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MONTANA STATE

This **cover" page added by the Internet Archive for formatting purposes

581*52» Hllspsta 1990

STATE DOCUMENTS COLLECTION SEP l"^' 1992

MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

1515 E. 6th AVE. HELENA, MONTANA 59520

SENSITIVE PLANT SURVEYS IN THE BULL RIVER AND ADJACENT DRAINAGES

U.S.D.A. FOREST SERVICE - REGION 1

KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST

MONTANA

Prepared by:

Lisa Ann Schassberger and J. Stephen Shelly

Montana Natural Heritage Program

State Library Building

1515 E. 6th Avenue

Helena, MT 5^620

Order No. 43-03J1-9-0208

March 1990

Pi

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This is an abridged report

For the full report please contact:

The Montana Natural Heritage Program

1515 E Sixth Ave

Helena, Montana 59620

406-444-3009'

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii

INTRODUCTION 1

METHODS 2

SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN

A. Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor 4

B. Madia minima 14

C. Heterocodon rariflorum 28

D. Spiraea x pyramidata 39

SIGNIFICANT HABITATS

A. Open slope/ledge communities 49

B. Wetlands 49

SUMMARY 52

LITERATURE CITED 53

/

PLANT LIST 54

INTRODUCTION

The Bull River is a prominent drainage located in Sanders County, northwestern Montana. Originating on the western slopes of the Cabinet Mountains, the river flows south for approximately 27 river miles before feeding into Cabinet Gorge Reservoir.

Northwestern Montana is strongly influenced by moist maritime airmasses that move through from the Pacific Ocean. The airmasses provide abundant rain- and snowfall, mild winter temperatures, and generally humid cloudy conditions. These conditions have allowed for the development of a forest complex similar to adjacent northern Idaho. Following the habitat classification of Pfister et al. (1977) , valley bottoms are dominated by a Tsuga heterophylla / Clintonia unif lora (western hemlock / queencup beadlily) , the moister Aralia nudicaulis (wild sasparilla) phase, and Thuja plicata / Clintonia unif lora (western red cedar / queencup beadlily) habitat types. Higher slopes support a transitional Pseudotsuga menziesii / Linnaea borealis (Douglas-fir / western twinf lower) habitat type.

Numerous wildlife species, including grizzly and black bear, deer, elk and mountain goat, are found in the Bull River valley. The bottomland vegetation adjacent to the river has been altered through various land use practices such as logging of the dominant cedar and hemlock forests, conversion of wet meadows to hay meadows, and invasion by non-native weedy species. Except for wetland areas, limited amounts of native vegetation remain intact. On the hillsides surrounding the valley there has been some logging, and in places weedy species are a problem; however, much of this area is still vegetatively intact.

This report contains information on a rare plant inventory conducted on 19-23 June and 24-28 July 1989 in portions of the Bull River valley. These surveys emphasized the verification of previously documented sensitive plant sites, and inventory of previously unsurveyed locations that appfeared to contain suitable habitat for such species. Additionally, a day and a half was spent surveying U.S. Forest Service lands (Kootenai National Forest) near Rock Creek, Marten Creek, and the mouth of the Vermillion River for Satureja douglasii , a rare plant known to occur on private lands on Rock Creek, but not yet known from U.S. Forest lands in this vicinity.

METHODS

On the basis of existing floristic information, a list of rare plants known or suspected to occur in the Bull River valley was prepared. Species included were:

Cirsium brevistvluV (short-styled thistle)

* Allium f ibrillum (fringed onion) Brasenia schreberi (water-shield)

* Calamaqrostis tweedyi (cascade reedgrass)

* Clarkia rhomboidea (common clarkia)

* Cvpripedium calceolus var. oarviflorum (small yellow lady 's-slipper)

* Geocaulon lividum (northern bastard toad-flax) Halenia deflexa (spurred gentian)

* Howellia aquatilis (water howellia) Lilium columbianum (tiger lily)

* Lomatium qeyeri (Geyer's biscuit root) Madia minima^ (small-head tarweed) Rubus ursinus (Pacific blackberry)

* Satureia douglasii (yerba buena) Spiraea x pyramidata (pyramidal spiraea)

* = Region 1 sensitive species

^ = taxa previously recorded in the Bull River drainage

Ocular reconnaissance was used to locate potentially rare plant species during searches in the Bull River valley and surrounding areas. Owing to the extent of the area to be covered and the time constraints, the most likely habitats for these species were searched in detail, while other areas were covered as time allowed.

Field collections were identified using Flora of the Pacific Northwest (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973)', Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest (Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) , and Vascular Plants of Montana (Dorn 1984). Voucher specimens were collected for several areas.

The first section of this report includes information pertaining to the rare plant species that were found to occur on Forest Service lands: Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor. Madia minima, Heterocodon rariflorum, and Spiraea x pyramidata. Although none of these species are currently on the U.S. Forest Service Region 1 (Northern Region) sensitive species list, they are on the Montana Natural Heritage Program list of plant species of special concern for Montana. The reports emphasize information on populations found in the Bull River valley. The numbers in parentheses following the site names refer to the Natural Heritage Program Element Occurrence Record for that location (records are found at the end of the respective sections for each species) .

Additionally, although a comprehensive plant inventory of the valley was not attempted, a list of observed vascular plants was prepared (pp. 54-60) . This list is organized alphabetically by family, genus and species.

SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN Lomatium bicolor var bicolor

SPECIES INFORMATION

A. CLASSIFICATION

1. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lomatium bicolor (S. Watson) Coulter & Rose var. bicolor

2. COMMON NAME: bicolor biscuitroot.

3. FAMILY: Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae, Carrot Family).

4. GENUS: There are approximately 75 species in the genus Lomatium in western and central North America (Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) . Twelve of these species occur in Montana (Dorn 1984) .

5. SPECIES: Most of the species in this notoriously difficult genus are fairly well defined; however, to distinguish among them usually requires a combination of several characters (Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) . Lomatium bicolor is distinguished from other species in the genus Lomatium that occur in western Montana by the following characters: lace-like leaf segments, yellow flower petals, long narrow fruit, somewhat bulbous roots, and a slender stature (Dorn 1984, Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969, Schlessman 1984). In Montana, it is represented by var.' bicolor (Lincoln Constance, pers. comm.).

B. PRESENT LEGAL OR OTHER FORMAL STATUS

1. FEDERAL STATUS

a. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE: None.

b. U.S. FOREST SERVICE: None.

2. STATE: This species was listed as a rare disjunct in Montana by the Montana Rare Plant Project (Lesica et al. 1984) . The L. bicolor var. bicolor populations of Montana are widely separated from the main species range, which is centered in southeast Idaho and northern Utah (Schlessman 1984) .

The Montana Natural Heritage Program (Shelly pers. comm.) currently designates Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor as "globally rare" (global rank = G4T3) . It is also listed as "imperiled in Montana" (state rank = S2) , where it is known from Ravalli (12 populations) and Sanders (1 population) counties. Variety bicolor also occurs in northern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, and southeastern Idaho.

None of the state ranks listed above currently provide any direct legal protection for L. bicolor var. bicolor.

C. DESCRIPTION

1. GENERAL NONTECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor has somewhat slender stems that are 12-30 inches in height. These stems bear fine lace-like leaves typical of the Carrot Family. Small clusters of yellow flowers occur in a flat topped inflorescence (flower cluster) . Once pollinated, flowers mature into long, narrowly elliptic fruits, which have slight wings along the edges. Long tuberous roots with bulbous thickenings aid in this plant's stability and nutrition.

2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Plants acaulescent or caulescent with several basal and one or two cauline leaves. Roots irregularly tuberous, up to 7.5 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter. Leaves ternately-pinnately compound and pinnately to quinately dissected; ultimate leaf segments (30-) 80-250, filiform, 2.5-5 mm long, 0.2-0.4 (-0.7) mm. wide, the apices acutfe. Fruiting pedicels 1- 10 mm. long at maturity. Mericarps lingulate in cross section, elliptic in outline, 8-16 mm. long, 1.5-4.5 mm. wide; lateral wings of the mericarps 0.3-0.7 mm wide; oil canals 1 (-3) in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissure (Schlessman 1984) .

3. LOCAL FIELD CHARACTERS: Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor overlaps in its distribution, and co- occurs with, a number of other species in the genus Lomatium in Montana. A number of characteristics are necessary to distinguish these species from one another (Hitchcock et al. 1955- 1969) . Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor has a more slender stature, and less distinctly winged fruits, than the very robust and common L. dissectum. Lomatium qeyeri is more similar in

stature to L. bicolor var. bicolor, but has wider ultimate leaf segments, and white or purple flowers. Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor and Lomatium sandbergii both have yellow flowers and very fine lace-like leaf segments, but the latter has shorter fruits, short leafy shoots, and roots that are generally not bulbous (Schlessman 1984) .

D. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

1. RANGE: In Montana, L. bicolor var. bicolor is known from 12 locations in the Bitterroot Mountains (Bitterroot National Forest) , Ravalli County, and a single recently recorded site in Sanders County. The distribution of L. bicolor var. bicolor in Montana is shown in Figure 1, p. 11.

The Berray Trail (001) population in Sanders County occurs on the Kootenai National Forest. Population information for this site, including size, elevation, location and associated species, is included on p. 12. The exact location of the Berray Trail (001) subpopulations are marked on a U.S.G.S. topographic map, p. 13.

Variety bicolor is also known from northern Utah, southeastern Idaho, and southwestern Wyoming. It does not appear to be very common in either Wyoming (Mollis Marriott, pers. comm.) or Utah (Ben Franklin, pers. comm.).

