ARE Nop oN i me SOs AA ns ie i) ene eed: 4 7 ah iby ug wet pan 7 ry . ma eh ere aa . Brey} is Me he : Ha 7 ei pare as teat : 7 es ee : i eae we Ae Pye 5 ae aH pe U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 99 PL. | LAKE > RUDOLF = eae BRITI 7eMt. Marsabit Mr Lololokw: Mr. Elgon % os Se one Mr Gargueste cain a) aie nu pas? TE a we Po eM KeniaW wills ie SERENGET! Q sla -—~PLAINS Mt. Kili manjatiye] : « Rehan AU Ie Nigh iS FAO, See RG aeY NG 8 19 MPa At PSECU CORA 6 240 ci 3 Stan 2 Sealants oe a wt ers Scie ible ae tein wisi « 25 Hamily Prinaceidse fae baie cc epee asieess ~~ cians clo cigeie pi nialelanien oh sociale nie 'eio = 25 1. Erinaceus albiventris hindei Thomas............----.----------- 26 Pamily Macroscelidse... ecbs- 2 2.5 se ees= 2 otee aietel PEN coe 28 2. Rhynchocyon petersi petersi Bocage-....-...-------+----++-++-+> 28 8. Cercoctenus sultan sultan (Thomas).............-.-----+----+-+-- 29 4, Cercoctenus sultan sangi (Heller)... Dh arena pene Lhe. Sere. 29 5. Nasilio brachyrhynchus delamerei (Thomas). Sasha GR SEROUS 2 31 6. Nasilio brachyrhynchus albiventer Osgood............----------- 3h 7, Elephantulus rufescens rufescens (Peters).....-.---------------- 33 8. Elephantulus rufescens mariakane Heller .........------------- 33 9, Elephantulus rufescens pheeus Heller.......-.-.-------------+-- 33 10, Elephantulus rufescens dundasi Dollman.......--.-.----------- 30 1t. Elephantulus rufescens boranus (Thomas).........------.------- 36 12. Elephantulus rufescens rendilis Lénnberg......----..------------ 36 13. Elephantulus rufescens delicatus Dollman. .......-.-.---------- 36 Bamiby Soreidse) 2). .uc.6 on ete sees + cee sit aie te rissa Ries Rann esae 37 14« Surdisorex nore Thomas jess = he eee Hea slo tks mie minions 37 15. Surdisorex polulus Hollister... ......---.---------------++---+- 37 16. Sylvisorex gemmeus Heller. ........--------------+++++ee eee ee 39 17. Sylvisorex mundus Osgood... .......-.---------2 +2222 essere 39 18. Pachyura lixa equatoria Heller ........--. eerie ge piri hab ay ee 4h 19. Crocidura nyanse nyanse Neumann...........-.-------+-------- A2 20. Crocidura nyanse kijabe Allen. .........--.-----+---+---++-+--+ 48 21. Crocidura daphnia Hollister.........-...-----+-----+-+---+++++- 45 99 Grocidura.aurures Heller... 82520 Nae ae igh e SSE ein i Sa 46 23. Crocidura hindei Thomas......../23-4 i225 2-2-2-- FE eae h. ao 46 BAS Craeiduba. Witrella ire lense oc) sere artesian a assis te Rae eee eal 46 25. Crocidura, parvipes parvipes Osgood.......-.....----------++-+-- 47 26. Crocidura parvipes nisa Hollister..........-.-.-------------+---- 47 27. Crocidura percivali Dollman. .........-------------------- EP 50 98. Oractaurasuahele Hellers3:/skaaseee eae ek eet ese om =a 50 29. Crocidura simiolus Hollister.........-..------.0+--e-+ eee eee eee 5] S60. Grocidura mutese Heller-v.. 2 so Sessa Soci aes eae =n 5k $1. Crocidura turba nilotica Heller..............---------+--++22--2- 5h 32, Crocidura turba zaodon Osgood.......--...---------2e22e cere ee oO 33. Crocidura fumosa fumosa Thomas. ........-.----------+-222+2+> 55 34, Crocidura fumosa schistacea Osgood..........-.---+------ eres 59 85. Crocidura fumosa selina Dollman........:.-.....-.-----+--+---- 59 36. Crocidura raineyi Heller.......... 2.2... -00--0-- 2-22 ete e eee eee 60 37. Crocidura jacksoni Thomas. .....- PET ehh ese ies 2h ey Lap Ey 60 38. Crocidura hildegardes hildegardeze Thomas...........----------- 4 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS, Order Insectivora—Continued. Family Soricidee—Continued. Page. 39. Crocidura hildegardese altee Heller....................-..---000- 65 40. Crocidura bicolor elgonius,Oscoods: 2. 42 292-2 2. te ee tenes ene 65 4). Crocidura bicolorplaniceps Heller: *. 220.2 4c ates oe on ee 67 43. Crociduraallex allex Osgood 22. .2..250 ose eee eee See eee 67 43. Crocidura:allex:alpina: Heller 3 :2-c2 ce eee ae ee 68 44. Crocidura roosevelt, (Heller). 2.2....ct 5. sees oe Sera: 68 45... Crocidura mautises ‘Thomad../.52.22 524s eee eee eee tee 68 46..Crocidura:littoralis: Heller: 222.3. .0 see eee eee. eee 70 Order Chiroptera. <2. siead- asses Beene ee eo eee Se eee 70 Family Pteropides. 2 log rar dhanets Staaten o Sle jal ane eee re ee ee 70 47. Rousettus angolensis (Boc O06). 0 eka Ress See ei Oe eee 70 48. Eidolon helvum. (Kerr) 2%. ..02.-i5c.ee cei cenae ee eee ee pl 49. Epomophorus wahlbergi haldemani (Hallowell).................- 7] 50. Epomophorus minor Dobson. -2222 23 se20 1-2 oe ete ee eee 7 51. -Epomophorus anurus Heuglin® (2-2 -- 252s esc2e- o-oo eee ay Family, Rhinepomide .2.." soso. sesiee se oceans eens eae ee 7] 52. Rhinopoma. cystops Thomass..2-2ew se. ae ee) ao eee eee eee 72 family Emballonuridseivssirss oceans een tae tee eee 72 da: Coleura aira (Peters): 2¢4.02.52 She) Ve ee Oe ee ae oe 72 54, ‘Taphozousmauritianus Geonroy ss 74 Sea oe eee eae 73 5d. Taphozous perforatus Geoliroy..- J. 522 242-2 sacs cee oe ee 73 Ramily Petalimdseso-24s.055e0-ne oe nm SLT Saath orate SERPS Re eee Re ee 73 56. Petalia‘arcé (Thomas). sc dogo sa ee ee ee eee 73 57. Petalia nana, Abdersem:2 2's Soe aes se he cea ae 73 58: Petalia hispida .(Schreber) sce) suede Seat Cee eee eo eee 74 bo. Petalia aurita Andersen’ oc Gutl coke eet ee ee ene 74 60. Petalia ethiopica tethiopica (Dobson):: --0 2k cc ee eee ee 74 GL. Petalia ethiopics luiteola (Thomas):42222 0. 228 eee eee 74 amily Mecadermide ©. 22. 5 3icdt Sno Oe eects ee eee 76 62... Lavia frons.rex: Miller... <%. 2. 020d 4a ee ee 77 63. Lavia frons affinis Andersen and Wroughton..................-.- 80 64. Cardioderma,:cor (Peters). 3.2. eee ee 81 Family Rhinolophidee..=..24 0. eeeeeee Sa ee ee 81 65. Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Peters. .....J.2..2. <6) 5:. 0-0. 0eee 84 66.. Rhinolophus eloquens: Andersons. 3024. es Seek eee eee 84 67... Rhinolophus kentensis' Hollister... so. sseeceesren seen eee 84 68. Rhinolophus lobatus' Peters. |. -< uses oe ec eee ee eee 84 Family Hipposideriday. 222225 yc ceca ooo toe ree Sn e ee aeieres 85 69. Hipposideros caffer (Sundevall).......... iach She Dee see 85 70; Hipposideros tuber. (Noack)ecss jasc: aus se ate ee ee ere 85 71. Hipposideros commersonii marungensis (Noack).. biaS SUIT oe anaes 88 v2. Asellia tridens. (Geollroy) .vion. oo eee oe cee ee ee ee eee 88 Family Vespertilicnida=.2 7. ss,..05,. 342, Sees ee ee ee 88 73. Myotis hildevardex Thomasi.... 5 .W a. see ue eae ee 89 74., Pipistrellus nanus (Petera)si% 20s eee ee eee 89 : 7, Pipistreilus helios- Hellen: 2: Vsicecs 2h Soa ee eee eae 90 76. -Pipistrellus aero EH ellers.u. 5.282 cose a oo oe ce eee 30 77. Pipiatrellus kuhlii fuscatusPhomas, 20.25.41 oe eee eee ae 90 78.. Pipistrellus riippelit (Pischer) 2-22. 2 Suaeese ee eee eee 90 79. Eeptesicusphasma Allon..12..j225 sae sceeeaen See ere 92 80. Eptesicus tenuipinnis (Peters) .--ss2- aan te se ae ees 92 81. Eptesicus capensis somalicus (Thomas).............-...--seesee00 92 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 7 Order Chiroptera—Continued. Family Vespertilionide—Continued. Page. 82. Eptesicus ugandze Hollister. ...-...-.0----22-eeeee cece ee eee eeee 92 83. Eptesicus grandidieri (Dobson).....-..-----++-+--e++--+-e---255 93 84. Nycticeius africanus Allen........---------222e-seee seer ee eeees 93 85. Scotcecus hindei Thomas...........--<...-0ccc esc cecncccecscese 94 86. Scotcecus albigula Thomas..........--------22----ceee cence neces 94 87. Scotophilus nigrita colias Thomas...........--.---+---+-2e-2eeceee 94 88. Miniopterus natalensis arenarius Heller. ......-.--.------+-+-+-+ 95 Family Molossidee..........----.- 2-02 2e2e cece eee cece cece eet ee ere cececs 95 89. Cherephon pumilus pumilus (Cretzschmar).......-------+-+-++- 95 $0. Cherephon pumilus naivashe Hollister........-..-..-------+-+-- 98 91. Cherephon hindei (Thomas). ........-..----+---e-+eee cree eeeee 98 92. Cheerephon limbatus (Peters).........---.------e22e 2 eee eeceees 98 93. Cherephon emini (de Winton)............-.-2------e2eeeeseeeee 98 94. Nyctinomus egyptiacus Geoffroy......-.-----------+-2-eeeeeeeee 100 IST CANIN VOT e ee eae ne eee ela eee eiale Sima iain aa falel ae etete ini= lteter 101 Bamily Canidee. 22.2... 5 2-22.52 - Soe iels Saw cae smn ee a aale e alestice en ecianes 101 95. Thos adustus bweha Heller. si ..:cc 2 toss sie esc elecls sen 101 96° Thos adustus notatus Heller: co .2..-/. 22 nic cetecrsenice ee elsle eo taiele'- 102 97. Thos aureus variegatus (Cretzschmar).........-..--------+-++---- 102 §3."Thos aureus bea Heller. 2... damsct qcie te cotisjats steeieh Waiee o'vie els 102 99. Thos mesomelas elgone Heller...........-....---------------5> 103 100. Thos mesomelas memillani Heller. ..............----2-----00-- 103 ° 101. Lycaon pictus lupinus Thomas........-.----------++22+-2+++5-- 109 102. Otocyon canescens Cabrera........--------+-2eeee eee e eee e eee dil 103. Otocyon virgatus Miller............-..--.----- eee eee eee ee eee 111 Family Mustelidse.....-....------..c0cee eens cence neces eecieessccecceeee 112 104. Mellivora abyssinica Hollister.............-.--22---e--eeeeeeee 112 105. Mellivora sagulata Hollister................--2--02---see eee eeee 114 106. Ictonyx striatus albescens Heller............----------++-+-+++: 114 107. Aonyx capensis hindei (Thomas)..........---2222eeeeeeeeeeee-- U5 108. Aonyx capensis helios Heller..... BU so Semedpe 44s wees dae tee 115 Hamil y: Viverridee. 2: 2 c-c-c 2.2 0ck-seece-sesdeceesonese sees assess ster 115 109. Viverra civetta orientalis Matschie.................--2------ee-- 116 110. Genetta dongalana neumanni Matschie.............------------ 117 Pit Genetta bettont Phomas® “othe e esses 2s os Soca caw oe se Sacinn wes 118 112. Genetta stuhlmanni stuhlmanni Matschie...............-------- 118 113. Genetta stuhImanni erlangeri Matschie...........-..---------+- 119 114. Genetta pumila Hollister..........-.....--.-2------ eee cece ee ece 120 115. Nandinia binotata arborea Heller..................----+----+-> 120 116. Mungos dentifer Heller. ..............---------- +e eee e eee e eee 124 117. Mungos sanguineus parvipes Hollister......-...-..--------+++-++- 124 118. Mungos sanguineus ibese Wroughton. .........--..------+2---++- 125 119. Mungos sanguineus orestes Heller...........-.---------+--+++-++:- 128 120. Mungos sanguineus rendilis Lénnberg..........-----------+-+-: 126 121. Mungos ichneumon funestus Osgood.........-.---------+---0-+- 126 122. Atilax paludinosus robustus (Gray)..-......--------++---e2eeee 126 123. Atilax paludinosus rubescens (Hollister).......--.-.-----+--+--+- 127 124. Ichneumia albicauda ibeana (Thomas)...........----------++s: 130 125. Ichneumia albicauda dialeucos (Hollister) .........------------ 131 126. Helogale undulata affinis Hollister...........------+-----2ee-2+: 132 127. Helogale undulata rufula Thomas............---------+22+e2ee 132 128. Helogale undulata atkinsoni Thomas..........---22--:++++2+-++- 132 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Order Carnivora—Continued. Family Viverride—Continued. 129 130 131 132 . Helogale hirtula ahlselli Lénnberg.....................----006- . Bdeogale jackson (Thomas) 3/208. . 5. is'gsseicidiles 4c So'vcle ewe eee . Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora Heller ..................-...-.--- . Crossarchus fasciatus colonus Heller...............-.-.20-2e2e00+ Family Protelidce ss: 3 s22 sca cescc eee ces’. ook Lee cern tet oo arent 133 ; Proteles'cristatus termes teller-23-. .2-2 ssc eee eee eee ee eee Family: Hyvonidee 2-014 ac oirode So co cies oieu sso clelate Pe enne toe tae acta a ee 134 135 136 137 138 139 . Hysena hyzena schillingst Matschie. .. << 2/2052 seaeeen soso ss nin 2 . Hyeena hyeena bergeri Matschie............-...- 2.2 e eee e eee . Hyena dubia Schings.c<... 3. 37oss- 2 acta oe eee eet eaee eee ae nee . Crocuta crocuta germinans (Matschie) .............. HOUR Seance . Crocuta.crocuta fist. Heller: 22222. scotia ees cece cemetreetsnts . Crocuta crocuta leontiewi (Satunin)...................-----20- Family Folidsejceio543: tatoo has Soe esses lee een eee 140. 141. 142. 143. 144, 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. Acinonyx jubatus raineyi Heller. -........:.. 202 ccs seseeess Acinonyx jubatus velox Heller: ..-.222-:2.~2cs.b-scnce emacs eee Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii (Fitzinger).................---- Felis leo massaica Neumann: : 22 2./J..5.02 2S rece eeee se eee Felis leo :nyanzee Helletiit. 922 ics ots se set a tas oe ee eee Felis:leo somaliensis Noacks...c2:.. 33.22 acees see eee ete aes Felis leo roosevelt, Hellerssiy 2222.0 eee Sab hee eee Felis pardus pardus Linnveus:-.2.-.52 2-2 <2 ses eee s ee ese e eee Felis pardus ‘chu Heller: : 2. 22) Saab ease eee eee Felis pardus suahelica Neumann...............-.-2.222-see0-0 Belis‘fortisrHeller: 5. 22.6 se S24 cca eee ren See oo ae eee orate Felis capensis hindei Wroughton............22..02000s.2ceecces Felis ocreata nandse Heller .. 3050220128) sD ein eteceeees Felis ocreata taite Heller... .. 22.525. 0 see eee as enmes a Felis torquata Cuviers: ..cssteccese e's cite seen uae ecee cee Lynx caracal nubicus (Fischer)..2. (2. 6.522.202. nce eee eee Explanation of plates.............. Goes chee Sosa set's cies ats 3 Soma romeo a Helisideo roosevelti Helletic. 2 2c ccc c4 ais eee Cee ee ee ee 186 44-45. 5 Felis pardus chui Heller... so'..00. 2 2.4 bs ee eee ee eee 186 46-47. Felis pardus fortis Heller Felis fortis...........-./0.-0seecceecscace- 186 48-49 Felis ocreata natide:, Heller. oi... a... S26 saceee as eee eee eee 186 o0-ol.. Felis:ocreata, taite: Heller... ssc 4c .28s onset oe et ae eee 186 52., Skull of wild-killed male East African lion..................e2ce-eeeece 186 53. Skull of park-reared male Hast African lion..................-e-22-eeee- 186 54. Skulls of park-reared and wild-killed East African lionesses............- 186 55. Skulls of wild-killed and park-reared lions (occipital views). .........--- 186 EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Part I. INSECTIVORA, CHIROPTERA, AND CARNIVORA. By N. Ho.uister, Superintendent, National Zoological Park, Washington. INTRODUCTION. Many special papers on the extensive collection of mammals from Eastern Equatorial Africa preserved in the United States National Museum have been published since the accumulation of this material began. These papers have been written by various specialists, and for the greater part consist of descriptions of new forms or reports on the collections of certain expeditions. No attempt has before been made to furnish a list of all the material in the museum, based on what amounts to monographic work in each group and careful identification of every specimen. Such a list is the basis of the pro- posed work of which the present section is the first part. It is hoped that the entire East African collection can be listed in a similar manner in a bulletin completed in three parts. Part I consists of the reports on the insectivorous mammals (Order Insectivora), the bats (Order Chiroptera), and the carnivores (Order Carnivora). In addition to the lists of specimens carefully determined according to modern standards of systematic mammalogy, pertinent notes which seem worthy of preservation for future workers on the taxon- omy and life histories of East African mammals are presented under the various generic, specific, and subspecific headings. What it is hoped will prove even more useful to systematic mammalogists are the extensive tables of measurements of individual specimens which have been made as a basis for preliminary work in each group, and which are published with the report. The material in the collection, consisting almost wholly of well- prepared specimens with accurate data, has been assembled during many years from numerous sources. While many sections of the area treated are almost unrepresented in the collection by specimens of most groups, the mass of material accumulated from certain large areas far surpasses in numbers and importance that preserved in any other museum. This is the natural result of the efforts of the compe- 11 TS BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tent field naturalists who accompanied the larger and more extensive expeditions, and the foresight and energy of the museum authorities in the organization and maintenance of the work. GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS. East Africa, or rather Eastern Equatorial Africa, in the present connection includes all the area indicated in figure 1. This territory ir con Fic. 1.—Map OF AFRICA WITH SHADED AREA SHOWING THE REGION COVERED BY THIS REPORT. is divided politically among several nations. In listing specimens the following major divisions are regularly used in the sequence indi- cated: Eritrea, French Somali, British Somali, Sudan, Abyssinia, Lado, Uganda, Italian Somali, British East Africa, Zanzibar, German Kast Africa. — EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 13 BRIEF HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE COLLECTION. In addition to minor accessions, often of great value, the bulk of the material in the East African mammal collections has been gath- ered by special zoological exploring expeditions, organized by patrons of the museum or by the Smithsonian Institution itself. The first important mammal collection to reach the museum from eastern Africa was made by Dr. W. L. Abbott on his journey to Mount Kilimanjaro, 1887-1890, and was presented by him to the museum. It contained about 170 specimens, which were reported upon in 1892 by Dr. F. W. True.!. Five new species were described at this time from Doctor Abbott’s collection, one of which (Cephalophus spadiz) has only recently been rediscovered. Doctor Abbott left Zanzibar in the last days of November, 1887, and marched from Saadani, on the coast, to Kidudwe, about 90 miles inland, where he remained about five weeks. A side trip of two marches was made from here into the Nguru Mountains. He returned to Zanzibar in January, 1888. In February, 1888, he marched from Pangani, German East Africa, up the valley of the Ruva River (Pan- gani River) to Taveta. From Taveta numerous expeditions about the southern slopes of Kilimanjaro (Chaga), to Aruchu-wa-chini, and about the plains east of Kilimanjaro were made. A march down to the coast at Mombasa was made during the last days of January, 1889, and the next month he returned to Taveta. Trips were again made into Aruchu-wa-chini and to southeastern Chaga, and he then marched from Taveta northward to Kimangelia and to a swamp some 50 miles north of Kilimanjaro. The return to Taveta was made by way of the Kyulu Mountains (Ongolea Mountains on some maps). This was followed by a six months’ stay in and about Moschi, in ~Chaga, south of Kilimanjaro, and the return to Mombasa in Feb- ruary, 1890. Altogether, many hundreds of miles of marches were made in the neighborhood of Kilimanjaro, and large collections of birds and other material, as well as of mammals, were made. The birds have been reported upon by Dr. H. C. Oberholser.’ In 1893 Doctor True published a short paper * describing a small collection of mammals made by William Astor Chanler and Lieut. Ludwig von Hohnel on the Tana River. This material was presented to the United States National Museum by the collectors. During the summer of 1908, while on a sporting trip to the Guas Ngishu and Laikipia Plateaus, British East Africa, Mr. John Jay White preserved specimens of large mammals, about 30 in number, which he presented to the Museum. These were reported upon by 1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 15, pp. 445-480. 1892. 2 Birds collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott in the Kilimanjaro region, Wast Africa, Proc, U. 8S, Nat. Mus., vol, 28, pp. 823-936. 1905. * Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 16, pp. 601-603. 1893 14 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the present writer in 1910. On subsequent trips Mr. White added to this collection. A few mammals collected by the Hon. Hoffman Philip, minister resident and consul general, Adis Ababa, Abyssinia, were presented by him to the Museum in 1910. The Hon. Alexander W. Weddell, American consul at Zanzibar, sent to the National Museum as a gift 2 few mammals collected by himself during the year 1911. By far the most important contributions to the East African col- lection were made by two larger.and more thoroughly equipped expeditions in the field from 1909 to 1912—the Smithsonian African Expedition and the Paul J. Rainey Expedition. The Smithsonian African Expedition, which was first officially proposed by President Roosevelt in a letter to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution dated June 20, 1908,? was made possible through the generosity of friends of the Smithsonian Institution, who provided a special fund to pay for the outfitting and to meet the expenses of the naturalists who accompanied the expedition. The management of the expedition was under the direction of Col. Theo- dore Roosevelt, who defrayed all of his own expenses and those of his son, Mr. Kermit Roosevelt. The naturalists who accompanied him ur the interests of the museum were Lieut. Col. Edgar A. Mearns, United States Army, retired; Mr. Edmund Heller; and Mr. J. Alden Loring. Doctor Mearns gave special attention to birds; Mr. Heller to the preservation of the larger mammals killed by Colonel Roosevelt and Kermit Roosevelt; and Mr. Loring devoted his time mainly to the collection of small mammals. . The party sailed from New York on March 23, 1909, landed in Mombasa on April 21, and journeyed over the Uganda railroad to Kapiti Plains, British East Africa, where a preliminary camp was established. Actual work commenced on the near by Athi Plains on April 24, when Colonel Roosevelt procured the first antelopes for the collection. Hunting and collecting were carried on in this general region until almost June 1, during which time the country east and northeast of Nairobi was well covered. After several days’ collecting at Nairobi the party left on the rail- road for Kijabe, June 3. On June 5 the safari started for the Sotik. Collections were constantly made throughout the journey southward to the Loita Plains, the members of the expedition separating into groups and making camps at the most favorable localities for special work. On the return trip to the railroad, which was reached at Naivasha Station about August 1, considerable time was spent m work at Lake Naivasha. The safari left Naivasha for the north on 1 Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 1-12. March 31, 1910, 2 Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ending June 36, 1909, p. 8. 1909. EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM, 15 August 8, crossed the Naivasha Plains and the Aberdare Mountains, and reached Nyeri on August 11. Operations were carried on in this northern country until late in October. The party, as before, divided as seemed best to cover the ground thoroughly, and the Laikipia Plateau, Northern Guaso Nyiro, and Mount Kenia regions were very carefully worked. The next region to be covered was the Guas Ngishu Plateau. Leaving Nairobi on October 25 the expedition moved westward over the railroad to Londiana. The next day the safari left Londiana and moved northward toward Ravine. The Elgeyo Escarpment and Guas Ngishu Plateau were worked in a manner similar to the other regions, and much collecting was done, especially along the Nzoia River. The return to the railroad was made in late November. During the first half of December much miscellaneous collecting was done by the members of the expedition at various points along the railway. This included a special trip by Kermit Roosevelt to the coast region below Mombasa for sable antelopes. On December 18 the expedition left Nairobi on the railway for Victoria Nyanza.. The lake was crossed to Entebbe and headquarters established at Kampala December 21. March was made across Uganda by way of Hoima to Butiaba, which was reached January 5, 1910. The journey down the Nile now began and the expedition reached Wadelai on January 8. From here a special trip into the Lado Enclave was made. The principal object of this trip was the white rhinoceros, but all the members of the expedition made the most of the opportunity and gathered large collections. The journey down the Nile, by boat and by land, was resumed on February 3, and collections were made at every opportunity. Gondokoro was reached on February 17. While the small mammal and bird col- lectors remained in the vicinity of Gondokoro Colonel Roosevelt led an expedition on a side trip across the Nile and inland from Rejaf after giant elands. The northward journey was resumed on February 28; collections were made at frequent intervals and at several especially important localities; and the party disbanded at Khartoum the latter part of March, 1910. Colonel Roosevelt's preliminary report to the Secretary of the Smitb- sonian Institution, dated Khartoum, March 15, 1910, was as follows:' I have the honor to report that the Smithsonian African expedition, which was intrusted to my charge, has now completed its work. Full reports will be made later by the three naturalists, Messrs. Mearns, Heller, and Loring. 1 send this preliminary statement to summarize what has been done; the figures given are substantially accu- rate, but they may have to be changed slightly in the final reports. We landed in Mombasa on April 21, 1909, and reached Khartoum on March 14, 1910. On landing, we were joined by Messrs. R. J. Cuninghame and Leslie J. Tarlton; the 1 Report of the Secretary ofthe Smithsonian Institution for the year ending June 30, 1910, pp. 10-11. 1910. 16 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. former was with us throughout our entire trip, the latter until we left East Africa, and both worked as zealously and efficiently for the success of the expedition as any other member thereof. We spent eight months in British East Africa. We collected carefully in the various portions of the Athiand Kapiti plains, in the Sotik and around Lake Naivasha. Messrs. Mearns and Loring made a thorough biological survey of Mount Kenia, while the rest of the party skirted its western base, went to and up the Guaso Nyero and later visited the Uasin Gishu region and both sides of the Rift Valley. Messrs Kermit Roosevelt and Tarlton went to the Leikipia Plateau and Lake Hannington, and Dr. Mearns and Kermit Roosevelt made separate trips to the coast region near Mombasa. On December 19 the expedition left East Africa, crossed Uganda and went down the White Nile. North of Wadelai we stopped and spent over three weeks in the Lado, and from Gondokoro Kermit Roosevelt and I again crossed in to the Lado, spending eight or ten days in the neighborhood of Rejaf. In Gondokoro we were met by the steamer which the Sirdar, with great courtesy, had put at out disposal. On the way to Khartoum we made collectionsin Lake No, and on the Bahr-el-Ghazal and Bahr-el-Zeraf. Weowe our warmest thanks for the generous courtesy shown us and the aid freely given us, not only by the Sirdar, but by all the British officials in East Africa, Uganda, and the Sudan, and by the Belgian officials in the Lado; and this, of course, means that we are also indebted to the home governments of Egypt and Belgium. On the trip Mr. Heller has prepared 1,020 specimens of mammals, the majority of large sizes; Mr. Loring has prepared 3,163, and Doctor Mearns, 714, a total of 4,897 mammals. Of birds, Doctor Mearns has prepared nearly 3,100; Mr. Loring, 899; and Mr. Heller about 50, a total of about 4,000 birds. Of reptiles and batrachians, Messrs. Mearns, Loring, and Heller collected about 2,000. Of fishes, about 500 were collected. Doctor Mearns collected marine fishes near Mombasa and fresh-water fishes elsewhere in British East Africa, and he and Cuning- hame collected fishes in the White Nile. This makes in all of vertebrates: Mammals, 4,897; birds, about 4,000; reptiles and batrachians, about 2,000; fishes, about 500; total 11,397. The invertebrates were collected carefully by Doctor Mearns, with some assistance from Messrs. Cuninghame and Kermit Roosevelt. A few marine shells were collected near Mombasa, and land and fresh-water shells throughout the regions visited, as we as crabs, beetles, millipeda, and other invertebrates. Several thousand plants were collected throughout the regions visited by Doctor Mearns, who employed and trained for the work a Wunyamvezi named Makangarri, who soon learned how to make very good specimens and turned out an excellent man in every way. Anthropological materials were gathered by Doctor Mearns, with some assistance from others. = ETICOE Ua peme JOATY OIA N Oseny *s [x>* "GD" * S| KAGOTO Tals aa sae ie “sured ridey “"""op°" "| ZOF9T aaa ro ee 4 ee O CL |-"**fope""| Za0rer 77>" “77° STP BTOOyNT "IBMT | weeest | THAO[O[oT JUNO "x9g ‘ON “Aq11800] 98) BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. as dark brown. All the collectors note finding numbers of the spiny skins of the back, the fleshy parts of the animals having been eaten by some carnivorous bird or beast. For measurements of specimens see page 27 Family MACROSCELIDAs. Genus RHYNCHOCYON Peters. 1847. Rhkynchocyon Perers, Mon.-ber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. 36, (R. cirnet.) No specimens of these large and richly colored elephant-shrews were obtained by the Smithsonian African Expedition. The single specimen in the museum was collected in the coast region near Mombasa by the Rainey Expedition in 1911. The animals are evidently difficult to secure, or are much restricted in their dis- tribution. RHYNCHOCYON PETERS! PETERSI Bocage. 