Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 22.

Larus] zonorhynchus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 654.—BoNnAparre, Consp. AV.,
i, 1857, 224.—Marrens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 222 (Bermudas).

[Larus] zonorhynchus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 771.—Gray, Hand-
list, iii, 1871, 111, no. 10949.

[Larus (Glaucus)] zonorhynchus Bruox, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 102.

Gavina] zonorhynchus BoNAPpARTE, Naumannia, 1854, 212.—Bruon, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1855, 282 (monogr.).

[Larus (Glaucus)] occidentalis (not Larus occidentalis Audubon) Brucu, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1853, 101, pl. 1i, fig. 20 (California).

[ Laroides] occidentalis Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 282 (meonogr.).

[Gavina] bruchi BonAPARTE, Naumannia, 1854, 212.

{Larus (Gavina)] bruchtti Brucsu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 283 (menogr.).

[Larus zonorhynchus] a. mexicanus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 224.

{Larus zonorhynchus] b. bruchi BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., li, 1857, 224 (w. North
America.).

[Larus] bruchi Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 771.

LARUS CANUS Linneus.
MEW GULL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts, tail, and entire under parts, including axillars and under
wing-coverts, immaculate pure white; back, scapulars, and wings
uniform light gray (between pale and light neutral gray, and inter-
mediate in tone between that of LZ. argentatus and L. californicus),
the secondaries fading into white terminally (for about 20-25 mm.);
outermost primary black with a subterminal area of white, including
both websand shaft, for a space of about 50-57 mm.; second primary
similar, but the white space smaller (about 25-32 mm. long), and the
basal portion more distinctly slaty; third primary usually? without
any white except at tip, the basal portion abruptly gray; fourth
primary similar to third but the gray involving about basal half of
exposed portion and more sharply defined against the black; fifth
primary light gray, tipped with white and with a large subterminal
area of black, 25 mm. or more in length (extending anteriorly along
edges for about 19 mm. more), the light gray on inner web becoming
white or nearly so where touching the black subterminal area; sixth
primary with a subterminal black bar, about 12.7 mm. wide; remaining
(proximal) primaries light gray (like back, etc.), passing terminally
into white; bill greenish yellow (more olivaceous in dried skins),
purer yellow terminally; rictus and naked orbital ring vermilion red

2 In some examples, perhaps very old birds, there is a roundish spot of white on
inner web, about 38 mm. from tip.

628 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(in‘ life); iris grayish brown; legs and feet yellowish green or olive-
yellowish.

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults, but occiput, nape, and
hindneck longitudinally spotted with grayish brown; ‘‘iris cream
color with dark gray mottlings;’’” rictus orange-red ;* naked orbital
ring dusky red; legs and feet grayish olive-yellow, the joints darker,
the webs purer yellow.*

Young.—Head and neck dull whitish, striped with oriyish brown;
upper parts grayish brown, the feathers irregular but broadly mar-
gined with dull whitish, grayish white, or pale dull buffy; greater
wing-coverts and secondaries pale gray, margined with pale buff and
with a sub-margin of dusky grayish brown; tertials grayish brown
margined with buffy white; primary coverts and primaries dull black
or dusky, very narrowly tipped with white; rump and upper tail-
coverts white, irregularly spotted with dusky grayish brown; tail with
proximal two-thirds (approximately) grayish white, fading into
pure white basally, the distal third dusky grayish brown narrowly
tipped with white, the grayish white of lateral rectrices finely mottled
with dusky, especially toward base; under parts grayish white, the
chest and sides thickly spotted or blotched with light grayish brown;
bill blackish terminally, dull whitish or flesh color basally; iris dark
brown; naked orbital ring brownish; legs and feet whitish or yellowish
flesh color.

Downy young.—‘‘Covered all over with a soft yellowish gray
down, whiter in tint on the face, throat, and abdomen; forehead
blackish brown; entire upper parts spotted here and there with
large blackish spots, one or two spots being also on the throat, under
parts generally unspotted, except that on the flanks there are some
irregular black marks. It may be distinguished from the young
of other Gulls by a large black spot which touches the base of the
upper mandible, and which is never absent, though often varying
im. size.,

Adult male.—Wing, 348-380 (364); tail, 135-150.5 (141.9); exposed
pulmion, 36.5-45 (39.5); tarsus, 45-56 (50.2); middle toe, 35-45
(38.3).

Adult female.—Wing, 339; tail, 139; exposed culmen, 38; tarsus,
52; middle toe, 42.5.¢

a Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 29, p. 76.

b Dresser, Birds of Europe.

¢ Right specimens.

d One pee (from Bonne: ee Kamchatka).

Ex- aay
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Middle
culmen. °
MALES.
Six adult males from Europes secisascisc ssc os sod secieleisiemiaive oie 364 | 139.9 38 48.6 36.6
Two adult males from Kamchatka (Petropaulski)...........-.. 364 | 146.7 44 55 43.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 629

Northern Europe and Asia, from Iceland (rare and not breeding),
Faro, Shetland, Orkney, and other British Islands and Norway to
eastern Siberia and Kamchatka; breeding from about lat. 53° north-
ward; migrating southward as far as Canary Islands, Mediterranean
and Black seas, China, and Japan; accidental in Labrador (Henley
Harbor, Aug. 21, 1860)? 4

[Larus] canus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 136 (Sweden); ed. 12, i, 1766,
224.—Brutnnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 43 (Iceland).—Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i,
pt. ii, 1789, 596.—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 815.—Gray, Hand-list,
iii, 1871, 111, no. 10945.—SuHarpsz, Hand-list, i, 1899, 142.

Larus canus Scorou, Ann. I, 1769, 79.—Mutuurr, Nat. Syst., ii, 1773, 345.—
Rerzius, Fauna Suecica, 1790, 158.—Brcustein, Naturg. Deutschl., ii, 1791,
808.—Meryer and Wotr, Taschenb., ii, 1810, 475.—Lerrsuer, Nachtr. Deutschl.,
1812, 14.—Meryer, Vog. Liv-u. Esthl., 1815, 232; Taschenb., iii, 1822, 200.—
TremMINCcK, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 498; 2d ed., ii, 1820, 771.—MerISNER and
Scuinz, Vég. Schweiz, 1815, 269.—Kocu, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816, 374.—
Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 40.—Nuitsson, Orn. Suec., ii,
1817, 172.—Borg, Isis, 1822, 563.—Breum, Lehrb., 1824, 707; Isis, 1830, 994.—
STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 198.—Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-
Asiat., ii, 1826, 330.—Bonararte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 359; Geog. and
Comp. List, 1838, 63.—Vierm.or, Faun. Fran¢., Ois., 1828, 389.—WrERNER,
Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, pl. 24.—FLemrina, Brit. Anim., 1828, 140.—Kaup, Na-

| tiirl. Syst., 1829, 58 —Savz1, Orn. Tosc., iii, 1831, 59—Sexsy, Brit. Birds, ii, 1833,

490, pl. 93.—Jenywns, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 275.—Eyron, Cat. Brit. Birds,

1836, 52.—Goutp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 437 and text; Birds Great Brit.,

v, 1873, pl. 60 and text.—Naumann, Vég. Deutschl., x, 1840, 301, pl. 261.—

Setys-Lonecuamps, Faune Belge, 1842, 153.—Macertttivray, Man. Brit.

Orn., pt. ii, 1842, 248; Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 575.—Yarre.u, Brit. Birds, iii,

1843, 452; 2d ed., iii, 1845, 570.—Scutecet, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. cxxv; Vog.

Nederl., 1854, 599, pl. 349; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, 236; Mus. Pays-Bas,

vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 23.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844, 171;

Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 233—Herwrrson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1846, 441, pl.

125.—DEGLAND, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 313.—THompson, Birds Ireland, iii,

1851, 348.—KsaErRBOLiiIneG, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 339, pl. 42.—MippENporrr,

Sibir. Reise, li, pt. 2, 1853, 243.—HeEvatin, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 69 (coast Egypt);

Orn. N. O-Afr., Bd. ii, pt. 2, 1873, 1377 (Nile up to Khartum).—Meyer,

Brit. Birds, vii, 1857, pl. 304.—Scurenck, Reis. Amurl., 1859, 509.—LINDER-

MAYER, V6g. Griechenl., 1860, 175.—Swinnoe, Ibis, 1860, 68 (Amoy, s.

China); 1861, 345 (n. China); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 420 (China).—

SUNDEVALL, Svensk. Fogl., 1863, pl. 49, fig. 6 —Newron, in Baring-Gould’s

Iceland, 1863, 418 (1 spec.).—Rappe, Reis. Sibir., Vég., 1863, 387; Orn.

Caucas., 1884, 478.—Satvapvort, Ucc. Sardin., 1864, 128; Faun. Ital., Ucc.,

1872, 292; Ucc. Ital., 1887, 286—Wrient, Ibis, 1864, 151 (Malta); 1874, 238

(Malta).—Drexanp and Gerse, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 424.—Locue, Expl. Sci.

Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 184.—Hourz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1868, 124 (Gottland,

2 The specimen on which the alleged Labrador record is based is still in the collec-
tion of the U. 8. National Museum, and ‘‘found its way to the British Museum”’
(Cooke, Distribution and Migration of North American Gulls and their Allies, 1915,
49)—or, more correctly, to Mr. Howard Saunders, the expert authority on birds of this
group—and was duly returned many years ago. It isa young bird, and I strongly
suspect is merely L. delawarensis.

630

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

breeding).—Drosts, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 384 (Faroe Islands).—FRritscx,
Vég. Eur., 1870, 476, pl. 55, fig. 7; pl. 56, fig. 5 Ewes and Bucxtey, Ibis,
1870, 336 (Black Sea and Gulf of Volo)—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870,
437 (e. Siberia) —Saunpers, Ibis, 1871, 400 (s. Spain); 1891, 188 (Lake
Léman, Switzerland; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 799 (Japan); 1878, 177
(monogr.); Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), xiv, 1879, 396 (range); Voy. ‘Chal-
lenger’, ii, pt. viii, 1881, 138 Japan); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 613;
Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 655; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 277.—Gray
(R.), Birds West Scotl., 1871, 483.—Sueiiey, Birds Egypt, 1872, 305 (Dami-
etta)—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 77.—Patmsn, Finl: Fogl., 1873,
506.—TaczaNowskl, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 111 (e. Siberia); Ornis, 1888,
507 (Poland).—Atston and Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1873, 52 (Archangel, n.
Russia).—Brookge, Ibis, 1873, 347 (Sardinia).—DresseEr, Birds Europe, viii,
1873, 381, pl. 600.—Srvertsov, Turkestan. Jevotn., 1873, 70 (Aral to Balk-
ash).—DurNnFrorp, Ibis, 1874, 402 (North Friesian Islands).—Irspy, Orn.
Straits Gibral., 1875, 214; 2d ed., 1895, 298.—Buanrorp, East. Persia, ii,
1876, 291 (Bushire)—Srrsoum and Harvir-Browny, Ibis, 1876, 451 (lower
Petchora River, Russia; habits) —Cotuerr, Nyt Mag. Naturv., 1877, 208
(n. Norway).—Davip and OuvsTatet, Ois. Chine, 1878, 517.—Brewer, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iti, 1878, 50 (Labrador).—SrEsonm, Ibis, 1879, 161 (Yenesei
Valley, Siberia, breeding; habits; descr. eggs); 1882, 230 (Kirghiz Steppes,
breeding), 386 (Archangel, n. Russia); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 316; Birds
Japan. Emp., 1890, 293 —Mtitter, Journ. fir Orn., 1879, 392 (Cyprus).—
Ropp, Birds Cornwall, 1880, 169.—Buaxiston and Pryer, Trans. Asiat.
Soc. Japan, viii, 1880, 189; x, 1882, 104.—Branpr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1880,
253 (Finnish Islands, breeding).—ALLEeN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 91
(Labrador); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 226 (Gichiga and Marcova,
n. e. Siberia, breeding; habits)—Ripe@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880
(Cat. N. Am. Birds), 207; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 671.—CovgEs, Check
List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 779.—BritisH OrnitHotoaists’ Union, List. Brit.
Birds, 1883, 189.—Bairp, Brewer, and Rincway, Water Birds N. Am., ii,
1884, 250 (Labrador).—Tristram, Fauna and Flora Palestine, 1884, 137.—
Buaxkiston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 20.—Srrsynecer, Bull. U. §.
Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 76 (Bering Island, Commander group, Kamchatka;
synonymy, crit., etc.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iv, 1887, 123 (Bering Island);
xxi, 1898, 276 (Kuril Islands; breeding?).—Ltirkrn, Ornis, 1885, 145 (Den-
mark).—Torre and Tscuust, Ornis, 1885, 561 (Austria-Hungary).—AMER-
IcAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 56;
3rd _ed., 1910, p. 39.—Taytor, Ibis, 1886, 379 (Suez Canal).—GiIGLioLt,
Avif. Ital., 1886, 428 —O.LpHn-GaLuiaRD, Orn. Eur. Occid., fasc. x, 1886,
76.—ALLEON, Ornis, 1886, 422 (Black Sea) —Harvir-Brown and BuckLey,
Faun. Sutherl., 1887, 231; Faun. Outer Hebrides, 1888, 146.—WinaGe, Ornis,
1890, 379 (Holland, Denmark, breeding).—Stevenson and SouTHWELL,
Birds Norfolk, iii, 1890, 335.—Sryan, Ibis, 1891, 508 (lower Yangtse River,
China).—GAtTKE, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 574.—BuckLey and Harvir-
Brown, Faun. Orkney Is., 1891, 231; Faun. Argyll, etc., 1892, 190.—Scua-
Low, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 262 (Kamchatka; Sitka, Alaska?) —CAMPBELL,
Ibis, 1892, 246 (Korea) —Dr La Toucue, Ibis, 1892, 501 (Foochow and
Swatow, China, in winter)—D’Ursan and Maruew, Birds Devon, 1892,
379.—MAacPHERSON, Faun. Lakeland, 1892, 427.—Mrapr-Waxpo, Ibis, 1893,
206 (Canary Islands, rare) —Koernic, Journ. fiir Orn., 1893, 100 (Tunis,
Algiers).—Buaae, Ibis, 1893, 356 (Shetland Islands, breeding; habits).—
Pearson and BipweE tt, Ibis, 1894, 236 (n. Norway, breeding).—PEARson,
Ibis, 1895, 248 (Iceland, not breeding); 1896, 212 (Russian Lapland, breed-

|

|
|
|

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 631

ing; descr. eggs).—Poruam, Ibis, 1897, 106 (Yenesei River, Siberia); 1898,
518 (Yeniseisk, Yenesei River).—TuHayer and Banos, Proc. New Engl.
Zool. Club, v, 1914, 10 (Kolyma River, e. Siberia, May 21).—Cooxg, Bull.
292, U. 8S. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 49 (range and migration).

L{arus| canus KryserunG and Brasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xevi, 244.—
Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 223.—Buastus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 380
(crit.).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 746.—Ripaway, Man. N.
Am. Birds, 1887, 33.

[Larus canus var. brachyrhynchus] a. canus Covuss, Birds Northwest, 1874, 638
(synonymy).

Laroides canus Brexm, Isis, 1830, 994; Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 752; Naumannia,
1855, 294.

Glaucus canus Brucn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 102.

Gavina] canus Bonaparts, Naumannia, 1854, 212.—Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1855, 284 (monogr.).

Gavia cana Menzsrer, Bull. Mosc., lviii, no. 1, 1883, 186 (Oka).

Xema canum JAuBERT and BARTHELEMY-LAPOMMERAYE, Rich. Orn. Midi France,
1859-62, 393.

Larus (Gavina) canus Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, 1869, 344.

[Larus] maculatus BRinNNicH, Orn. Bor., 1764, 44 (Copenhagen, Denmark).

Larus cinereus Scorou, Ann. I. Hist. Nat., 1769, 80.

[Larus] hybernus Tunstaut, Orn. Brit., 1771, 3—Gmetin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii,
1789, 596.—BonaApPArRTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 771.—Gray, Hand-list,
lii, 1871, 111, no. 10947.

L{arus] hybernus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 654.—Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., ii,
1857, 223.

[Larus canus|] 8 LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 816 (=Zarus hybernus Gmelin, ex
Tunstall).

Larus procellosus Becuste1n, Orn. Taschenb., ii, 1803, 373 (Germany).

Laroides procellosus BreuM, Isis, 1830, 994; Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 750; Nau-
mannia, 1855, 294.

Larus cyanorhynchus Mryer, Taschenb. Vog. Deutschl., li, 1810, 480 (North;
Sea, etc.); Zusitze, 1822, 200.—Kocu, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816, 375. ,

[?] Larus niveus (not of Boddaert, 1783) SwinHok, Ibis, 1862, 428 (Formosa);
1870, 336 (Hainan); 1874, 165 (Hakodate, Japan); 1875, 138 (Chefoo, China);
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 325 (Amoy, China); 1871, 420 (Amoy, China).—
DEGLAND and GEeRBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 426.—Srverrzov, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1875, 185 (Sea of Aral to Tianshan).—Taczanowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1877, 263 (e. Siberia)—Prsevausky, Rowley’s Orn. Misc., iii,
1878, 108 (Hoang-ho valley; s. e. Mongolia, April) —Davip and OvusTatet,
Ois. Chine, 1878, 518.—ALLEoN, Ornis, 1886, 422 (Black Sea).

Larus canus niveus TaczaANowski, Mém. Acad. Petersb., xxxix, 1893, 1034
(e. Siberia). ,

L{aroides| canescens Bruun, Isis, 1830, 994 (nomen nudum).

Laroides canescens BreuM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 753 (Germany); Vogeli., 1855,
340; Naumannia, 1855, 294.

[?] Larus canus, var. major MippENpDor®r?, Reis. Sibir., ii, pt. 2, 1853, 243, pl. 24,
fig. 4 (s. e. Siberia).

[?] Larus canus major ScHLtEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 26.

[Glawcus] lacrymosus (not Larus lacrymosus Lichtenstein, 1854) Brucu, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1853, 102.

Laroides lacrimosus BrRram, Naumannia, 1855, 294.

Larus heinei HomeyerR, Naumannia, 1853, 129 (Greece).

[Gavina] heinei Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 283.

632 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Larus hybernus] a. ferroensis BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., li, 1857, 223.

[Larus hybernus] b. islandicus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., li, 1857, 223.

Larus suckleyi (not of Lawrence) eee) Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari),
1863, 27 (Japan).

Larus audouini (not of Payraudeau, 1826) Tristram, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1864, 455; Ibis, 1868, 330 (Palestine).

(?) Larus delawarensis (not of Ord) Couves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1861, 246, part
(Henley Harbor, Labrador; 1 spec.).

LARUS BRACHYRHYNCHUS Richardson.
Le
SHORT-BILLED GULL.

Similar to LZ. canus, but averaging slightly smaller (except tail and
middle toe, which are longer), and bill relatively shorter and deeper;
adults with gray ‘‘wedge”’ on inner web of third primary (from
outside) always white distally, this white carried beyond tip of sixth
(often beyond tip of fifth) primary, and black subterminal area. of
longer primaries more restricted.

Adults in summer.—Head, neck, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and
entire under parts, including axillars and under wing-coverts, im-
maculate pure white; back, scapulars and wings uniform neutral gray
(between pale and light—almost exactly as in L. canus and L. cali-
fornicus), the secondaries passing into white terminally (for about
30-32 mm); outermost primary slate-black, the subterminal portion
(for about 51 mm.) white, including shaft, the tip black, the inner web
more slaty than the outer, with basal half, more or less, sometimes
grayish white, minutely freckled with darker, but usually plain slaty
gray, paler basally; second primary (from outside) with basal half
of outer web and much more of inner web pale gray, then black
(abruptly) followed by a white area, about 44-45 mm. long, then a
black spot or band, about 17-18 mm. wide, and a small apical spot of
white; third primary tipped with white, the subterminal portion, for
about 25.5 mm. on inner web and 51 mm. or more on outer web,
black, the remaining portion light gray, becoming white or nearly so
on inner web where joining the black subterminal! area; fourth primary
similar, but the black subterminal area more restricted, and the gray
of outer web passing into white distally; fifth primary with the sub-
terminal black area still smaller, forming a band about 19 mm. wide,
the white preceding this band still more extensive; sixth primary
with the subterminal black band still narrower, usually less than
13 mm. wide, seldom more, and sometimes confined to inner web;
remaining (proximal) primaries light gray (tke back, etc.), passing
gradually but broadly into white terminally; bill greenish yellow;
rictus and eyelids vermilion red; iris dark brown; legs and feet
greenish (in life), the webs yellowish.

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults, but head and neck
(sometimes chest also) longitudinally spotted with light grayish
brown.

a

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 633

Immature.—Similar to adults, but subterminal areas of longer
primaries deep brownish gray or dusky instead of black, and more
extended, the white tip of some of the primaries wanting; tail some-
times (in younger individuals) more or less blotched with dusky on
terminal portion, and upper tail-coverts sometimes (in still younger
birds) faintly barred with grayish brown.

Young.—Head, neck, and under parts nearly uniform light brown-
ish gray or grayish brown; upper parts grayish brown, the feathers
margined with pale grayish buff, the rump and upper tail-coverts
pale grayish buff or dull buffy whitish, irregularly, and more or less_,
distinctly, spotted with grayish brown; basal half (approximately)
of tail dull grayish white or very pale grayish, transversely mottled
with darker, the distal portion deep grayish brown, forming a well-
defined broad band, the extreme tip whitish.

Young in first winter—Similar to the first plumage, but light
colored margins to feathers of upper parts decidedly white; basal half
of tail uniform grayish white; under parts mostly white, the chest
and sides spotted or clouded with light grayish brown; upper parts
more or less tinged with pure light gray.

Downy young.—General color pale brownish gray or buffy grayish,
paler and usually more buffy on head, neck, and under parts; head
with numerous irregular rather large spots of black, of- which the
most conspicuous occupy the anterior portion of forehead (as in L.
canus) and posterior portion of malar region, respectively; back,
etc., with large, irregular spots or cloudings of sooty grayish or
dusky; bill dusky brownish, broadly tipped with lighter and more
yellowish brown.

Adult male.—Wing, 352-366 (358.9); tail, 137-148 (142.8); ex-
posed culmen, 33-38 (86.4); tarsus, 46.5—-51 (49.4); middle toe, 37.5—
41 (39.5).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 328-354 (344.6); tail, 131.5-1389 (134.9); ex-
posed culmen, 32-37 (34.1); tarsus, 45-48 (46.7); middle toe, 36—-38.5
(37.5).°

aSeven specimens. + Eleven specimens.

Exposed ‘Parsus? Midd!e

Locality. Wing. Da ontrndn toe

MALES,

One adult male from Mackenzie.........:.........- 366 143 38 50 40

Six adult males from Alaska..............-2.20e0--- | 857.7 142.7 36.2 49, 2 39.4
FEMALES.

Five adult females from Mackenzie................. 347. 2 | 134.3 34.3 46, 4 Sine

Six adult females from Alaska.................----- 342. 5 135. 3 33.9 46.9 Bead

634 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Northwestern North America; breeding in Mackenzie (Lockhart
River; Fort Resolution; Fort Rae; Fort Anderson; Lower Slave
River), northern Athabasca (Lake Athabasca), Yukon (mouth of
Porcupine River; Lake Marsh), Alaska (Fort Yukon; St. Michaels;
mouth of Kowak River; Cape Lisburne; Morshovoi Bay; Nushagak;
Kodiak Island; Homer, Cook Inlet; Yakutat; Glacier Bay; Montague
Island; Hawkins Island; Nelson Island), and extreme northwestern
corner of British Columbia (Lake Marsh; Hot Springs; Pike River);
migrating southward along Pacific coast as far as San Diego, Cali-
fornia; casual or accidental in Quebec (Quebec), Wyoming (Lake
Fork, Wind River Mountains, 10,000 feet altitude, Aug. 28, 1893),
and Kuril Islands (Feb.).

Larus canus (not of Linnzeus) SwAINson and RicHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii,
1831, 420 (Great Bear Lake, June 7=adult).—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and
Can., Water Birds, 1834, 299—Hrnsuaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 232 (coast s. Cali-
fornia, common in winter).—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 262, part
(Sitka, Alaska) —Mariurarp, Auk, xv, 1898, 198 (San Francisco Bay, Cali-
fornia).—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avif., no. 3, 1902, 12 (California
range).—Brck, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., iii, 1910, 63 (Monterey Bay,
California).

Larus brachyrhynchus RicHarpson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-
Am., ii, 1831, 422 (Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake, Mackenzie; =young 2).—
Nuttatt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 301.—Bairp, in
Stansbury’s Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 335 (w. North America); Cat. N.
Am, Birds, 1859, no. 664a.—Covurs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 302
(monogr.); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 780.—Etuior, New and Unfig. N.
Am. Birds, pt. 12, 1868 (vol. ii), pl. 53, front fig. and text.—Dati and Ban-
NISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 305 (Fort Yukon,-St. Michaels,
Kodiak, and Sitka, Alaska)—Saunprrs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 178
(mongr.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 283.—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 207; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 670.—
NELSON, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 107 (Alaska Peninsula to head of
Norton Sound); Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 54 (Alaskan mainland; habits,
etc.)—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 247.—
Hensuaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 232 (coast s. California, common in winter).—
EvrerMAnNN, Auk, iii, 1886, 88 (San Buenaventura, California, 1 spec., Dec.).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895,
no. 55,; 3d ed., 1910, p. 39.—Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 126
(St. Michaels, etc.; habits)—Bowtss, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 139 (Tacoma, Wash-
ington, common in winter).—Kerrmope, Provincial Mus. Victoria, 1909, 24
(coast, lower Fraser River, and Caribou District, Brit. Columbia, winter
resident).—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 22 (whole coast Cali-
fornia, common winter visitant)—Cooxkr, Bull. 292, U. S. Dept. Agric.
(Biol. Surv.), 1915, 46, fig. 23 (range and migrations)—Brooxs (W. 8.),
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 373 (Demarcation Bay, n. e. Alaska,
June 18).—Granint, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 397 (Stepovak Bay, Alaska Penin-
sula, breeding).

Larus] brachyrhynchus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 746.—Ripeway,
Man. N. Am, Birds, 1887, 34.

[Larus] brachyrhynchus SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 142.—Forses and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 58.

aType now in U.S. National Museum.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 635

[Larus] canus var. brachyrhynchus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 313,

Larus canus... var. brachyrhynchus Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 549.

{Larus canus.| Var. brachyrhynchus Coves, Birds Northwest, 1874, 639 (descr.,
range, etc.)

{Larus canus var. brachyrhynchus] c. brachyrhynchus Cougs, Birds Northwest, 1874,
639, (synonymy).

Larus suckleyi LawRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1857 (pub. Feb., 18587),
264 (Puget Sound; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.;=young); in Baird, Rep. Pacific
R. BR. Surv., ix, 1858, 848.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am, Birds, 1859, no. 665.—CooPER
and SucKLEY, Rep: Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 274, (Puget Sound).—
ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 27, part.

?Larus suckleyi BLastus, Journ. ftir Orn., 1865, 381 (crit.).

Rissa septentronalis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1857 (pub.
Feb., 1858?), 265 (‘‘Puget Sound”’ i. e., Bellingham Bay, Washington; coll.
U.S. Nat. Mus.;=adult); in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 854.—
Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 673.—Coorer and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 277 (Bellingham Bay).

Genus CHROICOCEPHALUS Eyton.

Chroicocephalus Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 53. (Type, Larus capistratus
Temminck=Z. ridibundus Linnzeus. )

Chroicocephalus (emendation) WHARTON, Zoologist, 1878, 105.

Kroicocephalus (emendation) JAMESON, Journ. Asiat. Soc., vili, 1839, 248.

Chroicephalus (emendation) RercHenBacu, Av. Syst. Nat., Longip., 1852, p. v.

Chroecephalus (emendation) VeRRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., ili, 1862, 159.

Chroocephalus (emendation) SctareR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871,
576 foot-note.

Chroecocephalus (emendation) Herve and ReicuHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn.,
1890, 358.

Aitricilla BonaPartTE, Naumannia, 1854, 212. (Type, by tautonymy, Larus atricilla
Linneus. )

Cirrhocephala Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 213. (Type, by tautonymy, Larus
cirrhocephalus Vieillot.)

Cirrocephalus (emendation) Brucu, Journ. flir Orn., 1855, 288.

Melanolarus Herne and RetcHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 359. (Type,
by original designation, Larus franklini Swainson and Richardson.)

Rather small to very small Laride (wing less than 350 mm.) with
relatively small and slender bill, tarsus longer than middle toe with-
out claw, and longer than exposed culmen; adults with head and
upper neck gray (more or less dark, sometimes nearly black) or brown
in summer, relieved by a white spot above eye and another below, or
a white orbital ring, and longer primaries partly black; young with
rump and upper tail-coverts immaculate white, and scapulars, inter-
scapulars and wing-coverts grayish brown margined (but not barred,
streaked, nor mottled) with whitish or buffy.

Range.—Nearly cosmopolitan, but wanting from Arctic and
Antarctic regions and Oceania. (About 12 species, 6 of them peculiar
to America, 1 common to South America and Africa.)

636 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHROICOCEPHALUS.

a. Tarsus much longer than middle toe with claw, the latter decidedly shorter than
exposed culmen.

6. Tail entirely white; back, scapulars, and wings uniform neutral gray, the longer
primaries partly black; head dark quaker drab in summer. (Atlantic and
Gulf coasts of United States and West Indies; coast of western Mexico in
winter; casual in Mississippi Valley.). Chroicocephalus atricilla, adults (p. 636).

bb. Tail gray and blackish; scapulars, interscapulars, and wing-coverts grayish
brown broadly margined with whitish or pale buffy; chest and breast brownish
gray or grayish brown, like head and neck.

Chroicocephalus atricilla, young (p. 637).
aa. Tarsus not longer than middle toe with claw, the latter longer than exposed
culmen.

b. Bill much stouter, its depth at gonydeal angle equal to more than one-fourth th
length of exposed culmen, reddish; three outer primaries without white, except
at tips.

c. Tail white, shaded with gray on middle rectrices; back, scapulars, and wings
uniform neutral gray, the longer primaries partly black and white; head
dusky purplish gray and bill deep red in summer. (Interior of North
America, south in winter to Peru, Chile, etc.).

Chroicocephalus franklinii, adults (p. 641).

ce. Tail pale gray or grayish white with a broad subterminal band of blackish;

back and scapulars grayish brown, some of the latter margined terminally

with pale grayish buffy; bill blackish, with reddish or pinkish tinge basally.

Chroicocephalus franklinii, young (p. 642).

bb. Bill much more slender, its depth at gonydeal angle equal to less than one-

fourth the length of exposed culmen, black; three outer primaries extensively
white.

c. Tail entirely white; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts uniform pale neutral
gray; head very dark purplish gray in summer. (Whole of North America,
breeding northward; southward in winter to Yucatan, Jalisco, etc.)

Chroicocephalus philadelphia, adults (p. 645).

ce. Tail with a broad subterminal band of black; scapulars and interscapulars
grayish brown, tipped with pale buff; central area of lesser wing-covert tract
Auskeyos SPILPRaSh) eds Chroicocephalus philadelphia, young (p. 645).

CHROICOCEPHALUS ATRICILLA (Linnzus).

LAUGHING GULL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head and upper half of neck
(extending farther downward in front than behind) plain dark sooty
gray or dark quaker drab), darkest on upper neck; a small elongated
spot of white on each eyelid; lower neck (all round), upper tail-
coverts, tail, and under parts immaculate white, the under parts
sometimes (in newly killed specimens) tinged with delicate pink;
back, scapulars, wings, and rump uniform neutral gray, the tertials,
secondaries and proximal primaries broadly tipped with white; five
outer primaries black, with or without a small apical spot of white, the
third, fourth, and fifth (from outside) with basal portion gray for a
greater or less distance, this sometimes abruptly defined against the
black of distal portion, sometimes shading gradually into it; remain-

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 637

ing (proximal) primaries gray tipped with white, the sixth (from out-
side) sometimes with a subterminal spot or band of black; bill dark
brownish red (in life) the terminal third of culmen and gonys blood
red or carmine; iris dark brown; naked orbital ring dull dark red;
legs and feet dark reddish brown (in life), the webs darker.

Adults in winter—Similar to summer adults but head and upper
neck white, the occipital and auricular regions spotted or mottled
with brownish gray and the eyes more or less surrounded with the
same. ;

Young.—Interscapulars, scapulars, and smaller wing-coverts grayish
brown, broadly margined with pale grayish buff or clay color; greater
wing-coverts gray, tinged on margin of terminal portion with pale
grayish buff; secondaries dusky, abruptly tipped with white;
primary coverts and primaries dull black or slate-blackish, the latter
narrowly tipped with white; central portion of rump light brownish

| gray, the lateral and posterior portions, together with upper tail-

coverts and posterior under parts, white; basal half of tail hght gray,
the distal portion dull black, narrowly tipped with white; head, neck,
chest, breast, and sides nearly uniform brownish gray or grayish
brown, darker on occiput and nape, and more or less tinged with
dull buffy on under parts (especially in younger individuals) ; abdomen
grayish white or very pale brownish gray; bill and feet dusky (Gn
dried skins).

Downy young.—Upper parts deep grayish buffy or grayish fulvous,
the head irregularly striped and spotted, the back, wings, and rump
irregularly marbled with dusky; under parts light grayish fulvous,
inclining to dull ochraceous on breast and abdomen, which are
immaculate; lateral and lower portions of head marked with several
largeand distinct spots of black; foreneck, sides, flank, and anal region
dull fulvous-grayish, faintly mottled with darker; bill light brownish;
legs and feet dusky brownish.

Adult male.—Wing, 316-348 (332.7); tail, 121-135 (127.6); exposed
culmen, 40-43 (41); tarsus, 47-53 (50.4); middle toe, 34.5-38 (36).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 311-331 (322); tail, 116-125.5 (120.2); ex-
posed culmen, 38-40 (39.1); tarsus, 46-51.5 (48.1); middle toe,
32.9-35 (8315).%

Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States, Gulf and Caribbean
coasts of Mexico and Central America, Caribbean coast of northern
South America, West Indies, and other islands in Caribbean Sea;
breeding from Maine (Penobscot Bay)—formerly (up to 1856) from
Nova Scotia (Green Island, near Yarmouth)—to southernmost Lesser
Antilles (Grenada, Grenadines, etc.), islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and
Curacao, Margarita Island, Venezuela, Panama (Colén), cays off coast

a Ten specimens.

035 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

of British Honduras, etc.; during August to February occurring also
on Pacific coast of Mexico (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Manzanillo, Colima;
Juchitan, Ventosa Bay, and San Mateo, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas) and
Guatemala (Chiapim); occasional migrants occurring on coasts of
British Guiana (Georgetown), Surinam, northern Brazil (Cajutuba, Feb.
20, 1835), in Bermuda (1 specimen, winter of 1851-52), coast of Peru
(Santa Lucia, Dec. 20, 1876), and coast of Chile; casual in interior dis-
tricts of United States and Canada (Montreal, Oct. 24, 1868; Toronto,
May 238, 1890, and June 1, 1898; Buffalo, Cayuga Lake, and Sodus
Bay, New York; Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin, July, 1860;
Blencoe, Iowa, Oct. 10, 1894; Alda, Nebraska, July, 1880; Douglas
County, Kansas, 1888, 1901, 1905, 1906, 1911; Sloans Lake, near
Denver, Colorado, Dec., 1889; Fort Wingate, New Mexico).¢

[Larus] atricilla Linna&us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10,1, 1758, 136, part (Bahamas; based
on Larus major Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 1731, p. 89, pl. 89); ed. 12, i,
1766, 225.—GmeELin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 600.—Latnam, Index Orn.,
ii, 1790, 813.—Pruzen, Orn. Bras., 1870, 461.—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871,
114, no. 10989.—Couss, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 315.—Sciarer and SAtvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 148.—D’Hamonvm1z, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 62
(accidental in England and France).—Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised
ed., 1886, 33 (Bahamas; Greater Antilles) —SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 140.—
Forbes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 57 (New Jersey;
Belize, Brit. Honduras).

Larus atricilla VirtttoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxi, 1818, 501.—TEmMiINcK,
Man. d’Orn., 2d ed., pt. ii, 1820, 779, part (young=C. melanocephalus):
pt. 4, 1840, 483—Breum, Lehrb., 1824, 722.—Srernens, Shaw’s Gen.
Zool., xiii, pt. i, 1826, 205.—Bonararte, Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn.,
1826, [215] (descr. plumages); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 359.—FLEMING,
Brit. Anim., 1828, 142.—Jarpine, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., ili, 1832, 216,
pl. 74, fig. 4.—(?) Rennig, ed. Montagu’s Orn. Dict., 1831, 259 (Winchelsea,
England).—Nurratz, Man. Orn. U.S.and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 291.—
JENYNS, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 274.—AupuUBON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838,
118, pl.314; Synopsis, 1839, 324; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 136, pl. 443.—
D’OrsBiGNY, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., 1839, 212.— YarRRELL, Brit.
Birds, iii, 1843, 439 (Shingley Flats, near Winchelsea, and Hastings, Sussex,
England); 2d ed., iii, 1845, 557.—Grraup, Birds Long Is., 1844, 358.—
ScuLeGeL, Rev. Crit., 1844, p. exxvii; Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari),
1863, 44.—DrcGLanp, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 321.—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr.
Orn., 1850, 38 (Bermudas).—PutTnam, Proc. Essex Inst., 1856, 221 (Massa-
chusetts).—Meryer, Brit. Birds, vii, 1857, 131, pl. 303.—Jonrs, Nat. in
Bermuda, 1859, 92.—Bryanrt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 134 (Baha-
mas).—BreEwER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., viii, 1860, 308 (Cuba).— ALBRECHT,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 58 (Bahamas).—Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 234.—
Tay.or, Ibis, 1864, 172 (St. Thomas; Porto Rico).—Sarvin, Ibis, 1865, 188,
190 (Guatemala); 1886, 180 (Brit. Guiana); 1889, 379 (Cozumel).—DEGLAND
and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 431.—SunpEvatt, Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad.
Férh. Stockholm, 1869, 590 (St. Bartholomew).—Pruzetn, Orn. Bras., 1870,
323 (Para, Feb.).—Sctater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871, 576

a It is possible that some of these inland records pertain to C. franklinii, through
erroneous identification.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 639

(monogr.).—Harrine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 175.—Covugs, Check List,
1873, no. 554.—Batitey (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 27 (Cobbs
Island, Virginia; breeding; habits).—Reip, Zoologist, 1877, 489 (Bermudas);
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 266 (Bermudas, 1 spec., winter 1851-52).—
TACZANOWSEI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 749 (Santa Lucia, Peru); Orn.
du Pérou, iii, 1886, 450.—Merriam, Birds Connecticut, 1877, 132.—SENNETT,
Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 64 (Corpus Christi Bay
Texas).—LAWRENCE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 142 (Barbuda), 238
(Antigua), 277 (Grenada), 462 (Guadeloupe).—SaunpeErs, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1878, 194 (monogr.); 1884, 150; Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xiv, 1878, 400
(range); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 606, footnote; Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxv, 1896, 194 (Progreso and Cozumel Island, Yucatan; Vera Paz and
Chiapam, on Pacific ccast, Guatemala; Belize and Lighthouse Reef, Brit. Hon-
duras; Manzanillo, Colima; St. Christopher, Antigua, Guadeloupe, St. Vincent-
Grenadines, and Grenada, West Indies; Brit. Guiana; Surinam).—Scorr,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 227 (Brigantine Beach, New Jersey, breed-
ing); Auk, vii, 1890, 306 (Dry Tortugas, Florida, resident); vii, 1891, 362
(Jamaica).—Date.risH, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 219 (European
records).—Ripe@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds),
207; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 673.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 208;
Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 177; Auk, v, 1888, 75 (West Indian localities
and references); vii, 1891, 46 (Antigua), 48 (Guadeloupe); 1892, 42 (Maraguna
and Watling islands, Bahamas); Birds West Ind., 1889, 276; Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 82 (Abaco, New Providence, Andros, Watling, Maraguna and
Tnagua islands, Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica; Haiti; Porto Rico; St. Croix; St.
Bartholomew; Barbados; Antigua; Guadeloupe; Grenada; Grenadines).—
MaynarD, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 485.—Merarns, Bull. Essex Inst., xiii,
1881, 86 (Cornwall and Cold Spring, Hudson River, New York).—NeEnRuina,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 225 (Galveston Bay, etc., Texas, breeding).—
Batrp, BREweER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 254.—Amert-
CAN OrniTHoLoaists’ Unrton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 58;
érd ed., 1910, p. 40.—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 179
(Vera Cruz).—WeELLs, List Birds Grenada, 1886, 11; Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix,
1887, 631 (Grenada, breeding; habits) —Morris, Auk, v, 1888, 107 (near
Springfield, Massachusetts, Oct. 1, 1887).—Pinpar, Auk, vi, 1889, 311
(Fulton Co., Kentucky, Jan. 8, 1887).—FEmpEN, Ibis, 1889, 502 (Barbados;
breeds round Grenada).—Suicx, Auk, vii, 1890, 326 (Seven Mile Beach, New
Jersey, breeding)—Norturop, Auk, vili, 1891, 80 (Andros Island, Baha-
mas).—Ruwoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 101 (Corpus Christi, Texas,
breeding) —Harrtert, Ibis, 1898, 311 (Aruba; Curacao; Bonaire); Novit.
Zool., ix, 1902, 309 (Aruba; Curagao; Bonaire).—Mackay, Auk, x, 1893, 333
(Muskegat and Tuckernuck islands, Massachusetts, breeding).—Fiexip, Auk,
xi, 1894, 120 (Jamaica)—CHapmMaAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 85
(Trinidad).—Rosinson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1895, 653 (Margarita
Island, Venezuela, summer).—Cooxe, Birds Col., 1897, 51 (Sloanes Lake,
near Denver, lspec., Dec., 1889); Bull. 292, U. S. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.),
1915, 51, fig. 25 (range and migration).—Bryrr, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for
1897-99 (1900), 85 (coast Louisiana, breeding; n. and n. w. Louisiana, on
inland bayous).—Rosinson and Ricamonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxiv,
1901, 164 (La Guaira, Venezuela, summer).—Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., xli, no. 1, 1902, 22 (San Jose del Cabo, Lower California, Sept. 6,
Nov. 9).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 421.—
Braistin, Auk, xxii, 1905, 168 (Rockaway Beach, Long Island; still breed-
- ing?).—_BrEBrE, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 454, pl. 9 (molts)—Berruepscu, Novit.

640 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Zool., xv, 1908, 310 (Surinam; Brit. Guiana; n. Brazil) —Barrerr, Auk,
xxix, 1912, 99 (Marshfield, Massachusetts, May 30 and July 29, 30, 1911),—
Brooks (W. 8.), Auk, xxix, 1912, 531 (Manomet Point, Massachusetts,
abundant in August, 1912)—Bunxker, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., vii, 1913,
139 (Douglas Co., Kansas, 1888, 1901, 1905, 1906, 1911; 5 spec.).—JEWELL,

Auk, xxx, 1913, 423 (near Colon, Panama, Dec.).—WeEtTMoRE, Bull. 326,
U.S. Dept. Agric., 1916, 45 (Porto Rico, Vieques, and Culebra; breeding?;
food).

L{arus] atricilla KkeysERLING and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xevi, 243.—
Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 654.—Wriits, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858
(1859), 286 (Nova Scotia, rare) —Newron (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881,
117.—Ripeaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 35.

Larus atricilla atrictlla Nose, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lx, Aug., 1916, 367 (Guade-
loupe, Aug., Sept.).

Larus (Chrecocephalus) atricilla Courts, Birds Northwest, 1874, 650.

L{arus](Chroicocephalus) atricilla Rinaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 391 (Illinois).

Gavia atricilla MacatLLivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 11, 1842, 240; Brit. Birds, v, 1852,
585. "

Gavia] atricilla Buastus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 578.

[| Chroicocephalus| atricilla Brucw, Journ. fir Orn., 1853, 106.—LiIcHTENSTEIN,
Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 98 (Porto Rico).

[Chroiococephalus] atricilla GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 348.

Chroicocephalus atricilla CABANIS, Journ. ftir Orn., 1857, 235 (Cuba).—LAWRENCE,
in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 850; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1864,
103 (Sombrero); viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New York City); Mem. Bost. Soe.
N.H.., ii, 1874, 317 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 51
(Juchitan, Ventosa, and San Mateo, Oaxaca, Aug.—Feb.).—Batrp, Cat. N.
Am. Birds, 1859, no. 667; Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859,
27 (Brazos, Texas).—Scniater and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 233 (Belize, Brit.
Honduras, breeding).—WHEATON, Ohio Agric. Rep., 1860, no. 268 (s. Ohio).
—GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 94 (Cuba); 1874, 314 (Porto Rico); 1875,
385 (Cuba; habits); 1878, 162, 191 (Porto Rico); Orn. Cubana, 1876, 308; Anal.
Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 408 (Porto Rico).—Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1862, 309 (monogr.); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 786.—ScLATER, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 179 (near City of Mexicc).—Satvin, Ibis, 1864, 388
(Chiapam, Guatemala; both coasts Central America).—Dresser, Ibis, 1866,
44 (Galveston, Texas).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 36.—STEARNS
and Coves, New England Bird Life, ii, 1883, 351.—Sraunt, Ornis, vol. 3, 1887,
453 (Porto Rico).

C[hroicocephalus| atricilla Rrpaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 391 (Illinois). —
Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 750.

Chroecocephalus atricilla Newton (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 371 (near St. Croix and
St. Thomas, Greater Antilles) —Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 99
(Colorado River, etc., Arizona); 1871, 40 (Fort Macon, North Carolina).—
AuuLeN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 366 (e. Florida)——Merrritu, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 172 (Fort Brown, Texas, breeding near coast and on
prairies).

Chroecephalus atricillus VeRRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 159 (coast of Maine,
resident; a few breeding on islands).

Larus (Chrecocephalus) atricilla Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 650 (monogr.).

Xema atricilla Bore, Isis, 1822, 563.—Gouxp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 426 and
text.—BonaparTeE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 62.—Gray, List Birds Brit.
Mus., Anseres, 1844, 437.—Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 437.—JARDINE,
Contr. Orn., 1849, 86 (Bermudas, 1 spec.).—Hurpis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn.,
1850, 13 (Bermudas?).—Atsrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 207 (Jamaica).

i i

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 641

X [ema] atricilla CaBANIS, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Guiana, ili, 1848, 761.

Larus ridibundus (not of Linnzeus) Winson, Am. Orn., ix, 1814, 89, pl. 74, fig. 4.—
Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 358, footnote —Litoraup, Ois. Trini-
dad, 1866, 532.

L{arus] ridibundus BONAPARTE, Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [213].

Larus plumbiceps (not of Temminck) Bream, Lehrb., 1824, 722, part.

Xema wilsonii Born, Isis, 1828, 358 (St. Croix, Greater Antilles).

Larus atricapillus [lapsus?] ABBort, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1842, 61.

[Atricilla] macroptera BONAPARTE, Naumannia, 1854, 212 (South America; nomen
nudum).

[Atricilla] minor Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 212 (Antilles; nomen nudum).

[Atricilla] catesbaei BonaParte, Naumannia, 1854, 212 (w. North America; nomen
nudum); Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 771.

Atricilla catesbei Locur, Expl. Sci. Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 189.

[Atricilla] catesbyi Brucn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 287 (‘‘Wiirmere Nordamerika’’).—
Here and Reicuenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 359.

[Larus (Atricilla)] megalopterus Brucn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 287 (Peru; Mexico).

Larus atricilla megalopierus Nose, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lx, Aug., 1916, 367
in text (coast U. S.; crit.).

[Larus (Atricilla)] micropterus Bruca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 288 (s. parts of North
America).

CHROICOCEPHALUS FRANKLINII (Swainson and Richardson).

FRANKLIN’S GULL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head and upper portion of neck
plain slate-blackish or dusky purplish gray, more slaty anteriorly;
an elongated white spot on each eyelid; lower neck (all round),
entire under parts, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts immaculate
white, the neck and under parts more or less deeply suffused with
eosine pink, especially in living or recently killed specimens; back,
scapulars, wings, and upper part of rump uniform neutral gray, the
tertials and secondaries broadly tipped with white; five outer pri-
maries with a subterminal space of black, varying in extent from
about 50 mm. on the second (from outside) to about 12.5 mm. on the
fifth, and tipped with white, these white tips varying in extent from
about 38 mm. on the outermost to less than 12 mm. on the rest, the
gray of basal portion on all becoming white or nearly so distaily,
next to the black subterminal area, the shafts white except within
the latter; remaining (proximal) primaries lighter gray, broadly,
but not abruptly, tipped with white, the sixth (from outside) some-
times with a subterminal bar or spot of black; tail white, the four to
six middle rectrices tinged with pale gray, especially the middle
pair; bill deep red with a more or less distinct subterminal band of
darker red; iris dark brown; naked orbital ring, legs, and feet, deep
red.

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults but head and whole
neck white, the occipital, auricular, and orbital regions dusky grayish;
bill and feet darker red, the former tipped with orange-reddish.

40017—19—Bull, 50, pt 8-42

642 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Young.—Pileum and sides of head (except forehead and lores),
back and scapulars grayish brown, the longer scapulars margined
terminally with pale grayish buff; wing-coverts gray, more or less
tinged with brown; secondaries dusky edged with pale gray and
broadly tipped with white; primaries dusky, the proximal ones more
grayish, all rather broadly tipped with white; tail pale gray or grayish
white with a broad subterminal band of blackish; central portion of
rump pale gray, the lateral and posterior portions, together with
upper tail-coverts and entire under parts, lores, forehead, and eye-
lids white; bill brownish, the tip dusky; legs and feet brownish (in
dried skins). k

Adult male.—Wing, 280-295 (289.6); tail, 97-109 (103.9); exposed
culmen, 30-34 (32.6); tarsus, 38-42.5 (40.8); middle toe, 31.5-33
(32.4).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 270-293 (282); tail, 94-105 (99.7); exposed
culmen, 30-34.5 (32.5); tarsus, 39-41 (39.9); middle toe, 31.5-34
AS2i2)s°.

Breeding in middle districts of the United States and Canada,
between the Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains, from Iowa
(formerly, Spirit Lake, in 1890 to 1893) and South Dakota (Brook-
ings; Petrodie; Fort Sisseton) northward through North Dakota
(Turtle Mountain; Devils Lake), Minnesota (Becker County; Heron
Lake; Marsh Lake) and Manitoba (Saskatchewan River; Red River
Valley; Lake Winnipegoosis; Lake Manitoba; Selkirk; Winnipeg) to
Saskatchewan (Quill Lake; Lake of the Narrows; near Crane Lake;
Lake Winnipegoosis; Cumberland House ?; Osler ?; near Edmonton ?)
and Alberta (Many Island Lake; Flagstaff), migrants or stragglers
occurring, casually or accidentally, in Keewatin (Hayes River), Onta-
rio (Hamilton, April, Oct.), Pennsylvania (near Philadelphia, Oct. 22,
1911), Virginia (Blacksburg, Oct. 24, 1898), Ohio (Licking Reserve,
Oct. 15, 1906), Michigan (near Holland, April 28, 1897), Colorado
(Loveland; near Denver), Utah (Great Salt Lake, June 2, 1902, and
in 1906), and California (Hyperion, Los Angeles County, Nov. 22,
1913, Oct. 17, 1914, Nov. 24, 1914); southward during migration
through Wisconsin (Milwaukee, 1 specimen, in 1850; Mendota, April
23, 1911; mouth of Fox River, Oct. 22, 1884; West Depere, Oct. 22,
1884; Lake Koshkonong, Sept. to Oct. 29, 1871), Illinois (Lake
Michigan, near Chicago; Liter, April 21, 1882; Warsaw, May, 1875),
Iowa (Keokuk, April 6, 1902; Wall Lake, Apr. 10 to June 27, 1900),
Nebraska (Lincoln, Apr. 10, 1899, Nov. 17, 1900; Alda, Apr. 3, 1884;
Badger, Mar. 30 to Apr., and Nov. 12, 1899), Kansas (Onaga, May
11, 1910; Clay Center, June 6, 1909; Hudson, June 9, 1907; Law-
rence, Nov. 1, 1905), Missouri (Monteer, Apr. 20, 1909; Nishna Lake,

a Five specimens. 5 Four specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 643

May 15, 1909) and Texas (Fort Stockton, Apr. 24; Kerrville, Apr. 26,
1909, May 17, 1910; Aransas Bay, June; Corpus Christi, Nov. 3-7
and June, 1909), Mexico (near City of Mexico; Laguna de Baltazar,
Puebla, Sept.; Zacatecas, Aug.; Mazatlin, Sinaloa, Dec.; Progreso,
Yucatan, fall), Guatemala (Chiapim, Jan.; Champerico, May 30),
Costa Rica (Puerto Limén), Panama, Galapagos Archipelago (Albe-
marle, Chatham, and Narborough islands, Feb., Mar.) and Peru
(Chorillos; Callao; Payta, Jan.; San Lorenzo; Iquique, winter), to
Chile (Coquimbo Bay, Nov., Jan.; Valparaiso Bay, Feb.); accidental
in St. Bartholomew, Lesser Antilles, and in Hawaiian Islands

(Mauai).

Larus atricilla (not of Linnzeus) Sasinr, App. Franklin’s Polar Sea, 1823, 695.

Larus franklinii RicHARDSON, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii,
1831, 424, pl. 71 (Saskatchewan River, Manitoba).—Nurratt, Man. Orn.
U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 293.—AupusBown, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 323;
Synopsis, 1839, 325; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 145.—Couss, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 310 (monogr.),—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 59.—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 147.(Red
River Valley, Lake Winnipegoosis, Lake Manitoba, and Selkirk, w. Manitoba,
breeding).—FERRARI-PEREz, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 179 (Puebla,
Mexico).—Cory, Auk, v, 1888, 75 (St. Bartholomew, Greater Antilles; ref-
erences); Birds West Ind., 1889, 276 (St. Bartholomew); Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 82.—Pinpar, Auk, vi, 1889, 311 (Fulton Co., Kentucky, in
winter).—Raoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 101 (Corpus Christi Bay,
Texas, June; breeding?).—Cooxe, Birds Col., 1897, 51 (Loveland and near
Denver; 2 specs.).—Bryer, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 86
(coast Louisiana west of Mississippi River, winter resident).—RoBeErts,
Auk, xvii, 1900, 272-283, pls. 9-11 (breeding habits in s. Minnesota); Wil-
cox’s Hist. Becker Co., Minn., 1907, 161 (breeding).—Smyrtu, Auk, xix, 1902,
74 (Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Virginia, 1 spec., Oct. 24, 1898).—HEn-
sHAW, Birds Hawaiian Is., 1902, 127 (Maui, 1 spec.).—SNopeGRass and
Heer, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., v, 1904, 237 (Narborough Island, Galapagos,
1 spec., March).—Jonrs, Wilson Bull., n. s., xiv, 1907, 20 (Licking Reserve,
Ohio, Oct. 15, 1906).

[Larus] franklinii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 316.

Lfarus] franklinii Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 36.—Bryan, Key Birds
Hawaiian Group, 1901, 7 (Mauai, 1 spec.). 3

Chroicocephalus franklinii LAwReNcE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix,
1858, 851; Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 317 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Dec.).—
Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 668.

Clhroicocephalus] franklinti Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 391 (Illinois).

Larus franklini ScHuEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 36.—Nrwron,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 57, pl. 4, fig. 4 (egg) —Sciater and Satvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 577 (monogr.).—Couss, Check List, 1873, no. 555;
Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 655 (Turtle Mountain,
North Dakota, breeding).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 562
(Chorillos, Peru); Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 451.—Saunpers, Proc. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1878, 195 (monogr.); 1882, 524 (Coquimbo Bay, Chile; Nov.; Payta,
Peru, Jan.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 191 (Progreso, Yucatan,
autumn; Zacatecas, Aug., near City of Mexico; Champerico, Guatemala,
May 30; Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan.; Payta, Peru, Jan.; Callao Bay, Peru,

644 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Jan., April; Iquique, Peru, winter; Coquimbo, Chile, Nov.; Valparaiso,
Chile; etc.).—Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 32 (near Warsaw,
Illinois, May); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iti, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 207;
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 674.--THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii,
1890, 469 (Winnipeg, Selkirk Settlement, Red River Settlement, etc., Mani-
toba, breeding).—BrEr.LEpscH and SrotzMann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892,
400 (Chorillos and Callao, Peru).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, 111, 1908, 419 (City of Mexico; Zacatecas; Laguna de Baltazar, Puebla;
Mazatlan; Progreso, Yucatan; Chiapam and Champerico, Guatemala; Pan-
ama; Pacific coast South America to Chile; St. Bartholomew).—Nico.1,
Ibis, 1904, 50 (Valparaiso Bay, Chile, Feb., abundant).—Carriker, Ann.
Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 415 (Puerto Limon, Costa Rica).—AMERICAN ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, p. 40.—Lacry, Auk, xxviii,
1911, 203 (Kerrville, Texas, April, May).—Srone, Auk, xxix, 1912, 99 (Phila-
delphia, Pennsylvania, | spec., Oct. 22, 1911.).—Conover, Auk, xxix, 1912,
388 (Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, April 23, 1911).—Smyrn, Auk, xxix, 1912, 510
(Montgomery Co., Virginia, 1 spec., Oct. 22, 1898).—Girrorp, Proc. Calif.
Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. 1, 1918, 42 (Albemarle, Chatham, and Narborough
islands, Galapagos, Feb., March).—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11,
1915, 23 (Hyperion, Los Angeles Co., California, 3 specs., Nov. 22, 1913, Oct. 17
1914, Nov. 24, 1914).—Cooxg, Bull. 292, U. 8. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Survey),
1915, 54, figs. 26, 27 (range and migrations).

Larus] franklini Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 654.—NeExson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii,
1876, 146 (Lake Michigan, n. e. Illinois, rare visitant; Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
1 spec., 1850).—MacFartane, Ibis, 1887, 207 (San Lorenzo, Peru).

{ Larus] franklini Gray, Hand-list, 111, 1871, 115, no. 10990.—Scrarer and Savin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 148.—SnHarpr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 140.—ForsBEs and
Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 57.

| Larus]? franklini Cory, List Birds West Ind., revised ed., 1886, 33 (Antilles?).

Larus (Chrecocephalus) franklini Couns, Birds Northwest, 1874, 653.

Chroicocephalus franklini Buaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 10 (Saskatchewan Plains, May).—
Coves, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 787.—Wittarp, Auk, ii, 1885, 222
(mouth of Fox River, Wisconsin, Oct. 22, 1884).

O[hroicocephalus} franklini Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 751.

Chrecocephalus franklini Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 12.

Xema franklini BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 62.—Borm, Isis, 1844,
194.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844, 172.

Gavia] franklint Buastus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 371 (crit.).

[Gavia] franklini BonNaPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlli, 1856, 771.

{ Melanolarus| franklini BeInE and ReicHEeNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 350.

Larus pipixcan WaGtER, Isis, 1831, 515 (Mexico; based on Pipivcan Hernandez,
Thes., p. 32, cap. 89).

Xema pipixcan Bots, Isis, 1844, 194.

L{arus] pipizcan Gray, Gen. Birds, 111, 1846, 654.

[Gavia] pipizan Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 771.

{Larus| cucullatus RetcHensacu, Natatores, 1848, pl. 23, fig. 296 (Mexico; ex
Lichtenstein, manuscript).

{ Chroicocephalus| cucullatus Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 104; 1855, 290.—
LicHTENSTEIN, Nom. Ay. Mus. Berol., 1854, 98 (Mexico).

Chroicocephalus cucullatus LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix,
1858, 851; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), 851, pl. 93, fig. 1.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am,
Birds, 1859, no. 669.—CoveEs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 309 (monogr.);
Ibis, 1864, 388 (Chiapam, Guatemala; crit.).--SaLvin, Ibis, 1866, 198 (Pacific
coast Guatemala),

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 645.

C{hroicocephalus| cucullatus Suckiey, in Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pacifie R. R-
Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 277, in text (Panama).

[Gavia] cucullata Bonararte, Compt. Rend., x]ii, 1856, 771.

[Chroicocephalus] kittlitzii Brucw, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 104 (s. Chili; based on
a drawing).

[Gavia] kitthitzii Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 771.

[Chroicocephalus] schimperi Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 104 (‘‘New Zealand’’).

[?] [Chroicocephalus] serranus (not Larus serranus Tschudi) Brucu, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1853, 106 (Peru).

Larus cinereo-caudatus Pariert and LanpBECcK, Wiegmann’s Archiv ftir Nature.,
1861, 1, 293.

CHROICOCEPHALUS PHILADELPHIA (Ord).

BONAPARTE’S GULL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head and upper part of neck
dark gray (between dark and dusky purplish gray); an elongated
white spot on each eyelid; lower neck (all round), entire under parts,
including axillars and under wing-coverts, lateral and lower portions
of rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, edge of wing, alula, primary coverts
and greater portion of distal primaries immaculate white, the neck
and under parts often suffused with delicate eosine pink (especially
in life and more recently killed specimens); back, scapulars, greater
part of wings (except distal primaries) and upper and median por-
tions of rump, uniform delicate pale neutral gray; outer web of outer-
most primary and terminal portion of first, second and third (count-
ing from outside) black; fourth primary similar to third but inner
web pale neutral gray; fifth and sixth primaries pale neutral gray
with a large subterminal space of black and tipped with white (the
third and fourth also with a small apical spot of white); remaining
(proximal) primaries pale neutral gray, without white tips but with
a subterminal spot (usually, or mostly, on inner web only) of black;
bill black; interior of mouth, together with legs and feet, clear, rich
orange-red or orange-vermilion; iris dark brown; naked orbital ring
black.

Adulis on winter.—Similar to summer adults, but head and whole
neck white, the occiput tinged with gray and the auricular region
with a spot of dusky grayish; legs and feet paler red or flesh color.

Young.—Lateral and under portions of head and neck, entire
under parts, upper tail-coverts, and basal three-fourths (approxi-
mately) of tail immaculate white; a dusky spot on auricular region;
crown, occiput, and upper back grayish brown; scapulars and pos-
terior interscapulars (lower back) grayish brown tipped with pale
buff; central area of lesser wing-covert region dusky grayish brown;
rest of wing-coverts, edges of secondaries, greater portion of proximal
primaries, and upper and median portions of rump light neutral
gray; distal portion of tail (forming a well-defined broad band) black

646 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

or dusky, the tip, narrowly, whitish; outermost primary with outer
web and a stripe on inner web next to shaft, together with terminal
portion, black, the remaining portion white; second and third pri-
maries (from outside) similar, but the white more and more restricted;
fourth primary grayish white on both webs, the subterminal portion
black for more than 25 mm.), the tip white; remaining (proximal
primaries pale neutral gray; bill dusky; legs and: feet pale brownish
(in dried skins).

Immature (young in first winter ?).—Similar to winter adults but
central lesser wing-coverts dusky, tail with a subterminal band of
dusky, and primaries as in first plumage.

Adult male.—Wing, 257-273 (266.2); tail, 99-109.5 (103.8); ex-
posed culmen, 28-33 (31.2); tarsus, 32-36 (33.8); middle toe, 28-32
(3013) <4

Adult female.—Wing, 247-274 (259.7); tail, 97-108 (101); exposed
culmen, 28.5-32 (30.1); tarsus, 33-35.5 (34); middle toe, 28.5-32
(3055)-2

Breeding in Alaska (Fort Yukon; Nulato), Yukon (upper Pelly
River), no rbiern Mackenzie Gaeiintey of Fort Anderson), and in
extreme northwestern corner of British Columbia (Atlin); ° migrating
southward over practically the whole of North America to extreme
southern United States and northern Mexico (La Paz, etc., Lower
California; Mazatlan, Sinaloa, March, Dec.; La Barca and Gua-
dalajara, Jalisco; Guanajuato; Gulf of Progreso, Yucatan); wintering
northward to South Carolina (more rarely to Long Island or even,
very rarely, to Maine) and southern Washington; casual or accidental
in Bermudas (Jan. 27 and Dec. 15, 1849, and Jan., 1876), western
Peru (Tambo Valley), Hawaiian Islands (Poli-hula Lake, Kauai,
Mar. 15, 1891), and in western Europe (England, Scotland, Cornwall,
freland, and Helgoland).

Sterna philadelphia Orv, in Guthrie’s Geography, 2d Am. ed., ii, 1815, 319 (near
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

Chroicocephalus philadelphia LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix, 1858, 852; Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 317 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mar. 27,
1868).—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 670.—CooprrR and SuckLey,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 276 (Puget Sound, Washington,
resident).—Couss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 247 (Gulf of St. Lawrence;
habits); 1862, 310 (monogr.); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 788.—BLAKISTON,
Ibis, 1862, 10 (Hudson Bay, Aug. 12).—Dat1 and Bannister, Trans. Chicago

Ac. Sei., i, 1869, 305 (Fort Yukon, Sitka, etc., Alaska) —Nrwton, Proc.
gol Soc. Lond., 1871, 57, pl. 4, fig. 6 (egg).—AtLEeNn, Bull. Mus. Comp.

a Nine specimens.

5 Ten specimens.

¢ Professor Cooke (Distribution and Migration of North American Gulls and their
Allies, 1915, 57, 58) discredits alleged breeding records for other localities, among
them places in southern British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, southern Keewatin,
North Dakota, Minnesota, and Michigan.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 647

Zool., ii, 1871, 366 (e. Florida, in winter); iii, 1872, 183 (Great Salt Lake,
Utah).—Gou.p, Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, pl. 65 and text—Merriam, Bull.
Nutt. Orn, Club. vii, 1882, 241 (Point de Monts, Quebec, summer resident).

C[hroicocephalus] philadelphia Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicin-
ity New York City)—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 391 (Illinois).—
Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 751.

[Chroicocephalus| philadelphia Gray, Hand-List, iii, 1871, 115, no. 10999.

Chrecocephalus philadelphia Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, 41 (Fort
Macon, North Carolina) —Attren, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 183
(Great Salt Lake, Utah).—Hrnsnaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 13 (Ogden,
Utah).—Ripeaway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 639 (San Francisco Bay, Feb.);
Field and Forest, ii, 1877, 210 (Boulder, Colorado, Dec.).

[Chroeocephalus| philadelphiae Herne and Reicuenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn.,
1890, p. 359.

Larus {Chrecocephalus) philadelphia Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 655.

Larus philadelphia Gray, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 235.—Hartinea, Handb. Brit.
Birds, 1872, 172; Proc. Linn. Soc., 1890, 3; Zoologist, 1891, 35 (Cornwall,
England).—Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 556.—Rerp, Zoologist, 1877, 489
(Bermudas); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 267 (Bermudas; 3 specs.,
Jan. 27 and Dec. 15, 1849, and Jan., 1876).—Merrriam, Birds Connecticut,
1877, 132.—SaunprErRs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, 150 (Loch Lomond,
Scotland); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 584; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889,
645; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 185.—Ropp, Birds Cornwall, 1880,
168.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 209; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 125
(Bahamas).—Date@ueisH, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 219 (6 British
record, 1 Helgoland record).—Netson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 55
(St. Michaels, mouth of Yukon River, Sitka, ete.; breeding near Nulato and
Fort Yukon)—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884,
260.—SEEBOHM, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 307.—Goss, Birds Kansas, 2d ed.,
1886, 2.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d
ed., 1895, no. 60; 3rd. ed. 1910, p. 40.—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 147 (w. Mani-
toba, breeding).—TurNner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 126 (mouth of
Kuskokwim River, June).—TowNnsENnpD, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887),
90 (Kowak River, Alaska, July 1); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 137
(La Paz, Lower California, Mar. 14; upper Gulf of California, Mar. 27).—
TuHompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 469 (Swan Creek and prairie
region, w. Manitoba, breeding).—Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds, 1891, 8 (Van-
couver Island).—MacFartane, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 418
(Anderson River, Mackenzie, breeding)—Harrert, Kat. Vogelsamml.
Senckenb., 1891, 240.—Cooxr, Auk, xi, 1894, 182 (Denver? and Colorado
Springs, Colorado); Bull. 292, U. S. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 57,
fig. 28 (range and migrations).—GRINNELL (J.), Pub. no. 1, Pasadena Ac.
Sci., 1897, 24 (San Pedro Harbor, California, May 11); Pacific Coast Avif.,
no. 11, 1915, 23 (common migrant from Monterey Bay southward).—Loomis,
Auk, xviii, 1901, 104 (Mazatlan, Dec.).—Brewsrter, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
xli, no. 1, 1902, 22 (La Paz, etc., s. Lower California, winter to March).—
Hensuaw, Birds Hawaiian Is., 1902, 127 (Poli-Hula Lake, Kauai, 1 spec.,
Mar. 15, 1891).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 418
(Mazatlan; Guanajuato; Guadalajara, Jalisco)—Coxie, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., 1, 1906, 145 (Gulf of Progreso, Yucatan, large flocks).—KERMoDE,
Provincial Mus. Victoria, 1909, 25 (British Columbia; abundant resident,
breeding in interior).—Joners, Wilson Bull., xxi, 1909, 69 (Cedar Point, etc.,
n. Ohio, regular migrant; habits).

648 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Larus] philadelphia Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 316.—SuHarpre, Hand-list,
1, 1899, 1389.—ForBEs and Rosrinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899,
57 (Vancouver Island).

Larus] philadelphia Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 36.

Larus philadelphie SauNDERS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 206 (monogr.)
Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xiv, 1878, 399 (range).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 207; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 675.—BELDING,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 545 (Cape San Lucas district, Lower Cali-
fornia)—NELson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 108 (St. Michaels, etc.,
Alaska).—McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘Corwin,’ 1884, 124 (Kowak River, Alaska,
summer resident); Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 79 (mouth of Noatak River,
Alaska).—StTearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 122 (Labrador, in migra-
tion.)—Hensuaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 232 (San Diego, California, Nov., Dec.).—
EverMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 89 (Ventura Co., California, spring, fall, and
winter).

Larus] philadelphix SaunvErs, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xiv, 1878, 399 (range).

Larus philadelphicus TurnButu, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 38.

Larus marginatus RAFINESQUE, Kentucky Gazette, i, no. 8, Feb. 21, 1822, p. 3,
col. 5 (near Harrodsburg, Kentucky).

Larus minutus (not of Pallas) SaBine (J.), App. Franklin’s Polar Sea, 1823, 696.—
Swatnson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 426.—Nurrat.t,
Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 289.

Larus capistratus (not of Temminck) Bonaparte, Specch. Comp., 1827, 69; Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 358.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds,
1834, 290 (Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay).

Larus melanorhynchus TemMinck, Pl. Col., v, liv. 85, July, 1830, pl. 504 and text
(‘‘Chile’’).

Larus] melanorhynchus Gray, Gen. Birds, iti, 1846, 654.

Larus bonapartii Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., li, 1831, 425,
pl. 72 (Fur Countries; Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie).—Nvrratu, Man. Orn.
U.S.and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 294.—AupuBOoN, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 212,
pl. 324; Synopsis, 1839, 323; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 131, pl.’ 442.—
GirAuD, Birds Long Is., 1844, 359.—THompson, Ann. and Mag. N. H.;
1848, 192 (near Belfast, Ireland); Birds Ireland, iii, 1851, 317:—Hurpts,
Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 36 (Bermudas, 1 spec., Jan., 1849).—YARRELL,
Brit. Birds, 2d Suppl., 1856, 55.—Bianp, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858
(1859), 289 (Bermudas).—Scrater and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1868, 178 Tambo Valley, w. Peru; crit.), 570 (w. Peru).—Gray (R.), Birds
West Scotl., 1871, 473.—GAtTKr, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 577.

L{arus| bonapartti Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 222 (Bermudas).

[Larus] bonapartii D’ HamonvitiE, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 62 (England).

Xema bonapartii BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 62.—RicHARDSON,
Journey Boat-Voy. Rupert’s Land, i, 1851, 155, 200 (Great Slave Lake; nest-
ing on trees).

Gavia bonapartii Macctiivray, Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 610.

G{avia] bonapartet Buasrus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 37] (crit’).

Larus bonapartei ScuitEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 41.

Larus bonaparti NEwMAN, Zoologist, vi, 1848, 2069 (Ireland).

Larus buonopartiti Powys, Zoologist, xiii, 1855, 4762, 4809 (Ireland).

[ Chroicocephalus| bonapartii Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 105; 1855, 292.—Licu-
TENSTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 98.

Chroicocephalus bonapartii BrReum, Naumannia, 1855, 295.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 649

[ Chrotcocephalus] subulirostris Brucw, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 105 (North America,
type in coll. Mainz Mus.).

[Gavia] subulirostris BoNAPARTE, Naumannia, 1854, 213; Compt. Rend., xlii,
1856, 771.

Genus HYDROCOLCGUS Kaup.

Hydrocoloeus Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 113. (Type, Larus minutus Linneus.)

Very small Laridz (wing less than 225 mm.) with tarsus not longer
than middle toe without claw, very slightly longer than exposed cul-
men, the latter about one-ninth as long as wing; primaries without
black ‘‘pattern,” under wing-coverts gray, and summer adults with-
out white about eyes.

Range.—Subarctic and temperate Europe and eastward to mouth
of Amur River and Sea of Okotsk. (Monotypic.)

HYDROCOLEUS MINUTUS (Pailas).

LITTLE GULL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head and upper neck, all round,
uniform black, without any white about eyes; lower neck (all round),
entire under parts, lower rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail immacu-
late pure white; back, scapulars, wings, and upper part of rump uni-
form pale bluish gray (nearly gull gray, no. 8), the secondaries and
primaries broadly tipped with white; outermost primary with mid-
dle portion of outer web edged with blackish; axiulars grayish white;
under wing-coverts gull gray, slightly darker proximally and paler
toward edge of wing; under primary coverts and under surface of
primaries plain deep neutral gray; bill lake red (brownish in dried
skins); iris dark brown; legs and feet vermilion red (in life).

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults, but head and neck
white, the occiput and nape nearly uniform deep neutral gray or dull
slate-gray, the posterior portion of crown streaked or clouded with
the same; a post-auricular spot of blackish, and eyes margined
anteriorly with black; bill dusky red or dusky brown.

Young.—Forehead, lores, cheeks, under parts, upper tail-coverts
and greater part of tail white; occiput, auricular region, lower part
of nape, lesser and middle wing-coverts, scapulars, tertials, and ter-
minal third (approximately) of tail, except on lateral rectrices, sooty
blackish, the feathers, except on head and neck, margined terminally
with pale buff or whitish; greater wing-coverts and secondaries deli-
cate pale bluish gray; primaries with outer webs mostly blackish
(more slaty basally), their inner webs mostly white, except terminally
and along shafts; primary coverts black; bill blackish; legs and feet
flesh color (in life).

Immature (young wn first winter ?).—“The gray of the crown and
nape tinged with brownish; wing-coverts and long inner secondaries

650 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[tertials] dark brown tipped with white; primaries sooty on both
webs, adjoining the shafts, and white on the remainder of the inner.
webs; the extreme tips white, increasingly so on the inner primaries,
until at the 7th the whole terminal portion is white; tail-feathers
with a broad subterminal blackish band, which aan in from the
outer rectrices till lost with the increasing age of the bird. Practically
the duration of the immature stage is very short, the primaries with
dark undersides being assumed in the second autumn.’’@

Adult male.—Wing, 213.5-219 (216.2); tail, 90-94.5 (92.2); ex-
posed culmen, 22-24 (23); tarsus, 23.5-25.5 (24.5); middle toe,
23.5-24.5 (24).°

Adult female.-—Wing, 210-221 (215.5); tail, 86-95.5 (90.7); ex-
posed culmen, 23-25 (24); tarsus, 23.5-24 (23.7); middle toe, 23.5-
2A Oa Te

Breeding in subarctic and temperate Europe and Asia, from British
Islands to eastern Siberia, mouth of Amur River, and Sea of Okotsk
(but not in Mongolia nor China); migrating southward to shores of
Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas; accidental in northern
India, on Faroe Islands, in Bermudas (Jan. 22 and Feb., 1849), on
Long Island, New York (Fire Island, Suffolk County, Sept. 15, 1887;
Rockaway Beach, May 2, 1902), and in Maine (Pine Point, near Scar-
borough, July 20, 1910).

[?] Larus albus (not of Gunnerus, 1767) Scopoxt, Ann. I. Hist. Nat., 1769, 80.
Larus minutus Pattas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii, 1776, 702 (Berezof, Tobolsk,
Siberia); Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 331—Rerzrus, Fauna Suecica, 1790,
278.—MEYER and Wotr, Taschenb., ii, 1810, 488.—T'emmincx, Man. d’Orn.,
1815, 508; 2d ed., ii, 1820, 787; pt. 4, 1840, p. 490.—Meryerr, Vog. Liy-u.
Esthl., 1815, 237; Taschenb., iii, 1822, 205.—Leacn, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc.,
Brit. Mus., 1816, 41—Mrisner and Scuinz, Vog. Schweiz, 1815, 277.—
Nusson, Orn. Suec., ii, 1817, 179.—Vierttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.,
xxi, 1818, 499—Brenm, Lehrb., 1824, 727.—Srepuens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool.,
xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 206 —Bonaparttr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 358. WERNER,
Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, pl. 31.—Sav1, Orn. Tosc., iii, 1831, 68.—SrExpy,
Brit. Birds, ii, 1833, 484, pl. 92.—Sr. Hinarre, Expl. Morée, Zool., 1833, 55,
Atlas, pl. 5—Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 271—Naumann, Vég.
Deutschl., x, 1840, 242, pl. 258; Anhang, xiii, 1847, 275.—Srnys—Lone-
CHAMPS, Faune Belge, 1842, 151.—YAaRRELL, Brit. Birds, iii, 1848, 426; 2d
ed., iii, 1845, 543.—Dratanpb, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 330.—THompson, Birds
Treland, iii, 1851, 315..—Mipprenporrr, Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1851, 245
(Yakutsk).—Kyarrsoitunc, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 334, pl. 41; Suppl., 1854,
pl. 22, figs. 1, 2—Lm.sesora, Naumannia, 1852, 110 (descr. eggs).—
Branpt, in Lehman’s Reis. n. Buchara, 1852, 330 (Caspian Sea). —Hewirtson,
Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1856, 490, pl. 136, fig. 1—Scurnecet, Vog. Nederl.,
1854, 604, pls. 355, 356; Dier. Nederl. Vog., 1861, 238; Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no.
23, 1863 (Lari), 42.—Hrvatin, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 70 (Egypt); Orn. N. O.-
Afr., Bd. ii, pt. 2, 1878, 1409 (lower Egypt).—Meryer, Brit. Birds, vii, 1857,
118, pl. 300.—LawreEncg, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 853.—
Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 671.—IrBy, Ibis, 1861, 246 (Jehangira-

a Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 176. b Two specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 651

bad, India); Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 213; 2d ed., 1895, 297.—Gray, List
Brit. Birds, 1863, 235.—Wruiaut, Ibis, 1864, 152 (Malta) —DraLaNnp and
GerRBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 441.—Dresser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869,
530 (descr. nest and eggs); Birds Europe, viii, 1871, 373, pls. 599, 599A;
Ibis, 1876, 415 (Turkestan, up to 1,000 ft.)—E.nwes and Bucktey, Ibis,
1870, 337 (Greece, Macedonia, and Bulgaria).—Gray (R.), Birds W. Scotl.,
1871, 474.—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 438 (e. Siberia) —SUNDEVALL,
Svensk. Fogl., 1872, pl. 49, fig. 1—Brooxes, Ibis, 1873, 346 (Sardinia) .—
Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 76.—Suetiey, Birds Egypt, 1872, 310.—
PatmEN, Finl, Fogl., 1873, 612.—Brooxe, Ibis, 1873, 346 (Sardinia).—
Saunpers, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 206 (monogr.); Journ. Linn. Soc.,
xiv, 1878, 399 (range); ed. (4th) Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 589; Ibis,
1884, 391 (s. w. France); 1891, 188 (Lake Leman, Switzerland); Man. Brit.
Birds, 1889, 647; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 173.—Ropp, Birds Corn-
wall, 1880, 167.—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1882, 385 (Archangel, n. Russia); Hist,
Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 301.—BritisH Orniruotoaists’ Union, List Brit.
Birds, 1883, 191.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii,
1884, 264.—Retp, Ibis, 1885, 254 (n. w. Morocco).—Meves and HomeyeEr,
Omnis, 1886, 272 (n. w. Russia, breeding).—ALLEoN, Ornis, 1886, 424
(Dobrudscha).—Harvie-Brown and Bucktey, Faun. Sutherl., etc., 1887,
231; Faun. Outer Hebrides, 1888, 145,—Tarr, Ibis, 1887, 395 (Duro, Portugal).—
Pieske, Mém. Ac. St. Petersb. (7), xxxvi, 1888, 57 (Turkestan).—
Dutcuer, Auk, v, 1888, 171 (Tire Island, Suffolk Co., New York, Sept. 15,
1887; first genuine American record!).—RrIicHeNnow, Syst. Verz. Vog.
Deutschl., 1889, 63.—Lmrorp, Ibis, 1889, 348 (Cyprus).—AMERICAN
OrnITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Commrrresz, Suppl. and Check List, 1889, 5 (no.
60.1); Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 60.1; 3d ed., 1910, -:p. 41.—GArkE, Vogelw.
Helgoland, 1891, 578.—Taytor, Ibis, 1891, 473 (Alexandria, Egypt).—
Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. Senckenb., 1891, 240, Ibis, 1892, 520 (e. Prussia).—
JAcKEL and Brastus, Vég. Bayerns, 1891, 356.—CHapman (A. C.), Ibis,
1894, 350 (West Jutland).—Cotierr, Nyt Mag. for Natur., Bd. xxxv, 1894,
306 (Norway).—Braisiin, Auk, xx, 1903, 52 (Rockaway Beach, May 2,
1902; second Long Island spec.).—Cooxkez, Bull. 292, U. S. Dept. Agric.
(Biol. Surv.), 1915, 62, fig. 29 (range and migration).

{Larus] minutus GMevin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 595 -——Larnam, Index Om.,
ii, 1790, 813.—Gray, Hand-list, iti, 1871, 115, no. 11001.—Suarer, Hand-list,
i, 1899, 139.—Forses and Rosryson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899,
57 (Bridlington, Yorkshire, England).

Larus] minutus Kreysertine and Buasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xcev, 241.—
Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 654—Ripcaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 36.

Xema minuta Breum, Ornis, Heft 2, 1826, 137 (Elbe, Nov. 1824). —Gray, List
Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844, 173.

Xema minutum Breum, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 763.—Bonararte, Icon. Faun.
Ital., Ucc., i, 1840, pl. 46, fig. 2—Frrrscu, Vég. Eur., 1870, 466, pl. 54,
figs. 2, 3.—Torre and Tscuusi, Ornis, 1885, 561 (Dalmatia) —HarrTert,
MT. Orn. Ver. Wien, 1887, 80 (near Danzig, e. Russia, formerly breeding).—
KELLER, Orn. Carinthiae, 1890, 303.—Brusima, Orn. Croatia, 1889, 92.—
Fatio and Stuper, Cat. Ois. Suisse, 1892, 62, 63.—Kornra, Journ. fir
Orn., 1893, 101 (Tunis).

Xema minutus Borg, Isis, 1822, 563.—Gou.p, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 428 and
text.—BoNaparTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 62; Cat. Ucc. Eur., 1842, 78.

Hydrocoloeus minutus Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 113, 196.—Locue, Expl. Sci.
Algér., Ois., ii, 1867, 194.—Gouxp, Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, pl. 66 and
text.—OLPHE-GALLIARD, Orn, Eur. Occid., fasc. x, 1886, 104.—Satvaport,
Ucce. Ital., 1887, 284.

652 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[| Hydrocoloeus] minutus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 771.—HerINeE and
RetcHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 359.

Chroicocephalus minutus Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 54.—ReEICHENBACH,
Av. Syst. Nat., Longipennes, 1852, p. v.—Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853,
105.—BreuM, Naumannia, 1855, 295; Vogelf., 1855, 343.—LAWRENCE, in
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 853.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 671.—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 311 (monogr.).—
Satvaport, Ucc. Sardin., 1864, 124.—SaunpErs, Ibis, 1871, 399 (s. Spain).—
TaczANOwskKI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1873, 111 (e. Siberia); Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1876, 264 (e. Siberia); Ornis, 1888, 508 (Poland); Mém. Ac. St. Petersb.,
XXxix, 1893, 1043 (e. Siberia).—Giettoi1, Ibis, 1881, 218 (Italian records).—
Rappe, Orn. Caucas., 1884, 483.

[| Chroicocephalus| minutus LicHtTENSTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 98.

Chroocephalus minutus SALVADORI, Faun. Ital., Uce., 1872, 289.—Guiexron, Avif.
Ital., 1886, 422; i. Resoc. Avif. Ital., 1889, 638; ii. Resoc., 1890, 648; ili.
Resoc., 1891, 509.

Gavia minuta MacetLuivray, Man. Brit. Orn., pt. ii, 1842, 242; Brit. Birds, v,
1852, 613.—Srvertzov, Turkestan. Jevotnie, 1873, 70 (Turkestan, up to
1,000 ft.).

Glavia] minuta Buastus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 371 (crit.).

Larus atricilloides FaucKx, Reise Russl., v, 1786, 355, pl. 24 (Siberia).

[Larus] atricilloides GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 11, 1789, 601—Latuam, Index Orn.,
ii, 1790, 813.

Larus dorbignni Aupourn, Hist. Nat. de Egypte, 1825, pl. 9, fig. 3; Expl.
Planch. Ois. Egypte, 2d ed., 1828, 341.—Lesson, Hist. Nat. Mam. et Ois.,

" 4x, 1837, 516.

L{arus] d orbignyit Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 654.

Larus nigrotis Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 619 (see Pucheran, Rev. et Mag.
Zool., 1850, 15, and Hartlaub, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 420).

Liarus| nigrotis Gray, Gen. Birds, 111, 1846, 654.

L{arus| pygmexus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 654 (based on ‘‘St. Vinc. Exp. de
la Morée, Ois. t. 52’).

Genus BLASIPUS Bruch.

Blasipus Brucn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 108. (Type, Larus modestus Tschudi.)

Blacipus (emendation) Herne and RetcHENnow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 357.

Epitelolarus He1inr and RetcHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 359. (Type,
Larus heermanni Cassin.)

Medium-sized Laride (wing 312-376 mm.) with under parts plain
sooty brown or deep brownish gray (white in one species), and tail
mostly gray or blackish in adults; young mostly plain grayish brown,
in some species with feathers of upper parts terminally margined or
tipped with paler brown, whitish or buffy.

Range.—Pacific coast of America (Chile to British Columbia).
(Four species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BLASIPUS.4
a. Upper parts plain slate-gray, deep neutral gray, dark gull gray, on fuscous; under
parts plain gray or white; tail plain gray, almost uniformly black with white
tip, black with white bars and tip, or gray with a subterminal black band; fore-
head and chin white, the rest of head slaty black, or else whole head (and neck)
white. (Adults.)

a Prepared at my request by Mr. J. H. Riley.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 658

b. Head with at least forehead and chin white; wing with a conspicuous white

bar (across tip of secondaries). .

c. Under parts, rump, and upper tail-coverts white. (Coast of Chile and Peru.)
Blasipus belcheri (extralimital).¢
cc. Under parts, rump, and upper tail-coverts gray.

d. Whole head, together with upper hindneck, white; tail black (except
extreme base), tipped with white; upper tail-coverts conspicuously
paler gray than back; bill heavier, reddish with extreme tip black or
dusky. (Pacific coast, from Vancouver Island to Guatemala.)

Blasipus heermanni (p. 654).

dd. Head gray passing into white on forehead and throat; tail gray with a sub-
terminal band of black; upper tail-coverts not conspicuously paler gray
than back; bill smaller, wholly blackish. (Coast of Chile and Peru.)

Blasipus (?) modestus (extralimital).>

bb. Head dark sooty gray or dusky; wing without a conspicuous white bar; tail
uniformly gray (in subadults with or more less admixture of black subter-
minally). (Galapagos Archipelago.) ........-- Blasipus fuliginosus (p. 656).

aa. Upper and under parts buffy brown, olive-brown, or fuscous, in younger birds
with more or less distinct buffy margins to feathers of back and breast; tail

slaty blackish or dusky brown, except at extreme base; head without white.

(Young.)

b. Bill heavier and lighter in color, only the tip or a subterminal band blackish.

c. Under parts paler, always with much admixture of white on abdomen; upper
tail-coverts mostly white (wholly so in younger birds); head dark brown,
older birds with a pale nuchal collar strongly contrasted with color of back;
pall mnmehy Stombers tact e ls = Blasipus belcheri, young (extralimital).

ce. Under parts darker, with little if any admixture of white on abdomen; upper
tail-coverts with only slight edgings of white (uniform gray in older birds);
head little if any darker than general color, and nape without distinct (if any)
pale collar; bill weaker.......--.---.- Blasipus heermanni, young (p. 654),

bb. Bill weaker and uniform in color (brown or dusky) throughout.
| c Bill heavier, the exposed culmen 40; subadults with head dark mouse gray, this
| color extending down hindneck to back. ..Blasius fuliginosus, young (p. 657).
cc. Bill weaker, the exposed culmen less than 40; subadults with head drab, some-
| times with a darker collar round upper neck.
| ~ Blasipus (?) modestus, young (extralimital).

| a Larus belcheri Vigors, Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, 358 (coasts of Chili and Peru); Zool.
| Voy. ‘Blossom,’ Birds, 1839, 39; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871,
| 575%(monogr.); Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 226.—Adelarus belchert
Bruch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 107.—[Leucophxus| belcheri Bonaparte, Compt. Rend.,
| xiii, 1856, 771; Consp. Av., ti, 1857, 232.—[Larus] melanurus (not of Temminck)
Lichtenstein, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 99 (Peru).—Larus fuliginosus (not of
Gould) Cassin, Orn. U. 8. Expl. Exped. (Wilkes), 1858, 378 (Cape Horn to Callao).—
Larus frobeenii Philippi and Landbeck, Wiegmann’s Archiv ftir Naturg., 1861, i, 292
(Arica, Chili); Anal. Univ. Chili, xxxi, 1868, 288.

b Larus modestus Tschudi, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., 18438, pt. i, 389 (coast of
Peru); Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1845-46, 53, 306, pl. 35; Reichenbach, Natat. Novit.,
1852, p. xii, pl. 275, fig. 2284; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 573
_ (monogr.); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 183 (monogr.); Taczanowski, Orn.
du Pérou, iii, 1886, 449.—[Chroicocephalus] modestus Lichtenstein, Nom. Av. Mus.
Berol., 1854, 98.—[Epitelolarus] modestus Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Hein.
Orn., 1890, 359.—Larus bridgesi Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1845, 16 (Valparaiso,
Chile; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.); Zool. Typ., 1849, pl. 69; Reichenbach, Natat.
Novit., 1852, p. xviii, pl. 281, fig. 2317.—Blasipus bridgesi Bruch, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1853, 108.

654 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

BLASIPUS HEERMANNI (Cassin).
HEERMANN’S GULL.

Adults vn summer (sexes alike).—Head and upper neck, all round,
immaculate white, deepening gradually into light mouse gray on lower
neck and under parts and into grayish brown (nearly quaker drab)
on back, scapulars, wing-coverts, tertials, and rump, the tertials
passing into white at tips; secondaries darker grayish brown, broadly
tipped with white; primaries dull black, the proximal ones narrowly
tipped with white; under surface of wings uniform grayish brown,
like upper surface; upper tail-coverts light gray; tail dull black, tipped
with white; bill bright red, sometimes tipped with black; iris grayish
brown or brownish gray; naked orbital ring red; legs and feet black.

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults, but head and upper
neck dusky grayish brown instead of white.

Young.—Entirely sooty grayish brown, lighter and more grayish
on under parts; wing-coverts, scapulars, feathers of rump, and upper
tail-coverts margined terminally with grayish white; tail blackish
dusky very narrowly tipped with white; bill brownish, the terminal
third black; legs and feet brownish black.

Immature (first winter) ’—Similar to young in first plumage (as
described above), but without pale margins to wing-coverts, etc., the
general color rather darker, the tail without white tip; bill light red-
dish for basal two-thirds, the terminal portion black; legs and feet
brownish black.

Adult male.—Wing, 344-376 (360.4); tail, 131-154 (189.6); exposed
culmen, 42-48 (45.7); tarsus, 48.5-54 (52.2); middle toe, 44-51
(47.9).@

Adult female.—Wing, 338-356 (346.2); tail, 132-162 (137.2); ex-
posed culmen, 39.5-43.5 (41.7); tarsus, 47.5-51 (49); middle toe, 42.5-
46.5 (44.9).%

a4 Ten specimens. An adult female from Washington (Granville, July 10), the only
specimen examined from anv locality north of San Francisco, is larger than others,
its measurements being as follows:

| |
| Ex- nat
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. | pees Tarsus.| ee S
| men. |
|
FEMALES.
One adult female from Washington (Granville, July 10)........| 356 | 162 | 42 51 46.5
Six adult females from California (Aptos, July)..............-. | 343.5] 184.5] 41.9 | 48. 6 45
Two adult females from Espiritu Santos Island, Lower Cali- |
lorniss CE GDLUALY jevecesescmec ease: acuidcan cedexe poanae caieee nets 350.5 | 132.7 | 40. 2 49 44.2
One adult female from Todos Santos Island, Lower California |
(May 21s scincatreve natant crtceer teshe cc cha teat sereee re | 342 135, | 43 49.5 | 44
| |

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 655

Pacific coast of North America, from Guerrero, Mexico, to Van-
couver Island, British Columbia; breeding on islands in Gulf of
California (Isla Raza; Ildefonso Island) and Marietas Islands off
Jalisco; also said to breed at Magdalena Bay, Lower California, Tres
Marias Islands, Tepic, and Mazatlan, Sinaloa, but these records doubt-
ful;* occurring but not breeding along coast of California, Oregon,
Washington, and Vancouver Island (Fort Rupert, Oct.; Esquimault;
William Head) and southward along coast of Lower California,
Sonora, Sinaloa (Mazatlin, breeding?), Tepic (Isabella Island; Tres
Marias Islands, breeding ?), Jalisco (Las Marietas Islands, breeding),
Colima and Guerrero (Acapulco Bay, April).

Larus heermanni Casstn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1852, 187 (San Diego,
California); Illustr. Birds Calif., Tex., etc., 1856, 28, pl. 5—HrERMANN,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, 1859, pt. vi, p. 74.—Satvin, Ibis, 1865, 190
(Chiapam, Guatemala); 1866, 198 (Chiapam, Guatemala)—SciatTer and
Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 574 (monogr.).—Saunpers, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 182 (monogr.); Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xiv, 1878, 396
(range); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 225 (San Jose and Chiapam, Guate-

| mala, Jan.; Salt Spring Island, Fort Rupert, and Esquimault, Brit. Colum-
| bia, etc.)—D£aANeE, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 30 (descr. albinistic
spec.).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1ii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 207;
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 672.—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no.
781.—BarrpD, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 252.—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895,
no. 57; 3d ed., 1910, p. 40.—EvEermann, Auk, iii, 1886, 88 (Ventura Co.,
California).—Biakg, Auk, iv, 1887, 329 (Santa Cruz Island, California).—
Newson, North Am. Fauna, no. 14, 1899, 23 (Isabella Island, Tepic, April
23; habits, etc.)—Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, no. 1, 1902, 21
(Cape San Lucas, La Paz, San Jose del Cabo, and Carmen Island, s. Lower
California, Sept. 6 to March 13).—Wrtuerr, Condor, xx, 1918, 122, fig. 1
(specimens with white primary coverts).—Satvin and Gopmawn, Biol. Centr.-
Amer., Aves, iii, 1903, 422 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Isabella Islands; Tres Marias
Islands; Chiapam and San Jose, Guatemala).—Bowtrs, Auk, xxiii, 1906,
139 (Tacoma, Washington, common summer and fall, but not breeding).—
GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 22 (coast California, n. to
San Francisco Bay, not breeding).—Cooxe, Bull. 292, U. 8. Dept. Agric.

(Biol. Survey, 1915, 49, fig. 24 (range and migrations).

[Larus] heermanni Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871,.116, no. 11012, part (California).—
ScuaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 148.—Suarre, Hand-list, i,
1899, 140.—ForsBes and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 57
(Mazatlan).

Larus] heermanni Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 747.—Ripaway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 34.

[Adelarus] heermanni Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 107; 1855, 279 (monogr.).

[Leucophaeus] heermanni BoNaPartTE, Naumannia, 1854, 211.

Leucophxus heermanni BoNAPARTE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1855, 21.

. [Blasipus] heermanni Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xii, 1856, 770, Consp. Av., ii,
1857, 211.

@ See Cooke, Distribution and Migration of North American Gulls and their Allies,
1915, 49, 50.

656 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Blasipus heermanni LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 848;
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 317 (Mazatlan; Isabella Island, in winter).—
Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 666; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859,
306 (Cape San Lucas).—Cooper and Sucxiry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
xii, pt. 1i, 1860, 275 (Straits of Fuca, Cape Disappointment, and mouth of
Columbia River, Washington).—Covgs, Ibis, 1864, 388 (Chiapam, G uate-
mala; crit.).—Rip@way, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 636 (San Francisco Bay).

Blasipus heermani Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 304 (monogr.).

Larus (Blasipus) heermanni Couzs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 641.—Covsgs and
Streets, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 7, 1877, 26 (Isla Raza, Gulf of California,
breeding; habits).

[E’pitelolarus| heermanni Heine and RetcHeNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
359.

Larus belcheri (not of Vigors) Barrp, in Stansbury’s Great Salt Lake, 1852, 335
(Pacific coast North America).—SciatTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 237
(Vancouver Island).—ScuHLeGEeL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 9,
part.—Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 551.

[Larus] belcheri Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 314.

Blasipus belcheri Buastus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 378.

BLASIPUS FULIGINOSUS (Gould).
SOOTY GULL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head and upper neck dark sooty
gray (deep quaker drab), fading toward bill into lighter and more
brownish gray, the posterior outline rather distinct, forming a fairly
well-defined “hood;” a longitudinal spot of white near each eyelid;
lower neck, chest, and upper parts in general plain gray (between
neutral gray and deep quaker drab on back, etc.), slightly paler
(between light neutral gray and light mouse gray) on median under
parts, the under tail-coverts pale gray to grayish white, the upper
tail-coverts light neutral gray; secondaries passing into very pale
gray or grayish white at tips; six outer primaries dull slate-blackish,
the shorter ones with a pale gray terminal spot, the proximal prima-
ries gray (like back, etc.), with indistinct terminal margins of paler
eray; tail rather light brownish gray, the lateral rectrices paler; bill
dark bay Gn life), shading into black terminally, the tip of maxilla
burnt sienna;? iris brown; naked orbital ring dark crimson;* legs
and feet dark prune purple, the webs bay beneath and under side of
toes rufous.4

Immature (nearly adult).—Similar to summer adults, but head and
upper neck more brownish, with many feathers of the younger
plumage intermingled; under parts darker and more brownish gray,
the under tail-coverts not approaching grayish white; secondaries
and proximal primaries much darker, the former approaching black
and very distinctly and broadly tipped with gray, the latter with more
or less distinct subterminal spots of blackish; tail much darker gray,

@ Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ii, 1913, 45. According to Saunders (Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 223) the bill is lake red and feet livid black; both appear black,
or nearly so, in dried skins. 7 :

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 657

shaded or suffused along edges of rectrices with blackish, and crossed
by a broad subterminal band of blackish (this nearly disappearing
on lateral rectrices), and with more or less distinct terminal spots of
eray.

Immature (younger).—Head, neck, chest and most of upper parts
sooty grayish brown, the scapulars, interscapulars and wing-coverts
with palermargins; rump uniform grayish brown; upper tail-coverts
light gray with indistinct terminal spots of brownish; tail dull slate-
black fading in to dull gray basally, especially on inner webs, the lateral
rectrices with more than basal half of Inner web light gray; under
parts deep sooty gray or grayish brown laterally, lighter brownish
gray clouded with a more decided brown hue medially, becoming
pale brownish gray on anal region; under tail-coverts brownish gray
becoming paler on margins; bill, legs and feet black.

_ Adult male.-—Wing, 342-359 (350.3); tail, 143-148 (144.3); ex-
posed culmen, 40-44.5 (43); greatest depth of bill, 12.7-14 (13.4);
tarsus, 52—58.5 (55.8); middle toe, 42.5-44.5 (43.6).%

Adult female.—Wing, 308.5-343 _ (330.1); tail, 129-143 (137.1);
exposed culmen, 40—41.5 (40.8); greatest depth of bill, 12.7-14 (13.1);
tarsus, 50-55.5 (52.8); middle toe, 39.5-43 (41).°

Galipagos Archipelago (Abingdon, Albemarle, Barrington, Bind-
loe, Brattle, Champion, Charies, Chatham, Cowley, Crossman,
Daphne, Duncan, Hood, Indefatigable, near James, Jervis, Nar-
borough, Seymour and Tower Islands.)

Larus fuliginosus Gouxp, Zool, ‘Beagle,’ iii, 1841, 141 (James Island, Galapagos
Archipelago; coll. Brit. Mus.?).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres,
1844, 170, part (Galapagos).—SuUNDEVALL, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 125
(Charles and Indefatigable islands, Galapagos).—ScLaTER and SAtvin, Proc.
Zool. Soe. Lond., 1871, 573 (monogr.).—Satvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
ix, 1876, 505, pl. 87 (Indefatigable, Abingdon, and Charles islands, Galapagos;
habits)—Saunpers, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 184 (monogr.); Journ.
Linn. Soc., Zool., xiv, 1878, 396 (range); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 222
(James, Abingdon, and Indefatigable islands).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xii, 1890, 116 (Indefatigable, James, and Chatham islands); xix, 1896,
635 (Charles, Chatham, Barrington, Indefatigable, James, Bindloe, and
Abingdon islands; descr.; synonymy; etc.).—Baur, Am. Nat., xxxi, 1897,
782 (Albemarle Island), 784 (Jervis Island).—Roruscuitp and Harrert,
Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 111 (Abingdon Island), 129 (Albemarle Island), 135
(Tower Island), 189 (Abingdon, Bindloe, James, Indefatigable, Barrington,
Chatham, Charles, Albemarle, Jervis, Tower, and Hood islands; descr. eggs);
ix, 1902, 413 (Albemarle, Indefatigable, and Seymour islands; habits), 418
(Galapagos).—Snope@rass and HELLER, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., v, 1904, 237
(range, notes, etc.).—GrrrorD, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. i, 1913,
42 (Abingdon, Albemarle, Barrington, Bindloe, Brattle, Champion, Charles,
Chatham, Crowley, Crossman, Daphne, Duncan, Hood, Indefatigable, near
James, Jervis, Narborough, Seymour, and Tower islands, Galapagos; habits,
etc.).

a Five specimens. 5 Eight specimens.
40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——435

658 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Larus] fuliginosus SctareR and Sarvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 148.—SuHarrpe,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 149.

L{arus| fuliginosus Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 654.—Covges, Birds Northwest,
1874, 643 (synonymy; range).—RotTuHscHiILp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi
1899, 204 (Galapagos).

[ Leucophzus] fuliginosus BONAPARTE, Rev. Zool., 1855, 20; Consp. Av., 1, 1857,
232.

Blasipus belchert (not of Vigors) Buasius, Journ. ftir Orn., 1865, 378, part (monogr.).

[Larus] heermanni (not of Cassin) Gray, Hand-list, 11, 1871, 116, no. 11012, part
(Galapagos).

Genus CREAGRUS Bonaparte.

Creagrus BONAPARTE, Naumannia, 1854, 213. (Type, by original designation,
Larus furcatus Néboux.)

Medium-sized Laride (wing 390-434 mm.) with deeply forked tail,
exposed culmen about as long as (sometimes longer than) tarsus, the
latter not longer than middle toe with claw, and bill deepest at base
and distinctly decurved terminally.

Bill nearly as long as head, distinctly decurved terminally, much
deeper at base than at gonydeal angle; exposed culmen nearly as long
as (sometimes longer than) tarsus; gonys about half as long as man-
dibular rami, slightly concave, declinate terminally, its basal angle not
prominent; nostril with anterior end posterior to middle of maxilla,
the distance thencé to loral or latero-frontal antia about equal to depth
of bill at base; latero-frontal antia about midway (vertically) between
mental and malar antie. Wing long and pointed, the longest primary
(outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by a little less than five-
eighths length of wing. Tail nearly half as long as wing, forked for
about one-third its length, the rectrices (including lateral pair) with
broadly rounded tips.. Tarsus about as long as middle toe without
claw (usually a little longer, rarely slightly shorter); hallux perfectly
developed, though small.

Coloration —Adults with under parts (except of head and upper
neck), tail, upper tail-coverts and part of wings immaculate white;
back, scapulars and most of wing-coverts uniform neutral gray,
relieved by a white stripe along outer edge of scapular region; head
and upper neck uniform dark gray or dull slate color fading into pale
gray on lower neck and chest; a white spot on antero-later al portions
of forehead. Young chiefly whitish, including head and neck, but
head with a dusky spot in front of eye and another on auricular
region; upper parts largely grayish brown, the feathers margined
terminally with white, the tail white, each rectrix with a subterminal
spot of dusky. (No seasonal plumages in adults.)

Range.—Galapagos Archipelago; occasional or casual on coast of
Peru and off Gulf of Panama. (Monotypic.)

The single known species of this genus has by many authors been
referred to Xema, the type of which also has a forked tail, a dusky

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 659

‘‘hood’’ (only in summer plumage, however), and a similar colored
bill, but resembles it in no other respect. Creagrus differs, indeed,
from Xema in so many decided characters, affecting form even more
than coloration, that [ am compelled to regard it as one of the most
strongly characterized genera in the family.

From Xema, the points of difference are many and decided. The
bill is very peculiar in shape, being much deeper at the base than else-
where and strongly decurved at the tip; that of Nema being much
smaller proportionally, much straighter, and much deeper through the
angle than at the base. The tail is relatively much longer and much
more deeply forked, being nearly half as long as the wing and forked
for about one-third of its length, while that of Xema is much less than
half as long as the wing and forked for not more than one-eighth of its
length. As to coloration, there is even greater difference, Creagrus
having the dark ‘‘hood’’ descending much farther down over the neck,
and instead of being very abruptly terminated by a black border has
no very definite outline except on the foreneck; while the white patch
at the base of the upper mandible and the very conspicuous white
stripe margining the exterior scapulars are entirely peculiar features.
Moreover, the dark “‘hood”’ is apparently a permanent feature, there
being no distinctive winter or non-breeding plumage,” and the colora-
tion of the young is quite distinct in character.

The type of Creagrus is a large gull, about the size of Larus dela-
warensis, While that of Xema is hardly so large as Chroicocephalus
philadelphia; and with its dark colored head, deep red feet, and deeply
forked tail ought to be very easily identified at a considerable distance.

CREAGRUS FURCATUS (Néboux).

SWALLOW-TAILED GULL.

Adults (sexes alike).o—Head and upper neck, all round, uniform
dull slate color (or between deep neutral gray and dark quaker
drab), relieved by a white spot involving antero-lateral portion of
forehead and a very small white spot at pot of malar antia (the
latter sometimes obsolete), the dark gray or slate color more or less
abruptly defined on foreneck, but laterally and posteriorly fading
gradually into light neutral gray on lower neck, the chest and side
of breast pale neutral gray, fading gradually into white on remaining
under parts;° back, rump, scapulars, tertials and proximal wing-
coverts uniform neutral gray, the outermost scapulars broadly and

@ Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., 11, 1913, 37.

6 According to Gifford (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., ii, 1913, 37) there seems
to be no seasonal change in coloration in this species, in which respect it differs from
most if not all other Laride.

¢ The white of under parts is often tinged with eosine pink in recently killed
specimens.

660 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

abruptly edged with white, forming a conspicuous stripe along outer
edge of scapular region; upper tail-coverts, tail, proximal secondaries,
distal greater wing-coverts and coverts along margin of wing immacu-
late white; distal secondaries pale gray, their inner webs white; four
inner (proximal) primaries pale gray narrowly margined with white,
the sixth (from outside) similar but with a blackish subterminal spot
or blotch, the fifth (from outside) mostly pale gray with shaft dusky
and distal portion (for about 30-35 mm.) black, the extreme tip
white; fourth with the black much more extended (125 mm. or more
on outer web), with a still smaller apical spot of white;¢ third
primary with outer web black almost to base of outer web, the second
and first (outermost) with outer web entirely black; bill black,
with terminal third (approximately) yellowish horn white, pale
olive-buff or grayish pea green; rictus and broad tumid naked,
orbital ring orange-red to deep red or crimson; skin of inter-ramal
space salmon-red or pink; iris dark brown; legs and feet peach-
blossom pink, the webs geranium pink (in life).?

Young.—‘ Head white, with pale brown streaks on the lores,
and darker confluent markings in front of and round the eyes; a
clove-brown patch on the auricular [region]; feathers of the neck
and mantle broadly barred with ash to umber brown and tipped with
white; the long inner secondaries with brown centers and with some
gray on the outer webs; the outer secondaries and the wing upward
to the carpal joint white; primaries as in the adult; rump gray
mottled with brown; tail-feathers white, broadly banded with
brown (except the outer pair, which have merely brown tips), and
all of them edged with white; under parts white; bill blackish, the
lower mandible dark horn color; iris brown; tarsi and toes clay-brown
(probably flesh-color in the living bird.”’) ¢

4 The three outer primaries have the white apical spots reduced to mere specks
which would undoubtedly quite disappear with slight wearing of the feathers.

b Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., ii, 1913, 41. There seems, however, to
be some variation in the colors of the feet, ete., Mr. C. F. Adams’ description from
freshly killed specimens being as follows:

Adult male.—Tip of beak pearl gray; basal portion brownish slate-black; iris seal
brown (large pupil); eyelids coral red; tibize just below feathers washed with vermilion,
most intense next feathers, and between toes at base of webs about same color; tarsi
and toes rose pink; creases in webs dusky, the papillae rose pink; nails brownish
black, with a narrow grayish line on top; under surfave of webs same color as upper;
under surface of toes and heel orange-ochraceous (not showing on heel when foot is
resting on flat surface); between scales on tarsi light ashy; webs most dusky at edges.
Length, 22{; extent, 4 feet 44 inches.

c Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 166. The fresh colors of the bill,
etc., are thus described by Mr. C. F. Adams:

Young female (Sept. 2).—Legs and feet drab-gray, except posterior portion of tarsus,
which is tinged with broccoli brown; iris dark brown; eyelids black; bill slate color.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIGOA. 661

Adult male.—Wing, 390-434 (416.8); tail, 169-202.5 (189.3);
exposed culmen, 46.2-53.5 (50.8); depth of bill at gonydeal angle,
12.4-14.2 (13.1); depth of bill at base, 16.5-18.5 (17.5); tarsus,
48-56 (52.7); middle toe, 46.2-53.3 (50.7).

Adult female.—Wing, 406.5-425 (414.3); tail, 182.5-205 (193);
exposed culmen, 48.5-51.5 (49.7); tarsus, 47-51 (48.9); middle toe,
45.7-52 (48.4).°

Galapagos Archipelago (Albemarle, Barrington, Brattle, Cham-
pion, Charles, Chatham, Cowley, Crossman, Culpepper, Dalrymple,
Daphne, Delano, Enderby, Gordon, Guy Fawkes, Hood, Indefati-
gable, James, Kicker, Narborough, Seymour, Tower, and Wenman
islands); casual off coast of southern California (Monterey Bay; off
San Diego, April 14, 1895)?, on Malpelo Island, off Bay of Panama
(March 5, 1891) and on coast of Peru (Paracas Bay, Oct.).

Larus furcatus NeBoux, Rev. Zool., 1840, 290 (‘‘Monterey” [California]; coll.
Paris Mus.); Voy. ‘Venus,’ Atlas, 1842, pl. 10.—Prevost and Drs Murs,
Voy. ‘Venus,’ Ois., 1855, 277.

[Xema] furcatus Brucu, Journ. fur Orn., 1853, 103 (‘‘Californien”’).

[Xema] furcatum Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 117, no. 11014.—Covers, Key N.
Am. Birds, 1872, 317.

Xema furcatum Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 559; Birds Northwest, 1874, 661
(monogr.).—SAUNDERS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 210 (monogr.); 1882,
523, pl. 34 (Paracas Bay, Peru, Oct.; descr. and colored plate of young).—
TACZANOWSKI, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 457.—Srrreers, Auk, xxix, 1912,
233 (off Chatham Island, Galapagos, habits).

Xema furcata Cours, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 791.—Barirp, Brewer, and
Rimpeway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 273.—SaunpeErs, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 165 (Dalrymple Rock, near Chatham Island, Gala-
pagos: Paracas Bay, Peru).—Roruscuintp and Harrtert, Novit. Zool., vi,
1899, 190 (Wenman, Culpepper, Tower, and Hood Islands, Galapagos Archipel-
ago; descr. nest and eggs); ix, 1902, 412 (Wenman, Daphne, Guy Fawkes, and
Albemarle islands, Galapagos; habits; descr. nest, eggs, young, etc.), 418
(Galapagos).

X [ema] furcata Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 753.—Ripeway, Man. N.
Am. Birds, 1887, 38.—Roruscnuimp and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 204
(Galapagos).

| Xema] furcata Forses and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 56.

Xema (Creagrus) furcata AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886,
350 (Hypothetical List, no. 4).

[Creagrus] furcatus Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 213; Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856,
771.—Brucn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 292.—Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 139.

Creagrus furcatus LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 857.—
Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 679.—Covuss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1862, 312 (monugr.).—Buasrus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 370 (crit.).—Satvin,
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., ix, 1876, 506 (Dalrymple Rock, Chatham I., Gala-
pagos).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 207 (Cat. N. Am. Birds,
no. 678); xii, 1890, 117 (Chatham I., Galapagos; full description); xix, 1896,
638 (Brattle, Hood, Chatham, off James, and Tower islands, Galapagos; Malpelo
I., off Bay of Panama; etc.; descr., measurements, etc.); Nom. N. Am.

a Thirteen specimens. b Five specimens.
L

662 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Birds, 1881, no. 678; Man. N. A,. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 583.—Lucas, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1891, 130 (osteology)—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union Commirtes, Auk, viii, 1891, 88; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, 326 (hypo-
thetical list, no. 4); 3rd ed., 1910, 369 (hypothetical list)—Baur, Am. Nat.,
xxxi, 1897, 783 (rock between Gardner and Hood islands, breeding; Barring-
ton Islands; near Seymour Island; Abingdon Island).—TownseEnp (C. H.)
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxvii, 1895, 125 (Malpelo I., off Bay of Panama).—
Rotuscuinp and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 89 (Culpepper I., Gala-
pagos).—Snoperass and Hetier, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., v, 1904, 237 (Chat-
ham, Hood, Seymour, James, Albemarle, Narborough, Tower, Wenman, and
Culpepper islands, Galapagos; Malpelo I.; habits; descr. eggs) —Gurrorp,
Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. i, 1913, 35 (Albemarle, Brattle, Cham-
pion, Charles, Chatham, Cowley, Crossman, Culpepper, Dalrymple, Daphne,
Delano, Enderby, Gordon, Guy Fawkes, Hood, Indefatigable, James,
Kicker, Narborough, Seymour, Tower, and Wenman islands, Galapagos;
habits, etc.). ;

C[reagrus] furcatus Rotuscurip and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 109 (Wen-
man J., Galapagos).

Creagrus furcalus Roruscuitp and Harrert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 107 (at sea
north of Culpepper I.).

Creagrus furcata ANTHONY, Auk, xii, 1895, 291 (off San Diego, Cal.,. Apr. 14, 1895).

Genus XEMA Leach.

Xema LeEacwu, in Ross’s Voy. Baffins Bay, 1819, App., lvii. (Type, by
monotypy, Larus sabini Sabine.)
Chema4 (emendation) ReIcHENow, Journ. fiir Orn., April, 1889, 188.

Small Laride (wing 260-286 mm.) with tail less than half as long
as wing, slightly or moderately forked, exposed culmen decidedly
shorter than tarsus, and bill deepest at gonydeal angle, not decurved
terminally.

Bill much shorter than head, the exposed culmen about as long as
middle toe without claw, much shorter than tarsus, much deeper at
gonydeal angle than at base, the maxilla but slightly decurved ter-
minally, the gonys strongly ascending terminally with basal angle
prominent. Wing long and pointed, the longest primary (outermost)
exceeding distal secondaries by about two-thirds the length of the
wing. Tail much less than half as long as wing, forked for not more
than length of tarsus, the rectrices (including lateral pair) broadly
rounded at tips. Tarsus decidedly longer than exposed culmen, much
longer than middle toe without claw.

Coloration.—Adults with back, upper rump, scapulars and greater
part of wings uniform gray; lower neck, under parts, lower rump,
upper tail-coverts, tail, and distal portion of greater wing-coverts and
secondaries immaculate white; distal primaries black tipped with
white; head and upper neck dark gray bordered below by a black
collar, in winter white with occiput, nape and auricular region dark

@Xnun, yawning, gaping. (Richmond’)

ors

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 663

gray. Young grayish above, the feathers margined terminally with
pale fulvous or dull buffy and with a dusky submargin and tail with
a broad subterminal band of black.

Range.—Circumpolar regions, southward in winter to Bermudas,
Texas, Peru, etc. (Monotypic.)

XEMA SABINI (J. Sabine).
SABINE’S GULL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head and upper neck, all round,
uniform dark gray (between deep neutral gray and dark quaker
drab), bordered below by a narrow but distinct collar of black,
widest behind; lower neck, entire under parts, lower rump, upper
tail-coverts, tail, most of exposed portion of secondaries and greater
wing-coverts, and proximal primaries immaculate white, the under
parts sometimes tinged with eosine pink, the white of secondaries
and greater wing-coverts shading into gray basally; back, scapulars,
upper rump and wing-coverts (except greater) uniform gray (between
light neutral gray and light mouse gray); four outer primaries
black broadly tipped with white, their mner webs broadly mar-
oined with the same; fifth primary (from outside) with greater part
of inner web and distal portion of outer web (for about 44-45 mm.)
white, the remainder black; border of wing, from carpal joint back-
ward to and including primary coverts and alula uniform black; bill
black with terminal portion, abruptly, yellowish; naked orbital
ring red; iris dark brown; legs and feet dusky. gray (blackish in
dried skins).

Adults in winter—Similar to summer adults, but head and neck
mostly white, only the occiput, nape, and auricular region dark
grayish.

Young.—Upper parts deep brownish gray or grayish brown, the
feathers margined terminally with pale fulvous or light grayish buffy,
this on tertials, longer scapulars, etc., preceded by submarginal line
of dusky; remiges and greater coverts as in adults; tail white with a
broad subterminal band of black, the tip, narrowly, white or pale
fulvous; upper tail-coverts, entire under parts, and most of head and
neck white; bill dusky, more brownish basally; legs and feet light
brownish (in dried skins).

Downy young.—General color deep brownish buff or avellaneous,
fading into pale dull buff (nearly tilleul buff) on breast and abdomen;
crown and occiput with irregular spots of black, smaller anteriorly;
_ no spots on lateral or under portions of head; back, etc., irregularly

spotted, marbled or clouded with blackish; bill brownish, the ter-
_ minal third (approximately) darker.

664 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male.—Wing, 265-286 (277.2); tail, 114.5-130 (122.4);
exposed culmen, 25.5-28.5 (27.4); tarsus, 31.5-34.5 (33.1); middle
toe, 26.5-28.5 (27.3).%

Adult female.—Wing, 260-276 (267.5); tail, 111-114.5 (112.2);
exposed culmen, 25-27 (26.2); tarsus, 30-32 (31.5); middle toe,
25.5-28 (26.6).°

Breeding on Bering Sea coast of Alaska, from mouth of Kuskoquim
River (from Bristol Bay?) to St. Michaels, on St. Lawrence Island in
Bering Sea, along coast of Mackenzie (Franklin Bay; Liverpool Bay;
Point Dalhousie), at Cambridge Bay, Victoria Land, Southampton
Island in northern portion of Hudson Bay, on western coast of
Greenland, from Melville Bay to Thank God Harbor, lat. 81° 40’ N.,
and on Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia; occurring in summer, but not
known to breed, on Grinnell Land, Melville Peninsula, Prince Regents
Inlet, Polaris Bay, Point Barrow, Spitzbergen, Jan Mayen Land,
Lena Delta and Novo Marinsk (Siberia), Davis Strait, Ungava Bay
(July, 1884), and other arctic and subarctic localities; migrating
southward over greater part of United States G@rregularly and locally),°
as far as coast of Texas (Corpus Christi, Oct.), but chiefly on Pacific
coast, as far as Peru (Tumbez; San Lorenzo; Callao Bay), where
common from December to April, but not recorded from any locality
on the Atlantic or Gulf coasts of the United States between Long
Island, New York, and Texas, nor from any part of Mexico, Central
America, or the West Indies, except Lower California (San Quintin,
Aug. 14, 1905); accidental in Bermudas (1 specimen, date unrecorded,

a Nine specimens.

b Four specimens.

¢ United States records are as follows: Maine (Bluff Island, Saco Bay, Sept.11, 1912;
near Calais, spring of 1878; Scarborough, May 31, 1897; near Portland, Sept. 22, 1899).—
Massachusetts (Chatham, 2 specimens, Sept. 2, 1912; Boston Harbor, Sept. 27, 1874;
Cape Cod, Aug. 21, 1869; North Truro, Aug. 21, 1889).—New York (Gardiners Bay,
Long Island, Oct. 7, 1899; Raynor South, Long Island, July, 1837; Cayuga County,
about 1887).—Ohio (Cleveland).—Michigan (Ann Arbor, Nov. 17, 1880).—Wisconsin
(Delavan Lake, Oct. 7, 1900).—Illinois (Lake Michigan, near Chicago, April 1, 1873;
Warsaw, Sept. 15, 1900; opposite Clark County, Missouri, Sept., 1900).—Iowa (Burling-
ton, Oct. 15, 1891 and Oct. 12, 1899).—Nebraska (Beatrice, Sept. 2, 1899; Lincoln,
Sept. 30, 1899).—Kansas (Humboldt, Sept. 21, 1876; Hamilton, Greenwood County, Oct.
3, 1899).—Oklahoma (Big Lake, near Claremont, Nov., 1910).—Texas (Corpus Christi,
Oct.).—New Mexico (near Albuquerque, Oct. 7, 1900).—Colorado (Denver; Loveland;
near Breckenridge, 10,090 feet altitude, Sept. 26, 1886; Manitou Park, Oct. 10, 1899;
near Boulder, Sept. 15, 1907; Fort Collins).—Utah (Ogden, Sept. 28, 1871).—Montana
(Terry, several, Sept. 22, 23, 1904).—Oregon (Corvallis, Sept. 19, 1908, Sept. 14, 1909).—
Washington (Sea Island, Shoalwater Bay, Sept. 24, 1897).—California (San Francisco
Bay, Oct., 1889; Monterey Bay, Oct., 1889, Oct. 5, 1890, Aug. 23, 1894, May 12 and
15-21, 1897, Oct. 5, 8, 1899, Apr. 9, 1903, May 15-21, July 22, about 50 seen, and Oct.
28, 1907; Oct. 6, 1909; San Diego, May 15, 1905; Santa Cruz Island, Aug. 6, 1909;
near Los Coronados Islands, Aug. 20, 1910; Santa Barbara Channel, Aug. 11, 1912,
Aug. 1, 4, 7, 1918, flock; Mono Lake, Sept. 18, 1891.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. _ 665

but prior to 1848); occasional in British Islands (many records);
accidental in France, Holland, island of Helgoland, and in Germany.

Larus sabini Sasine (J.), Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., xii, pt. 2, 1819, 522, pl. 29
(near Melville Bay, west coast of Greenland).—Sasine (E.), Trans. Linn. Soc.
Lond., xii, pt. 2, 1819, 551; Suppl. App. Parry’s Ist Voy., 1821, p. cev (Prince
Regents Inlet); Parry’s Narrative 2nd Voy., 1825, 254, 301 (Melville Penin-
sula).—Lracu, Thompson’s Ann. Philos., xiii, 1819, 61 (Disco Island, Green-
land).—RicHarpson, Parry’s Narrative 2nd Voy., 1825, App. 360 (Spitz-
bergen).—MaceiLiivray, Mem. Wern. Soc., v. 1826, 249.—Ross (J. C.), App.
Parry’s 4th Voy., 1828, 195 (Waigats Strait, Spitzbergen); App. John Ross’s 2nd
Voy., 1835, xxxvii.—Witson (J.), Illustr. Zool., 1831, pl. 3—AupuBon, Orn,
Biog., ii, 1835, 561, pl. 285; Synopsis, 1839, 323; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844,
127, pl. 441.—Navumann, Vég. Deutschl., xiti, 1847, pl. 388, figs. 1, 2; An-
hang, xili, 1860, 272, pl. 272, figs. 3, 4—Setys-Lonecuamps, Faune Belge,
1842, 152.—Yarrew, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 421; 2nd ed., iii, 1845, 537.—
Giraud, Birds Long Is., 1844, 362.—THompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, Birds,
ili, 1851, 309.—Meryer, Col. Illustr. Brit. Birds, vii (1850), 1857, 115, pl.299.—
Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 222 (Bermudas)—MatmGren, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1863, 449 (Spitzbergen).—Harrine, Birds Middlesex, 1866, 251; Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 111, 122 (coast Greenland, breeding; Spitzbergen;
Prince Regents Inlet; Melville Peninsula); Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 171
(many British records).—Ropp, Birds Cornwall, 1880, 166.—Bunazr, Mél.
Biol., xii, Cir. 1, 1884, 53 (Lena delta, Siberia) —GArxn, Vogelw. Helgoland,
1891, 579.