E . HABITAT

/

1. ASSOCIATED VEGETATION: In Montana, Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor occurs from mid- to high elevations in the mountains, in gravelly scree or rocky habitats. These sites appear to be moist in spring and early summer, but are dry by August. Although the Berray Trail (001) subpopulations were not in areas of dense vegetation, they were associated with a number of other plant species, including:

Aspidotis densa (podfern)

Calochortus apiculatus (pointed mariposa) Cryptoqramma acrostichoides (parsley fern) Lomatium ambiquum (swale desert parsley) Lomatium dissectum (fern-leaved lomatium) Penstemon lyallii (Lyall's beardtongue) Penstemon wilcoxii (Wilcox's penstemon)

Physocarpus malvaceus (mallow ninebark) Selaginella wallacei (Wallace selaginella)

2. TOPOGRAPHY: In Montana, all of the L. bicolor var. bicolor populations occur on steep, rocky scree slopes. These sites often have a more southerly or easterly aspect. The individual plants of the Berray Trail (001) subpopulations were established in the crevices of rocky outcrops and on steep scree slopes.

3. SOIL RELATIONSHIPS: In Montana, populations of L, bicolor var. bicolor occur on mineral soils that appear to contain little or no organic matter. This species possesses a stout root system, which can grow deep into rock crevices. This allows individuals to become established on rocky scarps or on moving scree slopes (pers. obs.).

4. REGIONAL CLIMATE: The mountainous region of northwestern Montana is dominated by a cool Pacific temperate climate. Winters in this region are cold and snowy, and the summers are warm and rainy. The highest amounts of precipitation accumulate during the period from November through January in the form of snow. The weather collection site at Trout Creek Ranger Station is approximately 15 miles east of the Bull River valley, and at an elevation of 2,370 feet (the L. bicolor var. bicolor subpopulations are at 4,000 to 4,700 feet in elevation). For the period from 1951-1980, the July mean temperature at Trout Creek Ranger Station was 65.0° F, the January mean was 24.1° F, and the mean annual precipitation was 30.49 inches (U.S. Departtnent of Commerce 1982).

F. POPULATION DEMOGRAPHY, BIOLOGY AND SPECIATION

1. PHENOLOGY: Populations of L. bicolor var. bicolor in the Bull River valley may begin to flower in late May to early June, and bear immature fruits by the end of June. According to Schlessman (1984) , this species (across its range) flowers from April through June, with fruits maturing from late April to early August.

2. POPULATION SIZE AND CONDITION: The two observed subpopulations in the Bull River valley collectively contained fewer than 1,000 individual plants. Although not large, the subpopulations did appear to be in good condition, with numerous fruiting individuals.

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

a. TYPE OF REPRODUCTION: Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor is a perennial species known to reproduce by seed (Schlessman 1984). New ramets may also be produced through extension of the root system (pers. obs.).

b. POLLINATION BIOLOGY: The umbels (inflorescences) of L. bicolor var. bicolor contain both perfect (male-female) flowers and staminate (male) flowers. Schlessman (1984) reports that species in this group are known to reproduce by pollen transfer from one flower to another on the same plant (geitonogamous selfing) , and by outcrossing. Pollination is then nearly assured, and some seed production can occur even under adverse conditions.

Although there is often overlap in flowering times of co-occurring species, hybridization between species in the tuberous Lomatiums is apparently not common. Controlled interspecific crosses demonstrated strong postmating isolating mechanisms (Schlessman 1984) .

c. SEED DISPERSAL AND BIOLOGY: The seeds of Lomatium species are often winged, and wind dispersal may be possible (Schlessman 1984). However, due to seed weight and size, it is doubtful that seeds of L. bicolor var. bicolor are blown vety far from the parent plant.

d. PHYLOGENY AND SPECIATION: Hybridization does not appear to be pronounced in the tuberous Lomatiums. Instead, geographical isolation and divergence are probably the sole source of speciation (Schlessman 1984) . Schlessman (1984) contends that L. bicolor var. bicolor is most closely allied with L. bicolor var. leptocarpumr and secondarily with L. quintuplex. However, Lincoln Constance (pers. comm.) recently commented that L. cfuintuplex may in fact be even more closely allied with L. bicolor var. bicolor than var. leptocarpum. Further study is necessary to better understand the systematics of these species.

G. POPULATION ECOLOGY

1. BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS

a. COMPETITION: This species appears to be restricted to mineral soils that are also not heavily vegetated. It is possible that L. bicolor var. bicolor is shade-intolerant. Interspecific competition does not appear to be a factor in this species distribution.

b. HERBIVORY: Unknown.

H. LAND OWNERSHIP

1. Berray Trail (001) - U.S. Forest Service, Kaniksu National Forest, managed by the Kootenai National Forest.

II. ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

A. THREATS TO CURRENTLY KNOWN POPULATIONS: There are currently no observed threats to the Berray Trail (001) L. bicolor var. bicolor subpopulations.

B. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND RESPONSE: Not known.

C. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAINTAINING VIABLE POPULATIONS:

The locations of the known subpopulations of L. bicolor var. bicolor on the Kootenai National Forest are in areas that are unlikely to be affected by most management practices, and the subpopulations are probably self-maintaining.

/

D. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER ASSESSMENT: The Berray Trail (001) population needs no further assessment. However, Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor was observed on only one peak in the Bull River valley. Although not extensive, there is more habitat on Forest Service lands in the valley that may support populations of this species.

E. SUMMARY: During surveys of the Bull River valley in northwestern Montana in 1989, one population of Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor was found on the Kootenai National Forest, Sanders County, Montana. The Berray Trail (001) population represents a range extension of approximately 130 miles northwest of the nearest known populations of L. bicolor var. bicolor. which are located in the Bitterroot Mountains of Montana. Although not extensive, there is more habitat that may

support populations of L. bicolor var. bicolor in the Bull River valley.

11

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Name: LOMATIUM BICOLOR VAR BICOLXDR Common Name: BICOLOR BISCUITROOT

Global rank: G4T3 State rank: S2

Forest Service status: NONE Federal Status: NONE

Element occurrence code: PDAPI1B020 . 001

Survey site name: BERRAY TRAIL County: Sanders

uses quadrangle: IBEX PEAK

Township-range: 027N 033W Section: 01 Township-range comments: SE4NW4

Survey date: 1989-06-23 First observation: 1989 Last observation: 1989-06-23

Elevation: 4880 Slope/aspect: 0-35% / SOUTH Size (acres) : 4

Location:

BULL RIVER VALLEY, CA. 1.5 MILES EAST OF HIGHWAY 56 AND CA. 1 MILE NORTH OF F.S. ROAD #407, ALONG THE BERRAY MOUNTAIN TRAIL.

Element occurrence data:

101-1000 PLANTS, FRUITING.

General site description:

ROCKY OUTCROPS AND SCREE SLOPES (POSSIBLY SILTSTONE) , WITH L. DISSECTUM, L. AMBIGUUM, CALOCHORTUS APICULATUS, SELAGINELLA WALLACEI, PENSTEMON WILCOXII, AND CRYPTOGRAMMA ACROSTICHOIDES. ^

Land owner/manager:

KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT

Comments:

VOUCHER - SCHASSBERGER, L.A. (283), 1989, MONTU . DUPLICATE SPECIMEN VERIFIED BY L. CONSTANCE, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SECOND SUBPOPULATION AT 4,080 FT.

Information source:

SCHASSBERGER, L.A. AND J.S. SHELLY. MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM, 1515 EAST SIXTH AVE., HELENA, MT 59620.

Element Occurrence Record - Kootenai National Forest Montana Natural Heritage Progran

14 Madia minima

SPECIES INFORMATION

A. CLASSIFICATION

1. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Madia minima (Gray) Keck.

2. COMMON NAME: small head tarweed.

3. FAMILY: Asteraceae (=Compositae, Sunflower Family) .

4. GENUS: There are approximately 17 species of Madia native to western North America and Chile (Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) . According to Dorn (1984) , four of these species occur in Montana.

5. SPECIES: Madia minima commonly occurs with Madia exigua in Montana. Technically, it is distinguished from the latter by the possession of achenes that are compressed at right angles to a radius of the head (unique in the genus) , and leaves which are mostly or all opposite (Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) .

B. PRESENT LEGAL OR OTHER FORMAL STATUS

1. FEDERAL STATUS

a. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE: None.

b. U.S. FOREST SERVICE:/ None.

2. STATE: Madia minima is currently listed by the Montana Natural Heritage Program (Shelly 1989) as apparently secure globally (global rank = G4) . In Montana, it is listed as "critically imperiled because of extreme rarity" (state rank = SI) . The Montana populations of M. minima are at the periphery of the main range of the species, which lies to the west.

None of the state ranks listed above currently provide any direct legal protection for M. minima.

DESCRIPTION

1. GENERAL NONTECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Small, slender, branching annual usually 6 (12) inches tall. The small (3/4 inch by 1/16 inch wide) , narrowly oblong leaves are mostly opposite on the branched stems. The herbage is lightly short-hairy, and the plant is sticky-glandular above. Flowering heads (head = clusters of flowers in the Sunflower Family) are found in the forks of the stems. After pollination, minute yellow flowers form seeds compressed at right angles to the radius of the heads (these have the appearance of a cluster of green bananas around a fruiting axis) .

2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Slender, divaricately branching annual up to 1 or rarely 2 dm. tall, more or less pubescent, becoming glandular above; leaves mostly opposite, linear or linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide; heads in the forks of the stem and in small cymose clusters, terminating the branches; involucre of 3, 4, or most commonly 5 bracts, 2-4 mm. high, bearing conspicuous, tack-shaped, only slightly or moderately viscid glands; rays minute; achenes often with a minute incurved apical beak, the body somewhat compressed at right angles to a radius of the head, the involucral bracts thus broad-backed; receptacular bracts united about the solitary fertile disk flower (1 or more additional, normally fertile disk flowers sometimes present) (adapted from Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) .