1880. Rhynchocyon petersi Bocaas, Journ. Sci., Math., Phys. Nat., Acad. Sci. Nat. Lisboa, vol. 7, p. 159. (Mainland of East Africa, region of Zanzibar; type in Museu Bocage, Lisbon.) 1900. Rhynchocyon petersi usambarae NeuMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., vol. 13, p. 542. (Usambara Mts., German East Africa; type in Berlin Museum.) 1912. Rhynchocyon petersi DottmAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 10, pp. 130,131. July. (Fixes type-locality.) Specimen.—One skin and skull, with the skinned body in alcohol, from: Brirish East Arrica: Mazeras (Heller). This specimen, an adult nursing female, measures: Head and body, 275 millimeters; tail vertebrae, 240; hind foot, 67; ear, 29. Skull: Greatest length, 66.7; condylobasal length, 61.9; zygomatic breadth, 35.1; least interorbital breadth, 21.2; least breadth of rostrum, 12.8; length of mandible, 51.7. Teeth: Entire upper row, 30; upper molariform series, 17; entire lower row, 33.2. Genus CERCOCTENUS Hollister. 1916. Cercoctenus Hoxusrer, Smithsonian Misc, Coll., vol. 66, No. 1, p. 4. February 10. (C. sultan.) These giant jumping shrews apparently are confined in British East Africa to the region of the coast, inland to the Taita Hills. Like Rhynchocyon they are represented in our collection only by the specimens collected by the Rainey Expedition in that district. : ei = FAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 29 CERCOCTENUS SULTAN SULTAN (Thomas). 1897. Pletrodromus] sultani THomas, Proc. Zool. Sec. London, p. 435. (Mombasa, British East Africa; type in British Museum.) 1897. P{etrodromus] sultan Tuomas, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, p. 928. (Correc- tion of misprint.) 1916. Cercoctenus sultan HoncisteR, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 66, No. J, p. 2, Mebruary 10. Specimens.—Forty, including six in alcohol, from: British East Arrica: Mazeras (Heller). Three females contained one large fetus each, on Hecaaher at and 24. Two of these fetuses are peeceered in aleohol. The label of one adult specimen records the stomach contents as termites. As stated by Heller,! this excellent series proves conclusively the great sexual difference in color in this species. The females are much more richly colored than the males and have the entire underparts washed, often quite heavily, with ochraceous-buff; the sides of the body, hips, and the outer side of legs are also richly colored with deep ochraceous. In the series of males, all the specimens have the underparts much paler, whitish or creamy-buff, and the sides and legs are decidedly grayer. Heller further states: This large insectivore is known to the Duruma tribe as sangi. They are an article of diet with these negroes who catch them in snares set along their runways in the forests. - This large elephant shrew has the same diurnal habits as Hle- phantulus, for Heller saw one running along its trail at five o’clock in the afternoon in the bright sunshine. CERCOCTENUS SULTAN SANGI (Heller). Plate 6, figs. 6, 7. 1912. Peirodromus sultani sangt Wetter, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No 12, p. 12. November 4. (Mt. Mbololo, British East Africa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.) 1916. Cercoctenus sultan sangi HouristEerR, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 66, No. 1, p. 2. February 10. Specimen.—One, the type, from: Britiso East Arrica: Mount Mbololo, Taita Hills, at 4, 000 feet altitude (Heller). I can not distinguish this specimen by color from the Mazeras series of males of C. s. sultan. The skull is chiefly distinguished by its narrow rostrum; and the upper premolars are noticeably smaller than in any male of the Mazeras series. For measurements of specimens of Cercoctenus seo table, page 30. 1 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 12, p. 13. apenas 1912. — —— —_ od AY, 1 panes i ! 7 \ “azom Ayoyesopow | $'9G | SET | 98s | LTR | Hz | rs [tz |e | te go terete] OBE = te tereye | cegtgtr [ OIOTOGTN “WV | | | “1Huns *8*9 s ‘asomun | T'22 | set | 9's |90P | 2°r [22 jose [| ge ge Bet. aegis = OD al MPPOCS Tani ae ee OC = ‘mom yon | e212 «| Z'st | 86s | OFF | 66r 138 |66e |B | g¢ PODS. 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(utuel 12 | aig Mon ho fc. se 8 iia ih cae "49204 JO QOTITPUOD 001 smeete| a008 ace TARUBY Heaiaot “one abe “eq aca asad He | "xeg | ‘ON “£yTPROOT PUB UIIO zoaory | Jedd | saddg | — UvIpEN | -104UT | -084Z | mg 5 TEL | Pe | “unjyns snuajo0a1ag fo suammad g fo syuauainsnay 30 EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 31 Genus NASILIO Thomas and Schwann. 1906. Nasilio Tuomas aANp Scuwann, Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, No, 33, p. 10. June. (N. brachyrhynchus.) The lesser jumping shrews are widely distributed in East Africa, and specimens were collected by members of the Smithsonian African Expedition in many localities. The genus is known to occur in Uganda, but no specimens from that region are in the collection. NASILIO BRACHYRHYNCH US DELAMERET (Thomas). 1901. Marcroscelides delamerei THomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 8, p. 155, August. (Athi River, British East Africa; type in British Mu- seum. ) 1910. Nasilio brachyrhynchus delamerei Rooseverr, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 474; London ed., p. 485. Specimens.—Twenty-seven, from the following localities: British East Arrica: Engare Narok River, 1 (Loring); Kapiti Plains, 1 in alcohol (Loring); Loita Plains, 1 (Heller); Southern Guaso Nyiro, 13, including 3 in alcohol (Loring, Heller); Ulukenia Hills, 11, including 4 in alcohol (Loring). Loring records females from Ulukenia Hills pregnant as follows: November 26, two with two embryos each; November 27, one with one embryo; and from the Southern Guaso Nyiro, two large fetuses each in females taken June 21 and 30. The specimens from Southern Guaso Nyiro and Loita Plains seem to be identical in color with the skins from Ulukenia Hills. NASILIO BRACHYRHYNCHUS ALBIVENTER Osgood. 1910. Nosilio brachyrhynchus albiventer Oscoov, Field Mus., Zool. Ser., vol. 10, No. 2, p.13. February. (Lake Elmenteita, British East Africa; type in Field Mus. Nat. Hist.) Specimens.—Six, from localities as follows: British East Areica: Bargunett River, Meru Road, 1 (Heller) ; Engare Ndare River, 1 (Clark); Lesiweru River, Meru Road, 1 (Hel- ler); Naivasha Station, 2 (Loring); Nyuki River, 1 in alcohol (Heller.) This is a slight color subspecies, apparently recognizable from delameret only by the average darker tones of the upperparts. The Naivasha Lake skins, while nearest to albiventer, are clearly inter- mediate toward delameret. Young examples of both subspecies are usually considerably darker and richer colored than fully adult animals. For measurements of specimens of Nasilio see table, page 32. iD STATUS NATIONAL MUSEUM, BULLETIN 99, UNI 32 | | | | “TOM TONY | S°LT T ‘9% 19 8ST 0°6T | SE | 8G Til eet ies OLB | OQ0COT er aan ag ee eS ee Ree ate Pa “**"MOTICIG BYSBAIBN “UIOM OTVIVT | O°ST FS 29 LG 0°ST 6 ‘TE [eveseeselee Sole ee er AOTSLIO Ma (MT TOCOT. llama cee aaa ae Pe ees See Se in ain es "*"""JOATY TYNAN Sere aie ee cee hee aus #122 pater so |me Syne ay “+ 6 SOL raul Sota OD art OTERO eos Gare e ae Nea ay = ia Seated 2) "IOAN dep N oresay “HIOM 97991] AIDA | 2 °RT £°9% 6°¢ | LL £°SE | Les | 62 SOT | OST irs OD teat GS LOGRT olra tS pcg Sen maha te le re i are “TOATY OIOAMISO'T, | | { | *424U2Q1QID °Q *NT | ; “0g O°LT G'S% 0°9 | 9°OT 6’8I | SIs LG CI O3T ead Os LOVEO Minis tae eee ee ee Ane ae ee “Sure 8107 a Pay sleceee isa “lee. oe. | are bse ereetetet cep. |ssss'0p--e- podeor | Bs Ok Bes cra SOP av ene eee ~avondetesesct< say “HIOM AjaVRIOpOW | JLT Ripe in ieee Me ERGOT A ile eicige= F O'1g 86 80 80T SaPeSODE S| SO0Z0 les ie oa Se mit Sei cy ToS ee aes ya So etn in akg eee “od od SLT | 9° 6's | 9°OT easier iy eae 1 Oot cI acs <* OTs Z90Z9T ween cence enee ee eee ee een cen eewee em ere rene cenccce Oo” “0d FLT $ CZ Lg | 3°SL | Z°ST 228 sete eeee eter oon seteee Lees T90ZOT he MS ca: Brera Tet eee eee weet eee eee ene Se tee eee ne wne og “HIOAS OFVIWVT, | 9°L1 Oos.= 98S 9ST | 0's 8 ‘OF Lz col 6IT eee OLS Ns CSCO TL ealnee meee cer oe se eas et met is “oA NY OSBNY) UIEyANOS “HIOMTY) | E°LT LivGe, | S.$ ett | 9% 8°0E 82 atl OTT "*a[BUIag | ZIOPOT Irie Reds 2: Se eee eo Sag eee Tie ae soe = OGL ‘MLIOM ATOYBIOPOW | L°L1 €°9t reg 9ST 0°8T £'1e 8% Zo Sel esa, OE "| PLOVOT Sate ae fonts ag pene oe scege = a ee al A ease aa og “od €°L11 6 °SS 8S Set T’6r ¥ Se 62 02T | Sot |-**"*op"""| STOFOT he Pitt ek See ns en ea NR, amie Ks aariaacu™ ek od “HIOM YON, | S°LT 8 °SZ Lg 6 t 8 “st 61E 66 | SIT | S&L i>te*sop sel TLR OT le Pent oe a tee nce ae eee ee Kee open Ts te var eee od ‘og o°LT o°9S 6°¢ SOIT 3 "st Zole, 13 Ol | I “***sop""*| OLOFeT lee ne at he re aa Roe eg gy 3 STO gas ees Semen U)s “HIOM AjOyBIOpOW | 6°9T GF 6° 1 L°8t ¢'0F Lz 90T OZ I"°* OTB AUd| GOOROL. .|-*s>=Se>= 22-38 Mo angle = Sn MAS pea kta va “SIT Praeqnyy | | *JasOULDI9D °Q “AT Pa oe ate ee : 2 no tal ki ae ee ee ee ee eee ‘e708 ' : b “qyguej| . 3 . "4490} JO WOTPUOG wee er eReag: Soa Stree IOSEIOr cane ettn art ‘xeg ON ‘AITPRa0] pure WO g zeddQ Jeu |qsUT | -OsAZ 17019 puny | TI8L | pee ‘pouwlp Isoy ysipeg wos ouisony fo suauned gy fo s;uewasnsvapy EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM, 33 Genus ELEPHANTULUS Thomas and Schwann. 1906. Elephantulus Tuomas AnD Scuwann, Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, No. 33, p. 10. June. (E. rupestris.) In the treatment of the forms of the jumping shrews of the genus Elephantulus from British East Africa I have followed Heller’s dis- position’ of them as races of rufescens,' although our collection alone _ does"not in any case show actual intergradation between the various named forms. For measurements of specimens of this genus, see pages 34-35. ELEPHANTULUS RUFESCENS RUFESCENS (Peters). 1878. Macroscelides rufescens Peters, Mon.-ber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 198. March. (Ndi, Taita Hills, British East Africa; type in Berlin Museum?) Specimens.—Seven, from the following localities: British Bast Arrica: Mtoto Andei, 3 (Heller); Voi, 4 (Heller). Heller records on the label of one skin from Mtoto Andei that the animal was shot on a roadway at 8 o’clock in the morning. In his journal he tells of seeing several jumping shrews running about in the bright sunshine. A female from the same place, April 3, was pregnant with one large fetus. ELEPHANTULUS RUFESCENS MARIAKAN4 Heller. Plate 6, fig. 3. 1912. Elephantulus rufescens mariakane Heiter, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 12, p. 10. November 4. (Mariakani, British East Africa; type in U. §. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Five, from— Britisn East Arrica: Mariakani (Heller). This is a much less reddish form than true rufescens and is some- what intermediate in color between that form and phzus of the more interior regions. It is a coast subspecies and its range is separated from that of pheus by the desert country inhabited by rufescens. ELEPHANTULUS RUFESCENS PHAUS Heller. Plate 6, figs. 4, 5. 1910. Elephantulus pulcher Roosevett, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., pp. 474, - 479, and 487; London ed., pp. 485, 491, and 498. (Not of Thomas.) 1910. Elephantulus pheus Heiter, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p.8. December 23. (Njoro O Solali, Sotik District, British East Africa; type in U. 8. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Twenty-six, from localities as follows: British East Arerica: Kabalolot Hill, Sotik, 6 (Heller); Lime Springs, Sotik, 3 (Heller); Loita Plains, 1 (Heller); Njoro O Solali, 1 Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 60, No. 12, p.11. 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With the exception of those collected at 10,000 feet, where they were trapped in open grassy and brushy parks in the bamboo, most of them were taken in runways of Otomys, and all of those taken at 12,100 were caught in such runways in tall marsh grass.! Genus SYLVISOREX Thomas. 1904. Sylvisorer Taomas, Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, No. 10, p. 12. Novem- ber 22. (S. morio.) Two distinct groups of forest shrews are known from Equatorial East Africa. Species of each group are included in the collections. They are readily distinguished by length of tail. For measurements see table, page 40. SYLVISOREX GEMMEUS Heller. Plate 7, figs. 5, 6. 1910. Sylvisorex gemmeus HettErR, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p. 7. December 23. (Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Thirty-seven, from the following localities: Lavo: Rhino Camp, 2 (Loring). British East Arrica: Kaimosi, 35, including 19 in alcohol (Heller, Turner). The two specimens from Lado Enclave can be matched in every particular by skins and skulls in the series from Kaimosi. This form will eventually, without much doubt, prove to intergrade with Sylvisorex sorella Thomas, of Nyasaland. The form described by Doctor Lénnberg from the Isiola River, Northern Guaso Nyiro, as Sylvisorex sorelloides,? appears from the description to be very closely related. Thomas has named a subspecies from southern Uganda, Sylvisorex gemmeus irene® based on a slight color difference. SYLVISOREX MUNDUS Osgood. 1910. Sylvisorer mundus Oscoop, Field Mus., Zool. Ser., vol. 10, No. 3, p. 18, April 7. (Kijabe, British East Africa; type in Field Mus. Nat. Hist.) Specimens.—Five, including 3 in alcohol, from— British East Arrica: West side of Mount Kenia, 7,000, 8,500, and 10,000 feet (Loring, Heller, Mearns). The two skins are slightly browner, less blackish-brown, than the type-specimen, which is in fresh pelage, but are otherwise virtually indistinguishable. 1 African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 487. 1910. 2 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 9, p. 67. January, 1912. s Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 16, p. 151. August, 1915. 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Seen, ivapee, tar ee Oe, Se FA ey , oon 019 9 © mM RARARDANRAA o orwamonononx oS Krescsseudo so 5 em Oe ee oe ee el ss = moo dm 2 SSRLSRBBSES = an a gS SSeS VaSlS Sess - re st ws Re Sw ae ES ee 2 ey Diviatie:) ap ebrisreis 3 DSI rss ee kts. a shane oe se g WO won KO ORO E 2SESTSSSS fy eo Re xy neha vue a iw ee oe 5 Leteeit meuniere co ~rPeowmonmnrntn wm mt 0 S MDOMAODAHD | RH SSSSSESEESES =~ Sen en ee oe | - a 7 ; : Fi i ; ; : A au ie : ° MeAuts eter hs ; Sener ot aes rehire, ee : : : ear We : : a : von : Sarees rons pairs ootuesisuns ct kone tok comms pee Bute ee gs esas See <= 3 ate Se Re a8 Sh ley mee Sys S SP Math eee Pe wees er a” Se) es : PSM fais ; Se ig SS) Fie i ca iia uate lee ; REG ecle eco vend g e Aaa aabevertne, hey leeks S Sraviens Yat yeah ei wee Gye Oy awe, 1 Or t's. a Pact ah i MA ne eeeive rans 3 Zeya ae aia teh va ae peak oS 5 oc) oF oO oF OF OLS aes BSAAAARAAA = . 4 Be of a Pp a 2 Type. 1 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., type. well as insects; habitually ate mice, rats, or shrews which it’ found in the traps, and would then come back and itself be readily trapped (Roosevelt and Leller). ' Giant shrews were common at Lake Nai- vasha, where most’ of them were caught in the thick reeds and rank grass bordering the lake. One was taken at Nyeri and another on Mount Kenia at an altitude of 10,700 feet. They seemed tobe as much diurnal as nocturnal, and were captured in traps baited with rolled oats, dried apple, and raw meat. They inhabited the dense parts of the thickets, where the foliage had to be parted and a clearing made for the traps. These localities were the home of a large rat, and many of the rats captured were decapitated or partly eaten by animals that probably were giant shrews. A shrew cap- tured alive was very ferocious and would seize upon anything that came within its reach. When fully excited and lifted into the air by its tail, it would emit a loud shrill chirping note (Loring). For measurements see page 44. CROCIDURA DAPHNIA Hollister. Plate 7, figs. 3, 4. 1910. Crocidura surure HELLER, Smith- sonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p. 3. December 23. (Part, specimen from Gondokoro; not C. surure Heller, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol.56, No. 15, p. 2.) 1915. Crocidura surure DotitMaAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 15,p.571. June. (Part, speci- mens from Wadelai and Mon- galla; not of Heller.) 1916. Crocidura daphnia HOuuistTErR, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 66, No. 8, p. 1. May. (Gon- dokoro, Uganda; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.) Specimen.—One, the type, as follows: Ueanpa: Gondokoro (Loring). This species is quite different from the related C. sururx of Lado and is evidently separated from the latter by. the® barrier: of the Nile. 46 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Tt is in a way a connecting link between C. doriana Dobson of Abys- sinia and C. nyanse of Uganda, and may prove to intergrade with both. From surure of the western side of the Nile this species may readily be distinguished by its larger size and paler coloration. CROCIDURA SURUR4 Heller. Plate 7, figs. 11, 12. 1910. Crocidura surure HetLEer, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p. 2. December 23. (Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Ten, as follows: Lavo: Rhino Camp (Loring). This shrew is a member of the nyanse group and is chiefly distin- guished from C. daphnia of the east side of the Nile by its smaller size and darker, richer coloration. It is apparently confined to the western side of the Nile. The specimen from Gondokoro, which was placed with sururz by Heller at the time of his publication of the species, has since become the type-specimen of C. daphnia. For measurements of specimens of C. daphnia and C. surure see table, page 45. CROCIDURA HINDEI Thomas. 1904. Crocidura hindei Tuomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 14, p. 237. September. (Machakos, British East Africa; type in British Museum.) 1910. Crocidura fisheri Rooseveur, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 479; Lon- don ed., p. 491. (Part; not C. fischeri Pagenstecher.) Specemens.—Three, from localities as follows: British East Arrica: Juja Farm, 2, including one in alcohol (Loring); Ulukenia Hills, 1 (Loring). The Ulukenia Hills specimen, an adult male, shows both new and old pelages in about equal areas; one specimen from Juja Farm is immature and is much darker in color, above and below. The (vo- cidura “ fishert” listed in Appendix B of Roosevelt’s African Game ‘Trails refers in part to this species and partly to C. jacksoni Thomas. There is no specimen of (. fischeri in the collection. For measurements see table, page 48. CROCIDURA LUTRELLA Heller. Plate 7, figs. 9, 10. 1910. Crocidura lutrella HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p. 4. December 23. (Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Fifteen, including four in alcohol, from— Lapo: Rhino Camp (Loring, Heller). This species is related to Crocidura parvipes Osgood from Voi, British East Africa, and to C. p. nisa Hollister from Kibabe, Kisumu, and differs from them chiefly in its paler color. I believe that all EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 47 three forms will eventually be found to intergrade, and that all may prove to be subspecies of Crocidura fulvasier (Sundevall). In fact, I can not distinguish specimens of lutrella from the description of fulvaster, and would not be surprised if the two names referred to the same form. The type-locality of fulvaster is on the Bahr el Abiad (White Nile). This locality is some distance from the region where lutrella was collected, and I do not feel justified in treating the two names as synonyms without specimens of fulvaster for actual comparison. Dollman placed fulvaster among his undetermined species,? but suggests its identity with C. sericea Sundevall, a mem- ber of the hinder group. For measurements of specimens see table, page 48. CROCIDURA PARVIPES PARVIPES Osgood. 1910. Crocidura parvipes Osaoon, Field Mus., Zool. Ser., vol. 10, No. 3, p. 19. April 7. (Voi, British East Africa; type is Field Mus. Nat. Hist.) Specimen.—One in alcohol from— British East Arrica: Fort Hall (Loring). This specimen, though clearly referable to C. parvipes parvipes, is somewhat intermediate in characters between true parvipes and C. p. nasa. In Dollman’s monograph of the African species of Crocidura this species is placed in the jacksont group. The type-specimen, which I have before me, thanks to the authorities of the Field Museum, shows clearly that the species is not closely related to jacksoni, but belongs in a section of the hindei group containing the three small forms, lutrella, parvipes, and nisa. CROCIDURA PARVIPES NISA Hollister. Plate 7, figs. 17, 18. 1916. Crocidura parvipes nisa HouusteR, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 66, No. 8, p. 2. May. (Kibabe, Kisumu, British East Africa; type in U. 8. Nat. Mus.) Specimen.—One from— British East Arrica: Kibabe (Heller). The type-specimen, collected January 20, contained five embryos. This shrew is close to Crocidura parvipes Osgood. It is somewhat darker in color than the type of parvipes and very much darker than any skin in the series of 11 specimens of C. luirella of Lado. The single specimen in our collection which I have referred to Cro- cidura parvipes parvipes is clearly intermediate between parvipes and nasa. For measurements of specimens of C. parvipes, see page 48. 1 Kongl. Vet.-Acad. Handl., 1842, p.172. 1843. 2 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 17, p. 208. February, 1916. 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CROCIDURA PERCIVALI Dollman. 1915. [Crocidura] percivali Dottman, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 15, p- 513. May. (Jombeni Range, British East Africa; type in British Museum.) 1915. Crocidura percwvalt DoLttMAN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. His., ser. 8, vol. 16, p. 126. August. Specomens.—Two, from— British Hast Arrica: Lakiundu River (Heller). The shrew described by Osgood as Crocidura xantippe,' type- locality Voi, was placed by Dollman in the jacksont group, but it is not closely related to jacksonz or its allies, and agrees with the mem- bers of the hindei-fischert group in all essential characters—colora- tion; the long narrow rostrum; strong, wide maxillary processes; narrow posterior border of the bony palate; and the enlarged first upper unicuspid. It is in fact very closely related to Crocidura percwalt, but is larger and lighter colored, with larger skull and teeth. Another East African shrew not represented in the National Museum collection is Crocidura vor Osgood.2 While not closely related to any species known to me, it has, nevertheless, many decided char- acteristics of the hinder group, but differs in its slaty coloration, short, light-colored tail, and massive dentition. The type-speci- mens of C. zantippe and C. voi have been lent me by the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, in connection with this work. For measurements of specimens see page 48. CROCIDURA SUAHEL Heller. Plate 7, figs. 15, 16. 1912. Crocidura suahele HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 12, p. 6. November 4. (Mazeras, British East Africa; type in U. 8. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Twenty-five, from localities as follows: British East Africa: Changamwe, 1 (Mearns); Mazeras, 24, in- cluding 3 in alcohol (Heller). This pale coast species is, following Dollman, here placed in the jfischerv group, although it and its two allies (simiolus and mutese) certainly show many characteristics of the nyanse group, some species of which it approaches in size. It is only shghtly smaller than C. surure of Lado. The two smaller upper unicuspids are virtually of the same size, and either the second or the third may, in certain specimens, appear the larger. No specimen in the series shows anything approaching the relatively smaller third upper unicuspid as in the type of Crocidura voi, where the difference is very pro- nounced, the second being nearly twice the size of the third. 1 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., vol. 10, No.3, p.19. April 7, 1910. 2 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., vol. 10, No. 3, p. 18. April 7, 1910. EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 51 The musky odor of specimens, even of dried skins collected several years, is particularly noticeable in this species. For table of measurements see page 49. CROCIDURA SIMIOLUS Hollister. Plate 7, figs. 13, 14. 1916. Crocidura simiolus HotustER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 66, No. 8, p. 3. May. (Kisumu, British East Africa; type in U. 8. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Four, from the following localities: British East ArricaA: Kaimosi, 2 (Heller); Kibabe, 1 (Heller); Kisumu, 1 (Turner). The range of this species seems somewhat restricted, as it appears in the collection only from the vicinity of Kavirondo Gulf, where it was captured in localities with the larger Crocidura nyansx nyanse. Externally it greatly resembles certain specimens of nyansz but can instantly be separated from them by its smaller skull. It is nearest related to C. suahelz and C. mutese, but is slightly larger than either. In color it is very similar to the darker specimens of suahelz, and in the red phase is almost indistinguishable externally from the type- specimen of mutese. CROCIDURA MUTES Heller. Plate 8, figs. 1, 2. 1910. Crocidura mutese HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p. 3. December 23. (Kampala, Uganda; type in U. 8. Nat. Mus.) Specimen.—One, the type, from— Uaanpa: Kampala (Loring). This shrew was originally described as a member of the turba group, and was so placed by Dollman in his synopsis of the African species of Crocidura. The two specimens recorded with the type from Uganda, in the original description, are, indeed, Crocidura turba zaodon, but the type itself is not a member of the same group and proves to be closely related to Crocidura suahele and to the Kavirondo C. simiolus. The skull of the type-specimen of mutes is scarcely distinguishable from skulls of suahelz, but in color the skin is very different, and looks almost exactly like the reddish-brown specimens of nyanse and simiolus. For measurements of specimens of C. simiolus and C. mutese see table, page 49. CROCIDURA TURBA NILOTICA Heller. Plate 8, figs. 3, 4. 1910. Crocidura nilotica HetieR, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p. 3. December 23. (Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave; type in U. 8. Nat. Mus.) 1916. Crocidura turba nilotica HottisteR, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 35, p. 664. October 21. Specimens.—Fifteen, including seven in alcohol, from: BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 52 od TIOM ATO] RIOPOTT “HIOM OTFFPT ‘od ‘TIOM ATO}CVIOPOTY “TIOM OT}INT og TLIO ATOCIOPOPL og “TIOM O[}FET "UIOM GonW ‘od od “UIOM OT}IT “MIOM Ao BIBPOT! od ‘od ‘od ‘TIO AOI CIBPOPL ‘od ‘uIOMuUQ {90} JO WOT Ipuo;) eS a ee “Dgung ninpwol) fo saxwedsqns ay? fo suaunsads fo syuamaunsnapyy 0°OT 8°01 8°6 66 €°OT 86 GOT 0°OT 0°OT 0'0T 66 TOT SOT 8°OL SOI +6 é ‘OT TOT 0°OT SOT 9°0T *(@1T] -u9) MOI 4004 woddQ Tew O@I | F's OVOL 52 eat meal LEe TOV ees 6IT | 89 8:6 eee Ciclo TOL | l08z OZI | 09 66 e°2 SULT Lee 16 8°9 i a CxO Tome eee gs 66 Ga Sr | 6's OO Teen aia? 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Lapo: Rhino Camp (Loring, Mearns). This small, blackish race of turba is apparently confined to the western side of the Nile; all the skins from the Uganda shores are referable to the wide ranging subspecies zaodon. CROCIDURA TURBA ZAODON Osgood. Plate 8, figs. 5, 6. 1910. Crocidura turba zaodon Ogcoon, Field Mus., Zool. Ser., vol. 10, No. 3, p. 21. April 7. (Nairobi, British East Africa; type in Field Mus. Nat. Hist.) 1910. Crocidura turba provocax THomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 6, p. 112. July. (Aberdare Mts., British East Africa; type in British Museum.) 1912. Crocidura turba lakiunde Herter, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 12, p. 6. November 4, (Lakiunda River, near its junction with the Northern Guaso Nyiro River, British East Africa; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) Specumens.