BURMA,

TEOrLE AND PRODUCTIOl^S.

VOL. II.
BOTANY.

BURMA,

ITS

PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS

)

OH,

NOTES ON THE FAUN.V, FLORA AND MINERALS

TENASSERIM, TEGU AND BURMA.

REV. F. MASON, D.I)., M.R.A.S.,

COKRESPONDING MEMBKK OF THE AMERICAN ORIE.NTAL .SOCIETY, OF THE HOSTON SOCIETY OF
NATVRAX. HISTORY, AND OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK.

VOL. II.
BOTANY.

KEWRITTEN AXD ENLARGED

BY

W. THEOBALD,

L.\TE DErUTT-SUI'ERINTENDENT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Li::n.\r>Y

Ni.V.' YG.^Ik

PUBLISHED BY OEDER OF THE CHIEF COMMISSIONER OF
BRITISH BURMA,

BY

STErnEX AUSTIX & SONS, HERTFOED.
1883.

STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS,

PRINTERS, HIRTFORD.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME IT.

Title, and Preface by tlic Eilitor

PAGR

i-xv

BOTAXY.

lutroductory llouuirks

-11

TIIALLOGEXS.-

CllYPTOGAMS, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

-Alr.k (^Sea-weeds)

FcxGi {Mushroom.'^) .....
LlCHKNS .......

ACROGEXS.— Misci {Mosses)

Cu.\RACE.E EdUISETACEa: — LycoroDiACE.E-

FiLiCKS (Ferns) . . . . .
Systematic arrangement

-Maksiliackje

15-31

31-3.5

35

36-55
55-58
58-86

86-94

pe,t:xogam:s, ok
moxocotyledoxs .

Glumalf.s ( Grasses, Reeds]
Rkstiales

CoMMELYXAI.ES
P0NTEDERAI.ES .

LiLiALES [Asparagus, Aloes)
Ahales (Duckweed, Screw-pines
Palm.iles {Palms, Canes)
PoTOJiALEs ( Grass-icrachs)
DioscoEALES ( Yams)
Narci.ssales {Orrisroot, Crocus]
Taccales {Tahiti arrowroot)

FLOWERING PLAXTS.

95
95-122
122-123
123-124
124-125
125-129
129-135
135-143
143-144
144-146
146-147
147-148

CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.

OiiCirrDALEs [Orchids)

A>'OM.iXEs {Pine appln, Plantaim)

'S.YVRkTJes, [Vallisneria) .

DICOTTLEDOXS.

GvHxosrERMS {Cijcads, Conifers)

AxGiosrEEHS ....

FAOS

148-203
203-209
209-210

210
210-219

219

Division I. Atetalocs Plants

Santales {Smidal-irood, Mistletoe)
QuEEXALES ( Walnuts)
AsTjRALES {Bnfflcsia, Aristolochiu)
Nepexthaxes {Pitcher plants) .
PrPEEALES {Peppers)
ErPHORBiALES {Mmiihot, Box) .
Amentales ( Willows)
TJkticales {Kettles, Figs) .
Datdnales {Lign aloes) .
Laiteales {Nutmegs, Cinnamon)
CnENoroDiALES {JVipal spinach)

220-225
225-227
227-230
230
230-231
232-256
256-262
262-280
280-282
282-290
290-294

Division II. Monopetaiofs Plakts.

Lamiales ( Teak, Sweet herls. Verbena)
Peesox.u,es {Sesamum, Mayodendron)
SoLANALES {Potato, Toinato, Tobacco) .
PoLEJio>'lALEs {Convolvulus, Swecf pot(ifo)
Gentiales {Gentian, Jasmine, ' Soma ' plant)
Ebenales {Ebony, Gutta-percha)
Peimulaxes .....
Eeicales {Ehododendrons)
Campaxales {Rampion)
Asteeales {Composites, Teasles)
Capeieoliaxes ( Coffee, Cinchona)

294-307
307-324
324-327
327-334
334-354
355-363
363-370
370-373
373-376
376-404
404-431

Division III. Poltpetalocs Plants.

TJmbellales {Assafectida, Carrots, Hemlock) .....

ElcoroALEs ( Cactus, Prielcly pears)

J'ASsrFLORA.L^ii {Cucurbitacea, Passion-Jlmcers, Papaics)

Mtetales {Singhara, or water-nuts, Laivsonia {henna). Pomegranates,

Cloves, Guava, Pose-ajJ^^les, Pimento, Mangroves).
EosALES {Poses, Apples, Apricots, Peaches, Almonds, Strawhc

Amherstia, and otlicr Leguminosa:) .....
Sapindales {Black varnish, Cashew nuts. Mango, Litchi)

Celasteales ( Vines)

Olacales {Phytocrene, or Traveller's creeper) ....
Geeamales (' Necm,' 'Toon,' Oranges, Limes, 'Biicl,' Balsams).

rawberncs,

432-439
439-441
441-453

453-481

481-547
547-561
561-574
574-580
580-601

CONTENTS OF VOI.UMK II.

Vll

Malvaies (' Juto,' JTihiscus, Cotton, Diiriaiis, Cacao)
Gvn:iFv.n\iAis {Wood oil, Gamboi/c, Tea, Mungostt'en)
Caryophyllales {Tamarisk)

PoiYGAtALES .....

PAurETALEs (' Arnotto,' Crmiferm, Opiuni)
Ranales ( Water-lilies, Custard apples)

APPENDIX A.— ?:ut I. A-ldfiKla .
Part II. Nutfs .
Part III. Burmese Woods

APPENDIX P.— Vernacular Names

APPENDIX C— Glossary of Botanical Term

ERR.VTA

INDEX.— Part I. Genera and Species

Part II. Synonyms

GENERAL INDEX TO VOLUilES I. II.

PAGE

601-625
620-639
639-640
640-613
643-654
654-671

672-680
681-692
693-704

705-721

722-729

730

731-756
757-768

768

ITxEFACE TO THE SECOND YOLUiAlE.

In the Preface to tlio First Volume I briefly alhulcd to the diiiercnt
arrangement of the present from previous editions of this Avork,
one reason for which being the mucli larger number of species
of animals and plants now enumerated. Tlie difference iu this
respect, between the edition of 18G0 and the present, may be
thus contrasted :

Animals — Invcrtebnita .
„ Ycrtcbruta

Animals

Plants .

als and Tlauts .

Eclition nf 18G0.
237

78(5

18S.3.
3091
1799

Pi.vxTs — Ciyptogams
,, Monocotj-lcdons
,, Dicotyledons .

1023
130
291

1207

.5493
793
880

3370

. 1631

2054

5043

Total Anim

. 10,536

The above figures will serve to explain the great inequality in the
treatment of some Classes of animals and plants. It woxdd have
been wholly out of the question within the limits at my disposal
to have attempted the same amount of detail in all cases, that
I have ventured on in some. With the Invertebrata for example,
little has been attempted, beyond a list of species, and their distri-
bution, without any attempt at descriptive notices. The number
of species of Invertebrata now given is alone sufficient to show
how impossible, in a work of this character, any attempt at

PREFACE TO THE SECOXD VOLUME.

specific description would have been. On the other hand, in the
matter of Fish, from the importance of the subject, an attempt
has been made to give the more salient characters of the species
hitherto recorded from Burma, though such abbreviated descrip-
tions are never very satisfactory. To those, however, who have
not access to the valuable works of Dr. Day on the Fish of Burma,
it is hoped that even these scanty extracts may be of service.

In Botany, likewise, it will be noticed that some orders are
very incomplete ; but on the whole our knowledge of the Flora
of Burma is more advanced than of its Fauna, except perhaps
as regards the Vertebrata; and foremost among local workers, to
whom we are indebted for a systematized knowledge of the Burmese
Flora, stands out the name of the late S. Kurz, whose papers on
the Burmese Flora in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
constitute tlie groundwork of the present volume.

Since writing the Preface of the First Volume, I have re-
ceived a work which, as I have quoted it occasionally, I may as
well here refer to : 'A Manual of Indian Timbers, by J. S.
Gamble. Calcutta, 1881.' The manifest ability of this work
needs no testimony from me, and it will doubtless be hailed as an
acceptable contribution to Burmese botany from the forester's point
of view. The names of Kurz and Brandis are of course prominent
in it ; but if a candid critic may venture to say so, its main defect
seems to be its departmental character, as we are told that the
descriptions were mostly "dictated by Dr. Brandis." This may,
perhaps, have the recommendation of recording the experience and
ideas of that veteran forester, but it is a plan destructive of
originality, and by no means calculated to promote independent
research, or that exposure of past errors, either scientific or de-
partmental, wliich one not unreasonably looks for in a new work
of this sort. To give a single instance, I may point out that
though the rate of growth of Teak is treated at great length
(I had nigh said ad nauseam), yet the important question of
girdling, and its pernicious effect on the timber of trees so treated,
is not so much as referred to. Naturally this view of the results
of girdling is not likely to be prominently set forth in a work

PREFACE TO THE SECOND VOMME. XI

largely dictated by the head of a Department wliieli persists ia
maiutainiug that pernicious practice.'

Another work which all interested in the development of the
industrial products of Burma would do well to peruse is entitled
' New Commercial Plants and Drugs,' Christy & Co., 155, Fen-
church Street, London, but the Botany has already reached to too
great a length to permit more than a passing allusion to a topic
which might almost claim a volume to itself.

I do not think I can better close than by quoting some
remarks of Dr. Prior, in his introduction to the ' Popular Names of
British Plants,' since, mutatis mutandis, they are doubtless as true
of many of the plants of Asia, as those of Europe. After glancing
at the neglect of the popular names of plants by scientific Botanists,
Dr. Prior- goes on : " Besides, admitting to the full all that can
bo urged against them (popular names) from a purely botanical
point of view, we still may derive both pleasure and instruction
from tracing them back to their origin, and reading in them the
habits and opinions of former ages. In foUoAving up such an
analysis, we soon find that we are travelling far away from the
humble occiipation of the herbalist, an'd are entering upon a
higher region of literature, the history of man's progress, and the
gradual development of his civilization. Some of the plants that
were familiar to our ancestors in Central Asia bear with us
to this day the very names they bore there, and as distinctly
intimate by them the uses to which they were applied, and the
degree of culture which prevailed where they were given, as do
those of the domestic affinities the various occupations of the

primeval family The most interesting, in this respect, of

the names that have come down to us, are those which date from
a time antecedent to the settlement of the German race in England,
names which are deducible from Anglo-Saxon roots, and identical,
with allowance for dialectic peculiarities, in all the High and Low
German and Scandinavian languages, and, what is particularly

for further remarks on this subject, sec Appendix A, Part II. p. GS9.
lutroduttion, /. c. p. x.

PREFACE TO THE SECOXP VOI.r.ME.

■worthy of our attention, each of them expressive of some distinct
meaning. These will prove, what with many readers is a fact
ascertained upon other evidence, such as the contents of sepulchral
mounds, traditionary laws, and various parallel researches, that the
tribes which descended upon Britain had entered Europe, not as
a set of savages, or wandering pastoral tribes, or mere pii-ates and
warriors, but as colonists, who, rude as they may have been in
dress and manners, yet, in essential points, were already a civilized
people. It will be seen at the same time that they must have come
from a colder country ; for while these names comprehend the
Oak, Beech, Birch, Hawthorn, and Sloe trees, that extend far into
Northern Asia, they do not comprise the Elm, Chestnut, Maple,
"Walnut, Sycamore, Holly, or any evergreen, except of the Fir tribe,
or Plum, Pear, Peach, or Cherry, or any other fruit-tree except
the Apple. For all these latter they adopted Latin names, a proof
that at the time when they first came in contact with the Eoman
^provincials on the Lower Ehine, they were not the settled in-
habitants of the country they were then occupying, but foreigners
newly arrived there as colonists or conquerors, from a country
where those trees were unknown. It is remarkable that the early
Greek writers make no mention of any German tribes, but represent
the Scythians as the next neighbours of the Celts, and this difference
in the names of one set of trees and the other, and the names which
they adopted being Eoman and not Celtic, suggests that the Germans
had come down from the north-east not long before the Christian
era, and intruded themselves, as a wedge between those two more
anciently recorded nations.

" There seems to be much misapprehension in respect to this
great movement of the Eastern races which broke up the Eoman
empire. The subject is one into which it would here be out of
place to enter fully, and it has been largel}' treated by J. Grimm
in his admirable Goschichte dcr Deutschen Sprache. But even in
the following vocabulary we shall see evidence of the continuous
advance of a civilized race from the confines of India to these
islands, and nothing indicative of a great rush from the Nortli of
Avild hordes bent upon robbery and destruction, as it has been

PREFACE TO THE SECOND A-QI.UME.

usually represented to have been. The gradual drj-ing of the
Caspian Sea loft the interior of Asia more and more barren, the
knowledge of the useful metals facilitated the conquest of the
savages of the West, and it is likely that predatory bands of Iluns
and Turks, and allied nomadic nations, accelerated the movement
by rendering the labours of agriculture less remunerative. Thus
the migration, being one that proceeded from constantly acting
causes, extended over many centuries. Let us lay aside all pre-
possessions, and inquire what light is thrown by the following
vocabulary upon the real state of the Germanic tribes at that period.

" In these mere names of plants, setting aside all other sources
of information, we discover that these people came from their homes
in the East with a knowledge of letters, and the useful metals,
and with nearly all the domestic animals ; that they cultivated Oats,
Barley, Wheat, Eye, and Beans ; built houses of timber, and
thatched them, and, what is more important, as showing that their
pasture and arable land was intermixed and acknowledged as private
property, they hedged their fields, and fenced their gardens. Cajsar
denies this ; but the frontier tribes, with whom he was acquainted,
were living under certain peculiar Mark laws, and were in fact
little else than an army on its march. The unquestionable native,
and not Latin or Celtic origin of such names as Beech and Haw-
thorn, or Oats and Wheat, proves that although our ancestors may
have been indebted to the provincials of the empire for their fruit-
trees, and some other luxuries, for a knowledge of the fine arts,
and the Latin literature, and a debased Christianity, the more
essential acquirements upon which their prosperity and progress
as a nation depended were already in their possession.

"Like the scattered lights that a traveller from (he wilderness
sees here and there in a town that lies shrouded in the darkness of
night in a valley beneath him, and the occasional indistinct and
solitary voice of some domestic animal, that for a moment breaks
the silence, these distant echoes of the past, these specks that
glimmer from its obscurity, faint as they arc, and few and far
between, assure us that wc arc contemplating a scene of human
industry, and peace, and civilization.

XIV ' PREFACE TO THE SECOND VOLUME.

" In this respect the inquiry is one of the highest interest. In
another it is prohable that some who consult these pages will be
disappointed. The names have usually been given to the plants
from some use to which they were applied, and very few of them
bear any trace of poetry or romance. In short our Sweet Alisons '
and Herb True-loves,- our Heartseases,^ Sweet Cicelies,^ and Sweet
Williams,' resolve themselves into sadly matter-of-fact terms, which
arose from causes very different from the pretty thoughts with
which they are now associated, and sometimes, as in the case of
the Forget-me-not," were suggestive of very disagreeable qualities."

The above remarks are sufficient to indicate what a vast field
is open to the industrious etymologist in Burma, though the Editor's
ignorance of Burmese entirely forbids his following up the subject,
but it is to be hoped that sufficient has been said to induce many
properly qualified students to trace out and illustrate the origin and
significance of the numerous curious Burmese names of plants, which
seem so sadly to want explanation, as, for example, such names as
' Myouk-meng-thwe-gay ' or ' Po-theng-ma-myet-chouk.'

I must here also (in addition to my remarks elsewhere) record
my grateful acknowledgments to the Eev. C. Parish, for the valuable
assistance he has so ungrudgingly rendered, not only in preparing
and revising the lists of Algas, Mosses, Ferns, and Orchids, which
would otherwise have been far less satisfactory, but also for much
information and advice of a more general character, though I may
add that for any errors or opinions expressed in any other parts
of the work I am alone responsible, since, though my friend and
coadjutor is a clergyman of a breadth and liberality of view, worthy
of his scientific and literary attainments, he may justly claim not

' Alison, a con'uption of Alyssum (mnrilinitim, L.), a plant smelling of honey.

- True-lore, properly Tru-love, Ftiris qiiadrifoUa, L., from the Danish iro faith and lore promise,
and not from faith in love, with which it has no etj-mological connexion.

2 Ueart's-case, ^"lola tricolor, L. Origiually'the clove [Canjophylliint), a warm cardiac medicine,
therefore called 'heart's ease,' but subsequently transferred to the indigenous 'giUillower,' Diaidhua
caryophyllus, L., and by a stUl wider deriation to the Wallflower, Pansy and Violet.

* Sweet Cicely, Mi/rr/iis odorata, Scop., a corruption of the Greek name of the plant o-eireAi,
Seseli !

^ Sweet William, Diaiithiis harbatiis, L., from the French ccilkt, corrupted to Willy and thence
to WUUam.

^ Forget-me-not, originally applied to Ajiiyn Chamirpiiys, from the nauseous taste which it leaves
in the mouth. For about fifty years, however, the name has been applied to Myosolis palustris, L.,
with tlie pretty legend of a drowned lover invented ia association with this curious transfer.

PREFACE TO THE SKCOXI) VOUME. XV

to bo identified with, nor hold to ajiprove of, all the sentiments
and opinions expressed by myself in sundry passages throughout
the \york.

Sunt delicta tanicn quibus ignovisse vcliimis :

Fam neque chorda soniim rcddit quem volt manus ct mens

Poscentique gravcm, persscpc remittit acutum.

Horace ad Phones.

Capital letters following a name arc abbreviations: C. Creeper,
E.S. Evergreen shrub, E.T. Evergreen tree, 8. Shrub, ^Y.C. Woody
creeper, S.S. Scandent shrub, S.P. Scandent palm, T. Tree, meaning
a leaf-shedding, as opposed to an evergreen tree. * before a plant
signifies that it is cultivated or introduced and exotic.

A tolerably full list of vernacular names of plants is given
in the Appendix, but many of these are somewhat doubtful, for
the reasons adduced in the case of the vernacular names of animals,
more especially from the variable and inconsistent modes of spelling
and prouimciation adopted by different writers.

W. THEOBALD.

Bedfoud, 1883.

The remark on pajrc 147 of Ajjave Americana producing ' Socotrine aloes' is, of course, an error,
and refers to 'Aloe Sototriua' on p. 128. The Agave is often called 'the Aloe' in Indi;i.

h. A. 'CM

EURMA, ITS TEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

BOTANY.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

IX a work professinp; to follow a natural arrangement, commencing -n-ith the lowest
forms of life and terminatini; with the highest, it might at first sight seem as
though Botany should precede Zoology ; hut in reality this is not so, as the two sister
kingdoms occupy more of a twin relationship to each other than a merely sequential
one, and it has heen observed touching this parallelism:' "Hence the ingenious
comparison of the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms to two trees, of which the tops are
far ajjart, while their roots interlace ; or to two cones, the tops of which are occupied
by the most perfect beings, while the juxtaposed bases are represented by a com-
mingling of inferior organisms"; or, in the words of Linnaeus, "!Xatura soeiat plantas
et animalia ; hoc faciendo, non connectit perfoctissimas plantas cum animalibus
niaximc! imperfectis, scd imperfecta animalia ct impcrfectas plantas consociat. Xaturaj
regna conjunguutur in minimis." The above sentence is the verdict of science.

The more popular view is of course that the world was first clothed with
vegetation, thereby becoming fitted for the support of animal life. This is the view
set forth in the impressive record of Creation attributed to Moses, and of which the
following paraphrase by Vincent Bourne is worth (juoting for the delectation of
the classical reader : —

" Obductas scd adhuc cclabant Kipiora terras.
Omnia poutus erant, jiissit cum cedere tluetus
Omni[)otens Opifex, undisque immensa profunda
I'orix^xit : jussic subito, velut agmine facto,
Conglomerantur aqua>, madidum caput cxerit undis
Fundus, et in valles liinc so submittit apertas,
Aerios illinc tollens ad sidera montes.
Inclusus soevit minitanti murmurc pontus
Attollit(iuc iras, et montes volvit acpuirum.
Frustra! perpetuas Xaturas providus anctor
Opposuit moles, atque insuperabile littus.
Scd s])arsim latis errabant fiumina campis,
Manabant gelidi vario sinuamine fontes,
* Dulci per pronas trepidantes murmure ripas;

No sitiens terra informes aperiret hiatus,
Nc sterilis foret, atque iguavoD campus arena).

' Descriptive and Analvtical Botanv, by Lo llaout and Decaisuc, p. 984. Translated by Mrs.
ii? Hooker, and edited by J. U. Hooker, C.Ii.

2 BURMA, ITS rEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

Ecce ! jutente Deo, flores (t gramina terrte
Induitur fat-ics, riik'nt vernantia prata,
Arvaque partiiriunt nullos expcrta labores.
Exultat tellu?, variaqiie ornata corona
Eidct, et ambrosios circum ditfundit odores.
Scandunt umbroste suprcma cacumina sylv jc,
Montisque asct-nsum superant funesta cupressus,
Et qucrcus tectis, ct pinus navibus aptoe.
Inti'ioa zephyri, et spii'antes moUitcr aurae
Ludunt ; dum rivi serpunt ad margmis eras,
Pinguia qui circum glebis alimcnta ministrant.
Tunc hilaros primum rubuerunt vitibus uva; ;
Tempera tunc diversa anni confusa videres :
Quicquid frugiferis profert auctumnus in horis,
Quicquid promittunt renovati tempora veris
Fructnsque, ot flores, fructus spes pulchra futim,
Oruabant gemino curvatos pondere ramos." '

Dr. Mason prefaces lus account of the Botany of Burma by the following
remarks : —

"Half a century ago, Dr. Buchanan, who accompanied Symes in his embassy
to Ava, made a large collection of plants from the banks of the Irrawaddy. A dozen
years afterwards Felix Carey, an English missionary, collected many curious and
new plants indigenous to Burma, and sent them up to Roxburgh, at the Botanical
Garden near Calcutta, who described them in his 'Flora Indica.'

" After the first Burmese war Dr. Wallich went witli Craufurd in his embassy to
Ava, and his catalogue of plants, collected on this visit, contains 1650 species.
Eight or ten years subsecpent to Dr. Wallich's visit, Dr. Griffith came to the

' Till now the waters hid the buried Earth,
And all was Sea, when He, th' Omnipotent
Creator, gave command they should jield place.
And in their midst the plains of Earth outspread.
At once like serried ranks of ordered host
The seas together ch'aw, whilst from their depth
Profound, the reeking Earth its hulk uprears.
And spreading wide, with Tallies fair between,
The towering hills theii' rugged forms disclose.
The Ocean now with angry murmur chafes.
And gathering wrath, its billows onward rolls.
In mountains piled. In vain, forsooth ! since He,
Th' All -Provident, its certain barriers raised,
And fixed the limits of its utmost sliore.
Kow see ! through spreading plains the rivers wind,
And streamlets murmur o'er their pebbly beds,
And many a grot its cooling font (Ustills,
So no fell drought miglit parch tliat smiling scene,
Kor Earth display a waste of barren sand.
Again behold, at God's creative word
Tlie meacb with flowers, with trees the mountains clothed ;
'Whilst joyous Nature seems around to smile,
And many a flower exhales ambrosial store.
The mournful cypress on the mountain side
Its foliage dark displays, nor far removed
The sturdy Oaks their foodfiU shade extend,
And Pines, to serve the future Shipwright's skill.
Meanwhile around the circling Zephyrs play,
Where grapes in swelling clusters load the vines.
Ko vaiying seasons then demarked the year.
But spring with autimin strove their gifts to blend.
'WHiate'er a renovated spring can show,
Whate'er rich autumn's wont it is to jHeld,
Of flower or fruit, fair earnest yet of more,
In union stranj-'e combine to load the trees.

BOTAXr. 3

Tenasscrim coast, and (luring a residence of fourteen niontlis collected specimens
of 1700 species of indigenous plants.

" Soon after the close of tlie second Burmese war, Dr. MaeClelland was appointed
Superintendent of Forests in I'egu, and in his Keport on the Teak, notices all the
piinuipal timber trees in the country. More recently the llev. C. Parish, Chaplain,
ilaulmain, has paid considerable attention to the botany of the country, and many
of his collection have been described by 8ir J. D. Hooker. He has given special
attention to the ferns and mosses, which had previously been almost neglected."
Thus wrote Dr. Mason in ISCO, but since then, giant strides have been made in
digesting and extending the labours of the earlier pioneers. Dr. MaeClelland was
followed by Dr. Braiidis as Conservator of Torests of J5urnia, and in 18(;2 that
officer published a "List of specimens of some of the woods of British Burma,"
embracing 113 species, of which about two-thirds were alone specilieally determined.
This, of course, was a hastily compiled list for the international exhibition, but it
shows how little was known in those days of the resources of the Burmese forests,
since the above number is only attained by including tlierein worthless woods sudi
as Momakha {Salix), Lepan {Humbax), Letkoh [S/firith'd), Thapon [Ficim), and some
others, utterly without claim to rank among the useful timbers of the Province.

I refer therefore to them nwrely to show how vast and unexplored was the field
that presented itself to the predecessors of the present race of Forest Ofiicers, and
how great was the task before them, of coping with the exuberant wealth of botanical
products in that favoured region. Tliis is no ])laco to pass in review the labours of
these men, but one among them, whoso place knows him no longer, may be specitied,
as to him we owe, not only a full and well-digested account of the general Botany
of Burma, but also the production of a work specially designed for use by Forest
officers, and treating of the branch of botany more specially interesting to them.
That man was Suljiiz Kurz, and the last-mentioned work was his "Forest Flora of
British Burma," which, with his numerous contributions to the pages of the Jouinal
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, constitutes the source wherefrom the present
account of the botany of Btirma is mainly drawn.

Dr. Mason thus concludes his i)rc])aratory remarks on the Botany of Burma :
" "Wlum more attention has been paid to the geograpliical distribution of plants, the
Burmese flora will probably show that the climate of the plains on this coast
corresponds to one on the hills several thousand feet high on the other coast (/.«. of
continental India).

" lloxb\irgh says that a species of oak, Quereus fenentra, is a native of the
mountains in the vicinity of Silhet ; on this coast the same species grows indigenous
not fifty feet above the level of the sea. A gamboge tree, Garcinia pictoria, grows,
he says, ' on the highest parts of Wynaad,' but the same tree grows at the foot
of the hills in Tavoy, which border on tide waters. A species of willow he
describes as ' a native of banks of rivulets and moist jdaces among the Circar
mountains'; but we have a species of willow on this coast which is met on every
stream before the influence of the tide ceases to be felt. The chestnut, Caslanm
Indica, he writes, ' is a native of the hilly frontier of Bengal,' but the chestmit
of this country, Castanea Ilnrtabanica, grows nearly down to the sea-shore. Speak-
ing of the wood-oil trees, Dr. Wright remarks: 'In this neighbourhood, Madras,
several species arc found, but all arc natives of hilly tracts forming the Balaghaut.
In Pegu, wlu^re they abound, they occupy the jilaius.' He refers all the species
of Vatica to the mountains, but we have one that drops its curious winged fruit from
cliffs that overhang the sea. Ardeiiia hiimilis is a conmion shrub at Tavoy, growing
down to the plains, but its habitat on the other coast is ' the Eastern slopes of the
Neilgherries in subal])ine jungle.'

" If'riijhtea U'ullichii, Wright states, is found 'on the slopes of the Xcilghenics
from about the middle of the ascent to the elevation of between 1000 and 5000
feet,' hut 'the original specimens of this species were collected in the Tenasserim
Province.' A species of whortleberry is found from Tavoy to Toung-ngoo, while
all the other species in India are found on the mountains. The rhododendrons are
peculiarly extra-tropical plants, yet Mr. Parish found one iu Tavoy, Mr. Lobb

4 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

another in iTaulmain, and a tliird abounds between Toung-ngoo and the Ecd Karen
table land. The pine is nowhere found at high temperatures, yet it is a common
denizen of our forests from Maulmain to Toung-ngoo. The common English brake
has been found by Mr. Parish as low as one thousand feet above the sea. The silver
feni of Kamptscliatka grows on the fort walls of Toung-ngoo, and a moss that
Mr. Parish g;ithered from a tree in Maulmain has been found on mountains four
thousand feet high in New Cfrenada."

j^o doubt the reason of the difference here indicated between the altitudinal
range of the same or cognate species of plants in Burma and continental India, is
due mainly to the superior humidity of the former province, the heated and dry low
hinds of the latter country not siifHcing for many plants, which are not therefore
met with before a considerable lise above the sea-level has been made, with a
corresponding increase of humidity in the atmosphere. Increased moisture is
naturally correlated with an increase in the vegetable garb of the land, and both
vegetation and moisture react on and promote each other.

I have been myself wonderfully struck with the illustration of this fact, and its
bearings on the climate of the country, atforded by the strip of hilly eountiy east of tlie
Tsittoung, below the frontier. All the hills here, over a thousand feet in height or
thereabouts, are covered with the familiar ' bracken,' and a glorious thing it is to tramp
through this familiar plant of our childhood, in the distant East. The climate, of
course, is found to correspond to the indication the presence of this fern gives, and at
night I have felt none too wami under a blanket in the month of April, when not 20
miles off, a sheet was as much as could be comfortably borne, the difference in alti-
tude at either place being not more say than 1500 feet. At first sight the reason of
this wondrous change in climate ilirectly we cross the Tsittoung is not obvious, but it
really depends on the geological structure of the countiy, or, at all events, in those
places where the contrast is most marked. "West of the Tsittoung is the broad alluvial
plain traversed by the river, bounded by the system of hills of the Pegu range,
composed of Tertiary sandstone very little disturbed. East of the Tsittoung the hills
are composed of ciystalline rocks, traversed by many trap dykes. Kow these dykes
cut the subterranean drainage, and thereby throw up niimerous springs, which
irrigate the surface naturally and difluse abundant moisture, with a corresponding
increase in the density of the vegetation and decrease in the mean temperature.
The quality of the soil produced by the decomposition of these crystalline rocks
may, no doubt, have a share in the result I have described, but it is most largely
due, I feel convinced, to increased hiimidity. Take, for example, a section of the
same sandstone range — the Pegu range — across the valley. A London square does
not offer a greater contrast to the "Palm house" at Kew [nndatis mvtandiis) than
do the arid outer slopes of the range, for years scathed by jungle fires, clearings
and cultivation, to similar hills towards the central ranges, which have escaped the
axe of the nomad cultivator, and are still clad with virgin forest, with its perennial
springs, unimpaired by ruthless clearance over vast areas of Nature's kindly garb.
To pass out of the arid region of these outer hills, in the hot season, into the cool
and moist retreats of the inner hills, is like passing from purgatory into paradise,
and if the trees cannot say as much in words, they indubitably demonstrate the fact
by their looks, growth, and development, and Dr. Mason was therefore enunciating
a simple axiom when he wrote: "The Flora reads a lesson on the climate of the
country, which cannot be mistaken ; and, in accordance with it, where pines and
rhododendrons are found in Toung-ngoo, hoar frost is seen in January."

The present is an appropriate place for reviewing the various descriptions of
Forest, as recognised by the Forest Department, and the trees which characterise
them, as so ably described by Kiirz in his Forest Flora,' and I can only regret that so
much doubt should attach to so many of the Burmese names enumerated therein.

1 Forest Flora of British Burma, by S. Kurz. Calcutta, 1S77.

BO TAX}'.

BURMESE FORESTS.

Tlie forests of Burma are divided by Kurz into two classes, Evergreen and
DeL-iduous, which again arc subdivided as follows :

A.— EVERGKEEX FORESTS.

I. LlTTOEAI, FoRF.SIS. III. TrdPICAL FoREStS.

II. SwAiip FoBESTS. IV. Hill Forests.

B.— DECIDUOUS FOIIESTS.

T. Opex Forests. VIII. Sajjd Du.ve Fokests.

VI. Dry Forests. IX. Bamboo Jcsgles and Savaxxaus.

VII. Mixed Forests. X. Desi-kted Clearings.

Kurz's description of the aliove is as follows, the spelling of the vernacular
names being sliglitly altered, iu accordance with the spelling adopted in this edition,
in cases where the intended pronunciation is known :

A.— EVERGREEX FORESTS.

The evergreen forests consist of trees which are green all the year round,
although a few of thcni shed tlieir leaves alter a certain number of years. In higher
elevations of the JIartaban and Tenasserim hills, they become intermixed with winter
deciduous trees, but these latter are so scanty as not to ail'ect the aspect.

I. Littoral Forests.

These are low-land forests growing on the silty alluvial lands bordering the sea,
but they ascend also the larger rivers as far as the tidal waves. Salt water is the
modifying agent of these forests, and they differ in their aspect according to the
saltness of the water, as ali'ectcd by the influx of fresh water from the rivei's
or from rain. Along the sea itself, and oftim far extending into it, occur JIangrovo
Forests, consisting chiefly of rliizophors, such as I'yu [Rhiznphora, Jlnifficiem, etc.),
Kambala [Sonnendia apt'tahi), La-mu [Sutinerutia ucida and »S'. (inj/it/tii), Butayat
{yEgiceras cornictilata), I'yn-leh-ka-na-zo [Carapa uboviita), and other small trees,
like Kandelia Rheedei, Ceriops, Lumnifzcra raeemosa, Scijphiphora hydruphi/Uatea,
and sometimes Ihownloicia lanccohda. The ground is muddy in the extreme, and
more or less destitute of vegetation.

Further inland, where the ground is inund;itcd only during spring-tides, these
mangrove forests pass into the so-called tidal forests, in which most of the above-
named trees become more subordinate, while Kambala trees [Soiuieratia apctaht) and
Tha-me {Avkennia tomeiilosa) prevail, and with these are mingled Thym-ban {Hibiscus
tiliacei(s), Thespesia populMa),VynAeh-ka-nii-/M{Jreri(ierami?wr),'n\yn-\\yn{Poiigami(i
glabra), TamarixI>idica,Tj.-yoT(A'jra:cariaa(/a//oclia), Kjn-hn-]yn{.i}it idesma diandntm),
Kon-ka-thyt {Eri/thrina ovnlifo/ia), Ye-chin-ya {Da/berffia spiiiosa), Ka-lwa {Cerbera
odallam), Tha-nat {Cordia myxa), Then-boung {Phcvnix paludom), and s(!veral other
conspicuous trees. Shrubs become much developed, of which the following may
be mentioned: Ka-ya {Acanthus ilicifolius), I'yn-leh-kyoung {Clcrodc/idron iiicrme),
Ka-yu {Pluchea Indica), Ta-ma-zok {Glochidion multiloculare), JEgialitis annulata, etc.
Tiiese are often intertwined by Mi-joung-nweh {Ben-is sca>ide>is), Doris uliyiiiosa,
Myouk-goung-nyin {Ikrris sinuata), Acanthus vulubilis, Shway-nweh-pau {Cassi/tha
Jiliformis), asclcpiads such as Einlaysonia, Sarcnlobus, Iluya, etc., and some others.
A fern {Acrostichum aureum) forms dense patches, and so do locally some coarse
grasses, chiefly Cyperus incurralus, and other species; Fan-you {Attdropoyon
muricatus, Lcptochloa Wightii, Eragrostis proccra, Scirpus pcctinatus, etc., along with
a few herl]s which spring u|) in more o])cn localities. i)a-iii {Nipa fruticamt) and
Tha-kyet {I'andanus fwtidus) form locally dense bushes, especially the first named.

6 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND rRODUCTIONS.

II. SwAiir Forests.

Those are inland forests -whit'li occupy the low-lands and depressions of the
alluvial plains. They ai'e usually situated along rivor-courscs, or border the
numerous lakes or 'engs.' The ground is nearly as muddy as in the mangrove
swamps, but it is fresh -water that influences the tree growth here. During
the rains they are more or less inundated, often up to 4-5 feet, and possibly
more. The trees are mostly different from those of the other foi'ests near or around
them, but many of them, if not all, arc again found along marshy river-sides, or
around jungle swamps in the midst of other forests. They are chiefly small-leaved
kinds, such as Yong {Aiiogeissus acuminatus, var.), Tha-yot {Manq/Jcra Imigipes),
Thyt hpyu {XanlJwpliijUiim fflaueiim), further Memecylon pklfiii)//, Ehcocarpus hijgro-
pliilus, Ixora parvifura and /. nigricans, Oonocanjutn Luhhianitm, Dhay-lay-ben
{Si/mplocos h'ucai)t]t(t), a species of Xi/Iosmti (probably X. loiigijhiium), Ye-tha-byay
(Eiifleiiia opcrculata), Ye-gain {Hymeiiocardin TJ^alliihii and II. ^j/Zcff/rt), Morindopsis
copiUaris, JJ'ebern vn/rtifoUa, Kyeh-ni {Burrivgtonia acutanguht), Garcinia siiccifolia,
and many kinds of shrubs, climbing as well as erect, are found here, e.g. Cappan's
dis/icha, Ye-ka-dat {Crafava hiigropliila), Jasmivum sc/indais, Gmelina Asiidica, Nga-
hpyu {Fuchi/gone odorifera and Itoi/dsia obtusifolia), Split nodcsma grossiim, a Tetrncera,
Ban-bwe-nweh {Ancistrodadun Griftithii), Sow-pein-nwch ( Comlreliim irifoUutum and
C. tetragonocarpum), Berris elcgans, uligiiiosa and scimdcns, Su-yit {Acacia 2'cniiafa)
Hoi'bago is scanty, but Thiu-pen or I'in-pwa {Pliriinium dichofomum) is abundant,
and so are in places Za-yap (Zasia), and several kinds of sedge-gasses.

Palms or bamboos are absent. Orchids and ferns abound more or less on the trees.

III. TlLOnCAL FOEESTS.

A characteristic dense mass of trees covers the shady valleys and shady slopes
of the hilly country, and, indeed, wherever shelter and a perennial supply of fresh
water allows their development. These forests are highly developed from Martaban
down to Tenasseiim and the Andamans, and the Arakan Yo-ma and the moun-
tainous parts of Ava show a preponderance of tropical foiests. But in the lower
Cliittagong hills, and all along the Pegu Yo-m'i, they retreat to the deep valleys;
while they are almost absent in the drier districts of Prome and Ava. The
variety of trees in these forests is so great as not to allow a comprehensively correct
picture; for its constituents vary greatly in forest tracts close to each other. The
lofty trees towering above the dense forest mass are chiefly leaf-shedders, especially
Thyt-hpyu (<S7c;T»//ff scaphigera), Let-kok {Sitrciilia fiefida) and Sterciiliacampanulafa,
Thyt-pouk {Tiirameles 7iiidif/or(i), Myouk-tan-yet (Pnrh'a leiop/iglht), 3[aya-nhe;ig
(Acrocarpns fra.fi)i(folius), Ts^o-ho {Alliizzia ZcW/c/t) and Bon-me-za (All/izzia sfijjii/ata),
Pyen-ka-do {Xtjlia dolahriformis), Thajct-Sian {Sin'nfonia Schrenckii), Pa-douk (Ptcro-
carpHS Indicus), Ifyouk-gno {Duahanga sonneratioides), Toung-peing-neh [Atiocarpus
chaphislia and Art. rigida), Myouk-lok {Artocarpus Lacoocha), Ka-thyt-ka {Pcntace
Hiirmanicn), also a good many of lofty wood-oil trees, such as Kan-yin-hpyu
{Dipterocarpns alattis), Kan-yin-ni {Dipferoc/irpits ken's and D. turlinntus), Thyn-ga-du
{Ptiroshorea stcllata), Thyn-gan {Ilopea odorafn), Koung-mhu [Anisnptfera glabra),
further Payena paraUvhneura, Ilmya-sait {Antiaris to.vican'a), IItaii>-kouk-pcn
{Giialteria lateriflora), and many others.

The number of less lofty trees is considerable, and includes such trees as
Nyoung-ben {Ficus laccifera, and other species), Mitrephora vandajhra, Ta-di [Biirsera
scrrata), Khwe-douk {Karriiin'a rolunfa), Che-ben [Scmecarpus alhexcnu), Marlt-a,
Stereospermuni Jbnhriatum, Kyo-ben {Vi/ex peduneiilaris), Yuwe-gyi {Ade»a7)ihera
pavonina), Thyt-ka-do {Ccdrda toona), Pyen-ma-hpyu {Lagcrsfrwmia cah/ciilata),
Zoung-ka-le {Lagcrntr. riUom), Ley-za {Lagerdr. iumenfosa), Thayet {Ilangtfcra
Iiidica), Thyt-niyu (Podocarpus 2>oIgs/arkga), Thjt-to [Satidoricam Indicum), Myoung-
kyap {Ficna oblusiful ia), Myoung-chin (Ficux iiifccforia), Myoung-jieine {Ficus nervosa),
Tha-hprm (Ficus glnniera(a), especially along Choungs, Than-that {Albizzia hicida),
Ta-uyen {Pitlucolobium augtdatum), Thyt-ui [Aiiwora lioMtuka), Dgsoxghn, and other

BOTANY. 7

JUeli'ace/e, Diplospora singularis, YO-hmyot (Treicia nudijhra), YuG-'wun {J/ibiscus
niacrophtjUus), Slui-wu {Sterculia ornata), Elaocarpun, etc.

A host of small trees vegetate in the shade of the loftier trees, but I can mention
only a few of them, swch as Na-ji {Pterospermum, 2-3 sjiecies), "Ma-dor {Garcitiia j-aiifho-
chi/mns), Dalbergia cana, several speries of Diospijros. Pha'bc pubesccns, Na-lyn-kj'or
( Cinnamomiim), several kinds of Oiig-doug; [Tetraniherd), and numerous otlier Laurinetc,
'Knv-lo-hso {ITi/d>iocarpus/ieteroplii/lliis), 'Slyo\ik-o]i.-s]nt{Si/}fioiiodijn<r!asfn'>ui'<),Ka-ii'i-zo
{Baccaiirea siipiih), Micromelum pubescent, Touk-slui-ma {Turpinia pomifera), Sa-kwG
{IVebera opponitifolia) Aglaia, Holignrna IMfiri, M<im ramentacea,^v.-i\vd-a-\a {Geloniiim
Viultiforum), Gycn'^-mn-ok [Ai-disia /iiimilis and A. anceps) ; numerous tig- trees liko
Hsen-tha-lipan (Ficks regla and F. Itoxbiay/iii), Khwii-tan-jin {MilUttia a(ropurpurea),
Ye-ka-thyt {Enjthrina Uthosperma) and along open tliouiigs, J^iigenia formosn, and
numenms otlier speries, Ifi'meojlvn ct'lastrinion, Tliyt-sat (-7/)o/'osrt viJlosula) Ciipnnia,
Cleistantltits tnyrianthus, Sioiibariu macropkijlla, Cleidion Juianictiiti, Touiig-hpeh-wuu
{Mncaranga gummijlua), T,r-lnn-bcn {J-'xcivairia bacciitn), Thyt-ehe ( Castanea Jaranica),
Cyathocalgx Miirtabanicus, Toung-tlia-leh {Gurcinia kgdia), Gareinia cornea, Tha-nat-
tor {Gareinia heterandra), Tseik-che {I'aneoria rubiginosa). Gli/enmis, Tha-nat-khfi
{3lunaga exotieu), Pierasma Jaraniea, Yo-da-y'di [Uelina Walliehii), Heijnea Irijuga,
Jirongmus ; several sjieeies of DioKpyros, e.g. 1). oleifvha, roriegata, etc., Kyet-mouk
{Xephelium hypoleueuin), T^inociera terniflora, Kiu-ba-lyn {Antidemna pubiseens), etc.,
Kya-tlia {ISarriuglunia raeemosa and B. pieroearpa), Vitex lu'terophylla, several
nutmegs liko Za-deip-hpyu [Myrixtica longifolia), Thyt-tan {Mi/ristica cortieosa),
Myristiea Irya, Lepisanfhes Burmaniea, etc. Numerous other trees occur in tliis
sort of forest on the Andanians, -which are not found, or are very rare, on the
continent, like Kap-pa-li-thyt {M/inuiiops litforalis) restricted to the coasts, Hemieyelia
Andamanica, Dipteroearpus Griffilliii, Gau-gor {Mesua ferrea) Terminalia proeera,
Lagerxtra'mia hypuleuea, Pa-ga-nyct-.su {Pomctia tomenf.osa), Braeontomchn syleestre,
Pan-ta-ga {CaluphyUum spectabile), Fagraa raeemosa, Pandanus Andamanensiiim, etc.
As a rule, those tropical forests which grow on metamorphic rocks are richest in
species, while those occurring on tlie soft sandstones and other sedimentary rocks
are ])oorcst in this respect.

The shnibby vegetation is densest along open water-courses in eh^arod spots
and along the outskirts of the forest, and often disappears entirely in the depth
of the damp interior. It consists of such a large variety that I caunot undertake
to sum up the sjjccies. Not a few of them are very powerful climbers, ascending
into the crowns of the loftiest trees and depending from them in various
festoons, or intertwined, or creeping from tree to tree. Amongst these climbers
occur numerous rattans like Yan-ma-htc {Calamus latifoUus), Yan-ma-hte kyen
{Calamus paradoxus). Calamus tigrinus, etc., and also a bamboo called Wa-
iiw(^h {Dinochlua Jfaelellandii, on the Andamans replaced by Din. Andamaniea).
Bamboo often forms a conspicuous undergrowth, consisting of AVa-h])yu-gyi
{Gigantocldoa matrostaehya), AVa-ya {Dindrocalamus longispatlins), K)-a-thoung-wa.
{Bambusa polymorpha), and Wa-tha-hpwot {Pseudosfachyum Ilclferi) ; the gigantic
iVu-bo {Bambusa Brandisii) grow.s up to a height of 90 to 100 feet. I'alms and
screw pines arc dispersed through the forest, and sometimes form almost im-
penetrable thickets, especially Toung-ong {Amiga saeehrifcra), Kwam-thi (I or 2
species oi Areca), Yen-kan {Zalaeea WalUehii), Jlin-bu {Caryota sobolifera), Tsri-lu-ben
{Lieuala peltata), and moro especially Dha-noung {Calamus arborescens) and Tlien-
thcing {Calamus ereetus). Ferns of vaiious sorts and Scifaminea;, and numerous
other herbs, but hardly any grasses, mat the ground in places where the jungle is
less dense and not so dark.

In some tracts, especially in the larger valleys of tlie Eastern slopes of tho
Pegu Yo-nia, tropical and mi.xed forests become to a certain degree fused, and form
a more open but high grown forest. Owing to the free access of light, the ground
becomes overrun with Aeanl/tacea, Clerodendron, Iva-du {Blumea), and other C'omposita;,
Katse-ne {Sida), in short, with such herbage as we find again in tho lower mixed
forests. This sort of forest, whicli I distinguished as ()])cn Trojiical Forest, is
merely a slight variety of the tropical forests, produced by the inllueuco of light
and by a more open terrain.

8 BURilA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODCCTIOXS.

IV. Hill Forests.

The Drier Hill Forests differ considerably from the damp ones, being composed
of low gi'own, and higher up, often crooked trees, while the pines wliieh here appear
in force, remove our thoughts from tropical scenery. According to the prevalence
of jiinos we might classify these hill forests thus :

A.-LEAYED FORESTS.

1. Damp Hill Foresis.

2. Dri/ Hill Forests.

B.—CONIFEROVS FORESTS.

3. Pine Forests.

Further study of the hill forests may possibly cause a further subdivision, but,
for the present pui-pose, I may restrict them to these thi'ce classes only.

Damp Hill Forests.

At higher elevations, say fi'om 3000 or 3500 feet and upwards, the tropical
forest becomes greatly influenced, not only by greater dampness, but also by a
lower temperature. Tree growth is here prodigiously developed, and numerous
trees appear which are not represented at lower levels, such as diverse species
of oak {Qnercus) and chestnuts, Kyan-za {Castatiea tribuloides, etc.), and other
cupuliferous trees, Ternsiroemia Japonica, Buchlandia populnea ; kinds of Tha-bye
{Euyenia) different from those of the plains, temperate Laurinem, Oisfodes pnniculata,
Thyt-myn (Podocarpiis), etc. Palms become less conspicuous, and there appear
numerous small trees peculiar to this region. On the other hand, many trees
numerously represented in the hot lowlands disappear now altogether, or become
very scarce. These are principally members of Dipterocarpcrr, Meliacetc, Sapindacea
(except Acer), Ditleniacea, Stenuliaced, Anacardiacea;, Luthearea, and Snpoiacece.
These forests, distinguished as the Damp Hill Forests, in contradistiuction to the
Drier Hill Forests, are the least explored in Burma, but they may be considered
to form a transition from the true tropical forests to the Dry Hill Forests, which
occupy the exposed ridges and sunny slopes of the hills.

Dry Hill Forests.

These drier liill forests form the nearest approach to tlie temperate forests of
our northern zone, and many an old acquaintance (although specitically different)
is met with in them. The trees are for the greatest part still evergreens, in which
respect they iliffer greatly from the tnie temperate forests (which occur also on the
Higher Alps of India, as on the Himalaya above 8000 to 9000 feet elevation). In
aspect they agree with the forests found on the hills of Southern Europe, but are
much more damp, and consist of a far greater variety of trees, much clothed with
epiphytical plants. The demarcation, however, of this kind of forest from the
■neighbouring damp hill forests, and of this last class from the tropical forests, is
often rather arbitrary.

The trees here represented are chiefly oaks and chestnuts, Kyan-za or Tliyt-ch'i,
Ilyrica sapida, Rhododendron anA Vaccinia, Turpinia JVepalensis, Bucklandia popuhica,
several species of Si/iiiploros. Tor-let-jiet (species of Euri/a), Anncslea monticola,
Pan-ma, {Scliima Noronha), two species of Pi/renaria, Echinocarpus, C'ornui oblonf/a,
Diospi/ros mollis, Andromeda oralifotia, Daphntdium caiidafum, Aperula, and several
other laurels, Hclicia, Garcinia anomala, Pilhecololiwn montanum, Bon-mO-za
{Albiszia siipulata ascended from below) Dilknia aurea, Wendlandia ligustrina,
a few araliaceous trees, chiefly Pleptdjjhurum, etc. A fan-palm {Chamarops khasiana)
looks rather strange in such a society, and a climbing Ptectocomia ascends upwards to

BOTAXV. 9

7000 foet elevation. Eamlioo is still repicsentod by a berry -bearing half-scanileiit
kind {Pseudvstuchijuin glumerijiorum), and liigliiT up a small Arundinaria foi-ms
a veiy dense undergrowth, especially above GOOO feet elevation. The ground is
clothed with grass and lierbs wherever light has free acecss. Brackes [PUris aquilhia)
Jiubiis, Gentians, Galium Saussurea, Giuiphaliuni and Anaphiilix, Sun-dew, Lobelia
Senecio, liuphurum, and some other timbellifers arc some of the European plants
which grow rather profusely on the pastures that occujjy the exposed shapes. One or
two violets, too, are f'reijuently met with along streams in the vallej's. Epiphytes,
orchids, as well as ferns, Ci/rtandracece, etc., interwoven with mosses and lichens,
clothe the branches.

Along the more exposed ridges and unfavourably exposed slopes these forests
become quite stunted, and the tree stems gnarled, and form then the class callid
Stunted Hill Forests. They form the upper limit of the hill forests in Burma, where
(for exam])lc, below the top of the Xattoung) the iVi'umlinarias and llhododendruus
become quite dwarfed and reduced.

Pine Forests.

The pine forests are either quite or nearly free of leafed trees, but the gullies
and valleys that intersect them are usually more or less taken up by drier hill forests,
or both pines and leafed trees are intermixed. They consist entirely of Tyn-yu
(Pi/iits luiHi/a^, and occupy the hilly parts of the Lushai country, Ujjper Ava and
Martaban. The lowest limit to which they descend is about 3500 feet. In Upjier
Tenasserim another pine makes its appearance, viz. Piinis Jfcrhisii, which occurs
chiefly on the sandstone hills of the Thoung-gyeen, in Upper Tenasserim, and
reappears again on the hills of Sutnatra. Forests of this pine are found at such low
levels as 1500 feet, and single trees are localh- found at only 500 feet elevation.

I!.— DECIDUOUS OR LEAF-SHEDDIXU FOllESTS.

From a general point of view the deciduous forests di\-ide into two largo
classes. The first ono consists of trees which shed their leaves by the intluence of
cidd, and are therefore leafless during the winter or cold season. But here again we
have to distinguish between winter deciduous trees, i.e. trees which grow in regions
or zones where snow falls, and cold season shedders, which are not subjected to the
influence of a severe winter cold, but, for some reason or other, shed their leaves after
tlic rains instead at the beginning of the hot season. This latter sort of tree occurs
also in Burma, but these are here very subordinately dispersed through the forests.
The second ])rincipal cla.ss of deciduous forests is composed of trees that shed their
leaves on account of the drvness and excessive summer heat. It is with this class of
forest that the forester in Burma has chiefly to do, for the most important timber trees
are found in them. The variety of trees in all these forests is so much less than in
the evergreen forests that it is more easy to master their constituents and to detinc
their peculiarities.

Y. Ol'ES FoRKSTS.

The open forests are restricted to the newer and low level or older ami high
level alluvium, and occur more especially on laterite, or soil of a lateritic character.
Tho.se growing in the hills show a transition to the drier hill forest ; indeed, grow
sometimes intermixed with them, especially when occupying the debris of meta-
moq)hic rocks, as is tlio case on the ilartaban hills. Those growing on stiff clay and
loam similarly blend with the lower mixed forests along the line of their contact.
In their typical form, as Eng forest they occupy a lateritic or sandy area, and form
a very marked vegetation. I distinguish therefore three varieties.

1. E>i(/ or Laterite Forests.

The principal constituents of this forest are Byu {Dillenia pulctifrrima), Thi ya
{Shorea ohtusa), Eng-jyn {Peiilacme ISiamensis), Jio-bo ( Walsura villosa), ilun-deing

10 BURMA, ITS P£OPLE ASB PRODrCTIONS.

{LopJinpelalum Wallichii), Myoiik-zl {Zizi/pJnis Jujiiha), Lam-bo (Biichanania latifulia),
Thyt-sl {i\[chmorrh(ra usitata), Dan-yat {Si/mplocos racemosa), Tu (Diospi/ros Bir-
inanica), Ta-sha {Emblica ojficinalis), Zi-hpjni {Einhlica macrocarpa), En-gycn [Aporosa
macrophijl/ii), Ye-ma-iieh {Aporosa villosa), Yin-daik {Balberffia cuUrata), Wendhindia
tinctoria, Htouk-kyan {Tenninalia macrocarpa), Ban-bwe {C'arei/a arborea), Kon-
pyeng-nia {Lagerdrwiuia macrocarpa), Kha-boung {Strijclinos nux-romica), Na-bbe
{Odina icodier), Tin-gat {Gardenia obtusifoliu), Tha-mc-n-sa-ni {Gardenia turgida),
Tha-b J e-bpyu {Eugenia jamholana), Sideroxylon parrifolinin, NG-u-weh {Flaconrtia
sapida) and otbers. The Eng {Bipterocariius tubercidatus) is the characteristic
tree of this forest. Mu-daing ( Cgcas Siamensis) is plentiful in the Prome Forests.
Palms are represented only by a stemless date palm {Plixnix acaulis), called Then-
boung, and here and there by an erect much reduced rattan, called Kycn-kha
{Calamus gracilis). Of bamboo are seen only lly-in-'wa {Dcndrocalamus strictus),
and less so Hti-wii {Bambusa ttilda) along the outskirts of tlie forest. Climbing
vcget ition has almost disappeared. Ferns are rare, but orchids and some asclepiads
are plentiful. The shrubs here are meagre and sparse, but still exhibit great
variety of species, and the same may be said of the clothing of the ground.
The display of gaudy flowers during the hot season on the trees, as well as
on the ground, is often very striking. Where depressions occur, tliey are usually
filled up with stiff clay inundated during the rains, and such places ai'e more or less
densly covered by tluu ihj grass and sedges.

2. Eill Eng Forests.

These forests occupy the ridges of the outer hill ranges of Sfartaban and
Upper Tenasserim, where they luxuriate, either on latcrite formed by decompo-
sition of the underlying rock, or on debris of metamorphic rock. In general
aspect they agree with the Eng forests of the plains, but numerous trees occur
in them which are peculiar to them, or very rare in those of the plains. The
Eng {Bipterocarpus fuberculatus) is still represented here; but is often replaced by,
or intermixed with, two other wood-oil trees, viz. Bipterocarpus costatus and
B. obtusifolius. Other conspicuous trees are Eiigelliardlia villosa, Quercus Brandisiana
and Q. Baneana, Pan-ma {Scliima Bancaiia). Thyt-sI {MelnnorrJitca glabra), Castanea
tribuloidcs, Tristania Burmanica, Annedea fragrans, etc. Various trees of the true
Eng forests, and of the drier hill forests sometimes associate, like Doung-tsat-pya
{CallicarjM arborea), Billenia aurea, JRhus Jacanica, Vernonia acuminata, etc.

3. Low Forests.

These are only a modification of the true Eng forest, being, so to say, a mixture
of trees from the lower mixed forests with Eng forest trees. The stiff clay on which
they grow does not allow the Eng tree to flourish, and, indeed, all the laterite-
loving trees, such as Thi-ya, Eng-jyn, and the like, disappear, while certain trees
like Yen-daik {Dalbergia cidfruta), Htouk-kyan {2'erminalia macrocarpa), Kha-boung
{Strychnos nux-vomica), and such like, often become very prevalent.

TI. Dry Fokesis.

Travelling northwards, and leaving the alluvial and sandstone tracts, we enter
in Prome peculiar forests, growing chiefly on calcareous sandstone, but often
intermixed with, or passing into Eng forests, where gravelly or ferruginous
deposits constitute the surface. These are the diy forests, characterized by a
number of trees that are not found elsewhere, except on calcareous sub-strata,
and many of which reappear in Hindustan. They are chiefly foiTued of Sha
{Acacia catechu), Ta-noung {Acacia leucoplila-a), Eug-jyn {Peutacme Siamensis),
Stercidia versicolor Uiptuge albicans, Ta-jui-ben {Ilarrisonia Bennettii), Ta-ma-kha
{Melia Azedarach), on the hills Yeng-ma or Y'im-ma [C/iickrassia velutina), Zi-ben
{Zizgplms jujuba), Chop-ben {Biospgros montana), Ka-bu {Cumbretum apctalum),

HOT A XV. 11

Tlia-leh ( f'VwK? lancifoUa), on the hills Than tat {Albizzia lucida), Btj-bya {Cratoxt/Jon
nen (folium), Ta-nat ( Tcdona llamiUunii), locally Khu-pan {llymcnodiclyon thyritjluruin),
Ta-])ouk-ben [Dalbcrgia jxinicidiifn), Tliyt-sa-nwuni; {Dalhergia niyiracens), Lct-khok-
gyi {Ilo/iirr/ieiia laitidi/soiferica), Kha-houn^ [S/ri/chnos potn/onim and S. fiux-vomica),
Hpa-lan {Iluuhiiiia raccmomi), BwC-cheng [Ihinhinia variegatd), Xi'-u-W(.'h (l-'lacoiotia
sapida), Ehretia lavis, Rhus panicuhitu, Jforinda (omi-nto-sn, ^'ab-lie {Odina u-odier),
Ta-slia [Emblica officinal^), Tha-byG-lipyu [Eiiyniia jamholana), Kvft-yd {Viiex ahita
and V. limonifoUa), Vitex canescens, Kouns-klnva {Capparis auricoma), Premna
viburnoides, Tha-khwotma {Spalliodea Rheedei), etc. With those associate nnmerons
other trees from tlie Eng forests, as Enj; [ Dipterocarpiis (uberculaiiis), here
and there Thi-ya [Sliorea vbfusa), Lam-bo {liiichandnia lalifulla), Te {Dioxpi/ros
BiniKDiica), and such like: also from the mixed forests, ,Tio {Sckkichera trijuya),
Byn-ga {Nauclea rot iindi folia), I'yen-ka-iio or I'yn-ka-do [Xijlia dolitbriformia), Ko-ko
(Albizzia Lebbek), Th)-t-pok [Dtlbergia purpurea), Ky\von-na-l3-n [Premna fomeiituna),
Teak of inferior growth, Yong {Anogeissus acuminatus), Di-du or Let-pan I^Bumbax),
Chin-yok {O'aruga pinna/a), etc.

The shrubs are scanty and similar to those of the Enp; forests, but of a more
thorny or prickly nature Several species of arboreal Euphorbice {E. nivulia and
E. antiquorum), called Sha-zoun<;, attract the eye on account of their curious
slui])o and growth. Palms aud bamboos are the same as those observed in the
Eng forests. Tlio Sha {Aracia catechu) often gets the supremacy, and there are not
a few almost pure Sha-forests in the I'romo district. Higher on the lidges, above
2000 feet elevation, a small e looked tree [ILptagc albicans) appears in force,
associating with similarly crooked low trees of Ycn-daik [Balbergia cultrata),
Bwe-clieng {Bauhinia variegata), Di-du [Bomhax insignc), Ta-sha {Embliea officinalis),
Zyn-bwon {Dillenia pentagi/na) and others, and these forni the Upper Dry Eor(!st.
Here also some temperate forms ajipear for tlui first tinui, such as a beautiful
e])iphytic Vaccinium ( F. rcrlicillalum), a large llcracleam, an epiphytic llgmenopogun,
and a few others.

A'll. iriXKD FoIlKSTS.