L{arus] sabini JeNyNs, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 270.—Kryseruina and
Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xev, 240.

L{arus] sabinwi Fripen, Zoologist, 1879, 8 (Cambridge Bay, Victoria Land,
breeding).

Larus sabinii Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 428.—
Nutrati, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 296.—ScHLEGEL,
Rev. Crit., 1844, cxxviiiimDEGLAND, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 331.—MippEn-
porrF, Sibir. Reis., ii, pt. 2, 1853, 244, pl. 24, fig. 5, and pl. 25, fig. 1.—
Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 438 (e. Siberia).—CorpEAux, Ibis, 1875,
187 (Helgoland, 1 spec.).—Apbams, Ibis, 1878, 440 (St. Michaels, Alaska;
habits).—Srrsoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 298.—Strevenson and Sourn-
WELL, Birds of Norfolk, iii, 1890, 319.

Larus sabinei WERNER, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, pl. 30.—TemmincKk, Man.
d’Orn., 2d ed., iv, 1840, 488.—ScuHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari),
1863, 44.—DrEGLAND and,GerBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 443.—MarMorran and
V1AN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iv, 1879, 249 (Crotoy, France).

[Larus] sabinei D’HamMonvitte, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 62.

Xema sabini Leacu, in Ross’s Second Voy. Baffin Bay, 4to ed., App. ii, 1819,
p. lvii, pl. (unnumbered).—Breyu, Lehrb., ii, 1824, 699.—SrepHeEns,
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 177, pl. 20.—Kaup, Natiirl. Syst., 1829,
66-67, 196.—Eyvron, Rarer Brit. Birds, 1836, 54.—Goutp, Birds Europe,
v, 1837, 429.—BonaparteE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 62; Cat. Ucc. Eur.,
1842, 77.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844, 171; Gen. Birds, iii,
1846, pl. 180, fig. 3; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 236.—RicHarpson, Journ;
Boat Voy., i, 1851, 262.—Reruarnr, Ibis, 1861, 19 (Greenland, breeding
north of Upernavik),—Frirscu, Vég. Eur., 1870, 465, pl. 55, fig. 4. Cougs,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 311 (monogr.).—Buastvus, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1865, 270.—NEwToN, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1871, 57, pl. 4, fig. 5 (egg).—
Auten, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 173, 183 (Ogden, Utah, 1 spec.,

666

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Sept. 28).—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xx, 1879, 275 (Milltown,
New Brunswick).—AMERIcAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List., 1886,
no. 62; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 41.—Brcx, Condor, ix, 1907, 58 (Monterey Bay,
California, common in Sept.).—PresBLe, North Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 271
(coast of Mackenzie, breeding).—Fiemine, Auk, xxix, 1912, 388 (near Fox
Island, Missouri, Sept. 15, 1900; Warsaw, Illinois, Sept. 15, 1900).—Herrsry,
Auk, xxx, 1913, 105 (Chatham, Massachusetts, 2 specs., Sept. 2, 1912).—
Norton, Auk, xxx, 1913, 574 (Bluff Island, Saco Bay, Maine, Sept. 11, 1912).—
Bunker, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., vii, 1913, 140 (Hamilton, Greenwood
Co., Kansas, Oct. 3, 1909).—Wriaur, Condor, xv, 1913, 227 (Santa Barbara
channel, California, flock, Aug. 1, 1912; flock, Aug.-1, 4, and 7, 1913).—
GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 23 (coast California, common
fall and spring migrant).—CooxKe, Bull. 292, U. 8. Dept. Agric. (Biol.
Surv.), 1915, 65, fig. 31 (range and migrations).—Brooxks (W. S8.), Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 372 (Avatcha Bay, Kamchatka, May; Plover Bay,
Siberia, June; Camden Bay, Alaska, Aug.; Demarcation Bay, May, June).—
Hersey, Smithson. Misc. Coll., Ixvi, no. 2, 1916, 14 (St. Michael, mouth of
Yukon River, Point Hope, and south of Point Barrow, Alaska; Cape
Serdze, Siberia).

Xema sabinii Ricnarpson, App. Parry’s Second Voy., 1825, 360; Journ. Boat

Voy., 1, 1851, 262 (130° W., 70° N., breeding).—Jarptine, Contr. Orn., 1849,
86 (Bermudas, rare in winter).—Huropis, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 13
Bermudas, 1 spec.).—REICHENBACH, Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 5; Av. Syst. Nat.,
Longipennes, 1852, pp. iv, v.—Breum, Naumannia, 1855, 294.—LAWRENCE,
in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 857; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867,
299 (vicinity New York City).—Batrrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 680.—
Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 401 (descr. eggs); 1871, 57, pl. 4,
fig. 5 (egg); Arctic Man., 1875, 105.—Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 236.—
Dati and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 306 (St. Michaels
and Pastolik, Alaska).—Drosts, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 387 (Farée Islands).—
Frirscn, Vég. Eur., 1870, 465, pl. 55, fig. 4—Sunprvatt, Met. Nat. Av.
Disp. Tent., 1872, 136.—FrmLpENn, Zoologist, n. s., 1872, 3287 (Faroe Islands),
Trans. Norwich Soc., iv, 1887, 351 (York Factory, Ontario).—Goutp, Birds
Great Brit., v. 1873, 67.—Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1874, 337, pl. 593.—
BesseExs, Bull. Soc. Géogr. Paris, 1875, 296 (Polaris Bay); Amerik. Nord-
Pol. Exped., 1879, 312.—Brewster, Am. Sportsm., 1875, 370 (Boston Har-
bor, Sept. 27, 1874).—Ripaway, Field and Forest, 1i, 1877, 210 (Boulder Co.,
Colorado).—Rerp, Zoologist, 1877, 490 (Bermudas); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no.
25, 1884, 268 (Bermudas, 1 spec., no date).—Scrater and Savin, Proc. Zool.
Soe. Lond., 1878, 141 (Tumbez, Peru; crit.).—SaunpeErs, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1878, 209 (monogr.); 1882, 524 (Callao Bay, Peru, Dec., 1881, 2 spec.;
crit.); 1884, 150 (Island of Mull, Great Britain); 1892, 183 (Lymington, Hants,
England); Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv, 1878, 400 (range); ed. (4th) Yarrell’s Hist.
Brit Birds, iii, 1884, 573; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 641; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxv, 1896, 162.—Kumuien, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 101 (Davis
Strait).—CLarkE, Cat. Yorkshire Vertebr., 1881, 81.—Maynarp, Birds E. N.
Am., 1881, 487.—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 790.—StTEarns and
Coves, New Engl. Bird Life, 1883, 353.—British OrnrrHoLoatsts’ UNION,
List. Brit. Birds, 1883, 193.—Dow11Na, Zoologist, 1884, 490 (Dublin Bay,
Treland).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 269.—
Murpocnu, Exped. Point Barrow, 1885, 125.Goss, Birds Kansas, 1886, 2
(Humboldt, Kansas, Sept. 19,1876); Hist. Birds Kansas, 1891, 28.—TurNER,
Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 126 (breeding from St. Michaels to Bristol Bay).—
FiscHer and Pretzetn, Mitth. Orn. Ver. Wien, 1886, no. 18 (Jan Mayen

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 667

Land).—TaczaNnowskt, Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 456; Mém. Ac. St. Petersb.,
xxxix, 1893, 1046 (e. Siberia).—Netson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 56
(breeding in marshy coast districts on both sides of Bering Sea; St. Lawrence
Island; Point Barrow; etc.; habits)—PatmeEn, Orn. Vega-Exped., 1887, 351
(Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia).—MacFartane, Ibis, 1887, 207 (San Lorenzo,
w. Peru).—Harviz-Brown and Bucxtry, Faun. Sutherl. and Cathn., 1887,
229; Faun. Argyll, etc., 1892, 188.—GreEELy, Rep. U.S. Exp. Lady Franklin
Bay, ii, 1888, 22 (Grinnell Land).—CiarxeE (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 51 (Jan
Mayen Land).—Mrer (G.8.), Auk, viii, 1890, 227 (Cape Cod, Massachusetts,
Aug. 21, 1869).—CHAMBERLAIN, ed. Hagerup’s Greenland, 1891, 47.—BorreER,
Birds Sussex, 1891, 261.—MacFartane (R.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891,
419 (Franklin Bay, breeding).*-D’URBAN and MarHew, Birds Devon, 1892,
387,.—Braauw, Ibis, 1893, 150 (Holland).—Coterr, Norges Fugelf., Nyt Mag.f,
Naturv., Bd. xxxv, 1894, 314.—AmeErIcaN OrniTHoLoetsts’ Unrton, Check List,
2nd ed., 1895, no. 62.—Exutor (EB. A. S.), Ibis, 1896, 261 (Colorado).—Cooke,
Birds Colorado, 1897, 51 (Denver, Boulder, Loveland, and Fort Collins; 5
specs.); Bull. 44, Col. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1898, 155 (near Golden, Colorado,
formerly common); Bull. 56, 1900, 193 (near Breckenridge, above 10,000
ft., Sept. 26, 1886; Manitou Park, Oct. 10, 1897).—Barrscu, Auk, xvi, 1899,
86 (Burlington, Iowa, Oct. 15, 1891, and Oct. 12, 1894).—Lanrz, Trans.
Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 245 (Humboldt, Kansas, Sept. 21, 1876).—
Worrnineton, Auk, xvii, 1900, 63 (Gardiners Bay, Long Island, Oct. 7,
1899).—Loomis, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 3rd ser., Zool., ii, 1900, 358 (Monterey
Bay, California, May 12, Oct. 5).—Brrrwett, Auk, xviii, 1901, 113 (near
Albuquerque, New Mexico, Oct. 7, 1900; flock).—Scuatow, Die Vogel der
Arktis, 1904, 148 (synonymy, range, etc.).—CaMmERON, Auk, xxii, 1905, 76
(Terry, Montana, Sept. 23, 1904).—AtteNn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi,
1905, 227 (Novo Marinsk, n. e. Siberia).—Eirrie, Auk, xxii, 1905, 236 (South-
ampton and other Arctic islands; descr. nest and eggs).—HENDERSON,
Condor, ix, 1907, 198 (near Boulder, Colorado, Sept. 15, 1907).—Kermopg,
Provine. Mus. Victoria, 1909, 25 (Okanagan Lake, Brit. Columbia).—Mon-
TAGU, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. xxiii, 1909, 103 (Norfolk, England, Sept. 2,
1908).—HenpeErson, Univ. Colo., Stud. Zool., vi, 1909, 225 (Boulder, Colo-
rado, 6 specs.).—Beck, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., 111, 1910, 63 (Monterey
Bay, Sept., about 80 taken; July 22, 1907, about 50 seen).

[Xema] sabinii SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 189.—ForxseEs and Rosinson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 56 (St. Michaels, Alaska).

X[ema] sabinti Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 753.

Xema sabinei Ross, Voy. Baffins Bay, 1819, pl. facing p. lvii.—Rernuarpt (J.),
Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 443 (Greenland).—NeEtson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i,
1876, 41 (Lake Michigan, near Chicago, April 1, 1873); Cruise ‘Corwin’
in 1881 (1883), 109 (Alaska Peninsula to Kotzebue Sound; St. Lawrence
Island; n. e. coast Siberia; etc.).—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 558; Birds
Northwest, 1874, 660.—HeNsHaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 13 (Ogden,
Utah).—ALuLen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 195 (near Calais, Maine,
spring of 1878).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 207 (Cat. N.
Am. Birds, no. 677); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 677.—TuRNER, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 252 (Ungava Bay, 1 spec., July, 1884).— BERLEPscH
and SrotzMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.; 1892, 400 (Callao Bay, Peru).—
ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1899, 379 (Spitzbergen).—Fisuer (W. K.),
Condor, iv, 1902, 10 (Mono Lake, California, Sept., 1901).—GrRINNELL (J.),
Pacific Coast Avif., no. 3, 1902, 13 (California range).

{ Xema] sabinei Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 317.

668 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

A[ema] sabinei Newtson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 147 (near Chicago, Illinois,
April, 1873).

Chema sabiniti Re1cHENOW, Journ. fiir Orn., 1889, 188; Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl.,
1889, 62.—HarTert, Katal. Vogelsamml. Senckenb., 1891, 243.

[Chema] sabinti Heine and RetcuENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 360.

Zema sabint Horséiy, Naturhist. Tidsskr., iv, 1843, 423 (Greenland).

Gavia sabinti MacatLiivray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 241; Brit. Birds, v, 1852,
607.

Xema collaris (not of Schreibers) LEacu, in 8vo ed. Ross’s Voy. Baffin Bay, ii,
1819, 164.—OupHE-GaALiIARD, Contr. Faune Eur. Occid., fasc. x, 1886, 108.

Larus minutus (not of Pallas) BousmMaANN, Naumannia, 1852, Bd. ii, Heft iii, 35
(Westphalia, Germany). .

Genus RHODOSTETHIA Macgillivray.

Rossia (not of Owen, 1835) BoNAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 62. (Type,
Larus roseus Macgillivray.)

Rhodostethia Macerttivray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 252. (Type, by original
designation, Larus rossii Richardson=L. roseus Macgillivray.)

Rhodestethia (emendation?) TaczANowskt, Mém. Acad. St. Petersb., xxxix, 1893,
1048.

Very small Laride (wing 241-261 mm.) with tail cuneate or grad-
uated (the middle pair of rectrices much longer than lateral pair),

exposed culmen only about two-thirds as long as tarsus, the adults

with head, neck, under parts, etc., white (more or less tinted with
pink), in summer with a black collar round neck.

Bill relatively very small, much shorter than head, the exposed
culmen only about two-thirds as long as tarsus, its upper and lower
outlines straight and nearly parallel for basal two-thirds, beyond
which former is strongly decurved, the latter decidedly ascending
terminally, in a straight line from angle of gonys, the last not promi-
nent. Wing long and pointed, the longest primary (outermost) ex-
ceeding distal secondaries by about three-fifths the length of the wing.
Tail less than (sometimes nearly) half as long as wing, distinctly
cuneate or graduated, the middle pair of rectrices longest and much
longer than lateral pair; tail coverts very long, extending almost to
tip of middle rectrices. Tarsus much longer than middle toe without
claw, less than one-eighth as long as wing, rather stout, the some-
what roughened bare portion of tibia very short; hallux well-devel-
oped, though small, with claw relatively large and strongly curved.

Coloration.—Adults with back, scapulars, and wings uniform very
pale (pallid) neutral gray; rest of plumage immaculate white, usually
suffused (often deeply) with pure eosine pink, the neck encircled, in
summer, by a narrow black collar. Young with pileum, hindneck,
back and scapulars clouded with dusky or sooty blackish, the feathers
of lower back, tipped with buffy; tail white, the six middle rectrices
tipped with sooty blackish.

Range.—Circumpolar regions, south in winter, casually, to Eng-
land, Faroe Islands and Helgoland. (Monotypic.)

:
|
:
.
.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 669

RHODOSTETHIA ROSEA (Macgillivray).

ROSS’S GULL.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).—Head, neck, entire under parts,
including axillars, lower rump, upper tail-coverts and tail immacu-
late white, the neck and under parts more or less strongly (often
deeply) suffused with pure eosine pink;? a narrow collar of black
round upper part of neck, widest in front, formed by black tips to
the feathers; back, scapulars, upper rump, and wings (including their
under surface), pallid neutral gray (very slightly darker on wings),
the secondaries and proximal primaries tipped with white or pink,
the outer web of outermost primary mostly black or blackish; bill
black; rictus and naked orbital rmg deep orange to vermilion red
(in life); iris dark brown; legs and feet orange-red, vermilion, or
coral red (in life).

Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults but without any black
collar, and pileum tinged with pale gray.

Immature (second summer).—Similar to summer adults, but lesser
and middle wing-coverts dusky or blackish superficially (only the
concealed portion being pale gray); proximal secondaries, alula, and
adjacent small feathers, together with three outer primaries, dusky
or blackish, the inner webs of the last, however, with the marginal
half pale gray; remaining primaries pale gray passing into white on
the innermost ones, all of them broadly tipped with black; tail white,
but third, fourth, and fifth pairs of rectrices (counting from outside)
broadly tipped with black, this about 19 mm. wide on the fifth Mext
to middle) pair.

Young (first autumn).—General color of upper parts pallid neutral
gray superficially (the feathers white beneath surface), but this
broken by heavy cloudings of dark sooty, many of the feathers
being broadly tipped with this color, the dusky prevailing on upper
rump, where the feathers are narrowly tipped with dull buffy;
lower rump, upper tail-coverts and greater part of tail immaculate
white, the six middle rectrices tipped with sooty blackish, this about
20-22 mm. wide on middle pair but reduced on third pair (from
middle) to a slight mottling at extreme tip; lesser and middle wing-
coverts, tertials, and most of scapulars dark sooty or sooty blackish,
margined terminally with pale grayish buffy; greater wing-coverts
immaculate pallid gray fading into white terminally; secondaries
and two innermost primaries white; next two primaries with white
inner webs and shafts, the outer webs pallid gray, the third (from
inside) with inner web narrowly margined with black terminally,
the fourth with an elongated spot of black on distal portion of each

a4 In some specimens this pink suffusion pervades practically the entire plumage,
even the pale gray of the ‘‘mantle” being more or less tinged by it.

670 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

web; next two (fifth and sixth, from inside) with inner webs grayish
white, the outer webs pallid gray, both very broadly tipped with
black, and the-shafts dusky; seventh primary similar but with
median portion grayish dusky, forming a lanceolate stripe; three
outer primaries with outer webs wholly blackish, their inner webs
with a broad stripe of the same along shafts; alula, carpal region,
and primary coverts plain sooty black, the last narrowly tipped with
pale grayish buff; lateral and lower portions of head and neck white
rather indistinctly barred with dusky, except on chin and throat,
and with a dusky suffusion immediately in front of eye; under parts,
from chest backward, including axillars, immaculate white; under
wing-coverts and under surface of primaries pallid neutral gray;
bill black, more brownish basally; iris brown; legs and feet ‘“ dull
fleshy purple’’.¢

Downy young.—‘ Ground-color dusky yellow (pale sulphur yellow
to burnt wood yellow, occasionally with a rusty tinge) this densely
covered with numerous irregular blackish gray markings, pale and
ill-defined on flanks and nearly black on head, the abdomen and
median portion of breast immaculate whitish; the pattern of markings
for the most part with longitudinal tendency, transverse on nape,
and cuneate on crown.?”

Young male.—Wing, 241-261 (253.3); tail, 98.5-119 (108.2);
exposed culmen, 18-22 (20.4); tarsus, 29-31 (30.2); middle toe,
24-27 (25.8).4¢

Young female-—Wing, 245-259 (253.9); tail, 106-118.5 (109.3);
exposed culmen, 19.5-21 (20.1); tarsus, 28-31 (29.6); middle toe,
24.5-26 (25.5).°

Arctic regions, circumpolar; breeding on western coast of Green-
land, in vicinity of Disko Bay (Ekomuit, district of Christians-
haab;’ Disko Bay)9, and in northern Siberia, from Russkoe Ustje,
delta of Indigirka River (lat. 71° N.; long. 149° E.) and 300 miles
inland in lat. 67° 30’ N.; 145° E. to northeastern portion of Kolyma
delta (lat. 69° 30’ N.; long. 161° E.) and about 200 miles inland at

ak. W. Nelson.

b Buturlin, Ibis, 1906, 334.

c-Of the sixteen specimens, with sex determined, examined, all are young in their
first autumn, the few adults seen being undetermined as to sex.

d Nine specimens.

e Seven specimens. An adult differs only in longer tail, its measurements, being
as follows: Wing, 256; tail, 122; exposed culmen, 21; tarsus, 30.5; middle toe, 26.
(No. 222, 502, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., St. George Island, Alaska, May 25, 1911.)

t Dalgleish, Auk, iii, 1886, 273.

9 Seebohm, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, 82. These two records, which may pos-
sibly refer to the same occurrence (I have not now access to the last work cited), were
either overlooked or ignored by Professor Cooke in his ‘‘ Distribution and Migration
of North American Gulls and their Allies” (1915, pp. 62-64).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 671

Sredne-Kolymsk (lat. 67° 30’ N., long. 155° E.); also in Alazeia and
Indigirka basins and Taskhaiakhtag Mountains—possibly also on
Bennett Island and Cape Baranof, and other Arctic localities;
recorded elsewhere, but not as breeding, from Melville Peninsula
(Alagnak, June 23, 1823), Boothia (Felix Harbor), Alaska (Point
Barrow, Sept. 9 to Oct. 9 and June 9; St. Michaels, 1 specimen, Oct.
10, 1879; St. George Island, Pribilof group, 1 specimen, May 25, 1911),
Wrangell Island, Oct., 1879, and June 22-30, 1880; Kamchatka
(2 specimens without date or definite locality; Bering Island, Dec.
10, 1895); lat. 84° 40’ north of Spitzbergen, midsummer; Hvidtenland,
east of Franz Josef Land, July 14, 15; Barents Sea; New Siberia,
Aug. 16, Sept. 5-20; New Siberian Islands, Aug., 1894; Verkhojansk,
on Java River, 250 miles inland; casual or accidental on Faroe Islands
(Suderoe, Feb. 1, 1863), England (Yorkshire), France (Pointe de la
Roche, coast of Verdée, Dec. 22, 1913), Italy (Cagliori Bay, Sardinian
Sea, Jan., 1906), and Helgoland (Feb. 5, 1858).

Larus roseus MAcGILuIvray, Mem. Wern. Soc., v, 1824, 249 (Melville Peninsula,
n. Keewatin).—JARDINE and Sexsy, Illustr. Orn., i, 1826, pl. 14.

L{arus| roseus Ricaarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 427, footnote (crit.)—Kry-
SERLING and Buiastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xev, 240.

Rossia rosea BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 62.—Gray, List Gen.
Birds, 1840, 78; ed. 1841, 99.

[Rhodostethia] roseus Brucx, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 106 (Kamchatka); 1855, 278
(monogr.).—BoONAPARTE, Consp. Av., 1, 1857, 230.

Rhodostethia rosea BRruM, Naumannia, 1855, 295; Vogelf., 1855, 344.—-LAWRENCE,
in Baird, Rep. Pacific-R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 856.—Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 678.—ReEtnuHaARDT, Ibis, 1861, 18 (Greenland, 1 spec.).—CovEs,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 311 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 557; 2d
ed., 1882, no. 789; Birds Northwest, 1874, 659 (monogr.).—FrirscnH, Vég.
Eur., 1870, 471, pl. 57, fig. 9 —SunpEvat1, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., 1872,
136.—NeEwrTon, Arctic Man., 1875, 105—Saunpers, Ibis, 1875, 484 (Kam-
chatka; descr. young; crit.); Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1878, 208 (monogr.);
Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv, 1878, 400 (range); Ibis, 1883, 348; ed. Yarrell’s Hist.
Brit. Birds, ili, 1884, 572; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 643; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
xxv, 1896, 167 (Greenland; Point Barrow).—Payer, Austr. Exped., English
transl., ii, 1876, 91 (Barents Sea).—Dresser, Birds Eur., viii, 1877, 343, pl.
594; Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi, 1905, 1906, 41, 97 (delta of Kolyma River,
n. e. Siberia, breeding); Ibis, 1906, 610, in text, pl. 20 (eggs); 1908, 514 (Ben-
nett Island; breeding (?); New Siberia).—FrEmpEn, Ibis, 1878, 200 (between
Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land, summer); Trans. Norwich Soc., iii,
1881, 209 (Barents Sea)—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ili, 1880, 207
(Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 676); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 676.—CLARKE
(W. E.), Handb. Yorkshire Vertebr., 1881, 81; Ibis, 1898, 262 (Franz Josef
Land; breeding (?).—Nertson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 108 (St.
Michaels, Alaska, 1 spec., Oct. 10, 1879; Siberian coast near Bering Strait,
July 1, 1879; crit.); Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 55 (St. Michaels; Point
Barrow).—BririsH OrNiTHOLOGIsts’ Unton, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 192.—
Barrp, BREwer, and Rrpaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 266.—Mur-
pocu, Exped. Point Barrow, 1885, 123, pls. 1, 2; Auk, xvi, 1899, 146 [-145] (his-
torical) —AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed.,

672

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

1895, no. 61; 3ded., 1910, p.40.—PaumEn, ‘Vega’-Exped., 1887, 352 (Pittlekaj,
n. e. Siberia, July 1).—Gray (R.), Zoologist, 1889, 45 (Greenland Sea, 78°
N., 0° 25’ E.)—CHAMBERLAIN, in Hagerup’s Birds Greenland, 1891, 47.—
Lirrorp, Col. Figs. Brit. Birds, pts. xxili, xxvii, 1893.—StrmNEGER, Auk, xv,
1898, 183 (Bering Island, Kamchatka, Dec. 10, 1895).—Scuatow, Die Végel
der Arktis, 1904, 147 (synonymy, range, etc.).—Butur.yy, Ibis, 1906, 131-139,
in text, 333-337, 661-666 (Kolyma Delta, n. e. Siberia, breeding; descr.
breeding grounds, breeding habits, nests and eggs, etc.)—TnayEr, Condor,
ix, 1907, 179 [—180], cuts (descr. eggs, etc.).—Poncy, Bull. Soc. Zool. Genéve,
1998, 199 [-203] (breeding habits in Kolyma, Alazeia, and Indigirka basins,
Taskhaiakh-tag Mts., and Cape Baranow, n. e. Siberia)——Presir, North
Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 270 (Felix Harbor, Boothia)—Evrermann, Auk,
xxx, 1913, 26 (St. George Island, Pribilof group, May 25, 1911) —THayer
and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 11 (not breeding in Kolyma
delta in 1912).—Cooxge, Bull. 292, U. S. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 63,
fig. 30 (range and migrations).

[Rhodostethia| rosea Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 317.—SHarpe, Hand-list, i,

1899, 139.—Forsers and Rogpinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 56
(Point Barrow, Alaska).

Rihodostethia| rosea Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 753.—Ripeway,

Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 37.

Larus rossii RicHaARDSON, App. Parry’s Second Voy., 1825, 359 (Melville Penin-
“ “ d \

sula, Keewatin); Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 427.—Ross, App. Parry’s Narra-
tive, 1828, 195; App. Parry’s Voy., 1828, 195 (Spitzbergen; Waigats Strait) App.
Parry’s Second Voy., Nat. Hist., 1835, p. xxxvi (Felix Harbor, Boothia).—
Witson (J.), Tlustr. Zool., 1831, pl. 8.—Nurratz, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can.,
Water Birds, 1834, 295.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 323; Birds Am., 8vo ed.,
vii, 1844, 130 (not figured) —Scatrcen, Rey. Crit., 1844, p. exxviiiNau-
MANN, Vég. Deutschl., xiii, 1847, pl. 388, figs. 3, 4; Anhang, xiii, 1860, 270,
pl. 388, figs. 1, 2—Mitner, Zoologist, 1847, 1694 (near Aberford, England).—
CHARLESWORTH, Zoologist, 1847, 1782 (Tadcaster, England; crit.)—Dre-
LAND, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 332.—YarRELL, Hist. Brit. Birds, 2d Suppl., 1856,
59; 3d ed., ili, 1856, 558.—Evans and Srures, Ibis, 1859, 173 (Waigats
Strait, Spitzbergen, to lat. 82° 45’).—Fiscuer, Naturh. Tidsskr. (3), iii, 1864,
Firée Islands)—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 173 (British records). —
Bunce, Mél. Biol., xii, livr. 1, 1884, 57 (Lena delta, Siberia) —SEEBOHM,
Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 305; Trans. Norwich Soc., iv, 1886, 303 (Lena
delta) —Data.trisu, Auk, tii, 1886, 273 (breeding at Ekomuit, district
Christianshaab, Greenland; descr. nest and eggs)—GAtTKE, Vogelw. Helgo-
land, 1891, 580.

Larus ross AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 324 (not figured).
Larus rossi MatmGREN, Journ. ftir Orn., 1863, 452 (Spitzbergen).—NrwrTon, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, 1 (Yorkshire, England, 1 spec.).—Corpxaux, Ibis,
1875, 187 (Helgoland, Feb. 5, 1858).—SeeBonm, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1886, 82 (Disko Bay, Greenland, breeding; descr. eggs).

Rhodostethia rossi Macaruuivray, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 253.—REINHARDT,

Vid. Medd. Nat. Forh. Kjobenhavn, 1874, nos. 12-16, 5 (Greenland).—
Newron, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, 349 (Greenland).

R{hodostethia] rossii Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 653. 4
Rhodostethia rossii Macattuivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 618.—Gray, List

Brit. Birds, 1863, 229.—Buasrus, Journ. fir Orn., 1865, 370.

[ Rhodostethia] rossii BONAPARTE, Comp. Rend., xlii, 1856, 771.
Larus richardsonit Lesson, Compl. Oeuvres Buffon, ix, 1837, 516 (Arctic circle).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 673

Family STERCORARIIDA:.

THE SKUAS AND JAEGERS.

=Lestrine BoNAPARTE, Saggio dist. Anim. Vertebr., 1831, 60.

=Lestride Kaur, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1849, 119.

= Lestridine BONAPARTE, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 206.—LAWRENC#, in Baird,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 837.—Carus, Handb. Zool., 1868,
361.—Cougs. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 213; Key N. Am. Birds, 1872,
308; 2d ed., 1884, 734; Birds Northwest, 1874, 602.—SciareR and SAtLvin,
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 148.

=Stercorariine GRAY, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 110.—Brpparp, Struct. and Classif.
Birds, 1898, 356.—KNow.tron, Birds of the World, 1909, 394.

=Stercorartide Riwaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, Sept. 4, 1880, 240; Man.
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 20.—Batrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Water Birds N.
Am., ii, 1884, 191, 328.—STreJNEGER, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 75,
in text.—AmeErRIcAN OrnitHoLoatsts’ Unton, Check List, 1886, 84; 3rd ed.,
1910, 33.—SHarpe, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72; Hand-list,
i, 1899, xv, 143.—SaunpeErs, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. xxxiii, 1896, p.
xxii; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, xiv, 3, 314.—OBERHoLSER, Outl.
Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 3.

Medium sized to large Lari with rhamphotheca complex (bill
with a cere); caeca well developed, long; coracoids separated; meta-
sternum 2-notched, and claws large, strongly hooked, and sharp.

Bill gull-like in general form, but basal half or more of the culmen
covered with a saddle-like ‘‘cere,” membraneous or horny, ac-
cording to the season,“ the lower edge of which reaches half way or
more to the tomium and is nearly parallel to it, its upper outline
straight; culmen strongly decurved from anterior end of the ‘‘cere,”’
the tip of the maxilla forming a distinct unguis, overhanging the
tip of the mandible; gonys short (decidedly less than half as long
as mandibular rami), ascending terminally, its posterior angle more
or less prominent; nostril slightly anterior to middie of maxilla,
longitudinal, rounded anteriorly, partly overhung (except at anterior
extremity) by edge of the ‘‘cere;’ frontal feathering advancing
farther on side of maxilla than at base of culmen, the antia either
acute, rounded, or nearly truncate; malar antia more or less pos-
terior to latero-frontal antia, but sometimes nearly on same vertical
line, more or less cuneate; mental antia about on same vertical
line as posterior end of nostrils or posterior to same. Wing long
and pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal
secondaries by about two-thirds (Stercorarius) to half (Megalestris)
the length of the wing. Tail much shorter than wing (ex-
cept for the elongated middle rectrices in some species), slightly
rounded to slightly graduated, the middle pair of rectrices longest,
sometimes greatly elongated. Feet strong, the tarsus decidedly
longer than middle toe without claw, the acrotarsium regularly
transversely scutellate, elsewhere covered with reticulations.

@ See Stejneger, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 75.
40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——44

674 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The Stercorariide are more predatory in their habits than the Lari-
dz being, in fact, the most predaceous of sea-fowl—veritable ‘‘robbers
of the sea.” The smaller Jaegers (genus Stercorarius) pirate upon
gulls and other sea-fowl, thus earning the common names of ‘‘gull

ICES

chaser” ‘‘jaeger’’ (hunter), etc.; while the larger skuas (genus Megales-
tris) also beat along the shores or even over the land, and besides
forcing gulls and other birds to disgorge or relinquish their food prey
upon other birds, in the manner of falcons and hawks. Indeed, it is
said that at Kerguelen Island, in the Antarctic Ocean, the Megales-
tris antarcticus keeps strictly to the land, where it is very destructive
to ducks and other water-fowl. The nest is placed upon the ground,
near the sea-shore on the margin of inland lakes. The eggs are deep
olive-brown in color spotted with darker.

KEY TO THE GENERA STERCORARIIDA.

a. Larger and much more strongly built (wing 380 to more than 400 mm.); greatest
depth of bill equal to or greater than distance from anterior end of nostril to tip of
maxilla; longest primary exceeding distal secondaries by not more than half the ~
length of wing; tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw; tail shorter, the rectices
subtruncate at tip, the middle pair projecting very slightly... .Megalestris (p. 674).

aa. Smaller and more lightly built (wing not more than 370 mm., usually much less );

greatest depth of bill decidedly less than distance from anterior end of nostril

to tip of maxilla; tarsus longer than middle toe with claw; longest primary ex-

ceeding distal secondaries by much more than half the length of wing; tail rela-
tively longer, the middle pair of rectrices elongated.

b. Bill deeper, its depth at base greater than its width at same point; middle pair of

rectrices broad throughout, rounded terminally, their distal half twisted.

Coprotheres (p. 680).

bb. Bill less deep, its depth at base not greater than its width at same point; middle

pair of rectrices tapering, acuminate, not twisted......-..Stercorarius (p. 686).

Genus MEGALESTRIS Bonaparte.

Catharacta (not Catarractes Brisson, 1760) Briinnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 32. (Type,
by monotypy, C. skua Briinnich.)

Cataracta (emendation) Rerzius, ed Fauna Suecica, 1800, 160.

Cataractes (emendation) Fiemr1na, Philos. Zool., ii, 1822, 263.—Gray, List Gen.
Birds, 1840, 78.

Catarractes (emendation) Patias, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1827, 309.

Catarrhacta (emendation) StricKLAND, Ann. and Mag. N. H., vii, 1841, 40.

Catarrhactes (emendation) Brucx, Journ. fir Orn., Jan., 1853, 108.

Megalestris BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xliii, 1856, 643; Cat. Ois. d’ Eur. Parzudaki,
1856, 11. (Type, by monotypy, Larus catarractes Linneeus=Catharacta skua
Briinnich.)

Buphagus Cours (ex Moehring, 1752) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 124.
(Type, by original designation, Catharacta skua Brinnich.)

Very large, strongly built Stercorariide (wing about 380-432 mm.)
with tarsus shorter than middle toe and claw, greatest depth of bill
equal to or greater than distance from ‘anterior end of nostril to tip of
bill, longest primary exceeding distal secondaries by not more than
half the length of wing, and rectrices sub-truncate at tip, the middle
pair projecting very slightly if at all beyond the next pair.

-

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 675

Bill stout, the exposed culmen shorter than middle toe without
claw, its depth at base equal to or slightly greater than its width at
same point and at least equal to one-third the length of exposed
culmen; supra-nasal saddle, measured from loral antia, longer than
distance from its anterior end to tip of the strongly decurved or unci-
nate tip of maxilla; gonys less than half as long as mandibular rami
(measured to point of malar antia), rather strongly ascending term-
inally, faintly concave, its basal angle prominent; nostril with anterior
end nearer to tip of maxilla than to loral antia, the latter on nearly
the same vertical line as malar antia or slightly anterior to it, the
mental antia decidedly anterior to both. Wing moderately long, the
longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by not more
(sometimes less) than half of the length of wing; primaries
broad, rounded at tips, their shafts thick and rigid; sec-
ondaries relatively short and broad, with inner webs longer
than outer webs; tertials elongated, but falling considerably short of
tips of longest primaries. ‘Tail less than half as long as wing, nearly
truncate, the rectrices sub-truncate at tips, the middle pair project-
ing slightly, if at all, beyond the next pair; tail-coverts very long
and full, the lower ones reaching to or beyond tips of lateral rectrices.
Tarsus as long as middle toe without claw, strong, the lower half or
more of the acrotarsium covered with a single series of obliquely
transverse scutella, the upper portion with a double row of similar
but shorter scutella, the planta tarsi covered with small, irregular
scales, the sides of tarsus with larger hexagonal scales; outer toe
shghtly shorter than middle toe, the inner toe much shorter, the
hallux very short; anterior toes fully webbed; claws relatively large,
strongly curved, acute, that of middle toe with inner edge dilated.

Coloration.—General color brown or sooty, usually indistinctly
streaked with hight rusty, cmnamon, or buffy, especially on neck and
back; primaries whitish basally.

Range.—Northern portions of North Atlantic and southern parts
of South Atlantic oceans, southern parts of Indian Ocean, Antarctic
Ocean, seas near New Zealand, and Pacific coast of Chile and Peru.
(At least four species or subspecies.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MEGALESTRIS.@

a. Billrelatively longer and narrower, with anterior edge of supra-nasal saddle (viewed
from above) strongly concave; under parts more or less rufescent, and back
streaked or mottled with rufous or cinnamomeous.

a Mr. Gregory Mathews (Birds of Australia, ii, 1913, 496) recognizes eight forms of
this genus, referred to three species, as follows:

1. Megalestris skua skua. (Catharacta skua skua Mathews, Birds Australia, ii,
pt. 5, Jan. 31, 1913, 496.—North Atlantic Ocean; Hudson Strait.)

2. Megalestris skua antarctica. (Catharacta skua antarctica Mathews, Birds Aus-
tralia, ii, pt. 5, Jan. 31, 1913, 496—Falkland Islands, breeding; Gough
Island.)

676 | BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

b. Axillars and under wing-coverts grayish brown, slightly tinged with cinnamon-
rufous; under parts more sion brown than rufescent. (Northern part of
North Atlantic Ocean.). . oe iene ._Megalestris skua (p. 677).

bb. Axillars and under wing-cover ts ivaeag cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous; under

parts uniform dull cinnamon-rufous or cinnamon. (Both coasts of aeaetere

South America, from Rio de Janeiro on Atlantic side to Callao, Peru, on

Pacific sides): Ht Bee Ae Re BRIG Megalestris chilensis (extralimital).¢

aa. Bill relatively shorter and deeper, with anterior edge of supra-nasal saddle (viewed
from above) slightly concave; under parts sooty brown to buffy brown (not at

all rufescent). :

b. Under parts dark sooty brown; neck not conspicuously, if at all, streaked with
yellow; white patch on base of primaries smaller. (Falkland Islands, South
Georgia Island, Gough Island, Straits of Magellan, and adjacent seas.

Megalestris antarcticus (extralimital).®

3. Megalestris chilensis. ((Catharacta chilensis Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, pt.
5, Jan. 31, 1913, 496.—West coast of South America.)

4. Megalestris maccormicki maccormicki: (Catharacta maccormicki maccormicki
Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 5, Jan. 31, 1913, 496.—South Victoria Land.)

5. Megalestris maccormicki wilsoni. (Catharacta maccormicki wilsoni Mathews,
Birds Australia, ii, pt. 5, Jan. 31, 1913, 495, 496.—Weddell Sea.)

6. Megalestris lonnbergi lonnbergi. (Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi Mathews,
Novit. Zool., xviii, 1912, 212; New Zealand seas.—Catharacta lonnbergi lonn-
bergi Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 5, Jan. 31, 1916, 484, 494, 496.—
Megalestris antarctica (not Lestris antarcticus Lesson) Mathews, Birds Aus-
tralia, ii, 1913, pl. [122] facing p. 484.—Australian and New Zealand seas,
breeding on Chatham Islands and Antarctic islands of New Zealand.)

7. Megalestris lonnbergi intercedens. (Catharacta lonnbergi intercedens Mathews,
Birds Australia, 1, pt. 5, Jan. 31, 1913, 496.—Kereguelen Island.)

8. Megalestris lonnbergi clarkei. (Catharacta lonnbergi clarkei Mathews, Birds
Australia, ii, pt. 5, Jan. 31, 1913, 494, 496.—South Orkney Islands.)

Of these forms I have seen only the first, third, and seventh.

a [Stercorarius antarcticus| b. chilensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, 1857, 207
(South America; coll. Berlin Mus.).—Stercorarius chilensis Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1876, 323, pl. 24 (monogr.); 1877, 800 (Straits of Magellan); Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxv, 1896, 318.— M[egalestris] chilensis Ridgway, Man. N. Am, Birds, 1887, 21.—
Catharacta chilensis Mathews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 5, Jan. 31, 1913, 496.

6 Lestris antarcticus Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 616 (Falkland Islands).—Ster-
corarius antarcticus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844, 167; Saunders, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 321, part (monogr.).—Catarracta antarctica Bonaparte, Nau-
mannia, 1854, 210.—Catarrhactes antarcticus Bruch, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 108.—
Catharacta antarctica Lonnberg, Kungl. Svensk. Vet. Handl., Bd. 40, no. 5, 1906, 58
(South Georgia Island; crit., habits, ete.).— Megalestris antarcticus Gould, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1859, 98 (Falkland Islands).— Megalestris antarctica Saunders, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 319, part (Inaccessible Island, off Tristan da Cunha; Falkland
Islands).— Megalestris skua antarctica (not of Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, 1884.)
Mathews, Birds Australia, 11, 1913, 496 (Falkland Islands, breeding; Gough Island).—
Buphagus antarcticus Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 127 (monogr.); Birds
Northwest, 1874, 604, part (monogr.).—Lestris antarctica Sclater and Salvin, Ibis,
1869, 284 (Santa Magdalena, Straits of Magellan).— Megalestris skua falklandica Lénn-
berg, Schwed. Sud. Exped., Bd. v, Lfg. 5, 1905, 8.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 677

bb. Under parts pale buffy brown; neck conspicuously streaked with yellow; white
area at base of primaries larger. (South Victoria Land, Weddell Sea, and

adjacent part of Antarctic Ocean.)
Megalestris maccormicki (extralimital).¢

MEGALESTRIS SKUA (Briinnich).

SKUA.

Adults (sexes alike).’—General color dull grayish brown, the inter-
scapulars, scapulars, and wing-coverts with median streaks of pale
cinnamon, the feathers of head and neck with similar but narrower
streaks; under parts somewhat paler than upper parts, usually
more or less suffused with cinnamon, the sides and flanks indistinctly
striped or broadly streaked with the same; remiges, primary coverts,
and alula dark grayish brown or dusky, the primaries white basally,
forming a distinct patch, the concealed basal portion of secondaries
also white; tail uniform dusky; bill dusky horn color or dull blackish;
iris dark brown; legs and feet dull blackish.

Young.—Head, neck, and under parts plain grayish brown, the
last tinged with cinnamon or dull rusty; upper parts darker grayish
brown, paler on back and lesser wing-coverts, where indistinctly
spotted with dull rusty or cinnamon; otherwise essentially like adults,
but bill, legs, and feet more brownish.

Downy young.—Plain buffy or cinnamomeous gray, darker (some-
times More cinnamomeous) on upper parts.

Adult male—Wing, 400; tail, 52; culmen, 20.5; tarsus, 61-69.8
(65.2); middle toe, 54.5-63.5 (59.3).°

Adult female.—Wing, 406.5; tail, 53.5; culmen, 22.5; tarsus, 69.5;
middle toe, 64.5.4

Breeding in Iceland, Faroe Islands, and Shetland Islands; during
migration occurring off coasts of Greenland (south side of Olrik
Bay; off Disko Island; Ivigtut), Lady Franklin Island north of
Hudson Strait, eastern portion of Hudson Strait, Mackenzie (Mac-
kenzie River), Labrador (Strait of Belle Isle, June 22, 1852), New-
foundland (Grand Banks), Massachusetts (Georges Bank; Nan-
tucket Sound, 2 specimens, Oct. 17, 1883; Nantucket Shoals, Oct.
11, 1883; off Cape Cod, Sept. 10, 1884; Gloucester, July 18, 1878;

@ Stercorarius maccormicki Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. xiii, Dec. 30, 1893,
p. xii; Ibis, 1894, 291 (Possession Island, Victoria Land; coll. Brit. Mus.).— Megales-
tris maccormicki Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 321, pl. 1.—Catharacta
maccormicki maccormicki Mathews, Birds Australia, li, pt. 5, Jan. 31, 1913, 496 (South
Victoria Land, breeding).

b There seems to be no seasonal differences of plumage in the Skuas other than those
dependent on relative freshness or wearing of the feathers.

¢ Three specimens.

d@ One specimen, from Faroe Islands. A specimen of undetermined sex from the
- Faroes measure as follows: Wing, 410; tail, 52; culmen, 20.5; tarsus, 68.5; middle toe,
62.5.

678 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Ipswich Bay, Sept. 17, 1878; Woods Hole, Sept. 19, 1889) and New
York (Suffolk County, Long Island, March 17, 1886; Amagansett,
Long Island, winter of 1885-86; Niagara River, spring of 1886;
Montauk, Aug. 10, 1896), and in Europe southward to England
(Devonshire), southwestern France, Straits of Gibraltar, Madeira
Islands (Noy.), and Poland. (Recorded from Aleutian Islands and
from Monterey Bay, California, but probably erroneously, at least
as far as correct identification is concerned, the Monterey specimens,
at least, being more likely M. chilensis.)

[ Catharacta] skua Brinnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 33 (Faroe Islands; Iceland).

Catarracta skua Rerzrus, Fauna Suecica, 1800, 161.—Bonaparre, Cat. Meth.
Uce. Eur., 1842, 79.—Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 78.—ReIcHENBACH,
Av. Syst. Nat., Longipennes, 1852, pp. 4, 5—Breum, Naumannia, 1855, 293.

Cataracta skua BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 63.

Catarractes skua Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 309.

Cataractes skua STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 215.—Macart-
LIVRAY, Man. Brit. Orn., ii, 1842, 255.—Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 108.

Catharacta skua skua MaTHews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 5, Jan. 31, 1913, 496 (North
Atlantic Ocean; Hudson Straits).

Lestris skua Borr, in Wiedemann’s Zool. Mag., i, 1819, 132.—Breum, Isis, 1830,
992; Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 716; Vogelf., 1855, 336.

Buphagus skua Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 125 (monogr.); Proc.
Essex Inst., v, 1868, 305 (New England coast?).—KuMuIzN, Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus., no. 15, 1879, 94 (lat. 41° N., long. 68° W.; Lady Franklin Island,
Sept., with young).

[Buphagus skua] a. skua Cougs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 604 (monogr.).

[Stercorarius] skua Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 210.—Couvres, Key N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 309.

Stercorarius skua Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 539; 2d ed., 1882, no. 764.—
Couutins, Auk, i, 1884, 238 (Grand Banks, etc.; habits; Nantucket Sound,
Massachusetts, 2 specs., Oct. 17, 1883).—Harrert, Katal. Vogelsamml.
Senckenb., 1891, 243.

S[tercorarius] skua Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 734.

Megalestris skua Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, sig. 13, Aug. 24, 1880, 208

(Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 696); Nom. N, Am. Birds, 1881, no. 696.—CoLLINns,

Rep. Com, Fish and Fisheries for 1882 (1884), 323 (Grand Banks, etc., New-

foundland; habits).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am.,

ii, 1884, 328.—Goss, Auk, i, 1884, 395 (off Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1 spec.,

Sept. 10, 1884).—Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 252 (Straits of

Belle Isle, 1 spec., June 22).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check

List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 35; 3d ed., 1910, p. 33.—DutcHER, Auk,

iii, 1886, 432 (Suffolk Co., Long Island, New York, 1 spec., March 17, 1886);

iv, 1887, 158 (Nantucket Shoals, Massachusetts, Oct. 11, 1883).—Hacervp,

Birds Greenland, 1891, 45.—CHapMANn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xii, 1899, 224

(s. side Olrik Bay and off Disko Island, Greenland).—Scuatow, Végel der

Arktis, 1904, 131 (synonymy, range, etc.).—(?)Brck, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci.,

4th ser., iii, 1910, 61 (Monterey Bay, California, 1 spec., Aug. 7, 1907).2—

Cooke, Bull. 292, U. 8. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 5, fig. 1 (range and

migrations).—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 20 (coast Cali-

fornia; rare visitant.¢

@ May be M. chilensis. There is no authentic record for M. skua from any part of
the Pacific Ocean.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 679

M{egalestris] skua Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 21.

[Larus] catarractes LINN&US, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 226 (Arctic regions).—
GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. u, 1789, 603.—LatrHaAm, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 818.

Larus catarractes YARRELL, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 481.

Lestris catarractes Intia~eR, Prodr. Orn., 1811, 272.—Temmincx, Man. d’Orn.,
1815, 511; 2d ed., ii, 1820, 792.—Fasrictius, Prodr. Isl. Orn., 1822, 102.—
Bote, Isis, 1822, 562.—Bonaparrte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., 1, 1828 (‘‘Synopsis2’),
364.—Hewitson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, [1831-1838], pl. 56 and text; 2d ed.,
1846, 451, pl. 129; 3d ed., 1856, 505, pl. 142—Nurrati, Man. Orn. U. S.
and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 312 (Newfoundland).—Eyron, Cat. Brit. Birds,
1836, 51.—Goutp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 439 and text.—Scuinz, Eur.
Faun., i, 1840, 387.—ScuieceL, Rev. Crit., 1844, 84; -Vog. Nederl., 1858,
587, pl. 334; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, 231, pl. 33, figs. 9, 9a —MacatL-
LIVRAY, Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 479.

Stercorarius catarractes Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Anseres, 1844, 168.—
(?) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, 1853, 7 (off coast California, lat. of Mon-
terey);¢ in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 838 (off coast of Cali-
fornia).~—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 45 (Iceland,
Faroes).—BLakIston, Ibis, 1863, 151 (Mackenzie River).—Dr@ianp and
GERBE, Orn. Eur., 2d ed., ii, 1867, 392.—Exrot, Illustr. New and Unfig.
N. Am. Birds, ii, 1869, pl. 55 and text.—FrImLpEN, Zoologist, 1872, 3290,
(Faroe Islands}.—SaunpeErs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 319 (mono-
gr.).—Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, 1878, 188 (Gloucester, Massachu-
setts, 1 spec., July 18, 1878); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xx, 1879, 275 (Georges
Bank, off Newfoundland).

[Stercorarius] catarractes BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770; Consp. Av.,
li, 1857, 206.

Larus cataractes TEMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 187.

Lestris cataractes Borg, Isis, 1822, 875.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 616.—Nav-
MANN, Vog. Deutschl., x, 1840, 470, pl. 270.—Scuatow, Journ. ftir Orn.,
1891, 263 (Aleutian Islands).

L[estris] cataractes JeENYNS, Man. Brit. Vert. Anim., 1835, 280.—TremMrincx, Man.
d’Orn., ed. 2, iv, 1840, 494.

Stercorarius cataractes SELYS-LONGCHAMPS, Faune Belge, 1842, 155.

Lestris catharractes Scu1nz, Eur. Faun., i, 1840, 387.

Lestris catarrhactes Kaur, Sk. Entw. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 739.—Wo.tey, Jardine’s
Contr. Orn., 1850, 113 (Faroe Islands).—Re1nHArpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854,
442 (Greenland).—Drostes, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 383 (Faroes).

L{estris] catarrhactes KEYSERLING and Buasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xciv, 239.

Stercorarius catarrhactes Virmttor, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., iv, 1817, 154; Faun,
Frang., 1838, 385.—DrGianp, Orn. Eur., li, 1849, 289 —Rerrnuarpt, Ibis,
1861, 16 (Greenland); Vid. Medd. Nat. Forh. Kjobenhavn, 1881, 186 (Green-
land).—Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 227.—Nrwron, in Baring-Gould’s Ice-
land, 1863, App. A., 418.—Buastus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 384 (crit.).—
SAUNDERS, Ibis, 1871, 400 (Straits Gibraltar); 1884, 391 (s. w. France);
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 319 (monogr.); Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv, 1878,
392 (range); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, ii, 1884, 662; Illustr. Man. Brit. Birds,
1889, 671.—GouLp, Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, pl. 78 and text.—Dressrr,
Birds Europe, viii, 1875, 457, pl. 609.—CLarKE (W. E.), in Clarke and Roe-
buck, Handb. Vert. Faun. Yorkshire, 1881, 84.—Srrsoum, Hist. Brit. Birds,
ili, 1885, 346, pl. 55 (eggs).—TaczanowskI, Ornis, iv, 1888, 508 (Poland).—
STEVENSON and SouTtHwWELL, Birds Norfolk, iii, 1890, 346.—Harvizr-BrowNn
and Buck ey, Vertebr. Faun. Argyll, etc., 1892, 194.—Buaaea, Ibis, 1893,
357 (Shetland Islands, breeding).

2 See foot note on p. 678.

680 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

S[tercorarius] catarrhactes Gray, Gen. Birds, ili, 1846, 652.

Megalestris catarrhactes SAUNDERS, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 315 (Devon-
shire, England; Shetland; Faroe Islands), 458 (Fanoes)s=Wreeiee Ibis, 1904,
33, in text (Madeira Islands, Nov.).

[ Megalestris| catarrhactes SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 143.—ForseEs and Rosinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., u, no. 2, 1899, 58 (Shetland Islands).

Catarracta fusca Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 40; in Thomp-
son’s Ann. Philos., xiii, 1819, 61 (Faroe Islands).

Lestris fusca Dusots (C. F.), Pl. Col. Ois. Belg., iii, 1860, 238 and plate.

Stercorarius fuscus Dusors (A.), Consp. Av. Eur., 1871, 33; Bull. Mus. Roy.
Belg., iv, 1885, 22.

[?] [Larus] keeask LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 818 (Hudson Bay; based on Esqui-

meaux Keeask Latham, Synopsis Birds, vi, 389; Pennant, Arctic Zool., ii, 71).

Stercorarius pomarinus (not Lestris pomarinus Temminck) Vreriot, Gal. Ois.,
ii, 1834, 220, pl. 288.

C[ataractes]| ioe FLEMING, Hist. Brit. Anim., 1828, 137.

Cataractes vulgaris SELBY, Ilustr. Brit. Orn., ii, 1832, pl. C; text, ii, 1833, 514.

Cataracta minor BREHM, Naumannia, 1855, 293 (nomen nudum).

Genus COPROTHERES Reichenbach.

??Pomarinus® FiscHER DE WALDHEIM, Nationalmus. Naturg. zu Paris, ii, 1803, 185.
(Type, by monotypy, P. fuscus Fischer=?ZLestris pomarinus Temminck.)
Coprotheres REICHENBACH, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 5; Nat. Syst. Vég., Longi-

pennes, 1852 (1853), p. v. (Type, Lestris pomarinus Temminck.)

Medium-sized Stercorariide (wing about 350-375 mm.) with mid-
dle pair of rectrices projecting conspicuously beyond the rest, broad
throughout, with tips broadly rounded or subtruncate, twisted semi-
vertically for distal half, and depth of bill at base greater than its
_ width at same point.

Bill much shorter than head, the exposed culmen shorter than
middle toe without claw, about three-fourths as long as tarsus, its
depth at base slightly exceeding its width at same point. Wing
long and pointed, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal
secondaries by more than half the length of folded wing; primaries

tapering distally, their tips pointed. Tail slightly graduated, less
than half as long as wing, the rectrices broad and subtruncate at
tips, including middle pair, which project more or less (usually about
75 mm.) beyond the rest and are twisted so that the plane of their
distal portion forms an angle of 45°, more or less, to the plane of
their basal portion. Tarsus much longer than middle toe without
claw, the acrotarsium covered by a single series of transverse scutella,
except on upper portion where these are replaced by irregular smaller
scales, similar to those covering sides of tarsus, these largest on outer
side, the planta tarsi covered with smaller tubercle-like conical or
spicular scales; outer toe nearly as long as middle toe, the inner much
shorter; hallux very short, its claw acute and but slightly curved;
claws of anterior toes relatively large, strongly curved, that of inner

4 Ilya, a lid, cover; pis (puvds), nose. (Richmond.)

5

|

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 681

toe largest; anterior toes fully webbed, the anterior margin of web
not at all incised.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage in general full and blended, the
feathers of neck, however, hair-like, though full and dense, and those
of occiput and nape somewhat elongated. Coloration extremely
variable, sometimes entirely dusky, but usually dusky above and
with more or less white on under parts, the postero-lateral portions
of neck yellowish.

Range.—Circumpolar regions, southward in winter as far as Peru,
Africa, Australia, etc. (Monotypic.)

COPROTHERES POMARINUS (Temminck).

POMARINE JAEGER.

Adults, light-colored phase (sexes alike).—Pileum, lores, and malar
region, together with upper parts, except nape and hindneck, plain
dark sooty gray; anal region and under tail-coverts lighter brownish
gray, sometimes intermixed with whitish; rest of head and neck,
including hindneck, together with under parts of body, immaculate
white, the auricular region and sides of nape more or less strongly
tinged with straw yellow; bill dull brownish (whitish in life), its
terminal third (approximately) black; iris dark brown; legs and
feet blackish, the upper portion of tarsus pale bluish (in life).

Adults, intermediate phase (sexes alike).—Similar to the light-
colored phase but chest and hindneck barred or transversely spotted
with dusky, and lateral under parts irregularly barred with the
same.”

Adults, dusky phase, (sexes alike).—Entirely plain dark sooty gray-
ish brown, with a slaty cast in certain lights, the auricular region
sometimes (usually?) tinged with yellowish.

Young, light-colored phase.—Head, neck, and under parts dull
buff, everywhere barred with dusky, the bars broad and sharply
defined on under tail-coverts and flanks, indistinct on head and neck;
upper parts dusky grayish brown, the scapulars and interscapulars
tipped with buff, the rump and upper tail-coverts spotted with the
same,

Young, dusky phase.—Entirely sooty grayish brown, the breast,
abdomen, and sides narrowly and rather indistinctly, the under and
upper tail-coverts broadly and sharply barred with buff.

Downy young.—Immaculate grayish brown (between benzo brown
and deep brownish drab) passing into paler (between benzo brown
and drab) on chin and under parts of body; bill brownish, the legs
and feet much paler brownish.

a The majority of specimens are of this intermediate phase, the two extremes being
comparatively rare. A large s2ries shows every gradation between the two extremes,

682 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male——Wing, 349-374 (361.9); tail, 172-243 (207.9)¢;
exposed culmen, 38-43.5 (40.4); tarsus, 48-54 (52); middle toe,
42-47 (44.6).°

Adult female—Wing, 351-370 (359.7); tail, 128-205.5 2 (181.2);
exposed culmen, 38-44 (40.2); tarsus, 50-55 (52.1); middle toe,
42-48 (46.1).°

Breeding on western coast of Greenland (from lat. 64° N. to
Upernavik, lat. 73° N.), North Somerset Island (Fury Point), coast
of Mackenzie (Cape Lisburne; Cape Bathurst; Franklin Bay;
mouth of Anderson River), Melville Peninsula (Igloolik), Baffin
Land. (Exeter Sound), and northern coast of Alaska (Point Barrow;
Cape Lisburne)—probably also on Melville Island—also in Arctic
districts of Eastern Hemisphere (Novaya Zemlya; Kanin Peninsula;
Yenesei River; Golchika), as far northward as lat. 83°, north of
Spitzbergen; recorded also, but not as breeding, from Melville Island,
Whalefish Islands, Spitzbergen, Jan Mayen Land, Lutke Land, Great
Liakoff Island, Aleutian and Pribilof Islands, Bering Strait, Hudson
Strait, and many other Arctic localities; migrates southward as far as
Galapagos Archipelago (off North Albemarle Island, Dec. 15, 1897),
coast of Peru (Callao Bay, Dec., Nov. 17, 1883), Madeira, Atlantic
coast of southern Africa (Walvisch Bay), coast of Burma, and
northern Australia. ¢

@ Measurements of the tail are of the middle pair of rectrices, which vary greatly
in their development,

6 Ten specimens.

¢ Nine specimens,

| Ex- :
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. pee Tarsus. oee
men.
ene pep: yon Pin 6 | | Swen
MALES.
Eight adult males from northern Atlantic coast of North |
AN OTICW sui0 coke we soe eine eee SETS eo Be ie = ere ee a | 359.4 | 206.1 40.1 50. 2 44.67
Twoadult: maloesitromAldsikavc. .see set eee ress ae eee eee 372 215 40. 2 52. 2 44.5
FEMALES,
Eight adult females from northern Atlantic coast of North
AINGTICA -£ 2.0055: Poth Ema dejae suas apes wiasiisisce dae aemarce Bee 358.4 | 181.5 40 52 45.8
One adult female from Alaska. one ec en eee ee een cme nec ec eee eee ce 370 179 » 41.5 52.5 48

@ Records in United States are, in part, as follows:

Massachusetts: Near Lynn, July 5, 1889.

Rhode Island: Block Island, Oct. 11, 1895.

New York: Little and Great Gull islands, Aug. 6-16, 1888, common; Ossining,
Oct. 18, 1877; Montauk, Oct. 30, 1889.

New Jersey: Long Beach, Dec., 1876; Andalusia.

Pennsylvania: Peach Bottom, Lancaster County, July 11, 1869.

; BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 683

Larus keeask LATHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 818, part.

??Pomarinus fuscus FiscHER DE WaLDHEmM, Nationalmus. Nat. zu Paris, ii, 1803,
185 (coll. Paris Mus.).—RicHmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxxv, 1908, 635
(original descr. reprinted).

L{arus] crepidatus (not of Banks, 1773) Bonnatrerre, Tabl. Encyc. Méth., i,
1791, 86.

Larus parasiticus (not of Linnzeus, 1758) Wotrand Meyer, Naturg. Vég. Deutschl.,
ii, Heft 21, 1805, 70, fig——Mryrr and Wotr, Taschenb., ii, 1810, 490, 492.

Lestris parasiticus Nrusson, Orn. Suec., 1817, 181, 184, part.—Vicors, Zool. Voy.
‘Blossom,’ Birds, 1839, 39 (Bering Straits).

Lestris pomarinus TEMMINCK, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 514 (Arctic regions; coasts of
Holland and France); 2d ed., ii, 1820, 793; iv, 1840, 495.—Faprr, Prodr,
Orn., 1822, 104.—Borm, Isis, 1822, 562.—Breum, Lehrb. Eur. Voég., 1823,
741, 991.—RicHaRpson, Parry’s Second Voy., Suppl., 1825, 361 (Igloolik,
Melville Peninsula).—Ross (J. C.), Parry’s Third Voy., App., 1826, 105
(Whale-fish Islands); Narr. North Pole in 1827 (Parry), 1828, 196 (lat. 82° N.).
—Lersson, Man. d’Orn., 1828, 388; Traité d’Orn., 1831, 616.—Kaup, Sk.
Entw. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 63, 64—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 396;
v, 1839, 643; Synopsis, 1839, 332; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 186, pl. 451.
—Govu.p, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 440 and text—BonaparteE, Geog.
and Comp. List, 1838, 683; Cat. Met. Ucc., 1842, 80; Rev. Crit., 1850, 202.—
Naumann, Voég. Deutschl., 1840, 470, pl. 270.—ScuixrGaet, Rev. Crit., 1844,
84.—Der Kay, Zool. New York, Birds, 1844, 316, pl. 133, fig. 292.—Grraup,
Birds Long Is., 1844, 366.—THomrson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, iii, 1851, 392.—
Macecititvray, Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 487.—MrppEnporrr, Reise Sibir., ii,
1853, 240.—Drs Murs, Traité d’Ool., 1860, 551.—Nerwron, Froc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1861, 401, pl. 39, fig. 3 (habits; descr. and col. fig. egg).—Buasius,
List Birds Europe, 1862, 23.—Jerpon, Birds India, ili, 1864, 828 (Burmese
coast).—Co.ueTt, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1872 (1873), 298 (n. Norway).

L{estris] pomarinus JENYNS, Man. Brit. Vertebr. Anim., 1835, 281.— Krysrriine
and Brasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xciv, 240.—WaRREN, Zoologist, 1875,
4699 (Killala Bay, Ireland),

[Lestris] pomarinus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., li, 1857, 207.

L{estris| pomarina TeMMINCcK, Man. d’Orn., 2d ed., iv, 1840, 495.

Lestris pomarina Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828 (“Synopsis”), 364.—
Swainson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 429.—Nurra,
Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 315.—AupuBon, Birds Am.,
fol. ed., iii, 1835, pl. 253.—Scuinz, Eur. Faun., i, 1840, 388.—ScHLEGEL,
Vog. Nederl., 1854-58, 588, pl. 335.—Breum (L.), Naumannia, 1855, 294.
—Breum (C. L.), Vogeliang, 1855, 336.—Drosre, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869,
383 (Faroe Islands)—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 436 (e. Siberia).—
Fiyscn, Verh. K. K. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1879, 276 (tundra of Podarata, w.
Siberia).—WaAtrerR, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 250 (e. Spitzbergen).—ScHaLow,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 263 (Kamchatka, Aleutian Islands, etc.).—CLARKE
(W. E.), Ibis, 1899,49 (King Charles Islands, Barents Island, and Olga Straits,
e. Spitzbergen).

Ohio: Cleveland, common in migration, rare in winter; Sandusky, Oct., 1889;
Lorain, 1 specimen (no date).

Michigan: Detroit, May 30, 1879.

Illinois: Evanston; near Chicago, Oct. 9, 1876.

Nebraska: Fremont, May, 1873; North Platte, Nov. 11, 1895.

California: San Francisco Bay; Monterey Bay, Aug. 1, 1892; July 31, 1894; Nov. 1,
1896.

There are no records, apparently, for any locality in Mexico, Central America, or
West Indies, nor Bermudas.

* 684

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Lestris] pomarina REINHARDT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 442 (Greenland).—HomEYER,

Ornis, 1885, 80.

Stercorarius pomarinus Vretttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 158;

Faune Frang¢., Ois., 1828, 387, pl. 159.—Ranzant, Element. Zool., iii, 1826,
55.—SeELys-Lonecuamps, Faune Belge, 1842, 155.—Dratanp, Orn. Eur.,
li, 1849, 291.—ScuLeGeL, Vog. Nederl., 1854-58, pl. 336; Mus. Pays-Bas;
vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 47.—LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
ix., 1858, 838.—Bartrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 653.—REINHARDT,
Ibis, 1861, 16 (Greenland).—Covgrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 243
(Labrador; habits); 1863, 129 (monogr.); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 305
(New England winter).—Ross (B.), Nat. Hist. Review, 1862, 289 (Great
Slave Lake, very rare).—BoarpDMAN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1863, 130
(Maine).—BLakisTon, Ibis, 1863, 152 (Mackenzie River; Hudson Bay).—
Gray, List Brit. Birds, 1863, 227.—Wricut, Ibis, 1864, 151 (Malta).—
ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 90 (Massachusetts Bay, winter).—MAa.Lm-
GREN, Journ, fiir Orn., 1865, 270 (Spitzbergen).—DopERLEIN, Avif. Moden.
e. Sicil., 1869, 231.—TurnBuLt, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 47.—Gur-
NEY, in Andersson’s Birds Damara-Land, 1872, 357.—IrBy, Orn. Straits
Gibralt., 1875, 216.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rineway, Water Birds, ii, 1884,
332.—SEEBOouM, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 349.—Dusors (A.), Bull. Mus.
Belg., iv, 1886, 22.—FiscHzrR and PrLzeLtn, MT. Orn. Ver. Wien, x, 1886,
210 (Jan Mayen Land).—AMERIcAN OrniTHoLOGaIstTs’ Unton, Check List,
1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 36; 3d ed., 1910, p. 34.—TurNer, Contr. N. H.
Alaska, 1886, 122 (St. Michaels, in summer; habits).—Nertson, Rep. N. H.
Alaska, 1887, 46 (mouth of Yukon River to Point Barrow; habits).—Town-
SEND, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 98 (St. Paul Island, Pribilof group,
June 16).—STEJNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 125 (Bering Island).—
TACZANOWSKEI, Ornis, 1888, 508 (Poland, 1 spec.); Mém. Acad. St. Petersb.
(7), Xxxix, 1893, 1061 (e. Siberia).—SrEBoum, Ibis, 1888, 349 (Great Lia-
koff Island); Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 289.—DurcHer, Auk, vi, 1889,
125 (Little and Great Gull Islands, New York, Aug., common).—BrRYANT
(W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., ii, 1889, 87 (San Francisco, California).—
CrarRKE (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 320 (Fort Churchill, Keewatin); Zoologist,
1890, 48 (Jan Mayen Land).—Patmer (W.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii,
1890, 253 (Straits Belle Isle)—Macrartane, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xiv,
1891, 417 (Arctic America).—Hacerup, Birds Greenland, 1891, 45.—Brr-
LEPSCH and SToLzMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 400 (Callao, Peru).—
Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 146 (Disko Island, Greenland);
Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1894, 41 (coast New Jersey and e. Pennsylvania).—
Finn, Ibis, 1893, 233 (Straits Gibraltar).—Harrwie, Journ. fiir Orn., 1893,
3, 12 (Madeira).—Roruscuitp and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 192
off North Albemarle Island, Galapagos, 1 spec., Dec. 15; crit.); ix, 1902,
418 (Galapagos; accidental).—Loomis, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 3d ser., Zool.,
ii, no. 3, 1900, 317 (Monterey Bay, California).—SnNope@rass and HELLER,
Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., v, 1904, 236 (Galapagos; 1 spec.).—Jonrs (L.), Wilson
Bull., no. 57, 1906, 113 (Cleveland, Ohio, common in migration, rare in
winter); xxi, 1909, 68 (Lorain, Ohio, 1 spec.; Sandusky, Ohio, 1 spec., Oct.,
1889).—CooxkE, Bull. 292, U. 8S. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 7, fig. 2
(range and migration).—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 20
(coast California, common fall visitant).—THayer and Banas, Auk, xxxiii,
1916, 45 (Saghalin Island, Japan, July).

S[tercorarius] pomarinus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 22.—RorTHscHILp

and Hartert, Novit. Zool., vi, 1899, 204 (Galapagos; accidental).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 685

Cataractes pomarinus STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 216, pl.
24.—Srpy, Brit. Birds, ii, 1832, 517, pl. 101.—Maceiniivray, Man. Brit.
Orn., ii, 1842, 256.—YarReELL, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 485.

{ Coprotheres] pomarinus ReicHENBACH, Syst. Av., 1850, 52; Syst. Nat. Vég., 1852,
p. v.—Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 210; Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770.

Coprotheres pomarinus Buastus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 384.

Catarractes pomarinus Buyru, Ibis, 1859, 464 (Moulmein, Burma, July, 1858).

Lestris pomerinus Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 401, pl. 39, fig. 3 (egg).

Lestris pomarhinus Preyer, Reise n. Island, 1862, 418.

Stercorarius pomarhinus MALMGREN, Oefy. Forh. Ak. Stockholm, 1864, 411 (Spitz-
bergen).

Lestris pomarhina GR6NDAL, Ornis, li, 1886, 370 (Iceland).

Lestris pomatorhinus Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 78.—SUNDEVALL,
Oefv. Akad. Stockholm, 1874, 22.—Brytu and WaLpEN, Birds Burma, 1875,
163 (Moulmein).—Grettour, Ibis, 1881, 220 (Genoa, Pinerola, and Pisa,
Italy).—PatMgn, ‘Vega’-Exped. Vetensk., Bd. v, 1887, 384 (Tchukchi Pen-
insula, e. Siberia).

[Lestris] pomatorhinus ScuateR, Ibis, 1862, 297 (derivation of name).

Lestris pomatorhina Hevauin, Ibis, 1872, 65 (Novaya Zemlya; Waigats); Journ.
fiir Orn., 1872, 125 (Novaya Zemlya; Waigats).

Stercorarius pomatorhinus Newton, in Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 418; Ibis,
1865, 509 (Spitzbergen?); Arctic Man., 1875, 107.—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., viii, 1867, 298 (vicinity New York City) —Gruert, Ibis, 1870, 307,
Novaya Zemlya).—Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 540; 2d ed., 1882, no. 765;
Birds Northwest, 1874, 607 (monogr.); in Elliott’s Aff. in Alaska, 1875 196
(Pribilof Islands, 1 spec.).—Goutp, Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, pl. 79 and
text—Eaton, Zoologist, s. s. 1874, 3812 (Spitzbergen)—Nenrson, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 41 (Evanston, Illinois, in winter); Cruise ‘Corwin’
in 1881 (1883), 110 (n. coasts Bering Sea; mouth Kuskoquim River to Bering
Straits; etc.)—SaunpErs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, 324 (monogr.);
1877, 800 (off Inosima, Japan, May; crit.); 1882, 527 (Callao Bay, Peru,
2 specs., Dec.; crit.); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, 205 (s. Spain); Journ.
Linn. Soc., xiv, 1878, 392 (range); Voy. ‘Challenger,’ ii, pt. vili, 1881, 140
(off Inosima, Japan; crit.); Ibis, 1884, 391 (s. w. France); ed. Yarrell’s
Brit. Birds, ili, 1884, 668; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 673, 736; Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus., xxv, 1896, 322, 458.—SnrBonm and Harvisr-Brown, Ibis, 1876, 455
{outside Golaieoskai banks).—Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1877, 463,
pl. 610.—Kumuien, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 94 (Disko Island).—
Scort, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 227 (Long Beach. New Jersey, Dec.).—
Riweway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 208 (Cat..N. Am. Birds, no. 697);
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 697; Cat. Fish-eating Birds, 1883, 35.—
Frrupen, in Markham’s Polar Recon., 1881, 334 (Novaya Zemlya, breed-
ing); Trans. Norwich Soc., iv, 1887, 351 (Hudson Strait) —Euurorr, Mon.
Pribylov Group, 1882, 132 (rare visitant).—Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
v, 1882, 168 (Port Belcher, Alaska).—Srresoum, Ibis, 1882, 386 (Kanin
Peninsula, breeding; Archangel, Russia); 1884, 32 (Tokyo Bay, Japan);
1888, 349 (Great Liakoff Island, Siberia).—British OrniTHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
List Brit: Birds, 1883, 194.—Srearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1888, 121
(Labrador).—Oares, Birds Brit. Burma, ii, 1883, 413 (Moulmein).—STEs-
NEGER, Auk, i, 1884, 174 (nomenclature).—Cocks, Zoologist, 3rd ser., 1884,
232 (Spitzbergen).—Suarpe, ed. Layard’s Birds South Africa, 1884, 695.—
BicHner, Beitr. Russ. Reiches, (2), ii, 1885, 132 (St. Petersburg).—
Murvocu, Exped. Point Barrow, 1885, 126—Greurorr, Avif. Ital., 1886,

6386 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

435; Ist Resoc. Avif. Ital., 1889, 650; 2d Resoc., 1890, 661.—TaczANowskKI,
Orn. du Pérou, iii, 1886, 458.—Satvaporr, Ucc. Ital., 1887, 290.—Mac-
Faruane, Ibis, 1887, 206 (Callao Bay, Peru).—Tarr, Ibis, 1887, 396 (Portu-
gal)—Harvie-Brown and Bucxury, Faun. Outer Hebrides, 1888, 151.—
REICHENOW, Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 64—STEvENSON and SouTH-
WELL, - Birds Norfolk, i, 1890, 398—BucKktEy and Harvir-Brown,
Fauna Orkneys, 1891, 237; Fauna Argyll and Inner Hebrides, 1892, 194.—
Hartenrt, Ibis, 1892, 591 (e. Prussia).—Irsy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 2d ed.,
1895, 302.—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1895, 464 (w. Greenland).—PrarRson,
Ibis, 1896, 219 (Kolguev, Russia), 224 (Novaya Zemlya; habits); 1898, 203
(Waigats, Novaya Zemlya, and Lutke Land).—Poruam, Ibis, 1897, 107.
(Yenesai River and Golchika, Siberia; descr. nest and eggs); 1898, 519 (Doo-
dinka, Yenesai River).—Trevor-Barrye, Ibis, 1897, 593 (Spitzbergen).—
GirForD, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., pt. i, 1913, 46 (Albemarle Island,
Galapagos, Dec. 15, 1897).—Matuews, Birds Australia, ii, 1913, pl. [123]
facing p. 498.

[Stercorarius]| pomatorhinus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 309.—SHarpe,
Hand-list, 1, 1899, 144.—Forses and Rosryson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii,
no. 2, 1899,.59.

S[tercorarius] pomatorhinus NEtson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 145 (Lake Michi-
gan, near Chicago, Oct. 9, 1876, and near Evanston, Illinois)—Covss, Key N.
Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 735.

[Coprotheres] pomatorhinus HeInE and Rre1cHeNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890,
360.

[ Catarractes parasita, var.] camtschatica Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 312,

Coprotheres pomarinus camtschatica MATHEWS, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 5, Jan. 31,
1913, 498 (Alaska to Siberia). ;

L{estris] sphaeriuros Breum, Isis, 1830, 993 (nomen nudum).

Lestris sphacriuros Breum, Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 718; Naumannia, 1855, 294;
Vogelf., 1855, 336.

L{estris} striatus Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 51 (ex Stercorarius striatus Brisson,
Orn., vi, 152, pl. 13, fig. 2, =young).

Stercorarius striatus OLPHE-GALLIARD, Orn. Eur. Occid., fase. x, 1886, 7. =

Stercorarius catarractes (not Lestris catarractes Illiger) Wricut, Ibis, 1864, 150
(Malta).

[Lestris pomarinus] a. fuscus BONAPARTE, Consp. Gen. Av., li, 1857, 208.

Genus STERCORARIUS Brisson.

Stercorarius Brisson, Orn., vi, 1760, 149. (Type, by tautonymy, [Stercorarius]
stercorartus Brisson=Larus parasiticus Linnzeus.)

Lestris [ut1cer, Prodromus Orn., 1811, 272. (Type, Larus parasiticus Linneus.)

Praedatriz Vie1tLtot, Analyse, 1816, 65. (Type, Labe Buffon=Larus parasiticus
Linneus. )

Oceanus (not of Montfort, 1808) Kocn, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816,380. (Type, Larus
parasiticus Linnzeus.)

Atalolestris MatHews, Birds Australia, ii, pt. 5, Jan. 31, 1918, 500. (Type, by
original designation, Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot.)

Small Stercorariide (wing 295-342 mm.) with elongated middle
pair of rectrices tapering and pointed terminally, not twisted, and
depth of bill at base not greater than its width at same point.

Bill relatively small, much shorter than head, the exposed culmen
decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw, its depth at base

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 687

not greater than its width at same point. Wing long and pointed,
the outermost primary decidedly longest and exceeding distal sec-
ondaries by more than half the length of wing; primaries tapering
terminally, pointed at tips. ‘Tail less than half as long as wing
(except middle pair of rectrices), nearly truncate, the rectrices with
broadly rounded ends but with extreme tips submucronate; middle
pair of rectrices elongated (sometimes greatly so), tapering to their
acuminate tips, their plane horizontal throughout. Tarsus as long
as or longer than middle toe with claw, rather slender, the acrotarsium
with a single row of transverse scutella, except extreme upper por-
tion, the planta tarsi with small, roughened or spiculate scales, the
sides of tarsus with larger, less prominent scales; outer toe nearly
as long as middle toe, the inner toe decidedly shorter; hallux very
short; claws moderately large, rather strongly curved and acute;
anterior toes fully webbed, the anterior margin of the webs not at
all incised.

Coloration.—Adults with upper and anterior portions of head
dusky, the rest of head, and neck, straw yellowish; upper parts
plain grayish brown or brownish gray, darker on primaries and tail;
under parts white anteriorly, shading into brownish gray posteriorly.
Young more or less barred. (One species with a dusky phase,
immaculate in adults, barred with rusty or cinnamomeous in young.)

Range.—Circumpolar regions, soutnward in winter as far as Persian
Gulf, Cape of Good Hope, Australia, Galapagos Archipelago, southern
Brazil, etc. (Two species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STERCORARIUS.

a. Length of supra-nasal saddle decidedly greater than distance from its anterior
end to tip of maxillary unguis; middle pair of rectrices 164-235 mm. long; tarsi
black, like feet. (Circumpolar regions, southward in winter as far as Brazil,
Cape of Good Hope, Australia, Galapagos Archieplago, etc.)

Stercorarius parasiticus (p. 687).

aa. Length of supra-nasal saddle not greater than distance from its anterior end to
tip of maxillary unguis; elongated middle pair of rectrices 238-368 mm. long;

tarsi light-colored (bluish in life), in contrast with black of feet. (Circumpolar
regions, southward in winter to Gibraltar, Japan, New England coast, etc.,
casually to California, Florida, etc.)........-- Stercorarius longicaudus (p. 694).

STERCORARIUS PARASITICUS (Linnezus.)
PARASITIC JAEGER.

Adults, light-colored phase (sexes alike).—Pileum and loral region
grayish brown; rest of head, together with neck and under parts
except under tail-coverts, immaculate white, the head more or less
strongly tinged with straw yellow; upper parts uniform brownish
gray, becoming darker or dusky on primaries and tail; anal region
and under tail-coverts uniform brownish gray; bill light born color,

688 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the terminal portion dusky or blackish; iris brown; legs and feet
black.

Adults, dusky phase (sexes alike).—Entirely plain dark sooty
grayish brown, the neck more or less tinged with straw yellow.

Young, light-colored phase.—Head and neck streaked with dusky
brown and cinnamon or cinnamon-buff, the latter usually predom-
inating; under parts more or less distinctly barred or transversely
spotted with the same; upper parts dusky grayish brown, the feathers
tipped or terminally margined with cinnamon or cinnamon-buff.

Young, dusky phase.—General color dusky grayish brown or brown-
ish gray, the wings and tail darker; middle of neck, all round, indis-
tinctly streaked with grayish white; under parts, except chest and
upper breast, barred with grayish white, the bars broad and distinct
on under tail-coverts; scapulars, interscapulars, wing-coverts, upper
tail-coverts, and feathers of rump narrowly tipped or terminally mar-
gined with pale dull buff.

Downy young.—‘ Sooty brown above, paler below; but the downy
young of dark parents are deepest in hue.’’¢

Adult male. —Wing, 301-340 (320); tail, 164.5-235 (188.9);° ex-
posed culmen, 28-35 (31.2); tarsus, 39.5-45.5 (41.9); middle toe,
33-37 (34.8).°

Adult jfemale.—Wing, 317-341 (323.7); tail, 176-226 (199.7);
exposed culmen, 29-34.5 (31.8); tarsus, 39-45 (42.1); middle toe,
32-38 (85.9).4

@ Saunders, Cat. Biris Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 332.
® Measured to tips of elongated middle rectrices.
¢ Sixteen specimens.

@d Fourteen specimens.

| Ex- :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. apa
culmen. ce
MALES.
One adult male from northern Russia (Archangel)...........-- |i4'B30. jf s]{ BIS coo [e82 41.5 | 36
One adultimale fromiiceland:). 24.05. Sass8~- <b ness sce poke wees 317 194 29 42 33
One adult male from Greenland .............-.-2--22-+---:e000 319 195. 5 31 40. 5 34
Four adult males from Massachusetts (September).-........-.-- | 315.5 | 175.7 31.1 41.6 34.5
Six adult males from Alaska... .......--csececeocsceceecsoeenee | 327. | 203.6} 31.7| 428 35.7
Three adults males from Bering Island, Kamchatka...........) 313.7 | 198.3 | 30.8 40. 8 34
FEMALES.
One adult female from Spitzbergen......-.. Peete ER ae 342 | 209.5 | 32 42 35.5
Oneadilt female from: WAr0es <.<\< acc tain docs tees ce eb acne eee | AOLo 193.5| 31 40 36
One sdultifemate from Greenland:. 225.2. scccccneceeecesnene 326 206" | Pals 39 35
Two adult females from Massachusetts (September).........-.. | 329 186. 3 32.5 41.5 36. 5
Bight adult femalesfrom Alaska sce; qoteenset cache <b ieee 322 204.2} 31.8 42.9 35. 8
One adult female from Bering Island, Kamchatka.............| 318 | 200 31 40 34.5

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 689

Arctic and subarctic coasts, islands, and larger inland waters,
northward to at least 81° 40’ N. latitude; breeding in Alaska (islands
of Agattu, Kiska, and Amchitka, Aleutian chain; Glacier Bay;
Kodiak; Kowak River; Point Barrow), Mackenzie (Stone Island
and eastern end of Great Slave Lake; mouth of Mackenzie River),
Keewatin (York Factory), Hudson Strait, western coast of middle
and southern Greenland (Godhaven; etc.), Banks Land (Bay of
Mercy), Melville Island (Winter Harbor), and, in Eastern Hemis-
phere, on Iceland, Shetland, and other Scottish islands, northern Nor-
way, northern Russia (lower Petchora River; Archangel; Russian
Lapland; Habarova; Kanin Peninsula; Novaya Zemlya), Jan Mayen
Land, Franz Joseph Land, Spitzbergen, and along or near Arctic coast
of Siberia (Kolyma delta; Golchika, Yenesei River) to Kamchatka
(Bering Island); southward in migration as far as southern Brazil
(Rio de Janeiro, Dec. 4, June 20; Sao Paulo, Oct. 26-28, 1912),
Argentina (Tuya, Ajé, Feb. 21, 1909), Peru (Callao Bay), Chile (Val-
paraiso Bay, Feb.), Cape of Good Hope, Persian Gulf, and seas near
Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand; not recorded from Mexico,
except Lower California (30 miles off San Pedro Martir Island, July 10,
1905), nor any part of Central America, and few records for West
Indies (Barbados, July 10, 1888; at sea between St. Vincent and Car-
riacou); in the United States recorded from Maine, New Hampshire
(Seabrook, Sept. 2, 1897), Massachusetts, Rhode Island (Charles-
town Beach, Sept. 2, 1897), New York (Little Gull Island, Aug. 6-16,
1888; Orient, Long Island, Sept. 13, 1907; Gowanus Bay, Long
Island, Oct., 1842; Sodus Bay, Aug. 28,1910; North Hamlin, Nov. 16,
1894; Herkimer County, Aug. 22, 1886), New Jersey (Stone Harbor,
May 27, 1901; Atlantic City), North Carolina (Cape Lookout, fall of
1897), South Carolina (Charleston, occasional in Noyv.), Florida (Marco ,
winter of 1884), Pennsylvania (Erie, Oct. 15, 1874; Renovo, June 18,
1911), Ohio (Sandusky Bay, Oct. 6, 1895, Sept. 13 and 20, 1899, Nov.,
1895), Michigan (Detroit River, Nov. 27, 1903), Iowa (Keokuk, Oct.
6, 1896; Eagle Lake, near Britt, Sept. 20, 1905), Missouri (Billings,
Aug., 1905), Kansas (near Lawrence, Oct. 10, 1898), Nebraska (near
Lincoln, Sept. 13, 1898), Colorado (Boulder, Dec.; Sloans Lake, near
Denver, fall of 1889; near Pueblo, fall of 1894), Washington (Tacoma,
Sept. 17, 1896; Bellingham Bay, Oct. 28, 1893), and California (Mon-
terey Bay, Aug. 1, 1892, Aug. 4, 1894; Hyperion, Los Angeles County,
Dec. 18, 1911; Santa Monica, Los Angeles, Sept. 29; San Diego,
Dec. 16, 1884; Santa Barbara, Dec.; Ventura County, winter; Hum-
boldt Bay).

[Larus] parasiticus Linnaaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 136 (coast of Sweden) ;
ed. 12, i, 1766, 226.—GmeELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 601_—Laruam, Index
Orn., ii, 1790, 819.

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 845

690

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Larus . . . parasiticus Forster, Philos. Trans., ]xii, 1772, 421 (Churchill River,

Mceratin):

Larus parasiticus SONNINT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vi, 1816, 73.
Larus parasitica BoppaErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 47 (Pl. Enl., pl. 762).—Monr,

Island. Naturh., 1786, 43.

Stercorarius parasiticus SCHAEFFER, Mus. Orn., 1789, 62, pl. 37. —Kavr, Natiirl.

Syst., 1829, 46, 47, 195.—SELys- LonccHaurs, Faune Belge, 1842, 155.—
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844, 167; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 228.—
LAWRENCE, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 839; Ann. Lyc.
N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New York City).—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 654.—Evans and Stureg, Ibis, 1859, 172 (w. Spitzbergen).—REIN-
HARDT, Ibis, 1861, 16 (Greenland).—CovusEs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861,
243 (Labrador); 1863, 132 (monogr.); Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1868, 305 (New
England coast, winter); Check List, 1873, no. 541; 2d ed., 1882, no. 766;
Birds Northwest, 1874, 611 (monogr.); in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 196
(Pribilof Islands).—Ross (B.), Nat. Hist. Review, 1862, 289.—NrwrTon, in
Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 419; Ibis, 1865, 510 (Spitzbergen); Arctic
Man., 1875, 107.—ScuHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 47.—
BuakIstTon, Ibis, 1863, 152 (Mackenzie River).—MaumGren, Oefv. Forh.
Ak. Stockholm, 1864, 390; Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 205 (Spitzbergen).—GouLp,
Birds Great Brit., v, 1865, pl. 80 and text.—DrGLanp and GrerBE, Orn. Eur.,
ii, 1867, 397.—Dauu and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., 1, 1869, 303
(Yukon River, Alaska).—TurnBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 47.—
GiLert, Ibis, 1870, 307 (Novaya Zemlya).—Hutron, Cat. New Zealand
Birds, 1871, 40.—GuRNEyY, in Andersson’s Birds Damara-Land, 1872, 357.—
Fe1upENn, Zoologist, s. s., 1872,3292 (Faroe Islands).—HuME, Stray Feath.,

1873, 268 (Sindh, ini = ater Birds New Zealand, 1873, NaS
Zoologist, s. s., 1874, 3813 (Spitzbergen).—SHarpr, Voy. ‘Erebus’ and
‘Terror,’ i, 1875, 32 (New Zealand).—Irsy, Orn. Straits Gibraltar, 1875,
216.—BLANFoRD, East. Persia, ii, 1876, 289 (Mekran coast and Persian Gulf).—
Ripaway, Field and Forest, 1877, 210 (Boulder Co., Colorado, 1 spec., Dec.);
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 208 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 698); xvi, 1898,
663 (Kodiak, Alaska).—Bessexs, Amerik. Nordpol-Exped., 1879, 312.—
Kumuten, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 95 (Cumberland Sound).—
Vittaba, Anal. Mus. Nac. Mexico, —, 1879, 279 ( ).—Exuiottr, Monogr.
Pribylov Group, 1882, 132 (accidental visitor).—STEJNEGER, Proc} UL4S.
Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 42 (crit. nomenclature); x, 1887, 124 (Commander Is-
lands).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884,
335.—Srearns, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 122 (Labrador).—CHAPMAN
(A.), Trans. Northumb., viii, pt. 1, 1884, 156 (Spitzbergen).—TurNeER,
Auk, ii, 1885, 158 (Agattu Island, Aleutians, breeding); Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., viii, 1885, 252 (Ungava Bay, 1 spec., June); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886,
123 (St. Michaels, etc., in summer; habits).—STEJNEGER, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., no. 29, 1885, 86 (Bering Island, Kamchatka, breeding).—H#NsHaw,
Auk, ii, 1885, 232 (Santa Barbara, California, Dec.).—EverMaAnn, Auk, lil,
1886, 88 (Ventura Co., California, winter).—Ra.rx and Baae, Trans. Oneida
Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 104 (Herkimer Co., New York, Aug. 22, 1886).—AMmER-
ICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 37;
3rd ed., 1910, p. 34.—Fiscuer and Penzen, MT. Orn. Ver. Wien, x, 1886,
120 (Jan Mayen Land).—Nexson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 47 (coasts
Bering Sea, south to Kuskokwim River; habits).—Townsenp, Proc. WSs
Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 191 (Humboldt Bay, California).—Frinscu, Ibis, 1888,
309 (Snares Islands, New Zealand).—TaczaNnowskI, Ornis, 1888, 509 (Poland);
Mém. Acad. St. Petersb. (7), xxxix, 1893, 1056 (e. Siberia) —GrEELY, Rep.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 691

fixped. Lady Franklin Bay, ii, 1888, 21.—RerrcHENow, Syst. Verz. Vég.
Deutschl., 1889, 64.—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 160 (Marco, s. Florida, 1 spec.,
winter 1884).—Cory, Birds West Ind., 1889, 298 (Barbados); Cat. West Ind.
Birds, 1892, 82 (Barbados).—Durcuer (B. H.), Auk, vi, 1889, 125 (Little
Gull Island, N. Y.).—CHAMBERLAIN, Auk, vi, 1889, 213 (s. Greenland).—
\WARKE (W. E.); Zoologist, 1890, 48 (Jan Mayen Land, breeding); Auk, vii,
1890, 320 (Fort Churchill).—Ke.urer, Orn. Carinthiae, 1890, 300.—HacErup,
Birds Greenland, 1891, 45.—MacFar ang, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891,
417 (Barren Grounds, Mackenzie).—Hartert, Katal. Vogelsamml. Senckenb.,
1891, 243; Ibis, 1892, 521 (e. Prussia) —Birrixorer, ©. R. ii. Congr. Orn.
Internat., ii, 1892, 175 (Liberia) —Strone, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1894, 42
(Atlantic City, New Jersey).—Epson, Auk, xi, 1894, 73 (Bellingham Bay,
Washington, Oct. 28, 1893).—Loomtrs, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., v, 1895,
213 (Monterey Bay, California) —Comstocx, Auk, xiii, 1896, 171 (Sandusky
Bay, Ohio, Nov., 1895)—Prarson, Ibis, 1896, 225 (Novaya Zemlya).—
Coox®k, Birds Colorado, 1897, 50 (Boulder Co., Dec.; Sloans Lake, near
Denver, fall 1889; near Pueblo, fall 1894); Bull. 292, U.S. Dept. Agric. (Biol.
Surv.), 1915, 9, fig. 3 (range and migration).—GRINNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena |
Ac. Sci., 1898, 6 (Santa Monica, Los Angeles Co., California, Sept. 29); Pacific
Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 20 (coast California, common fall visitant).—PEArR-
son (T. G.), Auk, xvi, 1899, 249 (near Cape Lookout, North Carolina, fall
1897).—Snow, Auk, xxi, 1904, 284 (near Lawrence, Kansas, Oct. 10, 1898).—
Fiemine, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 441 (Toronto, Ontario; six specimens).—JONES
(L.), Wilson Bull., xxi, 1909, 68 (Sandusky Bay, Ohio, Sept. 13 and 20, 1889,
and Oct. 6, 1895; near Sandusky, Nov., 1895).—Bunxkerr, Kansas Univ. Sci.
Bull., vii, 1913, 139 (near Lawrence, Kansas, Oct. 10, 1898) —Maruews,
Birds Australia, 11, 1913, 501 (South Australia; Tasmania) —THAYER and
Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 12 (breeding at Kolyma delta,
-etc., e. Siberia).
S[tercorarius] parasiticus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 653.—Cours, Key N. Am.
Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 736.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 22.
[Stercorarius] parasiticus Gray, Hand-List, ii, 1871, 110, no. 10937.—CovEs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 309.
Oceanus parasiticus Kocu, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816, 381.
C[ataractes] parasiticus FLeminc, Brit. Anim., 1828, 138.—Srxnpy, Illustr. Brit.
Zool, ii, 1832, 520.
Lestris parasitica Niusson, Orn. Suecica, 1817, 181, 184, part.—Sanine (E.),
Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, pt. 2, 1819, 551 (Davis Straits) —Trmminck, Man.
| d’Orn., 2d ed., 1820, 796, part—Faser, Prodr. Island Orn., 1822, 105.—
| Bore, Isis, 1822, 562.—Verrcu, Mem. Wern. Soc., iv, 1822, 247 (Foula, Shet-
land).—Breum, Beitr. Vogelk., ili, 1822, 853; Lehrb. Eur. Vég., 1823, 744;
| Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 722.—Kavp, Sk. Entw. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 47.—Mryer,
| Taschenb., 1822, 214.—Sanrne (J.), Franklin’s Polar Sea, 1823, App., 697.—
Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828 (‘‘synopsis’’), 365.—GraBa, Reis. n.
Far6, 1830, 189.—Lersson, Traite d’Orn., 1831, 616.—Savi, Orn. Tosc., iii,
1831, 446—Naumann, Vég. Deutschl., x, 1840, 506, pls. 272, 273.—Scuinz,
Eur. Faun., 1840, 390.—KsaErB@LLING, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 346, pl. 43.—
Miuuer, Vidensk. Meddel., 1862 (1863), 64 (Faroes).—Preryer, Reis. n.
Island, 1862, 417 —Sunprvat1, Svesnk. Fogl., 1863, pl. 51, figs. 2, 3; Oefv.
Férh. Ak. Stockholm, 1874, 21 (Spitzbergen).—MatmGreEn, Oefv. Forh.
Ak. Stockholm, 1868, 105 (Spitzbergen).—Btasrus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865,
384.—DrostEe, Vogelw. Borkum, 1869, 359.—Frirscu, V6g. Eur., 1870,
479, pl. 58, fig. 4—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 436 (Siberia) —Saun-
DERS, Ibis, 1871, 400—Hervetin, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 127 (Novava Zem-

692 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

lya).—Satvaporr, Faun. Ital. Ucc., 1872, 297.—Hartina, Handb. Brit.
Birds, 1872, 297.—Paumin, Finlands Fogl., 1873, 624.—Co.LeTT, Forh.
Selsk. Christiania, 1873, 298 (n. Norway).—Finscu, Verh. z.-b. Ver. Wien,
1879, 277 (w. Siberia) —Bunegr, Mél. Biol., xii, livr. 1, 1884, 50 —Homryerr,
Ornis, 1885, 80 (Germany).—LuTKen, Ornis, 1885, 145 (Denmark).—Gr6n-
DAL, Ornis, 1886, 370 (Tceland).—ScHNErDER, Ornis, 1887, 551 (upper Al-
sace).—Harrert, MT. Orn. Ver. Wien, 1887, 180 (e. Prussia)—WALTER,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 244, 246, 247, 249 (e. Spitzbergen).—ScuHatow, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1891, 263 (Kamchatka; Aleutian Islands; etc.)—GATKE, Vogelw.
Helgoland, 1891, 590.—Fartro and Stuper, Cat. Ois. Suisse, 1892, 60.—
CLARKE (W. E.), Ibis, 1899, 49 (Whale Point Harbor, King Ludwig Islands;
Ryk-ys Islands; Barents Island; Olga Straits; e. Spitzbergen).

[Lesiris] parasitica REINHARDT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 442 (Greenland).

Lestris parasiticus Droste, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 383 (Faroe Islands).—Hartrne,
Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 78.—Datt, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1874, 278
(Kyska and Amchitka Islands, Aleutians, in summer; Unalaska Island in
winter).—TaczANowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, 262; 1883, 341
(Bering Island); Orn. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 64.—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 441 (St.
Michaels, Alaska; habits).—Grierrort, Ibis, 1881, 220 (Italian records).

[Lestris] parasiticus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., il, 1857, 208.

Lf{estris] parasita KEYSERLING and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xcv, 240.

Lestris parasita BoNAPARTE, Cat. Med. Ucc. Eur., 1842, 80; Rev. Crit., 1850,
202.—ScuHieGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, 85 —MrppEnporrr, Sibir. Reise, ii, 1853,
241.—SwinHor, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 328 (Sea of Ochotsk).—
Heveuin, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 104 (n. Europe).

Lestris parasitus Hrvaeutn, Ibis, 1872, 65 (Novaya Zemlya).

Lestris parasitia WautTER, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 241 (e. Spitzbergen) >

{Catharacta] cepphus Brtinnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 36 (Denmark).

Catarracta cephus Leacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 39 (Orkney
Islands).

Lestris cepphus Nutrauu, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 318.

Stercorarius cepphus DEGLAND, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 295.—FrmpEN, Zoologist,
1879, 8 (Prince Albert Land).—Bitrrixorer, Notes Leyden Mus., x, 1888,
106 (Liberia).

Lestris cephus Hartiaus, Orn. W.-Afrik., 1857, 253 (Gaboon).—BoRGGREVE,
Vogelf. Norddeutschl., 1869, 141.

[Catharacta] coprotheres Britnnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 38 (Iceland; Norway=dark
phase).

{Lestris parasiticus] a. coprotheres BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 209.

Larus crepidatus BANKS, in Hawkesworth’s ed. Cook’s Voy., ii, 1778, 15 (Atlantic
Ocean, lat. 8° 25’ N., long. 22° 4” W.).—BonnaTERRE, Enc. Méth., i, 1790,
86.—WotF and Meyer, Nature. Vég. Deutschl., Heft 20, 1805, 57.—Mryer
(B.), Ann. Wetterau. Ges., ii, 1810, 554 (Hanau).—Mryer and Wo tr,
Taschenb. Deutschl. Vég., ii, 1810, 493 and fig. on p. 465.—MzEISNER and
Scu1nz, Vég. Schweiz, 1815, 280.—Scoressy, Arctic Reg., i, 1820, 534.—
Epmonston, Mem. Wern. Soc., iv, 1823, 274.

[Larus] crepidatus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 602.—LatuHam, Index Orn.,
ii, 1790, 819.
Lestris crepidata Inu1aER, Prodr. Orn., 1811, 273.—TemmMinck, Man. d’Orn., 1815,
515.—Dratanp, Mém. Ac. Roy. Lille, 1838, pt. iii, 1839, 117.—Scninz, Eur.
Faun., 1840, 390.—GArker, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 69 (Helgoland).—Gria.ro.t,

3 Resoc. Avif. Ital., 1891, 68 (Catania, Italy).

[Lestris| crepidata LicHTENSTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 99.

Lestris crepidatus Patmtn, ‘ Vega’-Exped., 1887, 380 (Taimur Land,-e. Siberia,
Port Clarence, Alaska).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 693

Stercorarius crepidatus VietoT, Nouy. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 155;
Faune Frang., Ois., 1828, 386.—SauNnpeERs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876,
326 (monogr.); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, 205 (s. Spain); Journ. Linn.
Soc., Zool., xiv, 1878, 392 (range); Zoologist, 1880, 4 (Shetland Islands);
Ibis, 1884, 391 (s. w. France); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iti, 1884, 674; Man.
Brit. Birds, 1889, 675; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 327.—DREssER,
Birds Europe, viii, 1876, 471, pls. 611, 612, fig. 2—SrEBouM and Harviz-
Brown, Ibis, 1876, 453 (lower Petchora, Russia; habits; descr. nest and
eggs)—Cotitetr, Nyt Mag. Naturv., 1877, 207 (mn. Norway); xxxv,
1894, 298.—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 698.—FEILDEN, in Mark-
ham’s Polar Reconn., 1881, 335 (Novaya Zemlya, breeding); Ibis, 1889, 503
(Barbados, July 10, 1888).—Bocacer, Orn. Angola, 1881, 508.—(?) BLuaKIston
and Pryer, Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, x, 1882, 105.—SrEsBoum, Ibis, 1882,
386 (Archangel and Kanin Peninsula, Russia, breeding); 1884, 32 (Kuril
Islands).—Mitnr-Epwarps and GRrANDIDIER, Hist. Nat. Madagasc., Ois.,
1882, 644.—Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 169 (Alaska).—NELsOoN,
Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 110 (Bering Sea, etc.).—Cocéxs, Zoologist,
1883, 485 (Spitzbergen).—Buaxiston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 35.—
McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 79 (Noatak River, Alaska).—
Suarpg, ed. Layard’s Birds South Africa, 1884, 695.—Murpocn, Rep. N. H.
Point Barrow Exped., 1885, 126.—Biicuner, Beitr. Russ. Reichs (2), ii,
1885, 132 (St. Petersburg).—OLpPHE-GALLIARD, Orn. Eur. Occid., fasc. x,
1886, 13.—Dvusors, Bull. Mus. Roy. Belg., iv, 1886, 24.—Graxtoxt, Avil. Ital.,
1886, 437; 1 Resoc. Avif. Ital., 1889, 651; 2 Resoc., 1890, 661.—HaRvVIE-
Brown and Bucxuey, Faun. Sutherl., 1887, 236; Faun. Outer Hebrides,
1888, 151.—Tart, Ibis, 1887, 397 (Portugal).—Satvaport, Ucc. Ital., 1887,
291.—LxaceE, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1886 (1887), 243.—Ramsay, Tab.
List Austral. Birds, 1888, 22.—Bu.ier, Birds New Zealand, 2d ed., ii, 1888,
66.—Buck ey and Harvis-Brown, Faun. Orkneys, 1891, 238; Faun. Argy ll,
etc., 1892, 175.—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 135 (Barbados).—B.iaae,
Ibis, 1893, 357 (Shetland Islands, breeding).—PraRsoN and Bipwe ., Ibis,
1894, 216 (n. Norway, breeding; crit.)—IrBy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 2d ed.,
1895, 303.—Prarson, Ibis, 1896, 213 (Russian Lapland, breeding), 219
(Kolguev); 1898, 203 (Dolgoi Island and Habarova, n. e. Russia, breeding).—
PorHaM, Ibis, 1897, 594 (Golchika, Yenesei River, Siberia, breeding; descr.
nest); 1898, 519 (Yenesei River, breeding).—Trevor-Barryg, Ibis, 1897, 594
(Spitzbergen; crit.)—CrLarke (W. E.), Ibis, 1898, 268 (Franz Josef Land,
breeding habits)—Inerine, Rev. Mus. Paulista, iii, 1899, 449 (Sao Paulo, s.
Brazil).—Nico.., Ibis, 1904, 51 (Valparaiso Bay, Chile, Feb.), 563, in text
(bet. St. Vincent and Carriacou, Lesser Antilles).—Criarxk (A. H.), Proc. Bost.
Soc. N.H.,xxxii, 1905, 256 (Barbados; bet. St. Vincent and Carriacou).—GRANT
(C. H. B.), Ibis, 1911, 476 (Tuya, Ajo, Argentina, Feb. 21, 1909).—Gurro RD,
Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., pt. 1, 1913, 46, in text (30 miles west of San
Martin Island, Lower California, July 10, 1905; lat. 15° 36’ N., long. 110°
12’ W., Oct. 13, 1906; lat. 10° N., long. 100° 25’ W., Sept. 30, 1906).—
Matuews, Birds Australia, ii, 1913, pl. [124] facing p. 501.

?Stercorarius crepidatus BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892,
400 (Callao Bay, Peru).

[Stercorarius] crepidatus SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 144.—Forses and RoBINson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 59.

Lestris pomarina (not of Temminck, 1815) Sasine (E.), App. Parry’s Ist Voy.,
1821, p. eevi (Prince Regent Inlet).

Lestris boji Breum, Lehrb. Europ. Vég., ii, 1824, 991 (Germany, migrant); Vog.
Deutschl., 1831, 719; Naumannia, 1855, 294; Vogelf., 1855, 336.

694 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Lestris schleepii Breum, Lehrb. Europ. Vég., ti, 1824, 996; Vég. Deutschl., 1831,
720; Naumannia, 1855, 294; Vogelf., 1855, 336.

Lestris benickii Breum, Lehrb. Europ. Vog., ii, 1824, 996 (Germany, migrant);
Voég. Deutschl., 1831, 723.

Lestris benickenii BreEuM, Naumannia, 1855, 294; Vogelf., 1855, 336.

Lestris macropteros BrreuM, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 721 (Iceland); Naumannia,
1855, 294; Vogelf., 1855, 336.

L{estris] richardsonit JENyNs, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 282.—Eyron, Cat. Brit.
Birds, 1836, 51.

Lestris richardsonii SwAINSON, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii,
1831, 433, pl. 73 (Barren Grounds, lakes of Fur Countries, and Fort Franklin;=
dark phase).—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 319.—
AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 503, pl. 272; Synopsis, 1839, 332; Birds Am.,
8vo ed., vii, 1844, 190, pl. 452.—Goutp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 441 and
text.—Scuinz, Europ. Fauna, i, 1840, 392.—Temincx, Man. d’Orn., 2d ed.,
iv, 1840, 493, 499.—Werner, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1840, pl. 33.—CrEspon,
Orn. Gard, 1840, 495; Faun. Mérid., ii, 1844, 130.—BovurTerLue, Orn. Dau-
phiné, ii, 1848, 254.—Yarrett, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 489; 2d ed., ili, 1845,
611.—Giraup, Birds Long Is., 1844, 367.—Hewirson, Brit. Oology, ii,
1831-38, pl. 51 and text.—THompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, ili, 1851, 394.—
Macaruiutvray, Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 492.—Mrysr, Illustr. Brit. Birds, vii,
1857, 177, pl. 315.—CHapmMan, Trav. South Africa, ii, 1868, 425 (Walvisch
Bay).—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotl., 1871, 496.

Lestris richardsoni BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 63.

Cataractes richardsonii MAcGILLIVRAY, Man. Brit. Orn., pt. ii, 1842, 492.

Stercorarius richardsoni Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 135 (monogr.).—
Srrsonm, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 353; Ibis, 1888, 349 (Great Liakoff
Island, Siberia).

Lestris spinicauda Harpy, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., vi, Dec., 1854, 657 (“‘Ocean
méridional’’).—VERREAUX, Voy. Vinson Madagasc., Annexe B, 1864, 4.
L{estris] spinicauda BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 210 (African side of Atlantic;

St. Helena).

{Lestris] spinicaudus BoNaPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856; 770.

Stercorarius spinicauda Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 136 (monogr.).—
LAYARD, Birds South Africa, 1867, 366. ;

Lestris thuliaca PREYER, Reise n. Island, 1862, 418 (Iceland).

Stercorarius tephras MALMGREN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 390 (Spitzbergen).

Stercorarius asiaticus Hume, Stray Feath., i, 1873, 269 (Mekran coast); viii, 1879,
115.—BuTiLeR and Hume, Stray Feath., v, 1877, 294.

Lestris longicauda (not Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot, 1819) Frnscu, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1872, 241; 1874, 203 (New Zealand).

STERCORARIUS LONGICAUDUS Vieillot.
LONG-TAILED JAEGER.

Adults (sexes alike).*—Pileum, loral, and orbital regions, and
upper part of nape plain sooty black or dull slate-blackish; rest of
head and neck, including hindneck and lower part of nape, straw
yellow, paler on chin and throat; upper parts, except as described,
plain deep brownish gray (lighter on back, where still paler anteri-
orly), the remiges and rectrices darker, becoming nearly black termi-

a Apparently this species has no dusky phase, like that of S. parasiticus.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 695

nally; two outer primaries with shafts white or yellowish white;
chest (sometimes breast also, more rarely even upper part of abdo-
men) immaculate white, shading posteriorly into grayish, the under
tail-coverts, anal region, flanks, and (usually) abdomen being neutral
gray; bill blackish terminally, the basal portion brownish or horn
color; iris dark brown; tarsi and basal portion of toes and webs
light bluish gray in life, drying light olive or yellowish, the remaining
portion of toes and their webs black.

Immature.—‘ Under parts and upper tail-coverts barred with vary-
ing degrees of ash-brown; very little yellow on the sides of the neck;
otherwise similar to adults.” ¢

Young.—‘‘ Ash-brown above, the head darkest; the feathers of
the mantle and tail-coverts merely tipped with buff, but without any
rufous tint; under parts dull grayish white, barred with ash-brown.” ¢

Downy young.—‘Grayish brown above and below, much paler
than in S. crepidatus.” 4

Adult male.—Wing, 295-327 (309.1); tail (middle rectrices), 263-
350 (299); exposed culmen, 27-31.5 (28.6); tarsus, 38-44 (41.1);
middle toe, 31-36.5 (32.7).°

Adult female-—Wing, 305-317 (313.3); tail (middle rectrices),
238-350 (295); exposed culmen, 27.5-30 (28.8); tarsus, 40-42.5
(41.8); middle toe, 31-34.5 (32.5).°

Breeding on both coasts of Greenland (from extreme northwestern
corner southward on western side to Disko Bay, on eastern side to
Scoresby Sound), and on adjacent island of Ellesmere Land (Cape
Union and King Oscar Land), in northern Mackenzie (Franklin Bay;
Baillie Island; near Fort Anderson; Caribou Hills), Yukon (La
Pierre House), northwestern Alaska (shores of Kotzebue and Norton
Sounds) and Arctic coast of Siberia (Yenesei River; Kolyma delta)
to northern Russia (Archangel; Kanin Peninsula; Novaya Zemlya) ;

@ Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 337.

6 Sixteen specimens. ¢ Six specimens.
oe : saan ul= Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | men. Tarsus. | +00!
MALES.
Gnoeadult male from Lapland... .::....<.....2-.-<2--.2--22e28- Sis moot: ibe od 43 | 32.5
One adult male from Faroe Islands................-.---------- S00 ihe 26354 1" 30 38.5 32
One adult male from Greenland.....................---:------ | 315 275 30 41.5 33
enAd UG Males LLOM, ATASKA toc ca5 mcianteafeasicie st Carica seicstemeitae 308.5 | 299.5 | 286 41.1 32.8
Three adult males from Bering Island, Kamchatka............ 311 SUBS Ts hii 41.2 saad
FEMALES. |
One adult female from Grand Banks...................-.---- ee teecle 283 | 28 42. 5 31
ivemdult females from Alaska: ...¢...-:.c--2-222--s-:sc6 = oe pe olle 25, 529% e4 | 28.9 41.7 32. 8

696 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

migrating southward, more or less sporadically, as far as Anticosti
Island (Aug., 1900), Vermont (West Castleton, Sept., 1877), Massa-
chusetts (Woods Hole, Aug. 12, 1888, Sept. 10-22, 1906, Oct. 13,
1894; Georges Bank, fall; Monomoy Island, Sept. 29, 1885), Con-
necticut (Wallingford, Aug. 30, 1883), New York (Oyster Bay South,
date unrecorded; Gowanus Bay, Oct., 1842), New Jersey (80 miles
off Barnegat, May 6, 1894, 2 specimens), Florida (Cape Canaveral),
Indiana (Millers, Sept. 21, 1915), Illinois (Cairo, Nov., 1876), lowa
(Lone Tree, Johnson County, June 15, 1907), California (near Mon-
terey, Aug. 23, 1894; Pacific Beach, Sept. 19, 1904), Japan, Straits
of Gibraltar, and Italy.

Larus parasiticus (not of Linnzeus, 1758) Purprs, Voy. North Pole, 1774, 187.—
BoppakErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 58 (Pl. Enl., pl. 991; not of p. 47, based on
Pl. Enl., pl. 762).—Brcusrern, Naturg. Deutschl., ii, 1791, 821.—Scorzssy,
Arctic Reg., i, 1820, 534.—Mryer (B.), Ann. Wetterau. Ges., i, 1809, 276
(Kostheim-am-Main, Germany).—METISNER and Scurnz, Vég. Schweiz, 1815,
278.—Mansy, Voy. Greenl., 1822, 89, and pl.

Catharacta parasitica Fasricius, Fauna Groenlandica, 1780, 103.

Cataracta parasitica Retzius, Fauna Suecica, 1800, 160.

Lestris parasiticus (not Larus parasiticus Linneeus) TEmMMINcK, Man. d’Orn.,
1815, 512; 2d ed., ii, 1820, 796.—Lesson, Man. d’Orn., 11,1828, 288.—A UDUBON
Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 470; Synopsis, 1839, 333; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844,
192, pl. 452.

L{estris] parasiticus JENyNns, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 283.

Lestris parasitica ILticeR, Prodr. Orn., 1811, 273.—Nmsson, Fauna Suecica,
1817, 181, 184, part.—Sapine (E.), Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, pt. ii, 1819, 551;in
Parry’s Ist Voy., App., 1821, p. ecvi (Polar Sea to Melville Island).—Ricu-
ARDSON (J.), Parry’s 2d Voy., App. 1825, 361 (n. part Southampton Land).—
Ross (J. C.), Parry’s 8rd Voy., App., 1826, 105; Parry’s 4th Voy., App., 1828,
196 (Walden Island; not north of 32°).—Werner, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828,
pl. 34.Swatnson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 430.—
Goutn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, 189 (Orkney Islands); Birds Europe, v,
1837, pl. 442 and text.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds,
1834, 317.—AupuBoN, Birds Am., fol. ed., iii, 1835, pl. 267.—Eyton, Cat.
Brit. Birds, 1836, 52.—Bonaparts, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 63.—TEM-
MINCK, Man. d’Orn., 2d ed., pt. 4, 1840, 493, 501._—Mryer, (H. L.), Illustr. Brit.
Birds, iv, 1843, pl.—; vii, 1857, 174, pl. 314.—Gzravup, Birds, Long Is., 1844,
364.—MacaiLiivray, Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 503.—Apams, Ibis., 1878, 441
(St. Michaels, Alaska).—Ropp, Birds Cornwall, 1880, 174.—BLaxisTon and
Pryer, Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, x, 1882, 105.

Stercorarius parasiticus Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 78; ed. 1841, 98.—WricutT
(E. P.), Ibis, 1866, 218 (Prince Patrick Land),—Saunpers, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1876, 330 (monogr.); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 681; Man.
Brit. Birds, 1889, 677; Ibis, 1892, 183 (British coasts, numerous); Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 334.—Dressmr, Birds Europe, viii, 1876, 481, pl. 612,
fig. 1—Srrsoum and Harvis-Brown, Ibis, 1876, 454 (lower Petchora, —
Russia; habits).—Cotierr, Nyt Mag. Naturv., 1877, 206 (n. Norway); Bd.
xxxv, 1894, 302 (Norway).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 699.—
Frempen, in Markham’s Polar Reconn., 1881, 335 (Novaya Zemlya, breeding) ;
Trans. Norwich Soc., iv, 1887, 351 (Hudson Straits) —CiarKe, Faun. York-
shire, Birds, 1881, 84.—Netson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 111 (habits).—

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 697

British OrnitHouoaists’ Union, List Brit. Birds, 1883, 195.—BicHNeEr,
Beitr. Russ. Reichs, (2), 11, 1885, 133 (St. Petersburg, one occurrence).—
Murpock, Exped. Point Barrow, 1885, 126.—Mircue.t, Bird Lanes, 1885,
217; 2d ed., 1892, 256.—Griexron1, Avil. Ital., 1886, 437;1 Resoc. Avif. Ital.,
1889, 651; 2 Resoc., 1890, 661 (Italy to Syracuse).—Satvapvort, Ucc. Ital.,
1887, 291.—Tair, Ibis., 1887, 397 (near Lisbon, Portugal, 11 specs..—
McLENEGAN, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 79 (Noatak River, Alaska).—
STEVENSON and SouTHWELL, Birds Norfolk, ili, 1890, 3857.—BorrEr,
Birds Sussex, 1891, 280.—Bucx.ey and Harvize-Brown, Fauna Orkney Is.,
1891, 240.—Harvis—Brown and Bucktey, Fauna Argyll, etc., 1892, 196.—
MacrHERSON, Fauna Lakeland, 1892, 441.—D’UrsBawn and Matuew, Birds
Devon, 1892, 397.—Litrorp, Birds Northampton, 1893, 411.—Maruew,
Birds Pembrokeshire, 1894, 109.—IrBy, Orn. Straits Gibraltar, 2d ed., 1895,
303.—PEARSON, Ibis, 1896, 213 (Russian Lapland; descr. eggs); 1898, 203
(Waigats and Habarova, n. e. Russia).—Pornam, Ibis, 1897, 107 (Yenesai
River, Siberia, breeding); 1898, 519 (Golchika, Yenesei River).—TREVoR-
Barryeg, Ibis, 1897, 594 (Spitzbergen; habits).

[Stercorarius] parasiticus SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 144.—Forses and Rosin-
son, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 59 (Wellington Channel; Iglovik,
Melville Peninsula).

Catarractes parasita PALLAS, Zoogr. Rosso.-Asiat., ii, 1826, 310.

Lestris parasita BoraGREVE, Vogelf. Norddeutschl., 1869, 141.

Oceanus crepitalus (not Larus crepidatus Banks, 1773) Kocu, Syst. baier. Zool., 1816,
381.

Lestris crepidata BrEHM and Scuiu1neG, Beitr. z. Vogelk., iii, 1822, 861.—Breum,
Lehrb. Naturg., 1824, 747; Ziisat., 1824, 998; Isis, 1830, 993; Vég. Deutschl.,
1831, 724; Naumannia, 1855, 294; Vogelfang, 1855, 336.—Naumann, Vog.
Deutschl., x, 1840, 534, pl. 274.—KsaErRBOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 347,
pl. 43.

Stercorarius longicaudus Vie1ttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxii, 1819, 157
(ex Stercorarius longicaudatus Brisson, Orn., vi, 155; cites also Larus
parasiticus Latham and Pl. Enl. 762).—Dratanp and GeErRBE, Om.
Eur., ii, 1867, 399.—GimueTr, Ibis, 1870, 307 (Novaya Zemlya).—
Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 78.—Govu.p, Birds Great Brit., v, 1873,
pl. 81 and text.—EaTon, Zoologist, s. s., 1874, 3813 (Spitzbergen).—STEJNE-
@ER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., v. 1882, 42 (crit. nomenclature); x, 1887, 125
(Commander Islands); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 87 (Commander
Islands, Kamchatka; crit.)—Cocks, Zoologist, 1884, 232 (Spitzbergen).—
Barrp, BREWER and Ripeaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 339,—TuRNER,
Auk, ii, 1885, 158 (Nearer Islands, Aleutian chain); Contr. Orn. Alaska, 1886,
123 (St. Michaels, etc., in summer; habits).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’
Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 38; 3d ed., 1910, p. 34.—
ALLEON, Ornis, 1886, 422 ((Dobrudscha, 1 spec.).—Nertson, Rep. N. H. Coll.
Alaska, 1887, 48 (habits) —TowNsEND, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 98
(Norton Sound and Port Clarence, Alaska).—RericHENow, Syst. Verz. Vég.
Deutschl., 1889, 64.—Hagerrup, Birds Greenland, 1891, 45.—MAcFARLANE,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 417 (Barren Grounds, Mackenzie, etc.).—
Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 147 (Melville Bay; descr. variations
of plumage).—TaczaNowsk1, Mém. Ac. St. Petersb., (7), xxxix, 1893, 1059
(e. Siberia).—Loomis, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., v. 1895, 213 (Monterey,
California, Aug.).—ANDERSON, Auk, xxv, 1908, 215 (Johnson Co., Iowa,
June, 1907).—THayer and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 12
(Kolyma delta, etc., e. Siberia, breeding).—Cooxgr, Bull. 292, U. 8. Dept.
Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 12, fig. 4 (range and migration) —Sropparp, Auk,
Xxxiii, 1916, 75 (Miller’s, Indiana, Sept. 21, 1915).

698 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

S[tercorarius] longicaudus Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 23.

Lestris longicauda Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, 1869, 362.—Hervettin, Journ. fir
Orn., 1872, 126 (Novaya Zemlya).—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 78.—
BABBINGTON, Cat. Birds Suffolk, 1886, 224.

Lestris longicaudus Finscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 241 (New Zealand); 1874, 203
(New Zealand).—PaumgEn, ‘Vega’-Exped., Vetensk., Bd. v, 1887, 382 (w.
coast Taimin Land and Tschuktsche, e. Siberia).

Cataractes longecaudatus MACGILLIVRAY, Man. Brit. Orn., pt. ii, 1842, 258.

Lestris longicaudata RretcHeNBAcH, Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 5; Nat. Syst. Vég.,
Longipennes, 1852, p. v.—Hervatin, Ibis, 1872, 65 (Novaya Zemlya).—
Finscu, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix, 1879, 277 (n. w. Siberia).—Booru,
Rough Notes, iii, 1883?

Lestris longicaudatus THompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, iii, 1851, 399.

Stercorarius longicaudatus Se:ys-Lonacuamps, Faune Belge, 1842, 156.—Drc-.

LAND, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 298.—Nerwrton, Arctic Man., 1875, 107. FEILDEN,
Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1877, 31 (North Polar Basin; food); Ibis, 1877, 409
(Smith Sound, June; habits)—Brssets, Amerik. Nordpol-Exped., 1879,
312 (Polaris Bay).—OLPHE-GALLIARD, Orn. Eur. Occid., fase. x, 1886, 20.—
GREELY, Rep. Exped. Lady Franklin Bay, ii, 1888, 21.

Stercorarius cepphus (not Catharacta cephus Briinnich, 1764) Leacu, Thompson’s
Ann. Philos., xiii, 1819, 61; in Ross’s Voy. Baffin Bay, 4th ed., App., ii, 1819,
p. lvi; 8vo ed., ii, 1819, 163 —SteprHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826,
211, pl. 23.—Swarnson and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 432,
footnote (descr.).—YARRELL, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 496 in text.—Gray, List
Birds Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844, 167, part; List Brit. Birds, 1863, 229.—
LAWRENCE, in Baird Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 840.—Barrp, Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 655.—Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 243
(Labrador).—BoarpMaNn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ix, 1862, 131 (Bay of
Fundy, Aug.).—Ross (B.), Nat. Hist. Review, 1862, 289.—BLAKISTON,
Ibis, 1863, 152 (Mackenzie River).—FiscHer and Pretzetn, MT. Orn. Ver.
Wien, x, 1886, 210 (Jan Mayen Land).—Roruscuitp and Harrtert, Novit.
Zook., ix, 1902, 413 (at sea, lat. 13° N.; long 103° 50’ W.).