—Ninety-nine, including 46 in alcohol, from localities as follows: Ueanpna: Butiaba, 4 (Loring, Heller); Gondokoro, 1 (Loring); Hoima, 1 (Loring); Kampala, 1 (Loring); Kabula Muliro, 2 (Loring); Ledgus, 1 (Loring). BritisH East Arrica: Aberdare Mountains, 5 (Heller); Archer’s Post, Northern Guaso Nyiro, 2 (Heller); Fort Hall, 2 (Loring); Isiola River, head, 2 (Heller); Kaimosi, 32 (Heller); Kakumega, 1 (Heller); Kibabe, 2 (Heller); Kisumu, 1 (Heller); Laikipia Plateau, 15 miles north of Nyeri, 1 (Heller); Lakiunda River, 11 (Heller); Lukosa River, 1 (Heller); Meru, 1 (Heller); Mount Kenia, west slope, 11 (Heller, Lormg); Mount Mbololo, 1 (Heller); Mount Sagalla, 4 (Heller); Mount Umengo, 1 (Heller); Naivasha Plains, 2 (Heller); Nyangnori, 1 (Heller); Nzoia River, Guas Ngishu Plateau, 4 (Heller); Sirgoit, 2 (Heller); Sirgoit Lake, 2 (Heller). A careful study of this excellent suite of specimens from widely separated parts of Uganda and British East Africa shows that while there is considerable variation in size and color these variations are by no means geographic, and that only one subspecies can be recog- nized from within this area. A moment’s study of the accompanying table of measurements will show that length of tail and size of hind foot are characters of no importance for separating races in the Aberdares or Northern Guaso Nyiro from true zaodon of Nairobi or from the specimens taken in Uganda. The Gondokoro and Ledgus, Uganda, specimens can be almost exactly matched by skins in the series from the mountains in extreme southeastern British East Atrica (Sagalla, Umengo, and Mbololo). While the majority of the skins are in the lighter brownish pelage usual to the race, there are specimens in the fresh, rich, dark, seal-brown coat (like the type) from many localities. Two alcoholic specimens from Butiaba, shia EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 55 Uganda, are chiefly in an old, decidedly reddish coat, quite unlike others, but show the new dark coat on head and shoulders. The two specimens from Uganda (Gondokoro and Kampala) referred by Heller! to his Crocidura mutese clearly belong here rather than with the type of mutese; and the specimens from Uganda (Butiaba, Hoima, and Kabula Muliro) which were referred by Heller ? to niloiica seem to me to belong without question to zaodon, though approaching the smaller and darker nilotica in one character, the shortness of the fur. Still another East African race of turba has been described by Doliman * from Kirui, Mount Elgon, as Crocidura turba kempi. No topotypes of this form are in our collection, but specimens from the Guas Ngishu Plateau, which should represent it, are indistinguishable from zaodon. A female collected by Heller at Kibabe, January 20, contained three embryos; and one from Kaimosi, January 29, two embryos. For measurements of specimens of the subspecies of (. turba see table, page 52. CROCIDURA FUMOSA FUMOSA Thomas. Plate 8, figs. 7, 8. 1904. Crocidura fumosa Tuomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 14, p. 238. September. (Western slope of Mt. Kenia, British East Africa; type in sritish Museum.) 1910. Crocidura fumosa Rooseve tt, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., pp. 474 and 479; London ed., pp. 486 and 491. 1910. Crocidura alchemille Heiter, Roosevelt’s African Game Trails, Amer. ed. p. 480; London ed., p. 491. (Summit of Aberdare Range, British East Africa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.) ‘ pecumens.—One hundred and twenty-eight, from localities as follows: British Hast Arrica: Aberdare Mountains, 4 (Heller); Fort Hall, 8 (Loring); Nyeri, 1 in alcohol (Loring); upper Nzoia River, 4 in alcohol (Heller); west side of Mount Kenia, 111, including 20 in alco- hol (Loring, Mearns, Heller). After careful study of this fine series of specimens, I am unable to recognize as distinct the smoky shrew of the Aberdare Mountains. While there is considerable individual variation in color, true fumosa is usually recognizable from the grayer schistacea and the darker, more blackish, selina by color alone. The skulls of typical fumosa average smaller than those of the more southern and western subspecies, and are much less in size than the skulls of its more northern ally, Croci- dura raineyi. i Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p.3. Dee. 23. 2 Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p.4. Dec. 23. 3 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 15, p. 511; and vol. 16, p. 134. May and August, 1915. 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Crocidura fumosa schistacea Osaoop, Field Mus., Zool. Ser., vol. 10, No. 3, p. 20. April 7. (Ulukenia Hills=Lukenya Mountains, British East Africa; type in Field Mus. Nat. Hist.) Specimens.—Five, from the following localities: British East Arrica: Kapiti Plains, 3 (Loring); Ulukenia Hills, 2 (Loring). A female collected by Loring on the Kapiti Plains, May 7, contained six small embryos; one from Ulukenia Hills, November 25, contained five embryos, each about 8 millimeters in length. The type-specimen of this shrew, which has been lent me by the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, is slightly larger than any specimen in our small series. The form is mainly differentiated from Crocidura Jumosa fumosa by its grayish, less brownish color; but it averages larger, with larger and heavier skull, and there is usually a less conspicuous difference in the size of the second and third unicuspid teeth. I mistrust that this is the species described by Dollman in 1915 as Orocidura luna umbrosa,! type-locality Machakos. There seems to be no reason to separate the two from the description, and Dollman evidently had no specimens which he referred to schistacea when pre- paring his synopsis of the forms of Crocidura. For measurements of specimens of the subspecies of C. fumosa see table, pages 56-58. CROCIDURA FUMOSA SELINA Dollman. 1915. [Crocidura] f. selina Dottman, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 15, p. 510. May. (Mabiri Forest, Chagwe, Uganda; type in British Museum.) 1915. Crocidura fumosa selina Dottman, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 16, p. 371. October. Specimens.—Seventeen, from localities as follows: Ueanpa: Kampala, 3 in alcohol (Heller, Loring); Kisimbiri, 1 (Loring). British Hast Arrica: Kaimosi, 13 (Heller). Heller records one female with one embryo and one with three at Kaimosi, January 27 and 28. This subspecies is well differentiated from true fumosa and from schistacea by its darker, more blackish coloration and larger skull. Although its range extends eastward along the north shore of Victoria Nyanza to Kaimosi, specimens from the upper Nzoia River on the Guas Neishu Plateau are clearly referable to typical fumosa. 1 Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 15, p. 514, May; vol. 16, p. 360, October, 1915, 60 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CROCIDURA RAINEYI Heller. Plate 8, figs. 9, 10. 1912. Crocidura raineyi Heiter, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 12, p. 7. November 4. (Mount Gargues, British East Africa; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) Specumens.—Nine, as follows: British East Arrica: Mount Gargues, Mathews Range (Heller). Though obviously a member of the fumosa group this distinct species is easily separated from all the subspecies of fumosa by its large size and large skull. Heller writes:! The species is confined to the extreme forested summit of Mount Garguez, which is isolated from the Kenia forest by low bush-covered desert in which no representative of the fumosa group is known to occur. JF'wmosa and its allies are all forest species known only from the highlands, with the exception of schistacea of the high veldt of the Athi Plains. On Mount Garguez this race was found from the lower edge of the forest at 5,000 feet to the summit, 7,000 feet. CROCIDURA JACKSONI Thomas. 1904. Crocidura jacksoni THomas, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 14, p. 238. September. (Ravine Station, British East Africa; type in British Museum.) Specimens.—F¥ ourteen, from the following localities: British Hast Arrica: Isiola River, 1 (Heller); Kaimosi, 1 (Turner); Kapiti Plains, 1 (Loring); Mount Sagalla, 3 (Heller); Mtoto Andei, 1 (Heller); Neuman’s Boma, Northern Guaso Nyiro, 1 (Heller); Southern Guaso Nyiro, 3 (Loring); Ulukenia Hills, 2 in alcohol (Loring); Voi, 1 (Heller). A female, collected by Loring in the Southern Guaso Nyiro, June 30, contained three fetuses, and one collected by Heller at Voi, November 20, four. Most of the skins are in the ordinary brown coat, but some, showing the progress of the moult, are partly in the brown and partly in the darker slate-brown pelage. The Kaimosi Specimen is very dark, almost blackish, and is marked by a silvery lustre as described in the type by Thomas. This specimen is really so very different from the rest of the series in color that I hesitate to call it the same form. Dollman has described a darker subspecies of gacksont from the Amala River, Nyanza Province, British East Africa, as Crocidura jacksont amale,? but this specimen does not agree with the description in many ways. It probably represents a color phase of gacksoni or perhaps a distinct species, but owing to the lack of authentic material of 7acksoni for comparison I do not feel justified in separating it. 1 Smithsonian Mise. 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So! So Sst ei re neor re co on ao oOo S00 retort! Fe soi xi oud id iad ads : ; ji nn oD 00 a — a a Bod wo oS SH to 5 ; conan on on On CO S19 15 oo So SOS OSH eee oO Se ao : wo oO SBOaaa :a xs es! ar rer A eK carat i ; oa o 239 id m0oo°o Ww Oo aA AN a ood ot et od od esos re a Ss A nA ne wt et 2 a) : atnrom © ey St s ooo Oo O wD ooo : +~+monoon rain . ~eree or lk sone a ae —— eee ony ae Tey eat aaa Oo te rap wien ries ih vist) lekteselne SSS ° 9oo0 0° ° fas Es esses Bet mS Ce ala itaa ns oS od Ooor-reowd ees Baaee8 ao CO CO sr ananonndnd wo OO srt we asf ast we St eS o : : ; 8 : : ; S : : = 5 ‘ : S : i i ° ete Mae . . w Bieak oe : : Ss hye as S i SP oi TOS ee Wick orate te 2 ; ca cae Perales 3 : Se Eoligt is SMe ees sg . Bt et Fit Muvusik | \e . ma: CLP a 5 ee) Se ie cee) k ' coe ree tae aie ea ae ~~ Oo +3) SO OM O'F iO 3 mp ge = aS : GAARA AAA Boe a as SS. Ss ° HS APA gs ee SS Q G. 3 Type. 2 Type of Crocidura lutreola Heller. 1 Type of Crocidura hildegardexe procera Heller. IT am unable satisfactorily to separate this species into forms over all the range, as represented by the specimens listed above. There is considerable variation in the color and the skull but all the specimens are distinctly larger than hildegardex, and there is never any confusion with that spe- cies. Dollman placed Osgood’s Orocidura parvipes, C. xantippe, and Heller’s C. lutreola in the “aacksont” group. ‘The first two species I consider to be small members of the hindei-fischert eroup, and lutreola does not seem to differ sufficiently from hilde- garde to be recognized as a sub- species of that form. The three specimens listed above from Mount Sagalla were referred by Heller! to Crocidura parvipes, but comparison with the type of that species shows them to be not of the same species, and I do not find any way to distinguish them from yacksoni. Dollman further recognized Crocidura gracilipes Peters as a species of the jacksont group and listed under it specimens in the British Museum from Taveta and Rombo, Kilimanjaro. The Taveta specimens in the United States National Museum collec- tion seem indistinguishable from Crocidura hildegardes, and under that species I have placed some notes on the type-specimen of gracilipes, made at Berlin by Mr. Heller. For measurements see table, page 61. 1 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 12, p. 9. Nov. 4, 1912. 64 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CROCIDURA HILDEGARDE” HILDEGARDEZ Thomas. Plate 8, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. 1892. Crocidura sp. True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 15, p. 470. (Kilimanjaro.) 1904. Crocidura hildegardex Tuomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 14, p. 240. September. (Fort Hall, British East Africa; type in British Museum.) 1910. Crocidura maanjez HEtuer, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p. 4. December 23. (Kabula Muliro, Uganda; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) 1912. Crocidura lutreola HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 12, p. 8. November 4. (Mt. Mbololo, Taita Hills, British East Africa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.) 1912. Crocidura hildegardex procera HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 12, p. 10. November 4. (Mt. Lololokwi, British East Africa; type in U. 8S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Fifty-three, from the following localities: Uaanpba: Kabula Muliro, 1 (Loring). British East Arrica: Engare Narok River, 1 (Loring); Fort Hall, 1 (Loring); Isiola River, 1 (Heller); Kapiti Plains, 2 (Loring); Mayo River, Laikipia, 1 (Heller); Meru, 2 in alcohol (Heller); Mount Gargues, 3 (Heller); Mount Kenia, 1 in alcohol (Loring); Mount Lololokwi, 12 (Heller); Mount Mbololo, 8 (Heller); Mount Sagalla, 3 (Heller); Mount Umengo, 2 (Heller); Naivasha Station, 2 (Loring); Ndi, 1 (Heller); Nyeri, 4 (Loring); Oljoro O Nyon River, 1 (Heller); Voi, 1 (Heller); Wambugu, 4 (Loring). German East Arrica: Mount Kilimanjaro, 2 (Abbott). This species appears to range over a much wider territory than has been supposed. I am unable to separate subspecies from Uganda or from the Taita Hills and Mount Kilmanjaro region of extreme southeastern British East Africa. After long study of our excellent series of specimens the forms described as maanje, procera, and lutreola all seem indistinguishable from typical hildegardee. The accompanying table of measurements shows how absolutely wanting is geographical variation in size, and the range of color within a series from a single region frequently covers virtually the entire range of coloration for the species. On the forested summit of Mount Gargues is a well-marked race with decidedly dark colora- tion and long tail, but the specimens from the lower juniper slopes of the same mountain are best referred to true hildegardez. The following records of embryos are from specimens prepared by Heller: Mount Mbololo, November 4, three, November 8, three; Mount Umengo, November 13, four; Mount Sagalla, November 18, two with three each. None of the earlier names for species of Crocidura from the Kili- manjaro region southward appear to apply to this species. The type-specimen of Crocidura gracilipes Peters! was examined by 1 Monatsb. K6n. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1870, p. 590. July. —— EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 65 Heller in Berlin and the following manuscript notes made by him are of interest: Crocidura gracilipes Peters. Type alcoholic, skull extracted; No. 3905, Kiliman- jaro, v.der Decken. Tail without longer hairs asin Sylvisorex, but itis a trueCrocidura, as no 4th upper unicuspid is present, but there is some space between 3rd unicuspid and large premolar; middle unicuspid about same size as last. Tail, 52 mm., foot 12.2; specimen much shrunken by strong alcohol. Color above mummy brown, below silver brown. Skull: Condyloincisive length, 20.5; breadth braincase, 8.5; length upper tooth row, 8.7; manidble, condyloincisive length, 14.9. Not closely related to any British East African form except perhaps to the maurisca group. CROCIDURA HILDEGARDE ALT4 Heller. Plate 10, figs. 1,-2. 1912. Crocidura hildegardex alte Hetter, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 12, p. 9. November 4. (North Creek, at 6,000 feet, Mt. Gargues, Mathews Range, British East Africa; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Six, from— BririsH East Arrica: Mount Gargues (Heller). This well-marked race of hildegardee is apparently confined to the forested summit of Mount Gargues, from 5,000 to 6,000 feet altitude. Dollman placed Crocidura planiceps Heller in this group, as a close relative of hildegardex. It is a member of the bicolor group, related to C. b. elgonius Osgood. For measurements of specimens of the subspecies of C. hildegardez . see table, pages 61-63. CROCIDURA BICOLOR ELGONIUS Osgood. 1910. Crocidura bicolor elgonius Oscoop, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. 5, p. 369. April. (Kirui, near Mount Elgon, British East Africa; type in British Museum.) 1910. Crocidura bicolor elgonius Roosevetr, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 474; London ed., p. 486. Specimens.—Nine, from the following localities: British East Arrica: Kaimosi, 6 (Heller); Kapiti Plains, 1 (Lor- ing); Kisumu, 1 (Heller); Lukosa River, 1 (Heller). Loring notes of a female, collected on the Kapiti Plains, May 1, that the mammz were 3-3 inguinal. Heller found three embryos in a female collected at Kaimosi, January 24, and one embryo in one taken at the same place January 29. The specimen from Kapiti Plains does not differ in any characters from the specimens taken near Victoria Nyanza. 100468—18—Bull. 99——5 i = Te aa ee ee ee eee, See Se eee ee ee eS ee SS a ee eee ‘od OL Cte 2% (eb fe SOL. 10m Sl TF Og fee sre teresn. 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Do. Do. al Little worn. 6.8 | 7.0 | Moderately worn. 6.8 | Little worn. 6.9 | Moderately worn. 6.8 | Little worn. 4 4 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.4 4.8 15.2 4.9 4.8 4.8 15.5 15.7 4.8 15.5 4S 8. | oe 4.8 4.7 4.9 15.7 15. 15.0 11.0 37 11.0 LUST ee sero 10.6 34 37 39 11.0 38 10.8 39 10. 4 37 36 10.3 11.0 15.9 36 2 Field Mus. Nat. Hist.; type. 61 57 | | } 163966 | Male.... ~edOseee 163971 |. 163972 |... 62 59 65 do aC One 1 163089 | Female.. 163973 |.. 60 66 te GOsewae 163962 163963 |. ae Obeses 60 60 63 BOR 163964 |.. Edoeeere 163965 |. . <002--05 163968 |.. C. a. alpina. By ByeAcs Mount Kenia.... MO cee 0 0 Serefeinerete 0 D D D WD Giss— ee eae DOr eke: EDD Sista resete cin cc aja sare nia etc lote ec icctete e o Sere ae ae DOs strc scsics MD) ee acetate Sis TRIOS oe sae s Toc cede 1 Type. CROCIDURA BICOLOR PLANICEPS Heller. Plate 10, figs. 3, 4. 1910. Crocidura planiceps HELLER, Smith- sonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p. 5. December 28. (Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Seven, from the fol- lowing localities: Lavo: Rhino Camp, 6, including one in alcohol (Loring). Uaanpa: Hoima, 1 (Loring). This shrew shows close relationship with C. b. elgonius, and is chiefly dis- tinguished by its slightly larger size and longer tail. The specimen from Hoima, Uganda, appears somewhat intermediate, though plainly belong- ing best with planiceps. There is a remarkable variation in the relative size of the second and third upper unicuspids in this form. For measurements see page 66. CROCIDURA ALLEX ALLEX Osgood. 1910. Crocidura allex Oscoon, Field Mus., Zool. Ser., vol. 10, No. 3, p. 20. April 7. (Naivasha, British East Africa; type in Field Mus. Nat. Hist.) 1910. Crocidura ailex Roosryett, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 480; London ed., p. 491. Specimens.—Twelve, from the fol- lowing localities: British East Arrica: Aberdare Range, 2 (Heller); Naivasha Station, 9, including 3 in alcohol (Loring); Oljoro O Nyon River, 1 (Heller). The specimens from the summit of the Aberdare Range are decidedly intermediate in characters between allex and alpina, but on the whole go best with the Naivasha specimens of allex. 68 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CROCIDURA ALLEX ALPINA Heller. Plate 10, figs. 5, 6. 1910. Crocidura alpina HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 9, p. 5. July 22. (West slope of Mt. Kenia at 10,000 feet, British East Africa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—T wenty-two, including seven in alcohol, from— British Hast Arrica: Mt. Kenia (Loring, Mearns). This brown pygmy shrew is related to the Naivasha aller and the two forms are externally very much alike. The Kenia form has a slightly smaller skull and noticeably smaller first upper unicuspid tooth. Mearns found four fetuses in a female collected September 29 at 10,000 feet altitude. Heller states: ! The range of this species extends from 10,000 to 13,000 feet—that is, from the upper limit of the bamboo forest to the lower part of the giant Senecio zone. Through most of this extent it is associated with the giant Crocidura, C. nyansx, attaining, however, a somewhat higher altitude than this species. Through an unfortunate accident in the photograph studio, the type skull of Crocidura alpina was badly damaged after the pictures shown on Plate 10 were made. For measurements see page 67. CROCIDURA ROOSEVELTI (Heller). Plate 9. 1910. Heliosorer roosevelitti HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 15, p. 6. December 23. (Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave; type in U. 8. Nat. Mus.) Specumen.—One, from— Lapo: Rhino Camp (Loring). Externally this unique type-specimen resembles greatly certain specimens of Crocidura hildegardex, but its long tail and peculiar skull and teeth readily distinguish it. The small size of the claws and the elongated occiput are so closely approached in other species that they become purely relative characters and can hardly be con- sidered generic. An even better specific character is found in the last upper unicuspid. This tooth in C. roosevelti differs from all African species of Orocidura which I have seen in the relatively large size of the cone and small cingulum shelves, especially the exterior. The difference is almost exactly that between two com- mon European species, C. russula and C. leucodon, though somewhat more pronounced in the African species. CROCIDURA MAURISCA Thomas. 1904. Crocidura maurisca THomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 14, p. 289. September. (Entebbe, Uganda; type in British Museum.) Specimens.—Twenty-three, including 12 in alcohol, from— Britisu East Arrica: Kaimosi (Heller). ! Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No.9, p.5. 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Genus LAVIA Gray. 1838. Lavie Gray, Mag. Zool. and Bot., vol. 2, p.490. (L.frons.) The yellow-winged bat is well represented in the collection by numerous specimens from many localities. Two subspecies are included in the series, a small northern and a large southern race. Andersen and Wrough- ton,’ recognizing these two sub- species, have placed the name Lavia rez, previously bestowed by Miller on the large East African race, in the synonymy of the West African JZ. frons, and have described as new the small race from the upper Nile. At the same time they admit that both a small and a large form in- habit West Africa. Until better series of specimens, somewhat comparable to the excellent suite now available from Hast Africa, are brought together from West and Central Africa, this arbitrary action by Andersen and Wrough- ton seems entirely unjustified. I have here recognized the two Hast African forms as distinct from the West African races. They occupy definite areas without overlap- ping, whereas the West African forms would appear to range to- gether. If either or both the East African races prove to be identical with West African forms, it would seem reasonable to as- sume that Miller, as ‘‘first re- viser,’’ had restricted the original 1Ann.and Mag. Nat. Hist.,ser. 7, vol. 19, pp. 138-140, February, 1907. EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. Tt name frons to the small West African race. In that case Lavia frons affinis might become synonymous with Lavia frons frons. ; LAVIA FRONS REX Miller. Plate 10, figs. 9, 10. 1892. Megaderma frons Truz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 15, p. 469. Oct. 26. (Taveta. Not of Geoffroy.) 1905. Lavia rer MituEr, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 18, p. 227. Dec. 9. (Taveta, British East Africa; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) 1907. Lavia frons frons ANDERSEN AND Wrovuauton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 19, p. 138. February. (Part; not of Geoffroy.) 1910. Lavia frons Roosevett, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., pp. 474, 480, and 487 (part); London ed., pp. 486,492, and 498 (part). (Not of Geoff- roy.) Specimens.—Thirty-seven, from the following localities: Brivish East Arrica: Athi Station, 1 in alcohol (Loring); Kisumu, 6 (Heller); Machakos Road, 1 (Medlicott); Southern Guaso Nyiro, 21, including 9 in alcohol (Loring, Mearns, Heller); Taveta, 2, including 1, the type, in alcohol (Abbott); Telek River, Sotik, 3 (Heller); Ulukenia Hills, 3 in alcohol (Loring). This subspecies differs from Lavia frons affinis of the upper Nile and Abyssinia in its generally more robust size. The forearm and ear average longer and the skull is conspicuously larger. Speci- mens from the vicinity of Victoria Nyanza and north to Lado are clearly intermediate between the two subspecies, but the small size of skull makes them go best with ajfinis. The length of the fore- arm seems to be the least reliable character to distinguish the races, and the size of skull and teeth the most satisfactory. Heller and Loring, in the Appendix to Roosevelt’s African Game Trails, have the following notes on the yellow-winged bat: Almost diurnal, flies well by day; hangs from the thorn-tree branches in the sun- light, and flies as soon as it sees a man approaching. One young, which remains attached to the mother until it is more than half her size. (Heller.) These large semidiurnal bats lived in the thorn-tree groves and thick bush along the Athi, South Guaso Nyero, and Nile Rivers, where we found them more or less common, and at the latter place abundant. At the first two named places they were almost always found in pairs hanging from the thorn trees by their feet, their wings folded before their faces. When disturbed they fly a short distance and alight, but when we returned to the spot a few minutes later they would often be found in the same tree from which they had been started. On the Nile,at Rhino Camp, and in suitable places all along the trail between Kampala and Butiaba, it was not unusual to find three and four in asingle thorn tree. On dark days, and once in the bright sunlight, I saw these bats flying about and feeding. At evening they always appeared an hour or so before the sun went down. Their method of feeding was quite similar to that of our fly-catching birds. They would dart from the branches of a thorn tree, catch an insect, then return and hang head downward in the tree while they ate the morsel. One was captured with a young one clinging to it head downward, its feet clasped about its mother’s neck. 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RHINOLOPHUS HILDEBRANDTII Peters. 1878. Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Peters, Mon.-ber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Ber- lin, p. 195. (Ndi, British East Africa; type in Berlin Museum.) Specumens.—Two, in alcohol, from: British Kast Arrica: Ulukenia Hills (Loring). One of these specimens is an old male, with forearm measuring 64 millimeters; the other is quite young and is considerably smaller. The species is readily distinguished from its near relative, R. eloquens, by its much larger size. RHINOLOPHUS ELOQUENS Andersen. 1905. Rhinolophus hildebrandti eloyuens ANDERSEN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7,vol.15,p.74. January. (Entebbe, Uganda; type in British Museum.) 1905. Rh[inolophus] eloguens ANDERSEN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 16, p. 651. December. 1910. Rhinolophus hildebrandti eloguens RoosEveE xt, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 474; London ed., p. 486. Specimens.—Forty, from the following localities: BritisH East Arrica: Lake Naivasha, 25, including 15 in alcohol (Mearns, Heller, Loring); Nyuki River, Northern Guaso Nyiro, 14, including 10 in alcohol (Heller); Southern Guaso Nyiro River, 1 in alcohol (Heller). ‘ne Naivasha specimens were taken from a cave*near the south end of the lake. The Nyuki River specimens were captured by Heller in a rock cave on the lower river. Doctor Mearns records seeing these bats flying among the trees at Lake Naivasha at twi- light. Andersen! refers specimens from Machakos and Kenia to Rhinolophus hildebrandtii rather than to R. eloguens. These speci- mens from British East Africa, as may be seen from the accompany- ing table of measurements, agree well in size with true eloqguens from Uganda, and run far too small for hildebrandtii. RHINOLOPHUS KENIENSIS Holiister. Plate 10, figs. 11, 12. 1916. Khinolophus keniensis HouuistTER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll.,vol.66, No.1, p. 2. February 10. (Mount Kenia, British East Africa; typein U.S. Nat. Mus.) Specimen.—One, the type in alcohol, from— British Kast Arrica: West side of Mount Kenia (Heller). This form is closely allied to Rhinolophus augur of South Africa, and will doubtless prove to be a subspecies, intergrading through R. a. zambesiensis. The latter has been recorded from Mount Kili- manjaro by Doctor Lénnberg? and by Mr. Oldfield Thomas. RHINOLOPHUS LOBATUS Peters. 1852. Rhinolophus lobatus Prerers, Reise Mossambique, Siugethiere, p. 41. (Sena, Portuguese East Africa; type in Berlin Museum.) Specumens.—Twenty, from localities as follows: Britisa East Arrica: Kijabe Station, 19 in alcohol (Loring); Lake Naivasha, 1 (Loring). 1 Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 16, 1905, p. 651. 2 Wiss. Erg. Schwedischen Zool. Exp. Kilimandjaro, Mamm., pp. 8-10. 1908. * Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 11, p. 315. March, 1913. EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 85 Family HIPPOSIDERIDA:. Genus HIPPOSIDEROS Gray. 1831. Hipposideros Gray, Zool. Misc., p. 37. (H. speoris.) 1871. Ptychorhina Peters, Mon.-ber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 325. (i. caffer.) All the recognized forms of this genus of nose-leaf bats which are known from the region are represented in the collection. HIPPOSIDEROS CAFFER (Sundevall). 1847. Rhinolophus caffer SUNDEVALL, Ofv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Férh., 1846, p. 118. (Near Port Natal, Natal; type in Stockholm Museum.) Specimens.—Sixty, from the following localities: Ueanva: Gondokoro, 30, including 21 in alcohol (Loring). Britisu East Arrica: Archer’s Post, 1 (Heller); Juja Farm, 1 in alcohol (Mearns); Kijabe, 1 in alcohol (Loring); Nairobi, 3, includ- ing 2 in alcohol (Mearns, Heller, Loring); Nairobi River, 1 in alcohol (Mearns); Northern Guaso Nyiro, 1 in alcohol (Mearns); Southern Guaso Nyiro, 21 in alcohol (Heller). ZANZIBAR: Zanzibar, 1 in alcohol (Weddell). As will be seen from the accompanying measurements this species is readily separable from the next by size alone. Although the di- mensions of forearms “overlap,” there is never the slightest doubt about which species a specimen should be referred to when the skull is examined, and alcoholic specimens of the two species may be sepa- rated easily by general bulk and by size and length of head. Among our sixty specimens there are very few representing the red phase, which seems to be rare, quite contrary to the case with the larger species.! In examining alcoholic material from the Southern Guaso Nyiro, several specimens of the parasitic Nycteribiide were found. HIPPOSIDEROS RUBER (Noack). 