These forests are, no doubt, the most important ones to the forester in Burma,
and occupy at least two-thirds of the whole area of Pegu ])roper, Chittagong,
and Arakan, while they arc less developed in Martaban, Tenasserim, aud the
Andamans. I have adopted (with sliglit alterations) the divisions of these forests, as
distinguislied by Dr. Brandis, in his report on the Attaran Forests in 1860. They
are, as a whole, well demarcated in all the tracts from Chittagong and Prome
southwards as far as the Tsittoung; but east of that river, on the metamoriihie strata,
they become much nuisked by tlie surrounding forests. This is no doubt partial!}-^
owing to the influence of the substratum, which is here so favourable to most kinds
of trees, while alluvium and the soft sandstone excludes many kinds tliat are common
enough on a substratum of metaraoqiliie rocks. On the Andamans they are also less
demarcated, altliougli here growing on the same sandstone as that of Pegu ; but here
the more soutluiHy latitude, and more especially tlic insular climate, has a share in
this modification.

1. Upper Mixed Forests.

These arc restricted to rocky and hilly situations, but differ somewhat in aspect
accordinglv as they grow on soft siliceous sandstone, or on nietamoridiie rocks. On
the latter substratum, the trees are not .so straight, neither do they grow so tall,
and are accompanied by such trees as Pa-douk {Pterocarpus), several Ternstrw-
miace(t, and certain Jfeluurc. The chief trees are here Pyn-ka-do {Xglia dolabri-
formis), Teak or KywOn-bcn {Tcctona grandis), Tha-byC-hpyu {Eugenia jambolana),
Di-du or Let-pan ' {Bombax insigne), with while and scarlet flowers, Slia-hpyu
{StereuUa versicolor), Slerculia fo'tida, Sha-ni {Sferculia villosa), Xa-ji {Ptcro-
sj/ermum semisagittaium), Chyn-yok {Garuya pinnaia), Ta-di {Bursera serrata), Che

13 BURMA, ITS PEOriE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

ySemecarpus j)an(ltiratus), Gwe [Spondias mangifera), Hpaii-ga (^Tirminalia (omcn(cUa),
Htouk-kyrm [Terniinidia creiiuIata),'Lt:i\ {Termiiialia pi/rifo/ia),'l'hyt-stm {Ten/iinalia
be/erica), Youg {Anogeissus acuminatus), Pyeng-ma or Pi-ma {Lagerslroemia rfffina),
Leh-za {Lagcrstrcemia fomenlosa), Myouk-slior [HonuiUnin tumentosiim), Tseik-gyi
{Briedelia retusa), Thyt-pa-grm [Jldlettia Brandisii), Tha-nat {CoriUa grandis),
Tem-a-ne ( Gmelma rt/'iorca), '1 liyt-pok {Dalbergia purpurea), Hnor (Kiiueha cord if olid),
Byn-ga [Nauclea rotundifulin), Kyot-yo ( Vitex alata), Thyn-wyn {Mdlettia leucuntha),
Ouk-chyn-za {Diospyros ehretioidcs), Kywon-na-leng {Premna toinenlosa), Be-bya
i^Cratoxylon neriijoliuni), '^^et-shov {SterciiJia colorata), Meli-za-li or Toung-meli-za-li
{Cassia siamea), !Ngu-thcmg {Cassia nodosa), Kha-boung {Strgchnos nux-romica),
Nab-lie (Odiiia ivodier), Dwa-ni {Eriolacna CandoUei), Thyt-yin ( C/'o<o» ollongifolium),
Ke-u-weli {Flacoiirtia cataphrada), Ka-dwot {Ficus hispida), Ye-klia-ong {Ficus cunia),
Kha-ong {Ficus conglomerata), and others. Large-sized bamboo, Kyii-tboung-wa
{Bamhusa polymorplm), Tyn-wa {Cephalosfachgum pergracile), and in diier situations
ilyin-wa {DeitdrocaJamus strictus), Ibrm tbc chief undergrowth, intermixed with such
trees as Lyn-k5"or {DiHenia parriflora), Lyn-bywon {Dtllenia Pcntagyma), Ma-da-ma.
{Dalbergia ovate and I), glauca), P_yn-te-yor {Orewia clastica), Pyi-zin {Antidcsma
CThaseniiUa), Let-khok-thein {Uularrhena pubesccns), Kbyoung-ya {Calosanthus Indica),
Sha-ma {Emblica albizzioides), Ta-sha [Emblica officinalis), etc.

Falms are represented by Za-noung ( Wallichia), Min-bu ( Carynta urens), and
a few Rattans. Shrubs are here few and meagre. Climbers, although mostly
powerful ones, and therefore injuiious to tree growth, play a subortlinate role. The
herbage is scattered, and the grey or yellowish soil is everywhere exposed during
the diT season. The greater moisture and shade along favoui-ably exposed slopes,
and of deep valleys, permits the growth of wood-oil trees, as Kan-yin-hpyu {Biplero-
carpus ahtus), Kok-ko [Albizzia Lebbelc), Shor-htu {Beilschmiedia lioxbiirghii), Kyonng-
touk {Paganclia innllijaga), Ma-ni-okka {Corallia integerriina), Ye-the-hpan {Ficus
glomerala), Wa-ya {Bcndrocalamus longispathus), and other shade-loving trees.

2. Loiccr 2Iixc(l Foreds.

These forests occupy the alluvium and lowlands of the country, and principally
consist of the same kind of trees that grow in the upper mi.xed forests, liut their
growth is much lower, and the undergrowth is, moreover, a different one. To those
trees already mentioned as growing in the upper mixed forests must be added
chiefly Htouk-sha {Vitex Icucoxylon), Dwa-bok {Kydia caJycina), Di-du {Bombax
malabariciim), Ma-lwa {Spatliodca siipulaia), Tha-kwot-ma {Spathodea Rheedii),
Hpet-than {Heterophragma adenophylla), Thyt-ma ji {Albizzia odoratissima), Syt
{Albizzia procera), Htein {Nauclea divcrsifolia), a few species of the section of
Urostigma, of Ficus, especially Ficus geniculata, Ngu-gyi {Cusia Jistula), C!he-ni

^{Barringfonia acutangula), Hman-hpyu {Randia uliginosa), Hsay-than-paya {Randia,
longispma), Hinan-ni {Gardenia eryfhroclada), Ma-ji-bok {Gardenia sessifora),
Ta-bwot-gyi {Miluisa velutina), Dwa-ni {Eriolacna CandoUei), Myat-ya or Myaiya
{Greioia micrucos), Grewia laivigata, Casearia canziala, Ta-chan-za {Ueterupanax

fragrans), Thyt-hswe-le {Schrebcra siaietenioides), ^jct-yo {Vitex piabescens), svyoral
kinds of Ta-ma-sok {Glochidion), Na-lin-jyo {Cinnamomum), Bwe-zyn {Bauhinia Mala-
harica), Thyt-pyoung {Kauclea sessifoUa), Anam or Anan-bo {Crypteronia panicxdaia'),
here and there Ka-na-zo {Baccaurea sapida), Berris robusla and others. The bamboo
here is chiefly Tyn-wa ( CepliaJostacliyum pergracile), AVa-hpyu-ga-le ( Gigantochloa albo-
ciliata), and Ti-wa {Bambusu Tulda), but these are scattered in patches and do not
form such an uninterrupted undergrowth as the bamboos on the hills. Climlxrs are
numerous and of various descriptions, and I will mention only the more powcii'ul or
more common ones. These are Pouk-nwch {Batea superba and B. parriflora), Kon-
nyin-nweh {Eiitada scandens), Tha-bwot-nweh ( Uvaria niacropliylla), Tor-zi-nweh
{Zizyphus anoplia), Khwe-nweh {Colubrina pubesccns), several vines, but chiefly Yen-
hnoiing-nweh ( Vifis Linnai), Chyn-douk-nweh-zouk ( Vitis latifolia) Wun-u-uweh or
Myeh-zu-nweh ( J^'th's eryfhroclada), Yen-hnoung-peing-nweh ( Vitis auriculafa) Kyi-ni
or Kyi-che-nway ( Vitis lanccolaria), further Da-ma-ngeh-nweh {Millettia extensa),

noTAxr. 13

Nwcli-bok [P<etlerialaHiig!nos(i), Kyonng-ehot {^fuzoneuron citcul/itdim), Kyonng-n;}-et-
nweli {Pterohbium mttcroptcnun), Su-yit {Acacia pennata), Su-pwOt-kn-lu-iiwtli {Acacia
glaitceacens), JJouk-trt-Iong [Dalbtrgiu stipidacea), Fueraria Caiidullei, KwG-loli-Tiweli
(Miiciina prurita), Kwe-leli-bwot-nwcli {CanavaUa luceiis), Halu-lct-wri {Hcptaplcurum
renidosum), Useu-iuii-no-pyiii {Briedelia stipidaria), Xuluiuii-bo {Mallotm repnndus),
Tlui-mri-klui-nweh (C >it/ea tomentosa), Xw(.'li-s;it-nwi'h [Si/mplivrema iiirolucratiim),
Ku invcli {Si/m/iorc»ia uiiyueculatam), suvoral species of Cuiiibredim. like Ivyet-tet-iiweh
{Comb, squamostaii), Mo-nia-khri-nweh {C. extcnauni) and Tlui-iua-ka-uway [C. dccan-
dnim), K\vot-ne-n\vuh [Cali/copteris lioxbttrghii), several ('ucuiliitacoa^, Kweh-elio
{Thunbergiu laurifuUa), Na-sliagyi ( Cnjptolepis Bttchanani), Fagraa obovata, some very
sliowy ttowereil Conro/culdcece like U-iiiyn [Ipomea Xantaniha), Kya-liiii-ka-le-nweli
{Ipo-nea vitifolia), Toung-ka-zim {Argijrei:i capifa(a), 0-limou-iiweh {Arggreia barbi-
gera), 0-iia-kdp-nweli {Argyreia populifolia) ami others.

Herbage and slirubbery, although not dense, is more conspicuous, and in
places even luxuriaut, especially along choungs. Parasitic Loranthacea, all called
Kyi-poung, and mistletoes, Thyt-long, of tlie liurmese, are here more plentiful than
in any other forest, except in the iSavannah forests, and in the cidtivated jilains.
As might be expected, Teak is of inferior growth and more dispersed through
the forest.

Towards the banks of the larger rivers coarse grasses (usually called elephant
grass) overrun the ground, and the trees become hero very scattered. The subsoil
seems often be to here waterlogged more or less, and hence the trees become very
short stemmed and stunted, for a subterranean sheet of water acts upon the roots
like an impermeable stratum. The trees that can withstand such a condition are
not numerous, and arc chicily Ok-neli {Shrb/us nxper), Pouk {Butea frondosa), Htcin
{Xauclea panifolia) Thyt-pcHJUg or Thy-kala {Xuuclea sessilifolia). Byn-ga (Xaiic/ca
rofundij'olia) Tha-hpan (Ficns Vluttiigonga), Niounghpyu (Ficus liumphii), Yen-daik
{Dalhergia cullrata), Thyt-pok {Ihilbergia purpurea), Pam-bwe [Cari'ga iirburea),
Pyeng-ma or Pi ma {Lagrr-sfra'iiiia J/n.H-regi>irt), I.en {'I'crminalia pgrifnlia), Klia-boung
{Strychiwn nux-romiea), Touk-sha {I'itex kiicoxg/oii), Sha {Acacia catechu), Kywon or
i'eak, Zi-ben {Zizgphus Jujuba), Pyi-zyn {Antidesma ahtisembilla), Nab-he {Odiiia
irodier), IInian-h])yu {Itaiidia uliginona), Tamin-tsa-hpyu {Gardenia sessilijlora), Syt
{Albizzia eluta), Ong-dong {2\t ranthrra Jlo.rburghii), and others. Often only one or
a few trees ineiitioned here are found scattered over large tracts of these Savannahs.
The only bamboo occurring here is Kya-khat-wa {Bambusa urundinacea).

YHI. DUXE FORKSTS.

These forests offer many peculiarities, which make it desirable that they should
1)0 separated from the other forests. They partake, now more of an evergreen,
now of a. deciduous forest, and grow exclusively on the calcareous sand, con-
sisting of the fine fragments of sludls and corals tlirown uj) on the sea-shore.
Forests gi-owing along the actual beach may be termed Peach Forests, but
they only constitute a very slight variety of the true Dune Forest. This latter
grows on the sand-dunes along the shore, formed by the calcareous sand blown
inwards from the sea, and which Dunes are on many islands of the Malay Archipelago
as extensive as arc those of Holland. In Burma, only Beach Forests are found,
except possibly in Tenasserim, West of Tavoy, where apparently extensive dunes,
with typical dune forests (consisting mainly of Casuariiia), seem to occur. They
are greatly intersected by outrunning ridges and the silty debouchures of rivers.
The cocoa-palm seems restricted to tliose of the Cocos Islands, and to a few ])lacc3
along the western coast of North Andaman. In those of Burma we find chietly
Thyn-wyn {Poiigamia glabra), Pyn-hdi-ka-thyt {Ergthriua Lidica), Di-du {JSombax
Malabaricum),T\\ym-\yMi {Jlibincus ti/iaccus), Tsat-thali-hpyu {Pandanus odoratissimux),
Alyn-ga or Myeng-ka {Cgmomcfra bijuga), Gucttarda speciosa, Mong-taing {Cgca.i
Itumpliii), T/ienpixia popul/iea, Pyn-lch-litan {Sc<ci-ula Kocnigii), Termiiudia catappa,
Tha-bye-hpyu {Eugenia Jacanica), Afzelia bijuga, Kyeh-gyi {Barringlonia upcciosa),
Pong-nyet {Calop/igllum inophijlhnn), Atalantia macrop/iglla, Dcsmodium umbcllalum,

14 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODCCTIOXS.

Hernandia peltata, Sop/iora tomentosa, Nab-h5 ( Odiiia readier), OcJirosia sahiiris, Ccrhrra
odallitm, Briedelia glauca, and such-likt trees. These forests are open and pretty
sunny, and slinibs are here plentiful and often entangled witli twiners, while creep-
ing grasses (chiefly Ischmmum muticum) and Ipomxas, especially Pynleh-ka-zun
{_Ipoiiuea pes-carpra!) cover the loose sand.

In addition to Forests, properly so called, may be further enumerated :

IX. ISaIIBOO JrXGLES AND Sataxnahs.

These two varieties can hardly be reckoned amongst forests, although they
certainly may be claimed as forest land, and as being the undergrowth of forests.

Tlie Bamboo Jungles are characterized by the groat uniformity of their aspect
and by the poorness of their undergrowth, no doubt caused by the dense and
injurious shade which the bamboo spreads all around. Seldom do we find more
than two ditfercut kinds of bamboo in the same jungle; they may therefore be
distinguislied by tlie kind of bamboo of which tliey consist. >So we have in Burma
jungles of ilyin-wa [BendrucaJdmua stricfa.i), Tyn-wa {C/pJialosfuchi/i/m pergraeiie),
Kya-thoung-wa [Bamlusa pol//i/iorpJni), Wa-hpyu-gale {Gigaiitocldoa albo-ciliata) or
Wa-ta-bwot {^Pseudostuchyiim Melferi), and others. Kya-kat-wa [Bainbusa ai'undi-
nacea) jungles are found often in the alluvial plains near large livers. These
bamboos flower all simidtaneously, after a lapse of years, and then die off. Then
numerous light-loving plants and slmibs and also tree seedlings spring up, and it is
at such periods that one cannot predict with any certainty whether the next
generation will be again a pure bamboo jungle, or whether the saplings of the trees
will not get the supremacy, keeping down the young bamboos as undergrowth.

The Savannahs are the undcrgi-owth of the Savannah forests and as such do not
differ from these in any point except that they arc void, or nearly so, of trees. They
seem to owe their existence chiefly to inundation, at least their distribution along
the rivers pretty well coincides with the area of regular inundation during the rains.
The grasses are all coarse ones, so coarse indeed that the haulms of some become
as woody as those of certain bamboos {Anindinaria) and grow up from 6 to 10 feet
in height. By far the greater part consists of the Thokay-gyi iScccharum sponfuneum),
Hpoun-ga {Snrcliarum procenim), Myet-yii [Poh/toca luierocUta), Kyu-na-bjm {Aruiulo
Ruxburghii) and Kyu {Ant)ido Madugaacarioms). Sometimes Thet-keh-nyin (Ii/ipcrnta
eylindn'ca), a low grass, covers larger tracts. Towards the tidal zone I'an-yin {Aiidro-
poffon niuricnlua) and wild sugar cane {Saccharum spnntmieum) are the princijial
constituents intermixed with Eragrostis procera, Cypen, etc.

X. Deserted Cleaeings.

Large tracts of forest are yearly felled by the natives for the cultivation of rico.
As soon as the harvest of the first, second, or third year is over, these lands are-
deserted and form touvgi/a punzoh or briefly punzohs, i.e. deserted culture land.
Weak herbs of cultivation, chiefly light-loving Composita, Mahacea, etc., spring up
in dense masses, which soon must give way to coarse grasses and shrubs, amongst
which tree seedlings struggle for existence. Often (especially on the hills) coarse
grasses soon occupy the whole surface and form a sort of hill savannah consisting
usually of Ta-ma-zaing or Taniyn-sain-ben {Panicum acarifcrum), and Myet-ya
{Pulytoca heteroclita), rarely of Thek-keh-nyin {Impcrata cylindrica). In other
localities, where bamboos around such dealings flowered, bamboo-seedlings spring
up and choke all other vegetation except light-loving quick-growing sapling trees.
Local relations chiefly regulate the nature of the coming jungle, but, as a rule,
such deserted clearings revert into forests similar to, or identical with those that
pre-existed on them."

15

BOTANY.

EERATA TO ALG.E, MUSCI, FILICES, AND ORCHIDEJE.

VOL. 11.

Page 19, line I, for CHJETOPTORACEM, read CH^TOPHORACE/E.
19, ,, 6,/or CnjELornoE.v, n-rtf/ Cn.ETornoKA.

33, ,, 25, for cuinaiurixcs, read cixxAiiARixrs.

34, ,, 35, /or BiusiLiKNSi, reac? Brasiliexse.

34, ,, 39, /«/• Akcyxa, >Y«rf AiicYEiA.

35, line thiixl from loot, for Usnia, read Usnea.
37, ,, 5, for Stercodon, read Stereodon.
37, ,, 15, for ophylla, read aphylla.
39, line fifth from foot, for m\'^tc, read fl-^/trn'.

71, ,, 34, ybr TKXCIEUO.VS, n'(?(^ TESEIUFROXS.
81, ,, 15,y()r rlLOSEDOIDES, rea;^ PILOSELI.OIDKS.

157, ,, 34, yb;- 5-8 feet, rwrf 5-8-flowered.

161, ,, 46, /or V]:stila, /-farf \'ESTiTA.

162, ,, 9,/or vestila, rcrtrf VESTITA.
186, ,, 13, /or flowered, /•(.■(Tf/ fruited.

or Cohorts aud much general information are directly (lerivid from th.it work. The generic charactera,
however (wlu-re given), are basf-d ou de.scrlptions by Kurz, and for tlie bulk of the specific determinations
and hatjitats Kurz is also tlie principal authority, and n.s he had before him all Dr. Jlason'.s materials,
no turtlier special acknoHledgnient is necessary, save in tlie few instances where a species is given
by Mason, but not included by Kurz in his list. The valuable a.ssistancc so freely given by the
Kov. C. lansh has been already elsewhere acknowle<iged. The initials A'., M., P., rcspectiycly stand
for Kurz, Mason, Turish. i > > i j

14 BUinfA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

Hernandia peltata, Sophora toinentosa,'Kah-he {Odina wodier), Ochrosia salulris, Ccrlera
odallum, Ilriedelia glauca, and siich-liko trees. These forests are open and pretty
sunny, and shrubs arc here plentiful and often entangled with twiners, wliilc creep-
ing grasses (chiefly Ischiemum muticnm) and Ipomam, especially Pynleh-ka-zun
[_Ipoma:a pes-carpra) cover the loose sand.

In addition to Forests, properly so called, may be further enumerated :

IX. Bamboo Jungles axd SAVASN.tns.
Ti,,3Qo f-crn v.irleties can hardU" be reckoned amongst forests, although they

ijOCHL iUiaiii.»U5 ^,1111..., *^w«. ^..

J t? " — —
such deserted clearings revert into forests similar to, or identical with tliose tuac
pre-existed on them."

15

B 0 T A N Y

Plants are divided into two great divisions : PIIANEIlOGAilS or plants bearing
more or less compk'to flowors and ])rodueinj; perfect seeds wherein an embryo is con-
tained ; and CllYl'TOGAMS or tlowerless plants, which have no true seed, but
are propagated by spores consisting of minute or uiicroscopic cells.'

Sub-Kingdom I. CRYPTOGAMS,

ACOTYLEDONOUS, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

Stamens and ovaries none. Propagation by means of homogeneous
spores, consisting of a single cell.

CLASS I. THALLOGEXS.

Axis of growth ixDETKUMrxATE, guowth taking place chiefly pekiphericallt

AND IIOiaZOXTAI.LY. PlAXTS WHOLLf COMPOSED OF CELLULAR TISSUE. EePRODL'CIIVE
OBGAXS VAIUOCS. SpORES XOT DEVELOPING A PROTHALLUS IX GERMIXATIOX.

Thallogens are divided into Algje, Fungi, and Lichens.

ALGALES.

Usually highly-coloured plants, aquatic, or natives of damp rocks, walls, etc.,
sometimes frondose, at others reduced to a few cells or a single cell. Fructitication
monoecious or dioecious, sometimes of .special cells of two sexes, sometimes of
simple mobile spores, sometimes of antheridia and sporangia, which are free or
inclosed in capsules.

The lists of the Burmese Alga;, Fungi, and Lichens arc thus given bv the
Rev. C. Parish.

' The nrranf;cincnt of the Botanical portion of this work is generally tlint of ' Jl.iout and
Dccaisne' (Diseriptive ami ,\nal_vlical liotany, Longmans. Green auj Co., lS7li\ modilied to .suit
the English student by Sir J. I). Hooker, and the brief eharaeters appended to the Group of Orders
or ' Cohorts,' and much general information are directly derived from that work. The generic elianictcra,
however (where given), are based on descriptions by Kurz, and for the bulk of the specific determinations
and habitats Kurz is also the principal authority, and ns he had before him all Dr. Mason's materials,
no further special acknowledgment is necessary, save in the few instances where a species is given
by Mason, but not included by Kurz in his fist. The valuable assistance so freely given by the
Rev. C. Parish has been already elsewhere acknowledged. Tho initials A'., M., i*., respectively stand
for Kurz, Mason, I'arish.

16 BUR.)fA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

ALG.E, OR THE ALGAL ALLIANCE.
The term Alfja is one of very wide signification, including not only those plants

commonly known as seaweeds, but also a large number of aquatic cryptogams, among

"wbieh are to be found the lowest and most minute forms of vegetable life.
The following remarks are from Mr. Berkeley, in Treasury of Botany : —
"There is no English word which will comprise the whole. Alga; are di^-ided

into three great classes, each of which contains a number of very distinct groups.

These three classes are characterized by the colour of their seeds, which correspond

for the greater part with the general tint of the plants.

" I. ]\Ielanospermea?, or Olive-spored.
" II. Rhodospermea;, or Rose-spored.
"III. Chlorospermefe, or Green-spored.

"The first of these comprises the olive-coloured species, which, from their size
and abundance, are so conspicuous on the sea-shore, or which fioat in dense masses,
sometimes many leagues in extent, on the surface of the ocean. On the coasts of
Great Britain they attain the length of twenty feet or more, and in the genus
Laminaria individuals are sometimes large enough to be a load for a man. But
this is nothing to the size they attain in the Southern Seas, or even in some parts
of the Northern hemisphere. Individuals of the genus Maerocystis attain a length
of a hundred feet or more ; and Lessonia forms submarine forests, the stems re-
sembling trunks of trees. Some of the lower species have nothing Kke leaves, and
are reduced to mere inarticulated threads, or a shapeless mass.

"The second class comprises those charming seaweeds, remarkable for their
elegance of form, delicacy of texture, and brilliancy of colour, which attract the
attention of all wanderers along the coast. These are often very abundant, but tliey
seldom attain any considerable size, and some of them are as delicate as moulds.

"The third class contains most of the smaller species, in which the frond
seldom assumes the form of a membrane, but is more fi-equently reduced to a mere
thread, or even to single articulations."

There is a great dearth of " Seaweed" on the Burmese coasts, that is to say,
of those large leathery olive-coloured kinds with which our British shores are strewn.
One may walk for miles along the sandy shores of Tenasserim and not find one. Nor
are the rocks, which the receding tide leaves exposed, clothed with the smaller
and more beautiful kinds — rose or green-coloured — to the extent they are at home.

In the place of seaweed, the rocks are covered with corals, sponges, sea-anemones
and shells, the marvellous variety and beauty of which (especially in the Andaman
Islands) enchant the lover of nature, as he wades among the rocks at low water,
or looks down from his boat into the clear depths beneath him. Seaweeds, certainly,
do not form a conspicuous feature in the Botany of Burma.

But although " Seaweeds" as the word is commonly understood, are very scarce,
" Alger" in the wider sense which science gives to this term, as inchuling both sea
and fresh-water weeds, are sufficiently numerous.

The following catalogue of species (mostly fresh-water weeds and some of them
extremely minute objects) goes to confirm this statement. The species here named
were all collected by the late 3Ir. Sulpiz Kurz, and were determined for him by
Professors Martens and Zeller.

Among the lower Algte are found the smallest forms, and what indeed appear
to he, the first germs of vegetable life. It is here that the limits of the animal and
yegetable kingdom are by some thought to be confounded.

Coiiferracece are, to the naked eye, merely green slimes ; but, under the microscope,
they are seen to consist of threads of extreme tenuity iilled with green granular
matter, which is sometimes arranged in definite patterns.

Desmidtaceee are microscopic plants, also of a green colour, with a gelatinous
exterior and of very variable form. They are reproduced by division after conjugation.

Diatomacem arc minute organisms consisting of joints or frustules of a siliceous
texture, variously combined in a gelatinous medium, and generally brown in colour.
These siliceous frustules arc among the most beautiful of microscopic objects. But,

ALGjE. 17

thoucli intlividually so niiimte, immense hcds of rock, many foot in thickness, are
found to consist, mainly if not entirely, of the persistent remains of these wonderful
organisms. Some sj)ecics, as UaciUaria, have an apparently spontaneous motion,
being seen to move backwards and forwards, in a jerky manner, in the field of tho
microscope. Hence their claim, in the opinion of some, to a place in tlic animal
kingdom; "but," observes Mr. Berkeley, "it is now well known that even active
motion is not inconi|)atihlo with tho nature of vegetables"; and, "Mr. Half's
discovery of the formation of spores by conjugation in several genera has etfcctually
put an end to controversy."

Stagnant pools, ditches, running streams, the trunks of trees, wet stones and
rocks, damp paths and walls, and the surface of mud are all liabitats of Diatomacea).

The duration as living species and the ubiquity of the lower as compared with
the higher fonns of vegetable life is a remarkable peculiarity. While no remains
(I believe I am correct iu saying) of I'hsnogamous plants, nor of the higher
cryptogams, specifically identical with forms now existing, have been discovered
in a fossil state, except in strata of very recent formation ; on the other luxnd, many
of the siliceous skeletons of Diatomaccoe, of which the Tripoli of Bilin iu Bohemia
is mainly composed, are found to be identical with those of species now living
on the earth ; and this rock is referable to tho Eocene period. The specific life
of some of the minutest vegetable organisms is thus proved to be of immense
duration. So of their ubiquity. The area within which the same species of any
Pha?nogamous plant is found growing indigenously, though greater or less acconliiig
to circumstance, is markedly limited ; but cryptogamous jilaiits, specifically identical,
are found contemporaneously in the most distant parts of the world, and under tho '/ •-■,■" ^'"
most dift'ereut climatic conditions. s^r''^'''^-^'

" • Ko tree, or shrub, or herbaceous plant is found at once in Britain and in Burmah : i ,^--. l ■'

' kindred forniff may indeed be found, but not identical forms : we have, for instance,

JIdbeiiarins among Orchids, in both countries, but they are specifically distinct. It
is otherwise, however, when we leave flowering plants and descend to non-flowering
plants. On coming to Fenis, we at once find identity of species ; and, as we descend
to lower and still more lowly organized forms, the instances of identity increase
in number. For example (to confine illustrations to Burma), among ferns, Jli/meno-
phyllum Tunbiidgieme, Adianfum Capillits J'oieris, Pteris aquilina and Aspidixtm
aculeatum may be gathered both in England and in Tenasserim : while another fern,
> . Agiopteris erecta, a Burmese species, ranges from Japan to Madagascar, and grows also
in the islands of the Pacific Ocean.

Among mosses, I have gathered the following British species in Bumia : Weissia
tenuirostris{ = Torluhi cylindrica), Funaria hij/irometrica, Bryum roseum, Finsidoii bryo-
ides, Foflonatum aloides, and Sphaynum acutifuUum : and there are doubtless many more
to bo added to the number, wlion the mosses of the country come to be thoroughly
investigated. Besides the above-mentioned British species, there may be gathered,
within a mile of Maulmain, a small moss, Scliistomilrium Gardnerianum, first found
on the Andes of Quito !

To come to the Algoe. In the list of the species collected by Jfr. S. Kurz,
I recognize as British, Spirogyra {Zyynema) quiniiia and S. dccimina (these two
species are frequent in clear pools on commons and similar places in Englanil) ;
Euaslrum ampuUaceum and anstdum ; Closteriiwi striolatum : to which may Ik; added
Laurcncia obliisa; CatcneUa opuutia; Enteromnrpha conipressa and intestiiutlis; Lynybya
majuscula ; probably, also, many more, which, from my slight acquaintance with
the subject, I am unable to specify.'

1 After the above remark.s were written, and while tiirnins; over the leaves of Lyell's Principles
of Gcolci^'V to verify the correctnes.s of my statement that ' Tripoli ' is referal)le to the Eocene period,
I came, singularly enoui;h (Vol. II. p. 390), upon the foUowinf,' observations: —

" The fact of the uhicjuitous character of cry])to;^amous plants deserves special attention. Linn.TUs
obsened that, as the germs of plants of this class, such as mosses, fungi, and lichens, consist of an
impalpable powder, the particles of which are scarcely visible to the naked eye, there is no dilliculty
in accotmting for their being dispersed through the atmosphere, and carried \c every point of tlu' globe
where there is a station for them." And the examples given by him are these — "No less than 200

18 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

A few words are needed here by way of apology for the confused aiTangcment
of this group of phmts. I collected no Algfe whilst in Burma, and my knowledge
of this Order is extremely slight. The species hero enumerated and arranged were,
as stated above, all collected by the late Mr. Sulpiz Kurz. He appears to have made
two distinct collections, and to have sent the iirst to M. Martens for deteiTuination ;
but the second (in consequence of that gentleman's death in the interim) to M.
Zeller for the same pui'pose. The two separate papers by Martens ' and Zeller '
were made over to me by Mr. Theobald for combination, and were found to be
arranged on two different systems. Being acquainted with neither, I referred to
such botanical works as I had, but failed to discover any one system with which
I could bring them iuto agreement. In iact, no two authors appear to agree upon
the method of arrangement. In addition to this, I failed to find even the names
of some genera of Messrs. Martens and Zeller. It remained for me to combine
the two vaiying catalogues to the best of my ability, guided by such aid as I could
find. This, accordingly, I have done. The diificulty of this task must serve as an
apology for the very unsatisfactory character of the result. — C.P.

Order DIATOMACEiE. (Brittleworts.)

A family of Confervoid Algce. Crystalline fragmentary bodies, angular, brittle,
flat, usually nestling Id slime, imiting into various forms and separating again ;
multiplying by their- spontaneous separation. (Lindley.)

Sub-order DE&MIBIEJS.
EuASTKUii, Ehrcnlcrg.

E. AMPUlLACETJir, Ealf.

E. A^'SATUir, Ealf.

P. TE.iBECraA, Ng.

P. BACULUir, de Bai-v.

C. STEioLATrir, Ehr.

PLEUBOTJENrClI.

Closteriuji, NHzftch.

Sub-order CY21BE^. {BTATOMACE^), Zelhr.

PoDOsiEA, Ehrciiherg.
P. KuBzii, Zell. Akyab, on sea-covered rocks.

Older CONFERVACEiE. (Confervas.)

" An Order of Alga=!. Vesicular, filamentary or membranous bodies, multiplied
by zoospores generated in the interior, at the expense of their green matter."

" "VVaterplants, commonly of a green colour, but occasionally olive, violet or red;
inhabiting the ocean in some instances, but commonly found in fresh water ; some of
them even belonging to both kinds of fluid ; some found in mud, others floating freely;
most attached, in some way, on rocks as parasites." — Lindley, Veg. Kingdom.

species of lichen were brought home from the Southern hemisphere by the Antarctic expedition under
Sir James Eoss, ami ahuost every one of these was ascertained to be also an inhabitant of the Northern
hemisphere, and most of them European," p. 391. Again ; " It is a remarkable fact that Dr.'" (now
Sir Joseph) " Hooker has been able to identify no less than a fifth part of Antarctic alga? (excluding
the Xew Zealand and Tasmanian groups) with British species. Yet there is a much smaller proportion
of cosmopolite species among the Alg;c than among the terrestrial cellular crjptogams. such as lichens,
mosses, and Hepaticie."' The con-ectness of this last observation, I think, niay be doubted.— C.P.

' List of Alga; collected by Mr. S. Kurz, in Burma and adjacent islands, by Dr. G. v. Martens,
in Stuttgardt, J.A.S.B. 1871, Part II. p. 4G1.

2 KVffs collected hy Jlr. S. Kiurz in Arrakan and British Burma, determined and systematically
arranged by Dr. G. Zeller, High Councillor in Finance in Stuttgardt, J.A.S.B. 1873, Part II. p. 175.

ALO.-E.

19

Sub-order CUJETOPTORACEJE, Zdler.

GoSGOSIItA.

G. oxcsT.v, Zfller.
G. proMjEA, Ktz.

Elephant Tuiut, on old trees.
Kangoon, on submerged bricks.

Foniia tenuis, non ultra 1/180 lin. crassa.

C. STIU'CTA, KtZ.

C. TIHERCULOSA, Ktz.
C. KADIAX.S, KtZ.

C. pisuoiuiis, Ag.

S. TENTK, II.

var. T. gracilf, Ktz.
S. llANooomcLii, Zell.

Cii.KLoriiORA, Schrenh.

Kadeng-elionng, near Natnuullii, on sub-
merged dead trees, and on stones in a
rivulet at Khyee-tbay, near Froiue.

Swamp between Phoungyee and Kha-ya-tsu.

On stems in Kya eug, Pegu.

Swamp near Phoungyee and the ^Fyit-ma-
kha-ehoung, near Pronie.

SiiGEorLrxirM, Kitfxing.

On stalks of Polygonum, in Byndor Eng.

A eistcm in Rangoon.

C. TESTfE, Zell.
C. Krazii, Zell.

Sub-order CUROOLEPIDEJE, Ze/hr.
CnKooLEPUS, Agardh.

Elephant Point, on Sonneratin apetah.

C. Frsco-ATF.rjr. Zell.

C. ELO.NUATIM, Zell.

C. CALAMICOI.A, Zell.
C. BOTKYOIDKS, KtZ.
C. UMIiUINl'M, Ktz.

Protococeus cnisfaceiix, Ktz.
C. LAGKXiFKurM, Hildclirund.

C. KI.AVUM, Ktz.

On leaves in evergreen forests along tlio
Choung-meneh Yalley, Touug-ngoo, es-
pecially on Ahodeim.

Same locality as last.

On trees in evergreen forests on the Ye-tlio
str(>am of the Pi>gii range.

On leaves of Calamus mvM- llangoon.

On trees in the Pegu range.

On trees along Ihe Ve-tlio stream.

llangoon lake, on Coiifeira innqualis.

On bamboo leaves, Central (Pegu '?) range.

var. filis tcnuioribus, articulis longioribus, Chr. Jlaci et eloiigati intermedium.
Yoniu, ad arborum eorticem frequens.

C. VII.I.OSI-M, Ktz. On trees in hills east of the Tsittoung at

2000 to oOOO feet.

Sub-order VLOTERICIIEJE, Zdler.
Ui.oTniux, Kulzing.

TJ. srimi-is, Ktz.

Eng-ga-na, Pegu.

ScnizoGOxiiM, Kulzing.
S. iK.Ni issna-M, Zell. Chincona plantations of Martaban at 3500

feet, at Shau-toung-gyce.

Sub-oi-dcr COXFER VEJE, Zeller and 3Iarten^.
CoMPSoroGON', 2lontagne.
C. lIooKiaii, Mont. Akyab, in rivulets.

20

BURMA. ITS PEOPLE AXD riiODUCTIOXS.

c.
Pt
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.

R.
E.

C'LADornoKA, Kidzhig.
sirxmssniA, Zell. Elephant Point,

rhaps only the yoimg state of some other Cladophura.
(^GAGKorniLA) coxiouTA, Zell. On a boat's bottom in the Tsittoung.

EXIGUA, Zell.
CODIOLA, Zell.
TlLAXQUEBAHIEXSIS, Eoth.

sciTuxA, Schr.

STEEPENS, Ktz.

Javaxica, Ktz.

CALLICOilA, Ktz.

On Paluclinas at Palachoung, Pegu.
On trees in Eng-shwe, Pegu.
Floating in Te-choung. Central range.
On seaweeds on Eoronga Island.
Khayeng-mathay-choung, Pegu.
Kadeng-choung, at Natmadhi.
Same locality as last.

OCCIDENTALE, KtZ.
AEBOltEUlI, Ktz.

Pi. HoOKEEI, Ktz.

C. IXDICA, Ktz.

C. ITGACISSI3IA, Roth.
C. BOMBVCIXA, Ktz.

var. 6 suhaqualis.
C. is^EQUALis, Rab.

C. UTKICCLOSA, Ktz.

C. BuRiiAXicA, Zell.

C. SITBSETACEA, KtZ.

C. EHTrornrLA, Ktz.
C. FCNKII, Ktz.

RnizocLiifiUM, Kiihmg.

MangroTC swamps along the Koladyn River.
Elephant Point, or Sonneratia apdala,

especially on side facing the west.
Elephant Point, on mud.

C'n.ETOSiOErnA, Kritzing.

On seaweeds on Boronga Island.

CoxFEETA, Linnmus.

South Andaman in fresh water.
Same locality as last.

Rangoon.

Khayeng-mathay-choung.
Yenay-eng. Irrawadily A'alley.
Akyab, in brackish wafer.
Eng-swe and Irrawaddy Banks.
Phoung-gyi.

^n\}-on\er BIPLOSTROJIIEJE, Zcller.
DiPLOSTEOiiirJi, Kiitzjng.
D. lExuissiMUM, Ktz. Elephant Point, on mangrove roots.

Sub-order UL VA CEJE, Zdlcr and Martens.

Phycoseeis, E it I zing.

P. Bfemaxica, Zell. Elephant Point, on mangrove roots.

P. LOBATA, Ktz. South Andaman, on rocks at Camping Bay.

IsoDERMA, Kiitzing. (rnoTODEiiiACE.E, Martens.)

I. FOXTAXril, Klz.

E. COIIPRESSA, I.k.

E. POLYCLADOS, Ktz.
E. COMPLAXATA, Ktz.
E. IXTESTrXALIS, Lk.

var. A. capillar is, Ktz.

Andamans, Labyrinth Archipelago, on
Termoklee Island, in sweet-water pools
of dried-up creeks.

ExTEROMOBPHA, Liuklatcr.

Arakan, frequent on the sandstone banks of

Boronga Island. Akyab and Elephant

Point.
Andamans, Ross Island and Middle Straits,

on rocks.
South Andaman, Ross Island, on rocks ;

also Arakan, Boronga Island.
South Andaman, in brackish swamps of the

mangrove jungles,

ALG.K.

21

S. FKAGILE, Zell.

M. sciLAEis, Hass.

M. INTKICATUS, Hass.

Z. AJiPLra, Zell.
Z. TAFcnKKir, Ag.

Z. STILLINUJI, Ak.

S. TitoncA, Ktz.

S. QUINIXA, Ktz.

var. ji imcqaalh, Na3g.

S. DF.CI.MINA, Ktz.

Suli-order ZTGNEMACEJE, Zeller and Martens.
SiAUEOsrEEMUJi, Tkomson.

Rangoon lake, Kaleng-clioung at Xatiuadlii
and along Irrawaddy lliver.

STesocakpus, Hassall.

Eng-ga-na, Pegu. .\nd below Karen hamlet,
Mui-hau. Southern (I'egu ?) range.
In swamp between Ok-khan and Tsan-choung.

ZrcNEMA, Agardh.

Pool between Phonng-gyi and Kha-va-tsu.

Kya-eng, Pegu.

Touk-yan, near the Bala-choung.

SrmoGrRA, Agardh.

Akyab, in brackish water.

Akyab, in brackish water.

Beeling. Kadeng-choung, near Kway-ma-
kheing, Pegu.

Toung-naweug-choung, Promo, on rocks in
the Irrawaddy. Myoma. Kha-ya-ton Ln
brackish, and Akyab in sweet water.

A very common Alga in Burma, especially on river flats.
Forma crassior, filis sterilibus ad 1/38 lin. crassis.
centralis, Wa-tha-bwot-clioung, in fluvio frequens.

S. marctIxalis, Ktz.

Kyi Tay, on the Irrawaddy, Prome, and

Akyab in stagnant or sluggish waters.
A marsh near Thoun-gyi. -
Kya-eng and Akyab, with Oscillaria viridin.
A lake near Rangoon.
;. Kha)--eng-mathay-choung, Pegu range, and

in brackish creeks, near Rangoon.
Po zwon-doung. Eala-choung. Pegu.
In a marsh between Ok-khan and Thean-
choung, Pegu; also at Khyi-tay near
Prome, and stagnant water along the
Koladyne Valley.
Arakan, Koladyne Valley, in stagnant waters.

Rhynchonema, Zeller {?).

Eng-ga-na, Pegu.

Pegu, in montibus Yomno

S. elo.xgata.

S. JIAJTSCULA, Ktz.
S. JUGALIS, Ktz.
S. CRASSA, Ktz.
S. IRREGULARIS, Xdi:

S. ADNATA, Ktz.
S. NITIDA, Dillw.

S. si;Bj;acA, Ktz.

R. KvMii, Zell.

Sub-order PALJtlELLACEJE, Zeller and J/arleiis.
GLiEocAPSA, Kiltzing.

Diy bed of the ired-za-li-choung, Pegu.
Palmella, Ltjnghije.

On brackish flats along the Koladyne R.
Microcystis, Kiihing.

In a freshwater pool near the Koladyne R.
Pletoococcus, 3[cneghini.
P. (PitoTococcus) VULGARIS, Moiicgb. AVaUs of CiiTuit House, Rangoon.

G. LUTEo-FUSCA, Hart.
P. suBSALSA, Hart.

M. AERUGINOSA, Ktz.

22 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

8ub-oidw' SIROSIPEONACi:^, Zdler.

SlEOSIPHON, Zclkr.

S. rARAsiTicus, Zell. Evergreen forests on tlio Clioimg-menoli

stream, Pegu range. Un leaves.

Sub-order SCYTOMEXA CEJE, Zeller.
ScYTONEiTA, Agarclk.

S. ArEEni, Mcnogh. Elephant Point, between Rangoon and.

San-ji-wa and the Kayeng-mathay Stream
S. crNEKEtm, Menegh. On old Pagodas about Pegu and Kya-eng.

var. jiJidianum, \i-dh. {Brilosiphon Jidimius, Ktz.). Pegu. Central llanges.
S. GEACiLE, Ktz. On Irrawaddy Flats, and a cistom at Palay-

kweng.
S. TOMENTOSTJM, Ktz. Rangoon, on trees.

S. Peguanum, Martens. Pogu, and Phoung-gyi, on trees.

S. tarium, Ktz. Choung-meneh stream and Wfi-choung,

at Pazwon-doung.
S. ViEiLLARPi, Mart. Akyab, in dried-up brackish marshes.

S. FULVUM, Zell. Rangoon, on leaves of Ualanais, and on trees

in the hills.
S. FDSCUM, Zell. San-u-way, near Rangoon, in rice fields and

in C'lioung-meneli and Wa-choung.
S. KoRziANUM, Zell. On trees on the Pegu Range.

S. MUEALE, Zell. On -walls of Circuit House, Rangoon.

S. OLivACEUM, Zell. Cracks in sandstone on the Zayraeni-choung.

S. PAEVULUJi, Zell. On sandstone in the Pegu Range.

S.(SYiiPHOsipnon) itnizopnoE-E, Zell. On trees, especially Sonneratia a pefdin, in

mangrove swamps at Elephant Point.
S. STJBCLAVATFM, Zi'U. On old brickwork in Henzada.

S. TioLASCENS, Zell. On clay along the Choung-meneh Stream.

Sub-order MASTIGOTERICEEJE, Zeller.
Scnizosipnox, Kutzing.
S. PAEiETiNus, Nteg. Akyab, on the walls of the old lighthouse.

Mastigoihetx, Kutzing.
M. -EKUGiNEA, Ktz. On dead trees in Yeuay-eng, Pegu.

Suborder RIVULARICEJE, Zeller.

RiVULARIA, R(th.

R. PEGU-4.NA, Zell. On submerged dead trees in Kadeng-choung,

near Natmadlii.

Gl^oteichia, J. Agardh.
G. KuRzi.vNA, Zell. Akyab, on freshwater plants.

Sub-order SPERMOSIRIE.E, Zeller.
CriiNDEospEEMrji, Kiitzing.

C. ncMicoLA, Ktz. On river mud at Khyoung-gyi on the

Irrawaddy.
C. MACEOspoErji, Ktz. Floating in the Kadeng-choung near

Katmadhi.

ALG.E.

2:j

Anauaina, Ad. ./ii-uieii.

A. BULLOSA, Ktz.
A. FLOS-AQU.E, KtZ.
A. STAGNALIS, Ktz.
A. SUBTILISSIMA, Ktz.

A. Indica, ZuU.

Tsittoung Vulley. Toung-np;oo. Po-zwoa-

iloung, aud iu mud at liala-cliouug.
Illeiu River, between B3U-dur llsiat aud

The-ong-ehoung.
Iu the Illein Itiver near Eyu-dor Eng, and

KhjTniug-gyi on the Irrawaddy.
On nuid of tidal creeljs, Itangoon.
Aliyab, on brackish mud and sauil of Ye-tho-

choung, and streams in the Pegu range.

Sub-order NOSTOCBEJE, Zcller.
NosToc, Vauchro.

N.(FToRMosrpiroN) KLLrr.sosroEUM,Eab. AVhay-do stream, Pegu range.

var. Vaginis acliromaticis.
N. GRANULARE, Rab. Elephant Pciint, in stagnant freshwater.

K. PtTRPURASCENS, Ktz. Floating iu Kadeug-ehoung, near Natmadhi.

N. rufescens, Ag., forma j)iirj)iinisce)is.
N. EivrLARE, Ktz. Moist rocks in Krin-choung, Pegu range.

N. HETEROTHRix, Zell. Po-z wuudouug ; Lala-eliouug; Khyouug-

An IIor»iisipho7i hcterothrix, Ktz. ? gyi.
K. Kdrziaxum, Zell. West slojjcs on Wa-tha-bwut-ehoung, Pegu

range.
N. LnrostTir, Zell. River flats on the Irrawaddy and Hieing.

N. SiixAiiLE, Zell. Moist rocks on the Kayeng-mathey-choung,

Pegu range.

Sub-order OBCILLARIEJi, Zeller.
Si'MPLOCA, Kutzing.

S. KuKzrAXA, Zell. On the bottom of a boat on the !Myit-nan

stream, at Thabye-gou.

S. LUTESCENs, Zell. Irrawaddv flats, and bottom of boats in the

Hieing River.

S. iNDicuJi, Zell.

II. JfEXEGniXIAXUM, KtZ,
H. STRIATUM, Zell.

L. PALLIDA, Zell.

L. jiAJuscuLA, Dilhv.

SiRocoLEUJi, Zcller.

On scu-washed rooks, Akyab.

Hi'DROcoLEUii, Kutzing.

Elephant Point, in mangrove swamps.
Swampy stream at San-ji-wa, near Rangoon.

Lyngbya, Agardh.

On submerged rocks, T\'athay-bwGt-choung,

Pegu range.
Hill streams, east of Toung-ngoo.

CuinoNOBLASTUs, Kutzing.

C. Knizn, Zell. Elephant Point, in mangrove swamps, and

adliering to the larger sea-weeils.
C. BuRMAXtcus, Zell. On the walls of a ci.stern, near irenzadah.

C. Lyngbvei, Ktz. Akyab, ou sea-washed rocks.

24

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODCCTWSS.

P. AEEXAEirM, Eat.
p. thinoderma, Ktz.

P. INUNDATUM, Ktz.
p. PArYEINUM, Ktz.

P. OKYZETOEUir, ilurt.

0. ANTILIAEUM, KtZ.
0. BREVIS, Ktz.

0. CHALTBEA, Mai'tens.

0. Geateloupii, Bory.
0. saxcta, Ktz.
0. vioLACEA, "Wallr.
0. fenestralis, Ktz.

0. VIRIDULA, Zoll.

0. GKA>'UL0SA, Martens

0. TiRiDis, Yaueh.
0. tenuis, Ag.

PnoEMiDirM, Kidzing.

Akyab, on brackish mud.

On the wall of a cistern, near Henzadah.

Hill streams of Arakan and in freshwater

on Boronga Island.
Floating in tanks and rice fields in Arakan.

OsciLiAEiA, Box.

Akyab, in brackish swamps.
Kadeng-choung, near ^Natmadhi, and near

Kya-eng, in freshwater.
Marshy spots between Wa-choung and

Kha-ya-tsu.
Elephant Point, in freshwater, and Akyab.
On wet walls of a cistern, near Henzadah.
On freshwater mud, Kangoon.

On freshwater mud, Eangoon.

Htou-kya-gat, east of Tsittoung Paver in the
Hpet-wun-choung, covering the stones
in dense dark green patches.

In freshwater, Akyab.

Sub-order LEPTOTURICIIE^, Z.Mer.
Leptotheix, Kutzing.

L. OCUEACEA, Ktz.

Pegu Range, in various spots. Kha-dcng,
Thayet and Wa-choung.

HvrnEoinEix, Kidzing.
H. .T.EUorNEA, Eabenh. In spring near Kyn-ba-li-choung Pegu.

H. CALCicoLA, Ag. On an old brick -ttall at Henzadah.

H. (Leptotheix) suBTixissiiiA, Rab. Damp walls near Henzadah.
H. viEiDULA, Zell. Marsh at Wanet, Pegu.

Sub-order CEROOCOCCE.E, Zeller.

Cheoococcds, Kidzing.

C. (PEOTOcoccrs) irrs-OE, Ktz. Elephant Point.jjn Sonneratia apetala.

C. Ixmcrs, Zell.

C. GEAXTLOSrS, Zoll.

S. FTScrs, ZeU.

A. ALBIDA, ZeU.

Forest swamp, Prome.

Dry river bed near Thabye-gon.

SrxEcnococcrs, ZAler.

Thyt-kouk Stream, Hpet-wun-choung.

Aphaxocapsa, Xag.

Floating in putrescent salt swamps, Akyab.

It is only of late years that the extraordinary importance in the order of nature
of several minute Algae is beginning to bo fully realized, but it is now pretty well
established that various diseases are the result of the development in the body, of
particular species of minute organisms, each species producing its appropriate etfects

ALOJE. 25

in tlio body wlurciii it is developed.' The organisms in question are referred by
Colin to the f^enus Jficrococciis, wliose cells increiisc by catenate subdivision or division
in one direction only, and the cells of the different species are so similar that specific
characters have to be sought for, in the chemical reaction they produce on substances
brought in contact with them. The following species are enumerated in the paper
quoted.

Micrococcus (Moxas) peodigiosus, Ehrenburgh.

Colourless cells imbedded by thousands of millions in a gelatinous mass, at first
rose-red, deepening to blood-red, and alternately turning pallid. The colouring
matter is soluble in alcohol, but not in water, and when separated, is orange-red,
turned carmine by acids, and yellow by alkalies. In the spectroscope it shows a
broad absorption band in the green.

This red jelly gi-ows on nitrogenous sub'itances, as cooked potatoes, meat, bread,
eggs, paste, and such like, and is known as ' blood rain,'

M. (BACTERinnjii) luteus, Schriiter.

On solid substances this forms yellow globules the size of a poppy seed, in-
creasing to that of half a pcppcrcom, and di'ying up into flat uiubilicute disks. On
fluids it forms a thick yellow skin. Colouring matter insoluble in water, and im-
changed by sulphuric acid or alkalies.

M. (Bacteeidium) auuantiaccs, Schroter.

On solids, as on cooked potatoes and eggs, this forms orange-coloured drops, and on
fluids a golden-yellow skin. Colouring matter soluble in water.

M. FULVus, Cohn.

Eusty-coloured drops which expand into gelatinous masses. Grows on horse dung.

M. CHLORixus, Cohn.

Green or yellowish-green masses on cooked eggs, or in fluids forming sap-green
layers, which by degrees colour the whole fluid yellow-green. The colom-ing matter
is soluble in water and not reddened by acids.

M. (BACTEETDnrsi) CTANEUS, Schrotcr.

Fomis blue patches on cooked potatoes. In fluids, at first it turns them greenish
and then blue. The colouring matter is soluble in water, at first verdigris-green and
then clear blue, turned by acids to intense carmine.

M. (BACTERrDnjii) vioLACErs, Schrciter.

Forms on cooked potatoes violet-coloured gelatinous drops.

The following species are important and interesting from tlie part they play in
the production of fermentation and disease.

M. UEE.E, Colin.

Forms a film on urine. Fresh urine allowed to stand at a temperature of 30°
Centigrade, in a few days loses its acid reaction, becomes neutral, and ultimately
alkaline. The Vrcti disappears and is replaced by carbonate of ammonia, and the
alkaline Urates and Phosphates of ammonia are eliminated. These changes only
take place when the M. ure(8 is present.

M. (MoNAs) cuEPuscuLUM, Ehr.

Common on putrefying fluids.

M. CANBiDUS, Cohn.

Forms snow-white spots on cooked potatoes.

M. (MicEosPHiEEA) VACcrsJE, Cohu.

This organism is undoubtedly the active principle in vaccine lymph. It exists

' See Science Gossip for July, 1882, for a popular accouut of these organisms, extracted from
" Kryptogamen Flora," by Dr. L.Rabcnfiorst.

26 BURMA, ITS rEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

in fresh vaccine Ipinph of either man or animals, and also in the matter of true
small-pox. If vaccine lymph is strained or iiltered to eliminate the Microcioccm cells
or corpuseules, the lymph loses its power of producing cow-pock. The lymph also
loses its power by putrefaction, during which process the Micrococcus disappears
under the action of the putrefactive Bacteria. This species is a trae animal ferment,
and is probably only one of a numerous class of similar organisms which constitute
the true origin of various diseases.

M. DipniHERiiicrs, Cohn.

This species is developed on wounds, and also on the various mucous surfaces in
Diphtheria. Once established, it spreads rapidly by means of the lymphatic vessels,
and produces the most destructive and fatal results.

M. (MicEOSPOEOu) SEPTicus, Klcbs.

Developes on suppurating -wounds and putrefying surfaces, and is the active
agent in producing pijamia and seplicamia in man and animals.

M. (Miceoztjia) BoMBTca:s, Bechamp.

This species is developed in the intestines of silk-worms, causing a fatal and
contagious plague in those insects.

Such are some of the enemies by which animals are surrounded and threatened,
but there is little doubt that to other similar species of minute vegetable organisms
are due the most formidable diseases wldeh threaten man — Leprosy, Consumption,
Typhus, and many others.

Order FUCACE^. (Sea-wracks.)

" Olive-coloured inarticulate sea-weeds, whose reproductive organs are borne
in stalked sacs upon the walls of the spherical cavities excavated in the substance
of the frond. Fructification, Sporangia or spore-sacs and Antheridia. The spores of
FucHS divide into two, four, or eight within the sac ; those of other genera remain
undivided. The Antheridia are filled with spermatozoids (or antherozoids), which
in Fuciii have been seen to fertilize the spores." — Griffith and Henfrey.

" Cellular or tubular unsymmetrical bodies, multiplied by simple spores formed
externally." — Lindley.

^\xh-oriicx EXTOCARrE.E, Martens.
Sphacelaeia, Li/nghye.
S. FURCiGEEA, Ktz. South Andaman, Camping Bay.

Parasitic on Sargassum ccqiiifoJium.

Sub-order GALAXAUME.E, Martens.

GAiAiATJEA, Zainouroux,

G. PLiCAiA, Xtz. South Andaman. Frequent on coral reefs,

and often thro-mi up on the beach.
G. MAEGINATA, Lx. South Andaman, Ross Island.

G. TOMENTOSA, Ktz. South Andaman, at Camping Bay.

G. OBLONGATA, Lx. South Andaman, Ross Island.

Sub-order SAEGASSJE.E, Martens.
SAEGASsni, Agardh.
S. MicEOCTSTTTM, Ktz. (?) South Andaman, and along the coast.

Kui-z remarks that he was unable to find this species full grown.
S. JSQUIFOUUM, Ag. South Andaman, Camping Bay.

S. "WiGniii Grev. South Andaman, South Corbyu's Cove.

A LG^. 27

CAitPACANTHus, Ki'diing.

C. u.IciKoi.ius, Turner. Anilamans. Labyriiitli Areliiiielago, near

Ternioklee Island, iu deep water.

TuEBix.uiiA, Bory.

T. TiuurETEA, T. Ag. Isicobars. South Andaman, at South

Corbyn's Cove.
T. coNDEXsATA, Sondcr. South Andaman, at South Corbyn's Cove.

Sub-Older niLBEXBRANDTIA CEJE, ZMer.

HiLDEXBBANDTIA, KuiniMJ.

H. Akakana, Zeller. Akyab, on sea-washed rocks.

Sub-order BICTYOTEJE, Martens.

ZoNAEiA, Ar/ardh.

Z. FiSASERi, Grcv. South Andaman and Arakan coast on rocks,

and UKiriue sandstone banks.

Sub-order BA TEA CnO&VERME.E, Martens and Zdhr.

UATKACUOSPEKiirM, Rutll.

B. GuiAXEXsE, ilontg. South Andaman, above 'Watering Cove.

B. MONiLiFOKME, Eoth, Hill streams near Kya-eng, and marsh near

riioungyi, Pegu.

Sub-order CIIAXTRAXSIE.E, Zeller.
Chaxthaxsia, Fries.

C. KOSEOLA, Zell. On stems o( Poli/i/oniim, in Byndor Eng, Pegu.

Sub-order (EDOGOX/ACEyE, Zeller.

(Ei)OGOxiA, Linl^later.

(]v KiTK/.ii, Zell. irarsh near Wanet, Pegu.

(E. VEsicATm, Link. Zamayi-choung, and Kng-ya-na, Pegu.

var. G. fmecscens, Etz. On roots of plants in Kya-eng, Pegu.

CE. TEXELLCJi, Ktz. In swamps and ditches, near Htoukyan-gyi,

Rangoon.
CE. scuTATUJi, Ktz. On roots of plants in Kya-eng, Pegu.

ffi. lloinn, Breb. Floating on the ' Lake,' Rangoon.

05. Laxesbokouguii, Ktz. Htoukyan, near Rangoon

ffi. geacile, Ktz. On trees at Eng-shwe, below Hcnzada.

CE. Beauxii, Ktz. Eng-shwe, and Kadcng-choung, near Nat-

madlii.
03. Aroi'UYSATCir, A. Br. Kya-eng, Pegu.

BcLBOCH^TE, Agardh.

B. Pegtaxa, do Bory. On rocks in Kam-balu-toung, Pegu range.

B. ixxEE-MEDiA, ZoU. Kyfi-eug, Pegu.

Sub-order VA UCUERIEjE, Martens and Zeller.

Vatjcheeia, De Candolle.

V. suBMAKrxA, Berkeley. Koladyne River, in brackish water, clothing

the rocks in dense green patches.
V. SEssiLis, B.C. Htou-kj-a-gat, in streams.

Y. CLAVATA, D.C. Andaman Islands, in sweet waters.

28 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Halymeda, Lamoiiroux.

H. CTiNEATA, Ktz. Andamans, Tcrmokloo Island, Labyrmth.

Archipelago.
H. opuxTi^, Lx. South Andaman, Diamond Island.

H. D1.SC0IDEA, Bene. South Andaman, etc. Frequent on coral

reefs all along the coast.

Betopsis, Lamoiiroux.

B. PAcnTNEMA, Mart. South Andaman, in mangrove swamps

Valonia coitfercoides, Harv. towards Birdnt'st Cape.

B. TENUissiMA, Notaris. Camping Bay, South Andaman, on sand-

stone.

Order CEEAMIACE^. (Eose-tanglcs.)

"Rose-red or purple sea-weeds, with a filiform frond, consisting of an articulated,
branching filament, composed of a string of cells, sometimes coated with a stratum
of small cells. Fructification: 1. Bernj-Iike receptacles, with a membranous coat,
containing numerous spores. 2. Tetruspores attached to the ramuli or more or less
immersed in the substance of the branches, scattered. 3. Aiitheridia, produced in
the same situations as the spores." — Griffith and Henfrey.

" Cellular or tubular unsymmetrloal bodies, multiplied by tetraspores." — Lindlcy.

Sub-Order BELESSERIE^, Zeller and Martens.
AGLAOPnTLLUsr, Montague.

A. MCLTiPABTiTUM, Ktz. South Andaman.

Hypoglossuji, Kutzing.

H. Bengalense, Mart. Elephant I'oint, on trees.

H. Leprieurii, Ktz. Elephant I'oint, in mangrove swamps.

H. ViEiLLAEnr, Ktz. Arakan, frequent on sandstone rocks and

Perhaps only a juvenile state of old branches, or on the submerged man-
JI. Leprieurii. grove stems, not only in the tidal channels

of Koladyne River, but also along the sea
coast.

Sub-order LA URENCIE^, Martens.

Laueencia, Martens.