[Lestris] cepphus REINHARDT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 442 (Greenland).

S[tercorarius] cepphus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1846, 653.—VeErRRImL, Proc. Essex
Inst., iii, 1864, 159 (coast of Maine).

[Stercorarius] cepphus Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 110, no. 10938.

[Lestris] cephus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770; Consp. Av., ii, 1857,
209.

Lfestris] cephus Keyseruine and Brasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xev, 240.—
Buastvs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 384 (crit.).

Stercorarius cephus SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 49.—DrostE,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 384 (Faroes)—CLaRKE (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 48
(Jan Mayen Land, July; 1 pair),

Lestris cephus Bonaparte, Cat. Ucc., 1842, 80.—ScnteGeL, Vog. Nederl., 1854,
500, pls. 338, 339; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, 233, pl. 33, fig. 8.—MULLER,
Vidensk. Medd., 1862, 65 (Faroes).—SuNDEVALL, Svensk. Fogl., 1863, pl. 51,
fig. 4; Oefv. Ak. Férh., 1874, 21 (Spitzbergen).—Fritscn, Vog. Eur., 1870,
479, pl. 58, fig. 3.—Coutert, Foérh. Selsk. Christiania, 1870, 301 (n. Norway).

[Lestris] buffoni Bore, Isis, 1822, 562.—Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw.,
1829, 47.—HomeryeEr, Ornis, i, 1885, 80 (Germany).

Lestris buffoni Borg, Isis, 1822, 874.—Bonaparre, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838,
63.—DrKay, Zool. N. Y., ii, 1844, 314, pl. 183, fig. 291.—PreyeEr, Reise
n. Island, 1862, 417.—Hewirson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1856, 508, pl. 143, fig. 1.—
Gray (R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 498.—Satvaport, Faun. Ital., Ucc.,

°

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 699

1872, 297.—IrBy, Ibis, 1873, 97 (Straits Gibraltar).—TaczanowsklI, Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, i, 1876, 262; viii, 1883, 341 (Kamchatka); Orn. Vost. Sibir.,
1877, 64.—GRONDAL, Ornis, ii, 1886, 370 (Iceland, rare).—K®LLER, Orn.
Carinthiae, 1890, 300.—GarKE, Vogelw. Helgoland, 1891, 590; Birds Helgoland,
1895, 567.—CLaRKE (W. E.), Ibis, 1899, 49 (Barents Island, e. Spitzbergen).

Larus buffoni Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 616.

Lestris buffoni Meyer and Wotr, Taschenb., iii, 1822, 212 (Spitzbergen; Green-
land).—Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828, 364.—Swainson and Ricu-
ARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 433, footnote (descr).—Scuinz, Europ.
Fauna, i, 1840, 391.—YarrReEtLu, Brit. Birds, iii, 1848, 494; 2d ed., iii, 1845,
616.—ScHLEGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, exxxv.—MippEeNpor®F?, Sibir. Reise, ii,
pt. 2, 1853, 241, pl. 24, fig. 2—Kurrrurrz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 389.—SwINHOE,
Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1863, 328.—Homeryer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 436
(e. Siberia).—Patmin, Finlands Foglar, 1873, 627.—FrmpEN, Zoologist,
1879, 8 (Cambridge Bay).

L{estris] buffoni Ricuarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 431, footnote (crit.).

Stercorarius buffonit Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 46-47, 195.—Nrwvon, in Baring-
Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 419.—Covgrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 136
(monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 542; 2d ed., 1882, no. 767; Birds Northwest,
1874, 615 (monogr.); in Elliott’s Aff. in Alaska, 1875, 197 (Pribilof Islands;
2 specs). —-MauLMGREN, Oefv. Foérh. Ak. Stockholm, 1864, 391 (Spitzbergen).—
Dat and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 304 (St Michaels,
Alaska; e. Siberia).—Irpy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 216.—Kumuern, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 95 (Davis Straits)—Ripaway, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, v. 1880, 31 (near Cairo, Illinois, 1 spec., Nov., 1876); Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 208 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 699).—E.uiotr, Mon.
Pribylov group, 1882, 132 (2 specs., July 29, 1872).—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1882,
386 (Archangel and Kanin Peninsula, Russia, breeding); 1884, 176 (Kuril
Islands); 1888, 349 (Great Liakoff Island, Siberia); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885,
358.—SreaRNs, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 122 (Labrador).—Batcu-
ELDER, Auk, i, 1884, 97 (West Castleton, Vermont,Sept., 1877).—CoL.ins,
Auk, i, 1884, 237 (coast New England; habits).—Buiaxiston, Amend. List
Birds Japan, 1884, 35.—TaczaNnowskI, Ornis, 1888, 509 (Poland).

S[tercorarius] buffoni Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 738.

Stercorarius buffoniti Rrtnuarpt, Ibis, 1861, 16 (Greenland).—CovEs, Proc.
Essex Inst., v, 1868, 305 (New England).

[Stercorarius] buffonti Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity

New York City).

. Lfestris] microrhynchos Breum, Isis, 1830, 993 (nomen nudum).

Lestris microrhynchos Bream, Vogel Deutschlands, 1831, 725; Naumannia, 1855,
294; Vogelfang, 1855, 337.

Lestris lessonii DEGLAND, Mém. Soc. Sci. Lille, 1838, part iii (1839), 120.—ScHINz,
Europ. Faun., i, 1840, 391.

Stercorarius lessonii Lesson, Compl. Oeuvres Buffon, ix, 1837, 510.

Lestris brachyrhynchos Breum, Vogelfang, 1855, 337 (Germany); Naumannia,
1855, 294.

[Lestris] hardyti Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770 (nomen nudum).

L [estris] hardyi Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii, 1857, 210 (between Hawaiian
Islands and Philippines; coll. Berlin Mus.).

Lestris hardyi Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Is., 1859, 57.

Stercorarius hardyi Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 136 (monogr.).

Lestris brissoni ‘‘Boie’’? DEGLAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 400 (in syn-

onymy; error for buffoni).

700 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Suborder ALC.
THE AUK TRIBE.
> Pygopodes ScuatER, Ibis, 1880, 409 (includes Gaviidee).— AMERICAN ORNITHOL-
ocists’ Union, Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 21 (Alce+Gaviide+Colym-
bide). :
Sat ee STEJNEGER, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 68, in text (includes
Gavilde).
=Alce SHARPE, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72.—Grant, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, xvii, 559'—Brpparp, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898,
309.—SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ili, 1904, 446.—OBER-
HOLSER, Outl. Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 3.
= Alciformes SHARPE, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72; Hand-list, i, 1899,
xiv, 130.
>Ceppht AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 24 (in-
clude Gaviide).

Short-winged, pygopode, aquatic (natatorial) Charadriiformes
with space between supraorbital grooves compressed into a ridge;
basipterygoid processes absent in adults; occipital fontanelles pres-
ent; hzemapophyses of dorsal vertebre large and conspicuous; ster-
num long and narrow, the metasternum rounded posteriorly and
longer than the postero-lateral processes; thigh-muscle formula with-
out Y, usually without B; tensores patagii and biceps slip peculiar;
hallux always absent, and anterior toes always fully webbed.

Basipterygoid processes absent in adults, vestigial and fused with
nasals in young; temporal fosse deep; supraorbital grooves deep,
meeting along median line (the space between them compressed into
a ridge); interorbital septum very incomplete; occipital fontanelles
present, well-marked; a well-developed “cerebellar dome;’’ vomer
free, blade-like, cleft posteriorly; maxillo-palatines laminate; lachry-
mals firmly united with prefrontals; dentary suture of mandible
with a well-defined lower limb; vertebre all free; cervical vertebre,
15; anterior dorsal vertebra with very conspicuous hemapophyses,
bifid at their free ends; neural spines and transverse processes with
long tendinous ossifications; corpus sterni greatly elongated, the mata-
sternum rounded posteriorly, 2-notched, 1-notched (medially), or
entire, projecting beyond postero-lateral processes; a spina communis
between coracoid grooves; coracoids without a subclavicular process,
the ectepicondylar process minute or absent; furcula with a facet for
articulation with acrocoracoid, and connected with the latter only;
pelvis laterally compressed, the pre-ilium longer than post-ilium, the
two separated from one another by dorsal border of neural spines of
synsacrum; post-ilia with a more or less extensive flattened dorsal
surface, and separated from one another by transverse processes of
synsacrum; pubes of great length (as long as or longer than whole
ilium); ribs attached to sternum, 7; posterior dorsal and ventral
ribs of equal length, running backward as far as free ends of pubes;
cnemial crest not greatly produced beyond level of articular surface

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 701

of femur; first digit of manus absent; tarso-metatarsus not laterally
compressed; tensor patagii and biceps slip peculiar (distinctive) ;
expansor secundariorum absent; thigh-muscle formula without Y,
sometimes (usually?) without B (ABX — AX —,or AX +), theambiens
always absent; only 1 brevis tendon; ceca absent or small (mere nip-
ples) ; intestinal convolutions of numerous (not less than six) loops; gall
bladder present; crop absent; tongue generally fleshy, elongated, tri-
angular, spiny only at base; anterior toes always fully webbed, the
third (middle) one longest; hallux always absent; young ptilopedic,
tardily nidifugous (nearly nidicolous).

Oil gland tufted, its apertures 2-8; aftershaft present; secondaries
aquincubital; dorsal pteryla without break between anterior and pos-
terior parts; ventral Deeb dividing much posterior to neck; rec-
trices, 12-18.

The Alc differ from the remaining Charadriiformes in possession
of all the above characters, and therefore seems to be more distinct
as a group from the Lari ‘ond Limicole than these are from one
another.

By some systematists (notably Sclater, Stejneger, and Beddard) the
Alez are placed in the same suborder with the Loons (Gaviide) or
one including both the Loons and the Grebes (Colymbide). Un-
doubtedly the Auks and Loons are closely related; but the evidence
seems to point to a closer relationship of the former to the Gulls than
to the Loons. The latter differ in their holorhinal (instead of schizo-
rhinal) nostrils which, externally, are operculate; well-developed
(long) instead of absent or rudimentary (nipple-like) cxca; presence
of a powerful cnemial crest to the tibia, and possession of an ambiens
muscle and a well-developed hallux. In the Alcz the rectrices are 12
to 18 in number, while in the Gavide they number 18-20. There are
also other differences, which it is unnecessary to mention here.

Family ALCIDAS.

THE AUKS,

=Brachyptert Vieriuot, Analyse, 1816, 66.

=Alcadx Viaors, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, 1825, 498.

=Alcide Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 755, 819, 900.—LiLLJEBORG,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 15.—Cousrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 338; 2d
ed., 1884, 797.—Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 366.—Barrp, Brewer, and
Riveway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 420, 461.—Sresnecer, Standard
Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 69.—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886,
76; 3rd ed., 1910, 25.—Ftrsrineer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888,
1148.—SuHarpe, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72; Hand-list, i, 1899,
xiv, 130.—Gapow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 35.—Satvin and GopMan, Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves., ili, 1904, 446.—KNowtrton, Birds of the World, 1909, 49,
396.

The Alcide are aquatic (swimming and diving) sea-birds with the
legs attached near the rear end of the body (pygopodous), the anterior

702 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

toes fully webbed and armed with strongly curved and sharp, though
not large, claws, the hallux always absent, the nostrils not overhung by
membrane, and the lores always densely feathered. The bill is
exceedingly variable in form, often quite unique in structure, but is
never acuminate. The wing is moderately large or rather small, with
relatively short secondaries, the longest primaries (usually the outer-
most only but sometimes the two outermost, the second always being
nearly as long as the first) exceeding the distal secondaries by appoxi-
mately half (sometimes a little less, sometimes more than half) the
length of the closed wing. The primaries are always more or less
bowed, and their coverts very large, covering nearly their basal half.
The tail is always short, the rectrices normal and 12 to 18 in number.
The tarsus is usually much shorter than the middle toe without claw
(longer only in Synthliboramphus and Endomychura), much com-
pressed, wholly reticulate or Gn a few genera) with more or less dis-
tinct transverse scutella on lower or inner portion of acrotarsium,
rarely with a continuous series. The outer toe (without claw) is
always very nearly if not quite as long as the middle toe (without
claw), the inner toe as long as the first two phalanges of the middle
toe. In one genus (Synthliboramphus) the outer toe is longest and
the inner toe longer than first two phalanges of middle toe.

Peculiar to the seas and coasts of the more northern parts of the
northern hemisphere, they represent there the Penguins of the
Antarctic seas. With one exception, however, they possess the power
of flight, usually to a marked degree; but the Great Auk (Pinguinus
impennis), extinct since 1844, was quite unable to fly. The flight,
however, while rapid and strong, is direct and not buoyant as it is in
the Lari.

The family is represented by about 15 genera and 28 species, all of
the former and all but four of the latter occurring in North America.

They nest in cavities among the rocks, usually on the face of cliffs,
though some genera lay their eggs in burrows beneath the surface of
the ground, like most of the Procellariide (Petrels). The single egg
is variable in form (which may be either pyriform, ovate, or elongate-
ovate), even more so in color. The molt is said to be semi-annual.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF ALCIDZ,

a. Bill gallinaceous in form (short and thick, with distinctly curved culmen), its
width at posterior end of nostrils equal to its depth at same point, the gonys
exceedingly short (less than one-third the distance from gonydeal angle to
Tictus); Only) carowd artery, (Plauter)... ..- sce se. oo cee Plautus (p. 706).

aa, Bill not gallinaceous in form; if short and thick, its width at posterior end of
nostrils decidedly less than its depth at same point; gonys relatively longer,
always longer than one-third the distance from gonydeal angle to rictus; 2
carotid arteries.

r BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 703

b. Claw of inner toe normal (not notably larger, more stro igly curved, or sharper
than the claws of other toes); thigh-muscle formula ABX or AX; syrinx not
peculiar; liver with lobes equal or the left lobe larger than the right; rectrices
usually 12-14 (16-18 in Cerorhinca); no fleshy rictal rosette.

c. Mandibular rami densely covered for much the greater part with short velvety
feathering, the anterior edge of the feathering forming an oblique line (convex
anteriorly) from or near the gonydeal angle to rictus; latero-frontal feathering
also dense and velvety, advancing to or beyond anterior end of nostril and
partly overhanging its upper margin; rectrices usually 12(14in Pinguinus only).
(Alcine.)

d. Bill very deep and very much compressed, transversely grooved laterally
(in adults), the culmen very strongly curved, more or less arched; loral
antia very much nearer to tomium than to culmen; tail graduated, the
rectrices pointed. (Alcex.)

e. Bill relatively larger and longer, the distance from anterior end of nostril
to tip of maxilla greater than from same point to rictus; mandible with
numerous transverse grooves (in adults); wings greatly reduced, unfitted
fon dight;trectrices a4 vncele. wlisices sehielesis tout Pinguinus (p. 710).

ee. Bill relatively smaller and shorter, the distance from anterior end of nostril

to tip of maxilla much less than from the same point to rictus; mandible
with notmore than two grooves; wings well-developed, fitted for pro-
longed! flight;: rectrices 12.)iie.ue 2lisbiadas ice aeialuoiee Alca (p. 713).

dd. Bill narrow, elongate-subconical, only moderately compressed, the culmen
nearly straight for most of its length or very gently curved from about
middle portion, without transverse grooves; loral antia about midway
between culmen and tomium or nearer the former; tail slightly rounded,

the rectrices not pointed. (Uriz.) ......--......-...--.-.- Uria (p. 717).
cc. Mandibular rami feathered for less than greater part, the anterior edge of the
feathering forming a more or less distinct angle or antia; latero-frontal
feathering falling short of anterior end of nostril or else (in Synthliboramphus)
the short and broad nasal operculum unfeathered, tarsus longer than middle

toe without claw, and acrotarsium transversely scutellate. (Phalerinx.)

d. Gonys much shorter than distance from its base to rictus; bill simple in form,
small and slender, or compressed, without deciduous accessory pieces;
latero-frontal feathering advancing to at least middle of nostril.

e. Bill more elongated, the latero-frontal antia much nearer to rictus than to
tip of maxilla, the culmen nearly straight to near tip, where abruptly
decurved; mandibular rami mostly unfeathered, the malar antia forming
a distinct median angle; base of culmen unfeathered to behind posterior
end of nostril; nostril slit-like, in extreme lower edge of the large and
well-defined nasal fossa; size larger (wing not less than 150 mm.),.
CCep pices) 22 err ee aS N Se eee eee ots ote Cepphus (p. 732).

ee. Bill more abbreviated, the latero-frontal or frontal antia much nearer to
tip of maxilla than to culmen, the latter gently to rather strongly curved
from near base; mandibular rami mostly feathered, there being no dis-
tinct, if any, malar antia; base of culmen unfeathered only to slightly
behind anterior end of nostril; nostril broadly oval, pyriform, or triangu-
lar, near anterior end of the mostly feathered nasal fossa; size smaller
(wing not more than 145 mm.).

J. Acrotarsium reticulate; outer toe not longer than middle toe and inner
toe not longer than first two phalanges of middle toe; bill more slender,
its depth at anterior end of nostril lessthan length of gonys; mandibular
rami mostly feathered, the naked portion much shorter than gonys
(Brachyramphex.)

704 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

g. Tarsus much shorter than middle toe without claw (scarcely longer
than first two phalanges of middle toe); tail little if any more than
one-fourth as long as wing; primaries relatively longer, the longest
exceeding distal secondaries by decidedly more than half the length
of wing; “rectrices 14uia: ful dso y Brachyramphus (p. 745).

gg. Tarsus as long as or longer than middle toe without claw; tail

decidedly more than one-fourth (about three-sevenths) as long as
wing;@ primaries relatively shorter, the longest exceeding distal
secondaries by little if any more than half the length of wing;
LOCUICOSUL2: . Saosin kes eae eee nieces Endomychura (p. 751)
ff. Acrotarsium transversely scutellate; outer toe longer than middle toe
and inner toe longer than first two phalanges of middle toe; bill
thicker (vertically), its depth at anterior end of nostril equal to length
of gonys; mandibular rami extensively unfeathered, the naked por-
tion about as long as gonys. (Synthliboramphewx.) ©
Synthliboramphus (p. 755).
dd. Gonys longer than distance from its base to rictus; bill more complex in
form, larger or stouter, usually (always?) with deciduous accessory pieces;¢
latero-frontal feathering not advancing as far as middle of nostril, which,
together with its conspicuous operculum, is wholly exposed. (Phalerex.)
e. Smaller (wing not more than 155 mm.): retrices, 14; acrotarsium wholly
reticulate; bill relatively smaller and broader, its length from posterior
end of nostril much less than length of tarsus; maxillary tomium straight
or convex, mandibular tomium straight or concave; longet primaries
exceeding distal secondaries by less than half the length of wing
f. Bill depressed basally, its width at base decidedly greater than its depth
at same point; distance from posterior end of nostril to tip of maxilla
much more than half the length of tarsus; head without plumes.
Ptychoramphus (p. 760).
Jf. Bill not depressed basally, its width at base less than its depth at same
point; distance from posterior end of nostril to tip of maxilla less than
half the length of tarsus; head with ornamental plumes.

a The tail is not really longer than in Brachyramphus, but on account of shorter
primaries is longer in proportion to length of the wing.

b Although Dr. Stejneger suggests (Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 24, 25) that
Synthliboramphus ‘‘seems to be nearer related to the Phaleridex than to the Uriine”
(i.e., the Ceppheex+ Brachyramphex of this arrangement), I am unable to find charac-
ters which would allow me to place it with that group. While possibly more nearly
related to the Phalerex than to the Brachyramphex, Synthliboramphus possesses so
many unique characters that it seems best to consider it as representing a distinct
group. Apart from the regularly scutellate acrotarsium (a character not shared by
any of the Phalerex), Synthliboramphus is the only genus in the family which has the
outer toe (without claw) longer than the middle toe, and the inner toe longer than the
first two phalanges of middle toe. Its style of coloration is also quite unique.

¢ It has not yet been demonstrated so far as I know that Ptychoramphus agrees with
other Phalerez in possessing deciduous pieces on the basal portion of the bill; but I
am inclined to believe that the linear infra-nasal piece and lateral prominence near
middle of the mandible may be deciduous or at least scale off after the breeding
season. Concerning this subject, see the following: Bureau, in Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1879, 1-68, pls. 1-6; Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. 1880, 126, 127; Coues,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. 1880, 127, 128; Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29,
1885, 28, 33, 34, 40-42, 48, 54, pls. 1, 3, 4, 5. The last-mentioned is especially im-
portant.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 705

g- Mandible very narrow (at gonydeal angle only about half as deep as
maxilla), strongly recurved to the acute tip; culmen and maxillary
tomium strongly, regularly, and about equally convex; tip of the
maxilla truncate or subtruncate; feathering at lateral base of maxilla
forming a distinct angle or latero-frontal antia.... Phaleris (p. 763).

gg. Mandible deeper (at gonydeal angle much more than half as deep as

maxilla, not recurved, or else its tip not acute; culmen and max-
illary tomium not equally convex, the latter sometimes nearly
straight and if convex irregularly so; tip of maxilla obtusely
pointed; feathering at lateral base of maxilla forming an oblique
line to base of culmen, not forming a latero-frontal antia.

A. Bill relatively smaller, with exposed culmen more than half as
long as commissure and much longer than gonys; tomia nearly
straight, the mandible not recurved terminally; no supra-rictal
deciduous plate nor ramal enlargement during breeding season;
head with loral and post-rictal acicular plumes in adults.

?. Without any crest; a deciduous compressed supranasal knob in

breading season... . x. \fesa4scwent- oseiie eens: - Ciceronia (p. 767).
uw. With a slender, elongated and recurved frontal crest; no supra-
nasal knob in breeding season..........----- Alcella (p. 770).

hh. Bill relatively larger, with exposed culmen less than half as long
as commissure and not longer than gonys; maxillary tomium
irregularly convex, the mandibular tomium irregularly concave;
tip of mandible recurved, with tip obliquely truncate; a decid-
uous supra-rictal corneous plate and conspicuous enlargement
of mandibular rami; head without loral or post-rictal plumes

(but with an elongated, recurved frontal crest, as in Alcella).
Ethia (p. 774).
ee. Larger (wing more than 165 mm.); rectices 16-18; acrotarsium with trans-
verse scutella on lower portion; longest primary exceeding distal
secondaries by more than half the length of wing; bill much longer
than distance from posterior end of nostril to tip of maxilla, nearly if not
quite equal to length of tarsus. (A conspicuous compressed supra-nasal
“Horm ’7in* breeding’ season). 224... 2227.2. 22425.". 2 <2 Cerorhinca (p. 778).
6b. Claw of inner toe conspicuously larger, more strongly curved, and more acute
than those of middle and outer toes; thigh-muscle formula AX-+; syrinx
peculiar; liver with lobes equal or the right lobe larger than the left;
rectrices 16; bill excessively deep and compressed, its height at base equal
to chord of culmen, the terminal half conspicuously grooved (transversely),

the basal portion with several deciduous parts. (Fraterculinz.)

c. Deciduous nasal cuirass or ‘‘saddle”’ diminishing in width toward culmen,
its anterior outline more or less convex; strongly oblique maxillary grooves
convex distally (anteriorly); basal lamina of maxilla of equal width
throughout, or slightly wider above than below; eyelids with horny
appendages; head without ornamental plumes; under parts white.

Fratercula (p. 782).

cc. Deciduous nasal cuirass broadest toward culmen, where surmounted by
a broadly rounded ridge, its anterior outline concave; nearly vertical
maxillary grooves concave distally (anteriorly); basal lamina of maxilla
much broader below than above; eyelids without horny appendages;
head with conspicuous, elongated, decurved postocular plumes; under
DAT GSE CUI Kvarerent ere eta eiate eat teem ie sain we eictsieereie clareit aye Lunda (p 792).

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——45

706 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Genus PLAUTUS Gunnerus.

Plotus (not of Linnzus, 1766) GuNNERUs, Trondheimske Selsk. Skrifter, i, 1761,
263. (Type, by monotypy, Plotus eller Plautus columbarius Gunnerus=
Alca alle Linnecus. )

Plaufus GUNNERUS, Trondheimske Selsk. Skrifter, 1, 1761, 263, pl.6. (Type, by

monotypy, Plotus eller Plautus columbarius Gunnerus=Alca alle Linnzeus.)
Alle Link, Beschr. Nat. Samml. Univ. Rostock, i, 1806,17. (Type, by monotypy,
A, nigricans Link=Alca alle Linnzeus.)
Mergulus Virrtor, Analyse, 1816, 67. (Type, by original designation, Petit
plongeon noir et blanc Edwards=Alca alle Linnzeus.) ;

Small Alcide (wing 106-122 mm.) with short, thick galliform bill,
secondaries tipped with white, and under parts of body white.

Bill short and thick, its depth at base about equal to its width at
same point and to the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen
strongly curved from near base, the tip of maxilla distinctly uncinate;
gonys straight, ascending terminally, exceedingly short, its length
equal to less than half the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla;
maxillary tomium slightly but distinctly concave, the mandibular
tomium correspondingly convex, both notched subterminally; cor-
neous sheath of mandibular rami gradually contracted in width from
base of gonys to rictus; nasal fossa semicircular, the lower third
(approximately) occupied by the longitudinally ovate or broadly
elliptical nostril the latter overhung by a rather prominent, slightly
arched, corneous operculum and posteriorly in contact with the
dense, velvety loral feathering. Longest primaries exceeding distal
secondaries by half the length of wing. ‘Tail less than one-third as
long as wing, slightly rounded or double-rounded (the middle pair of
rectrices decidedly longer than outer pair), the rectrices slightly nar-
rowed at tips, 12 in number. Tarsus about as long as distance from
anterior end of nasal fossa to anterior angle of eye, the acrotarsium
continuously and regularly transversely scutellate; middle toe, with-
out claw, decidedly longer than tarsus, the outer toe very slightly
shorter, the inner toe very slightly shorter than first two phalanges
of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage of head (especially the anterior
portion) very soft, dense, and velvety. Upper parts black, the
scapulars streaked with white, the secondaries narrowly tipped with
the same; under parts white, the flanks streaked with black; in sum-
mer, head, neck, and chest uniform blackish brown or fuscous; in
winter, the under side of head and neck and chest mostly white.

Range.—Arctic Ocean, from western side of Baffin Bay to Novaya
Zemlya, southward in winter to Atlantic coast of United States,
Azores, and Canary Islands. (Monotypic.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 707

PLAUTUS ALLE (Linneus).
DOVEKIE.

Adults vn breeding season (sexes alike).—Head, neck, and chest
plain dark sooty brown (clove brown), becoming gradually darker on
pileum and hindneck; a short white streak immediately above upper
eyelid; rest of upper parts sooty black (slightly glossy), the seconda-
ries sharply but narrowly tipped with white, the posterior scapulars
narrowly streaked with the same; under parts of body immaculate
white (abruptly defined against the dark brown of chest), the upper
or outer portion of flanks broadly streaked with blackish; bill black;
iris dark brown; legs and feet brownish (pale flesh color in life, with
dusky webs) ;% inside of mouth light yellow.¢

Winter plumage (sexes alike).—Malar region, chin, throat, chest,
and sides of nape white, the latter mottled with grayish ‘and the
feathers of chest with dusky bases; otherwise like the summer
plumage.

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage, but black of upper parts
duller (less glossy), white on sides of head and neck more extended,
and bill smaller and weaker.

Downy young.—Entirely sooty grayish brown, the under parts
paler and more grayish.

Adult male.— Wing, 108-122 (115.8); tail, 32.5-41 (34.6); exposed
culmen, 13-15 (13.9); tarsus, 19-21 (19.8); middle toe, 23-26 (24.7).°

Adult female.—Wing, 106.5-118 (113.3); tail, 30.5-34.5 (32.5);
exposed culmen, 12.5-14.5 (13.5); tarsus, 19-20 (19.4); middle toe,
23-25.5 (24.2).°

Coasts and islands of northern Atlantic Ocean and adjacent portions
of Arctic Ocean; breeding from Baffin Bay, Smith Sound, and Kane
Basin to Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, and Spitzbergen and

@ According to Audubon. b Eleven specimens. ¢ Five specimens.
x : 2 a see a Boe eva —
| _Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. posed | Tarsus. ae
| men. |
MALES. | |
wo adult males from: Spitzbergen. <2... 22 2cl4.ctes2cccsesscnee 121 39. 2 14.2 | 20. 5 25. 2
wo adult males from Norway . 2-3... . Jaden. --- she cee cacde 117.5 34.2] 13.7] 20 23.5
Oneudult male'from:Germany +. 22.22.2220 eS 117 B41 a5 49 23
Six adult males from Greenland................-..222---22---- 113ba)| Msassee 13) 62119, 7 25.2
FEMALES, |
One adult female from Norway, -. $22.22. «a2 $ sesh bens 2. oc 112 32.5 | 14 19 23.5
Two adult females from Greenland................--.:++------ 112.2} 34.2) 13.5 19. 2 25. 2
One adult, female fromiUngava. 2-8 <: oN. 9-88\5-- o--.ee ea ons 118 30.5 |. 13 19 24
One adult female from coast of Virginia (Smith’s Island, Jan.).| 112 Sly) ly 13.5 20 23

708 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

southward to Iceland; migrating southward, regularly, as far as coast
of New Jersey, occasionally (but sometimes abundantly) as far as
South Carolina (off Beaufort, Feb., 1909), casually to Bermudas
(1 specimen, Jan. 28, 1850), Pennsylvania (Perry County and
Delaware River), Ontario (Toronto, Noy. 18, 1901), Michigan (Detroit
River), Wisconsin (Port Washington, Jan. 11, 1908); on eastern side
of the Atlantic Ocean southward in winter to North Sea, Azores, and
Canary Islands.

{Alca] alle Linnaxvus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 131 (Scotland?); ed. 12, i, 1766,
211.—Latham, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 795.

Alca alle Bopparrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 55 (Pl. Enl., 917).—Tremmrnex, Cat.
Syst., 1807, 182.—Mryerr and Worr, Taschenb. Vog. Deutschl., 1810, 443.—
Wison, Am. Orn., ix, 1814, 94, pl. 74, fig. 5—Vinrttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist.
Nat., i, 1816, 380.—GouLp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 402 and text.—YARRELL,
Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 358.—ScHLEGeEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores),
1867, 20.—Hartina, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 120 (Wolstenholm Sound);
Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 71.—Srrsoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii, 1885, 380.

Uria alle Temmincr, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 611; 2d ed., pt. ii, 1820, 928.—MryeEr,
App. to Meyer and Wolf’s Taschenb., 1822, 178.—Patuias, Zoogr. Rosso-
Asiat., ii, 1826, 369.—BonarartTE, Obs. Nom. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [205];
Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828 (‘‘Synopsis’’), 425.—WerErNEr, Atlas Ois. d’Eur.,
1828, pl. 99.—Swarnson and Ricuarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 479
(Melville Island).—Nutrat1, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834,
531.—AuDUBON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 304, pl. 339.

Mergulus alle Vremtot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xx, 1818, 209; Gal. Ois., ii,
1825, 236, pl. 295.—Born, Isis, 1822, 872.—Breum, Handb. Vég. Deutschl.,
1831, 993.—Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 65.—AupuBon, Syn-
opsis, 1839, 347; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 257, pl. 469.—Naumann,
Voég. Deutschl., xii, 1844, 552, pl. 334.—DraLanp, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 518.—
ReEIcHENBACH, Natatores, 1850, pl. 8, figs. 48-50.—KyAERBOLIaNG, Danm.
Fugle, 1852, 411, pl. 52, fig. 6.—Macaitirvray, Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 341.—
Watters, Nat. Hist. Birds Ireland, 1853, 230.—Scu1nz, Nat. Vég., 1853, 220,
pl. 102.—Remuarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 442 (Greenland).—Cassin, in

-Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 918.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 738.—NeEwrton, Ibis, 1865, 521 (Spitzbergen).—Matmeren, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1865, 266 (Spitzbergen).—Gopmav, Ibis, 1866, 102 (Terceira, Azores).
1872, 224 (Canary Islands).—D&r@LaNnp and GrrBe, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 605.—
Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 300 (vicinity New York City).—
CottetTT, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1868, 193.—Covzrs, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1868, 54 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 626.—GouLp, Birds
Great Brit., v, 1868, pl. 50 and text.—Drostr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 353
(Faroe Islands).—Gimuett, Ibis, 1870, 308 (Novaya Zemlya).—Fritscu,
Nat. Vég. Eur., 1870, 496; Atlas, 1871, pl. 59, fig. 1—Hevueurn, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1871, 105 (n. Europe); 1872, 123 (Arctic Europe); Ibis, 1872, 64 (Novaya
Zemlya, Waigats, and Gulf of Kara, n. Russia).—Patmén, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1876, 65 (Finland).—Dressrr, Birds Europe, viii, 1877, 591, pl. 624.—
Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 156 (monogr.).—F EILDEN, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 28 (Port Foulke, Greenland); Ibis, 1877, 410 (Baffin
Bay to Buchanan Strait, lat. 79° N.; habits)—Kumuren, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., no. 15, 1879, 104 (n. coast Labrador; Grinnell Bay; Frobisher Straits).—
Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 228 (Long Beach, New Jersey, regular
winter resident).—Trortrer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 236 (near Philadel-

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 709

phia, Dec., 1878).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 499.—Srresoum, Ibis,
1882, 383 (Kola Peninsula, Russia).—NEALE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 653
(Franz Josef Land).—SamuE ts, Nests and Eggs N. Am. Birds, 1883, 570.—
Rep, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 278 (Bermudas, 1 spec., Jan. 28,
1850).—Co..ins, Rep. Com. Fisheries for 1882 (1884), 335 (Grand Banks, etc.;
habits).—Saunpers, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iv, 1885, 85; Man. Brit-
Birds, 1889, 689.—Stater (H. H.) and Carrer (T.), Ibis, 1886, 52 (Skaga-
fjordr and Grimsey, Iceland; descr. eggs).—Gr6NDAL, Ornis, 1886, 367 (Ice-
land); 1887, 594.—CLarKE (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890 (Jan Meyen Land;
habits); Ann. Scott. N. H., 1895, 97-108, pl. 3 (invasion of Scotland during
winter of 1894-95); Ibis, 1898, 272 (Franz Josef Land, breeding; habits) ;
1899, 50 (Whale Point Harbor, King Ludwig Islands, King Charles Islands,
and Olga Straits, e. Spitzbergen, breeding).—WattErR, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890,
243, 245, 247, 249, 251 (e. Spitzbergen).—Harrert, Ibis, 1892, 522 (e. Prus-
sia).—Litrorp, Col. Figs. Brit. Birds, pt. xxiii, 1893.—ScHaLow, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1895, 461 (w. Greenland).—Prarson, Ibis, 1896, 225 (Novaya
Zemlya); 1898, 207 (Novaya Zemlya).—TreEvor-Batrye, Ibis, 1897, 599
(Spitzbergen; habits).

Mfergulus] alle Keyseruine and Buasius, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xcii, 237.

[ Mergulus] alle Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 343.

Mergulus alle ? Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 223 (Bermudas).

Cephus alle Scu1nz, Nat. Abbild. Vég., 1833, 368, pl. 130.

Cepphus alle Scu1nz, Europ. Fauna, i, 1840, 358.

Arctica alle Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., pt. iii, Anseres, 1844, 157.— REINHARDT,
Ibis, 1861, 16 (Greenland).

A[rctica] alle Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1848, 645.

[Arctica] alle Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 101, no. 10824.

Alle alle Coves, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, Oct., 1879, 244, in text.—Barrp,
Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 463.—SresneceEr,
Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 69—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check
List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 34; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 33.—CHAMBERLAIN,
Auk, vi, 1889, 213 (Greenland).—WarkRkEN, Birds Penn., 1890, 10 (Perry Co...
and Delaware River, near Philadelphia, winter) —Brown (E. J.), Auk, x,
1893, 204 (Cobb’s Island, Virginia, winter 1892-93); xxix, 1912, 399 (Smith’s.
Island, Virginia, Jan. 8, 1912).—Stonr, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1894, 43
(coast New Jersey in winter).—Suarre, Handb. Birds Great Brit., iv, 1897,
127, pl. 109.— Grant (O.), Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 569.—CHAPMAN,.
Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xii, 1899, 223 (English Gulf, July; Parker Bay and
Cape York, Aug.; crit. as to coloration of young; habits)—Harrert and
Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 100 (Azores) —TuHayer, Auk, xxii, 1905, 310:
(Currituck, North Carolina, Jan. 20, 1905).—Fiemine, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 44h
(Toronto, Nov. 18, 1901).—Warp (H. L.), Auk, xxv, 1908, 215 (Port Wash-
ington, Wisconsin, Jan. 11, 1908).—Hanrzscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 317
(Labrador).—Norton, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 481 (between Seal and Cross
Islands, Maine, 1 pair, July 15, 1911).—Wayne, Auk, xxx, 1913, 429 (off
Beaufort, South Carolina, Feb., 1909; Roanoke Island, North Carolina, to
Beaufort, South Carolina, abundant in Jan., 1909).

A{ile] alle Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 19.

[Alle] alle SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 130 —Forsers and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 51.

[Alca] alce GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 554.

[Alca alle] 8. LATHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 795 (based on Alca candida Briinnich).

Plautus columbarius GUNNERUS, Trondheimska Selsk. Skrifter, i, 1761, 263, pl. 6.

Alca candida Brtwnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 26 (Greenland).

710 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Alle nigricans Linx, Beschr. Nat.-Samml]. Univ. Rostock, i, 1806, 17.—CovEs,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 244; Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 863.—
Ripeway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 752);
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 752.—Park, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882,
61 (Lansingburg, on Hudson River, Nov. 8, 1881)—Durcuer, Auk, i, 1884,
35 (Fire Island, New York, Nov., Dec.).

A{lle| nigricans Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 810.

U[ria] grylle (not Colymbus grylle Linnzeus) BONNATERRE, Tab]. Enc. Méth., i,
1790, 36, pl. 9, fig. 5.

Mergulus melanoleucos Leacn, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 42 (nomen
nudum); in Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffin’s Bay, 1819, App., p. 1—SrEPHENs,
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 34.—Branopr, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb., ii,
1837, 347.—Tuompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, iii, 1851, 218 —Branpr, Mélang.
Biol., vii, 1869, 221.—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotl., 1871, 431.—Row .ey,
Orn. Misc., 1, 1875, 126 (Melville Bay).

Colymbus glocitans O’Retiy, Greenland, 1818, 146, pl. 14, fig. 1.

Uria minor MeRREM, in Ersch u. Gruber, Encycl., sect. i, ii, 1819, 406.

Cephus minor MENEVILLE, Icon. Reg. Anim., Ois., 1829-38, pl. 60, fig. 5.

Mergulus arcticus BrEuM, Handb. Vig. Deutschl., 1831, 994.

Genus PINGUINUS Bonnaterre.

Plautus (not of Gunnerus, 1761) Brtunnicuw, Zool. Fund., 1771, 78. (Type, by

monotypy, ‘‘Brillefuglen?’=Alca impennis Linneeus.)
Pinguinus BONNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 28. (Type, Alca impennis
Linneeus. )

Pinguin (emendation) FiscHER DE WALpHEIM, Nat. Mus. zu Paris, 1, 1803, 188.

Torda Dumérit, Zool. Anal., 1806, 72. (Type, Alca impennis Linneeus.)

Chenalopezr Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., viii, 1817, 392. (Type, by monotypy,
Alca impennis Linneeus.)

(2?) Chenalopex ‘‘Moehr[ing]”” Vrertot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxiv, 1818,
132. (No type designated, and pertinence uncertain.)

Chenalopes (emendation) Vre1Lot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxiv, 1818, 466.
(Type, Grand alque ou grand pingouin=Alca impennis Linneeus.)

Mataeoptera GLoGER, Hand-und Hilfsb., 1842, 475. (Type, Alca impennis Linn-
zeus.

Gyralca a eee Vid. Med. Nat. For. Kjob., 1855, 114. (Type, Alca impen-
nis Linneeus. )

Largest of Alcide (exposed culmen 80 or more, the feebly de-
veloped wing about 146 mm.) with wings feebly developed, unfitted
for flight; bill about as long as head, the mandible (as well as maxilla)
with numerous transverse grooves, and tail composed of 14 rec-
trices.

Bill about as long as head, the distance from anterior end of nos-
tril to tip of maxilla greater than from same point to rictus, deep
and greatly compressed, its greatest depth more than twice its
greatest width; culmen slightly concave basally, then faintly arched
and strongly curved to the decurved tip; gonys slightly but dis-
tinctly concave distally, convex and prominant basally; maxilla
with a distinct oblique basal lamina, narrower above, its distal half
with several (about 6 to 10) oblique, faintly curved lateral grooves,

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. TEI

the distal half of mandible with as many, or more, similar, but more
vertical, grooves; nostril entirely concealed beneath lower edge
of the dense velvety feathering of lores, which anteriorily forms a
nearly straight but faintly concave oblique line across base of max-
illa. Wings relatively very small, unfitted for flight. Tail short,
graduated, composed of 14 rectrices.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage of head short, very dense
and velvety, especially on anterior portion. Upper parts black,
the secondaries tipped with white; under parts immaculate white;
in summer, head and neck dark sooty brown, except a large oval
area of white covering-greater part of space between bill and eye.

Range.—Formerly inhabiting coasts and islands of the northern
Atlantic Ocean south of the Arctic Circle, but extinct since 1844.
(Monotypic,).

PINGUINUS IMPENNIS (Linnzus).
GREAT AUK.

Adults in summer (sexes alike).¢—Chin, throat, foreneck, and sides
of head and neck uniform velvety dark snuff brown or soft blackish
brown, passing gradually into brownish black on pileum and hind-
neck; a large oval patch of white covering greater part of space
between bill and eye; upper parts uniform black, the secondaries
_ tipped with white; under parts, including chest, immaculate white,
this ending anteriorly in an angle on median portion of upper chest
or lower foreneck; bill black, its grooves whitish; iris dark brown;
legs and feet black; wing, about 146; tail, about 76; exposed culmen,
80-89; greatest depth of bill, about 38.1; tarsus, 42.16; middle toe
with claw, 82.5.°

Extinct since 1844; formerly occurring on coasts and islands of the
northern Atlantic Ocean from southern Greenland, Iceland, and
Norway southward to Massachusetts (Ipswich; Nahant; islands in
Boston Harbor) and northern portion of British Islands (11 Brit-
ish records).

[Alca] impennis Linnaxvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 130 (Norwegian seas); ed. 12,
i, 1766, 210 —GmeEun, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 1, 1789, 550.—Latuam, Index Orn.,
11, 1790, 791.—Covugs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 339.

@{ have not seen any description of the winter plumage or young of this species,
and no specimens of either are available for examination. Judging from analogy
in the case of related forms, however, they would probably differ from the summer
plumage, as described above, in having the dark brown of the throat and foreneck
(probably portions of the sides of the head also) replaced by white.

5b No sexed specimens are avilable for measurement. The total length of speci-
mens examined varies from 736 to 762 mm., and Audubon gives the expanse of wings
as 27.25 inches=641.34 mm.

712

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Alca impennis ViewoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., i, 1816, 381—TrEmMInckK,

Man. d’Orn., 2d ed., pt. ii, 1820, 939; pt. iv, 1840, 582.—Borr, Isis,
1822, 872.—Meryerr, App. to Meyer and Woli’s Taschenb. Vég. Deutschl.,
1822, 176.—StrePHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. i, 1826, 51.—WeERNER,
Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, 103.—Bonapartge, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828
(‘‘Synopsis”’), 432, footnote; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 66.—Scurnz, Nat,
Abbild. Vég., 1833, 375, pl. 131; Nat. Vég., 1853, 223, pl. 103.—Nurratu,
Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 553.—THompson, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1835, 79 (Waterford, Ireland); Nat. Hist. Ireland, iii, 1851, 238.
—Buytu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 122 (osteology)—GouLp, Birds
Europe, v, 1837, pl. 400 and text; Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, pl. 46 and text.
—AupuBON, Orn. Biog., iv, 1838, 316, pl. 341; Synopsis, 1839, 344; Birds
Am., 8vo ed., vil, 1844, 245, pl. 465—Scuinz, Europ. Faun., i, 1840, 363.
—YARRELL, Brit. Birds, ii, 1843, 369.—Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., xiii,
1844, 630, pl. 337.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., ii, Anseres, 1844, 153.—
DeGLAND, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 528.—ReicHensacu, Natatores, 1850, pl. 5,
figs. 14-17.—Macemuivray, Brit. Birds, v,. 1852, 359.—KJAERBOLLING,
Danm. Fugle, 1852, 414, pl. 53, fig. 2—Watrtrers, Nat. Hist. Birds Ireland,
1853, 230.—REINHARDT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 442 (Greenland); Ibis, 1861,
15 (Disko Island and coast of Greenland in winter).—Casstn, in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 900.—Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 710.
—NewtTon, Ibis, 1861, 374 (Iceland; geog. range); 1865, 116 (Caithness;
osteol.); 1866, 223 (North America, old records); 1870, 256 (monogr.); 1878, 587
(Orkney Islands).—ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867,
13.—DEGLAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 614.—DuBsors, Arch. Cosmol.,
1867, 30, pl. 3—Brown, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 361 (Greenland?).—
Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 15 (monogr.); Check List, 1873,
no. 615; 2d ed., 1882, no. 878.—Famtio, Bull. Soc. Orn. Suisse, li, pt. i, 1868,
5-85, pl. 1; pt. u, 1870, 147-157.—Co.tierr, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania,
1868, 193; Mitth. Orn. Ver. Wien, villi, 1884, 65, 87; Vid.-Selsk, Forh. for 1907,
no. 8, 1-17, pls. 1, 2 (Norwegian records and history).—BraNnpt, Mélang.
Biol., vii, 1869, 203.—FrILpEN, Ibis, 1869, 358 (descr. eggs).—DrosTE,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 355 (Faroe Islands).—Fritscu, Nat. Vég. Europ.,
1870, 490; Atlas, 1871, pl. 59, figs. 8, 9—Orron, Am. Nat., iv, 1871 (Audu-
bon’s spec. in coll. Mus. Vassar College).—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds,
1872, 71 (11 British records).—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 441.—
GarRrRoOD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 34, fig. 1 (skull).—ALiEeNn, Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, i, 1876, 58 (remains found at Ipswich, Massachusetts).—DreEssEr,
Birds Europe, viii, 1880, 620.—Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 211
(Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 741); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 741.—Cory,
Beaut. and Curious Birds, 1881, pl. 5 and text.—Grieve, Journ. Linn. Soc.,
xvi, 1882, 479.—Buasrus, Jahresb. Ver. Nat. Braunsch., ili, 1883, 89;
Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 58-176; Ver. f. Naturw. z. Braunsch., ili, 1881-2,
89-115.—Dixon, Ibis, 1885, 90 (St. Kilda; habits) —SunprEvaALL, Svensk.
Fogl., 1885, 994, pl. 80, fig. 2—SrrBonm, Hist. Brit. Birds, ili, 1885,
371.—SaunpeErs, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iv, 1885, 61; Illustr. Man. Brit.
Birds, 1889, 681.—Tscuust and Dauta-Torre, Ornis, 1887, 342 (Austria-
Hungary).—GrR6ONDAL, Ornis, 1887, 593.—Lucas, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1887-8, 493, pls. 71-73 (Funk Island; osteology); 1888-9, 709.—LiLrorD,
Col. Figs. Brit. Birds, pt. xviii, 1891.—SciarTer, Ibis, 1891, 281; 1892, 453.
—BipweELL, Ibis, 1894, 297 (descr. eggs).

A{lea] impennis Keyseruine and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xci, 236.—

Hosoi, Naturhist. Tidsskr., iv, 18438, 457 (Greenland).—Gray, Gen.
Birds, ili, 1847, 637.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 819.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Tks

Alia impennis BoppaErT, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 22 (Pl. Enl., pl. 367).

Plautus impennis StEENSTRUP, Vid. Med. Nat. Férh. Kjobenhavn, 1855, 14;
Nat. Fér. Vid. Med., 1855, 33-116.—Preyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 110, 337.
—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 467.—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895,
no. 33; 3d ed., 1910, p. 32.—SHarpsr, Handb. Birds Great Brit., iv, 1897,
j11, pl. 105.—Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 563.—THayeEr,
Auk, xxii, 1905, 300, pls. 13, 14 (as to recent purchase of mounted specimen
and 3 eggs); xxix, 1912, 208, pl. 12 (account of eggs in Thayer Museum).

P{lautus] impennis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 19.

[Plautus] impennis SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 130.—ForBes and Rosrnson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., u, no. 2, 1899, 51.

Plinguinus] impennis BONNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., 1, 1790, 29, pl. 10, fig. 2.

Pingouin impennis LackrpEDE and Daupin, in Didot ed. Buffon Hist. Nat.
Quadr., xiv, 1799 (1802), 313.

[ Chenalopex] impennis Gray, Hand-list, ili, 1871, 95, no. 10773.

Alca borealis Forster, Synopt. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, 29.

[Alca] maior MeRReEM, in Ersch u. Gruber, Encycl., sect. i, 11, 1819, 407.

Genus ALCA Linneus.

Alca Linnzvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 130; ed. 12, i, 1766, 210. (Type, by
tautonymy, Alca torda Linneus. )

Pingouin Lac&prEpDe, in Buffon Hist. Nat., Quadr., Didot ed., xiv, 1799 (1802),
313. (Type, Alca torda Linneus.)

Utamania Leacu, Syst. Cat. Birds and Mam. Brit. Mus., 1816, 42.

Large Alcide (wing 188-201 mm.) with the deep and compressed and
transversely-grooved bill much shorter than head; tail graduated, of
12 rectrices, and wings well-developed (adapted for flight).

Bill much shorter than head, the distance from anterior end of
nostril to tip of maxilla much less than from same point to rictus
much compressed, its width at anterior end of nostril equal to only
about half the depth of maxilla at same point; culmen strongly
arched, the tip of maxilla strongly uncinate; tomia nearly straight
to near tip where strongly decurved; gonydeal angle prominent,
the gonys ascending and faintly concave distally; mandibular rami
densely covered with soft, velvety feathering except along upper
edge, the anterior outline of the feathering forming a gently curved
(convex) line to the base of gonys; whole loral region and nasal
fossae densely covered with short, soft velvety feathering, which
overhangs the upper edge of the longitudinal, slit-like nostril, the
anterior edge of this feathering forming a slightly curved (convex)
strongly oblique line from anterior end of nostril to base of culmen;
a narrow prominent lamina saddled over base of maxilla, against
frontal and loral feathering, at the lower end continued backward as a
prominent longitudinal ridge, between nostril and tomium, to the
rictus, the mandible also with a similar ridge along upper and anterior
portions of the ramus; sides of maxilla with two or three rather broad

714 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

and shallow transverse, slightly curved (distally convex) grooves, the
mandible usually with one or two similar but more vertical grooves.
Wing moderate, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal
secondaries by more than half the length of wing. Tail about two-
fifths as long as wing, graduated for more than one-third its length,
the middle rectrices obtusely pointed; rectrices 12. Tarsus about
as long as chord of exposed culmen, the acrotarsium continuously
transversely scutellate; middle toe, without claw, much longer than
tarsus, the outer toe as long as middle toe (but its claw smaller), the
inner toe (without claw) as long as first two phalanges of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Plaumage of head, especially the anterior
portion, short, very dense, and soft or velvety. Upper parts sooty
black, the secondaries narrowly tipped with white; under parts
immaculate white. In breeding season, the head and upper neck
dark sooty brown (deepening into blackish on pileum and hindneck),
relieved by a white line from eye to base of culmen.

Range.—Coasts and islands of the northern Atlantic Ocean, south
in winter to Atlantic coast of United States, Mediterranean Sea, ete.
(Monotypic.)

ALCA TORDA Linneus.

RAZOR-BILLED AUE.

Adults in breeding season (sexes alike).—Head and upper neck
plain dark brown (bright clove brown or deep olive-brown), becoming
much darker on pileum and gradually darkening into slate-black on
hindneck and rest of upper parts; secondaries narrowly but sharply
tipped with white; a narrow white line extending from anterior angle
of eye to near base of culmen; under parts, including axillars and
under wing-coverts, immaculate white, this extending forward to and
including the lower foreneck; bill black, with one or more of the
transverse grooves whitish; interior of mouth yellow; iris dark
brown; legs and feet dull black.

Winter plumage.—Whole under portion of head and neck and
space behind auricular region white; no white line between bill and
eye; bill without the basal lamina; otherwise as in summer.

Young.—Similar in coloration to the winter adult, but bill smaller
and without grooves.

Downy young.—Head, neck, and under parts plain dull whitish,
usually more or less tinged above with brownish buff; back, rump,
and flanks varying from pale brownish buff, more decidedly brownish
posteriorly, to dark sooty brown, the down dusky immediately beneath
the surface; posterior and lateral under parts more or less tinged
with brownish buff or sooty brownish.

! BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 715

Adult male.—Wing, 188-201 (195.6); tail, 72-83 (78.9); culmen,
32-35.5 (34.1); greatest depth of bill, 21-24.5 (22.6); tarsus,
30. 5-33 (31.6); middle toe, 39-44 (40.9) .4

Adult female.—Wing, 194-198 (196); tail, 82-88.5 (85.2); culmen,
33.5-35 (34.2); greatest depth of bill, 21-22 (21.5);° tarsus, 32;°¢
middle toe, 40. °

Coasts and islands of northern Atlantic Ocean and adjacent por-
tion of Arctic Ocean, from southern Greenland eastward to Spitz-
bergen;? breeding, on American side, from southern Greenland south-
ward to Nova Scotia (Bay of Fundy) and islands in Gulf of St. Law-
rence (Mingan Islands; Bird Rocks) ; wintering from New Brunswick
to Long Island, casually or occasionally to Virginia (Cobbs Island;
Smiths Island, March 29, 1912; Norfolk, Oct. 15, 1886) and North
Carolina (Lookout Cove, Feb. 15, 1890); occasional inland as far as
Ontario (Toronto, Dec. 10, 1889; Hamilton, Dec. 9, 1893); on eastern
side of Atlantic southward in winter as far as Azores, Canary Islands,
Straits of Gibraltar, Italy, and Algeria.

[Alca] torda Linn mus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 1758, 130 (s. Sweden); ed. 12, i, 1766,
210.—GmME LIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1i, 1789, 551.—Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790,
793.—ReEINHARDT (J.), Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 442 (Greenland).—SHarpe,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 130.—ForsBes and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2,
1899, 51.

Alca torda TEMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 182; Man. d’Orn., 1815, 616; 2d ed., pt. 1,
1820, 936; pt. iv, 1840, 581.—Mryer and Worr, Taschenb. Vég. Deutschl.,
1810, 439, pl —Vier1oT, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., i, 1816, 381.—Patuas, Zooer.
Rosso-Asiat., 1i, 1826, 360.—Bonararte, Obs. Nomencl. Wilson’s Am. Orn.,
1826, [204]; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828 (‘‘Synopsis”), 431.—Werner, Atlas,
Palmipédes, 1828, pl. 102—Msnevitir, Icon. Régne Anim., Ois., 1829-38,
pl. 61, fig. 2.—Lxsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 642, pl. 119, fig. 1.—Breum,
Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 1003.—Scuinz, Nat. Abbild. Vég., 1833, 374,
pl. 130; Europ. Faun., i, 1840, 363; Nat. Vog., 1853, 223, pl. 102.—Nurrat1,
Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 547.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i11,

a Seven specimens.
+ Two specimens.
¢ One specimen.

Great- |

" | Mi
Locality. Wing. | Tail. oie depth Tarsus. amidale
of bill.
| MALES,
| Pwo adult males from Europe.............+-++0eseeee- 194.5] 81.5 | 33 21.5 )..3l7 | 30
Five adult males from eastern North America........- 196 77.9 34.6 23.1 3155 41.6

The two adult females measured are both from eastern North America.

@ Records for Japan, ‘‘between Kamchatka and Alaska,’’ and even for coast of
Siberia, are probably erroneous.

716

BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1835, 112, pl. 214; v. 1839, 628; Synopsis, 1839, 345; Birds Am., 8vo ed.,
vii, 1844, 247, pl. 466.—Nixsson, Skand. Faun., ii, 1835, 520.—Gou tp, Birds
Europe, v, 1837, pl. 401 and text; Birds Great Brit., v, 1866, pl. 47 and text.—
YARRELL, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 366.—Naumann, Vég. Deutschl., xii, 1844,
606, pl. 336.—DreLAND, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 525.—RericHensacu, Natatores,
1850, pl. 5, figs. 18-22-—THompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, iii, 1851, 235.—
KsJAERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 413, pl. 53, fig. 1—Wartrers, Nat. Hist.
Birds Ireland, 1853, 231.—Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
901.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 711.—ReInHARDT, Ibis, 1861, 15
(Greenland).—MAa.LMGREN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 454 (Spitzbergen).—Morg,
Ibis, 1865, 451 (Great Britain) —DrGLAND and GEeRBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867,
612.—ScuHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867, 13.—CoLuert,
Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1868, 193.—Branprt, Mélang. Biol., vii, 1869,
204.—Droste, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 355 (Faroe Islands).—TuRNBULL, Birds E.
Penn. and N. J., 1869, 50.—Hartina, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 120 (n. e.
coast North America); Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 70.—Brooxg, Ibis, 1873,
348 (Sardinia).—Wnriaut, Ibis, 1874, 230 (Malta).—IrBy, Orn. Gibralt., 1875,
218; 2d ed., 1895, 394; Ibis, 1879, 346 (Gibraltar); 1883, 190 (Santander,
Spain).—Pautmgn, Journ. fir Orn., 1876, 65 (Finland).—Dressgr, Birds
Europe, viii, 1877, 557, pl. 619.—Bau, Journ. fiir Orn., 1877, 342 (Germany) .—
Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 161 (monogr.).—BLAKISTON
and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 209 (Japan).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 497.—
GI@Lio1t, Ibis, 1881, 221 (Italy) —SrEBoum, Ibis, 1882, 383 (Onega, Russia);
Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 375.—Bairp, BREWER, and Rrpaway, Water Birds:
N. Am., ii, 1884, 472.—LtrxKen, Ornis, 1885, 142 (Denmark). —SuNDEVALL,
Svensk. Fogl., iii, 1885, 983, pl. 52, fig. 2—Saunpers, ed. Yarrell’s Brit,
Birds, iv, 1885, 55; Illustr. Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 679.—Drxon, Ibis, 1885,
90 (St. Kilda).—Bootu, Rough Notes, ili, pt. xi, 1886.—AMERICAN ORNI-
THOLOGISTS’ UNton, Check List, 1886 and 2d ed., 1895, no. 32; 3rd ed., 1910,
p. 32.—Tscuust and HomEyYeEr, Ornis, 1i, 1886, 174 (local names).—GRGNDAL,
Ornis, ii, 1886, 367, 613 (Iceland); iii, 1887, 587, 600 (etymology).—Sat-
vapori, Ucc. Ital., 1887, 296.—Tarr, Ibis, 1887, 399 (Cesimbra and Ovar-
Aveiro, Portugal) —Wesster, Auk, iv, 1887, 158 (Norfolk, Virginia, Oct.,
1886).—Brusina, Soc. Hist. Nat. Croatica, iii, 1888, 149.—Kogrnia, Journ.
fiir Orn., 1888, 297 (Algeria); 1893, 105 (Tunis, Algeria).—Rerp, Ibis, 1888,
82 (Teneriffe, Canary Islands).—Bisnor, Auk, vi, 1889, 149 (Magdalen
Islands).—Rives, Cat. Birds Virginia, 1890, 41 (Cobb’s Island, 3 specs.,.
winter; Norfolk, 1 spec. Oct. 15, 1886).—FisHer (A. K.), Auk, vii, 1890, 203
(Lookout Cove, North Carolina, Feb. 15, 1890).—Lizrorp, Col. Figs. Brit.
Birds, pt. xii, 1896.—Evans, Ibis, 1891, 83 (length of incubation; 30 days).—
ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 272 (between Kamchatka and Alaska); 1895,
459 (w. Greenland).—Harterr, Ibis, 1892, 522 (e. Prussia): Novit. Zool.,.
viii, 1901, 306 (Canary Islands).—Wa.po, Ibis, 1893, 207 (Canary Islands).—
RorascuHi.p, Ibis, 1893, 444 (descr. melanistic variety).—Btaaa, Ibis, 1893,
358 (Shetland Islands).—Srone, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1894, 41 (coast.
New Jersey).—PEARSON and Bipwe 1, Ibis, 1894, 237 (Hjemso, Norway).—
WINTLE, Canad. Rec. Sci., vi, 1895, 248 (Montreal, Quebec, Nov. 10, 1893).—
SHarpe, Handb. Birds Great Brit., iv, 1897, 106, pl. 104.—CHapman, Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., xii, 1899, 223 (Holsteinborg, Greenland, June, July).—
Hartert and Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 99 (San Miguel, Azores).—
Fuemine, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 441 (Toronto, Ontario, Dec. 10, 1889; Hamilton,
Ontario, Dec. 9, 1893).—Brown (E. J.), Auk, xxix, 1912, 399 (Smith’s Island,
Virginia, March 29, 1912).

A[ica] torda Keyseruinea and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xci, 236.—Ripeway,.

Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 18.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 717

Plinguinus] torda BoNNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 29, pl. 10, fig. 1.

Pingowin torda Lactrépe and Dauptn, in Buffon Hist. Nat., ed. Didot, Quadr.,
xiv, 1799 (1802), 313.

Utamania torda Lracu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 42.—SrreruEens,
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 27 —BoNnapartE, Geog. and Comp. List,
1838, 66.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., tii, Anseres, 1844, 153.—MacaiIL11-
vray, Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 346.—Covsgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 249
(Gulf of St. Lawrence and coast of Labrador; habits, etc.); 1868, 18 (monogr.);
Check List, 1873, no. 616; 2d ed., 1882, no. 877.—VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst.,
iii, 1862, 160 (breeding about Bay of Fundy).—Firzinarr, Atl. Nat. Vég.,
1864, fig. 345.—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 300 (vicinity New
York City).—F rirscn, Nat. Vég. Eur., 1870, 491; Atlas, 1871, pl. 59, fig. 7.—
KumuEn, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 103 (Labrador; w. coast Green-
land).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 228 (Long Beach, New Jersey,
Feb.).—Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 211 (Cat. N. Am. Birds,
no. 742); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 742.—Grattott, Ibis, 1881, 221 (Italian
records); Avif. Ital., 1886, 443, 569; 1 Resoc. Avif. Ital., 1889, 656; 2 Resoc.,
1890, 663; 3 Resoc., 1891, 518.—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882,
242 (Point de Monts, Quebec; Mingan Islands, breeding).—STEARNS and
Cougs, New Engl. Bird-life, ii, 1883, 400.—DutTcuer, Auk, i, 1885, 38
(Southampton, Long Island, 3 specs., Jan., Feb.).

[ Utamania] torda Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 340.

U[tamania] torda Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 818.

Utamia torda Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 411 (Bird Rocks,
Gulf St. Lawrence, breeding; habits).

[Chenalopex] torda Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 95, no. 10774.

[Alca] unisulcata Brunnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 25.

[Alca] balthica Pontorripan, Danske Atlas, i, 1763, 621, pl. xxvi, fig —Brutn-
nicH, Orn. Bor., 1764, 25.—Breum, Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 1002.

[?] Alia alle (not Alea alle Linneus) Boppagrt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783,.58 (Pl.
Enl., pl. 1003).

[Alca] baltica Gmewin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 551.

[Alca] pica Linnzus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 210 (Arctic circle).—GMELIN,
Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 551.

Alca pica Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 361.

Plinguinus] pica BONNATERRE, Tabl. Encl. Méth., i, 1790, 30.

Pingouin pica LackrEDE and Dauptn, in Buff. Hist. Nat., ed. Didot, Quadr., xiv,
1799 (1802), 313.

Utamania pica Lreacu, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 42.—STEePHEns,
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 30.

Alca glacialis Brenm, Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 1004.

Alca islandica BreuM, Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 1005, pl. 46, fig. 2.

Alca microrhynchos Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 410.

[Alca torda] 8 LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 793 (based on Alca pica Linneeus).

[Alca torda] y LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 794 (based on Alca balthica Briinnich).

Genus URIA Brisson.

Uria Brisson, Orn., vi, 1760, 70. (Type, by tautonymy, [ Uria] uria Brisson=
Colymbus troille Linnzeus.)

Lomvia Branpt, Bull. Acad. St. Pétersb., ii, 1837, 345. (Type, Colymbus troille
Linneus. )

Cataractes ‘‘Moehr[ing]” Gray, List Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 2d ed., 1841, 98.
(Type, by original designation, Colymbus troille Linnzeus.)

718 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Large Alcine (wing 182-230 mm.) with the narrow and pointed
bill much longer than tarsus, without transverse grooves, the culmen
nearly straight basally, gently curved distally; loral antia forming a
distinct angle about midway between culmen and tomium or nearer
to the former than to the latter, and tail shghtly rounded, with rec-
trices not pointed.

Bill much longer than tarsus, elongate-subconical, moderately com-
pressed, without grooves; culmen nearly straight basally, gradualy
decurved terminally, or gently curved from near base the curvature
increasing distally, sometimes ascending or more or less elevated at
extreme base; gonys long (but shorter than distance from nostril to
tip of maxilla), more or less prominent basally, faintly concave
sub-basally; maxillary tomium faintly convex near middle portion,
faintly concave distally, distinctly notched subterminally ; mandibular
tomium nearly straight for basal half or more, slightly decurved dis-
tally; mandibular rami covered for most of its extent with short,
dense, velvety feathering, only the anterior portion and a narrow strip
along upper (tomial) edge unfeathered, the anterior outline of the
feathering forming an oblique doubly curved line (concave below,
convex above) from the mental antia to near the tomial edge; whole
loral region, including nasal fosse, clothed with similar dense, short,
velvety feathering, this forming a prominent angle or antia between
nostril and culmen (its apex decidedly anterior to anterior end of
nostril), the longitudinally elliptical or narrowly oval nostrils overhung
(except anteriorly) by the lower edge of this feathering. Wing mod-
erate, the longest primary (outermost or two outermost) exceeding
distal secondaries by more than half the length of wing. Tail about
one-fourth as long as wing, shghtly rounded, the rectrices 12 in num-
ber, not pointed. Tarsus sometimes longer, sometimes shorter, than
exposed culmen,? the acrotarsium transversely scutellate, but scutella
broken, more or less, on inner side of upper portion; middle toe, with-
out claw, much longer than tarsus; outer toe (without claw) as long
as middle toe, the inner as long as first two phalanges of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Feathering of head (especially the ante-
rior portion) very dense, soft, and velvety; a narrow crease or furrow
from posterior angle of eye to side of nape, following upper margin
of auricular region. Upper parts plain grayish brown or dusky,
the secondaries narrowly but sharply tipped with white; under parts
immaculate white, the outer portion of sides and flanks streaked
with grayish brown. In breeding plumage, sides of head and neck,
chin, throat, and foreneck uniform velvety brown; in winter, chin,
throat, foreneck, and sides of head and neck white, broken by a

4 Owing to extensive feathering of basal portion of maxilla, the exposed culmen
is considerably shorter than the actual length of the bill.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 719

dusky postocular stripe. Young similar to winter adults, but with-
out white on sides of occiput, white of foreneck faintly mottled with
dusky, and bill smaller.

Range.—Circumpolar regions, migrating southward in winter.
(Three—possible only two—species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF URIA.

a. Depth of bill at gonydeal angle equal to less than one-third the length of exposed
culmen; basal portion of maxillary tomium always black, like rest of maxilla;
pileum and hindneck deep olive-brown to deep brownish drab; summer adults
with sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and foreneck, olive-brown to brownish

drab.
6. A white orbital ring, continued backward and downward in a narrow post-ocular-
supra-auricular streak. (North Atlantic.)........--....-. Uria ringvia (p. 719).

bb. No white orbital ring nor postocular streak. (Uria troille.)

c. Wing averaging shorter (197 in male, 190.7 in female), middle toe shorter (43.9
in male, 43.7 in female), and bill averaging less deep at gonydeal angle (13.6
in male, 12.9 in female). (Coasts and islands of northern Atlantic Ocean.)

Uria troille troille (p. 721).

ce, Wing averaging longer (203.9 in male, 204 in female), middle toe longer (45.9

in male, 45 in female) and bill deeper at gonydeal angle (14.1 in male, 15
in female). (Coasts and islands of northern Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea,
south-torCaliformia:) Heh. 2st 4.8. ot Uria troille californica (p. 724).
aa, Depth of bill at gonydeal angle more than one-third the length of exposed culmen;
basal portion of maxillary tomium whitish in adults; pileum and hindneck
sooty slate-blackish; summer adults with sides of head and neck, chin, throat,

and foreneck darker olive-brown or clove brown. (Uria lomvia.)

b. Averaging slightly smaller (wing 208.2 in male, 203.5 in female; tarsus 35.3 in
male, 34.1 in female; middle toe 43.6 in male, 44.2 in female); basal portion
of maxillary tomium more conspicuously whitish. (Coasts and islands of
northern Atlantic and adjacent portions of Artic Ocean.)

Uria lomvia lomvia (p. 726).

bb. Averaging larger (wing 221.7 in male, 217.2 in female; tarsus 36.7 in male, 36.5

in female; middle toe 45.9); basal portion of maxillary tomium less conspicu-
ously whitish. (Coasts and islands of northern Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, and
adjacent. parts of Arctic Ocean.) -2...../0s..2 51% Uria lomvia arra (p. 730).

URIA RINGVIA Briinnich.
RINGED MURRE.

Similar to U. troille, but with a narrow white ring completely
encircling eye and continued backward and downward, as a narrow
streak bordering upper and posterior margins of the auricular region,
to sides of nape.

Adults in breeding season (sexes alike).—Head and neck, all round,
plain soft grayish brown (between olive-brown and clove brown),
relieved by a narrow orbital ring and postocular streak of white, the
latter confluent with the former and occupying the crease which
follows the upper margin of the auricular region; upper parts dusky
grayish brown (nearly chetura drab but more grayish, especially on
tips of feathers), the secondaries narrowly but sharply tipped white:

720 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

under parts, including median portion of lower foreneck, white, im-
maculate except outer portion of sides and flanks, where streaked
with grayish brown; bill black; iris dark brown; legs and feet
blackish? (said to be lighter colored than those of U. troille).¢

Adult male.—Wing, 193-211 (201.7); tail, 48-50.5 (49.1); exposed
culmen, 39-45.5 (43.2); tarsus, 37-38 (37.7) ; middle toe, 43-47 (45.6).®

Adult female—Wing, 202; tail, 47; exposed culmen (bill defec-
tive); tarsus, 35; middle toe, 46.°

Coasts and islands of northern Atlantic Ocean and eastward to
Spitzbergen; southward to coast of eastern Maine in winter; breeding
on islands in Gulf of St. Lawrence (Gannet Rock; Bird Rocks;
Grosse Isle; Magdalen Islands) and northward, on European side
southward to Outer Hebrides, Grimsay Island, etc., rarely to coast
of France (Aiguilles d’ Ktretat).

[ Uria] ringvia Brunnic#, Orn. Bor., 1764, 28 (Iceland).

Uria ringvia Scutnz, Eur. Fauna, i, 1840, 359.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii,
Anseres, 1844, 157.—DraGLanpD, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 513.—Cassrn, in Baird,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 914.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
no. 730.—DE@LAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 600.—SamueE.s, Nests
and Eggs N. Am. Birds, 1883, 570.—Batrp, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water
Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 481 (under U. troile).—(??) ScHatow, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1891, 271 (Alaska).—Suarre, Handb. Birds Great Brit., iv, 1897, 119,
pl. 107.

Uria (Lomvia) ringvia Branpt, Bull. Sci. Ac. St. Petersb., ii, 1837, 345.

Catarractes ringvia BRYANT, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., viii, 1861, 139 (monogr.).

Lomvia ringvia Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 77 (monogr.).—Goss,
Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci., viii, 1883, 60 (Bird Rocks, Gulf of St. Lawrence,
breeding; habits). Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 410 (Bird
Rocks, breeding; crit.).

Uria troile, var. ringvia CotLett, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1868, 192.—Granrt,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 575.

U[ria] rhingvia Knyseruine and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xciii, 238. _

Uria rhingvia NauMANN, Vog. Deutschl., xii, 1844, 524, pl. 332.—RrIcHENBACH,
Natatores, 1850, pl. 8, figs. 37, 38. ;

{ Uria] hringvia Retnuarpt (J.), Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 442 (Greenland).

[ Uria] rhingvia Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 101, no. 10821.

Uria wringvia Fritscn, Nat. Vég. Eur., 1870, 495; Atlas, 1871, pl. 59, fig. 5.

Uria rhyngvia GRONDAL, Ornis, iii, 1887, 597 (etymology).

(?) Uria alga Brisnnicu, Orn. Bor., 1704, 28 (Denmark).

U[ria] troile leucophtalmos FasrEr, Prodr. Orn., 1822, 42 (Iceland; color variety);
Isis, 1824, 146.

Uria leucophthalmos THomeson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, iii, 1851, 211.—KsaERB¢gLLING,
Danm. Fugle, 1852, 408, pl. 52, fig. 5.

U[ria] leucophthalmus H6uiso.t, Naturhist. Tidssk., iv, 1843, 454 (Greenland).

aT have not been able to examine specimens in winter plumage nor of the young.

b Five specimens.

¢ One specimen.

Four adults of unknown sex measure as follows: Wing, 188-204 (195.4); tail, 45.5-53
(49.1); exposed culmen, 41-48.5 (44.1); tarsus, 34-37 (35.4); middle toe, 42-46 (44).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 721

Uria lachrymans Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 638.—Gray (R.), Birds West
Scotland, 1871, 424.

{ Uria] lachrymans SHarrE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 130.

Uria lacrymans VALENCIENNES, in Choris, Voy. Pittor., 1822, Aléout., 27, pl. 23
(Newfoundland; ex La Pylaie, manuscript)—Werrner, Atlas, Palmipades,
1828, pl. 98.—GouLp, Birds Eur., v, 1837, pl. 397 and text.—Yarrew, Brit.
Birds, i, 1843, preface, p. xi; iii, 1843, 351.—Maceariivray, Brit. Birds, v,
1852, 326.—Watters, Nat. Hist. Birds Ireland, 1853, 229.

Uria troile lacrymans Scuatow, Végel der Arktis, 1904, 127 (synonymy, range,
etc.).

Uria lacrimalis ‘‘ Kretschmar” Scutnz, Thierreich, iv, 1825, 532.

Uria leucopsis BreuM, Beitr. Vogelk., iii, 1823, 880 (Iceland); Isis, 1826, 888;
Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 982.

Uria troile (not Colymbus troille Linnzeus) Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828
(“Synopsis”), 424.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 142, pl. 218; Synopsis,
1839, 350; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 267, pl. 473.—Gou.p, Birds Great
Brit., v., 1873, pl. 48, rear fig., and text, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and
Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 477, part.

U[ria] troile Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 18, part.

[Lomvia] troile Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 346, part.

[ Uria troile| 8 LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 787, part (based on Colymbus minor
Gmelin, Uria svarbag and U. ringvia Briinnich; etc.).

(?) [ Uria troile] y Latnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 797 (based on Uria alga Briinnich),

URIA TROILLE TROILLE (Linneus).
MURRE,

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike)—Head and neck plain
olive-brown or sepia to nearly clove-brown, little if any darker on
pileum and hindneck, but sometimes slightly more grayish on crown;
rest of upper parts plain dark grayish brown (nearest chetura drab
or fuscous, but more grayish than the latter), the secondaries nar-
rowly but sharply tipped with white; under parts, including median
portion of lower foreneck, white, immaculate except on outer portion
of sides and flanks, where broadly streaked with grayish brown;
bill black; inside of mouth yellow; iris dark brown; legs and feet
dull black or dusky.

Winter plumage.—Whole under side of head, foreneck, malar,
suborbital, and auricular regions, and stripe on each side of occiput
white, the latero-occipital area separated from the white below it,
except posteriorly, by a postocular stripe of dark smoky brown,
extending along upper edge of auriculars; bill and feet more brownish.

Young.—Similar to winter adults but without white on sides of
occiput, and white of foreneck faintly mottled with grayish brown
or dusky; bill smaller.

Downy young.—Head and neck sooty black, finely streaked with
dull grayish white; upper parts plain deep grayish brown or brownish
gray, the sides and flanks similar but paler; chest, breast, abdomen,
and anal region immaculate white.

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S47

422 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male.—Wing, 191-204.5 (197); tail, 44-52 (46.8); exposed
culmen, 40-49.5 (46.8); depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 13-15 (13.6);
tarsus, 34-39 (36.6); middle toe, 41-46 (43.9).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 185-208 (190.7); tail, 41-50.5 (46.7); exposed
culmen, 40-50 (43.5);° depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 12.7 ;¢
tarsus, 33.5-39.7 (35. 6); middle toe, 40-48 (43.7).®

Coasts and islands of northern Atlantic Ocean and eastward to
Spitzbergen; breeding from southern Greenland southward to New-
foundland, Magdalen Islands, and Bay of Fundy, on European side
as far as coast of Portugal (Berlanga Island); in winter southward -
to coast of Maine, coast of Spain, and, rarely, adjacent portion of
Mediterranean Sea.

[Colymbus] troille Linna&vus, Fauna Suecica, ed. 2, 1761, 52 (Spitzbergen).

Uria troille Nurraut, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 526.

Uria troille troille AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 3rd ed., 1910,
De ol:

Catarractes troille BRYANT, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1861, 137 (monogr.).

[Colymbus] troile LinNazus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, 1766, 220.—Gmetin, Syst. Nat.,
i, pt. 1, 1789, 585.

Colymbus troile BopparErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1788, 54 (Pl. Enl., pl. 903).—O’ Rey,
Greenland, 1818, 144.

[ Uria] troile Latuam, Index Orn., li, 1790, 796.—ReinnARp?T (J.), Journ. fiir
Orn., 1854, 442 (Greenland).—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 101, no. 10820.—
SHarPeE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 130.

Uria troile BONNATERRE, Tab]. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 35, pl. 9, fig. 3.—TemMincx,
Cat. Syst., 1807, 182; Man. d’Orn., 1815, 606; 2d ed., pt. ii, 1820, 921; iv, 1840,
573.—VieILLoT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 35, part, pl. E7,
fig. 3—Meryer and Wo tr, Taschenb. Deutschl., 1810, 445.—Botr, Isis, 1822,
872.—V ALENCIENNES, in Choris Voy. Pittor. antour du Monde, 1822, Aléout.,
25, pl. 20.—SrerHeENs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. 2, 1824, 244.—WeERNER,
Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, pl. 95.—Swarinson and Ricwarpson, Fauna Bor.-
Am., li, 1831, 477.—Breum, Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 981.—Govuxp,

a Nine specimens. b Sixteen specimens. ¢ Two specimens.
| Great- 7
a3 a eR OTT s = i >
Locality. Wing. | Tail. oe dats Tarsus. oes
of bill.
MALES, |
| .
Threeadult males from Europe....................--- 195. 8 | 5 47.5 18 36.4 44.1
Six adult males from Atlantic coast of North America.}| 197.6 47.7 43.4 13.3 36.8 43.9
Ten adult males from Pacific coast of North America
CUE ECO OTNICD) ie neers dem ape cichaate soc nialan dees 202. 9 45.9 AG. 14.1 36.3 45.9
Five adult” males onUriguiant oe. 22 oe. eee 201. 7 49. 1 AS Dun te. bs 37.7 45.6
. FEMALES.
Six adult females from Europe......................-- 196, 2 46.6 46.6 12.7 35. 2 42. 2

Ten adult females from Atlantic coast of North America] 198.8 46.8 41.9 13.2 36.1 44.6
Eleven adult females from Pacific coast of North Amer-

LCA) (Une COMONNICE) scram ccna ccesncmcmsces eeeecece| (G20 45. 6 45.7 15 36.3 45
Oneadult female of U. ringvia ....... cece cee ccccccee 202 BU) ON ue |Seeeeens 35 46

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. . 2s

Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 396 and text; Birds Great Brit., v, pl. 48, front
fig., and text.—BonaprarteE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 65.—Scu1nz, Eur.
Faun., i, 1840, 360.—Yarret.L, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 343.—Gray, List Birds
Brit. Mus., pt. iii, Anseres, 1844, 156.—Der Kay, Zool. N. Y., ii, 1844, 279.—
DEGLAND, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 511.—ReicHensBacu, Natatores, 1850, pl. 8,
figs. 32-36.—TuHompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, iti, 1851, 207.—KsaAERBOLLING,
Danm. Fugle, 1852, 408, pl. 52, fig. 4—Macaruivray, Brit. Birds, v, 1852,
3i8.—WatteErs, Nat. Hist. Birds Ireland, 1853, 226.—ReInuarpt, Ibis, 1861,
16 (Greenland).—Moreg, Ibis, 1865, 449 (Great Britain).—Drcnanp and
GERBE, Orn. Eur., 1i, 1867, 598.—Smiru, Ibis, 1868, 457 (Portugal).—Co.LLerr,
Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1868, 192.—Branpt, Mélang. Biol., vii, 1869,
205.—Drosreg, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 350 (Faroe Islands; habits).—Gray
(R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 420.—Hartine, Handb. Birds Great Brit.,
1872, 74.—IrBy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 218; 2d ed., 1895, 304; Ibis, 1883,
190 (Santander, Spain).—Patmgén, Journ. fiir Orn., 1876, 65 (Finland).—
Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 500.—Coiiins, Rep. Com. Fisheries for
1882 (1883), 334 (Grand Banks, off Newfoundland, etc., habits)—CHAMBER-
LAIN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 9 (New Brunswick) —Bairp,
Brewer, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., 1, 1884, 477.—Drxon, Ibis,
1885, 89 (St. Kilda).—Saunpers, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iv, 1885, 60;
Illustr. Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 683.—SuNDEVvALL, Svensk. Fogl., 111, 1885,
1103, pl. 52, fig. 4.—Ltrxen, Ornis, 1885, 143; 1886, 97 (Denmark).—GrO6n-
DAL, Ornis, 1886, 367 (Iceland)—AmeERIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 30.—Boorxu, Rough Notes, iii, pt.
xiv, 1887, 2 pls.—BisHop, Auk, vi, 1889, 145 (Magdalen Islands).—Litrorp,
Col. Figs. Brit. Birds, pt. xxi, 1892.—Buaaa, Ibis, 1893, 358 (Shetland
Islands).—Suarpe, Handb. Birds Great Brit., iv, 1897, 114, pl. 106.—Granv,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 573, part.—FLemine, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 452
(no valid Great Lakes record!).

U[ria] troile Gray, Gen. Birds, Ui, 1848, 645.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds,
1887, 18.

[ Uria troile] a. troile Barrp, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., u,
1884, 476.

Uria troile troile ScHALOW, Vogel der Arktis, 1904, 126 (synonymy, range, etc.).—
Hanrzscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 315 (Labrador). .

Uria (Lomvia) troile Branvt, Bull. Sci. Ac. St. Petersb., ii, 1837, 345.

Alea troile MatmGREN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 265 (crit.).—Dresser, Birds Europe,.
viii, 1877, 567, pl. 621, rear fig—NerwrTon, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 2
(descr. variety).—SrEEBouM, Hist. Brit. Birds, ili, 1885, 388.

Lomvia troile Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 75 (monogr.); Check List,
1873, no. 634, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 874.—Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xix, 1877, 160 (monogr.).—RipGway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 212
(Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 763); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 763.—MeErRRIAM,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 241 (Point de Monts, Quebec, in winter;
sometimes very numerous).—BrewsteER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883,
409 (Bird Rocks and Perroquet Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence, breeding;
habits).—STreaRNs and Cougs, New Engl. Bird Life, ii, 1883, 397.—Satva-
port, Ucc. Ital., 1887, 297.—T arr, Ibis, 1887, 399 (Berlenga Island, Portugal,
breeding).—GieLiou, Avil. Ital., i, 1889, 659.—Evans, Ibis, 1891, 83 (length
of incubation, 30-33 days).—PEaRSON and BipWELL, Ibis, 1894, 237 (Hjemsé,
n. Norway). ;

[Lomvia] troile Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 346, part.

L{omvia] troile CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 816.

Catarractes troile VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 160 (breeding about Bay of
Fundy).

[ Colymbus] minor GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 585, part (England).

724 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ,

Uria minor STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. 2, 1824, 246.

Uria norvegica BreHM, Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 983.

Uria intermedia Nuusson, Skand. Fauna, li, 1835, 506.

Uria lomvia (not Alcea lomvia Linnzeus) Brinnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 27.—Nav-
MANN, Vog. Deutschl., xii, 1844, 508, pl. 331.—ReicHENBACcH, Natatores,
1850, pl. 8, figs. 39-42.—Scutnz, Nat. Vog., 1853, 221, pl. 102.—Cassrn, in
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 913.—Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 729.—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 300 (vicinity New
York City).—Frirscu, Nat. Vog. Eur., 1870, 493; Atlas, 1871, pl. 60, fig. 7.—
Samuets, Nests and eggs N. Am. Birds, 1883, 568.—Hartert, Ibis, 1892,
522 (Danzig, Germany).

U[ria] lomvia Keyseruine and Brastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xcii, 238.

Alca lomvia ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays—Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867, 15.

Uria briinnichii (not of Sabine, 1817) Barrys, Icebound on Kolguev, 1895, 20; Ibis,
1896, 155.

(2) [Colymbus trotle, var.] 8 DoNNvorrr, Beytr. Zool., ii, pt. i, 1794, 875.

(?) [Colymbus trotle, var.] y DoNNborrFr, Beytr. Zool., ii, pt.i, 1794, 876.

(?) “Columbus langvia Puarr, Reise n. Isl. p. 562.4 (Bryant.)

URIA TROILLE CALIFORNICA (Bryant).
CALIFORNIA MURRE.

Similar to U. t. troille but with wing, culmen, and middle toe aver-
aging longer and bill deeper through gonydeal angle, with culmen
less curved.

Adult male.—Wing, 199-212 (203.9); tail, 45-51 (47.4); exposed
culmen, 43.5—50 (46.1); depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 13-15 (14.1);
tarsus, 34-38 (36.3); middle toe, 43-50 (45.9).4

Adult female.-—Wing, 182-—223.5 (204); tail, 39-53 (45.6); exposed
culmen, 42-58 (45.7) ;% depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 14-15.7 (15);°
tarsus, 33-40.6 (36.3); middle toe, 43-48.3 (45).°

@2The correct citation is probably Colymbus langvigia Olaffson, Reise, etc. (Coues.)

6 Eleven specimens. ¢ Four specimens.
Depth
E eee of bill :
Bie rm at pose at Naperje | Middle
Locality. | Wing. | Tail. cul- | gony- Ta§sus.| too.
men, deal
angle.
ps SS = == ——|—_-— st so
MALES.
T woladult'males from»California. .2.'.2.. 21.2.0... 5. 199 45. 5 44,7 14 37. 2 45.7
Two adult males from Washington (July)..... poets 204 48 48.5 14.5 37.2 47.5
Seven adult males from Alaska..................-2---- 205.3 47.9 45.7 14.1 35. 7 45.3
FEMALES.
Three adult females from California. .................. | 189 43.5 ADs bolt Ameeee 34.7
Eight adult females from Alaska.................-2.-. 209. 7 47.1 45.9 15 36.9 45.1

Should the difference in size between specimens from California on the one hand and
those from Washington and northward prove constant, the name californica should
be restricted to the southern form (the diagnosis of the subspecies being at the same
time emended, since the California bird is not larger than the Atlantic one), and a new
name provided for the northern subspecies.

| BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 725

Coasts and islands of northern Pacific and Bering Sea, from California
to Alaska and across to eastern Siberia, thence southward to northern
Japan; breeding from Farallon Islands, California, to Norton Sound,
Pribilof Islands, St. Matthew Island, and Aleutian Islands, Alaska,
and Commander Islands, Kamchatka; in winter southward to south-
ern California (Santa Monica), Kuril Islands, and northern Japan
(Hakodate); has been recorded from coast of eastern Siberia, Wrangel
Island, and Herald Island.

Uria troile (not Colymbus troille Linnzeus) Vierior, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat.,
xiv, 1817, 35, part (Kamchatka; Pacific coast North America).—Cuorts,
Voy. Pittor., Aléout., 1822, pl. xx.—Nrwssrry, Kep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
vi, pt. iv, 1857, 110 (Farallon Islands, etc., California).—BuLaxkisron and
PryeErR, Ibis, 1878, 211 (Hakodate, Japan); Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, viii,
1880, 180 (Hakodate, Japan); x, 1882, 91 (Hakodate, Japan).—BLaxisTon,
Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 32.—Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi,
1898, 573, part (Kuril Islands; Bering Island; Stewarts Island and St. Mi-
chaels, Alaska; Monterey and Farallon Islands, California).

[ Uria] troile SHarprr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 130, part.—ForsBes and RosBinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 51, part (Kamchatka).

[Lomvia] troile CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 346, part.

Lomvia troile Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 634, part.—Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., v, 1882, 172 (Cook Inlet, Alaska).

Alca troile SEEBoum, Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 273, part.

Uria lomvia (not Cepphus lomvia Pallas, 1826) Dati and Bannister, Trans.
Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 309, part (Kadiak Island, Alaska).

Uria briinnichii (not Uria briinnichi Sabine, 1817) HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R.
Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, Birds, p. 75 (Farallon Islands; habits).

Catarractes californicus Bryant (H.), Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., viii, 1861, 142
(Farallon Islands, California).

Lomvia californica Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 79, fig. 16 (monogr.).

Uria californica Dati and BANNIsTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 309
(Sitka and Kadiak, Alaska).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii, 1872, 77
(Alexandrovsk; crit.) —Datt, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 34 (Unalaska
Island); v, 1874, 280 (Aleutian Islands).—STEJNEGER, Naturen, 1884, 54
(Commander Islands).—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avif., no. 3, 1902, 11 (Cali-
fornia range).

[Lomvia troile] var. californica Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 346, in text.

Lomvia troile var. californica Cours, in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 210
(Pribilof Islands; crit.).

Lomvia troile, var. californica Evtiorr, Monogr. Pribylov Group, 1882, 135 (much
less numerous than ZL. arra).

Lomvia troile californica Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ili, Sept. 4, 1880, 212
(Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 763a); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 763a.—CovuEs,
Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 875.—NELSON, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883),
117 (Aleutian Islands).

L{omvia] t{roile] californica Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 817.

[ Uria troile] 8. californica Barrp, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am.,
li, 1884, 476, under U. troile.

U[ria] troile californica Barrp, BREWER, and Rrpaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii,
1884, 479, under fig —Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 18.

726 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

&

Tria troile californica StEINEGER, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 20 (Com-
mander Islands); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, 271 (Kuril Islands).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886 and 2d ed., 1895,
no. 30a.—EVERMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 88 (Ventura Co., California).—TURNER,
Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 122 (north to St. Matthew Island; not at St.
Michaels).—Netson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 45 (Sitka; Kodiak;
Aleutian Islands; Pribylof islands; Herald Island; Wrangell Island).—
Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., i, 1888, 31 (Farallon Islands,
breeding; habits; descr. nest and eggs).—TaczaNowskI, Mém. Ac. St.
Petersb., xxxix, 1893, 1219 (e. Siberia).—Loomis, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d
ser., vi, 1896, 20 (coast California).—GRINNELL (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 125
(Sitka).—SEaLE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, 129 (near Aleutian Is-
lands).—Patmer (W.), Avif. Pribilof Islands, 1899, 389 (breeding; habits,
etc.).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xvi, 1902, 232 (Homer, Cook Inlet,
Alaska; breeding at Kodiak Island and Kachemak Bay).—Ray, Auk, xxi,
1904, 431 (Farallon Islands; habits, etc.).—Jonrs, Wilson Bull., xxi, 1909,
9, figs. (1), 7, 8, 9 (Carroll Inlet, Washington, breeding; habits, etc.).—
Cuark (A. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 33 (San Francisco,
California, to Aleutian Islands; Commander Islands).

Uria troille californica AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 3d ed.,
1910, p. 31.—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 19 (breeding
on Farallon and San Miguel islands, Point Reyes, etc.).

Alca troile californica SkEBoHM, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 389.

URIA LOMVIA LOMVIA (Linnzus).

BRUNNICH’S MURRE.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Sides of head and neck,
chin, throat, and foreneck, uniform clove brown, passing into’ sooty
slate-blackish on pileum and hindneck; upper parts plain sooty
slate-blackish (similar to but rather more grayish than color of
hindneck and pileum), the secondaries narrowly but sharply tipped
with white; under parts, including median portion of lower foreneck,
immaculate white, the exterior feathers of sides and flanks broadly
edged on outer webs with sooty blackish; bill black, the basal half
(approximately) of maxillary tomium bluish gray, sometimes con-
spicuously light-colored; iris dark brown; legs and feet dusky brown
(said to be tinged with reddish in life).

Winter plumage.-—Whole throat, foreneck, malar, subocular,
and auricular regions, and sides of occiput white, the last separated
(except posteriorly) by a narrow blackish postocular stripe; white
of latero-occipital area and lower part of foreneck faintly mottled
transversely with dusky; otherwise as in summer.

Young.—Similar to winter adults, but without white on sides of
occiput and with bill smaller.

Downy young.—Above dusky grayish brown or sooty, the head
and neck finely streaked with pale buffy grayish; throat, foreneck,
sides, and posterior under parts pale brownish gray, the chest,
breast, and abdomen dull white.

i

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 727

Adult male.—Wing, 198-215 (208.2); tail, 46-49.5 (48); exposed

culmen, 30.5-36.5 (34.3); depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 13.5-14.5

(14) ; tarsus, 32.5-38 (35.3); middle toe, 40—45.5 (43.6).?

Adult female.—Wing, 198-209 (203.5); tail, 47-51 (48.9); exposed
culmen, 31-37.5 (35.1); depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 13-14.5 (14);
tarsus, 30.5-37 (34.1); middle toe, 41-46.5 (44.2).°

Coasts and islands of northern Atlantic Ocean and eastward to
Cape Chelyuskin (Taimyr Peninsula), Novaya Zemlya, Jan Mayen
Land, Spitzbergen, etc.; in North America breeding from southern
Ellesmere Land and northern Greenland (Cape Alexander) tonorthern
portion of Hudson Bay, coast of Labrador, and islands in Gulf of
St. Lawrence (Bird Rocks); in winter southward to coast of Maine,
etc., casually, or during severe winters, to Virginia (Cape Charles,
Dec. 31, 1890), North Carolina (Newberne, Dec. 22 or 23, 1896),
and South Carolina (Anderson, Dec. 19, 1896, 8 specimens), and in
the interior to New York (Seneca Lake, Dec. 13, 1895, May, 1876,
and Dec. 26, 1896; Orleans County, Dec. 5 and 25, 1894; Johns-
town), Ontario (Lake Ontario, frequent in winter; near Kingston,
July, 1897, 3 specimens; Toronto, numerous in Nov. and Dec.,
1893); Ohio (Sandusky Bay, Dec. 19, 1896, 3 specimens; Lorain,
Dee. 25, 1896, 6 specimens; near Jefferson, Ashtabula County, Dec.,
1897), Indiana (Fall Creek, near Indianapolis, Dec. 17,-1896; Hazel-
rigg, Boone County, Dec. 15, 1896; near Fowler, Benton County,
Dec. 20, 1896; near Reynolds, White County, March, 1869; Iro-
quois Township, Newton County, Dec. 31, 1896), Ullnois (Picard,
Dec. 10, 1896), Michigan (near Greenville, Dec. 13, 1894; near
Gibraltar, Dec. 26, 1896, flock of 10), and Iowa; in Europe, south-
ward in winter to Norway and (more rarely) British Islands.

[Alca] lomvia Linn mvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 180 (n. Europe; based on Lom-

via Clusius, Exot., 367, etc.).
Catarractes lomvia Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., viii, 1861, 140, figs. 1, 4

(monoer).
@ Five specimens. b Four specimens.
| Depth |
| Ex- |ofbillat|
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | gony- | Tarsus.) Middle
| culmen.| deal toe.
angle.
|
MALES, |
| |
One adult male from Spitzbergen.-...........-.-.---.. | 206.5 | 49.5 36.5 14.5 35 45
Four adult males from Atlantic coast of North bcmeabad 208.6 | 47.6 8327 |) y18h9 35. 4 | 43.2
Eight adult males from Alaska ( U. l. erra). Fe 62s| (F-22185 | 51 42, 4 14.6 36. 7 45.9
FEMALES, | |
One adult female from Spitzbergen............-..-..-- 204 51 36.5 13 34 45.5
Three adult females from Greenland.................-- | 203.3] 48.2 34.7 14.3 | 34.2 43.8
Six adult females from Alaska ( U. 1. arra)........-..-- Ker 21792), 5126 38.6 14.4] 36.5 45.9

728 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Uria (Cataractes) lomama Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 256 (coast of
Labrador; habits, etc.). ;

Uria lomvia Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., viii, 1861, 75—Buaxiston, Ibis,
1863, 155 (York Factory, Hudson Bay).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway,
Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 485, part—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’

_ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 31—CHAMBERIAIN, Auk,
vi, 1889, 213 (s. Greenland).—Bisnop, Auk, vi, 1889, 145 (Magdalen Islands).
—AvERILL, Auk, viii, 1891, 307 (Connecticut).—Stonsr, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1892, 146 (Straits of Bell Isle); Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1894,
40 (coast New Jersey; Dauphin Co., Pennsylvania) —Jounson, Auk, xii,
1895, 177 (Oneida Co., New York. Dec. 5 and 25, 1894).—Treat, Auk,
xii, 1895, 177 (Rocky Hill, Connecticut, Nov. 18, 1893).—Fraser, Auk,
xii, 1895, 290 (Johnstown, New York).—Barrows, Auk, xii, 1895, 387 (near
Greenville, Michigan, Dec. 13, 1894).—De Haven, Auk, xiii, 1896, 171
(Cape Charles, Virginia, Dec. 31, 1890).—Morris, Auk, xiv, 1897, 100 (near
Springfield, Massachusetts, 2 specs., Dec. 29, 1896) —Burier, Auk, xiv,
1897, 197 (Fall Creek, near Indianapolis, Indiana, Dec. 17, 1896; Hazelrigg,
Boone Co., Dec. 15, 1896; near Fowler, Benton Co., Dec. 20; near Reynolds,
White Co., March, 1869; near Pickard, Illinois, Dec. 10); Proc. Ind. Ac.
Sci., 1897, 180 (Iroquois Township, Newton Co., and other Indiana records;
Picard, Illinois, Dec. 10, 1896; several Michigan and Ohio records).—JoNEs
(L.), Wilson Bull., no. 13, 1897, 16 (Sandusky Bay, Ohio, 3 specs., Dec. 19,
1896); no. 25, 1899, 26 (Lorain, Ohic, six specns., Dec. 25, 1896); xxi, 1909, 68
(Sandusky Bay, etc., n. Ohio).—Moraris, Auk, xiv, 1897, 100 (near Springfield,
Massachusetts, 2 specs., Dec. 29, 1896).—CHapman, Auk, xiv, 1897, 202 (Sen
eca Lake, New York, Dec. 23, 1895, May, 1896, and Dec. 26, 1896); Bull.
Am. Mus. N. H., xii, 1899, 220 (Holsteinborg, Greenland, July 5; descr. young
in different stages; habits)—Prarson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 202 (Newberne,
North Carolina, Dec. 22 or 23, 1896) —WuirrakER, Auk, xiv, 1897, 202
(Cape Charles, Virginia, Dec. 17, 1896, 8 specs.)—Coves, Auk, xiv, 1897,
203 (Anderson, South Carolina, Dec. 19. 1896).—Wooprurr, Auk, xiv,
1897, 228 (Newton Co., Indiana, Dec. 31, 1896).—Bartscu, Auk, xiv, 1897,
313 (Potomac R., near Washington, D. C., 6 specs., Dec. 14, 1896-Jan. 1,
1897).—CLaRKE (C. K.), Auk, xiv, 1897, 410 (frequent on Lake Ontario in
winter; 3 seen in July, 1897, near Kingston, Ontario)—BicELow, Auk,
xix, 1902, 26 (coast of n. e. Labrador, breeding).—Fiemine, Auk, xxiii,
1905, 441 (Toronto, Ontario, numerous in Noy. and Dec., 1893).—St1m, Wilson
Bull., xx, 1908, 54 (near Jefferson, Ashtabula Co., Ohio, Dec., 1907).—
GRANT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 577, part.

[ Uria] lomvia SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 130.—ForBes and Rosrxson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 52 (Iceland; Arctic America).

U[ria] lomvia Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 18.

[Uria lomvia| a. lomvia Bairp, Brewer, and Riaway, Water Birds N. Am.,
li, 1884, 477, 485, 486.

Uria lomvia lomvia Scuatow, Voég. der Arktis, 1904, 127 (syncnymy, range,
etc.) —Hanrzscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 314 (Labrador).—AMERICAN
OrnITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, p. 32.

Uria svarbag Brisnnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 27 (Iceland).

Lomvia svarbag Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 80, part (monogr.).

Uria briinnichit Sasrne, Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, 1819, 538 (Greenland).—MEYER,
App. to Meyer and Wolf’s Taschenb. Vég. Deutschi., 1822, 178.—Breum,
Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 984.—Scutnz, Nat. Abbild. Vég., 1833, 370,
pl. 129.—Niusson, Skand. Faun., ii, 1835, 506.—KsarrBO6LiiInec, Danm
Fugle, 1852, 409 pl. 52, fig. 3—Gray (R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 422.—

.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 729

Heteun, Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 124 (Novaya Zemlya; Waigats)—SuNDE-
vALL, Svensk. Fogl., iii, 1885, 1114, pl. 80, figs. 3, 4—Litrorp, Col. Figs.
Brit. Birds, pt. xxxii, 1896.

Oria brunnichii VALENCIENNES, in Choris, Voy. Pittor. autour du Monde, Aléout.,
1822, 26, pl. 21 (Baffin Bay; Davis Strait) —Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
ii, 1828 (‘‘Synopsis’’), 424.—Swarinson and Ricuarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am.,
li, 1831, 477.—NutTrTa.L, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 529.—
AvuDuUBON, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 336, pl. 245; Synopsis, 1839, 349; Birds Am.,
8vo ed., vii, 1844, 265, pl. 472.—Goutp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 398 and
text.—YARRELL, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 348.—Macaruivray, Brit. Birds, v,
1852, 314.—TurNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 50.

U[ria] brunnichii TemMinck, Man. d’Orn., 2d ed., iv, 1840, 576.

[ Uria] briinnichii Rernuaropr (J.), Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 442 (Greenland).

Uria arra brunnichi Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 212 (Cat. N. Am.
Birds, no. 764a); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 764a.—NeE.Lson, Cruise
‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 118 (Spitzbergen; Novaya Zemlya; Probao Island;
east of Cape Cheljuskin).

Uria briinnichii Hevein, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 105 (n. Europe); 1872, 124 (No-
vaya Zemlya).—Couuert, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 455 (Norway).—WALTER,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 240. (Spitzbergen; food), 243, 247, 249, 251 (e. Spitz-
bergen).

Uria briinnichi BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 65.—GRrONDAL, Ornis
li, 1886, 366 (Iceland).—ScHatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1895, 460 (w. Greenland)

[ Uria] briinnicht Tscuust and HomEYER, Ornis, 1i, 1886, 174 (local names).

Uria bruennichii Retnnarpt, Ibis, 1861, 16 (Greenland).—Ciarke (W. E.), Ibis,
1899, 50 (Whale Point Harbor, King Lud wig Islands, Ryk-ys Islands, King
Charles Islands, and Olga Straits, e. Spitzbergen).

Uria bruennichi Newton, Ibis, 1865, 520 (Spitzbergen; habits).—Gmmet, Ibis,
1870, 308 (Novaya Zemlya).—Hervettn, Ibis, 1872, 64 (Novaya Zemlya and
Waigats, n. Russia).—SrrBoum, Ibis, 1882, 383 (Archangel, Russia).—
Saunp_Ers, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iv, 1885, 76; [llustr. Man. Brit. Birds,
1889, 685.—SuHarbPe, Handb. Birds Great Brit., iv, 1897, 120.—TrEvor-
Barrye, Ibis, 1897, 597 (Spitzbergen; habits)—CLarke (W. E.), Ibis, 1898,
270 (Franz Josef Land, breeding; habits).

Alca bruennichi Dresser, Birds Eur., viii, 1877, 575, pl. 622.

Alca bruennichii FEILDEN, Ibis, 1877, 410 (Buchanan Strait, 79° N., breeding
north to Cape Alexander, Baffin Bay).

- Lomvia bruennichi Pearson, Ibis, 1896, 213 (Russian Lapland), 225 (Novaya

Zemlya; habits; descr. eggs); 1898, 204 (Novaya Zemlya).

Lomvia arra bruennichit Ripaway, Cat. Aquat. and Fish-eating Birds, May, 1883,
42.—Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 411 (Bird Rocks, Gulf
of St. Lawrence, breeding; habits)—Durcurer, Auk, ii, 1885, 38 (s. side
Long Island, 12 specs., Jan. 8—Mar. 24, 1884).

Alca briinnichii MALMGREN, Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Férh., 1863, 111.

[ Uria troile] var. briinnichti Cotterr, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1868 (1869),

192.

Alca troile brunnichi Szpnpoum, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 388.

U[ria] arra (not Cepphus arra Pallas, 1826) Keysertine and Buasius, Wirb.
Eur., 1840, pp. xcli, 237.

Uria arra Naumann, Vog. Deutschl., xii, 1844, 535, pl. 333.—Gray, List Birds
Brit. Mus., pt. iii, Anseres, 1844, 156.—Drg@Lanp, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 514.—
Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 914, part (New Jersey;
etc.).—Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 731, part.—DEGLAND and GERBE,
Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 602.—Branprt, Mélang. Biol., vii, 1869, 205.—Frirscu,

730 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Nat. Vég. Europ., 1870, 404; Atlas, 1871, pl. 59, fig. 6.—Perxins, Am. Nat.,
vii, 1873, 240 (Fairfax, Vt., Dec.).—PatMEN, Vega-Exped., 1887, 385 (Spitz-
bergen, Van Méjen Bay, etc.).—CiarKE (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 48 (Jan
Mayen Land; habits).

[ Uria] arra Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 300 (vicinity New York

City).

[Lomvia] arra Cougs, Key N. Am, Birds, 1872, 346, part.

Lomvia arra Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 635, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 876, part.—
Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 160, part (monogr.).—Kum-
LIEN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 105 (Resolution Island; Grinnell
Bay, Cumberland Gulf).—Goss, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci., viii, 1883 59 (Bird
Rocks, Gulf of St. Lawrence).—Strearns and Covgss, New Engl. Bird Life,
ii, 1883, 398.

Alca arra SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867, 16.

Uria troille (not of Linnzeus, 1758) Brunnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 27 (Iceland).

Uria troile Woop (N. A.), Bull. Mich. Orn. Club, 1897, 10 (near Gibraltar, Mich-
igan; flock of 10, Dec. 26, 1896).

Uria francsiti Leacu, Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, 1819, 538, 588 (‘‘near Ferrol’’).—
TemmMtInck, Man. d’Orn., 2d ed., pt. ii, 1820, 924.—SrmpHens, Shaw’s Gen.
Zool., xii, pt. 2, 1824, 243.—Werner, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, pl. 96.—
Scainz, Europ. Faun., i, 1840, 360.—Dr Kay, New York Zool., Birds, 1844,
280. :

Uria polaris Bream, Lehrb. Eur. Vég., pt. ii, 1824, 931 (Greenland); Handb.
Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 984, pl. 45, fig. 1.

[ Uria troile] 8 Lataam, Index Orn., li, 1790, 797 (based partly on Uria svarbag
Briinnich).

URIA LOMVIA ARRA (Pallas).

PALLAS’S MURRE.

Similar to U. 1. lomvia but larger, and with basal portion of maxil-
lary tomium less conspicuously light colored. , (Downy young with
color of upper parts and lateral under parts darker, and with white
of under parts purer and more abruptly defined.)

Adult male-—Wing, 214-229.9 (221.7);° tail, 42-54.5 (51.1);°¢
exposed culmen, 39-46 (42.4); depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 14-15
(14.6); tarsus, 35-40.6 (36.7); middle toe, 43.2-47 (45.9).°

Adult female.—Wing, 207-225 (217.2); tail, 46-57 (51.6); exposed
culmen, 36-42 (38.6); depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 13.5-15 (14.4);
tarsus, 35-38 (36.5); middle toe, 43.5-48.5 (45.9).¢

Coasts and islands of Bering Sea and adjacent portions of Arctic
and northern Pacific Oceans; breeding from Koliutschin, Wrangel,
and Herald islands, Point Barrow (and Herschel Island ?) southward
to Kodiak Island, Aleutian Islands, and Commander Islands; in
winter southward to northern Japan (Kuril Islands; Sakhalin
Island; Yezo, between Hakodate and Mororau).°¢

@ Possibly not a constant character.

6 Eight specimens, from Alaska.

¢ Five specimens (from Alaska).

d Six specimens, from Alaska.

e Apparently there are no records for the American coast south of Kodiak Island.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 731

Cepphus lomvia (not Alca lomvia Linneus, 1758) Patnas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii,
1826, 345.

Uria lomvia TaczanowskI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1876, 203 (Usuri, e. Siberia); Bull-
Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, 51 (Abrek Bay, e. Siberia); Orn. Faun. Vost.
Sibir., 1877, 74:

Cepphus arra Pattas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 347 (Kamchatka).

Uria arra Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 914, part (Herald
Island); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 324 (Herald Island).—Barrp, Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 731, part.—Daut and Bannister, Trans. Chicago
Ac. Sci., 1, 1869, 309 (Kodiak Island; St. George Island, Pribilof group).—
TaczZANowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1882, 398 (Bering Island.)—
StesJneGER, Naturen, 1884, 54 (Commander Islands).

[ Uria] arra SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 131.

[Lomvia] arra Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 346, part.

Lomvia arra Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 635, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 876, part;
in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 211 (Pribilof Islands, breeding; habits,
etc.).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 212 (Cat. N. Am. Birds,
no. 764); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 764.—E.uiott, Monogr. Pribylov
Group, 1882, 135 (breeding; habits)—DysBowsxr and TaczANowskI, Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, ix, 1884, 147 (Kamchatka; Bering Island).—Murpocnu,
Auk, li, 1885, 63 (Point Barrow, Alaska, May—Dec.).

L{omvia] arra Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 817, part.

Lomvi arra Newson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 117 (Herschel and Wrangel
Islands, ‘‘breeding by thousands”’).

[ Uria lomvia] b. arra Batrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii,
1884, 485, 486 (under Uria lomvia).

U[ria] lomvia arra Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884,
486, under fig —Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 18.

Uria lomvia arra SteEINEGER, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 17 (Commander
Islands, Kamchatka); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, 271 (Kuril Islands) .—
Turner, Auk, ii, 1885, 159 (Attu Island, Aleutian chain, resident); Contr.
N. H. Alaska, 1886, 122 (St. Michaels, etc.; habits) —AmERICAN ORNITHOL-
ogists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 3la; 3d ed., 1910,
p. 32.—NE.son, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 45 (Herschel Island; Wrangel
Island; Pribilof and Aleutian Islands; Kodiak Island; etc.; habits).—
TOWNSEND, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 98 (Priiylof Islands; Otter
Island, June; Unalaska, in fall).—Taczanowsk1, Mém. Acad. St. Petersb.,
xxxix, 1893, 1217 (e. Siberia) —Scuatow, Vogel der Arktis, 1904, 129 (syn-
onymy, range, eic.).—Ciark (A. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910,
34 (Unalaska to Commander Islands; Petropaulski and Cape Lopatka, Kam-
chatka; Kuril Islands; Yezo, between Hakodate and Mororau, Japan; Sak-
halin Island).—Tuayer and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 9
(breeding at Koliutschin Island, e. Siberia)—Brooxs (W. S.), Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zvol., lix, 1915, 369 (Bering Sea; Copper Island and Petropavlosk,
Kamchatka; East Cape, Siberia; St. Lawrence Island).

Alca troile arra Sresoum, Ibis, 1885, 364 (Japan; Kuril Islands; crit.)

Alca iroila (not Colymbus troille Linnzeus, 1758) SrEEBoum, Birds Japan, 1890, 273,
part.

Lomvia svarbag (not Uria svarbag Brimnich) Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1868, 80, part (monogr.).

Uria bruennichit (not of Sabine, 1817) Buaxkrston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 211;
Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, viii, 1880, 180; x, 1882, 91—Btaxkiston, Amend.
List Birds Japan, 1884, 32.

732 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Genus CEPPHUS Pallas.

Cepphus Patuas, Spic. Zool., v, 1769, 33 (Type, C. lacteolus Pallas=Alca grylle
Linneus, albino.)

Grylle LEAcu, in Ross’s Voy. Disc. Baffin’s Bay, App., 1819; p. li. (Type, G. scap-
ularis Leach=Alca grylle Linneeus. )

Pseuduria® Sharpe MS. Cougs, Osprey, iii, May (pub. June 10), 1899, 144.
(Type, ‘Black guillemots with 14 rectrices=Cepphus columba Pallas, etc.}.—
SHarpe, Hand-list, i [July 12], 1899, xiv, 131.

Medium-sized Alcide (wing 149-181 mm.) with bill narrow, culmen
rather abruptly decurved terminally, gonys much less than half as
long as unfeathered portion of mandibular rami, and nasal fosse
unfeathered for nearly the anterior half (the feathered portion form-
ing a distinct angle or loral antia), with the slit-hke nostrils in lower
edge.

Bill (measured from rictus) about as long as head, narrow, decidedly
deeper than wide at base of culmen; exposed culmen about as long
as tarsus, faintly concave sub-basally (the mesorhinium slightly as-
cending basally, more or less flattened on top), thence nearly straight
to near tip, where rather abruptly decurved; gonys nearly straight,
ascending terminally, much shorter than unfeathered portion of man-
dibular rami, decidedly less than half as long as culmen; nostril lon-
gitudinal, slit-like, in extreme lower edge of the nasal fossa, the latter
well-defined and rounded anteriorly, the basal half (more or less)
feathered, the latero-frontal or loral antia forming a distinct angle,
the apex of which is slightly posterior to anterior end of nostril, its
lower edge overhanging and concealing basal portion of nostril; malar
antia forming a distinct angle, its apex slightly posterior to posterior
end of nostril; mental antia on same vertical line with latero-frontal
antia. Wing moderate, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding
distal secondaries by less than half the length of wing. Tailless than
one-third (slightly more than three-sevenths) as long as wing, rounded
the 12-14 rectrices rounded at tip. Tarsus about as long as exposed
culmen, much compressed, the outer side reticulate, the inner side
(except on planta tarsi) with much larger, more or less quadrate and
transverse, scales, arranged in two or more rows; middle toe, without
claw, slightly longer than tarsus; outer toe (without claw) as long
as, or very slightly shorter than, middle toe, the inner toe as long as
first two phalanges of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage of head dense, rather short (es-
pecially anteriorly) but less velvety than in Uria and other Alcine.
Adults in summer plain sooty black or dark sooty brown, with or
without white on wing-coverts; feet red (in life); winter plumage and
young mostly white.

Range.—Circumpolar regions and southward to northeastern
United States, California, and Japan. (Five, possibly six, species.)

a Wevdys, false; + Uria. (Richmond.)

-

One AS

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 733

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CEPPHUS.

z. Smaller (exposed culmen less than 35, tarsus not more than 35 mm.).
6. Under wing-coverts pure white; rectrices 12.

c. Greater wing-coverts with at least their basal half black, this often showing as
a narrow band beyond tips of middle coverts. (Coasts of northern Europe
and eastern North America, from southern Greenland to Labrador, south, in
wanter Lo New Jersey, GLC.) ot<.-1- -22c.cieeee -<emin- -: Cepphus grylle (p. 733).

ce. Greater wing-coverts white to extreme base (sometimes a little dusky
along concealed median basal portion). (Coasts and islands of Arctic

Ocean and northern Atlantic Ocean, breeding southward to Hudson Bay

and coast of Labrador; in winter south to New Jersey and Norton Sound,

AUS cain) tecys 5 So Pee cre hate ope tie ee Soe eas Cepphus mandtii (p. 737).
bb. Under wing-coverts light brownish gray; rectrices 14.

c. Greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, the white on middle and
posterior lesser coverts forming a conspicuous patch, separated into two only
on distal coverts. (Coasts and islands of northern Pacific Ocean, south to
California and Japan)? y= 3. 222..2 5. - sehen bro Cepphus columba (p. 740).

cc. Greater wing-coverts very narrowly (if at all) tipped with white; the white on

middle and posterior lesser coverts (if present) forming three entirely sepa-

rated bands. (Sometimes no white at all on wings.) (Kuril Islands to

southern Kamchatka and northern Japan.)..Cepphus snowi (extralimital).@

aa, Larger (exposed culmen not less than 41.9, tarsus not less than 35.6). (No white
on wings).

b. No white on head (color entirely sooty or blackish). (Greenland, Iceland, etc.)

Cepphus motzfeldi (p. 742).

bb. A whitish orbital and postocular area. (Coasts and islands of northeastern Asia,

from northern Japan to Sea of Okotsk and Commander Islands, Kamchatka;

occasional or accidental on Aleutian Islands?).....-- Cepphus carbo (p. 743).

CEPPHUS GRYLLE (Linnzus).
BLACK GUILLEMOT.

Adults in summer © (sexes alike).—Plain fuscous-black or very dark
fuscous, faintly glossed with greenish, especially on back, scapulars,
and rump; posterior lesser, middle, and distal half of greater wing-
coverts immaculate white, forming a large patch on the wing, some-
times superficially uninterrupted but usually broken by exposure of
the black of basal portion of greater coverts, which also have the
greater part of inner webs black; axillars and under wing-coverts,
except along edge of wing, immaculate white; bill black; inside of
mouth vermilion red; iris dark brown; legs and feet vermilion red
(in life), the claws blackish.

Winter plumage.—Wings and tail only as in summer; rest of plum-
age pure white, the pileum, back, scapulars, and upper part of rump

a Cepphus snowi Stejneger, Auk, xiv, April, 1897, 201 (Raikoka Island, Kuril group,
Japan; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, 272 (Kuril Islands);
Clark (A. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 33 (Cape Lopatka, Kamchatka;
Kurli Islands; n. end of Yezo, Japan); Oberholser, Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 191 (record in
Niedieck’s Kreuzfahrten im Bering meer, 1907, 250, for Kenai River, Alaska, probably
not valid).— Uria snowi Grant, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 588 (Kuril Islands ;
Petropaulski, Kamchatka).—| Pseuduria] snowi Sharpe, Hand-lst, i, 1899, 131.

b This plumage is sometimes carried through the winter, perhaps by very old birds

734 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

variegated with black, the whole of concealed and part of exposed
portions of the feathers being of the latter color; legs and feet paler
red.

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage but white wing-patch
broken by blackish tips to all the feathers, the secondaries and pri-
mary coverts with terminal spots of white, rump and under parts
indistinctly barred with dusky, and pileum showing little of con-
cealed dusky.

Downy young.—Plain deep sooty brown, darker on head, paler and
more grayish on abdomen.

Adult male—Wing, 154-174.5 (164.2); tail, 49.5-54 (51.7); ex-
posed culmen, 31-34 (32.5); tarsus, 30-35 (82.5); middle toe, 36-40
(38).4

Adult female—Wing, 156-171 (163.5); tail, 47-56 (51.5); exposed
culmen, 29-33.5 (81.2); tarsus, 31-31.5 (31.2); middle toe, 36-36.5
(36,.2).¢

Coasts and islands of northern Atlantic Ocean and eastward to
White Sea, northern Russia; breeding from southern Greenland and
Ungava to coast of Maine (islands from Mount Desert eastward),
islands in Gulf of St. Lawrence (Grand Entry Island), northern Nor-
way, Shetland Islands, etc.; southward during migration to Con-
necticut (Stony Creek, Dec. 19, 1895), Rhode Island (off Sakonnet,
Dec. 30, 1906; off Newport, Nov. 28, 1909), and New Jersey (Egg
Harbor and Cape May, dates not recorded; Delaware River, near
Chester, Dec., 1898), in western Europe southward to British Islands
and northern France.

[Colymbus] grylle Linnzvus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 130 (s, Sweden); ed. 12

i, 1766, 220.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 11, 1789, 584.

Colymbus grylle O’Rerty, Greenland, 1818, 143, pl. 14, fig. 2°

@ Two specimens.

Ex- z
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Middle
: | es 0c.
an
MALES.
One adult male'from’Sweden?. 2... soe. 2 = FSU on eee ce 174.5 54 34 35 40
One'adult male from: Newfoundland. 74...2 2). 2 Senn. eee ee ee 154 49.5 31 30 36
FEMALES.
Oneadult female fromSweden'. js. . S55 6c. RE eae Se. 171 56 33.5 3155 36.5
One adult female from Canada (Peace Harbor)................ 156 47 29 31 36
SEX UNKNOWN.
Onevadultifrom Norway (Bergen). 0.50 :5c/0.- cwlecrgivsccie cts sisaiacicte 151.5 47 32 28.5 35

' BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 735

Uria grylle Brinniow, Orn. Bor., 1764, 28.—Mryrer and Wotr, Taschenb.
Deutschl., 1910, 446.—Tremminox, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 608; 2d ed., pt. ii, 1820,
927.—VIEILLoT, Gal. Ois., ii, 1825, 236.—FasBmr, Isis™1827, 635 (Iceland).—
WERNER, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, pl. 97.—BoNnaparre, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
li, 1828 (‘‘Synopsis’’), 423; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 65.—Scuinz, Nat.
Abbild. Vég., 1833, 370, pl. 129; Europ. Faun., i, 1840, 361.—Nurrat, Man.
Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 523, part.—Niusson, Skand. Faun.,
ii, 1835, 508—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., 1ii, 1835, 148, part, pl. 219; v, 1839, 627,
part; Synopsis, 1839, 350; Birds Am., 8vo, vii, 1844, 272, part, pl. 474.—
Gou.p, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 399 and text; Birds Great Brit., v, 1869, pl.

+ 49 and text —Yarrett, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 355.—Gray, List Birds Brit.
Mus., iii, Anseres, 1844, 157, part.—DrcGuanp, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 316.—
REICHENBACH, Natatores, 1850, pl. 8, figs. 43-46—THompson, Nat. Hist.
Ireland, ii, 1851, 214.—KsaERBOLLING, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 410, pl. 62, figs.
1, 2.—Macai.uivray, Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 331.—Warrters, Nat. Hist. Birds
Treland, 1853, 229.—Rernuarpt (J.), Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 442 (Greenland);
Ibis, 1861, 16 (Greenland).—Cassry, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix,
1858, 911, part.—Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, 726, part—Gopman, Ibis,
1861, 92 (Bodo, Norway).—Verri11, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 160 (coast
Maine, resident; breeds on islands from Mount Desert eastward).—BLAkISTON,
Ibis, 1863, 54 (Hudson Bay; Hudson Straits)—More, Ibis, 1865, 450 (Great
Britain).—LAwrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vili, 1867, 300 (vicinity New York
City, in winter).—DrGuianp and GerBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 602.—CovEs,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 68, part, fig. 13; Check List, 1873, no. 631,
part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 871, part—Droste, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 353
(Faroes).—Branpt, Mélang. Biol., vii, 1869, 207, part.—Gray (R.), Birds
West Scotland, 1871, 427.—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 74.—
PatMEN, Journ. ftir Orn., 1876, 65 (Finland).— Dresser, Birds Europe, viii,
1877, 581, pl. 623.—Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 158, part
(monogr.).—KumulEeNn, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 104 (Cumberland
Gulf; Greenland, breeding).—Boarpman, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 190
(seasonal plumages).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 500.—SrEBoHm,
Ibis, 1882, 383 (Onega Bay, Russia)—BrewstTer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xxl, 1883, 408 (Great Entry Island, Gulf St. Lawrence, breeding; habits).—
SamvuE Ls, Nests and Eggs N. Am. Birds, 1883, 567.—SrEarns and CovEs,
New Engl. Bird Life, ii, 1883, 396.—Saunpers, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iv,
1885, 81; Illustr. Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 687.—Dixon, Ibis, 1885, 89 (St.
Kilda).—Sunpevaut, Svensk. Fogl., iii, 1885, pl. 52, figs. 5, 6.—Lirxern,
Ornis, 1885, 142 (Denmark).—GrénpaL, Ornis, 1886, 367, 612 (Iceland).—
Harvrert, Ibis, 1892, 522 (e. Prussia).—Litrorp, Col. Figs. Brit. Birds, pt.
xxiii, 1893.—Braae, Ibis, 1893, 358 (Shetland Islands, breeding).—PraRrsoNn
and Bipwe LL, Ibis, 1894, 237 (n. Norway, breeding).—Cou.ert, Forh.
Vidensk.-Selsk. Christiania, 1895, 3 (considers C. motzfeldi a melanistic
variety ).—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1895, 461 (w. Greenland).—PrEarson,
Ibis, 1896, 213 (Medveji Island, Russian Lapland).—Granv, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 580.

[ Uria] grylle Larnam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 797.—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 101,
no. 10816.—Covres, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 345, part.—ForsBes and
Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 52.

U[ria] grylle KeyseruinG and Brasrus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xcii, 237.—Gray,
Gen. Birds, iii, 1848, 645.—Covugs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 814, part.