1893. Phyllorhina rubra Noack, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., vol. 7, p. 586. December 23. (‘‘Lugerrunjere-Fluss,’’ German East Africa; type in Berlin Museum.) 1906. Hipposiderus caffer centralis ANDERSEN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 17, p. 277. March. (Entebbe, Uganda; type in British Museum.) 1910. Hipposiderus caffer centralis RoosEvett, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 474; London ed., p. 486. Specimens.—Highty-nine, from localities as follows: Supan: Bor, 1 in alcohol (Heller). Ueanva: Gondokoro, 87, including 71 in alcohol (Loring). Britisu East Arrica: Nairobi, 1 in alcohol (Mearns). A large per cent of the specimens of this species are in the red phase. The species is usually readily separable from Hzpposideros caffer by bulk alone; it is a much heavier animal, with decidedly iIn this connection see a recent paper by Dr. Knud Andersen, ‘On the So-called Colour Phases of the Rufous Horseshoe-bat of India (Rhinolophus rouzi, Temm.),” Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist, Soc., vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 260-273, pls. 1, 2. September 15, 1917. 86 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. larger head and longer, more powerful forearm. The great difference in the size of the head is perhaps the best character to separate specimens in spirits, unless the skull be removed. The length of forearm is not always diagnostic, but there is never any doubt of the species when the skull is examined. In describing Hipposideros caffer centralis, Doctor Andersen con- sidered his new form a subspecies of caffer, and believed that only the large form occurred in Uganda. That such is not the case is plainly shown by our excellent series from Gondokoro, where the two species occur together without any indication of intermediate specimens. The type-specimen of Noack’s Phyllorhina rubra, which Andersen considered one of two known specimens intermediate between caffer and centralis, but nearer to caffer, is, so far as size is concerned, perfectly typical of his ceniralis. The accompanying table of measurements of specimens from which skulls have been removed makes this very plain. Out of the 149 specimens of the two species in our collection there is no trace of intergradation, and the differences between the two species are so great that any blend- ing seems quite improbable. The great difference in bulk between skulls of the two species is poorly indicated by the measurements. In addition to the dimensions of specimens with skulls listed in the accompanying table, the following measurements have been taken of the forearms of alcoholic specimens of the two species, caffer and ruber: Hipposideros caffer. Gondokoro: 47, 46, 47, 45, 47, 47, 46, 47, 47, 48, 49, 48, 47, 48, 48, 47, 48, 47, 48, 48, 46. Northern Guaso Nyiro: 47. Nairobi River: 48. Nairobi: 48, 48. Kijabe: 50. Juja Farm: 49. Southern Guaso Nyiro: 51, 51, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 50, 51. Zanzibar: 46. Hipposideros ruber. Bor: 52. Gondokoro: 54, 54, 53, 52, 55, 53, 53, 53, 52, 53, 53, 52, 55, 53, 51, 52, 52, 54, 52, 51, 53, 54, 54, 51, 53, 54, 54, 53, 52, 52, 51, 53, 51, 51, 52, 54, 52, 50, 51, 55, 54, 53, 52, 53, 53, 52, 53, 51, 54, 52, 51, 51, 52, 50, 50, 53, 53, 53, 52, 54, 53, 53, 52, 53, 53, 52, 53, 52, 53, 54, 52. Nairobi: 51. For complete tables of measurements of specimens see pages 87-88. MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 87 AST AFRICAN 7 4 E ‘od “mIOM Aja}RIOPOUL 43997, “snyy Uyssg uredAy, “TIOMUN 4390], “mio M AjOULIOPOU 4309, “mos ATQBIOpPISMOD 7290,, ‘od “UIOM 97471] FOAL, ‘aoM AjaVe1opour T4097, ‘od “UIOM 91991] Y09T, “m10A\ A[O}VIOpOUl T1991, “HIOM 91491] 4499,.L ‘od og ‘og ‘od ‘od “uWIOM A[91B1epOM W480, "HIOM 91397] 41997, “mI0M Al9}B1OpOMT 409 F, “UIOM 9749T{ YI9AL *SUOTZBAIASGGO “mio Ajoyerapom 44e0,7, “HIOM 973911 4999, OL Lt L°9 LW “9 oF $°9 LY r'9 cp 9°¢ 9°E L’¢ 9°E Lg Ls 8's 9°E Ls Spain L°g Ls L’¢ 6'e 3°¢ 0% ss sdf g's 3°S Q's 6'¢ 1 gre Lg 1 9°e Lg | L's Dont Lee 6°¢ | 8°€ 3's | 9°S Lg Wane g°C arasajarerorele 6°¢ $°e | -suTaeo Suypnyo *souTUuBo -ul ‘mor | goddn 4004 $s0.108 Airy qipeoagd “Exel [eeeseereee] Need £01 9'0T ¢ ‘61 SL Z ‘OI 9 ‘OT ae OTST 0"L 66 ‘Or 8 °OT 0*6I 6°9 TOI FOI Lot 16I 1% eewseees|Sppy ease er eat cee ESS. 6'8 06 Tt. | 2Br g's 0°6 8°8 ma 8°OI i) z°6 £6 1°ST T'L1 6°¢ 26 0°6 6 FI LI Beer ees. aia (eSarameter nce ait 19 0°6 06 PET Lor m9 ANS ere ee ae ety oor 5 oe aa bakoa meee aletopeie ss 2'9 £6 | £°6 8 "FI TLT i Jecteceeee ereceeeees oat cor 00 Neb AT'S #91 PLL 6°¢ £6 06 | 6 FI LI e0 “198. = |e 5 “| eer wT 19 +6 i 3 | Tet LL 0'9 | 36 i 56 °ct e°L1 £°9 Z'6 | 6°8 FFI 6°91 6°S £6 06 61 SLT 19 9°6 | $6 ST a £°9 | 16 8°8 FI Tt = eee wer eee ae an | $100.10) | fe . i eyenet geno |-unpeaia | Shem | “ese | qsbiearp Wpeeq | | -o8h7 |-ofpuoy} ‘mag 4S} BO1‘) | og “*s*0p"*"| T96FOT seodweaeeel ee ssqp?=*| SaRyaT Pecan aan eaten | eae Veg alte eo 1g sesapeyy [eeeeeteee: Boca s+-+[-eeseop: | zoopgr seeteseees|-eeeeqn=-| TogpOT seeteeeese|seeesgn= +] gogpor oF > <0p> | L¥6r0E ee a ie bes OP a ORGFOE Prone -+|-*9sop-"+| eFGpOT ees --+|-«e*9n---! geepor oF “*eeop"" "| 699Z8T Lb “ore | TZOFOT og rae ao Dias O0S99T os “***"0p"""| 66F90T SF “°°°"0p" "| L6F99T 6 “**t0p"*"| 965991 oF -se229p-"-| $6500T SP “**""0p"" "| Z6F99T 6h “**"°0p" "| T6F99T Sb “****0p""") 6SF90T ae * eyeuIE, | ggF09T 6F “O18 | 90809T rae *xog ‘ON | | | Senieerisce weereeseersrseereeeeeessocg Tecate res eaeeeree seeteeeeeee egy Jcasneawmresincws seat mat sesenae oq awarsiad Aeeaeeasens *+*2+=**++o70H0puoy | sepuese gta sch coe vol] y ISBq WeUIIEL *LaQns "FT Balefaywiais stele rane siniats etaioeie se reereeee og ase eee teeter essen eto is ae tert ese terete teesesesesee ees Dene eeeeese tas tre tesesereeressog Bian tee seotar seas trttetesres esto ae seciee Reg ccece ses Taps? witresessog EG daher naa cere eee ese -- 910Hopuoy repues¢ Se See acec oe entice ee *"4S0g S,oOIV Sosemecec on aaatns voreseeesesess*ergomTeN alates Cate eaees te retereseeeestog weno te etetetereteree ees Late ete Sieyaeiclaoleiaccerc me eee a eee -0g Pe See oes satWacouseee tee 0q eemeeceeaseen se a sles manatee Does oc Lmiaeisetascitesie Boenaa wabiasiie “0g Sects sneer nice eee teeter esse tog b aheiechesiiete siete elaiets sees ase “oq Jahan lasceeeeoberetente as vemee --og pre eioleie cia ain ee rei OTA NT OSBLIK) “g Verda *saf{vo "H -S417e00{ pue sotoodg “Laqna “FT pun saf{va soszaprsoddiy fo suamwads fo szuawmaimsvapy 88 Measurements of specimens of Hipposideros caffer and H. ruber—Continued. BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. A A See a = 5 5 , : = FS eerie - cg ok ® S 26 > e os 3 5 4 gies wa & ro 4S Q s One ° Saf ic iss BE a ee ‘ ONG) a ossso9 SAAasssAanAaaA Oo oo ® o o 0 ®& & Bee : b> CO 0 OS MD O M & & & | SpS-8 9 SconNSSoSoSSoES Riioneo Sokse A958 Sanne 19 SH 1d +H HH 19 CO 0 CO IH mgaoy Soa wt a wd wi i wi wi wi eOa8 Reee ee Slit ea eaten SNMOHOMOHAA Sacer iss est ST Pa ie Mea) Laevivelien were acne SPBbeoove i (Our (ie be ke ow 0 Saceads C05 3 hen S00 “nu gooo Oa 3 Od HOHNOOH ANOS mos a) “Stuer ese.) 6 mea he. eo) Ce, Pet pe ~r = sd | SS Me SS ney Se SS DS ae Ao ors MOOR DNDN HH HD 24 zie her Paces ate a ose Pes OSs hed SS ey or en en gat bss NH? a Ot ee | mo amnnmo nt ~*~ Om —=e— f 0 Ae fe MA ey Pie! ee a) la, ~—e so 4 nr 3 et a | SS eee eS ee aoa 3 B25 x eS 2 On arnt w iow] sod See eae eon cal ase gagaggggda igge ; ee So Ofo sine en. We 3 nnomHwM : Bl ; ag . on ; 3 ae : | Scale ies alts eoten eer ies ae . BAR & ol =e gig (Sear ay) s) P's: io ai 6 kak le Sia beesl | can aele eee) Je CO) | offocogcoeo oe aD sa vus eC BU eo! | TR a in atae nLite asia) Boas Cone in SSaAxrVWsvsseEaEBzES 3 Be Seass oe ce A SO DD OOS Oe w& Oo ee A ee oe oe oe ee eae : 5 mere Scat B ae eee | = Sa sca ists S ees 7 Ser arte bs & a'decarh eta rape ‘ated fe) Pala Mie a : Sams are es A edt i 3 oi : Riycaoerebos & RRC CR URAC Noe me A 3 Ah age! el ami RTE ENG Lie Prac abe Ee its 3 ays igs Ne tee TON cep ae yy ee ea rs ee eats cei irae aces (eke ate mD EES Ns he eife Minette, mle tite utes tdi nus opel nest one a elanre a er ns [ee BAe (Oo LS oa BD 6 © ZTAQHDRAAAAARAAA o> & © oO ae) gy HIPPOSIDEROS COMMERSONII MARUNGENSIS (Noack). 1887. Phyllorhina commersonti Peters, var. marun- gensis Noack, Zool. Jahrb., Syst.,vol. 2, p. 272. May 7. (Qua Mpala, Marungu, Congo.) Specumen.—One in alco- hol: ZANZIBAR: (Weddell). Genus ASELLIA Gray. 1838. Asellia Gray, Mag. Zool. and. Bot., vol. 2, p. 493. (A. tridens.) The single African species of this genus of nose-leaf bats iswellrepresented in the mu- seum by specimens from Egypt, but by only one speci- men from within the geo- graphical limits of the pres- ent report. ASELLIA TRIDENS (Geoffroy). 1813. Rhinolophus tridens GEOFFROY, Descr. l’Egypte, vol. 2, p. 127. (Tombs of the Kings and temple of Denderah, Egypt.) 1816. Rh[inolophus] tridens Oxen, Lehrb. Nat., 3ter Theil, 2te Abth., p. 922. Specumen.—One in alco- hol from— Supan: Shendi (Roths- child). Family VESPERTI- LIONID. Genus MYOTIS Kaup. 1829. Myotis Kaur, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 106. (A. myotis.) A single species of Myotis is known from British East Zanzibar EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 89 Africa. It is apparently a rare bat, as no specimens were collected by either of the large expeditions. MYOTIS HILDEGARDE4 Thomas. 1904. Myotis hildegardee Tuomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 18, p. 209. March. (Fort Hall, British East Africa; type in British Museum. ) Specimens.—Two, as follows: British East Arrioca: Yala River (Turner). Both of these specimens have abnormal dentition. In each pm’ is wanting on both sides, and in one skull pm; is absent also. The meas- urements of the two specimens follow, the first dimensions given are of an adult male, the second of an adult female. Head and body, 48, 47; tail, 44, 42; foot, 9.5, 9; ear, 15, 12.3; forearm, 38.5, 38. Skull: Greatest length, 15.1, 14.8; condylobasal length, 14, 13.7; zygomatic breadth, 9.5, 9.3; breadth of braincase, 7.6, 7.6; inter- orbital breadth, 3.7, 3.8; length of mandible, 10.7, 10.6. Teeth: Upper row, front of canine to back of m, 5.5, 5.4; lower row, front of canine to back of mz, 6, 5.9. This interesting addition to our collection of African bats was made by Mr. H. J. A. Turner, who collected the specimens November 25 and December 1, 1913. Genus PIPISTRELLUS Kaup. 1829. Pipistrellus Kaur, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 98. (P. pipistrellus.) Five distinct species of the diminutive pipistrelles are included in the collections. One of these, Pipistrellus riippelii, has been placed by Miller 1 in the genus Scotozous Dobson. The characters separating Scotozous from Pipistrellus are not well marked, and riippelv, in a meas- ure, combines features of the two genera. It seems best, therefore, to retain it within the limits of true Pipistrellus. Of the three skulls of riippelit examined, two show distinctly a secondary posterior cusp on the upper canines, and in one skull this cusp is more conspicuous than is usual in several species ordinarily referred to true Prpistrellus. For measurements of specimens see table, page 91. PIPISTRELLUS NANUS (Peters). 1852. Vespertilio nanus Purers, Reise Mossambique, Saugethiere, p. 63. (in- hambane, Portuguese East Africa.) 1910. Pipistrellus nanus THomAs AND WrovauToN, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 19, p. 488. March. 1917. Pipistrellus nanus ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 37, p. 441. September 29. Specimens.—Ten, from localities as follows: Ueanpa: Mubuku Valley, East Ruwenzori, 5,000 feet, 1 (Woosnam). British East Arrica: Yala River, 9 (Turner). Of his Ruwenzori specimens, one of which is listed above, Mr. R. B. Woosnam has written: These little bats inhabited chiey the banana plantations, and were found on Ruwenzori up to 6,000 feet.? EyURSD Se Te TE esa ae eee } Bull. 57, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 206. 1907. 2 Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 19, p. 489. March, 1910. 90 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PIPISTRELLUS HELIOS Heller. Plate 10, figs. 13, 14. i912. Pipistrellus helios HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 12, p. 3. November 4. (Merelle Water, 30 miles south of Mt. Marsabit, British East Africa; type in U. 8. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Sixteen, from localities as follows: British East Arrica: Archer’s Post, 3 in alcohol (Heller); Lakiundu River, 5, including 3 in alcohol (Heller); Merelle Water, Marsabit Road, 7, including 6 in alcohol (Heller); Northern Guaso Nyiro, 1 (Percival). This bat agrees 11 many particulars with the description of Pipi- strellus deserti Thomas ' from Tripoli, which has been recorded from British East Africa by Allen ? and by Dollman.* There are certain marked discrepancies in dimensions, however, and Miller, after study of the type-specimen of deserti, placed that species in the genus Scoto- zous.* This would appear to mean that deserti has a very minute outer upper incisor, whereas in helios that tooth is particularly large, almost equating in size the larger inner incisor. PIPISTRELLUS AERO Heller. Plate 10, figs. 15, 16. 1912. Pipistrellus aero HeLtLeR, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 12, p. 3. November 4. (Mount Gargues, Mathews Range, 7,000 feet, British East Africa; type in U. 8. Nat. Mus.) 1917. Pipistrellus nanus ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 37, pp. 441, 442. September 29. Specimens.—Five, including two in alcohol, as follows: Britisu East Arrica: Mount Gargues (Heller). Heller notes that this species was seen only in the heavy forest on the summit of Mount Gargues, 7,000 to 7,100 feet altitude. Numbers were seen at dusk every evening, but no other species was noted at ao high an elevation. PIPISTRELLUS KUHLIL FUSCATUS Thomas. 1901. Pipistrellus kuhlii fuscatus Toomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 8, p. 34. July. (Naivasha, British East Africa; type in British Museum.) 1910. Pipistrellus kuhlit fuscatus Roosrvert, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., pp. 474 and 480; London ed., pp. 486 and 491. Specimens.—Five, from localities as follows: Britisu East Arrica: Engare Narok River, 1 (Loring); Kabalolot Hill, Sotik, 1 in alcohol (Heller); Lake Naivasha, 2, including 1 in alcohol (Mearns, Heller); Nairobi, 1 (Heller). PIPISTRELLUS RUPPELII (Fischer). 1829. Viespertilio] riippelti Fiscuer, Syn, Mamm., p. 109. (Dongola, Sudan.) Specimens.—Nine, including 6 in alcohol, as follows: Supan: Khartoum (Heller, Loring). 1 Proc. Zool. Soc. London,vol.2,p.4. 1902. 2 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 54, p.325. December, 1911. 3 Proc. Zool. Soc. London., 1914, p. 308. June, 1914. 4 Bull. 57, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 206. 1907. 91 EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. "ed AY, 1 “tmI0M ATQBIepIsuoOD Cf Z'6 8°P 6'9 £°8 £°Z1 £°ST wee et ee eee ESOP os 3 996FOT ee ee ett we twee oh aeesie- OCT, od cy 6°8 6'F 8°9 $'8 $IT Tee) Sn oes SP aeeODcam|GOOPOT 2 erent pc pa te Spee aoe Se core “""0d “MIOM ATo}eIEPOW | 9°F T'6 83°F 8°9 Pe LOGI Tee) eee | OTCUIOM || POCPODeiirecs neo rome “""“MInoVIByY -UvpNgs ‘mpddns "I “ai0M AjoVe1OpoW | 6 °F 8°6 T’¢ we 9°8 €UL | 9°EI cg ScaseO Daeai/aS0T CO bans a oaes oes oe ae “BYSBAIGN OXVT “Vv ‘AA “sngoosnf I oa jar los |ev ov jes in ag | ee alee ne oe, ee bn aire od 9% 06 Peet oe eeeaaeae ale apenas leh tenets Haste ze sereropes-| puageE ocstcettttccceteetceereee od “UIOM 9194V'T | oF | 9°8 9'F 8'9 1'8 | 9°I £°S1 1é fe SOTRIVATCUST Site ote ss an) oe songiepy JuUnOW “Vy A } "0190 * J tae eel Dees as Bl ee Be ee ee ee nc Here bys oe peg) fereeeee enor pit eee Rint aaes Bee ale yes Op SE Re Bs o-tenaeonoyk moaugr| 8B | 972 es Me -=+] gg ees os 9°6 60 | 9g ses-opre-| gugget [eocceeetette eee a a + 0g “MIOM OT}VT | 2° 1e-2 Gb Oso eae ae 0°01 oIl 8S Zar ctON A MTAGZRT sell ooacis is mies aetna aaa sea od “TIOM AQ BIBpIsmOD 9°s | GL tp 0°9 9°9 £01 SOL Lt “SMOTOD NCISUSE lets cok a Laan ar: “"IVATY NPUNYB’T 2 | | { | “SONY * eT ae ‘od 8'e | BL Sry, TO} seals. ae LOI | 9 IT | ae “"-Op"" "| $9661 ‘uiomM AjeyBIOpOW | OF o°8 o'P 3’¢ ae lee 8 ‘OT 0°CT ce 0p" ~ =| TS6Z61 SSM UUAOUMEOUL ISEns |< amr Stl, ces sa [fs eee 0'9 | Svetaiais=igia'a's LOI €°1T 9z ----op"-"| OS6LET sivect~nasiee eo uleth sjniw lal ee\iisim 018m ponies +97 ‘od Le 0'8 0 8°9 | $'9 8°OT PIL ze SOPs hORGLO eal ake Ce a ee Se Se Be se OGL ‘od Il? T's oF L’g | 69 O11 SIL | ze “20D Re cIMSFOLOL aul sass ee ee | ae ee ce BORE CYA og = [se 0°8 62 Gs | es Ao ee | 8 | Sree |e peke Tas) ee Eis a 0 “UIOM 87}40'T | Le , 24 (a {6S [ae aes 9°OT SIT | 1& (es e00 Dama | COBLO Lae |. a ean ee ee a a ef aS nee 0g “WIOM TON | 8° | 82 e 69 ree £01 jeu | Te |"*"*"Op""*| OP6LET see eeu “uo. ATOYB.IOPOTT | Lee 8°L oF | 68 1 3°9 | 2-01 | SIL oe "OTB | ShOLET | ee ea ae a BATY BVA SV AA “MIOM 81991 | 8°E | 6°L O% 1 6°S ee 6°01 | $°IL | BE PP STBEG HT QCBCET nai)" Gas eh Mee eee ““TOZMOMNY :BpuBs—) | | | “snupu ‘gd ios pee here ee Be le res five Uta ees ee Seley a A eee ee See | | ; ay | ‘Mor | -gsvouresq ‘oseouresq) “YypBeiq | “Yj{Zud] “q43U9] Shes te ; | re {4994 JO UOTZYPUO,) ls W400} | o}qTPURW jo yidea jo o1yeuL Teseqoy | 1sazVery | WLIee1Og xog ON Az peoo] pur WLIO aie Sa mpeag | -oshz | -Apuop | -1MI9 | | en ae ‘snppousidig fo suaunwads fo susmaimsnayy 92 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus EPTESICUS Rafinesque. 1820. Eptesicus RAFINESQUE, Ann. Nat., vol. 1, p. 2. (E. fuseus.) All the smaller bats of this genus that have definitely been deter- mined from the region are included in the collection. EPTESICUS PHASMA Alten. 1893. Vesperugo ( Vesperus) rendalli Trux, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 16, p. 602. (Not of Thomas. ) 1911. Eptesicus phasma G. M. AuuEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 54, p. 327. December. (Meru River, British East Africa; type in Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard.) Specimens.—Fourteen, as follows: Ucanpa: Gondokoro, 1 (Loring). British East Arrios: Archer’s Post, Northern Guaso Nyiro, 1 (Heller); Lakiundu River, 11, inctuding 7 in alcohol (Heller); Tana River, 1 in alcohol (Chanler). The specimen from Uganda is slightly darker in color than the specimens from the type region in British East Africa. EPTESICUS TENUIPINNIS (Peters). 1872. Vesperus tenuipinnis Peters, Mon.-ber. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 263. (Guinea.) Specimen.—One in alcohol, as follows: Lavo: Rhino Camp (Mearns). EPTESICUS CAPENSIS SOMALICUS (Thomas). 1901. Vespertilio minutus somalicus Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 8, p. 32. July. (Hargaisa, British Somali; type in British Mu- seum.) Specimens.—Six, as follows: British Hast Arrica: Archer’s Post, Northern Guaso Nyiro, 2 (Heller); Quoy Water, Marsabit Road, 1 (Heller); Southern Guaso Nyiro, 3, including 2 in alcohol (Loring, Mearns). Specimens from the Southern Guaso Nyiro average somewhat larger than those from north of Kenia. They may be tending toward Eptesicus capensis gracilior of Zululand. EPTESICUS UGAND Hollister. Plate 10, figs. 17, 18. 1916. Eptesicus ugandex Houiister, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 66, No. 1, p.3. February 10. (Ledgus, Uganda; typein U.S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Six, in alcohol, as follows: Ueanpba: Kiriba Village, 10 miles south of Gondokoro, 3 (Hel- ler); Ledgus, 3 (Loring). EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 93 EPTESICUS GRANDIDIERI (Dobson). 1876. Vesperugo ( Vesperus) grandidieri Dosson, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 18, p. 500. (Zanzibar; type in Paris Museum.) Specimen: One, in alcohol, from— Britisu East Arrica: Southern Guaso Nyiro River (Mearns). This specimen agrees in every detail with Dobson’s description of E. grandidiert, except that the hair extends thinly over the greater part of the anterior half of the interfemoral membrane. In the original account, it is stated that the fur “scarcely” extends upon the ‘‘membranes.”’ The species is readily distinguished from the other small brown forms of Eptesicus known in East Africa by the distinctly bicuspidate upper inner incisors and the great length of the outer upper incisors, which reach nearly to the tip of the outer cusp of the inner incisor. Genus NYCTICEIUS Rafinesque. 1819. Nycticeius RAFINESQUE, Journ. Phys., vol. 88, p. 417. June. (N. humer- alts, 1875. ee Dosson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 371. (NV. emarginatus.) The old world species of bats usually placed in the genus Scotenus do not seem to differ generically from the American species of Nyc- ticeius. NYCTICEIUS AFRICANUS Allen. 1911. Nycticeius africanus G. M. ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 54, p. 328. December. (Meru River, British East Africa; type in Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard.) Specimens.—Fifteen, from localities as follows: British Kast Arrica: Archer’s Post, 2 in alcohol (Heller); Kara River, Marsabit Road, 4 (Heller); Lakiundu River, 5, including 3 in alcohol (Heller); Mount Lololokwi, 3, including 1 in alcohol (Heller) ; Quoy, Marsabit Road, 1 (Heller). This species seems closely related to Nycticeius schiteffeni Peters and should, perhaps, be treated as a subspecies of that form. Genus SCOTGCUS Thomas. 1901. Scotecus Taomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 7, p. 263. March. (S. albofuscus.) This genus is closely related to Nycticeius and even more closely to the American genus Nycteris. The resemblance of the skull to the skull of Nycteris borealis is very striking, and the presence of the small upper premolar in a large per cent of specimens leaves the genus separable from Nycteris only by the unfurred interfemoral membrane. 94 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SCOTCCUS HINDEI Thomas. 1901. Scotecus hindei Taomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 7, p. 264. (Kitui, British East Africa; type in British Museum.) Specimens.—Seven, from localities as follows: British East Arrica: Archer’s Post, 4, including 1 in alcohol (Heller); Lakiundu River, 2, including 1 in alcohol (Heller); Northern Guaso Nyiro, 1 odd skull (Heller). Out of five skulls of this species in the collection four have the small spike-like upper premolar as described by Wroughton' and by G. M. Allen.2 The normal dentition of the species would seem to include two upper premolars. In the skull in the United States National Museum collection which lacks the small premolar, the tiny alveolus can be seen on one side with a strong glass. SCOTCCUS ALBIGULA Thomas. 1901. Scotxcus albigula Tuomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 4, p. 544. (Kirui, Mt. Elgon, British East Africa; type in British Museum.) Specimens.—Two in alcohol, as follows: Uaanpa: Kiriba (Heller). The skull of one of these specimens has been removed and exhibits the small upper premolars as described by Thomas in the type. Genus SCOTOPHILUS Leach. 1821. Scotophilus Leacu, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 13, p. 69. (S. kuhlit.) 1831. Pachyotus Gray, Zool. Misc., p. 38. (S. kuhlit.) The widely ranging bat Scotophilus nigrita (Schreber) is repre- sented in the collection by the common subspecies of British East Africa. SCOTOPHILUS NIGRITA COLIAS Thomas. 1904. Scotophilus nigrita colias Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 13, p. 207. March. (Fort Hall, British East Africa; type in British Museum.) 1910. Scotophilus nigrita colias Roosrvett, African Game Trails, Amer. ed. . p. 474; London ed., p. 486. 1910. Scotophilus migrita colias Roosrve tr, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 480; London ed., p. 491. Specimens.—Thirteen, from the following localities: Britiso East Arrica: Archer’s Post, 1 (Heller); Lakiundu River, 1 (Heller); Merelle River, Marsabit Road, 2, including 1 in alcohol (Heller); Nairobi, 9, including 7 in alcohol (Mearns, Heller, Loring). Common at Nairobi; flying among the tree tops in the evening. Has the same flight as our big brown bat— Vespertilio fuscus. (Roosevelt, Afr. Game Trails, p. 480.) 1 Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Philos. Soc., pt. 2, No.5, p.4 1907. 2 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 54, No. 9, p. 330. 1911. EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 95 Genus MINIOPTERUS Bonaparte. 1837. Miniopterus Bonaparte, Icon. Fauna Italica, vol. 1, fasc. 20, under V. emarginatus. (M. schreibersit.) The African forms of this genus of bats are badly in need of careful revision. The single species included in our collection from East Africa is closely related to M. schrevbersii of Europe. MINIOPTERUS NATALENSIS ARENARIUS Heller. Plate 10, figs. 19, 20. 1912. Miniopterus natalensis arenarius HetLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 12, p. 2. November 4. (Nyuki River, Northern Guaso Nyiro, British East Africa; type in U. 8. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Thirteen, as follows: Brirish East Arrica: Lake Naivasha, 8, including 6 in alcohol (Heller, Mearns, Loring); Northern Guaso Nyiro River, 1 (Heller) ; Ngare Nyuki, 2, including 1 in alcohol (Heller); Ulukenia Hills, 2 in alcohol (Loring). The Naivasha Lake specimens seem to be inseparable from those from the type region. The form is very close to true natalensis, but is slightly darker in color (not paler, as stated in the original deserip- tion). The type-specimen was captured, with specimens of Rhino- lophus, in a rock cave. Family MOLOSSIDZE. Genus CHAZ REPHON Dobson. 1874. Chxerephon Dosson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 43, pt. 2, p. 144. (C. johorensis. ) The species of this genus of free-tailed bats included in our East African collections are all members of the ‘‘pwmilus group.” The exact status of these and other forms described within the group is still uncertain, as the variation in pattern and extent of the white markings, which have been used as specific characters, seem to be to a considerable degree individual. The position and shape of the small upper premolar is likewise subjeét to great variation in a series from one locality. For tables of measurements of specimens see pages 96-97. CH 2EPHON PUMILUS PUMILUS (Cretzschmar). 1826. Dysopes pumilus CRETZSCHMAR, Riipp. Atlas Zool., vol. 1, p.69. (Massaua, Eritrea. ) Specimens.—Twenty-three, from localities as follows: Erirrea: Massaua, 1 in alcohol (Genoa Mus.); Saaita, 4 in alcohol (Raggazzi). Supan: Mongalla, 8 in alcohol (Heller). Ueanpa: Gondokoro, 10, including 7 in alcohol (Loring). 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Lit Genus OTOCYON Miiller. 1836. Otocyon Miixuer, Archiv. Anat. & Phys. Med., p. L. (0. megalotis.) The great-eared ‘‘fox” is represented in the East African collections by two closely related forms, which later doubtiess will prove, with Otocyon megalotis of South Africa, to be geographic races of a single species. OTOCYON CANESCENS Cabrera. 1910. Otocyon canescens CaBRERA, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. », vol. 6, p. 462. November. (Burao, Somaliland; type in British Museum.) Specimen.—One imperfect skin from— ApyssintA: Adis Ababa (Philip). OTOCYON VIRGATUS Miller. Plates 22, 23, 24. 1892. Otecyon megalotis TRuE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 15, p. 455. (Not of Desmarest. ) 1909. Otocyon virgatus Mitier, Smithsonian Misc. Coil., vol. 52, p. 485. Decem- ber 18. (Naivasha Station, British East Africa; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) 1910. Otocyon virgatus Roosrvett, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., pp. 473 and 486; ! London ed., pp. 485 and 497.! Specimens.—Seventeen, from localities as follows: British East Arnica: ‘‘British East Africa,’ 1 skull (S. A. Ex.); Engare Narok River, 1 (Rainey); Lakiundu River, 1 (Heller); Loita Plains, 1 (Heller); Naivasha Station, 8 (Mearns, Loring); Southern Guaso Nyiro River, 1 (Rainey); Taveta, 1 (Abbott); Telek River, 1 (Rainey). GerMAN East Arrica: Aruscha Wa-cini, 2 (Abbott). Mearns and Loring record the following weights of specimens collected at Lake Naivasha: Males, old adult (type), 8; pounds; young adult, 6} pounds. Females, two adults, each 6} pounds. Doctor Abbott’s labels on the specimens from the Kilimanjaro region record the native Kichaga name of the animal as Azpara. Loring’s notes on the species at Naivasha are in part as follows: All of the specimens secured were taken by “jacking” at night, although, while traveling over the Uganda Railroad, we frequently saw them singly or in pairs in broad daylight. The white people knew nothing of a fox in thie country, and had always called them “jackals.” They seemed to live in pairs and groups of three to six. On dark nights it was usually easy to shine their eyes and approach within shooting range. Often the foxes would slink about for some time before we got within gunshot range. Frequently we saw two and sometimes three and four standing 66 close together that it was surprising that the spread of the shot did not kill more tha one. One evening Dr. Mearns and I started out about 9 o’clock and returned about midnight. Most of the hunting was done on an elevated brushy plateau, within short distance of a native village, where the occupants were singing, dancing, and playing their crude stringed instruments. We ran into a bunch of five of these foxes and got four of them, none of which was the young of the year. One fox was killed a 8S uirgartus.’’ 