L. OBTUSA, Ls. Arakan, on marine sandstone banks of

Boronga Island.

BosTETCniA, Montague.

B. iNTRicATA, Mont. Elephant Point, in mangrove swamps.
B. EivuLAEis, Harvey. Elephant Point, in mangrove swamps.

Sub-order POL YSIPEONE^, Martens and Zeller.

PoLYSipnoNiA, Gretille.

P. suBADUNCA, Ktz. Elcpliaut Point, in mangrove swamps.

var. MAJOR, " ramis crebrioribus minus strictis."
P. EUFo-LANOSA, Harvcy. Akyab, on grasses.

Sub-order TYLOCARPE.^, Martens.

Gyilnogongrus, Martens.

G. PYGMJEUs, Grev. Arakan, on marine sandstone banks of

Boronga Island.

ALGjE. 29

Biib-onlcr Rni.EROCOCCE.E, Martcm.
Srii-i;uococcus, Linnans.

S. MULTiPARTiTus, Ag. South Andaman.

var. e lichenoides, Oltcn washed up by tlie sea.

Fhcuh (en(i/iiio.iiis, Turner.

S. LicnKxoiuEs, L. South Andaman and Termoklee Island.

An edible species often thrown up by tlie sea.

S. Lkmania, Ktz. Arakan, on marine sandstone banks.

S. coxi-EKVoiDEs, Ag. On rocky shores of Boronga Island.

S. rcMosus, Ktz. On marine sandstone banks of Boronga

Island.

Sub-order GELIBE/E, Murtena nnd Zeller.
AciioCAKrrs, Kutzing.

A. iXTRicATCs, Ktz. Akyab, on sea-washed rocks. South Andaman

and Termoklee Island, on submerged
mangrove stems.

A. nsiLLUR, Ktz. On marine sandstone banks of Boronga

Island.

Hypxea, Lamoiiroux.

H. SPIXELLA, J. Ag. Diamond Island and Arakan.

H. MusciFOKiiis, Lx. Diamond Island.

H. DiVAiucATA, Grev. Diamond Island.

Sub order GIGARTIXEM, JLuieiis.
GioARTixA, Lamotiroux.
G. (Euchema) srixoSA, Ag. Andamans, Termoklee Island.

Eucus lichenoides, Willd. non. L.

Ciiox DROcoccus, Eti tzing.
C. spiNULOsus, Ktz. South Andaman and Eoss Island.

Grateloitia, Agardh.

G. furcata, Ktz. Arakan, marine sandstone banks of

Boronga Island.

Sub order GYMXOrULCEACE.E, Martens; UALYMEXIEM, Zeller.

Halyiienia, Agardh.

n. TEXfisriNA, Ktz. Andamans, Labyrinth Archipelago, Ter-

mokleo Islaml, ejected from the sea,
parasitic on other sea-weeds.

Kurz remarks: " Dumonfia rohusfa, ft. JTightii, J. Ag., was found by Wichura,
in the Bay of Bengal, and most likely occurs also in Burmese waters."

Caiexella, Greville.
C. orrxTiA, Grev. Elephant Point, on stumps in swamps.

Sub-order COBALLINETE, Murtens.
Jaxia, Lamouroux.
.1. ADn.T.RF.xs, Lx. South Andaman, coral reefs at Camping Bay.

J. FASiioiATA, llarvey. South Andaman, at Camping Bay, aud at

South Corbyn's Cove.

30 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODCCTIOXS.

AiiPHiROA, Lamourou.r.

A. TErBULrs, Lx. Thrown up on Diamond Island, liiflioito

known only from St. Croix, Antilles.
A. feagelissijIA, Lx. South Andaman, at Camping Bay.

Sub- order CEEAMIEjIS, ILartens and Zeller.

Hehmoceeas, Kiitzing.

n. FLACciDuu, Harvey. In crevices of rocks on Boronga Island.

GoxGEOCERAS, Kidzinj.
G. EADiCAxs, Zell. Elephant Point, in mangrove swamps.

Of the edible seaweeds Kiu-z remarks : " The seaweeds commonly eaten by the
Burmans are Gi/jartina sj)itio.s(i, Grev. {fffiu- ogar of the Malays), and 8p}ucrococciis
hclicnoides, Ag. (Ceylon moss of commerce). These are usually called by the Burmese
Kijouk 2)uen.'"

The latter of these is, I presume, the species alluded to by Dr. Mason under the
name Ploearia Candida, and which seems to be superior to most other species, in being
free from the bitter principle, which renders most species so nauseous.

According to an analysis by Dr. 0. Shaugnessy, this seaweed is composed of

Vegetable jelly. .

Starch . .

"Woody fibre

Gum

Sulidiate and muriate of soda . .

Sulphate and phosphate of lime

99 0

Of the best method of preparing it. Dr. O'Shaugnessey remarks: "In the first
place, from the tendency of pectin or vegetable jelly to form insoluble compounds
with saline and earthy bases, it is necessary to steep this fucus for a few hours
in cold rain-water as the first step in its preparation. This removes a large portion
of the sulphate of soda, leaving all the gelatine and starch. It should next be dried
by the sun's rays and ground to a fine powder. Cutting or pounding, howeviT
diligently or minutely performed, still leaves the amylaceous globules so mechanically
protected, and so chisely involved in an exteraal sheath of tough ligneous fibre, that
scarcely a particle of the starch can be extracted by boiling, oven though the decoction
is prolonged for several hours. "When ground to powder, boiling for twenty-five
minutes or half an hour dissolves all the starch and gelatine. The solution while
hot should be passed through muslin or calico, and thus the ligneous fibre is removed ;
lastly, the strained fluid should bo boiled down till a drop placed on a cold surface
gelatinizes sufficiently." The product thus strained may then be eaten with milk
and sugar and flavoured with lemon juice and sheriy. According to Balfour's Cyclo-
poedia of India (see Agar Agar), the quantity annually shipped from Singapore
averages 10,000 piculs or rather less than 400 tons, and all this goes to China,
where it is used in place of size, for dressing cotton goods, and the finer varieties
are also employed to make a jelly or sweetmeat, called in Canton Wong-leung-fan.
It is an article of export that deserves more attention than it has received, as likely
to prove of use in the arts in Europe if once introduced to notice, much as it is
in China. The selling price of the first quality is sixteen shillings a hundredweight,
and of the second ten shillings. It is said, when used as a paste, not to be liable
to the attacks of insects, but this, if it is, as described, an edible amylaceous
compound, seems hardly probable.

The economic value, however, on the whole, of seaweeds is not great. Tlio
ashes of seaweeds yield soda and iodine, and the weed itself is used near the coast

54

5

15

0

18

0

4

0

6

5

1

0

FUXGI. 31

for maniirp, and even it is said for food for cattle, who perhaps in some places
may ai(|uiro a taste for it. It was once supposed that the 'edible bird's nest'
■was formed of a species of gelatinous seaweed, but it is now well known that it
is composed of inti-rlaciiis!; tlireads of salivary mucus, developed periodically in vary-
ing amount, by several species of Collocalia. Laver, once so much esteemed by
people of scrofulous habit, is a seaweed {Porphyra vulgaris), but the use of sea-
weed as a medicinal agent, together with burnt sjionge, has fallen out of fasliion
since the discovery of the active ingredient in both, iodine, to which their efficacy
in scrofulous comjilaints was due. A revival has however taken place of late in
the form of a nostnim barbarously named 'anti-fat,' which is believed to mainly
consist of a preparation of tlie common bladder-weed of the English coast. That
there is urgent need of some such medicine is unquestionable, since fi'om the vast
number of ([uack medicines advertised in the most blatant fashion in every periodical,
it is ceitaiu that the number of persons who support such a system and consume
such trash must be enormous, a fact which aifords the strongest evidence of in how
many cases, the undesirable adiposity of their muscular system must have spread
to and permeated their brains as well.

FUNGI.
Cellular flowerless plants, deriving noui'lshment through their spawn or myceliiim,
which consists of a mass of loose, delicate, branched and interlacing threads of a
cottony texture (readily seen in earth which contains what is called " mushroom
spawn "), and propagated by means of minute spores. Fructification various.

" A largo class of cryptogams distinguished from Alga^, more by habit than by
general cliarueter. They agree with tliem in their celluhu' structure, which is vciid
of anytliiug like vascular tissue, except in very few cases, while they dilicr in tlnir
scarcely ever being aquatic, in deriving nutriment from the substance on which tlicy
grow, and in the far lower degree of devflopment of the organs of impregnation."
" The uses of Fungi are various. They afford excellent and stimulating food,
valuable medicine, besides less important assistance in domestic economy. Their
ofiSce in the organized world is to check exuberant growth, to facilitate decomposition,
to regulate the balance of the component elements of the atmosphere, to promote
fertility, and to nourish myriads of the smaller members of the animal kingdom.
They occur in every part of tlie world where the cold is not too intense to destroy
their spawn, or where there is sufficient moisture, though they abound most in moist
temperate regions where the summer is warm." — Bcrkeh')/.

The species named in the following catalogue are, for the most part, those
collected by the late Mr. Sulpiz Kurz, as named and described by the late Frederick
CuiTcy, F.il.S., in the Liuntean Society's Transactions, from which they have been
copied. The greater number were collected in Biu'ma ; a few in Bengal. These
last I have left standing in the list, as, in all probability, they will one day be
found in Burma also. A few species, collected by myself, and recently named
for me by Mr. M. C. Cooke, have been added to tlie list, and inserted in their proper
places. They are distinguished by the initial P.

Agaricini. *

AoAEicrs (Lepiota) contixufs, Berk. Maulmain, P.
A. (Psalliota) campkstuis, L. Maulnuiin, P.

Tbis, tlie genuine English ifushroom, used to make its appearance in my com-
pound in ifaulmain, during the rainy season, on rare occasions and after long intervals,
very much to my surprise. I can recollect only three or four such in the course of
some twenty years. On each occasion it was in or near the same sjiot, at the foot of a
tree and at tlie bottom of a steep bank where, year after year, I used to heap uj) all
the fallen leaves I coidd collect to make vegetable mould. Suddeidy, on some day
in the rains, two or tliree mushrooms of a .small size would a])])ear in the gravel path
near the decayed leaves ; but my hopes of a succession were always disappointed, as

32 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

after that one day's display, there would bo no more perhaps for two or three or six
years ! I never saw any ou or near the stable dung, where one niiglit more naturally
have expected to find them ; nor did I ever hear of any other person having found
them ; that is to say — if they were observed also by others, as they may well have
been, I never heard of it.

" Some persons have inferred, from the springing up of mushrooms whenever
particular soils and decomposed organic matter are mixed together, that the produc-
tion of Fungi is accidental " (spontaneous ?) " and not analogous to that of perfect
plants. But Fries, whose authority on these questions is entitled to the highest
respect, has shown the fallacy of this argument iu favour of the doctrine of equivocal
generation. ' The sporules of Fungi,' says this naturalist, ' are so infinite that in
a single individual of Eeticularia maxima, I have counted above ten millions, and so
subtle as to be scarcely visible, often resembling thin smoke ; so light that they may
perhaps be raised by evaporation into the atmosphere, and dispersed in so many ways
h\ the attraction of the sun, by insects, wind, elasticity, adbesion, etc., that it is
difficult to conceive a place from which they may be excluded.' " '

If we grant full weight to this statement, it still remains a most remarkable and
in many ways unaccountable fact, that the mushrooms in my compound should have
come up after intervals of several years, in the very same place, and (as far as my
obsei'vation went) nowhere else ; especially as, being gathered by me as soon as seen,
they had no opportunity of ripening and shedding their sporules. After their first
arrival on the sp<it. it must be jiresumed that their vitality lay dormant in the
Mijcelium underground.

A. (Htpholom.*.) ArPENTHCTTLATUs, Fr. Maulmain, P.

Lentixus coadunatus. Hook. fil. Maulmain, P.

L. CAPKOXATUS, Fr. Myo-dwyn, Pegu.

L. DESCEiTDENSi Fr. Htou-kyc-gat, Pegu.

L. FiJEfDEOsus, Fr. Pegu Yo-mu Range.

L. TELUTEN-us, Fr. Pcgu Yo-nui Range.

L. GLABKATUs, Mont. N. Rajmahal Hills, Bengal.

L. SAJOE CAJU, Fr. S. Andaman.

(Malay name for the plant).

L. EsiLis, Fr. Htou-kye-gat, Nakawa. Pegu.

L. INGUINANS, Berk. Kemendine, Rangoon.

L. KuitziA^'us, Currey. Pegu Yo-ma Range.

L. c^spiiosus, Currey. Pegu.

L. lEHECiriAEis, Currey. Pine forests, Karen country.

Maeasmius Paeishh, Cooke. My compound, Maulmain, P.

M. Buemensis, Cooke. ^ My compound, Maulmain. P.

ScHizopuYLLUM coiiiirNE, Fr. Botanic garden, Calcutta. Ross Island,
Andamans. Htou-kye-gat, Pegu. K. Maulmain. P.

Leuzites albida, Fr. Htou-kye-gat, Pegu.

L. Palisoti, Fr. Seven Pagodas, Toimg-ngoo. Htou-kye-gat.

L. ocnEOPHYLLA, Berk. Maulmain. P.

Polyporei.

PoLTPOKirs (Mesopds) peeennis, Fr. Sent by Dr Stoliczka fi'om Pcnang.
P. (Mesopds) XANinorus. Nakawa. Htou-kyc-gat. Tsittoung Valley.

Yo-ma. S. Andamans. K. Maulmain. P.
P. (Mesopus) floeideus, Berk.' Pegu. Bookce, Karen Hills.

P. (Mesopus) htpoblastus, Berk. Howrah, Calcutta, on bamboo.
P. (Mesopus) ceassipes, Currey. Pegu Yo-ma.

" Only a young state of P. xanthopus," Cooke.

' 'VSliole passage extracted from Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii. p. 391.
^ Allied to M. tnmeii/is, but certainly not the same. — Cooke.
' First found by Spruce at Panure, Amazon, S. Am.

j'(\yo/.

33

P. (llKSOns) AJJTHELJIINTICCJl, Bcik.

liunu. Thau-mo.
r. (Plkueoits) SA.vGuixErs, Fr.

P. (PlKCUOPUs) JIODESTCS,

P. (PlEUROPUS) FLABEI.LIFOMIS, Kl.

P. (PLErEOPUs) AFFIXIS, Fr.

P. (PLEURorus) piciPEs, Fr.

p. (PLEUROPrs) LUCIDUS, Fp.

p. (PLKmoprs) Amboinexsis, Fr.
P. (Pleubopcs) Sri.rreKiiUERi, Mont.
P. (Pleukopus) BttusxEO-picius, Berk.

At tho base of old bamboos. Used as an

anthelmintic.
Matlali. Lower Bengal, Kurz, Maulmain. P.
Yo-mfi Range.
Yo-niu Range.

Yo-nia Range. Bookoc, Karen Hills.
Botanic Garden, Calcutta.
]5utanic Garden, Calcutta.
Pegu, Karen Countiy.
Nat-toung, Toung-ngoo.
Arakau, on old wood.

Anodermei.

P. (Apus) FtrxALis, Fr.
P. (Aprs) RFBiDus, Berk.
P. (Aprs) Peguaxus, Mont.
P. ixcERTis, Cuney.

P. APPLAXATUS, Fr.
P. MARGIXATUS, Fr.

p. Peesooxii, Fr.

p. noLoscLERus, Berk.

P. Parishii, Berk.

p. cixEREO-Fuscrs, Currej.

P. cuixABAErxrs, Fr.
P. scRUPosus, Fr.
P. Feci, Fr.

P. VERSICOLOR, Fr.

p. Pixsiirs, Fr.
P. ant:bvs. Berk.

P. XEROPDYlLACErS, Berk.'

Traitf.tes LOBATi's, Berk.

T. TMBRIXUS, CniTcy.
T. OCCIDEXTALIS, Fr.

T. cixGCLAirs, Berk.
D-EDALiA TExuis, Berk.

D. DISCOLOR, Fr.

D. ZONATA, Fr.

Hf.XAGOXIA POLTGII.VMMA, ilont.

H. KuEzi, Currey.

Lower Bengal.
Pegu.

Maulmain. P.
Loc. ?

Placodermei.

Htou-kye-gat, Toung-ngoo.
Pine Forests, Bookee.
Pegu, Kurz. Maulmain. P.
Yo-ma Range, Myo-dwyn.
Maulmain. P.
j^Takawa, Pegu.

Inodermei.

Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

Martaban Hills.

Pegn Yo-ma.

Sikkini, Himalaya.

Nat-toung, Toung-ngoo.

Htou-kye-gat, Pellowa.

Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

Sikkim Terai, on old logs.

Nal;awa. Htou-kye-gat, Pegu.

Botanic Garden, Calcutta, on old logs.

Pegu Yo-nia.

Pegu Yo-ma.

Pegu Yo-ma.

Pellowa. Htou-kye-gat, Pegu.

Pellowa Htou-kye-gat.

Matlah. Bengal.

Hydnei.
Hi-BXTM VDVa, Fr. Matlah. Calcutta.

TREjna.L(U)ox oelatixosum, Fr. Sikkim Himalaya.

IiiPEX FLAWS, Kl. Arakan. Baronga Island.

I. PALLEscExs, Fr. Pcgu Yo-nui.

Graxdixia graxulosa, Fr. Pellowa. Htou-kye-gat, Pegu.

Auricularini.

TuELEPnoRA PusiLLA, Cun'oy. Sikkim Himalaya.

T. PALMATA, Fr.

Botanic Garden, Calcutta.

' " Xot this sfiecics, but V. Curroyi, Birk." (Cooke).

34 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AJD PnODUCTIOXS.

LACHNOCLAinrsi BiiASiLiExsE, Bfrli. Calcutta.

Steeeum ELEO.ijrs, Er. Lower Pegn.

S. rvsTEEA. Sikkim Himalaya.

S. LOBATUjr, Fr. Htoii-kye-gat. Seven Pagodas.

S. scTTAXE, Berk. Pegu- Bookee, Earen Hills.

S. ADrsTtJM, Lev. Southern To-ma. Pegu.

S. PAPYEiKTTM, Mont. Pegu. Tiuieokec.

S. MEDierir, Currey. Sikkim.

S. CTATHIFOEME, Currcy. Bookee, Karen Hills.

CoRTicm vioLACEO-iiviDVii, Fr. Pegu Yo-ma.

C. L3;viGATnsi, Fr. Pegu Yo-ma.

C. MouGEOTii, Fr. Sikkim.

GuEPixiA itAMosA, Currcy. Howrah, Calcutta. Arakan.

Clavariei.

Caloceea viscosa, Fr. Seebpore, Lower Bengal.

TiPHULA rrsciPES, Fr. Sikkim.

Tremellini.

Teemella foliacea, Fr. P. Sikkim.

HiNs^KOLA ArEiCTLA-JuDiE, Fr. Kakawa. Htou-kye-gat.

H. ArsicuLA-CAXis, Fr. I'egu. Northern Yo-ma.

Phalloidei.

PnALLrs D.'EJiosrM, Rumph. My compound, ilaulmain. P.

On one or two occasions I gathered this ciuious and very elegant fungus, in
my compound, among the decayed leaves. The stem, which is about the thickness
of one's thumli. and some four or five inches high, is white in colour, fibrous, brittle,
and hollow. The pileus, wliich is also white, is reticulated and hangs down over
the stem like a beautiful lace veil. The whole structure is so frail as hartUy to bear
handling. It is, however, pleasanter in the sight, than in the handling, as, like all
the genus, it emits a veiy oti'ensive odour.

Nidulariacei.

Cyxtiius isteujiedids, llon^. Stebijore, Bengal, Kurz. Mauliuain, P.

Lycoperdacei.

Lycoperdon GEMMATirM, Fr. Sikkim.

L. pusiLLUii, Fr. Lower Pegu.

L. Beasileexsi, Fr. Nakawa, Htou-kye-gat.

Trichodermacei.

Trichocoma paradoxum, Jungli. Sikkim Himalaya.

Trichia ptriformis, Hoffm. Loc. ?

Arcyna vmbrina, Fr. Pellowa, Htou-kye-gat.

Helvellacfii.

Peztza aueantia, Pers. Sikkim.

P. KUTiLAXs, Fr. Htou-kye-gat.

Helotium citrinum, Fr. Sikkim.

Sporocybacei.

Stilbum: DfCQifSPiCDTjM, Cuprey. Seebpore, Bengal.

S. EEYTHROCEPHAH'M, Dittui. var. Bot. Gard., Calcutta.

LIVIIEXS. 35

Sphseriacei.

Xylakia DioiTATA, Oivv. liot. Giu'd., Calcutta.

X. TAiiAciNA. Sikkim.

X. GuYAXEXsrs, !^[ont. Htou-kj-c-gat.

X. POLYMOKPHA, Grcv. Bot. Giinl., Calcutta.

X. HYPOXYLox, Grov. Bot. GariL, Calcutta. Aiakan.

X. KritziANA, CuiTcy. Bot. Gard., Calcutta.

X. FLAGbXLiFoitMis, CuiTcy. Tsittouug Valloy.

X. MCTABII.IS, CuiTcy. Bot. Gard., Calcutta.'

Hypo-yilox suuoKBicuLAiiK, Wclw. and CuiTcy. Bot. Gard., Calcutta.

H. coxcEXTRicuii, Bolt. Bot. Gard., Calcutta.

H. itARGiXATUii, Scliw. Pe,a;u.

DiATKYPE KCGOSA, Currcy. Pegu Yo-nia.

Hypocr.ea takiabills, Currey. On livinu; leaves of bamboo. Pegu Yo-nia.

Sphjsria phaselixa, Mont. Xakawa, Htuu-kyc-gat.

S. suBLiJiATA, D.R. and Mout. Kainbala-touDg.

PoRoxiA PiLEiFORJiis, Berk. Maulniain. P.

Micropeltis applaxata, Mont. Mangrove Bay, South Andaman.

TcjiAGO sALicixA, Tal. Sel. Fung.

Carp. Vol. II. p. 280. AVa-rboung. Pegu Yo-nia.

Nkctkia EuoExi.Ti, Currey. On leaves of Eugenia. Pegu Yo-nia.

Graphiola PutEXieis, Poit. On leavcsof P/w««^«/Mrfw«, Calcutta. P.

LICHENS.

Cellular flowerles.s plants, deriving uourisliment througli their whole surface
from the medium in wiiioh they live, the air : propagated by spores.

" A large tribe of cryptogams belonging to the Fungal alliance, and distinguished
from Fungi by their not deriving nutriment in general from the substance on which
they grow, but from the surrounding medium ; by their slow development and long
endurance ; and, technically, by their jiroducing withiu their substance granules
distinct from the general tissue, called gonidia, which in certain conditions are
reproductive. Lichens are in some cases useful as articles of food and medicine ; but
their principal economical value consists in their properties as dyes." — Berkeley.

Ceiiomijce rangiferina, commonly called reindivr moss, is the chief food of the
reindeer, when other food cannot be obtained. Cetraria islanilica — the Iceland moss
of the shoj)s — is a well-known ai'ticle of nourishment. And Tripe de Roche, on
which Canadian hunters are sometimes reduced to subsist, is furnished by licliens of
the genus Ggrophnra and others.

I have not heard of any collection of Lichens having been made by the late
Sir. Sulpiz Kurz ; I am, therefore, reduced to offer the following meagre list of a few
species casually gathered by myself on the hills of Martaban and Tenasserim.

They have been named (through Dr. M. C. Cooke) by the Bcv. J. M. Crombie.

Pyxixe, sp. ?

Cr.AnONIA DECORTICATA, Fr.
CoCCOCARPIA MOI,YliI).EA, Xyl.

Par.mei.ia KAMSTscnADALis, Acli. On rocks.

p. LATISS1.MA, Fee. On rocks.

p. LJE\TGATA, Acli. On rocks.

TJsxii DAsvpoGox, Fee. On trees.

TJ. FLORIDA (strigosa), Fcc. Ou trecs.

U. CEEATIXA, Ach. On trees.

' Tliis is cirtaiuly .Y. euharoidts of Birk. (Cc okc).

36

CLASS 11. ACEOGEN-S.

Axis of growth distixct, growixo from tue apex, with usually no pro-
tlsiojf foe subsequent increase in diameter, and with frequently distinct
FOLIAGE. Reproduction by the action of Antlierozoids on Archcgonia.

MUSCALES.
Plants composed of cellular tissue only. Archegorda or AntheriJia, or both
formed on the stem or branches of a new plant, that is developed from the spore
on its germination. 1

MUSCALES. THE MOSS ALLI.\NCE.
MOSSES.

The ■word Moss has been used by unscientific persons in a very loose and in-
definite manner, being applied to almost any plant of a small, cEespitose and compact
habit of growth. For instance, Keindeer-moss (so called) is, strictly speaking;, a
lichen ; Carrageen-moss is a seaweed ; and Spanish moss is a Bromeliaccous plant,
or of the same order as the Pine-apple ! As a Botanist speaks, however, " moss "
has a limited and thorouglily wcll-deiined application.

True mosses, technically speaking, are cellular Acrogcns, i.e. plants whose tissue
(with some exceptions) is composed of cells and not of vessels, and which grow at
the end. They are, for the most part, small lowly plants of thin delicate texture,
generally gregarious, and choosing for their habitats, trees, rocks and walls, or clay
banks and bogs, but hardh' disdaining any locality which will provide them with
their chief sustenance, moisture. Some mosses are very singular in their choice of a
habitat. One very remarkable and b(\iutit'ul genus (^Sjihu-hnum) chooses the decaved
dung of animals, though it does not refuse to grow on an old hat or an old shoe.
Another moss — Funnria hygrometrica — affects bare patches of ground, especially
where there are any charred remains. This peculiar habit seems to accompany the
plant in every part of the world : for it was on just such a patch of burnt ground,
that, on crossing a deserted Toung-ya in tlie motmtains, I found this common British
species.

Mosses differ exceedingly in size, colour, and texture, — also, as a consequence,
in general outward aspect. Some Phasca, including roots, stem and fruit, vaiy
from a line to one-eighth of an inch in total length ; while Pohjtriilmm commune (a
single plant) will sometimes attain the length of two feet, so that hassocks and mats
are maile of it. The urn alone, or sporangium, of the latter is capable of holding
concealed within it a very large number of fully developed plants of the former.
Many species of Meteorium and Kcckcra clothe the branches of damp forest trees with
a ib'ooping drapery many inches in length. Pohjtrichnm and Pogonatiim furnish

' [Tlie following remarks are from the pen of the Eev. C. Parisli, who has kindly contrihuteil the
catalogue licre given, the only alteration in which being the interpolation in its place of the order
Chiiruaic, iu aeeordance with the scheme of classiticatiou followed in this edition.]

iirscf. 37

exceptions to the uniformity of the ecllular tissue of mosses, for they ilevelope vasculur
tissue ; also to their generally delieate and translucent texture, for they are firm,
tough, and dry. Nor are all mosses gi-een, though that is the ])revailinu; colour. Some
are uearh* white, as Leucohrijum and OdMeplmrum : others iiearh" hlaek, as Andraa :
others, again, arc of a beautiful golden yellow, as Stercodon praiiiollift and Tnie/ii/piis
(X«c/vT(«) crispalula, Burmese plants. And many others, such as Stcrcodon and
J/eteoriuM, present a beautiful adini.\turc of various shades of brown and yellow.
Trees and rocks owe, indeed, much of their rich colouring to the mosses 'which
adorn their surface.

Mosses, like feras and orchids, are either terrestrial or epiphytal ; they arc erect,
creeping, or pendulous, simple or branched. They are covered with small leaves,
commonly growing unit'onuly round the central axis, so as to make the plant appear
cylindrical, but not uufrcqueutly they are more or less bifariously disposed, which
gives the moss a tiattened appearance. In one (I believe, solitary) instance, that of a
rare European moss called " Jiicrliinimia ophylla" a moss may be said to be IcaHess,
for to all intents and purposes it is so, presenting to the eye nothing but a single seta
or stem about half an inch high surmounted by a rather large sponii/ji'itm ; rudi-
mentary leaves have, however, been discovered. But, however mosses may differ
from each other in thcii- general appearance, the fructification, when once seen or
understood, affords an unfailing mark by which to distinguish the class.

Accordingh', leaving the male and female organs of reproduction, which arc
concealed and microscojiic, we will now describe what is alone visible to the naked
eye and is commonly called the fruit of a moss. This (I except here the small and
partially distinct gr aip, Andraa), is in the form of a hollow capsule, called the fheca
or sporuiiffiiiM, which is either sessile among the leaflets, or elevated on a rigid bristle-
like support or stalk, called the se/a. This spore-case is more or less globose
or cylindrical, or sometimes even square. It contains the spores and opens in various
ways to allow of their escape. In every case, in an early stage, before the spornngium
is fully ripe, it is surmounted by a sort of cap or veil, which is called the cah/ptra.
This small appendage either covers the spore-case uniformly like an extinguisher,
when it is said to be mitnfonn ; or it is ruptured laterally, and sticks jauntily on one
side like a Xormandy cap ; or, if one may draw a comparison from the country, like
that remarkable sort of night-cap which Tamil boys wear when they go to school ;
it is then called dimidiate. This cali/ptrn, or hood, or veil (as it is variously called),
is sometimes large enough (relatively to the size of the spore-case) to be a conspicuous
object upon it, but oftener it is small and vei-y fugitive. When this hood has fallen
off or been removed carefully by a pair of pincers, the spore-case is laid bare, and in
some few mosses, as in Phascum, it is seen to be entire, though it shows a small beak
or point, and the spores can only escape by its decay and irregular rupture. In the
great majority of cases, however, the sporangium is furnished with a lid, or operculum,
which is nearly flat, or conical, or lengthened into a slender curved point. This lid,
when the sporangium is fully matured, falls off (or it may be pulled off shortly before
maturity), disclosing either a naked mouth, as in Splmgnum and Gymnostomum, or —
much oftener — a single or double row of cilia, or teeth, as they are commonly called,
which form an exquisitely beautiful fringe to the mouth of the sporangium. These
teeth expand and contract in a livcl\- manner, according as moisture is applied or
withheld. Inside the urn, or sporangium, the innumerable green spores may now
be seen. No one, except those who have seen these fringes of teeth, or peristomes,
as thej- are called, can form any idea of their exquisite variety and beauty. They aic
among the loveliest objects which the microscop(! has ever revealed.

Apart, however, from their beauty, the most singular feature about these teeth,
or cilia, is their nundjcr. In some (comparatively few) mosses, as we have seen, they
arc wholly wanting; but where they are present, they are always four, or some
multiple of four, i.e. they are 4, 8, K!, 32 or 01. No other number is known; nor,
as far as I have seen or heard, are they ever fewer or more numerous by so much
as one, through abortion, or chance malformation, or sport, as often happens with
the stamens or other parts of flowering plants; so exquisitely perfect are thiy in
their minute organization.

38 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE A\D PRODUCTIOSH.

There are other parts of mosses Tvhirh have technical names, such as the smaller
leaves about the base of the seia, certain swellings in the spornnffiiim, etc., but into
these lesser points, as well as into the various forms which the peristome assumes, I
forbear to enter. For those who wish to pursue the study farther, there is no lack
of books, though, indeed, I know not any one which shall give a description of all
known mosses.

Of the uses of mosses, looked at from man's ordinary point of view, as furnishing
something specially beneficial to himself, I fear there is little or nothing to say. They
appear indeed, in this respect, to rank below even the " inutilis alga." But in the
economy of nature they are of the highest importance. They go far towards giving
the earth her first coating of vegetation, and form a soil in which other plants
innumerable are enabled to establish themselves, and find at once support and
nourishment, besides protection from the extremes of heat and cokl. Moss-spores
are Nature's pioneers in the Vegetable Kingdom. She scatters tliem broadcast on the
winds and sows their fertilizing dust over the earth. They fly forth on their errand,
invisible, and venture where nothing else as yet can. They climb the precipitous
mountain's side and seize on each coign of vantage, settling on eveiy tiny ledge, and
creeping into every crevice. They penetrate the deep shade of the forest and pnur
their myriads over the tree-trunks. They wander over the bleak moor and gather
about its fountain heads, fostering the young springs, and tlirowing over the
gi-anite boulders the only garment they will endure. They dive into the recesses
of caverns and make the roofs and sides glisten with their translucent atoms.' They
grasp the roughness of the barren wall, and cling tenaciously to the smooth roof-tile,
and lay the foundation of a garden upon the house-top. They will oven fiy across
Africa's arid wastes, and by their bright and unexpected presence instil hojie into the
sinking heart of the lonely traveller.' So, as by magic, they spread their green
mantle over the face of the eai th, the present home of insect life, and the harbinger
to other animals and to man himself of flower and fruit and sustenance.

We come now to Order and Arrangement.

No one system appears to have met with the general approval of Bryologists.
That adopted in tlie old !Muscologia Britannica had the merit of simplicity and
tolerable facility in the discovery of genera, which perhaps, after all, is the chief
object aimed at.

The main divisions were made wholly to depend on the character of the fniit,
little or no regard being paid to vegetative differences. The first Division contained
that small groiip whose spore-case splits into valves : the second that with entire
spore-cases : the third included those mosses whose spore-cases open with a lid, but
have no peristome ; the fourth those which have a single peristome ; the fifth tliose
with a double peristome ; while the generic characters turned on the position of th.e
fruit, the form of the calyptra, and the number and form of the teetli of the
peristome ; while, yet again, the specific differences lay mainly in the disposition and
form of the leaves. This arrangement has been abandoned in newer works, as it
was thought to link together groups of plants which had not sufficient natural
affinity ; and others have been adojjted with a view, if possible, of grouping the
species together more naturally.

"Whether or not this object has been attained in any suflScient measure by any
one of the existing systems may well be doubted if we judge from the words of tlic
Rev. M. J. Berkeley, who is "facile princeps " in Cryptogamic Botany; he says,
" On the whole, the state of Bryology must be considered as extremely imperfect.
The entire subject clearly wants the revision of some master-mind." — HaudbooU of
British Mosses, 1863, Preface, p. 45.

The arrangement which he himself adopts in the Handbook " was (he says)

' Scliistostega pennata or osmimdacca "occurs in several parts of Eufjland ia cavems which are
iUuminatcd by a golden-green Light from the refractive property ot its cont'erva-like shoots." — M.J.li.
in " Treasury of IJotany."

* Mungo Park. This celebrated traveller is said to have taken courage at the sight of I'f:si<ftiis
hnjoides, a small British moss, when in the heart of Africa.

ilUSCI.

39

drawn up wifli a viow to flic mosses of the IJrilisli Islos alone ; " it is therefore
precliuled from ailoptiou here. I am compelled, therefore, to adopt the arrangement
followed by Mr. William Mitten in his enumeration of "The Mosses of tlu' East
Indies," Vol. I. of " The Proceedings of the Linnean Society," Botany, Supplement.
If the expression used should appear to imply any idea of regret at the use of this
arrangement, that regret has reference solely to my inability to ofler an easier and
more familiar ari-angement here, and one more suited to the character of the work.
For, however great may be the merits of the arrangement, as an approach to a
natural grouping of the species (and Mr. Mitten's great e.xperiencc of this Order of
Plants and his acknowledged authority sliould be a sufficient guarantee that they
are so), looked at artificially it certainly appears to bo complicated and difficult,
BO that I altogether despair of making it intelligible. As, however, my small
collection was incoi-porated in this arrangement some years ago b}" Mr. Mitten
himself, and as he has now further kindly undertaken to do the same with a cata-
logue of mosses coUteted by the late Mr. Kurz, and named by a German Bryologist
(which I found impossible to make agree with my own), I can but use his arrange-
ment simply as it is and unexplained, or with such slight explanations as are in my
power to give ; and this I now accordingly do.

MUSCI.

* I. noMoDICTTA.

Leaf-cells uniform in structure.

+ SCHISTOCARPI.
Fruit splitting into valves.

Gioui) axdr^i-:ace.e.

I STEGOCARPI.
Fruit having a lid.

(j ARTIIRODONTI.

6.

BlCRANE.r..

LEl'COBHYE.E.

TRICllOSTOMEJE.

GUIMUEjE.

OKTHOTRICREJE.

EVNARIEJE.

SPLACHNE^.

RARTRAMIE^.

Groups.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
11.
15.

NEMATODONTI.

IIRYE.E.

UYrXE.E.

NECK ERE A-:.

LEUCUDOSTEJi.

LESKE.E.

31 XI K A-:.

11 \ I'OPTER YGIE,E.

1. SUXBAUMIE.E.

Groups.

2. roLYTRlCHE.^.

^ II. IIETERODICTYA.

Leaf-cells diverse in structure.

1. SrUAGXEAC.

oflny

'like' and ciktvov 'a net.' f t''x^"'> "X'"''"'' 'split ' and

ajeyoi 'a Covering' and am/otov 'fruit.'
§ u/iO/x)!/ 'a limb or joint' and »r«(''v-f«'rT»v 'a tooth
11 I'ijfia 'a tlu'cad ' and ofoiV-ro'j'Tix; 'a tooth.'
^ (V/)ov ' other or different ' and fiK-voi' ' a net.' '

"/'"

'fruit.'

' Ono of tlie (il)jcoticms to th<: Aiiiilytical key above given .seems to mo, if I may be allowed to
offer an opinion, to lie iu the clioieo of words and terms. The liret requirement iji uu analytieul

40 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Ande.ea, Ehrenherg.

This gonns is the only one among mosses which has what has already been
partially described as a Schistocarpous spo)-ti»//iHm, or spore-ease. It consists of
very few species, four of which are natives of Great Britain, the rest being found
in various parts of the world, but (with one or two remarkable exceptions for which
geology has to account) always in Alpine or sub-Alpine countries. They are lowly-
tufted plants, rarely exceeding two inches in length, with veiy minute leaves of
a dark reddish-brown colour, in the mass looking almost black. I believe they are
invariably found on granite or quartzose rocks. The sporangium, which is about
the size of a small pin's head, is tenuinal and sessile. It has a mitriform cahjptia,
which becomes ruptured iiTcgulaidy. The striking peculiarity of the genus, in
which it differs from every other, is that, when ripe, the spore-case bursts into 4
(or 6-8, Berkeley) distinct valves, which, however, cohere at the summit. In this
division of the spore-case into foui- valves, although these valves do not ultimately
exjiand, Andraa approaches Jimgermnnnia, of which we shall speak in due course.

Andraa rupcstris {pe/ropJiiia, Ehr.), with two or three more species, is foimd
in the Himalayas, though, of course, only at a considerable elevation. I have not
found it on our Burmese moxmtains, where it may jjossibly grow, though I doubt
if they attain a sufficient height for it, their maximum being about 8000 feet.
The exceptional locality for Anilraa, above alluded to, is the plains of Germany,
where, on granite rocks, Mr. Berkeley says, A. Rothii is found, with other Alpine
mosses.

I have gathered this species on the giimite rocks of Dartmoor in Devonshire.
The genus receives its name from Andrea, a Hanoverian doctor.

Those who never visit the mountains of Burma are not very likely to have their
attention drawn to the mosses of the country. They will, proliably indeed, wonder
where they are. In the hot weather they are completely diied up, and even in
the rainy season, the number to be found in tlie plains is very small, and they are

t ible is, sui'ely, that its terms be sharply autithetiral ; the second, that they shall ronTcy, through their
derivatives, the meaning which is meant to be conveyed by them, clearhj ; and. it possible, cover the
whole meaning. Some of the terms above given do not answer to these conditions. Those for the
primary division (supposing the division itself to be a good one, though it has the inconvenience of
leaving nearly the whole of the Order on one side) are excellent ; they are at once sharply oj)posed,
and express exactly what it is meant they should, neither more nor less: viz. "leaf-cells uniform"
and "loaf-cells not uniform."

We come no^v to the tirst subdivision and the word Sr/iialocnypiy an excellent terra in itself, as
well expressing the distinctive character of ihe Group " Amh-trnrfa:- \^ but its next opposite, St'i/nciirpi,
labours under the tUfhculty, tirst, of not being clearly antithetical, and .secondly, of being used to cover
more than its meaning warrants. It means "fruit with a lid," and the recognized opposite to it, used
in other systems, is ^^ C/eis/ocnrpi^' "fruit closed," or '^fntit irithoiit a litiy But this term finds no
place here. The explanation given in the Preface is ; " The Cliistoearpous Order has been suppressed,
because its component groups are referable to families of higher development." Doubtless this is so
itniuraltt/, but being so. the term '^ Stegocfvpi''^ should surely have been changed or omitted. It has
no antithetical term, strictly speaking, and though its meaning is " with a lid," it is used to include
those mosses which are without one ! A simple change of term, such, fiir instance, as Hu/ocarpi, or
v/io/e-irmtvd, would fairly have covered both those with a lid and those without one, and would at the
same time have been sharply opposed to Srhistorarpi or .«p/iM'ruited.

To come to the farther subdivisions Arihi-odonii and Nimiitod'Titi, the simple meaning of these
two tenns is "teeth-jointed" and "teeth like spun thread;" but they are explained to mean, the
first: " Peristome with teeth built up of a triple series of agglutinated colls; the two outer series
coloured, and often united in one; the inner, broader and thinner in texture, transparent, forming little
transverse bars." The second: " I'oristome composed of several layers of threads, free, or the inner
ones united into a woven membrane; or, adhering by the points of their tooth-like processes to the
edge of a drum-like membrane."

Now all this is a great deal more than the tenns used can possibly signify ; besides, the points or
peculiarities described are far fnmi being easy or simple.

Lastly, no ex])lanation is afforded of the ininciplos on which the very large groups of genera have
been foundod, further than this, that "they are founded upon a ditforeiicc iu the mode of growth, or
in the structure of the leaves."

It will, I think, be admitted that, however nnlural this Order or arrangement may be, coming in
as an nrtijicinl system in aid of the natural, it does not commend itself for its facility to a bcgium'r.
Tliis is the reason why, if it wore pos>iblo, I would gladly have substituted some more simple system hero.

MVSVI. 41

for the most ]nit minute ami inconspicuous. Garckea phaacoldes [Grimmi(X fcxuoKa
of Grilf. NotuUe), with Bidijimdun fuccidun and Torfula ci/ltndracca (which i[ittcii
says is a form of our common British Weimia toiitiro.stris), may be looked for on
clay banks. Bryum coronntmn is rather common ou walls and old Pagodas. A small
Jlypnum or two, //. WrkjJdii and II. Tavoyeme, with Sauloma microcarpon and
caiidtidim, may be found frequently on trees ; Leskeit investis and two or three more
on rocks and stones ; but these are all small and scanty, liardly large enough to
attract attention. The only two plants, perhaps, which are found in the neigh-
bourhood of the towns worthy of description, are —

OcTOELKPnARUM ALBiDn.u, Hedwig.

This is one of the very few mosses which has eiyhl teetli in the peristome.
None are found with this number in Great Britain, nor, I believe, in Europe. We
have a moss witli four teeth — Tefniplifs ; but this too is a rare number, sixteen being
by far the commonest, in fact the prevailing number, either in a single or double
series.

0. alhidum grows in small dense tufts of a glaucous colour, i.e. a viTy pale
green, approaching to white. The individual plants arc about a (puirter of an inch
high ; stem simple ; leaves linear, suddenly acuminate, nerveless, fleshy, spreading
on all sides, not curled when dry. Spore-case terminal, ovate : — peristome consisting
of eiglit broad teeth with an interval between them, and a line down the centre.
Operculum beaked ; calyptra dimidiate. llather common on trees ; easily detected
by its whitish colour.

ScnisToiiiTKirii G.iEDXKKiANiiM, Mitten.

This is another small caispitose moss of a glaucous hue, smaller even than the
last. Stem simple or nearly so, one-eighth of an inch high ; leaves densely imbricated,
lanceolate, pointed, nerveless. Spore-case on a very short stalk, cup-shaped or tur-
binate ; (ipercuhim conical, long, straight, subulate ; calyptra exceedingly long and
subulate (awl-sha])ed), jagged and laciniated at the base, dimidiate ; peristome none.
The fruit is almost hid among the leaves. It forms large conspicuous patches,
always, as found bj- me, immediately at the foot of large trees. Toung-wine, near
Maulmain.

This curious little moss is found uearlj- all over the world ; in Nepaul, Madras,
IIong-Kong, in Brazil (where Gardner tirst discovered it), and in Mexico at 3000
feet of elevation.

As mosses, though ubicjuitous in small quantities, have their proper home in the
temperate regions of the earth, where they reach their highest development, it is
necessary to ascend the mountains, if our finer Burmese species woidd be found.
There the fine branched Ilypna, and the pendulous species of Mcteoriani, and others,
may be found in fair profusion on tlie ground and festooning the trees.

Besides forms peculiarly Tropical, we find, there, at considerable elevations, a
sprinkling of European species, such as Spluiynuin cuspidatum, Fanaria hygrouutrica,
and Polytrichum {I'ogonatum) ahiides.

As a detailed desciiption of species is more than is contemplated in this work,
also more than is likely to be rccjuired by the rising Bryologists of Burma. I .shall
bring this short sketch of the Order to a close with a brief description of tlie three
Eui'opean species last mentioned ; and this I shall borrow chielly from Mr. Berkeley.

SnrAG.NTM, Ehrenhrg.

Sporangium globose ; receptacle elongated, fleshy ; peristome none ; lid convex,
nearly fl;it ; calyptra irreguhirly torn ; leaf-cells of two kinds [Heterodictya), tlie
one large, containing a spiral thread, tlic walls perforated between the spirals; the
other linear, surrounding the first.

S. cuspidatum : Stem elongated, branches fasciculate (crowded at the end), at-
tenuated, some deflexcd, closely adpressed. Stem leaves ovate, acute, s]ircading ;
branch-leaves lanceolate, tapering ; margin undulated when dry. Extremely variable.

42

BURMA, TTS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTFOXS.

Sphaijmim is commonly known as " bog-moss ; " it forms, as it decays, the
principal ingredient in peat. There is but one genus of this group. " Tlic species
are difficult of definition, and are probably far less numerous than is supposed."

rr>''ARiA, ITofhrif/.

Sporanginm obliquely pyriform, thick, subventricoso ; apophysis (a peculiar
goitre-like swelling at the base of the sporangium of some mosses, absent from
others), tapering into the foot-stalk, even, or furrowed when dry. Ring (round
the base of the perinfouie in some mosses, detaching itself wlien the lid falls off),
when present, large; peristome double, outer of IG oblique teeth, connected at tbeir
tips by a small reticulated circular disk ; inner a membrane divided into 16 lanceolate
processes, opposite to the outer teeth, and slightly adherent at the base ; lid plano-
convex ; calyptra swollen at the base, subulate above, at length split on one side.

F. hygrometrica : Upper leaves crowded, forming a bud-like m;iss, ovato-oblong,
acuminate ; nerve reaching to the apex ; sporangium pyriform, incurved, deeply
furrowed when dry; ring broad, at length revolutc ; fruit- stalk tlexuous, and highly
hygrometric. ^Vhen in fruit, about one inch liigli. Extremely common, and found
in most parts of the world.

POGONATUM, Bridcl.

Sporangiitm oval or oblong, not angular (as in Poii/fricJinw) : calyptra densely
hairy ; teeth 32 united by their tips to a tym])auoid (di um-skin like) membrane ;
leaves densely lamellate (having numerous lamella; or thin plates on either side of
the mid-rib).

P. aioides : Stem short, leaves lengthened, lanceolate, from a sheathing base,
toothed, thick, pointed ; sporangium soft, oblong ; lid conical, acuminate. One to
two inches high. Forming loose patches ; affecting dry sandy places.

ML, •SCI. 43

SYSTEMxVTIC LIST OF BURMESE MOSSES.

I. nOilOBTCTYA.

SCHISTOCARPI.

Andu.ea, Elirenherg.
(none yet discovered in Burma).

*STEGOCARPI. ARTIIRODONTI.
DICRAXEJ-:.
Garckea, Br i del.
G. rnvsc(iini:s, C. Miill. {'lay banks, ifaulmain.

Li;rTOTEicncM, Ilamjie.
L. Ri;K\WAUjjrn, Mitt. On trees, Moolee-it, GOOO to 7000 feet.

Tkem.itodox, Richard.
T. s.viiuLosus, GrliF. On tlie ground, mountains.

Lki'coloha, Bridcl.
L. Tayloui, Mitt. On trees, plains.

L. TENKKUM, Jlitt. sp. uov. Slaulniaiu.

L. Euosu>t, Mitt. sp. nov. Mauhuain.

L. LuciNERVE, Mitt. sp. UOV. Moolee-it.

DicuANUM, Hedtcig.

D. SUBUL.WUM, Mitt. On the ground, nioimtaiiis. Xo-a-la-lio,

Tavoy, and Moolee-it.
J). UNCiN.VTUM, Harv. Moolee-it.

DiDVJiorio.v, Hooker.
Y>. i-LACCiiius, Mitt. On the ground, Maulmaiu.

HOLOMITKIUM, Bridtl.
H. cucuLLATi'M, Jlitt. sp. Bov. Mountains.

LEUCOBRYEJ-:.

OexoiiLKruAHUM, llcdtviy.

O. Ar.iilBUM, Hedxv. Trees, common, Manlinain.

O. si:RKATCii = TAyLoiiiA IxnifA. Among moss, on rucks, mountains.

Leucobryum, Hampe.

L. .Javexse, Mitt. Moolee-it. No-a-la-bo (Ox's hump).

\i. Wunrrri, Mitt. On rocks, Maulmaiu.

iSc iiisioMrnauM, Ih^y and Molkcnhuiir .
S. Gardnehianl'.u, J[itt. Foot of trees, Toung-wiiie, Maulmaiu.

44

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

T.
T.

H.

S.

CYLIXDKIC.V, Mitt.

Weissia tentiirosfris.
iNDUEATA, Mitt. sp. nov.

TRICnOSTOME^H.
ToKlULA, Ueihrig.
Maulmaiii.

Mountains.

HTMENOSTrLnjM, Bridel.
ixTEERrrTUii, Mitt. sp. nov. Mountains.

SYEKnopoDON', Hoolcer and Greville.
FASTiGiATrs, Dozj and Molk. Mountains.

CiLYHPEEEs, S warts.
SEMILIBEEUM, Mitt. sp. nov. Trccs. Tavoy.

PAEisntr, Mitt. sp. nov.

PEOBOSCIDIAI.K, Mitt.

TAEim, Mitt. sp. nov.

G. CANESCENS, Mitt.

M.

M.
M.
M.
M.
M.

E.
F.

NiPALEXsE, ilitt. Selnv.
Paeishii, Mitt. sp. nov.

CALYMPEUOIDErjI, Mitt. Sp. UOV

MooRcHOFiii, Schw.
SULCATUM, Brid.
iNTRiciiu-vi, Mitt. sp. nov.

Tavoy.
Tavoy.
Tavoy.

GRIMJUE^E.
Geimmia, Hhrenberff.
Moolcc-it.

OUT no TRICIIE. E.
MACKOMirRiuii, Bridel.

Tavoy.

Tuvoy.

Tavoy.

!J[ountains.

Sfoolee-it.

Muolce-it.

Tavov.

Wallichii, Mitt.

ni-GEOMETKICA, Dill.

T. Indica, Mitt.

B. ROSEUM.

E. FILIFOEME, Mitt,

E. coeonatum, Schw.

B. EUliKNS? Mitt.
B. NlPALEXSE, Mitt.

IT. Tavotense, IToolc.
H. WioHTir.

FUXARIE.i:.
ExTosrnoi os, Sf/iiceini'fz.

Crevices of granite, Moolee-it.

FuxARiA, Sehrcber.

Ou tlic ground, in Toung-j-as.

SPLACBNE^E.
Taylokia, Hoolcer.

Ou rocks between Kau-kereet and Mya-wa-dee.

BRYE^E.
BEYcit, Dillniiiis.

On tlie ground, Moolec-it.

Mountains.

Walls, old pagodas, Maulinain.

Mountains.

On the ground, Ta uk, -1000 feet.

nrryE^E.

Hypnuji, Billen 'us.

Common on trees ahout ^liiuliiKiiii.
On trees, Maulmain.

.vrscr.

40

METEOItlllM, Bridd.

jr. AViiarrir, J[iH. On trees, niountrtinous ilii-tricfs.

M. ARBUsci'LUii, M. sp. nov. On trees, mountainous districts.

M. sPARSUsr, M. On trees, pendulous, mountainous disti'ii-ts.

M. DiVEKGKXs, il. On trees, penduluus, mountainous distriets.

M. SQUAHROSUM, II. On trees in damp shady jungles.

M. MEDIUM, M. On trees, mountains.

M. coRDATUM, il. On trees, mountains.

M. MOLLissiMLM, II. On trees, pendulous, mountains.

Stere

S. JTLrFOEMIS, M.
S. INFLEXUS, M.
S. CAPILLACEUS, M.
S. CIRVIROSTRIS, M.
S. BuiTEXZORGII, il.

S. coMFRESsifOLii's, M. sp. nov.

S. CrPEROIDES, M.
S. APPKESSrS, il.
S. XiPALEXSIS, II.
S. OUTHOTIIECIUS, M.
S. ROSTRATUS, M.
S. LIGSICOLA, M.

S. ALBEscE.vs, il. a minutc species,

S. PR.EMOLLIS, C. Miill.
S. ACUTIEAMEUS, M.
S. PLICATUS, II.
S. ERIXACEUS, M.

S. ERRATiers, M.

S. MACHOCARPUS, il.
S. TENUIS, M.

S. TJNCiFOLius, Mitt. sp. nov.

S. GLAUCOCARPrS, Mitt.

S. EUGicrspiDATus, Mitt. sp. nov.
S. cjEspiTCLOsus, Mitt. sp. nov.

S. TRACHYCARPCS, Mitt. Sp. UOV.

:oDOX, Bridcl.

On decayed wood, Maulmain.
On trees, Maulmain.
At 6-7000 feet, very scarce.
'J'reos, ?

On trees, mountains.
Moolee-it.

Eauna-toung, 4-5000 ft.
On trees, Maulmain.
Maulmain and Martaban.
On trees, mountains.
Trees, ?

On trees, Jlaulmain.
mixed with Octuhlcpharum alhidum.
J[oolee-it.
Mountains.
Mountains.

On trees, pendulous, mountains.
On trees, mountains.
Rocks and trees, mountains.
Rocks and trees, mountains.
On trees, pendulous, mountains.
On trees, mountains.
Mountains.
Mountains.
Mountains, mixed with S. erinaceus.

Sauloma, Ilooh.fil. and Wilson.

S. xiicitocAEPox, Mitt. On Jack-tne in my garden, Maulmain, P.

S. CAUDATUJi, Mitt. sp. nov. On trees, Maulmain.

N. FLAREI.I.ATA, Mitt.
N. VITTATA, Mitt.
N. KECTIKOHA, Mitt.
N. ACUTATA, Mitt.

N. Parisiiii, Mitt. sp. nov.

N. rROCLADA, Mitt.

N. ALOPECUKOIDES, Mitt.

T. nicoLOR, Schw.

T. FUSCF.SCEXS, Mitt.
T. CKISPATOLUS, Mitt.

Neckera, Iledwig.

loc. ?

loc.'i

On trees, mountains.

On trees, mountains 5000 to GOOO feet.

On tree.s, mountains 5000 to GOOO feet.

On trees, mountains.

On trees, mount<iins.

LESKEJE.
Trach ypus, Sc)ncei7ittz.

On trees, mountains.

On trees, mountains, pendulous.

Ou trees, moimtaius, pendulous.

46

BURMA, ITS PEOrLE AXD PRODUCT/OXS.

L. CTMBIFOLIA, Mitt.
L. INVESTIS, Mitt.

C. PAPILLATA, Mitt.

F. ANOMALus, Mont.

i\ AHEOLATUS, Gritf.

F. BKYOiDEs, Iledw.

F. ZU'PEUAKUS, Hfdw.

1{. spnfiFOEME, Bruch.
M. MOLLIS, Mit. sp. nov.
M. EnTxcopnoEuii, Hook,

Leskea, Heduig.

On trees and rocks, Moolee-it, 6000 feet.
On rocks, Muulmain, and on trees, Moolee-it.

Calicostella, Mitten.

On trees, mountains.

MKIEJE.

FiSSIDEXS.

On the ground, mountains.

On the ground, mountains. Moolee-it.

No-a-la-bo.
On the ground, mountains.
On the ground, mountains.

PiUizoGONnnr, Bridd.

On the ground, Moolee-it. No-a-la-bo.

MxiADEiPHrs, C. Midler,
loc.'i

Mmuji, Dilkiiiiis.

On tlie ground, Moolce-it.

C. ADIANTUM, Mitt.

IIYFOTEriYGE.^.
CYATuopnoiirir, Bridel.

On the ground, mountains.

P. aloides, Brid.

P. GYiiyOPHYLLUJI, Mitt,
p. UUMILE, Mitt.

**NEMATODONTI.

rOLYTRICME^.
PoGONATnii, Braid.

On the ground, Moolec-it.
On the ground, Moolee-it.

S. CUSPIDAIUM, Elir.

II. HETEEODICTYA.

SPHAGNEJ',.
Si'nAGKUir, Billcnius.

Boggy ground, mountains.

HEPATIC^ (Liverworts).

"The cryptogams belonging to this curious section, known popularly under the
name of Liverworts, though confounded with Lichens, ditfer from the mosses, to
which they aro closely allied, in their capsule (whether opening definitely or in-
definitely) never having a distinct lid, consequently in the total absence of a
peristome. In many genera there is no stem, but the leafy shoots are replaced by
an expanded membranous frond, which may be quite simple or repeatedly forked,
while it is sometimes iiTegularly lobed or laeiniate. Sometimes it is crisped and
plicate, and sometimes furnished with gill-like plates above. Below it is generally
attached to the substance on which it grows by slender delicate rootlets." — M. J.
Berkeley.

This Section or Group compiiscs tlu'cc dislinct Ordcis :

UEPA TTC.E. 47

I. JUXGERMANXIACE^ (Scak Mosses).

" Creeping moss-like plants, either with imbricated, very cellular leaves sur-
rounding a central axis, or with leaves and axis fused into a common leafy expansion,
i.e. either leafy or frondosc. Spore-cases 1, 2 or 4 valved, erect, with elaters." —
Liudley.

By far the larger portion of the plants of this Order have distinct leaves of a
very moss-like character, though arranged on a different plan from those of mosses —
they arc also more delicate in texture and are lobed and cut into an endless variety
of forms, and are always nerveless. Their chief character, however, by which they
may be at once known from mosses, is the spore-case, which is globose, elevated on
an exceedingly delicate and translucent stalk, and, wlien ripe, bursts open into four
distinct and expanded valves, having its green spores mixed with separate elaters,
or double threaded spiral bodies which assist in their dispersion.

A very much smaller portion has a frondose thallus (or simple leafy expansion)
and a single valved spore-case split on one side, or a 2-valved one, with a central
columella.

The word Hepatica or Liverwort is really only applicable to those plants of this
group which have such a flat frondosc tliallus ; the name having been ap])lied, in
the first instance, I believe, to Marchantia polijmorpha, a common British plant of
just such a character, from a fancied resemblance, or supposed medicinal virtue.

I. FOLIOS.!-:.
1. Zeaies succuhous.^

JUXGEEMAKNIA, LhmcCUS.

J. (Plectocoita, Mitt.) polyekhiza, Hook.
J. ( Pi.ECTOcoLiA, Mitt.) Ariadne, Taylor.
J. (A-n'thelia, Dumont) hiktella, "Weber.

Plagiocuila, Nces von Escnlccl:.

r. XlPALEXSIS, Ldbg.

P. FUUTicosA, Mitten.

P. FLABKLLATA, Mitt.

P. PARViroLiA, Ldbg.

p. MICKODOXTA, Mitt.

C. COAlITtlS, Nees.

C. Auuuxus, Nees.

CniLoscrrnos, Cvrda.

1. Leaves fneuhoiis.^
PliYsioTiVM, JVees von Esenlcck.

p. srnAGXoinEs, Is^ees.

P. ACI.XOSUM, Mitt.

Sexdtseka, EiuUich'f. (Seuisma, Dumonl).

S jrNEri:iii\A, Necs.
S. DieuANA, Taylor.

Lepidozia, Xeea von Eunheeh.
L. ri.ExrosA, Mitt.

Mastiooduvim, yees. (Bazz.ania, Gray).

M. PRCEEirpujM, Nees.
M. TRiDEXs, Nces.

M. CONCAVULA, Lind.

' SHcc«io"s = imbricated in such a manner that the nppor edsje of each loaflct HHtfecliw that next
to it iu successioa. /hcm4u«5 = the upper edge of each oi'tclyiug that ne.\t to it.

48 BURMA, ITS PEOriE AXD PRODUCTWXS.

PiYCANTHUS, Kees von Esenlcck.

P. STRIATTS, Necs.

Lejeunia, Guttsche and Ldhij.

L. (Phragmicoma, Dumont) tjndulata, Mitt.
L. (PnEAGMicoMA) BEPLETA, Taylor.
L. (Pheagmicojia) adplanata, Nees.
L. FLEXUOSA, Mitt.

F. GRACILIS, Nuts.

S. AUEEO-SITENS, Griff.

A. LiEvis, ? Hook.

M. CRISPATA, Hool:.

Frullania, Riuldi.

II. FRONDOS^.

Syxhymeniuii, Griffith.

AxTHOCEEos, Michel).
MoNOCLEA, Hooler.

II. MAPvCHAXTIACE.E (Liverworts proper).

" Spore-cases valvate, seated on the underside of a stalked target-shaped disk.
Spores mixed with elatcrs." — M. J. Berkeley.

Green froudose expansions growing on damp ground.

DcMOETiEEA, Ne'.s voH Esenheck.
D. NiPALENSis, Nees.

III. EICCIACE.E (Crystal Worts).

" Spore-cases valveless, either sunk in the frond or seated on its surface. Spores
not mixed with elaters." — M. J. B.