Uria ( Uria) grylle Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 255 (coast Labrador;
habits, etc.).

Cephus grylle BrEuM, Handb. Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 987, pl. 45, fig. 2—Scu1nz,
Nat. Vég., 1853, 221, pl. 102.

736 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Cepphus grylle NAuMANN, Vo6g. Deutschl., xii, 1844, 461, pl. 330.—RercHENBACH,
Natatores, 1850, pl. 9, fig. 2234.—Cottretr, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania,
1868, 191.—StresnecerR, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1884, 224 (range), 228
(synomymy).—Barrp, Brewer, and Rrpaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii,
1884, 492.—TurNeER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 254 (Hudson Straits
and s. shores Labrador, breeding).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 27; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 30 —CHAMBER-
LAIN, Auk, vi, 1889, 213 (s. Greenland).—Brsuor, Auk, vi, 1889, 145 (Mag-
dalen Islands).—Sace, Auk, vii, 1890, 283 (Stony Creek, Connecticut,
Dec., 1887).—WaARREN, Birds Penn., 1890, 9.—Stoneg, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1892, 145 (Disko Island, Greenland, Aug. 8); Birds E. Penn. and
N. J., 1894, 40 (New Jersey records); Birds New Jersey, 1909, 44 (New Jersey
records).—SHARPE, Handb. Birds Great Brit., iv, 1897, 123, pl. 108.—
Knicut, List Birds Maine, 1897, 15 (breeding along coast from Knox Co.
eastward).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xii, 1899, 220 (Holsteinborg,
Greenland, 36 out of 37 specimens this species; Disko Harbor, July 28).—
Bieetow, Auk, xix, 1902, 26 (coast n. e. Labrador, breeding).—FLEMING,
Auk, xxiii, 1906, 441 (Toronto, Ontario, Dec. 19, 1895)—ARNo tp, Auk;
xxix, 1912, 75 (Newfoundland, breeding).—HatHaway, Auk, xxx, 1913,
545 (off Sakonnet Point, Rhode Island, Jan. 1, 1906; Newport, Rhode Island,
Dec. 30, 1906; off Newport, Nov. 28, 1909).

[Cepphus] grylle SHarre, Hand-List, i, 1899, 131.

Cepphus grylle grylle Hantzscu, Journ. fiir Orn., Jan., 1908, 143, 144, in text.

Clepphus] g[rylle] grylle Hantzscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 311, in text.

Alca grylle SCHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867, 17.—SrE-
BouM, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 1885, 383.

Uria gryllz ViettLot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 36.

Colymbus gryllus MULuER, Zool. Dan. Prodr., 1776, 18.

[ Uria] grylloides BRUNNicH, Orn. Bor., 1764, 28 (Norway ?).

[ Uria grylle] Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 798 (=U. grylloides Briinnich).

[ Uria] balthica Brinnicy, Orn. Bor., 1764, 28 (Christiansoe). -

[ Uria grylle] y Laruam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 798 (= U. balthica Briinnich).

[ Uria grylle] 5 Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 798 (Christiania, Norway).

Cepphus lacteolus Patuas, Spicil. Zool., fase. v, 1769, 33 (Holland ;=color variety)

[Colymbus] lacteolus GmeEuin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 11, 1789, 583.

[ Uria] lacteola Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 798.

Uria lacteola Vre1ttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 36.

[ Uria lacteola] 8 LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 798 (Rhine; cites Gmelin, Syst.
Nat., i, 584).

U[ria] nivea BONNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 37.

Uria leucoptera Vierttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xiv, 1817, 35 (locality un-
known).

Uria arctica Breum, Lehrb. Eur. Vég., pt. ii, 1824, 923 (Greenland).

Cepphus arcticus Brreum, Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 988.

Uria scapularis (not Grylle scapularis Leach, 1819?) SrepHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool.,
xi, pt. 2, 1824, 250, part.

Grylle grenlandicus Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 77 (ex Brisson).

Uria mandti (not of Lichtenstein, 1822) RretcHeNspacn, Natatores, 1850, pl. 8,
fig. 47.

Cepphus mandtiti REICHENBACH, Natatores, 1850, pl. 9, fig. 2233.

Cepphus grylle var. variegata RercHENBACH, Natatores, 1850, pl. 9, fig. 2235.

Grylle columba (not Cepphus columba Pallas, 1826) Frrzinerr, Atlas Nat. Vég.,
1864, fig. 341.—Frirscu, Nat. Vég. Eur., 1870, 495; Atlas, 1871, pl. 59,
figs. 2, 3.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 737

CEPPHUS MANDTII (Mandt).
MANDT’S GUILLEMOT.

Similar to C. grylle, but greater wing-coverts white to extreme base
(sometimes with median basal portion dusky), the white wing-patch
wholly unbroken; size slightly less. /

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Uniform fuscous-black
or very dark fuscous, faintly glossed with greenish, especially on back,
scapulars, and rump; posterior lesser, middle, and greater wing-
coverts entirely white, (the feathers all white to extreme base) form-
ing a large, unbroken, and sharply defined patch on wing; axillars
and under wing-coverts (except along edge of wing) immaculate white ;
inner webs of primaries extensively white basaily, except along shafts;
bill black; inside of mouth vermilion red; iris dark brown; legs and
feet vermilion red, the claws blackish.

Winter plumage.—Wings and tail as in summer; rest of plumage
pure white, the pileum, back, scapulars, and upper part of rump
variegated with black, the concealed and part of the exposed portion
of the feathers being black; legs and feet paler red.

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage, but white wing-patch
broken by blackish tips to the feathers (their concealed bases white,
however), the secondaries and primary coverts with white terminal
spots, the rump and under parts indistinctly barred with grayish
dusky, and pileum with much less of black.

Downy young.—Plain sooty blackish or dark fuscous, paler and
more grayish on under parts.

Adult male.—Wing, 150.5-165 (158.1); tail, 40.5-51 (47.7); exposed
culmen, 28-33 (29.6); tarsus, 29-32 (380.6); middle toe, 33-38 (35.2).4

Adult female.-—Wing, 149-156.5 (153.1); tail, 44-51 (47.5); ex-
posed culmen, 28-31 (29.7); tarsus, 28-30 (29.4); middle toe, 33-
35.5 (84.2).°

@ Hight specimens. + Four specimens.
Ex- :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tersus. Middle
iculmen., :
|
MALES,
One adult male from Siberia (Cape Bolshaja)................-- 152.5 50 30 30 34.5
One adult male from Spitzbergen...................5....:.-.-- 161 47,5 30 29 33
Six adult males from eastern North America (Greenland to
WESSSE CD UISOLUS)) eine Sete tee ears peers ea eines oho eee ee 158. 6 47.3 29.4) 31 35. 7
j
FEMALES,
One adult female from Spitzbergen............-.-.-.-222---0-- 156.5] 465) 31 | 30 35.5
wnoadult femalefrom Ungava- cots sees 20. 2k. . LS. 1 753 48.5 | 28 | 30 33
One adult female from Newfoundland......................--- 149 $4 a iir30) Piams 33: 5
One adult female from northern Alaska (Point Barrow)....... 154. Sylar bl ea ee | 29.5 35
|

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——48

738 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Coasts and islands of the Arctic Ocean (both hemispheres); breed-
ing northward to northern Greenland (McCormick Bay; Melville Bay),
North Devon, Smith Sound (lat. 82° 33’ N.), Washington Irving
Tsland, Grinnell Land (Bache Island), Melville Island, ete., in Arctic
America, Herald Island, Wrangell Island, New Siberian Islands, Ben-
nett Island, Biren Island, Crown Prince Rudolf Land, King Ludwig
Islands, Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, Jan Mayen Land, etc., north
of Siberia, southward to Hudson Bay (Fort George; Cape Fullerton),
Ungava (Ungava Bay), coast of Labrador (Groswater Bay), New-
foundland (Bay de Nord), Quebec (Point du Monts; north shores of
St. Lawrence River as far as mouth of Saguenay River“), and points
along Arctic coast of Siberia (Cape Irkaipij; Cape Kibera Island);
in winter southward (at least casually) to coast of Massachusetts
(Nahant, Jan. 3, 1889), Arctic coast of Russia (Dolga Bay, Waigats;
Pachtusoff Island), coast of Alaska (Point Barrow, Dec. 12; Ice Bay;
St. Michaels) and coast of Kamchatka.?

Colymbus grylle (not of Linneeus, 1758) Parprs, Voy. North Pele, 1774, 186 (Spitz-
bergen).

Uria grylle SwAINSON and RicHarpson, Fauna Bor.-Am., li, 1831, 478 (Tern
Island, Arctic America).—NvuttatL, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds,
1834, 523, part—AuDUBON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1835, 148, part; v, 1839, 627,
part; Synopsis, 1839, 350, part; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 272, part.—
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Anseres, 1844, 157, part. —Casstn, in Baird,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 911, part; ed. 1860 (‘‘Birds N. Am.’’),
pl. 96, fig. 2; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 323 (Herald Island).—Barrp,
Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 726, part—Couss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1868, 68, part (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 631, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 871,
part.—Branpt, Mélang. Biol., vii, 1869, 207, part.—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver.
Bremen, iii, 1872, 78 (Unalaska; Kamchatka).—Frmpern, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1877, 31 (North Polar Basin); Ibis, 1877, 410 (Smith Sound, north to
82° 33’).—Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 158, part (monogr.).—
Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 212 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 760),
part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 760, part—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, vil, 1882, 241 (breeding at Point du Monts, Quebec, and up St. Lawrence
River to mouth of Saguenay River).—NeEALxE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1882, 653 (Franz Josef Land).—NeE.son, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 117
(coasts and islands of Bering Sea; Herald Island; Wrangel Island; Bennett
Island, breeding).—CLARKE (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 41 (Jan Mayen Land,
crit.; habits; etc.); Ibis, 1899, 50 (Whale Point Harbor; King Ludwig Islands;
breeding; Ryk-ys Islands; Olga Straits, e. Spitzbergen).

[ Uria] grylle Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 345, part.

U[ria] grylle Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 814, part.

Cepphus grylle Newron, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 495 (Spitzbergen).

@ According to Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1896, 584, in synonymy.

6 Additional records are for the following localities: Melville Peninsula (Winter
Island; Tern Island), Whalefish Island, Northumberland Island, Beechey Island,
Cypress Island, Hudson Strait (July 25), White Strait (July 26), Godthaab, Green-
land (Feb. 6), Holsteinborg, Greenland (July 19).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND, MIDDLE AMERICA. 739

Alca gryile ScutEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867, 19, part
(Kamchatka).

[?] Grylle scapularis Leacu, in Ross, Voy. N. W. Passage, 1819, App., p. li (Baffins
Bay); in Thompson’s Ann. Philos., xiii, 1819, 60.

Uria scapularis StePHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. 2, 1824, 250, part.

Uria mandtit Manpt, Obs. Hist. Nat. Itin. Groenl., 1822, 30 (Spitzbergen; ex
Lichtenstein, manuscript).—Faper, Isis, 1824, 980 (Greenland).—Navu-
MANN, Vog. Deutschl., xii, 1844, 462.—DrcGrAND and GrERBE, Orn. Eur.,
ii, 1867, 604.—RernHARpT, Ibis, 1869, 240.—Dresser, Birds Europe, viii,
1877, .587.—WatterR, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 238, 240 (e. Spitzbergen).—
TaczANowsx!I, Mém. Ac. St. Petersb., xxxix, 1893, 1221 (e. Siberia).—
TreEvoR-Battye, Ibis, 1897, 598 (Spitazbergen; habits).

Uria mandti PEARSON, Ibis, 1896, 225 (Novaya Zemlya); 1898, 204 (Dolga Bay,

Waigats; Nameless Bay, Novaya Zemlya; Pachtussoff Island).—CiARKE -

(W. E.), Ibis, 1898, 269 (Franz Josef Land, breeding; habits) —Granv,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 584 (Fort George, ‘Brit. Columbia,”’ i. e.
Hudson Bay; Ice Bay and St. Michael, Alaska; Whalefish Island; North-
umberland Island; Beechey Island; Cypress Island; Washington Irving
Island, Smith Sound; Bache Island, Grinnell Land; Winter Island and
Tern Island, Melville Peninsula; Fort Chimo, Ungava; Groswater Bay,
Labrador; Godbout, Quebec; North Greenland, lat. 79° 82’; etc.).—DREssmR,
Ibis, 1908, 513 (New Siberia).

U[ria| mandiii LicutensteIn, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 88 (Spitzbergen).—KEyYSER-
LING and Brastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xcii, 237.

[ Uria] mandti Forses and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 52
(Melville Island; Point Barrow, Alaska).

Uria grylle mandtii ScaHLEGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, cvii.—STesNEGER, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 71.—Watrer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 249 (e. Spitz-
bergen).

Uria grylle . . . var. mandtii PALMEN, ‘Vega’-Exped., 1887, 385

Uria grylle var. mandtii Water, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 240, 243, 245, 247 (e.
Spitzbergen)

Cepphus mandti Newron, Ibis, 1865, 517 (Spitzbergen; crit.)—HEvue.in, Ibis,
1872, 64 (Novaya Zemlya; Waigats)—CHApPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.,
xii, 1899, 220 (Holsteinborg, Greenland, 1 spec., July 19; White Straits,
3 specs., July 26; Hudson Strait, 1 spec., July 25).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO-
cists’ Union, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, p. 30.—THAyYeER and Bangs, Proc.

New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 8 (Cape Kibera [sland and Cape Irkaipij, °

e. Siberia, breeding)—Brooxs (W. S8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915,
370 (89 miles s. of Wrangel Island, July 19).

Cepphus mandti? Giuuert, Ibis, 1870, 307 (Novaya Zemlya).

[| Cepphus| mandti SHarpre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 131.

Cepphus mandtii Heverin, Journ. fiir Orn., 1871, 105 (n. Europe); 1872, 124
(Arctic Europe).—STEGNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 223 (range),
227 (synonymy); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 314 (Kamchatka).—
Barrp, Brewer, and Rripeway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 490.—TuRNER,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vili, 1885, 254 (Hudson Straits, Fort George, etc.,
breeding); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 121 (St. Michael, Alaska, 2 specs.,
Feb., March).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNton, Check List, 1886, and
2d ed., 1895, no. 28.—NeEtson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 44 (Arctic
and Bering Sea coasts).—THompson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 468
(Severn House, Keewatin).—Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 145
(Melville and McCormick Bays; crit.; descr. downy young).—ScHALow,

740 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Vogel der Arktis, 1904, 124 (synonymy, range, etc.).—Eirric, Auk, xxii,
1905, 235 (Hudson Bay northward; North Devon; Cape Fullerton; food; descr.
eggs).
Clepphus] mandtii Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 16.
Grylle mandtii Frirscu, Nat. Vog. Eur., 1870, 496; Atlas, 1871, pl. 59, fig. 4.
{?] Uria meisneri BrEuM, Lehrb. Eur. Vég., pt. ii, 1824, 1006 (Greenland).
[?]Cephus meisneri BREHM, Handb. Vog. Deutschl., 1831, 989.
Uria glacialis Brrum, Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 991 (Arctic Europe).
Uria grylle, var. glacialis SuNDEVALL, Vég. Scand., Atlas, livr. iv, 1847, pl. —.
Uria grylle v. glacialis MatmeReEN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865, 261 (Spitzbergen).
Clepphus] g{rylle] mandtii Hanrzscu, Journ. fiir Orn., Jan., 1908, 143, 144, in text.
Cepphus grylle mandtii Hantzscu, Journ. fiir Orn., July, 1908, 311 (Labrador; crit.)

CEPPHUS COLUMBA Pallas.

PIGEON GUILLEMOT.

Similar to C. grylle, but under wing-coverts brownish gray instead
of pure white, white wing-patch divided below by a broad wedge-
shaped bar of black, rectrices 14, instead of 12, and size larger.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—General color plain
fuscous-black, the tips of scapulars and interscapulars more slaty,
the rump and upper tail-coverts uniformly more slaty (between
dark mouse gray and iron gray), the under parts and anterior portion
of head more sooty (between clove brown and bone brown); posterior
lesser wing-coverts, middle coverts, and tips of greater coverts white,
the white tips to the last becoming gradually broader on proximal
coverts until from about the middle of the series the black is quite
concealed and the white blends with that of the middle and lesser
coverts, which also are dusky beneath the surface; axillars and under
wing-coverts brownish gray, paler toward edge of the wing, the inner-
most post-carpal coverts mostly dull white, the third series from
secondaries broadly tipped with dull white; bill black; interior of
mouth vermilion red; iris dark brown; legs and feet vermilion red,
claws black.

Winter plumage.—Wings and tail as in summer; rest of plumage
pure white, the pileum, back, scapulars, and upper part of rump j
with feathers blackish for concealed and part of exposed portions;
legs and feet paler red.

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage, but white of wing-coverts
tipped with dusky, secondaries and primaries with terminal spots of
white, rump and under parts indistinctly barred with dusky, and
pileum with less of black. (Readily distinguishable from young of ©
C. grylle and C. mandtii by the brownish gray, instead of pure white,
axillars and under wing-coverts.)

Downy young.—Plain dark sooty grayish brown, darker on an-—
terior portion of head, paler and more grayish on abdomen.

SS eee

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 741

Adult male.—Wing, 161-180 (173.6); tail, 46-52 (49.3); exposed
culmen, 30-33.5 (31.7); tarsus, 31-34.5 (32.5); middle toe, 36.5-42.5
(39.3) .%

Adult female——Wing, 166-181 (177.5); tail, 44.5-49.5 (47.3);
exposed ate 29.5-34.5 (32.8); tarsus, 32-35 (33.1); middle toe,
37.5-42 (39.9).

Coasts and islands of Bering Sea, adjacent portion of Ar otic Ocean
(mainland east of fuicen Base Siberia; Wrangel Island; Herald
Island), southward along Pacific coast of North America to southern
California (Santa Barbara Islands, resident and breeding), and on
Asiatic side to coast of Kamchatka (Commander Islands, breeding) ; ¢
southward in winter to Lower California (Point Sandoval; San
Nicolas Island).

[ Uria grylle| 8 LAtaHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 797 (Unalaska Island, Alaska).

[ Uria grylle| E LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 798 (Kamchatka).

Cepphus columba Pautas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 11, 1826, 348, part (Kamchatka
and Bering Straits)—Nerwron, Ibis, 1865, 519 (Spitzbergen).—STEJNEGER,
Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 229 (crit., synonymy, etc.); x, 1887, 118
(Commander Islands); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 21 (Commander
Islands; habits, etc.)—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am.,
li, 1884, 494.—TurNerR, Auk, ii, 1885, 159 (Attu Island, Aleutian chain,
breeding); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 121 (St. Michael; Cape Newenham;
Aleutian Islands; etc.; habits) —AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check

List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 29; 3d ed., 1910, p.31.—Evrermann, Auk,,

ili, 1886, 88 (Santa Barbara Islands, California, breeding).—NeE son, Rep.
N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 44 (Sitka; Kodiak; Shumagins; Aleutians; etc.;
habits).—TownsEnpD, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 98 (Unalaska).—BryanT
(W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., i, 1888, 30 (Farallon Islands, breeding;

a Eleven specimens. 6 Fourteen specimens,
Ex- :

Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus. Meee

culmen.) rae

'
MALES.

One adult male from California..............-- a-ha. ae eee 177.5 59 San5lan Sonb 42.5
wo adult males from Washington. ........:......-..i200--00- 173 50. 5 31 32.5 36.5
Six adult males from Alaska (Aleutian and Shumagin Islands).} 171.3 47.8 32.1 32.1 39. 4

Two adult males from Siberia (Emma Harbor)...............- 179 bZew Ben leone 40

FEMALES.
Three adult females from California. ............-.:.--.-----.-- 177.7 47.8 33.7 | 33.8 39.8
Three adult females from Washington.....................-.2- 170.7 45.5 33.0 33.7 39. 7
Four adult females from Alaska (Aleutian eid Shumagin

NERS ee eas, A) SETS GD, fh aR RA Rs elo We 174.4] 485] 33.5] 33.2 40

Four adult females from Siberia (Emma Farbor)............-. 178 47.1 31 32.1 39.9

¢ The A. O. U. Check List (third edition, 1910) includes northern Japan in the

| Asiatic range of the species; but citations of C. columba from all localities south of
_ Kamchatka apparently all belong to C. snowi (see p. 733).

742 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

habits; descr. nest and eggs).—TaczanowskI, Mém. Ac. St. Petersb., xxxix,
1893, 1222 (e. Siberia).—Loomis, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., vi, 1896, 19
(California).—GRINNELL, Auk, xv, 1898, 124 (Sitka); Pub. 1, Padasena Ac.
Sci., 1897, 23 (Santa Barbara Islands, California, breeding; habits); Pub. 2,
1898, 6 (Santa Barbara Islands, resident); Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915,
19 (breeding from Point Reyes to Santa Barbara Isiands).—Sraue, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, 129 (Kings Island, Alaska).—PALMER (W.), Avil.
Pribilof Islands, 1899, 389 (rare, possibly breeding).—Ray, Auk, xxi, 1904, 430
(Farallon Islands; habits, etc.).—Lrinron, Condor, x, 1908, 125 (Santa Cruz
Island, California; breeding?).—Ciark (A. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
xxxvili, 1910, 33 (Unalaska, Agattu, and Attu islands, Aleutians; near
Bogoslov Island; Commander Islands; etc.):—THAYER and Bangs, Proc. New
Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 9 (Arctic coast of Siberia east of Koliutschin Bay;
Diomede Island, June 4).—Brooxs (W. 8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix,
1915, 370 (Bering Sea; Copper Island; Cape Shipunski and East Cape,
Siberia).

Clepphus] columba Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 17.

Uria columba Kryserutne and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, p. xcii—Cassin,
Rep. U. S. Expl. Exped. (Wilkes), Orn., 1858, 346, pl. 38, fig. 1; in Baird,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 912; ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), Atlas, pl.
96, fig. 1; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 323 (Bering Straits).—Batrp,
Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 727.—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv.,
x, pt. iv, no. 2, 1859, 76 (Farallon Islands).—Cooprer and SucKk.iey, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 285 (Puget Sound; habits).—CovEs,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 72, fig. 14 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no.
632; 2d ed., 1882, no. 872.—Datu and BANNISTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci.,
i, 1869, 309 (Sitka; Kodiak).—Branpt, Mélang. Biol., vu, i869, 207.—
Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, ili, 1872, 78 (Alexandrovsk, e. Siberia).—
Dau, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 35 (Shumagins, breeding); v, 1874, 279
(Attu Is. to the Shumagins).—Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877,
159 (monoegr.).—TaczaNnowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, 51 (Kam-
chatka); v[i, 1883, 398.(Bering Island).—Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v,
1882, 172 (Sitka).—NeEtson, Cruise ‘Corwin,’ in 1881 (1883), 117 (Aleutian
Islands to Wrangeland Herald islands; Diomede islands; Cape Serdze, Kamen
and East Cape, n. e. Siberia). —HartLavs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 285 (Portage
Bay, Alaska).—STrJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 225 (geogr.
range).—DyBowski and TaczanowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ix, 1884,
147.—Patmrn, Vega-Exped., v, 1887, 391 (Port Clarence, Kodiak, Sitka,
etc., Alaska).—Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 586.

[ Uria] columba Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 101, no. 10818.—Covrs, Key N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 345.—D’Hamonvitie, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 70, part (North
Pacific).—ForsBes and Rostnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., 1, no. 2, 1899, 52
(Alaska; Kamchatka).

U[ria| columba Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 815.

[Pseuduria] columba SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 131.

Uria grylle (not Alcea grylle Linnzeus) Kirruirrz, Isis, 1852, 1105; Denkw. Reise,
i, 1858, 273, 291; ii, 1858, 221.

CEPPHUS MOTZFELDI (Benicken).
BLACK-WINGED GUILLEMOT.

Similar to C. carbo, but without any white or pale gray on side ©
of head. ¥
Adult in summer.—Entire plumage, including whole of wing-

coverts, plain dark sooty brown or fuscous, the abdomen somewhat

»
a eS a

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 743

more grayish; ‘‘bill black, very compressed, with prominent gonyd-
eal protuberance, bent tip, and feathered as far as above nostrils;’’
legs and feet yellowish brown in dried skins (probably vermilion
red in life); exposed culmen, 42; commissure, 54; bill from anterior
end of nasal fossa, 24; tarsus, 36.%

Greenland; Iceland; Cumberland Gulf.

Uria motzfeldi BenicKeENn, Isis, Aug., 1824, 889 (Greenland).

Cepphus motzfeldi STEINEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, Aug. 5, 1884, 210, 227,
229 (crit.).—Barrp, BREweR, and Rineway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884,
497.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, 349 (Hypo-
thetical List, no. 2); 2d ed., 1895, 325 (Hypothetical List, no. 2); 3d ed., 1910,
369.

Clepphus| motzfeldi Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 17.

Alca mansfeldi Srrsoum, Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 276, in text (Greenland).

Uria unicolor FaseEr, Isis, Sept., 1824, 981 (Iceland).—Breum, Isis, 1826, 988
(Greenland); Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 985.—Scuinz, Eur. Faun., i,
1840, 360.—ScHLEGEL, Rev. Crit., 1844, 106.—Bonapartr, Cat. Parzudaki,
1856, 12.

[ Uria] unicolor Bonararte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 774.

Grylle carbo (not Cepphus carbo Pallas, 1826) Bonaparte, Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur.,
1842, 82.

Cepphus carbo Newton, Ibis, 1865, 518, part (Iceland).

Alca grylle (not Colymbus grylle Linneeus) ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33
(Urinatores), 1867, 20, part.

Uria grylle Kumuren, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 104, part (Cumberland
Gulf).

CEPPHUS CARBO Pallas.

SPECTACLED GUILLEMOT.

Adult in breeding plumage.—‘ Bill long and stout, much more robust
than in U.[i.e. C.] columba. General color deep slaty black, somewhat
paler on the underparts and inelining to brown on the shoulders, under
wing-coverts, and axillaries; orbital region white, extended pos.
teriorly toward the ear-coverts; feathers above the nasal opening
and on the chin and throat inclining to whitish. Tail composed of
14 feathers. Total length about 14.5 inches [=368.3 mm.], culmen
from feathers on forehead to tip 1.65 [=41.9 mm.], from gape to tip
2.15-2.2 [54.6-55.9], greatest depth of both mandibles at base 0.5
[12.7 mm.j, wing 7—7.6 [177.8-179.3], tail 1.85-2.1 [47-53.3 mm.],

@ Measurements reduced from inches and lines (Hamburg measure) to millimeters,
by Dr. Stejneger. It is clear, from the measurements given, that this little-known
bird can not be a phase of U. grylle, as so many have conjectured. The measurements
are all much too large, and correspond closely with those of C. carbo. Someone hay-
ing the opportunity should examine and carefully describe the type, if it can be
found, and the specimens (presumed to be the same species) in the Leyden and Brit-
ish Museums; at the same time ascertaining whether they possess 12 or 14 rectrices,
and thereby determining whether more nearly related to C. grylle or C. carbo. For
a complete history of this bird see Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 210-216.

744 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tarsus 1.4-1.5 [35.6-38.1 mm.], middle toe and claw 1.9-2.1 [48.3-
53.3 mm.].’’ @

“Adult in nonbreeding plumage.—Chin, throat, foreneck, and
under parts white, inner web of flank feathers gray.

“Immature (February).—Resembles the adult in winter plumage,
but the foreneck is grayish and the feathers of the sides, flanks, and
belly are mostly fringed at the extremity with dark brown.

“Quite young bird (August)—Has the upper parts as in the adult,
the white ring around the eye nearly obsolete, the foreneck, chest,
sides, and flanks dark smoky-black, and the rest of the under parts
white, widely fringed with brownish-black.”’

Coasts and islands of northeastern Siberia (Olga Bay; Usuri; Abrek
Bay; Cape Shipunski; coast of Taiganose Peninsula, south of Chaibook
Point, breeding), Kamchatka (Bering Island, April 28, 1883, four speci-
mens), and northern Japan (Sakhalin Island; Bay of Sendai, eastern
coast of Hondo; Yezo; Hakodate; Uraga, near Yokohama; Kuril
Islands?) ; Sea of Okotsk?; Unalaska Island, Alaska???

Cepphus carbo Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 350, pl. 79 (‘‘especially
abundant in the caves around Unalaska, wherefrom I have received numer-
ous specimens ”).o-—REICHENBACH, Natatores, 1850, pl. 111, figs. 2937-2939.—
Newton, Ibis, 1865, 519 (crit.).—Sresneaer, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vil,
1884, 225, 226, 227, 229 (geographic range; synonymy); x, 1887, 118 (Bering -
Island; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 22 (Bering Island; 4 specs.,
April 28, 1883).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am.,
li, 1884, 496.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’? Union, Check List, 1886, 350
. (hypothetical list, no. 3); 2d ed., 1895, 326.—GieLioL1 and Satvaport, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, 593 (Olga Bay, e. Siberia; crit.)—TaczaNowskI,
Mém. Ac. St. Petersb., xxxix, 1893, 1224 (e. Siberia) —ALLEN, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 224 (coast Taiganose Peninsula, south of Chaibook
Point, n. e. Siberia, breeding).—Cuark (A. H.), Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.,
Xxxvili, 1910, 33 (Sakhalin Island, Japan).—Brooxs (W. 8.), Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 370 (Cape Shipunski, Siberia, May 21, 1913).
Clepphus] carbo Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 17.
Uria carbo Branpt, Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb., ii, 1837, 346; Mélang. Biol., vii,
1869, 206.—Goutp, Birds Asia, vii, 1851, pl. 71 and text.—MrIpDENDORE?,
Sibir. Reise, ii, pt. 2, 1853, 239, pl. 23, fig. 6—Cassrn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific
R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 913; ed. 1860 (‘‘Birds N. Am.’’), atlas, pl. 97; Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 323 (Bay of Sendai, e. coast Hondo, Japan).—
ScHRENCK, Reis. Amur-land, 1, 1860, 496, pl. 16, fig. 1 (egg).—Barrp, Cat.
N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 728.—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 73,
fig. 15 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 633; 2d ed., 1882, no. 873—HomEYER,
Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 435 (Okotsk Sea).—Swinuokg, Ibis, 1875, 458 (Hako-
date, Japan).—TaczanowskI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1876, 203 (Usuri, e. Siberia);
Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 73; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, 51 (Abrek
a Not having seen a specimen of this species (except a head, only, in the U.S
National Museum collection), I quote the above descriptions from Grant, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 598.
_ > Translation. See Stejneger, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 226, where probabie
error in statement of locality is explained.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 745

Bay).—B.akiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 211 (Yezo, Japan); Trans. Asiat.
Soc. Japan, x, 1882, 90 (Yezo, Japan).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
lii, 1880, 212 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 762); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no.
762.—Buiakiston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 32.—Grant, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 588 (Hakodate and Uraga, Hondo, Japan).

[Uria] carbo Gray, Hand-list, 11, 1871, 101, no. 10819.—Covrs, Key N. Am.
Birds, 1872, 345.—ForBrEs and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2,
1899, 52.

U[ria] carbo Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1848, 645.—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed.,
1884, 815.

Alca carbo ScuteGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33, Urinatores, 1867, 17.—SEE-
BOHM, Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 274 (Hakodate; Uraga, near Yokohama).

[Pseuduria] carbo Suarre, Hand-list, 1, 1899, 131.

Genus BRACHYRAMPHUS Brandt.

Brachyramphus BRanp?, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb., ii, 1837, 346. (Type,
as designated by Gray, 1840, Colymbus marmoratus Gmelin.)

Brachyrhamphus (emendation) BRaNnpt, Isis, 1837, 502.

Apobapton Branopt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb., ii, 1837, 346. (Type,
Colymbus marmoratus Gmelin.)

Anobapton (emendation) BoNAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 774.

Small Alcidee Qing 112-143 mm.) with bill small and narrow,
the exposed culmen not longer (usually shorter) than tarsus; nostril
broadly oval, pyriform or triangular, near anterior end of the mostly
feathered nasal fossa, tarsus much shorter than middle toe without
claw, recticulate in front, and with 14 rectrices.

Bill small and narrow, the exposed culmen never longer (usually
shorter) than tarsus, its greatest depth little if any more (usually
much less than) half the length of exposed culmen, and decidedly
greater than its width at latero-frontal antiz; culmen regularly
(sometimes rather strongly) convex from near base; gonys decidedly
to much shorter than distance from anterior end of nasal fossa to
tip of maxilla, nearly straight, ascending terminally, its basal angle
more or less prominent; maxillary tomium faintly convex proxi-
mally, faintly concave distally, distinctly notched subterminally;
mandibular tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched near tip;
nostril broadly oval, pyriform or triangular, in anterior portion of
nasal fossa, in contact posteriorly and for posterior half of upper
margin with. loral or latero-frontal feathering, the latter very
slightly if at all divided or indented at base of culmen; mandibular
rami mostly if not wholly feathered except along upper margin.
Wing small, with longest primary (outermost) equal to slightly
more than half the length of wing. Tail about one-fourth as long
as wing (or very slightly more), slightly rounded, the rectrices
relatively broad, 14 in number. Tarsus much shorter than middle
toe without claw (only as long as first two phalanges of middle toe,
or even slightly shorter), the acrotarsium reticulate; outer toe

746 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(without claw) as long as middle toe, the inner about as long as
first two phalanges of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—No ornamental plumes on head. In
breeding plumage, upper parts (except wings and tail dusky, every-
where barred, spotted, or streaked with buff or rusty, the under
parts barred or mottled with white and dusky; in winter, upper
parts without buff or rusty, the under parts and collar round hind-
neck immaculate white; young much hke winter plumage but under
‘parts transversely mottled with dusky and white collar less distinct.

Range.—Coasts and islands of northern Pacific Ocean, south in
winter to California and Japan. (Three species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BRACHYRAMPHUS,

a, Exposed culmen as long as or longer than tarsus; secondaries and lateral rectrices
wholly dusky; summer adults with upper parts barred or transversely spotted
with buff or rusty.

b. Exposed culmen not longer than tarsus; summer adults with back, scapulars,
rump, and upper tail-coverts barred with rusty, and under parts with sooty
brown predominating; wing 112-129; exposed culmen, 13.5-16.5. (Pacific
coast of North America, from Unalaska to southern California.)

Brachyramphus marmoratus (p. 746).
bb. Exposed culmen decidedly longer than tarsus; summer adults with pileum.,
hindneck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts barred or trans-
versely spotted with buff, and under parts with white predominating (except
posteriorly); wing, 134-143; exposed culmen, 18.5-21.5. (Japan to Sea of
Okotsk and-coast of Kamchatka.)..... Brachyramphus perdix (extralimital).¢
aa. Exposed culmen much shorter than tarsus; secondaries (especially inner webs)
tipped with white and lateral rectrices mostly white; summer adults with
upper parts streaked or longitudinally spotted with buff. (Glacier Bay, Alaska,
through Aleutian Islands, to northern Japan.)
Brachyramphus brevirostris (p. 749).

BRACHYRAMPHUS MARMORATUS (Gmelin).
MARBLED MURRELET.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Upper parts dark sooty
brown (dark fuscous), the interscapulars, scapulars, feathers of
rump, and upper tail-coverts tipped with deep rusty (sayal brown to
verona brown), producing broad bars; ? under parts with feathers

a Cepphus perdix Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 351, pl. 80 (Sea of Okotsk).—
Brachyramphus perdix Stejneger, Zeitschr. Ges. Orn., iii, 1886, 213, pl. 7 (Kamchatka;
crit.); Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, 278 (Kuril Islands).—Brachyrhamphus perdix
Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 592 (Hakodate; Kuril Islands).—Brachyramp-
hus kittlitzi Swinhoe, Ibis, 1875, 458 (Kakodate. Japan; crit.); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884,
174 (Hakodate; crit.); Blakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 210 (Hakodate).—Brachy-
rhamphus wrangeli (not of Brandt) Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, 31 (Hakodate; crit.).—
(?) Brachyrhamphus marmoratus (not of Brandt?) Nelson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881
(1883), 116, part (Siberian coast Bering Sea).

®In midsummer, owing to abrasion of the feathers, the rusty tips disappear and the
upper parts thus become nearly uniformly dusky.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 147

mostly white, but broadly margined terminally with fuscous, some-
times so broadly as to reduce the white to an irregular spotting, the
chest, sides, and flanks sometimes nearly uniform fuscous; axillars and
under wing-coverts uniform fuscous; bill black; iris dark brown;
legs and feet pale brownish (flesh color in life).

Winter plumage.—Upper parts dusky (dark fuscous), interrupted
by a nuchal band of white, the mterscapulars, rump feathers, and
upper tail-coverts tipped with gray; scapulars mostly white, espec-
ially the inner ones; entire under parts, including malar, auricular,
and suborbital regions and lower half of loral region, immaculate
white, the sides and flanks more or less striped with dusky grayish;
axillars and under wing-coverts uniform fuscous, as In summer.

Young.—Above uniform dusky (fuscous-blackish), the nape
somewhat intermixed with white; white scapular patch less distinct
than in winter adults; lores almost wholly dusky; under parts white,
nearly everywhere, but more especially on chest, breast, and sides,
transversely mottled with dusky or fuscous; bill smaller and weaker
than in adults.

Adult male.—Wing, 121.5-129 (126.1); tail, 29-35 (31.3); exposed
culmen, 13.5-16.5 (15.1); tarsus, 15.5-16.5 (15.9); middle toe, 23-
25.5 (24.3).¢

Adult female -—Wing, 112-127 (121.7); tail, 28-33 (30.5); exposed
culmen, 15-16 (15.4); tarsus, 15-16 (15.5); middle toe, 22-24 (23).°

Pacific coast of North America; breeding from Vancouver Island,
Queen Charlotte Islands, etc., British Columbia to Kodiak and Una-
laska islands, Alaska; southward in winter as far as San Diego Bay,
southern California.

[Colymbus] marmoratus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 583 (Prince William
Sound, Alaska).
[ Uria] marmorata Lataam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 799.°

; a Ten specimens. 6 Six specimens.
| aa
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rte re posed | 2: «je | Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail cul- | “arsus.| ei
| | men. | |
| | | |
t bs Fea | |
MALES. | | | |
Seven acum tanales fronts laskas Hoss sc os cnc eon weak eee 125.8} 30.8] 14.6 15. 8 24.1
One adult male from Vancouver Island ....... 0.00.5. ...2. 2200 129 | 35 16 | 16.5 25
Pwoadult malesifrom Washington. 3...0..cc.2 Sect cbc eo. 126 | 31.5 1622 jl. 416-'2 24.5
| |
FEMALES.
Four adult females from Alaska...... SS aa SEAR RO ese ee 120. 6 30. 5 aD

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or
_
o us
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Two adult females from Washington... ............22.......2...] 123.7 30.

748 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Uriamarmorata BONNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 37, pl. 9, fig. 4.—Sreru-
ENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xii, pt. 2, 1824, 249 —Bonaparrte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.,
ii, 1828 (‘‘Synopsis”), 423.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water
Birds, 1834, 525.—Kirriirz, Denkw. Reise, i, 1858, 244 (Sitka).

Brachyramphus marmoraius Branot, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb., ii, 1837, 346; Mélang.
Biol., vii, 1869, 208.—Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858,
915.—Cooper and Suck ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 286
(Puget Sound and Shoalwater Bay, Washington) —Przexn, Ibis, 1873, 46
(descr. immature bird).—Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 211
(Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 755).—Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 171
(Sitka).—Hartziaus, Journ. ftir Orn., 1883, 285 (Dajahshanke, Alaska).—
Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 499.—AmeEr-
ICAN OrnitT#oLocists’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 23;
3d ed., 1910, p. 29.—NeEtson, Rep. N. H. Coll., Alaska, 1887, 44 (Sitka;
Aleutian Islands).—Loomis, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., vi, 1896, 19 (coast
California).—CaNntweLu, Auk, xv, 1898, 49 (Long Island. Prince of Wales
Archipelago, breeding).—Ratreu, Auk, xv, 1898, 49 (descr. eggs).—GRIN-
NELL, Auk, xv, 1898, 124 (Sitka, Alaska, breeding); Pacific Coast Avif., no.
11, 1915, 19 (winter resident south to Monterey Bay).—Cuapman, Bull. Am,
Mus. N. H., xvi, 1902, 231 (Homer, Cook Inlet, Alaska; breeding on islands
in Katchimak Bay).—Cuark (A.H.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 32
(Puget Sound to Unalaska).—Berck, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., 11, 1910, 59
(Monterey Bay, California, end of July to March).—Bowtszs, Auk, xxviii,
1911, 169 (Puget Sound, resident).—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avif., no.
11, 1915, 19 (winter resident south to Monterey Bay).

[Brachyramphus| marmoratus Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 100, no. 10809.

Birachyramphus] marmoratus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 15.

Blrachyrhamphus| marmoratus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1848, 644.—Covugs, Key N.
Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 813.

Brachyrhamphus marmoratus REIcHENBACH, Natatores, 1850, pl. 6, figs. 2715-
2720.—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 237 (Vancouver Island).—
Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 732.—CovEs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1868, 61 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 629; 2d ed., 1882, no. 866.—Dauu
and BaANNIsTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 309 (Sitka)—Barrows,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 157 (monogr.).—Ripeway, Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 755.—NeE.son, Cruise ‘“‘Corwin’’ in 1881 (1883), 116, part
(Aleutian Islands).—GrantT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 590 (Unalaska
Island; Kodiak Island; Vancouver Island; Puget Sound; Columbia River).

[Brachyrhamphus] marmoratus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 344.—SHARPE,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 131.—Forsrs and Roxsingon, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii,
no. 2, 1899, 52 (‘‘Hudson’s Bay;’? Queen Charlotte Islands).

Anobapton marmorata LicuteNstEIN, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 105.

Brachyramphus wrangelii Branpr, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb., ii, 1837, 346 (Aleutian
Islands; coll. Mus. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb.)—Cass1n, in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 917.

Brachyrhamphus wrangeli Barro, in Rep. Stansbury’s Survey Great Salt Lake,
1852, 335 (Aleutian Islands).—Covgs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 63
(monogr.).—Datt and Bannisrer, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 310
(Sitka). J

[Brachyrhamphus] wrangelii Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1848, 644.

Brachyrhamphus wrangelii Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 733.

Brachyrhamphus wrangelli Dawu, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 35 (Aleutian
Islands).

iY

iy

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 749

Uria townsendi AupuBON, Birds Am., fol. ed., 1838, pl. 480; Orn. Biog., v, 1839,
251 (near mouth Columbia River).—Townsenp (J. K.), Narrative, 1839,
352.

Uria townsendii AupuBON, Synopsis, 1839, 351; Birds Am., 8vo. ed., vii, 1844,
278, pl. 475.

BRACHYRAMPHUS BREVIROSTRIS (Vigors).
KITTLITZ’S MURRELET.

Adulis in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Predominant color of
upper parts dusky (varying from nearly black to nearly dark gull
eray according to angle of view), the surface glossy and this dusky
color broken everywhere (except on wings and tail) by irregular
streaks or longitudinal spots of light buff, these broadest on scapulars,
rump, and upper tail-coverts, the nape with buff predominating;
wings grayish dusky, the middle and greater coverts and secondaries
narrowly margined terminally with pale ‘gray or grayish white (the
distal coverts also narrowly edged with the same), the inner webs of
secondaries broadly tipped with white; middle rectrices, narrowly
tipped with white, the outermost rectrix white with a dusky shaft-
streak on distal portion, the next two (on each side) similar but with
the dusky distal streak broader, the fourth (from outside) with
inner web white, the fifth and sixth with inner web mostly white;
loral, suborbital, auricular, and malar regions, chin, throat, and
upper foreneck light buff, narrowly and sparsely streaked with
blackish; rest of under parts white, the lower foreneck, upper chest,
and sides of lower neck, thickly marked with U-shaped bars of
blackish, the sides and flanks similarly but more irregularly marked
(the markings on outer portion assuming the form of irregular spots),
the lower chest, breast, and abdomen with much fewer and narrower

- irregular bars of dusky, the anal region and under tail-coverts nearly

immaculate; axillars and under wing-coverts uniform deep brownish
gray (nearly hair brown); bill, black; iris, dark brown; legs and feet,
pale brownish in dried skins, the webs, dusky.

Winter plumage.—Pileum, crescentic bar immediately in front of
eye, a broad bar across sides of upper chest (the two of opposite
sides nearly meeting in front), and upper parts generally, deep slate-
gray, with a silky gloss, the feathers of back and rump narrowly
tipped with white, many of them showing a darker slate color
beneath surface; scapulars mostly white, with slate-gray predominat-
ing on outer webs; entire under parts, and all of head and neck,
except as described (including a collar across nape), immaculate
white; wings and tail as in summer. ,

Adult male-—Wing, 129-141 (135); tail, 31.5-384 (82.7); exposed
culmen, 9.5-10.5 (10); tarsus, 15.5-16.5 (16); middle toe, 21.5-24
(22.7).2

a@ Two specimens, from Alaska.

750 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female-—Wing, 127; tail, 29; exposed culmen, 10.5; tarsus,
15.5; middle toe, 23.4

Coasts and islands of Alaska, from Sitka, and Glacier Bay to
Cook Inlet (off Homer, Aug. 3) and Unalaska Island: coast of north-
eastern Siberia (westward along Arctic coast to Cape Yakan) and

Kamchatka (Petropaulski), southward in winter to northern Japan
(Hakodate). ;

Uria brevirostris Viaors, Zool. Journ., iv, 1828, 357 (‘‘San Blas, Mexico,’’i. e.,
Tepic >; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.); Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ Birds, 1839, 32.

Brachyramphus brevirostris StTEJNEGER, Zeitschr. ges. Orn., iii, 1886, 211 (crit.);
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, 273 (Kuril Islands).—CHapMan, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., xx, 1904, 399 (Cook Inlet, off Homer, Alaska, Aug. 3).—AMERICAN
ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTTEE, Auk, xxv, 1908, 357; Check List,
3d ed., 1910, p. 29.—THayEr and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v,
1914, 8 (Arctic coast e. Siberia, west to Cape Yakan).

B [rachyramphus] brevirostris Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 15.

Brachyrhamphus brevirostris BAIRD, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am.,

ii, 1884, 499, footnote.—Satvin and GopmaNn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,

ili, 1903, 446 (‘‘San Blas, Tepic’’).—Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi,
1898, 593 (‘‘San Blas, Tepic;’’ Kamchatka).

Alca brevirostris SerBoum, Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 279.

Brachyramphus kittlitzii Branpt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb., ii, 1837, 346 (Petro-
paulski, Kamchatka); Mélang. Biol., vii, 1869, 215 (Petropaulski).—Cass1n,
in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 917.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripe-
way, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 501.—SrEesnEGER, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
no. 29, 1885, 314 (Petropaulski, Kamchatka).

Brachyramphus kittlitzi TaczANowsx1, Journ. fiir Orn., 1876, 203 (Usuri, e.
Siberia).—BLakiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 210 (Hakodate, Japan).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895,
no. 24.—Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 120, pl. 2 (Unalaska; winter
plumage described and figured).—NeEtson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887,
44, pl. 1 (Unalaska Harbor; summer plumage described and figured).

Blrachyramphus] kittlitzi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 15.

Blrachyrhamphus] kittlitzii Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1848, 644.

Brachyrhamphus kittlitzii Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 735.—CovEs,
Check List, 1873, no. 6830.—Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 159
(monogr.).

[Brachyrhamphus] kittlitzi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 344.

Brachyrhamphus kittlitzi Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 211 (Cat.
N. Am. Birds, no. 756); Nom. N,. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 756.—Covsrs, Check
List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 867. Newtson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 117
(Unalaska).—PauLMEN, ‘Vega’-Exped., 1887, 393 (Sitka, Alaska; Pittlekaj,
e. Siberia; crit.).

Uria antiqua (not Alca antigua Gmelin) AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 100, pl.
402, fig. 2; Birds Am., 8°° ed., vii, 1844, 263, part, pl. 470, fig. 2 (supposed
young).

[Brachyrhamphus] antiquus RetcHeNnBACH, Natatores, 1850, pl. 6, fig. 2713.

a@Qne specimen, from Alaska.
+ Almost certainly an error; probably some part of northern Pacific Ocean.

ee

“i, i>

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 751

Genus ENDOMYCHURA Oberholser.

Micruria ae of Reitter, 1875) Grant (O.), Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898,
594. (Type, by original designation, Brachyrhamphus hypoleucus Xantus or
Uria craveri Salvadori.)

Endomychura > OBERHOLSER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 201.
(New name to replace Micruria Grant, preoccupied.)

Small Phalerine (wing 113-128 mm.) with small and slender bill,
resembling Brachyramphus, but with tarsus decidedly longer than
middle toe without claw, instead of much shorter, rectrices only 12,
instead of 14, and without distinctive breeding plumage.

Bill small, slender, and compressed, the exposed culmen much
shorter than tarsus, its depth through gonydeal angle much greater
than its width at latero-frontal antiz, much less than half the distance
from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen faintly depressed sub-basally
slightly elevated basally, gently curved from near base to tip; gonys
straight, ascending terminally, its rather prominent basal angle far
anterior to nostril; nostril pyriform (the narrow end distal), pos-
teriorly in contact with latero-frontal feathering, the latter slightly
but distinctly indented at base of culmen; mandibular rami for
greater part feathered, the ill-defined malar antia about on same
vertical line as latero-frontal antia; mental antia about on line with
anterior end of nostril. Wing small, the longest primary (first or first
and second, from outside) exceeding distal secondaries by a little
more than half the length of wing. Tail about three-sevenths as
long as wing, decidedly rounded, nearly concealed by coverts; rec-
trices 12. Tarsus longer than middle toe without claw (but shorter
than middle toe with claw), the acrotarsium reticulate; outer toe
as long as middle toe, the inner toe as long as first two phalanges of
middle toe.

Coloration.—Upper parts plain dusky slate color or slate-gray, the
scapulars and interscapulars darker centrally; under parts immacu-
late white; no special breeding plumage.

Range.—Islands along coasts of Lower California and southern
California. (Two species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ENDOMYCHURA.

a, Under wing-coverts wholly immaculate white; upper parts blackish slate; inner
webs of distal primaries pure white (or nearly so) for greater part; slate-colored
feathers of sides and flanks conspicuously tipped with white or grayish white.
(Monterey Bay, California, to Cape San Lucas, Lower California.)

Endomychura hypoleuca (p. 752).

aa. Under wing-coverts mostly brownish gray; upper parts sooty slate or nearly seal
brown; inner webs of distal (and other) primaries grayish brown, but little
paler than outer webs, except at base; feathers of sides and flanks without
whitish tips. (Coasts and islands of southern Lower California, from Cape San
Lucas to Espiritu Santo and Natividad islands.)..Endomychura craveri (p. 753).

@ Mixpés, small; + Uria. (Richmond.)
b ’Evdéuvxos, concealed; otpa, tail. (Richmond).

(52 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ENDOMYCHURA HYPOLEUCA (Xantus).

XANTUS’S MURRELET.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Upper parts, including
whole of loral and upper half of auricular regions, slate color or deep
slate-gray, the scapulars, interscapulas, and wing-coverts slate-
blackish centrally, the primaries and primary coverts dull blackish
slate narrowly margined with slate color; a narrow white crescentic
mark beneath lower eyelid; entire under parts, except outer portion
of sides and flanks, immaculate white; outer portion of sides and
flanks slate-gray, some of the feathers tipped with white; under
wing-coverts immaculate white; inner webs of primaries grayish
white passing into gray distally and toward shafts; bill black, the
basal portion of mandible pale bluish in life; iris dark brown; inner
side of tarsi and upper surface of toes and webs pale blue (in life),
the outer side of tarsi and under side of feet dusky.

Winter plumage ?—Similar to the summer plumage, but with white
on sides of head involying most of the loral, suborbital, and
auricular regions.

Downy young.—Upper parts uniform black; under parts, including
malar and suborbital regions, immaculate pure white; a flank-patch
of grayish black or dusky gray, confluent with black of rump; thighs
blackish.

Adult male-—Wing, 118.1; exposed culmen, 19; tarsus, 24.1.¢

Adult female—Wing, 113-127.5 (118.3); tail, 30-33 (31.3);
exposed culmen, 15.2—23 (18); tarsus, 22-25 (23.8); middle toe,
21.5-24.5 (22.7).°

Coasts and islands of southern California and Lower California,
from Monterey Bay to Cape San Lucas;° breeding (at least formerly)
on Santa Barbara and Los Coronados islands.

-Brachyrhamphus hypoleucus Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, Nov., 1859,

299 (Cape San Lucas, Lower California; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Barrp,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, 306 (Cape San Lucas; crit.).—ELLI0T,
Illustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. 8, 1867, (vol. ii), pl. 72.—CovEs,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 64 (monogr.); Check List, 2d ed., 1882,
no. 868.—Rineway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 211 (Cat. N. Am. Birds,
no. 757); v, 1883, 534, footnote (Cape San Lucas and San Jose del Cabo);
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 757.—Goss, Auk, i, 1884, 396 (at sea near

San Diego, California, May 20, 1884; measurements, etc.).
Blrachyrhamphus| hypoleucus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 813.

a One specimen.

b Six specimens,

¢ Definite localities are: San Diego, Jan. 27; Monterey Bay (Sept. 2 to Apr. 25;
July 29, several pairs); between San Pedro and Santa Catalina Island; near Santa
Barbara; Santa Barbara Island; Santa Cruz Island; Los Coronados Islands (May 15,
20), Guadalupe Island, San Benito Island, San Jose del Cabo, and Cape San Lucas.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 753

Brachyramphus hypoleucus Evuror, Ilustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. 8,
1867, (vol. ii), text to pl. 72.—Bartrp, Brewer, and Rripaway, Water Birds
N. Am., ii, 1884, 502.—American OrnitTHOLOaIsts’ Unron, Check List,
1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 25; 3d ed., 1910, p. 30.—Bryanr (W. E.), Proc.
Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., ii, 1889, 250 (Cape region, Lower California; Santa
Barbara Islands, California, breeding; San Diego, California).—GRINNELL
(J.), Pub. 1, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1897, 23 (between San Pedro and Santa
Catalina Island, and near Santa Barbara, California); Pub. 2, 1898, 6 (Santa
Barbara Island, May 13); Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 19 (Santa Barbara
Islands, resident; occasional north to Monterey Bay).—Maruutarp, Auk, xv,
1898, 197 (Monterey Bay, Dec., Jan.).—BrewstTer, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
xli, no. 1, 1902, 15 (Lower California range).—Brcx, Condor, ix, 1917, 58
(Monterey Bay, Nov.-Feb.); Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., iii, 1910, 60
(Monterey Bay, Sept. 2—Apr. 25; July 29, several pairs; crit.).—Lrnron, Con-
dor, x, 1908, 125 (Santa Cruz Island, California)—Lams, Condor, x, 1908,
819 (Los Coronados Islands, Lower California, breeding; nesting habits).—
Wrieat, Condor, xi, 1909, 98 (Los Coronados Islands, breeding).

Blrachyramphus| hypoleucus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 15.

Micruria hypoleuca Grant (0), Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 594 (San Benito
Island, Lower California).—THAayrER and Banes, Condor, x, 1908, 104
(Guadalupe Island, Lower California).

[ Micruria] hypoleuca Sarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 131.

M{icruria| hypoleuca ANTHONY, Auk, xvii, 1900, 168, in text (crit.).

Endomychura hypoleuca OBERHOLSER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 201.

[Endomychura| hypoleuca Forses and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2,
1899, 52. 2

[Synthliborhamphus] wurmizusume (not Uria wumizusume Temminck!) Cougs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 344, part (supposed young or winter adult!).

ENDOMYCHURA CRAVERI (Salvadori).
CRAVERI’S MURRELET.

Similar to EF. hypolewea but with under wing-coverts mostly
brownish gray; inner webs of all the primaries light grayish brown,
without any well-defined whitish area; color of upper parts more
brownish or sooty; dusky feathers of sides and flanks without distinct
Gif any) paler tips, and coloration of downy young very different.¢

Adulis in. summer and winter—Upper parts, including whole of
loral and orbital regions and upper portion of auricular region plain
blackish slate; a whitish bar or crescentric mark beneath lower
eyelid and a less distinct one immediately above upper eyelid;

under parts, except sides and flanks, immaculate white; sides and
flanks plain dull slate color or brownish slate; under wing-coverts
brownish slate-gray, some of the larger ones and tips of some of the
smaller coverts white or grayish white; inner webs of primaries
grayish white only toward base; bill black; iris dark brown; legs and
feet pale brownish (probably bluish in life).

a For an excellent statement of the various differences between the two species see
Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, no. 1, 1902 (Birds of the Cape Region of Lower
California), pp. 16-19.

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——49

754 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Downy young.—Upper parts uniform deep sooty grayish; under
_ parts, including malar region, immaculate white.

Adult male-—Wing, 116.8%; tail, 35%; exposed culmen, 19.8-20
(19.9) ©; depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 5.1—5.3 (5.2); tarsus, 21.5-22.9
(22.2); middle toe, 20.3-20.5 (20.4).°

Southern portion of Lower California, from Natividid Island
(lat. 28° N.) on Pacifie side and from Espiritu Santo Island in Gulf
of California (lat. 24° 15’ N.) to Cape San Lucas.

Uria craveri Sauvaport, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., viii, fasc. iv, Feb. 8, 1866
Estr. 17 (Natividad Island, ¢ Gulf of California; coll. Turin Mus.).—Marrens,
Journ fiir Orn., 1868, 70.

Brachyrhamphus craverii Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 66 (monogr.).
Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 869.—Ripeway, Cat. Aquatic and Fish-eating
Birds, 1883, 41.

B{rachyrhamphus] craverii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 814; 4th ed.,
1894, 814, figs. of head and leg (crit.).

Brachyrhamphus craveri STREETS, Bull. U. 8. Nat? Mus., no. 7, 1877, 32 (Isla Raza,
Gulf of California, breeding; descr. nest and eggs; habits; crit.) —Ripaway,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 212 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 758); v, 1883,
534, footnote (Cape San Lucas); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 758.

[Brachyrhamphus| cravert Exxtot, Mlustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, ii,
1869, introd. (fig. of head and leg; quotes orig. descr.; crit.).

[Brachyramphus] craveri GRAY, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 100, no. 10815.

Brachyramphus craverit BARD, BREWER, and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., i,
1884, 502.—AMERICAN OrniITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 3rd ed., 1910,
p- 30.—Cooxr, Auk, xxxiii, 1916, 80 (type locality probably Isla Raza,
Lower California).

Brachyramphus craveri AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNIon, Check List, 1886;
and 2d ed., 1895, no. 26.—Bryant, Proc. Calif. Sc. Sci., 2nd ser., ii, 1889,
251 (Cape San Lucas; Natividad Island).—Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., xli, no. 1, 1902, 16 (near San José Island, and Espiritu Santo Island,
Lower California).

Blrachyramphus| craveri Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 15.

Micruria craveri Grant (O.), Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 595.—ANTHOoNY,
Auk, xvii, 1900, 168, in text (crit.).

[ Micruria] craveri SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 131.

Endomychura craveri OBERHOLSER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 201.

[Endomychura] craveri ForsEes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., xii, no. 2,
1899, 52.

[Synthliborhamphus] wurmizusume (not Uria wumizusume Temminck) CovEs,
Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 344, part (supposed young or winter adult!).

@ One specimen.

b Two specimens.
A specimen of unknown sex (from Isla Raza, Gulf of California) measures as follows:

Wing, 117.3; tail, 34.3; exposed culmen, 20; depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 5.6;
tarsus, 23.4; middle toe, 22.1. No adult female examined.

¢ According to Cooke, Auk, xxxiii, 1910, 80, the type locality is probably Isla Raza,
Gulf of California, and not Natividad Island.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 155

Genus SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS Brandt.

Synthliboramphus Branpt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb., ii, 1837, 347. (Type, Alca
antiqua Gmelin.)

Synthliborhamphus (emendation) Gray, List Gen. Birds, 2d ed., 1841, 98.

Rhamphosynthlipsis®@ Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 5th ed., ii, Dec., 1903, 1075.
(Type, Uria wumizusume Temminck.)

Small Phalerine (wing 125-141 mm.) with acrotarsium trans-
versely scutellate, outer toe (without claw) longer than middle toe
(without claw), depth of bill at base of gonys equal to length of
gonys, and mandibular rami extensively unfeathered.

Bill very short (exposed culmen not more than half aslongas tarsus),
deep (depth at latero-frontal antiz equal to or greater than length
of gonys), much compressed anteriorly; culmen regularly and rather
strongly curved; gonys very short (slightly more than half as long as
exposed culmen), straight, ascending terminally, the mandibular
rami relatively broad; commissure nearly straight for most of its
length, gently decurved terminally, the tomia of both maxilla and
mandible indistinctly notched subterminally; nostril broadly cuneate
or triangular, with a broad and prominent oblique operculum over-
hanging upper-anterior edge and occupying whole of upper-anterior
- portion of nasal fossa; latero-frontal antia close to culmen, on same
vertical line with anterior end of nostril, the medio-frontal edge of
feathering very slightly indented at base of the broadly rounded
culmen; malar antia about on line (vertically) with posterior end of
nostril, or slightly posterior to it; mental antia very slightly anterior
to anterior end of nasal fossa. Wing small, the longest primary
(outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by slightly more than half
the length of wing. -Tail less than three-sevenths (very slightly more
than one-fourth) as long as wing, very slightly rounded, the rectrices
(14) broadly rounded at tips. Tarsus slightly longer than middle toe
without claw, the acrotarsium transversely scutellate, the scutella
extending over greater part of inner and anterior half of outer side;
outer toe, without claw, longer than middle toe without claw, the
inner toe (without claw) longer than first two phalanges of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—Plumage of whole frontal region very
full, semierect, blended, in one species developed into a distinct crest,
that of malar, suborbital and auricular regions, chin, and_ throat
shorter and softer. In breeding plumage, greater part of head
uniform black (more fuscous or slaty on throat, etc.), the supra-
auricular region (in one species the superciliary region also) streaked
with white; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain
slaie-gray; under parts immaculate white, the sides and flanks
uniform sooty black. Winter plumage with whole throat white (the

4‘Paudos, beak; oby, with; @\ius, pressure. (Richmond.)

756 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

chin slate-grayish), without white superciliary or supra-auricular
stripe, and with sides and flanks white striped with slaty or blackish.

Range.—Coasts and islands of northern Pacific Ocean, from Kuril
Islands and Kamchatka (including Commander Islands) to eastern-
most Aleutian Islands; southward in winter to Japan and southern
California. (Two species.)

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS.

a. Wing more than 130; middle toe 24-28; breeding plumage without crest, with chin,
throat, and upper foreneck deep fuscous or clove brown, sides of neck white,
no white over eye, and lower hindneck streaked with white. (Pacific coast,
from: California to. Japan.) .<<.cjc--t5s.c<3s--2 Synthliboramphus antiquus (p. 757).

aa. Wing less than 130 (122.5-125.5); middle toe 22.5-23; breeding plumage with a

frontal crest of slender elonyated feathers; chin and upper half of throat slate-
gray, the lower throat white, like rest of under parts; sides of neck black; a
broad white stripe over eye; lower hindneck not streaked with white. (Japan;
KOLB) 2 cette cpeingatiic ekeee eae To Synthliboramphus wumizusume (extralimital).¢

a4Uria wumizusume Temminck, Pl. Col., v, livr. 98, 1835, pl. 579 and text (coast
of Korea and Japan).—Synthliborhamphus wurmizusume Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei.
Phila., 1868, 58, fig. 4 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 628; Ridgway, Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 754.—{Synthliborhamphus] wurmizusume Coues, Key N. Am. Birds,
1872, 344.—Mergulus wurmizusume Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 157
(monogr.).—[ Anobapton (Synthliboramphus)| wumizusume Bonaparte, Compt. Rend.,
xlii, 1856, 774.—Synthliboramphus wumizusume Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water
Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 505; Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 524 (geoer.
range); x, 1887, 482 (Idzu Islands, Japan); American Ornithologists’ Union, Check List,
1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 22.—S[ynthliboramphus] wumizusume Ridgway, Man. N.
Am. Birds, 1887, 14.—Synthliborhamphus wumizusume Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg.
Végel, Natatores, 1845, pl. 4, fig. 31; Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, °
1898, 598 (Japan)—Uria wumizusume Temminck and_ Schlegel, Fauna
Japonica, Aves, 1845, 123, pl. 79.—Brachyrhamphus umizusume Blakiston and Pryer,
Ibis, 1879, 210 (Hakodadi, Tokyo Bay and Shimoda, Japan).—Synthliborhamphus
umizusume Coues, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 865.—S[ynthliborhamphus] umizusume
Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 812.—Alca wmizusume Rickett, Ibis, 1894,
225 (Foochow, China).—Synthliboramphus temminckii Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb.,
ii, 1837, 347 (new name for Uria wumizusume Temminck).—Brachyrhamphus tem-
minckit [Cabanis] Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 448.—Brachyramphus temminckii Cassin, in
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 916; Baird, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
no. 737; Elliot, Ilustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. 6, 1867 (vol. ii), pl. 71
and text.—Alea temminckit Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867, 22.

Adult in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Forehead, center of crown, hindneck,
and sides of neck black, this color continued from sides of neck along sides to and
including flanks, the hindneck sometimes with a few white streaks; forepart of crown
with a loose crest of slender, much elongated, slightly decurved feathers, inclining
backward toward occuput; a broad white stripe originating on each side of crest and
extending backward to and including occuput, where the two of opposite sides are
confluent; loral, orbital, auricular, and malar regions and upper half of throat uniform
velvety slate-gray, with a truncated posterior outline on throat; remaining under
parts immaculate white; upper parts, except as described, plain slate-grayish, the
anterior lesser wing-coverts,,remiges, and tail dusky; bill yellowish (in dried skins),
the culmen black; iris dark brown; legs and feet dusky yellowish (in dried skins).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 757

SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS ANTIQUUS (Gmelin).

ANCIENT MURRELET,.

Adult in breeding season (sexes alike).—Pileum, hindneck, and
loral region uniform dull black, the malar, suborbital and auricular
regions, chin, throat, and upper foreneck uniform deep fuscous or
clove brown, with a rounded or convex outline on foreneck; supra-_
auricular region and sides of occiput narrowly streaked with white,

forming a more or less broken broad stripe, the lower hindneck

similarly but more sparsely streaked; back, scapulars, and rump
uniform gray (between slate-gray and neutral gray); wing-coverts
duller or more brownish gray (between neutral gray and deep mouse
gray), the primaries, etc., darker; upper tail-coverts and tail dull
blackish or dusky; sides of neck, lower foreneck, and rest of under
parts except sides and flanks immaculate white; sides and flanks
uniform sooty black or fuscous-black; under wing-coverts white;
bill grayish lilaceous-white or bluish white (in life), darker basally,
with a stripe of black along culmen; interior of mouth bluish white;
iris dark brown; legs and feet grayish white faintly tinged with
violet-blue, the outer side of tarsus more bluish, the joints and webs
dark bluish gray.?

Winter plumage.—Throat immaculate white, the chin (sometimes
upper throat also), slate-grayish; white streaks on supra-auricular -
region, sides of occiput, and lower hindneck wanting; sides and
flanks white, the outermost portion striped with slaty or grayish
dusky; otherwise as in summer.

Adult male.—Wing, 130.5-140.5 (134.7); tail, 33-39 (385); exposed
culmen, 13-14 (13.3); tarsus, 25.5-28 (27); middle toe, 25-28 (26.7).°

Adult female.—Wing, 132-138 (135.5); tail, 33-39 (36); exposed
culmen, 12.5-14 (138.2); tarsus, 26-27 (26.5); middle toe, 24—-26.5
(25.4).°

Coasts and islands of northern Pacific Ocean and adjacent portion
of Bering Sea; breeding from Unga Island,? Alaska Peninsula, through
Aleutian chain (including Nearer Islands) to Commander Islands,
Kamchatka, and Kuril Islands, also (formerly) on Pribilof Islands

Winter plumage.—Similar to the breeding plumage but whole throat white, chin light
gray, crest and white stripe on lateral and posterior portion of pileum absent, and sides

~ and flanks white striped with gray.

Downy young.—Upper parts brownish gray, the back and rump indistinctly
streaked with grayish white; under parts, including chin, entirely immaculate white.

Adult male.—Wing, 122.5-125.5 (124.3); tail, 34-88 (36); exposed culmen, 13.5-15
(14.5); tarsus, 24-25 (24.3); middle toe, 22.5-23 (22.7). (Three specimens; no adult
female examined.)

@ Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 24.

+ Three specimens, from Alaska.

¢ Six specimens, five from Alaska, one from California (winter).

¢ Probably breeding on Kodiak Island (St. Paul, Kodiak, June 26, 1882).

758 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(St. George); southward in winter to Japan (Tsushima; Hakodate;
Idsu-No-Kumi; Yokohama; Tauraga; Yezo), southeastern Siberia
(Usuri Bay), and southern California (Monterey Bay, Sept. 3 to
March 22; San Diego Bay, winter visitant); accidental in northern
China (Foochow), Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong, Oct., 1882), and
Ontario (Lake Ontario, near Toronto, Nov. 18, 1891; Canadian shore
of Lake Erie, 7 miles from Buffalo, New York, Nov. 15, 1908).

[Alca] antiqua GmELin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. ii, 1789, 554 (‘‘west of North America
to Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands?’; type now in coll. Liverpool Mus.2).—
LarHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 795.

Alca antiqua BONNATERRE, Tabl. Encycl. Méth., i, 1790, 33.—Virmuot, Nouv.
Dict. d’Hist. Nat., i, 1816, 383.—LicnTteNnstTerIn, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 89, in
text.—NurratL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 536.—
ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867, 21.—SEEBOHM,
Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 276; Ibis, 1892, 96 (Tsushima, Japan).

Fratercula antiqua STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 42.

Uria antiqua Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828 (‘Synopsis’), 426, footnote.—
Kirriitz, Isis, 1832, 1104.—AupuBoNn, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 100, pl. 402, fig. 1-
(only); Synopsis, 1839, 349; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 263, pl. 470, fig. 1
(only).—TEMMINCK and SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Aves, 1842, 124, pl. 80.—
ScHrenck, Reis. Amur-land, i, 1859, 499, pl. 16, figs. 2, 3 (eggs).—
WuitELy, Ibis, 1867, 209 (Hakodate, Japan).—Homeryer, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1870, 435 (e. Siberia). —SEEBOouM, Ibis, 1884, 166 (Hakodate).

Synthliboramphus antiquus BrRaNp?t, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb., ii, 1837, 347; Mélang.
Biol., vii, 1869, 217.—F1nscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, ii, 1872, 80 (Kam-
chatka; Aleutian Islands).—Taczanowsk], Journ. fiir Orn., 1876, 203 (Usuri-
land, e. Siberia); Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, 51 (Abreb Bay); viii,
1883, 345 (Kamchatka); Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 74; Mém. Ac. St.
Pétersb., xxxix, 1893, 1215 (e. Siberia).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway,
Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 504.—SrrsneceER, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
no. 29, 1885, 23, pl. 5, figs. 6, 7 (Commander Islands, breeding; synonymy,
measurements, etc.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, 273 (Kuril Islands,
breeding).—TurRNER, Auk, ii, 1885, 59 (Attu Island, Aleutians, resident).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895,
no. 21; 3d ed., 1910, p. 29.—Nertson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 43 (St.
George Island, Pribilofs; Aleutian Islands; Alaska Peninsula; Sitka).—
LitTLEJOHN and Benoprire, Auk, xii, 1895, 270-278 (habits; descr. eggs).—
Loomis, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., vi, 1896, 17 (California) —MAILLIARD,
Auk, xv, 1898, 197 (Monterey Bay, California, Dec., Jan.).—PAtmeEr (W.),
Avif. Pribilof Is., 1899, 389 (Aleutian Islands; said by Dall to have been
formerly common on St. George Island, Pribilofs)—Lryron, Condor, x,
1908, 125 (Santa Cruz Island; California, Dec.).—CLarxk (A. H.), Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 32 (Atka, Attu, Agattu, and other Aleutian Islands;
Commander Islands; coast Kamchatka; Kuril Islands, south to Simushir).—
Beck, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., 11, 1910, 59 (Monterey Bay, Sept. 3-
March 22).—FiLemine, Auk, xxix, 1912, 387 (Lake Ontario, near Toronto,
Nov. 18, 1901; Canadian shore Lake Erie, 7 miles from Buffalo, New York,
Nov. 15, 1908.—Brooxs (W. S.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 370
(Commander Islands, May 29).—Herrsry, Smithson. Misc. Coll., Ixvi,
no. 2, 1916, 9 (Ketchikan, Alaska).—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avif.,
no. 11, 1915, 18 (winter visitant south to San Diego Co.).

a According to Forbes and Robinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 52.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 759

S[ynthliboramphus] antiquus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 14.

Synthliborhamphus antiquus Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 736.—CovEs,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 56, fig. 13 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no.
627; 2d ed., 1882, no. 864.—BEAn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 171 (Sitka).—
Kumuten, Auk, i, 1884, 98 (Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin, 1 spec., Oct.,
1882).—Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 120 (Atka Island and Nearer
Islands, Aleutians, breeding).—GRrant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 596.

[Synthliborhamphus] antiquus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 344.—SHARPE,
Hand-list, i, 1899, 132.—Forses and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2,
1899, 52 (Idsu-no-kumi, Yokohama, and Tauruga, Japan).

S[ynthliborhamphus] antiquus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 811.

Synthiliboramphus antiquus Dati, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 35 (Chica Islets,
near Unalaska, Alaska, breeding).

Brachyramphus (Synthliborampus) antiquus Branpt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb., ii,
1837, 347.

Brachyramphus antiquus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Anseres, 1844, 157.—
Cassin, Rep. U. S. Expl. Exped. (Wilkes), Orn., 1858, 348; in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 916.

[Brachyramphus] antiquus Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 100, no. 10812.

Brachyrhamphus antiquus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1848, pl. 177 —RrIcHENBACH,
Natatores, 1850, pl. 6, figs. 2710, 2711, 2712, 2714, and pl. 9, figs. 2230-2232.—
Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 736.—Da.t and Bannister, Trans.
Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 310 (St. George Island, Pribilof group; Amak
Island, Aleutians; Sitka).—Datt, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 280 (Kyska
Island, etc., Aleutians)—BLaKisTton and Prykr, Ibis, 1878, 210 (Yezo and
Yokohama, Japan); Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, viii, 1880, 180; x, 1882, 90.—
Briaxiston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 8.

[?] Alca pygmea (not A. pygmxa Gmelin?) Viettuot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., i,
1816, 383.

Synthliborhamphus antiguus Newson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 116 (Aleutian
Islands).

Mergulus antiquus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 66.—AupuUBoN,
Birds Am., fol. ed., 1839, pl. 402, fig. 1—Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.,
xix, 1877, 157 (monogr.).

Uria senicula Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 367, pl. 85 (Kuril Islands;
Aleutian Islands; Kamchatka).

Brachyramphus brachypterus Branvt, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb., ii, 1837, 346 (Una-
laska; ex Uria brachyptera Kittlitz, manuscript).—Cassin, in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 917.

Brachyrhamphus brachypterus Barrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1852,
335, 917 (Unalaska); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 734.—Covgs, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 66 (monogr.); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, 870.—Ripaway,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 212 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 759); Nom. N.
Am. Birds, 1881, no. 759.

Blrachyrhamphus] brachypterus? Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 814.

Mergulus cirrhocephalus Vicors, Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ Birds, 1839, 32 (no locality
mentioned).—Batrp, in Stansbury’s Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 335 (Pacific
coast North America).

A[retica] cirrhocephalus Gray, Gen. Birds, iti, 1848, 645.

Uria cana Krrruitz, in Lutké, Voy. Séniavine, iii, 1836, 272 (Unalaska; nomen
nudum); Denkw. Reise, i, 1858, 288 (Amaknak Is., Alaska).

Brachyramphus temminckii (not Synthliboramphus temmincki Brandt) Cooper and
Sucxiry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 287 (Puget Sound;
habits).

760 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Alca umizusume (not Uria wumizusume Temminck) Rickert, Ibis, 1894, 225
(Foochow, China); 1895, 168 (correction).

Alle alle (not Alca alle Linnzeus) Ames, Auk, xix, 1902, 94 (near Toronto, Ontario,
Noy. 18, 1901).<—Wueeter, Bird Lore, xi, 1909, 174 (Canadian shore Lake
Erie, near Buffalo, New York, Nov. 15, 1908).¢

Genus PTYCHORAMPHUS Brandt.

Ptychoramphus Branvt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. St.-Pétersb., ii, 1837, 346. (Type,
by monotypy, Uria aleutica Pallas.)
Ptychorhamphus (emendation) Branpt, Isis, 1837, 502.

Small Phalerine (wing about 110-130 mm.) with subconical de-
pressed bill, very long gonys (as long as or longer than distance from
nostril to tip of maxilla), wholly unfeathered nasal fosse, and very
plain coloration, without any ornamental plumes on head in breeding
season.

Bill subconical, depressed at base, its depth at base of exposed
culmen equal to iess than half the length of exposed culmen and not
greater than its width at same point, and slightly less than its depth
at gonydeal angle; culmen depressed basally, then gently convex to
the tip; gonys as long as or longer than distance from nostril to tip
of maxilla, straight or very faintly convex, ascending terminally,
its basal angle prominent; maxillary tomium nearly straight for most
of its length, but distinctly convex beneath nostril, distinctly notched
subterminally; mandibular tomium nearly straight, slightly toothed
and notched subterminally, the tip of mandible acute and very
slightly recurved; side of mandible ridged along upper portion,
the ridge broad in middle portion, where the lower edge forms
an angle below anterior end of nasal fossa; nasal fossa broad, wholly
unfeathered, the longitudinal slit-like nostrils in lower edge and
overhung by a broad, semicorneous convex (in vertical view) oper-
culum; mandibular rami (measured from gonydeal angle to rictus)
with about anterior third unfeathered, the malar antia forming a
rather distinct median angle; anterior edge of loral feathering forming
a slight convex line from base of culmen to rictus; mental antia broad,
about on same vertical line with posterior end of nostrils. Wing mod-
erate, the longest primary (outermost) exceeding distalsecondaries by
less than half the length of wing. Tail about one-fourth as long as
wing, slightly rounded; rectrices 14. Tarsus shorter than middle toe
without claw (but longer than bill from rictus), the acrotarsium reticu- —
late; outer toe (without claw) as long as middle toe (without claw),
the inner toe as long as first two phalanges of middle toe.

Plumage and coloration.—No ornamental plumes in breeding season.
Upper parts plain blackish slate, the head and neck (except pileum)
more grayish, the sides and flanks slate-grayish; rest of under parts
immaculate white.

4 According to Fleming, Auk, xxix, 1912, 387.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 761

Range.—Pacific coast of North America, from California to Aleutian
Islands. (Monotypic.)

PTYCHORAMPHUS ALEUTICUS (Pallas).

CASSIN’S AUKLET.

Adults (sexes alike) —Upper parts plain grayish dusky or dull
blackish slate, inclining to dull brownish slate on hindneck and post-
ocular region, the rump and upper tail-coverts more decidedly slaty,
the back and scapulars tinged with the same; an indistinct whitish
bar or elongated spot near each eyelid; malar and rictal regions,
chin, throat, and foreneck plain brownish gray (between quaker
drab and deep mouse gray), the outer portion of sides and flanks
pure gray (nearly neutral gray); under wing-coverts brownish gray,
some of the larger coverts grayish white; rest of under parts
immaculate white; bill black, the basal third of mandible pale
brownish (yellowish or flesh colored in life?); iris white; legs and feet
dusky brownish (bluish and dusky in life).

Y owng.—Smnilar in coloration to adults.

Downy young.—Upper parts deep sooty grayish brown, the sides
and chest similar but paler; chin, throat, breast, and abdomen dull
grayish white.

Adult male.—Wing, 109.5-129 (120.7); tail, 28-34.5 (31.4); exposed
culmen, 18.5-20 (19.3); tarsus, 23.5-25 (24.6); middle toe, 26.5-30
(28.7) .%

Adult female.—Wing, 120-122 (121); tail, 25-32.5 (29.3); exposed
culmen, 18.5-19 (18.8); tarsus, 24-25 (24.3); middle toe, 28—28.5
(28.2).°

Pacific-coast and islands of North America, from Aleutian Islands
(Atka; Attu; Agatu; Unalaska) to Lower California (San Gerénimo
Island, breeding; Los Coronados Islands, breeding; Cerros Island
winter; Natividad Island, April 14; San Benito Island, April 26;

« Eight specimens. b Three specimens.
Ex- f
Locality. Wing. | Tail. vost Tarsus. ade
men.
MALES,
UWO AC ULE MANOS TOM ALASKA secre on aa mclowic siewie wu oe jaja teeeee ce 125 31.7 19.5 24.7 29.2
Twoadult males from ‘California. .....-.2--.--s--2c-cs'sccresee 124. 2 33. 2 19.5 24.7 29
Four adult males from Lower California (three from Los
GoronadGs sland): oa oee asses sc tieae as soe eee ee saaconcoLe 116.7 30. 2 19.1 24.4 28. 4
Gnoesdult-female trond waska-.-c2 22. Joe ee cee tae ste ce coceee 122 (25) 18.5 24 28
Ewovadult females from: Californias: . << 2022.22 S552 Se ee ett 120.5 31.5 19 24.5 28. 2

762 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Guadalupe Island; San Miguél Island; Cape Colnett, Dec. 3); breed-
ing, locally, throughout its range; Kamchatka ?? Kuril Islands ??

Uria aleutica Pautas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 370 (northern Pacific Ocean
or ea.) 2rn portion of Bering Sea).

Ptychoramphus aleuticus Branvt, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb., ii, 1837, 347; Mélang. Biol.,
vii, 1869, 222.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii,
1884, 517.—StTEJNEGER, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 27, footnote,
(molt of bill), 314 (Kamchatka ?); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, 273
(Kuril Islands ?).—American OrnitHoLoaists’ Unron, Check List, 1886,
and 2d ed., 1895, no. 16; 3d ed., 1910, p. 27.—Turner, Contr. N. H., Alaska,
1886, 119 (Atka Island, Aleutians).—NeEtson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887,
40 (Aleutian Islands to Lower California).—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif.
Ac. Sci., 2d ser., i, 1888, 27 (Farallon Islands, breeding; habits; descr. nest
and eggs); 11, 1889, 250 (San Geronimo Island, Lower California, breeding;
Cerros Island, winter)—LawreENcE (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 353 (Point
Chehallis, Washington, Dec.).—SrepHens, Auk, x, 1893, 298 (Santa Catalina
Islands, March, April; habits).—Loomrs, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., vi,
1896, 17 (California).—GRINNELL, (J.), Pub. 1, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1897, 22
(Santa Barbara Island, breeding; habits); Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915,
18 (coast California, common summer resident and breeding).—GRINNELL
and Daceerr, Auk, xx, 1903, 30 (Los Coronados Islands, Lower California,
breeding).—Ray, Auk, xxi, 1904, 429 (Farallon Islands; habits, etc.).—
THayer and Banas, Condor, ix, 1907, 80 (Natividad I., Lower California,
1 spec., Apr. 14), 81 (San Benito Islands, Lower California, April 26); x,
1908, 104 (Guadalupe I., Lower California).—Linton, Condor, x, 1908, 125
(Santa Cruz I., California)—CLark (A. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXXvill, 1910, 31 (coast of s. Oregon to Puget Sound; Unalaska, Agattu,
Atka, and Attu islands, Aleutian chain).

P(tychoramphus] aleuticus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 12.

Ptychorhamphus aleuticus Barrp, in Rep. Stansbury’s Surv. Great Salt Lake, 1852,
335 (Aleutian Islands); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 724.—CassIn, in Baird,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 910.—Etuiot, Illustr. New and Unfig.
N. Am. Birds, pt. 4, 1867 (vol. ii), pl. 69 and text.—Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1868, 52 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 625; 2d ed., 1882, no.
862.—Rineway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 211 (Cat. N. Am. Birds,
no. 751); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 751.—EvEerMANN, Auk, ii, 1886, 88
Santa Barbara Islands, breeding).—Townsrnp (C. H.), Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus., xiii, 1890, 140 (San Clemente Island, Jan. 25).—SrrpHens, Auk, x,
1893, 298 (habits).—Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 599 (Farallon
Islands; San Miguel and San Geronimo islands, Lower California).

[Ptychorhamphus] aleuticus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 343.—SHarre, Hand-
list, i, 1899, 132.—ForsBes and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp.-Mus., li, no. 2, 1899,
53 (“Behring Straits’’).

P{tycorhamphus] aleuticus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 810.

Ptycorhamphus aleuticus Nevson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 116 (Aleutian
Tslands).

Ptycoramphus aleuticus GRINNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 6 (Santa
Barbara Islands, breeding).

Simorhynchus aleuticus SCHLEGEL, Mus.-Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867, 26.

P{haleris] aleutica Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1848, 638.

Phaleris aleutica CornpE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1860, 403 (St. Paul Island, Pribi-
lofs).—Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 156 (monogr.).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 763

Mergulus cassinii GAMBEL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Aug., 1845, 266 (coast of
California); Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1850, 55, pl. 6.—Barrp, in Stans-
bury’s Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 335 (coast of California).

A[retica] cassinii Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1848, 645.

Genus PHALERIS Temminck.

Phaleris Temmincxk, Man. d’Orn., ed. 2, i, 1820, p. exii. (Type, Alca psittacula
Pallas. See Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxiv, 1908, 37.)

Cyclorrhynchus Kaur, Entw. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 15. (Type, Alca psittacula
Pallas.)

Ombria Escuscnourz, Zool. Atlas, pt. iv, 1831, 3. (Type, Alca psittacula Pallas.)

Medium-sized Phalerine (wing 140-152 mm.) with very deep and
much compressed bill with strongly convex upper and lower outlines,
the mandible only about half as deep as maxilla, strongly recurved
to the acute tip, and maxillary tomium strongly convex.

Bill relatively short, deep, and compressed, its greatest depth
nearly equal to length of exposed culmen, and equal to more than
twice its width at latero-frontal anti; culmen and maxillary tomium
both strongly convex, the latter distinctly notched subterminally,
the tip of maxilla obliquely truncated (in lateral profile); mandible
only about half as deep at gonydeal angle as maxilla, both gonys
and tomium strongly recurved to the acute tip, the gonydeal angle
prominent; mandibular rami feathered for about posterior two-
thirds (measured from base of gonys to rictus), the malar feathering
forming a distinct median malar antia or angle; nostril longitudinally
narrowly ovate, overhung by a broad corneous operculum with
flaring lower edge, a considerable corneous space separating the
nostril from nearest loral feathering; latero-frontal antia about on
same vertical line with posterior end of nostril, where forming a
distinct obtuse angle. Wing moderate, the longest primary (outer-
most) exceeding distal secondaries by less than half the length of
wing. Tail about three-sevenths as long as wing, slightly but dis-
tinctly rounded, the rectrices (14 in number) broadly rounded at
tips. Tarsus shorter than middle toe without claw, the acrotarsium
reticulate; outer toe (without claw) as long as middle toe (without
claw), the inner toe as long as first two phalanges of middle toe.

Nuptial ornaments.—The following deciduous accessory pieces at
base of the maxilla are present during the breeding season, after
which they are shed and do not reappear until the following nesting
season: (1) ‘‘The soft white swelling at the base of the maxillary

tomia, the tomial tumor.’ (2) ‘‘The nasal cuirass, an irregular
piece above and behind the nostrils, not continuous with the cor-
responding piece on the opposite side.” (3) ‘‘A small unpaired

saddle-piece riding at the base of the culmen, rising knoblike above
the latter, and with the ends of its legs just touching the upper

764 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

corner of the nasal cuirasses. This piece seems to correspond to
the ‘orlet’ of the bill of the Fraterculine.”’ (4) A small depressed
and angle-shaped space behind and below the ‘‘orlet”” and above
the cuirass, between these two pieces and the feathering”’ @

Plumage and coloration.—Adults with a line of elongated acicular
erectile white feathers, originating immediately beneath lower eye-
lid and extending thence obliquely backward and downward across
side of head to below the auricular region. Head, neck, upper parts, —
sides, and flanks plain dusky; rest of underparts white.

Range.—Coasts of the northern Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, and ad-
jacent parts of Arctic Ocean; south in winter to California and
Kuril Islands. (Monotypic.)

PHALERIS PSITTACULA (Pallas).
PAROQUET AUKELET.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Upper parts plain dull
slate-blackish, gradually passing into dark hair brown or grayish
fuscous on chin, throat, and foreneck (sometimes chest also), the sides
and flanks uniform grayish fuscous; rest of underparts immaculate
white, the chest, however, usually more or less clouded with grayish
fuscous; whole undersurface of wing plain grayish brown (between
hair brown and fuscous), some of the larger coverts (sometimes, at
least,) with a narrow shaft-streak and small terminal spot of grayish
white; elongated acicular plumes extending in a line from lower
eyelid backward and downward across auricular region, white;
bill orange-red or salmon-red (darker in dried skins), the nasal shield
dark horn color, the tomial tumor pale flesh color (in life); iris white;
legs and feet pale bluish gray or bluish white (in life), the side of
tarsus and toes blackish, webs blackish centrally, and joints of toes
dusky; interior of mouth whitish.?

Winter plumage.—Similar to the summer (breeding) plumage, but
throat, foreneck, sides, and flanks white, like rest of underparts,
or partly so, and white auricular plumes wanting.

Young.—Similar to the winter plumage, but bill smaller and
duller red (inclining to brown), and entire underparts, including
throat and foreneck, immaculate white.

Downy young.—Above uniform deep brownish gray or sooty gray-
ish brown, the chin, throat and chest similar but paler; rest of under-
parts pale brownish gray.

@ Quoted from Stejneger, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 41.
b Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 40.

On oS

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 765

Adult male.—Wing, 144.5-152 (148); tail, 39-42 (40.7); exposed
culmen, 14.5-16.5 (15.2); greatest depth of bill, 13-15.5 (14.4);
tarsus, 26.5-31 (29.2); middle toe, 32-37.5 (35.4).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 140.5-152 (145.8); tail, 39-43 (40.9); greatest
depth of bill, 13-15.5 (14.2); tarsus, 28-30 (28.8); middle toe, 32.5-
36 (34.5).¢

Coasts and islands of Bering Sea and contiguous portions of
northern Pacific Ocean; breeding from northeastern coast of Siberia
and northwestern Alaska (including Diomede, St. Lawrence, Hall,
St. Matthew, Pribilof, Walrus, and Otter islands, Bering Sea) south-
ward to Kuril, Commander, Aleutian, and Shumagin islands; south-
ward in winter as far as Monterey Bay, California, northern Japan,
and Okotsk Sea; accidental in Sweden.

Alca psittacula Paitas, Spicil. Zool., i, fase. v, 1769, 13, pl. 2, figs. 4-6 (Kamchat-
ka).—BoNnNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., 1, 1790, 33, pl. 11, fig. 2.—LicuTEn-
STEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 89, in text.

[Alca] psittacula GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 1, 1789, 553.—Larnam, Index Orn.,
ii, 1790, 794.

Simorhynchus psittaculus MERREM, in Ersch u. Gruber’s Encycl., ii, 1819, 407.—
ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867, 24.—Cours, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 36 (monogr.); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 858.

[Simorhynchus] psittaculus Gray, Hand-list, tii, 1871, 97, no. 10786.—D’Hamon-
“VILLE, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 72 (Sweden).

S[imorhynchus] psittaculus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 806.

Phaleris psittacula TeEMMincK, Man. d’ Orn., 2d ed., pt. 1, 1820, 929.—SrEPHENs,
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 44.—Bonaparre, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii,
1828 (‘‘Synopsis’’), 426; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 66.—NutTra.u, Man. Orn.
U. 8S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 534.—Firzincrer, Atl. Nat. Vég., 1864,
fig. 343.—WaHLGREN, Jagaref. Tidskr., 1867, 108 (Sweden).—Hartine,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 121 (Bering Sraits).—Covsrs, Check List, 1873,
no. 621; im Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 204.—Vu1an, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, i, 1876, 1, pl. 1 (Sweden).—TaczanowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
li, 1877, 52; viii, 1888, 346 (Kamchatka); Mém. Ac. St.-Pétersb., xxxix, 1884,
1227 (e. Siberia).—Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H., xix, 1877, 155 (monogr.).—
Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 211 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no.
747); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 747.—E.uiotr, Monogr. Pribylov Group,

a Ten specimens.

aa ae :
ro | s | | Mi
Locality. Wing.) Tail. | ra Gaon | Tarsus. | ie :
| men. | of bill. |
as SS Es
MALES.
Hight adult males from Alaska. -.......2...0.--cccecee 148.4} 40.9) 15.2) 14.4) 29.3] 35.4
Two adult males from Bering Island, Kamchatka..... 146.2 | 40 15.5 1485; (WOE vl” 35.7
FEMALES. °

Nine adult females from Alaska ..............-2-200- 145.9} 40.8} 14.8 14.3} 28.8) 34.7

One adult female from Bering Island.................- 145 42 13.5 13 29 33

766 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1882, 139 (summer resident, breeding; habits).—BLaxkistoN and Pryer,
Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, x, 1882, 89.—Bran, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882,
171 (Shumagin Islands, Alaska).—NE.son, Cruise ‘‘Corwin’’ in 1881 (1883),
115 (Aleutian Islands to Plover Bay, Bering Straits, etc.; Diomede Islands,
breeding).—Buiaxiston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 31.—SrErnorm,
Ibis, 1884, 174 (Kuril Islands).—DysBowsxr and TaczANowskI, Bull, Soc.
Zool. Franc., ix, 1884, 147.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE,
Auk, xxv, 1908, 356; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, p. 27.—Cuiarx (A. H.), Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 31 (Ulaga Pass, Atka Island, Agattu Island,
and Attu Island, Aleutians; Bering Island, Kamchatka; Kurii Islands to
Samushir).—Beck, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 4th ser., ii, 1910, 59 (Monterey Bay,
California, Jan.).—THAYER and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914,
8, in text (Amak Island, Bering Sea; not seen beyond Bering Straits).—Grin-
NELL, Pacific Coast Avip., no. 11, 1915, 18 (winter visitant south to Monterey
Bay).—Brooxs (W. S.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 371 (East Cape,
Siberia; Copper Island, July 24; St. Lawrence Island, etc.).

[Phaleris] psittacula, Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 342.

Phaleris psittaculus GRANT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 607.

[Phaleris] psittaculus SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 132—Forsers and Rosrnson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 53 (St. Paul Island, Pribilofs; Kuril
Island).

Lunda psittacula Patias, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 11, 1826, 366.

Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus Kaur, Natiirl. Syst., 1829, 155.—Sresnecer, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 216; xxi, 1898, 275 (Kuril Islands, in summer);
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 38, pl. 4, fig. 6 and pl. 5, fig. 1; Cruise
‘Corwin’ in 1884 (1889), 125, pi. 1 (downy young; Otter Island, Bering Sea).—
BarrD, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., 1, 1884, 515.—AMERICAN
OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton,Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 17.—TuRNER,
Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 119 (Aleutian Islands).—Nertson, Rep. N. H.
Coll. Alaska, 1887, 40 (Aleutian Islands; St. Lawrence Island; islands in
Bering Straits; Pribilof Islands; Plover Bay, Siberia; habits)—TowNsEnp,
cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 98 (Pribilofs; Otter Island.—GRINNELL (J.),
Auk, xv, 1898, 124 (Sitka).—Sraue, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898 128
(Point Barrow; St. George Island).—Paumer (W.), Avif? Pribilof Is., 1899,
385 (abundant, breeding; habits).—Loomis, Auk, xviii, 1901, 104 (San Fran-
cisco Bay, Dec., Jan.).

Clyclorrhynchus]| psittaculus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 12.

Cyclorrhynchus psittacula TURNER, Auk, 1, 1885, 159 (Agattu Island, Aleutians,
breeding).

Ombria psittacula Escuscuoutz, Zool. Atlas, iv, 1831, 3, pl. 17.—Branpt, Bull.
Ac. St. Petersb., ii, 1837, 348; Mélang. Biol., vii, 1869, 237.—RrIcHENBACH,
Natatores, 1850, pl. 7, figs. 2226, 2227.—MipprENporrr, Sibir. Reise, 11, 1851,
239.—CassIN, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 910.—Barrp,
Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 725.—Swinuok, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863,
331 (Sea of Okotsk).—Etttot, Illustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds,
pt. 2, 1866 (vol. ii), pl. 70 and text.—Finscu, Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, iii,
1872, 82 (Sea of Okotsk; Kuril Islands).—Datut, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v,
1873, 280 (Amchitka, Aleutian Islands).—Bureau, Bull. Soc. Zool. Franc.,
iv, 1879, 48, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2 (molt of bill) —DysBowsk1, Sitz. Dorp. Naturf.
Ges., vi, 1882, 172; Orn. Centralbl., 1882, 40; Bull. Soc. Zool. Franc., vii,
1882, 297.

Fratercula psittacula SeeBoum, Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 284.

Phaleris aleuticus (not Uria aleutica Pallas) CornpE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1860,
403.

ese 20

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 767

Genus CICERONIA Reichenbach.

Ciceronia REICHENBACH, Natiirl. Syst. Vég., 1852, p. iii. (Type, by original
designation, Phaleris nodirostra Bonaparte= Uria pusilla Pallas.)

Very small Phalerine * (wing 88-98 mm.) with small, subconical,
little-compressed bill, and no frontal crest, but with a deciduous, com-
pressed knob near base of culmen during breeding season.

Bill relatively small, the exposed culmen only about half as long
as tarsus, subconical but with culmen distinctly convex, slightly
compressed, its width at base of exposed culmen slightly less than its
depth at same point; gonys about as long as distance from nostril to
tip of maxilla, straight or very faintly convex, ascending terminally,
its basal angle moderately prominent; tomia nearly straight, both
very slightly notched subterminally; nostril longitudinal, narrowly
ovate, overhung by the flaring or reflexed edge of the semi-corneous
nasal membrane, which also separates the nostril from the loral or
latero-frontal feathering; mandibular rami feathered nearly to its
anterior end, the malar antia about on line (vertically) with middle
of nostril, and nearly if not quite as far forward as mental antia;
latero-frontal antia about on line (vertically) with posterior end of
nostril, the medio-frontal line very slightly receding. Wing rather
small, the longest primaries (two outermost) exceeding distal sec-
ondaries by decidedly less than half (little more than one-third) the
length of wing. Tail about one-third as long as wing, slightly
rounded; rectrices 14. Tarsus slightly shorter than middle toe
without claw, the acrotarsium reticulate; outer toe (without claw) as
long as middle toe (without claw), the inner toe as long as first two
phalanges of middle toe.

Nuptial ornaments.—During breeding season, at the base of culmen
a small compressed knob, a median outgrowth from the supranasal
saddle; forehead and anterior portion of lores with rather short
acicular white feathers, besides two lines of elongated acicular white
feathers, one originating at the rictus and extending backward
between the suborbital and malar regions, the other starting imme-
diately beneath eye and extending backward along upper edge of
auricular region.

Coloration.—Above plain blackish, the outermost scapulars inter-
mixed with white, the proximal secondaries tipped with whitish; under
parts mostly white, in breeding season more or less spotted or blotched
with dusky, this often forming a distinct band across foreneck.

Range.—Coasts and islands of Bering Sea, and southward to
Washington and northern Japan. (Monotypic.)

@ Smallest of the Alecidze

768 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

CICERONIA PUSILLA (Pallas).
LEAST AUKLET.

Adults in breeding season (sexes alike).—Upper parts slate-blackish
(sometimes inclining to glossy black), passing into dark slate color
on suborbital and malar regions and chin, the scapulars intermixed
with more or less of white, the proximal secondaries (sometimes
proximal greater coverts also) more or less distinctly tipped with
white; acuminate feathers on forehead and lores, and elongated
acicular rictal and auricular plumes white; under parts mostly
white, more or less spotted or blotched with blackish or blackish
slate, this frequently forming a distinct and uninterrupted band, of
variable width, across foreneck, usually in abrupt contrast anteriorly
with the immaculate white of throat; axillars and under wing-coverts
white and pale gray; bill dusky basally, dark reddish terminally;
iris white; legs and feet brownish (pale bluish in life ?).

Winter plumage.—Similar to the summer plumage, but under
parts, including sides of neck, continuously white, the chin, however,
slaty, as mm summer; white acicular feathers of forehead, etc.,
usually less developed, often (in younger birds?) wanting; bill
without the knob at base of culmen.

Young.—Similar to the winter adult but bill smaller; no trace of
acicular white feathers on head, but with more white on scapulars.

Downy young.—Entirely plain dark sooty grayish brown, the
under parts paler and more grayish.

Adult male—Wing, 90-97.5 (92.9); tail, 25.5-29 (27.1); exposed
culmen, 8-9 (8.6); tarsus, 17-19.5 (18.3); middle toe, 20-24 (22.1).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 88.5-96 (93.6); tail, 24.5-29 (27.5); exposed
culmen, 7.5-9.5 (8.5); tarsus, 16-19 (18.2); middle toe, 20-23.5
(21.9).%

Coasts and islands of Bering Sea and contiguous portions of
northern Pacific Ocean; breeding on islands in Bering Sea (Diomede,
St. Lawrence, King or Okewuk, and Pribilof islands), and Aleutian
chain; in winter, coast of eastern Siberia (Plover Bay; Usuri Bay;
Cape Iksurus), Commander Islands, Kuril Islands, northern Japan
(Hakodate), Okotsk Sea, and along North American coast as far
southward as Washington (Tacoma, winter of 1888); casual or
accidental at St. Michaels and Point Barrow, Alaska.

Uria pusilla Pattas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 373, excl. synonymy, pl. 70
(Kamchatka).

Phaleris pusilla Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 909; Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 324 (Bering Straits).—Barrp, Cat. N. N. Am.
Birds, 1859, no. 723.—Coinp&, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1860, 403 (St. Paul

Island, Pribilofs)—Exuror, Illustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. 6,
1867 (vol. 11, 1869), pl. 68 and text.—Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago

aTen specimens (mostly from Pribilof Islands, Alaska).

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 769

Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 309 (Alaska; Plover Bay, Siberia).—BLakiston and PryYEr,
Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, viii, 1880, 179 (Kaga; Hakodate, May); x, 1882, 89.—
Briaxiston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 31.

Simorhynchus pusillus Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 48, fig. 12 (monogr.);
Check List, 1873, no. 624; 2d ed., 1882, no. 861; in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska,
1875, 208.—Branpt, Mélang. Biol., vii, 1869, 230.—Frnscu, Abh. Nat.
Bremen Ver., iii, 1872, 81 (St. Paul Island, Pribilofs)—Exirorr, Mon.
Pribylov Group, 1882, 134 (summer resident, breeding; habits).—STEJNEGER,
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 34, pl. 4, fig. 3; pl. 5, fig. 5 (Bering Island ;
crit., measurements, etc.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 118 (Bering Island) ;
xxi, 1898, 274 (Kuril Islands).—Turner, Auk, ii, 1885, 159 (Agattu Island,
Aleutians, breeding); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1887, 120 (Kodiak; Aleutians;
Pribilofs)—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d
ed., 1895, no. 20.—NeEtson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 42 (eastern Aleu-
tians; Pribilofs; St. Michael, 1 spec.; Bering Straits; Diomede Islands;
King or Okewuk Island; habits)—Townsenp (C. H.), cruise ‘Corwin’ in
1885 (1887), 98 (Pribilofs).—Patmg&N, ‘Vega’-Exped., v, 1887, 398.—Ruoaps,
Auk, x, 1893, 17 (Puget Sound, near Tacoma, winter 1888).—Seaxe, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, 129 (King Island; St. George Island, Pribilofs).—
Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 605 (Hakodate, Japan; Kam-
chatka; Bering Island; St. Paul and St. George islands, Pribilofs; St.
Michaels).—Patmer (W.), Avif. Pribilof Islands, 1899, 387 (extremely
abundant, breeding; habits, etc.).

[Simorhynchus] pusillus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 343.—SHarpe, Hand-
list, i, 1899, 132.—ForBrs and Rosinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., i, no. 2,
1899, 53 (type of Minute Auk Latham, in coll. Liverpool Mus.).

S[imorhynchus] pusillus Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 808.—Ripeway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 13.

Ciceronia pusilla TaczANowskI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1876, 203 (Usuri-land, e. Siberia) ;
Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 74; Bull. Soc. Zool. Franc., 1877, 51.—Ripe-
way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 211 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 760);
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 760.—DyBowsk1, Sitzb. Dorpat. Naturf.
Ges., vi, 1882, 161; Orn. Centralbl., 1882, 28; Bull. Soc. Zool. Franc., 1883,
350.—NeELSoN, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 116, col. pl. facing p. 57
(Aleutian Islands; islands in Bering Sea).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway,
Water Birds N. Am. Birds, ii, 1884, 507.

Fratercula pusilla SrEBoum, Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 287.

Aithia pusilla AMERICAN ORNiTHOLOGISTS’ UNION Commirrek, Auk, xxv, July,
1908, 357; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, p. 28 —THayeEr and Banas, Proc. New
Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 8 (Cape Iksurus, e. Siberia, Sept.).

Aethia pusilla Brooxs (W. 8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 37 (n. Bering
Sea; St. Lawrence Island; Big Diomede Island; Providence Bay and East
Cape, Siberia).

[Phaleris] corniculata Escuscuourz, Zool. Atlas, iv, 1831, 4 (nomen nudum).

Phaleris microceros BraNpT, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb,, ii, 1837, 346—Cassry, in
Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 908.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds,
1859, no. 722—Datu and BANNIsTER, Trans. Chicago Ac., i, 1869, 319 (St.
George Island, Pribilofs; Plover Bay, Siberia) —Harrine, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1871, 121 (Bering Straits).

Simorhynchus microceros Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 46 (monogr.).

[Simorhynchus] microceros GRAY, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 98, no. 10788.

Ciceronia microceros SAUNDERS, Ibis, 1883, 348.

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——50

Sunn emeeientineeemaeeme

770 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Phaleris pygmxa (not Alca pygmxa Gmelin) Branpt, Bull. Ac. St.-Pétersb.,
ii, 1837, 347.

Simorhynchus pygmxus ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867,
23.—SrEBouM, Ibis, 1884, 31 (Hakodate, Japan; crit.).

Cerorhinca occidentalis? (not Cerorhinca occidentalis Bonaparte) Vicors, Zool.
Voy. ‘Blossom,’ Birds, 1839, 33 (St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea; crit.).
Phaleris nodirostra BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 66 (based on Audu-

bon, pl. 402).

Phaleris nodirostris AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 101, pl. 402, fig. 3 (first descrip-
tion); Synopsis, 1839, 346; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 255, pl. 468.—
Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1848, pl. 175.—RricHenBacu, Natatores, 1850, pl. 6,
figs. 2704, 2705; pl. 7, figs. 2224, 2225.

P{aleris| nodirosiris Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1848, 638.

Ciceronia nodirostris REICHENBACH, Natiirl. Syst. V6g., 1852, p. iu.

Mergulus, sp. inc. Buaxiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 210.

Genus ALCELLA Stone.

Alcella Stone, Auk, xxiv, April, 1907, 198, in text. (Type, by original desig-
nation and monotypy, Alca pygmxa Gmelin.) (See Allen, Bull. Am. Mus.
N. H., xxiii, 1907, 292; xxiv, 1908, 15.)

Small Phalerine (wing 103.5-116 mm.) with bill small, without
obvious deciduous accessory pieces, the culmen strongly convex;
adults in breeding season with a long and slender recurved frontal
crest, filamentous, recurved superciliary plumes, and elongated
filamentous or slenderly acicular plumes from rictus across cheeks
and from lower-posterior margin of eye across auricular region.

Bill relatively small and stout, the strongly arched culmen less than
half as long as tarsus, its width at frontal antia decidedly less than its
depth at same point, and about equal to distance from nostril to tip
of maxilla; gonys nearly straight, strongly inclined upward toward
tip, about as long as distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, its base
forming a prominent angle; maxillary tomium nearly straight except
near base, where distinctly recurved, distinctly notched subterminally; _
mandibular tomium straight, faintly notched terminally; nostril
longitudinal, narrowly ovate or nearly linear, in extreme lower edge
of nasal fossa, overhung by a broad corneous or semicorneous oper-
culum with reflexed lower edge; frontal antia more anterior than
posterior end of nostril (but posterior to middle of the latter), not
indented at base of culmen; malar antia nearly on vertical line with —
posterior end of nostril, the mental antia about on line with middle of —
nostril. Wing rather small, the longest primaries (two outermost)
exceeding distal secondaries by less than half the length of wing.
Tail slightly more than three-sevenths as long as wing, slightly
double-rounded (the lateral and middle pair of rectrices about equal
in length); rectrices 14. Tarsus a little shorter than middle toe
without claw, the acrotarsium reticulate; outer toe (without claw) as_
long as middle toe (without claw), the inner toe as long as first two —

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ait

phalanges of middle toe; claws relatively large, strongly curved,
acute.

Ornamental plumes.—A long and slender, strongly recurved frontal
crest, consisting of several (about 7-10) slender, filamentous plumes,
inserted in quincunx pattern®; a triangular loral area of short acicular
white plumes, sending backward two branches, the upper originating
at sides of forehead, consisting of very slender, thread-like, greatly
elongated recurved plumes, the lower branching from lower portion of
loral region and consisting of broader (acicular) plumes which extend
diagonally backward and downward across the malar region, the
plumes gradually becoming longer and finally somewhat decurved
posteriorly; another series of slender (filamentous) straight white
plumes originates immediately beneath posterior portion of eye and
extends obliquely backward and downward across auricular region,
these also becoming longer posteriorly, where they overhang sides of
neck; bill without deciduous accessory pieces, but the upper layers of
the corneous covering scale off after the breeding season.¢

Coloration.—Above plain grayish dusky, the under parts paler,
fading into very pale gray or grayish white posteriorly; ornamental
head-plumes white, except recurved frontal crest, which is blackish.

Range.—Aleutian Islands to northern Japan. (Monotypic.)

ALCELLA PYGMZ/A (Gmelin).
WHISKERED AUKLET.

Adults in breeding season (sexes alike).—Upper parts plain grayish
dusky (nearest dark neutral gray), darkest on pileum and sides of
head, more slaty on scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, gradually
passing into dusky gray (between chetura drab and dark quaker drab)
on chin, throat, and foreneck, this passing through dull neutral gray
on chest into white on anal region and under tail-coverts; under
wing-coverts wholly grayish brown (hair brown); ornamental head-
plumes white, except the recurved frontal crest, which is dull blackish
and grayish dusky; bill bright red (blood red to scarlet), its tip and
a narrow space round base of mandible whitish; iris white; legs and
feet bluish gray, tinged with violet, the joints darker gray, the webs
and soles blackish.’

Winter plumage.—Not materially different from the breeding
plumage (all the ornamental plumes being retained), but color of
bil duller, the nasal cuirass being dusky instead of red.

2 See Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 26-29.
6 For more detailed description of the fresh colors of unfeathered parts in this species
see Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 30, 31.

a2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Young.—Similar in coloration to adults but lacking the ornamental
head plumes or else having them very slightly developed; bill smaller,
much duller in color (dusky).

Downy young.—Plain sooty grayish brown, paler on under parts,
especially on abdomen.

Adult male.—Wing, 104-111 (107.2); tail, 27.5-34 (29.9); exposed
culmen, 7-10 (8.3) ; depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 7—7.5 (7.1); tarsus,
19.5-23 (20.9); middle toe, 22-25 (24.1).%

Adult female—Wing, 103.5-116 (109.1); tail, 27-30.5 (28.9);
exposed culmen, 9; depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 7-7.5 (7.4);
tarsus, 20-21 (20.4); middle toe, 24—24.5 (24.1).°

Aleutian Islands, Alaska (as far eastward an Unalaska), Com-
mander Islands, Kamchatka, and Kuril Islands, breeding; in winter
southward to northern Japan; St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea?

[Alea] pygmxa GmeE.in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1789, 555 (“Bird Island, between
Asia and America”; based on Pygmy Auk Pennant, Arctic Zool., 11, 1785,
513).

Alca pygmaea LicHtENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 89, in text.

Pihaleris| pygymxus Gray, Gen. Birds, 11i, 1848, 638.

Simorrhynclus pygmxus BRanvt, Mélang. Biol., vii, 1869, 228.—Ripa@way, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 211 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 749); Nom. N. Am.
Birds, 1881, no. 749.—Couvss, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 860.—NELSoNn,
Cruise ‘‘Corwin”- in 1881 (1883), 116 (Aleutian Islands); Rep. N. H. Coll.
Alaska, 1887, 42 (Nearer Islands, Aleutian chain, breeding but not wintering;
Commander Islands, Kamchatka, breeding).—StrsnecreR, Naturen, 1884,
35, 55; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, pl. 5, figs. 3, 4
(Commander Islands); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 118 (Commander
Islands); xxi, 1898, 274 (Kuril Islands, breeding).—Turner, Auk, ii, 1885,
159 (Attu Island, Aleutians, breeding); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 120, pl. 1

a Seven specimens. + Four specimens.
; ; : oe of bil | Tar- | Middle
Locality. Wing. | Tail. eul- | 2% base sae 6a!
men. | gonys.
MALES.

Two adult males from Alaska (Unalaska and Atka |

ISL ANdS) | As hss 45 xs SER aes a Se ee ees 104.5 QT || 9 ve 19.7 2207,
Four adult males from Commé andke Tslands, Kam- |
Ghathe i325.; Bebil:.. pbiglsl ac Pre. PE EEERES. Sess 107.6 30.6 a0 7 20.9 24.5
One adult male from Kuril Islands...................- 111 3 9.5 Te 25
FEMALES.

One adult female from Copper Island, Commander

SOUPS SF Ese EE CRA EE | 103.5 27 9 i. 20 24. 5
Two adult females from Bering Island, Commander
group..... Bee aa ete tg Rhee ete Ren 108.5 | 29 9 7 20. 2 24

One adult female from Kuril Islands..............-..- 116 30.5 9 7.3 20.5 24

{
a
‘
'
|

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, : 773

(Atka Island, Aleutians, breeding; descr. and col. pl. summer plumage).—
AMERICAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no..
19.—TaczANnowskI, Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb., xxxix, 1893, 1235 (e. Siberia).—
Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 603 (Kamchatka; Ushsir, Kuril
Islands; Copper Island; etc.).

S[imorhynchus] pygmxus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 808.—Ripa-
way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 13.

[Simorhynchus] pygmxus SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 132.—ForpBes and RoBIN-
son, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 53 (Kuril Islands).

Fratercula pygmxa SEEBOHM, Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 286.

Aithia pygmxa AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommirTEE, Auk, xxv, July,
1908, 357; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, p. 28.

[Alca] pygmea Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 796.

A{lea] pygmea BonNaTERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 33.

[?]Alca pygmea Vie1LtLot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., 1, 1816, 383.

Phaleris? pygmea StEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 48.—Barrp,
BREWER, and Rripeway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 510.

Alca kamtschatica Lerticurn, Nova Acta Petrop., xii, 1801, 369, pl. 8 (= adult)

Simorhynchus kamtschaticus BurEAU, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iv, 1879, 60, pl. 6.

Simorrhynchus kamtschaticus Dypowskt, Sitzb. Dorpat. Naturf. Ges., vi, 1882, 173.

Phaleris camtschatica BRanvtT, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb., 11, 1837, 347.— RrIcHENBACH,
Natatores, 1850, pl. 6, figs. 2701, 2702.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.
721.—Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 156 (monogr.).—BuaxIs-
ron, Amended List Birds Japan, 1884, 31.

Phaleris camtschaticus Casstn, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 908.

Simorhynchus camtschaticus ScHLEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores),
1867, 25.—Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 41, fig. 8 (monogr.); Check
List, 1873, no. 623.—Branopt, Mélang. Biol., vii, 1869, 227.—Finscu, Abh.
Nat. Bremen Ver., iii, 1872, 81 (Unalaska)—TaczaNowsk1, Orn. Faun.
Vost. Sibir., 1877, 74; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, 82.—DyxBowsk1,

. Orn. Centralbl., 1882, 41; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1882, 298, viii, 1883,
349.—DysowskI and TaczANowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ix, 1884, 147.

[Stmorhynchus]| camtschaticus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 342.

Uria crinita Patias, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 301 (nomen nudum).

Uria mystacea Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., li, 1826, 372, pl. 89 (Kuril Islands;
Alaska; etc.).

Phaleris mystacea Cassin, in Perry’s Exped. Japan, ii, 1857, 234.—[CaBants],
Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 448.—Swinunok, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 331 (Sea
of Okotsk).—Buaxiston and Pryer, Ibis, 1878, 210, part; Trans. Asiat. Soc.
Japan, viii, 1880, 179; x, 1882, 89.

Mormon cristatellus (not Alca cristatella Pallas, 1769) Cuvrer, in Choris’ Voy.
Pittor., Aléout., 1822, 18, pl. 12 (St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea).

Alca cristatella Virrtiot, Gal. Ois., i1, 1825, 242, pl. 297.

Phaleris cristatella TemMinck, Pl. Col., v, 1824, pl. 122 [no. 200] and text.— |

Scuinz, Nat. Abbild. Vég., 1836, 374, pl. 130.

Phaleris cristella Borg, Isis, 1826, 980.

Mormon superciliosa LicHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 89, in text.

Simorhynchus cassini Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 45, fig. 10 (Ounimak
Pass, Unalaska Island, Alaska; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.; =young).—Branopr,
Mélang. Biol., vii, 1869, 235——Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac.
Sci., i, 1869, 309.—Bairp, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 324, pl. 31.

774 ‘BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Genus A THIA Merrem.

Aethia * MerreM, Verz. Grundr. Allg. Gesch. u. Nat. Eintheil. d. Vég., i, Tenta-
men Nat. Syst. Av., i, 1788, pp. 7, 13, 20. (Type, by monotypy, Alca
cristatella Pallas. See Hartert, Novit. Zool., xxiii, 1916, 340.)

Simorhynchus MERREM, in Ersch u. Gruber’s Encycl., 1 sec. ii, 1819, 405. (Type,
by original designation and monotypy, Alca cristatella Pallas.)

Tyloramphus Branpt, Bull. Acad. St. Pétersb., ii, 1837, 348. (Type, Alca crista-
tella Pallas.)

Medium-sized Phalerine (wing 125-143 mm.) with exposed culmen
less than half as long as commissure and not longer than gonys;
adults with a slender recurved frontal crest and line of postocular
acicular plumes, and in breeding season a conspicuous concave supra-
rictal horny plate and conspicious enlargement of the mandibular
rami.

Bill short and stout, its depth from base of exposed culmen to
gonydeal angle much greater than its width at same point and at
least equal to length of exposed culmen, the latter strongly curved;
gonys as long as or longer than exposed culmen, faintly convex,
ascending terminally, its basal angle more or less prominent; maxil-
lary tomium strongly convex basally, distinctly incised terminally,
the tip of maxilla distinctly uncinate; mandibular tomium nearly
straight in middle portion, recurved terminally, recurved and arched
basally, the tip of mandible recurved, with tip obliquely truncate;
mandibular rami mostly unfeathered (wholly so in breeding season),
equal to or longer than gonys; nostril longitudinal, narrowly ovate
(its anterior end acute), overhung in breeding season by the lower
edge of a prominent supra-nasal saddle or cuirass; anterior line of
frontal feathering extending almost straight across base of culmen,
nearly on line (vertically) with middle of nostrils, the mental antia
slightly posterior to it. Wing moderate, the longest primary (outer-
most) exceeding distal secondaries by slighty less than half the
length of wing. Tail about three-sevenths as long as wing, slightly
rounded; rectrices 14. Tarsus decidedly shorter than middle toe
without claw, the acrotarsium reticulate; outer toe (without claw)
as long as middle toe (without claw), the inner toe as long as first two
phalanges of middle toe; claws rather small, only moderately curved
and acute.

Nuptial ornaments.—A conspicuous supra-rictal horny plate, with
concave surface; mandibular rami conspicuously enlarged, and
supra-nasal saddle or cuirass prominent and corneous.

Plumage and _ coloration.—Adults with a conspicuous frontal
strongly recurved crest of slender, elongated feathers (much as in
Alcella) and with a narrow line of slender acicular white feathers

@ Ai@uca, a sea-bird of some kind. (Richmond.)

A 7 Be ae

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. TT5

originating immediately beneath eye and extending downward and
backward along upper edge of auricular region. Upper parts dull
slate-blackish, under parts plain brownish gray.

Range.—Kodiak Island, Aleutian Islands, and islands of Bering
Sea to northern Japan. (Monotypic.)

THIA CRISTATELLA (Pallas).
CRESTED AUKLET.

Adults in breeding season.—Upper parts, including recurved frontal
crest, plain slate-blackish; forhead and entire under parts plain
brownish gray, paler on posterior under parts; narrowly acicular
auricular plumes white; bill, including supra-rictal plate, orange-red
or reddish orange, the tip more or less whitish or pale horn color; iris
white; legs and feet pale violet-gray (in life), the joints darker, webs
blackish, and soles black.

Winter plumage.—Similar in coloration to the breeding plumage,
but bill smaller (through shedding of supra-nasal cuirass, supra-
rictal plate, and other parts, and dull brownish or horn color instead
of reddish orange.

Young.—Sinilar to winter adults, but crest and auricular plumes
absent or but slightly developed, and bill still smaller.

Downy young.—Uniform sooty grayish brown, slightly paler below.

Adult male.—Wing, 125-143 (134.8); tail, 33-38 (35.7); exposed
culmen, 10-12 (11.2); greatest depth of bill, 10-12 (11.1); tarsus,
24-28 (26.4); middle toe, 29.5-35.5 (33.1).¢

Adult female.—Wing, 131-137 (134); tail, 31-389 (34.5); exposed
culmen, 10.5-11.5 (10.9); greatest depth of bill, 9.5-12 (10.5); tarsus,
25-27 (25.8); middle toe, 30-34 (82.2).

Coasts and islands of Bering Sea and immediately gontiguous por-
tions of Arctic and northern Pacific Oceans, from Wrangel, Herald,
and Diomede Islands and eastern coast of Siberia (Hmma Harbor;
Plover Bay), etc., to Kodiak Island and northern Japan; breed-

a Ten specimens. 5 Seven specimens.

lee | Great | gal
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed er | Tarsus. Middle
j iculmen. coun | foee

|
|
a — |
MALES. |
Nine adult males from Alaska....... MAREE Nae Mie 135.1| 35.6! 11.2/ 109! 263 33

One adult male from Bering Island, Kamchatka..... -| 133 36.5 | 12 Lee 27 | 34
FEMALES. | |

Five adult females from Alaska............20..---00+- 133.8| 33.9] 10.9] 10.2 | 25.9) 327

One adult female from eastern Siberia(Emma Harbor).| 136 | 39 11 LOVSn|e-2pm | 32

One adult female from Bering Island.............-.--- 133 33 re 12 | 26 30

776 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ing on Pribilof, Aleutian, Commander, and Kuril (probably also on
other) Islands; accidental in Sweden and Massachusetts (Chatham,
winter of 1SS4—5) ?

Alca cristatella Patuas, Spicil. Zool., v, 1769, 18, pl. 3, and pl. 5, figs. 7, 8, 9
(Yesso, Japan, to Kamchatka),—Vremuor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., i, 1816,
$82.

[Alca] cristatella GMEuIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1i, 1789, 552.—Larnam, Index Orn.,
li, 1790, 794.—Bonnarerre, Tabl, Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 34, pl. 11, fig. 3.

Unia enistatella Patias, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 370, pl. 86.

Phaleris cristatella SterHeNs, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 47—Bona-
parte, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, 1828 (‘Synopsis’’), 426, footnote.—Nvurrart,
Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 536.—Vieors, Zool. Voy.
‘Blossom,’ Birds, 1839, 33 (St. Lawrence Island, in Avatcha Bay)—AupUBON,
Orn. Biog., Vv, 1839, 102, pl. 402, fig.; Synopsis, 1839, 346; Birds Am., 8vo ed.,
vil, 1844, 253, pl. 467.—ReicHensacy, Natatores, 1850, pl. 7, figs. 2222,
2223.—Casstn, In Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 906.—Barrp,
Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 719.—Scurenck, Reis. Amur-land, i, 1859,
500, pl. 16, figs. 4, 5—Corpk, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1860, 402 (St. Paul
Island, Pribilofs)—Swiynoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 330 (Amoor-
land).—Watrety, Ibis, 1867, 209 (Hakodate, Japan)—Datt and Ban-
NisteR, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 309 (Kodiak Island) —Hartine,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 121 (Bering Straits)—Orron, Am. Nat., iv,
1871 (type of Audubon’s descr. and plate in coll. Mus. Vassar College).—
Dat, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 34, 280 (Aleutian Islands).—Barrows,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 155 (monogr.).—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 442
(St. Michael, Alaska).—SrEsoum, Ibis, 1879, 21 (Japan).—Dareetsx, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 221 (Swedish records)—BLaxkiston and Prrer,
Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, viii, 1880, 179; x, 1882, 89 —PAuMEN, Swed. Cat.
Lond. Fish. Exhib., 1883, 201.—Buaxisron, Amend. List. Birds Japan, 1884,
Sl. i

Tyloramphus cristatellus Branpt, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb., li, 1837, 348.—Taczan-
owskI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1876, 203 (Usuri-land, e. Siberia).