112 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. within 200 yards of the railroad station, and at dusk one evening I saw a fox emerge from a burrow close to a group of natives and scamper across the flat. The stomachs of several were examined and found to contain about a quart of termites and other insects, (Roosevelt’s African Game Trails, Appendix C, pp. 486-487.) As will be seen from the accompanying table of measurements, there is considerable variation in size and proportions of the skull and teeth in this series of Otocyon from British East Africa. Con- clusions based on so small a series of each form as examined and meas- ured by Cabrera ' would not seem to be of much value; and, although the three forms recognized will doubtless prove to differ sufficiently in color so that they may be retained as subspecies of megalotis, the characters of size and proportions of skull are of little or no use in differentiating the forms. Good series of skins and skulls from Abyssinia, Somaliland, and South Africa are now much needed to work out the relationships between these forms, as well as the real characters which distinguish them one from another. For measurements see table, page 113. Family MUSTELIDZS. Genus MELLIVORA Storr. 1780. Aellivora Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm., tab. A. (AM. capensis.) Several forms of the honey-badger have been named from various parts of Africa. These have been for the most part based on single specimens or very small series, and until suitable collections of skins and skulls are assembled for serious monographic work the status of several named species is perhaps uncertain. On geographic grounds alone it would seem that most of the named forms must stand in the final revision. The two species listed below, on the basis of the limited material at hand, seem distinct and well marked. MELLIVORA ABYSSINICA Hollister. Plate 25. 1910. Mellivora abyssinica HotsisteR, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 13, p. 1. October 10. (Suksukki River, Abyssinia; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) 1911. Mellivora abyssinica HouustER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 24, p. 37. February 24. Specimen.—One, the type, as follows: ApyssInia: Suksukki River, 1 (Philip). In the original account of this species the type locality was given as “vicinity of Adis Ababa,” Abyssinia. Later information received from the collector, the Hon. Hoffman Philip, gives the exact locality where the specimen was killed as near the “Suksukki River, a small stream which connects Lake Zwai with Lake Horo Schalo, about 1 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 6, p. 463. November, 1910. 118 EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM, ‘od | 0s OT 6F “od 6F "od Md “od Lb } | “pesos emyns yeseg | SF *medo einyns yeseqg | Sb - qo ATaIBIOPOT r99y, | L “Od Lt “Od St “uedo omyns jsseq | 6b “od ze ‘pasols OIngns yess | SF “od St “0G gt “‘cedo oimins jsseg | 0¢ “euTuee mu015 "sUOTYBAIBSQY) AOL qj004 JMOF 03 6°9 $9 $9 $8 79 #°9 9 £9 69 78 $$ £9 £9 oe */ub Je CUPL "BGA YT 3 ang eae BS Bie ci aes Ae eee | e ie x of Nags lees ees etna Weer =e lo gpouroyy | gogge [eeetcceeeceeeeeeee aot a St 61 Ly eg Olt ieee Sagem |Vronees eee | panes ane “** OTB | P698E “*""""\OTO-B AM BGOSMIY oY ED a Gy A op - Bye oe (cen ose oe eae [crete al aaiigo alee o=° genaectas ~ O[VMOT: |) SOCGSTS je a Og “ai0M Ajo}vIOpOUr 7309, | 0'9F pL 0°CE b'9% a Z1Z bP £8 6L c@P Org “OIC | FOZBT | ATINYO-eA-fleyy “UIOM 919711 TI0AL | Z°FE pL o1g 0°S% bil 6 °F OF 08 €L O88 O2F O[RULG ME OSCR Tee =e oo nals ae a aa oO “mi0a Ajoyeiepour 4007, | O'SE TZ 0°CE 9°92 €°&1 Ll &b +8 92 ooP OVE Pe ODS POLES er diteae 4. es TO “HLIOA BIITT YIOIL, | 1°9E g's T&€ 0°96 6S 6°92 oP £8 89 GLE oth neo OD" 2GCGR kee alte mca: oa eke a aes OU “og 9°LE LL 0°S8 6°96 9°CI 6°22 oF 88 8L 068 Osh “** OTB | SESZSE | OTOTOq NY Juno, ‘TIOM Ajoyelopou WSBT, | 6 "Se 43 0'8s 0°S% Lit L°9% GY £&8 9L 00F OPP “O[BUION | OFSISIM Glas cece eee “a10s A[Quiepysoo qWOAL | 9°se | £8 Lise om Sare) elikuct L°9% ch 28 ! OIF Ogh \-°*=*op*""| BpoIaEs |et--- oer “aI APORBIOpOM YIGAL | 9 “FE 9°L b Of 9°FS GOL 9°92 vF 18 OL 068 OZF “"°"OIBY | SESTISE | [oo yopay 0707;, Sy Ra ‘sabunsa *® 124 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. zygomatic breadth, 62.6, 56.1; interorbital breadth, 19.5, 18.3; post- orbital breadth, 15.8, 14.6; mastoid breadth, 41.7, 38.1; lachrymal foramen to alveolar point, 35.7, 31.4; greatest length nasals, 27.3, 26.1; upper tooth row, including canine, 37.2, 34.1; upper carnassial, 7.6 X 5.4, 7.4 X 5.2; length of mandible, 75.4, 70.6; lower tooth row, imeluding canine, 41, 37.9. Genus MUNGOS Geoffroy and Cuvier. 1795. Mungos Georrroy and Cuvier, Mag. Encycl., vol. 2, p. 187. (4. mungo.) 1789. Ichneumon Lactrkpe, Tab. Div., Ord. Gen. Mamm., p.7. (M. ichneumon.) 1811. Herpestes Inticer, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, pp. 135, 202. (M. ichneu- mon. 1865. wise Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, pp. 509, 560. (df. nepa- lensis.) 1865. Galerelia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, pp. 609, 564. February. (M. ochraceus.) 1914, Calogale Marscuis, Sitz.-ber. Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin, 1914, p. 438. This genus, together with the succeeding genera of Viverridsx, are considered by Pocock to belong to a separate family which he calls the Mungotide.! Matschie (1914) considers the members of the “gracilis” group as forming a distinct genus, Calogale. For measurements of specimens of mungooses see pages 128-129. MUNGOS DENTIFER Heller. Plate 32, figs. 1, 2, 3. 1913. Mungos dentifer Heiter, Smithsonian Misc. Coil., vol. 61, No. 13, p. 10, September 16. (Maji-ya-chumvi, British East Africa: type in U. §. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Two, as follows: British Kast Arrica: Maji-ya-chumvi, 2 (Heller). This small mungoose of the ochraceus-melanurus group agrees with the Zanzibar Island species, Mungos lasti, in possessing small first lower premolars, a character which distinguishes these two forms from all their relatives so far as known. MUNGOS SANGUINEUS PARVIPES Hollister. Plate 32, figs. 4, 5, 6. 1916. Afungos sanguineus parvipes Hottister, Smithsonian Mise. Coll., vol. 66, No. 1, p. 5. February 10. (Kaimosi, Kavirondo, British East Africa: type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Two, from the following localities: Britisa East Arrica: Kaimosi, 1 (Heller); Lukosa River, 1 (Hel- ler). This form is readily distinguished from its geographical neighbors by its small skull and short hind foot. The type-specimen from } Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 17, p. 415, Jume, 1916; Proc. Zool, Soc. London, 1926, p. 349, June, AOE, BAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 125 Kaimosi is in the black phase and the specimen from Lukosa River is colored much like the grizzled Mungos sanguineus tbex. For measurements see page 128. MUNGOS SANGUINEUS IBEX Wroughton. 1892. Herpestes gracilis Trug, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 15, p. 46). (Not of Riippell.) 1907. Mungos sanguineus ibex Wroventon, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 20, p. 118. August. (Fort Hall, British East Africa; type in British Museum.) 1910. Mungos sanguienus ibeew Roosnvert, African Game Trails, Amer. ed. - p. 473; London ed., p. 485. (Part.) Specimens.—Nine, from the following localities: British East Arrica: Mtoto Andei, 1 (Heller); Plains east of Kilimanjaro, 1 (Abbott); Sir Alfred Pease’s Farm, Kitanga, 2 (Mearns); Southern Guaso Nyiro River, 2 (Mearns, Loring) ;. Ulu- kenia Hills, 2 (Loring); Voi, 1 (Heller). A‘female collected by Mearns at Kitanga, May 8, was not pregnant; there were two pairs of mamma. Abbott notes of the female taken east of Kilimanjaro in June that the mamme contained milk. The nine skins of this form are quite uniform in color, with the exception of one of the specimens from the Southern Guaso Nyiro River. This latter skin is much more yellowish, or pale ochraceous, than the average, and is particularly bright on the back, legs, and tail. The second specimen from the same locality is in all respects normal. There is very little tendency toward melanism; only a single skin, from Sir Alfred Pease’s Farm, shows a definite blackish area figne the back, and this is rather indistinct. The mungoose described by Matschie as Calogale mare ' must be very close indeed to ibex; the type-locality, Ngare Mdusse (a southern tributary of the Mara River), is near the German East African boun- bary only a short distance south of our Guaso Nyiro locality. The Calogale elegans, of the same author,? from Fort Smith, near Nairobi, would seem to be the same form, also. MUNGOS SANGUINEUS ORESTES Heller. Plate 33. 1911. Mungos sanguineus orestes HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 17, p. 15. February 28. (West slope of Mount Kenia, altitude 8,500 feet; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Seven, as follows: Britiso East Arrica: West slope of Mount Kenia (Mearns, Lor- ing). Mearns records the color of the iris in this species as “yellow- brown.” The Kenia race of Mungos sanguineus is a dark-colored subspecies. Of the seven skins at hand five are quite blackish, and 1 Sitz.-ber. Ges. a, Freunde Berlin, p. 453. Dede nitier, 1914, 3 Idem, p. 456. 126 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. the remaining two are darker brown, less grayish, than any skin of M. s. ibezx in the collection. The size and characters of the skull are as in ibex. MUNGOS SANGUINEUS RENDILIS Linnberg. 1912. Mungos sanguineus rendilis LOnNBERG, Kungl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 48, No. 5, p. 66. (Northern bank of Northern Guaso Nyiro River, below Chanler Falls, British East Africa; type in R. Nat. Hist. Mus., Stockholm.) Specimens.—Four, from localities as follows: British East Arrica: Longaya Water. Marsabit Road, 1 (Hel- ler); Merelle Water, Marsabit Road, 1 (Heller); Mount Gargues, 1 (Heller); Mount Lololokwi, 1 (Heller). The stomach of the Mount Gargues specimen contained a green snake and a small bird. The four skins from north of Mount Kenia are decidedly more pale buffy, less grayish, than the series from south of Kenia, representing true ibex; they are also much more finely vermiculated. The female skull of this form is preportionally much less in size, compared with male skulls, than in the related races of this mungoose. For measurements of specimens see page 129. MUNGOS ICHNEUMON FUNESTUS Osgood. 1892. Herpestes caffer TRuE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 15, p. 452. (Not of Gmelin; specimen from Kilimanjaro.) 1910. Mungos ichneumon funestus OsGoon, Field Mus., Zool. Ser., vol. 10, No. 3, p.17. April. (Naivasha, British East Africa; type in Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Chicago.) Specimens.—Three, from localities as follows: Brrrish East Arrica: Kaimosi, 1 (Heller); Nairobi, 1 (Heller). German East Africa: Mount Kilimanjaro, 1 (Abbott). Genus ATILAX Geoffroy and Cuvier. 1826. Atilax Georrroy and Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm., vol. 5, livr. 54, p. [2]. (A. paludinosus.) The water mungooses recently have been given formal generic distinction by Pocock in his paper On the External Characters of the Mongooses.* For measurements of specimens see page 129. ATILAX PALUDINOSUS ROBUSTUS (Gray). 1865. Athylax robustus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, p. 558. (White Nile; type in British Museum.) Specimen.—One, as follows: British East Arrica: Guas Ngishu Plateau (White). This specimen of the water mungoose is clearly of a form distinct from the subspecies found in the Taita Hills and Kilimanjaro regions. 1 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 349. June, 1916. EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ti On account of its large size. and in the absence of typical specimens of robusius from the White Nile, it is referred to that early described form. Although a younger animal than any of our specimens of A. p. rubescens, it has a larger skull, which is especially characterized by its general elongation and greatly inflated auditory bulle. The following notes were made on the type-specimen of Atilax paludinosus robusius, by Heller: Type from ‘White Nile,” no definite Iccality. Very old, skull with sutures all obliterated and teeth worn down flat. Skin much lighter colored than any other specimen in the collection. Measurements of type skull (condyles cut away; bulla broken): Back of bulls to incisors, 108; zygomatic width, 62.5; postorbital constric- tion, 17; width palate across pm‘, 37; condylo-incisive length of mandible, 83; upper tooth row to front of canine, 42.5; width of m?, 6.3; width of m', 10.7; width of mg, 4.5; length of mz, 6. ATILAX PALUDINOSUS RUBESCENS (Hollister). Plate 34. 1892. Herpestes galera (Erxl.); var. robustus Truz, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 15, p. 452. (Specimens from Kilimanjaro; not of Gray.) 1912. Mungos paludinosus rubescens Houtister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 25, p.1. January 23. (Mt. Kilimanjaro at 4,000 feet, German East Africa; type in U. 8. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Four, from localities as follows: British East Arrica: Mount Mbololo, 1 (Heller); Voi, 1 (Heller.) GERMAN East Arrica: Mount Kilimanjaro, 2 (Abbott). The specimen from Mount Mbololo, an adult female with nasal and basal sutures closed, agrees in all respects with the Kilimanjaro speci- mens and unquestionably represents the same form. The example from Voi, also an old adult female, differs from the type of rubescens in its much larger auditory bulle and much more reddish coloration. It is considerably larger than the female skull from Mount Mbololo. The general shape of skull agrees better with rubescens, however, than with the Guas Ngishu skull I have referred to robustus, and although the specimen may represent a new race it seems unwise to name more forms of this species until suitable series of skulls have been assem- bled for study of individual and geographic variation, Color of skins is doubtless of little value in differentiating subspecies of this mun- goose, and the shape and size of the auditory bull are unreliable characters to use in describing new forms unless good series of skulls prove their constancy. Genus ICHNEUMIA Geoffroy. 1837. Ichneumia Grorrroy, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris., ser. 2, vol. 8, p. 251. (J. albicauda.) Mr. Pocock has described! the external characters of the white- tailed mungoose and these, in addition to notable cranial and dental 1 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 349-374. 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For measurements of specimens see page 129. ICHNEUMIA ALBICAUDA IBEANA (Thomas). Plate 35. : 1904. H[erpestes] a[lbicaudus] ibeanus Tuomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 13, p. 409. June. (Athi-ya-Maui,’ Mombasa-Uganda Railway, British East Africa; type in British Museum.) 1910. Mungos albicaudus ibeanus Roosrvett, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 473; London ed., p. 485. 1913. Mungos albicaudus feror Heiter, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 18; p. 11. September 16. (Changamwe, British East Africa; type invU. Se Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Kighteen, from localities as follows: BririsHh East Arrica: Athi Plains, 1 (Kleim); Changamwe, 1 (Mearns); Kapiti Plains, 1 skull only (Loring); Kisumu, 1 (Heller) ; Lukosa River, 1 (Heller); Maji-ya-chumvi, 1 (Heller); Mazeras, 1 (Heller); Melindi, 1 (Hinde); Mtoto Andei, 1 (Heller); Nairobi, 1 (Klein); Naivasha, 3 (Mearns, Loring, Heller); Ulukenia Hills, 2 (Loring); Voi, 3 (Heller). Heller has recorded the stomach contents of specimens collected by himself as follows: Lukosa River, small cobra and large beetles; Kisumu, large beetles; Voi, one with large beetles, one with termites, and one termites and rodents. Mearns records the weight of an adult male [basal and nasal sutures still open] from Naivasha as ten pounds, and the color of the irides of the Changamwe specimen as “light hazel.” The excellent series listed above shows the marked uniformity of color, except for cases of melanism, which obtains in this form throughout its range in British East Africa. Eliminating specimens with black tails the remaining skins, from Kavirondo to the coast, are very evenly colored, and are easily distinguished from the silvery form found in the region above the Northern Guaso Nyiro. The type-specimen of Heller’s Mungos albicaudus ferox from Changamwe, near the coast, is in such a ragged state of pelage that any comparison with skins from other localities is valueless. A skin in much better condition from Mazeras is, however, colored quite as are skins from near the type-locality of ibeana, and I can find no other characters by which to recognize the coast form. The skull of the type of ferox is somewhat smaller than some female skulls of ibeana, and the teeth are so much worn that no intelligent comparisons are possible, so that the characters of “larger size” and larger lower molar can hardly be accepted without more material from the Mombasa region. The skin from Melinda, on the coast north of Mombasa, is the darkest in the series, but is evidently melanistic. 1 Mr. Heller thinks this is no doubt the Swahili name for Stony Athi station, as maui in Swahili—‘‘stony.’ EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. rot The following very interesting account of a white-tailed mungoose and a snake was told to Colonel Roosevelt by Mr. Leslie Tarlton in Africa: The mongoose was an inmate of the house where he [Tarlton] dwelt with his brother and was quite tame. One day they brought in a rather small puff adder, less than two feet long, put it on the floor, and showed it to the mongoose. Instantly the latter sprang toward the snake, every hair in its body and tail on end, and halted five feet away, while the snake lay in curves like the thong of a whip, its head turned toyard the mongoose. Both were motionless for a moment. Then suddenly the mongoose seemed to lose all its excitement; its hair smoothed down; and it trotted quietly up to the snake, seized it by the middle of the back—it always devoured its food with savage voracity—and settled comfortably down to its meal. Like lightning the snake’s head whipped round. It drove its fangs deep into the snout or lip of the mongoose, hung on for a moment, and then repeated the blow. The mongoose paid not the least attention, but went on munching the snake’s body, severed its backbone at once, and then ate it all up, head, fangs, poison, and everything; and it never showed a sign of having received any damage in the encounter. ICHNEUMIA ALBICAUDA DIALEUCOS (Hollister). Plate 36, figs. 5, 6. 1916. Mungos albicaudus dialeucos Hottister, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 66, No.1, p.6. February 10. (Mount Lololokwi, British East Africa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Four, from the following localities: BririsH East Arrica: Merelle Water, Marsabit Road, 1 (Heller); Mount Lololokwi, 3 (Heller). This color subspecies is related to Ichnewmia albicauda ibeana rather than to the more northern J. a. leucura. It has the larger teeth of the common British East African form, and is distinguished only by its more silvery, less buffy, coloration. The four skins in the collec- tion are very much alike and show no conspicuous Variation in color; all have clear white tails. Genus HELOGALE Gray. 1862. Helogale Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861, p. 308. April. (2. parvula.) Several subspecies of the lesser mungoose occur in eastern Equa- sorial Africa. The four forms represented in our collection can be referred to two distinct species, which in the present unrevised con- dition of the genus may be called wndulata Peters and hirtula Thomas. A careful revision of the forms of the genus, based upon all the availa- able material in different museums, is greatly needed. There is evi- dently an unusual amount of geographic variation in these animals. For measurements of specimens of Helogale see table, page 133. 1 African Game Trails, pp. 290, 291. 1910. 132 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. HELOGALE UNDULATA AFFINIS Hollister. Plate 36, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. 1916. Helogale undulata affinis HottstTEeR, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 66, No. 1, p. 7. February 10. (Mount Lololokwi, British East Africa; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Six, as follows: British East Arrica: Mount Lololokwi, summit at 6,000 feet. 2 (Heller); Rumathe Water, Northern Guaso Nyiro, 4 (Heller). The specimens from Northern Guaso Nyiro have slightly. darker tails and more heavily speckled feet than the type and topotype skins from the summit of Mount Lololokwi. According to Heller’s field notes these animals go in troups of a dozen or more and make a peculiar rustling noise as they move through the leaves and brush. They also keep up a chirping to each other. He shot an old male which was chirping loudly at him from a rock. At Rumathe Water he saw several troups which took refuge when frightened in the fun- nels of termite hills. The four taken at this place were shot by wait- ing at the termite hills until they appeared after their fright. HELOGALE UNDULATA RUFULA Thomas. 1892. Helogale undulata Trux, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 15, p. 451. (Specimens from Kilimanjaro region; not of Peters.) 1910. Helogale undulata rufula Tuomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 5, p. 194. February. (Rogoro, Kikuyu, British East Africa; type in British Museum. ) Specimens.—Three, from localities as follows: British East Arrica: Kijabe, 1 (Heller); Plains east of Kiliman- jaro, 1 (Abbott); Taveta, 1 (Abbott). The Kilimanjaro specimens collected by Doctor Abbott agree in most details with the Kijabe specimen, which must be assumed to represent typical rufula. They are, however, slightly brighter col- ored and the skulls are relatively a little broader. They are decidedly different in coloration from the Mazeras specimens which I have for the present referred to Helogale undulata atkinsoni Thomas, and in all points of difference agree better with the Kijabe specimen of rufula referred to above. HELOGALE UNDULATA ATKINSONI Thomas. 1897. Helogale atkinsoni Tomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 20, p. 378. (Hargaisa, Somaliland; type in British Museum.) Specimens.—Three, as follows: Britisu East Arrica: Mazeras (Heller). It is with considerable doubt that I refer these three skins to Helo- gale undulata atkinsoni. They differ in many respects from speci- mens of other British East African races of undulata (rufula and afinis) and have the decidedly shorter tail of true atkinson.. They probably represent an undescribed subspecies, nearer to athkinsont 133 EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. ‘mado SaIn{Ns [VSVN | 8°61 Ke “eves | od | 9°02 st | & Fe *posoja. | | | soos yeseu puB [eseg. | L502 | 2°81 | GEE | | | | | “posops VIN{US [VSVET | £°0G | 9°LT 2°88 | ‘0g L°6t | Tet PSE | -uado yTe seangng | 6°6T | oll | OTE | ‘uado {ye semmgng | Z‘61 POT | 0°08 *pasolo | soamjns yesean pue yeseg | Z‘8I 9°9T T GE “pesojo amyns [eseg | Z'0% LT Los *pasojo somyns yest pue yesvg | 9°61 cor bee ° *pesopd sa.myns [eseq | €°61 L‘91 €°€é “taco somngns [eseu puB[eseg | 8 ‘ST 0'9T ree aaa “mado SoInjns [esBeN ; 9°61 2°91 | Tes *pasolo | | Ssomjns yeseu pue [ese eae ed ¢ ‘OT | 8°8& | 2. PELL Ea! © *S10SIO | Ur yno} “MOL | monearegg | BE | TESS | od JE[NIP | -[FXvjy “UBL | ——— b OT OTT eI £'0r ZO! $0 8°6 Tl OIL @1T GOL 9°8 v6 8°8 Z°01 ‘auraeo | “M014 I9A0 und -SO1 JO qyproig ~OL.1S -0109 Teqrq.10 ~4S0g | | | “pea | 68% | T'S 6°33 £66 P10} “SB "oda ¢ zez «|9°6r «(| 0g goe =} 9S |" TRIN | FILZBT Zte |20s | 6F ror. | See "ayeUMA | ZILZST OTe [Os | SF | tte [or |--° Ore | eTLZ8T | } 66% | 80S | OF | ght | Gee |p" | eaLe8T 2°86 «\8'Sh | FF 11 OF eae frames op""*| GZLZ8T Tue | Lup |r oct =| te) | areata | rz228t | Pea ee | = Be neat 0 |b. lseeteh gine sae |e ag oreo | ceoce Loe |e | 8 C2t | OF =| OTR | TSLTST | 68 [OF je | eet | OF “-aPBUUAT | STLZST Le | 2:09 |S ost | oze — |-7"*-op'-*| O@zz8T Peeheeee O'8h | OF “on coz = |"7"Op*"*| 6IZZ8T [62 eae jr | FOE See OD) LTLCST | 96% «| 26h | OF a oze | | -@reW | STLe8T r | | 3u0 | | | ; "44 809] ¥ ‘ | yypeoag ; wiq | “Apoq - | ovyeu Ca eet -9}10A | pue | "xeg | ‘ON ORNS Negnuas iis Yar A URLS ES | | ‘only soy ysuiug wow aypbojay fo suaummads fo syuamaimspay Sedge ese par er 1OV AA OT[910N “Y128]Y9 “OD “H UOSUAYID “N “TT SSeS Sra ounfuBUNTEY JO “A See eee ei ee VIOABL er “* aqelrsy i ene Cares FA{OTO[O'T WNW, “srutfp °N “EY *A4I[B00] PUL ULIO WY 134 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. than to rufula, but until the forms of the group are better known it is certainly better to consider them as atkinsoni than to name another closely related subspecies on such limited material. The three speci- mens were compared by Heller in London and he has made the fol- lowing note: Mazeras specimens almost identical to type [of atkinsoni], perhaps a shade more rufous; also very close in color to rufula, but slightly lighter and with decidedly shorter tails. Skull with slightly larger teeth than atkinsoni. The following notes made by Heller in Berlin on the type-specimen of Helogale undulata (Peters) are also of great interest in this con- nection: Helogale undulata (Peters). Type 1127, Mossambique (W. Peters). Skin mounted; skull perfect, adult. Color: Light buffy-tipped hairs, ground color mummy brown, not reddish like British East African specimens. Skull: Condyloincisive length, 48; zygomatic breadth, 28; interorbital breadth, 10; postorbital breadth, 10; tooth row, including canine, 16.2; length of mandible, 32. Nasal sutures closed. HELOGALE HIRTULA AHLSELLI Lonnberg. 1912. Helogale hirtula ahlselli LONNBERG, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 9, p. 64. January. (Thornbush country on the northern side of Northern Guaso Nyiro River, British East Africa; type in R. Nat. Hist. Museum, Stockholm.) Specimens.—Five, as follows: British Kast Arrica: Kara River, Marsabit Road, 1 (Heller); Koya Water, Marsabit Road, 1 (Heller); Lakiundu River, Northern Guaso Nyiro, 1 (Heller); Merelle River, Marsabit Road, 2 (Heller). This form must be very close indeed to Helogale hirtula lutescens Thomas! from the northern end of Lake Rudolf; no specimens of typical lutescens are available for comparison, but ahlselli is evidently a somewhat brighter colored subspecies, with more ochraceous colored lower back and rump. Like the members of the undulata group, these animals go in packs. Heller saw one pack of six near the Lakiundu River which escaped in Tatera holes. Again this same pack took refuge in a termite nest. Heller’s notes say: ‘‘They move about in small packs like the Crossarchus and have no permanent burrows.” Genus BDEOGALE Peters. 1852. Bdeogale PeTERS, Mon.-ber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. 81. (B. crassicauda. ) 1894. Galeriscus Tomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 18, p.522. June. (B. jacksont.) Specimens of this genus are rather rare in collections. The animals are evidently not common in British East Africa, as no specimens were secured by the Smithsonian African Expedition. The two species sent in from the Rainey Expedition are widely different in color and represent two distinct groups. 1 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 8, p. 725, December, 1911. EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 135 BDEOGALE JACKSONI (Thomas). 1894. Galeriscus jacksoni Tuomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 13, p.523. June. (Mianzini, British East Africa; type in British Museum.) Specimens.—Two, as follows: British Bast Arrica: Lukosa River (Heller). These specimens are skins, without skulls, and were purchased from Nandi natives. The form will most surely prove to be a geographic subspecies of Bdeogale nigripes Pucheran, of West Africa. Matschie, as early as 1895,! called attention to the fact that “Galeriscus” jacksoni is in reality a Bdeogale. This was overlooked by Pocock in his note on Galeriscus, 1916.’ BDEOGALE CRASSICAUDA OMNIVORA Heller. Plate 34. 