Although I have not gathered any plants of this order, for want of attention
to it, it cannot be reasonably doubted but that some are to be found in Burma. — P.

MUSCI.i
Combined List of Bvkmese Mosses.

DICRANEJE.
AEcniDicii, Bridel.
A. iN'Dicmi, Hampo.
A. BiEHASicuM, Mitten.

• The reason for giving two distinct lists of mosses is tliis :— Mr. Theobald sent me a list of mosses
collected by the late Mr. Kurz and named by two German Bryologists — Miiller and Hanipe — for
combination with my owm. On comparing the two, I was struck by the remarkable fact that in no
single instance were the names identical ! It naturally forced itseli upon my mind that, at least in
some cases, different names must have been given to the same plants. As I was quite unable to
combine the two lists, I had recourse to my old friend Mr. Mitten (already mentioned), who kindly
undertook the task. After a delay of some weeks, this second list, as here presented, combining Mr.
Kurz's collection and mine, ;vas returned to me. But — such appears to be the unsettled nomenclature
of Bryology— I was unable to recognize many of my old friends in their new dress ! In many instances,
the old familiar names had vanished, and new and unfamiliar names were substituted. The order,
moreover, and arrangement were seen to he different. Therefore, as my remarks on this family of
Plants were already ivritten, I have thought it best to give my own List, as originally arranged by Mr.
Mitten himself some years ago ; and, next, the combined list according to the new arrangement. By
way of accounting, in some measure, for the remarkable discrepancy between Mr. Kurz's mosses and
mine, I may mention, that mine were wholly collected in the Tenasserim Provinces, and Mr. Kurz's
in Pegu and Upper Burma. — P.

Muscr. 49

GvitcKKA, C. Mueller.

G. PHASCOIDES, Ilook.

l)icitAXKi,i..v, C. Jftieller.
D. (LEi'TOTRionrjr') Kiia^iana, Mitt.

D. SUDCOAUCTATA, C. MucU.

TuKJIATOnON, Ilich.
T. CONFOIIMIS, Mitt.
T. Kru/ir, Hiimpe.
Indicm, Milt.

Ckratoiion, Jlritlel.

C. STEXOCARPUS, Moilt.

Sv-MBLEPnAKis, MontugHe.
S. (Dichaxcm) Reixwardtii, Dozy and Molk.

IIoLOMiiRiUM, Bridel.

H. CUCCLLATU5I, Mitt.

DifRAXonoxTHJi, Sell imp.

T>. (Tn^-RSOMITRIUM) FNCINATPM, HlirVCV.

( Didicti/on , Hiiiupe . )

DiCKAMM, HedicUj.
I). sunRKFi.EXUAT, C. MucU.

Caiipylopfs, Bridel.
C. ERICOIDES, Griff.

C. GouGHii, Mitt.
C. KuRzii, Humpo.

C. EIGIDISSIMU.S, C. Muell.

C. srBLciEr.s, Mitt.

P^ciLornrxLUM, Mitten.
{Lriieoloma, Bridel.)
P. (Syrrhopodox) Tay'loki, Sflir.

P. TEXKRUJI, Mitt.
P. EEOSDM, Mitt.

LEUCOBRYE.l-:.
OcHRdHRYUir, Mitten.
(). Klrziaxim, Ilampi'.

O. SI- lif LATUM, ll;llll])l'.

0. (ScUISTOMITKIITm) GARDXERIAXUjr, C. MuL-11.

O. Ai.mncM, Hcilw.

L. EXSERTC3I, Hampo.

p. .Tavexse, Brill,
p. WKiiiTii, Mitt.

G. CAXIvSCEXS, Uull'm.

VOL. II.

OcTORi.EPiiARUJr, Iledieig.
T,i:i<:i)i!RYL'M, TIampe.
Pegopiiyllum, Mitten.

GRl.U.VfFyi;.
Grim.\iia, Ehrenlerg.

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

STRRSOPOBONTE^.

SviiEnoroDON, Schweinitz.

S. FASTiGiATrs, Doz. aiid Molk.
S. Krjizir, iluell.

TiiY];iDiuj[, Jlitlcn.

CALi'UrEEES.

T. oEACir.K, Jlitt.

C. sEMrLrBKRrsi, Milt.

C. VAKIUM, llitt.

C. Pamshii, Mitt.

C. MoLuccExsrs, Scliw.

TORTULE.Jl.
Tapeinodox, Mitten.
T. (Weissia) flaccidus, Harv.

Hymexostyi.H'm, L'n'ilcl.
H. YKREUCOSUII, !Mitt.
H. IXTEBEUPIUM, Mitt.

Tortula, Ilcilwig.
T. ("^eissia) ctlindeica, Bruch.

T. INDUEATA, Mitt.

T. Tenasseeimica, Mitt.

T. (TEICnSTOlIUll) TOPOPHACEA, Bl'icl.
T. (TEICn.) OEIENTALE, Willd.

T. (Baebula) Boeoxgexsis, Harapo.
T. (Baeb.) acttiissima, C. Muell.
T. (Baeb.) selexocaepa, C. Muell.
T. Gaxoetica, C. Muell.

HvopHiLA, C. Mueller.
H. BcEJiExsis, Hampc.
11. Haevet.ina, Uampc.

ORTnOTRJCHEJE.
Macromitiuum, l)ri(M.

M. XiPALENSE, Hook.

M. Paeishii, Mitt.

M. calympeeoidetjm, Mitt.

M. MooRCEOFTii, Schw.

M. SULCATUM, Hook.
M. INTEICATU.M, Mitt.

M. DExsi-ii, Mitt.

M. ELLIPIICU3I, Hampe.

Crtptocaeptjs, Dozy and Molkenlwr.

C. MARGIXATULUS, C. Miiell.

FUNARIE^E.
Phvscomitricii, Bridel.

P. PFLCITELLUM, GrifF.

Entosihodox, Schweinitz.

E. Wallichii, Mitt.

FuxAEiA, ScJireher.

F. LKPTOPOPA, Griff.

F. UYGROMJilEICA, Heilw.

MCSCJ.

51

T. I.VDICA, Mitt.

B. LONOicoLLis, Hampo.

B. MOLLICULA, C. Mllell.
B. TBIClIorHYLLA, C. iluell.
B. SUliL.EVISSIMA, C. Muell.
B. nOJIOMALLA, C. Mucll.
E. rROFO.VDIFOLIA, C. Mucll.
B. KHIZUUOXOIDKA, C. Jtlucll.
B. ANGUSTA, Mitt.

SFLACnXE.¥..
Tayloeia, Hooker.

BARTRAMIE.^.
Baktramia, Hedwiij.

B. NirALENSE, Hook.

BRTE.^.
Brachymenium, Schwcinilz.

BuYUir, DiUenius,

B. coRON.vTrM, Seh\v.
B. DOLiotUM, Dabq.

B. FLAVIBUM, C. 5[llull.

B. Btriiexse, Hauipe.
B. ptxETORUM, C. Muell.
B. nuFORME, Mitt.
B. EOSEUM, Sehrcb.

0. TEicnojfiTEiUJr, Wils.
M. EnYXCornoErai, Ilook.

11. snxiFOEME, Heihv.

C. ADiAXTUM, Gritf.
C. Klrziaxum, Huiiipc.

ORxnoMxiusi, Wilson.

Mxrrsi, DiUenius.
Rhizogoxium, Briilcl.

E TFO PTER TGIEJE.
CYATnnrHonoi, Bridel.

nOOKERIEJE.
Calicostella, Mitten.

C. rArii.i.ATA, Mont.

Disriciioi'iivLixM, Dozy and Jlolkenhoer.

D. MOLLE, Mitt.

NECKERE^E.
Meteoeium, Bridel.
M. WioHTir, Mitt.

M. SCATIKIUSCULUM, Mitt.

Neckera camptoclada,
N. dicrauoblasta, C. Muoll.
jr. (Neckera) laxceolatum, C. Murll.

M. AEBtlSCULCM, Mitt.

52 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

M. sPABSTjir, Mitt.

M. DIVEEGEXS, Mitt.

M. MEDirir, Mitt.

M. CORDATUM, Mitt.
M. MOLLISSIMi™, Mitt.
M. CKINITUM, C. Muell.
M. NKIIATOSUM, C. Muell.
M. CEASSUII, Wils.

T. BicoLOR. Sehw.

T. FUSCESCENS, Mitt.

T. CRisi'ATULUs, Huok.

Tkachvpus, Scltweinitz.

!Neckera, Hedwicj.

IS. rAEismi, Mitt.

N. FIMBEIATA, HurV.

N. ACTTATA, Mitt.

N. HiMALATAXA, ilitt.

N. IluriDcnsis, Hampe.

N. CEOCLADA, Mitt.

N. suBErcuLosA, Hanipp.
N. srsixTEGEEEiMA, Hampe.

N. LACEEIDENS, HaiUpC.

roEOTEICHOJI. B ridel.
p. ELEGANTULU5I, Mitt.
P. ALOPECCEOIDES, Hook.
P. VITT.ATU3I, Mitt.
P. GLOSSOrHYLLUlI, Mitt.

P. Bdemakicum, Mitt.

P. (Neceeea) Jav.vxicum, C. Miill.

HoMALIA, iSridcl.
H. EoiUNDATA, Hampc.
H. BiFOE.Mis, Hampe.
H. EEOSA, Hampe.
H. rENNATULA, Mitt.

SEMA TOPUYLLE^.

MEioTnEcirir, Mitten.
M. (Pteeogoxium) mcEocAEPUM, Harv.

CnioNOSTOMVM, C. Ifueller.
C. (Neckeea) eostratum, GrifT.

AcEOPORiUM, mitten.

A. ACITTIEA3IEU.M, Mitt.

ISOCALPE, Jlitte)/.

I. (Xeckeea) capillacea, GrifF.

I. (Siekeodon) uncifoliola, Mitt.

AcANTUocoMA, Mitten.

A. EUGICUSPIDATUM, Mitt.

A. (Si'EEEodon) suecclaris, Mitt.
A. (Steeeobon) pilosulus, Mitt.

RnAPmnoRnTNcnuM, Schimper.

H. C.ESPITULOSU'S, Mitt.

II. PEJE.UOLLIS, Mitt.

MUSCI. 53

STEREODOXTE^.
IsOPTERi'GIlil, Mitkn.

I. (Stkreodon) lioxicola, Mitt.

I. ALBESCKXS, Hook.
1. msTICUACKL"M, Mitt.

Uypnum pycnopieroii, C. ^rutll.

I. SUliPALLIDUJJ, C. Muell.

I'lACRoTHECiuM, Schii/ijier.

II. NKMOKAI.K, Mitt.

Lei'tohymexiim.
L. (PiEKoaoxirii) jiLACEUM, Hook.

Pteeoconium, Sicdiiz.
r. lxi'i.i;\iM, Harv.

1'. CAIDATIJI, Mitt.

E. PLiCiTrs, C. Muell.

ExTiiDox, C. JLifller.
SY.MrnYODOx, ^^o»t.

S. TnAcnrcAKPus, 'Mitt.

S. ERKATICUS, Mitt.

S. EBIXACEUS, Mitt.

S. DIVAEICATITS, Mitt.

S. EI.LIPTICUS, Mitt.

S. (EXTODOX) PDEPURASCENS, C. Mucll.

Ti;rciioPEi.JiA, Mitten.

T. (Xeckeea) texue, Hook.

T. (Leptouyiiexr'm) Nattoungexse, C. Miu'll.

T. (HyPXIH) MACEOCARPllI, HoiIlScll.

T. (Hypxuji) OEiHOTHEcrrii, Schw.

{'ampylhm, Sitll.
C. GLAUCOCAKPUJI, Horuse-li.

EcTEOPOTUECICM, Mlllfll.

E. (Stereodox) Assamktm, illtt.
E. coiipress[foi,ium, Mitt.
E. appressum, Mitt.

Hijpnum protractile, C. Mucll.

E. BUITENZORGII, Bul.
E. CTPEROIDES, Hook.

E. EETicuLATUjr, Dozy and Molk.
Hi/pnum succosum and

crassi-reticulatum, C. ^^u^■ll.

Ta X rrn i: i.u M , !^prHce.
T. (Kypxdm) Nipai.exse, Hook.

T. TRACIIYLOPIIYI.LUSI, C. Mucll.

T. siiciton.ADrM, C. Miull.
T. SA.iopiiii.uM, C. MuuU.

mTNE^IC.
Stereopuyllu.m, Mitten.

S. (Htpxum) Tavoyexse, Hook.

S. Wkjiitii, Mitt.

S. (Platyhypxum) Yomahexse, Harape.

54 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Ehtncostegh;!!, Schimpcr.
R. srBVAGANS, Hampc.

11. CTLINDEOTHECIOM, C. MucU.

Anomodon, Hooker.
A. FrscixERTrs, C. Muell.

TnriDrcM, Schimper.
T. (Leskea) ixteste, Mitten.

Ci/rtohi/pnum a'dicollitm, Hampe.
T. CT51BIF0LIUM, Doz. and Molk.

T. TEACHYPODON, Mitt.

Ctjrtohijpnum ciigyiiutum, Hampc.

T. TEACnYACKON, C. Mucll.
T. GLATTCINUM, Mitt.

T. PEioxoPHTLLUsr, C. Muell.

SEITOPHYLLE.E.
FisisiDExs, Hediciff.
F. AxojiALTJS, Mont.

r. AEEOLATUS, Grflf.
F. CIECTNALIS, Mitt.

F.flaccidus, C. Muell.
F. PLAifiroLirs, C. Muell.

F. DITEESIFOLirS, Mitt.

F. wccolatus, Hampe.
F. coENEus, C. Muell.
F. PEEprsiLLUs, Thw. and Mitt.
F. iiiNrTrs, Thw. and Mitt.

F. spathulatus, C. Mucll.
F. suBCEENULATUs, Hampe.
F. PAPiLLOsrs, Thw. and Mitt.

F. granulatus, Hampe.
F. ArEicuLATi's, C. Muell.
F. suBSPATHULATrs, Hampo.
F. LUTESCEXs, Hampc.
F. CHOCATrs, Hampe.

F. CRASPIDOPHYLLrS, C. Muoll.

F. BoEOXGEKSis, Hampe.

POLYTRICUE.E.
PoGOSATUM, Bridt'I.

P. HCJIILE, ilitt.

p. AioiDEs, Brid.

p. GTJIXOPHYLLUM, Mitt.

p. EUFISETUM, Wils.

p. MACEOSTOMUM, Bl'OWn.

P. BuBMENSE ? Hampc.

S. cuspiDATtJir, Ehrh.

SPnAGXEJC.

Sphagnum, BiJleniits.

Species enumerated by C. Mueller and Hampc amongst those collected by Kurz,
but not known to Mr. Mitten.

!MiLDEA Hampeana, C. Mucll.

DiCIYOPIEROX FALCATU5I, C. MucU.

CUARACEjE. equisetace^. 55

CntETOMITRICM ScOTTIANTM, C. Muoll.
]{0ZIA DECOI.ORATA, C. Mufll.
PlATV-HYI'NTJI MEOAIiLASTUM, C. Miull.
HyPNTM MAHCIDriX.M, C. MlU'll.
H. ROBUSTI-PIXNATUM, C. JIuoll.
H. FULyO-NITEXS, C. Muc'll.
H. REFLEXULUM, C. JIlU'll.
DeEPAXO-IIYPNTM SUIlLEIOraVLLUH, lluiiipo.

D. scAiiiurscuLUJi, Hampe.
D. iTXCTi'LATUM, C. Haiiipe.
I). VAKiiFLExm, Hampc.
D. rnioNormcnvji, C. Muoll.

D. CUEVATIEAltECSI, C. MuC'll.

Older CHAllACEJi:.'

Acotylfdonous plants, cellular, aijuatic. Stems tubular, jointed, naked or sur-
rounded by se\-cral parallel elongated cells, liruiiches wliorled, on a level with the
joints. Reproductive organs antheridia and sporangia, borne on the branches.

Characea: often exhale a fuHid alliaceous odour, and their transparent rhizome
is fixed in the mud of stagnant and running water, by filiform tubular rootlets.
The ])lant is sometimes reproduced by the lower nodes of tho stem being converted
into starchy tubers.

CiiARA, Linnffus.

C. Gyjixoi'iiYS, A. Biongn. In paddy fields along the Koladyne Valley.

NiTELLA, Agardh.

N. EoxBUEnnii, A. Brongn. Kya-eng, Pegu.

N. MicuoGi.ocniA, A. Brongu. Arakan. Swamps on the Koladyne Iviver.

N. ouGosriBA, A. Brongn. Kya-eng, Pegu.

Order EQUISETACEiE (norsetails).^

A singular order of leafless Acrogens with hollow jointed sleius which are simple
or branched. The place of leaves is taken by a membranous .sheath at every joint,
completely surrounding the stem or branch in a whorl, and is divided either into
a number of small teeth like a saw, or into fewer and more elongated lobes. Any
one who has noticed the Casuarinas, which are so common on the sandy soa-.shores
of Burma, may be said to have seen a gigantic equisetiim. It is impossible to look
at the branches of this singular tree without seeing the likeness at once. Their
jointed branchlets (for they are leafless too), harsh to the touch like an Ec|uisetum,
with toothed sheaths also at the joints, suggest tluit plant at once. They are, how-
ever, in all but this accidental though obvious similarity, widely dirt'erent plants.

The fructification of Etiuisetum (the only genus) is in the shape of a terminal
cone, commonly about J to I inch in length, consisting of a number of peltate, or shield-
like scales, attached to a central axis, packed closely together by their edges, tho flat
shield-like surface being outwaixls. As the cone ripens and expands, the edges of the

' " k family of plants generally classed among the .^Ig*, but whicli, from the cliaraetcr of tlirir
reproductive organs, perhaps demaml a more t'lcvated position. Tliev are reniarkalde for tlirir well-
known circulation, first discovered hy Corti. Tlie Cli:irace;e are aquatic plants of tilaiiientous stnicturo,
exhibiting elongated axes furnished at intervals with v.liorls of branches." — GriUith and lleufrey,
Micrograph. Dictionary.

"Tubular, symmetrically branelied bodies, multiplied by spiral coated nucides, filled with starcli."
— I.indley, Veg. iKingdom.

* The present account of *lie Ferns and Fern allies of Burma is drawn up and arranged by
the Rev. C. Parish, but the localities tr()m the Nieobiir group have been addetl from a paper on the
vegetation of the Xieobar Island in the Journal of tlie .\siatie Society of Hengal, 1870. Part II.
p. 105, and where a species has been added on the authority of Kurz the letter (K.) indicates the fact.

56 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

scales separate, and show a cii-cle of spore-eases on their under-surface, each of which
opens by an internal slit and discharges the spores. These spores are remarkable for
beinn; surrounded by two spiral filamenls called elaters,^ which are coiled tightly
round them. When uncoiled, which in a dry state of the air they will become,
these filaments are seen to be attached by their centre to a common point of the
spore, so as to make them look like four legs, each with a swollen termination like
a foot, bearing the spore at their point of junction. They are highly hygrometric,
and if a number of tliem be laid on a piece of glass under a microscope, and breathed
upon and allowed to dry alternati'ly, they may be seen to twist and untwist them-
selves and wriggle about as if they were endowed with life.

Equiseta are humble plants, two or three feet high, though occasionally attaining
a larger size. Tlicy appear to bo the degrnerate descendants of gigantic ancestors,
which under the names C'alamite and Stigmaria are now found (together with gigantic
Lycopodia) fossilized in our Coal-measures.

They are rigid, hard, plants, rough to the touch, owing to the quantity of
silex which tlieir cuticle contains. In Equisdiim ]ii/i'}itide this is so great as to make
it useful for polisliing furniture and metals, for wliich purpose it is sold under tlic
name of Diitch-rush. A section of this cuticle, when submitted to a microscope and
viewed liy polarized light, forms a very beautiful object; the crystals of silica are
are clearly seen arranged in rows running parallel with the axis of the stem.

Equiseta have been generally classed near to Ferns, being considered their near
allies; but Lindley says that "their relation to Ferns is not obvious." In the
possession of elaters they resemble JimgerviiannidcecB and Marclumtiacem — and, as lie
says, "the resemblance between the peltate scales of E(|uisetum and the umbrella-
like heads of the spore-cases in Marchantia is too obvious not to strike the most
unpractised observer." It is with these that he thinks Equisetum has its nearest
affinity.

1 have found one species, and but one, in Burma :

Equisetum, Linnaiis.
E. DEBiLE, Eoxb.

Order LYCOPODIACE^ (Club-mosses).

An order of Acrogens, with one- to three-celled axillary spore-cases or theeoe,
witliuut any jointed ring. Reproductive bodies all of one kind.

Lycopoditii,- Liiinmts.

Erect, pendulous, or creeping plants, with clo.sely imliricated, naiTow, rigid
leaves, and a swollen or club-shaped termination, in the axils of the scales of which
the tliecK, or spore-eases, are situated. Spore-cases kidney-shaped, one-celled, opening
by two valves, many-seeded. The fruit-heads or club-like terminations are sometimes
branched, as in L. (lavatHm. They may be likened to large mosses, or to diminutive
fir-trees; indeed, " they are intermediate between ferns and cone-bearing trees on the
one hand, and between ferns and mosses on the other" (Lindley).

They are the dwarf representatives of the gigantic Lepid'jdfiidni and Siyillarlee
which flourished in tlie forests of the primaeval world, and the fossil remains of
which are found abundantly in our Coal-measures.

' Elatcr — eKaTrip, plnocntii' genus. Placenta, botanically, is that part of the interior of an ovarj-
■nliere the ovule originates : or the name may be given from the meaning of the Greek word for
" to ilrive," because it scatters or prcppels the spores.

1 have used the word e/atir here for the spiral threads of the spores of F'/iiisc/mn because Lindley
uses it, but they are both structurally and morphologically dilteieut from the proper elater of Jiiiii;er-
maniiiiicttv. In the former, they are attached to the spore, and according to Berkeley are but the
splitting up the outer coat of the spore — "nothing more than the unrolled spiral of which that outer
coat consists." Whereas, in the latter, they are wholly independent bodies, attached to the valves
of the spore-cases, and instead of being simple threads, are elongated sausage-like hyaline sacs, in
which a double s])iral lies coiled up.

- Lycopodium. \vkos, a h olf, and iroi/s-7ro5us, foot - from a fancied resemblance.

LYCUPODIACE.E. 57

As to ferns, so to Lvcopods, modieinal virtues liavc been ascribed. " The most
remarkable plant of the order is the Yatum cundenado. }'«/«/« = Great Devil and
(^6«(/f«rtf/o = accursed — which appears to be L. rubruin of Chainisso. Sir W. Hooker,
■who calls it L. catharticiDit, states that it acts most vehemently as a purjiativc, and
has been administered successfully in Spanish Anu;rica in cases of Elephantiasis."
— Lindley.

One of the most curious uses is that to -which the spores of L. clavatum are put.
In conseciuencc of their highly inflammable nature, they are used, under the name of
" Vegetable lirimstone," to produce stage lightning. Ajiothecarics also are said to
roll pills in the powder to keep them from sticking to one another.

Lijcopudnim clavatum is a long straggling terrestrial species, common also in
Europe. L. jthh'umaria is an epiphyte, and may be not unfrequently seen hanging
from trees in shady jungles to the length of 12 to 18 inches. L. mvolccns or circinah
(as I take the plant to be which grows on Zwa-ga-byn) is a small, terrestrial, tufted,
cocspitose species, with rather rigid tripinuate branches growing round a common
central root. It is possessed of extraordinaiy hygrometric properties. When wet,
it lies expanded ; but when diy, either out of doors in the hot sun, or indoors iu a
dry room, it rolls itself up into a round ball. In consequence of this property, it
was quite an unmanageable specimen for the Herbarium, so, not being ])laeed among
the other species, it has been unfortunately mislaid and lost. I cannot, therefore,
speak positively of it, but, in appearance, it corresponds exactly to the two Hgures
of L. lepidophijllum of Hooker, Iconcs I'lantaruni, Vol. II. tab. clxii. and clxiii.
But that it is there said to be a native of Jlexico, I should have pronotmccd it
to be that species ; which, indeed, it may possibly be, notwithstanding the distance
of the two localities.

L. CLAVATUM, L.
L. PHLEGMAKIA, L.
L. CERNUUJI, L.

(var. curvattim, Sw. Kaniorta, ;?(/<• Kurz.)
L. LAXVM, Presl. Kamorta, yWc Kurz.
L. SdrAKROsuJl, Forster
L. OBTUSIFOLIUJI, llauiiltnn.

{Ilamiltonii, Spring.)

L. IXVOLVli^'S, Sw.

SixAGiNixLA,' r. dc Bcauv.

Though of the same natural order, Selagincllcr. present a totallv dill'erent ap-
pearance from Lijcnpodia. Instead of the hard rigid habit of the latter, they are
plants of a thin and delicate texture, and are distinguished by their much-branched
trailing stems, which are tlat, and have their innumerable small leaflets bifariously
disposed. Their fructification consists of axillary two- to three-valved theciV, borne
on terminal scaly spikes. A small and luiinteresting species, S. Bilangiri, is common
on wet clayey banks, and is only two or three inches long; but the larger kinds,
when they find a suitable habitat, form large tangled masses, and are very beautiful
objects. At Way-ta-nui-yaing, south-east of " The Tiiree I'agodas," 1 have waded
knce-decp in them. 1 am indebted for the names of the undermentioned .species
to ilr. Baker, of Kew, who will, I believe, shortly publish a work containing a
description of all the known species of Li/cupudiacea:.

S. riKniLis, Spring. Zwa-ka-byn.

S. ciiRVsoCAn.ox, Spr. Zwa-ka-byn.

S. Eklaxckui,- Spr. On hanks and old Pagodas, common.

(S. proni/oliiim, Baker. Lycopodium imbricatum, Koxb.)

' SclnginoUa. dim. of Stingo, a name of Pliny's for some [il.int.
- S. tmbiiaila of Kurz's list = i'. Bilmigcri, Spr.

58 BURMA, ITS PEOriE AND FRODUCTIOSS.

S. PUBESCENS, Spr.

S. ELAIiELLATA, Spr.
S. CAULESCEXS, Spr.

S. Wallichii, Spr.

S. ATROVIRIDIS, Spr.

S. CAUDATA, Spr.

S. RADICATA, Spr.

S. TAGIN'ATA, Spr.

S. TEXELLA,' Spr. Kamorta, ^(/(' Kurz.

PsiLOTuii,- Str.
{BernhanUa, Willil.)

A genus of a single species. Epiphytal, erect, aljout one foot liigh, slender,
dichotomously branched; stem S-sided ; tliccre axilhiiy, 3-ceIled; leaves minute,
bristle-like. On trees in damp jungles towards the south ; rare.

P. TniarETitrii, S\v.

Uernhurdia dtchotoma, "Willd.

Order MAESILIACE^.

Lycopodal Acrogcns, -with reproductive bodies of two kinds. The order is
divisible into two distinct groups, to one of which belong Marsilea and Pilularia ;
and to the other Azolla and Sali-inia. All the genera are aquatic. — Berkeley,

Salvinia, Micheli.

A genus of small aquatic plants, with a filiform floating rhizome or root-stock,
alternate imbricated fern-like leaves, and bladder-like fruit on short leafless branches.
"All the supposed species are reducible to one which occurs in the south of Europe
in stagnant pools, and is found in all the warmer parts of the world." — Berheley.

S. CUCrLLATA, Ifoxb. (M.)

Order FILICES. FEEXS.

The late Dr. Mason, in his introductory remarks under this head, after ac-
knowledging what he kindly calls a "valuable Catalogue and Synoptical table"
furnished by me, goes on to say that "Synonymy is the great opprobrium of
Natural History. The difficulty in the study of nature is not in what God has
made, but in deciphering the illegible characters that man has written upon her
face. She places us on an enchanting ground of hill and dale, dingle and dell,
stream and streamlet, and ' every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for
food ' ; but naturalists, by the multiplicity of barbarous names they have heaped
on the same object, have turned the wliole into a continent of mud.

" A tribe of ferns with the son continuous on the margin, and easily recognized,
Linnffius designated Pteris or plume, the Greek name for ferns. Alodcm naturalists,
Dutch and English, German and French, have so imjjrored on him and on each other
that I'teris now appears in different books under eigldeen iliiierent names, and, to
complete the cycle, showing the impertinence of those changes. Sir Wm. Hooker,
the most distinguished of living Botanists, has gone back to the old Linnaian genus
and adopted it in his new work on ferns.

^ .\mong species dtihife of SprinG^.

' Presumably trom \fii\6a!, to strip off thp liair, iu allusion to the bare, uaked appearance oi tbe
plant, which may fairly be said to be lealltss.

FILICES. 59

" The troc fi'in ^vliicli appears under AVallidi's name of Poli/podiiim giganteum
■will bo Ibuud iu the following Cutalog;u(- under Sir Wni. Hooker's name of Aluojihihi
gigantca;^ but Moore more reeeutly refers it to Ahaphila glabra. Ho remarks, 'it
sometimes becomes difficult to distinguish Alsophila and I'ulgpodium.' Where there
is no natural boundary, why make an artilieial one ?

"The silver fern is referred to yothocJihvna argentea, that being the systematic
name under -which it is described in the latest work on ferns to which 1 then had
access ; but I since find that Sir Wm. Hooker refers it to Cheilanthes argentea.
Moore observes : ' Nvthochlana has all the habit of Cheilanthes, witli which some of
the species have much affinity."

" One of the most common ferns in Burma, very abundant at the base of the
old walls of Toung-ngoo, is the four-eared I'terin, P. qitadriaurita, easily recognized
by each of the lower pair of pinna; being double, so as to suggest two pairs of cars.
To the description of this species Sir Wm. Hooker devotes a dozen lines of large
type, and then adds 12 dozen lines in small type mainly to an exposition of the
synonyms." — F.il. ,

Our good and worthy missionary has been a little hard here, I think, on
botanists, indeed, on naturalists generally ; fur, although a confused heap of
synonyms and a multiplicity of barbarous names might reasonably be pronounced
to be an inconvenience, they hardly deserve to be stigmatized as an opprobrium ;
and while the subject may legitimately afford (as it has afforded before now) a fair
mark for a shaft of good-humoured satire, it is hardly the occasion for so serious
a homily as he has read us.

One wonders the more at Dr. Mason's warmth, when one reflects that but for
this very barbarous nomenclature, and for the aid of those artificial boundaries with
which naturalists furnished him, he would have been simply unable to compile the
work in which he evidently took such pleasure, which will cause his name to be
remembered in Burma as that of an ardent observer and lover of nature, and the
only fault of which is the icunt and not the execus of that artificial symmetry which
yet he so strongly decries! He must have forgotten, too, when he called a synoptical
table " valuable," that its value lay wholly in its artificial character.

" Where there is no natural boundary, why make an artificial one?" I presume,
in order to bring part at least of this boundless nature within handling distance.
Its vastness makes definition necessary; in no other way can it be dealt with.
Sgstem means putting loose materials into shape, and this must be an artificial
process. And though we say (as we do) that nature refuses to be bound by system,
it is not, after all, so much nature that we bind as ourselves by it, in order that we
may learn her ways and instruct ourselves in her methods, by. following them iu
all their intricacies as far as we are able. And for this we want names and terms,
an<l their very increase shows that we arc pursuing her farther, and realize more
thoroughly her infinite variety ; and in so doing we do no violence to nature, but
reap infinite advantage to ourselves.

To come to Ferns and to the point. Fewer names, of course, sufficed when less
was known — Fteris, for example, when known ferns were few, might be used to
designate all those whieli had their " sori continuous on the margin " ; and J'o/y-
pndium, for that matter, to designate all the rest, without inconvenience. But as
the number increased, discrimination would become necessary, and with discrimina-
tion, subdivision, and with subdivision a greater attention to minute points of
structure, and, withal, new names. So that what was once a Fteris or a Polgpodium,
came to be called something else ; the old name being, however, retained for a section

' Somp people call this word giganlea,
A rhyme most proper (or " infantia."
lint if you'd not otFiiid my ear,
1 pray vou, call it ijiytuitca.
And vi't to blame you I'll not venture.
Should you call a siYiYc-feru, ari/eiitcit.
Nor deem me in this thing pedantic —
I point you to a fault gigantic. — C.P.

60 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXB PRODLTTIOXS.

— tluit section to wliicli the original simple detinitiou was found to bo most applicable,
or which included plants that came nearest in character to the one to which the
name was tirst applied. Hence, e.g. Wallich's Poh/podiiim giganteiun. would become
Hooker's Ahoplula gigantea, and so on. And hence, inevitably, Synonymy. And,
as in nature, animal or vegetable, those species are accounted to be the highest and
the most perfect, which have the greatest ditferentiation of parts, i.e. separate organs
for separate uses (a bird, for instance, to possess a higher organism than a snail) ; so,
in Botany, an increased, and presumably appropriate, terminology, as it is the con-
sequence of a larger discrimination, or differentiation of species, argues an advance
and not a deterioration in that iScience.

And, for the inordinate multiplication of names for one species, however undesi-
rable, the thing has been unavoidable — it was not planned, but it grow : — it is not
an " opprobrium," but an accident. One person finds a fern in one place, say Burma;
a second finds one in another place, say China ; and a third in a third, say Now
Caledonia ; and so on ; but not one of the three knows for certain whether it be new
or not; so each gives it a name, according to his fancy or his judgment. In course
of time all these several plants fiml their way to Kew, with many others collected
by different persons all the world over ; and, when they come to be collated and
compared, they are all found to be one and the same, and perhaps not new either,
but to have had a name given it long ago, possibly even by Linna?us himself ! Some
who have given a new name may even have been authors of note, but their names
must give place to the oldest. Thus, for example again (I invent the names), Pteris
elegans of one, may be Pt. repens of another, and Pt. bifurcata of a third, and so on,
and the clearing up of all this dilHculty, and the unravelling of all this entanglement
(which may have been growing for years), may well afford Sir Wm. Hooker matter
for " a dozen lines of large type," with, possibly " twelve dozen more of small typo
in an exposition of the synonyms." Nor, as a fact, is the fern in question, Pteris
quadriawita, always so "easily recognized" as Dr. Mason says. It is a wide-spread
and Protean fern, "varying much in size of frond, number of pinnte, and in the
nature of the apex of these pinna;.'' A great part of the twelve dozen lines is
taken np with the elucidation of these differences. True, there may be some who
think all this to be waste of time, men even of a practical and legal turn of mind, —
for, " de minimis non curat lex," — but there are many who think differently, and
are pei'suaded that, as in the operations of nature, a minute, and, if you like, con-
temptible milk'pore, by the persevering continuance of its obscure work, has built
up habitable islands without numljer, and barrier reefs hundreds of miles long ; so,
in the study of nature, the power of patient persevering attention to, and investi-
gation of small things, has resulted in making science what it is, and in building
up the fame of a Hooker or a Darwin.

Ferns hold the first rank among Cry[itogamous plants, i.e. plants whose organs
of reproduction, though existent, are hidden from view. They arc flowerless plants.
They are also called Acrogen-t, because they grow from the point, or terminal axis
only. They are, further, remarkable for their vernation, or manner in which they
are folded before expansion, which is called eireinnate, or, familiarly, rolleil up like
a watch spring. The elegant crozier-like terminations of the undeveloped fronds
must have been remarked by all who have observed the growth of ferns. These
unroll themselves just as a watch-spring would be unrolled if an attempt were
mado to expand it. Nothing can well be imagined more graceful than the form
of a tree-fern when its fully developed di'ooping fionds are seen surmounted by
a crown of the undeveloped eireinnate ones.

A fern either grows on an erect eaiide.v (stem or trunk), which may be only
a few inches high, or many feet and tree-like, in which case the fronds are tiiftetl,
growing all round a common central axis ; or, it developes a slender elongated
horizontal axis, called (as in a similar growth of orchids) the rliitoma, or root-stock,
from which the fronds issue at varying distances. The frond, which, strictly
speaking, is the leafy portion of the plant only (though it may be sometimes used
more generally for that and its support too), is raised on a longer or shorter stalk,
which is the stipes. The larger, or primary, divisions of the frond are called

Fill ens. Gl

pinna, their subdivisions pinnules, anii tluirs a-rain (or, in any rase, the ultimate
and sniaUest divisions) segments. Tlie ritchis (back-bone) is the part wliich, in fact,
stands in that rehition to the divisions or subdivisions — the central stalk us \vc may
call it — and the cnsta is the mid-rib of the leafy segment. We come next to the
fructitication, which is always ' seated on the under-snrlacc of the frond, in round
heaps, in lines (straight or curved), or in patches. These are called sort, wliich
word, indeed, only means "heaps." If these sori be closely examined witli a lens,
they will be seen to be conipo.sed (in all Puli/podiaceie) of smaller stalked bodies,
with a jointed ring nearly surrounding them ; these are the T/u'cir, or sporangia ;
and, last of all, when the fructification is thoroughly ripe, these thcac burst asunder
and scatter their contents in the form of the tinest dust, which, in common parlance,
is the seed, but, technically, the spores. The difiercnce is that the true seed (of
Pluenogamous plants) germinates from given points, one point always descending
as a rootlet, and another ascending as a leaf-bud; whereas in the spore (^thc analogous
organ in C'ryptogamous plants) germination takes place indifferently from all points.
But I had neaidy forgotten one other part of which it is necessary to know the
name. A very large proportion of ferns have their sori covered with a thin filmy
or scaly covering, shaped to suit the form of the sorus. This is the indusium, some-
times also called the involuere. It is on the presence or absence of this covering,
on the shape of the sori and the direction they take, as well as on the vcining of
the fronds and the different structure of the tliocas (which are not always ringed,
as just now described), that the divisions of the alliance "Fi/ieaks^' are made to turn.

Many ierns have had medicinal virtues ascribed to them, whether with good
foundation or not, I am unable to say — probably, in order to prove eii'ective, a few
grains of faith should be added to the dose.

The fronds of certain ferns contain mucilage, and so may he considered lenitive.
Some are certainly fragrant and aromatic — our European Lastraa oreopteris is
remarkably so, the plant being covered with small glands of an essential oil — it too
therefore may have some healing virtue of a mild nature. " Capillaire is so called
because prepaicd from Adianfnm capillas-T'eneris.^^ But, if all that is said be true,
there is hardly a complaint that may not have its cure in a fernery. Ferns arc
solvent, dcobstruent, sudorific, antiilieuniatic, anthelmintic, febrifugal, astringent
and purgative — they are tonic and emetic, and they cure the rickets. However,
(what is undoubtedly true and more iiractical), pigs feed upon the roots of Pteris
esculenta in Tasmania, and human beings will do the same when very hungry and
nothing better offers itself. Indeed, my friend Mr. Theobald tells me that ho found
"the young curly stems" (the crozicr-headcd fronds aforesaid) "very nice, when
boiled tender and mixed with butter and pepper." I should have thought they
would prove rather liusky food, from the quantity of dry scales which cover those
young shoots — and that lie must have been somewhat in the mood of the Prodig.il ;
however, the Scotch, I believe, eat nettle-tops, and like them ; and a Burmau is
almost as bad as a caterpillar in his omnivorous appetite for green tlangs, so,
wluit wonder ? But, to make an end with the uses of the Fern, the very spores
have been turned to good account, and have furnished the poet with a point : —

Oadshill ; " We have tin' receipt of /fryi-seed, we walk invisitile."

ITinrij IF. Part i. Act ii. Scene 1.

The whole nund)er of known ferns nuiy be set down as about 2oOO, thotigh
every day new discoveries are being made and their number added to. Of this
number, I have found about 1 -tenth, or 212, in the Ti'uasserim Provinces, for my
seaich can hardly bo said to have extended farther. There must be more
yet even in these Pro^■inccs, and many more in the whole of Burma — the greater

■ As a rcmarkahle instance of the saying that there is no nile without an exception, a fern h.is
hecn fciund iu Ceylon with its fruetilieiitiiiu on tlie upper instead of tlie lower surface '. I possess a
very fine specimen of " Aspiditim ain-ninliim," Synopsis, p. 2.53, wliieh liai all the fiuetilication on
the upper surface, or what may he called the wrong side.

*'2 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

part of which has been quite untouched by mc — and, of these 212 species, not one
was furnished by another person ; they are all of my own individual gathering,
as I never fell in with or heard of any fern-collector in Burma during the whole
of my residence. The number, therefore, is not offered as strictly that of all the
ferns indigenous to the country, only of those that I have proved to be so.

A full Catalogue of those is given below, and a limited number have been
selected (in a somewhat arbitrary fashion certainly, at the same time, according
to my idea of their individual interest, and with some reference also to space) for
description, or as ground for some observation. There is the less need of a detailed
description of all tlie fern*, as (which is not the case with the Orchids) books are
to be had which contain full descriptions of all known species, viz. Sir Wm. Hooker's
"Species Filicura " in five volumes, and Baker's "Synopsis"' of the same, which
is more couipendious, handier and less costly.

Before leaving the subject of fenis, I should like to say a word or two on fern
collecting. Tliere are many fern collectors, but very few good fern collections.
They are such pretty things and so easily pressed and dried, as compared -^'ith
other plants, that many take to collecting them as an amusement ; and, in the
majority of cases, collections made in the ordinary way, however pretty they
may look on paper, are, from a scientific point of view, utterly worthless. To
identify a fern (unless, indeed, one bo very familiar with it or it be a common
one), a scrap, such as the tip of a frond, or a pinna, is quite useless ; how much
more, whereby to determine a new species ! Yet scraps are the rule, and really
good specimens the very rare exception. To be of real use (and it will look
much better too), a fern, if small enough to lie on a sheet of cartridge paper,
should be (b'ied whole, rhizome and all ; or, if of the tufted kind, the stipes, cut
off at the very bottom, should be dried with the frond ; and ratlier than cut,
the specimen should be folded ; or, if divided, the separate portions preserved,
duly marked, on separate sheets. Or, again, if part must be sacrified, let it bo
a perpendindar half, in which case, the remaining half will be the fac-simile of
the lost half. In every case a specimen should be as large as it conveniently,
or //(conveniently, may, and always have a portion of the stipes showing tlie
scales, if any, near the bottom. If the fern be so large as to make it impossible
to dry any considerable portion of it, then a pinna must needs suffice ; or, the
end of the frond, and a portion of one of the lowest pinna?, which often differ
in form from the rest ; but, always if possible, a piece (a slice cut longitudinally
will do) of the stipes. As a rule insects do not attack ferns so freely as they
do other dried plants, but the best way to ensure tlnir safety is to wash them
o-ver, when thorouglily dried, with a weak solution of corrosive sublimate dissolved
in spu'its of wine.

GLEicnENiA ' mcnoTOJi.i, WilUenow.

"Rhizome slender, creeping extensively underground, throwing up fronds at
intervals. Stipes (frond-stem) rounded, slender, rejjeatedly dichotomous, i.e. branch-
ing in a bifurcate manner, first into two, then each of the two divided portions
into two again, and so on indefinitely; the ultimate branches bearing simply forked
pinnffi, and at each point of bifurcation is a small pair of pinna?. Tlie pinna; are
lanceohite and pointed, pinuatifid ; segments narrow, linear, blunt at the end. The
whole frond is glaucous (of a bluish-white colour) underneath. This fern forms
large tangled masses, varying much in height, from two to fonr feet or more. The
son, which are naked and consist of very few tlieca;, and ai'e consequently small,
are pdaced in two single lines, one on each side of the midrib of the segments.

On the clift' at Amherst, very sparingly. Abundant at Mergui on the road to
Kulween. A common tropical fern, and of very wide range.

Another species, O. longissima, is found on mountains at a considerable elevation,
as on Nat-toung, near Toung-ngoo. Other species, probably, remain to be found.

' Gleichenia — presumably from a proper name.

FILICES. 63

ALsorniLA ' oLutuA, Hook.

A very large feni, 'with a caudex, or stock, about two or three feet high, covered
Tvith the bases of old fronds. Fronds 5-6 feet long, bipinnate ; piunic 18 inches to
2 feet long, lanceolate, terminating la a lobcd and serrated point ; pinnules 4-5 inches
long by J broad, sc^uare at the base, nearly sessile, oblong, pointed, piunatifid, i.e.
cut down about half-way to the costa, or midrib, into lobes which are rounded and
serrated. Sori very regular and uniform, forming two sides of a triangle - in the
lobes, the apex towards tlu; end of the lobe. Wliole plant smooth. This is, un-
doubtedly, Oi/mnosp/iicrn f/Itibia, of Blume. It is identified with Ahophila (liyanUa,
"Wall., in Hooker and Baker's Synopsis, of which latter fern Sir W. J. Hooker says
in his "Species Filicura," that it grows to a gigantic size, "caudex 50 feet high.
Wall.," "the mountains of Tenasserim" being given as a locality. This may be
so, but I must say tliat, although I have seen a great deal of the Tenasserim forests,
and although A. glabra is a common fern in damp sliady places, I have never seen
it larger than described above, nor have I seen any tree-fern at all approaching the
size given for A. giijantea ; none, indeed, I thiuk, more than 10 or 12 feet high.
These were A. latehrosa, contaminans, and comosa. The first two are acideate, i.e.
their stipites are covered with short shai-p thorns. They are all three found here
and there in mountain valleys. A. comosa may bo found at the last 'tsak/m or halting
place, near a huge granite boulder, before you make the last ascent of Xat-touug,
neai- Toung-ngoo.

Di.iC.^LrE ' AsriDioiDEs, Ulame.

A very elegant finely divided fern, averaging (as I know it on the Tenasserim
TOonntains) about two feet in height. The stipes is about half this lieight, and is
clothed with numerous biown scales at the base. The fronds are trii)innate, nearly
as broad as long. The lower ])inna5 are much longer than the upper ones and
nearly opposite ; the others being alternate. The under surface is profusely covered
with sori, which are globose, and closely covered by their uidusium, which ultimately
bursts irregularly at tlie top.

Abundant on the mountains at about 4000 feet.

DiCKSONiA, L' Heriticr.

Large, mostly aborcsccnt ferns with inferior subglobosc, or cup-shaped and
entire, or more or less distinctly 2-valved involucres. Cibotiion, by some kept
distinct, is united under JJichonia, in Baker's Synopsis. It belongs to that section
which has very distinct 2-vulved involucres.

ClBOTim ' GLAUCKSCEXS, Ilouk .

C. IJarometz, Link.

A large and extremely beautiful feni, with a short caudex and fronds six or
eight feet long. Fronds bipinnate, priuuiry pinna; r.ither distant, alternate, lanceolate ;
secondary pinnoo oblong, rather narrow and ending abruptly in a fine i)oint, cut down
nearly to the rachis or midrib ; pinnules or segments subfalcatc, acute ; whole frond
glaucous on tlie under side. Involucres 2-valved, one on each side of the base
of the segments, or nearly in tlieir axis. Said to be arborescent. It may grow
in some ])laces to a size wliich will entitle it to be so called (of this I cannot
speak), but all the individuals which 1 have seen in the Tenasserim Provinces have
only developed a very short caudex, but little elevated above the ground. I find
it at the foot of a very fine waterfall whidi descends from Ko-a-la-bo, a largo

' Alsopliila. liK(ros, a watered wood, nnd <pi\(ui, to love.

- Or, l)i'tter, as expri'ssid in 8yncnisis FiUiuni, •■ like an inverted V."

' Diaealpe. Sta and kSAit?;, an nrn or drinking' cnj). Applicatiun not very ai'parent.

* Cibotium. ki^utiov, a little box, wliieh the involucre well represents.

64 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

mountain East of Tavoy ; also, by the stream that tumhlfs down the steep side
of Patau, iu the island called Madieniacam, Mcrgui. In Baker's Synopsis the name
is changed into Dichonia [Cibotium) Barometz, because it is supposed by some to
be the fern called Puh/podium Barometz by Loureiro — a fern of which wondrous
things have been said. The following account is taken fi'om the " Treasuiy of
Botany" under the heading of " CihotiumP

" C. Barometz, sometimes called V. glaucescens, is believed to be the ' JBara>utz,'
Agnns Scytliicus, or Tartarian Lamb, about which travellers have told so
wondrous a tale. This 'Lamb' consists merely of the decumbent shaggy caudex
of a kind of fern, which is no doubt the species just referred lo. When inverted
(the basal part of the stipes of four of the fronds, suitably placed, having been
retained as legs, and the rest east away), these caudices present an appear.mce
which may be taken as a rude representation of some small woolly animal. The
' traveller's tale ' is that on. an elevated uncultivated salt-plain of vast extent.
West of the Volga, grows a wonderful plant, with the appearance of a lamb {Baran
in Russian), having feet, head, and tail distinctly formed, and its skin covered with
solt down. The 'lamb' grows upon a stalk about three feet high, the part by
which it is sustained being a kind of navel : it tm'ns about and bends to the
herbage, which serves for its food, and pines away when the grass dries up and
fails. The fact on which this tale is based appears to be, that the caude,^ of this
plant may be made to present a rude appearance of an animal covered with silky
hair-like scales, and, if cut into, is found to have a soft inside with a reddish flesh-
coloured appearance. When the herbage of its native haunts fails through drought,
its leaves no doubt droop and die ; but both perish from the same cause, and inde-
pendently of each other. ' Thus it is (observes Dr. Lindley) that simple people
have been persuaded that there existed in the deserts of Scythia eroatui'cs half
animal, half plant.' ' This condition of the root-stock of some ferns" (writes Sir
W. J. Hooker) long engaged the attention of early writers of the marvellous, and
many strange figures were published of it; but Dr. Beyne, of Dantzig, in 172.5,
declared that the pretended Agnus Seijthicus was nothing more than the root
of a large fern covered with its natural villus or yellow down,'' etc.

It will be noted that the writer of this article says, there is " no doubt " that
the fern which was the base of this wondrous tale is our C. ylauccacem:. But that
fern must have been a Scythian or Tartarian plant — whei'eas ours is a tropical
one. Is our C. glaucescens found also on the bleak and arid plains spoken of?
Our fern, I believe, could not exist in such a climate. Again, to present even
the most distant appearance of an animal, it is necessary that the caudex should
be "decumbent " (as Aspidium Barometz is desonbed by Willdenow "radix de-
eumbens, crassa"), whereas our C. glaucescens has an erect caudex and tufted
fronds. It is indeed pronounced to be " caulescent" ; but in order to be caulescent,
the caudex of a fern must he erect and not decumbent. Tliis is the difficulty
which seems to me to militate against the identity of the two jilants. Erasmus
Darwin's fanciful iluso thus describes this strange fern ; (the very first line, I
observe, ill-suits our tropical plant) :

" Cradled in snow and fanned by arctic air
Shines, gentle Barometz I thy golden hair;
Booted in earth each cloven hoof descends,
And round and round her fiexile neck she bends ;
Crops the grey coral-moss and hoaiy thyme,
Or laps with rosy tongue the melting rime.
Eyes with mute tenderness her distant dam,
Or seems to bleat — a vegetable Lamb."

Loves of the Plants, Canto I., '281.

' f.ij. Tliat n{ DnrnVia Canariennh, sometimes ciUod the " liare's foot fern,"' from the simihirity
of tlie euj of the rhizome to the foot of that animal.

FILICES. 65

HriiExornTLLUM,' Smith, and
Trichomaxks,- Smith.

Those two genera, separated by their fructificiition only, arc remarkable for
the delicate and translucent texture of their fronds, and have been called " filmy
ferns " in consequence.

The fructification of ITi/menopJiiiUum is either terminal or lateral relatively
to the pinnae, or to the frond itself, if entire ; but it appeai-s always to end a
contracted segment of a divided frond, or the vein of an entire frond. The thcciE
are sessile or nearly so on a central receptacle, or columella, which looks like the
prolonged and thickened vein. The involucre is 2-lii)ped, formed of the same
substance as the frond itself.

The fi-uctification of Trichomanes is very similar, but the involucre is undivided,
looking like a little urn, and the central a.xis, or columella, on which the theca; are
seated, is considei-ably prolonged, forming a seta — hair or bristle, — which peculiarity
has caused, if not all the species, at all events our single British one, to be called
The Bristle-fern. They both have slender thread-like (more rarely stout) creejiing
rhizomes, which love to hide themselves in the deep moss which clothes the lower
parts of trees, or among any loose vegetation which will provide them v\"ith the
moisture they reqiiire. Some have exceedingly minute and simple fronds — others
fronds a foot or more in length, and much divided. I have gathered about a doz(>n
species in all, but, I dare say, there are many more yet undiscovered. A British
species, Hi/menophi/llum Tiinhridijicnu, is among those gathered. A ])rotty little
Trichomanes, which I discovered many years ago at Henzui, and named Henzaiense
accordingly, appears in the Synopsis Filicum as the mutual discovery of a Mr.
Henzai and myself at Maulmain, in Pegu .' A larger and a widely distributed
species, 7'. Javanica, with fronds about 6 or 8 inches long and pinnated, which aro
tufted at the end of short rigid rhizomes, emitting long wiry roots, is a terrestrial
fern, frequently found on the banks of hill-streams. It is one of many fenis to be
found by the stream at Aladrecamam, ilcrgui, a delicious little bit of fern-hunting
ground.

Space docs not admit of special description.

Davallia,^ Sm.

This genus furnishes about a dozen species, all trce-loviug, and never so happy
as when they can insert their long running rhizomes among the sheathing bases of
the huge leaves of the Palmyra or Talipot Palms, which often cling to the trunk
long after the leaves themselves have perished. Jlergui is rich in such trees —
indeed, I do not know that I have ever seen anything finer or nobler than a grove
of Corypha umhracalifera (Talipot), which is to be seen a little way in, behind the
town. On their trunks, as also on the numerous cocoa-nut trees all round about,
may be found in profusion IknalUa solida, I), elegans, J), btdlata, with many other
most interesting ferns.

The Davallias have nearly all gracefully drdojiing and mnch-divided fronds on
scaly creeping root-stocks. Maulmaiu has furnished one new species : —

D. HTiiENOPETXLA, Par.
D. Parishii, Hook.

This species has fronds of so extremely delicate and semi-transparent a texture
that the name " iri/menDphi/lla'''' naturally suggested itself. The rhizome is short,
and not scaly. Stipes very slender and brittle ; " fronds flaccid, 6-9 inches by 4-6
inches, in outline deltoid, divided down to the rachis on the lower part; but not on
the upper. The lowest pair of pinna: arc broadest and most deeply cut on the lower
side ; \ovie%t pinnules reaching down nearly to the racHs, toothed more than half-way

• Hymenophylluni. vnriv-fvo%, a tliin memtirano ; ami ()>i\\ov, a leaf.

* Trichiimaiies. flplj-rpixis, a hair; and jao^ir, thiu (r), iu allusion to the thin bristle?
' Davallia, presumably from a proper name.

66 BriiJ/A, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

down, ■with otlong, blunt, crcnate lobes ; sori few, marginal in the crcnations."
— Uuohr. On limestone rocks in the neighbourhood of Maulmain. In cre\'iccs about
the mouth of the Damatliat Caves ; but very difficult to extract owing to the depth
at which the rhizomes hide themselves, and the brittle nature of the stipites. Only
to be found during, or immediately after, the rains.

LiNDSAYA,' Bryander.

This genus is distinguished by having its sori in a continuous line close to the
margin of the frond, covered by a continuous indusiuni, which opens outwards.

L. lANTJGINOSA.

L. lanuginosa is a rare plant. It has a creeping rhizome clothed with small scales.
The fronds arc veiy long and narrow ; the stipes 5 or 6 inches, the frondose portion
two feet long by some 4 inches broad, simply pinnate ; pinmc 2 inches long by A an
inch, and bluntly rounded at the end in the bari'cn frond ; narrower in the fertile
frond. The pinua^, being jointed on to the rachis, fall off in drying, wliich makes
the dried specimens wear a wretched appearance. It very much resembles Xephro-
lepis acuta in appearance, and, like it, has little chalky dots along the edge of the
upper surface of the pinnte.

Found by me on one Palmyra tree only in Tavoy, and gathered only once,
owing to the circumstance that the fronds disappear soon after the rains are over, and
my visits to Tavoy were, on all but one occasion, made in the dry weather. No
doubt a resident would find it on other trees.

L. EXSIFOLIA, Sw.

L. Griffithiana, Hook.

A most variable plant. In its " ensifolia " form, it is found on the hill over-
looking Maulmain. This form shall be first described. Fronds closely set upon a
slightly creeping rhizome, roots numerous, wiry. Height varying fi'om 8 inches to
18, or even more; stipes about half the height; frondose portion pinnate ; ])innie
opposite or nearly so, 5 or 6 paii's and a terminal one, on short stalks, narrow,
linear, blunt-poiuted, the lowest the longest, 5 or 6 inches long by ^ inch broad,
sliortt'ning upwards, the topmost sometimes pinnatifid. The stipes is slender, smooth
and light brown in colour.

L. Griffithiana has a stipes 10 inches or a foot long, terminated by a simple
undivided frond 7 or 8 inches long by f inch broad. This, however, is but an unde-
veloped form of the foregoing, as was clearly proved by my finding at " Madrema-
cam " both forms on one stock, and numerous plants of intermediate forms : — and,
what is rather strange, the young seedlings are often bipinnate in an early stage and
become simpler afterwards.

Lindsaya Lobbiana, hardly, if at all, ilistinct from L. cultrata, is also found in
the same small paradise of Ferns.

Adiaxiuji,- L.
The indusia of this genus open inwardly, being formed, in fact, by a portion of
the edge of the frond turned back so as to cover the marginal sori ; they are either
distinct, or confluent and continuous.

A. Paeishii, Hooh.

This is a most interesting discovery. Until it was found only one species of
Adiantum was known to exist, which had an absolutely undivided frond : — this was
A. reniforme, a Madeira and Tenerifl'e jdant. My plant is thus described. AVholo
height 1 to 2 inches, tufted, i.e. with stii)ites growing all round a common central
axis, as opposed to those ferns which have creeping root-stocks and throw up fronds
here and there from it. "A few fibrous tomentose radicles descend into the soil,
and, from the summit of these, at the dry season of the year, are seen little else but

' Lindsay — a prnpfr iiaiiif .

' AJiautimi. abiaiiToii, the Greek name tor the plant ; a piiv. and Sioik.;, to niuisten.

FILTCES. 67

jct-blaok, noedlo-liko, very slender, but firm ;iiid brittle stipites, from J to 1 inch
in k'lifi'tli, from whieh the fronds luive fallen. In the rainy season, a new crop of
fronds, with their stipites, appear. These fronds are an inch in length at the utmost,
rather more in breadth, (juite simple (undivided) Habellately orbicular, membran-
aceous, subpellucid : the somewhat cuncate base is entire ; the rest of the frond,
in the sterile plant, orenato-dentate ; in the fertile 3 to 5-G lobcd, soriferous in the
sinuses, the lobes themselves sinuato-crenate, though much less deeply than in the
sterile fronds. Involucres of a thick, subeoriaeeous texture and dark colour,
subrcniform, large for the size of the frond, and closely applied to it. All the
veins originate from a thickened common point at the base of the frond, are many
times dichotomous, distant from each other, and very conspicuous, some extending
into the involucre and there bearing the sori ; the rest terminating just within the
margin of the frond, and clubbed at the apex. Stipites very slender, erect, rigid,
glabrous, intensely black and glossy, jointed at the setting on of the frond, which
is there deciduous." — Hooker, Eilices Exotica;, sub PI. LI.

This charming little fern was discovered in 1857 on the top of Zwa-ga-byn —
the large Limestone rock visible from Maulmain to the Xorth, and familiarly
known as " The Duke of York's nose."

Adiantuji c.vpiiLus- Yen eels,' L.

This, the true ''Maiden-hair fern," found, now but sparingly, on the sea-coasts
of Great Britain and Ireland, in Madeira and elsewhere, is also found in Burma.
When wading across the Mcgala-choung, a tributary of the Houng-ib'au, in 1858,
I came upon a fine mass of it growing on the face of a rock which formed an island
in the middle of the stream. I have never seen it since. I have it also from seaside
rocks, Kurracliee.

A. LUNULATuir, Burm.

This is the very common but pretty species seen on banks almost evciywhere.
It is a long, slender, delicate fera, simply pinnate, pinnrc about an inch across. The
slender rachis is frequently elongated, and takes root at the apex.

CnEILiNTnES,^ Sw.

This genus consists of mostly small and much divided fenis, with free veins,
.sori terminal (or nearly") on the veins, at first distinct and rounded, afterwards often
confluent. Tbc indusium is made by the retle.xed margin of the frond, and, like the
sori which it covers, is roimdish and distinct, or confluent and continuous.

C. rarinns and C. timuifolia are rather common ferns on banks : both are found
on the hill -whieh overlooks Maulmain. They are slender brittle plants about
8 or 9 inches high. The fronds of the former are bipinnate, long and rather narrow,
■with distant pinna;. Those of the latter are tripinnate, broader and deltoid in outline.
On C. varians I have often seen scales or gemma; in the axis of the lobes, never on
C. tenuifoUa. These gemma; will reproduce the plant, though I never saw them
actually sprouting -while on the fern itself.

C. FRAGiLis, HooJcer.

A very brittle tufted species about a foot high (though often larger), liipinnatifid,
almost too near to C. Mynurensis to be unmistakably distinct. On limestone rocks.
If any one will crawl through th(> hole at the end of the (so-called) Farm-eaves near
Maulmain, and then clamber up the rocks, he will be sure to find it. This is where
1 discovered it. The rocks arc, I believe, not otherwise to bo ascended.

C. FARINOSA, Kaldf.

I take this opportunity of stating, once for all, that, although a detailed

' "Capillaire, the maiden-hair fern, from its l)oiii<; used to prevent the hair from falh'ng ofT, says
Matthioli (1. iv. c. WW), quotini; fnim Tlnophraritiis : 'ad delluviiim capilloniiu utile."' — Prior,
" Popuhir Names of British Plants." Williams and Xiirf^ate, 1870.