3. LOCAL FIELD CHARACTERS: This species is distinguished from all ottiers in the genus Madia by achenes that are compressed at right angles to a radius of the stem. In the Bull River valley, M. minima co-occurs with M. exiqua. From a distance the two species are similar in appearance, but upon close inspection, M. minima is distinguished by having achenes that are laterally compressed, an opposite rather than alternate leaf arrangement along the stem (at least above) , and a somewhat smaller stature than M. exiqua. A line drawing of this species is presented on p. 20.

16

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

1. RANGE: The range of Madia minima extends from

California to southern British Columbia and then east through northern Idaho to western Montana. Madia minima is currently known from a total of 7 locations in western Montana: Sanders (3) , Lincoln (2) , Ravalli (1) , and Missoula (1) counties. The known distribution of the species in Montana is presented in Figure 3, p. 21.

The three locations in Sanders County occur on hillsides that flank the Bull River valley: Bull River Cliffs (005) , Dry Bench (006) and Goat Rocks (007) . These sites occur on Kootenai National Forest lands. Survey information for these populations is found on pp. 22-24 (Element Occurrence records) . U.S. Geological Survey maps detailing the exact locations of the populations are presented on pp. 25-27.

E. HABITAT

ASSOCIATED VEGETATION: In the Bull River valley, Madia minima occurs on rocky, moss covered ledges with sparse vegetative cover. Associated species (at one or more sites) include:

Calamaqrostis rubescens (pinegrass)

Clarkia pulchella (ragged robin)

Collinsia parvif lora (small-flowered blue-eyed

Mary)

Epilobium paniculatum (autumn willow-herb)

Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue)

Heterocodon rarif lorum (western pearl-flower)

Madia exiqua (little tarweed)

Mimulus breweri (Brewer's monkey-flower)

Penstemon lyallii (Lyall's penstemon)

Selaqinella wallacei (Wallace selaginella)

All of the sites for M. minima were dominated by small annual species.

TOPOGRAPHY: Madia minima populations occur on moss covered, rocky outcrops on the steep hillsides that flank the Bull River valley. Populations occupy slopes ranging from 8-35 percent, and occur at elevations from 3,000 to 3,600 feet. This type of habitat is fairly common on the hillsides flanking the valley.

17

3. SOIL RELATIONSHIPS: Madia minima was found in areas with less dense vegetation, and it is possible that it requires bare soil for seedling establishment. In north central Washington, Madia glomerata populations are also found in bare soils, which were found to be low in available nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. It is possible that these soil characteristics are limiting the distribution of this species. It is more likely that M. glomerata also requires bare soils for seedling establishment, and has merely adapted to the lowered nutrient availability at these sites (Tiedmann 1972) .

4. REGIONAL CLIMATE: The mountainous region of northwestern Montana is dominated by a cool Pacific temperate climate. The winters are cold and snowy, and the summers are warm and rainy. The highest amounts of precipitation accumulate during the period from November through January in the form of snow. The weather collection site at Trout Creek Ranger Station is approximately 15 miles east of the Bull River valley, and at an elevation of 2,370 feet (the M. minima sites are at 3,000 to 3,600 feet in elevation). For the period from 1951-1980, the July mean temperature at Trout Creek Ranger Station was 65.0° F, the January mean was 24.1° F, and the mean annual precipitation was 30.49 inches (U.S. Department of Commerce 1982) .

F. POPULATION DEMOGRAPHY AND BIOLOGY

1. PHENOLOGY: Depending on the latitude, elevation and aspect of M. minima pbpulations, individuals flower and fruit from May through July (Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) . In the Bull River valley this species is flowering and fruiting from mid-June through early July (pers. obs.).

2. POPULATION SIZE AND CONDITION: Madia minima populations in the Bull River valley were generally quite large, ranging from 400 to 10,000 individuals. The populations appeared to be in good condition and were fruiting prolifically in 1989.

3. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

a. TYPE OF REPRODUCTION: This annual species reproduces only from seed.

b. POLLINATION BIOLOGY: Unknown.

c. SEED DISPERSAL AND BIOLOGY: Unknown G. POPULATION ECOLOGY

1. BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS

a. COMPETITION: This small annual may be a poor competitor. See the discussion under soil relationships, p. 16.

b. HERBIVORY: Unknown.

H. LAND OWNERSHIP

1. U.S. Forest Service, Kaniksu National Forest, managed by Kootenai National Forest.

Bull River Cliffs (005) Dry Bench (006) Goat Rocks (007)

II. ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

A. THREATS TO CURRENTLY KNOWN POPULATIONS: There are currently no apparent threats to populations of Madia minima in the Bull River valley on Kootenai National Forest lands. f

B. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND RESPONSE: Madia minima and M. exiqua were often found in association; however, in low-lying areas where timber harvesting had occurred only Madia qlomerata was observed. It is not known why M. minima was not present in such areas.

C. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAINTAINING VIABLE POPULATIONS:

The locations of the known populations on the Kootenai National Forest are in areas that are unlikely to be affected by most management practices, and the populations are probably self-maintaining.

D. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER ASSESSMENT: There is additional habitat along the Bull River drainage that

19

may contain populations of Madia minima.

SUMMARY: During rare plant surveys of the Bull River valley in 1989, three populations of Madia minima were located on the hillsides that flank the Bull River on Kootenai National Forest lands, Sanders County, Montana: Bull River Cliffs (005), Dry Bench (006) and Goat Rocks (007) . Populations of M. minima tend to be quite large (up to 10,000 individuals), and the species appears to be very fecund. The sites where the Madia minima populations occur are unique due to the number of other small annual species that are present.

Further surveys could reveal more populations of M. minima in the Bull River valley.

20

M. minima

Figure 2. Line drawing Madia minima (from Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969),

21

22

Ncime: MADIA MINIMA

Common Name: SMALL-HEADED TARWEED

Global rank: G4 Forest Service status: NONE State rank: SI Federal Status: NONE

Element occurrence code: PDAST650C0. 005

Survey site name: BULL RIVER CLIFFS County: Sanders

uses quadrangle: SMEADS BENCH

Township-range: 027N 033W Section: 24, N2 Township-range comments: Section: 13, SE4

Survey date: 1988-07-11 Elevation: 3000 First observation: 1988 Slope/aspect: -

Last observation: 1989-06-21 Size (acres) : 40

Location:

BULL RIVER DRAINAGE, NORTHWEST OF STATE HIGHWAY 56, 5.2 MILES NORTHEAST OF STATE HIGHWAY 200.

Element occurrence data:

10,000+ PLANTS IN SCATTERED SUBPOPULATIONS .

General site description:

ROCKY, MOSS-COVERED CLIFFS, WET IN SPRING BUT DRY BY SUMMER; WITH SELAGINELLA WALLACEI, CLARKIA PULCHELLA, EPILOBIUM PANICULATUM AND MADIA EXIGUA.

/

Land owner/manager:

KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT

Comments:

VOUCHER - SHELLY, J.S. (1544) AND L.A. SCHASSBERGER, 1989, (MONTU) .

Information source:

SHELLY, J.S., AND L.A. SCHASSBERGER. MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM. 1515 E. 6TH AVE. HELENA, MT 59620.

Element Occurrence Record - Kootenai National Forest Montana Natural Heritage Program

23

Name: MADIA MINIMA

Common Name: SMALL-HEADED TARWEED

Global rank: G4 Forest Service status: NONE State rank: SI Federal Status: NONE

Element occurrence code: PDAST650C0. 006

Survey site name: DRY BENCH County: Sanders

uses quadrangle: SAWTOOTH MOUNTAIN

Township-range: 028N 03 3W Section: 29, NW4 Township-range comments: Section: 30, NE4

Survey date: 1989-06-21 Elevation: 3600 First observation: 1989 Slope/aspect: 8-15% / EAST

Last observation: 1989-06-21 Size (acres) : 10

Location:

BULL RIVER VALLEY; CA. 3.25 MILES SOUTH OF BULL LAKE, CA. 0.75 MILES WEST OF ST. HWY. 56.

Element occurrence data:

COMMON ON SUITABLE SITES.

General site description:

MOIST OPEN SOIL TO MOSSY LEDGES WHERE MOISTURE IS HIGH; IN FULL SUN LOCATIONS. ASSOCIATED SPECIES MADIA EXIGUA, COLLINSIA PARVIFLORA AND MIMULUS BREWERI .

Land owner/manager: '

KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT

Comments:

VOUCHER - SHELLY, J.S. (1528) AND L.A. SCHASSBERGER. 1989. (MONTU) .

Information source:

SHELLY, J.S., AND L.A. SCHASSBERGER. MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM. 1515 E. 6TH AVE. HELENA, MT 59 62 0.

Element Occurrence Record - Kootenai National Forest Montana Natural Heritage Progratn

24

Name: MADIA MINIMA

Conimon Name: SMALL-HEADED TARWEED

Global rank: G4 Forest Service status: NONE State rank: SI Federal Status: NONE

Element occurrence code: PDAST650C0. 007

Survey site name: GOAT ROCKS County: Sanders

USGS quadrangle: SNOWSHOE PEAK

Township-range: 028N 032W Section: 33 Township-range comments: SE4

Survey date: 1989-06-22 Elevation: 3500 First observation: 1989 Slope/aspect: 35%+ / SE

Last observation: 1989-06-22 Size (acres) : 2

Location:

CABINET MOUNTAINS, GOAT ROCKS, NORTH FORK EAST FORK BULL RIVER, 0.54 AIR MILES NORTH OF KOOTENAI N.F. RD. 4 07 BRIDGE OVER THE NORTH FORK EAST FORK.

Element occurrence data:

SEVERAL COLONIES OBSERVED, CA. 400-500 PLANTS.