1913. Bdeogale crassicauda omnivora HettER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol, 61’ No. 13, p. 12. September 16. (Mazeras, British East Africa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Four, including one large fetus, as follows: British Mast Arrica: Mazeras (Heller). The stomach of the type-specimen, collected December 21, con- tained beetles and mice. There was a large embryo which is pre- served in alcohol. A second female taken the same week was nursing a quarter-grown young one, which also is in the collection. In the original description of this race the feet are described as black; they are in reality dark brown, and are far from black in color. The type and adult topotype, both females, with basal and nasal sutures of the skull entirely closed, measure as follows: Head and body, 420, 400; tail vertebrae, 245, 250; hind foot, 81, 80; ear, 34, 37. Skulls: Condylobasal length, 84.6, 84.5; zygomatic breadth, 45.4, 44.6; mastoid breadth, 32.9, 31.9; postorbital constriction, 14.2, 13.4; interorbital breadth, 17.8, 17.6; lechrymal foramen to alveolar point, 30.3, 29.8; breadth of rostrum over canine, 19.4, 19.2; length of mandible, 58.5, 57.4; maxillary tooth row, including canine, 30.9, 31.0; mandibular row, including canine, 35.8, 34.2. No specimens of the related forms are in the collection. The following manuscript notes on the type-specimens of Bdeogale crassicauda Peters and Bdeogale puisa Peters were made by Heller at the Berlin Museum, and are published here for preservation: Bdeogale crassicauda Peters. Type 1151, old adult 9, molars worn and sutures ankylosed; skin mounted and faded. Tette (coll. W. Peters). Upperparts annulated black and grayish-white, much like Mungos albicaudus; tail dark seal-brown, under- fur grayish-buff or whitish; feet seal brown. Skull: Condyloincisive length, 85; zygomatic breadth, 45; interorbital breadth, 17.5; postorbital breadth, 15; upper tooth row with canine, 30.5; width of m2, 7.1; length of mandible, 60. 1 Die Siugethiere Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas, p. 147. 1895. 2 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 17, p.179. February, 1916. 136 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bdeogale puisa Peters. Type, 1150, ¢, Querimba; Peters coll., skin mounted, faded. Skull with top of braincase sawed off and lost. Very old, teeth worn away to alveoli and last upper molars gone; points of canines much worn. Color: Body above annulated buffy and umber-brown; tail black, hair brown at base; legs seal- brown. Skull: Condyloincisive length, 93; zygomatic breadth, 54; interorbital breadth, 21; postorbital breadth, 15.5; length of mandible, 66; upper tooth row with canine, 31; width of m 2, 8. Genus CROSSARCHUS Geoffroy and Cuvier. 1825. Crossarchus GEOFFROY AND CuviER, Hist. Nat. Mamm., vol. 5, livr. 47, text “le Mangue,” p. 3. February. (C. obscurus.) 1865. Ariela Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, pp. 509, 565. February. (C. fasciatus. ) The banded mungoose is represented in our East African collec- tions by one form only. A much darker, richer colored race, more like the South African forms, is found in Uganda; and other species occur in Abyssinia, Somali, and Sudan. Mr. Pocock has recently recognized the genus Ariela as distinet from Crossarchus.' CROSSARCHUS FASCIATUS COLONUS Heller. Plate 37, figs. 1, 2; plate 38, figs. 1, 2. 1892. Crossarchus mungo TRUE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 15, p. 453. (Speci- men from Taveta; not of Gmelin.) 1910. Crossarchus fasciatus macrurus Roosnvett, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 473; London ed., p. 485. (Not of Thomas.) 1911. Crossarchus fasciatus colonus HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 17, p. 16. February 28. (Southern Guaso Nyiro River, British East Africa; type in U. 8S. Nat. Mus.) Specumens.—Twelve, from localities as follows: British East Arrica: Kabalolot Hill, Sotik, 4 (Heller); Loita Plains, 2 (Heller); Southern Guaso Nyiro River, 5 (Heller, Mearns, Loring); Taveta, 1 (Abbott). The specimen from Taveta is in all essential details like the speci- mens from the Southern Guaso Nyiro and Sotik. There is consid- erable variation among the skins from the type region, some showing much more reddish-brown in the lower back than others. These mungooses are often met with on the grassy plains of the Sotik country, where they live in colonies in burrows on the open veldt. They do not stop long in any locality, but move about in small packs of ten to twenty individuals, which take up a temporary aode in any nest of burrows which they find convenient. From our observations it was apparent that they do not remain more than a day or two in any one set of burrows.” Doctor Mearns records the color of the iris of an adult female as ‘‘yellowish-brown.” For measurements see page 137. 1 Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1916, p. 349. June, 1916. 2 Heller, Smithsonian Mise, Coll., vol. 56, No. 17, p. 16. February 28, 1911. 37 1 NATIONAL MUSEUM. AST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN = 4 “ i SS “od | OE aN “od “peso sam yns [ese pue yeseg | “Od | ‘0d | ‘aedo seinqns [eseu pure [eseg *pasops Samyns [Bseu pus [ese oq og ‘uedo semmyns jeseu pure [eseg | | | “SUOTJEAIASY O od AY, 1 [ | | | | | 208 8 "9% FOS £°St L-6t Cle | 1 OF Ce Bee |e |S Aces bag eee ae: a, 2OD ae OTE £95 «| eS 6 °S1 Tr 9°12 | FoF cL Ys | G&Z OSE “eT eUI9 7 6 GE o'8s RorGer aGeol aa) CeLl 6 CE FOP 82 £8 G6% SIF “"" OTR PTE 8°LZ o’E¢ 6°ST | Sr | FTE ta 4 2 92 08 09% 06 * o[BM9T 9°6% o°S | 6 6F TORT el Buck 6°66 PLE bZ 08 | 09% S9E Sos OD ceil 3°08 S°9Z 4ST tuo ST TF FTE | 8°68 cL €8 L192 OSS ten OD) op 8°0E 9°9¢ | 0°C9 }ast | LOT 9°TE | °OF 92 €8 092 06£ “"* OTe 20S F LS | 8°SS lepcch | Gael GE COP 92 c6 092 OSE ee LOD ad 8°66 8°cg | 90g CoPL GaP oe wae ee TGS || ee as 16 OOF Oce “-@]TBU9T | 0°%E G16 | S°z¢ TSE - | Ox € TE LF 81. €8 CLG OOF pm TOD Ee, €°08 £°16 g‘I¢ | §°St Uae Tee Vee See as | ROP LL 68 | C66 OOF "ove =e a oe | ie nes “SIOSIO | | | | Mme | 2802) Steno | -o1ai8. qypeara-mapeard| WETEL| ago, | “za | “APoq “mon, ||) EOF 3 1d =| ums | -woo | ploy | orem Tee 400} | -gg30A | pute “xeg IB] JE{_ | -APUCH| coro | peqqso| -sey | -0847, |”. PUD PUA | peg, | peeH -nqrp | UX Wypead 80d | a Phe | | | | | | ‘snuojoo snymospf sniyinssosy fo suaumads fo syuawansvayy GSOFE OFSTST 6EST81 PRCTST EFSISt GPSIST TPSTST CETCOL 1 TSTZ9T SEST8T LESTST ‘ON “Aqreo0'y 138 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Family PROTELID:. Genus PROTELES Geoffroy. 1824. Proteles Gkorrroy, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris; vol! 41, p- 350. “(2- cristatus. ) In addition to the subspecies of the aard-wolf listed below, others have been described from Somaliland (Pro- teles cristatus septentrionalis Roths- child)! and from Nubia (P. c. pallidior Cabrera).? PROTELES CRISTATUS TERMES Heller. Plate 37, fig. 3; plate 38, fig. 3. 1910. Proteles cristatus septentrionalis RoosE- veLT, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 473; London ed., p. 485. (Not of Rothschild.) 1913. Proteles cristatus termes HELLER, Smith- sonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 13, p. 9. September 16. (Kabalolot Hill, headwaters of .the Amala River, west of the Loita Plains, British East Africa; type in U. 8S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Four, from the following localities: British East Arrica: Kabalolot Hill, Sotik, 1 (Heller); Northern Guaso Nyiro River, near Neuman’s Boma, 1 (K. Roosevelt); Telek River, Sotik, 1 (Johnston) ; Ulukenia Hills, 1 (Loring). Heller records the stomach contents of the type-specimen as a “mass of termites.” In the origins! description of termes he refers the specimen from Northern Guaso Nyiro to this race with the remarks that it is “much more fulvous than those from the higher plateau of the Loita’ and also notes that “in the lack of grayish coloration and the suppression of the black areas this form approaches the Somaliland race.’’* For measurements see table. 1 Nov. Zool., vol. 9, p. 443. 1902. 2 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 6, p. 464. 1910. 3 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 13, p.9. Septem- ber 16, 1913. Measurements of specimens of Proteles cristatus termes from British East Africa. Z 3.9 5 Oogog s 64282 3 = Aaa & ise 3 oo 0 & 22 oo 2 ass 5 -_- Ye ~~ O° Basis it nnnn ead a3 sa 3 nn wn aac a AAmAA 1 1 6 Sas, | 8858 aad | Cad io Bq 5 © 08 SM OD oa 4 | Som a 3 HS Ss | piece =O | oa «A } La ao: onnnm = a ein ee ee SHeOSA toot Sao woos St IO Hee 2A, = 8 = a 35 Oran Sasa ooo SH OD BEEES | be aoe oY ad | + a3 4 m2 8 Zme 8 Sot ce4s oo Oo OD OF o8 ao | el 33 8S 8S 29 | se ees — a | e283 | BREE ee 8 | NA 2 Sm ie bus) (es Se esa EE EO | Os 233g Bo aA We ' a =o : ae 8 —tR AG Hos | A > ‘ 3S (R38 se 828 ye 2 cian Oats ee eet ere r 2sBs BD (Sac sos eee eee | mwmonn | Saaon ; mm ip So ie eee 7, a | S| | | ae 1} gugiees ety ete : oor eo : > | ee ‘ = Fetches ik 8s Cy) ease Na ote seater et 4 ee a 6 eo os » Ana 8 Oo a — = sf a's ow 2 a -25 8 beh aa 4) 1 Type. EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 139 Family HY ANIDA‘. Genus HYADINA Brisson. 1762. Hyxna Brisson, Regn. Anim., ed. 2, p.13. (H. hyena.) 1868. Huhyzna FatconEr, Pal. Mem., vol. 2, p. 464. (H. hyxna.) The striped hyena is rare in the southern parts of British Hast Africa, but is much more common north of Mount Kenia, where a good series of specimens was obtained by the Rainey Expedition. For measurements see tables, pages 141-142. HYINA HYINA SCHILLINGSI Matschie. Plate 2. 1900. Hyxna (Hyzxna) schillingst Marscute, Sitz.-ber. Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin, p. 55. (West Njiri Swamp,' Massai Plains, German East Africa; type in Berlin Museum. ) 1910. Hyxna striata schillingsi Roosrvet, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 473; London ed., p. 485. 1914. Hyena hyxna schillingsi Roosevertr AND Heer, Life-Hist. African Game Anim., vol. 1, p. 254. Specimens.—Two, as follows: Britisu East Arrica: Olarakeri, Sotik (Heller). Of the above specimens, one is an old female and one a young male. The adult skin has been mounted for the exhibition series (plate 2, upper figure). This species is evidently much more uncom- mon in the Sotik than is the larger spotted hyena, as these two speci- mens were the only ones collected by the Smithsonian African Expedition, while good series of the spotted species were obtained. HYZNA HY4INA BERGERI Matschie. Plate 3. 1910. Hyxna (Hyzxna) hienomelas bergeri Marscuts, Sitz.-ber. Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin, p. 361. (Elgeyo Escarpment, east of Sirgoi, British East Africa; type in Berlin Museum.) 1912. Hyxna schillingsi rendilis LOnNBERG, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 9, p. 64. January. (Thorn-bush country north of Northern Guaso Nyiro, British East Africa; type in R. Nat. Hist. Mus., Stockholm.) 1914. Hyxna hyxna bergeri Roosevett AND Hetier, Life-Hist. African Game Anim., vol. 1, p. 255. 3 Specimens.—Eleven, from the following localities: British East Arrica: Archer’s Post, Northern Guaso Nyiro, 3 (Heller); Lakiundu River, 4 (Heller); Merelle Water, Marsabit Road, 4 (Heller). I have seen no specimens of this hyena from the type region, our material all coming from the eastward, near the type locality of Doctor Lénnberg’s rendilis. Heller gives the range of bergert as the “desert region of British East Africa from the southern slopes of 1 Matschie, Sitz.-ber. Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin, 1910, p. 369. 140 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mount Kenia and the Mau Escarpment northward through the Lake Rudolf basin, southern Abyssinia, and Somaliland.” Mat- schie’s type-locality is therefore near the extreme southwestern limits of distribution, and it seems more than probable that Heller is correct in placing Lénnberg’s rendilis in synonymy. No striped hyenas are known from the Guas Ngishu country, westward from the type locality of bergeri. HYANA DUBIA Schinz. Plate 3. 1825. Hyxna dubia Scu1nz, Das Thierreich von Cuvier, vol. 4, p. 509. (Dongola, Sudan; ‘Frankfurter Museum.’’) 1900. H[yxna] hienomelas Marscuig, Sitz.-ber. Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin, No. 1, p. 53. January. (Teawa, Atbara, Sudan; based on Latreille, ‘‘Sennini’s Suites de Buffon,’ vol. 27, p. 25.) 1914. Hyxna hienomelas G. M. ALteN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology, vol. 58, No. 7, p. 341. July. Specimens.—Two, from the following localities: Eritrea: “‘ Habesch,” 1 (Schrader). British Somat: Berbera, 1 (Swayne). Through the kindness of the authorities at the Museum of Com- parative Zoélogy I have been able to borrow for study in this con- nection the skin and skull of an adult male striped hyena collected by Dr. John C. Phillips and Dr. Glover M. Allen at Magangani, Blue Nile, Sudan. This specimen was recorded by Allen as Hyzxna hienomelas Matschie, and can be considered as typical of that race, and the much earlier named dubia of Schinz. The specimen agrees in all details with our material from Eritrea and British Somali. The form represented differs markedly from H. h. bergeri of northern British East Africa. It is decidedly lighter in color throughout, the brown, dark buff, and pinkish tones of bergeri are replaced with very pale buff or whitish, and the brown tips to the long hairs of the tail in bergert are replaced with blackish. The animal thus presents a much lighter and more grayish, less buffy and brown, appearance throughout, with a lighter, more whitish tail. The body and limb stripes, as a consequence. of the lighter ground color, appear much more sharply marked than in bergeri. The skulls of dubia are very much as in bergeri, but the second upper premolor is placed almost straight in the slightly curving tooth row, not sharply turned diago- nally inward anteriorly as in bergeri. This character is diagnostic and easily seen in our eleven skulls of bergeri and the two skulls of dubia, and thus appears to be a constant difference between the two forms. A line drawn along the inner margin of this tooth in bergeri, and con- tinued forward to the incisors, crosses the outer incisor on the opposite side of the skull, or at least the next tooth inward. The same line 1 Roosevelt and Heller, Life-Hist. African Game Anim., vol. 1, p. 255. 1914. BULLETIN 99 PL. 2 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM UppER FIGURE, HIGHLAND STRIPED HYENA; LOWER FIGURE, EASTERN SPOTTED HYENA. 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Family FELIDZ. Genus ACINONYX Brookes. 1828. Acinonyx Brooxgs, Cat. Anat. & Zool. Mus. Joshua Brookes, p. 16. (A. venatica.) 1830. Cynailurus WaeuER, Nat. Syst. Amphib., p. 30. (A. jubatus.) 1907. Acinonyx Exii0T, Field Mus., Zool. ser., vol. 8, p. 396. 1911. Acinonyx HouutstER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 24, p. 225. Octo. ber 31. The African cheetah, Acinonyz qubatus (Schreber),? has been divided into several subspecies by recent authors. Some of these geographic races are doubtless well marked, but the practice of naming sub- species based upon living animals in zoological parks and upon descriptions taken from old works like Wagner, 1841, as applied by Hilzheimer,’ can not be too strongly condemned. The older accounts of mammals are often too inaccurate for subspecific determination and zoological park specimens are frequently of uncertain origin. Cap- tive animals are often traded and sold, and on the death of an indi- vidual which is really the type-specimen of the race, all trace of it has been lost and it is not preserved for reference in any collection. The name applied to the form thus becomes doubly doubtful, as no description based upon a living animal, however carefully prepared, is sufficiently accurate for the determination of subspecies if the exact locality is uncertain. Mammals kept in captivity in strange climates change the color of the coat so decidedly and so rapidly that such accounts of fine differences in shade or tone of ground color or markings are absolutely valueless. Colonel Roosevelt states that the cheetahs prey on the smaller antelopes, occasionally taking something as big as a half-grown kongoni. Regarding the speed of the cheetah he writes: For a short run, up to say a quarter of a mile or even perhaps half a mile, they are the swiftest animals on earth, and with a good start easily overtake the fastest antelope; but their bolt is soon shot, and on the open plain they can readily be galloped down with a horse.* For measurements of specimens of cheetahs see pages 153-154. 1 The type-species of Acinonyz is Acinonyz venator Brookes, by monotypy. The name is a synonym of Felis venatica Smith, Griffith’s Cuvier, vol. 5, p. 166, 1837, the Indian cheetah. A reexamination of the copy of Brookes’s Catalogue in the Library of the Surgeon General’s Office convinces me that the name “‘Acinonyx guepard,’’ which has been cited from Brookes, does not occur at any place in the work, even as a nomen nudum. The names occur in this form: “‘Acinonyx. Gue’pard.’’ (p.33.) They signify the technical and common names of the genus. The generic name Acinonyz and the specific name A. venator are valid only on page 16 of the “‘Catalogue,’’ where the genus is properly diagnosed. 2 Dr. Max Hilzheimer has attempted to show that this name should apply to the Indian cheetah, on the basis of the coloring of the wretched picture in Schreber’s Siugthiere (pl. 105). The plate in question is barely identifiable as to genus, much less as to species or subspecies, and the type-locality of jubatus is fixed as the Cape of Good Hope from Schreber’s text (vol. 3, pp. 392-393). See Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, vol. 24, pp. 225-226, October 31, 1911; Hilzheimer, Sitz.-ber. Gas. nat. Fr. Berlin, 1913, pp. 283-292; and Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, p. 216, October 31, 1914. 8 Sitz.-ber. Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin, 1913, pp. 283-292. 4 African Game Trails, p. 124. 1910. ee EN meat se 9 ike ams oneal NN Tecra Nal LEE) Ps i as Te a” e a ~~ EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. T51 ACINONYX JUBATUS RAINEYI Heller. Plates 5, 41. 1910. Cynzlurus jubatus guttatus RoosEvett, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 476; London ed., p. 487. (Part; not of Hermann.) 1913. Acinonyx jubatus raineyi HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 19, p. 9. November 8. (Ulu Station, Kapiti Plains, British East Africa; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) 1914. Acinonyx jubatus raineyi Roosevett and HELLER, Life-Hist. African Game Animals, vol. 1, p. 428. Specimens.—Six, from localities as follows: British East Arrica: Juja Farm, Athi Plains, 1 (McMillan) ; Kapiti Station, 1 (Rainey); Ulu Station, 3 (Rainey); Wami Hill, Kapiti Plains, 1 (K. Roosevelt). This is a very slightly marked form of the cheetah, barely recogniz- able from Acinonyx jubatus velor. There are three skins of fully adult animals in the collection, and when these are compared with the series of velox a few average differences in color are noticeable, but these are by no means well marked or constant. The peculiar pinkish cast to the buffy ground color is almost matched in intensity by two skins from the Loita Plains; and the larger, less thickly placed body spots, and slightly less heavily marked feet are also characteristics closely (though not quite) matched in certain skins of velox. It is desirable that more skins of raineyi be obtained for further study. The cheetah described by Hilzheimer from Ngorongoro, south of Lake Natron, German Hast Africa, as Acinonyx guttatus ngoron- gorensis,! should be, theoretically, the same form as this. There are certain discrepancies in the description, however, which make it unsafe to combine the two without better evidence. The type of ngorongorensis is said to be in ground color “ Isabella yellow-brown,” the underside “very light Isabella entirely without white;” the cheeks grayish, the back of the ear “yellow, with a slender black stripe at the base.” All of these statements disagree with the speci- mens of raineyi which are distinctly pinkish-buff in ground-color; the belly is largely white, the cheeks not grayish, and the ear has the normal wide black area across its base. Hilzheimer’s description was drawn up from a specimen living in the Leipzig Zoological Garden and may be faulty; the animal may have changed color greatly, as captive cats in strange climates are known to do; or the locality may be erroneous. Cheetzhs are sometimes captured by natives and traded alive, and might reach Europeans some distance from the original point of capture. The name has priority over raineyi, and additional specimens from the Ngorongoro district are greatly desired as an aid in settling its status. 1 Sitz.-ber. Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin, 1913, p. 290. 152 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ACINONYX JUBATUS VELOX Heller. Plate 42. 1910. Cynzlurus jubatus guttatus Roosrvext, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 476; London ed., p. 487. (Part; not of Hermann.) 1913. Acinonyx jubatus veloc Heiter, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 19, p- 7. November 8 (Agate’s, Loita Plains, British East Africa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.). 1914. Acinonyx jubatus veloz RoosEvELT and Hewier, Life-Hist. African Game Anim., vol. 1, p. 246. Specimens.—Thirteen, from the following localities: British East Arrica: Agate’s, Loita Plains, 3 (K. Roosevelt, Heller); Engare Ndare River, 1 skull (Johnston); Laikipia, 2 (K. Roosevelt); Lime Springs, Southern Guaso Nyiro, 2 (K. Roosevelt); Loita Plains, 4 (Rainey); Nzoia River, Guas Ngishu Plateau, 1 skull (White). The skull from the Guas Ngishu Plateau, I doubtfully place with this form. It is so much larger than any skull of velox or of raineyi in the collection that the difference in size can not be due entirely to greater age, although it is from an animal unquestionably older than any others in the series. With no skins from the Guas Ngishu coun- try and no skulls of Acinonyx jubatus semmeringii from Kordofan for comparison, it seems best at present to consider it an extraordi- — narily large skull of velox. The distribution of this cheetah is given by Roosevelt and Heller as “from the Rift Valley and Laikipia Plateau westward over the highland country as far as the Nile low- lands; north to the latitude of Nimule and south through German Kast Africa.’’ ! ACINONYX JUBATUS S@MMERINGII (Fitzinger). 1855. Cynailurus semmeringti FirzineGur, Sitz.-ber. Math.-nat. cl. d. K. acad. Wiss., vol. 17, hft. 2, p. 245. (Bajuda Steppe, Kordofan.) 1911. Acinonyx semmeringii Hotuster, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 24, p. 226. October 31. 1913. Acinonyx wagnert HinzHeIMER, Sitz.-ber. Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin, No. 5, p. 285. (Kordofan; based on description of specimen, collected by Riippell, in Wagner’s Schreber Siug., Suppl., vol. 2, p. 503, 1841.) 1914. Acinonyx jubatus semmeringtti RoosevEeLt and Heiter, Life-Hist. African Game Anim., vol. 1, p. 249. Specimen.—One skin, as follows: Supan: El Dueim, White Nile (Mearns). This skin indicates a well-marked form, in which the spots are much reduced in number and in size. The ground color of the upper- parts is decidedly “‘pinkish-buff,”’ much as in A. 7. raineyi of the British East African lowlands. 1 Life-Hist. 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Pas AL RCCealieecO [amen meena Spe eo atee aes eo Neco mae: leone 2252 ODE CEBORT cy See peas eee nites teat (ee aera acca od ZLXT LT | L°SX6 Cr | g'°g Xe-e 10) [eee |e aif capes eee [Sas eae oS teem aes Saati eacie O[BULO ie, KOTESRT alegre ae sae ee eid mores NID LOL Meme GPO OSL es | TDL MU'os atv erkT | | (P22 Gtr tesjaners ee rejsee eso ogee rae TSOTEWN | Toteok iy: lei ee Sunapee ae coe ee ae uoryeig Tdexy | | | “whauros “fy | | pee ee eee er) jes ror es Pere | ecb = | ‘ipjoueid §| ‘yerssea aodane “100} “(aq | -Apoq | A eo Ireditin puoaeg! -1vo 1edd 9 lyouysuey} “°L | puny | -z04 Treg, | Pee | aes “ON ASNSPOL DUS UO | | IWOOATY | | POH | ‘pDawfPy soy ysuug wolf chuouvp fo suamvads fo syuawainsvaw pojuap pun pousaay EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 155 Genus FELIS Linnzus. 1758. Felis Linnamvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 41. (F. catus.) 1816. Panthera OKEN, Lehrb. Nat., 3ter Theil, 2te Abth., p. 1052. (F. pardus.) 1816. Leo OKEN, Lehrb. Nat., 3ter Theil, 2te Abth., p. 1070. (2. leo.) 1855. Catus Frrzincer, Wiss.-pop. Nat. Siiug., vol. 1, p. 265. (F. catus.) 1858. Catolynz Srvertzow, Rev. Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, vol. 10, p. 385. Sep- tember. (F. silvestris=F. catus Authors.) 1858. Leptailurus Severtzow, Rev. Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, vol. 10, p. 389. September. (J’. serval.) 1864. Serval Brena, Fithrer Zool. Garten Hamburg. Sechste Auflage, p. 53. (Serval maculatus from Algeria.) 1866. Galeopardus Frrzinaer, Sitz.-ber. Math.-Nat. Kais. Akad. Wiss., Wien, vol. 54, p. 557. (F. serval.) 1894. Leonina Grevb, Nov. Act. Acad. Czes. Leop., vol. 63, p. 60. (F. leo.) 1894. Servalina Grevt, Nov. Act. Acad. Cees. Leop., vol. 63, p. 76. (F. serval.) Four groups of cats of the genus Felis are included in our East African collections. These are the lions, leopards, servals, and the small wild cats. The larger species, the lion and the leopard, are much better represented in the collection than are the smaller serval and the much smaller wild cat. The four groups have been consid- ered by various authors as distinct genera, but until a carefully worked out monograph of the superspecific groups of cats appears it seems of little use to separate them.' The African wild cat is very closely related to the wild cat of Europe, and is generally believed to be the ancestral species of the common domestic cat. FELIS LEO MASSAICA Neumann. Plates 4, 52, 58, 54, 55. 1900. Felis leo massaicus NEUMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., vol. 13, p. 550. (Kibaya, German East Africa; type in Berlin Mus.) 1908. Felis leo subsp. sabakiensis LONNBERG, Sjéstedt’s Kilimandjaro-Meru Exped., Mamm., p. 22. (Kibonoto and Leitokitok, German East Africa.) 1910. Felis leo sabakiensis Hortisrer, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 2, p. 11. March 31. 1910. Felis leo massaica Roosevett, Afr. Game Trails, Amer. ed.,.p. 476; Lon- don ed., p. 487. (Part.) 1914. Felis leo massaica Roosevetr and Heuer, Life-Hist. Afr. Game Anim., vol. 1, p. 222; map, p. 227. (Part.) 1917. Felis leo massaica HouistEr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol 53, p.177. June 1. Specimens.—Fifty-nine from the following localities: BririsH East Arrica: Guas Ngishu Plateau, 1 (White); Kapiti Station, 24 (Rainey, Loring, Johnston); Kitanga, 5 (T. Roosevelt, Rainey); Laikipia Plateau, 4 (K. Roosevelt) ; Lakiunda River, 1 (Heller); Marsabit Road, 1 (Heller) - Mount Kilimanjaro, north- 1 Since this page has been in type a paper on The Classification of Existing Felide, by R. I. Pocock, has appeared in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 8, vol. 20, pp. 329-350, November, 1917. According to Mr. Pocock, the lion and leopard belong to the genus Panthera; the serval to the genus Leptailurus; and the small wild cats, together with the domestic species, to the restricted genus Felis. 156 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. east side, 2 (Abbott); Mount Lololokwi, 1 (Heller); Mtheka Hill, near Ulu, 1 (Johnston); Nairobi, 6 (McMillan, White); Northern Guaso Nyiro River, 1 (K. Roosevelt); Ulu, 7 (Rainey); Ulukenia Hills, 1 (Rainey); Useri River, 15 miles east of Kilimanjaro, 1 (Ab- bott); Wami Hill, Kapiti Plains, 3 (TI. Roosevelt). Included in this series are 27 adult specimens, the skulls of which show full maturity. Other almost fully grown animals are, as shown by the sutures of the skulls, not fully matured. There is an excel- lent series of young of all ages, from tiny kittens to those nearly grown. The Massai or East African lion is a distinctly light-colored, short-haired race. The males are usually decidedly grayish or light buff in color and are easily distinguished by this character from the darker, more ochraceous, and longer-haired Uganda lion, which ranges | southeast to the Loita Plains and Southern Guaso Nyiro River. The females are darker and richer colored than the males and differ from females of the Uganda race only by a slight average paler col- oration. The younger animals differ from the immature specimens of nyanze in the same slight degree. I can find no constant and reli- able characters by which the skulls of the two races may be distin- guished. In reporting on a collection of mammals from British East Africa in 1910,! I referred lions from Nairobi to Felis leo sabaki- ensis Lonnberg, described from Mount Kilimanjaro. With such a large series of skins and skulls as the museum now possesses for study and comparison, I am unable to recognize this race, which was founded on individual characteristics of female specimens. The range of Felis leo massaica as mapped by Roosevelt and Hel- ler 2 includes all of German and British East Africa westward to the shores of Victoria Nyanza; but the excellent series of specimens now preserved in the United States National Museum proves that the lions of the Southern Guaso Nyiro and Sotik are separable from the Nairobi, Kapiti Plains, and Kilimanjaro animals, and are better placed with the form described by Heller from the northern shore of Victoria Nyanza, Melis le» nyanze. I can not distinguish skins and skulls from the region north of Mount Kenia from specimens killed on the Kapiti Plains and in other southern localities. Loénnberg * has referred a specimen from the Northern Guaso Nyiro to the Soma- liland race, but our somewhat more plentiful material does not jus- tify such a conclusion. A single skin from the Guas Ngishu Plateau is clearly of the East African rather than of the Uganda form. Waile on the whole there is remarkab!e uniformity in skulls of this lion, there are a few cases of considerable individual variation in size of fully adult examples, as shown in the accompanying tables of 1 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 1-12. March 31, 1910. 2 Life-Histories of African Game Animals, vol.1, p. 227. 1914. 8 Kungl. Svenska Vet. Handl., vol. 48, No. 5, p. 74. 