* CUeilanthes. x«^^i"> ''P "f margin, aud ivOo's, tlower, or that part of a plant which fructifies.

68 BURMA, IT^ PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOyS.

descnption of a few of the more remarkable ferns (as of Oreliids) may be fournl
here, it does not fall within the compass of this work, nor is it possible within the
limits prescribed, to give this in the case of all the species mentioned. It is the less
needful, as a published work exists, in which eveiy known Burmese fern will be
found fully and scientifically described, the " Synopsis Filicum." Accordingly, I
simply mention that the above-named fern, one of the many so-called " silver fenis "
(because their under-surfaoe is covered with a white powdery — farinaceous — substance),
is a Bunnan fern, to be found, no doubt, in many places, but, specially, on rocks
at Knlwee in Beloo-gewn, near Maulmain. It used to be found on rocks close
behind the General Hospital and elsewhere on the hill, sparingly : but I doubt
if it be not now exterminated. Dr. Mason, no doubt, means this fern, by
" Nothochltena argentea " ; but no Nothochlicna has yet been found, as far as I
know, in Burma.

C. AEGENTEA, HoolceV.

Another silver-backed fern — with varieties of a golden colour — is to be gathered
on Zwa-ga-byn, already mentioned (another small Paradise for a Botanist), near the
top, together with C. rufa, Nephrodium. {Arfhrohofii/s of Wallicli) corlihatttm, Lijcopo-
diiim inrolvens (a very curious and rare plant), and a host of other interesting things,
both Cryptogamic and Phanerogamic. The remarkable point about the discovery
of C. argentea here is that the other localities given for it are such as Ural, Siberia ;
Kamfsehatka ; Allai ; and the Russian possessions in N. America ; also at 5500 feet
in Khasya. Ou Zwa-ga-byn it is found at 2000 feet of elevation, and not there only,
but generally, on Limestone rocks, in the neighbourhood of Maulmain and within
a few hundi-ed feet of the phiin, and of very large size. It may be worthy of
note, that several plants appear to descend to a lower level in Burma than else-
where; for example, Oaks in Beloo-gewn at the sea-level; Pines, east of Mya-wad-
dee, very few feet above the sea-level — ahinuhmt at 1000 feet; and Ehododendi-a at
4000 feet on Dauna-toung, Maulmain, and on No-a-la-bo, Tavoy, in latitude 14°.

OxTCHIUll' AUEATUII, Kaulf.

A golden-backed fern. It seems to afFect old Toung-i/as and other clearings,
■where it is often most abundant ; occasionally also it may bo gathered on old
Pagodas, rooting itself between the bricks. Kulwee ; Ascent of Toung-wine,
Maulmain ; and Ka-la-ma-toung, Martaban.

Pteris- aquiltna, Z.

The common English brake. A fem found all over the world in both hemi-
spheres, "unless it bo absent from S. temperate America, from which there are no
specimens in the Kew Herbarium. In Lapland it just passes within the Arctic
cii'cle. It ascends in Scotland to 2000 feet ; in the Cameroon Mountains to 7000
feet ; in Abyssinia to 8000 or 9000 feet ; in the Himalayas to about 8000 feet. "
{Synopsis). Our highest Burmese mountains are about 8000 feet (Nat-toung, Toung-
ngu, being a little under this), and although I do not recollect noticing it at the
summit of that mountain, it does most proliably attain to our highest points. The
lowest height at which I have found it is 700 feet above the sea, which is the height
of Patau, Madremacam, Jlergui, where it is found growing luxuriantly. Morgui is in
about 12^ North Latitude. This is, if I mistake not, another instance of a plnnt
being found at an unusually low level on the Burmese coast. " Dr. Spruce has
seen it in the Andes 14 feet high" {Si/iiopsis). In Burma I should say it attains
the average height which it attains in England.

P. loxgifolia, £.

A common tropical species, to he seen on almost every wall and Pagoda that
is at all dilajiidated, nor does it always wait for that state, so impatient is it to
establish its title to a footing. Martaban Pagoda used to be covered with it.

' Onyt-hium. tlcul, a nail of the hand, from supposed resemblance of segments.
' I'toiis. TTTeph, a fem.

FILICES. 69

P. si:MrrrxN.\TA, L.

A striking foni of moderate size, 2 or 3 feet high, to Lc known hj the lower
side of the ])iiiiioB only, and not the upper, being cut into narrow linear pinnules.
I found it but once. On the proper right bank of the Tenasserim lliver, a few miles
from Mcrgui, arc some pagodas whence a pretty view is obtained. I forget the name
of the spot, but it was in walking to it that I gathered P. semipiniiata.

P. LUDKNS, Tr'allich.

Remarkable for having fronds of two distinct forms on the same root-stock.
The barren frond has a black, polished stipes 4 or o inches liigh, and is " hastately
6-lobed," a jjroniinent vein running into each lobe, cordate below; in fact, it may be
described as betwcn^n heart-shaped and arrow-headed with blunt lobes. It is of a
coriaceous or leathery texture, green above, brown underneath. The fertile fronds
are on much longer stipites, about a foot long, and are deeply pinnatitid, being
divided into 3 primary lobes, these being again divided, the terminal one into three,
and the lateral ones into two narrow linear pointed segments. The frondose portion
is about as broad as long, varying fi'om 4 to 6 inches. The rhizome or root-stock is
creeping, about as thick as a crow-quill, hard and wiry. — Limestone rocks, Maulmain.

P. PEDATA, Z.

This in general character is like the last, also in texture. Pvhizome similar.
Stipites one foot or more, smooth, brown ; the frond at the end 4 to 6 inches each
■way, tripartitely divided ])rimarily ; the lateial divisions lobcd on the lower side of
the prominent rib, undivided on the upper ; the terminal division lobcd on both sides,
with a larger lobe at the end, which is drawn out into a tine point. All the lobes, or
pinna;, as they may also be called, are much broader than those of P. hidcns, and
the fi'onds are all of one and the same form. Also on Limestone rocks, Maulmain.

CeUATOPTEEIS ' THAlICTROrDES.

An aquatic fern, from one to Lwo feet high, generally wliolly submerged in
quiet deep waters. Root tufted, fibrous. Fronds rather succulent, and pellucid in
texture. Sterile and feitile fronds ditfcrcnt, though sometimes a frond is partly
fertile, partly sterile. They are both much divided, being bitripinnate ; but, in the
steiile, the divisions arc broad and expanded, and, in the fertile, naiTow, linear,
being contracted by the production of the fructitication, which is sparse, scattered
thinly under the continuously retlexcd margin of the segments. Although generally
founcl in water, this singular fern does not disdain other habitats. For several years
it sprang up in the rainy season on the gravel path in my garden in Maulmain.
How it came there I have no idea (as it was, in fact, my first acquaintance with the
fern), except, of course, that the spores must have floated thither on the air, but it
must have been from some long distance, as I am not aware of its existence any-
where near Maulmain, and my house was 70 feet above the level of the River
Salween, in which it certainly could not grow. The plants, naturally, were small,
yet they furnished very pretty little specimens, some 8 inches high, in full fructiti-
cation.

AsPLENrnir,^ Linn.

The second largest genus of ferns, "including plants from all parts of the
world where ferns grow, of every variety in size, texture, and cutting." Sori,
dorsal or marginal, attached to the veins, generally oblique as reganls the medial line
of the frond, long and linear, or short and oblong. Indusia the same shape as the
sori, bursting along their whole length ; when single, towards the mid-rib ; when
double {Diplazium), both ways.

A. NIDUS-AVIS, L.

Fronds 4-5 feet long by 6-8 inches broad, undivided, lanceolate, bright gi-ecn,

' Coratoptcris. Kt'pas-aTos, a horn ; and irrepls.

• A.splfuium. o priv. and (rirATjr, the spleen ; from supposed power to cure.

70 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PPlODUCTIOSS.

smooth, glossy, taperinf; gradually below, till, at the base, nothing is left but the
broad somewhat expanded brown mid-rib ; numerous, set densely round a eommoa
axis, and curving gracefully outwards so as to form a sort of deep nest in the centre ;
hence the specific name, lloots densely matted, tomentose, brown. Always growing
on trees in wet shady jungles, and forming striking and handsome objects. Frequent.
Near Hleing-buay, on the Da-gying, is a swampy piece of jungle, high up on the
big trees of which A. niJus-aris may be seen in perfection. Sori in this and the
following species in long thin obliipie lines.

A. Gkevillei, TTall.

A rare terrestrial fern, of the same general character, having lanceolate un-
divided fronds about a span long, with foot-stalks of about ec^ual length. "Tavny"
is given (and Mishmce) as a locality in the Synopsis, lly specimens were gathered
on Tdvoy Island, on which I was once driven by a contrary wind, when making
my way from Tavoy to Mergui in a Burman boat. Asjiktiiiim nitidum, erectum,
resectum, normale, may all bo found on trees on Ta-ok, at about 3000 feet, a rare
place for ferns and orchids. Altogether I find some twenty species of this genus.

DlDTMOCnL^NA ' LUXUIATA, Beav.

A genus of a single species. Fronds tufted. Caudex stout, erect, " subarbo-
rescent" (Synopsis). As seen by me, hardly deserving to be so called, as it was but
a few inches high, but it may well grow higher elsewhere. Fronds (as soon) about
4 feet high, bipinnate ; pinnules about 1 inch long, subquadrate, rounded, stalked.
Sori 3-6 on each pinnule, elliptical. Indusium of the same shape, attached by
a central longitudinal receptacle, and free all round. A hanilsome and remarkable
fern found in South tropical America, Cuba, Madagascar, Xatal, and Fiji Islands,
Loo. Ta-ok.

AsPIDrUM ■ ACrLEATUlI, Stv.

A very common British species, gathered by me on the top of !N'o-a-la-bo (0.k's
hump), Tavoy, 4000 feet, in 1856, also on Moolee-it, 6000 feet. It appears lo be
world-wide.

NErnEODirir,' Blch.

"Sori subglobose. Involucres cordato-reniforra, attached liy the sinus. A cosmo-
politan genus, the species of which vary widely in size, texture, cutting and
venation." — Synopsis. Out of the 30 or more species which I have found in Burma,
it is ditficult to know which to select for description. I will, therefore, give here,
the only new and previously unknown species.

N. PAEisnn, Hooker.

Caudex creeping. Stipes soft, slender, smooth and quite scaleless, 6-9 inches
long. Fronds 6-8 inches each way, tripiunatifid, pubescent, deltoid, the lower
pinnm much the largest ; lower pinnules larger than the others ; segments and
pinnules all decurrent so as to form a winged rachis. An elegant, transparent,
succulent fern, most sensitive of drought, only growing in tlie wettest and sluuliest
nooks of limestone rooks (Maulmain) during the rains, perishing immediately the
rains are over.

Nepheolepis,^ Scliott.

A small genus of Aspidioid ferns with kidney-shaped indusia, and very long,
comparatively narrow, simply-pinnate fronds and creeping rhizomes. The pinna;
are jointed on to the rachis, consequently are apt to tall off in cbying. The sori
are roimd and the veins free. The pinnae in L. exaltata and L. acuta have white
cretaceous dots on their upper surface. I have not observed them on L. (ubervsa
{cordifuUa, Baker). The latter plant I find always on trees ; the former two on banks.

' DidymocliUona. Zihv^los^ twin ; and xAa'i"!, cloak or covering.

- Aspidium. aa-nh-iios, a sliield.

^ Is'eplu'uilium. vfipphs, a kidney ; and efSos, ajijiearance, in alhision to shape of indusium.

• Kepluolepis. vupphs, a kidney ; and Aeris, a scale, from the shape of the indusium.

FILICES. 71

Oleaxdra,' C'av.

A small gpinis distinguislicd by its slender, scaly, seandent rliizomp, jointed
stipes, and entile long nairow lanceolate or trap-shaped fronds. Sori round.
Indiisia renit'orm ; in a single row close to the rachis (or mid-rib), nearly all along
the frond.

0. Crsii.NGnii, ./. Sw., var. loxgu-ks, JTooh.

Rhizoruo long, creeping or seandent, of the thickness of a crow-fjuill, emitting
long wiry roots from its under surface. Stipites varying in length from 4 to 8-9
inches, smooth, rigid, jointed at the setting on, also at about lA to 3 inches from
the base. Fronds varying from 5-6 inches to 18 or more in length, with a breadth
of 1 to I J inch, tapering below and acuminated at the ajX'X. Karc, as far as my
experience goes. Very sparingly on rocks at the top of Tomig-wiue range, ilaulmaiu;
also on XIadremacam, Mergui.

0. XERiiFORMis, Car.

Fronds similar to the last, but stipes very short, the joint very near to the
rhizome, which has a habit of growing in short curves with the fronds single or in
tufts at the bent angle between the curves. Hare also; found but once, and very
small, on trees on Dauna-toung at 4000 feet.

PoLvroDiUM,- Z.

The largest of all the genera, and a very unwieldy one, containing as it does
some 400 species, of which I find about 40 in Burma. Pohjpodlum may be .said
generally to include all those ferns which have round naked sori — in other words,
sori without any covering, indusium or involucre. This is the one great point of
similarity, but in all other respects — habit of growth, size, cutting, venation, texture
— there is an endless diversity within the limits of the genus. These differences
have boon the foundation of several distinct genera with authors, e.g. Phetjoplcris^
Goniopteris,^ Bicti/o/tten's,' y^iphohulus,^' Phi/iiiatodes,'' and others ; these are all, how-
ever, included in l^ulijpodium in the '" Synopsis Filicum," but the names are retained
as those of sections of the genus, so that, practically, things renuiin much as they
■were ; for, in specifj-ing any one it becomes absolutely necessary to add the name
of the section to that of the genus ; and whether any advantage is thus gained,

1 very much doubt; however, leaving this to the doctors, I will go on to select
a few species for particular mention.

r. (DiCTTOPTERIs) TEXriFEOXS, Hoolccr.

" llhizome orce]iing, fragile; stipes very slender, 8-12 inches long; frond G-12
inches each way, deltoid, the upper part pinnatifid ; below the pinnatitid portion are

2 or 3 distinct pinna>, the lowest much the largest, deltoid ; the lowest side produced,
with deeply pinnatifid lanceolate lobes 2-3 inches long ; texture very thin, Haccid ;
areolaj copious, without free veinlets ; sori in rows near the main veins." — From
Sgnopsis, in part.

In the debris of Limestone Rocks, about Maulmain, exactly as Pohjpodium
calcareum " grows in the d<'bris of the limestone of Clietldar cliffs in Somersetshire, of
which (wanting the rigidity) it has very much the appearance. If I recollect right,
one locality is about the entrance, or, rather, the sloping approach to, " the Farm-
caves."

' Oleandra. ?

- I'olypodium. iroXus, m.nny ; and irovs-w6Sos, many divisions.
^ Phcj^opteris. xpTjyhs, tagus, a tree — oak or bfecii r and mfpis.
* GoniDptoris. yuvia, an aiii,'lu, in atlu^<iou to the venation.
' Dii'tyopteris. Si'ktuoi', a net, in ailusion to tile venation.

" Niphobolus. vi(fi$a\oi, rained upon like .snow, in allusion (I presnnie) to the dispersion of the sori.
' Phymatodes. (fiD/io-oros, lump or swellinjr ; and elSos, appearance.

' P. li'ibcrtiaiiiim, lloll'in., of S'ninpsis. AVliatever may be the risjht of priority in tills name, I
doubt if English bot^iuists will give up the familiar I", calcaniim for it.

72 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PUODUCTIOXS.

P. (PnEGopTF.Ris) OBSCFEUir, Uoohcr.

I select this species chiefly with a view to point out an en'or in Species Filienm,
Yol. IV. p. 237, 162. The fern there named P. obsciirum, and described, is un-
douhtcdly only JVephrodium {Lastrea) mchinopus of the same work (Vol. IV. p. 110)
without indusia. I can speak positively in this instance, as the specimens (tlins
ditt'ercntly named) were part of one and the same lot, all gathered in one place. By
reference to the Synopsis it will be seen that Baker, in revising the specimens,
thought so, for though (p. 308 of 1st ed.) he retains the species, he appends an
observation, "very like a non-involucrate form of N. sageni aides, " the latter being
Baker's name for N. melanopus. And under the latter (p. 271) he remarks " /re-
rolucres fugacious," which they are. I give the description of the plant. Caudex
6-8 inches high, commonly elevated on its wiry roots. Fronds titftcd. Stipes 6-12
inches high, slender, brittle, glossy-black (as is also the rachis till near the end),
slightly scaly below. Frond 12-18 inches long by 6-8 inches wide, ovate-lanceolate,
pinna; 8-10 pairs, opposite, or nearly so, about 4 inches long by 1 inch broad,
suddenly acuminate ; the lowest pair different from the rest, being pinnate only on
the upper half and bipinnate on the lower, the middle pinnoe longer than the rest.
In liilly or mountainous parts, but at no great elevation.

P. (GONIOPTERIS) rEOPHi-LLUir, Wall.

This is really only a non-indusiate JVephrodium, the venation being exactly that
of a Eu-neplirodiiim, and the habit of growth like that of the iV. abruptiim group ;
in fact, I detected indusia on this fern in a young state, and pointed out the fact
to Sir W. Hooker, inclosing specimens to him which showed them plainly. This
is acknowledged on p. 10 of Vol. V. of his Species Filicum : "Mr. Parish has lately
convinced me that a minute indusium is seen upon the undeveloped sonis, which
may requii-e this (and possibly the same may be found in an equally early stage
upon other species of Guniopteris) to be transferred to Eu-polg podium."

Caudex creeping ; stipes 2 or moi-e feet long, stout ; frond 2-4 feet long, 1 foot
and more broad; pinnaj several on each side of the rachis, 1 foot long and 2 inches
broad, with a large terminal pinna, points acuminate ; veins prominent, sori in two
close rows, or sometimes only one.

P. D.UtE.EF0RlIE, SooTc.

A fern of a very different habit from the last. Eliizorac, creeping like a Bavallia,
densely clothed witli scales, size variable ; as seen by me, small ; stipes 2-3 inches,
frond 6-8 inches long, 4-5 inches broad, subdeltoid, tripinnate, ultimate segments
entire or forked, linear, rounded at the point ; veins single in each division ; sori
generally one on each segment, consisting of few thecse. On trees, at 4000 feet and
upwards. Dauna-toung.

P. SUBDIGITATUir, Bl.

P. Darallioides, Mett.
A beautiful and much divided species, 2 or 3 feet high, with tufted fronds,
terrestrial. On Nat-toung at 7000 feet, and Moolee-it, by the spring, 6000 feet.

P. (NrpnoBOLUs) aceostichoibes, Forsfer.

Rhizome creeping, as thick as a small crow-quill, clothed with round scales,
which are closely appressed and dark in the centre. The fronds are naiTow, long,
strap-shaped, aud pointed, varying considerably in length from 1 foot to 18 inches,
and J to 1 inch broad, narrowing into a stipes 1-3 inches in length. Under-surface
covered with soft tomentum, which consists of stellate hairs, a characteristic feature
of this group. Sori crowded in oblique rows on the upper half of the fi'ond.
Mergui, on trees.

P. (NrrnoBOLUs) PEXiNGiANUji, JIool;er.

Rhizome creeping, stipes short; frond 12-18 inches long, by 2-3 inches broad,
with a suddenly acuminated termination, tapering very gradually below ; texture soft,
thick, covered underneath with soft grey tomentum. Sori in a patch near the end
but not reaching it, leaving a V-shaped opening below. Apparently rare ; on trees.

FILICES. 73

r. ('N'lPIIOBOLUs) NUMMULARIiEFOLrCM, 3[ldt.

Khizome extensively creeping, of the tliickness of twine, covered with scales.
Fronds of two forms, set all along at J inch distances ; barren fronds round or oval,
A to 1 inch long, on a short stipes J— J- inch in length ; fertile fronds linear, about
2 inches long by \ inch broad ; sori scattered over tlie wholo under-surfaco. The
upper surface smooth, naked ; under surface covered with feriiiginous tomcntum.
On trees, Tavoy, ilergui.

P. (Phtmatodes) irioides, Lam.

A very frequent and almost ugly fern, with fronds 2-3 feet long and 2-3 inclies
broad, undivided, strap-shaped, of a pale colour and leathery texture ; sori veiy
small, dotted irregularly over the under surface. On trees.

P. (Phtmatodes) sinuosum. Wall.

A fern with a very remarkable rliizorae, difficult to describe. It is commonly
as thick as the linger, flat on the under surface, convex on the upper, fleshy, but
often hollow, cree]>ing, but not extensively ; sometimes intertwined and forming
patches the size of the hand, closely covered with peltate scales, which are black
in the middle and pale round the edges. The stipes, 1-2 inches long, is jointed on
a conical protuberance ; barren fronds 3-6 inches long and A— 1 inch broad, the edge
entire; fertile fronds longer and slightly broader, their margin sinuous; texture
leathery ; venation obscure ; sori large, round or oblong, sunk in the frond, showing
prominences on the upper surface. Trees, Mergui.

P. (PaTiiATODEs) KHVxcornYLLusr, ITool-.

Rhizome creeping; barren fronds, round or ovate, 1-1 i- long on short stipites ;
fertile fi'onds 3-6 inches long, J-l inch broad, narrowing gradually upwards to
a fine point ; texture hard, dry ; sori rather large, round, confined to the narrowed
end, in a single line on each side of the mid-rib. On trees among moss. Mountains
at a high elevation. Moolce-it.

P. (DrYXARIa) QXTERCIFOLn'M, ZinH.

This is the common fern which covers nearly eveiy tree in the plains in Purnia.
It is dimorphous, i.e. it has fronds of two kinds, sessile barren fronds and stalked
fertile fronds; the first are lobed only and very rigid, erect; the last are long,
pinnated and drooping.

P. (Drtnaria) coeoxaxs, Wdll.
P. [Drijnarid) conjiujatum, Lam.

This is a much rarer fern. The rhizome is very stout and thick, and densely
clothed with long reddish scales ; its habit is to grow round a tree horizontally and
encircle it, hence the name " coronans" ; the fronds are of one kind only, but the
lower portion is expanded and lobed so as to resemble the barren frond of P. qucrci-
fulium ; it then becomes narrower, and expands again upwards, where it is deeply
pinnatifid. The fronds are erect, about 2-3 feet long by 1 foot or more broad, and of
an exceedingly hard and rigid texture. On the Shan border about \Vaj--ta-mar-ying.

BRArXEA ' IJJSIGXIS, Jlook.

A small tree-fern of a rigid habit, in appearance much like a Cijcas. Stem
3-4 feet high, crowned with a tuft of fronds 2-3 feet long by 8-12 inches broad.
On mountaius in the Yun-za-lin district among the iiin(vfrees. " The sori are re-
markable, confineil to the costal arches, or also running up the simple veins half-way
or more towards the margin, often becoming confluent." — Uoukcr.

GVMN'OGRA.M.UE,- DeSV.

A rather large genus containing ferns of very different habit, form, and size ;

' Brainea, from 3. C. Braiue. Esq., IIonKkonp:.

- Gynmognimme. yvinvii, naked ; and ypdftna, writing, or an inscribed mark.

74 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

veins simple or forked or anastomosing. Sori naked, oblong or linear, arising from,
and following the course of, the veins.
G. Javanica, Bl.

Ehizome creeping; stipes smooth, scaleless, pale, 1-4 feet long; frond 1-4 feet,
pinnate, lower pinnai often again pinnate, shortly stalked, except sometimes the
upper ones, varying exceedingly in size according to the size of the plant, 3-12
inches long by w-2 inches broad, the apex drawn out into a line point. Sori copious,
simple or forked, running along the parallel veins from the mid-rib, but falling short
of the edge. Mountains .at 4000 feet and upwards.

The only other species -which I have found are G. mvoluta {Selliguea Wallichiana,
Hook.), and G. decurrens ; — both also mountain ferns.

MENiscruji,' Schrei.

A small genus, with a Goniopteris appearance, habit and venation ; fronds
simple or pinnate ; sori contined to the connivent transverse veinlets, hence short,
and often somewhat concavo-convex, like a "meniscus" lens, whence the name.
Species very variable and apt to run into one another. M. triplnilluin, e.g. so called,
is often five-leaved, and sometimes runs J/. Piirisldi of Beddome close, wliicli last
Baker unites with M. cmpidatum of Blurae, probably lightly, even suggesting that
it is only "a mcniscoid form of Poli/podium {Goniopteris) uroj)hyllum," which indeed
it is uncommonly like.

ANTEOPnTUH," Kdlllf.

Another small genus, veiy uniform in character, consequently without any
very distinctive marks whereon to found species, of which probably too many have
been made. The species are all small fenis with simple undivided rather leathery
fronds, more or less lanceolate in shape and pointed, varying in length and breadth
3-12 inches by i-2 inches, sessile, or nearly so, on a small creeping rhizome. The
venation is reticulated with elongated meshes, sori copious, following the veins.
Among moss, generally on the perpendicular trunks of trees in damp jungles.

The several varieties found in Burma are probably all referable to A. coriaccum
of Wallioh.

ViTT.4JiiA,' Smith.

A small genus, consisting of a few ferns with long, narrow, undivided, often
grass like fronds of leathery texture. Sori continuous along the edge or just inside
it. V. elongcita, a common fern, seen hanging like bunches of grass from trees,
sometimes has fronds 2 feet long and only ^ inch broad. V. falcata is a short rigid
species with ciu'ved fronds, which I find in mountainous districts. V. Amboi/nemis
I find on trees, ascent of Zing-kyik, behind Martaban ; and in the same locality,
as also on Madremacam, Mergui, 1 find a minute species, 1 inch in full length and
less than a line in width, though in full fruit. This is F. minor of Fee, var.
y3. minima (Species Filicum, V. p. 183). "Probably too near to V. falcata." — Hooker.

T^xiTis Blechxoides,* Sw.

A rather frequent fern. Ehizome creeping. Stipes 1-2 feet long, hard, brittle,
smooth; fronds I-I5 feet long by 8-12 inches broad, simply pinnate; pinn» 5 or 6
pairs and a terminal one, 6-12 inches long by 1 inch broad, pointed ; sori in two
long lines half-way between the mid-rib and the edge. Barren pinnae broader.

Dhymoglossuji riLOSELLOiDES,' Presl.

A small creeping ftrn, veiy much resembling Polgpodiiim nmnmularicefolium
(already described) in form ; in fact, until we come to the fructification, the descrij)-

' Meniscium. ^rti/la-Kos, a young moou, from tlie shape of the sori.

^ Antroplijiini. &vrpoi/, a eave ; and (pvcii, to produce - iroin the cavities between tlie sori.

^ Vittaria. vitta, a band or fillet, from the form of the sori.

' Ta>nitis. raivia, tania, same as vitta.

^ Drymoglossum. Spvfiiis, a forest; and yKoKraa, a tongue. Application not very clear.

FILICES. 75

tion of the one will answer for the other, llliizomo extensively creeping;, of the
thickness of twine, sculy, with fronds an inch distance ; barren fronds round or
oval, i to 1 inch long, shortly stalked ; fertile fronds about 3 inches long by i inch
broad and rounded at the cTids ; sori in a broad continuous line all round the frond
just within its margin, the thec;c mixed with peltate scales. Freijuent. Abundant
ou trees in Tuvoy.

Hemioxitis' cordata, Roxh.

Caudex short ; roots numerous, fibrous, very fine ; fronds tufted ; barren fronds
on short stipites 1-2 inches, themselves 2-4 inches long, broad and blunt at the
apex, cordate, or heart-shaped, at the base; fertile fronds triangular, like an arrow-
head, about 3 inches each way, elevated on stijiites or stalks 8-10 inches long.
Veins anastomosing ; sori covering the whole back of the frond and following the
conrse of the veins, lly specimens are marked ' Tonng-ngoo,' but I think tbis is
a mistake ; it may be found there, but the likelier localitj" is the Limestone rotks
in the neighbourhood of ilaulmain.

AcEosiicniiM,- Linn.

" Sori spread over the whole surface of the frond or upper pinnae, or occasionally
(apparently) over both surfaces. A large genus, almost entirely tropical, including
groups with a wide range in venation and cutting " — Si/nopsis.

A. souBiFOLitTM, Linn.

" Rhizome thick " (about the size of the little finger), "woody, often 30 or -tO
feet long, clasping trees like a cable, sometimes prickly; frond 12-18 inches long,
6-12 inches broad, simply pinnate; barren pinnae 4-8 inches long, f-2 inches broad,
10-20 on each side the rachis, articulated with it at the base, the edge entire or
toothed;" fertile pinnte smaller and narrower, but not otherwise ditfercnt. This is
the description of the fern in its fully developed condition.

About the year 1860 I discovered in the extreme South of the Tenasserim
Provinces a most singular and elegant form of a fcru wholly new to mo, of which
the following may serve as a description. Roots (in the ground at the foot of a tree)
numerous, wiry, of the thickness of pack-thread. Caudex or proper stem none, but
from tlui roots was formed a slender branched rhizome no thicker than a knitting-
needle ; this, after having a very short lateral spread, turned and crept up the tree
in the form of several slender stipites, which clung to the baik by innumerable
minute rootlets. On these stipites, commencing almost from the ground, alternatctl
a series of closely set elegant pinnir aliout 2 Inches long, on either side of the rachis
of which were set 15 or 16 pairs of pinnules about -J- inch long, which were tlu'ui-
selves farther subdivided into 8 or 10 minute wedge-shaped segments, the whole
of a fragile, semi-transparent texture, so as to give the plant almost the appearance
of fine lace-woi'k. No trace of sori was to be found on any part of the plant. IScing
much puzzled in determining its affinity, 1 forwarded a specimen to the late Sir
AVilliam Hooker soon afterwards, with other ferns. He replied, inclosing nic
fiagnieuts of a fern found in Borneo, of a somewhat similar character, begging
me to "hunt for more." Accordingly, I sent my man down expressly to Packchan,
on our extreme South border, with directions to search till he found more of tlie
same, instructing him also how to press and convey the specimens safely. 1 think he
was gone si.x weeks, but he was successful. Among several small specimens like my
original one, he brotight back one some 15 or 16 feet long, carefully cut into e(|ual
lengtlis, and well prcs.sed. This specimen is now before me, laid out on about
10 large sheets of paper, all numbered, so that by putting them end to end I can
reproduce the whole plant in exix'llent condition. The lower part of this remarkable
specimen corresponds to the description just given, and the upper part to that of
Airoitichum sorhijolium previously given. Little by little the slender, delicate, finely

' Ileniionitis. ^/ni<(i/os, n mule. The Greek name for some plant.
^ Acrostichum. oxpiis, the summit or end ; and (rrixn, spike or rank.

76 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

divided, lacc-lilic fern, grows stouter upwards, till the stipes devclopes itself into
a coarse thick prickly stem ; and towards the end, the tinely dividecl tri]iinnatifid
fronds cease aUflj^ethcr, and their place is taken by the large simply-pinnated normal
fronds of the above-named fern !

This is Lindsaija? Parishii of Baker, Synopsis, ed. 1868, p. 109; among the
corrigenda, however, at p. 452, appears the following remark: "Probably one of
the very curious abnormal forms of Acrosticliiini sorl/ifolium." This is correct. 15ut,
under A. seandens (a common Burmese fern), at p. 412, I find the following observa-
tion: " Darallia achiUeifolia, Wall. (Hook. Sp. Fil. Vol. I. p. 195 t. 56 D.) seems
to be a deltoid tripinnatitid abnormal form," i.e. of A. seandens. I have little doubt,
however, that it is rather a form of A. sorhifolium, for the figure might have been
taken from a portion of my specimen, so truly does it represent it ! 1 have another
somewhat similar fern, which may be the young state of A. seandens ; and yet another
from the late General Munro, from Jamaica (no name), also apparently the young
state of some species of climbing Aerosfiefium.

The note under Bavallia achilliri Julia, Sp. Fil. Vol. I. p. 195, may be read with
interest; from it I extract what follows. " Mr. J. Smith finds .similar productions
on specimens of his StemeJdana {Acrosticham) seandens from Gumming, and remarks,
These abnormal fronds are usually about 3 inches in length and tripinnatitid, not
unlike some delicate multifid species of Batallia or Chcilanthes. They are found on
a lengthened rachis, like parts of the rhizome. There can be no doubt that it is
a peculiar growth, common to more than one species of the genus." To this I
would add a suggestion that possibly this is the normal and not the abnormal growth
of all species of the StenocMana group of Aerostichnm. It is, I think, not unlikely
that they all bi-gin life in this delicate form, gradually developing their coarser and
robuster features as they grow up.

A. (Egenolfia) appendiculaium, TTilld.

A common fern in rocky places ; and if all its differing forms arc to be lumped
together under the name here given (as they are in the Synopsis), certainly a very
polymorphous one. JIany ferns have been raised to the rank of species upon less
ground than some of the varieties of this one may claim. The common form may be
thus described. Gaudex erect or slightly repent ; stipites more or less tufted in
consc([Ucnce. That of the barren frond is 3-0 inches long, scaly; frondose portion
1 foot or more, simply pinnate ; pinnae numerous, lA-2 inches by A inch wide ;
sessile, sometimes crenate only, with a prominent lobe on the upper side close to
the rachis, and sometimes deeply pinuatifid, in which case the lobe is less apparent.
Fertile frond longer, both in the stipes and the frondose portion : sori sometimes
covering the back of the very much narrowed pinnae, as in the crenate form ; some-
times, as in the pinnatifid form, appearing as little lumps of fructification only, on a
much attenuated mid-rib.

Eyenolfia (sometimes also called Pol//botr//a) UamiUoniana is a var. of larger
growth. E. eostulata is a most elegant and apparently distinct variety, which I find
abundantly in only one spot that I can recollect. This is at the 'tsakan immediately
before you begin the ascent of Dauua-toung, starting from " Ghristian Village."
Hero is what Hooker says of it. " A still more remarkable form than any of those "
(previously described) " I have added to the number as var. eoituln/n ; especially that
state found by Sir. Parish, distinguished not only by the deeply pinnatifid pinnae,
but by the lower pair, both in the sterile and fertile fronds, being again pinnate.
The Khasya specimens, however, exhibit quite iutermcdiate forms." — Sp. Fil. Vol. V.
p. 252.

A. (Gymnopteeis) costatuji, TTaJl.

A. {Gymnopteris) virens, var. Synopsis.

A handsome fera, frequently met with at the base of old Pagodas, is^-L coslatum,
Wall., var. nndulatum {Jenkinsia iindtdata of Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 75). Caudex stout,
slightly repent; stipes 1-1 A- foot long, slightly furfuraccous ; fi-onds about the same
length, simply pinnate, 18-20 pairs, with a terminal one; barren ones ovate-lanceo-
late, pointed, about 5 inches long by 11 broad, crisped and wavy at the margins;

FIIJCES. 77

fertile fronds sliorter ami narrower, sometimes entirely rovereil with the confluent
sori, but sometinics again these are in a broad marginal band, with a teudeucy to run
down between the main veins towards the costa or mid-rib.

A. (CnRTsomuii) aureum, Linn.

Caudex stout, erect; stipites tufted, 1-2 feet long, strong, glossy; fronds varying
much in size, 3-4 feet long, or even more, and 1-2 feet broad, simply pinnate ;
pinnas broad, strap-shaped, sometimes a foot long and 2-3 inches broad, blunt at the
end, the upper ones alono fertile and closely covered with the sori. Ficiiuent in
salt-water creeks.

A. (HvjiEN'oi.KPis) spic.iTi'ir, Linn.

Rhizome slightly repent; stipes 1-2 inches, fronds 5-6 inches long, bearing the
Bori on their suddenly contracted narrow apex. On trees, Madronuicam, Jlcrgui.

Platyceeium ^ Walliciiii, Hooh.

Fronds of two very distinct kinds, the one .sessile and erect, the other pendulous.
Barren erect frond always found appressed against the trunk of a tree, deeply lobed,
with sinuous forked divisions; fertile fronds, a pair, from a common axis, pendant,
each (generally but not always) in two main divisions, in the sinus of which, where
they again divide, is situated a semicircular shield, 3-4 inches in diameter, wholly
covered on the under side with the fructification iml)edded in a thick mat of soft
tomentum ; biTond this the fronds divide and subdivide again in a bifarious manner.
Substance very thick and tough, and soft, with a tawny pubescence underneath,
dull green above. Frequent, especially on trees about Toung-wine, near Maulmain.

P. BiFOEME, lilume.

A grand and striking fern, always on trees, generally on a stout horizontal
hough. Fronds also of two distinct kinds as in the foregoing species. Barren fronds
erect, sessile, deeply lobed and sinuate, several, sometimes forming a complete circle,
entirely enveloping the bough on which it grows, and forming a liuge nest or basin,
filled with a mass of tawny fibrous roots, and with the decayed matter of the old
sessile fronds, the substance of which is often an inch thick, which are also renewed
and thus form a fresh layer, every year. Fertile fronds pendulous, 6-7 times
dichotomous, pedicellcd at the base, divisions ligulate, like long leather strap.s,
2 inches broad. Fructification covering the inside — the whole concavity — of a
distinct leathery half-cup, which is pedicellcd, and arises from the fork of one of
the primaiy divisions of the pendulous frond. As the sessile fronds are several, and
each has a central axis of growth of its own, emitting its own pendulous fronds,
there is sometimes seen a complete circle of such fronds, arching out from the huge
round boss formed by the united masses of sessile fronds ; a sight to be seen in order
to be appreciated. The sessile fronds often measure 4 feet from tip to tip of their
lobes, while the pendulous ones are 6 feet long ! When I first beheld one, nearly
this size, in the year 1854, at Jfergui, in the Kulween jungle, 1 was in raptures, and
did not leave the spot until I had it down, lop])ing the bough short off on both sides,
and putting it on a Burman's shoulders (a weight he could with some difficulty carry),
brought it home in triumph. This sanu; plant adorned my fernery in llaulmain for
many years. I was at last tempted to send it to England, but it died en route.

Loc. Mergui and the islands of the Archipelago. I never saw it farther North.
OsMUXDA ■ Javaxica, Jilume.

Fronds tufted on a short erect caudex, which I find always elevated on a eouical

' riatyceriiim. irAaTus, hro.iil : nnd Kip-ts-aroi, n horn.

' "Osmund, Osmund Kct/ii/, or O.tiniiml the ll'iitiimmi, apparently tt comiption of gross mnnd-
kraut, greater moon-wurt, ruprfsuntiii<; its ancient ollicinal name, hmaria major. There are other
derivations of it, such as tliat by lii'ckmann, from tlie name of some person ; hv Nemnieh, on the
authority of Ilouttuyn, from o.v, month, and mtindarr, to cleanse ; by others t'rom os, hone, and
mundare, to cleanse. Tlie Wutirmini wouhi seem to be it.s Flemish name, ll'atirrarn. Tlie Itoi/nl
refers, we are told by Lobel (Krnydb. i. p. 991), to its great and excellent virtues." — Prior, Popular
Names of British Plants, p. 171.

78 BUR}i[A, ITS PEOriE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

mass of tangled roots a foot or more higli ; they (the fronds) are simply pinnate,
1-2 feet long, and droop in a graceful curve outwards from a common centre. Tlie
pinnre arc long, narrow and acute, some of the middle or lower ones being fertile,
and thereby contracted into small bundles of sori on the costa. This fern affects
a peculiar habitat, rocks and stones just above the high- water level of mountain
torrents, in the rocky beds of which I have invariably found it. Among otlier
localities I recollect one — at the foot of the fine waterfall that descends from No-a-
la-bo, visible from Tavoy. Here it grows abundantly in company with fine specimens
of Cihotium ylauccscena.

As our European Osmmula regalis is found in the Xilghiris, it may possibly
gi'ow also in Burma, though I never met with it.

ScniZtRA ' DIGITATA, SlO.

A singular little tei-restrial fern, with barren fronds just like a blade of grass,
8 inches to a foot long, g or J broad only. The fertile fronds have their fructifica-
tion at the end, which is divided into a number of narrow linear spikes about \h
inch long. As it grows in the ground among other vegetation, it may easily escape
notice.

Loc. Madi-emacam, Mergui, near the top of Patau.

LTGODirM,' 8w.

A genus of climbing and twining ferns of elegant habit. I find three species :
L. acandtns, L. jniuKifiJiilnm, and L. polijsfticliyum. The first two are common and
must have attracted the attention of all persons of observation who have taken their
walks abroad in Burma. The last is a rarer plant. One locality is Madi'cmacam,
Mergui.

ANCIOrTERIS^ EVECTA, Illjffm.

A large smooth lively green fern, veiT common on the banks of streams througli-
out Burma. In the Synopsis it is described as having a caudex (or trunk) 2-6 feet
high, and fronds 6-15 feet long. As it has been found in many widely separated
parts of the world, this general description is no doubt correct ; but it certainly docs
not developc these large proportions in the Tenassorim Provinces. As I know it, it
has little or no caudex, the fronds spiinging from near the ground, and being 6 or 8
feet long. The stipites are round, smooth and swollen at the base, and have "two
largo leathery auricles," one on either side. The fronds are bipinnate ; pinnae 1-2
feet long, also swollen at their base; pinnules 6-8 inches long by 1 inch broad,
oblong and acuminate, the edge generally toothed. "Whole plant smooth and shiuing.
The sori consist of a few rather large sporangia, some dozen or so, arranged in an
oldong form, and are set in rows contiguous to the edge of the pinnules. I have
oliserved that when suffering from temporary drought, as in a hot midday sun, the
swollen parts, above mentioned, become relaxed, and allow the fronds and the
pinnules to fall back and droop in a flaccid manner ; but that they resume their right
position on the return of moisture to the air ; thus behaving in a directly opposite
manner to the swollen petioles of Banhinia, which allow the leaves to fall back and
fold in the damp night aii-, but are rigid in the daytime.

' Scliizopa. irx'C" *" split, from the diaracter of the fructification.

^ Lvffodium. I presume from A.1570S, a flexible twi<r, and eiSos, appearance, from the twisted or
tmninj; habit of the genus. Ulysses bound the Cyclops rams "together" \iyoiai, in his device to
escape from tliat interesting monster:

"Toys aKfQ}V auv^^pyov eva'Tpetpeea'a'i \t'tyoi(TW,*^ ....

^vvTp^is aivufievos." — Odyssey, is. 427.

" These, three and three, with osier bands we tied." — Pope.

' Angiopteris. &yyot, a vessel or pitcher ; and Trrepls, from the form of the sporangia, or spore-
cases.

FILICES. 79

OpinoGLOssrM,' Linnaiis.

Two species are foimd ; one small and terrestrial, 2-3 inches liigli, and anotlier
long and epiphytal. The first, 0. mulicaule, has a small tuberous root-stoek, with
two or three tleshy roots, a sinjjle ovate or lanceolate frond (or two) on a slender
stipes, the fructification forming a two-ranked spike at the end of a long slender
distinct peduncle, which springs from the base of the frond. The second,
0. poidulum, has a long pendulous simple or divided strap- shaiied frond, 2-3 feet
long hy 1-2 inches broad, with a short spike of fructification issuing from it more
than half-way down. This spike is 2 or 3 inches long. The latter is to be found
aPilergui, on trees.

0. NUDICArLE, L.

0. PEXDULUii, L. Nicohars (K.). Mcrgui (P.)

HELiirN'TnosTAcnvs,- Junilfiiss.

A singular plant. Rhizome creeping, of the thickness of a cedar pencil, emit-
ting short ricshy roots from its under-part. Fronds single, on a stipes 12-lG inches
long, palmato pinnate, i.e. divided into pinnai somewhat in the form of an outspread
hand. Pinna; 4-6 inches long by lA-2 broad, simple or divided. Fertih; spike
arising from the point of union of the barren segments, peduncle 4-6 inches long,
fructification 3-4 inches.

H. Zetlaxic-v, Hook.

Growing in the rich mould -which is formed in the hollows of the limestone
rocks about Maulmaiu (P.). Kamorta and Jlilor (K.).

' Opliioslossum. o<t>i$, a snake or adder : and yMi(raa, a tongue.

^ Ilelniiuthostachys. eA./tics-fiii'Sos, a worm ; and araxv!, a spike of corn, from the form of the
fructification.

^00^$^^

80

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

CATALOGUE OF FERNS

SYSTEMATICALLY AERAXGED.

0. NUBICAULE, L.
O. PEXDULm, L.

H. Zeylaxica.

A. EVECTA, HofFm.

S. BIGITATA, S\T.

L. SCAJTDENS, Sw.

L. PINXATIFIDUII, Sw.

L. POLYSTACHTUM, Wall.

Order FILICES. FERNS.
Sub-order I. OPEIOGLOSSACEJE.

Ophioglossum, Linnmus.

Terrestrial.
On trees. Tavoy. Houng-di'au. Nicobars, Kurz.

HELMrNTHosTACHTs, Swarz.

Limestone llocks, Tenasserim. Kamorta, Kurz.

Sub-order II. irJEATTIACEJE.

AxGIOrTERIS, Ilojflil.

Common in shady jungles by the side of streams.

Sub-order III. &CmZ^AC'EJE.
ScnizjEA, Smith.

Rare. ICear the top of Patau, ilergui.

LYGODmi, RiC.

Common.
Fre(iucnt.
Eather rare. Island of Madremacam, llergui.

0. .Jataxica, Bl.

P. "WALLTcnii, Hook

P. BIJFOBME, Bl.

Sub-order lY. OSMUXDACE^.
OsiruNDA, L.
In the bed of streams descending from No-a-la-bo, Tavoy.

Sub-order Y. POLYP OBI ACE JE.

Tribe I. ACROSTICREJE.

PLArrcEEmsi, Besvaux.

Common about Toiing-winc, Manlmain.
Mcrgui and the Islands of the Archipelago.

AcRosTicnuii, L.

Mcrgui.

Frequent in salt-water creeks.
On trees, in shady jungles.
On trees, in shady jungles.
On trees, in shady jungles.
Base of old Pagodas.

A. (Hyjtexolepis, Kaulf.) sriCATUir, L.
A. (CnEYSODirii, Fee) ArHEUii, L.
A. (CHEYsonrrji, Fee) axillaee, Car.
A. (Chrysodium, Fee) lanceolatum, Hook.
A. (Gy^ixopteeis, Bernhard) virens, Wall.

var. C0STATr51 = jEXKINSIA rNBDLATA, Wall.

A. (Gymkopteeis) flagelliferum, Y'all.

A. (GraXOPTERIs) VAEIABILE, Hook.

FIIJCES.

81

A. (Ec.ENOLFiA, Seliott) APrEXDlcuLATrji, AVilkl. On rocks and stonos in dry

places in the jungles.

var. /3. HAMiLTONiAxm, Wall. On rocks and stones in dry jjlaces in tlie jungles.

var. 7. cosTATUM, Hook. On rocks and stones in dry places in the jungles.

var. r. LINDENS, Wall. Un rocks and stones in dry ])laces in the jungles.

var. e. BU'ixxATUii {ride Beddomc). At the 'tsakan,' at foot of Dauna-touug.
A. (Stkxochlexa, J. Smith) scaxdkxs, J. Sm.
A. (SiExocHLiEXA) soKBiFOLiiJi, L. Packchan.

A. viscosrM, Sw.

A. COXFORME, Sw.

Tribe II. ORAMMITIDEJE.
HEMioxms, Linnaus.

Limestone rocks, Tcnassorim Provinces.
Deymoglossfu, Prenlitnd.

On trees, frequent. Ahundant about Tavoy.

TjExms, Swartz.

Frefjuent : on the hill 1)e]iind ^Faulmain.

YlTTAKIA, Smith.

Common on trees.
siixiMA, Hook. Sp.Fil. Vol Y. p. 183. Ascent of Kala-ma-toung.
AiiBOYNEXsis, Fee. Sp. Fil. V. p. 177. Ascent of Kala-ma-toung.

AxTiioi'HruM, luiulfmx.

Common on trees.

H.
D.
T.

V.
V.
V.

CORDATA, PiOxh.

piLOSEDOiBEs, Presl.

BLECHNOrDES, Sw.
LINEATA, Sw.

A. CORIACEVM, Wall.

M,
11.

crsriDATUM, Bl.
iRiruYLLm, Sw.

B. ixsiGNis, Hook.

Mexiscioi, Schrbcr.

Braixea, Ilooher.

Yunzalin mountains at 4-5000 feet.

GriixoGR-iMiiE, Di'svfliu:

G. (SEi.i.iGrEA, Bory) elliptica, Baker=G. DEcntRExs, Hook.

G. (Seli.igvea) CArniFOKSiis, Hook. Bot. Jlag. t. 5328.

G. (Ski.i.igiea) ixvoLrxA, Don. = S, Wallichiaxa, Hook. Icon. t. 201.

G. Javaxica, Bl.

roLrroDJFJE.

PoLYi'oDirM, Linttaufi.

P. (Phvmatodes) Hn[Ai.ATEXsE, Hook. fountains, Danua-touug.

P. (Puv.MATODEs) LEnsiANXi, Mett(!nius. Dauna-toung.

P. (PnYMATODEs) .irGI,ANDIFOI.ir.M, Don.

p. (Puv.^^AT0DEs) PAi.MATrM, B1. = P. I'Anisnir, Beddome.

P. (PnVMtTODEs) I.OXGISSIMUM, Bl.
p. (PllYMATODEs) DILATATUM, Wall.

P. (PnYMATODEs) xiGKEscExs, Bl. Tcc-wa-pliado, ascent of iloolee-it.

P. (PnYMATODEs) PnVMATODES, L.

p. (Phymatodes) TEiFiDiM, l)on. = P. oxxLoiiiM, Wall. Dauna-toung.

P. (PnYMATODEs) PTEHOPrS, Bl.

' A halting or lauipiu^' place iu the jungles.

82

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.

P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.

PHTMATOBES) HEUIONITIDEUII, Wall.

Phyitatodes) ieioides, Lam. Common on trees.

PnTMATODEs) 1IEMBEAXACEU5I, Don. Kala-ma-toiuig, Martaban.

Phtjiatobes) EnrycornYLLrir, Hook. Dauna-toung.

Phtmatodes) xokmale, Don. Mcrgui.

Phtmatodes) zosTEE^FoiaiE, Wall. On rocks under water in mountain streams.
Phtmatodes) scpesficiale, B1.
Phthatodes) loxGiFOLirir, Mett. Mcrgui.

Phymatodes) sixTosuii, Wall. Mergui, on trees : rare.

Phtmatodes) lixeaee, Thimberg=P. loeifohme, Wall.
Phtmatodes) eosteatitm, Hook. Dauna-toung.

Detnaeia, Bory) conjugaium, Lam.=P. coeonans, Wall. Eatlier scarce.

Shan border, south-east of Maulmain.
Det^'aeia) QtTEEcrpoLmi, L. Every where on trees in the plains.

NiPHOBOLUs, Auct.) Penangianttm, Hook.
NiPHOBOius) FissuM, Baker=P. poeosuit, Wall.
NiPHOBOLUs) NUMiiuLAEiiEFOLirii, Mctt. On trccs, Tavoy.

NlPHOBOLUs) STIGMOStni, Sw. =P. COSTATni, Wall.

XiPHOBOLCs) LEXGUA, Sw. Common on trees.

NiPHOBOLUs) ACEOSTiCHOiDES, Forst. CommoH ou trees.

NiPHOBOLUs) ADNASCENS, Sw.

NiPHOBOLUs) Gaednekf, Mett. Mergui.

GoNIOPHLEBIUM, Bl.) SUBAUEICULATUM, Bl.

Goniophlebium) pubeeuluh, Baker. Shan border, south-east of Maulmain.
Eu-POLTPODiuii) suBDiGiTATm, Baker=P. davallioides, Mett.

Eu-POLTPODIUM) DAEE.EFOEIIE, Hook.
DiCTTOPTEEIS, Presl.) DIFFOEME, Bl.
DiCTTOPIEEIs) TENEEIFEOXS, Hook.

GoxioPTEEis, Presl.) ueophtlluii, Wall.

GOXIOPIEEIS) PEOLIFEEUM, PrCsl.

Phegopieeis) OBSctJEUM, Hook.'

Rare. Dauna-toung.

In the debris of Limestone rocks

ASFIDIE^.

Oleandea, Cavanilles.

0. NEEiiFOEMis, Cav. On rocks

0. longipes, Hook.=0. C'djiingii, J. Smith, var

Rare. Loc. ?
On rocks. Toung-winc.

Nepheolepis, Schott.

Frequent. Kamorta

Xatchall, Kiu-z.
Old wall at Martaban.

N. ACUTA, PresL

N". esaltata, Schott. Common.

N. coedifolia. Baker =N. tubeeosa, Hook.

Nephbomum, Eicliard.

N. (Sagexia, Presl.) gigaxteum. Baker.

N. (Sagexia) Geiffithii, Baker. Burma, Griffith.

N. (Sagexia) cicuTAEiuii, Bakcri=S. coaduxata. Wall ?

N. (Sagexia) dectteeens. Baker. Kamorta, fide Kurz.

N. (Sagexia) variolosum. Baker.

N. (Sagexia) Zolldtgeeiaxum, Baker. Tenasserim. Heifer.

N. (Sagexia) poltmoephum, Baker.

N. (Sagexia) subteiphtllum. Baker.

N. (Pleocxemia, Presl.) Leuzeaxum, Hook. Doung-kon-laya, Ascent of Moolee-it.

N. (Eu-xepheodium) teuncatum, Presl.

N. punctatuji, Par. Beddome, Fems Brit. India, Tab. 131.

1 Under this fern Baker, Synopsis Filicnm, p. 308, remarts : " Very like a non-involucrate form of
Sejihrudium sa^enioiiifs." He is undoubtedly right. It is this and nothing else.— P.

FILICES. 83

N. iroi.LE, Dcsv. Ubiiinifous.

var. (iidmi/motort/iii, Par. Bedd. Ferns S.I. Tub. iS 1.

N. .^KBUSCL'L.V, DcsV. = X. IIOOKKUI, Wall.
N. EXTEXSDM, Houk.

N. ixiTiM, 11. Br.

N. PTEROIDES, J. Sm. = X. TEUMIXAXS, lloolc.

N. PLATYrrs, Hook. ?

N. (Lastkjea, Pri'sl.) setigerum, Baker=X. texeiucaule, Hook. Sp. Fil.

N. (Lastr.ea) secedens, Hook.

N. (Laste.ea) MEMiiRAx:FOLiuM, Prcsl.

N. (Lastr-ea) Pariseit, Hook.

N. (Laste.ea) odoratcit, Bakc'r=N. ERiocARmr, Hook. 8p. Fil. Zwa-ka-bin.

N. (Lastr.ea) sparsuji, Don. = jSf. puepurascexs, Hook. Sp. Fil.

N". (Lasir^a) FLACCiDm, Hook.

N. (Lastrjja) Preslii, Baker=N. PROPixQurM, Hook. Sp. Fil.

N. (Lastr.ea) filix-has. var. cocnLEATUJi, Don. Top of Zwa-ka-biu.

N. (LASTE.i:A) sYBitATicuit, BakL'r=X'. spectabile, Hook. Sp. Fil.

N. (Lastrjsa) sagenioides, Bakor=N'. melanopus, Hook. Sp. Fil.

N. (Lastr^ea) PROLixuir, Baker. Knmorta, fde Kurz.

N. (Lastrjea) calcaratum, Hook=N'. falcilobum, Hook. Sp. Fil.

N. (Lastr^sa) gracilescexs, Hook. iladremacam, Mtrgui.

N. (Lastr.ea) niRTiPEs, Hook=Asp. ateatcm, Wall.

AspicruM, Sivartz.

A. (PoLTSTICHtTM, Rotll) ARISTAIUM, Sw.

var. coniifolium, Wall.
A. (PoLTSTicHUJi) ACULEATUM, Sw. ilountalns. Top of No-a-la-bo.

var. hi-aristatum, Bl.

A. (PoLYSIICHUM) SEMICORnATUM, Sw.

DiDYMocHLJEXA, Desvaiix.
D. LUNULATA, Dosv. Only found by me in a damp hollow on Ta-ok.

AsPLENiuM, Zitmeeus.
A. (Anisogonio[, Presl.) EscrLEXirji, Prcsl. Swampy spots in jungles. Teeyang.

A. (DiPLAZIUJI, Sw.) LATIFOLIUM, Don.

A. (Diplazixtm) polypodioides, Mett.

A. (Diplazitim) Japoxiccm, Thunb.= A. ScnKunii, Hook. Sp. Fil.

A. (Dn>L.\zn7ji) tomeniosuji, Hook.

A. (DlPLAZrUJl) SY'LVATICUM, Ppcsl.

A. (DiPLMiuii) Baxtamexse, Baker=A. FEAXiNiFOLim, Wall.

A. (Diplazium) pallidum, BI.

A. TExriFOLicir, Don. Kala-ma-toung. Martaban.

A. NiTiDtJM, Sw. On trees in wet jungles.

A. HETKR0CARPU.M, Wall. Zwa-ka-bin.

A. RESECTUM, Wall. Common on trees in mountainous places. Ta-dk.

A. MACROPHYLLUjr, Sw. Kumorta, Kurz.

A. FALCATUM, L. Ta-ok.

A. iiiR-n-M, Kuulf. Madremacam, Mcrgui.

A. ERECTUM, Bory. Ta-ok.

A. TE.XERCM, Forst.

A. LONGISSIMUM, Bl.

A. NORMALE, Don. Ta-ok.

A. ENsiFORME, Wall. Ta-dk.

A. (TnAMXOPTERis, Prcsl.) Grevtllei, Wall. On Tavoy Island.
A. (TuAMjfOPTERis) NIDUS-AVIS, L. On trees in wet jungles, sometimes

with fronds G feet long.

84 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOyS.

nLECHXEJE.
Blecdndm, Linnceus.
B. ORIEXTALE, L. CommoD. On the liill behind Maulmain.

FTERIDE^.
LoJi.uiiA, Willdeiww.

L. ADNATA, Bl.

C. THALiCTROiDEs, Brong:.

Ci;EAToriEKis, Bronfiiiiart.

Pteeis, Linnatis.

P. (LiTOBRocniA, Prcsl.) tripartita, Sw.

P. (DoRYoPTERis, J. Sm.) redata, L. On limestone rocks near 'Maulmain.

P. (DoRYoriERis) LUDEXs, Wall. On limestone rocks near ilaulmaiu.

P. (Caiii'teria, Presl.) Wallicuiaxa, Aganlh.

P. (CAliriERIA) BIAURITA, L.'

p. (PcEsiA, St. Hilare) aquilixa, L. On all mountains at 4-5000 ft., ami on the

top of Patau, Alergui, only 800 ft.

P. (Eu-PTEEIS) PELLACENS, Ag.

p. EXCELSA, Gaucliehaud.
P. LONGrPINNULA, Wall.

p. QUABRiAURiTA, Retz. Commou.

p. QUADRIAUKITA, Var. SETIGEEA, Hoolc.

p. QFADRiAURiTA, Tar. AEGYREA, Mooiv. Juiiglcs on Shan border.

p. SEMiPixxAiA, L. ilergui, up the Tenasserim Paver.

P. HETEROMORPHA, Fee.

P. PELLUCIDA, Presl.

p. LONGiroLiA, L. Common everywhere, j^icobars, Kurz.

OxYCHirii, Kaidfuss.
0. AUEATUii, Klf. Very froriuent in deserted Toung-yas.

CnEiLANTnES, Swarti.

r. FAEixosA, Klf. Zwa-ka-bin. On rocks about Kulwee. Beloo-gewn.

C. AEGEXiEA, Hook. Zwa-ka-bin.

var. ckrysojihijUa, Hook. Zwa-ka-bin.

C. EUFA, Desv. Zwa-ka-bin.

C. lEjfuiFOLiA, Sw. Frequent. On tlie hill behind !Nraulmain.

C. VAEiAxs, Hook. Frequent. On the hill behind Maulmain.
C. FRAGiLis, Hook. Limestone rocks near JIaidmain.

Adiantuh, Linnaun.

A. FLAiiEELrLATrM, L. ITountains of the Yunzalin.

A. CAPiLLUs- Veneris, L. On rocks in tlie Megatha lliver. South-oast frontier.

A. CAUDATUM, L. Mya-wa-dee.

A. soBOLiFERUJi, Wall. Probably a var. of cawhitum or lunulatum.

A. LUNULATUM, Burm. XJbiquitous in the plains.

A. PAEisHn, Hook. Zwa-ka-bin.

LINDSA TE^.

LiNDSAYA, Dryander.

L. LANUGINOSA, Wall. On Palmyra trees, Tavoy. E.xtremely rare.

L. TRAPEZiPORMis, Dry.

L. FLABELLULATA, Dry.

' Fteris n'paiidulii, Link, of Kurz' s collection = /'<. aiiiila.

FII.ICE^. 85

L. cuLTHATA, Sw. Common, in stony or rocky places.

L. LoBBiAXA, Hook. Doubtfully distinct from procetliug. Ma(lrein;icam, iforfjui.
L. EXSiFOLiA, Svv. Common. On the hill, iluulmain.

var. GriJJithiana, Hook. An undeveloped state of ensifolia.

DAVALLIE^.
CvsTorxERis, Bernh.

C. sETosA, Beddome. Ferns Brit. lud. tab. 312. A doubtful plant. Bv the spring,

at the top of Moolce-it, 6000 feet.

Davali.ia, Sicartz.

D. (Stenoloma, Fee) tejtdtfolia, Sw. Mountains. Rare. Dauna-toiing, 5000 feet.
J). (Microlepia) spelu>'c.e, Baker=D. polyi'odioides, Hook.

D. (JIicrolkpia) sthigosa, Sw.=D. Khasitana, Hook. Ascent of No-a-la-bo.

D. (Microlepia) pixxata, Car. Mergui, Archi])clago.

D. (Ec-Davallia) bullata, Wall. On trees, Mergui.

D. elegans, S\v. Common. Abundant on Cocoa-nut and Palmyra trees, Mergui.

D. soLiDA, Sw. Common. Abundant on Cocoa-nut and Palmyra trees, Mergui.

3). Geiffituiaxa, Hook. Me-gui.