General site description:

OPEN, MOSSY LEDGES IN MONTANE GRASSLAND, LOAM SOILS; WITH CALAMAGROSTIS RUBESCENS , CLARKIA PULCHELLA, SELAGINELIA WALLACEI, FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS, AND PENSTEMON LYALLII.

Land owner/manager: /

KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT

Comments:

VOUCHER - SCHASSBERGER, L.A. (279) AND J.S. SHELLY, 1989, (MONTU) .

Information source:

SHELLY, J.S. 1989. FIELD SURVEYS IN THE BULL RIVER VALLEY, 19-23 JUNE.

Element Occurrence Record - Kootenai National Forest Montana Natural Heritage Program

Heterocodon rarif lorvun

I. SPECIES INFORMATION

A. CLASSIFICATION

1. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Heterocodon rariflorum Nutt.

2. COMMON NAME: western pearl-flower.

3. FAMILY: Campanulaceae (Bellf lower Family).

4. GENUS: The relationship of the genus Heterocodon to others in the Campanulaceae is uncertain, McVaugh (1941) transferred Heterocodon to the genus Specularia. but later split the group into Triodanis and Specularia (Legousia) , reinstating the genus Heterocodon. Shetler and Morin (1986) feel that the seed morphology and the production of cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers in the genus Heterocodon indicates a relation between it and the Legousia-Triodanis complex.

5. SPECIES: Heterocodon rariflorum is the only species known from this genus. Other synonyms include Specularia rarif lora McVaugh, Leafl. West. Bot. 3:48. 1941. (Nuttall, "grassy plains of the Wahlamet and Oregon") (Hitchcock et al. 1955- 1969) .

B. PRESENT LEGAL OR OTHER FORMAL STATUS

1. FEDERAL STATUS

a. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE: None.

b. U.S. FOREST SERVICE: None.

2. STATE: Heterocodon rariflorum is currently listed by the Montana Natural Heritage Program (Shelly 1989) as demonstrably secure globally (global rank = G5) . In Montana, it is listed as "critically imperiled because of extreme rarity" (state rank = 81) . These populations are at the periphery of the main range of the species, which lies to the west.

None of the state ranks listed above currently provide any direct legal protection for H. rariflorum.

29

C. DESCRIPTION

1. GENERAL NONTECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: This small, slender annual is usually less than 12 (18) inches tall. The herbage may be smooth to somewhat sparsely stiff-hairy, especially at the margins of the leaves and angles of the stem. Distinctive sharply toothed, roundish leaves, with squared off bottoms, clasp the stem alternately at short intervals. Tiny, blue, five-lobed flowers are found in the leaf axils, but most are early deciduous.

2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Lax, very slender, simple or sparingly branched annual, commonly 0.5-3 dm. tall; herbage glabrous, or not infrequently hispid on the margins of the leaves and angles of the stem; leaves somewhat clasping, distant, rotund or rotund-ovate, sharply toothed, small, seldom as much as 1 cm. long; calyx divided to the hypanthium, the lobes foliaceous, veiny, ovate or broader, 2-4 mm. long; corollas of the upper flowers blue, 3-6 mm. long, the others abortive; hypanthium commonly spreading-hispid (Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) .

3. LOCAL FIELD CHARACTERS: This tiny annual is distinguished by rotund, toothed leaves, which are abruptly squared off along the bottom where they clasp the stem. A line drawing of H. rarif lorum is presented in Figure 4, p. 33.

D. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

1. RANGE: Heterocodon rariflorum populations range

from southern British Columbia to California, east to Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana.

In Montana, where this species is on the periphery of its range, it is known from the Bull River valley, Sanders County (2), from the Bitterroot Mountains, Ravalli County (1), and from one historical record in Lake County. A map indicating the distribution of this species in Montana is presented on p. 34.

Information on the surveys of populations in the Bull River valley is presented on pp. 35-36 (Element Occurrence records) . The location of each population is marked on U.S.G.S. maps, pp. 37-38.

30 HABITAT

1. ASSOCIATED VEGETATION: Species found in association with H. rarif lorum (at one or more sites) included:

Clarkia pulchella (ragged robin) Madia exiqua (little tarweed) Madia minima (small head tarweed) Mimulus f loribundus (purple-stem monkey- flower)

Myosotis micrantha (blue scorpion-grass) Selaqinella wallacei (Wallace selaginella)

2. TOPOGRAPHY: This species occurs on steep slopes in the Bull River valley.

3. SOIL RELATIONSHIPS: Heterocodon rarif lorum was found in areas with less dense vegetation, and it is possible that it requires bare soil for seedling establishment.

4. REGIONAL CLIMATE: The mountains of northwestern Montana are dominated by a cool temperate climate. The weather collection site at Trout Creek Ranger Station is approximately 15 miles east of the Bull River valley, and at an elevation of 2,370 feet. The H. rariflorum sites are at 4,000 to 4,700 feet in elevation. For the period from 1951-1980, the July mean temperature at Trout Creek Ranger Station was 65.0° F, the January mean was 24.1° F, and the mean annual precipitation was 30,49 inches (U.S. Department of Commerce 1982).

POPULATION DEMOGRAPHY AND BIOLOGY

1. PHENOLOGY: Heterocodon rariflorum flowers and fruits from June through August (Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) . In the Bull River valley of Montana, this species had finished flowering by the end of June, and may have begun to flower in late May.

2. POPULATION SIZE AND CONDITION: This species occurs in small colonies in the Bull River valley. Observed populations were in good condition, although some weedy species were present.

3. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

a. TYPE OF REPRODUCTION: This annual species reproduces by seed.

31

b. POLLINATION BIOLOGY: Unknown.

c. SEED DISPERSAL AND BIOLOGY: Unknown. G. POPULATION ECOLOGY

1. BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS

a. COMPETITION: This small annual was found in somewhat barren soils, and it is possible that is does not compete well.

b. HERBIVORY: Unknown.

H. LAND OWNERSHIP

1. U.S. Forest Service - Kaniksu National Forest, managed by the Kootenai National Forest:

Dry Bench (001)

Bull River Cliffs (002)

II. ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

A. THREATS TO CURRENTLY KNOWN POPULATIONS:

1. GRAZING: Not observed and unlikely in its native habitat in the Bull River valley.

2. MINING: Unknown.

3. TIMBER HARVESTING: Although H. rariflorum appears to require bare soil for germination, it is not known how it would respond to timber harvests.

/

4. WEED CONTROL ACTIVITIES: Spraying of H. rariflorum populations would be detrimental unless they had gone to seed.

B. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND RESPONSE: Unknown.

C. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAINTAINING VIABLE POPULATIONS: The locations of the known populations on the Kootenai National Forest are in areas that are unlikely to be affected by most management practices, and the populations are probably self-maintaining.

D. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER ASSESSMENT: There is additional habitat along the Bull River drainage that might potentially contain populations of H. rariflorum,

32

SUMMARY: During rare plant surveys of the Bull River valley in 1989, two populations of Heterocodon rarif lorum were found on Kootenai National Forest lands, Sanders County, Montana. The Dry Bench (001) and Bull River Cliffs (002) populations are located on the hillsides that flank the Bull River. Heterocodon rarif lorum individuals are found in small colonies, and occur in association with a number of other small annual species.

Further surveys may reveal more populations of H. rarif lorum in the Bull River valley.

33

Heterocodon ranfloru

Figure 4. Line drawing Heterocodon rariflorum (from Hitchcock et al. 1955-1^^^7:

34

35

Name: HETEROCODON RARIFLORUM Common Name: WESTERN PEARL-FLOWER

Global rank: G5 Forest Service status: NONE State rank: SI Federal Status: NONE

Element occurrence code: PDCAM08010 . 001

Survey site name: DRY BENCH County: Sanders

USGS quadrangle: SAWTOOTH MOUNTAIN

Township-range: 028N 033W Section: 29, NW4 Township-range comments: Section: 30, NE4

Survey date: 1989-06-20 Elevation: 3100 First observation: 1989 Slope/aspect: 30-40% / SE

Last observation: 1989-06-20 Size (acres) : 5

Location:

BULL RIVER VALLEY, CA. 3.2 5 MILES SOUTH OF BULL LAKE, CA. 0.7 5 MILES WEST OF ST. HWY . 56; SLOPE BELOW DRY BENCH, NORTH OF DRY CREEK.

Element occurrence data:

SPECIES IS AN ANNUAL, OCCURRING IN SMALL COLONIES; FULL EXTENT OF POPULATION CURRENTLY UNKNOWN; SOME WEED INVASION.

General site description:

MOSSY LEDGES AND OPEN SOIL AREAS, ON STEEP, SOUTHEAST-FACING SLOPE; WITH MADIA MINIMA, MADIA EXIGUA, CLARKIA PULCHELLA, AND SELAGINELLA WALLACEI. *

Land owner/manager:

KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT

Comments:

VOUCHER - SHELLY, J.S. (1534A) AND L.A. SCHASSBERGER, 1989, (MONTU) .

Information source:

SHELLY, J.S. 1989. FIELD SURVEYS IN THE BULL RIVER VALLEY, 19-23 JUNE.

Element Occurrence Record - Kootenai National Forest Montana Natural Heritage Program

Name: HETEROCODON RARIFLORUM Common Name: WESTERN PEARL-FLOWER

Global rank: G5 Forest Service status: NONE State rank: SI Federal Status: NONE

Element occurrence code: PDCAM08010. 002

Survey site name: BULL RIVER CLIFFS County: Sanders

uses quadrangle: SMEADS BENCH

Township-range: 027N 033W Section: 24, NE4 Township-range comments: Section: 13, SE4

Survey date: 1989-06-21 Elevation: 2750 First observation: 1989 Slope/aspect: 30-40% / SE

Last observation: 1989-06-21 Size (acres) : 10

Location:

BULL RIVER DRAINAGE, NORTHWEST OF STATE HIGHWAY 56, 5.2 MILES NORTHEAST OF STATE HIGHWAY 2 00.