1912. BULLETIN 99 PL. 4 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM {8] A0Vd 33S 3lLV1d 4O NOILYNY1dxX3 HOY “WNASNW IWNOILVN SALVLS GALINM NI SNOIT NVOIYSY LSVQ AO dNOYy EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM, 157 cranial and dental measurements. Skulls and teeth of females vary much more than do those of males. The range of variation in size of the teeth in lionesses from one locality is startling. There is great variation in the shape and size of the auditory bull in skulls from one locality. Out of seven wild-killed adult males, with manes well grown, only two are ‘‘black-maned”’ lions. A skin collected by Doctor Abbott near Kilimanjaro has the entire mane almost pure black, and one collected by Kermit Roosevelt on the Laikipia Plateau has the mane largely black. From the same localities are yellow-maned lions with scarcely a trace of black in the hair of the head, neck, and shoulders. Several others have slight traces of black in the manes, but the ordi- nary condition seems to be the almost purely ‘‘yellow-maned”’ type. The following notes on the type-specimen of Felis leo massaica were made by Heller in Berlin: Type 3 old, A5586. Skin mounted and on exhibition. Skull perfect except for right side of mandible which is broken in half and the posterior half missing. Sphe- noidal sutures closed. Greatest length, 358; condylo-incisive length, 320; zygomatic breadth, 328; interorbital breadth, 74; postorbital breadth, 62; nasals 100 X 62; length upper carnassial, 38; length of mandible, 240; width audital bullee in front, 35; width foramen magnum, 27; height of foramen magnum, 22. One of the most interesting results of the study of the large series of lions now preserved in the museum is the discovery of the definite variations existing between wild-killed animals and those which have been reared in captivity. This has been described in detail in a special paper.t An outline of the most important features of this paper is given below. Lions in zoological parks are often dealers’ specimens without definite history, or animals born in captivity; but in the series of specimens of Felis leo massaica in the National Museum collection are five adult lions which were captured as small cubs in the region near Nairobi, in practically the same locality where many of our wild-killed specimens were obtained. They were presented to the National Zoological Park by Mr. W. N. McMillan, and are known as the ‘‘McMillan lions.”’ At the time of their arrival in Washington they were from 22 to 30 months old. All of these lions were adult at the time of death and four of them lived to complete maturity, or from six years and two months to seven years and eight months of age. In addition to giving reliable information as to the age when lions reach full maturity, with the skull fully developed, the basi- sphenoid suture ankylosed, and the sagittal crest completely formed, these specimens furnished an opportunity for direct comparison between wild-killed and park-reared specimens known to be of the 1 Some Effects of Environment and Habit on Captive Lions, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus., vol., 53, pp. 177-193, pis. 22-25. June 1, 1917. 158 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. same age. The latter present a striking case of definite structural modification of the skull by habit. This is accompanied by a change in color, the nature of which is equally definite, but the cause of which is less easy to understand. The lions brought from the relatively dry highlands of Kast Africa became darker in color with each successive moult. The degree of color change was therefore in direct relation to the period of life in Washington. The effect of five years of such life has been to change the color of living examples of Felis leo massaica from the normal pale grayish-buff color of the race to a much darker color very much resembling that of Felis leo nyanzx, the lion of the more humid Victoria Nyanza region. The cause of this color change is unknown, though humidity is probably a factor of some importance. Captive lions also develop much finer manes and at an earlier age than do wild animals of the same kind. Of greater interest in the study of the McMillan lions compared with wild examples from the same region are the modifications in the skulls. In all adult captive animals the skulls have a definite, uniform shape, differing from those of wild-killed lions in a number of conspicuous characters. They are broader and shorter, more massive and bulky, and exhibit abundant relative differences which would be instantly accepted as of ‘‘specific” value in wild animals. The obvious reason for the peculiarities of the zoo-reared individuals is that the principal muscles operating the jaws and neck (those muscles used by a wild lion in mauling and killing game, biting, gripping, and shaking) have had so little work to do that they have had relatively little influence in moulding the shape of the bones to which they are attached. In a wild lion which habitually kills quantities of heavy game, these muscles are much used, and in a normal way they mould the growing skull. The most conspicuous peculiarities of the McMillan lion skulls, and of other zoo-reared lions as well, are the greater (relative and actual) zygomatic breadth, the large rostra, and the great distance across the base of the skull at the mastoids. While actually measur- ing less in condylobasal or greatest length than many of the wild massaica skulls of equal age, they have a far greater zygomatic breadth than any, averaging about 30 millimeters more in males, and 20 millimeters more in females. (See detailed measurements, pages 166-167, and plates 52-54.) The different regions of the skull may be compared in detail: Regions of attachment of the masseter muscle.—Contrary to the usual textbook definition of its function, the masseter muscle unquestion- ably furnishes the chief gripping power; it is the one most exercised during use of the canine and incisor teeth. While there is intimate relationship between the functions of the masseter and temporal muscles, and the two masses are actually connected, each nevertheless EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 159 is the prime factor in the definite mechanical action of separate parts of the dentalrow. While the masseter, as stated above, has primarily to do with the front teeth (the canines and incisors), the temporal is chiefly concerned with the molar-premolar row, and the process of cutting and chewing rather than biting and gripping. The lion, like all cats, is a biting animal of the highest type. The masseter, aided by the temporal and internal pterygoid muscles, locks the jaw and makes the grip firm. It is attached to almost the entire length of the inner side of the zygoma, from just back of the molar tooth to the pit on the upper side of the squamosal root, and to the ventral half of the outer surface from near the maxillary tuberosity to near the glenoid surface. The region of its origin in the McMillan skulls is greatly changed from the wild type. The malar and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone have been almost uninfiuenced by the muscle and have to a certain de- ereeretained distinctive characters of juvenility. In wild lions this muscle has exercised very great influence on the bones of the zygo- matic arch. The following char- acters, which appear to be largely due to the nonaction of this ae muscle, separate easily the Mc- > Bias Millan lion skulls of either sex ses. 2-3.—Cross sections OF ZYGOMATA OF WILD- 7 . KILLED AND PARK-REARED LION SKULLS, MADE eva m ld skulls of equal foo AT INFERIOR POINT OF ZYGOMATICO-TEMPORAL Zygoma more spreading ante- — sururE.—(2) WILD-KILLED (No, 155443, NATROBI, riorly; malar very thick and wide; 2am ta ere squamosal arm subterete and xrqvar ace. Nat. sue. heavy, almost rounded in cross section and not at all concave on inner surface, with no superior margin for strong muscle attachment [in skulls of wild-killed speci- mens the squamosal arm of the zygoma is thin and light, but strong; it is greatly hollowed out on inner surface and has a sharp superior margin]. The region of insertion, the outer lateral face of the ascending mandibular ramus, is also greatly modified. In the McMillan skulls it is comparatively heavy and thick, but is smooth and poorly fitted for muscle attachment. The margin is smooth and rounded. The great zygomatic breadth of the skull of the captive lion is partly due to the rounded squamosal arm. Regions of attachment of the temporal muscle.—The chiet function of the temporal muscles is to apply to the cheek teeth the power needed for the crushing and cutting up of the food killed by the canines and incisors. As the lions in the Zoological Park are always fed with pieces of meat containing large bones, in order to guard against the 160 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. natural tendency of carnivores to bolt their food without chewing, the temporal muscles are used by them in an essentially normal way. These muscles, unlike the disused masseters, have moulded the parts of the growing skull to which they are attached in more nearly the same manner as in wild individuals. The region of origin, the entire side of the skull posteriorly, is somewhat modified. The braincase has been less subjected to pressure by these powerful muscles than in the wild lion, and it, as a consequence, is less compressed laterally. Wild lion skulls of equal age have smaller braincases, and more sharply marked sagittal and lambdoidal crests. The region of insertion, the inner surface of the ascending ramus, is slightly smoother in the MeMillan skulls, but is little modified. The mastoid and occipital regions —These regions are, except for the squamosal arm of the zygoma, the most modified parts of the park-reared lion skulls. The change from the uniform type found in the wild lion is very great. The mastoid breadth in the McMillan lions is far greater than is usual in wild skulls of equal age; the mastoids are broad and spreading, with the large, smooth, postero- external surfaces next to the paroccipital process only slightly turned forward from the general occipital plane, and without sharply marked, marginal ridges [in wild lions the mastoid breadth is usually much less, the sides are drawn in and forward, so that the postero- external surfaces of the mastoids lie in a position at a much greater angle from the general occipital plane; marginal ridges sharply recurved; paroccipital process longer and more angular]. (See pl. 55.) Nondevelopment of the muscles chiefly used in lifting and shaking prey and the consequent lack of necessity for strong attachments is clearly responsible for this peculiarity in the park-reared animals. The splenius, complexus, rhomboideus capitis, cleido-mastoid, sterno- mastoid, rectus capitis posticus major, and rectus capitis posticus minor all attach to the affected parts. A powerful splenius is neces- sary in the wild lion, as the beast commonly carries heavy prey for long distances; the well-developed rhomboideus capitis aids in this work. The complexus and mastoid muscles are of great power in the shaking process and are, like the splenius and other closely related muscles, naturally less developed in the animal reared in captivity. The digastric muscle, of quite another function, but powerfully developed in the cat, and having its origin on the paroccipital process and inward, bordering the posterior margin of the auditory bullx, is no doubt somewhat responsible for the development of shape in this part of the skull as well. After a preliminary movement of the hyoid muscles, it is the chief agent for depressing the jaw. The cephalo-humeral and other muscles and the ligamentum nuchee attach to the base of the skull, but in this problem are of little im- portance. EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 161 The mastoid breadth in a wild-killed adult male lion from Nairobi (No. 155443) is 135 millimeters; in a McMillan lion of the same age (No. 199707) it is 152. The lambdoidal ridge and occipital bones are broader in the Mc- Millan skulls than in any skulls of wild lions. Here again the splenius and complexus muscles, through nondevelopment, have failed to influence the bone as in a normal wild lion whose life is one of tearing and shaking of strong prey. Capacity of the braincase.—As stated above, external measurements of the braincase in wild lions are less than in park-reared animals of equal age. The capacity of the braincase, however, is consid- erably greater. Young adults of each, as usual among carnivores, have greater braincase capacity than old or aged adults. The bones forming the cranium of the zoo lion are thicker, and the actual size of the brain is less than in wild-killed examples. In the case of the MeMillan lions the capacity is about 50 cubic centimeters less in males and about 40 less in females, than in wild-killed examples of equal age from the same locality. The ‘‘Richardson lion,’ from the New York Zoological Park, celebrated as the record skull for greatest breadth, and the Menelik lion, the type-specimen of Felis leo roosevelti, are both park-reared ani- mals of uncertain history but they show the skull characters of cap- tive lions to a marked degree. Even the skulls of these enormous lions have less braincase capacity than any wild-killed examples of the East African lion. Following are some measurements of the capacity of the brain- case in fully adult lions: MALES. History. | No, Name. Locality. Ce, Wildakalladie scene aoc sone nce 155443 | Felis leo massaica...........- NWairabisessceeeee eee 265 DO eee cesar arson ennsiaio stata 182297 |... - GOs Cais. cose eeiesmalnc sees RRL ec cicc cance ete = 265 DOs occaai ates csaeeneee 182332 |... GOwatasc ea scckes cs eceslosene GOe acs seeecess 285 Parkcreareds. 3.02115.0).cltect | 1199707 |..... aS Re LE renee hr eeay Nairobi............. 215 DOVE ace wor aakerst UES See 1197944 |..... GOs ee ee eet ee cae lneoas GOs see 220 Oe eiceret mn eteenemeeriosey 38246:|'\“"Richardson Jion7.s2--e 22 s|sooe- eh ecs cece silos te 250 Dove cece Eee eee 144054 | ‘‘Menelik lion”. ............ {Abyssinia] ......... 255 | FEMALES, ee ae 3 Wald-killediss S233 jacecme- mae 182309 | Felis leo massaica..........-- Wee see sceeaeeeere | 245 Booka t ct Sod dokew alee 182326 |..... plate eh eras saa>, Kingdon ee | 255 DOW aoe ke eee arate is 19242 7m | aes Ore AGaacehieceks Gorse tele see dOek ay: Seeks: | 245 [Park-npa4red. s-20-% see Se aces ue GOT S Tees OME es aC cee se N@IrODI ca see eee 190 PUNE Se och ME Sao: 1199524 |... pce et ay Se eee iers dbs cen saa eater Tes 1 McMillan lions. These are the only park-reared skulls strictly comparable with wild-killed F. /. massaica, 100468°—18—Bull. 99——11 162 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The following notes on some interesting habits of lions, as observed by the Smithsonian African Expedition, are taken from the chapter on this animal in Roosevelt and Heller’s Life-Histories of A‘rican Game Animals.1 The lion is common throughout all the portions of East Africa which we visited except on the high, wet plateaux and in the dense forests; we did not come across it in Uganda; but it was found on the Lado and less commonly along the White Nile to the Sobat. There are geographical varieties; but the presence or absence of the mane, and its color—black, tawny, or mixed—represent individual and not specific or subspecific variation; black and yellow-maned lions come from the same litter, and the fullness of the mane may vary greatly among males from the same litter, although it is apt to be heaviest where the climate is cold. The hitters are certainly born at various times. Judging by the cubs we saw, one litter must have been produced by a lioness on the Kapiti Plains in January, and another on the upper Guaso Nyiro of the north about the first of June; and in each there were in the immediate neighborhood of the litters of comparatively young cubs—three or four months old—other young lions probably three or four months older. This must mean that in East Africa litters may be born at almost any season of the year. The lying-in place of the lioness is sometimes in a cave, sometimes in thick brush or long grass. Normally the cubs remain where they were born for a few weeks, the mother leaving them to hunt, and returning sometimes after an absence of forty-eight hours; but they make no noise even when left thus long. If game is abundant they may keep to the original lair for several months, but if game is scarce, or for other reasons, the lioness may shift her quarters when her young ones are not much bigger than tom-cats, and the family may then be seen travelling long distances until another suitable place for a lair is reached. When the cubs are three months or so old, they habitually travel with the mother; then, instead of eating her fill at a kill and afterward returning to the cubs, the latter run up to the kill and feed at it with their mother. We found flesh and hair in the stomachs of two cubs; for they begin to eat flesh long before they stop suckling. While still very young they try, in clumsy fashion, to kill birds and small animals. By the time they are four or five months old they sometimes endeavor to assist the mother when she has pulled down some game which is not formidable, but has not killed it outright before they come up; and soon afterward they begin to try regularly to help her in killing, and they speedily begin to help her in hunting and to attempt to hunt for themselves. Evidently in their first attempts they claw and bite their prey everywhere; for we found carcasses of zebra and hartebeest thus killed by family parties which were scarred all over. Lions are sometimes monogamous and sometimes polygamous, and there is much variety in the way they conduct their family life. It is a common thing for an old male to be found alone, and it is no less common for two adult males to be found in company, living and hunting together; the two famous man-eaters of Tsavo, which for a time put a complete stop to the building of the Uganda Railroad, were in the latter category. A lion and a lioness are often found together, and in such case a strong attachment may be shown between them, and the union be apparently perma- nent; at least this would seem to be the case from the fact that such pairs will often remain together just before the birth of the cubs and while the latter are very little, the lion lying up during the day in the neighborhood of his mate and her litter. But it is a frequent thing to find a party of lions consisting of one old male, of two or three or four females, and of the cubs of some of the latter; and these parties are well known to the Ukamba and ’Ndorobo hunters, and their association is permanent, so that 1 Life-Hist. Afr. Game Animals, vol. 1, pp. 164-167, 169. 1914. BAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 163 these cases evidently afford instances of polygamy. ‘Two or three lionesses sometimes live in companionship, with perhaps the cubs of one or more of them; and a single lioness may be found either by herself or with the cubs of one litter, or of two litters. On one occasion we found a lioness associating with a young male, not yet quite fully grown but already much bigger than she was, and a couple of young cubs perhaps two or three months old; now, from information given us by the natives, we are inclined to think (although, of course, we are,not certain) that the young male was one of her cubs of a former litter, and the father of the cubs that were with them. Finally, it may happen that lions join temporarily in larger parties, which may contain two or three adult males, several females, and young animals of various ages; but we are inclined to believe that these associations are short-lived, being due to peculiar con- ditions, such as great local abundance of game—for lions often hunt together in order to profit by mutual support. * * * Lions do not go into heavy forests, although they make their day lairs along the edges. They like to lie up for the day in patches of jungle which border on open plains; in bushes in open scrub; in clumps of reeds; in any thick bit of cover in the open thorn forests which are so plentiful in much of the game country; and perhaps especially in a strip of cover along a river, or one of the dense masses of brush and trees, of small extent, which are found along the watercourses. They also lie in tall grass. Occasionally they lie, throughout the day, right out in the open, on a mound or the side of an ant-hill, or under a low bush or tree that does not shield them from sight. If the grass is very tall they find it easy to get close to their prey and to evade human observation; and where the brush is thick or the open forest fairly continuous it is almost a chance if one comes on them. If much molested they become strictly nocturnal; otherwise, under more natural conditions, although they spend most of the day sleeping, they may sometimes be seen leisurely strolling in the open, and they often return to their resting-places after sunrise, and leave them before sunset— although even under such circumstances it is only exceptionally that they hunt except under cover of darkness. Once we came on a big male lion in mid-afternoon walk- ing back across the open plain to a zebra he had lilled on the previous night; and once, at the same time of day, we came on a lioness leading her cubs back to the carcass of a wildebeest, also slain over night. On another afternoon we came across a lion and lioness gazing intently at an old bull wildebeest which was returning their stare, very much on the alert, at a distance of sixty yards. For measurements of specimens see tables, pages 166-169. FELIS LEO NYANZA‘ Heller. 1910. Felis leo massaica RoosEevett, Afr, Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 476; London ed., p. 487. (Part.) 1913. Felis leo nyanzex HeLueR, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 19, p. 4. November 8. (Kampala, Uganda; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) 1914. Felis leo nyanze RoosEVELT AND Hetier, Life Hist. Afr. Game Animals, vol. 1, p. 226. 1917. Felis leo nyanze Houtister, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, p.183. June 1. Specomens.—Forty, from the following localities: Uaanpa: Kampala, 1, the type (T. Roosevelt). Bririso Hast Arrica: Kabalolot Hill, Sotik, 6 (Rainey); Lime Springs, Sotik, 5 (Rainey, Johnston); Loita Plains, 9 (Rainey, Heller, Johnston); Njoro Osolali, Sotik, 2 (T. Roosevelt, K. Roose- velt); Southern Guaso Nyiro River, 6 (T. Roosevelt, Loring, Mearns) ; Telek River, 7 (Rainey, Johnston, Heller). 164 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. GreRMAN East Arrica: Western edge Serengeti Plains, near head of the Mbalageti River, 4 skulls (Elton Clark, Lindsay). The Uganda lion, whose range extends along the shores of Victoria Nyanza and eastward to the Southern Guaso Nyiro River in British East Africa, is a darker, richer colored, and longer haired animal than the lion of the Kapiti Plams and Kilimanjaro regions. The type skin of nyanze has been considerably darkened by stain, apparently from red soil and also from some native tanning process. This has reddened all the lighter parts on the face, head, and limbs. The skin was presented to Colonel Roosevelt by the European residents at Kampala and has not been re-dressed by museum taxidermists or tunners. The Sotik lion skins are all of the same dark race, and allowing for the undoubted darkening of some of the lighter parts on the type, are almost precisely of the same shade of color. A maned male of this form, killed by Kermit Roosevelt in the Sotik, weighed 412 pounds. Another large male, also maned, shot by Colonel Roosevelt in the same region, weighed 410 pounds. Both of these animals were thin. All of the adult males of this form in the collection are ‘‘yellow-maned,” with little trace of black in the longer hairs of the head and neck. The young of Felis leo nyanzex are even more spotted on the underparts, legs, and feet than are the young of F.1. massaica. There is the same great variation in size of skull and teeth in the lioness as in massaica. For measurements see tables, pages 166-169. FELIS LEO SOMALIENSIS Noack. 1891. [Felis leo] var. somaliensis Noack, Jahrb. Hamburgischen Wiss. Anst., vol. 9, lst half, p. 120. (‘‘Somaliland.’’) Specimen.—One, as follows: ‘“‘SOMALILAND” (Gross). This race of the lion was described from a pair of animals living in the Berlin Zoological Gardens. The exact history of the speci- mens is somewhat in doubt, and according to Heller' the animals have since been traded to other zoological parks, and all trace of them has been lost. Our specimen is an animal which died in the National Zoological Park in Washington, and it exhibits all the usual characteristics of color and skull found in lions reared in captivity. For this reason it is valueless for systematic purposes. A lioness from Somaliland now living in the National Zoological Park is distinctly smaller than the average lioness from British East Africa. The subspecies seems to be well marked and it is greatly to be hoped that wild-killed specimens may before long reach the Museum. 1 Roosevelt and Heller, Life-Hist. Afr. Game Anim., vol. 1, p. 224. 1914. EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 165 FELIS LEO ROOSEVELTI Heller. Plate 43. 1913. Felis leo roosevelli HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 19, p. 2. November 8. (‘‘Highlands of Abyssinia near Addis Ababa;” type in U.S. Nat. Mus.) 1914, Felis leo roosevelti RoosEVELT and He.teEr, Life-Hist. Afr. Game Anim., vol. 1, map, p. 227. 7 1917. Felis leo roosevelti HoLuistER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, pp. 186, 188, 192, June 1. Specimens.—Four, from localities as follows: Supan: Omdurman, 1 (Wingate). ApyssIniA: ‘‘Abyssinia,’”’ 2 (Menelik, Nat. Zoo. Park); Harrar, 1 (Nat. Zoo. Park). All of these four specimens are animals which have died in the Zoological Park, and all show the unmistakable characteristics of bone and color usual to lions reared in captivity. They are therefore valueless for systematic work. The status of this subspecies is greatly in doubt. The type-speci- men was presented by King Menelik of Abyssinia to President Roose- velt in 1904 and was deposited in the National Zoological Park in March of that year. It died November 14, 1906. In describing the race, Heller assumed that this animal was captured near Addis Ababa and that it was fully grown when taken by the Abyssinians. Both of these assumptions are apparently groundless, as the skull shows unquestionably that the lion lived his life in captivity from early adolescence. The locality ‘‘Addis Ababa” is not entered in the museum records, and there is every chance that the lion was brought to the Emperor as a kitten by some of his subjects living in some far- distant corner of Abyssinia. The skull almost exactly agrees with the old male skulls of the McMillan lions from Nairobi, British East Africa, which died in the National Zoological Park, and can not be separated subspecifically from them. It differs from all the wild- killed skulls of Felis leo massaica exactly as these McMillan skulls differ from wild-killed lion skulls from the vicinity of Nairobi. The skin is dark and richly colored and has a splendid mane, but, as stated before, these are characteristics of zoological park lions. All the characters used in separating the race, then, are those common to specimens of massaica reared in captivity, and it might be argued that since the type specimen of roosevelti might well have originally been captured within the habitat of massaica the name should be placed in the synonymy of the latter form. There are few specimens of wild-killed Abyssinian lions in collections, and great effort should be made to obtain such material before it is too late. 1 See Hollister, Some Effects of Environment and Habit on Captive Lions, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, pp. 177-193. June 1, 1917. 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SIGE Tah wiser agita 6 Sen ato es des Porat wel Bote Petes Pere erant a Gneeo Veiare aie sees a Wee sg Wo ag e Opi: RGISt Sheer pe Pee | a uceee = Spe Sool page ecees certs RUT ey Neue whens Opes OLOIRT: Bini Poigeee cays: Oe ber |e agate loser "1 Ctl Nansen Ee ORE sep ME ee GTO: | SOCTRT sul taae tanto ase edad | ae ome os cpesteclloihar > ieeeas eee Sina eee epee Gustee | everett eee enteeoe|aecte cane peel een. street Reena Alas a Sonnagne=>+-|/ggpggy |peseedee-ced-r2! aeeots sjetnnenduceangnsenee|igrgypy [ouavced-saacece Gas Meet. be eect eget -lagehen leo-nsee- 2 teres Ses etait |e Bie ejiree alee eer een teen SOs ee Bala tod -nv emcee =| TaPReT a || seeder se een MEE sailor ce Seles ae Sere EPIE) le ceetce aes “-orvfaemyhy JUNO; ‘BOLT V ISCH USN “VOUDSSDUL *) “WT 170 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. FELIS PARDUS PARDUS Linnzus. 1758. Felis pardus Linnavus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 41. (Valley of the Nile, Egypt.’) Specimens.—Two skins, without skulls, from the following lo- calities: Supan: El Dueim, 1 (Mearns); Khartoum, 1 (Mearns). These skins indicate that true pardus is a much more ochraceous- buff colored anima! than are the upper Nile or East African forms of the leopard. No skulls of typical pardus are in the collection, and comparison of the specimens is therefore very unsatisfactory. The Khartoum skin is that of an immature animal; the El Dueim speci- men an adult male. For measurements of specimens of leopards see tables, pages 172- 173. FELIS PARDUS CHUi Heller. Plates 44, 45. 