D. decuerens. Hook. Mergui.

D. (Leucostegia) ch.erophti.i.a, Wall. Kala-ma-toung. Martaban.

D. (LErCOSTEGIA) niMERSA, Wall.

D. (Leucostegia) nvMENOPnYLLA, Parish. Limestone rocks. Maulmain.

D. (HuJiATA, Car.) pedata, Sm. ilergui, thence southward.

B. (HciiATA) paeallela, Wall. Mergui, thence southward.

II YilEXOrBYLLE^.

Tricdojianes, Smith.

T. rigibum, Sw.

T. Javanicum, El. On wet banks by streams. Madrcmacam. Mergui.

T. PrXIDEFERUM, L.

T. nrjiiLE, Forster, _/(/« Kurz. Nicobars.

T. FiLiccLA, Bory. Common.

T. PUSILLUM, Sw\

T. MuscoiDEs, Sw.,Jl(Ie Kurz. Katchall.

T. Hexzaiajnum, Parish. On trees about Henzai basin.

HrMEXoruYi.LiTM, Smith.

H. DEXTICULATUM, Sw.

H. TuxBEiDGiExsE, Smith.

H. POLTAXTHOS, Sw.

H. Javaxictm, Spreng.

H. EXSEKTIJI, Wall.

H. PAEviFOLruM, Baker. Toung-kya-'tsakan, between Kau-

kareet and Mya-wa-dec.

SICKSOXIEJE.
DicKsoxiA, L'lTerilier.
D. (ClBOTiUM, Kaulf.) Baromktz, Link. Madrcmacam, ^Mergui.

CYJTIIE.i:.
DiACALPE, Illume.
D. AsriDOiDEs, Bl. Abundant at 5-6000 feet on the ground.

Alsopiiila, Broirn.
A. LATEBBOSA, Hook. Tree Ferns. Mountainous districts.

86 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

A. GLABRA, Hook. Ti'co FcTDs. Mountaiiious districts.

A. CONTAMINANT, Wall. Tree Ferns. Mouutainous districts.

A. coMOSA, Hook. Tree Fenis. Mountainous distiicts. Near Teemibong,

ascent of Moolee-it.
A. AiBOSETACEA, Beddomc, Suppl. Ferns B. India. Nicobars, Kurz.

Sub-order YI. GLEICEENIACE^.

Gleichenia, Smith.

G. DicHOTOMA, Willd. Frequent. Eoad to Kulween, Mcrgui. Amherst Cliff.
G. LONGissiMA, Bl. Mountains. Nattoung.

Order MAR.iTTIACEJE.

AsGiorTEEis, Hoffm.
A. EVECTA, Hofim. Wet jungles, Toung-wiue, near Maulmain.

The following brief account of the classification of ""the Acotyledonous orders
is condensed from Maout and Decaisne's work, the arrangement of the Algte spuiisB
being by Sir J. D. Hooker.

Class THALLOGENS.

Order ALGiE.

Algce spuripo are divided into five Tribes.

CHYTTOCOCCIEJE.

Tliese orfianisms are minute colourless ylohdes found in vinegar and other Jiuids, and
are 2>robally only mi/celia of certain fungi.

VOL rOCINIEJE.

Minute fresh-water Algee consisting of a number of 2)ermanenthj actirc zoosjmre-Iike
bodies, associated in various forms, and surrounded by a gelatinous coat, tcith or without
an enveloping membrane.

This order embraces tliree genera, Volro.r, StepJianosphcera and Gonium. Volvox
is a pale greenish globule one-fiftieth of an inch in diameter. It consists of a
membranous sac, studded with gi'een points, and clothed with innumerable cilia. It
is found in ponds and is in a state of constantly rolling motion. 'J he green points
consist of layers of ^r)o.s/;orf-like bodies, coating the inside of the sac, with two cilia
which project through the holes in the sac, and are further provided with delicate
filaments, that extend from their sides and meet .similar filaments, from the adjoining
bodies. The zoospores are pyriform, have a reddish eye spot, and transparent con-
tractile vacuole. Young Volroxes occupy the centre of the sphere. Stephanospheera
has eight biciliated green cells placed at equal distances along the equator of a
sphoi-ical cell. Gonium presents a flat fi'ond of about sixteen cells. They display
two fo;'ms of cells, an active and passive, the former having each a pair of vibratile
cilia projecting through their hyaline envelope.

PALMELLACIEJE.

Gelatinous or poicdery crusts found on damp surfaces, and in fresh or salt water,
composed of globular and elliptic cells aggregated in a gelatinous matrix. Reproduction
bg cell-division and ciliated zoospores.

This tribe embraces six genera — Chlorococcus, Pahnella, Protococcus, Trgpothallus,
Glmocapsa, and Uormospora. Pahnella cruenfafa forms rose-coloui-ed patches on damp
walls. Protococcus nivalis is the celebrated red-snow of Arctic and Alpine regions.
Protococcus includes various unicellular Pahnellacica:, which increase by division into
two or four parts, which separate, but are connected by a semigelatinous layer.
Sometimes its cells give rise to four-ciliated zoospores of two sizes, the larger of

ALG.^. 87

•which spftlo down and devclopp a cellulose coat, whilst the further development
of the smaller is uukuowu.

NOSTOCHiyiE.T..

Plants growing on damp moss or earth, and on stones in freshwater. They consist
of slender moniliform tranquil or oscillating filaments, composed of cells placed end to
end, immersed in a dense gelatinous matter, formed hy tlie fusion of the gelatinous sheaths
of the filaments. Eeproduction by cell division.

Tliis order embraces seven genera — JVbstoc {Hormosiphon), Aphanizomenon,
Sphterozi/ga, Anahania, Spermoscira, Trichodesmium, and Monormia.

A group of obscure phmts, resembling Cvlleina amougst Lichens, found all over
the globe, even on ice or snow, often occurring in detached masses. Monormia forms
floating jelly-like masses on brackish water, sometimes of great extent.

JVostoc ediile is sold in China dried, and is \ised as an ingredient in soups.
Trichodesmium Ehrenbergii resembles chopped straw, and floats on the ocean, and also
on the surface of the lied Sea.

OSCILLATOEIEJE.

Plants growing in fresh and Irackish pools, hot springs, rivers and vegetable infusions.
They are formed of transversely-striated /laments, sometimes spirally curled or sheathed in
mucus, crhibiting a serpentine motion. Reproduction by transverse division. The order
embraces fourteen genera : Oscillatoria, Vlothrix, Unactis, Spirulina, Calothrix,
Leptothrix, Microcohus, SclerotJirix, bacterium, Lyngbya, Rivularia, Vibrio, Scytonema,
Olaotrichia. Vibrios are minute, colourless, active, jointed bodies, that abound in
decomposing infusions, and like the still simpler Bacteria, which are mere inflexible
rods, are pi'obably rudimcntaiy states of other Alga.

The knowledge that the presence in the blood of man and animals of microscopic
rod-like bodies in various diseases, each disease having its concomitant and distinguish-
able organism, is likely to prove of practical advantage. For example, a horse is
attacked with certain symptoms, which may be of no dangerous import, or may be the
forerunner of the dangerous and highly contagious disease, termed ' Ludifina,' in
Northern India. A di-op of blood drawn from the sick animal is placed under the
microscope, and if the organisms which are associated with the disease 'Ludiana'
arc seen to be present in the blood, the horse is at once slaughtered and buried,
thereby probably arresting the spread of the disease to other animals ; but if these
organisms are not visible, the animal is simply watched, and may eventually prove
to be only suffering from a trifling or curable ailment.

ALG^ (Proper).
Cellular acotyledonous plants, aquatic or growing on damp ground, always
exposed to the light. Reproduction either asexual by means of zoo.^pores, or by means
of uiUheridia and sporantjia, monoecious or dioecious, and mostly producing motionless
spores solitary or quaternary in the same sporangium.

True Algce are divided by Decaisne into six orders, some of the lowest forms,
however {Diatomecc), have been referred to the animal kingdom.

DIA TOMIEJ'..

Microscopic organisms living in fresh or salt water, generally prismatic and rect-
angular, free, sessile, or pedicelled, naked, or immersed in mucilage, and divided into
polymorphic fragments {frustulcs). The envelope is rigid, siliceous, two-valved, and
finely striated.

Besides their multiplication by spores (as in Desmidiea) Diatomiea; arc reproduced
by fissunng. On the centre of each frnstule, in the solitary species, and of each
segment or joint in the aggregated forms, there is frequently visible on the young
Diatom a line dividuig it into two (or more) frustiih's, which become distinct and
similar individuals. Certain species are parasitic ; others form flakes or gelatinous

88 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXB PRODUCTIOyS.

masses on roiks ; others live iu fresh and pure spring water ; otliers cover the soil
with a thick brown sticky layer. Diatoms abound in guano, and arc oiten abundant
in the crops of lamellirostrate bii'ds, which resort to mud flats to feed, and wliei-e-
ever water collects in holes in wood or stone, the slime from such situations requiring
only to be scraped up and dried, and the Diatoms it contains can then at any time be
prepared for the microscope by boiling in sulphuric acid. Diatoms abound in a
fossil state, and Ehrenberg discovered that ' Tripoli,^ or rotten stone, was entirely
composed of the microscopic siliceous shells of these organisms, and they constitute
considerable deposits in various parts of the world.

STXSFOIlIi:.E, Decaisne.

Conjiirjata, Linklater.

Freshivnter Mgm, composed of cells of various forms, or clmmlered tubes, filled with

green matter, either gramdar or disposed in spiral plates.^ Reproduction is effected bg

the union of the contents of two contiguous cells, bg the ejfacement of their tvalls, simple

or compound spores resulting from this fusion.

Sub-tribe DESJIIDIE.;E.
Microscopic green Algce, composed of two hemispherical carpuscules, free, lasallg
united or associated in fat or spiral bands enveloped in mucilage, varied and elegant,
alwags sgmmctrical, and with either smooth or sculptured surface. Reproduction either
bg conjugation, as in Sgnsporieic, or bg fissuring, or bg means of sporangia. The
green matter of Besmidiece is said to possess a circulatiun analogous tu that of Chara.

SAPROLEGNIE^. {MYCOPHYCE^, Kutzing.)
Colourless, aquatic, filamentous plants, growing on decomposing organic matter,
resembling Vaucheria in structure. Reproduction hg rounded mobile soosjiores, resembling
the spores of Confeme and Vaucheria; and also hg sporangia, containing spherical
oogonia.

Saprolegnia is a minute Alga,^ usually found coating the bodies of drowned
animals with hyaline filaments, and is sometimes developed on the bodies of living
fish. The filaments are filled with gi-anules, which eventually become converted
into zoospores, which are discharged from the end of the filament at first with
impetuosity, and afterwards more slowly. These zoospores are turbinate in shape
and biciliate. The filaments also produce lateral sacs, bearing sjioratigia, thereby
illustrating two methods of reproduction in the same plant.

VA ucreriej:.

Green fragile Algtc, formed of simple, not septate filaments. Reproduction as in
Saproleqiu'a, ei flier bg zoospores, or bg a sporangium which, after receiving the antlurosoa,
becomes detached and sinks into the mud, where it gives birth to afresh individual.

CHLOROSPORIEJL, Thuret.
CoxFEEV^, Agardh.
Green Alga, marine or freshwater. Reproduction bg means of zoospores produced
bg the concentration of the green matter, and tvUh or without the formation of anther idia.

Sub-Tribe CEDOGOXIEJE.
Green Algce, verg si>nple in structure, consisting of a series of simple or branched cells.

Sub-Tribe CONFERVIEiE.
Section a. Unicellulares.
Each cell producing several spores furnished with vibrating hairs.

Section b. Confeme.
Tubes or cells containing ovoid spores, furnished with 2-4 vibrating hairs.

' Some authors have classed Sapro/cgiiia among Fuiir/i.

ALG.E. Fcyai. 89

rii.EOsroRE.-7-: axd fucaci-:.i-:, Timrtt.

(Aplosporea:, Dene. Melaiiospore(e, Harv.)

Murine Alg(e, Irown or olire-coloured, mucilagimun, variable in shape. Frond with
or uithout Herven, entire, or varioushj cat, sometimes j>ierced with holes, or twisted into
a spiral or furnislied icith floating bladders, or with a Jistular stem. Reproduction by
sporangia, tvith or without the development of antheria.

Section a. Fucacieee.

Roproductivo organs mulo and female, contained in conceptacles. Spores
motionless.

Section b. Laminarietc.
Reproductive organs superficial sori. Spores usually mobile, germinating ■(vith-
out previous fertilization. In the section Larninarieie the sporangia are irregularly
distributed over the surthce of the frond, giving birth to ovoid zoospores, endowed
■with active motion, and which germinate immediately they become tixed. In the
other section Facaciea ('wTack') the fi-uctification usually corresponds to tubercles,
dispersed over the frond, or imited in special organs in terminal or axial racemes.
Each tubercle indicates a fructiferous cavity or conceptacle in the thickness of the
frond. This conceptacle is filled with mucilage, and bears on its inner wall a number
of transparent ciliated cells At the season of reproduction such of these cells as are
to fructify, swell and give rise to numerous reproductive bodies which escape by
a minute central orilice, and soon divide into two, four or eight spores, which
quickly germinate. Sometimes the antheridia are developed on the same conceptacle
with the sporangia, sometimes on distinct individuals, as the species may be monoe-
cious or dioecious. The conceptacles are generally recognizable by their orange
colour. On the antheridia being discharged from the conceptacle, each gives birth to
numerous lageniform antherozoa marked with a single red granule, forming a dorsal
protuberance, and moving briskly by means of two unequal very mobile hairs or
cilia, the shortest in front and the other extending behind. When the antheridia
and sporangia occupy the same conceptacle, the latter are found at the bottom, whilst
the former line the upper liaK near the central aperture or point of issue.

FLORIDIE^, Lamouroux.
(Rfiodospermcre, Harv. Chorisiosporea, Dene.)
Jlfarine or very rarely freshwater Aig(f. Rose, violet, purple, reddishhrou-n, or rarely
greenish, often mucilaginous, and variously formed, either of simple or branched filameids
{Dasya), or tubes united info a simple filamentous stem [Polysi/ihonia), or of irregular
membranous fronds (J'orphyra), or apparently foliaeeous [Dtlesseria), or cartilayinous
{Iridea), with or without nerves, entire or latticed {Ifemitrema, Thuretia), or umbellate
{Constantinia), or tomenlaceous {Catenella), or Jungermannoid {Leveillea, Rolyzonia), or
sometimes encrusted with lime and fragile {Corallina). Reproductive organs mona'cious
or dicccious. Sporangia either superficial or sunk in the frond, and contained in
variously-shaped conceptacles. Spores rounded or oblong, solitary or in fours. Anthe-
ridia variously formed or constituting part of the tissue of tlie frond, composed of colourless
cells each containing an antherozoid without vibratile hairs, and incapable of motion. In
place of hairs, however, each antherozoid is furnished tvith a tubular organ called
' trichogyne.''

FUNGALES.

Usually terrestrial polymorphous plants, sometime.s subterranean, often para-
sitic, destitute of ehloro])hyll or starch, of most varied form, colour, and consistence,
sometimes reduced to a few filaments or cells. Vegetative organs consisting of a
mycelium, or tissue of slender simple threads. Spores most minute, sometimes
superficial, at others borne upon projections called basii/ia, at others enclosed in
cells or sacs.

Fungi arc divided into six tribes.

90 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOSS.

A R THE OSrORIE.E.

Seceptacle filamentous, fistiilar, simple, hranched or almost obsolete; eontigiwus or
eliamlered. Spores miked, terminal, jointed end to etui, continuous or chambered,
separating more or less easily.

Arthrosporieee embrace minute forms, a few only of wliich are of economic
importance to man, as Torula cerevisite, the yeast plant, developed during the
manufacture of beer, and indispensable thereto. The Oidiiim Tuekeri is an equally
well-known example, and the scourge of the vine cultivator all over Europe.
Fumarago is another familiar example of a microscopic fungus, which coats tlie
surface of public buildings, statues, and the like with a dark film something like
a coating of soot.

TRICEOSPORIE.E.

Receptacles filamentous, simple or branched, fistular, continuous or chambered. Spores
very various in form, simple or compound, clustered, at the extremity of the branches or
around the receptacle.

Triclwsporiete also include a multitude of microscopic fungi, some of them ex-
tremely formidable to man, as Fcronospora infestans, the proximate cause of the
potato disease, and Botrytis Bassiana, whose presence in tlie body of the silkworm
gives rise to the formidable disease of that insect, Muscat-dine, for which no remedy
seems known save isolation, and which has in some years almost ruined the silk pro-
ducing industry in some parts of France.

crSTO.SrORIFJE.

Receptacles flocculent, continuous or chamhcred, simple or branched, terminated by a
ves icular sporangium.

Cystosporiem are minute organisms or moulds, which find a habitation on decaying
vegetable substances or the excrements of animals, and claim no particular notice —
though they well repay the trouble of studying their forms and development.

CLINOSFORIEJE.

Spores springing from a clinodium, covering tvholly or partially the surface of the
receptacle, or enclosed in a conceptacle. Two sections are recognized.

a. {Endoclinal) Conceptacle membranous, more or less thick, fleshy, coriaceous or
horny, sessile or pedicelled, opening variously and enclosing the clinodium.

h. {Ectoclinal) Receptacle fleshy, sessile or pedicelled, coiucv or concave, covered by
the clinodium.

Clinosporiecc are common fungi, some of which, known as ' rust^ or 'smut,'
have a special interest as affecting various cereals used for food. The 'smut,'
Ustilago segetum, attacks the ovule, floral envelopes, and spikelets, reducing them
to a black' powder, and wheat, barley, oats, millet, and sorghum are all liable to
be attacked by it. The only useful member of this tribe is the Ergot of Rye
{Secale cornutum), which is a valuable uterine stiraubmt in tedious labours, and of
service in arresting undue haemorrhage. It is liowever, when accidentally consumed
in flour made from aff'ected grain, extremely injurious, and gives rise to formidable
results and even death in some cases.

TIIECASPORIE.'E.

Spores usually contained by eights in cells {thecfC, sporangia), covering wholly or
partially the surface of a receptacle, or the interior of a conceptacle. Theccc, aeconipeiuied
or not by paraphyses, and opening at the top by an inconspicuous operculum for the emission
of simple or chambered spores.

Two sections are recognized —

a. Endothecal. Theea rounded, ovoid, clavate or cylindric, enclosed in a conceptacle.

b. Ectothecal. Theca elongated, covering the surface of a receptacle.
Thecasporiea: are of prime importance, as embracing some of the most highly

valued of the edible species, as, for example, the common Morel {2[orchella esculcnta)
and the Trufiie {Tuber cibarium). The truffle, howc\er, so lauded by the Roman

FUNGI. LICUEXES. 91

poets, ■n'as(as I am iiifonned hy f'.E. Broonio, Ksq.) an allied smooth yclloi,v spocics,
called TerffZ by the Arabs, aud Terfezia leonts by botanists. It is this species to
which Juvenal alludes —

" Tibi habc frumentum, Allcdius inqiiit
0 Libj'e : disjungc boves, dum tubera mittas!" — Bat. V. 118.

We know, however, from Martial that in the esteem of sonic they held a place
gastronomically speaking below mushrooms :

" llumpimus altricem tenero quae vertioc torram
Tubera, — bolotis poma secunda sumus."

Another curious member of this tribe is the genus Spharia, which germinates
within the body of a cateiinllar, giving rise to the foolish idea entertained bv some
of the change of the animal into a vegetable growth, as in the S. Jiobertsii from
New Zealand.

JiA SIDIOSPOEIE^E.
Spores simple, home on rounded semiellipfic or conical ceUs, named basidia, which
terminate in 2-4 points [nferiflmata), each hearing a apore ; the haxidia are often accom-
panied hij other lurye projecting ccllx, transparent, acute, or ohtuxe, alwayx deprired nf
steriymata, to which hare been i/iven the name of cijxfideK. The basidia are borne on the
gills, folds, reins and processes of the receptacle ; sometimes in conceptacles, the cavities
of which they line.

Basidiosporiecs embrace the familiar ' puff-balls ' and the common mushroom,
Agaricus campestris, the only species which is habitually and easily cultivated.
Several species of this tribe are edible, and some are very poisonous ; but it is a
tolerably safe plan to follow the indications ati'orded by the natives of a country,
who generally are well aware of the properties of the edible species, though iu
England far more ignorance on this matter prevails among its rustic inhabitants than
among a similar class in foreign countries. The edible fungi of Burma are, Jiowever,
as yet hardly known, or the place where they are found, or the vernacular names
they are kuuwn by.

Order LICHENES.

Terrestrial plants. Thallus coriaceous and irregularly lobcd, or erect, or a mere
crust, various in colour and consistence. Fructification of two sorts. 1. Apothecia,
which arc superficial, marginal, or sunk in the fronds, and contain or consist of
vertical densely-packed tubes or sacs (sporangia), containing two to four spores.
2. Spermogonia, which are spherical bodies sunk in the substance of the frond,
whose inner surface is lined with filaments [steriymata), which support slender
transparent coqiuscules called spermatia, the functional homologues of the antheridia.

The systematic ])osition of Lichens has given rise to much discussion, and .wmo
botanists hold that their separation from Fungi is uncalled for. This view is
supported by the curious behaviour of antherozoids of Lichens and Fungi under tlio
influence of electricity from an induction coil (for static and Voltaic currents do not
ONcite the ])henoraena), nothing like which is observable in the antherozoids of
Ilepaticas and Mosses. Observed in water, under the microscope, these bodies
execute two extremely (piick movements, one oscillatory, the other jirogressivc,
though no vibratile hairs can be detected. To observe the cficcts of electricity,
the glass plate for the object sliould be traversed by two grooves, crossing at right
angles; in each groove a metallic thread should lie flrndy cemented, and the thread
leave in the middle of the glass a free space, wherein the corpuscules swim. The
induction apparatus is a reel, the generator being a simple cell of bichromate of
potash. Now with antherozoids of JTepaticce and Mosses in the field of the micro-
scope, no result in their movements is produced by the induced current, and their
relative positions remain unchanged, even when on the direct path of a strong
current. Very different, however, is the behaviour of the antherozoids of Lichens

92 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIOXS.

and Fiinrii. The moment tlie small cmLcddcd threads on tlic ohject glass are
connected with the points of the induction coil, the corpuscules visible in the field
of the microscope place themselves parallel to the current, that is, with their- longest
diameter in a straight line between the points, their progressive movement is wholly
arrested and their oscillatory motion is but feebly maintained. If the current is
now passed in a perpendicular direction, the corpuscules, instead of end to end,
range themselves side by side. If the current is arrested, the corpuscules resume
their irregular motions, and again fall into line as soon as its influence is perceptible.

Class ACROGENS.
MUSCALES.
Plants composed of cellular tissue only. No prot/iallus.

Order HErATICE..E.

Stems leafy, with alternate or distichous leaves, or frondose. Antheridia consist
of delicate open sacs, full of cells, each enclosing an antkerozoid. The archegonia,
consist of a flask-shaped body enclosing a vesicle which, after fertilization, developes
a stalked urn-shaped sporangium, full of spores. Eoth antheridia and archegonia
may be terminal, axillary, attached to the uncler-surface of a stalked disk, or embedded
in the substance of the frond. Spores usually mixed with spiral filaments called
elaters.

Ilepatieea are divided into five tribes.

ANTEOCERIEJE.
Sporangium, silicuJou, 2-raIved, furnished wUh a central columelhi, covered with
elaters.

MAECUANTIE^.
Sporangium furnished with elaters, but no columella.

EICCIE. E.
Sporangium without columella or elaters.

MONOCLEIE^E.
Sporangium solitary, opening longitudinally, tcitlout columella ; the elaters carried
away with the spores.

JUNOERMANXIEyE.
Sporangium furnished with elaters, but no columella: archegonia and antheridia
developed at the extremity of the stem.

Order SPHAGXA.

Moss-like plants, difltering from mosses in their regular fascicled branches,
arising from the stem by the sides of the leaves, by some peculiarities in the
structure of the stem and leaves, and stalk of the sporangium., and by having
dimorphic spores.

Order MUSCI.

Stems leafy, leaves alternate or distichous. Antheridia consisting of delicate
open sacs full of cells, containing an antkerozoid. Archegonia consisting of a
flask-shaped body, enclosing a vesicle which, after fertilization, developes a stalked
urn-shaped sporangium full of spores.

AXEIi^EACIE^.
Sehistocarpous mosses. Capsule borne on a pseudopodium not opereulute, but opening
by four longitudinal fissures, formi7ig four valves cohering by their lips {Andraa) or free
{Acroschisma).

rilJCE?!. 93

sryaviej:.

Jfot.i/'K proper. Ctipmcle sessile or pedicelled, indehiscent, or icith a separable opereit-
liou. JIuat/i with or without an annidus, naked, or with a simple or double jteristoine.

Orikr CHAllACEJ-:.

A(juatic branclifd plant:!, with wliorlcd brandies, consisting of a series of lona;
siiperimiiosed faseieli-s of inarticulate tribes. Aiitlieridia consisting of spherical
vesicles containing articuhitc tubes, each joint (cell) of wbicli contains an antherozoid.
Archegonia consisting of a single spore, covered with spirally arranged tubes, and
fertilized in situ.

Order FILICALES.

Plants with both cellular and vascular tissue. Antkeridia or archcf/onia, or

both, formed on a, protludtus that is developed from the spore on its germination.

a. Spores of two kinds, one containing aitlherozoids, the other developing a
j.rothallus, -with archegonia.

IS0ETE.15.
Submerged or teiTestrial plants, with a tumid caudex, clothed with the
sheatliiug bases of elongated fronds. Sporangia enclosed in the bases of the fronds,
those of the outer frond bearing maerospores, of the inner, microspores. In gi'riui-
nating, the maerospores produces a j^rothallus bearing archegonia.

Order LYCOPODIACE^.

Stem simple or branched, erect, prostrate, pendulous, or sometimes with a
creeping rhizome, covered with small uniform or bifonu leaves, rarely leafless.
Sporangia solitary, placed at the base of the leaves, or in the scales of terminal
cones bi- or trivalved, containing either quaternary microspores full of antherozoids,
or sub-globose maerospores, with a tricrural mark on one hemisphere, and developing
on germination a prothallus, which produces archegonia.

The uses to man of the Lycopodiacem are few and unimportant. The dust filling
the sporangia of some species is called, from its inflammability, vegetable sulphur,
and is used to produce theatrical lightning, and also as a desiccator, or substitute for
violet powder, to mitigate and prevent excoriation of the skin of infants. Medical
properties arc attributed to some, but they do not deserve enumeration.

Order SALYIXE.E.

Fronds floating ; margins recurved in vernation. Sporangia and anfhcridia
contained in separate capsules produced at the base of the fronds. Prothallm pro-
ducing a single archegonium.

Order MAESILIACEJ^l.

Fronds slender, from a creeping rhizome, simple and filiform, or with four
terminal wedge-shaped leaflets, circinatc in vernation. Sporangia and antheridia
together, contained in coriaceous globose capsules, produced on the rhizome.
Prothallus as in Salvineee.

h. Spores of one kind. Antheridia and archegonia both produced upon a
prothallus.

Order EQUISETACE^.

Pylindric, jointed, leafless plants, with hollow intemodes, terminated by
a toothed sheath. Fructification a cone of peltate scales, which bear on their under-
surface several dehiscent sporangia. Spores furnished with two filaments that are
at iii-st coiled round them. Prothallus unisexual.

94 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODLX'TIOXS.

Equisetum. is in most cases diojcious. Tiic iirothaUus, which boars Tvell-devehipccl
arcliegonia, rarely bears anthcridia as well ; and if archegoniii occur on a proOiullm
bearing antheridui, the former are geutrally sterile.

Order OPHIOGLOSSEJE.

Fronds straight in vernation. Hporangia globose, coriaceous, bivalved, arranged
in a peduncled or sessile spike. ProtliuUus bisexual.

Opfiioi/hsscre arc separated from true fei'ns by the nature of their rhizome, or Ity
their fronds not being rolled uj) in vernation, crozier-fashion, but straight, and
by their sporangia being arranged longitudiuallj- on a sort of scape, forming either
a sim]>le terminal spike {Ophioglossum) or a raceme [Botri/cliiiim).

The sporangia have no ring, and contain smooth triangular spores indicating an
alliance with Lycopodiacem through Plujlloghsmm.

Order FILICES.

Fronds circinnate in vernation, bearing sporangia on their under surface, or
margins, or on separate fronds. Prothallus liiscxual.

Ferns emlirace eight tribes, and, according to some authors, in round numbers,
tlirce thousand species.

MARATTTE.r..

Sporangia free, appressed, in 2 roivs, or in a circle or confluent, and iogether
resembling a seicral-celled capsule, deprived of rings, each oj/ening hy a slit or pore.

OSMUNDIE.E.
Elastic ring embracing a part of the circumference of the sporangium, or reduced
to a small disk of cells with thiclc walls.

LYGODIE.E.

Sporangia sessile, ovoid, or turbinate. Elastic ring replaced bg a sort of cap with
radiating stria, occupying the end of the sporangium, opposite to the 2)oint of attachment.

GLEICEENIE^.

Sporangia solitary, or grouped in definite numbers ("2-3), sessile, globose. Elastic
ring perfect, but not corresponding to the jwint of attachment of the sporangium.

CERA TOPTERIDIE.E.
Elastic ring large, formed of vertical cells, not completely surrounding the sporangium,
which is sessile.

STMENOrnYLLIE.E.
Elastic rinq oblique and complefeh/ surrounding the sporangium, and on a plane
nearly perpendicular to the point of attachment of the sporangium. Sporangia nearly
globose.

CYATMACIEyK.
Elastic ring nearly as in Hyinenophyllieie. Sporangium often compressed, sessile,
or pedicelled, not continuous with the ring.

rOLTFODIACIE.K.
Elastic ring generally narrow, prolonged from one side of the rather long pedicel,
interrupted at the top or the opposite side near the pedicel.

QRAMINEJE. 95

Snb-Kingdom II. PH/ENOGAMS,

COTYLEDONOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.
Plants furnished with flowers, and propagated by secdsi.

CLASS in. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Stem, wekn woody, uxifdhiily consistixg of bundles of fidiies nuiEGrLAiu.r
imbedded ix cellttlak tissre, witii a firmly adherent baek os the outside.
Embkyo with one undivided cotyledon, the youno stem been'q beveloped from

A SHEATH-LIKE CAVITY ON ONE SIDE. FlORAL PARTS USUALLY' TRIPLE, THE CALYX
AND COROLLA, IF PRESENT, USUALLY ALMOST CONFORM IN STRUCTURE, FORMING OFTEN A
SEX-PAEIIIE PERIANTH.

Division A. OVAEY SUPERIOR.

Sub-division a. Ovary syxcarpous.
(rarely apocarpous in some Palms).

GLUM ALES.'
Flowers on the axils of scales, which are arranged in spikelets. Perianth
none, or of minute scales, or hairs or bristles. Stamens 3, rarely more. Ovary
1-ceUed and 1-ovuled. Fruit a caryopsis.

Albumen fleshy or flowery. Embryo immersed, or not. Grasses or grass-like
herbs.

Order GRAillXEiE.

Flowers ghimaceous, in spikelets, usually hermaphrodite. Periaiifh none. SptJcc-
lets 1 -floral or many-floral, with 1 or 2 bracts or glumes at their base, glumes rarely
wanting. Reproductive organs naked, or surrounded by 2 or 3 minute scales called
' lodicules ' enclosed between two oppositely alternating chafi^-likc concave scales,
called upper and lower valves, or ' palcas'' ; those of the lower, or the uppermost
ones often barren or suppressed altogether. Stumcus hypogyuous, usually 3, rarely
reduced to 1 or 2, or (in bamboos chiefly) increased to 6 and more. Anthers versatile,
2-celled. Ocary 1 -celled, with 1 ovule; style bi- or tri-lobcd, or more frequently
divided down to the base into 2 or 3 more or less f(>ather3' stj-lcs. Fruil 1- seeded
and seed-like, called usually a caryopsis, free or adhering to the persistent upper

' Dr. Jluson's list of nislirs and grasses is meagre in the cxtrnme, embracing only .3 species of
the former and 2.5 of the latter plants Tlie list given now is also very defective, especially as regards
the Cj-perace;c, and is ma<le up trom the following sources. Kurz's list of the linmboos of linrma and
his other papers already quoted, and some additional species from Munro's Monograph coinniunicnted
to mo by the Rev. V'. I'arish ; A list of Asiatic Panicacere in lialfour's ryclop;c(Ua of India, from
which I have extracted such species as seemed probably Burmese ; the generic character, nomenclature,
and synonymy of all species ranging to China and Ceylon, being given from Thwaitcs' • Enunurator
I'lautarum Zevlania',' and lientliam's Flora Ilonkongensis, whilst the characters of the Tribes are
those adopted l)y Maout and Decaisae. From these sources a tentative list of 62 Cyperacea; and 182
GramiueiB is now ottered.

96 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

valve, or enclosed witliin both hardened valves. Pericarp very thin, adhering to the
seed, or rarely loose, coriaceous or crustaceous, or fleshy, or very rarely opeuing into
2 valves. Enihryo small at the base of a mealy albumen. Herbs, or rarely shrubs
or trees, with hollow stems, interrupted by solid septiform nodes. Leaves alternate,
distichous, parallel-veined, sheathing the branches with their- bases, or rarely (chiefly
in bamboos) on longer or shorter petioles jointed with the sheath, the latter split
open to the very base, and often terminating in a small scarious, fringed, or naked
appendage called a Ugule. Spilieleta variously arranged in terminal spikes, racemes
or panicles.

TlilTICIE.E.
SpileJefs all fertile or rarehj pnlygamous, spicatc, sessile or siih-sessile on the notches
of the usually wared rachis. One to many-flowered, the upper flower usually arrested.
Glumes two, rarely one, variahle in length. Olunielles herhaceous, or sub-coriaceous,
rarely membranous, the lower awned, at or beloiv tlie top, or muticous ; lower glumelle of
the base of the spihelet answering to the lower glume. Stamens three, rarely one. Stigmas
sessile or sub-sessile, divergent, protruding from the sides, and often (awards the base of
the flower. Caryopsis with a linear hilary spot.

Masisueis, Linnmts.
M, sp. Nicobars (K.).

TiuTicuM, Linnaus.
' * T. SATivrii, L. (il.)

Gyung-sa-ba. "Wheat.

"Wheat docs not grow in Pegu, but it grows largely in the neighbourhood of Ava.

HoRDEUM, Linnaus.

"'' H. HEX.ISTICHON. (M.)

Mu-yan.

This is the species said by Craufurd to grow in the Malay countries, but not
to be generally known by the natives. Mason observes : " !Xot withstanding this
testimony, the Burmese have a name for Barley, which frequently occurs in their
books. It constitutes one of their seven kinds of sa-bci, or cereal grasses, and its
corresponding Pali name is identical with the Sanscrit name of barley."

Barley, the main source of European beer, belongs to this tribe, but barley is
not the only grain beer can be made from. The process of preparing beer from a
cereal is as follows : The grain is first steeped and exposed to moist heat till it
germinates, thereby converting its starch into sugar. Germination is now arrested
by drying it in a kiln, and the di'ied and saccharine product, or malt, is then infused
in boiling water, whence results sweet wort. To this a bitter decoction of some sort
is adiled, that of hops being the best, and the whole is then subjected to a gentle
fermentation, and the result is beer. Distillation of the fermented grain yields
a spirit variously known as arrack, whisky, or brandy as the case may be.

EoTiBOELLiA, Linnwus.

E. EXAXTATA, L. India.

R. GLABRA, Eoxb. Bengal.

Peltophoeus.
P. (Manlsuris) granularis, L. India.

P. MYURus, L. Coromandel Coast.

OrjnuEus, R. Browne.

Spilcclets 1 -flowered, awnless, singly sessile in notches on alternate sides of a
simple spike, the axis articulate at each node. Lowest empty glume hard, the two

' * distinguishes cultivated or introduced species.

onAifTXH.E. nr

next empty ones, iho floicen'm/ fflume, and ihe pa If a all very tliin ;ind tninspan-iit,
and completely enclosed under the outer one.

0. CORT1IBOS0S, Gaert.

TlIYRrDOSTACnYCM.

T, I'EKFORATrir, Nces. Bengal.

OiiOPErruM, TriniuK.

0. TnoM.ECsi, Trill.

Hejiaethria, R. Bnicne.

Spihelets 1 -flowered, usually awnless, inserted in pairs, one sessile, the other
pedicellate in notches on alternate sides of a simple spike, the axis not articulate.
Lowest empty jjlume keeled, rif;id, several-nirvcd ; the second similar, but more pointed
in the pedicellate flower, thinner and half-transparent in the sessile one, and more
or less cohering to the concave pedicel of the other; the third empty t/lume, Jlowerinj
glume and jjalea all very thin and transparent.

H. coiiPRESSA, R. Br. Bengal.

H. FAscicuLATA, Kth. South China.

FESTUCIE.E.
SpilceJets all fertile, pedieellcd, or rarely nub-sessile, in a Iranclied, spreaditig, or
sjyieate paniele, or more rarely in a raeeme or spike, 2- to many-Jlowered, the upper
or lower fower often rudimentary or male. Glumes 2, often slwrter thart the contiguous
flower. Glumelles 2, membranous, or somewhat eoriaceous, the hirer awned at, or below
the top. Awn not twisted or mutieous. Lower glumelle of the flower at the base of the
spihelet answering to the lower glume. Stamens 3, rarely 2-1. Stigmas usually sessile
or sub-sessile, divergent, protruding at the sides, and nsuallg towards the base of the
flower. Caryopsis with a linear or punetiform hilary spot.

Bamboos, iiiih articnlate-infcr/ed pitioled leares and woody stems.
* Stamens 3. Shrubby Bamboos.

Aeundinaria, Palisot de Beauiois.

Spil-elets 2, many-flowered, the florets imbricately distichous. Glumes 2, distinct,
or the lower one aborted. Valves 2, the inner one bicarinate on the depressed and
channelled back. Stamens always 3. Lodienles 3. Stigmas sessile or nearly so,
2 or 3, plumose. Caryopsis sessile, terete, with a furrow along the front.

A. ELEGAXS, Kz. Khakyen Hills. Xat-toung and hills east

of Toung-ngoo at .5000 to 7500 feet.

An evergreen, tufted, shrubby bamboo ; leaves linear, 4 to 5 inches long by
^ an iuch broad, with about 4 nerves at each side, conspicuously tesselate, and
spinulose-i-ough along the cartilaginous margins. Spikeh'ts often steel blue on the
sunny side, long and slender (to 1 inch), pedicclled, variable in the number of
floret.s and Ibrniiiig a glabrous panicle-like raceme at the end of the leafy branchlets.
Glumes 2, the outer 3-3A lines long, the inner narrower and shorter. Outer palea
nearly 4 lines long, smooth and glossy, the nerves faint. Inner paha shorter, boat-
shaped, pilose along the keels towards the bifid apex of the chaunellid back.
Lodicules 2. Stigmas white. Anthers pui-ple.

Caryopsis small, trheat-lUce, with a membranous pericarp closely adnate to the
seed, the style caducous. Filaments free. Stamens 6 or more.

Bambusa, Sehreher.
Spikelets 5, many-flowered. Florets distichous, the upper and lower ones in-
complete, or the last altogether empty. Glumes none, or several, conform to the

98 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

palcas, but smaller. Inner palea of the hermaphrodite floreat bicarinato on the
back. Lodicides 3, fewer, or noue. Stamens G, the fihiraents long and free. Ovary
naked, the style elongate, simple, or bi- or trifid, caducous. Cari/npsis with a mem-
branous testa, raucrouate.

Stigmas tvhite. Shout-slieaths not, or obseureli/, anricled at the mouth.

Unarmed bamboos.
*B. NANA, Ito.rb. A native of China and .Japan, cultivated

Pu-lau-pinan-wu (Kurz). about Kangoon and Muulmain.

Wa, generic for Bamboo. Leaves small, whitish pruinose beneath.

Internodcs h a foot long or more. Lodicides 3, longer than the ovary, entire.
Filaments elongate, exscrted. Anthers yellowish, with purplish streaks, pendulous.
Ovaiy rough at the apex. i>tyle veiy short, persistent. Stigmas 3, pilose, white.

Shoot-sheaths conspieuoushj atiricled, or the Hade decurrent into an auricle-shaped
appendage. Auricles polished, without fringes.

B. AFFiNis, Munr. (p. 93). Eug forests East of the Tsit-toung-

Thaik-wa (Kurz).

Mouth of loaf-sheaths long, produced, the ligule as produced and as long as the
petiole. Outer palea more than 20-nerved, inner one 7-nei'ved, between the 2-fringed
angles of the dejiressed back. Lodicules 3, the 2 larger often united. Ovary nearly
hairy at the apex, and tapering into a 3-elet't style.

Auricles large, strongly fringed.

B. TXJLDA, Eoxb. (p. 91). Arukan, Pegu and Tonasserim, cultivated

Thaik-wa. i^i Chittagong.

Shoot-sheaths white-powdered, or almost pruinose, the appressed bristles scanty,
brown. Anthers yellow, angles of inner palea ciliate. Spikclets clustered, 2 or more ;
the lower 2 or 3 palcas geniraiparous, all tlie others hermaplirodite or rarelj- one of
the lower ones male. Anthers yellow, blunt. Style short, trifid. Stigmas long,
white, pilcse.

B. poLYiioRrnA, Munr. (p. 98). Pegu and Martaban.

Kya-thon-wa (Kurz).

Shoot-sh( aths green and yellow, the appressed bristles white. Anthers purple ;
angles of inner palea ([uite smooth. Spikelets with 3 to 5 small empty glumes at the
base, polished, steel-blue on the sunny side, the lower one or two florets reduced to
empty palcas, the upper one female with a long, petlicelled rudimentary floret. Styles
white, pUose.

B. viLLoscLA, Kurz. _ Limestone hills of Upper Tenasserim.

Ta-dein-wa (Kurz).

Flowers unknown. Leaves whitish-glaucous and pubescent beneath. Leaf-
sheaths long, and slenderly caudiculate.

Stigmas purple.

Thorny bamboos.

B. AR^NDr^fACEA, Willd. Chittagong and all over Burma.

Kya-kat-wa.

Shoot-sheaths glossy, smooth, purple to scarlet. Leaves small. Angles of inner
paleas tomcntose-ciliatc. Anthers yellow. Branchlets armed witli recurved sprues.
In Munro's monograph some other species occur not recognized by Kurz.

B. MARGINATA, Muur. (p. 11-1).

AVa-ni.

ORMirXE.K. 99

B. EEoiA, Thomson (p. 11(5).
Hti-wa.

" This is a most elegant bamboo on account of the regularity of the nodes. It is
brought to JIaulmaiu in great quantities andjised as handles for umbrellas." — Brandts.

B. spiNOSA, Roxb. (p. 105). . Mergui. Martabau. Pegu.

B. VULGARIS, "Wendl. (p. 107).

Filaments connate in a (tihe.

GlGANTOCHLOA,' luilZ.

Spilcelets crowded, quinqucfloral to multifloral. Glumes none or conform to the
lower palcas. Inner palea of fertile florets, bout-shaped. Lodicules none or ineoni-
plete. Siamena 0, or occasionally 7 to 9. The filaments united in a tube and
e.xserted. Ovary membranous, the style simple, or bilid or triiid, caducous.

Spikelets white-hair ij. Stigmas white.

G. (oxTTEyANTHEEA) ALDo-ciLiATA, ITuur. (p. 129). All o\ cr Pegu and Tenasserim.

"^"fi-hpyu-ga-le (Kurz).

Slioot-sheatbs almost one-fourth the length of the inteniodes, spreadinc;, tawny-
hispid. Ligule nearly half an inch long, cross-toothed. Angles of inner palea white,
pilose. Anthers yellow.

G. (Oxytenantheka) xioro-cii.iata, ]Munr. (p. 12S). llartaban.

Not recognized by Kurz, and perhaps therefore regarded as a var. of the last.

Spilcelets black or hrown-hainj.
G. (Dengchloa) AxDAiTANicA, Kz. Tho Andaraans and Nleobars.

Spikelets | to 1 inch long. Shoot-sheaths densely appressed, black-setose on
the sides. Auricle smooth and polished, nude.

G. AnticuLATA, Kz. Southern Pegu. Cultivated in Arakan.

Ta-la-ku-wa (Kurz).

Like the last, but sheaths sparingly tawny-setose.

G. MACKosTACurA, Kz. Tree forests of Tcnasserim, and

■^'-.m,(. cultivated in Arakan and Pegu.

Spikelet lA to 2 inches long. Shoot-sheaths densely appressed, black-setose.
Auricles large, strongly tawny-fring(Ml. Anthers purple. Stigmas while.

Caryopsis often rather large, the pericarp separating he/ore ripening, into an.
outer firmly coriaceous or thick fieshy trail {ipiearp), the inner cellular tissue in a drtcd
state, more or less closely embracing the seed. The style persistent, rarely caducous.

Inner 2>alea boat-shaped and 2-earinate, or diplanate tri/h a 2-lcccled apex.

Caryopsis rather small.

Dexdrocalamus, JVces von Essenheclc.

"Differs from. Bamhusa in the pericarp of the caryopsis being coriaceous or hard.-

OtUer paleas terminated by a ptmgent bristle or point. Anthers yellotv. Stigmas
purple.

' " Genus Oxyttnanlhera, Slunro (cxccpta 0. Thwaitesii) nulla notit differt a G'tgantoMna nisi
caryopside t'longata ; valvul.i interior in "inuibus spcciol)us a in« oxiuninatis doplanata et biciiriuata
cvadit. Oxjantocliha f;cnus valdi; artilicialo et filamentis conuatis vix, ac ne vix a liambiml dilfert.
Habitus et spirularum structuni in generibus Bamhusa et Gigatiloctiloa siniili modi) variat, et species ex
habitu aretissime aHines. e.g. B. polymorpha et Giijuiitochlua «s/)«i« spiculis omnino inter se differant."—
Kurz, J.A.S.H. II. 1873, p. 2,51.

- Kurz remarks, " Caryopsis DouJroealami non est baccata nee perisynio circunidata, sed cpieai-jn'mn
plane coriaoeum vel subcrustaceum, nee membranaceum uti in Btimbusa sensu stricto." — J.A.S.B. II.
1873, p. 250.

100 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE A^^B PRODUCTIOXS.

D. STEicTus, Nces (p. 148). All over Bunna.

Myin-wa.

Shoot-sheaths more or less pniinose, slightly tawny, apprcssed-setosc, the mouth
truncate. Angles of inner palea fringed. • Bristle of outer palea nearly 2 lines long.

D. CEiTicus, Kz. Summit of Kambala-toung in the Pegu Eange.

Shoot-sheaths minutely appressed, silvery-setose. Auricles large, bristly-fringed,
one turned upwards, the other tlownwards.

D. MEJ1DE.S.NACEUS, Munro (p. 149). Tree forests of Martaban.

Shoot-sheaths appressed, dark brown-setose. Auricle wavedly decurrent, stupose-
setose inside. Angles of inner palea ciliate. Outer palea pungent-poiuted.

Outer paleas cucullate-nmcronate, hut tiot pungent. Spikelets green, memhranous.

Spikelets only 2J-4 lines long. Anthers yellow. Stigmas purple.

D. Brandish, Munro (p. 109). Eastern slopes of Pegu Range up to 3500 feet.

Kyet-u-wa or "Wa-bo (Kurz).

Shoot-sheaths appressed, tawTiy- setose. Auricles waved-decuiTcnt, stupose-
fringod inside. Ligule narrow. Angles of inner palea minutely ciliate.

D. LOXGisPATHUs, Kz. Arakan, Pegu and iTartaban.

Wa-ya.

Shoot-sheaths narrow, and nearly as long as the internodes, appressed dark-
brown setose, only at one side of the moutli, with a small nude auricle. Ligule
conspicuous, bristly-flmbriate. Angles of inner palea slightly pilose.

Spikelets rather large, 6-7 lines or more. Leaves rery large. Shoot-sheaths nut
known.

D. CALOsTAcnTtrs, Kz. Bhamo and Ehakyen Hills at 3.500 feet.

Ifouth of leaf-sheaths not produced in an auricle. The ligule conspicuous, entire,
or fimbriate. Angles of inner palea white-fringed. Ajithers yellow. Stigmas purple.

D. (Bambusa) Geiffithiajnts, Munro (p. 99). Mo-goung, Upper Burma.

Mouth of Icaf-shcaths with large lunate, strong fimbriate auricles. Ligule large,
usually ruptured. Angles of inner palea smooth. Lodicules long, fimbriate.

D. GiGANiEUS, Munr. (p. 150).

Wa-b5.

CErnALOsiAcnrcM, Munro.

Style long, stiff, and persistent. Caryopsis somewhat compressed. Inner palea
deplanate, or complicate on the back, or towards the apex bicarinate. Lodicules 3.
Ovary and the long style indurated, flask-shaped, and long-beaked. Stigmas 3, rarely
2, short, pilose. Caryopsis crustaceous or coriaceous, long-beaked.

Spikelets very densely flowered, the rachilla very short or reduced, 12-14 lines long
in dense terminal heads.

C. PALLIDUM, Munr. (p. 139). Patkaye Eange (Ava) at 5000 feet.

Spikelets glabrous.

Spikelets ^ inch long, white-pilose, rarely pulescent ; in dense clusters, forming
interrupted spikes or panicles.

Stigmas white.

C. PERGKACiLE, Muur. (p. 141). Pcgu and Tenasscrim.

Hti-wa.

Shoot-sheaths very short, black, from dense appressed bristles. Auricles large,
stupose-fringed. Anthers pui-ple.

GRAMIXE^E. 101

C. FLAVE^CENS, KurZ. Pt'gU.

Shoot-sheaths appressod, ■n'liite-setosc. Auricles large, long- fringed, one bent
downwards, the other upwards. Anthers pale yellow.

C. (Meloc.vxxa) vikoatuji, Munr. (p. 133). llo-goung.

Spikelcts pilose, glabresccnt. Anthers j-cllow. Stigmas purple.

Spikelets glalrous, laxli/, and sometimes almost remotely flowired, the rachilhe
more or less elongate. Auricles more or less elongate, long, white-fringed.

C. scmzosTACHYoiDEs, Kz. Tfoo forests of South Andaman.

Spikelets cylindrical, A inch long. Inner palca smooth. Anthers pui-ple.
Stigmas white.

C. (TKixosTACHYrJi) GiuFFiiuii, Munr. (p. H3). C'hittagong and ■\Vull;il)oou

forests (Upper liurma).
Spikelets almost pcdicelled, 2-3 lines long, almost remotely 7-3-flowered. Inner
palea on the keels at apex, whitish-ciliate. Anthers yellow.

Caryopsis the size of a wood apple, irregular, globular.

PsEUBOSTACHTUM, Munro.

Inner palea deplanatc, and boat-shaped. Cari/opsis very largo, globular, the
pericarp tliin and coriaceous. Seed large, mealy-fleshy.

Large semi scandent tufted bamboos, which die off after flowering.

C. coMPACTiFLORfM, Kz. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at above 4000 feet.

Culms very strong, shoot-sheaths quite smooth. Auricles lunate, rcflexed, stifF-
fringed. Ligule very nan'ow, entire. Spikelets 2-2i lines long, clustered. Caryopsis
irregular, globose. The size uf a wood-apple {Feronia). Anthers yellow. Stigmas
white.

P. (Bambusa) Helfeki, ilunr. (p. 114). The Pegu Range and Martaban

up' to 3000 feet.

Culms very hollow, and weak. Shoot-sheaths minutely white-seto.se. Auricles
very small, long-fringed. Ligule conspicuous, 2-4 lines long, fringed.

Inner palea concave or convolute. Caryopsis very large, fhic/c-flcshy, acuminate-leaked.

JIelocanna, Trinius.

Inner palea convolute. Stamens 6. Bamboos with very large fruits and uni-
lateral spikelets in panicles.'

M. ncMii.is, Kurz. Arakan and Pegu.

Low bamboos, 8-20 feet high. Leaves rougbisb, pubescent beneath.

M. (Bambusa) baccifera, Ro.\b. (p. 132). Chittagong Hills and Tenasserim.

M. bambuscoides, Trin.

An arboreal bamboo .50 to 70 feet high. Leaves quite glabrous. Caiyopsis ovate,
the size of a guava or small pear. Tiiis is, I think, the Bamboo 1 found coveiing largo
areas in the Arakan Range. When I obser\ed it, the fruit was formed, and pretty
closely resembled a green guava, and internally was rather liarder than a potato. This
bamboo was reported by the natives to flower eveiy 30 years. I again crossed this bamboo
tract with some; difliculty as it was on fire, and it was ticklish sort of work threa<ling
the lanes of crackling bamboos, as in places the heat and smoke were terrific ; indeed
I only got through with a few personal servants, my coolies, being more heavily laden,
■were cut off and separated from me till the next day, by what, ere they arrived at the

' Kurz remarks: " Mehcaima a Sc/iiznslae/ii/o differt caryopsiclis cpicarpio cras.se caruosu ct
perigyuii absentia."— J. A.S.B. II. 1873, p. 252.

102 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PIWDUCTIOXS.

spot, was a verituble wall of fire, blocking all progress. The appearance a few days
after of the ground was curious in the extreme. The entire face of the hills had
been, clean swejjt, and save an occasional smouldering stump, the ground where
a dense forest had pre\'iously stood, was as bare as a fallow fielil in winter, the white
ashes simulating with most weird effect a thick full of snow. The next rainy season
would see the ground covered with a dense growth of young Bamboos, and then for
30 years or so (if the natives may be credited) no such scene will be re-enacted, till
the next dying-off of the Bamboo forest. Such a spectacle is of course only presented
where the whole forest consists of Bamboos, as was the case in this particular area.

M. KiJEEri, Munr. (p. 134). Andamans.

This species is not recognized by Kurz, and may be therefore synonymous with
some other.

Caryopsis ratlur small, dry attd coriaceous.

DixocHioA, Base.

Inner 2>aha concave, short. Caryopsis terete, ovate, acuminate.

Climhing Bamloos.
J). AxDAMiNicA, Kz. (p. 153). Tree forests of South Andaman.
B. Tjanghorreh, Buss, apud Munro.

Spikelets in a cb-ied state straw-coloured, hardly a lino long. Shoot-sheaths
fugaceously white-setidose, not auricled, and narrowed towards the mouth.

Kurz remarks : " D. Tjunykorreh affinis, sed spiculis multo minoribus pallidis,
(nee brunnuis), filiis multo majoribus et ligula vaginarum dilfert. Specimina ex
insulis Philippinis valvula interiore ciliata gaudentia, et a el Munro cum B.
T/a>iykorreh conjuncta, mihi est species nova, et etsi earn nou vidi B. ciliafum
uomiuo.''— Kurz, J.A.S.B. II. 1873, p. 2.53.

D. (Bambusa) MacClellaxdii, iluuro (p. 114). Chittagong and Eastern slopes

of the Pegu Range, and Martaban.

Shoot-slieaths fugaceously silvery, not narrowed upwards, at the mouth
thickened and polished green.

In Burma, as in most tropical countries, the bamboo is in great demand, and to
the mass of the people is invaluable. Of bamboo alone a complete and comfortable
house, absolutely proof against the tropical downpour of rain, can be erected, in
a space of time that is incredibly short to those who have not witnessed the facility
with which a Burman or Karen handles his ' dab,' or heavy knife, when working on
such congenial material as bamboo. A roof made of large bamboos split in half and
laid over and under, like tiles, is absolutely watei-proof, should the days of Deucalion
(as a Burmese monsoon sometimes seems to threaten) return. The drawback, how-
ever, of bamboo as a house material is, that it lasts but a few years, and is of course
simply swept away by fire ; but to a native of a country abounding in bamboos, from
which in three days he can reconstruct his dwelling, this is a trifle. In cities,
however, the use of bamboo in building is properly discouraged. Other eveiy-day
uses are scaffolding, bridging, fencing, and decoration, carts, boats, fittings, matting,
and domestic utensils, and a variety of industrial and economic purposes too numerous
to detail. A fine mat of split bamboo forms the basis of the exquisite Burma boxes,
the one industrial speciality of Upper Burma. The young shoots of bamboo are
edible and pickled by the Chinese, whilst the softer wooded species yield a highly
promising material for the manufacture of paper. Silica is contained in large
quantity in both the leaves and stem of bamboos, and is held in solution in the
fluid contained in the growing stems of many species. This fluid is often limpid,
and a grateful drink when no other water is procurable in the forest, but as it djies
up it becomes milky, and finally deposits a cake of gelatinous opaline silica, at the
bottom of the joint, known as ' tabasheer,' possessing curious optical properties.
These little disks of ' tabasheer ' may often be picked up in a bamboo forest, after

GRAMIXE.e: 103

the lirtuiboi) wIiIlIi yit'lili-'il it lias decayed ; and wlien a bamboo forest has been
destroyed by fire, tliose white calcined disks form quite a noticeable feature of the
ground, especially when a shower of rain has removed the Avhite pulverulent ash.

Among otlier uses to which the bamboo is applied in Burma, not the least useful
is that of ])roducing fire by friction. For this purpose a joint of thoroughly dry
bamboo is selected, about one and a half or two inches in diameter, and this joint is
then split in halves. A ball is now prepared by scraping off shavings t'rom a
perfectly dry bamboo, and this ball being placed on some firm support, as a fallen
log or piece of rock, one of the above halves is held by its ends firmly down on it, so
that the ball of soft fibre is pressed with some force against its inner or concave
surface. Another man now takes a piece of bamboo a foot long or less, and sha])ed
with a blunt edge something like a paper-knife, ami commences a sawing motion
backwards and forwards across the horizontal piece of bamboo, and just over the
spot where the ball of soft fibres is held. The motion is slow at first, and by degrees
a groove is formed, which soon deepens, as the motion increases in quickness. Soon
smoke arises, and the motion is now made as rapid as possible, and by the time the
bamboo is cut through, not only smoke, but sparks are seen, which soon ignite the
materials of which the ball beneath is composed. The first tender spark is now
carefully blown, and when well alight the ball is withdrawn, and leaves and other
inflammable materials hea])ed over it, and a fire secured.

This is the only method that I am aware of for procuring fire by friction in
Burma ; but on the hills and out-of-the-way parts, that philosophical toy, the
' pi/rop/iorus,' is still in \ise. This consists' of a short joint of a thick woody
bamboo, neatly cut, which forms a cylinder. At the bottom of this, a bit of tindcjr
is placed, and a tightly-fitting piston inserted composed of some hard wood. The
tube being now held in one hand or firmly supported, the piston is di'iven violently
down on the timber by a smart blow from the hand, with the result of igniting the
tinder beneath.

Centotheca, Desvaiix.
C. LAPPACE.i, E. and S. Kamorta. Katrhall. Trice and Track (K.).

Erageostis, Palisot de Bcauiois.

SpikeJefs several-flowered, flattened, awnless, numerous, in a spreading or compact
panicle. Glume-'< keeled, very regularly distichous, obtuse or jiointed, but not awued,
the 2 outer empty ones not longer, and often one or both smaller than the others.
Paleas prominently 2-ribbed, often persistent after the glumes have fallen. Axis of
the spikelet not hairy, and very rarely articulate.

E. (Poa) fnioloides, Retz. Kamorta (K.) (scarce). Ceylon.

E. amahilis, Wight and Arnott. India. S. China.

E. ZEViAXiCA, Necs. Kamorta (K.) (common). Ceylon. India. S.China.

E. PLOiosA, Link. Katchall. Great Nicobar (K.). S. China. Ceylon.

Poa amabilis, L.

P. riscona, Kth.
E. (Poa) ktjtaxs, Rotz. Bengal. Ceylon.

Poa Koenigii, Kth.
E. (Poa) iexella, L. Bengal. S. Cliina.

E. tenuissima, Schrad.

£. aurea, Stencl.

E. verticilhitus, Wees.
E. (Poa) pii.osa, L. India. S. China.

E. rertkillata, Cab.
E. Beownei, Nees.

' It is also made of a solid cylinder of BufT.iIops' horn, with a central liollow of thrce-sixteentks
of an inch in diameter and three inches deep burnt in it. Tlie piston, wliicli fits very tigluly in it, is
made of iron-wood or some wood equally hard.

104 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Poa polymorfhn, Br.
Perhaps a var. of E. orientalis, Trin.

E. (Poa) diaekhena, K. et Schl. India.

E. (Poa) elkganti'la, Ktli. Bengal.

E. (Poa) Eoxbueghiaxa, Schiiltz. Bengal.

E. (Poa) piwctata, L. Bengal.

E. (Poa) c5■^•osuEOIDES, Ketz. Bengal.

The Kusa grass, sacred to Siva, and "udiich plays so important a part in the
observances and sacrifices of the Hindus.

CcELAcnxE, R. Browne.

Spikele/s 2-flo'U'ered, awnless, small and numerous, in a contorted panicle. The
upper flower unisexual, usually female ; the lower hermaphrotlite. Glumes very
concave and obtuse, the 2 outer empty ones smaller than the flowering ones. Paha,
rather smaller, 2-nerved. Axis of the panicle not hairy.

C. PDLCHiiLA, Br. Tavoy. India. Ceylon. S. China.

Panicum simplieiusculum, ^. et. A.

LOPHATHEEUM, Broiifffiiart.

Spikdeis 1-flowered, sessile on alternate sides of the simple branches of a panicle.
Glumes keeled, green, with scarious edges, 2 outer empty ones obtuse or slightly
pointed, the third or flowering one similar, but with a short stiff awn, and several
smaller empty ones, with short awns terminating the axis. Palea transparent, folded,
with 2 prominent green ribs. Cari/opsis free.