Element occurrence data:

SPECIES IS AN ANNUAL, OCCURRING IN SMALL COLONIES; FULL EXTENT OF POPULATION CURRENTLY UNKNOWN; SOME WEED INVASION.

General site description:

MOSSY LEDGES AND OPEN SOIL AREAS, ON STEEP TO MODERATE SOUTHEAST-FACING SLOPE; WITH MADIA MINIMA, CLARKIA PULCHELLA, MIMULUS FLORIBUNDUS, AND MYOSOTIS MICRANTHA.

/

Land owner/manager:

KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT

Comments:

VOUCHER - SHELLY, J.S. (1538) AND L.A. SCHASSBERGER, 1989, (MONTU) .

Information source:

SHELLY, J.S. 1989. FIELD SURVEYS IN THE BULL RIVER VALLEY, 19-23 JUNE.

Element Occurrence Record - Kootenai National Forest Montana Natural Heritage Program

39 Spiraea x pyreunidata

SPECIES INFORMATION

A. CLASSIFICATION

1. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Spiraea x pyramidata Greene.

2. COMMON NAME: pyramidal spiraea.

3. FAMILY: Rosaceae (Rose Family).

4. GENUS: According to Hitchcock et al. (1955- 1969) , there are about 70 species in the genus Spiraea. These species occur primarily in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Dorn (1984) recognized only three species within the state of Montana, and did not include S. x pyramidata in his treatment.

5. SPECIES: Spiraea x pyramidata has been described as the putative hybrid of a number of different species in past. The most recent study of this taxon supports the theory that the suspected parents are S. betulifolia var. lucida and S. douqlasii (Hess 1969) . Other synonyms for this species include S. menziesii Hook. ssp. pyramidata Piper and S. tomentulosa Rydb. (Hitchcock et aJL. 1955-1969) .

B. PRESENT LEGAL OR OTHER FORMAL STATUS

1. FEDERAL STATUS ^

a. U.S. FISH T^D WILDLIFE SERVICE: None.

b. U.S. FOREST SERVICE: None.

2. STATE: Spiraea x pyramidata is currently listed by the Montana Natural Heritage Program (Shelly 1989) as "apparently secure globally, although it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery" (global rank = G3G4) . In Montana, it is listed as "critically imperiled because of extreme rarity" (state rank = SI) .

None of the state ranks listed above currently provide any direct legal protection for S. x pyramidata.

40 C. DESCRIPTION

1. GENERAL NONTECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Spiraea X pyramidata is a low shrub in the Rose Family that may reach four feet in height, but is usually shorter. Oblong-shaped leaves which have coarse teeth towards the tip occur alternately along the stem. Additionally, the leaves and the upper stems are usually crisply short-hairy. The characteristic light pink flowers are crowded into large inflorescences, which are broadly hemispheric in shape. These inflorescences are also crisply short-hairy.

2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Rhizomatous, spreading to erect shrub mostly 5-10 (12) dm. tall, usually finely crisp-pubescent above and in the inflorescence, the leaves from glabrous to (more commonly) slightly to moderately crisp-puberulent at least beneath, ovate-lanceolate to oblong- elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 2-7 (9) cm. long, from subentire to coarsely once or twice serrate chiefly above the middle; panicle usually large, from rounded to obconic, (2) 5-10 cm. broad, and 1-2 times as long; calyx usually sparsely hairy without, the triangular lobes scarcely 1 mm. long, reflexed, about equaling the conic-hemispheric hypanthium; petals white but with a distinct pinkish or lavender tinge (at least in the bud) , (1.5) 2-2.5 mm. long; carpels glabrous to somewhat pubescent, 2.5-3 mm. long (Hitchcock et al. 1955- 1969) .

3. LOCAL FIELD CHARACTERS: Spiraea x pyramidata most closely resembles S. betu^Lifolia in stature and inflorescence shape. However, in the former the inflorescence is more hemispheric in shape, and the flowers are distinctly light pink in color, while the latter has a broad flat inflorescence with cream-colored flowers. Spiraea douqlasii is generally a much taller, more freely branching shrub than S. x pyramidata. Spiraea douqlasii is also distinguished by its pink to rose-colored flower petals, which are borne in inflorescences that are several times longer than wide. Finally, Spiraea x pyramidata is primarily associated with disturbed habitats. Line drawings of all three taxa are included on p. 45.

D. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

1. RANGE: The range of S. x pyramidata extends from

41

British Columbia to northern Oregon along the east side of the Cascade Mountains, and then east into Saskatchewan, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota (Hess 1969) . In Montana, this species is known from one site each in Lincoln, and Sanders counties, and two sites in Missoula County, in northwestern Montana. The distribution of this taxon in Montana is presented in Figure 7, p. 46.

2. CURRENT SITES: The Bull River Campground (001) location was first observed in 1986 and again during survey work in 1989; it is the only recently verified location for S. x pyramidata in Montana. The other locations along Pete Creek (002), East Fork Lolo Creek (003), and Lolo Creek (004) were last verified in 1965, 1970, and 1937, respectively.

3. UNVERIFIED/UNDOCUMENTED REPORTS: None at present. HABITAT

1. ASSOCIATED VEGETATION: The Spiraea x pyramidata population at Bull River Campground (001) occurs in a powerline corridor adjacent to the campground. A disturbed habitat is typical of this taxon (Hess 1969) . Other species occurring at this site include the disturbance-related Pteridium aquilinum and S. betulifolia , as well as Rubus parvif lorus. Aralia nudicaulis and Rosa woodsii. S. douqlassi occurs nearby along the Bull River and in shaded areas in the campground.

2. TOPOGRAPHY: Spiraea x py.tramidata populations are most commonly found in valley bottoms (Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) , in areas with low relief. The microsites where this species occurs are usually somewhat dry and sandy (Hess 1969) .

The population at Bull River Campground (001) is at 2,300 feet in elevation, and is found in dry soils on a 10 percent slope; it is less than one quarter mile from the Bull River.

3. SOIL RELATIONSHIPS: Hess (1969) states that S. x pyramidata is "almost always found on disturbed areas such as roadsides, highways, railways, forest camps, and homesites," with either or both suspected parent also present. This indicates that the species appears to require mineral soil for establishment. It is possible that, like

other hybrids, the habitat requirements of S. x pyramidata fall between those of the suspected parental types (Ball et al. 1983).

4. REGIONAL CLIMATE: The mountains of northwestern

Montana are dominated by a cool temperate climate. The weather collection site at Trout Creek Ranger Station is approximately 15 miles east of the Bull River valley, and at an elevation of 2,370 feet. The S. X pyramidata site is at 2,300 feet in elevation. For the period from 1951-1980, the July mean temperature at Trout Creek Ranger Station was 65.0° F, the January mean was 24.1° F, and the mean annual precipitation was 30.49 inches (U.S. Department of Commerce 1982) .

F. POPULATION DEMOGRAPHY AND BIOLOGY

1. PHENOLOGY: The Bull River Campground (001) population flowers during late July. Hitchcock et al. (1955-1969) state that flowering and fruiting in S. X pyramidata populations occurs from June through August.

2. POPULATION SIZE AND CONDITION: The observed number of stems at Bull River Campground was low (three) , but the plants appeared to be in good condition.

3. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

a. TYPE OF REPRODUCTION: Specific aspects of sexual reproduction are not known. Observations of populations in Washington and British Columbia revfealed only one population where introgression and backcrossing had occurred. Reasons for the degree of sterility with the putative parental types are not known. This perennial does spread easily via a strong rhizome system (Hess 1969) .

b. POLLINATION BIOLOGY: Not known.

c. SEED DISPERSAL AND BIOLOGY: Not known.

G. POPULATION ECOLOGY

1. BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS

a. COMPETITION: The establishment of this

species appears to depend on disturbance. It

is possible that S. x pyramidata requires open, mineral soils for seed germination.

b. HERBIVORY: Unknown.

H. LAND OWNERSHIP

1. Bull River Campground (001) - Kaniksu National

Forest, managed by the Kootenai National Forest.

II. ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

A. THREATS TO CURRENTLY KNOWN POPULATIONS

1. GRAZING: Grazing does not appear to be a threat at Bull River Campground (001) , although this species may be browsed by large herbivores.

2. MINING: Not known.

3. TIMBER HARVESTING: At Bull River Campground the S. X pyramidata population has become established where the overstory has been removed for a powerline corridor. In areas where both parental types are present, this type of disturbance may actually aid in the establishment of S. x pyramidata populations.

4. WEED CONTROL ACTIVITIES: None known.

B. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MAINTAINING VIABLE POPULATIONS: The Bull River Campground S. x pyramidata population is established in a powerline corridor. Clearing of undergrowth along the corridor appears to occur at regular intervals, and may be ceneficial in maintaining habitat for this population.

C. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER ASSESSMENT: The potential habitat for S. x pyramidata is extensive (a powerline corridor extends from Plains, Montana, west to at least the Montana/Idaho border along the lower Clark Fork) , and further surveys may reveal more populations.

D. SUMMARY: A population of Spiraea x pyramidata at Bull River Campground (001) was revisited in 1989. Only three individuals were observed; however, it is not easily discernible from its putative parental type S. betulifolia var. lucida in the vegetative state, and it is possible that more stems were actually present. Both putative parental types (S. douqlasii and S. betulifolia var. lucida) were present, and episodes of hybridization may continue. Much potential habitat for

S. X pyramidata exists in this area of northwest Montana, and further surveys may reveal more populations.

45

Spiroeo pyromidoto

Spiroeo betulifo

Spiraea douglasi

JRJ

Figure 6.