Phaleris (Thyleramphus) cristatella Dati, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci, v, 1873, 34 (Una-
laska; Shumagins, resident).

Tylorhamphus cristatellus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., ili, Anseres, 1844, 153.

Simorhynchus cristatellus BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend., xl, 1856, 744.—ScHLEGe.,
Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867, 25.—Covrs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1868, 37, fig. 7 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 622; 2d ed., 1882,
no. 859; in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 206 (Pribilof Islands).—Branpt,
Mélang. Biol., vii, 1869, 223——Finscn, Abh. naf. Ver. Bremen, iii, 1872,
81 (St. George Island, Pribilofs; Kamchatka).—Taczanowskl1, Orn. Faun.
Vost. Sibir., 1877, 74; Bull. Soc. Zool. Franc., 1, 1877, 51 (Abrek Bay);
vii, 1882, 398 (Kamchatka); Mém. Ac. St. Petersb., xxxix, 1893, 1231 (e.
Siberia) —Bureav, Bull. Soc. Zool. Franc., iv, 1879, 51, pl. 5, figs. 3-5.—
Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 211 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 748);
Nom. N. Am. Birds, 188], no. 748.—Exuiorr, Monogr. Pribylov Group,
1882, 134 (summer resident, breeding; habits) ——Dysowskxl, Sitzb. Dorpat. —
Naturf. Ges., 1881, —; Orn. Centralbl., 1882, 28; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, —
villi, 1883, 349.—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1882, 368 (Kumi Islands)—Beran, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 171 (Bering Straits) —Netson, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in
1881 (1883), 116 (Aleutian Islands to Diomede Islands and Bering Straits;
Herald Island; Wrangel Island; etce.); Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 41_
(Nearer Islands, Aleutians, breeding but not wintering; off St. Lawrenea

j

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMEBICA. 777

Island; off mouth of Yukon River; islands in Bering Straite; St. Mathewe
Island; Diomede Island; Pribilofs; habite)—Sresnecer, cruise ‘Corwin’
1884 (1889), 126, pl. [2] (Otter Island, Bering Sea); Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Muz.,
no. 29, 1885, 32, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5; pl. 5, fig. 2 (Commander Islands); Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 13 (Commander Islands); xxi, 189%, 274 Kuril
Islands, breeding).—Bairp, Brewer, and Rincway, Water Birds N. Am.,
li, 1884, 512.—Dyszowsx1 and Taczanowsx1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ix,
1884, 147.—Tuener, Auk, ii, 1885, 159 (Attu Island, Aleutians, breeding);
Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 119 (St. Michael, 2 epecs.; Bristol Bay; north
side Alaska Peninsula; Aleutian Islands)—Axien, Auk, ii, 1445, 385 (Chat-
ham, Massachusetts, 1 spec., winter of 1884-5; very doubtful record!).—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unxton, Check List, 1846, and 2d ed., 1895, no.
18.—Townsenp (C. H.), cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 98 (Pribilof Islands;
Otter Island).—Pa.tmén, ‘Vega’-Exped., v, 1887, 397.—Suauz, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci., Phila., 1898, 128 (King Island) —Granr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi,
1898, 601.—Patmer (W.), Avif. Pribilof Is., 1899, 386 (abundant, breeding;
habits).

[Simorhynchus] cristatellus Gray, Hand-list, ili, 1871, 97, no. 10781.—Covrs, Key
N. Am. Birds, 1872, 342.—Suanrve, Hand-list, i, 1899, 132.—Forers and Ros-
inson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 53 (Kamchatka; off n. e. coast
Japan, lat. 40° N., long. 142° E.).

S{imorhynchus) cristatellus Coves, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 807.—
Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 13.

Fratercula cristatella Seevoum, Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 285 (Kuril Islands,
breeding; e. coast Japan, 150 miles s. of Yezo; e. coast, lat. of Yokohama).

Acthia cristatella Mezrem, Vers. Grundr. Allg. Gesch. u. Nat. Eintheil. d. Vog.,
i, Tentamen Nat. Syst. Av., 1788, 13, 20.—Tuayzer and Bangs, Proc. New
Engl. Zool. Clubs, v, 1914, 8 (off Cape Ikusurin, e. Siberia, Sept.)—Brooxs
(W. 8.), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 370 (St. Lawrence Island, June 3;
Providence Bay and Bering Strait).

4ithia cristatella Amenican OxnitHoLocists’ Union Comuirrez, Auk, xxv,
July, 1908, 357; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, p. 28.—Cranx (A. H.), Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 31 (near Unalaska; Atka, Attu, and Agattu islands,
Aleutians; Commander Islands; coast Kamchatka to Cape Lopatka; Kuril
Islands).

Ales tetracula Pauias, Spicil. Zool., fasc. v, 1769, 23, pls. 4, 5, figs. 10-12 (Kam-
chatka).—Bonnarerre, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 3%, pl. ll, fig. 4.—
Vieuxot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., i, 1816, 382 (Kamchatka).—Karrurrz,
Denkw. Reise, ii, 1858, 214.

[Alca] tetracula Guertin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 552.—Larnamu, Index Orn,
li, 1790, 794.—Licutenstetin, Verz. Doubl., 1523, 89, in text.

Acthia tetracula Mernzem, Vers. Grundr. Allg, Geech. u. Nat. Eintheil. a. "ees
i, Tentamen Nat., Syst. Av., 1788, 7.

Uria tetracula Patias, Zoogr. ahaa ii, 1826, 371, pl. 58.

Phaleris tetracula Steruens, Shaw’s Gen. eae xili, pt. 1, 1826, 46 —Reicuen-
BACH, Natatores, 1850, pl. 6, fig. 2702 —Mippenporrr, Sibir. Reise, i1., pt.
li, 1851, 239.—Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1853, 907.—
Barren, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 720—Esior, lustr. New and Unfig.
N. Am. Birds, pt. 3, 1867 (vol. ii), pl. 67 and text.—Datt and Bannister,
Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 309 (Plover Bay, e. Siberia) —Taczanowsxl,
Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir., 1877, 74; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, 52.

Simorhynchus tetraculus Covers, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1868, 43, fig. 9
(monogr.).—Taczanowsk1, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, 52.

778 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Simorhynchus] tetraculus Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 97, no. 10782.—Covrs, Key
N. Am. Birds, 1872, 342.

Alca cristata MUuuER, Natursyst., Suppl., 1776, 104.

Simorhynchus cristatus MERREM, in Ersch u. Gruber’s Encycl., ii, 1819, 406.

Uria dubia Pauias, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 371, pl. 87 (young).

Phaleris dubia Branpt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb., ii, 1837, 347.

Pihaleris] dubia Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1848, 638.

Alca dubia Kirrurrz, Denkw. Reise, i, 1858, 300 (St. Paul Island, Pribilof group).

Symorhynchus dubius Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 40 (monogr.).

Phaleris superciliosa (not Mormon superciliosa Lichtenstein) BoNAParTE, Geog.
and Comp. List, 1838, 66.

Phaleris superciliata AUDUBON, Birds Amer., folio ed., 1838, pl. 402, fig.

Phaleris mystacea (not Uria mystacea Pallas) Buakiston and Pryrer,, Ibis, 1878,
210, part (Kuril Islands; Shimoda and Tokyo Bay, Japan).—SrEBoxm,
Ibis, 1879, 21.

Genus CERORHINCA Bonaparte.

Cerorhinca Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ii, 1828, 427. (Type C.
occidentalis Bonaparte—=Alca monocerata Pallas.)

Ceratorrhina (emendation) Bonaparte, Oss. Régne Anim., 1830, 134; Saggio,
1831, 62.

Ceratorhina (emendation) AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 104.

Cerorhina (emendation) Branprt, Bull. Sci. St. Petersb., ii, 1837, 348.

Ceratorhynchus (emendation) SUNDEVALL, Orn. Syst., 1836, 130.

Ceratorhyncha BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 66.

Chimerina Escuscuoutz, Zool. Atlas, iii, 1829, 2, pl. 12. (Tpye, C. cornuta

Eschscholtz—Alca monocerata Pallas.)

Large Phalerine (wing 169-183 mm.) with relatively long bill
(the distance from nostril to tip of maxilla nearly if not quite equal
to length of tarsus), with 16-18 rectrices, and adults in breeding
season with a conspicuous vertical compressed knob at base of culmen.

Bill, from rictus, nearly as long as head, much compressed, its
widthfat anterior end of nostrils only about half its depth at same
point and equal to not more than one-third the distance from nostril
to tip of maxilla; culmen, from anterior edge of supra-nasal horn
or saddle, decidedly shorter than tarsus, but more than half as long
as commissure, strongly and regularly curved; gonys shorter than
distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, faintly concave, its basal
angle very prominent; maxUlary tomium faintly convex sub-basally,
decidedly concave distally, distinctly notched near uncinate tip of
maxilla; mandibular tomium slightly but distinctly convex distally,
distinctly notched near tip of mandible; nostril longitudinal, slit-like
in extreme lower edge of nasal fossa, or in breeding season beneath
lower edge of the corneous nasal cuirass; frontal antia about on line
(vertically) with posterior end of nostril, the mental antia about on
line with middle of nostril, the indistinct malar antia (at lower edge
of ramus) about on line with frontal antia, or slightly posterior to it.

~ te - x

“

es

i

ie.

“: eee Se

- tah, Sal al ESL ea at

&
'
7
i
f
5
}

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 779

Wing moderate, the longest primaries (two outermost) exceeding
distal secondaries by slightly more than half the length of wing.
Tail less than one-third (but more than three-sevenths) as long as
wing, slightly but distinctly rounded; rectrices 16-18. Tarsus
much shorter than middle toe without claw, reticulate for greater
part but with obliquely transverse scutella on lower half of acrotar-
sium; outer toe (without claw) as long as middle toe (without claw)
or very slightly shorter, the inner toe as long as first two phalanges
of middle toe; claws moderate or rather small, slightly curved,
rather blunt.

Nuptial ornaments.—A prominent compressed obtusely conical
knob or horn at base of culmen, surmounting the corneous nasal
cuirass, of which it is part.

Plumage and coloration.—Adults with two series of elongated
narrowly lanceolate white plumes, one orginating at posterior angle
of eye and extending backward to side of nape, the other starting
at rictus and extending back beneath suborbital and auricular
regions to or beyond posterior end of the latter. Upper parts sooty
blackish fading into brownish gray on chin, throat, foreneck, chest,
sides and flanks, the remaining under parts white.

Range.—Coasts and islands of northern Pacific Ocean, from
California to northern Japan. (Monotypic.)

CERORHINCA MONOCERATA (Pallas).

RHINOCEROS AUKLET.

Adults in breeding season (sexes alike).—Upper parts sooty black-
ish, the scapulars, interscapulars, and feathers of rump indistinctly
tipped with dark sooty grayish; sides of head deep hair brown (or
between hair brown and fuscous), passing gradually into lighter hair
brown or mouse gray on malar region; chin, throat, chest, sides, and
flanks white, more or less clouded with brownish gray, especially on
breast, the posterior under tail-coverts brownish gray; axulars and
under wing-coverts uniform brownish gray, like sides and flanks; a
line of straight, elongated, lanceolate white feathers originating at
posterior angle of eye and extending backward along sides of occiput
to nape, and another broader series starting at rictus and extending
backward beneath suborbital and auricular regions to or beyond
posterior end of the latter; bill orange-yellow or dull orange (in life)
with culmen and both anterior and posterior edges of the hornlike
supra-nasal appendage black; iris brown @ or pale amber;? legs and
feet whitish yellow (in life), darker on joints of toes, the planta tarsi
and soles blackish.”

aW. A. Cooper, manuscript. bP. A. Holst, according to Grant.

780 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Winter plumage.—Coloration as in summer, including white head-
plumes, but corneous supranasal horn and gonydeal ridge wanting,
the former, however, indicated (at least in freshly killed specimens)
by a more or less pronounced swelling, covered by membrane.*

Young.—Similar to winter adults, but white head-plumes wanting
and bill smaller and darker in color.

Downy young.—Uniform sooty grayish brown, slightly paler on
under parts of body. (Very similar to the corresponding stage of
Lunda cirrhata but rather lighter in color and with more slender bill.)

Adult male.-—Wing, 175-183 (177.8); tail, 42.5-60.5 (55); exposed
culmen, 32.5-36 (34); tarsus, 27-30 (28.2); middle toe, 39.5-43
(40.4).°

Adult female.—W ing, 169-181 (175.6); tail, 52-56.5 (55.5); exposed
culmen, 32-39 (34.7); tarsus, 27-29 (28); middle toe, 38-41.5 (39.9).°

Coasts and islands along border of northern Pacific Ocean; breed-
ing from Sitka, Alaska, southward to Washington (Smiths Island,
Puget Sound; Protection Island), formerly to Farallon Islands, Cali-
fornia, and on Kuril Islands;* southward in winter to southern Cali-
fornia (Santa Barbara; San Diego, Dec., Jan.; Santa Catalina Island,
Dec., March), Lower California (San Miguél Island; Cerros Island,
June), and northern Japan (Hakodate; Tsushima; Otarunai, near
Sapporo; Nagasaki), and southeastern Siberia (Usuri Bay; Vladi-
vostok). ;

Alca monocerata Pattas, Zoogr. Russo-Asiat., ii, 1826, 362 (Cape St. Elias to
Kodiak Island, Alaska).
Chimerina monocerata REICHENBACH, Natatores, 1850, pl. 6, figs. 2706, 2707.

aSee Henshaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 387, 388.
6 Six specimens.

Ex-
Locality. Wing. | Tail. Bosed Tarsus. aaadle
men.
MALES,
T wo'adult males from: California 2'2. 5. 2 coe. ee SPA 177.5 58 33 20.5 39.5
Twoadult malesfrom’ Alaska’ 2.3. 2 2ssdecs. sc 4oslesqseee see | 176.5 | 56.7| | 38.7.) (28 40. 5
One adult male from) Kuril Islands. 3s. 28... ho amends cose 183 58 36 30 43
Oneadult malefromJapane-na 2 see--n\es once ee ees acttecenees 176 42.5 B4.5 28 39.5
FEMALES,
Onsadultfemaleiiron California = oe oc. com castcccsee Sees 178 5340) 37 29 41.5
One adult female from Puget Sound..........................- 177 52 33 29 41
Three adult:fomales from Alaskas. 02.2 45.24. 2. bee e-s252 Se 173 55 33. 2 27 39
One @dult female from Japanie 35.6 52m as: woe see tee bs vac 176 52.5 39 29 40

¢ Almost certainly breeding on some of the intervening islands also.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 781

Ceratorhyncha monocerata Cassin, in Rep. Perry’s Exped. Japan, ii, 1857, 233
Rep. U. 8. Expl. Exped. (Wilkes), Orn., 1858, 349.—[{Casanis], Journ. fiir
Orn., 1858, 448.—WuireEty, Ibis, 1867, 209 (Hakodate, Japan).—CovEs,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 28 (monogr.).—Swinuok, Ibis, 1874, 166
(Hakodate).—BuaxisTon and Prrer, Ibis, 1878, 211 (Yezo, Japan); Trans.
Asiat. Soc. Japan, x, 1882, 92.

[ Ceratorhyncha| monocerata SHARPE, Hand-list, i, 1899, 132.

Cerorhina monocerata Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 905.—
Bairp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 717.—Coorrr and SucKkiey, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ti, 1860, 284 (Straits of Fuca, Puget Sound, and
Port Townsend, Washington; Protection Island, Washington, breeding;
Farallon Islands).—Da.u and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869,
309 (Sitka).—TaczanowskI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1876, 203 (Usuri, e. Siberia).
Bouau, Journ. fiir Orn., 1882, 341 (Vladivostok, e. Siberia).—

[Cerorhina] monocerata Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 97, no. 10779.

Simorhynchus monoceratus ScHtEGEL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores),
1867, 26.

Ceratorhina monocerata Branpt, Mélang. Biol., vii, 1869, 239.—Covrs, Check
List, 1873, no. 620; 2d ed., 1882, no. 857.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
iii, 1880, 211 (Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 620); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 620.—
Hensuaw, Auk, ii, 1885, 387 (Santa Barbara and San Diego, California,
Nov., Dec.; as to molting of knob or horn of bill).—TaczaNowsk1, Mém. Ac.
St. Pétersb., xxxix, 1893, 1241 (e. Siberia).

[Ceratorhina] monocerata CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 341.

Cleratorhina] monocerata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 805.

Cerorhyna monocerata TACZANOWSKI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, 52.

Cerorhyncha monocerata Barrp, BREWER, and Rrpaway, Water Birds N. Am.,
li, 1884, 520.—Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 609 (Tsushima,
Nagasaki, and Hakodate, Japan; Kuril Islands; Kamchatka; Monterey and
San Diego, California; Jan., Dec.; San Miguel Island, Lower California).

Clerorhyncha] monocerata ForBES and Rosrnson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2,
1899, 53 (Hakodate, Japan).

Cerorhinca monocerata AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, and
2d ed., 1895, no. 15; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 27.—SresneGeEr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
no. 29, 1885, 314 (Kamchatka); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 118 (Com-
mander Islands), xxi, 1898, 274 (Kuril Islands, breeding).—Nertson, Rep. N.
H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 40 (Sitka).—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d
ser., 11, 1889, 250 (Cerros Island, Lower California, Jan.).—Loomis, Proc.
Calif, Ac. Sci., 2d ser., vi, 1896, 16 (California).—GrINNELL (J.), Pub. 2,
Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 6 (Santa Catalina Island, California, Dec., March;
Newport Bay, winter); Auk, xv, 1898, 124 (Sitka); Pacific Coast Avii., no.
11, 1915, 18 (south to San Diego in winter; formerly breeding on Farallon
Islands).—Lrinron, Condor, x, 1908, 125 (Santa Cruz Island, California).—
Cuiark (A. H.), Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 31 (Atka and Agattu
Islands, Aleutians; nothern Kurils, south to Tamushir).

Clerorhinca] monocerata Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 12.

Cerorhincha monocerata EVERMANN, Auk, iii, 1886, 88 (Ventura Co., California,
Jan.).

Fratercula monocerata BARRows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877 154 (monogr.).

Phaleris cerorhynca BonaParte, Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, 53 (w. coast N. America).

Clerorhina] cerorhynca Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ii, 1828 (Synopsis),
45].

782 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Cerorhinca occidentalis Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ii, 1828, 428
(‘western coast of America”; cites ‘‘Am. Orn., iv, pl.”).—Lxsson, Traité
d’ Orn., 1831, 641.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834,
538.

Ceratorrhina occidentalis AupuBoNn, Birds Am., fol. ed., pl. 402, fig. 5.

Ceratorhyncha occidentalis AupuBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 104.—BoNnAPARTE,
Geog. and Comp. List. 1838, 66.—Ripa@way, Cat. Aquatic and Fish-eating
Birds, 1883, 40. ‘

Uria occidentalis AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 349; Birds Am., 8vo. ed., vii, 1844,
264, pl. 471.

C[erorhina] occidentalis Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1848, 639.

Chimerina cornuta Escuscnourz, Zool. Atlas, Heft iii, 1828, 2, pl. 12.—Bureau,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iv, 1879, 43, pl. 4.— DysBowskt, Orn. Centralbl.,
1882, 28 (Kamchatka).

Cerorhina orientalis [lapsus for occidentalis?] Branpt, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb.,
ii, 1837, 348.

[?] Alea torda (not of Linnzeus) Temminck and Scuiecen, Fauna Japonica,
Aves, 1842, 125.

Cerorhina suckleyi Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 906 (Fort
Steilacoom, Washington; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; = adult without knob on
bill).—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 718.—Cooper and Suck ey,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 284 (Fort Steilacoom; crit.).

Sagmatorrhina suckleyi Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 32, figs. 4, 5
(monogr. ).

Genus FRATERCULA Brisson.

Fratercula Brisson, Orn., vi, 1760, 81. (Type, Alca arctica Linnzeus. )

Mormon Itttrarr, Prodr. Orn., 1811, 283. (Type, Alca arctica Linnzeus. )

Larva Virm.ot, Analyse, 1816, 67. (Type, Macareux = Alca arctica Linn:eus.)

Pujffinus® (not of Brisson) “ Willfughby]’’ 8. D. W., Analyst, ili, no. xiv, Jan.,
1836, 211. (Type, P. flavirostris 8S. D. W. = Alea arctica Linnzeus.)

Large raterculine (wing 153-188 mm.) with the deciduous
supra-nasal saddle diminishing in width toward culmen, its an-
terior outline convex; basal lamina of bill of equal width through-
out or slightly wider above than below; maxillary grooves convex
anteriorly; eyelids with horny appendages; head without orna-
mental plumes, and under parts white.

Bill extremely deep and compressed, its depth at base much more
than twice its width at same point and greater than its length from
tictus; culmen arched (sometimes from extreme base), much longer
than middle toe without claw; gonys convex proximally, straight
or sometimes even slightly concave distally, much Jonger than tar-
sus; tomia straight to very near tip, that of maxilla decurved ter-
minally (the tip of maxilla slightly but distinctly uncinate), that
of mandible abruptly deflected terminally; middle portion of sides
of both maxilla and mandible obliquely grooved and ridged, the
grooves and ridges slightly convex distally (anteriorly) ; nasal cuirass

a Also Palmer, Analyst, iv, 1836, 97. (Latinized from Puffin.)

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 783

by a backward prolongation of the culmen, the posterior end of
which meets the upper portion of the basal lamina, the posterior .
half of which is minutely punctulated; a conspicuous tumid rosette

- surrounding rictus; eyelids with deciduous horny plates, that on

upper eyelid in one species erect, hornlike. Wing moderate, the
longest primary (outermost) exceeding distal secondaries by slightly
more than half the length of wing. ‘Tail less than one-third (but
more than three-sevenths) as long as wing, very slightly rounded;
rectrices 16. Tarsus much shorter than ride toe without claw,
the acrotarsium with a narrow series of small transverse scutella
on lower half or more; outer toe (without claw) slightly shorter
than middle toe (without claw), the inner toe (without claw) slightly ~
shorter than first two phalanges of middle toe, its claw conspicu-
ously larger, more strongly curved, and more acute than other claws.

Nuptial ornaments.—Basal portion of bill with eleven deciduous
pieces, which are shed after the breeding season,” as are also the
horny appendages to the eyelids and the tumid rictal rosette.

Plumage and coloration.—No ornamental head plumes. Upper
parts, together with a band across foreneck, uniform black, the
pileum grayish brown; sides of head grayish or white (blackish
anteriorly in winter); under parts of body immaculate white.

Range.—Circumpolar regions, south in winter to Massachusetts,
Canary Islands, Queen Charlotte Islands, and Kuril Islands. (Two
species. )

KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF FRATERCULA.

a. Deciduous nasal cuirass occupying less than basal half of bill; grooves on sides of
maxilla and mandible very oblique, broad, and distinct; process on upper eye-
lid short, subconical; nuptial plumage with upper throat gray (whitish gray
posteriorly, light mouse gray anteriorly and laterally) and sides of head light
gray posteriorly; tail shorter (42-53 mm.). (Fratercula arctica.)

b. Smaller, with relatively smaller and narrower bill; averaging wing, 162.9; tail,
48.4; culmen, 48.9; greatest depth of bill, 36.3; tarsus, 26.4; middle toe, 37.4.
(Coasts and islands of northern Atlantic Ocean, including Iceland and
southern Greenland, south in winter to Massachusetts, Portugal, Canary
PalandeCtOwmarts <= <5 -qa- semen ee ace aes -Fratercula arctica arctica (p. 784).

bb. Larger, with relatively larger and deeper bill; averaging wing, 176; tail, 52.2;

culmen, 53.7; greatest depth of bill, 44.7; tarsus, 28.5; middie toes 42.5.
(Islands of Arctic. Ocean, from northern Greenland to Spitzbergen.)

Fratercula arctica naumanni (p. 788).

aa. Deciduous nasal cuirass occupying much more than basal half of bill; grooves on

sides of maxilla and mandible nearly vertical, narrow and pereaci: process

on upper eyelid elongated, hornlike; nuptial plumage with whole throat

blackish, the chin, only, gray; sides of head white; tail longer (60-68 mm.).

(Shores and islands of northern Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, from British

Columbia to Kuril Islands)............... _..-Fratercula corniculata (p. 789).

a See Bureau, Bull. Soc. Zool, de France, ii, 1877 (1878), 1-21, pls. 4, 5; Stejneger,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 48-51, the latter with special reference, however,
to Lunda cirrhata.

784 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

: FRATERCULA ARCTICA ARCTICA (Linnzus).

PUFFIN.

Adults in breeding plumage (sexes alike).—Pileum uniform deep
grayish brown (deep fuscous or chetura drab) passing into light
brownish gray on anterior portion of forehead; rest of upper parts,
together with sides of neck and a broad band across foreneck uniform
black, the band across foreneck, however, inclining toward color of
pileum, the black of nape sharply defined against the dark grayish
brown of pileum; sides of head very pale brownish gray or almost
grayish white on loral and suborbital regions, passing into light

mouse gray posteriorly (including supra-auricular region) the malar
region mostly mouse gray passing into grayish white next to base of
mandible (narrowly) but posteriorly separated from the blackish
of neck by a space of pale brownish gray; under parts of body,
together with lower foreneck, immaculate white; under wing-coverts
light brownish gray; bill with basal lamina of maxilla and first ridge
of both maxilla and mandible dull yellow, the nasal cuirass and basal
portion of mandible grayish blue or bluish gray, the remainder
vermilion red, the tip of mandible and terminal grooves yellowish;
rictal rosette gamboge yellow; inside of mouth, together with tongue,
yellow; iris light blue ¢ or hazel brown;? eyelids vermilion red, the
callosities bluish gray or grayish blue; legs and feet vermilion red or
coral red.°

Winter plumage.—Similar to the breeding plumage except color
and form of basal portion of bill, color of anterior portion of sides of
head, and other minor details; nasal cuirass and basal lamina of bill
wanting and replaced by membrane of brownish black color; rictal
rosette much reduced and dull purplish red instead of yellow; eyelids
dull purplish red and destitute of the callous appendages; whole of
loral and orbital regions blackish; legs and feet paler red.

Young.—Similar to winter adults, but with bill much smaller,
without grooves or ridges, and much duller in color.

Downy young.—Plain dark sooty grayish brown, paler below, the
breast and upper abdomen dull grayish white passing into grayish
laterally, or, sometimes, quite abruptly pure white.

Adult male.—Wing, 158-168 (162.8); tail, 42-51.5 (48); culmen,
45-53.5 (49.8); greatest depth of bill, 37-42 (39.7); tarsus, 24-29.5
(26.4); middle toe, 35.5—42.5 (37.7).¢

24 According to Audubon.

+ According to Coues.

¢ These are the colors of freshly killed and living specimens; in dried skins the
colors are, of course, very different.

@ Fourteen specimens.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 785

Adult female.—Wing, 157-168 (162.9); tail, 44-53 (48.8); culmen,
44-51 (48); greatest depth of bill, 34-40.5 (38); tarsus, 24.5-28
(26.2); middle toe, 34.5-39.5 (37).

Coasts and islands of northern Atlantic Ocean; breeding from
southern Greenland and Ungava to islands in Gulf of St. Lawrence
(Mingan and Magdalen islands, Anticosti Island, Bird Rocks), coast
of Maine, and on European side to Portugal (Berlengas Rocks); in
winter southward to Massachusetts, more rarely to Long Island
(Suffolk County, Dec. 15, 1882; Montauk, Mar. 30, 1902), eastern
Pennsylvania (Delaware River, near Chester, 1876), Azores, Canary
Islands, and Mediterranean Sea (Malta; Sardinia; Tunis, Algeria).

[Alca] arctica LinN&xUvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 180 (Sweden); ed. 12, i, 1766,

211.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 549.—Latuam, Index Orn., ii, 1790,
792 (Europe; America).—BoNnNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 31, pl. 10,
fig. 3—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 96, no. 10775.

Alca arctica TeMMtINcK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 182.—Yarre tt, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843,

362.—BESNARD, Bull. Soc. Zool. Franc., 1, 1876, 88.

Fratercula arctica Leacn, Syst. Cat. Mam., etc., Brit. Mus., 1816, 42 STEPHENS,

Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 37, pl. 4, fig. 1—Gray, List Birds Brit.
Mus., iii, Anseres, 1844, 132.—Dra@tanp, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 521.—Reicu-
ENBACH, Natatores, 1850, pl. 5, figs. 23-25.—Tnompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland,
iii, Birds, 1851, 221.—Warrers, Nat. Hist. Birds Ireland, 1853, 233.—Rertv-
HARDT, Ibis, 1861, 15 (Greenland).—Wriaut, Ibis, 1864, 157 (Malta).—Morg,
Ibis, 1865, 451 (Great Britain)—Govutp, Birds Great Brit., v, 1865, pl. 51
and text.—D&EGLAND and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ti, 1867, 608.—CovuEs, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 21 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 618; 2d ed., 1882,
no. 854; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 87 (molt of bill).—Cotuerr, Forh.
Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1868, 192.—TurNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J.,
1869, 50.—Droster, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 353 (Faroe Islands; habits).—
Gray (R.), Birds West Scotland, 1871, 433.—Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds,

2 Fourteen specimens.

as Great- Midd
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | cere deoth Tarsus.) pas
of bill.

Nine adult males from eastern North America (Labra-

MALES. |

47.4| 49.3] 39.4] 263] 37.2

GortowNew Bruns WICK) essa. sccm cos ccem an cesce seme 162. 1
Four adult males from southern Greenland. ........... 164.7} 49.4 | 50. 2 40 26. 2 38.6
One adult male from\Tceland:..2 <4 See ne ens ee 161.5 48.5 52.5 41.5 275 38
One adult male from Spitzbergen (J. a. naumanni)....| 177 52.5 | 55.5 45.5 29 43

FEMALES.

Eleven adult females from eastern North America |

(Wabrador to Massachusetts). ~..-...- 5-222 2....----= 162. 9 48.6 48 38. 2 26.1 35.9
Two adult females from southern Greenland........-.- 166 48.7 | 49.5 39 26.5 38.5
One adult female from France. ..................-2.--- 157 52 45 35. 5 26 37
One adult female from Spitzbergen (F. a. nauwmanni)..| 175 52 52 44 28 42

t

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——51

786 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1872, 70.—Brooxge, Ibis, 1873, 348 (Sardinia).—Irsy, Orn. Gibralt., 1875,
218; 2d ed., 1895, 305; Ibis, 1883, 190 (Santander, Spain).—Barrows, Proc.
Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 153 (monogr.).—DresseEr, Birds Europe, viii,
1877, 599, pl. 625.—Buregav, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, pl. 4 (molt of
nuptial ornaments); iv, 1879, 8, pl. 1 (molt of nuptial ornaments) —Kum-
LIEN, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 103 (Gulf of St. Lawrence to Hudson
Straits)—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 211 (Cat. N. Am. Birds,
no. 743; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 743.—Guie.ioL1, Ibis, 1881, 220
(Italian records); Avif. Ital., 1886, 444, 561; Resoc. i, Avif. Ital., 1889, 658;
Resoc. li, 1890, 651; Resoc. iii, 1891, 511.—Merrtiam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
vii, 1882, 241 (Point de Monts, Quebec; Mingan Islands, breeding).—SrEearns
and Covss, New Engl. Bird Life, ii, 1883, 394—Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., xxii, 1883, 406 (Magdalen Islands, Bird Rocks, Anticosti Island, etc.,
breeding; habits) —Batrp, Brewer and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., ii,
1884, 524.—Srrsonm, Hist. Brit. Birds, ili, 1885, 364.—Drxon, Ibis, 1885, 91,
361 (St. Kilda).—Saunpgrs, ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iv, 1885, 90; Illustr.
Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 691—Boorn, Rough Notes, ili, pt. xi, 1886, 1, pl.—
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGIST’s UNIoN, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no.
13.—Satvapor!, Ucc. Ital., 1887, 295.—Tarr, Ibis, 1887, 399 (Portugal).—
DutcHer, Auk, v, 1888, 171 (Suffolk County, Long Island, Dec. 15,
1882).—Brusina, Soc. Hist.-Nat. Croatia, ii, 1888, 140.—Litrorp, Col.
Figs. Brit. Birds, pt..x, 1889.—BisHop, Auk, vi, 1889, 145 (Magdalen
Islands).—CHAMBERLAIN, Auk, v1, 1889, 213 (s. Greenland).—WarREN, Birds
Penn., 1890, 9.—Evans, Ibis, 1891, 83 (incubation period 36 days).—WaLpo,
Ibis, 1893, 207 (Canary Islands).—Buaae, Ibis, 1893, 358 (Shetland Islands,
breeding).—Stone, Birds E. Penn. and N.J., 1894, 40 (Chester, Pennsylvania);
Birds New Jersey, 1902, 43 (Chester, Pennsylvania).—Prarson and Brp-
WELL, Ibis, 1894, 237 (Hjems6, Norway).—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1895,
460 (w. Greenland).—Kniaut, List Birds Maine, 1897, 15 (coast Maine,
breeding).—SHarre, Handb. Birds Great Brit., iv, 1897, 130, pl. 110.—
Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 616, part (Labrador; Mingan,
Quebec; Bay of Fundy; Sable Island; s. and w. Greenland; etc.).—CHap-
MAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xii, 1899, 220 (Holsteinborg, Greenland).—
Norton, Proc. Portland Soc. N. H., 11, 1901, 140 (Labrador; crit.), 145
(measurements), pl. 2, fig. 4 (bill) —Harrert, Novit. Zool., viii, 1901, 306
(Canary Islands).—Biartow, Auk, xix, 1902, 25 (coast Labrador, breeding).—
Braisyin, Auk, xx, 1903, 50 (Montauk, Long Island, 1 spec., Mar. 30,
1902)—Harrert and Grant, Novit. Zool., xii, 1905, 100 (San Miguel,
Azores).

Frat{ercula] arctica Vie1tuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xviii, 1817, 330.

Firatercula] arctica Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1847, 637.—Covgs, Key N. Am. Birds,
2d ed., 1884, 802.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 11.

[ Fratercula] arctica Suarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 133.—ForBeEs and Rosinson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 53 (British localities).

[Fratercula] arcticus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 340. |

[ Fratercula arctica] a. arctica BAIRD, BREWER, and RipGway, Water Birds N. Am.,
ii, 1884, 523.

Fratercula arctica arctica Scuatow, Vogel der Arktis, 1904, 121 (synonymy, range,
etc.).—Hanrzscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 143, in text, 310 (Labrador).—AMER-
ICAN OrnitTHOoLoGIsts’ Unrton, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, p. 26.

Mormon arcticus NAUMANN, Isis, 1821, 783, pl. 7, figs. 5-7 —BoNapartr, Ann.
Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828 (‘‘Synopsis’’), 430; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 66.—
Nurratu, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 542.—Nitsson, Skand.
Faun., ii, 1835, 516.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ili, 1835, 105, pl. 213; Synopsis,

a a

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. FBT

1839, 343; Birds Am., 8vo. ed., vii, 1844, 238, pl. 464.—Macaiuivray, Brit.
Birds, v, 1852, 365.—Scurnz, Nat. Vég., 1853, 344.—Couvrs, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1861, 251 (coast Labrador; habits, ete.).—Frrzincer, Atlas Nat.
Vog., 1864, fig. 4.—LAwreEnce, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 300 (vicinity New
York City).—Fritscn, Nat. Vég. Eur., 1870, 492, pl. 57, fig. 4—Paumin,
Journ, fiir Orn., 1876, 65 (Finland) —Maynarp, Birds EB. N. Am., 1881,
498.—SamvuELs, Nests and Eggs N. Am. Birds, 1883, 566.—SuNDEVALL,
Svensk. Fogl., 111, 1885, 972, pl. 52, fig. 1.

Mormon arctica Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 903.—Batrp,
Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 715.—ReErNuHARDT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 442
(Greenland).—VerrILL, Proc. Essex Inst., 111, 1862, 160 (coast Maine, resi-
dent; breeding on islands about Grand Menan).

Lf{unda] arctica Keyser.ina and Brastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xeli, 236.

Lunda arctica NAUMANN, Vo6g. Deutschl., x1i, 1844, 577, pl. 335.—ScHLeGeEL, Mus.
Pays. Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867, 28.—Branpt, Mélang. Biol., vu,
1869, 241.

Asia artica BoppDAERT, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 17, pl. 275.

[Alca] deleta BRiNNicH, Orn. Bor., 1764, 25 (Iceland ;=young).

[Alca] labradorica GueEtn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 550 (Labrador; based on
Labrador Auk. Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, p. 512;=young).—BoNNATERRE,
Tabl. Encycl. Méth., 1, 1790, 33.

Alca labradorica Viettuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xviii, 1817, 333.

[Alca] labradora LatHaM, Index Orn., 1, 1790, 793.

Alca canogularis MEYER and Wo tr, Taschenb. Vég. Deutschl., 1810, 442.

Mormon fratercula TemMinck, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 614; 2d ed., pt. ii, 1820, 933;
pt. iv, 1840, 580 —Meryer, App. to Meyer and Wolt’s Taschenb., 1822, 177.—
Scuinz, Nat. Abbild. Vég., 1833, 372, pl. 130; Eur. Faun., 1, 1840, 362.—H61-
BOLL, Naturhist. Tidskr., iv, 1848, 456 (Greenland).—KysaErBOLLING, Danm.
Fugle, 1852, 412, pl. 53, fig. 3.—LUrken, Ornis. 1885, 142; 1886, 97 (Den-
mark).—Tscuusi and Homeyer, Ornis, 1886, 174 (local names).—GRGONDAL,
Ornis, 1886, 367, 613 (Iceland); 1887, 600, 602, 606.—KoeEniIaG, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1893, 105 (Tunis).

Mormon polaris Breum, Isis, 1826, 985 (Greenland); Handb. Vég. Deutschl.,
1831, 999.

Mormon grabae Breum, Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 999, pl. 46, fig. 1 (Faroes,
etc.) —OLPHE-GALLIARD, Ibis, 1875, 267.—V1AN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i,
1876, 4.

Uria troile (not Colymbus troille Linneus) Wricut, Ibis, 1864, 42, 157 (Malta).

Mormon glacialis Temmincx, Man. d’Orn., 2d ed., pt. ii, 1820, 933; ed. 1840, pt.
iv, 579 (northern coasts of America) —WeERNER, Atlas Ois. Eur., 1828, pl.
100.— Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828 (‘‘Synopsis’’), 429; Geog. and
Comp. List, 1838, 66.—Breum, Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 998.—Nut-
TALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 541.—Cassrn, in Baird,
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 903.—Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
no. 714.—Fritscu, Nat. Vég. Eur., 1870, 493 —Herveun, Journ. fiir Orn.,
1871, 105 (n. Europe).

Fratercula glacialis StePHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 40, pl. 4, fig. 2.—
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Anseres, 1844, 153 —Drceianp, Orn, Eur.,
ii, 1849, 523, part—Rernnarpt, Ibis, 1861, 15 (Greenland).—Coves, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 23 (monogr.).—Etttot, Illustr. New and Unfig.
N. Am. Birds, ii, 1869, pl. 65 and text.—Brookg, Ibis, 1873, 348 (Sardinia).—
Bureau, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, 393, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2 (molt of orna-
ments of bill) —Prarson, Ibis, 1898, 207 (Novaya Zemlya).

788 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[Fratercula] glacialis SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, 133, part.

[Alca] glacialis Gray, Hand-list, ili, 1871, 96, no. 10776.

[Fratercula arcticus.] Var. glacialis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 340.

Fratercula arctica . . . var. glacialis Couns, Check List, 1873, no. 618a.

Fratercula arctica glacialis Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iu, Sept. 4, 1880, 211
(Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 743a); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 743a.—CovEs,
Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 855.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water
Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 527, part.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,
Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 13a, part.—[?] CoHapmMan, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., xii, 1899, 220 (Mauson Island, Greenland).—Norton, Proc.
Portland Soc. N. H., ii, 1901, 145, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2, 5 (bills; Herring Islands,
Labrador; measurements).—ScuHaLtow, V6égel der Arktis, 1904, 121, part
(synonymy, range, etc.).—Hanrtzsou, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 310 (Labrador).

F{ratercula] a[rctica] glacialis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 803, part.—
Hantzscnu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1908, 143, in text.

Flratercula] arctica glacialis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 11, part.

[Fratercula arctica] 8. glacialis BAirD, BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N.
Am., ii, 1884, 523.

[Fratercula arctica] armoricana BuREAU, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iv, 1879 (1880),
18, 21, pl. 1, figs. 1-3 (France, England, Faroes, Sweden).

[Fratercula arctica] islandica Bureau, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iv, 1879 (1880),
18, 21,0 pl: 1, figs.. 4-8 (Iceland; Finmark; Greenland; Newfoundland;
Canada).

FRATERCULA ARCTICA NAUMANNI Norton.

LARGE-BILLED PUFFIN.

Similar to F. a. arctica, but larger, with larger and relatively
deeper bill.

Adult male-—Wing, 177; tail, 52.5; culmen, -55.5; greatest depth
of bill, 45.5; tarsus, 29; middle toe, 43.2

Adult female.—Wing, 175; tail, 52; culmen, 52; greatest depth of
bill, 44; tarsus, 28; middle toe, 42.2

Islands in Arctic Ocean, from northern Greenland to Spitzbergen
(Novaya Zemlya; Jan Mayen Land; etc.).

Fratercula glacialis (not Mormon glacialis TeMMINCK, 1820, when first described).—
Lracu, Ann, Philos., xiii, no. Ixxiii, Jan., 1819, 61 (nomen nudum; Spitz-
bergen).—Botr, Isis, Heft viii, 1822, 872.—SrerHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., ~
xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 40, pl. 4, fig. 2—Nrwzon, Ibis, 1865, 112, 113, 521, pl. 6
(Spitzbergen; crit.)—Trrvor-Batrye, Ibis, 1897, 599 (Spitzbergen).

[?] Fratercula glacialis? GiLETT, Ibis, 1870, 308 (Novaya Zemlya).

[Fratercula] glacialis Suarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 133, part.

Fratercula arctica glacialis Barrp, BREWER, and Rripaway, Water Birds N. Am.,
ii, 1884, 803, part—AMeERICAN OrnitrHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886,
and 2d ed., 1895, no. 13a, part.—Scuatow, Vogel der Arktis, 1904, 121,
part (synonymy, range, etc.).

Flratercula] a[retica] glacialis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 803, part.

F{ratercula] arctica glacialis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 11, part.

[?] Fratercula arctica var. glacialis Heuan, Ibis, 1872, 64 (Novaya Zemlya);
Journ. fiir Orn., 1872, 123 (Novaya Zemlya).

a QOnespecimen. The only specimens examined of this form are from Spitzbergen.

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 789

[?] Fratercula arctica . . . var. glacialis CLARKE (W. E.), Zoologist, 1890, 46
(Jan Mayen Land; crit.).

Mormon glacialis NAUMANN, Isis, 1821, 782, pl. 7,°fig. 2.

Mormon arcticus (not Alca arctica Linneeus) MALMGREN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1865,
267 (Spitzbergen).—Watrter, Journ. fiir Orn., 1890, 245, 252 (e. Spitz-
bergen).—CrarKE (W. E.), Ibis, 1899, 50 (Whale Point Harbor, Olga Straits,

' e. Spitzbergen).

Fratercula arctica GRANT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 616, part (Spitz-
bergen).

Fratercula arctica naumanni Norton, Proc. Portland Soc. N. H., ii, May 20. 1901;
144, footnote, 145, pl. 2, fig. 3 (Spitzbergen; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.);
Auk, xxxiv, 1917, 206.—AmeEriIcaAN Ornituo.oaists’ Unton, Check List,
3rd ed., 1910, p. 26.

FRATERCULA CORNICULATA (Naumann).

HORNED PUFFIN.

Adulis in breeding season (sexes alike).—Pileum uniform grayish
brown or drab; entire side of head, including superciliary and supra-
auricular regions, white; neck (all round) and entire upper parts
uniform black, the throat more sooty, this passmg into brownish gray
on chin; under parts, including lower foreneck, immaculate white;
under wing-coverts brownish gray; tip of bill, to between second and
third grooves, salmon-red along culmen and gonys, elsewhere brownish
red; basal portion of bill Gncluding first ridge and basal maxillary
lamina, clear light chrome yellow (in life); rictal rosette, bright orange;
tongue and interior of mouth bright orange; iris brownish gray; eye-
lids vermilion red, the soft appendages brownish black; legs and feet
deep vermilion red.

Winter plumage.—Bill differently shaped, being broader through
middle than at base, the deciduous nasal cuirass, basal lamina, etc.,
having been shed, all this basal portion dusky, instead of yellow; the
rictal rosette greatly reduced and pale yellow instead of red; supercil-
iary horn-like appendage absent, and eyelids brownish gray, instead
of red; sides of head gray, becoming sooty blackish on orbital and
loral regions, and legs and feet much paler red.

Young.—Similar in coloration of plumage to winter adults but bill
very different, being much less deep, the culmen much less arched,
the terminal portion of both maxilla and mandible destitute of grooves
or ridges, and horn color or brownish, without reddish tinge.

Downy young.—Uniform dark sooty grayish brown, the breast and
upper abdomen, rather abruptly, white.

Adult male.-—Wing, 170-187.5 (181.4); tail, 60-68 (64.1); culmen,
46-55 (50.6); greatest depth of bill, 35.5-50 (43.6); tarsus, 27-30
(27.9); middle toe, 40-44 (41.3) .¢

a Seven specimens.

790 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female.—Wing, 168-185 (177.9); tail, 61-68 (63.5); culmen,
47-52.5 (49.7); greatest depth of bill, 37.5-46 (43.4); tarsus, 25-31
(28.5); middle toe, 38.5—44 (41.5).@

Coasts and islands of Bering Sea and contiguous portions of Arctic
and northern Pacific oceans; breeding from Koliutschin Island, Arctic
coast of eastern Siberia (near Bering Strait) and Cape Lisburne,
Alaska, southward to Aleutian and Commander islands and Glacier
Bay; in winter southward to Kuril [slands and Queen Charlotte
Islands, rarely as far as Monterey Bay, California (1 specimen, Feb. 17,
1914).

Alca arctica] 8 GMetrn, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1/89, 549 (Bird Island, between Asia
and America).—LATHAM, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 792.

Mormon corniculata NAUMANN, Isis, 1821, 782, pl. 7, figs. 3, 4 (Kamchatka.)—
Korruirz, Denkw. Reise, i, 1858, 301 (St. Matthew Island, Bering Sea).—
CASSIN, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 902; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1862, 324 (Bering Strait)—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no.
713.—Datt and BannistTER, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 308 (St.
Michael, Coal Harbor, and Unga Island, Alaska; Plover Bay, Siberia).
—Datt, Proc. Celif. Ac. Sci., v, 1873, 34 (Unalaska, breeding); v, 1874, 279
(Aleutian Islands).

Mormon) corniculata SAUNDERS, Ibis, 1883, 348.

Mormon corniculatum Krrrirrz, Kupfertaf., i, 1832, 3, pl. 1, fig. 1—M1ppENporrr,
Sibir. Reise, ii, pt. 2, 1853, 240.—Swinnor, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863,
331 (s. coast Okotsk Sea).—Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 436 (e. Siberia) —
TaczaANowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, 52 (Okotsk Sea); Orn. Faun.
Vost. Sibir., 1877, 74.—BuaxistTon and Pryrer, Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, vili,
1880, 179;-x, 1882, 89.—Buiaxiston, Amend. List Birds Japan, 1884, 29, 31.

Mormon corniculatus PALMEN, Swed. Cat. Lond. Fish. Exhib., 1883, 201.—Srx-
BOHM, Ibis, 1881, 174 (Kuril Islands).

Lunda corniculata Pattas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 365, part—ScHLEGEL,
Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867, 28.—Branpt, Mélang. Biol.,
vii, 1869, 242.

Fratercula corniculata Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Anseres, 1844, 153; Gen.
Birds, iii, 1848, pl. 174.—Retcuensacu, Natatores, 1850, pl. 5, fig. 28.—
Kirrurrz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 389; Denkw. Reise, li, 1858, 224.—Drauanp
and GerBeE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 609, part—Cours, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.

@ Twelve specimens.

| Cava Middl
: rs : ul- est . | Middle
Locality. Wings.| Tail. men. | depth Tarsus. toe"
| of bill.
MALES. |
Five adult males from Alaska.............2...es0ce0-: 183.4} 64.1 49.8 42.9 28.3 41.8
Two adult males from Bering Island, Kamchatka...-. 176.5 64 52.5 45.2 27 40
FEMALES.
Ten adult females from Alaska.........-.....------.- 177.5 63.9 49.3 43.1 28. 4 41.4
One adult female from Bering Island.................- 176% 41" 61 51 43.5 29 41.5
One adult female from eastern Siberia(Emma Harbor).| 184 | 62 52.5 46 29 42.5

*BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 791

Phila., 1868, 25 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 617; 2d ed., 1882, no.
853; in Elliott’s Aff. in Alaska, 1875, 202.—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen,
iii, 1872, 82 (Alexandrovsk, e. Siberia; Kamchatka; Kuril Islands).—
Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 152 (monogr.).—Bureau,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, 394, pl. 5, fig. 3; iv, 1879, 28, pl. 2 (molt of
nuptial ornaments of bill).—Ripa@way, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 211
(Cat. N. Am. Birds, no. 744); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 744.—E..iort,
Mon. Pribylov Group, 1882, 133 (summer resident, breeding).—BEaAN, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 171 (St. Matthew Island).—Taczanowsk1, Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1882, 398 (Bering Island); Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb.,
xxxix, 1893, 1248 (e. Siberia)—Dysowsk1, Orn. Centralbl., 1882, 40; Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1882, 297.—NE.son, Cruise ‘Corwin’ in 1881 (1883), 115
(Bering Sea; Aleutian Islands; Herald Island; Cape Thompson; Cape Lis-
bourne; habits); Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 38, pl. 2, fig. 4 (habits).—
Dysowsk1 and TaczaNowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ix, 1884, 147.—Barrp,
BREWER, and Ripaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 529 —Turner, Auk,
ii, 1885, 159 (Attu Island, Aleutians, breeding); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886,
118 (habits) —Sresnecer, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 59, pl. 3,
(Commander Islands, breeding; habits; molt of nuptial ornaments; etc.).
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, 275 (Kuril Islands)—AmErRIcAN ORNITH-
oLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 14; 3d ed., 1910,
p. 26.—Patmin, ‘ Vega’-Exped., v, 1887, 400.—TownseEnp (C. H.), Cruise
‘Corwin’ in 1885 (1887), 98 (Pribilofs; Otter Island).—GRINNELL (J.)
Auk, xv, 1898, 124 (Sitka); Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915, 17 (Pacific
Grove, Monterey Co., California, 1 spec., Feb. 17, 1914.—Sratx, Proc. Ac:
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, 127.—Granrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 620.—
Parmer (W.), Avif. Pribilof Is., 1899, 384 (abundant, breeding; habits,
etc.).—Srresoum, Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 280.—AutEN, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 223 (Gichiga, Novo Marinsk, etc., n. e. Siberia, breed-
ing).—Kerrmopeg, Prov. Mus. Victoria, 1909, 22 (Queen Charlotte Islands,
rare).—THAYER and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, v, 1914, 8 (Koliu-
tschin Island, n. e. Siberia, breeding).—Brooxs (W. 8.), Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., lix, 1915, 371 (n. Bering Sea; East Cape, Siberia).

[Fratercula] corniculata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 340.—SHarrr, Hand-
list, i, 1877, 133.—ForBes and Rosrinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2,
1899, 53 (Kamchatka).

F{ratercula] corniculata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 801.—Ripeway,
Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 11.

[Alca] corniculata Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 96, no. 10777.

Inunda arctica (not Alca arctica Linnzeus) Pauias, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826;
365, part, pl. 83. q

Fratercula arctica BUREAU, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iv, 1879, 8.

Mormon septentrionale Krrruirz, Isis, 1832, 1105 (nomen nudum).

Mormon glacialis (not of Naumann, 1821) AupusBon, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 599,
pl. 293; Synopsis, 1839, 343; Birds Am., 8vo. ed., vi, 1844, 236, pl. 463.—
GouLp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 404 and text.—Hartine, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1871, 120 (Bering Strait).

Fratercula glaciales Vicors, Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ Birds, 1839, 33 (Chamisso Island;
Cape Mulgrave; Cape Lisburne).—RertcHENBACH, Natatores, 1850, pl. 5,
figs. 26, 27; pl. 7, figs. 2228, 2229.

792 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Genus LUNDA Pallas.

Lunda Pauxas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 363. (Type as fixed by Gray, 1840,
Alca cirrhata Pallas.)

Gymnoblepharum Branpt, Bull. Sci. St. Petersb., ii, 1837, 349. (Type, Alca
cirrhata Pallas.)

Sagmatorrhina BonaPaRTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 202. (Type, S. lathami
Bonaparte=Alca cirrhata Pallas.)

Sagmatorhina (emendation) Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., (4), i, 1854, 144.

Cheniscus (not of Eyton, 1838) Gray, List Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, 127.
(Type, Alca cirrhata Pallas.)

Large Fraterculine (wing 179-206 mm.) with the deciduous nasal
cuirass broadest toward culmen, where surmounted by a broadly
rounded ridge, its anterior outline concave; maxillary grooves
nearly vertical, concave distally; basal lamina of maxilla much
broader below than above; eyelids without tumid appendages, and
head with conspicuous, elongated and decurved postocular plumes.

Bill very large and deep, its depth from base of culmen to gonydeal
angle at least equal to distance from posterior end of nostril to tip of
maxilla, the culmen (from frontal feathering) as long as or longer than
middle toe with claw (in adults); nasal cuirass much broader above
than below, its anterior outline strongly concave, surmounted on top
by a broad, rounded, and much thickened, slightly arched ridge,
in line with culmen; basal lamina of maxilla much wider below than
above, minutely punctulated; sides of maxilla (in front of nasal
cuirass) with two to three nearly vertical grooves, slightly concave
distally, the sides of mandible without grooves; gonys nearly straight,
strongly ascending terminally, its basal angle very prominent through
contraction of the mandibular rami, its length equal to distance from
posterior end of nostril to tip of maxilla in breeding adults, much
less in winter adults and young; maxillary tomium strongly and
abruptly reflexed basally, nearly straight thence to the strongly
incised terminal portion, the tip of maxilla strongly uncinate; man-
dibular tomium slightly but distinctly recurved distally, the tip of
mandible obliquely and broadly truncate; nostril longitudinal, curved-
linear, the upper edge concave, the lower convex; a tumid rictal
rosette, conspicuous in breeding season, much less so in winter.
Wing moderate, the longest primaries (two outermost) exceeding
distal secondaries by about half the length of wing. Tail about one-
third as long as wing, double-rounded, the lateral rectrices much
shorter than middle pair. Tarsus about as long as distance from
posterior end of nostril to tip of maxilla, or slightly less (equal to
combined length of first and second phalanges of middle toe), for the
greater part reticulate, but the acrotarsium transversely scutellate
(mostly on inner side); outer toe (without claw) as long as middle
toe (without claw), or very slightly shorter, the inner toe as long
as first two phalanges of middle toe; claws rather large, that of the

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7938

inner toe conspicuously larger, more strongly curved, and more acute,
than the others.

Nuptial ornaments.—The whole basal portion of the bill covered
by accessory deciduous pieces, which are shed after the breeding
season, the most conspicuous of these being the nasal cuirass, the basal
lamina of maxilla, and the basal portion of the mandible. Coincident
with the loss of these accessory pieces of the bill, the tumid rictal
rosette becomes much shrunken and changes in color, the conspicuous
elongated and decurved yellowish postocular plumes fall out, and the
white orbital and loral area (extending to the chin) of breeding adults
changes to blackish.

Coloration.—Plain sooty black above, uniform sooty grayish-
brown below; in breeding season, adults with whole of loral and
orbital regions white (this extending anteriorly to and including the
chin), and sides of head ornamented by a conspicuous postocular tuft
of elongated, decurved, silky, straw-yellow plumes.

Range.—Coasts and islands of northern Pacific Ocean and Bering
Sea, from Lower California to northern Japan. (Monotypic.)

LUNDA CIRRHATA (Pallas).

TUFTED PUFFIN.

Adults in breeding season (sexes alike).—Upper parts slightly glossy
sooty black, passing into uniform dark sooty brown (dark clove
brown) on sides of head and neck, the chin, throat and foreneck very
slightly lighter passing into deep grayish brown (between fuscous and
benzo brown or hair brown) on under parts of body; under wing-
coverts uniform deep brownish gray or hair brown; anterior portion of
forehead, whole of loral, orbital and rictal regions, and anterior por-
tion of malar region and chin, immaculate white; elongated posto-
cular tufts naples yellow to cream-buff; distal half (approximately)
of bill salmon-red, basal portion light olive-green, the cylindrical
ridge more apple green; rictal rosette mostly purplish flesh color, the
narrow line of skin between base of bill and feathering of head, rictus,
part of the rosette, and naked eyelid vermilion red; iris creamy white;
legs and feet bright salmon-red, the soles reddish brown, claws black.*

Winter adults.—Sides of head wholly dusky, but lighter in region
of insertion of nuptial plumes, which are wholly absent; horny nasal
cuirass, basal lamina, and other deciduous parts covering basal half
of bill absent and replaced by dusky brown membrane; otherwise
as in summer, but legs and feet paler red.

Young in first winter.—Similar to winter adults, but maxilla with-
out grooves, the terminal portion of bill inclining to brownish orange-

a Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 44.

794 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

red; nuptial tufts present in a rudimentary condition but of a light
brownish color.

Young in first summer or autumn.—Similar to the preceding but
bill smaller, narrower, and more brownish, and without indication of
nuptial tufts.

Downy young.—Uniform dark sooty grayish brown, paler below,
especially on abdomen, where inclining to sooty gray.

Adult male.—Wing, 187-206 (194.4); tail, 57-64.5 (62.3); culmen,
53-65 (60.2); greatest depth of bill, 41-51 (46.8); tarsus, 30-34.5
(32.4); middle toe, 45.5-53.5 (49).%

Adult female —Wing, 179.5-196.5 (189.2); tail, 58-64 (63); cul-
men, 54.5-60 (57.1); greatest depth of bill, 43-47 (44.6); tarsus,
29-33 (31.1); middle toe, 43-49 (46.2).°

Coasts and islands of Bering Sea and contiguous portions of Arctic
and Pacific oceans; breeding from Koliutschin Island (Arctic coast
of eastern Siberia, near Bering Strait) and Cape Lisburne, Alaska,
to Aleutian, Commander, and Pribilof Islands, on American side
breeding southward to coast of California (Farallon Islands; Santa
Barbara Islands); southward in winter to Lower California (Cape
Los Martires); accidental in Greenland (?) and Maine.

Alca cirrhata Pauuas, Spic. Zool., i, fase. v, 1769, 7, pl. 1 and pl. 2, figs. 1, 2, 3
(Kamchatka to Aleutian Islands)—Moscuusrr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 335
(Greenland).—Krrriitz, Denkw. Reise, ii, 1858, 205.—Borav, Journ. fiir
Orn., 1880, 132 (coast e. Siberia).

[Alca] cirrhata GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 553.—LatHam, Index Orn., ii,
1790, 791.—BoNNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. Méth., i, 1790, 32, pl. 10, fig. 4, pl. 11,

_ fig. 1—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 96, no. 10778.

Alca (Mormon) cirrhata Botau, Journ. fiir Orn., 1880, 132 (coast e. Siberia).

Alcea Mormon cirrhata Dorris, Journ. fiir Orn., 1888, 96 (e. Siberia).

a Hleven specimens. b Nine specimens.
Great- :
Locality. Wing. | Tail. can denth Tarsus. oe
of bill.
MALES.
One adult male from Lower California (Cape Los
IMSTULTES)) re So as See eae ne chee 187 60 58 47 32.5 48.5
Two adult males from California (Farallon Islands). ..| 193.7 60 58 | 46.2] 34 51
Seven adult males from Alaska..................2--- 195. 6 63.1 60.3 46.9 31.9 48.6
One adult male from Bering Island, Kamchatka. ...-- 194. 5 63.5 59 44 31.5 48.5
FEMALES. ¢
One adult female from California (Iarallon Islands)...| 185 61 56. 5 44.5 32 49
Six adult females from Alaska..............ececeeeeee- 190. 4 61.4 56. 6 44.9} 30.6 45.7
One adult female from Bering Island.................- 179 59 57.5 4a Se Sy 43
One adult female from Kuril Islands................-| 196 58.5 | 60 AZ) ey 38 49

BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 795

Lunda cirrhata Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso. Asiat., ii, 1826, 363, pl. 82.—Gray, List
Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Anseres, 1844, 152.—RetcHENBAcH, Natatores, 1850,
pl. 5, figs. 29-31.—CoinpE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1860, 403 (St. Paul Island,
Pribilofs)—ScuitecEeL, Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 33, Urinatores, 1867, 27.—
Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 26 (monogr.).—PELzELN, Ibis, 1873,
46 (Kamchatka).—Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 211 (Cat.
N. Am. Birds, no. 745); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 745.—Dysowsk1,
Sitzb. Dorpat. Nat. Ges., vi, 1882, 170; Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vii, 1882,
297; villi, 1883, 348; Orn. Centralbl., 1882, 40.—Nertson, Cruise ‘Corwin? in
1881 (1883), 115 (Aleutian Islands to Bering Strait); Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska,
1887, 38, pl. 2, fig. 5 (habits)—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Water
Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 532.—DyBowskxr and TaczANnowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, ix, 1884, 147.—Sresnecur, Naturen, 1884, 54 (Commander Islands);
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 43, pls. 1, 2 (Commander Islands; habits
crit., etc.); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 119 (Commander Islands); xxi,
1898, 275 (Kuril Islands, breeding).—Turner, Auk, ii, 1885, 159 (Attu
Island, Aleutians, breeding); Contr. N. H. Alaska, 1886, 117 (St. Michaels,
etc.; habits)—AmeEricAN OrnirHoLoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, and
2d ed., 1895, no. 12; 3rd _ed., 1910, p. 25.—TownseEnp (C. H.), Cruise ‘Cor-
win? in 1885 (1887), 98 (Pribilof Islands; Otter Island).—Patmgn, ‘ Vega’-
Exped., v, 1887, 492.—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., 1, 1888,
27 (Farallon Islands, breeding: habits, descr. nest and eggs, etc.)—Law-
RENCE (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 41 (Grays Harbor, Washington).—Taczanow-
ski, Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb., xxxix, 1893, 1243 (e. Siberia) —GRINNELL (J.),
Pub. 1, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1897, 22 (Santa Barbara Island, California, breed-
ing); Pub. 2, 1898, 6 (Santa Barbara Island); Pacific Coast Avif., no. 11, 1915,
17 (Farallon Islands, Point Reyes, Carmel Bay, near Port Harford, San
Miguel Island, etc., California, breeding).—SALE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1898, 127.—GrRant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxvi, 1898, 612.—PatmeEr (W.),
Avif. Pribilof Is., 1899, 384 (breeding abundantly; habits, etc.).—Ray,
Auk, xxi, 1904, 428 (Farallon Islands; habits, etc.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus.
N. H., xxi, 1905, 222 (Gichiga and Marinsk, n. e. Siberia, breeding).—
KnowtrTon, Birds of the World, 1909, 398, col. pl. facing p. 398.—JonEs,
Wilson Bull., xxi, 1909, 3, figs. 2-6 (Carroll Inlet, Washington, breeding;
habits, etc.)—Criark (A. H.), Proc. U. S. Nat. -Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 29
(off San Francisco to Aleutian Islands; Bering Island; Okotsk Sea;. Kuril
Islands; n. Yezo, etc.; habits).—THAyerr and Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool.
Club, v, 1914, 7 (Koliutschin Island, e. Siberia, breeding).—Brooks, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., lix, 1915, 371 (Cape Shipunski and East Cape, Siberia;
Commander Islands).

L{unda] cirrhata Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 10.

[Lunda] cirrhata SHarvr, Hand-list, i, 1899, 133.—ForsBes and Rosinson, Bull.
Liverp. Mus., ii, no. 2, 1899, 53 (Kamchatka).

M[ormon] cirrhatum Kirrirrz, Kupfertaf. Nat. Vég., i, 1832, 3, pl. 1, fig. 2.

Mormon cirrhatum Kirtirtz, Isis, 1832, 1104.—MippENporrr, Sibir. Reise, ii, pt.
2, 1853, 240.—SwinuHok, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 331 (Amurland):—
TaczANowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, 52 (Abrek Bay, e. Siberia);
vii, 1882, 398 (Bering Island).—BLaxkiston and Prryer, Trans. Asiat. Soc.
Japan, viii, 1880, 179; x, 1882, 88 (Kuril Islands).—Srrsoum, Ibis, 1879,
21 (Japan).

Mormon cirrhatus Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828 (‘‘Synopsis”’), 429;
Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 66.—Scuinz, Nat. Abbild. Voég., 1833, 373, pl.
130.—NvurraLt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 539.—AupDu-
BON, Orn. Biog., ili, 1835, 364, pl. 249; Synopsis, 1839, 342; Birds Am., 8vo.

796 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ed., vii, 1844, 234, pl. 4462.—Nrewserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, pt. iv,
1857, 110 (Farallon Islands). ee eee Reise Amurl., i, 1859, Bos. —Pa.-
MEN, Swed. Cat. Lond. Fish. Exhib., 1883, 201.

Mormon cirrhata Cassin, in Baird, Bap. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 902.—
Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 712.—Coorer and Sucktey, Rep-
Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 280 (Straits of Fuca, Washington; Faral.
lon Islands).—Dauu and BANNisTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 308
(St. Michaels, etc., Alaska).—Orton, Am. Nat., iv, 1871, 717 (original of
Audubon’s works in coll. Mus. Vassar College).—Datu, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci.,
v, 1873, 34, 279 (Aleutian Islands).—SaunpErs, Ibis, 1883, 348 (Bering
Tsland).

Mormon cirrhatum Homeyer, Journ. fiir Orn., 1870, 436 (e. Siberia). —Tacza-
NowsSKI, Journ. fiir Orn., 1876, 203 (Usuri, e. vee Orn. Faun. Vost.
Sibir., 1877, 75; Bull. Soe! Zool. France, ii, 1877, 52; vii, 1882, 398 (Bering
Taieidy AB aiesnbe and Prykr, Ibis, 1878, 210 (Kuril Islands, in summer);
Trans. Asiat. Soc. Japan, vili, 1880, 179; x, 1882, 88 (Kuril Islands).—
SeeBoum, Ibis, 1879, 21 (Japan).—BLaxiston, Amend. List Birds Japan,
1884, 20.

Fratercula cirrhata VieitLotT, Gal. Ois., ii, 1825, 240, pl. 296.—STEPHENS, in
Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 40.—Viaors, Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ Birds,
1839, 33 (Avatscha Bay; Chamisso Island).—Cassty, Orn. U.S. Expl. Exped.
(Wilkes), 1858, 348; Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 324 (Sea of Okotsk).—
Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii, 1872, 82 (e. Siberia; Kamchatka).—
Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 716; in Elliott’s Affairs in Alaska, 1875, 203.—
Barrows, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 151 (monogr.).—E..iorr,
Monogr. Pribylov Group, 1882, 134 (summer resident, breeding).

[Fratercula] cirrhata Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 341.

Phaleris cirrhata Hartina, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 121 (Bering Strait).

Fratercula cirrata Vre1ttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xviii, 1817, 333.—ReE1IN-
HARDT, Ibis, 1861, 16 (Greenland).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no.
856.

F{ratercula] cirrata Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 804.

Mormon cirrata NAUMANN, Isis, 1821, 781, pl. 7, fig. 1.

Alca cirratha BopparErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 47.

Sagmatorrhina lathami Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, 202, pl. 44
(‘Northwestern Arctic Regions of America;” coll. Brit. Mus.;=young).—
Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 31, fig. 3 (monogr.).—ELLiorT,
Illustr. New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, pt. 14-15, 1869 (vol. ii), pl. 66 and
text.

Sagmatorrhina labradoria (not Alcea labradoria Gmelin) Casstn, in Baird, Rep.
Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 904, part.—Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859,
no. 716, part.—Daut and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 309
(Kadiak Island).

Fratercula carinata Vicors, Zool. Journ., iv, 1839, 358 (n. w. America).

ADDENDA.

Page 148.—In the Key to the Genera of Scolopacide the genus
Totanus was accidentally overlooked. This omission may be cor-
rected by substituting for the matter following “/” and “kk” the
following:

k. Bill stouter, its depth at base equal to more than one-eighth the length of exposed
culmen, the latter nearly as long as tarsus; rump white or mostly white.

1, Larger (wing 176-191 mm.); bill distinctly upturned distally; tarsus nearly
twice as long as middle toe without claw; no white on secondaries.

Glottis (p. 322).

il. Smaller (wing 144-160 mm.); bill not upturned distally; tarsus much less than

twice (but little more than one and a half times) as long as middle toe without

Gla BCCONUATICS. WIMLOL. cee = stein te nes free ac cere nies Totanus (p. 342).

kk. Bill more slender, its depth at base equal to not more than one-eighth the length

of exposed culmen, the latter much shorter than tarsus; rump not white or

ANOSENY “WIIG? +See Coens. et eee Oe nt Cee Oe ete 5 Neoglottis (p. 329).

In the selection of generic names, the author has not followed
certain authorities in adopting the followmg. It may be that
Catharacta and Rubicola should be adopted in lieu of Megalestris
and Philohela, respectively. Chlidonias 1 consider ineligible on
account of the manner of publication; the remainder are names given
by an anonymous author and therefore, according to my view, not
eligible.

Catharacta Brinnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 32. (Type, as designated by Coues, 1863,
C. skua Briinnich.)

Chlidonias RA¥FINESQUE, Kentucky Gazette [newspaper], n. s., i, no. 8, Feb. 21,
1822, 3. (Type, by monotypy, C. melanops Rafinesque = Sterna surinamensis
Gmelin.)

Rubicola ‘‘Vieill [ot]”” Jameson, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., iii, 1831, 98. (Type,
by monotypy, Scolopax minor Gmelin.)

Philomachus [ANonyMous] Allg. Lit.-Zeitung, 1804, ii, no. 168, June 8, 1804,
col. 542. (Type, by monotypy, Tringa pugnax Linnzus.)

Canutus [ANonyMous] Allg. Lit.-Zeitung, 1804, 1, no. 168, June 8, 1804, col.
542. (Type, by monotypy and tautonymy, ‘“‘ Knot der Englischen Natur-
forscher’”’ = Tringa canutus Linnzus.) -

Calidris [ANoNyMous] Allg. Lit.-Zeitung, 1804, ii, no. 168, June 8, 1804, col.
542. (Type, by tautonymy, Tringa calidris, no authority cited, but proba-
bly the species so named in Bechstein’s Taschenbuch, p. 308.)

In the preparation of the synonymies of this volume it was not
possible to verify references taken, “at second hand,” from a con-
siderable number of works cited, of which the following constitute
the principal ones. Consequently, orthographies may,znot always be

797

798 ADDENDA.

as cited, the matter of brackets, indicating abbreviated generic names,
being involved in the same uncertainty:

Boutille, H. Ornithologie du Dauphiné. 1843-44.

Crespon, J. Ornithologie du Gard. 1840.

Fox, G. T. Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum. 1827.

Frenzel, J.S. T. Beschr. der Végel und ihrer Eier in der Gegend von Wittenberg.
1801.

Frivaldsky, J. Aves Hungariae. 1891.

Gaitke, H. Die Vogelwelt Helgoland. 1891.

Giglioli, E. H., and A. Manzella. Iconografia dell’ Avifauna Italica, 1879-1895.

Gray, R. The Birds of the west of Scotland. 1871.

Hancock, J. A Catalogue of the Birds of Northumberland and Durham. 1874.

Keller, F. C. Ornis Carinthiae (in Jahresber. Mus. Karntens). 1890.

Kjaerbglling, N. Danmarks Fugle. 1859-1858.

Lilford, Lord. Coloured Figures of the Birds of the British Islands. 1885-1897.

Meyer, H. L. Coloured [lustrations of British Birds.

Naumann, J. A. Vogel Deutschlands. Nachtrag. 1847.

Rodd, E. H. The Birds of Cornwell and the Scilly Islands. 1880.

Salvadori, T. Fauna Italica. Uccelli. 1872.

Ross, J. Voyage to Baflin’s Bay. 8° edition, 1819.

Schinz, H..R. Naturgeschichte und Abbildungen der Végel. 1831-1833.

Sundevall, C.J. Svenska Foglarna. 1846-1887.

Taczanowski, L. Orn. Vost. Sib. (in Travaux du V Congrés des Naturalistes Russes.
1877).- In Russian.

Vieillot, L. P. Faune Fran¢aise. Oiseaux. circa 1823-1826.

Wilson, J. Illustrations of Zoology. 1828-1831.

Yarrell, W. History of British Birds. 2d edition.

INDEX.

A. Page.

MGDTODUS wl OLANUS he cielo ie via S crapiein niuincfi amas +s 358
PAOLA et nec pe kicic cn oie icin am wrafage a= ReaPN cieinin'a a's 238
ANALG Aas saeco naets saeco nese ee 244
PAGANI Sse sieieasinvo aiciaicin oie «sas sroiclaS cieiniwie wien. <ie 378
IDSDLEATOIUSS Janeane ers cs sane 383

TAO VEU Steg ea oe ar oa a eer tas fascia 230

DNL REDS Sm 0 ae sel eps 148, 371, 372
IDATOG ADS o..255) ya's jaiee = lars = scenes 385
[Saini yo eee eae Dasa aeeueee 384
CINCHIS Manes cece sericea aie 372
OUUNTOUDS Miata nbs otece vinta lmtate a ninieietececode ately 372
glareola.....-. Bctoreto ayaa, © tatiana 352

IW OleliCoS Hem asses se -= co sase 277, 372, 377

TGA Aes ate a ce elers ate's cis sixes, a's" 368
INCATNIS 5 -)a-os cies os sie sing A he tase 368

UW OSAA eee ee os Sinha lo oa eebee nice. 179
MAACHIBTA. <5 cicccces sie ciss gael cee 372, 375

1a A GULL ATS areata inion sieinis 2 alan ate = oe = 374, 375

AIO UAL Were ersten aes lel atn!= ciao 5)= eck eiaeeraid nro. 77
OCHTOPUS mits sae<' sis) =: are eee 357
DULVOrMlENCA= = ac So. 2 we eters cians eninl= 367
DUWIVerwleNtIS He yocecise ots Ee aaeinic cre 371

BUM OSCODS eo oe soe alee o5)< oie ince 228
Schiler@lie eceisas oes anerse sae si 372

Sasa GUIS se aan latel-'<israre hee n= 372
PGUEEUTLIGS! Setesae ye Saran naicin\ si isieeis aida cdsmenislee 378
AUISETALIS esentetcio- © (aaaakae dan aac 279

DSL GEAR ee oo scion tenes 385
PDAETAUATUS. - <= <= odoin soe ales ete 383, 384
longicauda.......- SN earns 382
lonPicauGatUS. 3<- nto ne an se | 382
HONPICRUCUS om neers loreal aaa as les 382
PACMAG sep tec anices = Soa coe a 377

MULESCONS says o's:2s csicrs cine ieee eee 228

Pani chelid one <2 acca cies soe ss ons ae 466
SCUNa WIGS <a <-1--.osatataelasis oe 478

CANTIRCH a. - 2 scene cane A467

PRCHOUTOIMIAS Sco oho. cis <.s)2 <is meinepgrisisicietaedei ot =< 266
ACUTTIN GLA «0/5. - <1 cepts als Sy 279

SCHIMIMNAGUS. <\-0-17 -- = «so -eE 279

@IDESCONS atic c-sism.-'o58 See 293

SUBS RSS 2 etme on etna ecg ae Pn 279, 293

POSIT Se orctelniale = cio metelaeccle cine 282

POSE. Sore slates nin myn etenaieictn 281, 282

IDOWEDATtCI «== ce eee eed 288

NONADALGN oo <<< eee 281, 288

COO DG Meme ene ase eneee eae 290

GAEL COHSISc oe 2. oeeee ane pee 301
PUISCICONIS 52a ama 3 ares celale = mie atainteie 286
(Heteropygia) bonapartei....... 288

COOPErI.. . ein 290

IMACWIATA sa )-\crnc anita einis eepyeiaieetsa 273

MACUIAGUS. <2: <.5-0 =< ossw cas aera 273

7] GIANO LOSS = ajo! =:0.5.c eee alten 288

ANAUE Gos e.1cscss c min’ ee Sees 268

VTA TS nya oko oo) Sete s areca 298

Page.

PX CLOMTORIAS SEM erin cincccis Je sastaraccien.- 296
PUTT COIS sce ereia Steele ie hoe cies eee 292

SAM ira assaf ain erate eee noeree 302

SUP IUAINU GUS s<ceh ls cane ici eae 302

BCT ClO: 2 ss 2355 scare ays ee = os 269

ISOM. nite mia cvenie coe merece 299

VASO esi a clenarecioins name ae tice 209

PA CLOGTORIUIS; DAEGU oars, ae ele sie ee eee 282
TISCICOIIS= sees cetacean aceceete ee 286

TNACWUACA a iesisleceris oes maeesioe le 274

TNA CIIATUSS 307-2 sino nie cee ee 274

POINTES 2. ccicieiere «cists eerie 298

SUDMINUTAR 2. cleo ne oaaee sce e 302

PA CLOD HUNUS scene Aateia ce aioe ee enero eee 6
aculawida; Actocheld Ons o ace. sce ec mace aan <i 478
DtOhiaiCANACR- <ocec~ ccc encise = 478
Sandivicensls-\- <<. -ssoc<c cn 478

TWhHAlssSseUS: «ics secet seen ciao 478
acwiavidus; THAlASSCUS: 3. soos c = aes aatee 478
sandvicensis... 467, 476, 478

acuminata, ActOgrOMas. on. o- cc wis cecresiies 279
rOlab ae: a seeo se ecco o ent ceenee 279
HIGtOrOpYyS1a asta. ios Sao eee 279

PehdNa eos sxsco~ =a ee oce ae aee 278

PISODIA et wes mce eee cece 267, 268, 276, 279

IEA nee cac aon cee Pee 277, 278
(Actodromas)). 2c osesa-= 279
(Limnocinelus)..--.-----. 278

ACIHMINATUS; KA. CLOGTOMAS |. <i5)5 «:210c1ome isis = aie ee 279
HIGLOLOPY SNe = ac swiccc cm neice gee 79
MImMMNnocinCluse +. a. ca-~'s 36 see 278

DT OUAMUS 2s stra aetereereletais <a coe 266, 277

addenda, Gelochelidon nilotica............... 484
‘Aid elamisupelCheniancert cc occ sce aomsiee ee 653
NeCOLMBNNI goes sas So oe senee cine 655

ASD ELSA yall OSB este sete oars creo cie Sietniaiiecion wie 187
GIGNCMUS ViOCHED- assets -—% <a S200 ses eee 20
FNODTAIGUS earns) seen a Saale ee a ceeeicieatercisiate we 114
ANGIONUS eo). 5.2 oe ce rcne merece ie 131
SemiIpalMatus - ---\-m. w1aelaee qe win 119, 120
CONUINOSUNIS. 5s once ncncane meee ee 139

APIA eUISIMClODUS acc ene ees echo cece cee = 131
SOMUEPSIN AGUSe. os soscwe cease aces 119

EARS GOS Berar eee ane rein oe areas nie eyeaios Seen 114
DPIGUReCheS shen Sanat queen ee 115
alexandrinus nivosus..--.--...---- 139

AVINLGUS a anceis secetae oe ao ionaire a eeS 124
CANTIANUS NAVOSUSS | cccess = cece 138

COURTS &ace coe manos cate 5 en ate 142

CHENUICH ES erence soe ceo eae 126
GULONICUSE cece ee ae 126

GUDIIS 2 a sane pas See vane cernio nemo 125

Frisia coke Mee ae Semen cere 123

INIGIOGUS sore sss eee ee arniwtoe 130
MAICLONHYNCRUS | <<< ojo wise nai sei 125

WIM OF isa 5 i =)=:5 1s eae cae sme 127

3800 INDEX.
Paze. Page
A gialitesmminutuseesssces< sesso seer 127. || -AaPlalitis minors-ssce-csancteecececeenne toes 127
MONnPOLICUS Ss s- see ee eae ss eee see 135 MONPOlAK saws see cee A asec neers 134
MONPOlUS ase sn ees woe epee 124 MONGOMEH Deco sacse sees oesee seine 135
MONTANUS <2 soe cere ocenisee toes 105 MONGOMCUSE eeciceeneceeeeetececnee 135
MIVOSUS A! fate th dae ces se oeeee secs 123 Montana sooo. meciesee see senesee 106
philppinuss 35. sees teste = = 127 MIXON TANUS Sento se setae seers 106
OUSINUSI ys <2 Ee Sota en ae eainit asic 127 DIVOSA Jess areca aoe 138, 139, 140
SentipalMatas.cocsqesecaccese=3-< 118 NIVOSUS<. saree ~ ascent aete ces 138, 140
Semin almatuss.2 cece e secs <kecesics 118 rificapilla so.eossseicscasee ect ee eae 136
VoUlfera Je. Seeeooc cease eee 101, 102, idt TUNNUCHA- 3. ce<csceseseese eases 114
VOCHELUSe ase ets eatecienssisese.c 101 semipalimata csc -acecermesceceeee 118, 119
WiISONIANUSE <2 2. sSeciosas tis se1slstios 11i semipalmatus: sc. cece sceceeer eee 118
WiISOMIU Satis qeeiniee icsicinics cease 110, 113 Wilson sacqnmcnicnecce cust seseeere lil
MORIA LOS MU VIALILIS «af cnc qaqasieale ose =cis= ale 127 WIISONID Se mceiiscicescaeseoseses 111,113
HAIG UN aeee ec atenne e paitol tne cele eters 123 TUAMUCH A eres cc camietse ses 114
MOlOMUSEMscacracce eels joesmisin teeesets 130 wilsoniana’.” sstoese ii itsescccnces 111, 113
MIN ON cw eet aeccigecmcceeemsscesss 127 WAISOMID - ii scents cesses emerenet ter 111
MILVOSUS Se 456s jncc ito cites a isike meets 140, 143 WLISODIUS: (iw ee as semnce ee meena 113
SemipalMatus s..(s<ceccijeisias os sles 118 Var. runnuchas. scasc-cer 114
VOCierUSe se cece sace selene ees 102,104 7) | -Aeptalitis‘azarss:<555 oc. cc ches ce osessc ene ose 143
ZOMAGUS=,c2% Soeeia ce te emails sasciiscee 128 COMarIs ere Ree ateeeee ces 143
EOLA LT GAS Sata ace ia\at a alavela te lies teeta ee oh eels = 114 CULODICUS.cccricn cnc oteeeeeeesaseee 126
aibidipectus=.2<<o-mcc-. 6256 ces ac 115 dubiae.scssssnctcecesseceenes seats 126
lexan Bec eee es cemeteries 128 Gublus<2.c Stascsoce eee cee eee 126
alexandrinus nivosus.....-.....-.. 139 fluivistilise-t3< st teeceeeescsceeecee 127
asiaticus var. Montanus...-..-.--- 107 eracilise:: 22 .aseeenseecces see 128, 143
CANbaNa).. me se-ciseis Se eee siecle 139 hiatioulas. tii. ot eisectesoseocrs 122, 123
NLVOSA = sos acess ees 138 semipalmata.:.......0-.- 119
VansMVOSAG <smscscesasas 138 INOFDAth. on. .cs os caesselnoorceteeree 136
CANPIAITIS: veltece ea cise sina sitters 139 molodusiis sitet eshsseiseoseeanes 130
BamiVOSUS2ecsee 52 oer 138 THIOL os caiscucececetee tees cee 127
MLV OSUSE ak ees ae sees ele 138 MONPOLUS A eee eee ee eens 134
Vale MEVOSUSEr saciiam = sinc 138 MLVOSA S. csiisise asceiaeee estas 138, 140, 143
Colanisieseceaoscos scene sen es 142 WLVOSUS Sco cte ce scenes coe smieceeemee 138
CULOMICA s nints Soee se cace esse a asenee 126 occidentalis..-2 2s tctaeeeeeecemeee 115
CUBONICUS sess isroas aa ecto oe wisn aaroiiers 126 DY LMIAea st. 5252 came mscacerseeeee er 128
OU Didee sae hate cles aeeemicn ees 125, 126 semipalmmatatccestcetencscce pees 119
GUDIUS D2 Nace rece cesencisesticces 126 Semipalmstus ess cs2eeeeeccece see 118
HTEVA AUS ese e ge cance ctsate lose 127 septentrionalis--22S2222ccsese acess 124
NiatiCOlaacccaceccaeree ce conas Sees 123 tentitrostris: 32 235525002 setae cece 139
MIAICOMA wen cc oeeccs acre 123 wilsonia rufinucha..............-. 112, 114
DNA) Ole ce ois wie eeceietaiee ciate 123 wilsonius: $22 iicitctecsecceecccs = 110
PUNE = 35.2502 5 Caacersa hs 124 var. rufinucha..... 109, 112, 114
niaticulal. pa. soe sec wretelaininswisie 122, 123,128 | Abgialitus Montanus..<-. 2.25 ccs ccc ccese snes 106
var. semipalmata......-- 119'\| ¢Abpialodes: 2 :ts2tsstssissce thc set eteote nes 343
var. semipalmatus.....-. 119 Colldriscercnct -eten emesis 346
INOMMAGA ac ecnsecnssenecescssoscee 136 Aavipesst Stet stesssceesaeeecsasce 342
intermediaectsmc.ccqacccaeeec ceceee 128 molanoleticus::: 5222 scsessseesaree 336
ATIFOETOOGIUS: <0 ceinicc yc eee caters siaiais 128 VWoclferans: i osce.oetecns seeecciaale 336
JOrdOnie ssi. 22s secccsccccce ececee 128; |: Abeislophilus:*2 ses rcisse terrence omerenceee 114
MALCINAAswcccss ce camdecss secnece 115: || pAtepialormithes:s2s52 os csgsce seecereees cases 1
TMASEOESUS eee ereicicies cniosieenocicmseets 136 | segocephala, Limosa............... 180, 181, 183, 195
IMOlOMS cdisssmaicicisasiaisielslaleie verses 131 aScolopax-t2s5:-scseseeene 180, 183, 195
@. Var, meloda.........226- 131 Totanus 7 sss ae renee 180
b. var. circumcincta..... 131; 132)| ;eepocephalus; Totanus?::2: 2220 ceweneecccenc 183
CITCHIMCINGtS. - 20 smnc 15 ciee 132 ||| ez eralites:montanus: 225sh 3 sei ueeecwe esse cee 107
var. circumcincta.......... 132)9|| (Arollassscsececcncsacnescsasceees Seeacaccls 249
var. circumcincta a.meloda 131 VETIAR ese tercne coaacesee a ena naere 255
b.circum- Aptian: t Sistas She ees eses veaeece mamas 705, 774
cincta. 131 cristatelln cco Se sec cscs tse 775,777
MGlOdUS <2. 5c: wccesreseoosencess 130, 131 pusilla sts eee. cts oe ccc cee eeeacle 769
b. var. circumcinctus..... 131 DPYLMmaMsat lessee eee eee ere 773
circumcinctus:-...- <2... 132 | |Aethia.<22 sce ssscas3 chose ees 774
var. circumcinctus...... 131, 132 cristatella ss ssi c2scces ete eee ee eee 777
MICKOLNVMCRA..22..ceset ces ese 128 pusiligiss Sess sess scessece eee cass 769
MUCKOINYNCDUS <cec cccciseccicmechacce 128 tetracula soos sas .tacdo eset a eelelerers 777

INDEX. 801

Page. ° Page.

aainis; Gelochehdon 27. o- -<. ec <5 eesidaies'= «= 484 | Alcaislandica............ Soeeese eter a eRe
nilotica <<. aewests- =< 484 IRAINESCHALICR = sain cies acicislewisetnieianemeisie'cl= 773

ERTS. 5s oc amcela bioidbiare 582, 584, 608, 609, 620 TADTAGOLG atte occcaciccocicis cioclecigum clon ce 787

Afinis to scicewics scutamadaceel< 609 MADYaGOViGs << conc.cosemcisaapstemece ees ccre 796

TUSCUS cocoa cacciscits sdsetberae <= 609 Wa brad OrlCa’. = <:2sispecie's= sis cemisacieeside ane 787
Rhyacophilus glareola.....:......... 352 WOM Va ss fo ch casein s scaineeatene ss 724, 727, 731
Rhynchophilus..... witeld-aafetwrdicjais sass 352 INA Ob oicia'a cine Soin cine mcloisie clea clsmmniote aia stairs 713

SlCINA eo 5.5 coan.ca sco ce webu sacke score 484 TIAN SOU ars arcteosta deide ls acini ase eset 743
TOLANUS: 3°). ds css cee aeetetase goers 352 WUCEORNYNCHOS .... 5. < osu asscichacsciee 717

WAT RIVES 2 (cia) io oss tac foreroreiat rae eerak tccieie els 484 INONOCETALG 6 <ionin ce cscceciniaspleans celse 778, 780

BADNIUS WATUS fe < ora. < = S dopracee yea Sle eeeldeisinie 620 (Mormon) citrrhata.........ckcsecsecesce 794
EPL CANIS WANT. oso os cls cies eects aio sete eene 6 ICA ers casas aieles cnc aseeiinuntemeccses 717
SCOIOPAK s\.6 1501s <0 5 opto bemtsSonciec 255 DSLTACUIAD <cis cinvcss ss awiawepiqemeepie ess 763, 765

AFICANUS= NUMOCMNUS 2... <oc coc cecicd soem cers 255 PY LINBCR a scnmis =v cmeisidacwsa'sesis 759, 770, 772
PRPSNIAD NTO jas: orca csc os eeistsisremionive cis ecciete 544 DV EMOBS cae ccissop sore aemiasivwsccemins 759, 773
agraria, Gelochelidon ......................- 484 TOMIMINCKI. coc ca sess secwceciceceesens 756
Biba, Caldrise oc occccs ccWenisssiattopinis socio 308 LOLTACUIA a2. oc adseaucies sreckidanet ce cees 777
Grad ae snc cto 2 o\n se wicleciw sine Care NSE Sale 577 LOWES « ao'des o's t(e'<'cicais'ctaldaais 713, 714, 715, 716, 782

Gry gis sa ise ee On sree eri 558, 561 Bisa cacucc sade crs ceigaasbemaseics mee 717

MPA asaccacauvietoasscacsusaaeeees 558 Veen n/a oaiet-ceasisteerebisesce aca e= 717

TBLIN OSS ae, seks ae ee eee REE 194 CIOUG f2 ose0 ve ce cme sionisseeee manele 723, 725, 731
Pagonnilas. esose atoc:n swe oceowece 576, 577 BILAL ss isia50's Vaile wher wivinstesisie'ainiv'e'e 731
FRECUEVITOSET AS on ao aiescs cacisicsieae 194, 440, 441 TMi Chice. aaccewesss cesesecee ice 729
SCOlOP Axe meen sccs ces os cepiesae se ere © 194 californicass.. nc cicescceccecscsiasia = 726
SEOMR emacs ceciccsice oosebeestts 557, 558, 561 UMUZYSUIMNG Aceon cess siseeenaseneene 756, 760
BDA 8 2 rm (arse ois)s|sia'e ois ween ciao iat 307 UNISUICATA« = ccsecisies cisisisncs cbenanebissene 717
ATV Se toiare sors 0 xisin e.s)s Slarctoraieatarerere sais SOOM eANC88 2 cc ccce cis cowie cle dua ode steaaeeel 1, 2,3, 449, 700
albescens, ACctodrOmaS .... ..<0 = meniaaw wast ois 2034} Alco; AlCH <5 sic.ociasacrepioras sininsele weciatieky@ eae 709
@alldrisat= 32. on... seceesaceeeeeas 293 dl! BAICOSS Asati: 23 aso aiwe tlaee Go ae beeen smcicnao ssa 703
Schoonlelus ooo cacssscereemeenics DOS MeACel Or. tors. Js cokes ccineinal teamiackteaee ve 705, 770

IETIN GG Soe wiocanicn e's ianie seis eis oeetcteie-< 293 PY LMNLG -.oocc wnewcein ceanatcmonenss oe 771
(Sehceniclus) -.. ccscaccee<- 203 y ANCId 602.2 —~ scacccicet «cebitosocemesaceecesine 701, 702

BUBICOMLISS GlOttiS ie. s.assi0s oc): sels iomastaemebics 329) A AICIIOFMES S 5.\ecomlamscisleisisiaie aici mnsiere\ag a:'ela\e 700
albidipectes; -AUPIAlIEeS -.. . .5 acto eiersieetercistieic MA ABI GIN SES aise tose ~~ ciseie oceania ease stare oe einlei = 703
albidipectus, Atgialitis ..........ce.ensscs-- 15a PAU COLM CR ce Son. wocccc cates cams aaaemene tess cece 700
AU DLTONS, SbCINs, o2s cic camas sss adaetoin ss 520544 dW eAlea Qlleee: Bige sos acaeioe ocwmsaaenimabhecee cers 717
albistriata, Hydrochelidon .................- 5044) eAleutian) Sand piper-.n-ssca.c sce acescceceeine 247
HE OLOGOS Sa cisoe ees «ca na= cee be eeenin 504 DONT 2 ciarsintajcya = neeciitc veeenecesenyy PLO

ASUS csaTUS)| oo a.m. ostimeicces H70) 575.077, 600.600 || aleutica, (PHaleris... css sccemcisistenienis= c= as 762
FAN CRE ay eyke cS cena sok acee ste een ste 703, 713 Storms... 5s sence oesceemeeee 486, 510,511
PCO Ne (a isclois(acisls «6 b/si- Roy $apioleaisicieve ate (are 709 UTI ccs ce siecle own Saige sae asapre 760, 762, 766

BNO. oie cocci saci eta nafacctos ese 706; 708,760) |) ‘aleuticus, Phaleris. <<. <\....0.<:: <.-/sisieisieisinieictents 766

Biome avis o s'so a's ais Semleritelielaee aalers <i 709 PtychoramphuS 22s... .cccwse 761,762

BNUICUA Ss sas cocces ss maadoeerees 750, 755, 758 PLY COraImphus <n. . oases < aise 762

BY CHCA. 3: sto ccosc ass sock sees 782, 785, 789, 791 SimorhyRCBUS. cc as-aan-shis'o ois 1 oie 762

Bim ctockinpcosaas acisjSeies coos cee cle 790A aloxandring, ACgiSltis: ..c.ccs cee cosseine + oaes 128

PITA in ctainie s/o wis Sutarsinierdotays ajo ete wpies ewiacle sie 730 | alexandrinus, Charadrius.............. 128, 137, 139

WAM ICR = ce wines sec acmetoaaieiicecstecme MG MIA NOTA soi. cisco dlacivisinieie:sininlale's ate eepsteta atalsteie alae 720
DOLCALISH Seas thcc cscs meds seremen eee 5 MIS MpATI a alles ere - cohs.cc sas aaetiensecp teat ae smie 717
PINOMAL OS GTS <10ic\e 0:10 0:5,0'3 1s 212 sat nbreletoeiales 750 TTTONTUS 5 ra ,5:,= dratsjate\ eters (siete ete eininwiepte seie1<\s/s 713
bruennichi........ paicinnaraia.s Siaio atest 2 T2OIMY GALLO bes aa. = cin ecnis cae s'snia'cmleleesaiceinnisls cams 706
PIMONMICH = so. fa5 5 ected vesisnirak ele cebtas 729 BIO oo soa nee Once oda oece ceaaceas 709, 760
prunnichh: - 5. ..><<cocpeeeoeneeee Le cestode MISTICANG ss o:050 sco eielaniclace Gee esisineetas 706, 710
Cand aetee serac's0's <a w= Saeeeneeare usec = 200 Wl MAIO AICE 5 a. owe nat celle nee nese aeee 706, 708, 760
CONORMIATIS We cicic oo cones Neeeee cess 787 Ben areciasoae sete cone Fed ga neee apis 709
CBEDO strane cocse sac s-saeeeerteeethicns sis 745 CB ae cine <cacan eeiltic cane wat lceane Reet 717
CGUITAU Hes ohees cacouts oo ctanaiceaneace = sic 796 ATID fo cn cigcesanee Gab Maem aeeaerasloelsets 717

Oba ots) Oe en or ee 792, 794 AIG Scents Soe Sais seeep Ree ann eae Sess 709, 760
anit hi eh a oe ae ee 791 IAT CHCA ann catia oecinsies aas/siseen seaeeebee 709
CTISTALA ea ane tee eee eae 778 COpRUSis.-sionqacies nase paemnasmetins sees 709
Cristaicliae cts. sc cdutocs siarenrecie sy 773, 774, 776 Ceppnhus. 258. ensecacisaceaneccssiecs 709
CNOA ac )st se a5 casio oraee Ree eee 787 Moreulus) .<25tscoc uses sere 708, 709
MAUI 355555 ss thorns seiemumpenseeteia wakes 778 IPIQUGUS 24.3 cada as sess manens SoReRe ee es 707
PIACIAL ISU se cies) cars cic oman wiuasre 717,788 WS Seen ee ciccmowece boas actaradae a eeeee 708
Piven ne tense eae 732, 736, 739, 742,743 | alpina, Pelidna................-.-- 257, 259, 260, 264

TEN POMMNIS oc inion alas eel wtisseroeesioe 710, 711, 712 alpina...... 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 263

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8——52

802 INDEX.
Page. Page.
alpins=Pelidua alpinaassss2sstis2 fee eccee es 2004) ‘ariglies *Daropisss:<2-s.-stkeeeee eee eee cee 483
Scolopaxssekee ese tee eee 260, 264 Sterna sans. Se ce toe 479, 482
Tringa..... PRES 38s we 256, 259, 260, 263, 264 (Gelochelidon)............... 482
(CRelidnayssss2s cere nee 260 Thalassoustsss<es25a5 Sew ocean 483
alticeps, Machetes? :2sarc sneer eee 225 Viralvasesszes: 2a II iro 483
altifronss Charatirius: +22 2245 "sass seen reee 83 i| “Atiglicana’Gallinasolies ees eee eee 261
Ambiyriynichuste ss 25522 = ee eens ins Sean 417,430 | atiglicus, Gelochelidon:.... 22.2052. 00 02052 ..: 483
americana a. alpina, Tringa alpina var....... 260 |) ‘anglorum} Morinelluss:s:sssssos2ss22 0202-02 98
Avocettats sss eee 440 || “atiglus; Charadriussssssssassesqce eee tone 98
Calidrisssask$os 65323 Cee es 314 | angustirostris, Phalaropus................... 429
IMEC OASSSST AUS ee teehee 182,185,187 | angustirrostris, Phalaropus.................. 429
Micropterasscssasissssos st 159 $] “Anisoramphessso7 Sr sbaasss8 tee ee ee 451
PEHANE SS stare sses eit arcs 264, 265,288 | annulata, Hiaticula......2:..220..02... 00.0.0 124
SPINA SSS ANS 265.1) “Anobaptoners es sisasoncs52ao ee eee 745
Bis SSE SSNS eee 265 MATIMOTALH AAs SPI 748

Vane eee 265 (Synthliboramphus) wumizu-

Pe hitotiohrsssyenens SS aaee ee ee 159 SUitle sSsssfsictcers eee ae 756
IVECULVITOSEIA ss 255s 7255252 437, 438,440 | anostheeta, Sterna::::::....52220852.55...-- 513
HUUSTICOLL esse eet sete eee 159 |] ‘atioSthsetus; Sternass: 23 Ss2S esis sees. 513
Schoeniculus alpina.............. 265) 1] MAT OUS SARI ISs esas Sse SSPE SC SST 449, 458, 460, 544
Sterna minute lssaps tes 22ss 525 atrofuscuSssie2i2 se ifsc eee. 553
Pringva @lpinty sss 258 Sesh ee 264 fascatussiyrarsasssrssssses SS: 517
BisoSsea voce cee 264 galapapensisss.ssssssseh Pewee: fetes 551
WED rc caine rn coctceisis 264 galapagoensisss2s<rsiescsssss sess. 552
americana b.. 264 hawatlensisirss2554assersse esos 554
AmericancAry.ocegssiae 224 ser eea eee ere eee 437 leneocapillus<.assssiee2e2222 552, 555, 556
UAT SSS Foe tS eae! Saas penne or: 262 leucdcepsties ss) rates ee 550
Golden Plovers sss eee 83 Mherminierié (ses heer st eae 519
Oyster-cateher sss Sst sss Mee 32 melanogzeny ste ee 550, 554, 555
Streets LPs IISA BSN ITER ORT eT? 442 melanOpsszrsoiseett See e ee een ase 553
Widod cocks aa hs Fs Ae soe: 155 Wiger MN co rcs 2b S eke RIOR eee ee Ses 544, 549
americanus, Charadrius fulvus .............. 88 Pileatns ee Soa saorsane 545, 550
plizviahists 452229222 88 plumes es iit ee sae eset 535
EMINGItOPUSIS SAS ss ss ss ee tncees 440 plumbetgularisis: 242202 Viteca. seecees 546
RTOS Ss Ahk sess tk nwa ser NT 617 TIGZWayl eee ttt. so ee eee 550
Numenius............ 386,392, 394, 407 YOUSSCRUE srosssss esr ee ee 546
americanuS.......... 386, SPAUICea Tro Pee cence ee eee 519
390, 392, 394, 395 Stoliduse soars: sees 548, 549, 550, 551
Gidicnemussarorissegece sects 20 galapagensis............ 546, 547, 551
Piuvialis fulvussss Fe Te errs cs. 88 pilbertisss2 stcccreeser ese ee 545
Scolopax ter iis 2 eee cok 177 pileatustsrastes2 sass 545, 546, 547
anmstheta, Sterna toon sersoi ie ike 513, 514 plumbeigularis......5........ 546
(Haliplanayss ccc. ce cas dcss 513 TIGGWaylsocatos coe. 546, 547, 550, 551
anesthetica; Stermasicstocd hee cote ceeeas 514 roUSSeatiltssosissieeseete eee 546, 547
Haliplan ee ee ees teoece 487 Stolidus +s ss atas- se See 546, 549, 550
anotheta Storia Vit see eer ae we 487,514 subsp. galapagensis.......... 552
ansethota ios fcckeccee 487,512 subsp: ridgwayi-ss 2 eee 550
Bncobletss Sterne oa. ssases soak sottskec ss 486 CnC) (0) Se eeerseeneeC Ot 545, 547
anzthetus, Melanosterna anwthetus ......... 487 superciliosus see eee cee ee 550
Stora rss sls sso ssesese sass 485, 487 tenwirostrisisssces st tee eee e es 553, 555
anaethetus Sterma.......2...5.05....-. 487,513, 514 TADICOLON Se ieee eee eee ee ance tes 545
ADSLMy NOMA s see er ae Ee, 62) || nouselle tse eee eee 552
ANS VNCHUS soso ss Laser SoS ss SINE S ee 62 | arittarctica; Catarractat=-s---s-. 2+ eee Roce nO:
anasthetus, Onychoprion. ................... 487 Oatharactas.-s eee eee 676
Ancient: Marrelet sis ce setae eee c cc bene 757 nestrisee.setstrs ressseeieeeee eee 676
ANICVIOCHENUS 2 cdeec cones con eee cess aeeeee 249 Moralestrisscsse.nt rest tees beens 676
SUDETCUATH se ese eee 255 Skurgne st. seete sees 675, 676
subarquatus-es ee 254 Melanosterna anethetus.......... 487
ANCVIOCHINS Mo Sof ar ce een aoe 249 Sternasststsetercseisweee eee 487
Subarduata so ees 255 ancethetasss.t te teens 512
Subdrquatuss2iisssssii sss. 255 anaethetav.--2tt. e+e oe 487
anditis, Recurvirostrav [2 oo ee oe eee 437 | &ntarcticusBuphacust we tee ee eee 76
Recurvirostris ee esis ac ee 437 Catarrhactest = so-- see eee aes 676
andinus, Piniantopts sce: sse ee eee eee ce 6437 TGOSLTISLLEC SERRE Reet eet ene esas 676
anglica; GelicHelidon® . fs... oe coe es ce 483 WOPIPCS! +22 sts sb sss se eto e eee 435
Gélochelidon i tee e eset cscseeece 483 Mepalestris.A0228teoseee eee 674, 676

INDEX. 803
Page Page.
antarctieus, Stercorarius......2552....20..6-. O/6'1|sarenaria Cinerea.«% i... ts scc ccc tec soeekacees 51
PAM Te HOtTing a: -<--22tt22ssee5sssseseee eae cle 230 PTISCAAAt RS ERR Sete. cea cama celae ae 314
REMUIFOSURIS-== 22-1 ook sae nano 231 ITPEEDUCS semen eens secs 44, 47, 48, 53, 55
antiguus, Synthliborhamphus........--.-.--- 759 INITERDIOS =; on cet feccic Soece 44,45
antillarum, Sterna..............-.. 523, 524, 525, 526 MIOTING HM Bars we aes a5 = 44,51, 52
antilarumrs2.25:222ts¢222 524 Qahuensis)s.-.---- eee 51
superciliaris. ........... 524, 526 War Arie sea seans ae 5 sires 55
vars iieut I.x 524 Wars Bics 2 seaseerect cusses 55
var. antilla- Wari Cos sseme Seeteee neces 55
Tum bp. ./.22!' 526 leucophiea leucopheea .......-.....- 309
Sternulas-s222..-2ss0.S0ly 520, 523, 525 TUbIGa > = 5222 tee sees 314
antillarum........ 621, 523, 525 CHIGACHYAR eee mores encase 314
antiqua, Alca........ Beem eeeee maser 750, 755, 758 lemeoph cease Meas ecee ae cers o 2 seis 309
Braterculas...:~ 223 220 te8 ASS 758 melanocephala..=...--2-2-2=---- 44, 55, 56
OF itn. .:2tseeece s25< eS 750, 758 PAOLO? 22S Secs ccae anon e Se 52
antiquus, Brachyramphus....-.............- 759 VINICETISSeS See as or seen PAS ee cee 314
(Synthliboram- grenariay Arenarias**52250-2Gcs ste sacse ese 314
phiws) Mee... 759 Walidnisk sees Seecete shee mere 310, 313, 314
Brachyrhamphus. -............. 750, 759 nt 0 eee amici antor qose 309, 310
Merguluis: <¢s2222::20s 222.0954... TOO) A PRATCHATI CS Sener nents 24,25, 26, 42, 43, 57, 61, 62
Synthiliboramphus............... 759) |||) PATOUATUNES Sn ossccem toes eecsce ere eee cele 42,43
Synthliboramphus...... OOK 0 ta7O8, 209) 1 abeCntaceas SLO a: a stot ce minsntee sce aie iai= 504
Synthliborhamphus. ........-..... (594) -argentaceus, Laroides:..- 22. cc. -ce- se =~ = 617
PSD U PWS se. = scececsceccsecoessssesGes esac... Galeargentatayminaliaess: sae setncceete et accas 616
AMON AG sexceaneseeressceSseP UI. ose scsces 58 SLCrIA Se amare es sso ceeme ates se cee 504
borealis: <<ccccsecccce<s SOAs te 61 | argentatoides, Laroides:.........::.-......-- 617
LOWNSONGE sss scyrcoMes seth... 61 WATS Ss sce ace seer aoe 617, 626
tOWDSONGIH: cccccccsscsesscssssare 58, 60, 61 (GlauGUS et oecesscece ee 617
VIEGALA nccctscscadcersseiVes tee 58, 60, 61 (Warcides)ie. ccs scee 617
PAPDVIZIE SD es cccssvcccceccasssess 24; 25,43; 57,61;62 | argentatus, Laroides....-........-./.--..-..- 616
PAD HIIZINGD, 2: ccsscrevasrasasas HCE oee Rs. 57 anus. 580, 582, 583, 584, 591, 600, 601,
AMPODAPLONs ccvcecescnscc ql ee Uees GeBs 745 606, 612, 614, 616, 618, 619, 627
apricarius, Charadrius.............--.- 78, 79, 81, 85 QLPOntaAtuS sac sseseerece 613, 616
Pluyialisss22ss22ceases tees 80, 82, 83, 84 Qrrees tates sss 616
aranes, Gelochelidon..sssisssare Zs leuesi.. 484 Wal ces cccecs es 616
niloticass2 ses ee ke.22 484 (Glaicus)es-t i scenc sence 616
IR CRODLORMGte aetce pe cies sas cise oee clare 484 CUarOdeS Neo. scerce tere 616
COLI Beets ic a SOO atste ci etere at ASB ARAN) TARPON LOS LOIN E sao n oc enwinciewicite aise cscs 521, 523
TNC Oe yen ee a ere 484 Stermulas: 2225542 sS4cecscne ees see 521
AVATNED NE ON ce Stes oar ley oe en pa eh 484-4 ar ventous? WATOIGGS!= sec ncesecee=e e-em -<ain 617
ALCUICA PAN CAs oS a6 win asic sis cacisiclaine 782, 785, 789, 791 THATS en ne cei see erin sienna 617
Pasckerese adie sein sclya namie aos a 790 | arideensis, Sterna dougallii.................- 509
Wratercula ss. =- 265.2 Rod SD WiROs (SOs (SLM an Abas SACa a te semen ge ew isls ne «stesso sins 17
arctica. ........ 783, 784,786,788 | armoricana, Fratercula arctica..............- 788
Olas Sea eerie TSO ALO Ua UA IN UIC TALUS cence eeict srasceeine ean 388, 389
TUN AE sate wisicin's lar Ginnie oie al ae 787,791 BNC IS oe ose eine a-mrnss—miseeia) 392
WOT INIOUE 5 52's =) Siete cy0(sic sais so Sin neem siciais <i 787 IPelidnan e seacaaee cece see ees co 256
SUCTI A Saeco cw a's’ .c\c:eis a sisivisisisiniaueaieaes 503, 504 SCOlODARs= sc sescaeceseess 385, 388, 389, 402
Meare iso aie oivinis\ cee nee crores 736 B WSCOlODRX. .-caeanayeeren cneae ie -- 992
PAC Cate Greece s 2 ccelso:s cies om teense 709 Viaiee B NUUIMIOTILULS © araia a crea taeiclelolnra(=i=)=i= 393
CASS oon. cess ccc seen ceee Redes GIN | eee CLA COL crys cei ne roles cinta im ciniclalee i cinicte 147, 238, 239
CHTNOCEDNALUS -ore.nc5 - sec5 sas soees 759 CONES aeecere cca er eee een 248, 249
LATACCUIT ESA U3) a i a a a 499 COURS = 2-5 os cesiascksinieeis aplssnes 249
BECHICUSA CAD PNUS ste on,co ne eon ee am ani 736 MaMa. sccsosce cee e 239, 241, 243, 248
HMA tOLC UMA acs ca.cc ssaeeeemetee anes 786 COUCSIR ccc osn ea as see saee 249
IER IMAUODUS toe ein one cas aia silane 29, 36 INARI A ae om maeicc =a. 243
GARGS = persis sia) atsies' nie oisias cine sieistoiaiai sajna 593 DilockemiSe see ee ees 247
MeuclStere eee sone acerca aeapanee 593 Subsp. a Arquatella

MVE GLOULUISS cro caves cieepainws < oes creme innit 710 COURS cose. coach cer 249

IM OEMMOR ee Sa .acioe sin siaretenioeseistcrara 786, 789 Subsp. 8 Arquatella ptil-
SNCUALSs DUMIMOMTUIS So oee.cu ein aes ceinicieine sainiciee 389 OCHEMNS = se asi cencensce 247
ILCUIATUS; INUINGMMUS > se -ctcce scopes acicee 389 SUDSD; COUCSIo =... .-5 55. 249
BECO TOMAS: ou cca cases ce snc See cone ee 4 DGOCHOHU Sane rre pacer tore 239, 246
PALOMAR Vere care aeinomecec ent etenicn ce cee 43, 307 COUCSIesca ssc 239, 241, 247
arenaria..... Bee erecta 314 PUlOCHEMNS? -- 25. 239,
CAONETISSe eeoans cece een oeee en tine ee 314 241, 244, 247

804 INDEX.
Page. Page
arquatollawinynpacicncs. os -ctsoeeee ered 244 |- Auklet, Crested...........0 SsmmieSee oan seneEneee
Varo LryMeas <2. we steee aus oe 248 WOAS ter ataciaats cociaiclsieciotaiss a's qiewiseietis 768
arquatulaNumenius: -.:22...<sdeseees oes: 390 Paroquet:-ciscsnsee Seaties slahcialela/s\m/eisje 764
Arquatus, | CractiCornis: jo -casaqss-sessisessses 389 Rhinoceros......... aiefeisieis dlepeeis cmc pitaee
NIRMONIUS: oases science slecind os 386, 388 Whiskered ..,. 0.0. sec spss arenes eek
IPHacCOPUS =.=. .52224oae5oe esos aes ae 402 |) pPAGIKS #12), socio ce ace werebeetiaisinaicessrsensis ware 201
ATEAMATCS Sept ane is <a ocho ced araseiaisjep cae ee 739 | auratus, Charadrius........ Sexe alelsisinjcisictercimaiste 83, 88
trotle ses. - ssargsee Seas oss cite 731 '}) yaures; Pluvialiss.ea.s <2 occ ccs ces Saas «-. «= 8
Cepphusss43 2:22 accu aeeewss oes s cece 729,731 dominicensis......... aise 86
GOMNI9S Se ee eeseec cee s ac cetee 730,731 | aureus, Charadrius..... Remieaacatiees seeneins . 83
Unie aah om eter ee ae ses 729,730,731 | aurita, Pisobia.......... male = = apeiasjaicaets'=isicieinis 277
lomyViae rece -<. -c see Sc ce ses. 719, 730, 731 THAN... sa .<(re2%e a blecmisks eaters a aaisame 266, 277
Decco esses pus -eecnciasecee 731 4) Gauritus; Migialites: ..<..<<0--nece coq acec ose 124
ATU CA VAIO S. so-so seein se aclowisaiee ee wae 787 || Jaustralasiana, Limosa ...o.,-s-oceneeseeet === = 190
articus, Heematopus - ..............--+-++--- 36 | australis, Actiturus....... ississecceauatescee 279
PASAT CLAS cos cece claro, ne De sere ais 4 ciel aicteasio isi 7,8 Actodromas! sjeeieecteos deeb ocs 279, 293
SPINOS9-6 esses o2sse2sccsagisasage as es 11,14 TAmpsateac@os- esses ea cniee nese eee 195
WAS DIISs..scders ocesse cence eee 11, 13,14 INUMeT Sis oe schasaclemec cameo ace 410
ZASCAlODA MS oo ss tie sioceis. cls meen ss eae a eetoe 798 Pelidna: .....cscedaccewtessioser Seicicice,) MOTD
gallinarotossetcccselec o25smaetets 167 Schweniclus .<. «02. seetmeseeeeee 279
HIE) Oli Sort emeeis « csicinciciais scien oe 164, 165 Squatarolazs:seixjreeattseisens. -. << 79
NOVASHOrACeNSIS. «55. cise ee ociewet 201 helvetica s<siscisecice oe =< 79
SADIND 2. sta see ee eaese sa eeas 170 Sternulaccceatecess aceidesese ced 525
WHSODH 223 -2cpiyocsstasbient te seene 176 Prineaweeesccss eras San eee 238, 279, 293
PXSH=COLOULEH | SNIPG 2s. <2 asco aeeeeee eee 368 Galidrise- 24-2 ne ee ee 293
EA SIP AAL UGS ee ars ola wn cies ena weet 287 "1 “sAcvocetwAmericanl....s..-s-s2ees ee eee eee 437
asialicus, Phalaropus.<..<cisccesaefse-s'eece 439 White:...+... bce gees eee Oe 440
SCOLCOTariS ey -uwso eo. ealeiacueee 694.4) sA-vecetgesiete et os. Ae eee ee 144
assami, Helodromas acrophus............... 358.1! rA-vocets‘and Stilts:.....<<<<<coceos sackieneee ae 435
Tringa actophus:... .. « -mcfeaees J <joryse Sod il. SA vOCet ANG IO Bis. cccocet eet ose ee erences . 436
ASSIMINIS Tearoidesy Pine wsee's oa.0Ssoach fe vesese 582 BMETICANA. «os acccheschosste ce 440
Numenius.....-.....++-+2-+-++2-+- 390 | avosetta, Recurvirostra..........-.-+- moe - 436
astralegus, HeematopuS:...<<,....--.--s--:0s0 32 azaraey Nepialitis........<snesbsaeet assoc 143
ACA LOLOSUTIS: oe iosiascB emcee ce tcenckzasse veces t 686 Gharadrius:: cc... pst codecs 143
ater, Heomatopus ..-.----5-2022+s2eeeeecs es 29, 42 iatioula <..\.<cs..-adseeeeetaoleee 138, 143
Melanibyx...........- cece e terete trees 29 | Avara’s Ring Plover...........-+---eceeceees 140
atlantica, Symphemia. ..-.....<<<s0--..05--2- 214
atlanticus, Megalopterus minutus...... 553, 554, 556 B.
astricapillus; ManUsasq.c 2 oan. 50 5scseseieee oe <tc 641
Numieniassc can ee 397 | bachmani, Heematopus .......... Senter 29, 40, 41
Patri Gillaee tak ence eae or tee ee me 635 | Bahama Oyster-catcher.............- Ses 37
Cates haelcecccccen coe ote ee g4i|| bailloni; Sterntla: <<. <<< ennaticic<jom cemctciaees 523
CALOSD YT cseatndhcsescessoessnucct ser 641 | bairdi, Actodromas..........-----+-+-+-+-+++ 282
MACK OPECTAl=<'s ce Sas tmen ence scecss 641 Beteropygia bairdi....... seteee ceceee 283
AMIN OV asec see Nee eae By NO RR go 641 FASODIG s< sc cproiasielsiciesisie's 267, 268, 279, 283, 288
atricilla, Chroecocephalus......-....-.+++++++ 640 Tringa .-.-.-.-.-+---2-.-2-6---- 275, 283, 377
Chroicocephalus........-.-.-+ 610, 636,640 | bairdii, Actodromas.........-.....-.-+-+-+ 281, 282
Gavia gate See coe e sane eee 640 Actodromus....... Savsisioinisielsie ats cients 282
SATS ise meee oe 465, 635, 638, 640, 643 Krolia.....-.-.+.-- cere cer eee e eesti es 284
Stricilla 2-525 asissacivs ons sete 640 HIGtCLOpY G18. «2 amc cmcwicisercle cistoe eines 283
(Chroecocephalus)........-.-. 640 Piso biasccsinsactcaocmasing conn ceeiiaaiae 283
(Chroicocephalus)..........-. 640 DTN PAs ccs cecic seis eitaceweis seems 282, 283
EMOMA <scse'. Sete = oem sesewsc se 753 1040s) 641) | alTd’S PANG DIPOL cj -.c-ccc'ecs cos ee= semen 279
Sirsa, Osiraleva: cn. cctsnis ss occas nse csiseebuee 290i balthics, AvCa. 2c ams'ss <sistseicis sowie Belepicinica 717
SUI CHOIGeS wEATUS=o-cccige sce eaeciinse set ess Be miGD2 Gelochelidon...-.-. cece cece seen eeee 484
atricillus, Chrocecephalus................-+-- 640 Sylochelidon...-....----+-+++-+-+++ 465
atrofasciata, Sterna: cacncscccaccs'ssa:<i0~< sece. 5004: Ura. sos ecosgewaesces~e ss eee 736
Btrofuscus; ANOUS ea. eins wa iets sidieainioe's Geet 553 | balthicus, Hematopus........ Sajnlsiaidayelraeratale 32
ANUBIS c< oan. o's weinelomcntisjcewisisieinsie eiaicige ee 45 ||| paltica, Alea... 5.2.0 cscccmcemioosmiaceeaemiaeene 717
SUGOuINN, MAMIS . eccptaciswininoae eke seiewcieieia 580,632 | bangsi, Sterna dougallii..............---.-.- . 609
auduboni, Hemipalams . ...:.,. cc sseessats vicce 209! 1 Barge blanche: <<<6cpcimcmseie's ea Sime wieeeieeioeie 440
audubonii, Tringa (Hemipalama)............ 209) | barge, olMOsa. anc scanensivwninwe since cwiaene eee 189
AWK, Gleatscoscesnssceqsccss Ce eeeaenente 702; 711 || Darrowianus, Larus......2<c<sensencecscenie 590
Razor-billed...........-. Saeieisiateisie icine W1Ai |. Dartramiascposcsccces sce erase cnc 145, 147, 149, 378
ETUC we sae cece chiaeisicia delle e sceae tine 700 PATICAILG As alstcrenielselsieislainieneinicieelet= 378, 385
ANKE ts CASSINES 25i< cin a/aixiniwiecieic cinineinsiesisiseve wie 761 longicauda.....--....-+++s- 379, 381, 382

INDEX. 805
= Page. Page.
PAriramMias WUNSIA., foc cccecoucene et ee asses ose’ |), Bonaparte’s Sandpiper. iv. -c <2. ccc cccc cee 284
Wotgnusriac cence ER Sc Seicccce cis ss (ooo |e bOnapartl, baruss-essccsces ses ae eeeienerenaia 618
INES jaecesees = statuette 378, 382,385 | bonapartii, Actodromas.................-- 281, 288
Dringoldes sac ce cevewew weenie 384 Chroicocephalus....--.....-.-.-. 648
DSECLAIM PACIUIS= cate ec cisnccchesectitice = <= - 385 Gavidne sere esens aac ciecsanictlc cicis 648
A CHIEOIIS jose e onneeonatee ce eence ee 385 TD GrUS Soweto aac elec calcite eens 648
Totanus.....- ace ticcekenmete acne SoSe IDTINGALS2 Seicidecce css s'ca'e -. 266, 281, 288
DELTA LOCANUS ce. cticc aresweehecnc ects s.s 384 EXON ss occcececcteceteseecseccse 648
PMU GA eg om eccnc ac atic ctewoeeete GSt" |\MDOTORLUIS AUCH O-- cc ccerecccctesecece ecieciees 713
RGRULR INU Sher ccipwieeisncctenictee cc cniceee beac sc 378 DALI Zaeeme elec acecesmemmeen cents 61
IGHRIGRUGUSE Cckccsetcneen ete cc 381 IMATOIGES ics ce cscccetecedec cass vcs 620
bartramius, Actidurus.....-. Weve cneene 383 Wars tcenet seine sil 599, 607, 609, 620
INCULISacccecwcceucectoeabeee ere 384 AY PONCAUIS C cress teemincisn cetaiee 620
Actiturus.......: Bee cietiele sts siete 383, 384 (CGQIRUCUS) Fitccecercccin sence 620
MODUS sae cee civiee'sinowi<'s cle eare 378, 383 MGSOSCOLOPAXc~ tease de concene 410, 411, 412
(Bulliga). so scsseee. 382 Numienius:: 3° 3 oa5.. 5 275, 404, 411, 413, 415
Dringoidess <c...ncenandseece= -- 384 CEwROpUs) = s.ace- cess 415
Pawerl WiMOsa. -. cc cecccoce ces Stans aoee -. 189 IPHACOPUSS neat ceece ceeds ce eeratiens 415
laGppONCaszescesesceoncecmucee 189 RNVNCODStccacececce eset e cherie 453
Woetolailapponicaze..<:s.clee sce 183, 187, 189 UISSH yo wists iclsinme' cera clercieicrsietseinistenions 571
beleheri,, Adelarus: 2.2.2... <0 .ssteaeececte. -'° 653 Scolopax..... siotse cea clssiseice 402, 404, 413
Blasipusecessee cee oe Sieiseinerne 653,656, 658 DULGDSHAS aoacssh cose see cess eee ress 01,61
IDS TUS secs acete/<olerae ua ace o---- 653, 636 PLP ee acest sscsetece cco e sro anet 61
WEUCOPRUS ~ sae cicisicieicoiniecicnvicestecs 653 WinenniSccemacer ese ccesceee seas 415
beldingi, Pagolla wilscnia...........-. 108, 109, 112 (WWANGUUS Soar ce come ec eee 61
BBIGIN GS relOV Clarence cos ese cercaaanee ee ceee MSM DOYSIL StOnNa ss. -secesese e acsiccl ise anal 467,477
al pica WUAMOSA seem cera weicloencceese'smec ne 180 | brachyptera, Telmatias...........-.-.-.-..- 165
SICOIOPAX seincinen wien sacin selene oe scale 180 BIRCH VCOLl a1 ae enim aicislan = = sleieieiaisie's viciei-ln/niaieiele 701
Belonopterus......-.-.-----.-+-+++-+-- eielaiaisis 62 | brachypterus, Brachyramphus.....--------- 759
PONICKENU WESETISc ccc cre sec cess er scece ste 694 Brachyrhamphus............- 759
benickii, Lestris.....-.. Reser ence seeeee cee 694 | brachypus, Gallinago..-:-...-:.-2-..-.-..... 171
bergil, Sternact cn ccccerccessce=cce ------ 466,472 ELV ATOCECTODIS. cas -<.-\s1s' ae arom cin = 504
bicolor, Larus...-. Be cesarean cession aasae 497 COL seer sce acto eie cme eet 504
DICOLUIS| VanGHUSt oo sccecescacseecrscese cies. 69 Melis tlaSe ele ome ni0e = seiateterei= real 171
bicuspis, Sterna .....-...-.-.-.-.-.-. Seeeee=ee O00) | MB XACHYTAMDNCrO ta... cam sisie cenit einen cacao 703, 704
bistriatus, Charadrius; > <s2c.cctec ene c ese - ccs 20; 22a BLACHYTAMED MUS Sc. sa scicisscinsciate sie cersisinere 704, 745
CEGICNONINS se oe es ee ess 18, 19, 20, 22, 23 ANUIOUUS se cient ee seem 759
bistriatus....-....... 20 brachy ptLerus-scc<s sen emi 759
Wedienemusssassctot co asece sens cis 23 brevirostris........--- 746, 749, 750
BI RCl US eee einescleceincclsirisincsiewinccdstaccese 652 CLAVODe sec clisiexe ana cee 754
Black-pellied Plovertsss.ccacdaccssscconcdass 72 CLA VELUceee ee ces ce nae aes 754
Guillemoteeaeccoesecscoadeesseeeciete 733 DY DOLOUCUS csc == 1 753
Tacanheceeccdac econ cece ose ececete 15 RAGHHEZIe UC shee ces ceseac= 746, 750
Oyster-catcherssccccaccccccseeesceeees 40 MALUHGZAL- ce sec cecee ve ecsee' 750
SRIMIUMOUE ee a ccicc ce neces sc cstale sete cies 451 MarmMoratus-— 2. cscs ee 746, 748
-tailed Godwit.............- peeoseetrets 178 DOLCE a sense cleriseamtacaa ata 746