L. GEACiLE, Brong. India. Ceylon. S. China.

A VENIEJE.
Spikelets all fertile, pedicelled or sub-sessile, in a hranched spreading or spicate
panicle, more rareli/ in a raceme or spike ; 2, manijfoirered, the upper or lower flower
often male or rudimentary. Glumes large, sul-equal or unequal, usually completely
emlracing the flowers. Glumelles membranous or somewhat coriaceous, the lower usually
au-iied. Awn usually dorsal, geniculate and bent below. Lower glumelle of the floirer at
the base of the spikelet, answering to the lower glume. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Stigmas
sessile, or sub-sessile, divergent, protruding from the side of the flower. Caryopsis with a
linear or punctiform hilary spot.

Eeiachse, Nees von Esscnbech.
E. Chi^-ensis, Hance. Kamorta, abundant (K.)

CHLniilBIE^E.
Spikelits all fertile, in tinilateral digitate or panicled spikes, sessile on the inner face
of a continuous rachis, laterally compressed, sometimes with several flowers, the 1 to 3
lowest hermnphrodite, the uppier rudimentary, sometimes only one hermaphrodite flower,
with or without the rudiment of a second. Glumes unequal, shorter than the flowers.
Glumelles membranous, the lower ansivering to the lower glume. Stamens 3. Stigmas
usually elongate, erect, 2)rolruding near the top or above the middle of the flower.
Caryopsis with a punctiform hilary spot.

Ctn'odox, Persoon.
Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, singly sessile in 2 rows on one side of the slender
spike-like, almost digitate branches of a simple panicle. (Jutcr empty glumes
2-keeled. Flowering glume thinner and broader. Palea narrower, folded, with a
small bristle at its base, being the prolongation of the axis, and sometimes bearing a
rudimentary glume.

C. (Pamcum) dacttlox. Burma, Kamorta (K.).

The Dub grass of Bengal and Xorthcrn India.

allAMI.\E.E. 105

This grass in found in England, where it is called the ' dog's-tooth grass,'
and is held in little esteem. h\ India, however, despite its somewhat dry and
uninviting look, when grubbed up as is the fashion by the roots, it is the best grass
for horses usually procurable, and such is its tenacity of life that it is not easily
extirpated, though the grass-cutters are really in this instance ' grass- rooters,' grub-
bing up any ami every particle of the plant that appears above the soil, and the
roots as well. The resulting heap of bits is now well beaten by a stick to free the
roots from tlie earth which adheres to thera, and in this state, or better still alter
being well rinsed in water (though this is unusual), horses and cattle devour it
gi'eedily and thrive well on it.

DACTTLOT.i:N-iuM, VTiUdcnoic.

Spikelets 2 or more flowered, very flat and closely imbricated along one side of
the spike-like tligitate branches of a simple panicle. O'/ione's spreading, keeled and
compressed, transparent but stiff, the lowest smaller, the second shortly awned, the
flowering ones gradually smaller and less pointed, the terminal one usually barren or
rudimentary. Faka smtdler, folded.

J). jEqvi'tiacuii, Willd. Kamorta (K.). India. S. China.

Eleusixe, Gaertner.

SpikeleU 2 or more flowered, awnless, sessile, in 2 rows along one side of the
spike-like, almost digitate branches of a simple panicle. Glumes keeled, usually
obtuse, the 2 outer empty ones une(iual, and shorter than the flowering ones. I'uhas
rather small, folded. Axis usually slightly continued beyond the last one. Seed
transversely wrinkled.

E. Inuica, Gaert. Kamorta and Katchall (K.).

Hsen-ngo-myit. India, S. China.

E. sTKicTA, Eoxb.

E. CAicviNA, Koxb. Coromandel.

Chloeis, Linmcus.

Spikclets with 1 or rarely 2 fertile flowers, and 1 or more empty or rudimentary
glumes above it, singly sessile on one side of the spike-like digitate branches of a
simple panicle. Glumes keeled, 2 outer empty ones pointed or shortly awned, the
others usually awned, or the upper empty ones awnless. Caryopsis free.

C. BAKBATA, Sw. India. Bengal. S. China.

MiCEocHLOA, R. Browne.

SpikeleU I -flowered, awnless, singly sessile on one side of a slender simple spike.
Outer glumes 2, nearly equal, the lowest with a double nerve, the second keeled.
Flowering glume and palea small, very thin, and transparent.

il. SETACEA, Br. India. S. China.

AUACHXE.

A. VEUTICELLATA, W. ct A. India.

Lepiochloa, Palisot de Beauvois.

Spikelets 2 or more flowered, awnless, sessile or very shortly pedicellate, along one
side of the slender or spike- like branches of a long panicle. Glumes keeled, pointed
or obtuse, the two outer ones empty, the axis ending in a short pedicle above the last
flower, bearing sometimes a rudimentary glume.

L. Chinensis, Xees. India. Burma. S. China.

ARUXDIXIE-i:.
Spikelets all fertile, in a hranehed or spicule panicle, sometimes with 1 hermaphrodite
flower, with or without the pedicelled rudiment of an Ujpper flower ; sometimes many-

106 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

fowered. Glumes equnJIitig or longer than the flowers. Glnmelles vsualli/ siirroiindeil
at the base with long hairs, memhrano-herhaeeous, as are the glumes, the lower awned,
or mniicous, and faeiiig the lou-er glume. Stamens 3 or rarely 2. Stigmas sessile
or sub-sessile, protruding from the sides or towards the base of the sjiikelet. Carypsis
with a 2)unefifoi m or linear liilarij spot.

Arfxdo, Linnaus.

Spilcelets 2 or more flowered, ■witli long silky hairs on the axis and flowering
glumes, all pedicellate in a large mueh-branchcd panicle. Glumes thin, keeled,
distichous, and distant, 2 outer ones empty, the flowering ones as long or rather
longer, pointed or shortly awned, the terminal one small, empty or rudimental.
Palem small. Tall reeds.

A. Madagascaeiensis, Kth. India. S. China. Philippines.

Phragjiites, Trinius.

Characters of Arundo, only no silky hairs on the glumes, and the lowest flower
is usually male.

P. (Aefxdo) EoxBUBGHn, Kth. Kamorta. Kar Xicobar (K.). Ceylon.

A. karlca, Roxb.
P. JVepalensis, 'Nees.

Amphiboxax, JS'ees von Esscnheelc.

A. Bengalensis, Wees.
A. BiFAEiA, Lind.

Mason gives the following Tcrnacular names for species of Phragmites {Arundo),
though observing that the same names are sometimes applied to species of Saceharum
also : Phoung. Pyu. Kyu. Lai. A-lo-kyu.

STiriEJE.
Spilcelets all fertile, suh-eglindrie or cotnpressed, in panicles containing one herma-
phrodite flower. Glumes suhequal or xmequal, equalling or longer than the flower.
Glumelles, tvhen ripe, coriaceous, the lower answering to the lower glume, often convolute,
awned at the tip. Awn simple or trifd, rarely muticous. Stamens 3. Stigmas pro-
truding lateral/g, towards the base of the spilcelet. Caryopsis xcith a linear hilary spot ;
towards its middle or near its top.

C'h.etaeia.
C. UYSTRix, Beauv. India.

Aeistida, Linnaus.
A. sp. (M.)

AGliOSTIDIE.E.
Spilcelets all fertile, more or less laterally compressed in a branched or spiled panicle,
wtth a single hermaphrodite flower, rarely accompanied by the pedieelled rudiment of a
second npper flower. Glumes subequal or vnequal, usually longer than the flower.
Glumelles and glumes between chartaceous and herbaceous, the lower muticous or aristate.
Awn usually dorsal and facing the lower glume. Stamens 3, rarely 1 or 2. Stigmas
usually sessile, protruding laterally at the base of the spilcelet.

SroEOBOLUs, P. Browne.
Spilcelets small, 1 -flowered, awnless, in a loose spreading, or rarely spike-like
panicle. Outer glumes 2, keeled, one or both usually shorter and never longer than the
acute flowering glume. Palea nearly as long, usually 2-nerved. Caryopsis free, short,
deciduous, the seed separating from the thin pericarp.

S. sp. {flde Diedrichsen). Nicobars (K.).

S. diandee, Beauv. Bengal.

S. Ikdici-s, Br. S. China.

G/LlM/XEyK 107

riTALAItlDIF^K.
Hpileh'tt hermnphrodite, moncecious, or polygainouif, in a spicats panicle, or in spikes
with 2 Jiowers, hemaphrodite, female or male, or with 2 or S flowers, the upper only
fertile. Glumes usualli/ equal. Glumelles more or less hardened after flowering. Lower
glumelles of the fertile flower facing the lower glume. Stamens .3 or 2. Caryopsis
with a linear or punctifurm spot. Stigmas long or filiform, protruding at the tup or
sides of the flower.

Zev.
*Z. Mats.

Pyoung-bi. ATaize. Indian Corn.

C'oi.x, Linnceus.
C. LACETii.v, L. Burma. Ceylon.

Job's tears.

Dr. llason enumerates several vernacular names for species of Coix : Ka-lc-tlii.
Ka-le-pouk-pouk. Ka-lc-hmen. Ka-le-slii. Ka-le-theing. And in Sgau Karen, J3en-
wai-thu.

TLc Coix affords a good example of the results of cultivation on a wild plant,
the seed of which is of a stony hardness, but which is soft in the cultivated form and
the kernel sweet. It is much cultivated by the Red Karens, and may be often seen
for sale parched in the bazaars. Dr. INIason adds: "The Karens in the Southern
Provinces cultivate one or two species of Job's tears for the seed. The Pwos plant
a species with round seeds, which are used to ornament the borders of their tunics,
but they are never seen on a woman's gown. The Sgaus on the contraiy cultivate
a species bearing an oval seed and use them merely for embroideiing female dresses.
In Amherst Province, the Pwos seldom appear in their native costume, and many
deny that their tribe ever had any other than that which they now wear, which is
Burmese."

C. GiGAicTEA, Kon. Bengal.

C. AQUATICA, Roxb. Bengal (Srirampur).

C. HETEEOCLrrA, Eo.xb. Bengal (Srirampur).

CnioxAcnxE, i?. Browne.
C. (Coix) Koenioii, Spreng. India. Ceylon.

Coix barhata, Iloxb.

ORTZIE^T..

Spikelets all fertile, in a raceme or panicle, one-flowered, often with arrested glumes,
or 2 or H-flowered, the lower nenter, with 1 glumellc, the terminal only fertile.
Glumelles chartaceous, stij}'. Stamens usually G, often 3 or 4, rarely 1. Caryopsis with
a linear hilary spot. Stigma divergent, protruding at the sides of the flower.

Okyza, Zi.

*0. SATIVA, L.

Sa-ba. Rice.

"Rice (Dr. Mason remarks) is universally cultivated, and its cultivation has
produced many varieties. The Karens have distinctive names for more than forty,
and Karen mountain rice is preferred by many to that which is raised by tlie Burmese
on the low lands, yet it is said not to be so nutritious, and on this account bears a
less price in the Bazaar. It is of all colours, from ivory-white to coal-black. Of the
black rice the Karens prepare a kiiul of bread, which to them supplies the ])lace of
gingerbread. .\ portion of seetlied rice is poured into a large mortar with a prodigious
quantity of sesamum seeds. Two women then take their strong ebony pestles and
pound it, striking alternately till it becomes a light-bounding mass. It is then
thrown upon the eating stand, when the whole family scat themselves round it, in
Oriental style, and dissever it with their- sabres.

108 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

" Tlie Karons have another mode of prcparinf; this kind of rice, -which is particu-
hirly convenient for travellers. A quantity iinljoiled is thrust into joints of a small
bamboo, a little water added, and the orifice closed up. It is then roasted, and if
eaten with butter and salt is most delicious. The Karens select only two varieties
of Bamboo for this purpose, and these impart to the rice a sweet delicate flavour."

The Burmese adopt a similar plan with other sorts of rice. The diy rice and a
little water is put into the joint of a bamboo, which when plugged is then set on a
large fire. The rice in cooking swells, and when cold, the bamboo is broken away
and a solid cylinder of cooked rice extracted like a sausage, which is frequently
carried, as a convenient form, on a journey.

liico can be sown broadcast in inundated fields, but the more common plan is to
transplant it when some six inches high. For this purpose the seed is sown very
thickly in nurseries, from which it is removed, and hand planted in the mud of the
prepared field root by root. In the hills the Karens, however, raise rice just as other
grains are raised, by dibbling the seeds in holes made with a spud, and as this mode of
cultivation is commonly practised on the virgin soil of a hill clearing, well manured
with the ashes of the burnt foi'est, the yield is very abundant.

Rice contains a much less per-centage of nitrogenous compounds than wheat and
many other cereals ; hence rice flour is certainly not so well adapted for infants' food
as the flour of other cereals, and particularly that known as entire wheat flour, which
is richer in phosphates than ordinary flour. At the same time rice flour has some
recommendations, as, from its translucent gelatinous appearance when cooked, it is
extremely well adapted for pretty and ornamental dishes like blancmange and
puddings. Whoever has travelled in Ceylon will doubtless recall to mind the
transparent ' hoppers ' or white gelatinous pancakes made of rice flour, and will at
once recognize the familiar rice flour in many of the well-puft'ed ' Corn flours,' which
the public are urged to consume. Many may have seen the denunciatory advertise-
ments of rival 'Corn flours.' " Bice jfoiir is not cum four ;^'' " Rice flour is corn
flour," which forces one to question if wholesale equivocation does not pay better
than simple truth. Of course, if by ' corn,' we mean cereals in general, then the
flour of Rice or Maize is com flour ; but if, as most English people understand
the word, 'corn' is used to signify wheat (when not otherwise specified), then I
fear greatly that many vaunted Corn floiirs have small claim to the title which
they bear. Let every one judge for him.self. If a com flour, when mixed into
a thin paste and cooked on a 'griddle' like a Ceylon ' hojiper,' which we know
is made of rice flour, produces an article identical in appearance, we shall not be
far wrong in the conclusions we draw from the experiment, the more so if we
compare the article in question with the similar one made of what we know to
ho genuine flour of wheat. By all means therefore let careful parents make as
much blancmange and puddings as they choose of ' Corn flour,' but see that their
children are fed on the flour of wheat.

For an interesting account of the various legends and superstitions connected
with rice, consult ' Mythologie des Plautes,' by Angelo de Gubernatis, who remarks:
" Le riz joue, dans les croyances populaires orientales, a pcu pres le memo role quo
le ble dans la tradition europeenne : il est essenticllcment un symhole de vie, de
generation, d'abondance." — II. p. 311. A familiar example of the use of rice, as
a symbol, is where in modern weddings it is showered over the bride, as a token
of the fruitfulness her friends hope she will display. This custom of throwing
grain over a bride is very old, and is alluded to in the curious ballad of the ' Wedding
of the Cid,' translated by Lockhart — ■

" Then comes the bride Ximena, the King he holds her hand ;
And the Queen, and, all in fur and pall, the nobles of the land ;
All ilown the street, the ears of wheat are round Ximena flying,
But the King lifts ofl' her bosom sweet, whatever there is lying."

It may, however, be questioned if all our modern fine ladies who join in the fun of
rice-tkrowing, fully comprehend the meaning and significance of their own act.

GR.\yfTXE.E.

109

HynitoKYZA, Xees von Essenhech.

H. (Lekrsia) AiiisTATA, Koxb. luilia. Ceylon.

Potdtnochloa littzii, Grilt".
H. CILITIA, Xees.

r.iXICIE.^.
Spikelets all fertile in a spicufn, or branched, sometimes digitate panicle composed of
an upper hermaphrodite and a lesser male or neuter /lower. Glume, the lower smaller
than tlie upper, often minute or arrested. Olunielles usually cartilaginous, shining.
Lower glumelle as in Andropogoneet. Stamens 3. Curgnpsis with a jjunctiforni hilarg
spot, atiymas as in Andropugoneee.

PAXicrM,' Linnaus.
Spikelets iisually small, 1-ttowerfil, or \vith a scconil male flower below it,
awnless or rarely awned, eitlier along one side of the simple branches of a panicle, or
in a loose branching or close and spike-liko panicle. Glumes always 4, the lowest
small, sometimes very minute and empty, the next usually larger and always
empty, the third empty, or with an imperfect or male flower, in its axis, the
innermost or flowering glume of a firmer texture, smoother and more faintly .'J-nerved.
Palea like the fl(jwering glume, but smaller, and more or less 2-norved. Caryopsis
inclosed in the hardened flowering glume and palea.

* P. JUMEXTOSXTM, Pers. (M.). Cultivated.

Nan-ka-than-hau. Guinea grass.

An excellent and luxuriant fodder, but which requires constant watering, and
■when well weeded and kept, may be cut every two months, or even more frequently.
It is easily propagated, and thrives best when planted in tufts a couple of feet apart.
"When cut, the stalks should be left about 9 inches long.

P. GLArcrii, L.

P. COLOXUM, L.

P. Javamci'm, Pers.

JJrochloa panicoides, Beauv.
P. nmiLE, Nees.

P. SAXfiUINALE, L.

JEgyptiacum, Retz.
P. niiLorus, Trin.

JJrochloa puhescens, Ktli.

P. COMPOSITUM, L.

P. LAXCEOLATFM, Kth.

P. BUEMANXI, lletz.

P. FEUMKXTACEUM, Roxb.

P. STIUCTUM, SchultZ.

P. CEUS-GAT.Lr, L.

0. stagninum, Kth.
var. ji. r. colonum, L.

P. DISTACHYUJI, L.

P. SARMENTOSfM, Roxb.

P. MONTAM'II, Roxb.

P. 0VALIF0L1U5I, Pers.

P. CtJllVATUM, L.
P. COMlIUTiTDM, Noes.
P. CORYMBOSUM, Roxb.
P. REPENS, L.

P. paludosum, Roxb.
P. ischcemoides, Retz.

Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. S. China.
Kamorta (K.). Ceylon.
Kar Nicobar (K.). Ceylon.

Kamorta (K.). Cevlon.
Maulmain (P.). Ceylon.

Bengal. Ccvlon.

Kamorta.

S. China.

S. China.

Katchall (K.). Ceylon
Bengal.
Bengal. Ceylon.
Bengal.
Bengal.
India. Ceylon. S. China.

India. S. China.
Assam. Cliina. Philippines.
India, liurma. China. Philippines.
S. China. India.
Ceylon.

Bengal. S. China.
Coromandel.

Ceylon. S. China.

Bengal.

' Digitaria, Juss. Ophimcnus, Beauv. Setaria, Beauc.

110

nr/i.VA, ITS PEOPLE AXB rPiODUCTIOXS.

p. FLUITANS, Eetz.
P. affine, Nees.

P. EEIZOIDES, L.

PJtai-idum, Rctz.
P. HispiDULUM, Ketz.

p. HHLVOLUJI, L.

P. INTERRUPTCM, AVilkl.

P. MILIACEUM, L.

P. miliare. Lam.
P. PLiCATUM, Lam.

P. Nepalense, Spreng.

P. costutum, Roxb.
P. ExcuRRENs, Trin.

p. TUIGONUM, Eetz.
P. rariicans, Eetz.
P.filipen, Nees.

P. NODOSUM, Kth.

P. Anioitianum.

P. TOMENTOSUM, Roxb.
P. TJLIGINOSUM, Eoxb.

P. MTURUS, Lam.

p. semilatiim, Roxb.

Tliwaites remarks : " I can find no sufficicn
Ceylon plant and a specimen of P. mijurus fi-om Gu

P. iNDICrM, L.

P. (UMjmtiim, Trin.
P. coidradum, Nees.

P. BARUATUII, Kth.

Bengal. Ceylon.

Rengal. Ceylon.

Bengal.

Bengal.

Bengal. Ceylon.

Ceylon.

Ceylon. S. China.

S. China. Himalayas.
Kamorta and Pulu Milu (K.).

India. Ce\lon. S. China.

India. Ceylon.

t specific difference between the
iana."

China. Ceylon.

India. S. China.

PASPALrir, Linnaus.

Sjjiki'lifs 1 -flowered, not awned, not callous at the base, solitary, or in pairs,
along one side of slender spikes, either forming the branches of a simple panicle, or
rarely solitary. Outer glumes 2, both empty. Flowering glume concave, of a firmer
texture. Palea like the flowering glume, but smaller, and usually 2-nerved.
Caryopsis inclosed in the hardened palea and flowering glume.

India. S. China.

P. BREVIFOLIUM, FHiggC.

Chinense, Nees.

P. SCROBICULATUM, L.

p. lyora, Willd.
P. orlieulare, Forst.
P. FLEXDOSUM, Klein.

P. CONJL'GATUM, Retz.
p. FILIFORME, Roxb.

P.fiUeulme, Nees MS.
Kurz refers this species to Digitaria, J.A.S.B. H. 1876, p. 100.

Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. S. China.

Kamorta (K.).
Kamorta ^K.).
Kamorta. Katchall (K.).

Ceylon.

TnYssAN0L.i:NA, New von Emenbccl;.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, minute, awnless, crowded along the slender branches of
a large panicle. Glumes 4, the 2 outer empty, and very short, the third also empty,
but much longer and more pointed ; the flowering glume rather smaller and thinner,
with a very small point, and edged with long spreading hairs.

T. ACAKiFERA, Nccs. Kamorta. Nankowry. Kar Nicobar (K.).

Meliea latifolia, Roxb. S. China. Himalayas.

Agrostis maxima, Roxb.

gramisej:. Ill

IsAcnxK, R. Browne.

Spikckls 2-flowcrc'J, the upper flower feiiKile, or rarely lierraaphroditc, the
lower male, or sometimes hermaplirodite, and both articulate ou the radiis. Outer
empty glumes 2, nearly eijual anil often very deciduous. Both the tloweriug glumes,
as well as the palero, of a firmer consistence than the outer ones, all awnless.
Cari/opsix inclosed in tlie jjluines and palea, as in I'anicuiH, but very frequ(!ntly those
of both flowers obtain maturity.

I. PULCUELLA, lloth. Burma. India. Ceylon. China.

I. MTosoTis, Nees. Kamorta. West of Euaca (K.).

I. AUSTKALis, ]l. J5r. Ceylon.

/. miliacea, Aiict. (non Eotli ?)
J?'. Uatacicum and lienjamini, Stend.

var. humilis. Kamorta (K.).

•1. ruLCUELLA, Koth. India. Silhet. Ceylon. S. China.

TuorAREA, Persoon.

Spikcletn in short one-sided androgynous spikes, in the axil of a sheathing bract.
Upper spikelets with 2 male flowers, lower one with a terminal hermaphrodite and
lower male flower, and all with only one outer empty glume.

T. SAEMEXTOSA, I'ers. Beaches on West coast of Katchall (K.).

Oniitliocephalochloa arcniaAa, Kz. Ceylon. Chiua.

SiMMi'Ex, Linnaus.

Spikelets dioecious, sessile, awnless. Barren ones in spikes, each one with 2
male flowers, and 2 outer empty glumes. Fertile spikelets solitary, with 2 outer
empty glumes, the third empty, or with a male flower, the terminal one with a her-
maphrodite flower. Spikes in the nude plants, and single flowers in the feitile ones,
collected in dense globular clusters, intermixed with loug, stifl', often prickly bracts.

S. suuARROsus, L. Sandy shores of Burma and China.

Of this plant Dr. Mason remarks : " The sea pink or ground rattan is one of the
most curious grasses in the country. It may be seen on all the sandy beaches, but
more particularly at Monmagon, where it covers the sands with its creeping sterna
and spiny leaves, and its loose umbels running about like things of life. The male
spikes congested into an umbel (says l)r. Cleghoru) are carried by the wind to the
female flowers, which are fascicled on a distinct plant, and being light and spherical,
the Butch call them 'wind-ball.' llumphius alludes to this plant, as being connected
with a superstition among the natives, who seeing the capitula (umbels) carried
along the shore by the sea-breeze, think they are propelled by the Devil. This
grass is cultivated on the sea-beach at Madras for the .sake of its sand-bindiug
properties and for its tendency to increase the land."

According to Dr. Mason the Burmese books recognize seven kinds of Sahd or
cereals, in which however they include beans. Tliey are llice {Saba), Wheat
{(!iju)i<jsa-hi'i). Barley {Jln-i/ttii), JliUct {Pi/ui<>ii/-leh-kuuk), raspahui (/,«), Sorghum
i^ryuuny), and I'eas and Beans i^I'e/i).

A XDROrOGOyiEJi.

Spikelets geminate or in threes, polyyamom, the lateral male or neuter, very rarely
all fertile. Fertile spikelets composed of a hermaphrodite Jtoirer with a lower malefower.
Glumes subequal, or rarely unequal, the lowest largest. Glumelles membranoix, rarely
cartilagiiwas, lower glumelle of the hermaphrodite Jlower facing the upper glume. Stamens
3. Varyopsis with a panetifurm hilary spot. Stigmas long, protruding at or under
the top of the flower.

Andkopogon, Zinnaus.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in pairs, 1 sessile, the other pedicellate, on a simple .spike or
along the spike-like branches of a simple or compound panicle, the rachis articulate at

112 BURMA, ITS rEOriE ASD PRODUCTIOyS.

each pair, and at the tormiDal article 2 pedicellate spikelets, one on each side of the
sessile one. Sessile sjjiJe/ets hermaphrodite, the lowest glume stiff, with 2 of the lateral
nerves most prominent, the second keeled, third empty glume very thin and trans-
paient. Fluirering glume small and transparent, with a long twisted awn. Palea
very small and thin, or none. Cari/opsis inclosed in the outer glumes.

* A. jiriiiCATus, Eetz. (M.\ Burma. Ceylon. India.
Pan-yen. The Khus Khus grass of India.

* A. EscTLENTrs, MacClell. (^I.). Bui-ma.
Sa-ha-lcn.

A. Martini, Kosb.

India.

Ceylon. S. China.

A. fexuosus, Nees.

Yields the Ceylon Lemon-grass oil.

A. GLABEE, Roxb.

Bengal.

A. PEETUSUS, Willd.

Bengal.

Ceylon.

A. pimdatus, Koxb.

A. fascicular is, Roxb.

A. scAJTOEXs, Roxb.

Bengal.

A. TEISPICATFS, Schultz.

Bengal.

A. Bladhii, Retz.

Bengal.

A. BEEVirOLEUS, Sw.

Silhet.

S. China.

A. MONTANUS, Roxb.

India.

S. China. Philippines.

A. TEOPICTJS, Spreug. I]

lulia. S. China. Ceylon. Philippines,

A. ROXBURGHIANUS, Schultz.

liengal.

A. coKJUGATUs, Roxb.

Bengal.

Andropogon SchananfliKS (a native of Arabia, and tlie source of the true 'lemon
grass oil') is cultivated all over India for the .stimulating and scented oil yielded by
it. A. murieatus affords the fragrant roots of which tlie screens and tatties are
made, which in the hot winds of Upper India so largely contiibute to make life
endurable to the European settler, the beneficial effects being proportionate to the
heat and dryness of the air, so that, although much used in Calcutta, their efficiency
and value there is not to be compared with that developed in the parched and drier
region of Upper India. Other 'lemon grass oils' are yielded by A. calanms-
aromaiicus, A esculenium, and^. itcaranciisa, the last furnishing the celebrated Roosa
grass oil, and the first the grass oil of Kimar. The perfume of these oils is very
refreshing, and the oil itself is valuable in rlieumatism if well rubbed into the
aifccted part by the palm of the hand, with a little common oil to form a liniment.
Ceylon ' lemon oil ' is distilled, says Thwaites, from the leaves of a cultivated variety
of A. Martini, Roxb. Lemon grass cut up small is also used by some people to
flavour tea with, and if the tea happens to be musty and poor, it may perhaps
imjH'ovc it by disguising its shortcomings and musty taste.

CnEYsopoGON, Trinius.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, narrow-lanceolate, 3-together, terminating the branches of an
erect panicle, the central one sessile and hermaphrodite, the 2 lateral ones pedicellate
and male. Glumes and flowers of Andropogon, from which this genus diti'ers in all
the spikes being reduced to the terminal article.

C. AcicrLAxrs, Trin. Kamorta. Ceylon. India.

Ehaphis tricialis. Lour. S. China. Pliilippines.

Andropogon at ieularis, Retz.
A. {Rhaphis) Javanicus, Nees.

Ngung-myit. Spear-grass.

■ A coarse grass which cattle w-ill scarcely tonch, and one of the most notable
pests in India to people who wear clothes or stockings, from the certainty with which
its ripe barbs penetrate to the skin, causing distressing irritation, and even sores if

GRAMIXE.r:. IIm

neglected. CortluroT or canvas clollu's aiul leather leggings arc the best protection
from the annoyance caused by this pestilent plant.

IlErEKoroGOX, Persoon.

S/)ikelefs raoTKEcions, 1 -flowered, in pairs, in a simple l-.'iided .spilic, the rachis
articulate, at least towards the top. Fimale apikehts sessile, cylindrical, turned to
one side of the s])ike, the outer glume hard and convolute, the second keeled, the third
very thin and transparent, the iiowering glume reduced to a long, stitf, twisted awn.
Palea small or none. JLiIe iij)ikelrts lanceolate, herbaceous, awuless, imbricate on the
otlier side of the spike on short pedicids. At the base of the spike, the spikelets are
often all male or neuter.

H. (Axdropogon) coxtoktcs, L. Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. S. China.

H. hirtm, Pers.
H. TENELLUs, Scliultz. Bengal.

Pkrotis, Alton.

Sj>!kf?<f>i 1 -flowered in a simple spike-like raceme. Oi(ter cmpfi/ f/!u»ies 2,
linear, stiff, with terminal awns. Flowiriiiji (jlume and paha very small, thin, and
transparent. Caryopsis longer than the flowering glume, Luelosed in the two
outer ones.

P. LATiFoijA, Ait. Ceylon. India. S. China.

P. jxtfida, loit'/ifora and liordi'ijormis, Necs.
P. glubrata, Steud.

Spodiopogon, Trinim.

Spikelets in pairs, 1 sessile, the other pedicellate, in simple, branched or
paniculate spikes, both 2-flowered, the lower flower male, the rachis angtdar and
articulate, at least at the top. Oi(tcr gluiiiea stiff, the lowest convex, the second
keeled. Flowering glumes and palea very thin and transparent, the glume of the
fertile flower vrith a twisted awn.

S. OBLiQCTVALvis, Nccs. Bengal. Ceylon. 8. Cliina.

Andropogon malaeoplii/Hiin, Hochs.
A. Minrai, Blumei and hifvJus, Steud.
Ischamum genicuJatum and teneUum, lloxb.

Kurz records a smooth species of Spodiopogon from Kar Nicobar, and a villous
species from Kamorta, perhaps belonging to the above very variable species.

ScnizAcnrKirii.
S. BREViFOLiTM, Xoes. KaHiorta (K.).

Iscn.»:5[rM, Liiinaus.

Spikelets in pairs, 1 sessile, 2-flowrrrd, the lowest flower male, the other
pedicellate, usually male or rudimentary, in a simple spike, or in the spike-like sessile
branches of a simple panicle. The rachis articulate, at least towards the top. Outer
glumes 2, stiff and awnless, the lowest with 2 luominent lateral nerves, the second
keeled. Flowering glumes and palem smaller, thin and tranparent, all awnless,
the glume of the terminal flower with a twisted awn.

I. iiARi!ATni, Ectz. China and Archipelago.

Meoschium ludieulare, Nees.
If. Megenianum, Xees.
I. MiTicrM, L. Xicobars (K.). Ceylon.

I. Krcosrii, Salis. Bengal. Ceylon.

J. spffefum, Trin.
Andropogon tong-dong, Steud.

or

114 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODVCTIONS.

DiMEEiA, R. Browne.

Spih'lcfs 1 -flowered, almost sessile, inserted singly on the alternate notches of
slender unihiteral spikes, whieli are either solitary or more frequentl)' 2 or 3 together
ou a terminal peduncle. Rachis not articulate, and a tuft of short hairs under
each spikelet. Outer empty (jlumcs 2, linear, stiff, keeled, not awned : t/iird empty
glume smaller, thin and transparent, not awned ; flowering glume thin and transparent,
notched, or 2-lobed, -wilh ;ui intermediate awn, twisted at the base, and bent back at
or below the middle. Palca minute or none. Seed free, but inclosed in the outer
glume.

D. ruscESCENS, Trin. Nipal. Ceylon. S. China.

D. sp. Kamorta (K.).

UrLrnA, Liirnaus.

Sjiikelcts with 1 fertile and 1 male flower, sessile, between 2 flattened pedicels,
bearing each a rudimentary glume, or one of them a pei'fect spikelet, the whole
embraced by a sheathing bract, the bracts clustered on the branches of a leafy
panicle. Lowest glume of the sessile spikelet concave and striate, the second keeled,
ti'ansparent but stiff ; flowering glumes \ctj thin and transparent, the terminal one
often awned. In the pedicellate flower both the glumes concave and striate.

A. MUTiCA, L. India. S. China.

A. AEISTATA, L. Bengal. Ceylon.

A. rosfrata, Noes.

A. GEXicuLATA, Eosb. Bengal.

ZoYsiA, WiUdcnow.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, awnless, nearly sessile in a simple spike, the axis not
articulate. Outer empty glume 1-keeled, stift', shortly pointed, the edges often
united below round the flower. Flowering glume much shorter, thin and transparent.
Paha very small or none. Caryopsis free, but inclosed in the outer glume.

Z. PUNGENS, "Willd. S. China. Ceylon. Australia.

Z. ten ui folia, "Willd.
Z. Japonica, Stcud.
Z. aristata, Broicnei, Griflithiana, and seloidcs, C. lluell.

ANinisiiEiA, Linnaiis.

A. cixiATA, Eetz. India. Ceylon.

A. roLTSTAcnvA, Eoxb. Bengal.

A. SCANDENS, Eoxb. Bengal.

A. HETEEOCLiiA, Eoxb. Bengal. Ceylon.

Impeeata, Cyrilli.

Spilelets 1 -flowered, awnless, mostly pedicellate, in a dense cylindrical spike-
like panicle. Rachis, not articulate. Glumes all thin and transparent, 2 outer
empty ones keeled, covered with very long silky hairs, third also empty, smaller,
without hairs; flowering glume and palea still shorter, often jagged at the top.
Caryopsis free, inclosed in the outer glumes.

I. CTLiNDiucA, Beauv. (M.).

Thek-keh-nyen. Thatching grass.

I. aeunhin-acea, Cyr. Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. S. China.

/. Koenigii, Beauv.

Ratzebuegia, Kth.

E. rrLcnEEKiMA, Kth. (il.). Burma.

QRAMIXE.K 115

SouGnuM.

* S. VULGARE, PclS. (il ).

Pyoiing. lied Jowar of India. Cholam iu Tamil.

* S. SACCnAIUTUlI (M.).

Valaiti Jowar of India. Dco-dhrm of Bengal. Impliec of Natal.

This is one of the most estimable food and fodder plants we have, and when
carefully cultivated, a piomisiug source of sugar. One remarkable character it is said
to possess is that it is not attacked by white ants, which are so troublesome to the sugar-
cane. It is said, too, that this crop is lit to cut iu less than four months, after which
another will spring from the same roots, in the same time, and occasionally even a third.
The yield of sugar per acre is two tons. As a fodder plant it is unsurpassed, and it has
been said to yield as much as nine tons of dry fodder per acre. The plant is hardy,
and will thrive wherever Maize will grow. In good soil and when well waterc^d, it
■will run up to IG feet in height. (See article in Balfour's Cyclopedia of India.)

Sacchauum, ZiniKcics.
Spikelds 1 -flowered, awnless, surronnded by long silky hairs, in pairs, both
sessile, or 1 pedicellate along the branches of a large panicle. liachi.i articulate at
each pair. 2 outer emplij glumea keeled, thin but rather stiff. Tliird empty glume,
flowering ghme, and palca, all smaller and very thin and transparent.

*S. OFFiciNAKO.M, L. (JI.). Cultivated. Unknown wild.

Kyan. Sugar-cane.

*S. vioLACEUM, Tussae. (M.). Cultivated.

Otaheity cane.

S. SPONTANEUM, L. (M.). Buruui. Ear Nicobar (K.). Ceylon.

S. agyptiacum, "Willd.
S. soiiidecumbens and caudiculatum, Bo.xb.

Thck-keh-gyi. Greater thatching grass.

S. PEOCEUUM, Eoxb. Bengal.

S. cAKALiccLATUM, Roxb. Bengal.

S. SARA, Koxb. Bengal.

Siira or Sarpat of India.

S. FuscuM, Roxb.

This species yields the best native pen or Icahim, and the stems are also used for
light fences.

S. MUNJA, Roxb. Bengal.

This grass is largely employed iu India for roijos, the leaves forming the munj
rope, and the culms that called sirki. Before nudung np, the leaves are wett(!d and
beaten, so as to separate the fibres, and the ropes are supposed to stand alternate
welting and drying well, but to require to be kept moistened, and the same remarks
apply to other sjjccies, as (S'. sura, tS. procerum, and others.

Dr. Mason also gives other vernacular names for diiferent species of Saccharum.
La-mau-myit. Kaing. Kyanmai. Kyan-men. Boung-kyan. Ilti-poka-hsauhsa.
The " A'li/ig " grass is what Europeans"conimonly call Kleidiant-grass, and is, I think,
correctly referred to a species of Saccharum, ratlun- than to Tgpha, as Elephant-grass
is called in Balfour's Cyclopedia — a confusion probably arising from the specitie name
of 'f. elep/iantina !

Batratherium.

B. LAXCEOLAiuM, Scliultz. Copomandel.

LrPEOCERClS.

L. SEr.EATA, Trin. Bengal.

IIG BURilA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

The Oriler Gramincoe is of all otliers the most useful to man, furnishing, as it
does, the chief sustenances of the liunian race, and rendering civilization, which has
ever gone hand in hand with agriculture, possible. The cereal grasses, besides starch,
sugar, and mucilage, atford certain azotizcd matters essential to the sustenance of
aniirwls, as Jihrine, cassein, and alhumine, together with phosphate of lime, so valuable
in the formation of bone in young and growing animals. The principal cereals
cultivated in temperate regions are wheat, Triticuin sativum ; rye, Sccale cereale ;
barley, Hordeum vulgare and S. distichum ; oats, Arena saiiva; whilst in warm
countries lice, Ori/za sativa, and millets, Panicum niiliaceum, P. fnimcntaceum, P.
pilosum, and Eleimiie coracana, take their place as the chief staples. Zca Mays, a
native of America, is now spread over the whole world, whilst Horghum rulgare, S.
sa cell a rat urn, and Penicillaria apicata, are chiefly cultivated by the negro races of
Africa.

The cultivation of food grains dates from the remotest antirpiity ; and when we
consider that diti'crent regions of the earth have each their appropriate plants, rice,
wheat, barley, maize, rye, and so on, we must suppose that the art of agriculture
was spontaneously developed at different spots under the pressure of !Necessity,
guided by Intelligence. Ovid, in the Fourth Book of 'Fasti,' describes Ceres as first
teachiug the cultivation of corn :

"Prima Ceres, homine ad meliora alimenta yocato
Mutavit glandes utiliore cibo.
Ilia jugo tauros eollum pricbore coegit

Tum primum soles eruta vidit humus." — Fasti IV. 401.

But the whole passage, though matchless as a poetic picture, is a wide deviation
from the old original Myth, as embodied in the Hymn to Uemeter, which records, not
the gift to man of corn by Ceres, but the institution of the Eleusinian Mysteries at
that time when, in anger with Zeus and all the immortals, she traversed the earth,
sorrowing for her lost daughter, the slender-ankled Persephone, till, hiding the
tearless eyes of Divinity in mortal guise, she at last entered in humble capacity the
house of Celeus : '

'XtrtraftEi'tj fe I'—ena Kc\ait'c</)e'i Kpovtwl't
vofT(pta6e7aa Oclcp a'^opijr Kai fiuKpou OXv^ittoi'
(t'^eT* eV ai'OjjicTTtci' TroXin^ Ka) Trtoim i'pya
6rCo9 a^ia\cvt>ov(7a voXvi' ypot'oi/ oi'Cc t/v at'Cjitcv
elaopoivv '^/('yuwffKe, fiaOv^wvu^v re ''^vvaiKwi'
TTjii'v "/' ore C)j Kc\eo?"o f:tuXt)poi'o'i iketo cd.'^ia
a? tot' 'EXei'ffn'o? Ovoetrfftj^ Kotpitvos jyeV.

''' Hymn to Demeter, 1. 91."

Here the wife of Keleos, the fair girdled Metanira, proffers her by way of welcome
a cup of wine, which the sorrowful Goddess rejects, but asks in its stead for a draught
of ivater, miiif/Ied with Jluur and Penny royal [Mentha pulcyium), which was at once
given to licr :

T/^ (e C67ra^ Mcrai/eipa ctcov ^leXnyreo? oh'ov
7r\jj(ra(T ?y c' (h'ei'evff' ov '^[fip Oc^iijov oi i'cpafTKCiy
TTtveiu oii'ov epvOpov ui^tvye c* up u\(pt Kui vcicp
couvai fti^aaaf Triefieu "/Xij^wi'i Tfpc/i'ij.

Hymn to Demeter, 1. 20G.'

1 See also Mytholotry of the Aryan Nations, by Ruv. G. "W Cox.

" Then indeed, in dud-^'eon vritll Kroniou, kin^' of the clouds, did she withdraw herself from the
assembiy of the Gods, and from higli Olympos, and went forth amont; the cities and fruitful husbandries
of men for a long space, disguising her beauty, so that none that looked upon her knew her (for a goddess)
either of men or deep-girdled women, till it came to pass she reached the house of the prudent Keleos,
who in those days was a leading chief in fragrant Eleusis.

^ To her Metanira proffers a brimming cup of honey-sweet wine ; but she declines it, saying it was
not meet for her to quaff the red wine, but begs (in its plai'e) may be given her a draugfit of water
mixed with meal and (flavoured with the herb) " penny royal."

CYPEUACE-E. 117

"Wliilst therefore we see tlie use of flour was well known at this time, no
mention is made in the Hymn of the introduction of cereals by tlie Goddess. Farther
on, the Hymn describes the effect which the an;j;er and retirement of tlie Goddess
from all exercise of her beneficent functions had on the fruits of man's industry.

For thouj;h Bcmeter is not described, even in that sub-kinj;dom of History as it
may bo called which is occupied by myth, as actually revcalin<i;to man the cultivation
of cereals ; yet as Goddess of Agriculture, she no sooner abdicated her functions in
wrath, than Earth felt the shock, and had her anger remained unappeased, the
human race it was bcli(>vod would have perished :

\it'<Wtnni' c ct'tfnnot' t~; ■^Oova 7rou\vjio7titfjav

TTOlIja at'OfncTTOts' Ktll KVfTUTOt'y OVCi^ Tt yatft

fTTrepft afidi' Kjiv—Tci' ^jiif} i"rfnt'(f}ai'o'^- Xt^ut'jTtjp,

TToWoi' (I. h'/tl \t UfCUt' t7tCf7iOtf tUTTCffC ^^ailj.

H\nnn to Demeter, 1. 306.'

Tt is indeed not a little suggestive of the vast antiquity of the culture of cereals
that no specific Slyth exists regarding the introductiou of most of them like that
which records the origin of maize iu the legend of ' Hiawatha,' or the origin of the
olive and horse as the direct gifts to man respectiveh' of Pallas and Poseidon. We
may therefore safely conclude that at the dawn of history, the origin of the cultiva-
tion of cereals for food was as much shrouded in the dim past as it is to ourselves.

Fi-om the earliest ages down to our own, harvest time has always been regarded
as one of rejoicing and thankfulness, and Virgil gives a charming picture of the
observance paid to Ceres at the time of gathering in the harvest in his day.

Imprimis venorare deos, atquc annua magna}

Sacra refer Cereri, Isetis opcratus in herbis,

ExtremtE sub casum hyemis, jam vere sereno.

Tunc agni pingues, et tunc mollissima vina ;

Tunc somni dulces, densa?quc in montibus umbnc.

Cuncta tibi Cererem pubes agrcstis adoret.

Cui tu lacte favos, et miti dilue Baccho,

Terque novas eircum felix eat hostia fruges :

Omnis quam chorus et socii comitentur ovantes,

Et Cererem claraore vocent in tecta. Neque ante

Falccm maturis quisquam supponat aristis

Quam Cereri, torta redimitus tempora quercu,

Det motus incompositos, et carmina dieat. — I. Georgic, 1. 338.

Doubtless the crown of oak leaves was to commemorate the change from acorns
to com, as the ' motus incompositi,' such as are seen in the frisky gambols of a
young kid, were to illustrate the heartfelt delight of the pious rustic at the good
gifts of a kindly Power.

Ord(T CYPEEACEiE.

Flowers glumaeeons, hermaphrodite or diclinate. Perianth none, or replaced by
bristles. Stamens hypogynous, usually 3 or 2. Anthers basifixed. Orar;/ 1-celled,
1-ovuled. Styles 3 or 2. Ovule basilar, anatropous. Aehene. Seed albuminous.
Emlryo luinut'e. Stem usually angular, without nodes, often hypogeal, solid when
young, fistular when adult. 'Leaves grass-like ; sheath very rarely split. Flowers
in spikes.

CARWIXIE.E.

Flowers monoecious or dioecioiis, in spikes with glumes imbricate in several rows.

' Dire to m.in .inil tfnil)l(\ wcro tlie days which she iinw caused to ensue throughout the fruitful
earth, nor any lonjer eau the soil vieM seid, wliieh irlorioiish-erowui'd Peuiet<T withholds. Many were
the crooked ploujlis \yliieh tlie oxen fruith'ssly dni^'jred tluo'ugh the corulauds, aud fruitlessly did niueh
white barley fall to earth from the hand of the sower.

118 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Perianth none. Male spikes simple. Sfiimens 3 or 2. Female s/ii/.rs simple or rom-
jioiind. Pistil embraced bij an inner seale u-ith its hack to the axis, bicarinate (analvi/ous
to the upper (jlumelle of the Graminaccm), icith edyes nsualbi joined, and thus J'orminij an
eneelupe, persistent and accrescent, and enclosing either the otary only, or the ovary
accompanied by a sterile setiform pedicel.

Carex, Linnatis.

Floivers unisexual, the males and females in distinct spikclets, or in different
parts of androgynous spikelets. Glumes imbricated all round the axis. Stamens 3,
or rarely fewer, without scales or bristles. Ovary enclosed in a bottle-shaped or
inflated utricle, contracted at the top, with a small oblique or 2-toothed opt'uing,
through which protrudes the style, whicli is 2- or 3-cleft. Achene enclosed in the
persistent utricle. Leares grass-like, mostly radical, or on the lower part of the
stem. Spikelets either solitary or few, one terminal, the others mostly distant, or
stalked, or forming a terminal compound spike or panicle.

C. LONCTi.iEisi.vT.i, Boott. Tillauchong (K.).

C. Benohalensis, Iloxb. India. S. China.

C. CRYnosT.icnYA, Brong. Pinang. S. China.

SCLElilE^H.
Spikelets diclinous, the male many-flowered. Glumes imbricate in 2 or several rows,
the lower ones sometimes empty. Perianth none. Stamens 1 or 3, rarely 5. Female
spikelets \- flowered, u-ith glumes imbricate in several rows. Perianth none. Style trifid,
equal at the base. Achene bony or crustaceoKS, nsually seated on a trilobed disk.

ScLERiA, Linnaus.

Flowers unisexual, in unisexual or androgynous spikelets, with several empty
glumes below the flowering ones. 3fale spikelets severul-flowered. Stamens 3, rarely
fewer. Females 1 -flowered. Style 3-cleft. Androgynous spikelets with the lowest
flower female, the others male. A^ut bony or brittle, seated on a thickened entire or
3-lobed disk. Grass-like herbs with leafy stems. Ligule, or projection of the leaf-
sheath o])posite the blade often very conspicuous. Spikelets in clusters, or small
corymbose or oblong panicles, terminal, and in the upper axils, forming either an
oblong leafy panicle, or an intermpted spike.

S. LATERiFLOKA, Bocck. Kamorta (K.).

Var. GLABRA.

S. LiTHOSPERMA, "Willd. Kamorta. Katchall (K.). Ceylon. India and S. China.

R. SuMATRENsrs, Iletz. Kamorta (K.). Ceylon.

S. LiEvis, Eetz. Kamorta (Iv.). Ceylon. S.China.

S. TESSELATA, Willd. India. Ceylon. S. Chiua.

S. Steudeliana, Miip

S. CniNENsis, Kth. Bengal. S. Chiua.

S. ciliaris, Nees (non Mich.).

SHYNCBOSrOSIEyi:.
Spikelets usually few-floirered. Glumes imbricate in 2 or several rotes, the lower
empty. Flowers usually polygamous. Perianth none, or composed of G bristles, rarely
less and very rarely more. Stamens 3 or C. Achene often beaked by the persistent base
of the style.

BHTNcnosroRA, Ti". Browne.

Spikelets 1-2- (rarely 3-) flowered, oblong, more or less pointed. Glumes
ind)ricatc all round, several outer ones shorter and empty. Hypogynous bristles C,
sometimes more. Stamens 3, or fewer. Style 2-eleft. Nut globuLar or rarely
flattened, crowned by the persistent continuous base of the style. Stems usually
leafy. Spikelets nsually clustered, and of a rich brown, in terminal or axillary heads
or corymbs, sometimes forming large terminal leafy panicles.

cyi'erace.t:. 119

H. ORAcn.i.raA, Thwaltcs. Kamorta (K.).

II. Ai'RK.v, Vhl. Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. S. China.

E. "Wat.i.ichiaxa, Kill. Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. India. S. China.

/.'. ir<rmkei, Presl.

Mori.sid WuJlivhii, Noes.

Iliip/o^fi/Iix JLijinii, Noes.
E. LAXA, Br. India. S. China.

II. chinensis, Noes.

Ci.ABiuir, 7?. Urotcne.

Characters of Jtlii/nrhoxpora. only the iiiif has a thick, almost fleshy outer coating,
tapering at the top into the style, but without any distinct beak.

C. MARiscrs, Br. India. S. China.

C Chincn^c, Noes.

IiyroL YTRIE^E.
SpikeMx \-fowered, agglomerated in capitaU heads or ctjmoae panicles. Flowers
hermaphradite, each with 2, 4 or G cloxelg imhricate glumes. Perianth none. Stamens 2
to 3, or 0 to 8. Sfgle hi- or trifid, deciduous or the base persistent.

ITvroLTTRrir, Iiich.

Spilc-lets 1 -flowered, densely crowded in ovoid or cylindrical spikes, resembling
ppikelets, the imbricated glume-like bracts under each spikelet as long as the
K])ik(dets themselves. Glumes 2, very flat, acutely keeled. Flowers hermaphrodite,
■witliout hypogynons scales or bristles. Stamens 3, or fewer. 8li/le 2- or 3-cleft.
I^'ut slightly compressed, or coarsely 3-angled, falling away from the glumes wlien
ripe. Herbs usually coarse. Spi/ces brown, resembling the spikelets of Scirjius,
pedicellate in coi-ymbose panicles, like those of Jihgncliospora.

H. LATrFoLit'ir, Rich. Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. S. China.

If. giganteum, Wall.

II trinervium, Kth.

Alhikkia scirpnidcs, Presl.
H. TRIXKRVIUM, Wall. Great iS'icobar (K.).

SCIRriE.T..
Spila-lets nsunllg mang-flnwered. Glumes imhrirnte in several roirs, rerg rarclg
distichous (^Androfrichum, Abilgaardia), some of the lower often cm/itg. Flowers herma-
phrodite. Perianth nunc, or represented bg bristles. Achene imuallg pointed or beaked
bg the persistent base of the stgle.

SciRrus, Linnaus.

{Fleocharis, Br.)

Spikelets scTeral-flowcred, the glumes imbricate all round, only 1 or 2 of the
lowest empty. Flowers liermaplirodite. llgpoggnous bristles usually (i. Stamens 3 or
fewer. Stgle 2- or 3-cleft, cither not thickened at the base, or breaking ott' above
a small bulbous thickening which remains attached to the nut. Stem leafy, or leaves
all radical, or reduced to a sheath at the base of the stem. Spil;elets solitary or
clustered, in terminal, or apparentl}- lateral heads, or simple or compound umbels.

S. sniroi.Ai.us, Kill. Nicohars (K.).

S. CAPiTATis, Willd. f^. China. India.

S. (Ei.KociiARis) AKFLATUs, Stcud. (apud Bontham). Khasi Hills. S. China.

S. CniXExsis, ^Munr. Khasi Hills. S. China.

S. JLNCoiDEs, Iloxb. India. Ceylon. S. China.

FuiREXA, Linnwus.

Characters of Scirpus, except there are 3 obovate or obrordatc liypogynous scales,
and sometimes 3 bristles alternating with thorn. Stems leafy. Spikelets greeu, often

120 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

haiiy and squan-ose with the spreading; tips of the glumes, usually in dense clusters,
formiug an irregular terminal narrow panicle.

F. TTiiBELLATA, Rottl). Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. India.

F. 'jJentmjona, "W. et A.
F. GLOiiKiMTA, Lam. S. China. Asia. Africa. Australia.

F. IMthoelUi, Nees.

IsoLEns, R. Broicne.

Characters of Scirjtiis, except there are no liypogynous scales.

I. BAEBATA, Br. 8. Chuia. Asia. Africa. Australia.

Scirpus nwnander and antardiciis, Eoxb.
I. sp. Kamorta (K.).

I. (SciEPUs) surisA, L. S. China. India. Ceylon.

FllIBRISTTLIS, VaJtl.

Sj)/h'Ief.i several-flowered, the glumes imbricate all round, only 1 or 2 of the
lowest empty. Flo ■/ ers liertuaphrodite, without hypogynous scales or bristles.
Sfdi/teiis 3, or fewer. Sti/h 2- or 3-cleft, usually thickened at the base, and
articulate on the nut below the bulb. Leaves usually radical, or sheathing the stem
at its base, sometimes all reduced to sheaths. Spikektu solitary on the scape, or
more frequently on the rays of a simple or compound umbel, one always sessile,
or rarely clustered in a single head, or on the rays of the umbel.

F. ACUMINATA. Nipal. S. China. Java.

F. setdcea, Benth.
F. PODOCARPA, Necs. India. S. China.

F. FERKrciiNEA, Vahl. S. China. India.

F. arcensis, Vahl.
F. sauAEEOsA, Vahl. 8. China. India.

F. j!STivALis, Vald. Burma (M.). S. China.

F. WiuHTiANA, Xees. Bengal. S. China.

F.J line if or mis, Munr. (not Nees).
F. MiLiACEA, Vahl. Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. India.

/''. {Scirpits) fefrac/o?iHs, Eoxb.
F. coMPLANATA, Link. Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. S. China.

F. iiipnrELA, Vahl. Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. S. China.

F. tomentosa, Vahl.

F. Hoe/eiu'diia, var. « et /3, Nccs.

F. communis, Kth.
F. ovALis, Nees. Kamorta (K.). Ceylon.

There are two forms, a glabj'ous and a densely villous one (Kurz).

F. NUTANS, Vahl. Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. Silhet.

F. GLOBULOSA, TTall. Kamorta ( Fv.). Ceylon.

F. scHCENOiDEs, Vahl. India. Ceylon. S. China.

AxosroEuii.
A. CEPHALOTis, Vahl. Kicobars (K.).

Abildgaaedia, VirJil.
Characters and habit of Fimhristylis, only differs in having distichous glumes.

A. MONosTACUTA, Vahl. India. S. China. Ceylon.

A. Rotthoeiliaita, Nees.
A. KEAGEosTis, Vahl. Khasi Hills. S. China. Ceylon.

Fimbristi/iis qiiiiiquaiifiularis, Munr.
A. FuscA, Nees. ' Nipal. Ceylon. S. China.

A. cinnamomctorum, Thwaites.

CYPERACE^E.

121

crrERiF^K.

Sfiikelefs unualli/ manij-foiccreil. Glumes didichous, imbricate, some of the lower often
empty. Fluwirs hermaphrodite. Perianth none, or represented by /lispid bristles. Style
very rarely swollen at the base, deciduous.

KvLLiNGiA, Linnaus.
Spih'lets 1 -flowered, or with a second, male flower, closely imbricate in globular
or oblong heads, or sliort spikes resembling spikelets ; the bracts under each spikelet
very small, or altogether wanting on the interior of the spike. Glumes distichous,
1, 2, or 3 empty ones below the flowei'ing one. Fluiccrs hermaplirodite, without
hypogynous scales or bristles. Stamens 3 or fewer. Style 2-clcft. JS'ut flattened.
Spikes usually solitary or few together, sessile or shortly pedunculate within 2 or 3
long leafy bracts.

K. 3I0N0CEPHALA, L. Grcat Xicobar (K.). Ceylon. S. Cliina.

K. TRICEPS, Rottb. Burma (,M.). Ceylon.

LirocARrnA, R. ISrowne.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, closely imbricate in globular or oblong heads, or short spikes
resembling spikelets, the glume- like bracts under each spikelet as long as the spikelets
themselves. Glumes 2, very thin and transparent, concave and scarcely keeled, one
or both falling off with "the nut, when ripe. Flowers hermaphroiUto, without
hypogynous scales or bristles. Stamens 3 or fewer. Style 2- or 3-deft. Xut slightly
compressed or obtusely 3-angled. Herbs with the habit of Kyllinyia. Spikes usually
3 or 5, rarely solitar)-, sessile, between leafy bracts.

L. ARfiKXTEA, Br. India. S. China. Ceylon.

X. hecigata, Xecs.

Eemlrea, Auhht.

R. 3IARITI1IA, Aubl.

Kamorta (K.).

CiTERCs, Linnaus.

Spikelets several-flowered (very rarely 2- or 3-flowered). Glumes distichous, all
ncerly equal, with 1 flower in each, or 1 or 2 lowest rarely empty. Flowers hemia-
phrodite, without hypogynous scales or bristles. Stamens 3, or fewer. Style con-
tinuous with the ovary, not bulbous at the base. Spikelets in clusters, heads, or
spikes, which are usually several together, in a simple or compound irregular umbel.

C. ERAGEOSTIS, Vahl.

C. POLYSTACHrus, lloxb.
var. C. strictus, Roxb.

C. VULGARIS, Kth.
C. HASPAX, L.

C. tenuispica, Steud.
C. iRiA, L.
C. JitEsTus, Nees.
C. piLosus, Vhl.

C. obliquus, Xees.

C. piptolepis, iSteud.

C. MARGIXELLUS, NcCS.

Perhaps, thinks Thwaites, a var. of the last.

C. RADIANS, Nees.

C. radicans, Kunth.
C. CMBEi.r.ATis, Bcnth.

Mariscus cyperinus, Yahl.

var. b. leucostachya. var. ji Katchall (K.)
C. PENNATis, L. India.

C. canescens, Yalil.

Singapore. S. China.

Kamorta (both varieties) (K.). S. Cliina. Ceylon.

Kamorta (K.). S. China.
Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. S. China.

Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. S. China.
Kamorta and Katchall (K.).
Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. S.China.

India. S. China.

Sikkim. Singapore. S. China.

Tillaiichoung (K.). Typical form
in S. China. Ceylon.

Ceylon. S. China. iS'icobars (K.).

122 . BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

C. EoirxBus, L. S. China.

C. /ic.msfacJn/KS and tenuijioriis, Eottb.

C. perfeiiuis, Koxb.

C. bidbosus, Vahl.
C. BisTAifs, L. S. China. Ceylon. India.

C. PTGMJEUs, Vahl. _ Burma (M.).

C. DiLrrus, Vahl. Kamorta (K.). Cej'lon.

Some species of Ci/penis yield an esculent root, which is of value in times of
scarcity, as C. esculent us and C. bullosus, -which last species grows near the sea in
Southern India, and is pleasant to the taste. C. liexastaijchus is another species,
sufficiently Iragrant to be sought for its perfume. Other species may probably
produce edible roots, as Mason mentions one, which is occasionally seen in Burma,
which tastes something like filberts. C. inundatus is found on mud banks in Bengal,
which it helps to protect from the wasting action of the water. In other respects
the utility to man of reeds and rushes is not great, but some species can be woven
into mats, and it was fi-om a species of this family, Papyrus ant i quo mm, an inhabitant
of tropical Africa, that the earliest substitute for paper was made by cutting the
culm into thin slices, very much as shola {^schynoinene 2}a!ndosa) is now used in
India for various industrial purposes, or the so-called rice paper of China, the pith of
Fatsia papi/rifira, on which the soft and brilliant water-colour paintings of Chinese
subjects are made.

Mason gives the native names of several species of Cuperacem as follows :
"Wet-myit-u ; Myit-kyet-thwon ; Tor-kyet-le-hli ; and in Sgau, Hsgai-ka-tho ; Tlie-
ki-kho ; 0-bo, and Ta-pro.

RESTIALES.
Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, regular or not. Perianth of 4 or 6 glumaceous,
scarious or membranous segments in 1 or 2 series, or reduced to scales or wanting.
Stamens 1 to 3, free or united into a cup. Oeary usually 3-celIed. Ocules solitary,
pendulous, orthotropous. Fruit capsular, rigid or membranous. Enibryo outside
the base of the albumen.

Order EEIOCAULONE.^.

Flou-ers monoecious or dicccious. Perianth inferior, double, the outer bi- or tri-
phyllous, the inner subtubular, trifid or bifid. Stamens double the number of the
perigonial leaflets, inserted on the inner, the alternate often sterile. Ocarij superior,
of 2 or 3 uni-ovular cells. Oniles pendulous, orthotropous. Capsule bi- or tri-ceUed,
loculieidal. Seeds albuminous.

Eeiocaulon, Linnaus.

Floicers sessile, in androgynous (rarely dioecious) heads, with imbricated bracts,
1 under each flower, and a few outer ones empty. Male flowers, perianth of 6 or 4
segments, the outer free, or united, inner ones basally united into a solid stalk.
Anthers 2-celled. Female flowrs, perianth segments all distinct, or the inner shortly
united. Sti/le single, with 3 or 2 stigmas. Capsule 3- or 2-lobod, opening at the
angles. Aquatic or marsh plants.