Line drawing of Spiraea x pyramidata and the putative parental types, Spiraea betulifolia and Spiraea douqlasii (from Hitchcock et al . 1955-1969) .

47

Name: SPIRAEA x PYRAMIDATA Common Name: PYRAMIDAL SPIRAEA

Global rank: G3G4 Forest Service status: NONE State rank: SI Federal Status: NONE

Element occurrence code: PDROSIQOJO. 001

Survey site name: BULL RIVER CAMPGROUND County: Sanders

USGS quadrangle: SMEADS BENCH

Township-range: 026N033W Section: 10 Township-range comments: N2

Survey date: 1989-07-25 Elevation: 2300 First observation: 1986 Slope/aspect:

Last observation: 1989-07-25 Size (acres) : 0

Location:

NOXON RESERVOIR, BULL RIVER CAMPGROUND, TO THE NORTH OF THE CAMPSITES.

Element occurrence data:

FLOWERS LIGHT PINK; 3 PLANTS IN FLOWER (1989).

General site description:

BENEATH EDGE OF FOREST CANOPY ALONG POWERLINE CORRIDOR, WITH RUBUS PARVIFLORUS, ARALIA NUDICAULIS, ROSA WOODSII, AND SPIRAEA BETULIFOLIA. S. DOUGLASII OCCURS NEAR THE RIVER.

Land owner/manager:

KOOTENAI NATIONAL FOREST, CABINET RANGER DISTRICT

Comments :

VOUCHER - LACKSCHEWITZ , K. (10909), 1986, SPECIMEN # 103731 (MONTU) .

Information source:

SCHASSBERGER, L.A. MONTANA NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM, 1515 EAST SIXTH AVENUE, HELENA, MT 59620. (329). 1989. MONTU.

Element Occurrence Record - Kootenai National Forest Montana Natural Heritage Program

SIGNIFICANT HABITATS

A. OPEN SLOPE/LEDGE COMMUNITIES

On low to middle-elevation slopes, especially along the western side of the Bull River drainage, there occurs a series of open habitats supporting interesting assemblages of plant species. These areas are characterized by a moist, mossy ground cover, and occur on sloping ledges and benches. These sites are moist early in the growing season, after snowmelt and during spring rains, but become dry by late summer. The diverse flora contains numerous spring/early summer annuals, including:

Clarkia pulchella Collinsia parviflora Collomia linearis *Heterocodon rarif lorum Madia exigua *Madia minima Microsteris gracilis Mimulus breweri Mimulus floribundus Myosotis micrantha

(* = MTNHP plant species of special concern)

The substrates in these open areas are fragile, consisting of an often closed cover of mosses and similar vascular plants (especially Selaginella wallacei) . Such sites would be vulnerable to impacts from livestock grazing and/or road construction, but generally occur on steep, largely inaccessible terrain that does not appear to be threatened or impacted at this time.

The sites of this type that were stddied in detail include:

a. T28N, R32W, Section 33 (east flank of Goat Rocks, North Fork East Fork Bull River drainage) .

b. T28N, R33W, Sec. 29 NW^ and 30 UEh (Dry Bench) .

c. T27N, R33W, Sec. 24 lih and 13 SE^ ("Bull River Cliffs" site) .

Additional similar habitats were observed during field surveys, but not all of them could be studied during 1989.

B. WETLANDS

The narrow valley bottom along the Bull River contains a mosaic of low elevation forests and numerous wetlands. The majority of the open, moist to wet areas have been converted to

50

hay meadows and pastures, and many of them are completely dominated by Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass) . This grass species is frequently introduced as a constituent of permanent pastures, and is often cut for hay (Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) ; it has undoubtedly supplanted native vegetation in many areas along the drainage. However, three wetlands in the drainage that are currently in good to excellent condition were surveyed in detail. Notes on condition and dominant species are given below:

a. T28N, R33W, Sec. 9, E^: This area comprises the largest contiguous intact wetland complex in the Bull River drainage. The southern half of the wetland was partially influenced by past beaver activity, and is characterized by a high water table with numerous areas of marshy ground or open water. The vegetation is dominated by Carex rostrata (beaked sedge) and Carex aquatilis (water sedge) . The northern portion of this wetland is slightly higher in elevation, and the water table is at or just below the substrate surface; it is dominated almost exclusively by Carex lasiocarpa (slender sedge) .

The current Kootenai National Forest map shows this wetland to be under the ownership of Champion International, Inc.. Adjacent uplands, on Champion lands north and east of the wetland, have been clear- cut logged, but the wetland complex itself is currently intact.

b. T27N, R33W, Sec. 11, SW^-, : This wetland, adjacent to the southernmost Highway 56 bridge over the Bull River, consists of large marshes on the west and east sides of an open freshwater lake. These marshes are dominated by Carex lasiocarpa (slender sedge) , and are bordered by a Spiraea douqlasii (Douglas spiraea) "hedge"; the adjacent forest margin contains Pinus monticola (western white pine) and Larix occidentalis (western larch) . Small areas of floating sphagnum moss mats are present along the western edge of the lake margin, and support a population of Drosera rotundifolia (round- leaved sundew) , a carnivorous plant adapted to such acidic, nutrient-poor habitats. Dulichium arundinaceum was also found in this same habitat. The lake has a soft, muddy bottom and contains Nuphar varieqatum (yellow water-lily) .

This site is partially privately owned, but the lake is on Kootenai National Forest lands. Better-drained areas to the northwest, especially meadows, have been seriously impacted by the invasion of Centaurea

51

maculosa (spotted knapweed) , but the wetlands remain in a pristine condition.

T27N, R33W, Sec. 26, E'^NE^: A small wetland, on the northwest side of Highway 56 ca. 3.6 miles northeast of Highway 200, was surveyed. This marshy area is relatively shallow (0.3-1.0 m deep), and may be largely dried out by the end of the growing season. The site appeared to be suitable habitat for Howellia aquatilis

(water howellia) , a USFWS Category 2 federal candidate and U.S. Forest Service Region 1 sensitive species, but this species was not found. The vegetation is dominated by Carex rostrata and Eauisetum f luviatile

(water horsetail) .

This wetland is largely or wholly in private ownership. Despite its proximity to the highway, it is currently in good condition.

52

This report contains information on a rare plant inventory conducted in portions of the Bull River valley. Field surveys were completed on 19-23 June and 24-28 July 1989. During survey work four species of special concern were located: Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor (1 population), Madia minima (3 populations) , Heterocodon rariflorum (2 populations) , and Spiraea X pyramidata (1 population) . These species are not currently included on the U.S. Forest Service Region 1 (Northern Region) list of sensitive species; however, they are included on the Montana Natural Heritage Program list of plant species of special concern. A report for each species, including detailed information on the populations found in the Bull River valley, is included. Voucher specimens of Madia minima, Heterocodon rariflorum, Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor. and Spiraea x pyramidata were deposited at the University of Montana Herbarium (MONTU) , Missoula, MT. Additional specimens of Lomatium bicolor var. bicolor are deposited at the University of California Herbarium (UC) , Berkeley, CA.

A list of 252 vascular plant species observed during this study is included at the end of the report.

A day and a half was spent surveying Forest Service lands on Rock Creek, Marten Creek, and the mouth of the Vermillion River for Satureia douglasii. This species is known to occur on private lands near Rock Creek, but is not yet known from U.S. Forest lands in the area. We were unable to locate this species on the private land where it was first observed, or on U.S. Forest Service lands. Many plants were late in flowering in 1989 due to the very cold winter and late, cold spring. Satureja douglasii may not have been blooming, in which case this unobtrusive plant could have been easily overlooked.

53

LITERATURE CITED

Ball, C.T., J. Keeley, H. Mooney, J. Seemann, and W. Winner.

1983. Relationship between form, function and distribution of two Arctostaphylos species (Ericaceae) and their putative hybrids. Acta Ecologica Ecol. Plant. 4(18): 153-164.

Dorn, R.D. 1984. Vascular Plants of Montana. Mountain West Publishing, Cheyenne, Wyoming. 176 pp.

Hess, W.J. 1969. A taxonomic study of Spiraea pvramidata Greene (Rosaceae) . Sida 3(5): 298-308.

Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey, and J.W. Thompson. 1955-1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington. 5 volumes.

Hitchcock, C.L., and A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington. 730 pp.

Lesica, P., G. Moore, K.M. Peterson, and J.H. Rumely. 1984. Vascular Plants of Limited Distribution in Montana. Monograph No. 2, Montana Academy of Sciences, Supplement to the Proceedings, Vol. 43. 61 pp.

McVaugh, R. 1941. A new name for Heterocodon rarif lorum Nutt. Leaflets of Western Botany 3:48.

Pfister, R.D., B.L. Kovalchik, S.F. Arno, and R.C. Presby. 1977. Forest Habitat Types of Montana. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. General Technical Report INT-34. 173 pp.

/

Schlessman, M.A. 1984. Systematics of tuberous Lomatiums (Umbelliferae) . Systematic Botany Monographs 4:1-55.

Shelly, J. S. 1989. Plant Species of Special Concern. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena. 22 pp., mimeo.

Shetler, S.G., and N.R. Morin. 1986. Seed morphology in North American Campanulaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73(4): 653-688.

Tiedemann, A.R. 1972. Soil properties and nutrient availability in tarweed communities of central Washington. J. of Range Management 25(6): 438-443.

U.S. Department of Commerce. 1982. Monthly Normals of

Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-80. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Climatography of the United States No. 81. 23 pp.