Rate eeeteecsece stereo eee tara -- 532 (Synthliboramphus) anti-
Wihite- winged tect ences 536 CUUS Sees cia rece 759
aD ESUOUG sae cece aes eee ene Bretiecisis's 55 PemMMIMeCkKes cece aes = 756, 759
SWiHPed (GUIGMOGs. covse ces vc ccas ww ante 742 Wreangellitescsreres cae == a 748
blasii, Sterna............ eceemer sre ncsscacte BOSS eB rachyrhaimp nus. sec cicss css tees cea 745
Paci plusp ame cece csicte ceese cio aicteniee acts eiale 564, 652 antiquuS=csss-ocscesce ee 750, 759
DOIGHETA cto cree wvicisie = sioleleleciette 653, 656, 658 brachypterus:.-::...------ 759
bridgesi...... Sa RaC ce tees escmeacee 653 DIGVILOSULIS ee eee ss ee 750
fuliginosus......... Ree recs 653, 656 CTAVELe ee sec eotee seme ae 754
heermanni =~ =. << -<20- 653, 654, 655, 656 CTRVENIISe cee eee esee eee 754
modestus..... Ta ea. 653 hypoleucus.......------ 751, 752
olwcostrSer canes cane clea co eeeeeer ----' 693 itblitzioes --esee senses 750
bonapartei, Actodromas.............-..... =. 208 RH ultG zl Se Sorte tere 750
(Heteropygia)....-.. 288 marmoratus........---- 746, 748
Gavia--c--. 22. eee caster 648 PICLO LR e eee ere seer 746
WATS eens cece cee sinc ssa 648 temminekii: 22... 756
Pelidnamescenessccseescesaees o-- 288 THMIZUSUMES ss eee = ans 756
PR serene oe pte nein aisiaieeet 288 TATA CL Lar ete eee ete ata 746, 748
Bonaparte’s Gull..... eee e eee cece ea. €45 WAPOA ee eee ae ances 745

806 — INDEX.
Page Page
Brachyrhamphus wrangellii.........-....-. 748) | bruennichi, Lomvyig, ..o.<-.--s-.<seeeeet see 729
brachyriyucha, Rissassss 2s. ccs tee 572, 574 AITE. oo asa. eeeeee ee 729
brachyxhynchos, Lestris:: -- .227- faces: «doce 699 rig. = eno athe) yk ae oe 729
brachyrhynchus, Larus. ... 572,574, 583, 584, 632,634 | bruennichii, Alca..................--22----- 729
brachyrhynehus c.. 635 UT]. crrcrcrces rcrcmctetees 729, 731
CONUS VADs aeeca = 685 | briimnichi, Alca troile.......,.--cesslicvs--- 729
(Rissa) caer cee 572 pla eee ee eee ec ee eeeeeen. 725, 729
brachytarsa, Pagophila: 2<-2 52 225 a tpe ee - - 580 OITA. 2 occ ecco eee err 729
SUCINae a eeeeeneeer es eran 5044| | briinnichil) Alcgs7. 2.222582 oes eeweett os 729
brachy tarsi, Papophtlaoass fesse cc onde tee eo 580 A iscg ee ne ee oe ee ees 564, 571
brachytarsus, Larus...-......-.--.-.-------- 580 ULid. evececccee steers 724, 725, 728, 729
(Pagophila). ...-_.-..9-* 580 troile Var... snesbisie& 2242 729
Pagophiila x. oe iegesa--=--2-= 580 ||.) Bnlimnich’s Murre.-.:.2,..2-22, ebay c.e- 726
brasiliensis, Gallinago.....-..-----..-------- 160 | Buff-breasted Sandpiper..........-...-.----- 226
Heematopus ...----.--------+--- 36. | fbuffonis Lars: ...2-.creccccsss eee sees. 699
Himantopus. ..----- 2622-0. r+ 442 Testris.. -.- 22h ne 698, 699
Numenius....... seeeee sees sees 407 Stercorarius......,.sahieeei. 22. 699
Parra...----------+. seeeeeeeeeee 17 | jbuonopartil, Lams. -.--2.2225...25; ase 648
brebmi Gallinagoy. 2 << 1 2-= secs ee 169,195 || |Riphaga. 22. 25- 2 .s-- lesa RREOtEMeE eco ee 266
scolopacina, var......---- 169) | (Bphapnss?.......2.2.6-..;eeteocete ae 674
Scolopax....... vette teeters eee eee 169 antarctics...:..2..2--ensetee 676
Pel atias's 26 e)-cis =js'-1-'- Saepee ane 169 GIAIG. cs asin acc scan Pee. 678
brehmit, Gallinago. oc. os2s- =. ssc acct 169 a. SikUa. ne See 678
Scolopax....----++----+++++++-+++ 159,169 | (Burhinids....-..-....-----.. Saat. 18
brevipes, Gambetta... <5 ~. goes ac oer 367. | \Burhinusaol. 2 To. eee ei 18
Heteractitis......- cotteetesee sees 367.4) ibarka, Gallinagp.........sc0-+sacaceteeata-ee 171
incanus .------+--+---- HGZ 4) \Bystards.....--.-.2>20-0+-2ecas eRe de 18
ELCTCLOSCOlOS 2 ai. acces ees sie siseee 370
Heterosceluss iia. n nse ise 366, 367, 370 Cc.
AN CANS aeee eee eee 367 | ‘ceabanisi, Breunetes.2-s2 22-2. <-cut aes es 215
WAM OSA caro sine sia a aaeetaen res 178,190),) ‘Calanisi, Tring 22 <tr. 2in-cisteiote ten eer ded 216
Melanurae ee cee aspp =< - 178 |iCabotissRerm es eete.c = <n acilev er sos seer 476
PROLANUS ose 2 ace seine oe mage 365, 367,370 | cachinnans, Clupeilarus..........-.-.-.-.-.-. 609
IN CANUS Sols oot = <2 367 aTOIdeS 22 acts ee ome erae ee oe 583
PLD E Weerenree ces nee oe ene ae 367, 370 IGATUS = = <2 //- se = 583, 607, 609, 619, 620
brevirostris, Brachyramphus...-.-..... 746, 749, 750 argentatus Var,...-.---- 607, 619
Brachyruam phys. 7.0... .0-2-- 750 (Dominicanus),...<is-/<5--- 609
@haradnis 5-2 sen sacs = 118, 119, 120 (Garoides): -+j-2-S24s22-5- 609
WWATUSe wine eeeiddeanaees.s sees 574 | cslestis, Gallinago. . .-<..~ 27. saewesmasinss oe 168
(RISSS) sere eeee 514,,|| LeenUea, StCrUa sonia. <-cciococts oie eisece nea sae 460
TGV CO A re reraioteteiece riggs cles ieiea 230))| (CQld ris... eon niainie eect wo sin eee 147, 307, 797
INUIMGDIUS «sae aeinaes sa 411, 415, 416 BDA... -< 22-22 oe ene 0's ow wneitnstte = 308
RYNCHOPSs ces ecera sein ss 1sime cre 457 albescens3ise2 2 coco cc seee cee oe 293
IR ISS scsi cowie gucie 565, 566, 573, 574, 575 AMECTICANA. <<a aman oe eee eases 314
LORD Bie clare alos pela aie mininininlasaac a 543 ATONALIA. os e05 «= «clans sa a> eee 310, 313,314
PATIN Ela a aioe ease eeee 214 CANUGUS= - cc ossic cecce noe hes eee 237
UT ee ig ce itee eiaetas aaiciaio cies 750 fag hy Win sc nee oGecbeanecennoacodac: 238, 314
prldeesi, Blasipuse nc wcsm-s see nsaa'ee~ 2a eon are 653 islandica. o.<6 0: fepeceasaeeean os 237
TGARUISY oo iasin = sa bina re cena nisieene 653 lOWUCOPDEES = = 2 a sinc a ce'sncs competes 309
Bridled Tern, ‘Caribbean. 43 4:<,05 2,0j000-0000- 0 512 leocoph9,..-uctasre Somcies 309
BACH Cia. aces tee coer ek 514 tridactyla:.< s-o- ccc spuaas 309
DIISSOMI NW OStIIS | soem a eeateeeceasssse~ 699 ATG Se qin rasa cin ae Ae elena Glaser 243
POMOUA shia cemactene aaah aoe <2 0 =< =" 214 AUUIAU GA coin 1nfaininiiaioin aise = cis nee 268
Bristle-thighed: Curlew. <-.-.-ccijenae 2020050 407 MOV Ae «cin. che cele <ocs eee 238
Brown-eared Sandpiper. - 2. annie s+ 20.0c0-- 277 PUDIGUS sas aialeemie cee oolnm' a cjwasiaitee 314
browni, Sterna antillarum................-. 522, 526 tornminckil).. ce\<<c osc enema peentc 269
Sternulaantillarum........-..- 521, 525, 526 GPIDZOIMES -- -- woes oo ew os os ap etemete= 314
Brown's Least Ter. 5 o--<cpe pee teens sos oes 525 | calidris, Aegialodes...-. Wane seine enscies'e = awh 346
Bro WR EDSIATODG = no oc = ce eisncbprn cise sein as 429 ATeNaril. ~~ cssoeke monte sae 314
BSN O oe op aete a ape nie eer stasis erste sce 198 Charadnlus..\-.s.<<5-2---------< --- 307,314
WEWCII, Gave ecm siae wep eeeereints's:aio sicie sie 627 GaM DeLbas. <micis siete caitlin ne ose 346
WAT US sete ss eben re insets afte ctsaits 627 Pelidna cscs osc < ccs eee eos 262
(Gavin a) ce cecectye< oleae ne 627 SCOlOpaKeosac cee ces tee eeeeeeeee 345
ZONOTRYDCHUS) Dn.) +2 0222 = 2 627 TROLANUS'S <<: /a%ini2 on 0 ~ alo. = eee am 345, 346
DIMPNNIChT VA lCS fo. orci aelgn pee = ae Seat 729 Tringa se socnae sss 237, 314, 342, 346, 797

INDEX. 807

Page. Page

BLOTS GVO G Aj tete oo nis cle miaicista > a ei oie Dar agi alt Canta. Trine hte. Sct pose -enipnnpe sees 236
California Gillies ons ccc cian a= -pempattas G20 |Kcarmnth Wrin gee cc cenececicns 237
MUTTOs asic 2s <siseic sae sae bpaaee Bic Wed lf Cemutus = 25-8 cess os sis’ cla tpgensae 147, 230, 797
californica, Alca troile...-.-.-.-...---------- 726 CANUGUS =< ois's «== = sfteprs 230, 231, 237, 289
WOTVAG se ccs cisie oe See ene tenes 725 TOOPOISI. «2 o> oaeeeieke see 238

ELOMO sce cacc cies <a 725 BULUB Ss soos ce ne seek 0S 238

WATER At Sars eee erate 725 CINCLEUS\<.25 cscre 5 «oh ie seis weep eee 237

Wri Sasa oc om cine San coin scan ae 725 islandicus?’. 5.222505 -2s<eeeaesk sce 237

trollege\. secon nc skate 725, 726 ISENIS Sos ose en ae ee ee 231
Beans ae nas eee 725 TUICSCONS 4. 2 -.-. << soso geome es = -)n\< 238

Proille sees = 3 o- 719, 722, 724, 726 Sentirostrises <6. asc eunemeeeo oe 230, 231
californicus, Catarractes..............-.----- (oe Cantus; Calldris.. <peocsemacone sc .csccceene 237
Hargidesees .....:..-... obser « 623 Cantus scene .enceiem case 230, 231, 237, 289

NGAUS) pe eiae 20.1 /ocia a hearie == saeron 583, ADVAN Ei acs cin taken 230, 233, 236, 238, 797

584, 618, 620, 622, 623, 627, 632 OG VISE ALS eta fats ee eee ie apc 236

argentats var............ 623; |hcapella, Vancllusii... << 3 <ccteeateriicee === - =. 67

delawarensis var......... 623: RCAMPRSIS. ATTA gs tjacie ss sc tyare mineise © <--s'~ 6

Calitatws Totanus: ...- 22 s2ce- 5. - epee << 363 [Sfefe} (0) of: bo ee ee eet eee om 145
campestris, Pelidna..- si. nj. - debe - 275: |feapistratus, Garus.... 2. ..2<<+--<dpeieesdee 635, 648
MNGTARIS | --3¥ 2. do soe ee = SSOeCSTIIO, AlCA 56 ci cis csice slocis oe 5 SBE R eee ene 745

ADTIN GG 255 oe 5c5 < oteweetsieee 275, 287, 416 Map PNUSScce cee accceeiee sees 733, 742, 743, 744
camtschatica, Catarractes parasita var....... 686 Grylls. | 55% soriciese ceeaceraanc 743
Coprotheres pomarinus........ 686 PSCud Unie <2 <a ete tiae a> 5c see 745

PHA TIS: eco terre ote 773 TORN eek a tae See Fer 744, 745

SOM Mer ae tas cnicssoneeemeey sic 5th 1) Caribbean Bridled Tern... 5. <2. <dencterenes-- 512
camtschaticus, Phaleris...................-.-- 773 White-capped Noddy..........-.- 554
Simorhynchus-.......-- <n. Jueh\ecarinata, Hratercula. 5.o- sccmnsinc-ascercnn- 0 796
CANA (GAVIA = 62's oa tons sduaee acer => << - Gob | 9 Card tes 5 sopcios sme oc ae ena seseceenea-ece 342
WG Siac o atin ointesais aps lemre sebisiae <p Sayers 759 .| caspia, Hydroprogne ........-......--- 461, 464, 469
canadensis, etc., Fed0a ..wssascccenjes..-2<- 194,195 Sterna n.c.cas Pestewteny >= 460, 462, 464, 465
Totanus: -4.phagse,[ohennn- <<< < 194 BS POUNBee Rett: out actepemineeee'e 465
THIN PB escc ccleaner ae 244 Sterna(ihalassens)s... ccc ccccecle 465

candicans, Thalasseuse< <. 2... 2c... 5-o9sete 467 Sylochelidon: --... cos astlseeeebee ee 464
CGamdida, Alca cc. con = cicj-a/=~ oiteseradelnase «sis 1090S Caspion Tern. 255 not ons amleie oa seem setts a 461
Gy PISE Ae sics cieicinie wise scsi 558, 5633 |G casplea, Hydroprogne:. . ...5. << ssiefaenn- <<< 465

BIDE os o/s)... 25s paeteHtec 559, 560, 561 Siemans scccnctac eee eS etre 465

TTMOS Bes oo ese see aaa ee 194, 440 Swlochelid ones \4 0.2. csscio os seer caes 465
Scolopaxk. 22 5: path = =< 104) | Scaspicus, TP halasseus:.saesceepetietese- == Jee 465

StermMars 22. 2-3... 5 ase 557,558,560 |) caspivs, Helopus.. ..- 2. esepeccpene------- =< 465
candidus, Charadrius vanellus.............-. 69 Sylochelidony 2 5<ceceesmcmsec=sesnccs 465
WATS es 5.3 saectefactens s/e¢ ciao aaes 580 Thalasseuses cee tsocccccneascee osinee 464
TOU RIUU So oor oainpn ra teehee fete ole =/< 194, || }cassini INUmoenius... oc conse a ee aeeceee 330
canescens; GUOttiS...<- <a ce maaimaeeeties =< 327, 328 SimMOLnyNCHUS-=.. s--ceee esses eee ee 773
TATOLGOS 5-20: ss 0,0 spe aroenls erate =: 6's GSN Cassini wArctica cc nc. cctmas a aettes cei ee'ale 763
Scolopas.-c.<---csecosecruer osbee 327 Moergulusiscte. <2 ceespemecec soaecays 763

Stereo. <2 nc. 50> chop ease Eee AS 7st Cassinis Auklet. . a)... 0ciss0525s-cepepmese 761
‘ThalasseuS: <<... acuete sh pose AG Tig |W CALATACTS. oc = oc0s soem aine tus alemmncbemhea ss ame 674

Totanus..< <== > = aqamasabrepep eee 328 MINOT. 2 sods sasdoo. = ees 680
CAMOPIIATIS (ANCE oi ane oo 5 owns = <tc sola 787 PALASILICH ..; cece > - oer oe 696
cantiaca, Actochelidon...<.. sso. - sree 467 SEUWAE cinin-ic «<< aero neaememsre vi 678
StOMa, «..,<.< sn Peiows Ss aes 466° 467,477, 4796 | BCOLATACURS: «or. sos .coae ones «nm aeec eee hee 674, 717

(DH algSSCus) < <n spose Se <a - «15 478 lonpecaudatus. -<<...-<-nsespesse-< 698

TRSIASSOUS =. <n. 5 5 -e'alacne canine 467 PATASWICUS «cco. ope avesEs cree 691
cantiacus, Thalasseuss)...5.-.---sn-..---- 467,478 POMATINUS =. =. ~ ae rleeetess ce -'s 685
Cantiana p7iealitis : 2 os. ssce-5-5=- sages 139 SUS sc csseo ae) ae eae ccierer 678
cantianus, Mgialitis. ..........2..22.25-22.-- 139 WILIPSTIS Sha 324s oe- = eee eee «sewers 680
Charadrius... 25.2.2: =. pas 114,137,039.) catarackesyWuarus. .. 2... .0 0 ~ cee siaceninn 679
Thalasseus). =~ <occscens ccs meets 467 TOSUTIS). 3. ae << -% sempeentasshise~ se 679

COME Bp.) ee a a ee eee 631 Stercoravius: <0... .-sessecttbes 679
canus, Gavina.......... Bi oc See a TS G3ie| §Catarractaantarctica ...-....c.-0.<0- sete < 676
GIBRIGU Sse Sonja sew aces aden sosssoechu 631 CAD MUStencec ose vet. ooo eee 692

TAT OIG OS nn ot cere reste setanaiie ls =. « 631 FUSCA, ah ackio oc atoes® aepereeh 3 680
Lars... 573, 583, 584, 626, 627, 629, 631, 632, 634 Suge aN seas eee eee ee 678

Biss ark fot Seen: id ee RTRs O3Tcs | ACALATTACLOS soca oe eae scan e ine eee 674

canus var. brachyrhynchusa... 631 CaliformiCus .on .<a<4-= oes eee 725

Gavin) o<-.. copameeniones s.-e 631 VOMIMAR Sesser eiainio sae orale mee 727

808 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Catarractes parasitarii2 sissies 8 697" | }cephus;Catarractass-.22-..s cae semesee esos e 692
var. camtschatica........ 686 Catharacta: 22222 -20.2ias Stee nee ce 698
POMATINUS: Fi s2os Fes esa 685 estrisms.Ss5 sche tscossceneeee et] 692, 698
richardsonitsis tec esse ces 694 Stercorarius:--2sths eee see ee 698
TING VIA. esc ee es osc ce ee eee eens 720). (Cepphesws: s<ssee sence ce cso sse eect eea. 703, 704
Skuats? [rose ites. seseeectcee 678. ||| Cepphis®is 233-92 set ecw oes e came ooeweea 700
troile se oo See eee eee 123. |} CopphuS:2t5sse.n sce tine secs ean eeseeasa 703, 732
CLOSE eee eee eee 722 alles:2-s2 5. . Wait taseeeee ence 709
Catarractes, arus 5s5oo esr ee ee a oa 5 674, 679 QTCtICUS Lethe eet eee anette eee cace 736
WGOSWIS TOs See es oste ete 679, 686 QITAUES Re oc eee Meccisininsiserinels 729,731
Stercoranius:vosc2 22. lees 8 679, 686 Carbot west .secssceee eee 733, 742, 743, 744
Catarrhactatts sess eae ern ee oak cence eet 674 columba..... 732, 733, 736, 740, 741, 742, 743
Catarriiactes cesccmere cocoate cece csee 674 grylletsss Je tkete 733, 735, 737, 738, 740, 743
ANtarcticus-. whee sels e scene 676 Prylevaes ssascsaceneek eee 736
catarrhactes;-Lestrise sco. oe oon oc ees 679 MBNGCH Hes 2 ace gece aaoeee 740
Mogalestriss ee essse tect 680 Var Varlefataseeoosccooccsue 736
Stercoranus 2. teses ese ce 679, 680 Jacteolus?.A fits irs oaeiseee ses 732, 736
Catatrophorus semipalmatus................. 318 lomVvideeie te ee 725, 731
catesbacls Atricilla 350 c.cee es eee eeoece 641 Manatee Leese ee ee 739
catesbyi- AA tricilla #2 <i aesecr ete see ee ee 641 mandtil. .2.. 222224225 733, 736, 737, 739, 740
Catharactal cis. i. seeeeset Settee eee es et 674, 797 motzfieldiszs<22222.4ieeceeeee 733, 742, 743
antarctica’-2.223 esse sceatk eee 676 perdix 55 o et os ee eee 746
lonnberpitsts:22Yse-es2 676 SNOW eese eh tenet ee caaaias 733, 741
COPHUS ec tss ses SSS Be ges een 698. ||: cepphus;)Catharacte a cwosse ce tones ase 692
COpphus? .22ss.2e. Vl csticceescecses 692 TeStTIS esa so tse eee 692, 698
cChilensisSzis. ices avec ces ozss asic 676 Slercorariuss:52sseee oss eee eee 692, 698
Coprotherest sees ete sinces sees 692" |) (Ceratorhina: sree eo cae ane saison 778
lonnbergi clarkei...............-.. 676 monocerata se ee eee 781
intercedens............-. 676-|, | Ceratorhyneha son. -3 eke eee ce eee 778
lonnbergi.es.2:t27s. 5c: 676 monocerata.<72t 2. sdeceeseeee 781
maccormicki maccormicki...... 676, 677 occidentalis: <<. Sees 782
wilsonisioos-4 Eales 676: | (Ceratorhynchuss<<.ce eee ene eee 778
parasitica.<. 222254534 -eceseceeees 696. | ‘Ceratorrbina 22 22e sb essere ee 778
SKUG SSeS eS 674, 678, 797 oceidentalis.2222cssesese8 422% 782
Skuasecttstcscrece cess 675.678") (Cerorhina=:: 2h :.22<2<22¢scaseeeeeeen eee: 778
Catharractes Westrisieee tetas eet ee eee 679 Cerorhyncasstis tects eee ee 781
Catoptrophorusycwisec. sates. ses se 145, 148, 314 monocerata:<2 sss ee 781
CTASSITOSUTISSs225.0. cee cee ee OLD occidentalisssitsteee cic 782
semipalmatus.......-.. 315, 318, 321 orientalis...<+.. ssseseeeweene oe ee 782
inornatus..... 315, suckleyiew ie 2S TS eee 782
$19/322' | (Cerorhinca s2...-%'.\.ne~t ttaheee ieee ees 703, 705, 778
semipalmatus. 315, COTOUILS 237.2 2c canes ee eawe 778
318, 319 Monocekata = 5%. /os2 ste ees 779,781
spectiliferus:so.s88 Feo 321 occidentaliss<---<. ee 770,778, 782
CatosparactesieburneuS...2.....5...2csec cee 580 | Cerorhincha monocerata................----- 781
cayana; Stermasc.. se. .ectkee ett oeee ce 465,470 | Cerorhyna monocerata.............-------.-- 781
cayannus, ‘HoplopterusS...2.%%\.s%).se sense 7L+'| (cororbynca; Phaleris.ntocncteccce cee cee sce 781
cayanus; Charadrius: :is:::cssescces2 ecco 69, 70,71 | Cerorhyncha monocerata. ..............---.- 781
Hoplopterus 2242220335 5cc2s cee aoe 71 | (Cetosparactessis: intercessor ee 575
Hoploxypterusi:s:222:s24sc2esen. 70}71 || \chaleopterus, Laruss<2eeasesee eset es 594, 596, 599
Thalasseus:.-.'.4 Coke. Ace ee tees oe 471 Larus (Laroides)...-......... 594, 596
VANOMUS!Soec2sseteseme en sae ceca 71 WOUCUS= "Sst coe Seen tes eisiors 594, 596
cayennensis, Charadrius:-.s:2....02220 2. 022-06 62..| |\Charadridte-<t 4-4 2222225-4<8sinome ore eeeeece 24, 61
Gelochelidons<:..3 S203... 44 | (Charetiizestes.se:.2 1,3, 4, 6, 18, 24, 25, 26, 57, 58, 62
Phatthusas..is2ssctstessece. A75;476 | \Charadniidse sac. js3521 52a 3, 22, 24, 25, 26,
Scolopaxs<z22s.:2¢32s80 Tk 200 56, 57, 61, 62, 69, 72, 79, 94, 98, 107, 114, 144, 200
Stermaseenstoct tse soes 471,475, 476'"| (Charadriiformes®;.-:...22=-2:s----e- 1, 2,3, 144, 145
Thalasseusstcstcsctc.c-eeeesscs 47 | \Charadriinwi-eciecs =< cc. .tsete see eee cccae 61, 62
Cayenne PlOvere.4 54582 sete cae ster cee eacss 70 | (Charadriomorphe: <:<:.:.4::26cs2ctesecce ce 3
Snipers ists tassassereeceo eens 200\¢| ]Charadriomithesess:.+--2.2228 scseeece eee cee 1
Wermlert sl ssssie sss ska ee eases RAY) (Charadrius*=2<d2e:52 2225268 =s22scen5 * 64, 79, 114, 115
Central American Jacana..................-. 9 (Egialitis) vociferus............. 104
Cophus‘alles2 sassemsasssschtcsessteen ses one 709 alexandrinuis-222 204 029.5- 128, 137,139
sryllosercetins Seaeemttere se etsasees 735 altifrons..::222 2325525 ss0c5e0er eee 83
mMidisnerisss:5sssssassee nese sce eoNe 740 angels fo ose rs ee ae eee 98
MIN OF sr. 2232255645 AST Stk s ee cee ses ae 710 Aphicarius:=s22-steeeee 78,79, 81, 83, 85

INDEX.

Page.

@haradrius'auratus ~~ ome ee acts < 83, 88, 93
BZANIO arama sterac coe celia see eies e eee 143
DISHTIATHS oes ace casas eses eee 20, 22
DLOVITOSEIIS. oe ise. ce eee 118, 119, 120
CANATISSss2- cele eee eae seen 307,314
Cantlanusscccnacase. ccc ceie c- 114, 137, 139
MLVOSUS seco soe eee 139

CAYVANUS S225. wuicc cone sete cee 69, 70, 71
CEYVENNOUSISS eee ee eee 62
CINCIUS Pe nsee te een ences seus 51
CipPhepidesmusss se.) /<-c ese sete 114, 135
cirrhipedesmus:s-2.-.--. es eee 136
COMATIS seen soe ee eee 116, 140, 142
CTASSITOSEMS saeco seer ete eee 112, 113
CULONICHS ha5s2- ese eee ee oe 126
dominicanus fulvus............-- 92
GOMINICUS = 27-(-7 <a ace eee 85, 86, 94
Gomiinicusiscnca.c--1-)- 85

TU VS 22 eee eee 92

Var. dominicus. cine 86

FUVUSs eee 92

Gubius .2t2eet ee chewstees 115, 124, 125
CbYyLATOPUS 2-1 = ae eee se cles e 126
(Eudromias) morinellus.......... 98
AU VARTILIS Re aie sg ico stacis ne Sele 127
fulvustie cece ee Soren 89,91
americanus........... iS 88
Dsvirginicuss=.-=-pe- = =s5s 87

var. dominicus a. fulvus. . 91

VEL VITeiniCUS $2655 5 scl 87
VILPINICUSS =... eae 87,93
PlaUcOpusa nee nase ee See 93
PTACHISs-* or rene scene ee eee 128
SUMIATIS ee oa ee eee oe ee ee 136
MOLVEtCUS-.-\05 sedate eee ees 75
igtiColae sss eee eee 123
niaticola sce eters -cieeiecee 128

MAjOL. Steet eee eee 124
hiaticula......... 114,115, 117, 120, 121,
122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 130
hiaticulass-.\os. - see 122
(Hiaticula) longipes.............. 94
hiaticulaymajor-—-.-..cs.-5-.. 5s: 124
Valier’. icles siete ate 130
hiaticwloides << ..2--. .sseetess- oe 128
Himantopus-....2---see eee ose 441, 446
Binsstasenseeeseee oe ae 446

hvahiCola. <2.) sass... st eee 123
My POMBIANUS = <= =5,.-5-5 020555655 78
Hy POMElUS Aan ew cok heck eee 78
WNOINAUS==s-0 «sess eee ee 136
INUCEMOGUS: =< cso eeesocnsee eee 128
THLORPIES 3-5 50) 23525 Se seec os oe 50
JAMAICONSIS Sse etesee ck ketn seek 104
IRRVabuS= ees. ce ech at ote Aste S 143
KGUCODOLIUS 5. c' ease sees teenie 114,115
LONPIPOS ~~ ci cscs se-Se eens cease 93, 94
p001:\ (0) Ao, Ses Se ed 124
NAT PANS HIS are caheross eee oes 114,115
MALMOLAGUS 23-055) oe si caer 88
megalorhynchus................. 79
melanocephalus..............-.. 56
moeloduss-.-. 5-225 115, 128, 130, 138, 361
eireumcinctus.-.-:-....2: 132
MexICANUS?-.2 sian sk TA eae 442,444
HIN OD esas cas maeke ee eeak ee eee 127

809

Page.

Charadrius minor jerdoni.................... 128
WU GS eee te meee race eee 127
AGUSS TIS eee ee ee ee 64
MONPONCHS Sea eee ee eee 94,135
Monppluseesseso- ee eee 114, 115, 132, 134
MONtAMMSssaseee tesa ee cette 104, 106
morinellus--cs22.+.- 94, 96, 97, 112, 124
MEB VIS a ere sere oe cee aeons 78
Wve ONS Se cee eee 115
MUVOSUISE A hoe ee eee 116, 137
THVOSUS Soe eee 116, 136, 139
tenuirostris........ 116,137,139
GOCICMOMUS!: 2h. se eee 18
ORGMI meee see eee a ae nee 131
OULOMtaL Seen ccc ee eee eee 93
MALdelarecert - case we ce eee oe 78
PECUOLANS Cet ceme ec eeeria see 86
philippensiss<s. ce aces cee eee 127
DUD pines ees eee eee 126
PlnVishiSee se esses ose 79, 82, 83, 86, 92, 93
Bi octc emen oe eee "86
americanus. ..-........< 88
Bewiteinicus!sts.<eseeee 87

Py ONS POS cams ce Soe eee 94
OMONtaliS ace eee ee 93

Wik Dic ctadicic Saree toner ch etter 93

var. virginicus.........- 87
DUSLIUISE ee ee onan eee ene eee eee 127
DYZUASCHS Sac e ne tee ce ee 128
pyrchothorax soca. tesa nee ye 136
MUDIGUS2 seems se coe are eee 314
PUNCOLIS ace tomer eee ee Cee 63
SSUPMINCUS =<. So cem ocean 136
semipalmatus.. 114, 115, 116,117, 118, 120
SIDI CUSE Ls coowes creer Agence se 98
SPITIOSUS, <n ace mente sense be 71
SQUALALO aetna neon sere eens 74
Bioeisce cite aciem eects 78
(Squatarola) helveticus.......... 78
squatarola.......... 74

SLOIAUUS 25. <-as co aiseiecceusoneoan 71
VALCOUSISe soe croc ccna eases eens 93
Cantaricuseecc scams eccepaeee eee 98
COLQUEUUSS sca a- ce cetacean 104,124
UW LOPlENSIS cn asec eeciae eee aes 237
vanellus...... Disinieiesisiaeinme = Sasieies 66
Candidus cscs esncees eee 69
pallidussey-aeccate esees 69

VallUScsc ere dace mee ecce 69

VENUS oo tote meneame Nee ence ane 78
WIT PHUACIS es emesentteee on cecce 88,93
IFS ANICUS=- test mere ee ceca ne 88
ViIFQINIAMUSs<- epee aces ee neon. 88, 93
VINPIDIAUSS ee nedcece eeet sens 88
WILSIMICTS eaten ans cones stan 86, 87, 93
WITPRRETITISM a cece ce Non acon ch 88
VOCHOLUSset ene cee cene 98, 100, 101, 104
Bence tee ose eee 104

Wilsomla Goon. sc oece sts oasee 107,110,113
Wilson c- e-sone ce een eens 112
Wilson snccloes seca hetee tes 111
WLISOMLUS fabs = esas ce getemes cee 110, 113
WATLCATIOIG Cece sane ceeeee aot eee 61
WINCEIOlAUIN 22 Josaet ee taco t ete 6]
FAN CHOCNOUUSS so-so cee ae oe eee $3

WONBUS costo tceccmses ccs c cease 128

810 INDEX.

Page. Page.
CHEIMONGS {5 -- -aacce Seco eet aa sneer , 564 | Chroicephalus philadelphia.... 636, 645, 646, 647, 659
GLIGACUY Beene sete teen emieneens 568 SCHIMPeCLl = oc 2.2 < <2 > seigetanes<<e 645
Chelido 25 oon ae cccsce sisine isle apinien cncepies ste 485 SOLTANUS so ct=sicine feeeriereeiesiae ata 645
Chejochelidons—. oc coco ss pemarsce eee se 479 SubUliIrostris! syn snsseeee= es 649
Chemsoc pe cine on oro cs ese ea aa aeeetece 662)" Chroocap DaluS. cis scm oo ieloeieloele esteem ets 635
SAD eemnaatc altri ae era eae es 668 TNT GTS oes ctelele aeons 652
Choralopas nanos cn sce cence seceeeesice TOF Ch bial c/s s<cr sete < eesicim eae eects ae aioli 159
GHenalOpOXe oeasct tec teans - + oes ce seer onc LOS |B CCONOM as aes ast oie Selec see eee eee 705,767
TIMPONIS y-'cse = ee eee p reas eis 713 TIGLOCELOS says) sei seer ieeeen 769
POPdS 2. wacee coerce eect se 717 MOCUTOSETIS erences alae aiels alae eee els 770
COTS CUS ola onan ree ae ec ia a Si Sate sie 792 USUI sepals Secs 768, 769
Chilensis, Cathalactae conte <= tgte vices ce tase 676: | 4 Cinelingeys ses. cnoaneisinacincieee aaenoreceee ie 42
Mer aleStlisers.. ce csceeeeemses 676; 678t: 4 Cinclys sae ese /ae steer clase be eee aac 43
STGRCORAMIUS sciences acre a oiaiciaic oie 676 INUCT PLCS <7 wie.c cclssieomiaaieletspemaeiele siete 50, 54
antarcticus )....-.--< 676 MIO. se occas Gece cee eee 262
MOTADUS Sa sc yes ciewistneinc seyeisiains eos 337 MUOPINGIUS raze sigseniere es ese aloe te 52
@HIMGrING.. ceases occ ee aeeeeemsals vias 778 (Strepsilas) interpres.....-..-------- 50
COLDNULAS acta snne coe Fe ere eae ats 782 TONQUATUSS 22 cme te ee eee eee eae 262
MONOCCTALA =< s2-6 o25.0 ace ygs ais 780) | }einclis; cA Ctitis. 2 ssi= scree winiseaiston.ciaieoele islets 372
Ciinensis, Erolia ferruginea............-.--. 255 CRALAGnIUSs «oa n.25 cys oe panei eee el
PCHOSMICIUIS Ss nis cess sted eases at 255 PeOBON Aa em tee ie tis an eee ene 261,264
ARTIS Wee oc ne sais Heise eae sistent 266 SCHOCMICIUS. accidne cos asisceeine seems 261
UN Vic sera one ei cjassaatate tare 266 |-~ FARTING 8 scistesaia'n'c,- aia siaicieatarets 256, 260, 261, 264
GINCIUS VAI aac tess 206: |. ieinclus Var: elma. 2. ce canen seen aces 287
CRO] dia) 36 samae Seen 2D. TCINGEA.,. VANOUUS nice ae wsinocele cide cee 64
WhiONIdeOS= eat aeosertassaecoeee ne as 12,0; 49449) I CIUCrACOd SCOOP AK <c.cnere ne eiemiccisica seis 327
CNIOMICIA SE | ac -- cocee se see sec easieres Sfoloe seen 2, | {Cinerariws;, WATUSS,. << csece ens etececiiceeece 570
ONION O10 6 22 resem eho ee aes cic aajats, aie, w o.siais 4 | {¢inerascens, Phalaropus.--2-.ee0- <0 saeeina'« 429
CDIONOMORD NG sortase oie ce emo me neice 4 PUD YM ChODSsasee cccisse jaereener 457
CUITME US) MEINE Acre sear ns eer neces aa 6 DU PT Aer sci eiclsiste as 457
CONG Omnia See ee sb cepe secret cence 526 IRV DCHOPS. cjeeia ssc aieselereier= 451, 454, 455
Ch OM ase ne tee othe ee eer ceseee acess o 526, 797 NOTA. osc cseiases 457
MOIANOPS 6 eee oe Sc ieiseescis 5265080, 090, || {CMNETOS,. HUIS A <2) <.ccs:<iwieto nia bce eminaecicese eles 571
nigra suringmensis...-.......-..- 535 DCOlOPEXs seg scesens-\ssis sees 225
Chioripoda, Phe tsa... once ences sos eqse= = 541 SQUALALOL AN. «<< mice a man eiesieece 79
: StOMSisacccs dor c= seatecmins ce 540,543 DOIN ones oe ease ele er eae 538
MSL ASSCUS sere See age ecient iia 543 MOTOKIS nz. ois 301s o86ieie cities cece clissies = 225
chloropoda, Phaethusa. ..--.--....---------- 490 APTN Pee soos wae acess =e ae cee 237
Stet ans scree cee eas eee 490 | icinereg-caudatus, Larus .-.-<.02 cn mcjepoees 645
Chloropus, GUOttIS =< ~26.<.<. oi 2s os wei ninsiniininis= 328: |MCINETOUS, CanUGUSs cp icsicctescsicceis-mcleease=e 237
TOEANUS. ... + --- 2 ease se sices ais 328 Tats ca... sfojaic Sara) o.aic)sisie eater soles 616, 631
chloropygius, Rhynchophilus....---.------- 362 IPNAWELODUS 5 se cieminceao se ace e ete 423, 429
STO GAINS oreo <etsla om etioiayaraisi ani 362, 364 MROCANUS 2). ies cease eee ae 224
ChorlitG's Col brn] capo aa s= oan rere oan 3 ame 287 | cinnamomea, Tringa solitaria.......-- 353, 359, 363
CAIMPOSING. Ac cieee nose = pee alweiaie sicleee 416, | (Cinnamomeous) PlOVer. «125+ <scjncpemepiaeee |=" 113
Pardo MBAYOLr...---- 2. oe nes cewecees 342 | cinnamomeus, Helodromas.........--------- 365
TUIMOE: cocccsascs ce cmemne wee ee 362 SOMPATIUS seeeiccien'= 365
DESUOLG] OLD ALGO ec crpe nes ocle Selina sae 285 Totanus solitarius......-...-- 365
DIGS TOXKOS: sesiscmaipaes sees eeeaaens 314 | cinnamomina, Ochthodromus wilsonia. -.--.- 113
ribetos blancos acanaledos..-..--.-- 385 Pagolla wilsonia....---- 108, 109, 110
tATSO COMPLIMeldo <2 << cs we wes. <e 432 | circumcincta, Mgialitis meloda.......--.---- 132
PUTOOCOCOPHG Saeciscc cm sw.cscrmpic ccm gaint 635 DVaL a picsie'ee = 131
BUVICUI As ciarsrieie cine Maeteree oe ciee 640 De Varenosesas0 glo
atricillus....- eerie eicva(e 640 Vial es seicicteeicie 132

HPOMUBMO SS cers oiasie de ccc <s 644 var. circum-
Philadelphia: «.. .cecccmis-<<< 647 cInctaibi.<.5) Lal!
philadelphiae.............. 647 | circumcinctus, Agialitis melodus......---.- 132
Chroicephalus....- 22-2. .2.s-cns- ce ccccces 564, 635 DeeVale ces. 131
SUNICMIA cosas 610, 636, 640 NBT a orciee 131
DODSPANUIL. «oc ceteratatepase apepelnssi=ie 648 VAT oc eisicoss 132
CUCIIATUS Ss crea:ste- we peieieisimeini- 644, 645 Charadrius melodus. -...--.-- 132
{TAM KIA 5 ow jeia/aieepets mlepacielnae 644. | icirrata, Fraterculajc.. cj. <2 ocnin main nn cnnies'e='~ = 796
framiklinit. cece pm 636, 638, 641, 643 MQtI OS seria, csies se ois eee e eee 796
IG GUG Zane soto rier teenie cies sie G45 | scimat ha, Al Ca earn os afora saree cic olnteleisiniele marie 796
TOUR UU UES srs cts ain ate ein la/apaictelaiaieeret= 652\-|' (Cierepid CSMUS so si. 10- 37-rerioles = seein ealemtcl 114
AN OGESTUS. sass scers sense eiaacica 653 MONZOLCUS. . - «6-06 -nis,nieisis.e aie ois 135

INDEX. 811
Page. Page

CIA Ay ANCA else < oo) eal man eee a c OZ es Ose lRCOBD OMA CEOOTOMIGS 2 oar coca eee eee 290

NOTION ae ceiletete ancl tsi ieee 794 (Heteropygia)..--...--.. 290

(MOTE OWN) atone aea en in we 794 FICLOYODY P18 s-<em- 2b = sme sa tose capes 290

BTAUSECUI Ss oe cineetine wineeeeee se canis 796 ESODINEE Cate aetee sae ce ecnces 268, 289, 290

WUD MA ites.c - scatt eee siee cece 783, 793, 795 PRM SAG cna ene nde sie seen erie 290

(MQTINO ieee eta a 5 saeco Semele (AlCEOUrOMAS). 5. <> --ieee p= = 290

PaO TIS osteitis 2.0 o/a1o15\es\o1=\s)<1=\= = ecied yo 7OGml RCOOVET > LEI e Nec. adineean ee = aciec scene oorese 290

Clrnh Ait ROMO se. ajeieimis ee) tage eet (2p; 790" | COODeEI?S mand pipers. cic ce eee eer <n an casei oj 289

CUEEDATUIS PMOL OM sc ac toattette alah p eee 195 || Coot=fontede ring a oo. <n sseemein ce cemerse sve 429

cirrhepidesmus, Charadrius..........-...-. LTA Apa a CODTOLNELOSticieeyas,- — = -~ =: cine Plame ss =iniemic tee 674, 680

cirrhipedesmus, Charadrius..........-------- 136 PORIANIBUS |. s<ctiece~ ceemias opel 681, 685

Cinnhocephalamesie secs -c ca ncnnnsecmscer ee 635 camtschatica.....---- 686

Clnpborephalus PATCH CA ar onan cc icieccteininininie 759 pomatorhinus....-- wag Sa SEER RK 686

WO ATUS sie eis olcseneieaee = ni0 635" jcoprotheres; Catharacta... 0... 5... cece nen 692

IMGT OTIS Ee tra ceierateia cis inieimininis 759 Lestris parasiticus a..-......... 692

Cirripedesmus mongolus mongolus.....---.-- Jom ICORdilera, VACA Ascetic e amine pw ice memo ai 13

Re mCOPN AlN cance ae ese oe cone oe aac 635 Parraleyeeechcmcescceccere asec ee 13

eitrirostris, Larus (Laroides) ..-....-...----..- 5pm) ACOLMICHIAta, AllGatsss tanec coccmeccccpcmceeaes 791

MO lad OFM yNGHUS ase 2) ae am icism a cinwine inane 436 Fratercula.........-... 783,789, 790, 791

clarkei, Catharacta lonnbergi.......---------- 676 Wand aes roscccc sscooe ces aeepes 790

Megalestris lonnbergi......-.-------- 676 MOTMIONG cseonse tees see OES cee 790

Clipperton Noddy........-.:-..-----.- BP eae 556 IPMAIELIS: cente=ces eect cece eee 769

Clupoilarus = stesPet smn. ~ sinc -cmeys Se ae o80s|| \corniculatums Mormon: ¢<. 2. <2. cae cise ac 790

ARITA Soe aceite cinia a 60S icormiculstus Mormon So c.< 220+ Je. emcreeesees 790

PUSCOSCOIS a stoinie(einin/s sissies inion 609 | cornuta, ererhineats secs ee ee 778

PUISCLIGM ate a sss ce ntigieeaicelseirslee 582 Whimeritiats tcc. ncs-c 220 acceso 782

Coccineixostrisy SCOTS. abe ese cin ciclpe cori 5047)| leouesipArquatelldiee: ...-..sces sa omse cece 248, 249

CORIOLIS GAIN A LO). oie o.com a ate ide iene 168 PATOL ee ttc y aise 249

SCOlO DAR en tani peiskejee sete i= eine 168 SUID SP ess -rrcieaiei 249
CaleorampPhissseiicns< ses nic mninccacseismeses cites 4 subsp. a. Arqua-

Collaris) Algialites asses oo. ene =< teiemeiee oc 142 tellaw aes 249

ei ali tisaehetes o.eic.acssiscsiseceee 142 ptilocnemis -....... 239, 241, 247

(Nop ai bISe! ce, c.es ate sce See snace Sea 143 Orin oa ine sate es aera series 249

haradnitishs sasvoa-lscse see 116, 140, 142 maritima: ./...:.-.--2--+--2-- 249

Hii aticnlaartre. < oe ok ccs ccc eee 143 (Arquatella) maritima var.... 249

Weucopolias) sq. <<< <a<ec 228 -a eee 143m |;icouesil, Arquatella:<ssrase snes ee sees en 249

Morinallpemeete coos oeebnccsa eee 50 | Coulon-chaud de Cayenne......-.....--.----- 55

SELOPSIBMSHR arial. tes <n niaje eae ie 51 gris: de:Cayenne’. S22 225202 c2.0e 55

Sire psi age rc, <misincatareecepeaeeee s Ra MOMACULCOIMIS= sacs nas acc ens cacee cae aemeee eae 385

PRED AR ES SNE ic bie siccin elds ewlen ace ee eee 668 ATNUASCUISSS STDs Se ee ee eee. 389

columba, Cepphus .... 732, 733, 736, 740, 741, 742,743 | crassirostris, Catoptrophorus............-.-. 319

Grnydle Sear ccise oe eins ease = 736 Charadrivisy scsccceetemecee ee 112, 113

PSetidurlasen ate eaer oii Sos e=is 742 AO i Ree eSseso oducoasos.pdacce 319

UTR AEE eee ek Bes 742, 743 rin aes sasecece a 231, 246, 249, 279

Columbarius;sPlantus: 5... ..--ceqenpsetse och 706,709 | craveri, Brachyramphus ...... Saaeaeeceeee soe toe

COUP DUOTIMESEG Sse <1 mooie since cess ene 1 Brachyrhamphussscicinsccceceess ce 754

columpina, Stermas:2- 2 --.-.- om -igemmgina neds 467 Mndomiychurdcsesssccc sess eee 751, 753, 754

columbinus, Larus!--..-...-..-.------9- =< 497, 527 Micrntigaseccsccsese aetna ee sree sae 754

Columbus langvideteee so... son aoe 724 (Urraetenncnee sere raciteceoe alates sei 751, 754

Colkymibus glocitans. .. 72s -2ceccs-cmees=s 22 710 | craverii, Brachvramphus....:.:....22.....-. | 754

fey Es epspaceecossadne 710, 734, 738, 743 Brachyrhamphus: 5-2-2202. osc. c eee 754

prylluss2ee . -,- . ssc pees oe i36n|) OraverisiMupreletetcssatccceceeseet et st ec aeee 753

Iacteolus-6-ssee act SoReaacceT one {Sors | CLAWIOLGL Gy PIS *sedecccsccdce tones cee name ee 559

Namevigia fe 2825 emcees = a= sees 724 | Creagrus..-... Saccaee oe Riots sdcaseseus 564, 658, 659

TMATMOLA US soesce eee =a nemini=e'= 745, 747 SUTCATA ta anenestem eae see asiereieicinic 662

MVIN OTS. 5 <eeeeiatiela eaten =a 723 TUTCATUIS Hs ere cece ss 659, 661, 662

troile.<..5.542- eee sas sce Wout) crepidatay bestristsicysce.s.ccs cs Sooctete 692, 697

WET CBs cea os ceo sesame rs ci° 724) jerepidatus; Larus. =. Jo -sad8scsscccccee 683, 692, 697

By rs IE oP ti 724 WeStris: <4. 4c05.055 sake aaa ee 692

CLOWO Fae <n rcie= =o 717, 721, 722, 725, 731, 787 Stercorarius. -. ce peas Set ener 693

COMBTATSLONNAL oo <0 0 so c< mene seen eee ae ae 4745\\ (crepitalus, Oceanis: <- -.<1- -cie}seejtes--- =~ 697

CommonUhermeees - - 4 c325-s-naserecesosnaee 4937) Crested Autklet. ..-. 255. tenes <aets Ei bionscs 775

communis, Scolopaxtscasccese—a<- == -a2en heat 154) erinitaneOmia tee. <<. 32 52c.32.0- aeeeeeee <a> 773

Vanellusicristatus.... -- << --<n3se 69 Haliplana fuliginosa var....-...-.-. 488

consul) Glaucusses5 5 << 325 eat eet ase ne = 589 Sterna fuscata............ 488, 516, 519, 520

WATUSS ee erene ses asacscs 5 ee ae DSOMIMCTISSALISH SCeMn ates. 2. oases cence cascccnseen 520

812 INDEX.

Page
crissalis, Sterna fuliginosa.........---. -»-. 488,520
var., Haliplana fuliginosa.......... 520
CEISE ATH ANCA: aite.ciceiien sciatic te sciretanenrenreeis 778
SUCRE Ae icine daieinalsinemiaie saeereleeiveciaet 471
cristatella, Althia.. 5.2.5. cece ccinme Wejie MEOy MAK:
. ACthia'. 355 -\<ec0 ais a(wlere/aloinielelsiovaisisin 77
PAU CAAA setenisisaaieeisaeesenecicts 773, 774, 776
Fravercula: <<. - ds... sinevatactetrie'= seen HOG
Phalerisis<o-s.sccscanecere =< vice CLO lO
(Thyleramphus).......-.. 776
WIAs ase ase sacle eecniceio se a
oristatelitis, pMormon Gere. se ccscenccees'-ces 773
Simorhynchus. <.- 2-5 ..-...-< 776,777
TP VIOTAI DRUG ie niojsic sisicis.siec'ein'si='s 776
Wylorham PHUS\ cc iase nce sec egtes 776
cristatus, Simorhynchus...............-.-.-. 778
Wanelluse.cc-cscsisseise =/eisieicjoys is! siaisi 67, 69
Cristella eH QMOniSs omen cle cence a\=\callssiewie=\<es 773
(CROCELHIGE steeis'= a <fein/anie(steyeluie 5 oicisarsleeine aici s-« 307
GCrymophila:) ss. < eistenissisiee Maca aatates 417
Crymophilus <<<... 3... 5-0<ccecszee ajaremiie sierate 417
fl CATIUS wascleSe psec ecee 421, 422
TULMUS-:<--1\6 aictalcielyiaieie wise jelclevala(alelave 422
Cuban Snowy Plover...... Sissies BB ere Scie 139
cucullata, Gavia. ..cc.sts- cee ee sesiscmeeeas 645
cucullatus, Chroicocephalus.........-.. »-- 644, 645
TU AUUS aioe saeco tales ic ssie stelnieewsie ehais 644
Gurlews Bristle-thished. =<. ccccasctieis cociciesie's 407
SEAM A UX. «5 j01</6/5 010: /sinis:ciere\sisicels\sein isis 404
II SKALMO sa cfaieicte:a i= datas recisiaisisisiescisec ions 412
SUTOPCAN sus lst eis cca eines aoe os SSO
Hudsonian........... Sejomis csc eitee - 402, 404
Lesser long-billed........---.000.2-00- 394
TONS DUNO arakiae Se seicierincd oe sie siesicisie 390
TU ZONA 2) s0.si0' seisinci> foe eieisiconiete cis 397
Carlew (Sandpipers sacs << cesses) toeseleej~-ir0 250
Curlirius....-. Se nineselainteenieptemelaeTyestelesinielsiaiai> 395
CULOMICA A IAI EIS! < <7. on jc!a;- o:c,s:c(sieieinisiniejieiSoieps 126
Pia Cia Oe a on one cisnoisiaaitenaniaawis 126
Curonicus, Algialites. 7 <n... t7ccinmencesbisciese 126
pA Pe TEAS iat asi al teiatetsyainisinis Sialersici<iie 126
NOoIalitisis ce <.~ecicjeia ome eesaeislaisiee 126
(CHArAATIUS Nos < <15)sioaniniers scisieSeeincinie 126
CUTSOFaaesasiscies oe ais se occa bane demeesistens 2,4
Cursorlid sats -jse rete «si sasmasiacceoticosste 4
Cursonus, ;Malcinellusec «,..<)<\</<:s:,0.0.c10,5)c10jmcte ciate 255
CUHYSNAatha StOrn ayo. cies: 10.<:<,<:01010n/s,a1spyomesiaeis 475
Curynorhynchus. ..-......- Bae eeecisicsees - 302
CoteWiatersss cs S-cccaiernts potas aetteiere| Sms cite 452
Cuyieri, Halcinellusiett eject i50c.e ein chicnsianciaeeis 256
Cyanorhinchys Wars. < -\oic,<j6 Se <j0:<jsfeuinjore.e J eiaishfy a OO.
Cyanorhynchus, Warsi... cnc wewisinisemaeice 631
Cyclorsbynchus ~<a slates a ta,5:5 0 aic/e sie toloim sivinicis 763
DSICbACUIA tase wacinsem eee pienso 766
psittacwluss saci sat << sisi obeimete 766
eynosure, Squatarola squatarola............ 79
D.
dalamottl; Scolopax 32 Jas jsoce eee sens nies 170
damacensis, Actodromas....22 2 0222222.... 301
Limonites. 25+ ee 301, 302
Pisobig.e ssi cissssssscsas eens 301
Totanus- si sssse0ee< 266, 267, 293, 301
Tringa? so. SPU eae 266, 293, 301
(Actodromas).......... 301

Doefilippias -swssssss052.eedssseasseastetewes < 62

eee eee ee wee eee wee

delamotti, Sternula
delawarensis, Larus... 583,623, 625, 626, 629, 632, 659
787

eee eee eee eee ewe eee

dethardingii, Scolopax
diamesus, Megalopterus.-...........-.-.-...-

discolor; Haliplana: 2 ceccteccec cence meee
Dominicans! 2 o5isiccsssscac scenic cee teneeas

dominicanus, Larus
dominicensis, @idicnemus

@orbignni, Larus
d’orbignyi, Larus
dorsalis, Pelidna

Double Snipe
dougalii, Sterna
dougalli, Hydrocecropis

dougallii, Sterna
doughlasii, Tringa (Hemipalama)
doughlassii, Tringa
douglasi, Sterna
douplasii;Scolopax strc csoscacce sees seenese

2,3, 4,24, 144

DYOMAS 2 2co joss sss sss eee ees

drummondii, Gallinago
DCOlOPAX.® ote oot ees s

dubius, A&gialites

531

531

174

553

556, 557
554, 557

275

508

1,4

4
4
63
63

176
125, 126
778

INDEX. 813
Page Page

aii tieh Garis meseaceaescccadcce HOPeeor ae 126 7 | ET OlIA VATICPAtA. «ac <2 emcn cece anaseasee 249, 255

Charadrius: s.c<c-nace.seaen ce HID Aea Loe PP MONGs ceca cce sc ae cess acsseccmemaeme se esis 147

SYMOLLYNCHES = ow oom ep jenisinnin santo ts 778 | Eroliine.. 144, 145, 146, 147, 177, 182, 196, 204, 209, 218

UMN se iain 2v.o\oiseieisissaiscisinelsisias'si=cisjsinrsisis wiala'aie Dd ee kuly NOL UYN CUUS ae sented cciscemecicitacie as eielacts 302

PNM ONICAN oes a aceicis amcsicine et eastencs Shem eEVtDLOPONYS =c5 sot sccces ces acomernmecens as 62

aurmordi, ematopus. .- ooo. cesccecne scene Zon meLy LOrOpus, Charagniuses «scm sn «nereaine aie 126

Dusky-tailed Skimmer.................-.--- 455 | erythrorhynchos, Sterna...............----+- 471

: : Sylochelidon.........-...- 471

E. MOP VGHEOSCOMS. «22 a2 son ceei ane aacssccserecace 148

CELE OD VIO cetaceans ese mareaie sie) sio ante asia Sa WLUDY COLOSCOLUS GE. ... cco cincielccivscets csisieiieiscaere 148

DFAT S eae ia sna iaarcinaaaaaseaeicie«isie)= OSM SKimawx: Carl6wWee. -.cc-ccccsceepsiccsisnecle 404

Pavopnilass-cacasiecasiscmecencns 579; 580))| Esquimeaux Keeask. 55-12... 0c. cccnceaseces 680

eburneus, Catosparactes...........-..---.--- 580 a| PEsquimo Curlew... -...cciec- cccccsssbesicies 412

Gavia conceccciesasincccwesineeie cece LOM etal CROMMIAS Som tciscrwic dissin sicle se ltivie « eleeceinsiesicicts 63, 94

NADU oesmeie erste ieicisieieieisicieieiseieeinis 575, 578 MONLOMCUSE cas ecmacieten «cae omce 135

(Eagophila) iene osecssienieae 580 MONAT Aare cecilia cessation =n 98, 107

BAPOpHM dae ea ciecmpinacecetianeeee 580 PTLONUAILUS -cieteo = asinine smacieeeieina 107

BETA MALE reat la ae ere ieimictaini cis aisinieisiaieeeieeicie ieee 580 ANOVEMOMLUS ss csonse tics oseis orien 95, 97,98

ALCON AVA ceases eeaaeeecersceeen 616 SUOMOS oo scecisincieree sce cesisccinsss 98

Qlepansr ee Re NUSA << conse eee e 474, 476 WilSOM coco cc cetececcrteuwesaat 114

Lena sos a cerescaeeee AT DATS Aas On EMI CAINNR PO. cach cc oceccee nc speccieisinceiscts 160

(Tbalasseus)=saccsceacescece ATA GMM Cas te etacme cote ee « veiciceteee can tact ecer 378

PNSIASSHUS scccec coe sie seas a AGT 5460 42) 4 7 Seal OW Pidwasae ence ceo ccn cosas ce camecs acpice cic 378

WISP AMG NOUNes cee aceite mcce icine aciccclensica.cs 472 DALLLAMIA eo. cesses clecenecerecc ene 383

QMIPUSA NCU Se ene cesta orcancscceescsce ss 372 | Eupoda wilsonia rufinucha........:........-- 112

PL OUEMUS Nee cans ccc meiscatiienceccie 372 3| Eurenetes occidentalis: <5... .<ccas. + sape=ies ej 217

THINGOCS 3 sc cceawemascceoeacs s72alwrhinorhynchses o- cetecs ceases ance ceieee 302

ANTONIS ya cree ete eens Ses ecie crostini 159 PTISOUS cos caeeeeeecre 306, 307

SADIMU Te ac ceecieses ciscietiew estas sinensis 170 Orlentalistaccssteceeecer 307

MNGAOMYCHULAG. ce aes cee ceceisccs case ccc 702) 704; ¢ol ts WuUrbinOrrhyNChuss oc csc cscccecccevsesesese 302

CLAV OD eoiece cisterns 751, 753, 754 PY SMBUS soceeeeee sass 306

Inypoleucas..asce cece Toles Os MED YNOPAY NGUUS. >. sccscse hen sense sleecocess 302

QDATSY TUS) WATUS ane oceeccecasessecnciccsisese 583 pygmeus-2--5. 2... aera 306

IM pItGlaLUs ss cnes sce ssne ccs sscaces see temninn BEd | uULINOLUVCHUSese nse cccene se ccser cece carne 302, 303

MOZISCEUS: - 2 ott. tosocncaccinaas ce 563 | Eurinorhynchus griseus..............-....-- 306

PMitelolanuseceaeececcs cc cen cces ancien aameccics 652 IDYEMMUSs ee cceemee ces sis 305

NGSHMANNIS .- onder osatemsasiesas 656 DYSTANUS cer accee cece 306

MOGESEUS! + = cee oseetae qaceeccas's 53m muOrinorhyncusscccoes tenet ceteris eee wees 303

OQUESLEIS MUTINP Ae states tent ctsctieeiceciccusieacs Oda UriMOrinChuss cs asa ce cas seeeeeeee ves eoces 303

PTGUNGLES =| sess ccenesst cc se neste ee 1472209052105 514-8| DH ULINOLNCUS -enccccen cle secs cece ceellsasace 303

CADAIMISI <a c5e soca cemecmeeaseasime O15 a PHUNINOLYNCHUSs ceccccone sameees nese sincecos, 303

SRISCUSEee eer eeomsernceecneanaece 200 PTISCUS. seciecincseseene aces 306

scolopaceuS.....-.....----- DOSaleUTINOLVNCUStens seat ccs cam cee cecemnee ences 303

IMA VOUS se rem accmacaciatsiesins 209s | MGULOp seas OStLAeS hese ec cesieeeie siaraicinsemtineicie 32

MUTI oa esse se sa eciee acces 210, 215, 216 RUS tiCOlaaclestticeeeecemscine acaas 154

MIGUI Sao sic.ce csccss seme mise ccige MGa| wuropes Curleweecse sce occccresccesecst ese 386

OCCLUENTHS Se crecicmcicm aise D215 216; 217 2} MurrhinorrhynChusS2.< «ok. c cle wee ce cle cen cle = 303

MPULUACLUSs ce nc emcee aiecemearians 2189| Eurrhynorrhynchus.- 2-2 5----- 2-2... ereaeea 303

MOLLIUCATUS = seaee enc ccs 209°213; 214-2184) eCuryenatha, Stermas =. ccc ccc ccc cs came se 475

Vacs Mauri: cacnnecmccce 216 | eurygnathus, Thalasseus............------ 467, 474

BOSUAt ae os cercceccccccce sec cccice Dim HUY MOLUInCHUS ease eee erases seers tes 303

pusillus..... 145, 210, 212, 213, 215, 217,218 | Eurynorhynchus.....-......-...-....- 146, 147, 302

Ge DUSILLUS see scene esac 213 PTISCUSSeccece cesses ae en 302, 306

Db. OCCIGONtaUS: = sass acess 217 PYSMCUS ease set ese ase ae 306

OCCIOENTALISs ace cseaceesiec'e 217 DY LMCUS see tate te eee = 303, 306

Pusilluse eseeaccecaceic cc's ise MUryNOMnyNChUSe sees cesses. neces selec cars 303

var. occidentalis. .......... Zig al eUnyNONyNChUSeeosescs ee ccc ees tee seein ces 303

SOMTPALMA CUS <<< se ereclerisetst cieie = DA MeMULY En VLCHUSIS sfc neces cress qeeeee sins 303

BUCO eee cemnaen a ciect aeiscicinsticsise cents 1a eeA me RORUS OLOLMS i= ae reseek ces secrete cscccsiee 521, 535

ACUINIM AUD amae ac ccm eecciomcieineecie ce 279

baIndlicantset ot sccce teed cnctecetine 284 F
forrtipinencs tecce skeet eee 250, 252, 266 :

Chinensissees: seeceeenece ce Doom aa DrGu aan Seew es ao aleme Sac cmcee meee. 605

minutilla subminuta...............-- 302 | faeroensis, Gallinago...................--.--- 170

Subarquatacestcsrecsscscoseocesess ss 255 TelmaAtlase 20 nce cece ke eee ee 170

Shale meh ON y(n as sae cAdsepudsteoesbode SODM eeCine a, Une Ss ene cine soem manne aineaenio = 255

814 INDEX.
Page. Page.
AICING ISEB eens secs cneemenese ee 249) | oframkl itt SLATS ieee se one tel orate a tolotetataroletetepeicte = 643
GUS ORiUS = aye ORS Ae eee ee 2po} |) Porenieens Grrl ea Seat ep eae tete rere fat es 641
UL VIOL ge wcenis. ss nememmiceieuecneces 296) ||) fraseri, Elcematopus: cs. 26 << ccle~tacioliceoiclee 389
DY QUIUS secceeessececnccen sens « 255 PaAllatus soca oeee ees 29
SCOlOpaR Aor tare see ces ere BDO)1 | OHESFONCULA sacs oe wtetoncte re wteratereforoinrelo otetatorats 705, 782
falklandica, Megalestris skua......--..------- 676 anelQUay. Sse ceel. <a eons 758
edod cts. soc Me ee cme efor Dee eee = 18, 182 BIClIiCAtaccecemS eS 783, 785, 786, 789, 791
RMGRICAMA oe «one coteeisetinee 182, 185, 187 arcticaza- 9.6 Loe 783, 784, 786, 788
canadensis, etc..... Cee pene 194, 195 ATM OLICANA 175 t 788
HildSonics «ee Faas aeaaee oe oi sarge, 194 Qe alChiGds-ssssceee wee 786
IMSEIMOLAGA sce e cetee asa eee =e cc 187 BS GIacialiS 22 sece--os see s = 788
ML GlANUEA ses peer he cock eerie saree 182 Placialis:t5- cece te 788
IN OY Obes ees ais)= imine cece mee 183 ISlANGICa ss See ee 788
DOCLOLALSS saya) seein che ccc eapielc= 183 naumanni.......... 783, 788, 789
fedoa, Timiculs jo eeetsctes cise cenemase ese 185 Wate slacialishnnts- cect 788, 789
DBI OSS Stsimeeieee ecu = esis ues a niiais 185, 187 QLCUICUS 222 = see eset epee ee aes 786
SCOOP A Bese nie conse eee so a 182, 185 Vari Placialis:.t 2. leisy 788
ROG AUS te aes eet eer pei 187 CATINSTA =: oe oath eeeer ste s 796
WOLOM Nem. miic cree ce es selqc Gomer ens 182,183 CITata 2 = 607 sect ce eee eee as 796
femoralis, Numenius......-..... Nei eas eal ae 409 Girrhatasss.. ccc ste eee 796
ferroensis, Larus hybernus 4..-..--.-------- 632 cormiculata=.<-%--teee 783,789, 790, 791
Ferrugines, Wrollaesec.cce.o2 seacerct esas 250, 252, 266 CEISTATOUG <= aaa hastens cent eee 777
TM OSA se ctocce oe ed oa toe ae 183 glAcisliS. =. ts. ss ce ences 787, 788, 791
ITIP ro cee cena ae 237, 238, 249, 251, 252 MONOCELAGH a2 sc2 25. eee cee eet 781
(Pelidna)s 355. cate anc 252 psittacula 2. 2-cseeen nace s 766
LermuPiNGlCOMIS ; VOCANUS ser ose cn sce nn se 201 pusillaeh.22:t-ceansee eee ees 769
ferrugineus: NUMeNIUS... - 3.25... .5<502 ess see 252 Dy emcee Mee sO ster secee nee ee 773
MROTATIIS afta cesar care oes wake araiele 133i Miretercula,, Morm OMites ac Lateef cts clasts 787
AM Prigtus, pe alarOPUG! <:o:5 sas iso Se einen os 435 oll, ELATCRCHUNES -.- s.2-2.0ce sore ees eee ke yeeese 705
fissipes, Hydrochelidon..............-- 527,086,038 +) Irazarl, Hesmatopus <.--.20-<c2s- cece cece 34,39
SUOMN Aes Soma cid So eee seks 527, 535, 538 palliatsisscensems 28, 29, 34, 37
BU SSUMTINAL CS: tec elt Ne ese rapare ise aaa s,o es EE 448 Totanus melanoleucus..........-.--- 337
Stans GlOLtSiesetinor con meee ce aemewetis 328 | Frazar’s Oyster-catcher............-.-------- 37
TROPATNUISE coc 62 ociges etre aaa es 328 | drenate, SLOrnassssssts4 se scence cee 524, 525, 535
PAVIA OS, ACPIAIOM OS. 02 occu eee e's ecises 25.5 342 Stermullacess:<22seeer seen eee 525
GD OL GG ome we ae ote eee 3414342 | Trenatis: WObIpes: 42.4225 caeee eae ee eee ete 435
Glottis (Gambetta). 2. <2: oan as 342 Phalaropuses 2223 t2honsteces seneen 435
HTCCCrOSCOLUS: <2. 5 cacces Fo ae eae ea 342'1| SHininca COWNSCNGI:! 22222. 2-22-8eeee se emeiee 61
ATU Soe octeleis oreo = oss Giese ciao O21 | SiO DCCA nse aac se. S= se tence ome eee 653
INGOSIOUIS a. oc i sessessecae soos 330, 337 StGmn ae stasis S552 oce ee emacs 490
COOP Eo econ ttc aaatiaeiiaicc see ce 59) ATODENI, Stans sess sescas ose ae aeeees 490
PROUAMUS Sacetcsnes ss cn ee ee 330;34) 4) tulcarius; ‘Phalaropus: 222-2: *o-s2t2.c2s-henm- 421
HE VITOSEUS MEUUMNUGS- << wis: re:01o Sasa = ai (S2.4\ SHUMNCAISPINOSSes 2c h55ccc cheeses eee uee iets 7,11, 14
Horidanus; Glovtiss. 2. sas. 2- foe mipeeinnse <== 329) 4| tolicama NPhalaropus’: s2s-cs. =e is. cece eae = 421
Auviatilis, ACealitis:... <0 oc62 -Soadersseeeee 127 ETNA eeawe sees eset eee 417, 419, 450
PRO SIC OS oe asthe o staiga Peete t= 127 4) ‘dulicarius, Crymophilus:: : 022.5: 222 ssoc cece 421, 422
LAU CALVES i= 2 sists aierters py hye ciao cre = 127 Phalaropussccccceecunce 418, 419, 421, 430
CHOTAOTIUS oie 5 oie i ieee Tae 127 4) foliginosa, Gambetta 2.2: = 225 56/2 semen einai. 370
EVV GTOCH CGD ee pe sesctyn 2% =e Bain 532 Haltplangss:ssi4t2¢ seennee 488, 518, 519
leucopareia.....- 528, 532 Bry drochelidon's+222secseeearcoss- 518
IVA GLIS ts ore ee ee ee 127 StOMmas:acascessccs- 485, 488, 517, 519, 520
SU ORN Sars sraysera eee aca ae 497, 498 (Hlaliplansa) acess cess acces 519
EOOUS, PAIN OSD oco,o cid oc sce pyaia arsmiacuesisace sass = 187 | fuliginosum, Hydrochelidon.........-.-.---- 518
LOYSHELI, SUCINA,-.-:</)2.0.- < anion e a 486, 489, 490, 492,493 | fuliginosus, Blasipus.......-....--.-.------ 653, 656
HOTSEOMIL, SHOINA. seers co ysir5 oe meepe ieeisia 493 WATS ce ot onan teens 653, 657, 658
Borsters? Merten ome ase oa see aaj cite ccna 490 WONICODHUS 2. aap eceas se eeees 658
foxii, Limosa...... Peas ome er eee TS 199 Onychoprion <... ccs senses. oc 488, 519
PRANICSIN UTIS dicate apistecite so sies Saees oc eeea 730 OUANUSS 2222 0a sence esate 370
franklini, Chroecocephalus......-....22-..2.. 644 | fuligula, Melanosterna anethetus........--- 487
C@hroicosephaluss..65- 22255725222 644 Sterna anetheta...............-. 487, 488
Gavidieeescensatsecseccccsesenesces 644 4 SfulvesRinynchops's...0 025. cc22scespeticennee i 457
WariSe ae Secsas Ssstetc acme 635, 643, 644 IRVNCHOPSiss 2) ose ane eden os sees 453, 457
(Chroecocephalus) .....------ 644 4) fulvus; Charadrius: << oes eo ce bite ne riinl= 89, 91
Molanolars:3222--.ocseseneese oo = 644 Gontinicanus':cs<co.cceese nascar 92
NOMA Goce cca oon eee aac 614 GONTIMICU scc ct cance roee aeeeeee = 92
franklinii, Chroicocephalus. ...-.-- 636, 638, 641, 613 VAP inate c sejeles Selaaaieea sta 92

INDEX. 815

Page. Page.

fulvus, Charadrius, fulvus var.dominicusa.. 91 | Gallinagocelestis...............-.......---- 168
IPTSIVARNS? se8 Se cleian eielainlorsieicincinteas seal 92 CORIBSULS oe onteme ccs serene cleneicoe 168
GOMINICUS oo een == 80, 84, 88, 92 VATE Sait Glee se cee eemerer 70
MUNCaIiS, CLOBPTUSacecere esas arene ceccp penal 662 WilSODT Sct one cee ceeetenc 176
TUIECALAs CLOARTUS: cesta s coe mecreciserie cee nielaici= 662 GeUCAta Tet octet tt se acee 161,171, 174
PROMI Sete ee eee eennisnocieciertesems 661 GiimMOUC es sean oe fom eee ee pie 177

(CLES ELUS) 2 rater eceremieieinfercis 661 PHERGBUSIS sae te cians acre. seine cis 170

MAL CALIITI, MOMMA acoso cera e setae ote ereyoin cio 661 PAllintedee nw ee= sees ac 161, 165, 168, 171
TUT CHLUS; CLOAPEUS oe ce nies eines terete crete 659, 661, 662 MeliGhtames estas asec 174
ATT S = eee ese ee teenie 658, 661 UIT CIA Vitis a treem teeters <te> 170
ENON aa teste e ec cieattetet Relocates 661 PONTTTATIAS ohn. > 2 cece moins 169
MISCA) CALATTACUOS = cfoteaceat-teraattertstnccioaa nae 680 Warrawilsonlins ss emcees 176
TAGS TTAS ae Soca acaaalcrvararatereswterargeiorsisie 680 Walsonilt 322. ce ses cr 176
Beth 622 a ee a a 425, 429 WilSOnl = sccmeesecccsee mURO
SCOlO PRS See eee er neo adeetn ss 148 MMSE WaA Clon. omcn tance cleitemioe eerste 159
TASCALA, OMY CHODEON sot) -1-1 1-1 toto att oeatain a= 486 AEN OLIMNISS Sere ee oan teiniare ereeeiete es 160
Storma ss osescees 485, 486, 487, 516, 517 FHPOMICH SS aes nace ee cteite se eeatcers 171

fUSCA Gases deen sso 488, 514, 517, 519 WRCHS Tse ee sence sees saeemateicate n= 171

TISCALUS, ATIOUS sts eo anda armismns a aaeiga oie 517 IME ISS Re eee ten sce eee 171
Onychoprionsessss2seos- ssa nei 517 leucarus...:...-. StL Ste Bee eee ate 165
fUSCabUSS sesso so<- 517 MTACTOUAC LY Itsee rece se tloeeemcaias 160
muscescens ClIpelaris ss scsscscsssscinddoc. we 609 MIGIOLs 7 Sosa cas cease ae ae ee 164
DOMMMICANUS Jose 52555 sasssessns = 609 med tessee tat tok s 159, 161, 163, 169, 171
WarUsteke seer ca seaase Se yao. 607 WilSONees.c- cose ee eran 176
ArscichllisHACtOdrOMAS= 22-24: 1s2s-ceemeten ec 286 MIG PAL ee So ee ete eestor remit ctae 160
ACCOUTOMUS 23 22 Ss2 625522 eee <= - 286 MIST ONIN: 52sec tees eee oases 171
Heteropy sid s2ss2 tee sescn te scee 287 WIOMIbRB Ue StS e ste eels eee 165
Pisobiaeeeccesss 264, 267, 268, 284, 287, 289 MBM OLICOlar Rete ee seen eco crte 159
Mrinivartest ss eterna 275, 285, 286, 300 MU DLigs Aen te ae aN orn wee em 160
HISCOCAPIUUS,, LU OvAMUSs © sess eaten seas aiclses/= 342 DRLeP rina ree sec meee ceenec iets 170
fiscusClupelarusSsesteene ese acess eee ee es 582 Poteityy- otekt es secre ectstes cece 171
PY GIMIMI CANES ae ee eae ae ec tinea 582 ipulletatatee st: olest tess seco cee ee 191
Laroides....- Hea hescteate nes wees 582 TODUSUO A TSE Ss Se eter te Rete cents 171

ariscenoee 580, 582, 584, 599, 608, 612, 616, 620 EUSSALABLE OS EEE Me ei aete rec ate cinressie 17
TAStris POMALNUS di)! oo See ee == 686 SH DIMImeE Sta NEY ee mas eee Ne eee 169
PHalarOpuUS 2 o-oo ee eee eee eles 429 EC olic ba eeseaSS SUPENGAS GEO OOEUS 169
IPOMAnINUSeecer sch ceca cee ee 680, 683 Sakai sn Se eee eee merce sis 171
Stercorarius.-.......-. De ane eer 680 SCOMOPACITIIDE: *h ese nace ets aaeee(< 170, 171
SROUANUS cine cece ares cence esters 346 Var bream .- 2... =.= 169
WHISOM Mere ac .ccssj05 176
G. SCOMIMAGINILIS!® 25 SS eee cole scienccioere 170
GADIALIUS tee cetiocn acta eae ee eect 563 Séprentrionalises= +. - sete cemes- eee 170
PHLADAFOUSIS ATOUSs teeaee ete cereeteeectcer 551, 552 SOltarig Sse hs!" Seaaeer cere cs cose 160
StOlWdUS II 232.2 - 42 546, 547, 551 SUOMUTASEA con sce cee acide sees sacr 171
SUBSp eee se-t eee 552 SUricklamrdits ssSemen meee ates co aan 159
Hsia Opus eS octet 34, 40 UR Cla Wotan s <a> Ameena tenet <!sricieysre 170

LétCO puss. sess ce 40 TUM Letiray ete eee era ters ain ce ltelevela elsterelsie = 171

pallittuss 2 -s 29, 34, 38 UL SURI SMe ree cla oi cferc raisin je viaaiars 171
galapagoensis, Anous.....-.-...-......------ 552 disOmis Ss Seema erice | Goss oh ciste 171,175
RMAC DUST «nee nerestene eel 40 WIS OMT a ee Seen ec se Saco e i 175, 176

Galaparos NOUG yr es. .s fetes tacit acamecios =< Hb Lei|) PalliningOMA sCHlOMe kes on cate e na ccces ce cces aie 167
Oyster-catchens ae se eases == 39 Gallina Pores. eere see 161, 165, 168, 171
palericulata, Phaéthusa: 2222255522 t2fo25 2. - 471 MCOlLOpAK Ase. tess seeee eee ac 159, 167, 173
berna se |S itecerseeneters 471, 474, 475 (CS{0) (9) 0)35.9) peeaneocease 168
(THAlSSSEUS)feecee ee ee 474 (Galhiraco sere ees sen eae 168
Sylochelidon™essseeseeeocs eons 471 Relinabiasssons= sate aasee nose 167,171
galericulatus, Thalasseus./:2:...5........... a7 ecalinananGallinvacors:=*2*iitcscseceescsces + 169
Gallindomesecsdeoscccr ce noloene ee eee ceeree ss 159 UCI pasa 5 8s sere eee eee 169
Wallindcbarlairaeses ce eces cos cen cece eaten ce Ti) CaliinilaesScolopaxss iit stecents sce sor ere ee 798
CralinagO ers accenece cece LEERAG TOU AOO LOL 71900 | GammoUlta icc sececoss cote toress she rw 342, 343
BUCA ate se Cee cee eee. 261 PESVipess {5 Aeron wb ctecmrmre ce 367

PLAGHV US Sees <5 eee eee ce eee oes 171 CHITATIS cee cee enenceeeene ete, EES SO
Drasiliansigve ens seeceestsesacete 160 PT VTICS Oe etecinlateol- step snes aes 341, 342

DIOR. cece cists celeste see 169, 195 fUbieMn Sas eee emacs ise aise 370

DYOMMM Sse ceases wesc eee oe 169 Mielanel ClCH ss see cee anemia 335, 336

DUDEK eee nee: cece ne eee ete cee 171 OUEAINCH SA Saco sea esac es tine ae 371

816 INDEX.
Page ; Page.
Gambetta pulverulenta..................---5 367 | glacialis, Larus (Glaucus)..................- 593
GAWD: oer ccs aaectes eceecleties tae ee ee 64, 544, 575 (uaroides) 2.236 seen ses aee os 593
Bai 2 cis Ae mesmiels iemeesenee nee core 577 MOrmone =e cnenacningese cts 787, 788, 789, 791
atricilla..... See eaenemssecietien's sesiecie 640 Phalaropussso24/c.'s: esaseeeectes aoe 422
bonapartels..é5/0-02-- «see etetabretelstels 648 Trin fag 8 \swetsisiem siete ates 417, 422, 430
bonapartits 5. 52ct<sosesenesnsceenees 648 MOTE D rac eisioieras soisisisiieeieve Sacestarsinatste 740
COND asics 05 cis oaisnsnec ase daaeaatieee </s 631 STV OW o.- one none te sees sees 740
Cucillstaccess nace aise ecicetaesiae 645 erylle Vari. 2s. 2.c<sceniseion ase 740
QEDUNM CA sei sie se iinaaretesedes cs aie aside 578) || «elareoides; | Totanuss «a ssicien oe ee emigae as 352
QDUMNECUS. «23.1. sais saz,aetaeles sc celsieseceles 578 |) <elareola; Actitis: 2. -jicloc'- smite ceeeee eee 352
franklinigss 32. 72335". ..2hp-nseiees saci 644 Rhyacophilusie ci ance emaeeewse 347, 351
Kitthitziln ce sseg hewn cscact acess = teens 645 Rhynchophilus-as..sc-ceese sacs ace 352
IGNCOCEDS: ager asses ocee cs Mew cae ae 544, 559 ToOtANUS: sacesciceccoce cose cese mee 349
IMUM GAS oad icipeiaeieiew ates siawisnicie oae 652 Wringes) pececscasthesesees 346, 349, 363, 367
TUG et, <2) cater siay taraf eri Vacate oistaic into d'eia's 580 TPIT LE tom 5- cjatetaclotss os eleislarceise ae eos 367
DIPIN AM oc cicec omic sic <2 sla eisaciee 6 aes 644. NW Glareol esc scciocscenc-ss sisice coasineeesiete secs 4,24
SA DIN s aoe www cscs cine sapue saeaes ear 668! }]) -Glarcolidie sansa yescce = saesacisncio se semeniee 2,3, 4,61
SUDUWUCOStTIS« 2.227 cits oeeisseaintorre << 649! 1) (elareoloides; Al otanus 2 <2... sie 352
tridactyluss..... icc ss.0=ccacocestmrisceee 568 | glareolus, Rhyncophilus....... sidieceemeae eaae 351
PAVIA WUarUS: <<. sie avacera:slersisrasteisiasietesrecie 571 TOLANUS s450% ciswicenaaee ne eeeeeee 351
Wan OWS ae. earercjoisj<sigcfoioat saceaeee se 69 | -glaucescens, Laroides:.......-.-.---s-0===-=< 599
TANIED 5 ae tins cin wieitawiseecie acu signeeccebene 1, 448 Larussenscecsnqecseeseee ---- 581,583,
(yin ate ns heh tic eee Ne aceon aee 580 590, 594, 596, 597, 598, 599
DIUCHIE2 on ok.5c scp ance eek aero 627 (GIR0CUS) <2 ecu seeeere ee 599
CANUS© crerotiaisisisie ss sicieisiecsisteceni sic 631 Goaroides) <<<)... asssisiee 599
hein ets 26 2 ois cecis — Saeeeemieeeeece cae 631 IGGUCHS ©. osm ia sense etetesicis 599
ZOBOTAYTCHUS << oc << oe ye sect taci- ~ <i 627 | -glaucoides, Laroides. <2... 5c... se cece == 593
PR VI; SUL A tera aie = toinisla mcselesa[e Sem eemnete icles 474 LUATUS hs waiotinis os <is2 sols sepiemcereeee 593
FE DGISSSGUS <2 <x ai5 <-c1e c's cise s1a1s)se]sibieime o'eisio 474 | glaucopterus, Laroides..............20------ 598
Gelastes..... Sepa atcha ic eiteislecueaisepateciemts 563 GATS isis 2. Servers Sooo 598
FUDMVENGtTIS: 6.252. gpqeaes sagen sine 563 | glaucopus, Charadrius........--.-.---------- 93
PRlASLES MUATUS Samy oe cic vec mnaceeoeisem aes 563) (Glaucous Guill: <..ascaesoeie Sesiee cisisiceeies= 584
GelicheliGones. sas. 8 sac sn case seem dauaciecic 478 =WINGOdsGUll c\sciioctoncseases se clare 597
AN PliCa css as ceecwosavecces wo boo SSO? HIG SUCUS Aree ocaais crams ie pais Saicicinimecieisigieies eesmas sere 580
Gelochelidon...... Jaeehn eee as.Saidclaeces 459, 478 CANUSS 2 5 <cscsaecuuaataceeneeeeees 631
OSMINIS 2 505 oct seed acacetesiesicere 484 CONSUD: 5 st:5 sic ise cin eis cietelnsleiantaaseerte 589
SPTATIS 55 <a oS,s1<1<js.0 sfejas afeier @'siers 484 MACTYIMOSUS! = xis cjoicicieleieisioienmecselsteletese 631
BNGICAS — ciercjcicce Seicisemiaeeiciecie 483 LeuCOPNS CUS: casos serene sei tae 583
ANS CUSEE soe secsiccaceceeecene 483 LEUCOPEELUS: <n ncce=te-0 5 Seeaaneeatere 593
QUAM CA ers:5 csjols sisiateiele sicieisistaisieicicle 484 michahellesit.-c<.2sjsestso cece 583
Dalihica se -ccceesneccceecesiscs 484 | glaucus, Laroides......-. Se anislaieiee ise =e 589
CAYONNECNSIS. cto. ccciancareme ss acy ATI WATS cee = ccc bens cesicieent 580, 586, 588, 616
havelli....... Seis win oiteniehtoscls alee 493 WGOUCUSS wise cnidee cose oiceeeceeseaieme 588
IMACKOUAISE sro1c:5 Asis iow(ofeaee e sin 484 DRIGIS! 2, orc soipigei gins tere onielaleleioreee ats 589
mOeridionslis:<. cscs ssi A84 || glocitans,.ColyMDUS... 2020052 0+-s0se-seins 710
MIU OCICE siz ceecs sc secietiaseicls G78) ASIE | AiG ObHS|. sarc ccc sarecisesseseniejajiasess 148, 322, 797
AAMEN a. cisco cesi ot oie 484 GIDICONIS soon Sainiacseie cle esateciae alle 329
SIMS Ee siga cere spiqeccere 484 CANESCENS janis 6,5)- <2 10: cisnislsie:eisisiseisre 327, 328
QTANOD s = <ja.s jecisteieicioe 484 CHIOKOPUS': <2 -.5c <6 cern nienseceininetesi 328
STODVOIG. Se cewscicjesabie 484 (Gambetta) flavipes.....-.-------.4- 342
macrotarsa........-. 480, 484 melanoleuca....--------- 335
TUOTICA <a oa-ciclee = Suicicae¥ wo POTS sce lesisnsemeaniariasesadsser «= 327
DAlUStTIS)s .c0c<eceeaeaete cess 484 OTIS ON ceo ascicteseneisecneise eer caaeies 328
CEU OA e se ocs.<13..%into\esapicis sietasieare 490 PShMIANSHE wesc acveniscesactise meses 328
WOlON = emia ie ste steicieis eleieiaieleincisies 484 AOTIGSNUS .< 5 << ceiscissciale nie, weiersisluieinlosieis 329
GOOCH ELI GON = as:2:55 crorcjoiorseccewacensenjeejelslose'e © 479 linnael-.--b sacecca ocean eecene 329
pipantels, arus, acc cocsacecosanaaetieass eos 589, 605 melanolencs soccesececceee see sce aaee 335
gilberti, Anous stolidus......-.......-.---- -- 545 IMOLENOLOUCOS |. <ja:dna eanein eee ala 335
BiaClalis PANE oo jachen Jen eciuie -enaieenetee 717,788 TRALAMS ojos ainleeaeinin ete sini igeieineks = ama 329
TSTCLCUlAS ce \ceiasce a mecisens 787, 788, 791 TOD UA Ss oof a fajsinsefelsieteiere “le erate 323, 325
AECULCS crate icieiey ajay sieiaie 788 MODULATIIS no stomivics eis ene emineseetteee 325
| Oa es 788 plottoides@=cssc.s5 cannes 329
VAT jicvcsitsjetenia's 788, 789 Nivelgnlas . sescCc oes asaeeeeeer 329
arcticus Vat. sjsisecn « 788 Semipalmata.<2<-scsccc<sascn sie eiciate 318
DBTOIGES i 5 ois's< soi marsioaeeeemseese's 589 VIB OFSU Go :c'<'nin w\sie Seis (ele ain eicioniomeieilsisia= 329
UG ANUS? cis cleisisinscivie's eins scelopemielene oie 589 | glottis, Glottis.< cc. cscciccctcccleserescisne==\= 327

INDEX. 817
Page Page.
Plots amicolasas. Lat)... asses 327 | griseus, Macrorhamphus griseus, vara.....-. 200
INOS MERE SEES 2,010 <= <2 a0sie ean 327 Var 28222 200
BaUlOp a karen ees aoe ecie snl nocciacs 322, 325 (PHSIATOPUS cise sintewec ee mnm on teeee te 423
SRGLANUS se eiseesee nosis iic.-.1=-15 322, 325, 327 BCOLO PAR: 5 a) cita tia )a'n ninemsn icine eon 203
glottoides, Glottis nebularius............-...- 329 LOERIUS « <:2:0/55:5;< 0110 2 30 =: Sets ola. 198, 328
MMOS Asc isn -/s!=0 <P eet aeis<. cela 329 Vanoellusscccaewe soce-> 32s 8ke bee ac oe 78
SROCANUS ho sce closeness ete aasces 329) |) (Giisled Sand pipers-.c--s<--- ses ---2ceespees 238
nebulariusi:. 0-222 ....... 329 | gxoonlandieus;:Grylle..........-.---.-.---.-- 736
Godwit, Black-tailed ......6..25.28 0.22.25 0s 178 | grénvoldi, Gelochelidon nilotica.............. 484
Greater-American. ......-<--.22422¢ BBD: |b Chit LOLS ono Sato patelsiniein sic, sn aieste cs peee te <3 1
HHudsonian:.....cuasaceeeee neaetee BOT |) GrnifOMnes << nie. cision es 2050 nee eae ss 1
Manbled) cision nion< oon eee ees ve 184,187 | grutto, Rusticola..... pela <i-eins saeretaawa(al= 177, 180
Pacifies. <sc¢cekte wists sis. ea a care's See NST | Selleos Ure soc inisiceimmm win wos 0 = 2.0 - NECA Selects e 736
WWIII OS en aaj csicen ofan cee essa 440) NP Gity MOF a: 31c/-mtastarcsiasinina's <1e arsine tone ee aelate a 732
from Hudson Bay........- 194, 195 CELD Operas: eetom cini<'n (eins oo eee tetas 743
Goilandigengr6 <j 2.6225 ~~... Sees... 616 COUMDAL oi iroeios cioiceteceteeiioe ERE 736
GaldenvElover.... aseseeces «tes ocemancs\s dq i0's 80 groenlandicus....... eisiemicisa ieee eeeee 736
AM GLICAN 5, ogee eee = = 83 FE INL GL 9% raja ss ora’ = j-)e1- =) - oc Eee 740
, A CHC se acs taaeeeeaaeetiss~ 88 Scapularisesict..c\acjene n= ees 732, 736, 739
POMC SETNAS oo saiacsek ano aecetee ene = secs, AGS |p Bmyee pAlca Ns acai scise = ceccrad 732, 736, 739, 742, 743
PTAA, MOTINONS 26 = =< cso aan ceeen seen = << 787 Cephush desea SSN occ eon ees 735
Sracilis;, Aerialitish ..~ -..<.---.sceenaeee <= 128, 143 Copphuss-ne-senc5- - 733, 736, 737, 738, 740, 743
Charadrius) |. o-2. <= 25 estes sees 128 Prylle cis --j-es-20--o ores 736
(Edienemus bistriatus.......-...---- 22 Colymbussssesm--=-.51- 710, 734, 736, 738, 743
Pelidnadees ss a a<:<:<1<\s)ree SON os ooe 269 i UM Bb ast eos eyseeeeacsiercetecce selec 741
Staunate cece =: <-.S5esSIUON - 509 Uriel tise aee sae 710, 735, 736, 738, 742, 743
dougalli- << ..555553- Bee 33 509 (ULIS) exc8 6500506 Oe See 735
dougallii.. 555.5. 2e. Stse 509 Be TID cece cc cnn meester cece 741
TIN GA osc = se n.cleenn e-em nea 247 PRUTID sororananteczoseepetiereer aceon 736
PEAQCUS; -LOLAMUS te eteaitwe = oto \ciem corset ees 346 Wy WU Tia dooce cbs Sewer aaqeen eee 736
eraelisit, Uabsieee ce accn=-cqcsenenaseeeee 582) ||| guylloides, Unlaes. «<<< <cncisensiwuerninsereeee 736
Gwallatores:. <keecccctc. =~ 0.20. SRA 5 |) Guignard.d2Anegleterre....=....<<2..c8 sateen 98
erallatoris, Rotanus..cspi-t-\25-- 4 ---en ere 352) ||) (Guillemoth Blacks. - o-c.<iesic.s0nie n= eee tenets 733
TEIN «<5 Aseleaate = /-is= ees e 352 Black-winged <<... ss. <<eeeiclese 742
Great Auk... -cas sc eese =<.) eS Se - 702,707 Mand t's... 2 sis sc 500s Ue 737
black-backed Gull.................--. 601 PIGEONS 55 )s:< sieic\s =n cso cin Te 740
Greater American Godwit................... 185 Spectacled!. =<)... uae eee 743
Mellow=legsseccsewags ended es ~~ a2 330) |) Guitettasss.6 852k «ccc 25 Bes 371
Green Sandpiper sasecisetses << o(se--<ecise= sis 353 Hy polewes ai.) ss. eee aes -cesns 372
Wari Bucescce Sass hee 309} guinetta; Totanusec ..-c- RU eer =. ccc: 372
SSIRERL Rae apace ojcju(aacieee oe ete eases sce 323 Mine as. «<0 Sosceas eee ee secens 372
PVOPATIA, FUSSAsace eww conceal see ook ees cictc Sal, }) gularisiChanadrius ... .- ..< = -Leeeee sees. ce 136
PUCNOWICEUSIS MOINES. << «ci nsmeceeeeel cciec cee 224 ||) (Giill-billediMearmessecper «2.5 iFe eee es once 479
prisea, Arenariate..< 6 S:8tUe hs oe gesicss snc 3Uf | (Gill, BonapsEbe%s)s cc aoc. see hee ee sis cieie'e 645
CAHGTIS tee. conc cceeete ooo tasicsia~ 238, 314 Califormiaye cesar = <5 isc, OSes cc205 620
GIGUHIS REE bo ag vais dalscicn nee nee 328 GIBUCOUSS,< ct joe < =o sss erred siete 584
Hydrochelidoni=. . <<< <a0-ssseee eee 536, 540 Glaucous=winged .<.sns.Wseees =o. =. 597
leucoptera...... 536, 537, 540 Greatiblack-backed..-. ..435292.....-- 601
EIMOSAPAG bmiatnis a dine oes ooaemneceseeeeee 200 Hlearmannis) =). \..<<:.~ eee eee =< s.cr 654
SColopax sa... <-a--eeeee eee 195, 198, 203 FR GERIM Be eeees case score ee ann os cat 612
(Macrorhamphus)........-... 200 Iceland catmes -- = -.- etaee ore etc ss cee 590
Squatarola:. so -sen sesemeeneee - << 78 VOR Yeeer Been <2 0 - eee sees. 5-1 =< 576
SO VOID Ae late etelstatat nse win/a ia: inteetaky tenia l= 2 536, 540 Keomllenseaaaq ence ose -eeeeeeeeea = = <'-/= 693
PTIN SAM oe einin sie oe ees Bieceye tines iain 238 Tieng ain o meee te aie nin cise lai yao 636
BTISHICEPS MU OLAUS). ~ FININs Sams ooo anew ae imcis 367 Ditto escess=nt soso eee - ons = 649
PTISOUS, HTEUNCLES...-.... <'~. 22sec eee + 335 200 Mowe stiaccretiac Sees 25 2 627
Hurbinorhynchuses2......--...-... 306, 307 INGISORIS Seat cniwcrs vo eee eee s enn 595
AU UTIMONNY MCHUS SISA cio sisiale bj=ni= 1-5: 308 Pallas Skanes om cence ena mas pees osctess 618
Eurinorynebus.....- 5 SeRt Some 306 rie Diledrer oS store on-set ~ia.cle cites cians 623
Burynorhynchus). cea. eee ee 302, 308 TROSS/S See ser eo win oe eee eat =e 669
Limnodromus....o.<--cGteeeeseees ee 200 SHADING, ca- oe -.- oo aan een -ic'-10 = 663
BTISEUSeaaseee ee 197, 201 Short-billedbeeteees -. 3 . eeee as 632
Macroramphus..<..--teeeeecnees ore 200, 204 Siberianee sees Owe << --- - ocean = sass 608
Macrorhamphus.........-.-. 198, 200, 203, 204 Slaty-backedie........ See sesise.......- 605
griseus............ 200, 204 BOOGY seer eere Semon ein eeeene see - seeeii= 656
Quen Sees 200 Swatlow-tailed ......./....eesecosel- 5-5 659

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8 53

818 INDEX.

Page. Page.

Gall, Thay er sas: . ss iat Saecedakioweste ee ce 600 | Hematopus, palliatus, frazari........ 28, 29, 34, 37

TID G2. FS oh oct csisce sce ecteatameere see 447 galapagensis..... 29, 34,39

Western: <. 22/2! .. cnn eee ene 610 palliatus...... 28, 32, 33, 37

guttata, Sterna... 5-2... coe ca etaeioeee 485, 488 prattii.... 28, 33, 34, 37

guitatis, Planetis. <<... 22.5. -ccecktsbide ace 488 prattil..ssesaiese: Fes. 37

Siattifer, Totanus:...-. 2s... <oscs<e eee ee 148 Prattissc.s5<255522 -teGGSe se 552 37

GE OS op one enone eee enon eee eee 557 QUOYi se + 5555555 2G ees sce 26
Gy PIS cece ecco scicisice nis Snare 449, 458, 460, 557 townsendi........ so stenoses ss 29 -

albais.-<.<0cseolue sehseeiealets: .b 558,561 | heematopus, Ostralegus .......0...00.0.22.00 32

AD ae sce cera ceeee cease 558 || Haematopus)..2....:. 5. .eseeiaesseeteeeeek 30

Candida. ..saceasscectestacistes'e 5595560, 561 | Haemotopus prattii ...........susistet be... 37

RAGEGZL<.c o-< oa g-02 sees 559, 560, 561 Hay tian Thick-knee. -- ......<: se. teeeseuenc. 23

MONbBsees~ araccsceeesaeccneeh 559}560) |) Halliplana <2 22252 2.2 bois eet eee eee 485

PaCihiCa.acscasjsccesssecaccs ose 559, 560 ancetheta jn... wn /ocee s ereeees 487

LOVANG okcre acioeactrocies eoccs MG 559 Giscoloncch. esse eet semwreeners 513

CaNGida. cc sccces -cceoceu cons tse 558, 561 fuliginosa:.<s<.2=c-ceeo ee 488, 518, 519

CLAWIOLL ..2,. = 235.05 <0 ode eedeeneeiee 559 var. crissalis... .csceat's 488, 520

microrhyncha../...- <2 sessse18 557, 558, 559 InfUSCatas. <<. <.c- MAIS cesiciersses 488

Gynitioblepharum. .. . aos 1... Se eRe 792 ROE SS oi istatere lara MSR ee rasclelmiotare 487

gymnostoma, Jacana........-.ss-csessene 12, 18, 14 PANAY A «=A -5% <eicicloewceloeoe ete 513

Spinosa......2.- a2 8, 10,12, 13 PAaNAYeCNSIS <<. <21.. <1 rceceeebaaee 513

PAITA Bie. c= Aon ~ ser eee 11, 12,14 SOITAUA 3. 10:5 5 Seine cic eee 488

GYTAICA =, ase cic ee viseinwiors cise coe oocaee ... 710 | harengorum, Laroides..... goose SR es 582

hardwicki, Gallinagose civil seeeseee okt. . 159

H. hardwickti, Mimosa Jo0a. cA. << note ene 225

Haemantopus ostralegus.................--. 32)1|) Hardyi, Stercoraris: «oss5s<<es-<5Seeeeee = 699

MseMastea, LAMOSH, <j.:cic cline scceaaator ecw 193 ||| Hard yii; Lestris. 22. o<5.55., te gssse ss ccee =e 699

Scolopax:co.scien Aoscice aster ook 193° |; Hatl cogoteoscuro-...00<.tieateesccsccns 543

Vetolacacanteanccdaasceae 182, 183, 191 Cola blanca Soe excs ccsscc ceases 521

EPSMALODINe:s 5.c.canc..5se- ceed acesmeen see 26 manchad0= iss desc. ccsccstelsetedest 521

Hiematopine®: <n. ccnscccutecececcubebe sae 26 PICO COLLO EY sc cdccace cascades 543

Hamatopodie. a... <2... <..2cdseee Bese 26) || Havelli;:Gelochelidon...,...2...c.sssseoeeeee 493

FPBMAtOPOMIG 5c ccs seise sees eeee 24, 25, 26, 61 Stems. sec. cos 00. 002. HSI eee 493

Hematopodide.... < sx0<:00 Free sss es cc os 43: || Ravellii, Stemas<<oc=<.2.<.ccccke cates wees 493

Eidematopodins ..2. 62. ces costace ssa ccc. 26: || Hawaiian White: Tern... ..<sis<ccc ccccnceet 559

Hg@ematopodines.-.. 2. occ kee ce 43 | hawaiiensis, Anous......./425s Besant 554

EPS MATOPUS. 32 <c.0 cae sane come Nome Meee eec ass 26, 27 Megalopterus minutus........... 554

SECHCUS secmmamacaae nee sa cereee 29, 36 MICTAaAnOUS ....<5< s--23eue tee 554, 556

ATTICUS 5.55.5. Sees 36 minutus:..ssceeesesce 554

AStralOgUS..525 5 secc ete sees oot 32); heermannt: Adelarns....<<.< Mace t~-ccneceene 655

LOL Some secinicsesin a neeee etna = 29, 42 BIASIPUS cexwiemiseesce 653, 654, 655, 65¢

bachmany. ..... 2.2 sesh? 29, 40, 41 Epitelolarus:..:..00-<icssaeeeee ae 656

palthicus.....¢...s.262 sassteeels 32 TiATUS rc cererarnerine eelicoet 652, 655, 658

brasiliensis: ..:...s..2essetnansest 36 (Blasipus) .........2etaseee 656

durnford’. 2... <0. e eeeeee 29 Leu COphaeus. csc. cc oss 655

durmfordi. 0.3.2. eRe 29) |} feermann’s) Gul nr scrercoycinararatnararntocseraeeecere 654

LLASOLL «1,0, 0:0: 0:10 See IE 89 || heinelAGaving:..<...<te.cnw. sees beas. 631

frazari <<. . Dae essed Bee 34 Bamis®s . . .aasdeese bh asndncicascneaee 631

galapagensis -\..... -2sze-eeese 3440) |) Helodromias sees. creo wcoic navi p eee 3852

bypolewuca..: 2... 28 CINMAMOMEUS’.<..:0:0.000 eater. 365

hy poleucus). |. 5. 22.220. s.hseeeee 36 JOnCUrUS MGR aici cccices 358

leucopodus.......... O25 SP EI4. 29 OCDTOPUS .)6:5.o:46:5-scn geese 355

IOUCOPUS sis cose ES 29 OCLOPBUS crc .ercitm awasie ssn pee 357

galapagensis.......... 40 ASSAM. soe scenester 358

MUICULLOSUS cies Jotciela ater eaaie atte 29 OCHFODUS ... 2.522 022--62- 357

macrorhynchus! sos20222 <5 32 solitarius. $25. ..<.<.88seseneee 362, 365

MOdUING Loo oe Mss aS IIT 26,41 cinnamomeus.......... 365

Nir 2 ose sts ase seeks sates 41, 42 Solitarius::ss<iacatiasn 362, 365

ater... 2ss2cnsdedisaeeey 29) || Helo pus ets << ccs. cc s:5j0.0s oe SER eee eee 460

OSCUIANS,....c2 5330525252205 80eeee 28 CESPIUS. nj sec. HSS eee 465

ostralegus....... 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35,38 | helvetica, Squatarola....+....-.:.-...... 75, 78, 8&

osculans Gee sessee 28 Trin gas eet: occa mcepasee 75

ostralegus:..c ssf sstice 28 | helveticus;(Charadrius:.....é.o2dsseeeemen- = 75

ostrealegus.<... <.,.Jintameness 32 (Squatarola)......... 78

ostrileguss csc: stsc2sssc ceeeee 32 Wanelluswintleg.cscjsacswecsccemass 75

palliatus........ 28529;,34435;37, 38,09 | Eemipalamb.. <2 2m. o-cctememaceeenecemecne 204, 209

Pte?
a Sees

INDEX. 819

Page. Page.

Hemipalama auduboni................-.+.+- 209) || siaticula, Pluyialis........--cssshavese—assie 123
HIMANTOPUS <- ooo a occ a eeneeee 207 TIN OO om oon cane manpo oeenaen «pene 117

MINOK. donna Stebekispes wea -a« , 214 | hiatienloides, Charadrius .oi3.octedeveteads 128
multistriata,....--...= -ssieceaes 200 Al SEMAN COP OGIN Bs oak oie 5 ois 5:5 << me metaabeies wa 435
Semipalmata.cussaceeh «-<--'0- Das eEMaN TOPS: <2 = 3. <2 Seancicta « «pa seperate 436, 441
hemirhynchus, Numenius...............--.- 416 QMeCTICANUS sede; tesadee SS « sack 440
TOLOPLOPTIOS <5 o.oo cece sie seis ewe ose de se ReetGe 460 BNGinuSaas.6 gee < = ae eee 437
formic Gull |< <o so saxsncec cscs cca Geeta 612 brasiliensis 334s oe oee sacs 442
UC TOLACTIUS «5 «<< cscisisiencune's/sidiabialeales's < o'e's\e « 366 himantopuss3sjsssdeees-. cess 441
DIG VIDOS we oc .cicia<'- Rtas <>< <.01<013 367 Kknudseni;. 2-2 sfasees6---- 5... 441

INCANG q «| </2,-.< «ans ett ejaiste sca an <0 370 IOUCUIUS: 4235 SY esseaseese cc eee 447

INCANESba sees semaveedaddew ec ~e 369, 370 melanopteruSzesss cect. -..ca cee 447

IDIGVAIDOS << ceca cceeecc 367 MOLANUTUS =: 2 scree sae Ae eee ee 442

ETOLOLOPOdS.. -ccepreceee hs ccc cca tac cnacccme 209 MOXICANUS' -- feeoceew 442,444, 445, 446
INGUTL. <a, «.sfetstseljataiels'e =/aieieraiatete 216 Migricollis Sisestac eas 209, 442, 446, 447
semipalmata . sates sce sete 214 a. nigricollis.......... 447

HT OLOTODYTOS = < ooo ons onic onrcs vin pele ewe eo os 266 Nigrocollissyjscessaes- ES ERAS 447
FIGLOLO DWC Bise: Joe% - «<1. a «<j -.0.0,cetente.2 «tapers 266 MUR DOS sees oe see ees ace 447
acuminata... .seeeelent- <<< 279 | himantopus 9., Charadrius................... 446

ACUMINATUS. 2-cejecccclst-+-s75- 5 279 Charadrius. j-e-iscetes-ce-e oe 441, 446

DSI CIE REY Soo cicwistcssiccciaaceae 283 HTOUROtOS...cy8joct eu ec ccs cmc 209

Dairdii-: > ose -tenaaabeed «genes 283 Hemipalamas. seems oaes. aces 207

COOPET aos. 5. tasn tac ss = 290 Himantopusiqeeessseees ose coe 414

fuscieollis. <.- case serreimstec 287 Micropalamaz.. 2-2... - 205, 207, 209

MACUIATAS san:< ic soeitereniade cwsc'c 274 Micropelamarjescesstes o- ooecncec 209
Heterosceles brevipes.......sedecccesccece-e- 370 ROCUrVILOStDa. \-eecher coe cease 446
ANCANUS. 22 o - < <cin <= ita Gee A merece 369 Totanuss.-c seeeedsee ss esos ce 207

PEQUCTOSCOHS - 1. naccicccscnc acs canaceetes. sess 365 Pring apes eicbtetet acces 204, 207
HT GLOYOSCOLUS |. ose 5 cocs asian csioc<ie goers 145, 148, 365, 366 (Hemipalama)........... 207
DIOVIPOS sz. cece docers? = 366, 367,370 | Hirondelle de Mer, de Cayenne......... Bouse 469
flaViDeSaacareatt ed jaciess cece > 342 \Mbtrund ofp:.Sterna....<-ssseeeeeet ee eee ee 492

incanuss..-. sasmsaeccee es 366, 367, 369 Hy drocecropis'. wisest. ct-- 2c ccee 497

DIOVIPCS sauisernsGse--as- 367 AUS Sere te es #8 POST TS ee 497

INCANUS hoaeciscei< «\- - == 3 369 Sterna.... 485, 486, 492, 493, 494, 497, 498, 502

QCOSNICUS. 2.25.2 pees. aneaceee 371 SUUNa ee eehsie =. oo owe eee eewccee ee 501

Heuglini, Wars. <5. = -o< cmesemacarhls = a1 (bee 583 WarmtiStema - toch eee. 492
hiaticolay Abpialitises.. s<2 qecastaenet so eacfane 124" ReETOOTLOSs2 2 Sse ges cs tae ccicae cose occ cues 314
TAT COlactwaiterga vise =i-)< Sais 123° || POG podius sso ees ee eee oe 430:

CHRSLAGTIUSS - sates ciccicnsl sociceoemets 123 VUE LS OTA WS geEN hoe aT RTE A Pe 434
HigtiColagepecey <= cei 123 WilSGmiieeeee ss soe c ten cence csee 434

UT atl Cull dee acter ects cee cteracicte cieteicicehisinre cere scorer 114 ietomoptilura... seeeabiccoe secs ec ceeecoeees 159
RIANA Access tee cet artes nie met slaie ere 124 4) (Hiomoscolopaxtssesseee soo eee ~ oo ce eae ee 160

UZ SUSE mo ,2, Nelsicisiercedaaarsieiaia nace 138,143 | Hoplopterus cayannus, ................------ Ti

COMSTIS [oo soe wn one oon dette eee 143 CAV AMUNR OS ore ce eects 7¥

CULONICR - ooo cwavacacccnsas ate 126 SPINLOSHSS = sasehenee eat cen < nisiccss 72

hiatioula. -. 25. ccs oes tde eee eee 123: | eLOplomypterustes-..-.-aaavecciess.--.-- 62,63, 69

INORG UA sa acdee <ccuwasciedcisecmneee 136 CONANUIS: 2c sess ce cicincl see eenie 70,71

DIB OMA oe oe cacinciacecccce cence 1 eEtormed) Purline tengesd. 2-20 --cccccccniccce. se 789

PNUMOUewasce tence annnes acated wees 127 ihorsfeldi, Scolopax.. .ssseaseuseet---------< 159

MON COA aaa ansacan teense sce 1349 \ eetadsonian Curlew... <.-. sspesceesh-c-- 2-5 402, 404

PHU pping. 2 aso eee etsen de. ss 126 God wit... .. sce terute see ocscn se 191

pusilla-. Soa aa asta een 2. ss 127) jiebudsonica, Medoa-.. -. attnescstercs .0.c6s<.0- 194

SOM palmata--.. ..., eset sco 120 AMIGO :. o-oo eee eee eee 194

pee pSLIN DL ORsain cinjerei esate rat ieee Be cietsis 128 MEUM OSS: = onan cc.s)opieterse soe cic are 194,195.
borquatarsectec!. Saat eds. Seis 124 Numenius pheeopus var.......... 407

WOCHELA= cc th eRe ees eee. < soe 102 PHAGOPUSHeesszge- osc ccccccsses 407

WALS OW a, s.0.o,a1s.c) aii Se PEE cis, b ces 111 SCOlQUAK. ocecaestas Snes cece eee 194
iaticula, ANPIslifes.. <2. <.cscctumeeeeene aes 123 THING ats 5 c= = cee weenie s oncieweis 52
A OGTANIEBS 2. <.a,0a.satrine oclereneae 123 aUGsSonicus,, Limose... 2. aqeesten -soo~ see see a LOS

AU PIAlPIS sans ceaaaanceute sine 122, 123, 128 INUMONIUS. =<. ademt bce 404, 406, 407

MOPIGHbIS << 25 52. aetaeee tee ee 122, 123 (Phopus)..2 0000.0 407
Charadrius.......... 114, 115, 117, 120, 121, Phreopus....<.csctermee 393,397, 402,407 |

122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 130 TOLANUS. << s-aectcucbreen cece - 195

iaticulasteseeet ees 122 UneMIUS. « ..-..-5 tebe. sans eices 407

War.,, Charadnius:. saeeseoceeee. .-'- 130 | hudsonius, Numenius................. 390, 407, 416

HUI atICUl A IeGMS ee. tes ccc esses ccs 123%)| *eatChinsh; Warus. . . secpesaecee Ge cnc cc serene 589

820 INDEX.
Page Page.
hyaticula, Charadrius............-....2.-+--- 123: | Wy dreeolsous . 2.55 fossa. he tesa eee eentes 564
Hy bemus; Larus: 253225 s aes = cin 631-4] Ey drocol@ussssco soon cee eee ore aee ese tae 649
hybrida, Hydrochelidon...........--.----- 530, 531 MHNUGUSS wen '-\-. se eee ee ce 649, 651
PeOlOdGS ooccsaccoo sass OSL i: Why drecoloousssec-.1nnr See pote ee eaeeeccce 649
Stermassess se Sess assess 530, 540 mMinutusscSPsi sas oeeee esses 652
hybridus, Hydrochelidon...........--.---- 531, 540° | iydrephasianus:......./02 2. S2es-s sce sceeee 6
Ey dralectOnsasce--sostacsoo see eee cscs 7 (|: iy drophasiss2s.ca neces eoee eaten Soe 6
Hydrocecropis brachypus.......-.....------- 504°: ‘Eiydroprogne....).. -ecceaeenlc ee tees 459, 460
delamottarie- Sst... - 531 BYANCA!: dae dae ees eee ee 484
dougallisrsssseessecee-- 22 = 508 CAaSPib. tec. CIRO 461, 464, 469
Hirundo sass: sceasoeee-s.seses 497 CASPICA SA Seat celeee 465
JeucogenyS 2222 tee... 532 tschegrava imperator.......... 466
MACTOUTA= eS. 552 503 Strenuassseaaeee oe 465
NU tales ss ok 484 tschegrava......... 465
senegalensis 5. 222252... 3-25. 498 | hyperboraeus, Phalaropus........ ee A 428
SUMMING sees oN. ccccescesceseces e 532 | hyperborea, Phalaropus..............------- 422
“tenuirostris:-eoesesces --2- 2. 553 Tringan cv seeee esas sees 422, 493, 426
WAISODEsnassateteeacee cn ccewe 498 | hyperboreus, Larus............ 580, 581, 584, 589, 590
Hy drochelidon =-5:45.-22052 40-3 Sse 459, 526 Lebipes #225 See * ss <2 428, 429
albistriata. ese 6. oS 504 Phalaropus : 2272222: 422, 426, 428
delalandil: -.222 3922 e. esse 532 (Lobipes) 222.2... 428
fissipes:: US 527,536,538 | hypoleuca, Endomychura............- 751, 752, 753
fluviatilis Milas cS 36 532 Guinettas co eee: 72
fuliginosad S90 Thee... 2. 518 Hieematopus’. 222 seen oe ss 5. 28
fuliginosumes 222s... =.= 518 MACrUuria tec ee eo Seis 753
prisea:': -SS2ECs Se ee 536, 540 TrINGOIGES seh: sT ON Se 377
hybrida..:55:. 5298 5.2... 530,531 | hypoleucos, Actitis............-..---.- 277 , 372, 377
hy bridué..2<. 28st. 531, 540 TotanUS?sases See eee 372
INCI Ga ene Sacco 531 Tringa ss Seon 371, 372, 377
infuscata.........-.--.22----- 488 | hypoleucus, Brachyramphus..............-- 753
javanica. 25255522 3e32 531, 540 Brachyrhamphus..........-.. 751, 752
lariformis: . Sr e702 bss... 536 Hepmato puss: 22s ees Seca 36
Ys scs aco caneeee a 527 Migtaniiswee ete ees eee: 372
Bees crs ee tees 536 PringoidesGMwsie: Fes 582s 555 372,377
surinamensis...... 5344) dypomelsena, ‘Parra: s22222:seaeeeeete 22... 16,17
leucopareia........ 526, 527,528,530 | hypomelanus, Charadrius. ...........------- 78
delalandii.....- 528,532 | hypomelus, Charadrius.............-.+------ 78
fluviatilis...... 528, 532 Squatarola squatarola..........- 79
indieass2o:. 528/529) 431 |) Pry psibatesso12e 3 eecce eee ee meee ses = 441
javanica....... 528, 531 MPTICOMIS se eee oc Se secceseess 447
legge 22s MBS: 528, 532
leucopareia.... 528,530 I.
TOPersin ge) .2ets! 528,532 | ‘Iceland Gull..........0...----c2eecseececceee 590
swinhoei... 528,529,532 | icelandicus, Larus..........-..--------+----- 593
leucogenys:2s00 Pett Se 5391 || KUchthyaAGtusisen sere os aecinstecm see ee setae == 563
leucoptera..... 527, 528, 536,538,539 | ichthyaetus, Larus.........-.--.-------+-++-- 563
grisea...... 536,537, 540°] Wliornis 0522.0. cescewe enn enetoesemsiece sce 148
leucoptera........ 539 Wy OEMS Saree eee ete eee ce eee eee = oer 148
lencoptertimess2 eu eet ete 539) ||/"amipennis; Alcea: ce.c--jwenjccmee -cmeee 710, 711, 712
leucourus 2432-7 ee ae 540 MUGS IF: OSs cass AR OBI cess 713
mareinatessss-stee ee 532 Chendlopex-t-ci.-- Reese ns 713
meridionalis <-=+ 822 e. 5 eee 532 ANZ OW Mic foaictociefaree seteee ee see 713
Migers tassels ee 540 Pinguinus....-...iseeueees 702, 711, 713
nigra‘scssss2-2 526, 527, 532, 537, 540 Plgutus 22 Sus. ce Soe ees e. ike
nigra.: fase: 527,528, 532,533 | imperator, Hydroprogne tschegrava......... 466
surinamensis........... 527, Sterna caspia .var..=.. Sts sees. 2: 466
528, 532, 534, 535, 536 Thalassetiss: c.e-wen cee eee <2. 466
nigricans: esses Sees ee ese 527. | imperialis, Gallinagotsso-..s5 2.086 sea eceten 160
NISTUM io ite oe canoe §27)/535 || Gna, Sterna... cccceccacsastetecsacesccce 460
niloticas 21 eIeY, .io 532: Tntcand WRCbibis. cis eter ance aoeee ewes 368
ODSCUTE Re acc cece re sao 527 Heteractitiss. coc sssac see eee ee 370
pallidasss Aer dee eee c ccc 527 Scolopaxtts.sc 52.2. USReAeeee 365, 367, 368
Plumbea rate ence wwe c ce HSH) i MACHHUST eA CELULS teres [ale cln's's atnla eles eo sume 36g
Similis s323 5228S ee 532 Heterosceles!omneie soe sonia 369, 370
subleucoptera ............-.- 540 Heteroscelus:.. cues Ret. o55 366, 367, 369
surinamensis...2:52 0822 3222. 534 incanus.-eessssh <6 369

: . INDEX.
Page Page.
Ra NES AVODIPOS ci oitesa nn oR eo 435 | islandica, Trynga.......----------++++22e00+- 237
Mota oo open ea 367,368 | islandicus, Canutus....-..-----+--++0+e+2+0++ 237
(Gambetta)..2.....-02---+- 368 ManOS:.22s:-deeeeees=acPeee 589, 593
(Heteractitis)............-- 368 hybernus b...--++++++++--+ Goa:
SANE oc nnn sce A 370 Numenius: . 22.1 22--2a0-e0=45--- 402
indica, Hydrochelidon...........----2-0-+--- 531) | Ivory Gull.......-c2ceo<eteesaeene-neniide sins 576
leucopareia..... 528,529,531 J.

PANT) ce ccicmececiersnticeece nee eee = 7
Bp IPS ac i cs eeetnehas hes au Seige is cain NO
Vira ae aicrom iconic STORER et 531 af gray 1c Oe mee 7
indicus, Philomachus pugnax........--.---- 225 Bele tee 2 MNES Oe eS 15
EOD BAN faerie toma eerie a oe Central Amertéan:*.--: 222. 22------- 9
WO CANUS <r join ainiecsinideta= Sareea = 225 Pe rigana! tetas toss cet eh ls OnE 13
infuscata, Haliplana.-.........+-.+-+++++--- 488 gymmnostoma.......-.+--2ee2ee+++ 12, 13, 14
Etydrochelidonis....asehe teenies 488 Facer! ae ay tees stesso) AED PON 8
StChA tp wsseemecce reels <a salsa 485, 488 NET e eee 8
MUS Cates. 5=Seeeoee eee 488, 516 ROCA ee eee 8
Thalassipora......../22sscececclesee- 488 melanopyzias)s-.., ois sssttee eee 16,17
infuscatus, Onychoprion fuscatus...........- 488 MoniGart 1) eoPee ree tat ees ee ee 12
innotata, Sterma...........--.2sssseecese= se. 532 Tpra. ck cee tbanee bs et eeees 8, 11,15, 16, 17
inornata, Adgialitis.......2...+.+-+--+++++++- 136 snitosd’.:<.1...00nirp nena |: 7,8, 11,14
ACPA SHAS cactocnmeiccrce ee eee eee 136 gymnostoma......------ 8, 10,12, 13
Wiaticwa......-..-.---++++++2++--- 136 Spin0sdesssntscese 8,9, 10, 11,12,13
Symphemia semipalmata........ 321,322 SRC ontee ts eee nee 8,10, 13, 14
inornatus, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus.... 315, Wrst Tain ene centers Sane ate 13
: aia jacana, Jacana. .:..-...---------+- 222 ee eee eee 8
Charadrius! \35-00eeck -e ee eee 136 facanints? .ucitacca seit eee 8
Ochthodromms - <=. -.ace2 te. 136 Parractsisftetsscse eee 7,8, 11,12, 14
intercedens, Catharacta lonnbergi............ GU PTA iat Cena taen stele ee ee 5
Megalestris lonnbergi........... BS ae ka nc i eeeenseeaete teers ce en iae ene 3,4,5,6
Rhynchops......---.++-++++++++ 455? |i Peeaniduen)./"Afnkus.s case eee enone 2,5,6,7
eS ee 455 jadreca, Limosa......-.------+-------++----+ 182
Rynchops. Beep See ere aoe 455 | Jaeger, Long-tailed.....-.-..-------2eeeeeees 694
eae Sail; 458,454, 255 PATASItCsees eee cca eee esas east 687
Suis pese cee = POMInIiNe: 2c ee oot cates see eee an 681
intermedia, Agialitis SseRekete tee slats ee aes tae 128, Jaegers, SMTA ANG. tnt ate esos ene eee sees 673
Jacana jacama.....-....-.-.+-.-. 8 jamaicensis, Charadrius. ......--------------- 104
PAITA. ..-2-2-0eeeeeeee eee eee ee ees 8 | japonica, Gallinago.......-.2-2-2.2-2-2eee2e+ 171
y c Uria. Geta ieee tet ae Sierras 724 jassana, Parra.....------------+-+--+-+--+-++-- 8
LE Soe ill tae ea tek A ses javanica, Hydrochelidon........---------- 531, 540
Charadritisesoscae acest eee 128 leucopareia......- 528, 531
NUM eniUSeee Lee see = 407 Palodest cc ceR MUNA = eae 531
interpres, Srepsilas...........---.--.--5.+--+ 54 Reariane Lid Ccnca.: NepenE 531, 540
Arenaria........--------- 44,47, 48,53, 55 Starnulaecce yas mee Mee? 531
interpres.............. 44, 45, 48 ferdoni, ‘Mgialitis. 1.00.4: -22e Se 128
Charadrius.....--..-.-.+-+-++--+-- 50 Charadrius minor....-........------ 128

CiniGhu sae RRR «hic weece ee Sees 50, 54

(Sirepsilas)s< 2. 22es antes 50 K.