1913. Felis pardus chui HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 19, p. 6. November 8. (Gondokoro, Uganda; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.) 1914. Felis pardus chui RoosEVELT AND HELLER, Life-Hist. African Game Anim., vol. 1, p. 239. Specumens.—Three, as follows: Lavo: Rhino Camp, 1 (Heller). Ucanpba: Gondokoro, 7 miles east of, 1 (Heller). Birish East Arrica: Nzoia River, Guas Ngishu Plateau 1 (K. Roosevelt). The specimen listed above from the Nzoia River is not typical of Felis pardus chut but seems to belong with this form rather than with suwahelica of the region to the east. It is a rather young adult female which shows characters intermediate between the two forms. In size it is considerably larger than any adult female of suahelica, and has a larger skull. The body color and spotting are more like suahelica than like chui, but the feet have the white ground color of chui rather than the yellowish-buff of suahelica. The region is just where specimens intermediate between the two forms might be expected to occur, although suahelica is found in the Elgoyo forest only a short distance to the east. Adult male leopards from the Nyanza region are greatly desired to work out the interrelations of the two forms. As noted under Felis pardus suahelica, specimens of that form from the Naivasha Lake country are larger than those from farther east, and are approaching in that character, but with- out change in color, the form from the Upper Nile. The old male from Rhino Camp, Lado, measured 725 millimeters high at shoulder; the female from Guas Ngishu Plateau, 670. ! Cabrera, Bol. Real. Soc. espafiola Hist. Nat., 1910, p. 425, November; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, 1911, p. 135, March. EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 172 FELIS PARDUS SUAHELICA Neumann. Plate 5. 1900. Felis leopardus suahelicus NEUMANN, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., vol. 13, p. 551. (‘East Africa”; specimens mentioned from Tanga, Manyara Lake, Nai, and Usandawe, German East Africa, and from Loita Hills, British East Africa; and ‘“‘Uganda.”’ Type locality may be restricted to some point in northeastern German East Africa; cotypes [?] in Berlin Museum.) 1910. Felis pardus suahelica Roosevett, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 476; London ed., p. 487. 1914. Felis pardus suahelica RoosEvELT AND Hewier, Life-Hist. African Game Anim., vol. 1, p. 236. 1914. Felis pardus ruwenzorii Roosrvett aND HeEtier, Life-Hist. African Game Anim., vol. 1, p. 238. (Part, specimen from Meru; not of Camerano.) Specimens.—Twenty-four, from the following localities: SoMALILAND: ‘‘Somaliland,” 2 (Cunningham). AsyssINnriA: Adis Ababa, 1 skin (Philip). Brirtsn East Arrica: Juja Farm, 1 (K. Roosevelt); Kabalolot Hill, Sotik, 1 (Heller); Kamiti Farm, Athi Plains, 2 (Mearns); Kampi Moto, 20 miles north of Nakuru, 1 (K. Roosevelt); Kapiti Station, 1 (Rainey); Kisii District, 4 odd skulls (Loring); Lake Naivasha, 2 (Heller, Mearns); Meru, 1 (Heller); Rumathe River, Northern Guaso Nyiro, 1 (Heller); Ulu Station, 6 (Rainey, Heller) ; Voi, 1 skin (Heller). The two specimens from ‘‘Somaliland” died in the National Zoological Park in Washington; the skull of the adult male shows all the characteristic features of a zoo-reared cat, as described under Felis leo massaica. These specimens are of little use for systematic purposes; the exact point of capture is unknown. They do not vary enough from ordinary skins of Felis pardus sauhelica in size or mark- ings to excite suspicion that they might represent a distinct race, and the skull of the male is fully as large as in suahelica. It is quite evident that these specimens do not represent the Melis pardus nanopardus of Thomas,' described from forty miles west of Gorahai. The skin from Adis Ababa, Abyssinia, is a fine example of the “ black ”’ leopard. ‘The markings are plainly traceable, however, and from the size of the spots the form represented is not the Felis pardus pardus which occurs at Khartoum, but rather &. p. suahelica. Untortu- nately, the specimen is without a skull. The series of skins and skulls from various parts of British Hast Africa, except for a few individual specimens, is a very uniform lot in color and size. The two skulls and one skin from Naivasha are somewhat larger than others in the series from southern and central British East Africa and are approaching in this character Felis pardus chui of the Upper Nile Valley. In color the skin is typical of sua- helica and shows no indication of gradation toward chui, as does the 1 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 14, p. 94. July, 1904. BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 172 od od od *poze19jI]qo o1ngns [eseg ‘aedo omyns [eseg ‘od ‘od ‘od *poqze1eqI{qo ommgns [eseg ‘uedo einyns [eseq ‘od *peqeIzI[QoO 91myNs [ese ‘uodo 91n4ns [eseg *pesopo emyns [eseg *pa}es9zI[Go onyNs [eseg od ‘uedo oimyns [eseg ‘od *peze1ez1TGo emmys [VSP *SUOTIBAIOSY 06 GL TZ OL 69 89 69 TZ ss 98 8 18 62 18 £8 as) 82 06 88 “Tw Jo JOMOT jo quoig | WO ‘yud jo yorq 04) jouq 09 guTuvo | oud 49 94 , ln ioddn jo Té1 Ler T&T bor OZ 0s SCT 9ST bST €FI 6FT OFT SFT LyT OFT 6&T oor 99T “a1qIp -ue ‘uoumtaeds od Ay, 1 | 92 68 69 | ey | FOr ast | 962 «| ogg) vere | ' oo joo foo |e |e get jot | zor |----op-- 19 |s9 |e |e |e get | ent | 26r [7 -opr- es. leo ..|a — |e = l'e cet {ost | set |*r--ops-- go: tor ap |e kee oct | zt | oer = |----op--- me a Ge = te rit faut. «| set-top ro «= [zosidt eOce | ae om = |zsr | et | -ops-- 9 6l19)6ColohCdt ees ge er | ur) f ost | oyemog w% [es |sc ler | g6 ost |2te | see +: -ops-- m {| |ze lee |e ser |60c | pee |- “ope te lta eelee ip las eet | 10, | ste |*+-op--- 9 |e |oo |ze |o6 ont | zoe | oe [+ -op--- eo flo. |e ‘oe {os ser leer | ete == |--s ops: 0 |g |e |e |o6 ser. |00e =| oee = |---sop-- 9 | |sc lw |e rT =| coe | geet scopes i lax S\40 se lee yet | zoe) | vee "vv ore o jim fos |se (|v est | rer =| eta orem mz |ss leo |e {26 eo: [tee | ane | -ope-- 2 | feo |ze |+6 ot | cee |e |----oren *s[eseu iota ‘guturo | TOM : ‘ “nia waau9| Jo} won| 3940 | “agg [NIPRAA | Sthent | esego| 4s | “xag -qooay | yeuuds |peayso yy | HO |” ORAZ S| SEEOM| “205 “qow'y ‘pulp svg wolf spindoa fo spnys fo syuamainsvayy OO9TST 1 FOOEYT 9FIZYL FIZOT PPIZOL IT6T9T* 6ISFST SISFST LZ6Z91 926291 SLIZ8I G6029T LPIZOT S6SIST EZECET 6ZEZST £6089T E9LFOT POLPOT 1 ‘ON SUeLT eylory “Vv “a a “SI4Of LaMbbeainle Sine cirem ig Se USES Secisieinislisge/ais\a\ 2) aoa meg efng “TESTS te wend etc “““TIHTH J07oTeqe 37 Sinlals visisicieisiny-\neisieaisicye ---Idexy aibia Si stnnis this arstals Setarae "nia yaa “parjayons “a sijay Srigsissricle "*JOATY BIOZN "VA ‘A teccteeeeees ~-durep ourgy :ope'y al hea tee ---oroyopuoy :epuBsg ‘nya *d sag “AJPVOOT PUL TIO U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 99 PL. 5 UPPER FIGURE, EAST AFRICAN LEOPARD: LOWER FIGURE, RAINEY’S CHEETAH. FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE I8I. 173 EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. ‘ueu1oeds-ed AY, 1 #6 XZ‘6T O'ILXT‘6T b‘SLX8 ‘92 L°8T See eae Ly ie agg alg ee Se Seca sat |r caller 228) STEM KOOOLSTTalisck eo ea nL ane “*surIet[d BUI0T “VA a | | “8140 “A 9°8 X£'9I Di, X0°ST 0'Z1X6°GS | O'FT ee ee eee ee eecesi[se a seeeseeel|eorerers SPS O Dig secre F60k9T ee Pe ee ee ae O10 Td wey Bee IT es Xser | L-etXee | | e°SE ies ce alececee ane Ome « seaee YS ee le ear Sates ops-"| oprgpr fctececeeceeesnceersoeseeeeceete cesses acer L°L X8°ST 9°9 X¢"ST PILX8 0°&T CPIZ9l Se Tas hg comin, Rdg ts ET ary oe See ae og 8°L X6‘ST TL XS'F1 S'ILX8 ‘TZ T&T EP ECO Dee | cae eee eae Dae a emg PE Gata SR Ae gaa “TSE eu Xzo1 «| es Xovor | HIEXSs | 88 ITeWiss arse ete Bonar Sa seReT “une ving L°L X9‘9T Le ON Lbl G‘OLXE'2o =| 8 IT GDS S vei |e cae Me SEI ORS RRs oe aE ae ere: ZS X8‘9T $°L XFL T‘ILX$ ‘1% £°OI STSPST Ree coi Ss bait es Rime a hae ag an or cman eRe) ZOLX0'T% 68 X8 ‘OT 9ST X0°9% 8°9L = JOP a 266090 Sek eRe amit oa pers ae Paes “od ¥'6 XI‘8T Eisen Sele S'slX8'7e | O°LT g8 c96 068 O21 pa en ae op°’-"""| 926Z9T |” eke: ieee te a eee "7" *"BYSBATCN T'6 XS‘6T L'°8 X8‘9T Z‘EL XS SS o°LT GL C&S 0&8 OST ole es POD eactes SLIZ8T pans nee a es aan aco a end Mae TOATY OY POTN £°6 XP ‘02 OreeNcasl a ae (eee | S21 £8 OSG 0gs CLG Tee Se as © On rer's*| Mea EO Tage laa cn te ee en ae a Seat a corse TLIO 1°83 X9°8T mea anEeT Meio \ecor Oe ee vena tecere ran pa see gp se FM RIBOT 0 Pes oreo wee sie niin seunstear eres 2259-9 TTSTyT 0°6 XL°LT c'8 XZ°LT C'CLXL''S =| GOT 08 OFS O16 OSZT Rec teee os OD aes MCOUTS Lae eat a a Te RO le a “" “TITEL JOTOTVqesT £°6 X0‘8T 9°8 X0O°LT 6 OL XL “FS T9L Saerass aman ee hel |e chee ale eee Ses |e ap ODIs MOC CCR Tae lias ee. ee SE ae pislaieie'cai8c = STATO, c’s8 BED P'S OL 9'ZLX9 FS 8°PL eveesce eeseleeseerees wale ew err eeeeelereeree sesjeeesaseasee “Ole 6ZEZ8T eeveseseeeseeseseses eceeeeaeeeee eee wee ewe Sie ath Tal) ova" “poyayons *@ sayy Tes LA. 8°L X8°SI ZSLXE “8 JAS) § GL O08 OFS ORG Ti -eeao en ate Si OT OUIBIT NAS OUSD Dice: I teks rece Mie are ails "*""IOATY BIOZN 2 V OA 9°6 X02 0°6 XZ°S8T 8°21 XZ 9S Beak 92 096 gcl OSTT 5 oe ee S\sie OT res! = hECOIEO Tome | ca cc os <1 eae is area dureg ouryy :ope’T, 26 XL'st | 6's XBT | S'erXoe | TT | 06 2% Os OME es oes es aS SqWA |RPOROLY: "=~". Ae eaae one ee * ogoyopuoy :epuvsy “anya “dl sya d = dd P & : *IB]OUIOI *[RIsseu zoddn ; yooy | *exaqay | *Apoq ‘ ; : IEOU IOMO'T | 44dn puosag| -1eo Joddq |jo yysuet) 74 pur, | -s94 Trey, |pue prow X08 oN AqqTB00] PUG ULIOT IB[OOATY ee ee a ee ‘paw fy wsoy wosf spsndoa) 7npo fo suamainsvaw Jp) Wap PUD [DULAILET 174 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Nzoia River skin listed under the latter form. The Meru specimen, which has been referred by Roosevelt and Heller to the Ruwenzori form,’ is peculiar in color. It is a fine, large leopard, with large spots and of a dark general coloration. The skin has been mounted, which makes satisfactory comparison with tanned skins difficult; but the skull differs in no essential detail from the general type found in suahelica. It seems best, until more plentiful material from the region is at hand, to consider this animal a slightly peculiar individual of suahelica, rather than to admit the existence of a subspecies based on such a limited number of specimens with a disconnected distribu- tion in the forested parts of Ruwenzori and Kenia. The Meru specimen, an old male, was captured in a trap. He was a “man- eater,’ and had only a short time before killed and eaten a native woman. His teeth were in bad condition, the upper carnassial virtually useless. Young of several ages are represented in the series.- The very young are quite reddish in color above, but this condition rapidly changes to the common buff ground color with brownish and blackish markings of the nearly grown though immature animal. The follow- ing weights of adult male leopards are recorded in the collector’s field books: Ulu Station, 112 pounds; Lake Naivasha, 126 pounds; Meru, 100 pounds. The female from Juja Farm weighed under 70 pounds (54 pounds dressed). The name suahelica, as here applied to the common Hast African leopard, barely escapes classification as a nomen nudum. Neither type-specimen nor definite type-locality were designated by Neumann, in describing, or rather naming, the race. ‘Reference to his [Neu- mann’s] specimens now in the Berlin Museum shows none marked as the type, so that an exact idea of what he had in mind can not now be ascertained. Neumann labored under the supposition that two species occurred throughout East Africa, a large-spotted and a small- spotted form, the former of which he attempted to describe as sua- helica. No substantial difference in the size of the spots in adults from the region can be detected. There is, however, a marked differ- ence in spotting in the immature and the adults, the former being fine spotted, owing to the rosettes being broken up into several solid spots, which later coalesce to form the rosettes of the adult. Neu- mann’s skins were chiefly flat specimens obtained from natives and were without skulls, so that their relative ages were unknown, and the error of associating the difference in size of spots with racial rather than age characters was doubtless made. Old males often show the larger and more completely ocellated spots” (Roosevelt and Heller, Life-Histories African Game Animals, vol. 1, page 237). 1 Life-Hist. African Game Animals, vol. 1, p. 239. 1914. EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. 175 The specimen from Kabalolot Hill is mentioned in Heller’s journal of the Rainey Expedition as follows: Found a tree in which a leopard had hung up a fresh kill of a topi. This tree was one of the prickly pear fruited trees, with many twisted trunks at its base, so that it was not difficult for the leopard to get a good foothold in climbing it. The topi was an adult one and placed about 10 feet above the ground. I set five traps at the base of the tree and caught the leopard during the night. FELIS FORTIS Heller. Plates 46, 47. 1913. Felis pardus fortis HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 19, p. 5. November 8. (Aggate’s Ranch, Loita Plains, British East Africa; type in U.S. Nat. Mus.) 1914, Felis pardus fortis RoosEvELT and Heiter, Life-Hist. African Game Anim., vol. 1, p. 241. Specumen.—One, the type, from— BritisH Kast Bririsn: Loita Plains (Rainey). The unique type-specimen of this leopard was killed by a rancher in the Loita Plains bush country bordering his farm and was _ pur- chased from him for the United States National Museum by Paul J. Rainey May 31, 1911. In size, color, skull, and dental characters this specimen differs widely from all other leopards in the collection. A ease of very exceptional individual variation is here represented or else the animal belongs to a species quite distinct from the common leopard which is found in all the surrounding country. The absence of the small upper premolar as described in the original diagnosis is, of course, of no importance as a racial character. As a matter of fact this tooth is present on both sides, can be observed without a glass, and under slight magnification can be seen to have incompletely erupted. The second upper premolar (pm) is especially peculiar; but the loss, apparently in early life, of the last lower pre- molar, leaving the upper tooth virtually functionless, makes any speculation on the differences as based on this single example of no real value. FELIS CAPENSIS HINDEI Wroughton. 1910. Felis capensis hindei WroucutTon, Ann.and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 5, p. 205. February. (Machakos, British East Africa; type in British Museum.) 1910. Felis capensis hindei Roosevett, African Game Trails, Amer. ed., p. 476; London ed., p. 487. Specumens.—Eight, from localities as follows: Lavo: Rhino Camp, 1 skull (Mearns). Ueanpba: Gondokoro, 1 (Heller). 176 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAI, MUSEUM. British Hast Arrica: Kakumega, 1 (Heller); Meru Road, Laikipia, 1 (K. Roosevelt); Mount Kenia Forest Station, 1 skull (Mearns); Naivasha, 1 skull (Loring); Suswa Plain, Sotik, 1 (Heller) ; Telek River, Sotik, 1 (Heller). There is considerable variation in tone of ground color and in the pattern of markings within this small series and it is quite evident that a large number of specimens of the East African serval must be assembled before satisfactory results in the distinguishing of sub- species can be assured. The characters used by Wroughton to sepa- rate hindei from Felis capensis kempi,! described from Kirui, Mount Elgon, at 6,000 feet,? are apparently not of much use in distinguish- ing forms. Adult male skulls of hindei in our collection are as large as the dimensions given for kempi, and it is plain that no great differ- ence in size between these two forms exists. I have seen no speci- mens from Elgon; but can not distinguish our Kakumega specimen, a young adult female, from other East African skins and skulls of hindes by any differences of subspecific value. The Gondokoro skin is slightly more cinnamon colored above than are any of the British East African skins, and the spots and stripes are more broken than usual; but, bearing in mind the great variation known to exist in mammals marked as are the servals, it seems very unwise to recognize a new form based on color alone without a suffi- cient series of specimens to prove the constancy of the variation. The skin from Meru Road has been mounted and therefore is not comparable with tanned skins; the general appearance and size of markings is much changed by the necessary stretching from the shrunken state usual to tanned skins. Two specimens from Beira, Portuguese East Africa, and one from Concession Hill, Mashonaland, in the collection, indicate that the form described by Wroughton from Beira, Felis capensis beire, is a recognizable subspecies. The color differences are slight but the teeth average larger and stouter. The general size of the animal is not much, if any, greater than that of F. c. hindei. The stomach of the Kakumega specimen is recorded by Heller to have contained small rodents—1 Dendromus and 3 Leggada. For the use of the specific name capensis Forster, 1781, in place of serval Erxleben, 1776, see a paper in 1910 by Wroughton.* For measurements of specimens see table, page 177. i Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 5, p. 206. February, 1910. 2 “¢Kiru Villages are 6 miles below caves on the south slope of Elgon.’’—E. Heller, MSS. 3 Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 5, p. 205, 1910. eae EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. od ‘uado o1njns [eseg *pasoyo oinyns [eseg. od *posojo ein4ns [eseg ‘uedo einqns [eseg *pesojo 91ngMs [esvg. ‘uedo eimgns [eseg ‘od *pesojo eins yeseg. “STOT]BAIOSGO quorgy | quody 0°ST & OF 0°ST 6°LE oer 6°SE PFT LL8 eT 0°8é SFT L°98 L&T GLE LOT L’€& LOI T'&& LL 8°98 0°sT 0°FE "wud ‘TSIS | Jo 3oBq -seuivo| 03 Jeddn | eupueo jo geddn yysueyT | Jo 18 6L 6L ‘STqIp ue 08 6P Té 8P 6Z Weferetoni tees ce 1g 1é 0g Cad! EP aed nafs Loses ees oe ; 8% LY 16 OF cE Ly 0€ SF “euyUBa J0eAo | “yA pRelq Wipeeiq | proyseyy [8148037 FIT OIT 201 “4q800] [esBqo] eee coer G62 O19 “yoo} | “Iq *£poq -Apuog | pur | 94 | pus TMs TL | Peo “OTR | SFOTS PSLT9 GSLT9 POSTST S6ST8T GPIZIT G6089T Z6089T E8EC8T CPSFOT SSLPOT ‘WH WOTSS90U0D :puvpeuoYyseyL “""-elleg iy "q osensnqI0g *BL19Q *9 “WT “"""UIv[g BASNg settee eee eee IOATY YOTAL ry -Ra deseo --duvg ouryy :ope'yT “=-"""""oJoyOpuoy :epuesy~ “Pepuny °o° *AqB00'T ‘nny ogy wouf sorsas fo syuawmaunsvayy 100468°—18—Bull. 99 ——12 178 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. FELIS OCREATA NAND< Heller. Plates 48, 49. 1915. Felis ocreata nandex HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 13, p. 14. September 16. (Headwaters of the Lukosa River, Nandi Escarpment, : British East Africa, 7,000 feet; type in U. S. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Four, from localities as follows: British East Arrica: Kakumega, 3 (Heller); Lukosa River, 1 (Heller). I have seen no specimens of Felis ocreata ugande Schwann,} described from Mulema, Uganda, but judging from the description this race must be very much like it. Mr, Heller has compared our material with the type and two additional specimens of ugandxe in the British Museum, however, and states that nandez is darker in color. One adult specimen from the Kakumega lot is very much lighter than the type of nandz, and only slightly darker than certain specimens of Felis ocreata tattex. This conspicuous variation makes it highly desirable that larger series of these cats be brought together that the ranges of individual variation and of geographical variation may be studied intelligently. - The stomach of the type-specimen contained a specimen of Rattus medicatus. FELIS OCREATA TAIT Heller. Plates 50, 51. 1913. Felis ocreata taite HELLER, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 61, No. 13, p. 14. September 16. (Voi, British East Africa; type in U. 8. Nat. Mus.) Specimens.—Four, as follows: British East Arrica: Isiola River, 1 (Heller); Juja Farm, 1 (Mearns); Ulukenia Hills, 1 (Loring); Voi, 1 (Heller). The stomach of the Isiola River specimen contained remams of a Tatera; that of the Voi specimen an Acomys. The Juja Farm specimen was shot by Mr. McMillan and presented by him to Doctor Mearns. In color it is white, buff, and bright ochraceous-orange. The pattern is almost precisely that of a wild cat. This specimen may possibly be a mixed wild and domestic cat; but, from all the characters, it seems more probable that it is a partially albino wild eat. The tail rings are distinct and not connected above. For measurements of cats of the ocreata group see table, page 179. FELIS TORQUATA Cuvier. 1827. Felis torgquata TemMINcK, Mon. Mamm., vol. 1, p. 255. (Based on Geoffroy and Cuvier, Hist. Mamm., pl. 126—‘‘Chat du Nepaul.’’) 1907. Felis torguata Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1907, p. 151; pl. 9. (Name revived for the ‘“‘striped’’ domestic cat.) Specomens.—Two, as follows: British East Arrica: Changamwe, 1 skull (Mearns); Nairobi, 1 (Mearns), 1 Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 13, p. 424. June, 1904. Measurements of specimens of the Felis ocreata group from British East Africa. EAST AFRICAN MAMMALS IN NATIONAL MUSEUM. g Ca = te oO °o gees o cred aaa na = 0°86 So > os 6 2° 3 2oe o & S338 3 ao Spy » Oo eee 3 nnn n _-— aS et et aa os 3s nwn w n a8 8 3 ama gs aes 6 on oo oO goes oO 0 oo «o 4 =e ans S$. ba = Oe ie me S Geen Ss om Oo xa > oD SoRAaS om oD oD oD oO oO — BR =§°Ss S82 = I) ~ oO ° e. te SM Suey Te E) ss Z HSoRES Seer Ss Sesser a 88S | ono ID co “o-48 ND oo 5 SO oO SSB SS mDaAN aa N BK BSos ° > st rr gs oo wD i SB 3 as mm o4 “EO xno ' os oad as : 23 ta oo ‘ 22 : = 7 on a b25 Sszr3s 3 8 : ney F SEE 5B : i—, . | srt N Ceres Un . Boos aD om aon : ‘ “Bog : : 2OS.S : : O43 S38 a28 a Ao a AA ane mo & pao ows ooo So = = 0 8 za Sd tS ae 8 a) oN a o Hea Bah Sar SSa 3 ea3 ip in ms iD 1S Wes aS Bens i : em arens eee ‘ 14 eae coiits are . 2 S o 2 2 n ao & gS a Sole e& : a -~oao ; See | ea, ° ANANN ANA nN 7, wo oO wo noo Oo Sst es =a se Se re = “ t : 3 : 5 5 ; Phetelats ; ; ‘ Ses aera ; Sea cons cette 7 ; Ri Resa anima Mucosal 8% B So Seek ewan anes et = eure. ite ar le). Ge . = Se ecw eer a a eh: Os 48 ee 2 aie tte |) rel el eee a 8 s 0 [ee isa ee (ie, eat etic ss Sei eben ats pes Pea al vs Bee ts a a :§ . gs Ho 7 5 o 2A oe 3 ° eS 4 38 ese 3 HM SPs A 1 Type. L179 Thespecimen from Nai- robi was shot by Doctor Mearns in the woods near town. Its markings are almost exactly those of wild cats, except that the black areas are more sharply drawn and the tail has the dark rings connected along the upper side by a _ continuous stripe. The ground color is clear gray, without brown tones. This spec- imen may possibly be a mixture of wild stock and domestic stock, but the pattern and color are al- most exactly those of feral domestic cats in va- rious tropical countries, and the skull and teeth show the slight peculiari- ties of the domestic cat as opposed to the wild. In Doctor Lénnberg’s ac- count of the mammals collected by the Swedish Zoological Expedition to British East Africa in 1911,! he says: ‘‘Mrs. Mc- Millan told me that the wild cats interbred with the domesticated cats at Juja Farm.” Among the feral do- mestic cats in the museum collection is a skin from Cuba which is almost in- distinguishable from cer- tain skins of African wild cats, especially the type skin of Felis ocreata nandzx 1Kungl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handi., vol. 48, No. 5, p. 82. 1912. 180 BULLETIN 99, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Heller, except that in the Cuban specimen the blackish tail rings are connected along the upper side. Genus LYNX Kerr. 1792. Lynz Kerr, Anim. Kingd., Syst. Cat., No. 288, p. 155. (L. lyna.) 1843. Caracal Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 46. (ZL. caracal.) 1858. Urolynchus SevERTzow, Rev. Mag. Zool., Paris, ser. 2, vol. 10, p. 389. September. (L. caracal.) The United States National Museum collection contains no speci- mens of the caracal in addition to those listed below, except of the Arabian and Cape of Good Hope forms. Actual comparison with specimens of true nubicus is therefore impossible, but authors gen- erally have of late referred the East African caracal to the nubicus of Fitzinger, which is long antedated by Felis caracal nubicus Fischer. LYNX CARACAL NUBICUS (Fischer). 1829. Felis] caracal y nubicus FiscHEer, Synopsis Mamm., p. 210. (Nubia.) Specimens.—Four, as follows: BritisH East Arrica: Nairobi, 1 (Klein); Ulu Station, 3 (Rainey.) Two adult specimens from Ulu Station, each with the basal suture of the skull obliterated, measure as follows: 1823179 | 1823107 | mm. mm. Fleadsand bodys. cs-2es< cosas tate ean se tas eee ee caren ae a tare ch Sue Rae ds | 800 795 MAIN VOLteDL ee een ole sic alas oie a's = tose ois poate clapetinic oi nisia lassie ials)= oie isis ai isiarels ee ele ee tee | 300 | 250 Brine ipo: 65./22 U5, ee tee Oe ie ee ee | 190 177 OAD i a cccwe so celts cae ces sole ae aes sce alga lalore o wialw viv a nerelciere tars wi oto ee a cerainae leat emer 80 | 75 Skull: | Cond ylobasalllenzthe-sseees seer cere a ah Mi attics ae Ae ee | 120 111 Zyeomatvic breadth. a INDEX. (Figures in black-faced type indicate generic or specific headings. } Page. Mri await oe See oe tcc nc: oe eeacee si 138 Abbott, Dr. W. L.,expeditionto Kilimanjaro 13 BisyScinICa; MOLIVONG-s<.<05+--cemeaaeqe--2-, 02 PAOLO Rte Seem seme ce aan/aa\ arse 150, 153, 154 Pi auSeeeseaecses = nee ea 150 MPOLONEOLOMSIS sj .- 9 ainsi oe 151 TAINO Ve weciec = ts eee 151, 152, 153, 154 SORMIMONMNON 2-2 5 eee ee amin aaie 152 VOlOK: oe eecn ee scitescre 151, 152, 153, 154 WENA a ecse cismieis eae eosin 150 MONA LOR saeco r= Soe ee els 150 WAGUG IIe se care nee aes nese sae 152 ROUSUS HUNOS 5 oe eae nae se cteinars oe = = 101, 102 wgyptiacus, Nyctinomus............-------- 100 ROUSOuuUS asics ee see == 70 Tap HOZOUS s- sense seer 72,73 s@quatora, Pachyura..-.-..-.-..2<.<..----- 41 MBE WEIPISHTONUS sco seheinniee ee ~ - 93 michemiltse: Croclad Ura. sec «=<. «= eines ere oi 55, 57 BilexOnOChOUtase.- cic. a2 =" See 66, 67 MLO MBG OM eae aero sect isin nee ge awe = sni 101 pI A OLOCl UTA sao a =i 3 ania = an = 67, MES ACOTOCLOUP Asa see rae bine oe . .c-ceseeseeess-s5 ila tree-tatled. Datinee<+ 2 sacle ap cen an eel eeeeee el 95 haldemanis25.cse eee Fite |p tronS)p Wad aes sss em sece reo = eet == 76, 77, 80 labiatvsSsscesceccss sDaheteae eee 71 Meradenmai-c-cecees on-set ereee eoee 77 MIMO ses e ase eee cece eee Wits irait DAatseos- cos censees Seats ataa sess ate 70 wahilbergi.js2.2ss-hsseeeeeee ee 71 | ulvaster, Crocidura........-.--.------------- 47 MY DLOSICHS! eos cose see eae Lee ease eens 92 | fumosa, Crocidura..:......-.---------- 55, 56, 59, 60 (CADENSISse eee ree eee =e eeeee eee 92 | funestus, Mungos..........-.--------2--=--- 126 pracior..22scs.cki sxseces sees -c 92 | fuscatus, Pipistrellus............2.---------- 90,91 grandidieri. .<.. scsi J.assc2 Sie ...sseeseeneee seas oer 124 PARVUIS- mo. =). ccicice cite eee ee eee eee 85 | lakiunds, Crocidura.......:. 2.082 Byie see. 53, 54 Caller:. S.ccicndseaacceesee 85,865 8788 | lasti, Mungos- 5 << ee eo = een 124 commiersonii-.<. 22--csesseet ee BS. DAVIa oc cicceicogcc ise cerwietels’s arctan teres 76,78 MATUNLENSISS < «saacteaceeenisette 88 AMIS ..5 sh dcsti en. sicis faye eee 77, 79,80 EUDer+ 32. sceaseeas- cures 85, 86, 87, 88 {PONS - scersjasictsleereoars 3 iors) I 76, 77, 80 SPOOVIS: 22 )2csos cise RAO RS 85 TOR ce oe Sache aaceeeee eee 76, 77, 78, 80 Hipposiderusicentralis:-.c-2-.--s2e2-e see see S586: || WCOI EL c. sacce accents eee 155 hirtula, Helopale =... 2. 1.02 cacnceeecentae neers 134 160; PCHS..<,:.0cte tee Se eee eee ees 155 hispidasNyeterisiis.. Cccee re adeno 7A-\AgOONING oc 3b csbictGe case wick estes hee eae 155 POtalia.. ced. ecere eee eee 74,75 | Jeontiewi, Crocuta.............22.2-.-: 145, 147, 149 hispidus; Vespertilio-.- 2.2.22 s-cseeeeeeeee 74 BLY D8 os 08 Se eo Ree 145 Historical account of collection...-.........- 13) | leopard. =... sos2---eoe sarees 155, 172,173 honey-bad ger sse. wie cicrraesioaws castes seer 112° | TheptaDurus'ss occas pecan tae aoe 155 Horseshoe babissceisceec soso scene sence 81) |@lessen jumping shrews... 260-42 -4-=--5- ses eee 31 INDEX. 191 Page. Page. lencodon}Crociduraees. 255 0s-eee- oases nas EROS | Hi MAD LOD UBLUIS teeta asco crarce omc = eee eee ee 95 NGUCUTS, FIOMDEStOS occu oncs scan wauamecse 117 | BPOMATIUS 5 oscocis ode eee eck 95 Tchneumia.....2. acs aee ete 131 Natalensisi ais ssa ee eas eee 95 Limbatus;'Cheerephon.....<. 2. sees eiccises es. 97,98 schrellbersitiy..5-.stcnseuoeivoue 95 TAY SODOS <2 ctcuten ci coen ceases SSii-minor, Ph pomophorus:cesc. sc eeaees oe tee 7 Lindsay, Thomas P., expedition to German | MoOlassi dans sa eteeeae see ce eS ack Me eee 95 ASG ATTICR: Deans oe ia ciainesemaetor meeee td, |pamorio; Sylvisorexi ce aer sete sea 73 tridens=-=> sshA2-c2-ssseeeeee ee 88 petersi, Rhynchocyon....... 3... tese=s=s- = 28 zambesiensis.......------------ &4 PStrodromus Sango... ccs se oes ce dee saree pg) ll, Rhinopomsc.\.<22-2 === <2 eee 7 SUMANE joerc ace ssiesee eee 29 CYStODS.. .\.-2-- 0-0. steer 72 Sultanivas cee acer os -eeeee ee 29 microphyllume=.--.-eseer==e- 71 phous, Wlephantulus....0----.-----09--= 33,34 | Rhinopomide..........------------+----++-- 71 phasma, Eptesicus...........-.-.---------<- 92 | Rhynchocyon............--.-------+-+------ 28 INDEX. 193 Page. Page. Rhynchocyon, cirnei....--.--------+-+----+- By SULVOStris, OMS =) c/a-\ctarinininyesnie oclaarsieiaalaaet 155 POLCLS] = econ c ence weneeciennes #8) ||, simiolus; \Crocidara. oon. n= cena va 49, 50,53 usamberee...-.-0