54

VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN THE BULL RIVER DRAINAGE, SANDERS COUNTY, MONTANA, JUNE- JULY 19

(Symbols represent locations of voucher specimens for marked taxa: * = University of Montana Herbarium, Missoula (HONTU); + = University of California Herbarium, Berkeley (UC); # = Gray Herbarium, Harvard University (GH)).

Acer qlabrun (mountain maple)

ACERACEAE (Maple Family)

Moist areas in forests or along streambanks. APIACEAE (Carrot Family)

Cicuta douqlasi i (Douglas waterhemlock) Heracleun sphondyl iun (cow parsnip) *LomatiLni ambiguun (suale desert parsley) +*Lomatiun bicolor var. bicolor (bicolor biscuitroot) *Lomatiun dissecttm (fern- leaved lomatiun) ■i-LomatiLn sandberqi i (Sandberg's lomatiim) Lomatium tri ternatum (narrouleaf lomatiun) Osmorhiza chi I ens is (mountain sweet-root) Si urn suave (hemlock water-parsnip)

Moist areas.

Riparian areas.

Rocky areas.

Dry, rocky scree slopes.

Rocky dry slopes.

Moist, rocky slopes.

Dry slopes.

Moist areas in shaded forest

Ponds and wetlands.

APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane Family)

Apocymjii androsaemi f ol iun (spreading dogbane) Apocyrnjn sibiricun (clasping- leaved dogbane)

Dry gravelly open slopes. Dry gravelly open slopes.

Aral ia nudicaul is (wild sarsapari Oplopanax horridus (devil's club)

ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family) la)

Moist woods and thickets. Moist woods.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (Birthwort Family)

Asarun caudatLm (wild ginger)

Moist woods, under forest canopy.

ASTERACEAE (Sunflower Family)

Achi I lea mi I lefol iun (common yarrow) Adenocaulon bicolor (trail plant)

Aqoseris heterophyl la (annual agoseris)

Anaphal is margari tacea (corrxin pearly everlasting)

*Antennaria luzuloides (woodrush pussytoes)

Antennaria neglecta (field pussytoes)

Antennaria microphyl la (rosy pussytoes)

Antennaria racemosa (raceme pussytoes)

*Arnica diversifol ia (sticky arnica)

*Arnica fulgens (orange arnica)

Arnica latifol ia (broadleaf arnica)

Balsamorhiza sagi ttata (arrowleaf balsalmroot)

Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed)

Chrysanthemun leucanthemun (oxeye-daisy)

Crepis elegans (elegant hawksbeard)

Erigeron compos itus (cut- leaved daisy)

Gnaphal iun palustre (lowland cudweed)

Hieraceun albif lorun (white hawkweed)

Hieraceun aurantiacun (king devil)

Hieraceun cynoglossoides (houndstounge hawkweed)

Hieraceun umbel latun (narrow- leaved hawkweed)

*Madia ex i qua (little tarweed)

•Madia minima (small-headed tarweed)

Senecio sphaerocephalus (mountain-marsh butterweed)

Senecio triangularis (arrowleaf groundsel)

Tanacetun vulqare (common tansy)

Open or disturbed areas.

Hoist woods and meadows.

Hills and slopes.

^oods, slopes and rocky fla

Open slopes.

Open woods.

Meadows and open woods.

Woods.

Rocky places on slopes.

Hills, slop>es, and meadows.

Moist woods.

Dry open slopes.

Disturbed areas.

Woods.

Dry, rocky slopes.

Moist woods.

Woods and slopes.

Disturbed areas.

Meadows and slopes.

Woods and thickets.

Open woods.

Open rocky areas in woods.

Open moist slopes.

Moist meadows and slopes.

Disturbed areas.

55

BERBERIDACEAE (Barberry Family)

Hahonia repens (creeping oregongrape) Woods and slopes.

BETULACEAE (Birch Family)

Alnus viridis (Sitka alder) Woods, slopes and streambanks.

Betula papyri f era (paper birch) Hoist woods.

BORAGINACEAE (Borage Family)

Cryptantha spp. (cryptantha) Disturbed area.

♦Hyosotis micrantha (blue scorpion-grass) Open slopes.

Hyosot i s scorpioides (true-forget-me-not) Shallow water, wetlands.

BRASSICACEAE (Mustard Family)

Arabis holboellii (Holboell's rockcress) Mountain slopes.

Arabis lemmonii (Lemon's rockcress) Mountain slopes.

#Arabis hirsute var. glabra (hairy rockcress) Hoist woods.

CAHPANULACEAE (Bel I flower Family)

Campanula rotundi folia (lady's thimble) Woods and slopes.

*Heterocodon rarif lorun (heterocodon) Open slopes.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family)

L i nnaea boreal is (western twinflower) Woods.

Lonicera ciliosa (orange honeysuckle) Woods and thickets.

Lonicera involucrata (bearberry honeysuckle) Hoist woods and thickets.

Lonicera utahensis (Utah honeysuckle) Wooded moutain slopes.

Sambucus racemosa (red elderberry) Woods and slopes.

Symphoricarpos albus (conmon snowberry) Woods and slopes.

Symphoricarpos occidental is (western snowberry) Hoist woods.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family)

Arenaria capillar is (fescue sandwort) Open areas in mountains.

Cerastiim fontanum (conmon chickweed) Disturbed areas.

Silene parryi (Parry's sitene) Open meadows in mountains.

CELASTRACEAE (Staff Tree Family)

Paxistma myrsini tes (myrtle boxwood) /(oist woods.

CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family)

Cornus canadensis (bunchberry) Hoist woods.

Cornus stolonifera (red osier dogwood) Streambanks and moist areas.

CRASSULACEAE (Stonecrop Family)

Sedun lanceolatum ( lance- leaved stonecrop) Rocky slopes.

♦Sedtiii stenopetalLTi (wormleaf stonecrop) Open slopes.

CUPRESSACEAE (Juniper Family)

Juniperus communis (common juniper) Rocky slopes.

Thuja pi icata (western red cedar) Hoist woods.

CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family)

Carex aquatilis (water sedge) In ponds and wetlands.

*Carex canescens (pale sedge) Wetlands.

Carex deweyana (Dewey's sedge) Wetlands.

Carex f lava (yellow sedge) Wetlands.

Carex geyeri (elk sedge) Woods and meadows.

*Carex lenticularis (lentil-fruit sedge) Wetlands.

*Carex leptalea (bristle-stalked sedge) *Carex mertensii (Merten's sedge) Carex rostrata (beaked sedge) Carex stipata (sawbeak sedge) Carex vesicaria (inflated sedge) Dul ichiun arundinaceum (dul ichiun) Eleocharis palustris (common spikesedge) Scirpus americanus (American bulrush)

Wet areas.

Wetlands. Wetlands. Wetlands. Wetlands. Wetlands. Wetlands. Wetlands.

DROSERACEAE (Sundew Family) Drosera rotundi folia (roundleaf sundew) Edges of wetlands on floating sphagnum.

ELAEAGNACEAE (Oleaster Family) Shepherdia canadensis (Canada buffalo-berry) Open slopes.

EQUISETACEAE (Horsetail Family)

Equisetim arvense (field horsetail) Equisetun f luviatile (water horsetail)

Hoist edges of wetlands. Wetlands.

ERICACEAE (Heath Family)

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (kirmikinnick) Chimaphila menz i es i i (little prince's pine) Chimaphi la unibel lata (common prince's pine) *Gaultheria ovati fol ia (slender wintergreen) Henziesia ferruginea (fool's huckleberry) Honeses uni flora (woodnymph) Pterospora andromedea (woodland pinedrops) Pyrola asari folia (pink wintergreen) Pyrola chlorantha (green wintergreen) VacciniLm globulare (globe huckleberry) Vacciniim scopariui (grouse whortleberry)

Woods and slopes.

Woods.

Valley bottoms in cedar/hemlock forests.

Woods.

Conifer forests.

Mountain woodlands.

Wooded slopes.

Higher elevation wooded slopes.

FABACEAE (Pea Family)

Lupinus senceus (silky lupine) Medicaqo lupulina (black medic) Trifolitm pratense (red clover) Vicia americana (American vetch)

Open slopes. Disturbed areas. Disturbed areas. Wooded slopes.

GROSSULARIACEAE (Currant Family)

ibes lacustre (prickly current) Woods.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE (Waterleaf Family)

*Phacelia hastata (silverleaf phacelia) Phacelia sericea (silky phacelia)

Open areas on slopes. Rocky dry areas.

HYPERICACEAE (St. John's-wort Family) Hyper icLm perforatun (Klamath weed) Disturbed areas.

JUNCACEAE (Rush Family)

J uncus bufonius (toad rush) J uncus confusus (Colorado rush) J uncus tenuis (slender rush) Luzula arcuata (curved woodrush) *Luzula campestris (field woodrush)

Moist woods and wetland edges. Open areas in moist woods. Open areas moist woods. Higher mountains. Moist areas.

LAMIACEAE (Mint Family)

Lycopus unif lorus (northern bugleweed) Mentha arvensis (field mint) Prunella vulgaris (self-heal)

Moist areas. Moist areas. Moist meadows and disturbed areas.

57

Scutellaria galcriculata (marsh scuUcap) Wetlands.

LILIACEAE (Lily Family)

Calochortus apiculatus (pointed mariposa) Camassia quamash (conrwn camas) Clintonia uni flora (queencup beadlily) Erythronitin grandif lortn (glacier- li ly) Smilacina racemosa (false spikenard) Smilacina stellata (starry solomon-plume) *StenanthiL»n occidentale (western stenanthiim) Trillitri ova tun (white wake-robin) Triteleia grandif lore ( large- flowered brodiaea) Xerophyl lun tenax (beargrass) Zygadenus elegans (death-camas)

Woods and slopes.

Hoist meadow seep areas.

Forests.

Woods, slopes and meadows.