Morinella.......-...--.-- sseereeeeete 50) 54 | kamtschati¢e, Alea. -2-- 2220282 cere sees aee 773
INGEEPEGS Jose. =e. 2. ee 50 | kamtschaticus, Simorhynchus......--------- 773
inepsilas: <- Seer sessile a 48, 49, 50, 53,54 Simorrhynchus......-.-.-.-- 773
interpress@yo..--cccse ce 50’ | Meeask, Esquimeauxy...:........5...-2---<- 680
SOG DSLLUS aio arecraromreoaere ea 50,54) || Skeeask (uanusieeeecasaaacsecs-t esas cues 680, 683
PRET PB sic .cwicicrcrewmoteiorioe eee 47,50;'52,54,50 || Keri, Haliplana.-.-s.a 25. eens as is seni 487
CPU SG. anio-. s\smoowickeeminw ste oeeee 55m eel deereeeecece-scce= seus seeees ees sta-ns =~ = 99
PALE LG soc. ncis cc Pteee ee ocses eee Bb” (MMeteti wakkesetes scdoccessccteeue cc ceeseees cer 565
sHlringa sis e ESS. 55 PACiNC > Hucccc cece toe sete eee 571
War. A, Arenaniayeote. 2.02.02. 55 RG0-162 2800's ceccen nn seme anine==-— 573
Vara ByeArenaria.. goes eee 55 | kittlitzi, Brachyramphus.....-......-.---- 746, 750
War. ©, -Aronarian.ccec octet 55 Brachyrhamphus.........-.-..-.-¢ 750
MEBdiparrayy wees OI sa.<icc gS PT 7 Ghycisialbaecssscensoseennee ae 559, 560, 561
fslandica, cAl Cao cee =i cn -nee eee aoe 717 | kittlitzii, Brachyramphus.......--...------- 750
CaliGriss: cc nciswnceeeeec cae 237 Brachyrhamphus...2c652J2c<24s--- 750
Fratercula arctica.............2.-- 788 Chroicocephalus. ........----------- 645
IEMIMOS2 ge See eeeeeeee Ce ee oeer eee 182 Giayiaseececeactecan sees acest a= 645
FBTIN GANS ac cinaasate tease eee OS 7F250" ly Kattlibzs: Muarelets..-cescec=-e sere eee cree == 749

822 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Mn Obicsctsressssscssesesctecs sss eee 2al,797 | Waroides @ assimilis. - . << cnccocnteaeaeee ane 582
knudseni, Himantopus............. rete Saree 442 Dorealisinscccacececcee eee a= 620
korustes, Sterna dougallii.................... ' 509 cachinnians..\GLe8: Gasetac- oss seces 583
Sterntlass oO a es ccseees 510 Califormicus Si isaeieretes- ce ceases 623
kotzbuei, Rissa tridactyla................... 572 CANESCONSs; hcconesnisomeceeeceea se 631
kotzebuei, Rissa tridactyla.................. 572 CANUS LY cee ncwiecemt ee eeme steels 631
kotzebui, Larus tridactylus var...........-.. 572 PUSCUS oRO eae eee co ccccenes veenee 582
IRISSAS oataw iss ote sac meee soot oe 572 PIACIBlISS Sc. cesce sees eesaea ete 589
Kotzebuliy ars’: sasoc0 See seve eee 572 glaticescens:<t.<2cccse acess eee eee = 599
RiSSa Jae oat daaaee cs cele 572.575 glaucoides-3.22 -2..55-bceen see ee 593
tridsctyla ss sssss2 55. jeden 572 glaucopterus Satie ste see stun soe 598
roi cocephalus aa scee an’ spiechasaiae ee oscil 635 PlAUCUSe~ sec ase seece ma ORE 589
Reurhlit, “Totanusseeese ced 2 sae ioace ees eecces 352 harengoram.- 5.2222. -eeee eee eee 582
kumlieni, Larus........... 581, 584, 593, 595, 597, 600 JaCriMmOSUS <2 <-ecos nceeeeeeaets sete 631
Krumilion’s Gull eee aaccicictrteelauisc's'swieicone 593 lewcophaeus.._...hees eee sateen s ae 583
MAJOL_- = oc tect acsceeme seer eee ty 617
L. MeClAnOlUS .=:.jcccte eee e essa nes ce 582
WADTAG OLA CAUCASsacc cee cs seceesate crimmetewoss 787 michahellesit;:.:2:s2saseeeests.. -s. 583
Nabradoria, Alese eso o. aceccesss secs eseecees . 796 Minor: A seNee LST see 571
fabradorica,:Alea...2..---.....-- ra eta ears 787 occidentalis-~: - 5.2.2 2-caeeeeees 611, 627
Sapmatorrhina. --.2-cs-s- nes 796 procellarus.s-i.ccacansteree oe eansee 631
lachrymans Urlavscs sce tees teeece en ee ace 721 ISSA wjo.. esse miss remineeoaeeee ee ee 570
lachnymosus: Larus'<% :. .. cectense- sss ces 631 subleucopterus...2,..2 tea =! 593
Hachseeschwalbev.. se o-0— snes eebise see Sees 478 tridactylusieesstes Sasre eens 568
Bacrimalis; Urge oF22 secs. s os yecttest oeeseee 721 | Waro-Limicoleetios2eies seats Ne SL Ss 12
Jacrimosus, Taroides: =... 2522. ss sc'- jentecmisiee G3ll ||), Waropisi sc vases acne staat see ee aeceaees 479
RACryNsNS: WT AR sates sees cesses eaae 721 anglicas. ewes eae ens oc 483
ELOUM OM ses eccice vos oe eects 721 MUO CAs... os ce SAO se 481
EAcrymostis.(Glalicusiceccensesces ce se eee oes 631 | Darosterna......... 55536 255) 239snee 460
Factaola, Urig.s:tSccrsetscses ces cose esccec cs 180. }) WArus....-.s.---- 22 Se ROR eee eos ans 563, 580
ere Serre ero nee 736 affinis: se enceae eter 582, 584, 608, 609, 620
lacteolus, ‘Cepphis.:--: 2. 2.2 docs. aseweisee 732, 736 STINIS)s eee we coe ae enee 609
Colymbus. 220 vevee ss tadtaeesea cee 736 ABUSES oosceeciee eee eee 570, 575, 577, 605, 650
Iscustris; Gallinago: 2.00222 2o. =. escas ees = 171 STCHCUSE oc SA se eens 593
MalMatiass <i se sosicccmise sence sh 171 argentatoidesiss..2.:52 Jsceasdteesmee 617, 626
WAMDLUSCHINIG: 5. cdewcwcce + se ae nemciosieces 563 argentatus...-.. 580, 582, 583, 584, 591, 600, 601,
LamOttil, SCOlOpBX cee css ccc siaseenacee sivicc ate 170 606, 612, 614, 616, 617, 618, 619, 627
langvia, Columbus’... .-<ccc2's ces ecmoRe sen 724 a. argentatus:>.asa9.-22 552 616
lansvicia. "ColyMDUS. ....sic5 o-sc0 e-eaceee ce 724 ALLENtALUS.-- 222 Seeee aces 613, 616
lapponica, Limicula..... cece sectevisicedae ccle 183 b. smithsonianus.......... 617
Rim OSAisscciseatectcocccsce sss aee 183, 191 ce. occidentalisstvest. 2 252252 612
lapponica ss. pxsos me 183 d: borealisaeeineed. 2 f.- 5. 620
SCOLOPAK << cs cconciec 180, 182, 183, 191, 194 occidentalis.....ccisaas7e. 228 612
8, SColOpak..32 585 soa eicwiedats c=" 194 smithsonianus....... 613, 617, 618
VaT., LAMOSA< - -.2 33. saeslacioate sis 191 thayevigewe thc cisciciesicee 600, 601
VOLO aes s is Kote aalownn eaten Ps 182, 183 var. argentatusix.scs...-- 616
lapponica........... 183,187,188 cachinnans..-....... 607, 619
NAD WINE Sec. o coectetooee emeceae sie ee nee eee 65 californicus............ 623
Parge-billed Pun... ..02c00 2 atte cea dtentaeets 788 Var. occidentalis........... 612
Terns acieoseee sete hs eae 541 var. smithsonianus....- Sees SONG
WAT. 2s = cbsuces cee te neeieets 1, 2,3, 447, 448, 449, 458 WOLD... SAEs a 620
MOAT SOS crc cwiomecrianiniscieene 447,448, 449, 450, 458, 561 NOBLES Meh cies. dew case 620
PFATULOPIMES 3 aja c:ciccie cine smicicienaw.s as nase. 448 ATLEDECUS oo jwisin jaro ninicinrs,-.o AE ose 617
lariformis a, Hydrochelidon..............-..- 527 ALTICADUNUS. < . .sciecis sciicirnicid ae scenic 641
8, Hydrochelidon:....:.-....-....%% 536 Strict Sasso pees 465, 635, 638, 640, 643
tydrochelidon:..-.. -.2.. 5. ees 536 QLTICHI As ss 2 cae ee oe ee 640
Rallus. sc 22 eee ea eo nate eee oes 527, 536 (Atricilla) megalopterus............... 640
DOGVIN oso wis vince onic s acecinnn DEES eee = <6 448, 561 MiIcropLerUses $< 55. 1E face we 641
Marolidere. ci. ice. 0 cate eS 448 atricilloides q:.,.,:..esataue. te eRe cnc 652
WiGroldes’, «..i<sj0. 5 eos ee ee 580 audouini.....2.....20ds sk Mle wnt ete dees 580, 632
americanus. ...< 22:25 asen ees 617 PATLOVIANUS. qq 5:<)-1-i510 es, accinisinicinisr eae 590
@ nDiprodorsalis: cvtse.asseee te... 582 DATROWIADUS 6 < ojescteescjsieemta= eee 590
argentaceus | .<.s2ttetasstesee te 617 D@IGHET bac sein aim ico crs rae neem ee 653, 656
argentatoides.<- sed achscaseieset es 617 bicolor... <2. 08 mee sens eateeioe nce 497
Ergentatuss testes as esccndeeeeee.s oe 616 (Blasipus) heermanni ................ 656
SILENTCUS SF oe jescnninwccattttee et 617 ponapartel.....< s95<-ciaacon eee tence 648

glaucescens . 581, 583, 590, 594, 596, 597, 598, 599

INDEX. 823

Page Page
Maras bonapartis -\--cepiclicmctsriactaccice aHeERESS 648 |! Marus:glaucoides: j<1.\-.<--ieinisarsandoe oreo 593
Ponsa partie seees eee eater. <a sess = 648 glaucopterusssctsteeseee a see eee an 598
Porealisec ieee -epaeicents 599, 607, 609, 620 PISUCUS. wi5- Eee So 580, 586, 588, 616
brachyrhynchus.... 572,574, 583, 584, 632, 634 (Glaucus) argentatoides..........-.... 617
brachytarsus:....-...eeeee sess eee 580 argentatust x\a.~10c see eee eel 616
brevirostrise sete ccick sicher eee eae 574 DOrealisi ye .:a)-ease eee 620
brid geshs FS wnccmskssewrw-easereeaees 653 Placialis 3... Susana. 593
bru chil se jaye cassie cs eee = 627 glaucescens................. 599
Daifonie seo. eee eee ee 699 occidentalisex.-:.eeeesce 611, 627
INWOnOpartilys. ccciacc se cseceeese eee 648 zonorhynchus- reese. ea 627
cachinnans:.ssesseeeces= 583, 607, 609, 619, 620 SEDO SU nasa 53. bahar enctors eee Sees 582
californicus . 583, 584, 618, 620, 622, 623, 627, 632 heenmannl. <<. nie ese eee 652, 655, 658
CANGIGUS elie meoaneaceese eats 580 MEINGL eiarec a crsoe acecceee ce Be CR eee 631
canus... 573,583, 584, 626, 627, 629, 631, 632, 634 Heuglini Sacec econo ee aes 583
Bis caczigdccdcessees Sea 631 ITN OS waa iae l= ee eerce eae eee eee 497
var. brachyrhynchus ........-..-- 635 NU FCHINS Serre topic a eee ere 589

ec. brachy- IAY;DONTIUS! Scejceiarsencriciocientreenice eee 631
rhynechus. 635 GsfCrvoCUSiS wren cee eet 632
a.canus.... 631 be islandicuse.Gous.2ese2 632
MAJORS asoceccwene seme sero es 631 hyperboreus.s.c-sst ener 580, 581, 584, 589, 590
NIVEUSi =<: s<ssen cscs 631 icelandicuis:cu...tceecseeeeeeh esas Sen. 593
Var OnajOrs.scasss-sceeeeee eee s 631 ichthyaetus-~.% so. SUe ee eee ee ccs ose 563
capistratus st ss352-s3 ee ee 635, 648 islandicuss eee Bes BOLT ee 589, 593
Cataractesy-2ee a= s<ch.c cs I 679 Kear tc selcctincecceetakioniss stores 680, 683
Catarracteseace sciceacenccoe cece -.-- 674,679 kcotzebuebacen ocak oR eee eee 572
Chalcopteruss seen ss =cccciserseele 594, 596, 599 Jeumilieni=teeccosiss 581, 584, 593, 595, 597, 600
(Chroecocephalus) atricilla............ 640 RACHTYMIOSUSe ce sen eicmtiee eee eee 631
franklinieseeees 644 (Laroides) argentatoides...........-.. 617
philadelphia. ...... 647 ArpeNntatus: sso eee 616
(Chroicocephalus) atricilla...... Se SR 640 cachinnanssccc. ccc ee ee 609
CINEFATIUS {<2 <scc 2 wa ceee eee ee eee 570 chalcopterus: 32. 542052 594, 596
cineréo-caudatuses.-s.2s2e.8see ees 645 CitrinOstTiseeeae cet soe 575
Cinerelus seas s52 es TR 616, 631 placislis ja.2.< Cee ee 593
cirrhocephalus . ..<2-2=. 2 seoseeeeeee 635 glaucescenss.2. << (es eeeee 599
columbinus <42255<¢255-22 Se 497, 527 occidentalis... 5. s7oiheas: 611
CONSUL Joes eo scle Se ci<ic dnc SOTO. 589 leucophacus'’.\7. ccncwccceateueeee cone 583, 609
cropidatus. soa e ae eRe 683, 692, 697 leucopterus. 581, 584, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594
cucullatus......... sow NRG HIE 644 (Leucos) leucopterus: ...2- 22-2252 593
CYyANOrhinGhus<q\jc/cwaiweeele ee ee 580 HOWICECLES aitoccwcceewcerenceee nee aeee 589
cyanorhyachus==; .-< 5.5... Seca 631 liftoreus soace 2. Sees. See 608
delawarensis. 583,584,623, 625, 626, 629, 632, 659 IMACUIACUS. ot ec Se ee Ca eee 605, 631
Var. californicus.......... 623 MAOL so NR ee 580
GomMinican ust Me sees ss ook 580 MAPEINACUS S|. \. sou cccw ee Oe Soe ee 648
(Dominicanus) cachinnans......-....- 609 MATINUSS seer cs seh occ eee 580, 582,
@orbignnal P23. so cece se ae 652 584, 601, 602, 604, 605, 607, 609, 617
GRonbigniydls reise <<a BEE 652 Bact oat eee dooce ene 616
ODUINCA ee ao Soe sons sac oe 578 Picacteet cee One 604
SDUNMNCUS Ieee cee os eicet eee 575, 578 SCHISfISAZUBE Hoss. ce5- coco 608
OPALLYTUSs wanes seeeacet acceso sesc 583 MAXIMUS see cee ee ieee coseses ce 589, 605
fabrich ste snc6<s20 3 3s OSS. 605 MCHIUS ease cect ek ecu se eeweececenecen. 589
AGvipesy ssc ue occ <== PE. 582 melanorbynchus=. 2... ..eecreecee + aoe 648
EVAN Eo ees ices see seek 635, 643, 644 MeELANUTUS ose ec-- ce eee tee eos 653
frst As Pepa ak <rerew os ae oe 643 MOCIMINUS sooo < eee LSeSE SITIES 527
frOBSOMIV A § oss Sot 5 shi SSIS. 653 michahellesii.. v2 5. eeelaeee see 583
HUALIPINOSUSE - 8 <is25)5e oe cisciwele SECS 653, 657, 658 MINORS ss stews ete ee tk eee rete eee 589
furcatus...... 1. CES cic SUS 658, 661 Minibus s.ceecenceee eee 648, 649, 650, 651, 668
PUSCESCONS sci ness oss SS 607 MOMESHUS. .Cecccs = sesh tes wisceeeewee 652, 653
fuscus.....-- 580, 582, 584, 599, 608, 612, 616, 620 MOLEOSaE eR eee ee 593
Sinishe oo. 2c eR t 609 ANN SE eicie See toes s cee ae eee ee ate 605
PAIR en sc chimes sce eee Re: 571 PGS VALUS\ «ERS Fe eon 570
(Gavina)ibrochis.c< 3... 82. .Beseeees = 627 Neon ss acee eee eee 581, 584, 595, 596, 597
CANUSS asec weeees aa oceeee 631 MigTipAllUsi. wooo ae eeTeMewce eee. == 605
gelastessfasccencdscé sc eee Seas ee 563 MOTOMS cas centes Aare ince cea Oe ce cmeiaree 652
PIPANTOUS sss scccse tse eRe Se 589, 605 MIVOUSS «52s se toes esate eleee 574, 580, 631
Placialisn eose sac SRS ood 2 53 589 occidentalis: sc. steeeee cree eee ee 582,

584, 607, 609, 610, 611, 618, 620, 627

824 INDEX. /
Page. Page

(ATUS pachfcis = <<< a.<<.cite- en sa seen 563 | Sseptorhynchuss 22s... -~ enim =i -/ eee 436
(Pagophila) brachytarsus......... sis. 580 pectoralis=<-........ aseeeeeee 436
@HUTNEUS:.... «=... ease 580 | Beptorrbyndhas..).... osc cscs cme. eeeeniee 436
parasiticus........-.- 683, 686, 689, 690, 696,697 | Leptoscelis..........---.-..22.- 220s eee e eee 145
Pelagicus.<55-,..< he AIS cea cess 607 | Lesser long-billed Curlew..............-...-- 394
philadelphia ss 3. 22iaeaset 3< cee seine 647,648 | lédsont, DEomicus...,....:<,-.0<i,-jc-0. sth beebas eee 63
philadelphise::....)-jc a8 ebeels oo ceo sicc sss 648° |) FéeSonil; estris):..¢ so c0c0 xe ctisan acc octeeeeae 699
philadelphicus . s24292008:-..5-.5-..-- 648 Stercorarius.........- geese RO ERE 699
mipixcan:....-.: -ciaseeewert o 2... ey cee 644 || Mestridss<jasiscnecetinice --decccnccceeeateeeeee 673
plumbiceps:.sjeascedsiseek ...- 2-2 oi G41 |} W@Stridin gers 5s Sscnceicis decane eunc es eeeeeee 673
POlO-CANGOE:- doch cincc cee nt seses 506 | eStrinaes ES ER see ncn scm scietattatice des 673
DEOCCMOSUSS foo ip cin nee nnnie eae naa 631 | Leéstiis.cey: Ses AE CLG ow 2. Saree ses 686
DUIO-CONdOPAL ssaceccey sees sce estes 506 ANUGALCHICAR Bo oasis wiwininicie oe Ee 676
DY PULP) <6 0 oo ic omic osteo eels nieiniteta cleats 652 apbareti cust 8 We nee ee. BSUS 676
richardsonlin sos ce ccc ep ccc caeen sera 672 DONICKENTsayde wis< 525 5 a cincin ce tteiemarsie's 694
TAAUDUNGUS:: sacecen soe wc cow seeeeesee 635, 641 henickil...,.cwthextstreaasak RO. se 694
TAPS cn Sen came cactmnelcnss Seeues 570, 571 Oj see, «c.2's's disc Seiecneaieew ee eees 693
TASS Bess osc crs so MINERS SE os oss wey 570, 571 brachyshynehos«;<.<s\-c = -ee sce nce 699
(Rissa) brachyrhynehus::. -/.......--.- 572 DNISSOMM ot. Lewis'cc eajeisiceon se cee enee ee 699
b¥evirostris.......... sexe baetssk 574 Duhon 43s nis.s ose 2 inree eee ness 698, 699
NIVEUS q.ctejineie = on. c cteebegaset 572 CALATACKES Hse cisiccieis ninth 679
tridactylus......n-..st meso eeee 570 Catarractes)..,--..)-.-. <a ee oi. 679, 686
tridactylus pollicaris........-. 573 Catarrhactes. 2s... «2. dde benno 679
TOSCSiaciacivicie oe eccs een ce ce NS 668, 671 CathaLrractes:. <i e..c<cc accede 679
TOSS Aeocisicsis.aisesoealessa.siese wie sare PRT 672 CODHUSs cc iceeeSer cic cae case ee ---- 692,698
FOSS RO AS = IAL isicin.o sion c10s wi APPRLIS al 672 CEPPAUS. \<.cose/atsen hs = - See ee 692, 698
TOSSH es Fcccs énsce ccs ccc ch eee 668, 672 crepidata..a3/uiste (aaeedce i eeI28 692, 697
Tufescens...... me bieseseees.<ceososes 609 Chepidatusztsssetth o\.cstistes aciseisistain ce 692
PVSSAs silos nae Se ASe se oceies osclsis 571 fusca.eiua Wivasie. cicjciccicisicieed<crrtneine 680
sabinei........ ea RRL SEE PING 2 ao taia sae & 665 hard yi... #i:n43s5 5; Abas Qos 699
SAD. 6.5... eH HAA. ose. 662, 665 Nard yit-,... .d.c-0e. cseens Se CRS 699
SAU oe step isioie IRs Sato ose s'ssiaisionle 665 lessoniliz{-..-.---=-.- By JSSeeeeee 699
schistisagus...-..../:2%. 582, 584, 605, 607, S08 lon picauda:. ©: <s. 5c degcieeeeeeeee 694, 698
SCOLESDIL «5.2.5.0 -RGANGIATISe one ceeesiece 563 longicandata.« .< ...~.0. dssase ss Is 698
SELTANUS:, <5... ce RILS NIN TIIs2 os 5 sso See 645 longicaudatus. .... ...-.-.SUsuofses ee 698
SMIthsonianus.....2.5 565-1. SIMs eects 617 longicaudus... ...dds.ccassde. cease 698
SUORD DIF. AAR Aye cleitac Mare oe bate latKs alse 497 macropterosss.i6.. 55.25 J. 5 Reo 694
SUCKIOYIW........... is de deeiitel. S Sealers 632,635 microrhynchos?:<.... 7... ..2se8heese 699
TOA VOTE coc hisyscincc sca sisiscoreie 581, 584, 600, 691 parasite... josxss- ean Bee 692, 697
WONGQUALUS Se = wna osc nceinigtaeeaete 571 parasitia. 2.2222) .<2nsaseeee ees 692
SridactylUS:..,-2--s2ee000-<58 564, 567, 568, 571 ParAsiticases . S55 47H. Toews R sss 691, 692, 696
var. katzebui. ...-...s2ie2% 572 parasiticusisaxs4is2.JI2 2. ddcaies 683, 692, 696
CYYCACTYIUS s.,2:. 0 =:ciciens = SARS TERS 568 a. coprotheres............ 692
WWATLUS < oo pee ici pins aie mice iamremele am eueie eee 616 DPArasitUS.. -acwe ra wsssee ceaee = 692
VORB 22/8. $275..555 5G 855... 583, 584, 618, 620 pomarhinas:<sa8% --550s4cseeeee ee 685
Wat OC Kites Sete sre ncinspectiscince ces 575 pomarhinusss. 243: t-s0514asee ose 685
ZONOLDYNCHUS:Sascommen.ccesets cde 626, 627 pomarina ;.....<<itssesatee 5-82 683, 684, 693
&.. Me@NICANUS=5......--- 627 pomarinus =<... %24-s saan deen sees 680, 683
b. bruchi’....... aseenege 627 a. fuscus:~<; 22 .staaae ase 686
MORE VG aaron c a. doeriee ba ciacaacus oxidnaqutatetnne 782 pomatorhina: ; s3268 cose s -edectonte 685
larvatus, Charadrius......... .ssgsesaeemeasieers 143 pomatorhinus.<<2se-<...<s-.0seeaeal 685
ldthami, Sagmatorrhina.......<...cs2wsesse 792, 798 POMOEFINUS sas 2i5)= occ .coniceises Hee Me 685
laticauda, Bartramia........ 2... <nfestasjans 378, 385 PICGHALGSONL: «<< << icicin/oie nician/aiaieeine ect 694
latipennis, Gallinago...)-..\....-.-j2sc4satesaese 17] riChardgdSonii.. oi ..a:.<s.o00e/0<ianeeeeeee 694
Wanghing) Gull ce ctents see's scence Cees 636 Sebleepil . < . .- .-ckn.< ccs n.choneeeeeens 694
Beast A Gh ebHi Biss seis nen sees nen o Steere 768 GA), Ses ninin.cscnnatiqoowee sees 678
SANG PINON: oe cceies nin eas masnn eo Seeeirens 294 Sphaeninros=-es -\ssc Rec cmicocinteeeinne 686
MOLT s<\ ojs:d.c os ssarsin sjaietainsiaterenia (sinha teats 521 spinicandas 22232 -055 - << .-- SSRe 694
BrOwm’S)c incense dee 2.04 sae: 525 spinicaudus....<.02.c--8¢ piles ses 694
leggei, Hydrochelidon leucopareia.......-. 528, 532 Striatis§.s,5.-<caacacteceaceaeteeeete 686
Meet VON GOS: 2S <A are 2 oie ia;s oinin aicininq emt euels 266 Ghiudlidessse..\si.<005-4 shee serene 694
Gemminckls.. 6 isin. n:0,-Betee Qecek 269) |) Wéncanous=<)-crassce ~~ .a.qcsteteeer eens 557
WAN CUS. a cre cratatne tigen «csc sacelusisaisies Meee 580: |) leticretes Wlanuss, «<< <<:ssiinncnaciemiendeeeens 589
rep todactylus.qenidweman = once sega Ie 145 | leucocapillus, AnouS...............<22 552, 555, 556
TUCPUOPUS Ae aineyaem ee ania oad qa p era 145 Micra OUSsctaie'.</eicieein giohtaaeiels 556
Mitchell} FS KEG «- Seejererajeiesie 145 |) leticocepspAnGuss: 328 .55%.c28.. . Saeeeeeinne 550

INDEX. 825

Page. Page.

UBHCOCEDS GE VR oo nin oan oo om ntetmrafolnitaee eet 544,550 | Limicola brevirostris...........---.---+----- 230

leucogenys, Hydrocecropis.........-.-.------ 532 PIOLHIS: -)ctrtee ante << sbaaaast o\scc045,5 pi) ee

Hydrochelidon....- - sxe ¢a-\2e 532) || deimicolse. .. 2-5-5 =<. waders 1, 2,8, 4, 18, 24, 25, 449

leucopareia, Hydrochelidon...-.... 526,527,628, 530 | Ubimienlact 2.5. ooo. oan a = an atetamats ee 177, 322

leucopareia.... 528, 530 POM OG mee eran eee o «1-1 0,<1\-jaie)e/te 185

RElOd GS: <5 «coos oss octets tae 530 hudsonica..........- sasiqssuceuees ~~ 194

Sterna sc. .<.etonmnpielsl- ore 526, 529, 532 Jap POUCA <p oc 5 <45-<m 2-5 eeee © 183

Wir al Vee saic:cnj< -neien tots do cohen 530 TAL OF AU aye ees eee crees = « 187

leucophea, Arenaria leucophea........--.-- 309 melanura:. -.... . =~ decease teens « « 181

CRG TISs. ooo. cscs oj cetera e ocie'ts 309 NOY Ob oacterctsrers ea spyadtioaes eee 183

leucoph®. <ssr0 ata -<-.5 = 00) it Heimnocinclus os...) 4)e/<)-.< se ater - o0..-1=\= 266

TsiMOSS. ai.5,5 waco anc pata’ «cao 183 acuminatusiwnoes- see - <<. 278

Scolopax.. . i. atgeavteoth -oseteee 201 maculatus... ..-,<- asaeceetcte~< 274

lescophaea, (Prin gar secenqa-- apetence er 309 pectoralis:.\...-.-.>-epacter ns 275

MOUCOPN BUS 3.6. .5,< = 0.0 wo semana iere ds -epsta Sacps 563 |) Toummedromuss..---<-)a-)22,--- en 144, 145, 146, 195

elcherinn. «<--> -taspej- Seca ees 653 STISCUS mis a 01 .0:- 2.5, eae aaten2n0

fuliginOSuUS creams. 272-8 “658 @riSGUS® --<.. dase 197, 201

heermanni-: . sasaceseen ad -penes 655 scolopaceus......... 198, 201

Heucophaeus, Glaucus:.. ....setecseseest -- 2-2 583 noveboracensis ....-...wasseeeem- « 201

aroides -.seat- seca ss -4--- O83) |i) MM ONT TES Sas8his ee see lai <insn aon eee 266

TORUS «= =< seppeoonree eit on -'-) 583, 609 damacensis.. .- -...... .sasjaver = seoete 301, 302

TOLANUS: <.- §-.terasheyscjecompn crore 183 IMT Ge = a in,-)2 nis, 1-,n:0,- eee oe 268

leucophoea, Arenaria . .. <<... 3 .meme's/d- 2se1ere 309 MMT GU a) sees apes << 329 cesereisr= 298

leucophoea, Scolopax.........-..-. apaterasdis osere 195 TINA Sess sn, 30 ao eee 298

Fetlcophoeus, TOtanus: s-Aeecec cease echt <= 195 TU COIS septic e nee 292, 293

leucopodus, Heematopus...........-.--.---- 29 tGemmin ck. ..,-:.,.,</.-: <a Sale 269

WeUCOPOLIUS =< - . - mses a Serasiees 3 once ois sees 114 tfemmimekii-.........ssaiesaase--ae 269

COM ANIS hese cites a Beat 43) Mi o8as-eees. soccer ececee 144, 145, 146, 147, 177, 322

leucopolius, Charadrius.............--.-.-- 114, 115 SCSPEISAS- = .55545- =, 55,555) SOS ER Bi < sce 187

leucoptera, Hydrochelidon.. .. 527,528, 536, 538, 539 eegocephala.......-.-.-.--- 180, 181, 183, 195

leucoptera......- 539 melanuroides .-.:.+.2.-. 178

Stennasaraassebeteia-. << - 0:5 iac% ds 532, 538 Bl Da seas conc desqecitte. eee 194

Prin Pas 286 Sct. ae < eearadna te s;n.<\<<2 372 americana rufa... -.-----aysee= en 185

PPYN Ss, cron smgeitheteniede & = 5<<2 372 australasiang . q:..-.--,--..-lj4ericiee =, 190

Ula cicpeastenerateas cesnaneetd- sous 736 GUIS ISS o.oo ope oo .01s e101: oin,- inden a= 195

Wiralva janastraec's -c:ossscaseesie 539 WORE EO ooo ois o wiseeicine ecient i 189

leucopterum, Hydrochelidon.....-....-.--.- 539 PRULOTIS 55156 = 5 -,0.0 050 .nje yore ere 189

Keucopterus;| Glaueus =c1eki - «<<. 1, <)-.5 «/sjteattss« 593 Del gica 6 aoe 85 5:2)<:9, <2, <j0)s;e/ai0:- 180

Waroides:.. - ..- -<-.2.-.. 244 ssnnie < 592 DrevapeStesscpece reece eeeee ea 178, 190

Larus. 581, 584, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594 Cami das Sans nen aja/5. SEER 194, 440

(eucos) s.<.<:- 4 sarees f= ror 593 @dwardsil ese 5 onc < oe, -5 5 eee 195

LeuCus . - - 0... smrssmtrornai t= sae 593 fed 08sec os -ckeeie=nn<sepesscance se 185, 187

leucophthalmos;Uria-..- - 226... .<,qusaece- 4 720 ferkuPineds ..<.<-5-;--9-5=. sesso << 183

110) (BBR SOCO OOOO SCE 720 POO Gace ch asc eos cehecoeneseeeeen ees 187

Jeucophthalmus, Uria.. - -...-.....<.--<-eacsem = 720 AOR bacco oo ajo iasnis ease SEReea< = 190

WEWECOMSIS HD PIG amor ooo = oan opeyw se oo no oe AAR = 721 PlOGUS Stele cence eee = 327

leucopus), Elsomatopus ..- ..- ----.- states daenict 29 Plottoldessasscic ceo laemeeiner ein, -arels 329

Osiralepen se <c'5 5-5-5 Slade bstorer 29 OTISGG see se eile onesies Seay eee 200

leucourus, Hydrochelidon................... 540 MSS INAS IC ofa) a, o 5, nase. te meses cin) =, =, tere reiaiete 193

TOtanus). << «=... + ssjsenjreasie seeerere 358 hard wick. esse. «-- ees aie 225

“Xeucurus; Gallinagos: <<. :- se aaenae- = aje's a 165 Hudsonicaereser eee eee ceeesce sinc 194, 195

Helodromas. 3-5. s5e tessa 358 NUGSONICUS =<... -ce ase aaa = 195

MAN TOPUS! seeeeeteeeenos aceon 447 ASVANIGICS oe creer ee eee oe eins 182

SCOlOPAS: < . c.qaes «scecieceebasecc ac 165 | AON CCA apo rsinto ao aaa yet == 182

COMETS fate ae ooo ampere) ia ale 358 lapponica, - --—<..-)- = «--eeeeeee ace 183

WeUuCUSs _ 9 stassesetsoss-csnstadsa-s-eeetest 580 a lapponica’.....=s24.s--- 183

BLCUICUS sass -:. soa Seo = <5 5- 593 baueri: -<<.--==)- edaaspes 189

CHSICOMEER US sersfe'<:9)</-'eijermaicisiain= 594, 596 @ novee-zealandie......... 190

GIBUCESCONS'.... ..., sree see 599 lapponicad ass8siiep . <2 <2 <= 183

PISUCUS.. «<< 2 ical secretes a-tbeest 588 novee-zealandiw......-..... 190
LelIGODLATUS no-no eens eee 593 Subsp. @ Limosa nove

QMinor--... saseite =< 593 ZOAIANGI aesasisaaees « 190

TMV EINAS tes papas ine siete ese, =i 604 subsp. novee-zealandiz.... 190

min Or 2.0 Rae eas ee marth: 5 593 VOD ao eee eee ta ns 191

Lkenminieri WAN OUS=2.s5,..5 oc. qaseeettseels-</-.- 519 nove zealandiz...... 189

PNG Ola RE eR aire Farctetraje a5 Solan 3 REE Goss 322 lencophea | ~~... jas aetel- = === 183

826 INDEX.
Page. Page
Joim osavlimosa - ass ccc sacccstie ssa e 177, 178,180 | lomvia, Uria lomvia a.........-...-.-------- 728
MITMOSA 3 strajarcleleteicieta = eeracle see 178}180) || “omiysrarnass tee se dactes ee oe oe cee aaneces 731
melanuroides..........----- T7ShL79) | one-billediCurlew.--ic-ceeseeee eee eee cele © 390
molanurasso-\e:n1ee ee 177, 181, 195 Dowilicherewseecserecwoesee eee 201
DFOVIDES -o--fajewtaecee eeteinin's 178 Stalled aes Greer e <icicwicisicwiet stoic creel c 694
melanuroides 3.5.10: 1.. 8S ORES. Ay 178 ~CosdStinte isso eee eee 300
MOYO Heps sateto sa ietatcottse eee nisi 183 | longecaudatus, Cataractes......-..--------.. 698
novee-zealandie.......-.-.-.------ 1895190: | Tongicauda; Actiturus:sicssssean ce errata 382
NOVEDOFAaCeNSIS .:.... 0. see Sees w ee 183 Bartramiatte-2s<sse2 nae 379, 381, 382
PUA ese Reeecenetceee eee ee 183, 191 bestrissteee = Lane sene 694, 698
UMIOPY PIGS = wei csnraeweste sha 191 Totanus Meer hososceneher 382
Var, uropyeialise sesso e. .- .cnn-- 191 Dringa cence ceceiee eee cee oat 378, 381
SCOlOPACES.... -. esate ses eee n sees eens 202 | longicaudata, Bartramia................--.-- 382
COTATNUIS = ss anctectstomlsesio ene ss eininsieiaain’s 325 estrishe sree ees ese eee 698
LOPY PAliIS\ Hotei e ee toleiwtoreloeene ee 190,191 | longicaudatus, Actiturus............-.------ 382
Timm 0Sa, SA CULUS soar reso aoe oe eas aisles scisicie 179 WeStriseeawtee oe sete oes ee 698
TsiMO88)..2 -ejerte Stee ee wna ee ene ss 177, 178, 180 Stercorarius=<s--+-e> sm <cis10 697, 698
HOSS HEN oc ccs cee nn ate 178,180 | longicaudus, Actiturus......... eee cise eae 382
Scolopaxss- Hien et tow ecenn 177, 179 Bartramilstss-sssce- ee cece eee 381
MNO GAIUS ire swtare'srs ara a crate 'e icfela lanterns 179 Trestrisin: -tske eeeecremaciascaicee 698
lincolniensis, ‘Trin gG...:<tr- tet EEE wjejne 244 Stercorarius.....- 686, 687, 694, 697, 698
tineatus, NUMOniUS «2:22. .c-..2% sei veco sane 390; | Mongipennessssxs 53 scssass see ee eee ctala 448, 561
arquatus:c2eee ses oss 390. | longipennis, ‘Sterna... eesec cess ces 504
MITA ACL 7 GIOGUS arr. wiataretarerate ree ate eee aelee 329 | longipes/; Charadrius. ....-.-- 2 te ee 93, 94
Mittle:Gull <2 ..-...6.2.0ce% a aiaratdaee eee taclais 649 auratus 3 es. eee 93
Ring PlOVOlssc.ce< cosas terse cesses = 124 (Hiaticula) = 2222 94
littoralis, Strepsilas......e.terciee cece cccseae ewes 51 Dluvialis'y22<. 2. 2623225 94
PROLANUS2 ct smc serecescaiiseeenecee 346 Pluvialis..<i.ccence see ee eeitesoe 93
ALTIUM G8 aratatarataiare cratetsfolenteetseraceeeece 244 | longirostra, Numenius...........-..------- 392, 394
littoreasETing Sq: 0c ccoascccceceeeedeot cee 2245352 "| TionPirostriS stesso sence oo clostee eis seractaeeetate 195
Dryngan SONI Ge wes ecteenee cae 352 | longirostris, Numenius......-- 390, 392, 393, 394, 395
Vittorelis) Warts... --ccciceece cos scueseestes 608 (Numenius).........- 393
HOLANUS 5:5 /o/of eres cise sos ensnecdavias 329 Scolopam.n..-2itecadeseueeiswere 203
lobata,. Phalaropus::...-..seesseeeceewetes 426 Squatarola:c--secceceee eee 79
TLTING9...~ 2-2-5 n obese 422, 423, 425,426,432 | lonnbergi, Catharactaantarctica.........--.- 676
lobatus, obipes <<: .-.-cne-ereesacsecteces 424, 426 lonnbergi-222226 5. <0. 676
PAAlarOPUS <0’ 2's eit = = 422, 425, 426, 432 Megalestris lonnbergi......-------- 676
(Lobipes) ...<3222 se 426 )| lorata pStermas.ceetese scenes eee eee 521
TODUD OS rotons saa soe ce seeeececreceneris 417, 423 Sternulas...c.terncettmeee ee neeesoe es 521
ANCALCHCUSH. 70 'aror rte sr ie/eseehaeeele tee A35 | loricatatStornavers ceca cisseme slnacictsietscieisisin's 521
PLONAUUS seen 2% [oie sfareforarsie s oatevers tereete 439 || Tuctiosa;iSterna)<7: 2 ecesecewelcwieinice sineiss's 519
hyperboreus. .-.secseeese--2cesees 428,429 | luctuosus, Heematopus...-....---------+---- 29
INCATUS = ore raretaru's claiore ane eteoeeaeonese 435 | Innate, Sterna a .wetmiloaee oeeeeecere ee 486
lobatus = :2s2<<seeteascantsceseeees 4245426"! Weundasccecthercen csacitiee sconce aces 705, 792
TLOPICUS 5.10105 /0'0 010 '0/ain’ara'a ne are"efatnis Dela aie 430 afcticddscssssss2 522s ose sen setae cae 787, 791
WiSONKL...:.:0% 0020 eeeneeeacarerewee 423, 434 Cirrhataceste<.sensceetecsceeeee 783, 793,795
WobI PMV aes = ete = ea tere sores farcrate HAMS SOE 62 corniculata....2-.05-cecee seen seers 790
Pobivanellines <. <.-c.eseawtieperistepreretrcieninee 62 PSittACual aire r11atescteratetatetetareroew sectetee wines 766
THO DUV AN OIUS) (r= artarac ie oisin wistatelorateiinls wicttoeetiaiase 62 | Luzonian Curlew... secs sie sce eset sees ces 397
lomating, Pring. -./i i. ware srateoestierieeect acs 238 | luzoniensis, Numenius.........-...---------- 397
WOMVAA oo biscais.descssscscscsecteteenesawes cn 717 Scolopakecszewann ce echo eae 397
BELA A gataraseietnsaratn'o'alala'e'sie'ere Susie sees 730,731 | Lymnodromus... ....---.-.20-2s-e-es ee eee 195
bruennichi ..;<.11<ncesoe tees 729
DEMOED NICH Ly .0:<:0;0:e:0retoraretefevotalannn vie mace 729 M.
CAlLOMMiICas << o<~;-1rrse1a1;ze ese eee cee 125 | MaCGT ems ooscioinrn10in)-(arollafaleiatasala'elolalce nie leeisieisinte 782
PUNE VIA Sra rytetiee oes ele = ME mina cinisiwinsnicin'e 720 | maccormicki, Catharacta maccormicki.....- 676, 677
SVAED aR er wrserring eet cease cace 728, 731 se Megalestriss 1 jcwonrstt sede: 677
LOU 6 eee see ceca wince 721, 723, 725 © maccormicki......- 676
CAlifOrnIGA ye. «conic <cis nine 725 StOrcorarls;.i.--7latiec esse eeae 677
Varicalifornicazge..... sja.000 0's 725 | macdougalli, Sterna.....+....------+-------- 508
lomvidtiAlea Weel... Re cdtewcse cscs se 724, 727,731 | Machetes..........-----ceececeeccececseees 147, 218
Catarractes oes at eee. oo. ocnccew oe 727 BIG COPS auras OTS eich is wisininseininteisinint== 225
Cepphusyssc2 oF. SIO qc aecees 725, 731 THM NOYN ssc oeewericencteccwceeeewearne 225:
Wrltenwecencepewers 20 719, 724, 725, 728, 731 optatisibc cn cunceceses etOsmeee 225
(CETATACTOS) ME. o: c:c'as sincinteisia icine 728 Planicops 2 i.e reewteewwedveee tans eee 225
Jomivits..cenes <n cSt 719, 726, 728, 730 PULNAK en ccnee sereeeeee 145, 219, 222, 224

aS, eae he

INDEX. 827

Page. Page.

Bf Ch op Wis 55 eee ween en reo 218 | maculatus, Larus..........2s0sss-s20--0- 605, 631
macrodactyla, Gallinago................--.-- 160 Limnoeinehis ee ia22 2c. .s cscs ne 274
SlerNg << swassbrn = ociniesinsinie 498 Potanus s1shPseeeesssseccsice se 337, 342

Ma Cro Ula ss carci pa piincce SARC ERs waeain ace a= 160! |. maculosa;.Tringa.ccckecn eS 274
Macronyches...... wave lot souraoae nee 5 | madagascariensis, Numenius................ 389
macroptera; ALriCiHla.- Bistaseente = ccnccnciese 641 arquatus....... 389
LORIE PM eesti iata ia ala ia ai stetminiaiaisieteia' 4938 var 389

Hirundo cess acaistsioniae 498 Scolopams:S30 22 oes 389

PITIN Pe o crarssistersicicin sistsisicteie state icine 363: | maiaena, Dringas< 0 occ. cece tebe oe jes 231
maacropteros;Lestris.......teiseloc dele ew cee oe 694 | magnirostris, Pheethusa................. 0006 544
FHACTOPLELUS;» LOCANUS : omicivisie a eletiosisecissic.es 363 Phacthusaeeesi geet. cus. cce 543
IM ACTOLAIM DUS. 5a; om jmmintninsorclale eee diniais,e'sie sie 195 Pheptusassessecsss cenae saan 543, 544
PTISOUSS <.n1a..-1-1 BEN ese See 200, 204 Phaetusars cece snsecesecsees -. 543
scolopaceus..,...25828..-2asbeee 202 Slormatniccce ses vee ncesces 540, 543

Ma crorham phus -aj/ac10.08see ee eldeisle aescle,210;-\01< = 195 Sylocholidon. 225. vies ose: 544
STISOUS=.- 5 <<< /-<1- 198, 200 203, 204 TNSIGSSONS 2 och cseeeense seeks 544

PTISBUSE idee oc. -< = 200, 204 Thalassites: sccsccesse eee ee ese 544

BP ETISOUS.-<cca-/sascie 200: | mpenusy Canuitussec-secte coos te acccacocecses 231

q@ var. griseus....... 200 Schosnicluss. s.2.2t.cceevoneseeeess 231

Var.,@riSOust==.---- 200 | major, Atgialitis hiaticola......--......... 123, 124

8 secolopaceus.....--. 203 AlCA es Vecidces cee 713

b. scolopaceus......-. 203 ASCAlOPAR soc 'sc< cieecewrereee eee 164, 165

scolopaceus........- 203 Charadrius sprees hk ewstscesss 124

var. scolopaceus..... 203 hiaticolacescsessto ete ec eee 124

Var. scolopaceus.... 203 hiaticula. oes e ... 124
noveboracensis.........-.-- 201 Gallinago".’. ooscosescse see P Ra 164
punctatus,.,.sasscle)-saceees 201 Taroldes 2 cto dosent aeecisis 617
Scolopaceus-<-<---/-.....- 202, 203 DATS: 22 ieccccceccketeeeeneeceeee sess 580
semipalmatusss...:....----. 146 CATUG <5 creree wees ee toe ee cleisiss 631

macrorhyncha, Sylochelidon............--.-- 465 WAL soossents eee a8 631
macrorhynchos, Pelidna.................--.- 255 INMIMONHUS 2 5 ss eictetecreeeinlaecereetee eee 389
macrorhynchus, Hzematopus........-..-..-- 32 Scolopaxo vs scoucose hotee ee eee 154, 163, 164
macrotarsa, Gelochelidon..........-.......-. 484 Sterna. 522700 as ee eee 465, 499
nilotieastsssss..<.. 480, 484 Moelmatias rijsdodsee ceca eset eke cess 164

BLOM ais oecemcrisnece eo 484 || mandti,-Cepphus...)j.tcicciteee seen ee encase 739

MACTOLATSUS ooo < sini ninrcien orca Sane 441 WIG ro res ORs: 736, 739
nigricollis cjsosasscese 5 sess 447 | mandtii, Cepphus............. 733, 736, 737, 739, 740

macroura, Hydrocecropis.... cs. ccsles= = cncice 503 SEV sc Sacescdedesae 740
SLOT Baa 5 carne darcinie n SRI = SESE 503, 532 Grylles cinrto5 535 es. dee 740

IACHUIEA SUG ne cc aiwicicne nea oes « 502, 503, 532 Wri ee, cose de sse cease 739
MAClUla.. Skeets. ese ce 503 EVLA ots eee Shel s3 739

MIE CUlATIaycA CLIUIS)..-..-, <<:csjsdeeeeee danse ee 372, 375 VAI s sass es 739
PETITE By om sainjn, so anit ste SEEDS TSE 373374 ||| Mandt’s Guillomoteuss. Sees. . e225 .2 737
Pringoides: sass tee « vceeeiacines 376; ||| Mansieldi; Aleas cc. o see ook eset 743
TEYMLOMES 5 \.<deRIsee.« <0 cccacic'e Slay i Mtarbled Godwit (0.0.33... 0Meelyiccc te. 184, 187

macwlaris, TowaMUS: <i: <c:jc.cainae. ccc 374 MUrrele bees. a.ccccacemaae cae sae eS 746
macularius, Actitisatzscer: seecene: -2- 2. 374,375 | marcusi, Megalopterus minutus............. 553
Actifarushed essen oo eee ee 377 Micranous:. ..22ieeesaites...cecee 553

WOPARUSERC ee asa cencceeeepesee 374 |) amarginata, igialitis. ......sskeieink---.22-- 115

RTINPLLCSSRM EE cele cine cece 377 Hy drochelidony..<.ocsccececice ac 532

Mringoides wes. e ses. ceceee 376,377 | marginatus, Charadrius ...2............... 114,115

. hypoleucos.......... 377 Larus. see tees= > os ac we cedewccs 648
hypoleucus.......... ou | smarina, Sternawsqassacnae.sc-cccec cece cet 498

Wark s.... oii | Marinus, Dominicantseags..2...222..2552- 604

maculata, Actodromas. -<..-eeeceeeeee ..5- 273 TEATS es on nens ee ee nes eees 580,
etodrOMuUs s..jsadt see 274 582, 584, 601, 602, 604, 605, 607, 609, 617
Heteropyeia......seseeesee ae. aeuee 274 6. arse ati t tocol cecccetaccte 616
Octodromus=-.:so oases sew 274 ry LU ANIS ee IAS 22 de icon ccc niseeeecle 604

Pelidna se 5-5-5... seme tee cece 273 WOUCUS!,..¢ eee rss so. Sees 604
(Actodromas)/sea2-! <5: 34 274 Morinollus’. tiveeskee 22st eset ee 52

IPISODIA= es <,0- esa 267, 268, 269, 274 Strepsilas:. .. . .sieskseeete- sete 51

Stema,.- 55... sue aeceecee Oot imaritima, Actia« ...5<5.ccducseseteeccccciscce 244

Tringa easy es Nee ee 271, 273 APQUALBITA. «cca qantas 239, 241, 243, 248
(Aotodromlas)ie- =e sso scsc 274 , maxitima:. > oess.c.. 243

maculatus, Actodromasia-aeuseees -.c-. ec. 273 Calidris. <5. 6 Sisse20 ees 243
DCUOUTOMMUS.., eee dees a ace 274 Pelidna ssacpesncceeecs aes. eee 243

828 INDEX.

Page. Page.

maritima,ZPringa.......-..--- 238;24)), 24332465984" |) Molaniabyx ater <i. n ie nemmnnis em nnneienionis 29
(Arquatélla)ss<<cqit-----% 243 | melanocephala, Arenaria...........-.- 44, 46, 55, 56
(Pelidna)).,.. .scascsed-=.<.0-<5 248 Morinella.. .auetetGielcisisieeisisie 56
Maritimus,: Totanus: .. 22.52... cwaeeetee te nee 243 Strepsilas oo cicero 56
marmorata, Anobapton:s.esas5d. sdesednascee 748 | melanocephalus, Charadrius.............-... 56
Hed Oara. < sivsicsacceetone ecoesiee 187 Strepsilas;... aces2228.eeeee 56
IbiMICUI A... a. is <5.sae cissciesweses ce 187 INtOLPFESS-«..-.--- 56
Scolopax2a:ane33% ccceoce's- = <t 187 Biccscor 56
TTA oc ote cae e ace ore 747, 748 Varese 2 56
marmoratus, Brachyramphus...-.....-.-- 746,748 | melanogaster, Squatarola..........--.-----.- 7
Brachyrhamphus..........-- 746, 748 Stema . \..2,-. Pee Sees 532
Charadrius: vsjscaeho tt =... -.25- 88 MaNellusiacccicwce nm ecetereeeene 78
Colymbus:,...ssedss222------ 745,747 | melanogastra. Stermaic.ccc.cadeeeesee scl c= 485, 532
Totanus:....cshssoeeese=----<5- 187 | melanogenys, Anous.................-- 550, 554, 555
mastersi, -Aigialitis. .... .2u.fietiachs oe ----n0s 136 Megalopterus..............---- 553
IMATACODLOLAs..\. nacre mc aeseeeeest tes seein 710 minutus....... 554, 556
mauri; Ereunetes..-- <2... neteosetee ese 210, 215, 216 Micranousw.-..5022sacceceee 554, 556
petrificatus var....-.-.--.- 216 MINWGUS--cecece as 554,555
Heteropoda «<.m2c2e)2)Seceneeesen a 216 |, Mblanolarus-Ssssetetage sc cise <ciccsacsseceee 635
maurii, Hreunetes:..... ....ad=wdsaid eittictees 216 frankdinieote 23 22 eek cenese 644
Maxims, ~Phasthusa. <2 c.c00cccsesscebdes 470 | melanoleuca, Gambetta.........-...--.---- 335, 336
Steman soca ssn ace sss =eecpease 469, 470, 474 Glotitistesves 2 2..Gscsseasnsck te 335
(Thalasseus)..... cistesesinces- 470 (Gambetta) o.-2-.c--52- 335

MAXiMUS, ATUS..« .<<c cabelas oe seec2-' 589, 605 NO OPO DISS: <..1.,-.c-mecenceeee 330, 337
Thalasseus: « qdsecisiesel- =,-i:- = 467, 469, 470 Seolopamem Wass: si. Gccieesinniow es 333
media, Gallinago.............. 159, 161, 163, 169, 171 Totaminteeeiet sae oc tccee 335
SCOlOPAK ep cm enicincis -eoc sear 163 | melanoleucos, Glottis.........-....---+----+- 335
medius, Larus... Beenie cieeckcwctsen cet eeeees 589 Merpulusteetgeynnes<..s2< sci 710
NUMONIIS® o.oo. ois 5 o5.s emesis 390 Totamustiieiee3 W998= bien ose oe 335
mrocalas Gallinaepie..s «,sio.<,..cpeis cesses sci ais 160 | melanoleucus, Aegialodes.......-...--------- 336
MG PaleStTiSscgephw epee weceecce se nzesee 674, 675, 797 Totanus...K DM eee te 333, 335
ANUANCTICA 0.0) viciseis eeeeeee 676: || melanops,-An0US.....,.c2 Sasseee se eee see 553
ANPATCHICUS 2 2... e tence = «2. leeeee 674, 676 Chlidonias....<.< sce eootee. 526, 536, 797
catarrhactes......--..---0-e+0- 680 Megalopterus tenuirostris......--. 553
CHiTONSIS'..<:<.5.<,<.5-< 0c cee eee 676, 678 Sterniascss << este eer s cccae 536
lonnbergi clarkei- ..< 02: tje2- 676 | melanoptera, Sterna.......-----...0.-2-2e205 487
intercedens..........-- 676 | melanopterus, Himantopus....--...--------- 447
lonnbergi.....-.-----.- 676 | melanopus, Numenius..........--------+-- 393, 407

MACCOTMICK . «5, -\-.0,0510- steele =isle 677 | melanopygia, Jacana .......-2.---+---2e-e0- 16,17
maccormicki........ 676 Atta. .wonnmecccer aBaoeeesee 17

Wilsonitect. 5. cence 676 | melanopygius, Totanus................------ 385

SKUA ear mcis ees ene 676, 677, 678,679 | melanorhyncha, Sterna...........----------+ 510
antarctica..........-.---- 675,676 | melanorhynchus,Larus........-.----++-+++++ 648
falklandica....<......4-545-ee0 676 Nimenitis -2eheegis cc. oe 402
SkUBsvaccncecce att LM 675 Sternula..........------+-- 524

MO Pal OPLOLUS sia rere-areveresreresretererereenaticeseteeeere 460,552 | Melanosterna.........-------------222--e0e+ 485
Giameswsis et Ss SE 553 anrethata recognita...........--- 514

moelanogenys .-.. te Sstetaete ws: 553 anethetus ansethetus ........-- 487

TUES or arerororertote states sisters 553 antarcticaiies....<.. 487
atlanticus...... 553, 554, 556 fulig ula oie tcc 487

diamidsuseses eee 506, 557 novee-hollandiz..... 487

MATEUS Hist cewee cs 553 TEComnitar=c..<sscee's 514

’ melanogenys......- 554,556 | melanotis, Sterna..........------------+-+-+- 465
WOLCEStErl 55.52 55e 553 Sylochelidon"32........0.ccecene=s 465
StOlidUSscnuncsicaievaeooees 548, 551 Thalassitesiscca< chooses ve oe te 465

VOMUITOSERIGE. does Goce sesc cecced 553 Dyin Gay seo we eee esas se eke 281
melanops....------ 553 | melanotos, Actodromas ...........----------- 288

tenuirostris........ 553 Pelidnaacivrost see ee wees 288

megalopterus, Larus (Atricilla)........--.-.- 640 TYiNga.....--- +++ eee eee ee ee eee 281, 288
megalorhynchus, Charadrius..........-.----- 79 | melanotus, Laroides.............-.--------+- 582
megarhynchos, Squatarola............2-++--- 79 TBMIN 5 arcjocerarerctomrore eee eie wre ea 288
SOT ceeerwisrerctcrarererevcha retrerereee 465 | melanuroides, Limosa............-----+----- 178

TNOISNETE | COPMUS oi screrare cree wiaraciatctelotelralelwictewolele 740 eegocephala...........-- 178
Gras «2.5 pASOAS IU we cee Soenrernate 740 limrosaT5Ad cckcs cite 178,179
melanauchen, Sterma..........ecccesccccecee 485 Totanus melanurus.........-- 178
IMélaniby xsi ssecis sat ecrstechauioasternteewteten netics 96 | molanuray Meda... nn clescs naneeteeeelslininle 182

INDEX. 8 9 9

Page Page.

FHGIMUFA HsIMICUIA Joc a cece akc sr aeteee 181 | microceros, Ciceronia............0.222. 2.005 769
TsiMOSASasorce Kk ecu RES 177, 181, 195 Phalerisssec¢reyee ee 769

IR YNChOPSS-cceen is. s Ses tee = 455, 457 SirdonhyziChusesnsscsess eco eee 769
Rynchops. .....-++-++-2++2+02e0-+ 201; |) Meropeternny (ests * sey 144, 147, 204

Sterna... .- 0.2. .eee esses eeeeees acs ferabittepusy see. 205, 207, 209
Symphemia.......2.......2.-..2.. 214 IT CLOTALEA ces sens renee ee ee ee eee 6
melanurus, Himantopus...................-- 442 Witropelama: =v. yes eee ee 204
Larus. ........2-22-2-2eeeeee eee 653 HTS TOPUS se eeee eee 209
Rhynchops ett ee eee eee eee eens 457 Microptera Lite dip tet kB Ate ba 0b r= At tien 155
Rhyncops...........22..2-22++- 457 americas: *s+<oee eee 159

EynCHOPS sae sages soe tao sess 457 Minors A> eI, = 157
Totanus........-.-+++-++++0++++ 182 | micropterus, Larus (Atricilla)............... 641

meloda, Aigialitis.....-....-.....-...22..+- 131 | microrhyncha, Mgialitis..................--- 128
meloda & Var........-...-- 131 Gyris:<s7rc. Fon 557, 558, 559

var. cireumeineta a.. 131 | microrhynchos, Alca................-------- 717

Puaticula sess ees sss 131 estrise et eees soe e eee 699
melodus, Mgialeus. ............--.-++-++-+-- 131 | microrhynchus, Mgialitis.................- 125, 128
Aegialeus te eee eee ee ee eee eee ee ee eee 131 Wirinienitss Soo ee 416
Higialites...... 252.2260 ices. +--- 130! ||| ‘Neicrosarcopss; > <2 hee Presse ee 62
Aegialites..........22522222--2-26-- £30) || “Meruriat:::: 222.0522. 3s: ae eee 751
/Egialitis Seer eletem (ais Oetater tata eiaaia's = 130, 131 CYAVOLL 2 Pere TEs 1 754
@haradriuist-seeseceee 115, 128, 130, 138, 361 hypoleuca: : ::2527-S Nes 753
Mergulus....... 2.220 -0ecceeee eee seeeeeee 706 | migratoria, Gallinago..................------ 171
Ale... ee eee eee ee ee eee eee 708,709} minor, Aigialites 222252202 VSP. Se 127
antiquus..............2..2+2+--+-- 759 Aegialites: 22.2 fel tes se a 127
arcticuS..........2..+2-222.2 esses 710 Apinlitiges<rs too 127

Cassini... 222.0... ese lee 763 A@pialitis s#sfeezre. sce Ot Gelb 127
cinrhocephalusys<.< cc eae eee des 759 Actricilla.- "22 Solel a. sik 641
melanolencossssasscse tee eee cs 710 Gataracta cle kei. Ree, elt 680
wurmizusume...-........22222-- ++. 756 Cophuseerss <t 2 22h eee eee ee 710
meridionalis, Gelochelidon..................- 484 Charadrius: ::--<(-, aaa 197
Hydrochelidon=-2-8222eese. - 532 Cineluas a2 fore Bee R AE ae erie a 262

SS tenuate serewec cs «terete se 484 Colymibrst? <2= 22 Ss.seesee sane 723

ED OLANUS cetera eeeelaetee a= = 346 Hemipalamae.. eee ee 214

MoerUlinUs mUarUSsascsecccsceses Js SITS. 2. 527 Hinticula «+ Ue Re Ee Bi 197
Miesoscolopaxsc.< sss ce sme 25, 145, 147, 149, 410, 411 Taroides* sv ereses Sa. 571
borealiss<.2.. sere 410, 411, 412 Tar tise 2 Aol ROIE LOM ROO TIE yo 589

MINWbuSAsedc as 2: 410, 411 Teeucus: acne eS MO oH 593

Metopidius -. 2.0.2.0... cence lebe eee ese 7 leucopterus a............----- 593
MCW Cll eres sans sei ecco Sse 627 Machetes. ce-eveeen oe A Ly 295
IMGXICAMWACAIBS cemacistcccccctee cee Beste ee 12 Microptorac coon Us oe, 157
Thick-knee...........-.-----+--+--- 20 INUMEIIUS SS eee ee reer eee 402,411
mexicanusy Charadriuse<. Ss steuee sooo 442, 444 Phaopuset-srrist1, Se 402
Himantopus........... 442444, 445, 446 Philohela’? ss: << ere MB WPS 155, 157, 159

Larus zonorhynchus @........... 627 Rissa te eee - BAT Ds 571

Moy Gl. WCCO. wesc sccseease merece e seme as 183 HUOSTICORE ee cee ce sem eee eee 155, 157
MintiCilae sc eee ee eee 183 BCOLOPSREe eee cee eee eee 155, 157, 797

GiMOSW et Ces oe Cee eee eee 183 Stropsilasts<ecoreeter an secre waa s ea 51
MMCHANGMOESI ISUICUS-5 co sccee ct ete cts eeeee 583 ‘RrincoCincluSssseee see se cme aa cccee 262
HALOIGESE:. soe eee eee 583 Wridsestece = eee e eee REBAR Seer 710, 724

WISTUS ES eco ce eee oe ene rene DSoe IMinUta) eAtChOULOMSS a= se sen ene tes eee neta 268
MEICTAUO Sea nas coe soci cee Cee eee 552 Caltdiriss es eee ee eae ee? aoe 268
GIAIMOSUS see poten meets 554, 557 Gaviare ey ie ree ene coerce. 652
HEWAUMOUSIS! <2 os qemanee ee erne sce 554, 556 NGIINIONILES Eas eee ea eee: ss cae 268
FeUICOCADUIUS s « ooo see eee ccc 556 Pelrdnia: ii. + Shs 5555 serene See 268

WNATCUSI. oo tec meme eee eens 553 IPISODIAS Seco ee ees oon eee 267, 268, 290, 292
melanogenys................... 554,556 Schoeniclist fat ecseee -.sc-sece eee 268

minutus diamesus.....-.......... 555 Sternas so.<s suse e eee ee 5208525
HaWalliensiSten--22 6 ses ons 554 ETIN Ca seme eres ce 244, 266, 268, 293, 299, 302
melanogenys............ 554,555 EXONS Secs cee eee eee eee 651

MIVTIICS- eee eee ee Bote WiMULellas Trinpies eee. settee see cee ee mec ase 299

WONCESUENI eee ect ee ceca Hoon HIN Ua PAtCLOULOINaS=< == seses cease nase sans 298

TCNUIEOSUISS co see eee tere 553 A'CLOGTOMUS Stes ee eset eats eee 298

WOLCOSUGLI accom cent tes eres 553 WWMNONITOS Se eee oe eee ese 298
Microanous LOMUILOStTIS:-.--eoeeee et ee ee 553 Pelidns ee Poet eh 298

830 INDEX.
Page. Page.
minutilla, Pisobia............. 267/269; 294:209:300) | Morinella. 0. ooaeceseeaena'en detente 43,94
THINGS co pcioe wenn ta emaeeeee 294, 296, 298 Collaris. ioc cenon sees eee eee 50
MINUS Foc ane mepiece a 298 INtOLNreS <<... =... PaO oon 50, 54
SUPMINUGA soo ols cicnieeutae 298 interpres.-aeeeosee el. te 50
minutillus, Limonites. -..cdnecnenepiidesines sc 298 morinella:-.-saysss-5:: 52:
MOINUGUM,, NOMS oni. vedoecccsnacesecce aceon 651 Oahuensis:istivssems se. - = 51
AMA CLIS! AU PIAIGES «a inc «ss v'sicisnieisinse cme ise 127 melanocephala . sis2. sac ats. 2eke 56
Charadrius. <2: <cenewdentyectok occa 127 || morinella, Arenaria......<<- oo: 2. .ttbeee- = es 52
@hTOOCODNAIUS: oc.0- ssies cc cress commie 652 interpres........ 44, 46, 48, 51, 52
Ely Grocoloous....<.. csizsncecmec <<: 649, 651 Morinella interpres.......-.-...-. 52
Hy Grocoloeus.<ic.cicie «siemens a: 652 _ Pringas >) -£2 226. See. = 51,52, 54
LOTUS ic aioe acti noe ee 648, 649,.650,651,668 || Morinellide.../:...-..--2.22> titel ee.-<-- 43
Mogalopterus. +. pict neefie a amc micee bos, |) Morinellts..2...5 os 2s obec ee Bees oe 43,94
MeSOSCOlOPEX 420 cccaceu dase ce owe 410, 411 anglorume: ¥. = tee - 2 ees 98
Micranons, MINUtUS.. ...../..- 00050008 554 mmarinwsdeess ways. ee eee eee 52
INTUIMLOTIU S sec aia ascites Seis ocicieisic 410, 411 sibiricus....3.<222.2 meee _ 98
PRONG oie pcis cians iaetintactatn nicfateaisie® 651 | morinellus, Charadrius.........-- 94, 96, 97,112,124
mifchelli, Leptopus. <<... cicicaeccwiee = ase. 145 (Eudromias)........ 98
MMOGESTUS, BIASIDUS =... 0. ec ecw eco ccc eceemecre 653 Cinelus::. see. os. ete 52
Gharadnitiss 1a Ree ee 64 Budromias: :..-.:.-2ctisieds 95. 97,98
Chroicocephalus’® ..o 3%. < See ccenes 653 Pluvialis. 2c. 2s2 3... sEieteee eee 98
Epitelolarus. << <.5..0. cca sececniecde =< 653 || Mormon. 48! 202 22.6527 pce eee 782
WSATUS <sccaceceses ecieeeeeeee oct 652, 653 aretica..32ssc noe ee eee eee 787
MMOMEKC,. WaTUS. 7 oa... c0.0 5150005 oan: maicijejemitetec 593 BUCHICHS eee concert cc Etbert ee eee 786, 789
mongola, Abgialitis. -. 2. ke cies Sfesinniele « 134 Cirrata ee Mess c3bt Cees 796
Miaticula....... Nice wiea oe celobematte © 134 Cirrhatec ees cisco tee eee ee 796
Mongolian Plover. o.oo. oie c seas gcattejanene 132 cirrha tums .2.2522¢e-ccnna eee. 795, 796
MONGOliCa, AU GIANTIS. oo... on oo oc vw wield civlejmrase's 135 cirrhatus: 5: --2..- .sssseeeecasee oe 795
mongolicus, Atgialites....-........2.ec-eeee- 135 corniculata..........52eeesekereleet ce 790
PMSA. ccos.c one ccine sna 135 comiculatum.-sss:ectes terete = 790
Charadrius? :..-.cccc.neecensices 94,135 corniculatus: .; 2c hilvicsiet. steed 790
Cirrepidesmus:. ..2 2.222. ccinesse 135 cristatellus. .asatslssbestiede- 2522-2 773
UGrOMIaS: sas css -eeutaetos 135 fraterciwlas:. eter ceeaseee Soe 787
mongolus, Abgialites. . . co. 2a seme etnecaerses 134 glacialis sits. cscs ee 787, 788, 789, 791
Aegialitis.......... ee eee ee 134 prabae=ssss.s sabe she See BE eRe 787
Charadrius. «,..s1-2<ccec06 114, 115, 132, 134 polarises? 7s.<.....25c. heehee doers 787
Cirripedesmus mongolus.......... 135 Septentrionales. 22s stheesed cs. < 5222 791
OCHthOGromus woe ccs cectqeste 135 superciliosa: 22.25 ae eeaeee ec ce 773,778
PIUVIOPHYOCHUS. ajo njeitce conse 134 | motzfeldi, Cepphus).--2-<.2-.-ccc00c00 733, 742, 743
MONOCETALA, AICH. = occa ocrec-c a0 arstowrne'sine 778,780 Orig sts Vee ai kece tects seer eee 743
Ceratorhing. .. 5 ...-.-nsesenccsee + 781 || Mouette:brune 2. ooee encanto 548
Ceratorhyncha. ..<. <jecieaniccis et 781 dela Lowisianessas-222 28. -2 550
Cerorbine nc. occ < Sa mapenmeseee 781 cendrée tachetée...........2-2.20-0- 570
Cerorbimta <...< 5 onc 0 catioiemiele ofa 778,781 | Mountain Plover:...2. 2c). scetetwor eects 105
Cerorhinchas 2522 5¢22252sacessee 78r | mitileri, Larus. ..j2 eceeeeieotees see. be -0 605
Cororhyna. siscs002sssssaeeaeee2 781 | multistriata, Hemipalama...........-..-.-- 209
Cororhyncha.o.:22<..<ccggenteaase T8l |) Murre...... 22s. oe tec ene. eee atenaens anes 721
Chimeringsy. 2.2854 scckieaecees 780 BriinnichS esos sores eee eee 726
Pratercula: :...2.2scsaccesengaase< 781 California: .... i022. acenentie eeeeeee 724
monoceratus, Simorhynchus.................- 781 Pallas’ Se sci cic wine Sena 730
montagul, Gallinago... core ot acini o =i 165 Ringed. weiccessc ee cee eeee se aeese 719
montana, Algialitis....\22. 0 sss .c2scriaee seniels 106' |) Murrelet, Ancient ....<...- ct es cec-s se eee 757
Budromigs: eS: ess ee cee 98, 107 Graverl’S'rss222220 2: satsceeeeete 753
Podasocys.. fo: ses abcess 8 107 KAGtHtz7s tere ok 8 os ansee eee hase 749
montanus, A pialitess =; 2 <2, 2 ss. oct nats 106, 107 Marbled? or sseessasesatcasaeeecene 746
JO PISS Sree atte on ceca tases oe 106 IKANTUS'Si2i 2525 set econ ees eee 752
asiaticus Var........-.- 107 |) mystacea’ Phaleriss ooh so2sceee nena chen des 773,778
AB PIAICUS!. «ees ee cee = 106 Unig e aeaass aeuhs ame een ee 773, 778
Charadritiat vse0 ets tana 104, 106
BUdromias oe so 22s esos seeps 107 N.
Ochthodromus: .222 22 sescmep2 see 107 | Neonia o.oo Sarees: et ea ae Sage eee 460
Oxyechus®:s: 24a 5 cata sats LO? ||) NaenlarStoeccccs sees ccc nae eee eee mee ees 460
POdASOCYS ass Aaa Ssfeeces ze 105,107 || nevia, Calidris’....... “5st - soe eecrpeee-sece 238
monte, Gygis'elbas:.:2222222sacteecqengees | 559, 560 Sterna sca. cee eee taeda eee 527
moquini, Hematopus -: so: 22222scchsltes se. 41 TTIin gee cea sean eee eee 238
Haematopus. atcscatcacctetsecacce 26" || ‘neo vius; Actidurus:. -sccescneeece seme sles 230

{NDEX. 831
Page. Page.
neevius, Charadrius. ...6occccpstiewelsees <aishes (35) NUOMES PRATODISHEE. -B8 <5 6202s cce eis ice ape SEE 481
TPOTUS « </a:</0 «0 Seesnseteee ees .--i<'- 570 SPSL Asan ecieinee ae nnn eee 478, 479, 481
mans, Pelidne . select one cn aeaees = <= 2s 300 | nisonia; Relmatias.o. - 0:0... -casaorseates<..s 165
DYING os 2 ia cieics pee ee cites wee 300) |, nitzschil, Stermmas:ysaiteees-vetee-- 2 is ece 5c. 498
nasicqus, NumMenius (<< 2 cn =-eeeereee =i 300) | DIV CR HGR Mae eben ca = <5 cc dos nmscccenn casos 580
natans, Glottis...-<:.. tose=-eeteentee= <= 329 Pavophilamtetecmicea..os0.cssssecce32 580
matatonyMOtaAnuUs.secaeeapese------- cess -o- i 342 RASS 8 ooo reo pees sane cea ss see 572, 574
naumanni, Fratercula arctica........-.. 783, 788, 789 Sterne sa ssso.tarr acres paseeretess< 559, 561
INGA ao Soe eee Bey ceincse ase 2 sets SOS w.niei =: 322 OTB ror scscccrcccs resus aeeeeteece.s 736
nebularia, Glottis..... meses mnaeceereieds S2asa20° | Mnbyelanla; Glottis. -..-<2+cs-s5 53 RaeRees = 2. - 329
Scolopax......--2stiitestesen-se o2a7020 } DIYeuS, Larus fos. anise cneadbeass ass 574, 580, 631
MEDUIATINS, , GIOLLIS .- ow nope nse sioeeee <2 325 | * CONUS 5052 e a5 sees esse 631
Totanus <.. << sinc smiseesaereer ease oe 325 (Rissa) ..-23.5,etataeee eee 572
ALVIN GO cinleince cece eeicee eens 325 ‘Pagophila.. 222-2033... -eeesesen se 580
MOPIECHIS ME DIbOlANUS: <</- — cise ar slacleemniete = 563 IRASSBL. i maiceinc pe AeOROEb as sk seek dene 574
ProcellaruS eis, apocrine ce wise 563°} nivifrons, Charadrius.is~!eeist .....022-2255- 115
NEISONI AMIS sce seee «acs see 581, 584, 595, 596,597 | nivigula, Totanus..................-.-.--..- 329
Sterna anetheta........-. 487, 512,513,514 | nivosa, Agialitis....-....-..--.i..02.5 138, 139, 140
INelson’s, Gulll..........< 293Sessehe estes ---- 595 cantiana « «#2 Uiesatehe <=. 138
Nem oricola......<.... .2aKiveeeek senses a3. == 159 Vals. Seeee ss... 138
nemoricola, Gallinago. 2255. .-..--riese----- 159 ABPIANCISER: . ..2--.-.c58SeeeRe 138, 140, 143
Neoglottiss...-. <=... .seseaeesnaeet=< 148, 329, 330, 797 Charadrins.. .......< i= Hs ee eee occ = 116
AAVIPCS Beers wecna nc nareteneesce 330,837 || nivostis, bgialites.....° 1... sesteweeent.- <2 138
melanolencs:.......cjxi-asiueciero 35. 330, 337 alexandrinus. ..:22.:..... 139
INgom eniuss es tee seen... - sett tiaiag = abe is 385 Cantianus:. eH ssarseees<<- 138
Neapisobia sere seetrss <0 sus teeeceeeies as <-. 267 MepIalTeS S.-i Ee ne 140, 143
NGOs piluts sy. eae ae ecca aetna emee ee aon -c'<i- 160 AS BIGUILIS «cop's = aon = SEIS EEE + oe 138, 140
INesoscolopaxeeeremas steer .-saseebeeeeenn =< 149 alexandrinus-.1..92!..... 139
nigellusPotanus....-----..s-ussseeeeosass--- 314 cantianus -sehesshees.<2) - 138
PEPIN FAs occ ore ce tRRRER eee eiats « 314 Birstheeeheets vos. 138
MISEL AN OWS Bejete o1a:natsips seetloin <j ae inmialei=e'sl= 544, 549 Wabserissesat <8. 138
HAM atOPUSH sp asacnciaseeenece cease. 41, 42 A@gislitis. «22.40.50 -BS tees sass 138
BLOE:<7.t- oe Seis eee eee 29 Charadrius ..<<jcu<ccuneeee omnia. 137
Hydrochelidon:.........aesemeseea te <--> 540 Cantianus.ss2: Js202----- 139
SCOlO PAR ewcee mae ce see seeane- se 1 41 NiIVOSUS ../ssecusEe6 116, 136,139
nigra, Hydrochelidon...... 526, 527, 532, 535, 537,540 | nobilis, Gallinago...............2.2.2.2...--- 160
MISTS cesieieern 627,028, 632/503' | Nodding'Snipe..-....-cie-sdeeqseeeteet.c ce. 201
Jacansee4-2-n Saati occ SU OSG Tint HNO diy. 25-22 enee ores cecccce SAEREe ee 546, 548
SEM ata Maes. eiasiascisisiccisinnie cite 17 Carribbean White-capped............ 554
POUT asi Berek @ mie se eee claisisiwisiasicrcmiews 17 Clipperton=s322. -.<.Saeeessteree sce 556
Rbijnchops.. . sss vets =-csissecccec~ 453 Galapagos......-cxteeesteeiclest.. in 8 551
RPMCOPS «2.5.5 -PSeee ee dja cis sieceseetaie's 453 SOCOEEO 4 <5 2:0 13 SARIS = ae 550
Rhynchops saaee- -n.2-kis 452, 453, 455, 456,457 | nodirostra, Phaleris.....................-. 767, 770
B PR RYNCHOpS rep Bie n1e esicccieniaimiaiciom:s 453, | nodirostris,!Ciceronia.. ............ 8s seelet =... 770
FEB YNCODS: «sere = nce Rtiseeeeeeos- meee 453, 457 Phalenistes oi. ceccice Reece. 770
Rynchops.. -.--<<.. faeces see 450, 451, 452,455 | Northern Phalarope..................-..-.-. 424
MIPTAS isn os cocb eee 451,453, 454,456 | norvegica, Uria......2022...sc0son2eesl. see 724
Scolenexet reese nap on =e saeigeee eee As || OCA, ACESS. ois ios 1 a/nine CSO cele 377
DLGUN APE ees ns scious 526, 527, 532,535,540 | novaeboracensis, Ascalopax...........-..-.- 201
MALAI A. cs coc eee maser seen aee 527 | nove-hollandize, Melanosterna anethetus.... 487
Misnicans AW Ose so osha ears cmsarccemene 706, 710 Sterna anetheta ........... 487
inydrochelidons......2-ekelsueees-.. - 527 | novee-zealandie, Limosa ................. 189, 190
(Brin tao oe sh SEE EeS ~c- 244 lapponica.......... 190
nigricollis, Himantopus.......-..-- 209, 442, 446, 447 Beek. 190
nigricollises22.-.. 447 subsp.... 190

Ey psibatess=stensso.<- 5. asc. ens 447 subsp. @
Macrotarsus.. <-sse cease sh ~.- 447 Limosa 190
MIPTULONS, SteMN a: ¢.2c.c sincmme roc neeseee === 510 Vatiwast 189
MISMIp AUS ATS «oan ccm nmane ear keseee =~ 605 | noveboracensis, Limnodromus.............-- 201
HIiPTocOMiseEhimManLOBUS:.. on ore a ee <a = 447 Bimosa <2: ORME cece 183
nigrodorsaliss MAnoides @-.< 2. a-ain- sclee Eee 582 Macrorhamphus..........-.- 201
MIPTObS, PUANISH Soop se sais eer er in~ AEE 652 Scolopax-.--.cacecteue 195, 200, 201
nigrum, /Hydrochelidon.... «s\2-2eesick.- <<<: 527, 535 TOtANUS sc see Hees eck « 201
nilotica, Gelochelidon.. ...ciaieeseee ~<-.-- 479, 481 TING conn oe REELS ees © 200
niloticasteecs 2-5 2.=-- 481 | novoboracensis, Scolopax...-....-......... 200, 204
Fy drochelidon.... ... ¢sg=st -2--- =< 532) | mubilosa, Sterna.......--2—-..<.--<cGenseecoe === 514, 527

$32 INDEX.
Page. Page.
INEM GNIUSE Sooo SS aicnecas ani 25, 145, 147, 149, 385,386 | Numenius taitiensis.............-.....-.-..- 409
PIFICANUS. vc .0-- cctcnecsteeeeece 255 tenwirostris..22:5s5sssnee oes 149, 390
AMECTICANUS ee s06- 2 22S 386, 392, 394, 407 tibialis: <<):<::22sssssessse¢e-e 410
americanus.....-.---- 386, uropygialiste-s2:<2-22-s2-steeee ee 397
390, 392, 394, 395 variabilis...26:5.223555% Pee 261, 264
occidentalis. ... 386,394, 395 variegatuS-.<2ssd:ss22s000222 2 397
PAHVUS's 6.6 ke 395 Numenius phaeopus,
ATCUBLTAS.& <<a dccswtevienaleisiaee tote 389 Subspravcnes-- ones 397
BICUALUSHAS= 5-2 0cacesinssentae a 389 Virgatuse:sieecaesecssiesseSe2525es 389
OLQUabtas we. 5 <i cceeosdeownse se 388,389 | numenius, Numenius............-.---.--.--- 385
Bisscus Becmebecareoeaceiees 392 | Numineus occidentalis.................-.---- 395
WEES Be icm-eattateces ace cia 393 | «nutans; Scolopax: .=-=<-:-..22ssSs2c one 201
arquatulas.<.<esceer lac o~ sess 390 | nuttalli, Hydrocecropis..................---- 484
SULGUAVUS spas sin caisicinyscte secs cete < 386, 388 Stemnaesesissicccs coaasMeesesscceins 484
Tineatus...< <<... ceenese 390
madagascariensis........ 389 Oo.
var. madagascariensis... 389
ASSHMMNIS 32-5. saccwissecesteenctts 390 | oahuensis, Arenariainterpres............--.- 51
atricapillus.. - S9S0S82. i202. s002 397 Morinella interpres........-.---.-- DEG
MUSALISS ANE occ ins snocamens sees 410 Onychoprion fuscatus.......---.- 488
DOLCRHSZ hae <s555 275, 404, 411, 413, 415 Stermaitz-: + <<552.Se ee 488
brasiliensis.......0- .<ssteiece ener 407 fuscata.-.<-ss<202s< 488, 516, 519
brevirostris..<.- ....<-.=8tese 411, 415, 416 Tringa wz. sic-n 20055 2eeee epee cea 51
CAaSSinT . FUSIIS SIGS. \<,-ssinieiase\s einie= 390 | obscura, Hydrochelidon............-.-..-.-- 527
fem oralis. SAA. s5clencnsics 409 | occidentalis, Aegialitis.....................-- 115
fOETULINOUS - o-.aa ccwoeeeemeeres 252 Ceratorrhinga...:-<<-=.2.<s.520e6 782
MECSItATUS «o's 0 ciero cone BOLI MSs << 402 Ceratorhyneha «...552526.<<j22026 782
hemirhynchus:s22926 .. 5... 2-56 416 Cerorhina....022s355-22-2 ee 782
hudsonicus-sssss Use. =.152- 404, 406, 407 Cerorhinea «<5 .<5-=.s0t50% 770, 778, 782
HUWGSOMIUSSS cic - -rc:ssiaicisine 390, 407, 416 INFOUN CEOS = cs 2s6is sms ese 215, 216, 217
LTIGORIN OILS & onic weiss wicinisitniemiowtciets 407 pusillus): i. s.2868s 217
ISlAnNgiCUS \oas-qa0-caeBeetemeee=s 402 DESO 217
TinGQGUSL eos <<.<ci-1=1- Bt aseeee ee « 390 WADSt on ccasues 217
longifostrasece lets << <:.<2- 015 392, 394 Murenetes..--.t.ogssheseebes 217
longirostris......... 390, 392, 393, 394, 395 Tearoides ocscisssaenses See 611,627
IUIZONICNSIS Ss <.<cc ae odteecieelsoe 397 WATUS 5225.2 5500000R 582, 584, 607, 609,
madagascariensis.........-.---.-- 389 610, 611, 618, 620, 627
INDOLE Hose hwteisscceedemceaces 389 argentatlsic.¢-a-:<hebeses 612
Med USsseaeeet ts oe eee ace mises - 390 CHU 535.88 612
MClANOPUS§«\= <.---.-=.- Se shatiaek 393, 407 War 3.20% 612
melanorbynchus.........Jsists Sesee« 402 (Glaucus))« 10.222 5255200 611, 627
MICLOLHYNCHUSS.-« << :s'5,2j.0 aces 416 Glaroides))...55-2285362es. 611
THIN OTs ccs o Meats ate 402, 411 INTAMONIUS: <<< 255's SEBS 395
MINUS aS 0 510 EO Se 410, 411 americanus.... 536,394, 395
NASICUS e-em anee Pee eee ecce. 390 INUMINGUSs2cectcsscsccttee tee eae 395
MUMOENIUSE -- co---in1-'S/Soreees eee 385 Recurvirostra . -2.=<3eecseee tae 441
(Numenius) longirostris........-- 893) | Oceanis Sternas ...cd.<e.--e cater ennscnoa-eenn 504
OCCIGENTALIS. ....cncincre cn citi sneha. 395 | oceanica, Gambetta...............--- eee 371
orientailss.. x20 l226F...2 istic aee 390 | oceanicus, Heteroscelus........-.----------+-- 371.
phsopus see sees se hea 399, 401 TOLANUS s «2000 <sctzccaicasodeeiteetet 371
Subsp. @ Numenius OCeANUS2cse ccc ewes ccneectcnscwescce ease 686
variegatus..........-- 397 Crepidatus 2.25329 R eee seictai & 697
var. hudsonica........-. 407 PALAaSiticus <.<.n2fovescue sees sens 691
, Variegatus......---2-+-. 397 || ochropus;Actitis:...... 21. eee 357
TBIABODUS Sexe ecncin -aiemioss 401, 402, 407, 410 LCIOGTOTMAST TER... <ansiocecenseceee 357
(Phoeopus) borealis. .......-..-.. 415 OChrOpUSS. alos. 3 357
Ihudsonicus--.i.<<---.- 407 Rhyacophilus<+ < -Stesa cess. ae 358
HOCO DUS ocecc sie sem cee ersyemieersisienc's 402 Motanus<civc wcrc cancwstee eect 355, 357
DY SLIMNSUSHISs LL eee 255 THINGS o~c hse vecissswawoteeeeteeette 355
PULES CORSE io... SSE Een asics 390 TEYNGA Wo... Ben «ERTS EE clas 355
Tufivien trise wrest. .sc.cicicinese 407 | \Ochthedromus cnc <<< c 5c cc ececiewceees 107
DUSIS et os 50 cee Sica 3935407; | XOeChthodromuS i300 5 ccccss Soden a amaseewtles © 64, 107
Subarquata.-. eters. s..5<5082 252 INOLNAtUS'. .JtSUT Ae eee wre 135
TAVITONSIS 2 5 oie cetera oe= eters 409 MONGOLUS« 15. oSHEV ee ate wwe 135
tahitiensis.....-2aqe sick urate 409 MMONtAMUS ss oo 2 donne nw nie 107
DAUGONSIS ofa isseinrcraicinn Reet See 409 wilsoni-s..<..fteeceeeeee 112, 113, 114

INDEX. 833
Page. Page.
Ochthodromus wilsonia........-..----------+ 113 | Ostralegus heematopus..............-.-.5-.- 32
pasnucha.. . ...-.-<-- 1144 WIP ALIS «a nino tea eneoagace ts scene 32
WAISON 1 aeaetesismiayor'> - 111, || ostralegus, Heemantopus........<seess.-.--. 32
Wilsonlus. 2.15 s\sccsisete 111, 113 Heematopus...... 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35, 38
rufinuchus....... 112, 114 ostralegus .......... 28
Var. rufinuchus.... 112 HPAOmatOpUS <<. ccris. -eesaee eek 26
Var. wilsonius..... 111 | ostrealegus, Haematopus..... saqcewcekeeeMer 32
ocrophus, Helodromas....... Papas latcM te alcrataiwe isis S55) ||) Ostrelaga. ....<.....- .cacncaewe septemeianiaae 4 ate 26
ARTINE A conse one ae eee ae 352, 353,355 | ostrilegus, Heematopus............-..-..---- 32
BybTiN ee... = antatia tia slasrata<ie icine B49) ||P Otid es ee or oe cance c< cinesion rece saeene 1,3, 17,18, 24
Octodromus maculata o-trweictens -siee-\-1-1-1 = = - QTE. |) Qbsy CCHS aoa = os «53s 0.0 c's ainsalege PERE ERS aeNe 63,98
OEE oie asim oct arora Sisleie wine sis meee 159, 160 MMONTANUS. «5-0 << sic djclataabteleeiee = e's'< 107
OGUTGU A, i crcieiain‘ainjaisienre »/c <lnenie's s:sicaulayemeelsis 160 VOCITOLUS 5 =, =:,« sii 1a o10' sia sleseencis 102, 104
GAGICNOMY Soar ccs 25sec soso ccisins 1, 2,3, 4,17, 18, 24 TUDIGUS) << 5 -,saacite 100, 103, 104
GEdicnemides .ooceoci- o «cise is seeesemer 2, 17,18 vociferus:. - -... gasp See 99
Gg ICN eIMIND 2-3 a.0,.. 5010601 ro p ais cis SEER <= 18; |) Owster-catcher: =<. << -..0=,..-s stupliecmreeetcteae tania 30
GMGICTOMIUNIS o oemcsenince cen ss << eet 18, 19, 23 AM@riCan .. .< 255 ssete tes =in— 6 32
AMOLCANUS «<<. 5-- ssoe hess eees-= 20 Bahama... ...<sssicteidees <0 37
istriatys:<</s<ecese- see 18, 19, 20, 22, 23 BlaGRe< oisici-ceieeiecisieeaeleinrai0's 40
bistriatusees -ccsmecac< 20 HAZ Ards =. ..< accseseitteeeiciss sic: 37
dominicensis.......... 24 Galapagos... ../-<.aicaet eet 39
gracilis.) .:.. .ctieacdas 22) lt Oyster-catchers, Te 0 < <2 scinctateatoeteel ote 26
VOC Oi aa semaceaaact= = 20

dominicensis........... 19, 20, 22, 23, 24 P.
CadiGnemuUs? ein. - = sects 19) |} Pacific Bridled enna c. =. osc «semester 514
Superciliaris.<-< «<< .sacoepitsst=- 18, 20 GOD WIE. 5. :c:0 sce nice isin «in oiapslorearte teeter 187
Oedicnemus bistriatus................ rot oe 3 23 Golden Plover. <<< <<... s<-\qeespescs 88
oedicnemus, Charadrius...............-.2.-- 18 KGEtIWAKG: 3. Sec =o meine on cnspaiaeeeets 571
cedicnemus, (idicnemus......-.......-..--- 19) it spacifica, (Gypisialba.... .-cc s<s<s.esseeeecine 559, 560
COM Ree ciecmisncte pica sicia sie s saieiecis on era teeta s 249 POH dN A ...)0.. 75 o.0.0.si0'9 3 sinsmeaqsereest 265
VAT Qe 2). wicicn c's nian ias.secos senidseimaeiste = 255 alpina. « «:.-i<..<wientetseecer 265
OKENINENALAGTING | oc iocsere sss snare Saenenate G 131 PCOlODAR: oe caccticce ecsieees eee 370
OMDTIG. 2.0% slsi/a0)s oc ses escn css cea steteoaa 763 BGI oor oi wins pines masiseaetaces 559
Msititaculas 2.5 = oso. cces esos c 766 ERT I PO se ateya cx «are ain seiso iemie sine CERES 266
Onyvohonrion eco - oe acco ne sere 459, 485, 487 BUDING se aio) oiatw winless eenstel as 266
ANSStNSLUS . 6 5. << ee acisisjeje'eiersle= = AS (ee DACLILGUIS MGA lIS = oa oarcteiajse a/ainjs 3 caer yderete Steers 563
TUL SINOSUS es «<:= = =2fajsismrsamrase ASS BIO) WE Ragas casi sae <ciacjecic scjale'wclaie oases ee ae Re 107
TUSCALE icine sia'aeivis cis ste eenieee = 486 WAISONIS).~ 5 as fatciaisyeiersiciniciclee sin OR OES 108
FUSCALUS xeiic are. < sa sisi'smis astern 517 Deldin gi. /.- <0 eh 108, 109, 112
TUSCALUS <5. << cc05 5 =e 517 cinnamomina.... 108,109, 110,113
Infuscatus ....s--\.-- 488 Wilsomia- =.= ool anni 108, 112, 113
oahiensis.. 4.t0- - ASS). 1) BACODDU Agata sameinseissee See eeeiee enone er 562,575
SOLLALUS.-~ o--<esaeieel = 488 SUDO eee tare can tyAsm sie hai Sos cicye Ne 576, 577
Pansyensis. . <2. << -capiecicien © 513 DEaChYy Gana. nc. acemeee ec eae 580
SOITALUS «5-21-52. <sseemmaciaeck « 488 brachytarsh. «..saseweccemaaweres 580
Optatus; Machetes’. .....<.0a-<ssemescascance « 225 brachytaysusss sot". .ncret rej be ees aid 580
@reoqnnlys or ono seis oan stele =n aes 62, 63 QDULN CR acc os55 cicweincicic cen cott 579, 580
EBD NOUS a ciosniaie(o wim ='01e 0) evista =) > «ove ereeterators 63 ODULN CUS a. a. <)mie oe SRS a «e's 580
tenwizostris....ccedpsewaceceaese 63 NVEDn<,~ =is(s'2.0,0 s10,5:4\0 speerstabe eats 580
orientalis, Charadrius... ...).t<nesciiaeemenele © 93 MMIVOUS 2% 0 o/c< 5 sis eostadastee eae 580
pluvialis. <<. soseemeee = 93" |) Balamedeidse. - oo... ca soc since omc <e 5
Cerorhinga,. ......- i550. scenes ssccen (S21. ballas’s Guile on. «a0ccs «phere eeeteieeietacte «+o 618
Eurhinorhynchus....-....-.-..-.- 307 MUIBT Ose cicies atin s Rete eerseiete Aes ss. 730
INUMENINS ... ..n<00s-pehteeeereissc. og0) |p palliate, Ostralegarn <a ccteccon cas seeeisenins <0 36
BCCOD B52, o mein win cele eae 154 | palliatus, Heematopus........... 28, 29, 35, 37, 38, 39
Trinea MiNUts. «-. -seteeeeeee - < 268 pallistus setae eve .< 28, 32
osculans, Heematopus..........--..----.-- a8 28 Haematopus palliatus.........-.--. 33, 37
ostralegus..........-. 25) |) Pallida, Hydrochelidon: -ccsccccin.o0-cs2ccess 527
Osralacas. sepia sc ieinckis(osis aaeke eres = pete 26 | pallidus, Charadrius vanellus............-... 69
Ostralega......- PERS Rania fase See ae ase aes 26) |) paludosa, Scolopax.....-.+..<..-.ssures 159, 165, 177
SUE oiterain cies. < = «eee eis. 29) || palustris, Gelochelidon...-.......sccsianseacr 484
QUE O09 oc <:n isa :- 10,010 0 cieteetelarietticl= «<3 32 SCOlODAR << oo cemessciesensaceacismas 165
LGUCODUS S22: terse civSictesinien idleness « 29 TOTATUS ® <'<.0/s's's00[o-eceninsienase capes 352
palliata. « : ost aitristeasceecciscitices 36) |) panaya sHaliplana:..... 22 ...-sniseeee meaner 513
DIC Ses oysios rdas = = = eee teats «<2 32 MUON Anno coes ase se snc'cibsneine Caer 487
WOSETSIC PIS oa oc¢ bat). one wcs = see eae cs ZONE An SMAI A. OCONN A .si'-.c)2 octewtelslacceeiniesisintete ate 487

40017—19—Bull. 50, pt S——54

834 INDEX.
Page Page

panayensis, Haliplana:--:<-=22aeis 513 | Pelidna (Actodromas) maculata.-........... 274
Onychoprion.-2---20 eee se 513 WHSONT cok eos c seth 299
Sterna ...253.-S Steaks 487, 513 ACUMIN AVA ca iaeeioesecnere ee 278
paradiswa, Sterna.-.......... ». 486,499, 501, 502, 511 alpina:s: s:sccen. SO 257, 259, 260, 264
paradisaea, Sternale eee se cases ecee 508, 509 OLPINGLS -c-ce cece ee eactsen ec 260
paradisea, Sterna...2:.<22.S02: AUS. 508, 599 alpina...... 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 263
ParascolopaxXes:<2asd8hscr ee nee ae eee 149 AIICTI CANA sciscctoneirow ie eee o 265
parasita, Catarractes........... SsHReteneeeeee 697 S-americana:--es Saree eee 265
Te@StFISS an 552 concrete eee 692, 697 pacificarssoss: -2: se; 265
parasitia,\Lestris=\; .<-csssccscacasssssecscecs 692 sakhalina....... 257, 258, 259, 262, 265
parasitica, Cataractans. scscsssccceosces. ke 696 ‘var./americana- 222s ee 265
Catharacta----.252./000220. eisiesi 696 AMELICAN AHS: spas Sees eee 264, 265, 288
Warus o20s desc sass Sleek Rete 699 ALQUatAS- <tc seo Sete ese 256
POS HTS rsa F ee ENR Lae tne 691, 692, 696 AUSTFALISH seh ect ces ectsetsseeeteeee 279
Parasitie Jaeger. asses hon ccccecwwsoee 687 Bonapartelss<sz-cssescsosscte aoe 288
parasiticus, Cataractes:.22:<22222222.22.2022. 691 brissonis -<:22:22222-b2ct2tteeee eee 214
Larus «522.5338 683, 686, 689, 690, 696, 697 calidniss. 2252282. :t=tt eee 262
Lestris x3 s32 2S Re es -- 683, 692, 695 campestris: +: -2: =: SNR ce 275
Oceanus: -2222222282 Fe checenccnee 691 cinclusi23aea2isis. 4a ee 261, 264
Stercorarius... 687,690, 691, 694, 696, 697 VALI Ste etaicletsietnin alvin ieteetalelaioeeiia 287
parasitus ;Westriss.~2<.<oS9an eA ccc sees 692 Gorsalis ROO a getson sees ae 281
pardela, Charadrius-.::-:::2.:22.. 22202 78 STACI Iss scour Hose ee weet ear ereretleetsle 269
Paroquet Aukletsew cies cowik eee eee. 764 mMacrorhynchosts ek jsctetee sew eee 255
POITa, «2's Saeees Sere ob ia isd ater ecarcrrniatcle ace ee 7 maculata: 202222: SR ond 273
Siricanastsccsccccssscr2 6 marnitinda:ss2is: 222 eS ee 243
brasiliensis=:..csdesseseteosncodse ee 17 melanotossr== <2. sees le twee ce 288
Gabensisrs2seshscccceta eRe ees 6 minutasseoss222 1422 ee ee eee 268
Cordilerd aimtecsesccasseceee tee hes 13 minutillas2322 522 Ree ee 298
Pallinaceatsssstshs cocseeeeee eee 7 MaNass32s sss s2092 SN 300
LIMNOSHOMA 2s csdsosesess sek ese 11, 12, 14 PacifiCas costs 22edeessesnsess see sce 265
hypomelaenaca: iss a28ss eee ce cece 16,17 pectoraliswws scssersssesstsse ee 274, 281
indicasseueweisscatsscscs SU 7 pusilla. 222.ss2220ssesece BRR 212, 296
Intermediaze:scstcceassees. eee 2% 8 SChIMNZ)ss:22222 setSTOhss STEIN 287
jacatharcetiasssccsscscsds<ceseee 7, 8,11, 12,14 SChinZilisssoa2s52 scacaee eee cee ees 262, 287
fasSsanae sees tess sects oe wee cee 8 subarcenata as.veo2scenae sess 255
melanopyslastisecccsserlonsceeet totes 17 Ssubarquatass sass. Jara ees oes 254
Nigvawssc sess sess cascwsrscess hostesses 17 temmin¢hiisss22. 0S Ree. e~ ces 269
SimensSisssecscet esse decccmascewe sess 6 VOLdHatatossss22 sss nteeenee ee eee 262
WALLA DTS! tiara ts cee tre wet ctotefoterara 7, 11, 13, 14 Variabilissscness-saasemeeeee sacri -. 262
WAOIACOR es 52.5 SOE aa ciiocheen 2 14) |) Pelodes:sssz 22s.crss FS Sac case 526
WITLGISH Hees 2c REEL ccctectae we Le albistriatar Yara slt Cod sca seciie tec 504
Parreps. 2. acces ese sek tbacienss Seg oeeeeeee 5 bybrida <5 :S5etue eh. cocoecscaass aoe 531
PALhiG oie, sO Ss ae ae ns seas ee ec 5 INGica? 325, CE acinar teas Batccits 532
Parrins son 8sehesscs ssassee eI 5 javaniesss sau; <<s5 RR esses 531
parvus, Numenius americanus............... 395 leucoparcias: = 3-Ses secs see eens 530
pauli de wurtemberg, Thalasseus......-....- 467 SUPINAMECNSIS sss5e5csccsatesee eee 535
Pavoncella siae8 aes acascenssscn cee woes 218, | -Pelorychuss2s2ss5s2 sess ssc assaeaeeedeeee 159
PUR AK Sse RE dep 221; 2225385) | mPelorbtynChus-<2.s=sssessccesecnsessa= ee 159
pay kullii,,Scolopaminssccsscsssecselet eewes 201; | ~perdix; Brachyramphus::<2-/22222 2s Se conc. 746
pectoralis;'Charadrius:.:-<:<ss220ae.. 86 Brachyrhamphus*si=./02 2. ssi see. ee 746
Medd ssssss3 73-5 wets 183 CepPhus sas Sataseemcaiclaais taralaierrnare 746
Leptorhynchussssss2:sss2esee ees 436: || peregrina, Gallinago’=:-2:-2sssest socee so ~ 170
Limmocincelus:2S2s<2 3522202 ee 275 Scolopax:::- Use Secon 170
Pelidnavsteseucteresee a aeetesee 274, 281 MNelmatiassacaseso7s tooo eee = 170
PASODIR «Ae Soe saw oe ee cet ase 275) |=petenyi, Gallinago>-i<cas25-sss<heseeeees oon 171
PCHOSIICHIBS Ais lara seceded oweee 275 Telmatias:.<22:-3t0l5.2 ieee. 171
Pringa:cs. 3 LOLS 274, 275,279,281 | Petit Fouquet des Philippines......-.-...... 545
acuminatascstee- <2... 2 275 | petrificatus, Ereunetes........-.... 209,213, 214, 218
Pectoral Sandpiper.< sito ote osece tees 269 | petrifactus,; Hreunetes.--:s.2.csss2s2s5552222 218
pedestris; Dotanus 4252332253 25so SUIS SE7Z870! |“ Bheeopus2s-sa sews sth sonie se 25, 145, 147, 149, 395, 396
pelagicous,;Varuszssewcscncesst bee tee ote 607 hudsonicus:=:sssssassa22 393, 397, 402, 407
Pélagii..2c2ss2s8 SI202 sear3e sh as 447 PHS OPUS 2s5.'t te eee ates 396, 402
Pelanopus!:d2:esscs:cecdsceesecsee eee ese 466 phesopus <1-<t Ges 396, 397
pelecanoides; Sterna :...-25. 5:02. s0e ecw 466 Variegatus:: ts ces. . 397, 399
Pelecanopus. - --- - Sd added eee ee aoe eee naa 466 tahitiensis::22- se2ss02ssseeew 397, 407
Pelidnazesaye csc tet accscisconsnse eee cone 147, 256 VII PALIS SAA aeccea rasa secs ssactetane 402

INDEX. 835

Page. Page.
Piacopus arquatus..-. ic <c-- cc cteeseacetenc 402 | Phalaropus vulgaris......... eceusciase ieee tee 429
borealis... 2. soteen ces ER. 415 WilligimSit.-o< sinime cc -< ee eS 429
hudsonies) sss =-aseeeene eee 1 407 WIS OT le oesiarnnietee mateo = wie ivlele's 423, 434
MAM OF Serenata nein sete ema cee aes 402 WISONG «cc acciniew SEMIN eee as 430, 433
pheopus, Numenius..............--.-- 399, 401,402 | phalaropus, Phalaropus................------ 417
PHRODUSE so6q sisson Fee eats = eee 402) sf mee eNesae 2) os osesmicenciaews ce acansancoasee 704

pheopusie eases: SOG 30. |W Alene 0 aa innteimreinisjseicicirane ene ote «6 704
SCOGDAXascta nad acceu eee poowode: 407, 410) || Ralerinee. on. unaacnns eae cnae=eeysedheeens.- 703
phoeopus, Numenius.........-...-- AQWMO2 407, 410; WV Piel eriS. <5 ic ccc wowace mapemesece Boe - 705,763
PWG DENISE: jaja wisn iore'me srasjeume ot clas nina ele aekra=rs 540 RlentICR 2.3.5 45-5 teeeowaaoes Coes see 762
- CHIOLOPOGS << nctecielec ome arentee « 490 SIGUTICUS 5 = tocaccaa samaite sas anos 766
INA PMITOSUS oon miaein see nee see 543 Gamischatica... .......s2se seme «+. 773

Phaéthusa cayennensis..............-..-.- 475, 476 Camtschaticus........s<-;-ehe-=--- 77
BIO FANS .-. cmicriscsacincee eee 474, 476 CRTOEDYMCG a/c! diac 0:)5:50 terete =roie:<ic 781
galariculata:. ./....cunetee steseer see 471 CUT nin ratc «iain nieini=ic'p cic: stsiais SaaS 796
MAXIMG_Cieessese- nae neha anise icles 470 | - COMICUIATE . 50 ecncnre = ndeteeeots 769
Bhsethusa,maenirostris...........282s 5 aes 544 evistatells oo de cc's econ a eee (2 773, 77&
PR ROUSE Es are nntoranic cia a0.0 wine sienna. wine owls tae 459 EXISTOU A: sos am tail =4 sans eee == 77%
iba RetIsSaAmMACNITOSLTIS 22 s2~~ cee weet ena 543 GUD a ato ecen eee dane eee T&S
SOILONL 3 jms cece saeco eo = 490 ANI CKGCOLOS....- ~.=,<.n1=- = 0-2 Ae aoe 769
PTUGOAUL . .. aes eeaeee teres. « <~ 490 PNY SLACEA =< on. i2 12 jain sivicre nin oa eee 773, 778
TRAN COUUISE SUMS oo ani ssa: minim wien ninimre a NEES «se 540 MOGINOSENA =o... oc ics we csiaccus- tenes 767, 770
Ghiloripod anteysaseeihs ~~ 2 secc~ es - 541 MOCINOSETIS = wei sew sien nee «ante = 770
MMALTULOSURIS ISS <i < oie wise wie 543, 544 WSMGACWI A. Se sec cnc eect os SSS 764, 765, 766
Phalarope & festons dentalés...........-..... 417 PSMLACULUS ~..5-a.2i0~- HEME eee ee 766
IBTOW Ss os <njcinein cisco sncee teens « 429 OLS S Is I< <miain anv s sta ee eee: 768
Nonthe miss Soeea eRe oc cscs = 424 DY GND. 5) da eisco: spn oaors a EISELE « 770
PUAN. ose =< <isio fe ssc 2s Res 422, 430 PY QITCUS a ciatefaia slelainrars swaro i SOS 772
ROG Sears: = siaie'si ois 5 sis are EEN ofn's 418 DY MES aca <= 3.5. BOON SEE sv sic ce oisie 773

FOUSSAULG aan 521s os maetee meets si= 423 Saperciliata.« «5.2 .-0< 5.5 fest = 77

IWAISON?S: < -/<)2:<.<1-<)\-'< SONS S Ee 431 SUperciliOSa. . .- aan. seet- see eeee eee 77
Phalaropes,,Dhe- 5-2-2... .-- 00. Sees ees 144, 416 HOtrAGO As. 2.5250 0000s bee eee . 77
Rhalaropodide: <6. ...cc 50.06 2, 24, 25, 144, 416, 435 (Thyleramphus) cristatella......... 776
PNA ATOMOGEHA occas cn acans accurate eens ALGO) PHB ROTNIS sain aSracsic ar os an oon cm SE = 145
Ph alaxopussasacosan 1-8 eee th attends damm aice 417 | philadelphia, Chroicocephalus . 636, 645, 646, 647, 659
ANFUSLITOSULIS. .. ... -Feheee teen s)« 429 Chroecocephalus.....=....-.. 647
angustirrostris......2eeseseeee == 2 429 WATUS os Se oles jancen Apert 647, 648
ASiAtiCUS Hoats<2.2 Ss PRIS FSS. 430 (Chroecocephalus)....... 647
GCINOLASCONS «)<\<.- ticle weklele sits os 429 Stem a. cacq. scsi ac See ee oe 646
CINEFOUS <2 5.3.45 -Be en aaeee 423,429 | philadelphbiew, Chroeocephalus .....-.-..-..-- 647
AM bras... sess ok asscwccous 435 ALUS! <5,ae ce anno ees 648
PON AUIS 58 5 sois.cnrcieinie wa. <ininfc SOS 435 | philadelphicus, Larus...............2-s...--- 648
MA CANUS sass «65 = -)25 3 PSE 421 | philippensis, Charadrius....................- 127
fulicaria so -65- -S4is tea =~ 25 421) ||) philippina, Hiaticuls.... esses 24--neeeceee 126
Uli GaN S Seiya sass 418, 419, 421, 430 Sterna. Sete sels. Shares 546
fUSCUS< b55.9 EHS Shs Sosa ee 429 Mhalasseus: pases sees cee se 546
glacialiss... ..eieesgseeet e-em 422 | philippinus, Aigialites..............--.-2.--- 127
GTISCUS: ©. <<... cacee s ceatee ete 423 Charadrius... ..eaesateee as 126
(Holopodius) wilsoni............ ASae Pebbnlohel gestae eee o steciacece 144, 146, 155, 797
Hy PErHOLsweus \.|q...- sss ns 0: 428 BIMGRICAN Dots 5s so eee ee 153
hy perboreadsasts ac. <2. seeseeee 422 MINOT eee Ek ose 155, 157,159
YVPEEDOLOUSE A ,<\-a.aie\eain(a;00'0 422) 426,428) |) PHIOMACHUSES 2 ccc icco. seme nc eeu ee ete 218, 797
lobatanssseewsessece Mk atene. 5.383 426 PRENAK . J oc sasecimn a ROS 224
MOSSE. senacisSaceuses 422, 425, 426, 432 INGICUS «, <<, FI IEE 225
(Lobipes) hyperboreus.......... 428) |p phocopus, Wumenivs=o5 20202 -.- cece sean ue 402
IGNATIUS ie season mc ss5 A2G) WP (Bieta 4 Se. nk acu e we cas mcwensccBtee we 540
MealaLropus. <2 <5 4sosee <A 417 TOPs -s So... Ss ee Si 472
Dlatyzhinchus. -..-... Bese. 20838 ADS, ||P BMY VO GZS <2 corse <:5 anions ann Ree Soe tans 6
platyehynenos: .../.seeesee- <2... Eo tal| iro (ct: (cl: Ae eh, 717
Dilabyrhymebus.....-eesert'S. 2 422, 423 Ostralegd ceacqeeustese.= eee 32
piatyzostnsic=..... ..ga5 rae: eid 423 PIN SOUT = Be Sais cpciolcarcicemciosy = ees 717
THfeSCONS 2-555) 55- eee. Ree 423 PIN PUNUS sek qepais yee PRONE SE Ae. 717
PUA COMIS $2. SAN ww ams 429° RIS COLODAK a occ 5 osaciociein sees eRe 32

TES ae aft Gocasaia eee ee he 422 Witamiani aes 25 A somsaejn anda ose eee 717
stenodactylus. ......45-942 see -<<< 439, It Bigeon! Guillemot 21. js- so crociare SoBe ES 740

PLLCOLORS sac. cenyeetas See Bee

BOSD [PTOI WS PETIA ore c ts cccia ciara eerste BER ee 504

336 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Piledta; Stemat:. 2 ese. osccsc 5 Soe ee o453500 || Plover Mongolian->2. 22222 cee cea nee 132
pileatus,-Anous)-- 52.5. oss55. Hee oo: 545, 550 Mountain... .5. DS sees. 105
Stolidus).s\.--....teeeeer 545, 546, 547 Pacifie Golden:-. 2. s2sseeseeeeees ce 88
pilliatus, Hematopus.::s..-5 2-82 oe. 34 Pipitigeds. ss 20s sdeerscs ds ose 128
pinetorum, Scolopax::.<.. ) sae ee 154 Ring... SMI 2555 SRR 120
PING Oui Fee esa ssa esas eee ene 713 Rad dyes eds cons 5 < ee 314
AIMNPONNIS & 5 cesie\sicicicrse ses smlaseeees 713 Semipalmated esate... bees se- ac 116
PICA Si sss esiiscnsse sec sasedncs sees 717 SHOW ihe sk ci OR one 136
OLGA e. fob cece fesse nesee ese 717 Spurwinged/sss.;<...55teeee ose 70
Win PUN sae cares oss SS eae ae eee 710 Uplandivs raaiccscassceeeeene sae 379
PMCUINUS ioe ccaeoceesieo asa cosa ee ee eee 703, 710 Walson’s82. S25 Soa ren ae 5 oa - 168
IMPCNNiS-. 255-5. ee 702,711,713 || plumbea,Anousts.....5555.6eeeseee 535
Pleas 55565 ss ess 717 Hy drochelid on... sien eee 535
tordaecsissscsec cusses eee eee. 717 Stemat 3A osatcincere Ree 535
PIPPIN ES PlOVEDP nto ccc vies losses sansa 128 | plumbeigularis, Anous......2.0.s5j0.Jif....- 546
Wiprxan; Gaviasvecess css oos cose es 644 : stolidus. 42522 224. 5...- 546
Pipixcan, Larus s,s... s2ss2sscccseecseeeeees 644 || plumbiceps; Warus.... ..... fgssees eee cee 641
EMOMA sh soa shov sca s asso. teeeeee e's 644 ||. Bluvialis ese sss a acieesec cases eeecenceaee 63,79
WISObIg ssesee ore cos eee eee tee: ssaeseRbemes 147, 266 ADNICATIUS: «2502525052 t eet otee 80, 82,83, 84
ACUMINATAE- Wines ss coeeRee 267, 268, 276, 279 Allee sown scdee assole eee 83
BUPA ems sicioieicias ac soma eee ease cs 277 dominicensis aurea..........-.-,--. 86
Baird Js hot. Aisssz 267, 268, 279, 283, 288 GOMmIMNICUS);.-2-05 sseeesseeeee 80, 83, 86, 88
Dargis: asec soc Se ee ee 283 dominicus........ 80, 83, 86, 88
COOPELL 2 So5ccccuccctescoeseeee 268, 289, 290 fulvus «<2 ieee 80, 84, 88, 92
damacensis: =; 3.2.24. 5.2 a Sek 301 fluviatilis. ..2e. ek etesee Ae 127
fuscicollisy.2.2..<2s 264, 267, 268, 284, 287, 289 fUlVUS Pos. s. cesiwass eee. 92
MACULAE siowiatarieicrorsisirastee 267, 268, 269, 274 americanus.......cteeceee. ses. 88
MIN Sree ehicceeeee ee 267, 268, 290, 292 hia ticulasn. 22.23.24 seen oe Seen eee 123
ruficollis....<.-.<<< 2 ees... 293 LONI POSS. oa. 502 nn cide teens eesti er 93
Minwtilae sos.e: sees 267, 269, 294, 299, 300 morinellus:....2.2<s-eteseseeteccae 98
WOECTOTALISssi 6 sees seh 275 Squatarola)... i225 0c eee eskee 75
TUNCOMISt. 2h alacecseeeee 267, 269, 290, 292, 293 taitensis... .225224scsss Stee eee 93
Ssubminutata we. Gee eee 267, 269, 300 COLGUSTUS: -...5 58ee cece 124
temmincki: 2..csssseee 2 sce keen 267, 269 WallSiiascccoccesicdsasse es Coen 78
temminckii. ne eeeaseste ck eee 269 ol. MILEIDICUS 2 cn sace ee eee x 87
Elgin Phalarope ss s<.a see eee eae Sax 422, 430 ViTrPiniaca..-...< <P es eRe ee cece 93
PIANOLES 2 oo ct os Sos see aeons ee ee Seeks 485 Wir cimicus:.<-... HE CEA RSE eee 87
BIGNOUS F.2 = oc eee eee eee owas iceeseeet ve 485 xan thocheilus: .......2ieeeetecs enc 93
PUGCACUS s wjn's(viore/atercs'eis SS eee ce tote 488 | pluvialis 6, Charadrius......2....2.c0Lc..--2- 86
Planiceps; Machetes. seissoseseea ss ae eee 225 Charadrius..-cs-< << 79, 82, 83, 86, 92, 93
Elatalea py em ea... .. js scaen eee es eee 305 Wars os oI as cee 93
PYEMCA: 555052 555c 3025305;306; ||| Plinvialese $3425.22 sect e se tine REE E wee se 1
platyrhinchus, Phalaropus.................. 423; || Pluvianelluss...<<<s2.csccce. 3. BEEBE cones 64
platyrhynchos, Phalaropus.................. 422 SOCiabilis.. ..<<<=deseee eee eeee 64
platyrhynchus, Phalarophus................ 493) ||| Pativianwss ees se. cc cots ae tee e eee 1
PHalaropuss-ceeees see. eee 422 | Pluvier armé de Cayenne.................... 70
platyrostris, Phalaropus.....28tUssg ks ess 423 | Pluviorhynchus mongolus........... OE eee 134
platyura, Scolopax-\.2..ce ets cee 1154 {!) FROGASOCY SIGS sa waters steers eerie ce Te eee 63, 104
MLA OR aaa sake oreicicte's wie aos Soeioci Tae wiar eee 702 montana ewes: Lacuecs Reh cca 107
Te abuses. sctemteieistee cteieisio noel OE 580, 702, 706, 710 Mon tanus): sso. Sen 105, 107
MOR anciesoue casi oda sa poses 707 ||; Polaris, Monmon s<cssocaoet hee eee eee 787
COlUMbariuse. sets dee ees 706, 709 WT Aes ccc Skee 730
SlAUCUS TI ac.co niceties .... 589 | pollicaris, Larus (Rissa) tridactylus.......... 573
dmpennis! ses ee Se eee ee 713 RisSa- ee sesso ee eee 573
GGUS a igo a aloe ah 706 tridactyla..... 565, 566, 571, 572, 573
BPIOVOIS PHO so = sccicnae cis saateyalerciclctorwicloiatarsisiatals 61, 144 ie sct tect eeeeger 572
Plover, American Golden.................... $3 ||: Polocandora:.2< 5.2cscaosvee este enaee eke acer 564
Ararais Ringe eta acces ocicrasecit dees 140- |, polo-candor, Warts ssc c x. se eee oct 506
Belding see ee a ceneeicnhtoe 112 RASS Ean SOE SAC ect 506
Black-belliedlj..c)-isasic saccriereeeeeeee 72:'|| polynesite, Totanus: ss... wetsee eee eee eta 371
CAV ONNG Seo eoioe ec iclciae eee 70. |) pomarhbina, Westris 2-5... ethene eee cee 685
CinnamMomeousa. secesan cine Beers 118.) pomarhinus; Westrisascc cece eee ees bate 685
Cuban Snowy. 2. <cieece ow nice eee 2139: |)” Stercoranius: ch 23s eee 685
Golden i 22s sical 80'| pomarina, Lestris. - 25s9-cel ee ceeeee 683, 684, 693
“ike Birdso coccinea 1 Sterna. ssa Se eee 498
Mittle Ring. seen new eeewes soe 124)| Pomarine Tsegers 1.2 wraataeem enone eee eee 6381

INDEX. 837
Page. Page.
PROMATINUIS Hy sth eo OPS ot oa eens 680 | pugnax, Pavoncella...:-..00..0- cece. 221, 222, 385
A AUSCUS Sacre see = ae etn PCE 680, 683 Philomachus...-.... 22.4. eevee 224
pomarinus Cataractes! a. fc loc. esas 685 POPANUS ow che's cmencicet Sse LOE 222
Catarractes nes \cc ate 685 Tringasssatiemte ese ee 218, 221, 385, 797
GCoprotheres:. -cnen2 02 tena ee 681, 685 @Machetes))...). .ccccieccccuse 224
MOSES Hee aghast 680, 683 Tynan. cn eae Jere... 221
Stercoranivisie ss. see ye sasee 680,684 || piflo-condor, Larus.......22...0.-.-..d0 Bess 506
pomeatorhing; Lestris.s. 2.0.5 c... seatees cle 685: | pulvemulenta, Actitis. 0. 02.2. 2. cee 367
pomatorhinus, Coprotheres...............--- 686 Gambetta..aceseygee...cecc 367
bOStris.ce.s-3 =: ee. beak 685 | pulverulentus; -Actitis..........caimeM coc... 371
Stercorariussttnesess ~~. = 685, 686 Rotanus... /ceeeRPEE. ee 367, 372
pomerinus) Westrisss<...... seria eee 685) |) pimctata, Gallinago..........eeeieewet << o..-. 192
POnNtTOCHON GON on-set cek ee eee eect ee 460 | punctatus, Macrorhamphus.................. 203
portlandicasStemas ss... seeeieehhs cess oe 504 MNOUGAUS <0 enie'e <siteicn eee 362
Rotamochelidon::.'--¢ 4s. -~ sete ten oes 459° || BurnpletSand piper... <1 cc<cnnnc sR ESE ee 232
IPTAC ARTE NeRR cee ony hate oot keke 686" | pusilla Actodromas|... i... sesame ceases 296
DEATTIT ELOmMatopUs.cdses Ve 0265 wees sels es 37 ABI Goin clec cede cine eee Dena 769
palliatus-«. 4.58.2 28, 33, 34, 37 Acthia’ Shee. 3os. See. Letewdtee 76D
iAemotopusts: cen secceee ae chee eee 37 Ciceronia,..cccnn ieee eee 768,769
Pribilof/Sandpiper,....-2 =... 2% «<tebele baete 244 BYeuneteSs cis ccecece ce ccce eeeeeuet 212:
Lem eee eso hice se eenieecraicrrceaccicmr sk 3 563° Braterculase es .32i/s-sicckenenee eee 762
NePIOCtUS Seats Ue RE RIG S o2 58 563 Ehiaticula.cccksesadnccioss ce eee 127
procellosus Waroides® ose -.....ds2b e285: 631 Belidnaty Sites coos Mon cceke chee 212, 206:
ATUSSce% esses ecktss cas eeeeee es 631 Phaleris tori... ncd teeth bocce 768
erocelstermays Ms: Ser.-+ 02s eee Ss 5 460 SCOlOPaR sok. cs scenes RRR RRS ee 262
tereticolliss: este. Rseceeee 460 Tringae sc aenesece 209, 212, 217, 293, 296, 31£
Rrohssmatopus 22+. 22s-5.5 3.025.255 ees 26 Uria..~..Sovssse es tates eas 768
isalidorhamphos:-)....... .2eteeeeek se ccs 6 450” |) pusillus, AtgialitessJsss0sk . tet eee 127
send oglovtisses eects 5 eee eS 148 Charadrivsyi. -o.sc0<e50 ggsee SD 127
Eseudoscolopasxt= 22. --2teetecss ses ce eee 144, 145, 146 Ereunetes.... 145,210, 212, 213, 215,217, 218
PseugototanuSsascs ston 2c se oene eee eeet oon 148 pusillusias.c<.-ccceeenee 213
Ben durigtes<224¢ 2235 c2cstos sect eae 732 Simorhynchus:...:J..22--sseneee- 2 ROR
CaPbObs 5.26 hcnee ss ebeeeeben anes 745 Totanuss 255. -<.<55a:0ciscime,o Hie . oe 212
COMPAL: 2. 55525555 0ccckeneateses 742 | pygmaea, Aegialitis........2.... sete di secu 128
SNOW a. esse sns bt. SS oseiee ees 733 Platalons:heec cee eee ks ees 308
psittacula, Alea. 2.62.52 dens cc aeoeeee 763,760" |spyemrsagedy thin -.s.2 she sc. Set eemeee os. oe cc 773
C@yclorrhynchus..: +=... sseesere 766 Alcavss.. cts bec cbess saneeenes 770,772,752)
Braterculatss:<..5.2: h222leseseees 766 Al cella s22254 etsy eee cee ee 77k
und -02seh2252 shi se eee 766 Kratercula.< ssi .5 25 see ees eens 772:
Omibrigeescsséce6 tela tesctatecsad 766 Phalerise<s. ss. 2 ehesese sae een 77@
PHSISriS Seu +8 sce se cece es 764, 765, 766 Scolopax. 22 5sisssstscaeseeccens 249, 255
psittaculus, Cyclorrhynchus................. 766 Tringay..235 See see eee eee 255, 306
Simorhynchus s.=s4 -<-2c sosaeee 765 || Dyemaecus, Charadriusvestge... 222... .tccece 128
IRCOrOCIGS Ss Aysen- eerc a casos sce SteReenas 1 | pygmeeus, Eurhinorrhynchus................ 306
ptilocnemis, Arquatella.................0: 239, 246 Eurhynorhynchus.....:.......... 306:
IMaritima...+2 22s .esct 247 Hurinorhynchusazemsisteas- so ccce 305
Subsp. 86 Eurynorhynchus................- 306
Arqua- Maleimellus- 22s -cateeesssccesel os 255
tellacccn sey 247 TGAMUIS heise SSS cake eee sehen 652
ptilocnemis 239, 241, 244, 247 INumenius:. <<. ss eecteseds <seeee a: 255
(BRIG - hj cceetepee ccasecets 246 Phaleris: 33 $22.53.2See aeee 772
MATIMA esther. Ss bcksce 247 Scolopax:2 2c teeeesotete cs sctlels 256
ptilocnemys, Tringa maritima.............. 247 Simorhynchus---eteccebs 222-5: 770,773
EH OSCOLISe treats oo ons saoeRe Ream cthccdecicedec 63 Simorrhynchussecessenes -o 52-2. 772
BiilOSCeliysi a 2s bo a6 c's< cose ero eeaese cc cacscad 62; 63" Epmemen: Aled. oc. Seek ts net as one oe oe ae 759, 773
Env Choramphus): = 25. sseceessetaeencsscewcs 704, 760 Phaleris- 224 3 sessed cee 773
aleuticus! 922. seacckect 761, 762 Plataleat: 5.2.20. cseseeteeet 302, 305, 306
Rey chorhamphnuss.c-sestoncen sees aces aus 760 SColOpaxtans ss 24s ans = sea ave 17G
Ptycoramphus aleuticus........222-<-seseecs 762 | pygmeus, Eurynorhynchus................ 303, 306:
Ptycorhamphus aleuticus...................- 162" |e Bygopedes: 5.25. oo sco onc goo eeeeeee-ce ee 700
Buafiinns, 5c eS eeSS aeeies eeieits 782,784 | pygranus, Eurinorhynchus.................. 306
OTNGd WSL Rae tie <2 ee ede qeierstd 789: | SpyikiiseS temas atte. soe eee ods eee eb See 504
Rarnge-billeds. ct .cc.s..<choscopmekeeees 788 | pyrrhothorax, Charadrius.................... 136
Muived ssa os on soo ase Se 793
Budinuis fa virostriseses.2..-ssseeeeseeeees 782 Q.
pugnax, Machetes.:.. 02... ...ccce 145,219, 222,224 | quoyi, Heematopus...............ccccececcon 26

838 INDEX.
R. Page Page.
GRABS. - jac cine niecian aicewe ee eee eteete 0;6))|. Rhynthopinse. creases nce ce cece ete ereote 449
Falluslariformis...). . 1... 5. .tiereeteceen es « 627 || Rhyrichopsids.. Succ: s cocte eter eee eee 450
tazor-pilled AI. o. -2- <n once x een a 714 |) Rhynchopsines:< -cocs..c<~ eee eee eee 449
recognita, Melanosterna anetheta........--. 514 || Rihynchopsalia-~..<.--o-ee Cee eee peers =e se = 450
anethetus.......-.. O14. ||) Phyncops<. cc. -<- cece esse see eee nee = 450
Sterna anetheta..........-. 487,512,514 DOLGALISS au sce cee Cee ee 453
Recurvitostralc. ==... on aeeeeee aoe 436 MelANUIUS Wo eee eee ett ee ees 457
: alba. 3.72. c eee 194, 440, 441 MUPTAs 2 leek ee 453, 457
americana... joss ats 437, 438;'440 ||| rhyngvia, Uriatss 3c. tetas aes eee ee 720
anding -o-2 eos ore entee 437, || richardsoni, dvestris..--~t~<w oo ee eee ee - e 694
QVOSCLTR co Ree ce ses 436 Stercoranius2s:2222 ee. so... 694
himantopussccn cee wesc. cae 446 | richardsonii, Cataractes........-......-.--:: 694
occidentalistassse este. coef. e 441 TA@UUS. cece. eae eee rat eceeeees 672
Recurvirostride..........-.-- 2, 24, 25, 144, 416, 435 TOSEMSs .cckesccueee ene eee 694
MVOCUT VITOS FLING oc crw ow osisle shiweee mene an = 439 | ridgwayi, AmouS.3:.<..:<.t<--+esseeeeee eee 550
Recurvirostris andina......... 5552 oss 437 stolidus:..--te< i. 546, 547, 550, 551
Red-breasted Snipe... ......0. 52.2.0... sSeee~ 200 SUbSp ust eeEe 550
Coot-footed Pringanc.5. 5 c-- 22 Get ea, - 419 || ridibundus, Larus: .. Sse 2 eee 635, 641
Plegred. Kittiwake J..<crcc <u dthieseeh « 573) |) Tiga, Larus... .<..-scee=ce.s seen esos eee 570, 571
PHAalaALOpO ose nos saa sancse eee ea 418 || Ring-billed -Gull-..2-2.-2.-2-.2.: eRe 623
aGH AN Ne Sermisicieciaraic meee ae eee eats ere 343 | PlOVOP =. o- sc sccs ce scuccecceeeete cee 120
regia, Phocetusa. 6.5.22. 2- 2 <2 2: = see eon 472 AZTA)S. 2.2222 see eee ness eas 140
SEOITIA ceperqaso cic see vins zo asccees 466, 471, 472 TAttlOs sos sosc Sse e se eee eee 124
(Dhalasseus) 3...525222 sere sae 472. || RingedsMurres.:-53¢5 5252555255 eee ee 719
Sylochelidon sa. scscss0c5 ctr assets 472 || ringvia, CatarracteS.¢::.=2:..22<+=22> eres 720
repius;-Dhalasseuss 02S. occ. 0s icinctetssse. 472 TOMVid.ssss22s sesso cee eee 720
resplendens,, Vanellus...06 /2sssbs5sc00005 sel 63 Utlassc225222355352585e55¢ 719, 720, 721, 722
Rhamphosynthlipsis... 002.5555 3.et sees. 755 (Lomivia):::::2::2: 2239S 720
Rijnchopsinigra -isas22s2s2s 0a sseoee sete 453 troile Varss 522322523222 0es Sse 720
RHINCOpsssisssoss Sessess- sass sos ates esa ~ 450 |; risoria, Sterna: 2: -22:2. 223222225252 484
RUBIN COPS eeereretorscans sos ee ee — no = wincincies = 450 |; Rissa. 2:ss.c22-02sssssenessdeence caeeeeeee 562, 564
S61 MIGTAS aascccavsosse tener ee pete. a. 453 borealiseosass255 s522555228 ssi -S i PEO TT
FHIingvia, Uria\< cc osaaasansasssses sees ae oe 720 brachyrhynchas<2:5222522:23tS-ees.- 572, 574
Rhinoceros Auklotyccssascssets case cee 779 brevirostris.’....2-.:2=<: 565, 566, 573, 574, 575
Rhodostethia. ..ncccaassceasssasneMtees.s 564, 668 brunnichii: :; 2256555524252, eRe. 571
TOSOS s seccssecssee5250805 669, 671, 672 brunnichii.:.-2255555225 2s: ssh eee 564
POSOUSS 5o2522305253023520 2-0-0 671 cinerea <2: 325522 <Ssees 571
TOSS. jsaases Shs fact pee setinese 672 gregariaiss<ss2:2ss2 scam ee eee ete eee 571
TOSS 5.5.02 525.5% ate dcace et oee es 672 kotzebulic: 5225532 5:52252- ee 572
Rhyacophius. .s352 sss sssse0s2s hh ee ees ee 148, 346 kotzebuil: -..22:.::.: seh era eeeee 572, 575
glareolas..ssassee oT 0eS. 347, 351 AMINOL f5559 352535555535 A sce 571
affinis...cfees 5.252 352 MiVOAss 255 425 e5 2 Se ee 572, 574
solitarius 322.32 2.2224 365 NIVOUSES =i facet see see ee eee eene 574
var. solitarius. ....... 365 pollicaris 32352252 2525595528232 SSS Te 573
glardolusysetnes ree eee ons 351 *SDOlO-CONGOL: cscacsccae scenes sme sete 506
OCHTOPUSHS ee LO ee owes 358 PISSASs 222 ses eee eae ene memem acts 570, 571
var. solitarius. ...... 365 WSS Weeenats see ec ceece meee eee ner 570
solitarius......- 360, 361, 362, 364, 365 septentrionalis...-=.c.<ss-<sssceoceen ee 635
RMhynchtease see ccs ross sna eee 145 tridactyli. ..-<-2scc-c0ssee3 565, 568, 570, 572
rhynchomega, Squatarola.............-...-- 79 KOUZDUGl =< oc acncoeeteeeee es 572
Rhynchophilus affinis.....55.2¢55222 032 .. 352 kotzebuelSssosteeesess cess 572
Chlioropy giuiss eee ees... 362 kopzebwieeeerccascce ness oe 572
glarcola:= SESE y Ss cose 352 pollicaris...... 565, 566, 571, 572, 573
Solitaniiis tessa cheers cae 362 Di POlicariss sarc se mayesee 572
FUR yNCHOPS sas jc oe retail rataraa rare tand sees ee oe 450 tridactylaz=sasssess>se 565, 570, 571
Drevirostris- = 2tiecssse2 ee ees SS. 457 as tridactylasesssscccnecene 57!
CINeLaSCONS S35 sess oe eee 457 AYAGACtYVIUS <4 38st eee ce sence clases 570
PUN Aro cicietetetarctee were se ae ee ees 457 try dactil ar: sss Ia asses ets Sees aera 570
inGtOrcedens =P Miasa cere cece e = S5ot || rissa, PUSsa sata sacs sens Merete snes same 570, 571
MelAHULA sos 455, 457 TArOldes yas 45 SSPaSe otras eae seer Car 570
MOlanUuruS:<te2 see rece eee eee 457 CATS eet Ree NS UES SY ere 570, 571
mipravcs + coceeenee 452, 453, 455, 456, 457 Rissarissa:- 2-22-2222 0222552 ee 570
Biren SSR eee es ences 4032) -TEVALS, “DOLUISs=. 02 sea tae tate sa neeimaamtere 358
CINerascemS=.<cc-4ss-enc-e 457 | (robusta, Gallinagos ssocccane ese tasaeae creas 171
Intercedens...c<sssacecces 455 DOWNAULAS: SSeS Sa aNeN Coen eee ees 171
Rhynchopided. 22252... -eetecee osteo ee 450) | ‘rochussenti» Scolopax: .22522--2-+-----------= 149

INDEX.