Woods.

Hoist rocky areas.

Woods.

Open woods.

Higher elevation woods.

Hoist open areas and meadows.

LYCOPOOIACEAE (Club Hoss Family) Lycopoditin coirptanattni (ground cedar) Hoist woods.

HENYANTHACEAE (Buck Bean Family)

Henyanthes trifoliata (buckbean)

Ponds and bogs.

'JYHPHAEACEAE (Water Lily Family)

lar variegatLTi (yellow water-lily)

ONAGRACEAE (Evening Primrose Family)

*Circaea atpina (enchanter's nightshade) *Clarkia pulchel la (ragged robin) Epi lobiun anqustifol iun (fireweed)

Hoist seeps in shaded areas. Hoist rocky slopes. Hoist disturbed areas.

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Grape Fern Family) Botrychiin virginianum (rattlesnake fern) Hoist edges of wetlands under forest canopy.

ORCHIDACEAE (Orchid Family)

Coral lorhiza maculata (spotted coral-root)

Coral lorhiza striata (stripped coral-root)

Coral lorhiza t r i f i da (yellow coral -root)

Goodyera oblonqifolia (western rattlesnake-plantain)

Habenaria di latata (white bog-orchid)

Habenaria elegans (elegant rein-orchid)

•Habenaria saccata (slender bog-orchid)

listera caurina (western twayblade)

Listera conval larioides (broad- I ipped twayblade)

Woods.

Conifer forests.

flet boggy areas.

Hoist woods.

Boggy areas.

Hoist woods.

OROBANCHACEAE (Broomrape Family)

•Orobanche uni flora (naked broomrape)

PINACEAE (Pine Family)

Abies grandis (grand fir) Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir) Larix occidental is (western tamarack) Picea engelmanni i (Engelmann spruce) Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) Pinus monticola (western white pine) Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock)

Hoist woods.

Higher elevation slopes.

Hoist woods.

Well drained higher elevation woods.

Hoist forests.

Dryer forests.

Forests.

Hoist forests.

58

POACEAE (Grass Family)

*Aqropvron spicatum (bluebunch uheatgrass) Aqropyron cam' nun (slender wheatgrass) Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass brome) *Calamaqrostis pcirpurascens (purple reedgrass) Calamaqrostis rubescens (pinegrass) Dactyl is glomerata (orchard-grass) *Danthonia cal ifornica (California danthonia) Danthonia spicata (poverty danthonia) Deschampsia elonqata (slender hair-grass) Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue) Glyceria boreal is (northern mannagrass) Helica smith ii (Smith's melic) *Helica subulata (Alaska oniongrass) Oryzopsis asperifol is (roughleaf ricegrass) Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) Phlctn pratense (conmon timothy) Poa secunda (Sandberg's bluegrass) Trisetmi canescens (tall trisetun)

Open slopes.

Disturbed areas.

Rocky areas.

Woods and slopes.

Meadows and disturbed areas.

Meadows and open woods.

Open slopes.

Wetlands.

Moist woods.

Meadows and shaded areas.

Forest floor.

Wetlands.

Meadows and disturbed moist areas.

Open slopes.

POLEMONIACEAE (Phlox Family)

Collomia linearis (narrow-leaf collomia) Microsteris gracilis (pink microsteris)

Open hi I Iside.

Open gravelly slopes.

POLYGONACEAE (Buckwheat Family)

Eriogonun f lavun (yellow eriogonum) Open slopes.

Eriogonum umbellatun var. subalpinLin (sulphur buckwheat) Open slopes.

Polygonun douqlasii (Douglas' knotweed) Slopes.

Polyqonun minimum (leafy dwarf knotweed) Rocky slopes.

Rtnex acetosella (sheep sorrel) Disturbed areas.

POLYPOOIACEAE (Fern Family)

*Aspidotis densa (podfern) Cheilanthes qracillima (lace lipfern) Cryptoqranma acrost ichoides (parsley fern) *Cystopteris f ragi I is (brittle bladderfern) Dryopteris f el ix-mas (malefern) Gymnocarpium dryopteris (oakfern) *Polypodiijn vulgare (conmon polypody) *Polystichum muni turn (western sword hollyfern) Pteridiijn aqui I inun (brackenfern) *Woodsia scopulina (Rocky Mountain woods i a)

Moist rocky crevices. Hoist rocky crevices. Moist rocky crevices. Rocky areas and woods. Hoist woods. Moist woods. Hoist rocky crevices. Moist woods, disturbed areas. Moist rocky areas.

PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family) *Hontia parvifolia ( little- leaved montia) Hoist seep areas.

PRIHULACEAE (Primrose Family) *Lysimachia thyrsif lora (water loosestrife) Wetlands.

RANUNCULACEAE (Buttercup Family)

Clematis occidental is (western clematis) Copt is occidental is (western goldthread) (little larkspur) anum (Nuttall's larkspur)

DelphiniLm b^

Delphi

Ranunculus aquatilis (hairleaf water buttercup) 'Ranunculus f larTinula (creeping buttercup) 'Ranunculus pensylvanicus (Pennsylvania buttercup) Ranunculus uncinatus (little buttercup) Thai ictrum venulosum (veiny meadowrue)

Woods.

Moist woods.

Open slopes.

Slopes.

In ponds and wetlands.

Wetlands.

Wet areas.

Hoist areas and edges of wetlands.

Moist shaded edge of woods.

59

RHAHNACEAE (Buckthorn Family)

Ceanothus vetutinus (mountain balm)

Open woods.

ROSACEAE (Rose Family)

Amelanchier alnifolia (alderleaf serviceberry)

Fraqaria vesca (woods strawberry)

Geum macrophyllun (large-leaved avens)

Holodiscus discolor (creambush oceanspray)

Phvsocarpus malvaceus (mallow ninebark)

Potentilla glandulosa (sticky cinquefoil)

Potent! I la palustris (purple cinquefoil)

Rosa woods i i (woods rose)

Rubus idaeus (red raspberry)

Rubus parvif lorus (thimbleberry)

Sorbus scopul ina (Cascade mountain-ash)

Spi raea betul ifol ia var. I uc i da (shiny- leaf spiraea)

Spiraea douglasi i (Douglas spiraea)

'Spiraea x pyramidata (pyramidal spiraea)

Woods and slopes.

Uoods and meadows.

Uet meadows.

Uoods and rocky slopes.

Open woods and slopes.

Rocky slopes.

Wetland areas.

Valleys and slopes.

Rocky slopes and thickets.

Moist woods.

Woods and thickets.

Dryer woods and slopes.

Hoist areas near streams, lakes or wetlands.

Disturbed areas.

RUBIACEAE (Madder Family)

Gat iun aparine (goose-grass)

Gal iun boreale (northern bedstraw)

GaliLTi trifidun (small bedstraw)

Florun (sweetscented bedstraw)

SALICACEAE (Willow Family)

Woods and slopes.

Woods, slopes, and meadows.

Wetlands.

Moist woods and banks.

Populus balsamifera (balsam poplar)

Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen)

Poputus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) Sa I i X spp. (willow)

Valley bottoms. Hoist hillsides. Valley bottoms. Valley bottoms and moist thickets.

SAXIFRAGACEAE (Saxifrage Family)

Heuchera grossulari ifol ia (gooseberryleaved alumroot) Hitel la pentandra (f *Hi tel la stauropetal

ive-stamened mitrewort) a (side-flowered mitrewort) (ICotzebue's grass-of -parnassus) s (spotted saxifrage) Saxi f raqa ferruginea (rustyhair saxifrage) *Suksdorf ia ranuncul ifol ia (buttercupleaved suksdorfia) Tiarella trifoliata (trefoil foamflower)

Parnassia kotzebue Saxif raqa bronchia

Rocky areas.

Hoist meadows.

Moist woods.

Rocky areas in mountains.

Moss-covered rocky hillside.

ppen slopes.

Hoist woods under forest canopy.

SCROPHULARIACEAE (Figwort Family)

Casti I leja crista-gal I i (cocks-comb paintbrush) *Casti I leja miniata (scarlet paintbush) Col I ins i a parvif lora (small-flowered blue-eyed Mary) Hetampyrum I ineare (narrow- leaved cow-wheat) *Himulus breweri (Brewer's monkey- flower) *Himulus f loribundus (purple-stem monkey- flower) Himulus guttatus (conron nxsnkey- flower) Pedicularis bracteosa (bracted lousewort) Pedicular is contorta (coiled-beak lousewort) Pedicularis racemosa (sickletop lousewort) Penstemon confertus (yellow penstemon) Penstemon f ruticosus (bush penstemon) *Penstemon I ya 1 1 i i (Lyall's beardstongue) ♦Penstemon wi Icoxi i (Wilcox's penstemon) Veronica americana (American speedwell) Veronica arvensis (common speedwell) ♦Veronica of f icinal is (speedwell)

Dry slopes.

Woods and thickets.

Open slopes and woods.

Headows.

Open slopes.

Moist ravines.

Wetlands.

Moist wooded slopes.

Hoist wooded slopes.

Moist meadows.

Rocky outcrops.

Woods and slopes.

Hoist areas.

Disturbed areas.

60

SELAGINELLACEAE (Spike Moss Family) *SetaqineUa wallacei (Wallace selaginetla) Covering rocky areas.

SPARGANIACEAE (Bur-reed Family)

Sparqaniun einersum {simplestem bur-reed) Wetlands, usually in water.

Sparqanijn minimum (small bur-reed) Wetlands, usually in water.

URTICACEAE (Nettle Family)

Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) Moist areas.

VALERIANACEAE (Valerian Family)

Valeriana dioica (northern valerian) Moist woods.

VIOLACEAE (Violet Family)

•Viola glabella (round- leaved violet) Hoist woods.

MONTANA STATE

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