Page
rodgersi, Canutus canutus..............-.-.- 238
rogersi, Hydrochelidon leucopareia.......- 528, 532
rosea, Luhodostethia......2c--sencce-s 669, 671, 672
WUOSSIS a scc meee emesis eso sme mea 2 671
Roseate Tern..... $e Wars was ainismieesace eS apeenae 505
BOSOHS, ANUS: cso see ees aasailonets 668, 671
HUHOGOStEGHIAG «ec. <t1t |e 5 - so eee 671
SARS Ure i os ie oe eee 672
HHOSS 1 ete) s mrasats ainist ic anciratantele oink aise S's epee cei 668
OSB as ore Siciric rope eee ere inion lee ate nic oets 671
POSS WALUS oi ataicician Secs wianap Ta eemntaeersios” 672
Fuhodostethias.. 5 c.3: 2022 eceeeche =e 672
MOSS MUALUS sees a sesmcase sa eepsrae 668, 672
Rhod ostethia . <i. ca cm ecaes<cmctccee ss 672
FOS SISH GUY sch: <8. eack emcee emacs Sameer cs 669
PROS USAGE Ota emia Se-aoys (cm ain geeegniseraie eysieynaoo 145
TRS] EDLY: eee ee ee ee a eee 145
MOWMSSCAUIL, -ATIGUS wn xjeieis\rnciseis's Sains ee = Seneca 546
Stoliduso ee eee 546, 547
PUG Vall ROM ecm eerie anaes cee eines 467
TOVANS GV LIS GDB ocr icie clecwsieasigakicmelsig=18 559
RUIDICOIS © < Sajainxneerrott oasteetie on abaewema6 155, 797
rubida, Arenaria leucophea..........-..---- 314
TUDIGUS,| CAlidiniss sa. 55-5 sees acigscaua cs sc 314
Charadtius en. so. <<. no naaesansens 314
Oxyechus vociferus............... 100, 104
THDrIVeENntris,, GOlAStOS. <n\< = <<<5 2 <n gaeaees en 563
RUC Y sPlOV Claas a2 «<< cic <5 sass eueemie meee Ss 314
PUTTS LONG a sie cient Siena ser 51
EAS PAM OS 8a nae oe aso arse ole cin wis ster asiSe 183, 191
SINGTICANIG. 5:5 ose eae atacioa/s 185
ED TIN GA ae oat ee are ciners cele aca tee 238
PULOSCONS 2A CUS = sec. aa ce SE e RE ree S 228
ACHIDUNIS Entec Gses 5 ease noes 228
Canutus. 32 55350332653 5ncea seen 35 238
ASATUS Exe nyotcicieraic sass aeecioweos's 609
INUIM GNIS nacreeiss see sac eer Eoe 390
PNAIATODUB <i qeeeemertace ce 423
rin sae reas tee hanes 224, 225, 228, 279
ABTA PILOS Slams 2 arrae a etaeie 229, 230
BRIN FOG OS ates = ae semiew= esses 230
Dayatel (eS eeee ee eee re 228, 229
RUT ac ciate a ores Pet Ria on Sere fence 145, 219
HPAP Us ANS AIGIS: sreiscmic.— orc seine rs 136
MILACONIS, FA CLOGLOMAS .\ gas a cetacnne-iesaece = 292
Charadrius... sacs sae nemericneacies 63
IMONILES £55 << hacia <.s=ocieme eee 292, 293
IPHAIATODUS 9. =< so -iens opto 429
PISO bine a oceee aces 267, 269, 290, 292, 293
MUTA GS 2 wore s maison pnieeloee 293
ERVIN Sa ors cece asetsh ae cmniats 292, 302
DOLE GS was acini eps elire manips infois 293
OTS De oitia fale Wren neonate aaacseree < 292
UU MUCH ASA CTANUS © «seco bes sce See cea s- 2 114
WaAlSOUIa sisvestseae te citsja sie 114
wilsonius var..........-. 114
Aegialitis wilsonia.............. 112,114
WiISOMLUS soe ios neilas 114
IAP as 109, 112
Eupoda wilsonia.................- 112
Ochthodromus wilsonia........... 114
rufinuchus, Ochthodromus wilsonius........ 112
. Var.. 112,114
RUT pes, HIM ANT OPUS». eeein 2 seen et aaciscte c= 447
MULE URIS. NGM ODI S. 6 nee eee age 407
Rufous-necked Sandpiper.................-.- 290

Page.
rufus; Canutuscanutus:<\2 222,555.20 8) -9seee 238
Crymophilug 22232 9-s.24-- cnet coe 422
Namienitis25 2238. Serer See 393, 407
Phalaropus....2.. see goes oe a 422
Motan ws 2S ey an wine SRE RE Oconee 183
russata, Gallinago ts assesses ssecteeidse os 171
Buusticolaste.e% 22. Sse hose cece 149, 155,177
americang=232 jesse thhind sec os 159
OQUTOPWOS Sc ocaceeinqaaanceteene < wicieo 154
Srutto:. <p seo oct, eee ee 177, 180
MINOT. ssashasssh was aoe 155, 157
Syl vestris. <.\.<.<:..- deh eee ence 154
virigaris 7.225.382 pieeomisteiaeeiaieiciere 149, 154
rusticola, Scolopax.................... 149, 150, 151
Rusticula sss. =)... fas sets beetle oe 149
Rusticula; Scolopax.. ......----.-.eeebee se 153, 154
iy SChOpSallasce <<5-,-)01-.</-.5,<6 <a eee s nome 450
Ryngchopsalia fulva, rostro nigro............ 453
deywnchopi dss -.)<.<.=S-eeeeeeee ape 2, 448, 449, 450
Ry NChOps so. «2: Goa pe ee ie 450, 451
cimerascens:. 322... Sneastee 451, 454, 455
PWV a one 2 anasee eee eee eee 453, 457
interced ens eewsss Sa.c ccuseccccwe 455
m Glanuraisss .255-ssteeeeew- Soce 457
IM SlANUFUS, «,<,.2,-5.0.;.02seebea swe 457
nipra.ssaesasetyscs: 450, 451, 452, 455, 456
Cinerascens taass oO Seco 457
intercedens......-. 451, 453, 454, 455
TST AL SY a isferemicaseer 451, 453, 454
subsp. intercedens......-.... 455
EV SS As saris Noe ete ES oats IO 571

s.

sabinei, Gallinago coelestis, var..........-... 170
WATUS ca tebjseseriaw ste cc ceaeee nae 665
OM Gin micio Sisters meee as anor 667, 668
Sabine ssGlk oo e soMen ss ss ase aaa eee 663
Sabin, Ascalopax.is-. cs: ans seeeean ese eeioee 170
TAS sists A sielsiesctaes2 nisi alee esas 170
Gallimago sn iijoccciscn coos as seneeewodee 169
TU QUUS teseiartots m)s o's cs 2s,c.3 551s sete ee 662, 665
SCOlOPaRs 5.2. ce semsianis's: ase eeaee 159, 169
PP OIMN BUESSeet- ic aician nine ee ee poe 170
SXOM Bias sks jsiais/s:a clsjcicl wise 663, 665, 668
SAUNT ONOM AE ate sorcicintelss -)- =) nase eee eee 668
Gallina? oo saree senaenee oan aickenlocee 169
GAVIA ss ns Se cae echo Seeee 668
THATS miescissctsic <caieiestac arcu /o cone ee sees 665
SCOlOP AK sistance se oom ee eee 169
PRON Ais sinoini eee era a eee ne 666, 667
Rarima Lonnie. c-mecseeeeoee see ee ee eee 792
SASMNALOLEMING =< due easataceanoncseasen cess 792
fabradonavecsseceu4-ree eee ae 796
ISthamMie ce chim oepnees 2s = 792, 796
SUCKIOVI A < 5. aisesjs enjoins sce se 782
Sakhaling. Gallinagoss.<-acewecancneece =< sae 171
Pelidna alpina...... 257, 258, 259, 262, 265
NCOlO PSK. mes asa mewe eee oles 171, 265
Sakhalmis UTiNn Gas con acionaichispasbacisaee-2 <i 265
Salicania, elm aiase <a. sn.dnicm sc saeememicicme ae 171
Salinas A Clog romias =< 3.1 acfenisigeniie os See 302
TTP A cates in sonia on cee ese eles 294, 302
ERY E G25, snieisinin'einvom sania esis esee es, 294
SANCerline ce. ccs scp mekinemnteamis sla lsicleis aie 308
Sandpiper, Aleutian.......- (5 <..<<ss-----s- 247

840
Page.
Sandpiper, Bonaparte’s..:.-:.2......2-2-+-2- 284
Brown-0aled ...0.ossbeeee see ees. 277
Bufi-breasted...s.0252 see. 226
Cooper’sitss saecicacets NRE. 289
Curlew 2:20. eed 2s SRR 250
Greenverssose oss Ee 353
Vials Bissactartetcsteee 359
Grisled -::sccesiciersse IE. ok 238
Least sa sesaticnnaans So. ccs 294
Pectoral rrarrarcterrrso eR cece 269
Pribilo fate creccc terete sh wees 244
Purple: ei isscietts See nes 239
Rufous-tecked 20.0.2 2847.2... 290
Semipalmated :......2.20200.6¢ 145, 210
Sharp-tailed <<: scccceceerses ee 276
SOLTAIY ss octererateieteincisl re ee 358
Southern cence SI 238
Spoon=billed sie 2 RS: 303
Spottedicjeiarctatcrocererarsitair eee 372
BU br rsicterretetat reiterate tae 205
Streaked ss... 2a Se os 60
Western .. a ccrnretarcnstscteek cic 215
Solitary We eE 363
Wi00d sasascstnste OO so. 347
sandvicensis, Sterna..........250s0.eece ee 466, 467
sandvicensis....-.-.-...- 467
Thalasseus te icc we scene 467
sandvicensis...... 467, 477
SANAWICHMM CPN sq.01. cries re hcececscees 467
Sanguineus, Chardaritistiwe: Gs Me. ccs... 136
Sar clopHoryss c1_--/arorarere cro cretetetocreereetew eee ee 62
Sasashow. MROtANUS: wis saewsiccee seclecumawecs 336
Saburata, SCO PAK a =< j<iciecmiomnet ans anaes 149
Scapulaniss/Grylless. ss. deccieccesec sess 732, 736, 739
Urata srs ecminae stasis s:csteincisrcisse 736, 739
Schissmiclus Schinz s/s wc etsiw'stceiae tact 281, 288
Schillingt, Sterna wees. 2. cise ce sew cne recite ces 465
Sylochelidon isso Set eces ceee 465
schimperi, Chroicocephalus..........-....-. 645
SCHUM Za WAIN a soe wie ctee oale cetera ciate orate 288
schinzi, Pelidna.........-.. ence cleciesereaies 287
Schinzil, POuana 75.0 eesti escenario 262, 287
Schtecnichas’s aentetecs arses cae 281, 288
LTE a Saco Ste ee tae 262, 265, 281, 287
schistisagus, Larus...........- 582, 584, 605, 607, 608
MISTINUS 2c. socio w secs cess 608
Schleepit, Destris: 250. are ee ae icis 694
SCHIOP ONS ACHILIS IIe Teh eee eet omental 372
ScHopwrelus a. eee oo aeeenme ee esicecaements 256
BIDESCeHS Iss nce sles cise sce 293
alpina americana................ 265
PLISEL ALES MSN coselnicctciciniaiate 279
GIIMONSIS TS or eiice ss. aie ic ae 255
CINCLUSH A eet eis esos cee 261
PAPO MS eee cease eee eiyeis< bSenm 231
UMC aerate aaistatsiaice cicemisinrs cc's 3's 268
PpCvOr alesse ee serene san a2 275
MITHALC UALS tosses anicme eee s(a-ici5 255
Rem minchitt ess oS es err ela cei 269
SCOlOPECER, INMOSW AN Sees acecscecccs sono 202
BColo paces smeeaaata rest laces oesinses nsec: 186
scolopaceus, Ereunetes griseus.....----..---- 203
Limnodromus griseus... -.---- 198, 201
Macrorampnusit. fosccimess cece. 202
Macrorhamphus)----.---<--s-< 202, 203

Xt.

Page.

scolopaceus, Macrorhamphus griseus B.....- 203
eens 203

Warecs 203

Wako 20d

DCOLOPACIG I se scooe eee ose 24, 25, 143, 144, 145, 797
scolopacina, Gallinago......2.0.5.-2-....< 170, 171
Scolopacines t=7ease ec. 24, 144, 145, 149, 155, 160
Scolopacinus; Gallinago-- 3.35/22 22520. - ee 170
COLOPBCOIT CeO sisjtonicaence Seem eee cee meee 3
COLO PAR. Aniteelene ace wecepecceae 144, 146, 149, 160
epocephalaiesiccosecaen sas cease 195
sepocbplalarssssjcccasosecess ees 180, 183

SITICANA NM A Sociacinonceeeeee es erseee 255

QIDAMARI oe. wos ccd becinetoce eee 194

SPINA? Sa miccisiste esos oeteeenee 260, 264
AMECLICAMUS Hece oe see oe eee eee 177

ArQUata io. soo setae 385, 388, 389, 402

Bes eee ore cot ee 392

Vari Bisccss coe oneeecnsecee 393

DOLSICA TS eae cmon eee eee sat 180

Oras (os. cewcaseece ss 402, 404, 413

DTehM tes osteo oeeeeees eee 169
Prehmiess2- 7... seeeer eeeeeteee 159, 169

COWATIST Ares oo sce eres cee ccs ses 345
Candidasssj-msstee cone sec cee calc 194
CaNeCSCOUS Sacccsseeminecceeee cess 327

CaPONSis: SiS sasaeecclsweee< cre eee ee 145
CAVOHNENSISS so -c. ee eens cceeeeee 200
CITETACEALAAS cic stcensiecieieelns eens 327

CMON Ss cioeienie eesienisieaceeete eels 225

CORIESTISE Ce osemesicnio eiseceeoaee 168
COMMUMNIS Josie sae ccs cee 154
Gelamotttes jijscccoecins asentee berets 170

Gelicglar sss sec anise wsteete cleats 174
dothardingi vy sso soocceeccenee eee 255
Gowglasiis 2 oe resesieoaises 177
GrOMMONGUW slic ecceene sins 176
falcinelltss2 So.cec ceeetecceeee cece 255

TOA OHsccece sae eee ee 182, 185

HSVIPES succes cccw osc se ee mecescems 339

MUSCA NS ie scie sone on eec comme neacine 148
(Ascolopax) gallinago.........-..-. 168
(Gallinago) gallinago........... ase, PLOS

PAINE Or Soe ctesa sence moses 159, 167, 173

WilSOmIe caeccectraeteteee 176

eallingriae eis oi2 eee meemcterecee 169
gallinwlasc. tt soe ecweecn seers sacee 798

PlOtLISM sR ie. ecm senaaae 322, 325

QUSCak en acne e meee ee ceca cette 195, 198, 203

BTISBUS Som lone o's cece ereistecreeeicee 203:

eS aStiCH AGS oases ticle cctcieicrs 193
Horsileldieis se sees weisciswiees cis 159
NiUWaSoni case e cc tes eee ee 194

ANICAT EP Peete cence ere 365, 367, 368

INGICUS HS Ss erate eee ae eeceeee 154

lemottit fe creesocatocmeuesemnee 170
Japponica ac sccec- 180, 182, 183, 191, 194

Bean cemeneeeeae ae eaeeas 194
feuicoplimna2024-<<asecenocmea eee 201

SM COD HCG HE Se Reon cnsorsiqorertcpeieiyars eine 195

ROT CUNTUIS «10 risteiaisvele slatsia@ «ne oeteinisisieclate 165

HM OSes eo < creeigs nesses staace eres 177,179
Fongirostristess ieee ccs cectsigeeics 203
luzoniensis* easier es ewasss cece 397
(Macrorhamphus) grisea......-.-.- 200
MAaGSPASCATIGNSISsS.0- occ cece ~ cece 389

INDEX. 841

Page. Page.

Scolopaximajorseeutedoatscwsaece ses 154, 163,164 | semipalmata, Symphemia......... 318, 319, 320, 321
IMAPIMOLALAL ese sos eescee mee css. e 187 BOtANUS 4672 5eeerrrse oe 317, 318, 320

I CMIg Rls eae sees EES 163 POMP Se tees teeee oe 209, 214, 216, 314
WGlANOIOHCH Ets Le ses eee orcs ~as 333 (Hemipalama)......... 214

MinoreMwwMs ses sasss BTSs 155, 157,797 | Semipalmated Plover......... qudasanssc Oe 116

NED UWIAA eee asiewiss scien 322, 325 San Gpiperssacasctesatates 145, 210

Nigereess eS a areao oe Basa 41 | semipalmatus, A#gialeus..................... 119

DIPTAM So rnasaanae snr sre new stode 41 Aeginleus: 284s). occ esses 119, 120
noveboracensis.....-.-------- 195, 200, 201 Mgialites-so29c0a9204 PS 118
NOVOHOTACENSIS: = ee eee ee eee ase 200, 204 Aegialites-.222252:9 oes 118

Nitans Lasse RA AY 201 JO piabtis sec0esc rr sso ee ee 118
Orientals ees Ias2s0s2 SRN 154 hiaticula var........ 119

Pacifleg Payal tate ce 370 A egialitis: cornet ea 118
paluddsas ithe eee ease 159, 165, 177 Catatrophorus..............-- 318
PALISTLISStasewemase oe ener onc emsacis 165 Catoptrophorus........ 315, 318, 321
PAYVRULM: aac perevernrotes PASS. e's 5 201 semipalmatus 315,
PEKELTIN A Asse oe esse eae 170 318, 219
pheopus Is 2 395, 399, 407, 410 Charadrius. 114, 115,116, 117, 118, 120
pleasstss<< aeaee TOUR ay 32 Breunetes: «350s -20se es 228. 214
PINnchOrUMIWsS.s555s7c0 eee 154 Macrorhamphus.............. 146

platy ura ssa rere see a oo 154 Totanus <-..esosse 317, 320, 371

DUSU QA GS erercraterrater set ee A. POY 261 (Catoptrophorus).... 318

DY LUBA once cei cwee 249 | senegalensis, Hydrocecropis.................. 498

DY SMBUS irre ore wera BIN, 256 SUCHIN sac = seclelalelalelatotelocieereie 498, 504

PY BUC orator rarcrararraate POR. ow 0s 70 || S@nicul a sO rise porter eraretarr aaa sossoeeees 759

DY LMC Ars csescserec ee we 255 | septentrionale, Mormon....................- 791
TOCHUSSCHLI 56; .o1 retro rarer ER scree 149 | septentrionalis, Aegialitis.................... 124
TuUsticola: cocc-ctnene eee 149, 150, 151, 153 Gallinagorw 2... se. vee 170

TUS biCt a. RUA sce Saale 153, 154 RiSSO12'S =) ra 1'-rotatetataer eR 635

SADT sos Goce seo See OM Le 159, 169 Telmatias: - 223.7 eee, 170

SADE sar corres POs 169 | serranus, Chroicocephalus..-......-........-. 645
sakhalina 2.0.52 171, 265 WATS s-ssccas cnc teeseree ne eee ae 645

BAILA crater ES ced 149) || Sérrata,ddaliplanass2sSsos5-22 2555-0 ee 488

SCOPATIA Foe TN occas 154 Stennatsscewserccie teres eee 485, 488
semipalmata............- 314, 317, 320, 371 DUS CALA rrr tetera sess 488

SolitariaGM MI «nec cccse cece 165 (Onychoprion).......-.-..... 488
solitariusss24 See Se 370 || Serratus, Onychoprion....-. os eo esse 488

Stenuracsesss ser ee ee 159, 171 fuscatUs..-...2. 2.2.2. 488
subancustasee: ss-so5 see 255 | Sharp-tailed Sandpiper........+.-........-28 276
subarquatascnc25.28 252, 262,266;279) || Store-Bitds:------~~....2s-ccs Sees eee ee oe 3

SYIVES OBIS! rs o-.e RO es 154 | Short-billed:Gull.1s-5.2s5253.- 2 632

PAHItiOH SIS PS We SOI RTE Sr 409i || Siberian Gulliisc 5255s 535es see 608
COTQGUBTR asec ers tcc. 154 || sibirieus;'Charadrius:.sccccsssoeseoee ee ce ee 98
totanusYAs8s2s.284 325, 333, 336, 342, 345 Monmeilise==-<-eeseeeeet-= cas sece ee 98
Brscsnscsccccse Rees acs $33: || similis, Hydrocecropiss-222- See 532

UNGUata nto PE 6 ks 159, 370 Hydrochelidoniesee i. eiaceeeste so 532
WOCIfErUS: << s<<<ss52 IRR Oe 336 Slern ae re ne ee BO a 532

WiHSOMI es ss002 505 0cgSO IRS AMT aaa |) Simorbynchus sos eeetoe . .)ic-' seca oeeaise 774

Wilsonii. 2 es sass eee SRR 174,175 BleuliCus a6. eee sees 762
SCOparia, ‘SCOlOPak ssa co asset skies sic 154 camischaticas! ss sesteee ss... 773
SCOLESDIL MALS ort tartee rere iwc sone 563 Cassini se See es ce. 773
Hea DOULerel ers sare sosorecscor tee 52 eristatellugs es 3: 776,777
SCORE arte ee erection creer ee oes 459 CrishabUS= ese seen eee ae ve 778
SQene FObernal ee s--< cnc ek cece oe 459 kamtschaticus':= 222525 5.05. 773
SelloviljmPhaetwsa: caro. Ee cco e 490 microceros: ~~~. 22s ee 763
semipalmata, Agialites............2..2.22-- 118 MONOCEFATUS Ss a1. Seon 781
JH piolitis:2ss2sssF SRR 118, 119 psittaculuswsoccesrsc.t Sees 765

hiatacula var........ 119 MUSUTUStHe ss Passes Toes 769

Hegialitis::.sss-esss eS 119 DY SMCS Se ee ease cess 770, 772, 773

hiaticulas::: 222722 119 LOLEACHHUSLe se eee eee ee 777, 778

Catoptrophorms semipalmata.. 318 | Simorrhynchus kamtschaticus.............-.- 773

GOCE +5 55 es SISh i oimp levLermmaas--a sana taaeesteeee eeacee ate 543

EVEMT POA Basa es Sos Soe ess oa 2141) Sunplex;-Miaticulas=.sa2assccecsseeccee == << 128

Heteropodas swe. 22252 214 DUCK AH eee eerie eee somes 543

PMaticulas. See ooo oes 120 Pr Sterna hyo ee es ec 543
Scolopaxy..eeee ee 314, 317, 320, 371 Winalva==seeeeeesenees scence eanaae 543

842 INDUX.
Page. Page
Sin ensiss Paras <n. mm. deleeijeeses on ae See 6 | speculifera, Symphemia, semipalmata....... 321
SkimMEn PBIACKS.«.c1o,c.<;o.0/asejhe,deviae sce eect ale 451 Sylochelidon...;. -sas*sessa-e- --- 544
Dusky-tailed - + <2). .sstate. .~ s-ialne 455 | speculiferus, Catoptrophorus...............-. 321
Soubherné tec S25 53. js0'- onic > s'scaeeieree 453 Symphemia semipalmata var... 321
SUGIMM OTS <5 :5.0% ora a5 as ate ete ate 449 Qotanus... oe sansa tse eee 321
Bkqiar eo .26 ic tent cel cceeteoepeeent smecee eee 677 semipalmatus.-.-..-.... 321
skua, Bupharus << .<...62s,.<cs=fassies ees 678:.| sphaeriuros, duestris'.-\.-.<- <...iscnesseeaeeee== 686
S138 «<< atewi oti ae sleeve bea sie 678 ail Spillane. aac eee een osm seen 159, 160
Gataracta.....<.--.-.<<-053bereeeccee eens 678: |. spinicanda, ‘Lestris ....... -/. .ateeseascseeeeee os 694
Cataractes = 26.0.2 -<svetitoteeite orice ance 678 SLELCOLATiUS . :abeesiseseeesreR ce 694
@atarracta.- 4... ns ejce Desens sieinia'a a's 678+»: spimicaudus,d-estris) - 6.220555. 3eeeese oe 694
Catarrachesitst ges nics nccssicoscls dees 678) spinosa, Asareia i535 202.5255 eelesteees sce 11,14
Catharactaa<. 2... 7568 Rose ico 674, 678, 797 Mulia sgn onl aioe cineis ee eee 7, 11,14
Skulasse tastes bs-s< ss 675, 678 VACANG-. .2< se. ceisis ans cee eens 7,8, 11,14
IDeStTis = sscjnsictze BR fseht RSES SESS = o:cic in: rei 678 SPIMOSA = s<sc\eassee 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Megalestrisicg ..%-..3-<--5-- 676, 677, 678, 679 PALES sje eiriseissis,sisis ace abe eee ee 1l
SKUA Soc neceeemeecnie eee 675...) spinosus,, Charadrius)... .2,5.0-,.~ dees 71
Stercorariuse i.) <j2ioes sash ces nc's 678 HMoplopperus..: «-<<.<.-seeseaeie-< = 71
Skuasiand Jaevers......2...sosasseas cee ctes 673 | Spoon-billed Sandpiper.................--.-. 303
Slaty-backed. Gull). s::¢eastuzteett--<- esse 605..|, Spotted Sandpiper... ......5-tessesesee- << 372
smithsonianus; Larus ........qswesteescwcec es. 617 W 000 COCK ans acne case cisiois of See wee 336
argentatus...... 613, 617,618), Spur-winged'-Plover........ -<2...2.---5hsseee.--- 70
Di jt-seets 617 Water-hen.. ......--s6asetee =< 8,11
VETS oc /2ci5 22 617s Squatarole 17.2 S2h< = --.0505s< cosas eee 63,72, 79
SUING ee eos aseeces =eoesorccceee cette ee 165 SUSHAUS co o2,o cece ceeeeesee es 79
Ash-colored q...- .....<...acinsothaaatses 368 (1002): oe ee EESRE co crce nee 79
Cayenne:.sc—5-<.metiataes. sts Jseeee 209 STISCA 56x.» osmosis stages ease 78
DOUDIC x... oioo2:55,9:0,5, 7p RAS ease sles. -'e sis 161 holiveticas.ci<..-..--.stesieect 75, 78, 88
INO G1 Bape cn 555,015 052,00; SESE sic esses 201 australis... q-lonsaire <> - 79
Red-breasted js. scce2mstehiccee cece. 200 JONPITOSHTIS. <n 5oo2is- Aeeee ems 79
Wilson?s. 3... ested seesss ews aeass 171 megarhynchos.. . . - -:-.<,5,-ssseee ns 79
Snipes, Sandpipers, etc... ......2s-.<schied-.+s 143 melanogaster... ....--.pu2iedelce = << 78
SNOW!, ;COPPDUS a o:.2.~ = <0,a 0,010,015 Se eoe Beet 733, 741 rhynchomega.....~-\... a4tebieee = - 79
PSCUGTINIA Reis Sickest eee eens 733 Squatarola.. i202). <26 a5 Seeeew se 72,74
NTIS .oic Sisthivs a. -cctsials sre af eeeeteb rs occtesiss 733 CYMOSUTS cfcssason =< 79
SNOW YLEOVOD <<n\-.e elas ttize temse Pecwiswicet sc 136 hypomeluszis.3thex - =. 79
Cuban........-.- -cerececteseetn. St 139 subtridactyla... <=: =s5s2be. .-.- 7

sociabilis, Pluvianellusyrje's.. . sence ae -ge0 64 VAT aiss;s ssts,- 35,5 siscciew oe secu +> 78
SOCOLTO: NOW GY s.ainajs as e\niote crcterats me wicisice eS eke =#774 500 WiSONK. ..-.. <::,-..0.5.-/ thee eseee esis 79
DOOLYPROEN aya -(c ween sewsncece ss aeeeee 519 | squatarola, Charadrius........-...----------- 74
solitaria;, Gallinago.-\..-.....<.-.----<dzcesastes 160 8, Charadrius. ......-- sigs teak 78
Scoloparnc. qs ss /-,3:<.6:5,0s15,0;s 50s eee ee 165 Charadrius (Squatarola)......-..-. 74
TIN Payoh aye = 3.5.55 eee 353, 359, 361, 364 Pluvislise.. zt saseteeeeeer esa 75
solitaria....... 353, 358, 359, 363, 364 Squatarola. ....2-,.--ee eect Jee 72,74
solitarius, Helodromas. ... ... scstso<<'seeeeistt 362, 365 Trin GO «:. « 1ojs)s/sissstdi-ins Gores 72, 73, 74,79
solitarius3 = <..<ies42 362, 365 Vienellusi. -.2:.. 620.2 cd aeeeseebinels 75
Rhyacophilus. ...... 360, 361, 362, 364,365 | squatarolus, Vanellus...............-.------ 75
glarcola...a:3hsus% 3651s Srepsilasinterpres: -).....~ «-.,50-00 seebe bak =e 54
VALS Sais cicts 365%|stagnatilis; Actitis. - 5.0.2: ..6.5,5.testeeneee set 372
Totanus chloropus var........-.-. 360 Telmatias-:....5-..\ seaeatese= ce 170
Rhyacophilus ochropus var. ....-. 365 ToOtanUSsasis 3-0 sesieccncstenes 148, 342
Rhynchophilus-j42jec<6--. 0202 3625) ASteranopuss scent asst a5 sa<,0,5, 5,550 eS 417, 430
Scolopax:- xia. caditotimssecscces 370 tricolor en's cscsisess 430, 431, 432, 433
Totanus.....-.......... 359, 360, 364, 370 WilSonl. coo seca eee eee 434, 435
Solitary Sandpiper... ...ceceeceg ieee. cence: 358 WalSOND << ost. 5 2 <ein.c,<, seers oe 434
WiOStOE <capsticetscisccieniecs 363 | stenodactylus, Phalaropus............-..---- 435
SootysGulll-.:. sc gacnwigdty nioseaniscscc'o aa 656:;)\.stenura, Gallinago.:........-. sa stjcaseeesee oe 171
TOL. 5s <arordiapintee atta btesayetls sicicelcisice 514 Scolopaxsceecasate == 5osmcpaeseees 159,171
SOCOLMO ses cssbarawstewetste << eisaceise 619: Stercorariidses<s.-:.=--- the 2, 448, 449, 673, 674
POUPHErN San Pip Olin... cera erera preset ~/slewie.vie'sie 238% | sStercorariinsecciccffamee see s-seb meee cae 673
SHKIMME? -.2:pj3sepwereed seat sees 463. | Stercorarlusc¢jacic-oc asceptepassccies se - 674, 686, 687
Gpadicea, -ANOUS Pe cee edenisqtocaaiancs eee cr 519 antarcticus. <<... <djgaseh ns seco 676
Ser Aen -cicnmecn'scnmeseeonet hb sete 519 b.,chilensis.. ........ 676
Spectacled Guillemot... 0. -.<~ 0c aspepiet sss 743 EsiahiCus s<. po ess'ete eee ces sel 694
speculifera, StOrma .cos,c.o cede ews meindace:« » = 544 buiflonilc.:. 2 cimseeabeee. Soest 699
Symphemis.... «..:..5-.a<magieeeap =< 321 buftontis i. come = cee 699

INDEX.

Page
Stercorarius cataractes............:.------.-- 679
CATALLECLES | -a-\noss-- eee =e 679, 686
Catarrhactes®..-coccacncses-ee 79, 680
COPHUS Sst crane saat oceeeeeoee., » 698
CODD USrimieteteaeiel eects eel 692, 698
CHULEMISIS See rae reincicreseene ee 676
Grepidatuss cee a4scoc eee 693
PUSCUS Ee cerca cece eicisicne cscs 680
ALY socio ciao into meee oe eet= = 699
LESSON Sircrecia crores eae nee eee 699
longicaudatus.. 25 5---- See 697, 698
longicaudus....... 686, 687, 694, 697, 698
maccormicki-<. 2-22 tees sea = 677
parasiticus.... 687,690, 691, 694, 696, 697
POMATHINUSTS. cee. os - 2 685
pomarinus...... Ssastesee ces 680, 684
POMAtorhinus-..--.----\-eess == 685, 686
nichardsonivccosseee ees 694
SUA ia coul eco eee ee ee eee 78
Spinicaudans: Gace eee ee eee 694
Stercoraniusmegess----oc---: 22 5-= 686
SUriatuSt eo eees. eee ce cess 686
LODHTASHet eee eae ssc ccc c ace 694
SUSPCOLALIUS ;OLerCOramUsece se. ~--------- === 686
Seer eistenis ace nc eee hana neiciciewie 459, 485
ACUMAVIGA Skew wte swiceeiccreeee ee oe 478
SHHNISEe <7 co eeicwen amass eee 484
BIDAR cece sceee Secon e eee 557, 558, 561
SBIDUTONS = ee wie ciemee He een 520, 544
BICUUIGR cmroctet arco teeters 486, 510, 511
BUISUNCLS rare = Jo Gare ower eeeetetos 513, 514
anmsthetica 4:22 soe wcenconeereeeee ~ 514
ATO LOGE rsis.<iai=jar avs ce icicretete eee 487, 514
ansethetassssaaci-see ee a 487, 512
ANCA Ch Caloric ersmisietatoi 487, 512
Tuliguias- 22222-60558 487, 488
Ne|SOMI-ceme meee 487, 512, 513,514
novee-hollandise.........--. 487
recognita.....soeeeese 487,512, 514
BMBUNEAS ace eeeesesee =a sssccesiec ss 486
AHO UNCLUISsanis- setae eects laee ences 485, 487
ANACHHOUUS. vesece cia es Cea 487, 513,514
ANS CH essesewscescte snes see 479, 482
saranea?? .-\..-sne oe seen = =< 484
BNOStNBU jo onc eas sss oes 513
ANOStHStUS su. - ccs ons ee CCe eee ai. 513
PANCATCUICH a |e wcokern/cnow es o.o rae ete eee ote 487
BUG ATEN So ow win cee ors ioe 523, 524, 525, 526
: antillarum.....-----0eheen- = 524
DLOWNIS So sse ees eee 522, 526
BLANCA. -- cece ewes SURE Eee Eee 483, 484
ALCbICH as -ccemace see cee easAtee eee eee 503, 504
BEPRMCACOA oct e a ccncemnee eee eee oees 504
BESONUALA ween pee ae chee e Ree 504
AES CHUGH aice in ctae asin anatim tree ee ak ae 521, 523
SETOLASCLAL As. w= acco oeen eee ea 504
DOLE ce. oes soc tec ees eee 466, 472
MICHSPiS ecco <- - 5 < teeeee ene eeneeew os 509
MOIASH ic J crac svn cx Ses sere ne Re ee oes 498
POYSHEC = un Poe SS ieee adeeeee 467, 477
WILACILY DUS cece ce we. Ree RN eae ae aoe 504
DIACHYCATISA oe wk Ss 2 Ae See ws seis 504
revirostris..<...< sO AE. 543
CHTOOR soso ass dae eee bees ae 460
Camtschavicae ss)! Fes eee sce 511

CANdIGAa sce << .o cece seas 557, 558, 560

843

Page.
terna CANeSCENS. co. cnccgeee cna scnanseneren 467
CONUIACH. cacoanadnasinata= sas 466, 467, 477, 478
acufiavida.-.-.....eseseeee- 478
(CBS Ditto eeteese statist 460, 462, 464, 465
Bieter cnc r sen nee eee 2 465
War. imperator-...-cissaesene- - 466
CHSDICA sos aaceiseine¢ ooo aene ee 465
cayana..... Raaaata siete aaa otal teetate 465, 470
CAVAENENSIS.nistelsjce tases, ee eee 471
CAV CNNENSIS.--ciccacasease ee 471, 475, 476
chloripod a {...5-4 05s snses eee 540, 543
chloropoda <.-- <<. 523s ~ ssa = 490
CINOL GA. ~ 5c necscicn oe hee ee eee eeens 538
coccineirostris 25... / 5. sees eases 504
columbinay. <<< 5. s..--2-- sas 467
COMA. sca -scces ss 25sec eee 474
CUISSEIIS | 00s -ssnsandncesiciqea seeeeebi= 520
CHIStat a 5 J5a-accere eee acenc sea 471
curyenatha --.~-4.<544-9445eee eee 475
delamotta .-..55-\-...4-:-eeee eae 531
Gourali ee occassions ees 508
ou pallies sarasota. 5 486, 499, 505, 506, 508
dougalli.----.....5.S2 seer. J
gracilis... see rseeee 509
Gougalliiy. - osc o.5-- cases eee eee 508
arideensis: < .. -sssaseeee eee - 509
bangsi. ...|,...822 855 sense. - 509
PTACIIS. << nei eee = 509
KOLUStS.....-,:.--Meeeineee eee 509
douglasi, .-.. s 05 <ncckeeeee Sate Eee - 508
dGouplasii - one -- 5-n55 ee Ee - 508
Q@lO PENIS. a eign ere 472, 473, 474, 476
erythrorhynchos,....-..- -2s\eeeciecls « 471
GUTY PNAGNA os <4 55 << csccise ee seetete 475
Ox ig eee as = ate ERE cece 521, 535
SSI POSemcictrscseeeee ae eee 527, 535, 538
Hyg sadn ee 497,498
FOrStOn se mse seas 486, 489, 490, 492, 493
FOPSCONL oie cssasoossecn = pee es 493
TENS Bien sewemc erece erence tee 524, 525, 535
{ODEON = 52. demesne Oe 490
frobeni 55 -cecloc cee her eee 490
PUSCAL AR Soes-soecaes 485, 486, 487, 516, 517
erissalis. =< -mecen 488, 516, 519, 520
HISCE LA etait eee 488, 514, 517, 519
infiiscatassscs [eA eee 488, 516
OdHUENSIS sesso see 488, 516, 519
SOUEAUG: came aaicjisinio-< aaa eeei= 488
falisinosa ss eee neiner a= 485, 488, 517, 519, 520
crissalise-o..) Seaeee nee 488, 520
g@alericalata. -<oecan sec ciimn eee 471, 474, 475
PRIS acne series scene AEE 474
(Gelochelidon) anglica...............- 482
SOUIGU cence mecca ais 2 See eee 488
TACIT So 5mece eee ee cee te cee = 509
PTISOR Sot etcetera 536, 540
euttataseeneeerer poe oa 485, 488
(Haliplana) ansestheta..............- 513
fulliginosa) 5.....-832 25284. 579
Havel once eae eee = 493
NEV Ole sinc scinse eee oe eee eee 493
hirundo..... 485, 486, 492, 493, 495, 497, 498, 501
Bh oe ci ne eR ape 492
MACLOPUCT A xcciin- eee = 498
VAL sack cate cs sce eeene eaten 492
DY DIGS oe sss eee ~1s121< <leie nin aselo 530, 540

844 INDEX.
Page. Page.
SPernann Ca sss ca.0 sacisce gece cea SORES 460 | Sterna sandvicensis sandvicensis............ 467
ATIPSCS ED oa. Siac. < retorts aceon 485, 488 Schilling (tes... assesses oc. oc 465
iInnotatares2 33 -SI RI oe we cine 532 SOGNA 2.355 Sr sot ee se ce 459
JAWATICR Sa a.6ib nosccwuen coe 531, 540 senegalensis: 2.28 se-ctoeeeee_ae. 498, 504
IGN COPArEIA 522 ae eiciserselcnere een 526, 529, 532 SOLTaba St NSe Mo sleiccce not MEPs sas 485, 488
leucoptera:~ =, Sotese goose Sac ics sot 532, 538 SUMIIS- 2. science ese ens oes ee 532
lonsipennis: 322... .0ccke sence eee 504 SIMPlOKs LS. 5S soe ILS. Scene 543
LOLA tA itas ose «2 2m sgn EER 521 Pisctkmicinace epee ees. see 543
MODI CREE Sx) a arararcrerarsiorctorcrorate RRC ees 521 SPAGICCA SE pg. <indemninescdtpeeeeace-uee 519
MACE OS Ao a <iarainrorerorcicrrcierior dee eee See 519 Speculifera oer os «<ccn nL RRR c oces 544
lunata.... - Pa ssero stro ler ct pep OE I Ee = 486 stolidas=2524.....2dehesols 544, 548, 550, 551
macdougalli 5242s ccc. 0+ Se. 508 stiibbericas. .........2:beersegeee ce. . 5. 467
MACTOMACHYI1E sac jrccisieyne MEMO 498 superciliaris.........d42d:eseeesoe 521, 525, 526
MACTOPLELS: Wis oon sin EET 498 antillarumiisiscsen. ..-< 524, 526
IMACLOLALSS 4 cig= sesso ee es 484 var. antillarum.......... 524
PMACHOUM Asse roars oistactrerncxcrnos Sete 503, 532 B. antilla-
TVA CHUTES oA ene ertrevercralcrere eterno 502, 503, 532 Tum.. 524,526
WISCLULS wade ccnmene Besse eh 503 surinamensis:.......2se2hss-05. 526, 534, 797
MACUIALtAY <a samodeciceroes tees 521 Penuirostriseees «sso annie 509, 552, 553, 555
IMA EMITOSETIS cist rarersiae iene aoe 540, 543 (Thalasseus) cantiacas..ccicise......- 478
ING] OD each cis otararwterrnctacta Sore 465, 499 Caspla cee se reewbe oc... 465
THETIFID ads rena Soc ener ae ee 498 elegans... 2eceittt uo. -.c0 474
TWAXIN G o.5i.s:cioanins seo en oe 469, 470, 474 galericulatas=e2/).......: 474
megarhynchos..........-..- emcees 465 Maximalirseesssy. secede 470
meldauchen.......<0..-.0008e Rens. 485 VOC TA sk eee ae 472
HIGIANOZAS LOL: =,<, 0c Ree icicle ecieee 532 bibetEnarssceccccccccndcoe pees. 499
MOlANOLAS ETA ye cco SORT woes 485, 532 Prudeauiscncecueasecectoees 485, 486, 489, 490
TMGIATNIOPB wc carcerenr srr PAAR TS ccc crcisce 536 Cheideaniiseee +o cee eke 488, 489, 490
MEAN OP LOT As qs MEW ocwicece ssc 487 tschegrava ..: so Sik cnc ote 465
MblanorhyMeha .....5..- cero ns eeen ene. 510 UWNICOLONS Sh Aaj cic ine Lack o eee 545
NOLAN OFIS wa rarercnciarciwicre crcriorercoe Ae Es 465 Wilsontwjg3shiesk n. 505 eee 498
PIGLAMUTA Ss dolar a ocr cecrsorocrerte SHO 488 Wilsonilsze. esti o 0-2-5 See eee 498
Meridionalis's< J... SEER eee 484.) stériiay Larusiseciseiseck «a 250055, eee eee 497
THINUGA etererererconca secre oh eee 520;523' | Sterne ~ .. -ccestssews ... Seetheers os ecaks ons 471
AMOLICANA << epee teicc won seees- 525°. HOP es. 6 ia ictercicrciacieta oe Oe EE mice 449, 450, 458
MEBV IA Fs a. 3 crc ioserarctere electorate Saree QT, | ARCO TYAN 8B 2 2.5) -0:< wisics' ore ia teenie te stakes eietejors 458
TPT A Aes ec toctc es 526,527, 582,535,540 | Sternolophota.............c22-ce-------eees 460
MIBTITTONSES Hace cciscjoicieoisrorrmt date c 510.) ‘Stermula... cies seioreelestiseeas ooo cccer 459, 520
MNPLOUICDs 5 isco ontereereraoeiorewe see 478, 479, 481 antillarum ... << ise sses .oc<< 520, 523, 525
TUE SCHIP race crc ccibre Serer en 498 antillarum........ §21, 523,525
MLIV.OS aie Sielerwtewarmacecrernqcenreens 559, 561 browni..<.....sst82 521, 525, 526
TNUDDUOSB SEs cieretanrs ate erercrciareinre-ers eas 514, 527 argentea.: 2.5.0. ccc 2 Cte ese 521
THEBEATS ac soiancrcseicjo's ce cravavare PRO 484 SUSERALIS SS o onjarc sc eisineicne steers 525
Gakiueiisissen c2c6 <A 488 aillonit sae a cis, At eee eet aces 523
CCBA Ee ieescre oe SEO vacscwe 504 CelaMOvt =... scan wcqdetieeeeee 531
(Onychoprion) serrata............... 488 frenatartcisnccecenac.c Stee UME. 525
PACH Ca = Soy 5. TOOL 559 javanicascses...... A... eecheeeten: 531
PANAY.S =<. <:5 io wie ee SOS Meee ews ceicisens 487 ROMISTOS 5 « arei5:2:0.0,0150 0.00 < Seema eee 510
PANAVANATE.. ...ccecce gd vc eserwE Es - 487 lorataceis. eee ores bce cesene ool!
panayensis...... a 487, 513 melanorhynchus*jecas .. cence = Sood
PaEAdISKea ye. cts. Soon 486, 499, 501, 502, 511 SUPOrCHiaris . 5 oo n/comca ccs eS 521, 525
PATAGISAO AEN cp creiieicio soe 508,509) } Stiltgg@American.........-05.<cacneccce acasteseces 442.
paradiseaz.<... musa. Losi aoaes2 508, 509 Sana plPer sce a a’ oisnciain cra ncteeeeeeeeees 205
PElECANOLGES a 5:6:S fei errs Spemivinwia SOI 466) | Stilts:....,... .. A sees os eee cc doa eeeeee 144
DHUTAAS UHI -Seiosemcciercsyiaec eee 646; | Stiltstand Avocetss.......0. 225... ccaeeeeeees- 435
PHU ping =) eee Sie maiestare MI 546° | Stint; Liong-toed i... so.cack 52... ode biseeeaetader 300
DIR Cla niiccaiicioeaconsacicecemecttheeee. 504 || stolatus,;Charadrius... ......ccscs.ccedteeeee 71
Pileata ...:s...5 BeeG sea LAR EEL 845,559 | stolida...2222-225. SckeadsSoeencs ts nceeeeeeee 544
Plum Dew ss'2 Ss MRSS occiscccssewslone 535 WUGLOMIAS 6 oi .50 cine cdec em ccnceeeeeee 98
POMGTING ¢ oieiaeieiaic- ced swicciursate oe 498 DtOMA Ss. wacisecics senescence 544, 548, 550, 551
POPTANGICA 2 wre.cjeciciciosa cece ndeengatee 504) ||| ‘Stelidus Amos: 6555 ..ccne—n oma 548, 549, 550, 551
DY RWG RRR SEE. OS. Foon CUI 504 stolidus......-52=s!ue 546,549, 550
TORIBBE ES Cuismncowsmmenite oneal 466, 471, 472 Megalopterus. 3.220 )2assasneters 548, 551
PISOTIA NS aso CU an che coe 484 | Streaked Sandpiper::.-..........cnacemetunce 60
BANGVICENSIS. oe: cnes cepa Somciccmnc 466,467 | strenua, Hydroprogne tschegrava............ * 465
acuflavida......2aescecies 478 Sylochelidon..... .-.....--,asasbebeneee 465

INDEX. 845

Page. Page.

Sinenuus, Sylochelidon:...-ccccsaccecacceene's 465) |) superciliaris; Sternula.........0<smedecssees 521, 525

Sirepsialisieollaris:s. =. sacseosscese aes Heese 51) | suipercilista,ephaleris -..5.2-c.seeeeeseeee cee 778

Sitiepsilainse so owt ss svaasescascnsnd RGSS 42 |, sttperciliosa, Mormon... 2... ..cuecwesion<te 773,778

Sthepsilasess<<c s=.22.200050ceeseesesteset sisee 43 Phaloris: 2.0228 vs etepaher ase 778

DOLCALS ccsdastocccccceeeecaeee sees o1J6Y ||) superciliosus,;tAnous:..2......sudeteeendes eee 550

CnUsvis: 255-5 sset ncaa ccd eeee D4 Saal Bind eee oon ncn. occne eee See oe «eee 58

INGOLPLES =~ ssssssee5esc050 AS ADI5O) 53554 SURE Bindse ste Stee nina ccicin a acc wcmaiaimnin tee 57

a. interpres............---- 50 | surinamensis, Chlidonias nigra............... 535

b. melanocephalus....... 56 Eydrochelidon. <.ssssesbed...6 534

melanocephalus.......... 56 lariformis... 534

Var. melanocephalus..... 56 nigtan. i223... 527,

littoralissess-ss=ss3sc5 tees. 51 528, 532, 534, 535, 536

MANNS Is sauscostececadesseteese 51 Pld eS 5 c0gcicc2 See ae ee i= 535

melanocephala= «.2s32eSsa22 se ese 2 56 Sterne. occcacaceeeeeee 526, 534, 797

melandcephalussas-<..sccneceeene 56) Hiswmarbar "Womysgee a... < 5a scdanieincdeetenees 728,731

MINOEE. cess se wacmasoscasccoasaeeee 51 UTE SES I 5 sewicisviaaere eee 721,728,731

WARE ABs crcl scene ctctowictaieicitnaeele ates 61. || Swallow-tailed Gull... 2.2.0.0... cdetecieeces 659

NILZAHUS! sassssocdepsomndeasseeeeee 61 | swinhoei, Hydrochelidon leucopareia.. 528,529, 532

Strepsilasin ws0so..ccasascarancce tesserae SON 57, Ih SHEOCHOLMG ONG ISSS -.e 4.5) sy-iicicinracinmianigse ease eine 460

Simopsilid ss 22. 258 oso actin sdcsidawinsass SG 42,57 balthica.+. ic... ses =a 465

Mine pSsllin sd... 22% 2 csonsccteasasec SS ee 42 Caspian ss. deed het Sess sce 464

SUMACA MLNS: 6.) jarcieistidnrcancew see eaas 244, 346 CASPiCae. 6 5..ceee ee eee. 2S 4465

Simatus; Westhiss 2.5 -4scsssacacasesasecane 686 COSDMISH 665s: aee oneal 465

Stercoranius:..<sosesss 5 aseNee ees 686 enythrorhynehus: .s-eesesee.--. 471

MOVARIIS tos saaa ses eocees tases 244, 346 galenicwlata. pi... ccee boas cee 471

stricklandiy/Gallinago..<.)..222852 22 tye alhs 159 MacrorhyNChs.. -<<<-06 aaeeces ss 465

Stiiken’: Sees 2 sas ss he eee yas 458 MAPNITOSILIS. -.... se See os 6 544

StupbericaySterma.<cijcccacscosceseeeeeese sce 467 TMOIAMOLIS Was isrannejsig nace eeones 465

Sarnella sees Maes eosin cee ee eee cee 266 nega sees er 472

Riri Se es ss ssccelasn teeta 266 schillingt...,. 9estee2eaee eee 465

Sulbateuata) Pelidna....2s.i.caecdeeteces ss 255 Speculiforassasees Geese ieee 544

Scolopaxsscsscsaseeeandtseewst 255 SUPON Uli cc ciecicinnsteeeaee ecco 465

PPPIN as 5 2 tSaracs RS He ehstase 255 Strenuus ese settee oes 465

subarquata, Ancylocheilus................... 2550 lh Sylwestris;, Rusticolatssi-=sc.<eseemcitade~ cep 154

Ancylochilus::s. ss. 1eesecces sac 255 Scolopax-s. ast seseetestecaae scan 154

ROMS os oc cine tas nceeaeseeee oats 255 NOTANUS 7-)-c cacinmecaancdel oes ce See 352

INUMENIUS)s 2-155 Aes ate c 252) 1) Symorhynchus dubiusrsstesssecteeace ---ae- 778

Pelidnas:-. 2... a cds 2540 |) San phemia = 1.2... case sees eee ase 209, 314

Seolopaxks: <oshesa0c2 252, 262, 266, 279 Bulan ti Cases ccna cee aiate sie 214

eiringa a s4se6 249, 252, 254, 262, 266, 279 MeOlANUPA 5 = /-.2< Hoses aes nicietece os 214

(Schoeniclus)....... Sit re 254 semipalmata.........- 318, 319, 320,321

subarquatus, Ancylocheilus..............---. 254 inornata......-.- 321, 322

Ancylochilus..<.ss3sssestee =< 255 speculifera......... 321

Schoenichis <. esses aeaeaseee ss 255 liypicatd sss. <-i-- 319

Subgrallatores ss saan cccseodccs seeteeteoe ss 4 var.speculiferus... 321

subleucoptera, Hydrochelidon................ 540 speciliferd. <<... sseeccdtetl=<eisee 321

subleucopterus, Laroides....................- 593: |) Symthliboramiph ere: —-..2-5 <meta releetsiovetaia'<)~ sieve 704

Subminuta;pActadromas... <2 j-c.eseseeie os <s 302 | Synthliboramphus............ 702,703, 704,755, 756

DLO A So feca. as HRS Mates tere 302 antiquus....... 756, 757, 758, 759

MIN MGS = sas < cis jae see 302 ° temminckis-cese ss. 2... 759

PisOblasisJyssgesceesecsccs 267, 269, 300 temminckii-............. 756

ADIN Fa soo yas ec caiman deaee eee « 267, 302 wumizusume............ 756

subminutus, Actodromas ..................- 302F |) Synthliborhamphus.....sisestesteeett.-.... 755

SHOrUNCOMIS Tin Pano. coeecoeaeee ees occ 225, 227 AMM EWUS! occnn sive aoc 759

ALTINGITESS Jas sackiceenacca Sees 228 ANtLOUNGSS eee. coe oe 759

Tryngites-...s2stee2 sen 226, 227, 228 umizusume............. 756

sub-ruficollis; Tringites:.........2..2sc0:: Ss eS wumizusume........... 756

PETE OS} CHUEDH 2 wi nok a ee eT 160 wurmizusume.... 753,754,756

subtridactyla, Squatarola...................- 79

subulirostris, Chroicocephalus ............... 649 T.

GANIRS sonic cininsceeeebee hue seuss 649) |? tahitensis;@NUmOniS: << <in.<.<00<<cfeldeeersisleniee 409

suckleyii@erorhinia: 22---<<cenceaseeenee poses 782. |) talitionsis, Numenins.. <0 cenecmeies seciee 409

AUS paj- Risa ciapeitentaseie sane cee 632, 635 PHROPUS: < cab. cesivcinnntee eee 397, 407

Saemarorrhina.~.ceessesecasdeeeeee 782 Scolopax:. .......<weesoseeteeeeseese 409

superciliaris, Gidicnemus ................2s La20F be taibensis: | Charkdrius.-.<rcmcecancccseeeeeaee 93

Stermg cess 2eehes osonceee 521, 525, 526 NGI GLI S iy sacceneeasctemseaeaeeee 409

846 INDEX.
Page Page.

taitensis, Pluvialis, ...-0<2 ossccseeteeenseseee 93) || Dern, Black . 5 escceccs soc ecdencseeeee neces 532

taitionsis, Numenius,.......-0<Jossesec otedse 409 Brawn’s Least.1.<5.c<<semad See oe 525

Palmaas gallinago. .....c<.<esseerarkaseeer 171 CADOLS sje arss0jc'sicraaa sieteinteilnc ee eeee 476

Tantalus Varlegatus... Si cccccuceseeeeetoas ose 397 Caribbean Bridled.....cssscc-cc<seseee 512

tartaricus, Charadrius... ..i«<Ssseee = -terece 98 Caspian 4.20.27-'aje cs ase sas ceee eee cee 461

Pattler,. Wandering: « aciacitmasicicooseincioardeee 367 CAVENNG x rain cin /acacdsoce cee aeeaee 474

WRONG WAS Hees ara acisasinaacicidoe mance saeneee 159 COMMON o 2. 5 <.o's:0 06 sine daes SIE es 493

brachypterans cl 5S ase 165 Hlegant coc so Posse Me w= osteo Se see 472

LACH YPUS sl SASS ate clscicies 171 Borster:syasyassswet Isc cawces soos 490

DIGHMMES Sh cassie sansa léeaeinces cscs 169 Gull-billedusssesseeoi ss oc cSe csesicis 479

FACKOOHSISS: <sins-m 52 Sasa seosessece 170 HawallaniWhitevare. aoe... ss <<<... 559

PAINNAAO- oem aces onesies clewsis’s 167 TLarge-billed <j. s.scisa<c.0 00 cteeagasewcs = 541

JACUSETIS= < <saccee cic Sem IO eS Be sicin.a'sie' 171 Le asticevrcaciiececiacresism sn See See 521

IND] Obs aacsreieaisinrs'oaeteete seis aici s 164 Pacific Bridled. ... oS 5s.2et2ess ee: cs 514

DIS OFLA so/-hrcosoeeieese eee eels 165 ROSCAtO..-.0:in:cncx<in aware ss 505

DOLCSTING. . sosncisicteenieiioetimasecehic.s 170 ROYala sc cnicisisiscnismmanaaennecceeeeeos 467

PELEN Yl sas cerns sacrrssecneeNeeees 171 SanGiwich.., .ccciincticcicniamcice cee eee eee 467

TODUSUA ISS HE See tice seats 171 BLIMP 1212) .-/cineisicnisieloaisicle Se ee oee ces 543

SAD ae cicictenciorew cinnieremrechine soon 170 SOCOLTO-SOOEY:. :n1-.<inieisianinternseioiw.s srs Bee 519

SQHCATIO so smcncnxen et eee ccs 171 SOOCY, msescrcia)5 eieioiaicteormiemrieeide ne eeaoeeoe 514

(Scolopax) wilsoni ...222509....... 176 RIUGOR 11S oa. hni oa fn isiamloicsn sie oe ee Se 488

Septentrionalis .....<d03setieles 205 - 170 IW hiskereG:. ccecsciscpmasteccneinee eee 528

SCACN AIS. 1 misrrcrwre See eels ciiclse = 170) \|\§ ROTNS:2 << Gccm Sane wisielsiaansastineteice cee Seeeme eae 458

UL gin OSA...SSASS Ss 28 SES PIS. cis wic.0s 165 || Thalassaea.dougalli...-......-. ssn sees 508

tetracula; A ebhig....6s.cc~ een en ens ae | 1 EBISSSOU Sk yarrnrtaces me acrciseiineimo eee eee 459, 466

AI CAs atseiajeinieie'e tee ee eee Se Nsinie eee = 777 aciflavida =< ose. e s eeeee 478

Phalerigs asus ccctecessaseor see sccnss 777 ACUMAVIGUS: a1 cas iseieratsisicieistcisiaisiciwe 478

MTG. ow srarajeistajaiororerna dena sectaeeice cians 777 BPN CA. isis <inse cicroimininieini Se eee 483

tetraculus, Simorhynchus. ..............-.-- 78 candicans:....<.i0-cseceneeee eee 467

temmincekt, Limonites...c0.¢5ssdsttisecceece 269 CANESCENS...1oh cccicioceneemee cea 467

Pelldna wccccacoutseeeeeceen secs 6 269 CANILTACA So arora aiaiciorm a Seen ecto » 467

PISOD LAs crerecrom sin oer ee ween 267, 269 Camtia CUS oscncrcrarcsicre eee soe 467,478

Synthliboramphus.............- 759 CANTIANUSE. j5a.co-eiemee ne sees eeee 467

APLIN GAY 5s osarcrrcisordectiost eras 269, 294 CASPICUS < «cra -SRERT eee ets csees 465

temminckii, Actodromas.....-d-00:ss2e5--0 269 CASPIUS << o:cis AU a he ce 464

AICS Serco crarejerstsreisrorerci ne OS oe eS woes 756 CAYANUS 2.5 concrccreiciornscMoe eee ce eer 471

Brachyramphus.......-...... 756, 759 CAV ONMENSIS. crate eee cen ees 471

Brachyrhamphus sea. oo~ = 756 chloripods 335.529 seseene eee 543

CAT GTS) nrarcrrow. oncom eee ss c<% 269 lGBANS joc: <jarcicrinnsomes 467, 469, 472, 474

WEIMONGOS sna orarctericeseaiece siesisis 269 CULV EHALDUS -.< gana. cists aeiccee 467, 474

Wimonites....csgPsI SoS. oasis 269 galericulatusweceee sq <<... sqarwae 471

PISQWIDA Ge a <.cie.sjeisieldleiets:ajeia Pasars 269 BAe concentra sere eee 474

SCHOONICHISH oscccc wen detin cos cet 269 IMPCLAtOF...c<tesse sweeten ccna: 466

Synthliboramphus.............- 756 MAEMITOStLis....se see ee cees eco 544

ILTIN SHIR. SIs ones ssi ce ate 266, 269, 299 TN ARVIN = x perosjatareinteemaiaeee 467, 469, 470

tentirostris, Aecgialous.....0csstocsedes cece 139 pauli de wurtemberg............. 467

ACMATHS 5. ictcrorarec tear acest aees 139 philippina...- <2 eee 546

IA TOUS < pererorarciatcrarnatstels Habe eeete 353, 555. POLLUS. -.6.e cin Taito se oee ee Rin mouee 472

Anteliotringass 28s. .<.<c- esl 231 SANGVICENSISnn <1 eee ee teen ates 467

Cantus sareseee. usec csece 930, 231 acuflavidus... 467,476,478

Charadrius nivosus....... 116, 137,139 sandvicensis.....- 467,477

Hy drocecropis sts Fac's cara wine nie 553 ELUGOS UL)... arc cicoeniceweee ee toa sete 490

Megalopterus...... 2g eenweds 558M DR AGSSIDOLA care arora raraseiaroe Bae a Ue telae einen eos 485

tenuirostris....... 553 LTTUSCATAc\ac cowineisete ne emcee ne 488

MECTAN OUSs CEU oabs a caicsicce:aesie 553° tl TRH SIASSIGOS e: crcisomisterecinemsinoee sete pe aeaeeses 540

IMILCTOBNOUSHSE Hato ac :ocactoc crea 553 IMALMITOSETIS)...eeince ce Lacie wsicise's 544

Nimeniusss2t2 832.2 nc cc ea eces 149, 390 IOCLANOUS -o:ciscaeMeaeweeeveseeeee 465

OreopHOlUs BstU « -.n. ccc sec 63 4) Uthayeri, Loans iraq cisrerereiewivisjayorssare 581, 584, 600, 601

StemMa.ceasonacecectese 509, 552, 558, 555 argontatus seca eteeic acts 600, 601

LOtANUS.)-< cP as ccewencc cece ee 230,231 || Dhayeris Gullou...3...22eeseetoccecrs deme ecice 600

ETIN GS acivtainrerowemieeaee erect aes 231 | Thick-knee, Haitian............. Sa Jeeta 23

tephras, Stercorarius..........-. SESAME. Sete 694 Mexican: ..2ccc0csn~cetennseeeces 20

Teves: CNEL 68... a1eviaweawirwwcee eee eee tesla s 225" jt | THICK in ceSi/ci5.)5.cce Seem meecre can tee eeees 18

tereticollis, Procelsterna.............-ccesee0 460) || | THINOCOPY CES e.ccuwiciniewcmjeoeriesemeceeaeeeie 1
Mern; ALOUUMAN. < .cccewerwewiowaet ee sretencitaoe 510) | “Rhinocorythesicscc-~ a. -ncce les wcotwee acetic 2,3°

BX CUCsoccwcio<icbie wemucesnamo eee sees oe 499

Thinocorythide cc... scsseceesc ese eeweenenne 2

INDEX. ; 847

thuliaca, Lestris............... A ait 602 |) Totanus:grisous s sic. .%.22%%%nn ees cdeeneee 198, 328
TED etANa, SCRA a rete eek ctaeemteeadceoeeeees 499 Piuinoettarie: acc Puses tec cea ee ee ce 372
tibialis; Numenius 7:2. 2-2 --ceee aos eee 3 410 Carter. atte ceee he seen eee ne 148
0) 26 b: ee 710 (Heteractitis) incanus.............. 368
tords;tAlea)..cicidscnteeeteees 713, 714, 715, 716, 782 MimMANtOPuUSs222i<csessecsen eee sek ~~ 207
By Allca grate sieiseee ee oticte cette’ ence cn = 717 HUGSOMIGUSEasaseos= see nceeemeee tea 195

ry BUCA S eR ecepcuene ere tetewcccccess 717 hypolewutoss-.22<2<2 5 eee ee 372
Chenalopex.ccccecce nin kcs ccseeee ee. 717 hypoleucusetiss<:..s sees oe 372
IPINZOUINE a aceteec eee ek Ss eee 717 incanus s252Ss 222 eo. S. 367, 368

Pin PuINUSs ssee eesti ewde tee eet 717 Hrevipesesscasee reves ccc ce 367

(Oita ania se ee teen eee 3 717 indicus: 2. 2.2st2222cceseee see cc eee 225
(UitaMiaeccepeiceceenececeets saaecees 717 Kabliil>:s:csissise. See 352
VOFQUATA EIA CUA sc scctcce tobe ee ee sect es © 124 Joticophaeus= 2422222222 seeeeds once § 183
Pelidna scsi ck teeters: Seen Rae 262 leucophceus:.2.0.... sete 195

Scolopaxs wos ce EIR. 154 HGUCOUTUS. ..2--..22.2lceot eee see etes 358

Tringa ssi <<. Woke ea Se 262 leucurus>: SSC ee: Se 358
torquatus,, Charadrius :.\c.cccsnccsteeees 104, 124 Mimosa: 253.387 F Rt Seo 179, 325
@inchise. cecstees e525 R eee 262 littoralis:. si2< 222 Soe ons 346

MUATUSE Sevecawecicenccceedoetoees 571 MittOreus: 2s. s5sis52253.Se Ss... 329

PIIvigliswa decisis saeco ecteseeeeee - 124 TON GICAUdaAS Sse ee eet et wc ceccc ese 382

Wotanines soos < oe dec eck ceces cc I. 144 R macropterus:-:22 2:2. / sees... 363
MOtANUSVER Rcd cee cece cede es asa 342, 797 macularis s/o22.222.22.888 Ae MEE SS 374
ACHTOPUSSes sence eceteeceese eee eee. 358 macularitiss 22.2: 2222221 SESS eS 374
ACUMINATUS sss o22<dce ee eee Eeee 266, 277 maculatws-..222 s. 25 coe vette ewes 337, 342
gecocephalas sieeve coe eS; 180 MAPRIGMUS 2242255525552 Sees oo Sa 243
MBPOCOMHAlUS ao fF eect ee sete 183 MATMOLATUS2 52 fossa cececeetece 187
Dartramiay sees. cl tececei eee ee. 383 moelanoleucac<<222 2-52 ess See. 335
bartramial So... 2 Severe acetone. 384 moelanolewcas.<22.2.22-<2.<<2222cee2 335
DALtraMdecc.. 3. s SPIO eee 384 moelanoloucos ee 335
bartramiuse seewscevecee keene acs 378, 383 moelanolewucus:J22 ee <5... eee 333, 335
PIGVIPOSEw cet stead eae sees 365, 367, 370 HLAZANIN Bose sc boese. 337

CaliGrists eases e sheccnce ede. 345, 346 molanopyPius-eVese. So. sss cece 385
BAIISATIS ee a ee 363 MO] AnUrUuses sesso S24 Ss Se 182
CAMPEStrIsteseee ce. secccsece wens, 7880 melanuroides............ 178
GCANAGGNSISSSIASetls wc cucecc oeecaeee 194 meridionalis: -..::::s2:2s.cc2ss5..20 346
CANGIGUSHE RAM eRne ek. occcesccejecccce 194 matatore s.sssasesecsssss Fe eee 342
CARCSCONS2 os .ccc sxe ene csc BUPIEUER.. 328 MODUIATIUS: ssssesseassesssesss ess 325
(Catoptrophorus) semipalmatus.... 318 glottoidestess ees 32. eo. 329
CHILOMSISH See eee ces A 337 nigellusy.cseez aS Ee. Scien 314
CHIOTOPUSsseese sec ee TIO 328 MIVIGUIA ste seco rece eee eee seca ce 329

Var. Solitanusseese sss - 360 MOVODOFACONSIS< 22.5 s< sees esse eee oe 201

chloropygius sce. ccceceeueteee 362, 364 oceanicus:...2252s2 2. Ue Re. ss5 5 371
CINOTOUSs aces Sehc vere eee ee 224 OCHTOPUS FeSsdt sacss Sseseesas se 355, 357
CLASSITOSUTIS Sate ceceeeeeeecces cee. 319 f Bis See ears ss o88n ase 359
damacensis:<<..cte.ccaece 266, 267, 293, 301 PAlUstrisas sass sR ase scl cccle 352
OMPUSG.teccscseeiecsitcssttecctscncee 372 pedestris xsi sce casscensse eee 367, 370
(Euliga) bartramius................ 382 polymesise nse Be at 371

LOMOR Gee nests Jeaeaicscieesaseeeenece se 187 PU RIVE ee wo cleie since seldeiocieiecees 222
LorTUgineicollise..kiicss oceteeteeees 201 pulverulentus..................2. 367, 371
derrugineusHs eset ore AL 183 PUNCTATUSEScccccececcccceeewese sess 362
FISUUAMS, otc Secitenss esata te tects. 328 pusillus..... FF ssaededsiaswelatctoectewts 212

ATID OS. xiacecee cies cheese beeen. 341 TAVGLISSe cs sesh Sede Ssh seeseeees. 358

HAVIPOS ce sear sdalwcle’s a asianndeeeeee 339, 341 SUMUSS foes Seccdeanseess sees 183

MAN SMMOSUS?sessese sce pase. 370 SaSashewrs at desicsssssc eee 336
huscocapillus cect sees sees ese 342 Semipalmatasncectsccceee x 317, 318, 320

TUSCUS soe «.2 tis ARE Ne RS. 346 semipalmatuso< .2.2242 8022 317, 320, 371
(Gambetta) incanus-.......022.2... 368 speculiferus.......... 321
SlaATOoldes +... 252 . aos tae ene 352 SolitaniUS 5. acess. tases ccs 359, 360, 364, 370

Plareola si seit w. ce Meweceemeceeeee- 349 cinnamomeus. .........--- 365
PLaTeoOlOLAOS Pasir taomter a eaee eee tas 352 spoeculiferusi.s-22siccceaneeee oes 321
SLATOOLUS solssis eS dso os. 351 Stagnatis soso cecesccsced ce Ree 148, 342

PIOUS ES rears ides aoe asada ke 322, 325, 327 Strigtusect: < 224 <= BOIS. tees 244, 346
slobboidest Sah. eco ROSSI. 329 SYIVOSUIS 5.5 sec sse rs sss SERRE 352

BEACCUSE. cade sas hese eee cc cccesices 346 TONUITOStTIS: 2c. ceccn cea eee ee 230, 231
eTallatoris sz Sth ec. 5oos5 2c 352 Potanus:c: os ee ee 343,345

PTISCICEPS sa AeN Een. seececs es 367 UNndwWatUsSsssssssccdce ssw dsrecnsueeee 370

848 INDEX.
Page, Page.
Potanus VATiOLAtUS... ... 500-000 05scisepiee ier 385 | Tringa canutus....-........<0- 230, 233, 236, 238, 797
VATS ACUSE Ks 6 acco. siwin nists eaters 61 CBINONSIS: <0:56o.039 oc oc ee nese tecee 266
VOCHOIUS <(\o. osc ccc sce cae cer eeeeeee 336 Chirureus:::.c<s-.s.<.-s-- eee es 6
totanus, Scolopax............. 325, 333, 336, 342, 345 CINCIUS 23. ee caaecesneneecs 256, 260, 261, 264
B;SColopaxs 25 ...0--seesatenantel -- 333 dGominicensis..........--s05 212, 275
TOtANUS = 3... «\n\sie secs nn ete Acimeiets Bae 343, 345 Var. Chinensis: .-..-. ssa st 266
fownsondi, Aphriza. .\. 0205.26 ssceeuteeeet o< 61 MINOG se eee buisitaiae sete cate 262
ETINGS sisccosiess+sssapjensiagties <= 61 CINCLOS <i os ceericreer ee eee 237
HH SmMatOpus W522 0. scoseeeaeee c'e 29 COODOLL = o's orn mcs +cnscce sss teeeeeea 290
WOTIN PS . - . «<5, ates seetttacs<e<\sine =< 61 COOPOTIL Soe occ swesec nec a- Bee Ree 290
MOTI <2 oiases's cscs afsreisec sasroteish =i 749 Coot-fo0ted nico cece. <0 95st calecteeie 429
townsendii, Aphriza. ..-...<ss0ss000 sebisars 58, 60, 61 COUCH aa ites occ spacsecceceeccehteeee: 249
Uxiae. <2< 52.0500 obtqeeeceesich =< 749 crassirostris..............:. 231, 246, 249, 279
tricolor, Phalaropus...:2 2... «asnSesmaeieesle* » 433 Gamsconsis.\. .. <0. s1s4s2. eee 266, 293, 301
Steganopus..........-. ws 430, 431, 432, 433 Gominicensis... . 02s. <..sseseeeee-- <2 275
tridactyla, Arenaria leucophea............. 314 Gorsalis..... ies csstesscs.saeeeee =e 281
Calidris loeucophea............... 309 Gouglasii.. oc. o.00.5..ccemebeaesb oe cteet 209
Cheimonea . 2... <2. -.e@acosesne. 568 Gouslassit «....s<cck cae a ceeeedacees 209
RISA ois cass cacoas/saces 565, 568, 570, 572 OCU ESUNIS ec one ac panne oee eee 224
tridactyla.....<<s.5<<< 565, 570, 571 falcinella 5 < wa's<c:scee eset eee 255
TYNE As! sio3ssac- eee seicacisee = 314 ferruginea............-- 237, 238, 249, 251, 252
tridactylum, Xoma-<. 2. ....2..sdseteseeeneic 570 HONCANIA. . Scan scecee ese sacs 417, 419, 430
tridactylus, GAVidins...s.sc50.¥asnealescaste se 568 {SC wo ss c.a cnc sien wlas's lg aes 425, 429
Laroides:...<.. .j-<..-edetsqaes == 568 fascicollis'.....<.----<2-=12ne 275, 285, 286, 300
TOTS’. sc:js2coo0a0ae ee 564, 567, 568, 571 Paciglis. 00. .-0c2e%s -esseeeee 417, 422, 430
(Rissa) .s- 5. svagssegesen 2s 570 BlaLeole - 53%. 255,55, 346, 349, 363, 367
ISSA. ..s23.sc0 tscasinsxmeceeeeteere 570 TACHI Ss. 5 Aiecsse)s:<inie ew cig eee eee 247
DINGS «ce sctiecescs se se sisces seinegeseesoses 148, 352 grallatonis: << ss2s.02csm2s anew 352
(Actodromas) acuminata ............. 279 QTONOVICENSIS. . ...6.-<.< <n -seeisaiaeeaescs 224
COOPER. a (s5ae1S se eipe «i= 290 OTISOG piascinien a cee aicic «ne ce eset eRe 238
GAMACENSIS. =)... <.c1c:eics/eie 301 GUINEA ae Saae0 <0 ance eee 372
maculatasjcueciesssseocs 274 Hel Vetieg mo -<26e secs seeee eases 75
ACUMIN AGA s fos wisi ojo 5/2is ies o.nfapstaieisfeletctelel 277, 278 (Hemipalama) audubonii..........-- 209
NeECtoRalis tose. )-ce \c<cescecs 275 douglasiizssaccctci:<. 209
UDB a crse ciaraiaiaresiore ao rao eeiis BeeteRiete = 307 himantopus........-- 207
GIDOSCONS. «2a vaicinje aeiajsessves nese a= 293 semipalmata lithe... -- 214
Slpin as Aces sess ccieeesiecie 256, 259, 260, 263, 264 hiaticulasic. ti.2.<. os eeeeenoee as 117
AMOTICANAS Seitod<s2-<s-00055 264 himantopuss.cs5{is2s-cee-e heroes 204, 207
Bamericana.. ..... -2.<<sisetsiasiesis 264 hudsonicas. «<< sissies rc daeeeaeee 52
DACIICH 25.555. ec5sseceeedieee- 266 DY POLDOEEA </<\<ie:0- + cies ania tamemne 422, 423, 426
CY MICH saa. cnc ameisieasaiies sel Gels) = 262 hy poleweasaaasiiectsems iss s0:s 2 <i 371, 372, 377
Var; americana... ase¢cissesic-<- 264 INCANUS 6). cwiscccic's castes Noreen 370
9. alpinass seizn<.- 260 IDGORDROS secs. cine cies sine scans 47, 51, 52, 54, 55
b. americana.... 264 Bis waa on sa eaeetesace sees <= 55
Vichinensis:.,.....-<..1aseseses ae 266 Biepoennccssoas Seetheeeageras 55
STON AMS <5. sete sein ce sac aesaeeeenace 309, 310 {arses totes Sassen ais ieee 55
(Arquatella) maritima..............-. 243 islandica-+.\.. .caidseessens acoso ae 237, 255
var. couesi..... 249 IGUCOBN SEs <)a:5,< iaicjaeieja/e!occie-ee ee --- 309
SUPA ei Mas sescsc sce teeessece 266, 277 loucopteraosess.-<-cesbeeccameee cso 372
HUStALS eich; o iactcaitew as ieetes 238, 279, 293 (Limnocinelus) acuminata........--- 278
Dairditrs oe cttices soersrades ochisee 275, 283, 377 lincolniensIS, «|. <2.62<-ecupemaenea--Ee 244
PST case ccietiains sicie saa seneeete 282, 283 Littoralisi ot cn Sess eee Seieica eee see ae 244
DSLtTami a fre seaioie < 21a) <:01cir merits 378, 382, 385 METOTOS.. 35s. 2ncnaaseassncscomeree eee 224, 352
Dantramil ....- sac sdseeeweeteteeeRet <5 384 LOD aba aciecrjeqsseisiciasses 422, 423, 425, 426, 432
NOVADATUGL 22 o:s\<.xie.c:s ain: ccesisieieltoeisesb-w.e 288 lomatina....... occ... eels ess 238
Pongpariils4a's<.ccctectisnsees 266, 281, 288 LONGICAT As as50)0 2 Heian cin ie See 378, 381
POLERUS Heese ee daicin wesc cccicicie esse 61 (Machetes) pugnax.................- 224
DIANINESiecestae cnn cacane octecneewete 367, 370 MACTOPLCLAL«.<<\- sonic oeneeeeeeee ee 363
Drevirostris.sxciseeiwssaek eves ccwccs 214 MACUIANI A «7 cnc ao}>:cineains seine ee 371, 374
CADSNISH aja. - n12,4siaosceseaseeneeee ter 216 MACII ATER -n.a,-,-:cj,sisncneitndpie ee 271, 273
Calldrigtaac. scan cctecies 237, 314, 342, 346, 797 IMACIILOSA 2) o/<\<)« 2c sini ase le ee ee oe 2 = 274
AUSULALIS. «:<,<:a\<igiselaistie meee ere 293 TMG ONG) Ss aeriateins aantcinsSanisescemmortes 231
CAMPOSLTIS««-incccasavecgearoeeee 275, 287, 416 MMATIGING «a <0:0- 5/55 238, 241, 243, 246, 248, 284
PANAGONSIS ss f7ni- onic waceieketraettaaiese ss 244 Coles... sss ee neeeee = 249
WOATIULA a0 cs9s5sclaccigsae serene == 236 ptilocnemis .....2eeeeeeeee= == 247
CONUS 5 5.00.0 mamacasamencieeee emacs 237 ptilocnemys...% <scec------- 247

INDEX. 849
Page F Page.
ried ClanouS <,.\-2s<cci.- 5-4 smincesinc tine DST MAEITIC LCOS proc ars oo e,a'sletc\aie wie(ea,e's U clale sara vieteme ee 225
IM GlANOLOS ey. Bes eeni a eee aoe eaters 281 maculariuS sseicee 252.5253 ee 377
TM OLANLOCUS )~:o,1acisictaeo ee nas wceie:a'~ 288 rufescenss 2.52 c26 so eS 229, 230
mints = eeeeeeeees 244, 266, 268, 293, 299, 302 Supmificollisss<<o2e. ete eee ee 228
MhNntillas cc /esjeceeeeeeeeeeces 298 sub-ruficollis'-....2--.2-<2aeeess.=s-s 228
orientalis... .<o2.= tote eee 2685 | waitrin g old eSivwernce ee ~seee eee een ee eee hee 371
PUNCOMIS Kicicnwccm nn oeeeee sees 293 bartramia.cs.. =< .22<nc-ncn eee 384
MUI Call aes ereiselsmiciwieieitarsse actos nce 299 bantramius.2<.46...-.5.5-2e! 384
MUM UN Ae eccctswwercncce need 294, 296, 298 OMPUSAick wee emeee see ese ces ce 372
MOLINO as siecle sean eee a: 51, 52, 54 hypoleuca 5. tees nesses. oe Sess 377
NVSA VAG caja cininin is cinscisrt ofetaiainincctemiets enero 238 hypoleucos macularius........... 377
MANIA acinwiciciowinmissee cere oe eeaeerece: 300 hypoleucus..-.===."9s528-seaee 372, 377
TIODUWLATLUS otejerescreicice visio seeeie eee 325 macular... 377
TIPO US|. emicisiociseveracieieisie Ssa]e eateries 314 var. macularius...... 377
TROT IC AVIS Oe ete a iaietseear atom crease see 244 macwariai..<ccn.a tee eee es eee 375
WO V.EDOLACENSIS $< (ici eretsie cje's slcleleieisimisic oi 200 macwlanius- «<2. -----seees-e eee 376, 377
OANTIONSIS Hs a2 iain ncinten JOSIE Sate alice 51 TUfescens He occ 230
OCHKODUS See ajs-.s'22 550s eetotes cme 355%] “trinpoides; Calidriswatk Serge ee... 314
CETOPUS ER o-oo sian orsinjorsiieenee 3523353) 355)"|| troila,sAlea... secesckdececccee cette -.c- es 731
Assam...) ASE Leet 354 Steele; VAI Ca scan. Secpce te een tecckest heen o 723, 725
Ocrophus, B.-2<eecen~= se BRS sscemceten 349 Catarractes.<'sScn.cc22sc2 te AS 723
MACH CAE < weccitesauinecccicwcteeee see | 266 ColymbuS wss5é255<<52555 ee 722
POCtanaN ee eas ee temeccaced 274, 275, 281 oravideccice car ces deaecee 721, 723, 725
(Pelidna) alpina <..<.)-1s;.-eeetene ee 260 Uriasistetcccecestes 721, 722, 723, 725, 730, 787
CHINGNSIS 50 \<cdccion wc dee 255 Glomvia).ss2<c.e eee ae 723
ferrizinea 5226. .52s8Gee 252 HONG. cctcccceesst eee ek 723
IMAFITIMNG «a7 <cccueidodoseces 248 troile as Sees ee? 723
Dtilocnemise4....\.5<.0<<1 ania SURES 246 6) Urlac: ctetcc ctcesencsees sci ees 721, 730
USM eee aeons sii 218, 221, 385, 797 Ys UT Ia an sn cewmelsctee saseee csesc sje 721
TOTISUL ReMi saer-ias\eNe 209, 212, 217, 293, 296, 314 var. 8, Colymbus...:.-.---:-222--s---- 724
DY PIRES. nics sew doc< cs eeeeen 255, 306 “7; ColymbuUS-.<i2.22222222feesec-- 724
Ried! Coot-fo0ted a<c.005 cmaonesecisees 4198) troille;Catarractesvjcsec ccs cceesss sees ee eee 722
Tula Meee nea ic decme sc atehesie coe 238 Colymbus........-- 717, 721, 722, 725, 731, 787
Tales CONS Meee es ers tae 224, 225, 228, 279 Wntlaetsecsshanitetescievsces 719, 722, 730
PUIGOM Se = ac oo scien cece eee 292, 302 troilossest scene h ae 719, 721, 722, 724
SHRM eye ciate oss aacacienn cee eee 265ei|\ tropicus,Wobipesags«s..<<-stscceca sees eseee 430
Selina Bee eilare'= =icicis ot = sisi OE 294,302 | trudeaui, Gelochelidon..................-..- 490
SG RUZ ree ere ie iannjem arcis toes eo Oe 288 Stemaetiecccssssesecssse 485, 486, 489, 490
SCHIN ZNO ce asinine 262, 265, 281, 287 ThalasseuS..i5ssssssessssscce0c22¢ 490
(Schoeniclus) albescens..........--.- 293'|| (trudeauil) Phactusa.. 52 .scsc2ss-252s58-50" 490
subarquata.......... 254, 255 Stemas-cseesecssenadse ee 488, 489, 490
SQMIPSIMALA on ncmnineccns= 209) 214316, 314.) “Mradeau’s Mer: ..3ajsec ss ctenccessssassoe eee 488
Solibaniaye o-oo ts seenane Boavso9vaG1, 364) ||) ‘trydactyla, URissacsoccoscessescecceacs eens 570
cinnamomea........ 353, 359,363 | trydactylus, Larus...........ccescc-c02-0-- 568
solitaria..... 358;368;009, cbad04.5]) Etymee albacsoccccsc~ os cccecccsccse teehee ene 309
SD lee eee oa cso ccc eee eee 279 arquatellacescs.hcesaeccecssaeeeor eee 244
SQUAtATONA) =< 2c:.,-.a n= Se etee elec 72, 73, 74, 79 WAM, coccacessc dace ee ete 248
Strigta pee o4 5. Soctabee ssc awenaiateme 244, 346 CahGrisscacses des sac senescent 237, 314
Subarcuatalasc coon. see eee a 255 CANUGUS sires cessnes ss eusostee cae 236
Subarqustaiese 2: 1. 249, 252, 254, 262, 266, 279 Plaredlajecsssesanresionsoeuntee eee 367
Submimute eee. aeons 267, 298, 302 Val ve cease sasornsesectet eee 370
Supruncollisn <2 ee cin 1 ott ET 225, 227 leucopterassss asec csqcatesssse se 372
Tenn IN CEL... =scoee eee eee es Pelee ee 269, 294 Littonearsis acronis EC SO 352
temminckil)...,.%. sac sees 266, 269, 299 OchrO pus ase sea-5susasseosecsc eee 355
hePeNPOSUTIS) ./< ose ise neater sco eee 231 URMAK Ss \aasss aco ssnwes ood acst eee 221
ORGMEDS ee «,<:<.</5 5 siainie sae are, Ss « 262 MUMCOMISEConinacetensecdete eect eee 292
towmsend tI -.< 3-7 vaaseeeue eae ew ass 61 Salina ass asae a cswecusoescacnccceee 294
TINGS tapes ae PSs. oe soe OEE 244 PMC AChYIA 15.35 catoatn ssosase sete 314
Vanes, =. <2 eae sag EEE 64 (6G Pym PabeSky< aus sanacmemsessashccesane 145, 147, 225
NEE TOS Es aS ES eo aR 78 TUfESCONS 5422 xs5s2aesce.- thee 228, 229
MATIN DILIS--\:(., « 2,5.3,-.ne SSeS eE Se a 261, 264 SUbIMUHCOMISS. = 65242245 J52e5 226, 227, 228
VATICZ ALA 26 deans Gnas eee 224A LEV DE OCS aseeris 2 ced becwaeesaseaerettecece 371
Wingate... cié\a,0 Slee a eRe 60 macwlanias w4sossaasota sees 377
WaISQWN Pie) ae an ete = che 299 | tschegrava, Hydroprogne tschegrava........ 465
Wilson: «Base. RR oe 299 Slermas as. dsas sora eee eee 465
SRNIN GINS <=. |< ype etee teen oa cea AOR LaG ATE |i MbINATOS a eriehid s-wiareva craton een oes see ecw ss 448
40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8 55

850 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Pufted. Butinii: ... <6. s.c- oo es 793 || Uxiaigryile,.mandtii-__..2- -_ - Seve eReee 739
tundre, Agialitis hiaticola-......2.......... 124 war. mandtii-.......-. svisec eee 739
PDUINSTONG = 222 csctessnce sass ss SSSR = os 45, 52 erylloides. ARO Bie a. ee 736
Black... :. 02. .sdtheeti ys Giese ee 55 intermedia... - 2.2.5.3 Biieer elie oo oe 724
RUG GE oo oan cae oe ase 51 TaCHTY MADS <= ans APR ES oe oo. es 721
MUTNSCONCS hase oases os cic cwie o.s sa ESRE EEE cis cree 42,57 lacrimalis: 32 -ce en See ee eee (73%
Dy loramphus =~ =: scree +o vs RSE EEE «0 2 <= 774 ISChYMANS ncn cep eect eee een 721
cristatelluS ..... .....2swesee.-.-. 776 MACKEY: . <5 ood cineca s oa eee 736
Tylorhamphus cristatellus....../..:.+-----.. 776 Bea An ethos He eer 736
t ypica, Symphemia semipalmata............ 319 leuconieracce..<-..~-esocsee an ee 736
Tringa alpina... ......2:s=wassdsss- <=. 262 leucophthalmos. .........<.-..<.~ses 22a 720
: leucophthalmus............ aufseludlgens 720
U. IOUCOPSIS tes ccs age cm cewek REC ee 721
uliginosa, Telmatias~-ico-b 0. eke orca... 165 lOMMae 2. Be eas ence’ 719, 724, 725, 728, 731
UMIZUSUME; AICR oe ance RE PERER ESS - 2s 756, 760 OITA <i. - 2. RES 719, 730, 731
Brachyrhamphus-ssc2eh25.---. 756 2 LONI IB «2. 1s 0;0s some aR SE 728
Synthliborhamphus..........-. 756 Di APTAs< <2< cane csecu eee 731
Wrides o oe85. oc ose s ocoes ee 756 IOMVda. ces =s soso eee 719, 726, 728, 730
wmnd ata, THN on.n2 os ccac ese csese cena seed 244 (Lomvia). xing via... ..- 2a sss. 5-35 720
undulata, Scolopax......-..--..sssssaeee 159, 370 POG x..:. . oss -co = BRR 723
undulatus, ‘Totanus........-<---.cseeeaseoee 370 mand tin..i5c.ccmscussee sane eee 736, 739
Unemius borealis........ ‘Senos semis cae eee 415 MisWAbiis< q . <-co..scc esses oS ee ee 739
hudsomicusss ....- <<. -rrecasesseee ee 407 Marmorata. - .... o-~=.-. SSCA saeee 747, 748
wniclava, Gallinagos<.c..0.actawsctecks<ccsc 170 meisnerl.<.--- 52+. Biers 3.56. 85h ee 740
mniclavata,;Gallinsco...... -...s«sgdtiseeoccce 171 MINOEs, ~ =-< 2 5 ET oo sce ee 710, 724
uniclavus, Gallinago gallinago..............- 170 moizfeldi-:......... BSGs A onset 743
BENICIO, ANOUS <<. ocsierseecensacecoanBeneds 545 MYStACCARcceks 6 aac esac. dos eee 773, 778
SUOMGUS pee «22 ons se cetetad 545, 547 TIVES RIO 2c occ c occ cn chaneee eeee 736
StOrMG .:.-- see cnec esas aeiagt 8-42 545 NORVECICH. SFE O00. 52. eenanso stat 724
UT s. 22 sepasaseeustaniet aos 2--s 743 occidentalis...... sad nae deigas OSee BE 782
unisulcata, Alea... ......cs000-e088 shepeapek ets 717 DODATIS sara} nya spare yon cxet IO ee 730
Upland Plover: 4s 44 sos. 0020-508 steel: 379 DUSINA Ss. .«.2 «32oddoeweseetu es seer eceueee 768
Uriewdss623.. 2). Basle aeieinja/dinisiaclaae/saiseree eee 703,717 PHINGVIASS .....<.2 42 psewesaenss Se 720
BlewbCa ss... 20. 325s teag Sees 760, 762, 766 PHYNEVIA: « 2-- ooisetnelese eee HOT 720
BSA os dco veccsc: ic eee N- 720, 721 Tincwdadee osteo oe 719, 720, 721, 722
BNO oe see cicoccersisin ns a ae eee eee tat 708 Seapularisccrc «2 254022 Jaa nans as Sune 736, 739
ONIN sca oat iie mics oe asia nent he 750, 758 SONICU hse os oo 5n qo see seeee yee 759
BECCA 5 CS apm 5 anja 30min SS wa 736 SHOWA Seas < 5 nc ossadsneees ee 733
BITASs sete h ease casero SRECAe 729, 730, 731 SVATD AG ano ~ SUSE i LER 721, 728, 731
prummich ds s<n7o.5.5 <5 50.4 Eee 729 Fei racula:,..< I SstOIeO GE os ic ecceecasens 777
balthiea..... <2... .<<<,aqseseectee. Ses 736 HOWIHSCHL. -.o.s<. sce scex Sees siSbee. 749
brevirostris.. .. <<... ogsaccuccaeeee. «che! 750 COVAISOMG Is <i. occ cu ecsyask esa eee hes. 749
Drvennicht sforerske as ys 5c-Feseee mist 729 CPOMOL. 0 Bin POD 721, 722, 723, 725, 730, 787
bruennichit. oo en aaaswan aa ete 729, 731 CMUTOM OG... 12 SUNOS. 5 cee as 723
britnnichiis 3025055. <.,-<4 bakers 725, 729 Bites <.5=° a ist sane aoe aeeteee 721, 730
brunnichit...<-.....0.42<38t%s 724, 725, 728, 729 Bicalifornics 25-52. 2.ee vee ae 725
prunnichif. << oo. csc ccd conan nc See 729 ste asd asasasawaaense sR SEES. 721
Californie go pfa cape =)5 ace cpnj ays POS 725 californica: acvsecses =< SEE 725, 726
CONMIDG « 6 ais 5c nicjcpeiysicnesin es 742,743 laeryMANS?s. sc. 22225-ReSe Re. 721
CBNG Ee a(n nin, s,3,0:6)3, seid sie aaa ae fetie ceisler ate 759 loucophtalmos. « s.<<..<ae Sete. 720
CADDO swSeios 0:5, 5,<5,50:0,0,<:0)2/5.050 eee 744, 745 PLOWS 5.5 scaduiseccceeneosoee eee 723
(Cataractes) lomvia...........sccesee 728 var. briinnichil...;.2:42e2 GS 729
CLAN OE a yste's 2.0/0, ,5,5)05 0,545 300 cS 751, 754 TIN GVI9. a. <sasqorastsoooeeeeee 720
COURT Gar os Sooo aa pare aia, asain SSMS 773 CLOUM] CiaesePReo cna sieatcetewasae ee 719, 722, 730
Cristateu gs 2.5 caejojnceinqatnicnes Stemne ses 776 californica: 15.5555 <225< 719, 722, 724, 726
CUED san ais care sm pdecershinigaaain/qn eee 778 GROUL, o.oo seeceasadrane 719, 721, 722, 724
PATON CS wie, ois wat maivin Sian nino eee. 730 WMIZUSWING: 65. etrracranazaastosee cee 756
PIBCIALIS Seg oes ooo ee Re oe eee ae 740 UNICOlOR A Kiar aces desde arson Oe 743
EY G oi — Ao x oo 0.5, 0:0j00,55 10 oe eS a Se 736 LIRR segues adnngannrede isons see 717
PIN ciepeeeithiepsjaiee,- 710, 735, 736, 738, 742, 743 QUria) Syl Ono o.ra.-7s een 735
Brian A a ono ee 741 WILD EVID a atria rornroinaceas sa aeeee oe 720
ise a wind pc acco se 741 WUMiIZUSUME.... 2. ....6-- 753, 754, 755, 756, 760
6. eS RIAL OAS. cee 36) |) URIS, Urian. <.-s<i/iactaccmtrgetacrsaciotaae eee 717
OY oad a OS owiehe, 6 ae cae NS he M36 |) Wiiinee:....c--.ccanteeeersaeet reed 704
Var. PlaCialis: - -.-.-.<nsieciese.apscedete 740° |) Uninoryn¢hus -.2-coc\or3t errata adereten ee 303

VAP IACISIS.da,24 oo eee eee 740

uropygialis, Limosas..::--ce--454---5¢eress 190, 191

INDEX. 851

Page. Page.

uropygialis, Limosa rufa ...-.....--.-..<---- 191 | violacea, Jacana spinosa. ..........-.--- 8,10, 13, 14

VER sepia snore Se cee TONG VOROLY Bees oe fea erase lolominesec melee arse 526

INTUIMONUSE a = ae ree secre 397 SPLLIDLLS Sos oe leat ieaeat ole eiaiaiers «afm aicio’='= 484

UGA M ANIA’). - = ciclfenw ne te afoaier Soci aera eee) SU Ce eee ie lec nie epee pete eis ciate eiote 483

DIC Aerie eee ob aan slain 717 Bla Ck eee esse eo ae tee eeeiaaane 484

ORG Byse ee aae oe anc eee erent 717 THC CRSeAea ets vos cote soee aeainae 531

Tita ARCOLGA = ncaa seclesecenina a= cnet 717 leweoparelaacee-seis- oes oh a eased 530

utopiensis, Charadrius..............-------- 237 IGUCODLELlS <2 ase aaee ae erin see 539

NILA o'<. cis ociociccie sso arihiom= mene 527

Vv. SINPIOX. =. -siawicie.cee eee ena aaa 543

MAGI ALCS Cais. soc ce earicnns'sic'c\ciniaghipren = n= AS wingata, pDTZ =) --2 cae sssiel=\seeeeenees 58, 60, 61

Wit TIPS Olea miele olniclsc.as- a ee aaabanaee sa 4 DULODSIIAGS S42 Swinson eee 61

IMAM ONS Gee einai. oss ecccen te Scie catalsmaske Fa 62, 64 TDD A) soe en ya eiaieie ole 60

IICORMIS: «ste wesc pit at choot OOP vanpatus NUMEeNIUS =< 5.6 cee meehnsseraoss 389

DOTCALIS* Sas ceiero <a nsmen Aste see ele 61 Dtrepsilasscc cscs. cocasoenaaee ease 61

CANO Atersee ne soe ae eisai o' cise st ne eee 67 ToOtanlusS= coswsccace se seams st 61

CBS era aioe a ep ae a eel 7 wanoiniaca, Eluvialis cen apina suelo cecnn = 93

CINCU Daa acces aint meiyeanice nein alate 64°] ‘yareiniacus, Charadrius... .-....-0<cnccesesss 88, 93

Cristatus=.--n-cais Se ena GaOne 67,69 | virginianicus, Charadrius...........-.------- 88

commpnisn cosas «<2 69 | virginianus, Charadrius.........-.-.--------- 88,93

BONIS eke once eae seis wleeltesinie'= oe = nis 69' | ‘virginicus, Charadrius........<.-<<s.<<.-5r- 86, 87

PTISOUS 2 oan esas emeeaie ae seneene 7 fULVUS oc eee nes eee 87,93

helveticus........---- Ser eee cabie 75 Dien cavssoececis 87

THGIAM OP ASL CLesss cicine ic = tei cielscose 78 VAT a cininieiceiels\ 87

PESPLENGENS = ees <:ch<in's ae se i-'a'seasels 63 DIUVISNS Basse aes = 87

SQUATATOlAS fon pate casas aetne tain 75 VOTH ccccise oie 87

SQUALATOIUS!: aoc aha tousetaaccie= <== ar 75 Piva lisse tes Sack aaeislowtesis esis eteicte 87

VAMOM YS 2a io- <ni-in' ees eianasiieiaiva 65, 65 VATIUS OF cmeerinacemnoce se 87

VIHA eaayate = Mis sisiaatein a eoceiseieee tiem ste 78 | virgininus, Charadrius.............--.-----0 88

WALL CANIS Sa rarainictaie nisi vaca Gi) Pavan Ss Parrate sac cc cite sae'ssisig sem clele einen 17

Wan ellis \CHaATAGTiNSs - 6 <sta< sacs setae nae 66 | vociferans, Aegialodes............----.------ 336

STING oer cdc mo uaanieecaeeanaan a 64,66 | vocifer, Aidicnemus.......-..-..0.------n00e 20

WaAMOINIS So 2 voice ce siete steelommnatns « 65, 65 Gdicnemus bistriatus..-...---.--.-- 20

WADIA A LOUS Se hia ob ae ee teen oie earns 255 |} yocifers, Algialites.< .....2 cc.cce.cne-s- 101, 102, 104

CHP ON AA Sass 5 Sas 5 eoeo tien eae asia 255 I at CUla- cee acs sack osece ctelewises 102

Squatarola.......... SE ee a eee 78 || vociferus,)Aeialites..... cscs se-qs--0me~e- 101

PITS oe ese ocaa a) ctoayerciaia sin ele sia aieinaacte 7 INCGIANILES som cwice ees spenecneeeee 102, 104

Maul ADUISs (ASALCIA. < -aicmiimne shia 21:5 <ieiniedsicin 11, 13,14 VE PIAS sence os Sateguesseseeene 101

INMAMENTUSS =< donc Je:2 ce. ai2-< anes 261, 264 CharadtitiSecaccecerie see 98, 100, 101, 104

IRALESR Aso Sac5- teeta eeee se 7, 11, 13, 14 6; Charadrius - on coee sc ele eecsem'= 104

PeliGu a: § seas ee aeenn-e wasee tice 262 Charadrius (Mgialitis).........--- 104

INGA asueseest San eee 261 Oxy CCHUS: = a-crnineenee ceeeaae 102, 104

variegata, Cepphus grylle var............-.-- 736 VOCIOLUS =. ccaeee teste 99

ROM ase eben ae seecete .o-- 249, 255 Scolopass-s- sence ea aneeeeee= 336

TRIN GAY He 5 ticlanin amet sees wiciemeryaias 224 MOLANIISae. seek celeweteticceeee acces 336

Vanleratus, Numenius: 2)... «ca s<agsniaase S07 Wt villzanis; AT enone sese coc cistmielaclesineee sielnee= 314

DHBOPUSS =k amma 397 Cataractesss-.cesceoseee cee esepmece 680 .

Pheopus pheeopus.......-.-.-- 397, 399 GallinakOessen ces -5ecescieecieceisce'sie 171

Tantalus....... aes dae eo scie 397 Osiralegus s-cs5. -acemaseccncnne' 32

Motanus).4.—ch-sseesseeeucce cece 385 PY SOPUS eee se caceise selesieeemowinieiats 402

Wanlos) Charadrius... :~.---.+.ss-sdasaseseaer= 73 Phalaropuss=--sc2e- see osasoncee sss 429

vanellus-.-<sceueserins---~ 89 Rusticolasjassencsecebeeceace sas 149, 154

TATUS-§ <5 = 3)<,21s:1-5.5.551- Sere eeeae 616 Wan Olhtis tose dace te eceetaicisiaaia le 67

PUUVISLIS: << 55 <<< ae caste sis crise tees 7

Wanelliish=<\.. .- 5 « -usteete eee ssiaeeic 7 W.

Weare purses c-- 0-2 ce oo homens 583, 584, 618,620 | Wandering Tattler..........-.-.------------ 367

BrpenttatUs=c< - saecccee ease ces 620" I Warneckt WaruSs...- 02. ~ ae ecinneneeie sa 575

Valo aeeseeans eerie 620 | Water-hen, Spur-winged..........----.----- 8,11

VOLOk) (CCLOCMEIG OL. 2. - senate cee BeceAVeSbeEN Gill se se cones cet ae oAnsceacecast re 610

WELOLE Sstieceeeisce cs ncn atten 145, 146, 182, 183 Sand piper: seeviae-iccanaemenisccee= 215

Ledge tee ee eo Bae ae 182, 183, 184 Solitary Sandpipers ---..-----s-5+ 363

heomasticd: 252... geesecete <= LS2,) 108, 292 DWV Otro se testes repo latsteiaivelaiareminteiete 319

TAP PONICH eee eeteisiscis Susser 182-183) | Wiest Indian Jacana <.. a. --ece emcee nerininine= 13

DAter A 2s ese cee es PSSSUS TSO WIE DLCl eo ae ea ante cece cietewinjclamieinteinl=i—=i= i= 397

lapponicgeees. sec. 1835087; 185 al eWibiskered AWKIGb soc co- scsestes om aenise'en is = 771

MGC ORSNE GlObUSs sees cr ues tesa cle siniecicie oe 329 POM ae ees eee caine saeas 528

852 INDEX.
Page. Page.
WihibevAv0Ceb aS. iscecccctae'anie jae te cise eis A40i:)\e WalSon’sy PIO Vel enucec eee ses ee ieee eee 108
-capped Noddy, Caribbean........-.. 554 DRIPC! eee Cee ee ee ce ee eee 172
GodWit=ceccdens te ccecete enone sme 440 | winterfeldti, Charadrius. .................... 61
from Hudson Bay......... 194,195 | winterfeldtii, Charadrius..................... 61
Tern, Ha wala acess: - ae sceetec es 559" Woodcock: Ses sae tereck ee rete eet 150
“winged Black Termit?? 2. 2occes-- coe 536 ATTIOMICAN@ 22s Secc tes Ske eee et 155
WHlIGt aascem ecto fect cose aaeieeeeeseres 315 Spotted'44:-2e¢ ase eM os
RVVIGSUELINGe semi = cto ceietaicran ates eta sjatne ata 319: i Wood cocks sss 222 SS saan saeeee ea saree tee 146.
WwilligiDsil, Phalaropus= .--cscsescsc<s sees 429: || Wood Sandpiper ssn eis ascas- ee eee oe oe 347
Wilsonians, Mi pialttis. ...thtsssec cc cassia. 111,113 | worcesteri, Megalopterus minutus. .......... = 553
Wilsonianus, ANSIAliLess wesc esses eeiaicteas ss 111 MicranouSs.2<2is- ee ssceeee ee ae 553
Wilsoni; ACtOdromMas cs cocccsccccseceecsase 299 MiInUtUS se. Soest 555
NCI tISt oeoesee cnconceet ese cec tes 111 | wrangeli, Brachyrhamphus............... 746, 748
Catharacta maccormicki............ 676 | wrangelii, Brachyramphus.................. 748
CHaragrivisttteccoree cece ecece sects. 112 Brachyrhamphus. <2 22-0 2sess24-4 748
UM TOMMAS Tete c ceis tse cjncee sce oss 114 | wrangelli, Brachyrhamphus............-..- 748
Gallinago..... Batecccennace esses V7, 175 | swrinkvia Uris se sack te eee eee eee 720
COBIOSTIS ees seererciarsinra alters 176 | wumizusume, Anobapton (Synthliboram-
PaliNnaria oct sce sconces 176 DHUS) See eee 756
Walle ere cio Setctere ict 176 Synthliboramphus ......-..-. 756
MOC aaa eee aceee eee ners 176 Synthliborhamphus.......-. 756
Eiaticula ssc s-ence EEE tees eee r ee 111 Uriave tees 753, 754, 755, 756, 760
FOG POGIIS SATs. aie oink won miei crest *434 | wurmizusume, Mergulus...... 2020-25-52 -2 2. 756
Hiv GroCOCrOpiss: a. ce cticceececc sacs 498 Synthliborhamphus... 753,754, 756
Megalestris maccormicki..........-.. 676 x
Ochthodromas:c-oecsab aso s oe 112,113,114 :
IPD Alar OpUS se cts cree = settee eae 423,434 | xanthocheilus, Charadrius.................. 93
(Holopodius) 22-2. 434 Plirvialis? 3.26 ocstcoseees 93
SCOlOPak= cece -ocecem cco ascsens UL, V74077 ||| Xentus’s!Murreletst te eee eae 752
gallinagosse tea. case oe 176) ||| Kemavt Sos. ec 2teee ease thence 564, 658, 659, 662
Squatardlactic. 2. 2sc ss tesccceenen 79 atricilles:)c2tt 2 Sees se eee eee 640, 641
DPCRANOQUS selec cccciccx sides eiaewegs 434, 435 DOMAPArbiis tt eece ew etereralctacteete 648
DCCA s-. oes nsas cee sese sce esse aes 498 CANT SS ris Sratatoete cles atstatarce ota 631
Telmatias (Scolopax).........-..--- 176 collanissit<22¢ttceet cha tite secrets 668
SITIO Atte ee Seta tees coe rere 299 (Creagrus) furcatazs.2 22st ee eee 661
WiSOMI. ACTOMFOMAS. -. scscies se cpsicie cic micic 299 frankiiniin2ctoesetticceck ee see eee 644
PALAIS eee eee ee =e reese n= 11 ALIN CGE =o Se iat crac ors eine alee nse’ etna aes 661
AISCRIODARe So ese se few cet e eee sae 176 TULCALUI Sos See ec eee 661
@HArAdTIUS: ofcccse- cscasens cece sce 111 Turcatustetse ste ee2 bic See ee 661
Gallin ar Orasccest scans ects esis .</< 175,176 TMUMUaees ee nee sttoos sane aeons 651
gallinaria var....-....... 176 THINULOIN Ss 24 cee ee ees eee oem eee 651
scolapacina Var........... 176 THAMES 215222 22428 SADE eee eee 651
FEOLOPOGIUS sae nese es =< ste e eee 434 Dipixcan 56 o6c2 fos eee eee 644
WODIPOS = os ata ne cance - eemaee cee 423, 434 Sabineic i so20e eet eee ee eee 667, 668
Pelidna (Actodromas).............. 299 Sabinirmireteeeas sae see csae eee 663, 665, 668
PRSIALOPUS sc as eset essence eese 400) 433; Sabinti Stee ios «see ean eee 666, 667
SS COLOD A Sense eteies sete ere op. ase cease 174,175 tridactylum” S263. 2fShce ee aan eoetee 570
DUCCANODUS-. Sag. nom ooree eos er es 434 wilsonlice-. ee oan eae eee 641
SS TOIIS aaa cer eee tee cree 498 ||| Mylocdta see ete oc teeta eee 159
SAN PS « syotijn os name aweiness sce 299
ENOMIA see eect eee ccs n cues 641 Ne
Wilsonia, AUSTALITIS: ...ces sou etc ce beae sae 111,113 Yellow Legs.......---- +--+. +++-es2-eseseee 337
CHSTAGTIUS! cio ae nese eos 107,110, 113 Greater. ns... ele ee ee eee anes 330
Ochthodromus.. 22 2a. ee 113 “shank... -.-. +--+. 2-2e2seeee eee ee eee 339
wilsonia. 220.22... 111 Zs
AC OMA eects e celeste eters cye.c Sacre sn LOS sit Zarapetad cates -<2.2deecece see ee eed 149.
Wusomla tcc 22s. .2.-- LOS 12 1B ME ZATADI LAs cae cn cece sna d eerie aes 149
WilSOniUS; AS PIAlICES ce cc cmen cco t na ceccse LLO LESS || ZarapluO: o-oo verses als sean ote omar meneaee 149
JEgialitis...-.. eee siete, arate 113.) Fzonatus, Alegialites ....25:--0...sae tones 128
ALB LALUTLS Seine exe = ce ete cipacesles curse 2 110 Charadrius....... See Seen eee 128
Charagruss. o.oo comet coe tek SOLO INS iP AGRI DY kewes come ween gone cs ciaceane aa aaeee 64
Octhodronmus-sc-eccresactacaaae 111,113 |. zonorhynchus, Gavina..........---2+--.--9< 627
wilsonius var...... 1li TEATUS. 0. fe mn ois ence eae 626, 627
Walson’S*EHalarcpe:..--..22 sc cess clases tne 431 (Glaucus) peo. --eee 627

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. |
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2. APHRIZA virgata. 3. ARENARIA interpres.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM | BUELERIN ING. 50).PART is) PES ont

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|. E@DICNERNUS bistriatus.

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2. OXYECHUS vociferus.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. II]

HAEMATOPUS palliatus.

2. HOPLOXYPTERUS cayanus.

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. V

PLUVIALIS dominicus.
2. CHARADRIUS hiaticula

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2. LIMNODROMUS griseus.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. X

1. PAGOLLA wilsoniz. 2. ACTITIS macularia.

4. EREUNETES pusillus.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. Xl

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XII

!. ARQUATELLA maritima.

2. PELIDNA sakhalina.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XIII

1. PISOBIA maculata.

3. CATOPTROPHORUS semipalmatus.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XIV

2. TOTANUS totanus.

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50, PART 8, PL. XV

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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U. &. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XVI

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|. HETE *OSCELUS incanus.

2. BARTRAMIA longicauda.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL XVII.

2. EROLIA ferruginea.

NUMENIUS arquatus.

50, PART 8, FL. XVIII

BULLETIN NO.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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50, PART 8, PL. XIX

BULLETIN NO.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XX

RECURVIROSTRA americana.

2, GELOCHELIDON nilotica,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. Xx{

HIMANTOPUS mexicanus.

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2. RYNCHOPS nigra.

U. $. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XXII

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HYDROPROGNE caspia.

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2. STERNULA antillarum.

BULLETIN NO. 50, PART &, PL. XXIII

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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2. HYDROCHELIDON surinamensis.

U. &. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XXIV

1. PHAETUSA chloripoda.

2. GYGIS alba.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XXV

Upper

|. STERNA hirundo.

2. Sterna (ONYCHOPRION) fuscata.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XXVI

1. ANOUS stclidus.

2. MEGALOPTERUS atlanticus.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XXVII

1. RISSA tridactyla.

2. PAGOPHILA alba.

3 LARUS marinus.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BLASIPUS heerman

2. HYDROCOLCUS minutus.

BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XXVIII

3. XEMA sabini.

5. RHODOSTETHIA rosea.

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XXIX

|. MEGALESTRIS skua.

2. COPROTHERES pomarinus,

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XXX

2. URIA troille.

3, PLAUTUS alle. 4, CEPPHUS columba,

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XXXI

1. PINGUINUS impennis.

2, ALCA torda,

BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XXXII

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PART 8, PL. XXXIV

!. FRATERCULA arctica.

2. LUNDA cirrhata.

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