E. LONoiFOLmr, Nees. Kamorta (K.).

E. TRuxcATUM, ILuu. Kamorta (K.). Ceylon. Silhet.

E. ■\VALLicniAxrii, ^Mart. Tavoy (M.). Ceylon. S. China.

F. Cantoniense, Hook.

F. longifolium, Nees (?).
E. SETACEUM, L. Tavoy. Ceylon.

E. intermedium. Koernicke.
E. CEISTATUM, Mart. Khasi Ilills. Ceylon.

E. miserum, Kwruicke.

flagellariej:. xvride.e. commelyxe.e. 123

Order FLAGELLAEIEiE.

Flowers licrmnplirodito. Perianth of 6 subcqual sogmcnts, in two sories.
Stamens 6, hypij^ynous, free. Anthers 2-ecllo(l, introrse. Sti/lcx 3, papillose
througlioiit. Berry 1- or 2-sce(led. Swlge-liku herbs. Leaves with long sheaths
and parallel nerves.

Plagellakia, Linnaiis.
F. rxBicA, L. Great Xieobar (K.).

Myouk-kycing.

COMMELYNALES.
Flowers hermaphrodite, spiked, panicled, solitary, or capitate. Perundh regular,
or not, of 6 segments in 2 series, 3 outer herbaceous and 3 inner very dilTerent,
petaloid, coloured. Sti/le usually trifld. Embrijo outside the albumen, or in a
distinct cavity in its side.

Order XYRIDE^.

Flowers ,m terminal solitary heads of densely imbrieating, 1-flowercd, rigid
scarious bracts. Capsule 1-celled, iind 3-valvcd. Seeds numerous, angled, or globose,
llush-like, usually erect and rigid plants, growing in swampy places.

Xtris, Linnaiis.

Perianth of 2 lateral outer segments, keeled and compressed, a third broader
and more petal-like, enveloping the 3 inner petal-like segments or lobes. Stamens 3,
fertile, opposite the inner segments, and sometimes 3 sterile iKnicillatc filaments
between them. Placentas parietal. Eush-like herbs.

X. INDICA, L. (M.). Burma. Ceylon.

X. rAuciFLOKA, AVilld. (M.). Buruui. Ceylon. S. China.

Onhr COMMELTNEiE.

Flowers hormapliroditc. Perianth inferior, double. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens
6, hypogynous. Ocanj superior, with 3 few-ovuled cells. Orules orthotropons.
Capsule with 3-2 cells, loculieidal. Seeds albuminous. Leaves altcniato. This family
is of small use to man, though the tubeis of some species are edible when cooked.

Ci'AXOTis, Don.

Flowers regular. Sepals united at the base. Petals united more or less by
their claws, in a 3-l()bed corolla. Stamens 6, filaments bearded towards the top.
Anthers uniform. Oeartj with 2 ovules in each cell, attached to its centre. Capsule
3-valved. Seeds 1 erect, the other pendulous. Creeping or ascending herbs.

C. AXiLLAEis, Eoem. et Sell. (P.). Tenasscrim. India. Ceylon. S.China.

C. FASCICULATA, Iioem. ct Sch. India. Ceylon. S. China.

PoLi.iA, Thunberg.

Flowers regular. Perianth segments free, one jietal rather nari-nwer. Stamens
6. Anthers all with 2 parallel cells, but 3 usiudly barren. Ovarii 3-celled, with
numerous ovules in each cell. Fruit globular, slightly succulent, iiidehisceut, sliiuing
and brittle when dry. Seeds angulai'. Stem erect. Leaves large. Flowers in
terminal panicles. Braets small.

P. (anilkma) DiBYiiA, Haui. Tvhasi Hills.

P. sp. (P.). Tenasscrim.

Floscopa, iMnreiro.
Flowers nearly regular. Perianth segments free, one petal usually narrower.
Stamens 6, all fertile. Ovary contracted at the base or stalked, 2-celled, with 1

124 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOSS.

ovule in each cell. Capsule flattened, didymous, 2-valyed. ^eeds laterally attaclied
by tile broad truncate base. Erect or asceuding herbs. Ffoirers small, in terminal
panicles. Bracts small.

F. PAXicuLATA, Hassk. India. Malayan Peninsula. S. China.

F. rufa, Hassk.

Ditlit/rocarpus capensis and Jlfei/erianim, Kth.

I), petiolatus, Eothii and widulatiis, Wight.

Aneilema liispidum, Don.

AxEiLEMA, JR. Broivne.

Flowers nearly regular. Perianth segments free. Stamens 6 or 4, of which 3 or
2 have ditferently-shaped barren anthers. Oeari/ 3-colled, with 2 to 5 ovules in each
cell. Capsule o-valved. Flowers usually small in terminal panicles. Bracts small.
A. ENSiFOLKTM, Wight. Rwanipv rivulct in Kamorta(K.).

A. ■cxDiPLOEUM, Br. Kamorta (K.). India. Ceylon. S. China.

A. dehile. Wall.
A. diandrum, Ham.
A. compression, Dalz.
A. HEEBACEUM, Wall. Burma (il.).

CoiiMELYXA, Linnteus.

Perianth irregular, 2 sepals larger than the third, and one petal differently shaped
or more sessile than the 2 otliers. Stamens 6, or rarely fewer, of which 3 are fertile,
1 of them larger than the others, 3 baiTcn, with deformed anthers. Ocari/ with 1
1-ovuled and 2 2-ovuled cells. Capsule 2-valved. Flowers few, on 2 peduncles
enclosed in a folded cordate or peltate-turbinate oblique bract, or spathe, -which is
usually pedunculate from a split leaf-sheath opposite the blade.

C. COMMUNIS, L. Kamorta (K.). India. S. China.

0. c-ESPiTOSA, Roxb. Burma (il.).

Hsat-le-kyoung, or Ma-gywot.

C. SALiciFOLiA, Roxb. India. Malay Peninsula. S. China.

C. Bexghalexsis, L. India. S. China.

PONTEDERALES.
Flou-ers hermaphrodite, spiked, panicled or capitate. Perianth of 2 segments or
of 6 biseriate segments, all petaloid or 3 outer, herbaceous or coriaceous. St;ilc single.
Stigma sub-entire. Einhri/u immersed in copious albumen, not external or in a lateral
cavity. Marsh plants.

Order P0KTEDERIACEJ3.

Perianth inferior, petaloid, sex-partite, irregular, persistent. Stamens inserted on
the perianth, 6, or 3 opposite to the inner segments. Ocary superior, of 3 many-
ovuled cells, or 2 sterile, and 1 fertile, and 1-ovuled cell. Fruit or capsule
enveloped by the fleshy perianth. Albumen mealy. Marsh plants.

MoxocnoMA, Presl.

(^Pontederia.)

Perianth nearly regular, divided to the base into 6 spreading segments. Stamens
6, unequal, 1 usually larger, with a small tooth or spur on the filament. Orules
numerous in each cell of the ovary. Capsule free, 3-valved, many-seeded. Leares
radical on long petioles. Scapes with 1 petiolate leaf, the short raceme in its axil
appearing to proceed from the middle of the petiole. Flowers few.

M. (Poxtedeeia) vaginalis, Roxb. (M.). Burma. India. S. China.

Le-pa-douk.

JUXCE.E. ROXBURGIIIACE.'K. ASPARAGEjE. 125

M. (Pon'tedeuia) PLAXTAGiNFA, Tloxb. (M.). Euroi!!. Iiuliii. S. China.
M. (Pon'tedeuia) dilatata, IJuch. (M.). Euruia.

Pailouk-fiyi.

M. (PoiNtedeiua) saogitata, lloxb. (il.). Burma.

The youiig sliDots of P. rtiiioxilia are edihk^, and the wliolc ])kint is used medici-
nally, in diseases of the digestive organs, asthma, and toothaclie.

LILIALES.
M'vrci-s hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, spiked, racemed, panicled or solitary,
rarely capitate. Pfriniith of 6 (rarely 4) sub-similar pieces, or monopetalous, aud
6-lobed and regular (except Gilliesiva;), usually all coloured and petaloid (coriaceous
in Juncew). Emhrjo as in Pimtedendes.

Order jrXCEJ..

Flowers usually hermaplirudite. Perianth inferior, G-])hyllous, gluraaccous,
2-scriate. Stamens 6 or rarely 3, inserted at the base of tlie perianth-segments.
Ovary superior, 3- or 1-eelled, 1- to many-ovuled. Ondes erect, anatiopous. Capsule
1- to 3-celled, loculieidal or septifragal. Seeds albuminous. Einhryo basilar, radicle
inferior, stem herbaceous. Leaves alternate, sheathing.

Annual or perennial herbs, Cffispitose or with a creeping rhizome. Stem
cylindrical, spongy, or sometimes chambered by medullary septa.

Ji'xcus, Linnaus.
J. LEscnENAULTir, J. Cir:iy. India. S. China.

Onler ROXBURGHIACE.E.

Flowers largo, solitary, axillary, fcetid. Perianth of 4 lanceolate petaloid
segments. Stamens 4, hypogynous. Filaments very short. Antliers large, basitixed,
2-celIed, longitudinallj- deliiscing, and produced into a long ajipendage. Oea/i/
1 -celled. Sti/le none.

RoxBUiifiHiA, Pri/aii/ler.
31. sp. {fide Dr. Diedrichsen). Kicobars.

Sir J. Hooker says the tuberous root is candied and eaten in India.

Order ASPARAGE.E.

Flowers tisnally h('vma|>lirodite, regular, pedicels joint(>d. Perianth inferior,
petaloid, sex-partite and biseriate. Stamens 0. Oeari/ superior, 3-celled. Frait
a berry. Seeds with black crustaceous testa. Albumen tleshy.

Asparagus, Linnecas.

A. ACERosrs, lloxb. Burma (M.).

Shit-ma-tet.

The Orders Asparaeieic, Smilacere and 3felanthaeea; are by some botanists (Kurz
e.g ) reduced to tribal rank among the Liliaccie ; but JIaout and Decaisnc separate
them as both a more natural and convenient arrangement. Asparai/ea are int< r-
mediate between Liliaeetc and Smilaeea, being different iatcd from the former by their
berried fruit, and the latter by characters of the testa. Asparagus is a favouiitc
vegetable, remarkable for communicating its peculiar smell to the urine, and its roots
were once esteemed as ptirgativcs. The roots of Cordi/line, on the other hand, are
n.sed us medicine in dysentery, and the plant is cultivated in Burma, cliietly about
Khyoungs or llonastcries. The genus Diae<ma yields the true " dragon's blood," but
the resin of the Padouk ( I'terocarpus) is not unf rcquently substituted for the real
article.

126 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Drac.exa, Vaud.
Perianth tubular, deeply 6-cleft, caducous, valvatc in bud. Stamens 6, adnatc
to the pei'iantli-tube, and free from the throat. An/tiers 2ceUed, versatile. Orari/
free, 3-celled, each cell l-ovuled. Style 3-sulcate, tiliform. Stii/ma capitatuly 3-
lobed. Leaves putioled, or sessile and half stem-clasping.

f Flowers in panicles.
* Leaves sessile, with a narrowed stem-ela.ipinf/ liase. Perianth-luhes more or less
recurred from the middle.

D. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Rosb. £.T. Tree forests of South Andaman. Groat

Kwam-Un-nek (Kurz) Kicobar. Trice and Track.

Panicle eroot, shorter than the leaves, stiff; outer bractlets 1-2 lines long, ■with
scarious border, filaments white. Berry-lobes the size of a small pea.

D. ENsiFOLiA, Wall, E.S. Upper Tenasserim.

Panicle nodding, longer than the leaves, flexuoso. Bracts acute, almost -wholly
scarious ; filaments orange. Pedicels i inch long.

D. BRACETi-nvLLA, Kz., £.S. Tree forcsts of the Andamans.

Panicle much shorter than the :^ to 1^ inch long leaves, erect, stifF. Bracts
linear acuminate, herbaceous, with scarious margin. Pedicels only 2 to 3 lines long.

** Leaves narrowed in a complicate petiole.

\ Perianlh-loles erect- spreading, conniving in a tube. Small shrubs.

D. ELLiPTiCA, Thbg. var. n. Chittagong and all over

Burma and the Andamans.

Flowers sparse. Bractlets 1 line or longer. var. /3. Tenasserim.

var. a. elliptica. Flowers by twos or threes, white.

Kwon len-hpyu.

var. j3. atropurpurea, Bak. Flowers solitaiy, purplish outside.

Ewon-len-hnet.
D. Helfeeiaxa, Kz. ^.iS'. Tree forests of Pegu and Tenasserim.

Flowers 1 -sided. Bractlets minute, broad and scarious.

W Perianth-lobes removed from the middle. Trees.

D. teexifolia, Roxb. Khakyen Hills.

Panicle rather contracted. Corolla twisted. Bracts scarious.

f f Flotrers in simple terminal racemes. Leaves narrowed in a leafy petiole.

D. spiCATA, Eoxb., E.T. Tree forcsts of Chittagong and South

Andaman, Kondul and Kar Nicobar.

PiMluncle shorter than the leaves, bracted, scaly. Pedicels short. Corolla
twisted, tube long, the lobes short, spreading.

D. PACHTPHTLLA, Kz., E.T. Tree forests of South Andaman. Malacca.

Peduncle short or almost none ; the raceme almost as long as the petiole. Pedicels
very short ; corolla not twisted, the lobes not recurved.'
In addition to the above Kurz records

D. I.TXEAEIFOLIA, iliq. Bcach forcsts of Kamorta and Katehall.

I). Finhn/soni, Baker.
D. GRiFFiTnii, lleg. Pare in the tree forests of Kamorta.

' Kurz remarks ; " A 7). spieatu, specie arborea qua cum cl Baker conjimxit, statura humili et
periuntho recto, non torto, jam differt." — J.A.S.B. II. 1873, p. 249.

SMILACE^. MELAXTIIACE.E. 127

CouDTLixE, Commeraon.

Characters of Draeana, but the ovary cells with several ovules.

*C. TEKMiXAi.is, Kth., U.S. Var. n CTiltivated round Monasteries.

Glabrous. Loaves 1 to 3 feet loniJ on a 2 to 4 inch Ions;; stcm-cbis])ing petiole.
Chartaceous grecu or purplish, i'lowers small, solitary, white or purplish.

var. a. terminalis. Flowers larger, sessile.
var. fi.fe)-)-en, Baker. Flowers on pedicels.

Order SMILACE.E.

Flowers usuall}' hermaphrodite. Perianth inferior, petaloid, mostly sex-merous,
biseriate, isostomonous. iitai/iens hypogynous or jjcrigynous. Anthers introrse.
Ovary superior, 3-celled, rarely I, 2 or 4-cellod. Berry few-seeded. Seeds globose.
Testa membranous. Albumen very dense. Herbs or undershrnbs, sometimes with
tendrils or thorns. Leaves all radicle or cauline, alternate or whorled.

This Order is unimportant in Burma. The roots of several American species
of Sinilax constitute the Sarsaparilla of commerce, and a similar article is also
procurable from several Asiatic species.

SMiL.ix, Linneeus.

Flower dioecious. Perianth of 6 spreading segments, all equal, or the 3 outer
larger, or the 3 outer united, and the 3 inner wanting. 3Iale Flowers. Stamens G,
inserted at the base of the segments, or rarely 3, free or monadelphous. Female
Flowers. Stamens rudimeutaiy. Ovary 3 celled, with 1 or 2 erect ovules in each
cell. Stigmas 3, sessile, distinct or shortly united. Fruit a globular berry. Eiahryo
minute, remote from the hilum. Climbers.

S. GLABRA, Roxb. Kluisi Hills. S. China.

S. LANXE.TSFOLiA, Roxb. Kluisi IliUs. S. Cliiua.

S. FEROX, Wall. Khasi Hills. S. China.

S. ov.vLiFOLiA, Roxb. Burma (il.). Ceylon. India. S. China.

S. maerophylla and prolifera, Roxb.
S. roLYACAjJinA, Roxb. Kamorta (K.).

Order MELAIsTHACE^E.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth sub-herbaceous or petaloid, s(^x-raerous, biseri-
ate. Stamens usually 6, inserted at the base of the perianth. Anthers extrorse in
bud. Ovary superior or rarely semi-inferior; of 3 many-ovuled cells. Styles 3.
Seeds albuminous. Emhryo small, included.

METHOyiCIEJE.
Perianth tubular or 6-j)artife. Stamens inserted at the base of the perianth-
segments, or on its tube. Ovules anatropous. Stigmas 3. Fruit eapsulur. Seeds
turgid. Testa thick or fleshy , white or red. Embryo straight,

Methoxica.
M. suPERBA, Lam. (51.).
Hsi-mi-touk.
The Hpungyis collect the roots of this for medicine (Tv.).

VKRATUIE.'E.
Stem or scape leafy. Flowers a.rillary or solitary, or in splices or racemes. Styles
short, usually distinct. Perianth hares free, sessile, or very shortly clawed, sometimes
basally united. Ovary free or semi-inferior.

AXGUILLARIA.

A. IXDICA, Brown (il.). Burma.

128

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Ava. Pci;u. Tenasserim.

Stemona.

S. Griffithiaxa, Kz.

A porennial erect herb, rhizome tliiek, hy])0{rteons, leaves ovate, 3-5 inches lon,2:,
on a petiole of equal lonsth. Flowers proenish-purple. Stamens 4. Filaments
broad, purple. Anthers yellow. Ovary 1-eelled. Ovules 6, linear-oblong, pendulous
capsules bivalved, 3-4 seeded. Seeds sulcately keeled, with a short white basal
rillus.

This order embraces plants of great medicinal efficacy, and yielding the powerful
alkaloids rerafriiie, colc/iiciiie, sahadillinc. Coh/iiciim nufumnale, however, is the only
one which niaj- be deemed inipnrtaut in medicine, though many species are used both
in powder and infusion as vermifuges and insect destroyers.

Order LILIACE^E.

Flouurs hermaphrodite. Pcritinth inferior, petaloid sex-partite, biseriate. Stamens
6. Ovarii supeiior, with 3 several- or many-ovuled cells. Stule simple. Fruit cap-
sular. Albumen fleshy. Stem with a bulbous or fibrous-fascicled root.

H YA CIXTniXIE.E.
Perianth ti/hxJar or G-partite. Stametis inserted on fie receptacle nr perlanth-tule.
Ornles avafropoiis or semi-anatropous. Fruit capsular. Seeds globose or augalar. Trstit
criistaceous, black. Radicle facing thehilum. Herbs with bulious or fihroas-Jascicled roots.

.SciLLA, Linnaus.

Perianth-segments 6, nearly equal, free or nearly so, spreading or forming a bcll-
shapeil or tubular flower. Stamens 6, inserted below the middle, or at the base of the
segments. Ovary with 1, 2 or several ovules in each cell. Stigma entire or nearly
so. Seeds few, black, oblong or globular. Bulbous herbs. Leaves radical, parallel
veined. Flowers pink or blue, in a simple raceme on a leafless scape.

S. iNDicA, Roxb. (M.).
Pa daing-kyet-thwon.

Allium, Linnmis.

*A. SATivrii, L. (M.).
Kyet-tliwdn-hypu. Garlic.
*A. CEPA, L. (M.).
Kyet-thwon-ni. Onion.
*"A. roRRCM, L. (31.).
Tor-kyet-thwon. Leek.
*A. ASCALOXICUM, L. (M.).

The Eschalotte, Shallot, or Onion of Askalon!

Burma.

Cultivated.
Cultivated.
Cultivated.
Cultivated.

ORxrrnoGALUM.

O. REVOLUTrji, Jacq. (31.).
O. CAUDATUlt, Ait. (M.).

A 1.0 INI E.I-:.
Perennial herbs, sometimes arborescent, and with fleshy leaves (Aloe), and roots
fibrous fascicled, often swollen.

Aloe.

*A. SoroTRiNA, L. (M.).
S16k.

LILIACE.E. 129

This plant, a native of the Ciipo of Good Hopo, is now thoronp:lily naturalizcrl in
India and liurma, and makes a valuable! hedfit- plant, where <;ardens rci|uirc protection
near roads fi-oni stray cattle. The insjjissated jnieo forms bitter aloes, the best coming
from Socotra, and the fibres of the ilesliy leaves, yield materials for the mamifaetare
of an excellent and beautiful lul)i-ic.

IlEMKROCA I. IIDIEJE.
rerennial herbs with iuherom or Jibrous roots.

Hemerocallis.

*H. nisTicHA, I). Don (M.).

*H. F0LVA, L. (M.).

To this tribe belongs the vidnable fibre [ilant, rhorniium tt'iiar, which wiaild
probably thrive well in ]5unna, and is deserving attention for the sake of the excellent
iibre or flax which it yields.

TrLirAciE.E.

This tribe is chiefly remarkable for the bcanty of its flowers.

The Order Liliaceoc is an extremely important one to man, as the tribe
Hiiacinthiniea: yields some of the most useful culinary herbs we possess, as the onion,
garlic, and leek. Aloinea are also valuable to man for their fibre and other
pui-poses, whilst the tribe Ttdlpacea: yields some of tlie handsomest and most jnizcd
denizens of his pleasure grounds, as tulips, lilies, and the Yucca, which in full bloom
forms such a glorious object in an Indian garden. The cultivation of the garlic
and onion, especially the former, is probably coeval with history, and their value
as a condiment to the somewhat insipid diet of the inhabitants of warm countries
can hardly be over-estimated. It is worth remembering that the onion and leek
were not formerly eaten by certain classes in Egypt, as we learn from Juvenal —
Porrnm ct coepo nefas violaro et frangero morsu.
0 sanetas gentcs quibus hajc nascuntur in hortis
Kumina!— &(^ AT. 9.'
At the present day onions are not eaten in India by Brahmins, the assigned
reason being their red colour causes them to resemble flesh. There can be little
doubt however that the true reason is the .same occult one, which caused them to
be originally avoided by certain classes in Egypt, though the cause has now died
out of the "knowledge of the men who nevertheless stdl observe the prohibition.
It has been suggested that the free consumption of onions rendered a man liable
to compromise the purity of the air, in the temples wherein he might sulisequently
worship ; but I think a more likely reason for the selection of this plant as a sacred
one may bo discovered in its globular head of seeds, which, in times when a vivid
imagery went hand in hand with the worship of the fecund powers of nature, might
have seemed a fit emblem of the great Solar Orb— the fiaiitful source of life on
earth — and have been set apart as lioly on that account. It recpiires perhaps an
effort now-a-days to n'alize the light "wherein to ns trivial ideas may have then
presented themselves; but a very little knowledge of the subject is required to prove
liow universal and deep-seated was the symbolism connected with religion, when
all religion was imbued with nature worship of either I'hallie or Solar complexion.

ARALES.
Flouvrs hermaphrodite, or unisexual, arranged in a spadex or spike, with or
without a spathe, or sunk in pits of a minute scale-like frond. Perianth of distinct

' 'Tis mort.il sin an onicm ffi devour;
Each clove of garlic i.s a iRavcnly power !
Oh holy nations and 0 sacred clods,
■Where everv fniitt'ul garden teems with gods!

130 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

pieces, white or green, or of minute scales, or wanting. Fruit a clrupe or berry
with one, few, or many minute albuminous seeds. Herbs, often very large, rarely
trees. Leaces simple or pumatifld, very rarely pinnately divided.

Order LEMNACEJE.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth none. Seeds most minute. Small, free-floating
water plants, comprising the smallest known phanerogams.

Lemx.\, Linnaus.

L. PAucicosiAiA, Hegclm. In a marsh behind Katjui, Katchall (K.).

This order embraces the smallest known phanerogams. L. minor is the famiUur
duck-weed of our English ponds.

Order AKOIDE^.

Flowers usually monoecious, more rarely difficious or hermaphrodite, inserted on
a simple spadix, furnished with a spathc, with or without a perianth. Orary 1 to
several-celled. Ocules basilar or parietal. Fruit a berry. Seed usually albuminous.

The Aroidecs are hei-baceous perennial plants, with rhizome or tubers and then
stcmless, or caulescent with straight, branched, and arborescent stems, marked with
petiolar scars, sometimes sarmentose, or climbing by means of adventitious roots,
sometimes viviparous {Remusatia riripara), very rarely floating {Pistia). The leaves
of all known species but one [Anthurium violaceuin) are glabrous, but in other respects
very variable, sometimes recalling Spiiri/nuiete (Acorus), sometimes ATarantacea
(Aglaonema niarantfcfoliura), sometimes Smilacece (Goniurus), sometimes Taccacea
(l)iacunculus, zVmorphophallus), and sometimes even some Dicotyledonous plants, as
Aquilarinea (Heteropsis sulicitblia), or Cycadece (Zanioculcas).

ARACIE.E.

Flowers diclinous, aehlamydeous, the female on the lower, the male on the upper part
of the s^iadix.

Section PISTI.A.CI\.E.

Spadix adnate to the spathe. Female flowers solitary, separate from the male
flowers. Aquatic, floating herbs, stoloniferous or teri'estrial, with tuberous rhizome.

PisiiA, Linnaus.
P. SIHATIOTES, L. (il.).

AlIDROSINIA.

A. ? (il.).

Section DRACUXCULIX.E.

Spadi.K free, or rarely adnate to the base of the spathe. Moncecious or very rarely
dioecious. Flowers male and female, sometimes separated by rudimentary organs.
Herbs with usually a tuberous or thick rliizome. Spathe coloured, usually violet,
glabrous or hairy within, and foetid.

Arum, Linnreus.

Spathe convolute or tubular at the base. Spadix androgynous, the ovaries at
base, the stamens higlier up, with barren organs either between the ovaries and
stamens, or above the stamens, or both ; the rachis ending in a club-shaped or pointed
appendix. Stamens distinct. Anthers 2-celled, sessile or on short filaments. Oraries
1 -celled with 1 or more ovules. Hhizome usually tuberous. Leaves entire, or 3-lobed,
on long radical petioles. Scapes radical, without bracts under the spathc.

A. BiVAUicATUii, L. India. Ceylon. S. China.

A. HAPIFORME, Koxb. CSi..).
A. TRILOBATUM, L. (il.).

A. orixense, Koxb.

AROIDE.E. 131

Thwaites considors A. orixenne as identical with the Liiincan ])lant. The roots
are very acrid, and applied in poultices as a counter-irritant, and also to destroy
maggots in the sores of cattle.

AjioitpnopnALLUs, Illume.

Spatlie of Arum. S/iadix continuouslj- andro<;Tnous without barren organs, and
ending in an appendix, sonictinics very large. Anthers sessile, 2-celled. Oriiries dis-
tinct, 2-, 3- or rarely 4-cclled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell. Leares divided into
3 segments, which are again once or twice pinnately divided. Spadix often livid
purple, and veiy foetid.

*A. CA5IPANULATUS, Roxb. (il.). Cultivated.

Weh. Telinga potato.

Cultivated for its roots, which are cooked like yams, and liighly esteemed,
weighing each from four to eight pounds. In a good soil the yield is as much as
250 maunds (lbs. 20,000) to a Bigah.

Section colocasixjj:.
Spadix free, terminated by a naked and sterile appendage (Colocania, etc.) or
without appendage {Caladium, etc.). Flowers male and female, numerous, usually
separated by rudimentary organs. Herbs with tuberous rhizomes, stemless or
caulescent, sometimes climbing. Spafhe usually sweet-scented.

COLOCASIA, Buy.

Spaflie and spadix as in Arum. Sfawfiis united, several together, in short
truncate or peltate masses, with the anthers laterally adnata. Oiaries 1-celkd or
partially 3-celled, with several ovules. Leaves usually large and glaucous, cordate
and sometimes peltate. Spadix usually sweet-scented.

* C. AXTiQCOErir, Schott. Cultivated in Burma and the Kicobars (K.).

Peing.

C. viROSA, Kth. Kamorta (K.).

C. ixDicA, Yoigt (IT.).

Sit-tung.

C. ODOEA, Yoigt (M.).

Peing-ma-haw-ya.

Of this plant Dr. Mason remarks : "This is a most singular plant. It has a
stem 1 or 2 feet high and 6 inches in diameter, resembling a low palm, while
its leaves are like gigantic cabbage leaves 3 or 4 feet long, by 2 or 3 wide. The
flowers are said to be fragrant. The natives do not cultivate it for food, like tlie other
species of Arum, liut, as they say, fur medicine." In addition to the above sjiecies of
this family. Dr. Mason gives the names of several others, some of which, it may be
presumed, are cultivated varieties of Coloiasia, which in India has several names in the
vernacular. They are as follows; — Koung-gen-peing, Pan-nai-nat, "Wel-kyouk-peing,
Pcing-kyan, Peing-ung, Peing-kyoung-khyae, I'eing-shau, and P(ing-]ian-htwrin.
The roots of Coloeasia arc much used as food, but are little esteemed by Eurojieans.
The best way of cooking them is to lioil them tirst, and then bake them, when the
superior varieties would probably be found (especially where potatoes are unpro-
curable) more deserving of notice than they are generally thought.

Section AX-VPORIXE^E.

Spadix free [Aglaonema) or adnatc to the spathe {Spathicarpa), rarely ending in a
sterile appendage {I'inellia). Flowers female and male contiguous, the female usually
mingled with staminodes. Herbs with knotted rhizome, stemless, or caulescent.

Agi.ao.nema.
A. sijiPLKx, Bl. Katchall and Kamorta (K.).

133 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

cjllaciej:.

Flowers lieDiiiiphroditc, or male and fem(tle on the same spadi.c, aehlamydeous or not.

Section CALLIX.E.
Spathe coloured. Flowers aclilaraydeous.

CnAM^LOCLADOX.

C. ovATUii, Scliott. Great Nicobar (K.).

ScixDAPsus, Schott.

S. pTEEoroDus, T. et B. Great Nicobar (K.).

The family of Aroidew is of no p-eat value to man, thougli many species yield
edible roots, which, liowever, arc chiefly in repute anionc; the poorer classes. Some
species are cultivated for tlie beauty and the variety of colour of their smooth cordate
leaves [Caladium). whilst otliers are notorious for their repulsive odour. The Arum
maculatum of our English hedges is a familiar example of this family, and is known by
a variety of popular names, many of the older and now obsolete ones being of a highly
indelicate character, and referring to the supposed amatory virtues of the plant, or the
shape of the spadix. One of them, however, Aaron, is a mere vulgar corruption of
the word Arum.^ The most curious point, perhaps, about this family is the great
amount of heat the floweiing spadix of many AriDits gives ofl:', varying fi'om 7" to 12°
above that of the atmosphere, and even 22'"^ according to some observers.

Section 0K0XTIX..13.

Spathe persistent, herbaceous or sometimes coloured, rarely wanting, covered
■with hermaphrodite flowers.

Poxnos, Linn/ius.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in a globular or cylindric spike, usually stipitato above the
convolute or concave spathe. Perianth of 6 small concave scales or segments.
Stamens 6, opposite the perianth scales. Filaments flat. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary
l-celled with 1 to 3 erect ovules. Stiijma ses.sile. Berries 1- or 2-seeded. Albumen
none. Stem, usually creeping or clindjing. Leares entire, coriaceous, usually articulate
on the more or less dilated petioles. Peduncles axillary, often bracteate below the
spathe.

P. .SCAXDEXS, L. The Xicobars (K.). India. S. China. Ceyhm.

P. Seemanni, Schott. Prod. Aroid. p. 564, "and probably the whole of the first
19 species enumerated in that work." — Bcutham.

P. riNN.ATIFIDA (P.).

P. GIGANTEA, lloxb. (JI.).

Nga-ya-gye.

P. RECUKSIVA, Eoxb. (P.).

p. LASiA, Koxb. (p.).

p. HETEKOPHYLLA, Roxb. (P.).

Section ACOEIN.'E.
Spathe leaf-like, adnate to the peduncle. Floicers hermaphrodite, covering the
spadix. Leaves eusit'orm, equitant, sheathing in vernation.

HoMALONEMA, Liwiaus.
H. AROiiATicuM, Schott. Kamorta. Pulu-Milu (K.).

' Consult "Popular Xames of Briti-h riauts," liy E. C. A. Prior, under '•Arum maculatum,"
" Wake-pintle,'' and "Lords and LaiUes."

AROIDE-E. PAXDAXE^E. 133

AcilUUS, LilDUCUS.

Flowers lu'rnuiplirodito, in a cylindrical spike, the spatlic Hnoar and continuous
■with the scape. Perianth of 6 concave scales or segments. Stamens 6, opposite the
segments. Filaments linear, tlut. Anthers terminal. Ocarij 3-celled, %\ith several
ovules in each cell. Stigma sessile on the obtuse top. Seeds albuminous.

A. CALAMUS, L. (il.).

Len-luii.

This is the sweet cane of the Scriptures, and not sugar-cane, as some have
supposed (Jlason).

The whole plant is aromatic, hut the root ahnie ])reserves this quality in drying.
It occurs in the bazaars in the shape of wrinkled pieces, and is esteemed by the
Hindus as a stimulant in cases of ague and flatiilency. T'ho Calamus aromaticus
of the ancients is considered liy Eoyle to be a grass, Amlrojnigon calanius-aromatictis
one of the species yiehling the fragrant ' grass oil.'

KArAi.ixE, Schotf.
H. BENTnAMiAXA, Schott.
Jfasonanthiis niveus, Kurz.

K\irz thus describes this plant : — " A small glabrous herb about J- a foot high,
with a somewhat tuberous root, at base sheathed with a long linear white sheath.
Leaves 3 incdies long, on petioles of equal length, oblong, deeply sinuate-cordate,
the basal lobes overlapping each other, and bluntish-prolouged, glabrous, uniformly
green, shortly acuminate, the nerves anastomosing. Ftoirers 2 or 3, from the rhizome
on long slender o to 4 inch long scapes, the spathe snow-white, linear-lanceolate to
lanceolate, about J an inch long, complicate at base, net-veined, rcflexcd, the male
spadix esserted, straight, linear-subulate, white, nearly as long as the s/iathe.

" In Eng Forests near Karway (Tsittoung), Martaban. A simple-looking but
really attractive plant, growing clandestinely along with other varieties, such as
Hemiurcliis Birmanica, Kurz, and Ariopsis, on the sterile laterite ground. I have
called it ' Dr. Mason's snow-white tlower,' in honour of the Itev. Dr. ilason, at
Toung-ngoo. Any one who knows this active and nujdest gentleman pcrsonallv, and
who knows a little about tlower-hiuguage, will agree with me, that 1 could have
selected no better plant for dedicating to liim than the one before me."

It would seem, however, that the plant in question had already received a name,
and the above words of Kurz, describing his Jfusonanthns, will alone remain as an
honourable recognition of i)r. Mason's amiable qualities of heart and niiud.

Order PANDANE^E.

Flowers dia-cious or polygamous, naked, or simjjle or branched. Spadices, pro-
tected by many spathes. Male tiowers : Stamens naked, simple, or variously connate.
Anthers erect, '2-celled, the cells dehiscing liuigitudinalh-, truncate or the connective
produced. Eemale tiowers: Ovaries naked or rarely surrounded bv sterile stamens,
solitary or several united into a bundle, 1-celleil, tlie ovules solitary or numerous,
and inserted in 2 series along the bi- to septi-parietal placentas; stignuis often
sessile. Drupes fibrous- woody or flesliy, free or variously connate, 1- or many-
seeded. Testa membranous or rarely crustaceous. Albumen fleshy. Fnihnjo almost
basal, small, with an inferior radicle. Tre(^s branched or simple-stemmed, or shrubs
often scandent or sup])orte(l by strong aeriid roots. Li-aves sinqilc, elongate, si^ssile,
parallel-nerved, often spiny along the margin, distichous, or arranged in a trijile or
rarely simple sjjiral. Drupes simple or compound, collected in more or less compact
heads isyncarps).

Paxdanus, Zrn7ia'us.

Flou-ers dioecious. Males : Spadix compound ilcshy, at the base, and at the
branchings furnished with yellow or white spathes. Stamens very numerous, single,
or more usually united into bundles. Anthers erect, 2-celled. Females : Spadix often

134 ECIUIA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIONS.

simple, rarely branched, similarly protected by pale green, rarely -wliitisli leafy spathos.
Drupes tibrous, woody, with a tlesliy epicarp, arranged into comiiaet lieads, free or
united into bundles, usually angular pyramidal, 1-seecled, or as many (or fewer) seeds
as di'upes thus united. Putainen bony. Seeds large, strophiolate.

* Drupes simple.

f Stigmas simple, spiny-ucumiaate, continuous with the apex of the drupe. Stamens
free. Anthers acuminate.

P. FCETHius, Eoxb. E.8. Tidal forests of Arakan and Tenasserim.

'Jha-kyet or Tau-tha-kyet (Kurz).

Skrubby, soboliferous. Drupes quite smooth.

f f Stigmas spinescent, and often depressed, usually 2-Z-forked, horny and deciduous.
Stamens palinately connate. Anthers aristate or spiculate.

P. FURCATUS, Roxb., E.T. Tree forests of Chittagong, Pegu, and Tenasserim.

A large robust tree. Leaves 2-4 inches broad, spiny armed. Stigmas forkedly
2-3 spinous.

A. GEAMixiFOLics, Kz., E.T. Tenasscrim.

A slender screw pine. Leaves only 3-4 lines broad, minutely spinulosc. Stigmas
veiy short, blunt.

* * Drupes united into phalanges [rarely the one or ftro, siinple). Stiymas sessile,
or nearly so, renij'orm, or peltate. Stamens racemose-united ; the anthers aristate.

f Leaves spiny along the margins and midrib.

P. Leeam, Jones, E.T. Marshy spots in coast forests of the Andamans

and Nicobars.

' Leaves dark-green, 4-5 inches broad, I0-I8 feet long, phalanges the size of the

fist.

P. Andamanensium, Kz. E.T. Tree forests of the Andamans.

As the last, but drupes only 2 inches long. Leaves gradually acuminate.

P. oDOEATissiMus, L. f. E.T. Coasts of Burma. The Andamans.

Tsat-tha-pu (Kurz).

Leaves glaucous or wliitish, 3-5 feet long.

Kamorta and Katchall.

f f Leaves with smooth margins.

* P. Lj;vis, Eumph. Cultivated about villages.

As the last, but all parts without spines.

Kurz makes the following observations on some peculiarities presented by species
of this genus (J.A.S.B. 1876, Part II. p. 152) : — " The form which grows along the
beaches forms arboreous ascending shrubs, much branched, and sending down quite
a labyrinth of straight aerial roots, but the one which grows on the heaths is
entirely tlitferent, being a small tree from twenty to twenty-five feet in height, with
a stout grey simple stem, which sends down short and thick aerial roots, from the
lowermost part only, while the crown is small, sparingly and shortly branched, and
very dense.

" There are besides, two varieties of these trees on the heaths, the one having the
stigmas normal, as in the littoral form, and the drupes connate high up, so as to afiect
a tesselated appearance, while the other variety lias the di'upes free for about one
fourth of their- length from the top, terminating in short erect points, on the inner

' There is some discrepancy here I cannot rectify. In the index of species the leaves are descrihed
as 15-18 feet loucr and 4-j inches hroad, whilst iu'the textual description they are described as 8-15
feet long by 2-3 inches broad (W.T.).

PASDAMLE. 135

surface of -wliich the linear-IamiHjluto stigmas arc situated. The foHaijo in the one is
darker green, l)ut the male llowtrs of both varieties arc exactly the same. Dr.
Hancc (in Trim. Jour. Lot. l«7u, p. 08) has remarkdl upon the variability of the
stigmas in screw-pines, but overlooked that I had mysell' pointed out this fact (Jour.
Bot. 18G7, p. 99) with the ciualitiiation, that they vaiy without therefore giving up
their essential value. The stignuis ought to be described from the ovaries, or the
young drui)es, but it is difticult to collect such. It is Usually only after the syncarps
have attained some size that they catch tlic eye.

" The male organs appear to me to be of much liighcr value, in grouping the
species of Pandanus, but the time has not yet ariived, when these organs shall bo
available for all, or even for most of tlie species. Pandunm helicopus was correctly
placed by me iu the section liychia, as I find on re-examination of my uuiterial, and
I Lave also .since obtained the nude spadices of it, which show racemose anthers."

The Pandanm is a useful tree. The basal pulpy [lart of the dru])es can be eaten
on emergency, as also can the tender white base of the leaves. The m;de flowers of
the P. odoratixximus exhale a delightful perfume. The leaves are used for thatching,
and when split up into strips, are made up into soft and durable mats, used either for
packing purposes or made into bags to hold different sorts of produce, whilst from the
tough strong roots, split up, baskets arc made.

FiiETCiNETiA, Gdudieliaud.

Flowers diceeious, or rarely spuriously p(dygamous, in simple or branched
spadices. ]\[ales : Stamens free, naked. Anllwrs ^-celled, opening longitudinally.
Femidex: Oraries naked, or stirroundcd by sterile stamens, united into bundles, 1 -celled,
with as many parietal placentas, as sessile stignuis. Onifes numerous, attached in 2
series to the placentas. Bcrrici united in a fleshy syncaip. Seeds very numerous,
minute.

F. iNsiGxis, BL, E.S.S. Tree forests of the Andamans,

Katchall, and Kamorta (K.).

Leaves 3-stichous, 1.1-3 feet long, spiuulose-serrute in the margins and mid-rib.
Stigmas 3-1, horse-shoe shape.

F. scANDEXs, Gaud. Katchall and Kamorta (K.).

Kurz is in doubt if this is Gaudichaud's plant, or the young state of the last.

PALMALES.

Flotrers hermaphrodite, unisexual, or polygamous. Periauih double, each of 3
segments in 2 distinct series, imbricate or valvate in bud. Stiimeim 6, or rarely
more, or three only. Anthers versatile, 2 celled, (iein-i/ usually consistiug of 3 carpels,
free or united, in a 3-celled ovary, with a solitary or rarely 2 erect ovules in each
carpel or cell. Stir/mas 3, usually sessile, undivided. Fnn't either a 3- or 1-celled
drupe or beiry, or consisting of 3 distinct drupes or berries, either all develoi)ed,
or 1 or 2 of them aborted. Pericarp smooth, or variously rough, retrorsely scaled.
Seed erect or laterally attaclied. Albumen first milky, then indurating and homy, or
bony-homogeneous, or acuminate, solid, or hoUovi' in the centre, or outside. Embryo
small, in a cavity near the outside of the albumen. Sim/'le or soboliferous trees, erect
or decumbent, very rarely branched, or lofty scandent shnxbs. Leaves usually very
large, usually crowded at the summit of the trunk, or alternate folded in the bud,
pinnately or palmately divided, rarely simple, the petioles more or less sheathing.
Flowers comparatively small, usually sessile, in simple or panicled spikes, enclosed
when young in several, or rarely in single sheathing bracts, called spathes, and
usually with 3 small bractlets under each flower.

136 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOSS.

A large noble gnrap, -which yields wine, oil, "wax, sago, flour, dragon' s-Lloorl,
sugar, fibre, utensils, weapons, food, and habitations. The cocoa, date, betel-nut,
palmyra, rattan, etc., are well known. Kurz remarks : " The size ol' the palms is
often enough variable and, amongst the many examples, I shall mention only Plianix
pidudosa, the stem of which varies in height from only 2 to 3 feet up to 15 to 25 feet.
Sobolifieation is a character of little value in my eyes. I look upon it rather as an
idiosyncrasy, and, tlierefore, not even as a sufficient character on wliich to establish
a variety. No doubt in very many species this character has become general and
constant, but atavisms are not unfi-equent. We know, for example, cases in which the
common betel-nut palm has made as many as 7 shoots, and similar examples are not
wanting (especially in Phienix, Cocos, Arenga, Euterpe). Areca triniidrii has simple and
soboliferous trunks with all intermetliate states, and I have, therefore, unhesitatingly
connected with it A. laxa, a species that differs in no structural points. Canjota
sohoUfera is another example wherein simple-stemmed and soboliferous plants may
occasionally be found in the Burmese jungles not a dozen yards from one another.
Species based upon such distinctions, if not also accompanied by structural differences,
are in my opinion untenable, and gi'ouping palm-species after such a character is
simply misleading.

■'Again, the armature in Calamus would appear to me to be also subject to
variation within certain limits. It certainly is often very different, according to the
age of the rattan itself, or accordingly as the sheaths come from the lower or upper
parts of the plant. On the other hand, the Calami (including Bamonorops)
offer so many valuable characters in their spathes and spathules, nature of seeds,
lorie, and flagellar, and, finally, in the scales and stamens, that we may confidently
look forward to a sound ancl natural classification of the rattans so soon as the
numerous book-species, often based upon incomplete pieces only, shall have been got
rid of. The ditt'erence in the scales of the fruits of Calamus in different stages
of growth is so far as possible illustrated in the present paper. The indument of the
inflorescences and their spathes seems to afi'ord valuable characters, especially to
herbarium-botanists. The colour, however, of the same varies greatly in the same
species, as for example in A. gracilis, in which some individuals have yellowish-
white and bright scarlet spailices, while others have them greenish-purple.

" Burmese palms are still very incompletely known, especially the rattans.
While the distributional area of the leiocarpous palms is greater than one might
have expected, that of the rattans is singularly restricted and limited. Thus I
have been unable, in spite of all the pains I have taken, to identify several of
my Burmese rattans with any of the 100 species or thereabouts already published.
Only the more light-loving species, such as C. Guruba, fasciculatus, etc., have
a wider distribution."

Suh-fumihi CAL.^ilEJi:.
"" Fruit covered with refrorseli/ imlricate scales or bristles. Seeds often ariUate.
Usually armed climbers, rarehj erect or unarmed.

f Flowers spirally arranged, forming a dense cylindrical spike.

Zalacca, Itumjjliius.
Erect palms, stemless or nearly so. Albumen homogeneoiis. Male flowers solitary
or paired, bracteated within the small spathaceous-connate spathules, and inclosed by
2 boat shaped connate bracts. Ftmalejluwers solitary within the small spathule and
enclosed within 2 ovular bractlets. Calyx in both sexes trifid. Drupe almost
1 -celled, tlu'ough thinning of the cell-walls, I to 3-seeded. Seeds with a dense fleshy
arillus.

Z. Wallichiana, Mart. Tree forests all over Pegu and Tenasserim.

Z. edulis, Reinw. (apiud Mason).

Ten-gan-khyo, or Khyen.

The fruit is eaten by natives according to Dr. Mason, who further remarks: " The
Selungs of the Mergui Archipelago shoot over their waters with remarkably light

CALAME.E. 137

boats, and they owe tlicir tmoyaiiry to the materials that form tlicir sides, wliicli arc
the steins of tlie edibli' Zalai'ra. These steins are as liglit and of tlie eousisteiicy of
corli, for which they are often substituted, and the Sehings are skilful in unitinp;
them tojjether to serve instead of planks, so as to make an unecjualled sea-bout, that
floats on the waves like a swan."

KoicrnALsiA, B/iime.

Seandent palms. AJhnmen ruminate. Flowers dioecious, solitary, within a sealo-
like bract, and enihrai-ed by - bractlets, Tinited in a eup formiuj; a terete catkin or
spike. Corolla tripartite. Drupes 1-seeded, densely covered with rigid, imbricate
retrorse scales.

K. scAPniGKRA, Mart. E.S.P. All over the Andamans.

Spines on the petioles almost straight, 3—1 lines long. Drupes obovoid, A inch long.

K. LACixiosA, Mart. E.S.P. Tenasserim.

Spines on the petioles short, reflexed. Drapes turbinate, the size of a small pea.

f f Flotrer.1 dintirhoHs {reri/ rarely yrurioiiili/ unilateral). Seandent, often lo/ti/
palms, very rarely erect.

Plectocomia, Bliime.
Flowers in small naked racemes or spikes, hidden by the di'~ticlionsly imbricate
spathes, and arranged in long tail-shaped pauieled catkins ; Di<ecious. IMale
flowers in pairs. Stamens 6. Females solitary. Calyx and corolla 3-parted. Drupes
densely covered with reflexed imlu'icate shining scales, 1-seeded. Lraces piuuute,
the rachis terminating in a whip-iiko tendril armed with recurved thorns.

P. MACUOsTAcnrA, Kz. E.G. Tenasserim. Eithoko llangc at oOOO feet.

All parts glabrous, the petiole and rachis s])iny. Spines straight, up to ?,- inch
long. A lofty climber, distinguished from P. ehnyata, EL, by its larger flowers and
more densely imbricate si)uthules.

Calamus, Linnaus.

Flowers solitary in the spathules, forming panicles, polygamously dicecious.
Calyx and corolla tiiiiartite. Stamens G. Drupe covered with retrorsely imbrieato
scales, 1-seeded. Arillus watery, white or rosy, often edible. Evergreens, known
as ' rattans.'

* Flowers usually sessile, spathes persistent, all tubular or fattened, not from a
tiihilar base. Albumen usually hoinoyenenas.

f Drupes sessile, i.e. t/ie periiinth mure or less spreading and adhering to the base
of the fruit. Spathules of the spikes much imbrieated, the exserted part cymbifurm,
shorter than broad, truneate.

I Seales of fruit without a eonspiraous appendage.

A rinncc equidistant, no leaf tendrils.

C. AHBORESCKXS, Gritf. Tree furests in marshy spots, Pegu.

Duu-oung (Kiirz).

A stoloniferous, gregarious, erect, tufted rane. Finnic wliite beneath. Leaves
6-8 feet long, non- flagellate.

C. EREcrrs, Koxb. Tree forests of Chittagong and Pegu.

Theing (Kurz).

Low tufted, ifrtAimi-like palm, all parts glabrous. Leaves uniformly green, and
8-12 feet long.

A A Pinna fascicled or interruptedly approximate.

C. FASCicuLATcs, Koxb. All over Burma and the Andamans.

Kyeing-kha (Kurz).

138 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Young stem whitish, powdery. Leaves without tendrils. Pinna interruptedly-
fascicled. iJnipes globular, straw-coloured.

C. L.iTiroLius, Roxb. Tree forests all over Burma and the.Audamans.

Yan-ma-htu.

Glabrous. Leaves tendril-bearing. Pinnx broad, alternately approximate.
Drupes oblong, brown.

\ \ Scales of fiuiis produced into a fringed appendage as long or longer than the
cruslaceous scale itself.

C. AxDAiiAxicus, Kz. The Andamans and Tree forests of

Kamorta and Car Sicobar.

Leaves tendril-bearing. Inflorescence without tendrils. Pruj^es I inch long,
straw-coloured.

C. iiuKiNus, Kz. Tree Forests of Pegu. Tenasserim and the Andamans.

Lemay.

Leaves without tendrils. Inflorescence with tendrils. Prtqies an inch long or
more, variegated dark and pale brown.

f f Prupes seated on the erect, indurated, thick, pedicel-like pierianth. Spathules
usuallg long-exserted and tubular, rarely eymhiform and imbricate, rarely truncate.

Spathules imbricate, broader than long, truneate.

C. TENUIS, Eoxb. Chittagong and Pegu.

Leaves without tendrils. Pinna: equidistant. Prupes globular, | inch thick,
straw-coloured.

Spathules exserted and rather elongate.

" S/iathes icith a short acute limb only.

C. GRACILIS, Pioxb. Chittagong.

Leaves without tendrils. Pinna interruptedly-approximate. Prupes ellipsoid,
straw-coloured, nearly an inch long.

C. Helferiams, Kz. Tenasserim (or the Andamans).

Leaves without tendrils. Pinna equidistant, narrow. Spathes green, veiy thin,
compressed-tubular, almost unarmed.

C. PARADOXUS, Kz. Tree forests of Palawa-zoik (Toukyakat) East of Toung-ngoo.

Leaves tendril-bearing. Pimm distinct, alternately approximate. Male flowers
in recurved small spikelets, or fascicles exserted from the spathules.

° ° Lower spathes e.rpanded in a flat elongate limb, only at the short base tubular.

C. GURUBA, Mart. All over Burma.

Kyeing-ni (Kurz).

Leaves without tendrils. Pinna narrow, equidistant. Prupes globular, the size
of a pea, the scales straw-coloured with dm-k borders.

* * Flowers usually pedicelled. Spathes deciduous, the outer one boat-shaped and
large. Albumen usually ruminate.

D.^EiioxoRors, Plume.

Spathes cleft to the base. Spathules incomplete, reduced to bractcolcs. Spadix
erect, stiff, never tendril-bearing. Scandent rattan Palms.

f Spathes unarmed, or nearly so.

D. HYPOLEUcus, Kz. Tcnasseiim. The Thoungyeen Valley.
Leaves without tendrils. Pinna interruptedly approximate, white beneath.

f f Spathes, or at least the outer ones, much armed.

J'ALM.£. 139

D. GRAxms, GriiF. Tno forests of the Andamans.

Leaves uniformly green. Sheatlis anil sputlies outside fearfully armed with
flat, glossy, blaek spiues. Drupes gloliular, the size of a cherry. 'Dragon's-blood'
is sparingly produced by this tree (Kurz).

i)r. Mason records the following species, Avliich arc, most of them, no doubt,
included iu the above list of siiecies of Calamus by Kurz : C. plati/spaf/ius, Grid". ;
C. palustris, Griif. ; C. mehumcanthus, Giitf . ; V. voneinnus, Griff.; C. nilidus, Griff. ;
C. laciniosus, Gritf. ; C. louf/isefiis, Griff., and the following vernacular names of
various Calami: Kyeing-ta-boung, Kyeing-kha, Kyeiug-na-tha, Kyeing-tan, Kyeing-
bok, llpwc-to-ma, Ta-neu-tha-ri-kyeing,' Kyeing-hpyu, Thwon-kyeiug.

filth-family PALMiE GEXUIX^E.
Fruits not imbricate-sealy, but smooth or variously rough or tubercled. Seeds
without arillus. Usually erect, very rarely armed palms.

FLABELLATJE.

Leaves fan-shaped. Perianth complete iti both sexes. Erect valves.
§ Coraphinm. Ocary apocarpous, consisting of 3 free, or apicalhj united carpels, or
only the styles united, usually only one of the carpels comiiig to perfection.

CoiiTriiA, Li)inteus.

Flowers hei'maphroditc ; clustered. Stamens hypogynous. Drupe corticate.
Pinna united into a blade. Erect palms, dying off after flowering.

Drupes the size of a wood-apple or orange.
C. TTMBRACrLrPEEA, L. Cultivated in Tenasscrim.

Pe-pcu.

All parts glabrous. Trunk lofty, annulated (not spirally grooved). Drupes i
inch long, solitary or by 2-3, dirty blue. Albumen homogeneous, horny.

A noble Palm, which however dies off after flowering. The pith of the trunk
yields a sort of sago, and the leaves are made into huge fans.

Drupes the size of a cherry.

C. Gebanga, B1. Occasionally cultivated.

C. elata, Koxb.

Trunk spirally grooved, as if twisted, CO-70 feet long. Petioles 6-12 feet long.
The pith yields a sort of sago.

C. MACKOPODA, Kz. Bamboo Jungles on Termoklcc and AVcstern

Dondar (of the Andamanese). side of South Andaman.

Trunk 8-12 feet long. Petioles 18-25 feet long.

\ \ Inflorescences axillary, corolla 3-parted. Drujte sappy.

LivisTOXA, R. Brown.

Flowers hermaphrodite, clustci-cd. Stamens perigynous. Albumen with a cavity
filled with the intruding integuments. Pinna: connate in a blade.

L. sPECiosA, Kz. Tree forests of the Eastern slopes of the Pegu Range

Htan-myouk-lu, Tor-htau (Kurz). ""^1 Upper Tenasscrim.

Leaves palmately flabellate, 6-7 feet across, plaited, the petiole at the base, up
to an inch broad, and armed with strong sharp falcatcly-curved flatfish, black spines.

CuAJi.iiBors, IJunaus.

Flowers polygamous, several together. Stamens hypogynous. Albumen with a
longitudinal furrow. Pinnee united into a blade. Erect palms.

' Corrui)ttd by the Englisli iuto ' Tenasscrim ' !

140 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

C. Khastaxa, Griff. Khakyen Hills and IMartaban at 4000 and 6500 feet.

Leares palmately flabellate, 4-5 feet across. Fruit-bearing spadix docompoundly
branched, panicle-like, nodding, glabrous.

Lici'ALA, Itionplilus.

Flowers bcrmaphrndite, solitary, or by twos or threes. Stamens perigynons, the
filaments inserted at the throat, and united into a ring. Pinna: fi-ee or united with
flabellate segments by threes or more.

* Flowers large. Leaves peJtaiehj flalellate.

L. PELTATA, Eosb. Trcc forests all over Burma and the Andamans.

Sa-lu (Kurz).

Cahjx ^ to g of an inch long.

* * Flowers smM. Calyx not above 2 lines long. Leares imlmatehj-jlahellate.

L. PALUDOSA, Griff. Tidal forests and swamps in the Andamans.

Trunk 4-8 feet long. Petioles aculeate, bordered along their whole length.
Cahjx about a line long.

L. LONGiPEs, Griff. Forest south of :Mergui.

Slia-zoung. Pinang lawyer.

Almost stemless. Petioles unarmed for the upper thii'd of their length. Cahjx
li line long.

Carpels s>jiiearpous. The ovari/ 2—i-ceJle(l, tcith as many ovules. Prtipes 2-4-
celled, with as many seeds.

§ § Borassinre. Ovary synearpous, 2-4-eelleil, with as many oniles. Drupes 2-4-
celled, with as many seeds.

BoEAssrs, Linnxus.

Spathes incomplete, several. Corolla imbricate in bud. Drupe large, fleshy,
fibrous. Seeds soapy, with an apical pore. Piitnce united into a blade. Erect palms.

* B. FLAiiKLLiFOKMis, L. Cultivated in Ava and I'rome.
Htan.

The common hin palm.

This is a tree of considerable value. In the Prome district it is largely cultivated
for its ' toddy,' which is not only fermented and vended for its exliilarating properties,
but is boiled down and a large quantity of coarse sugar thence obtained. The seeds
arc eaten, their gelatinous flesh being very refreshing, and the young shoots (the
seeds being planted in beds to germinate) are eaten as a vegetable, though apt to be
stringy to a European palate. The leaves serve a variety of purposes, and the trunk,
whensplit up, yields rafters, pipes or conduits, as may be required. The external
fibres are of iron-hardness, and the wood cut transversely has a pretty look, and might
be used effectively for inlaid work. It also makes pretty sticks, though not so good
as some canes. According to Dr. Balfour (Forest Trees), it is one of the strongest
•woods in tensile strength experimented on by Dr. Wight and Mr. G. Pohde ; but its
small scantling (the external hard portion being alone tiscd) will always tell against
its employment, save in petty or ephemeral combinations. One piece of infonnation
embodied by Dr. Balfour is worth preserving as a curiosity. "The timber of the
female tree "is the hardest and best, and that of the male tree is never used, unless
the tree be very old. It is too heavy to make ships of." The ships the writer had
in his mind's eye, when penning the above passage, must surely have been ' dug-outs' !

Leares pinnate or bi-pinnate, or pinnatisect ; rarely almost entire. Perianth
complete in both sexes.

rJLM.E. 141

§§ Can/ntem. Spathes several, tubular or shea Hi in/;, persistent. Plnnie of the
leaves often fascicled, jaijijed or erose-toolhed. Ovary si/ncarpous, 'i-celled, with as many
ovules.

X Spathes several, tubular or sheathing, persistent, rinna of leaves often fascicled,
jagged, or erose-toothcd. Erect Palms.

Leaves hipinnate.
Caryota, LimKvus.
Flowers monoecious, on tlio same spadix. Stamens indefinite. Petals in females
imbricate in bud. Drupe sappy. Albumen liorny, ruminate. Berries globular or
nearly so.

C. tTKEXs, L. Ava and Pegu.

Min-bo (Kurz).

Simple-stemmed. Male petals about A incb long by 3-4 lines broad. Anthers
acuminate.

The pith yields sago, and both spoeios fibre from the leaves.

C. souoLiFEEA, Wall. Arakan. Tcnasserim and the Andamans,

but not yet noticed in the I'egu range.

Soboliferous. Male petals about 4 lines long by l.V line broad. Anthers
mucronulate to emarginate.

Leaves simply pinnate. Petals in females valvate.

"Walliciiia, Ruxburyh.

Flowers monoecious on different spadices, rarely dirpcious. Ovary 2 -celled.
Stamens often deimite. Prupe sappy. Albumen homogeneous.

2Iah spilces ahnnst flifotm.

W. CARTOTomES, lioxb. Tree forests of Chittagong. Ava and Tenasseriin.

Zanoung (Kurz). Generic.

Stemless, tufted. Male flowers yellowish, the calyx tubular, about a line long.
Prupes tlie size of a nutmeg.

Male spikes thick and riyid. Spadix of both sexes very ample. Male flowers
purplish or green.

Leaves placed in a J spiral.

'V^. DEXsiFi.oRA. ilart. Chittagong.

W. oblongifolia, Gritf.

Calyx tubular, nearly a lino long. A stemless, tufted palm.
W. Yom.t:. Kz. Eastern slopes of the Pegu Range

W. disticha, Kz. and Kombalu-toung.

Calyx minute, cup-sbaped, only I of a line deep. Trunk 3-4 feet high, robust.

Ark.n'ga, Ldhill.
Flowers monoecious on different s])adiccs. Stamens indefinite. Ovary 3-cclled.
Drupe depressed, triangular, rather drj-. Albumen homogeneous.

A. SACCHAUii-n V, Lab. Eastern slopes of the Pegu Pange and Tenasseriin.

Toung-ong.

Trunk 20-40 feet, covered (especially above) with tlic petioles and netted by
the strong black fibrous remnants of the sheaths. Drupes lA-2 inch<'s long, yellowish,
smooth, ])ericaii) coriaceous, the mcsocarp jelly-like and full of raphides. Pyrenes 3,
dull black, convex on the outer, bifacial on the inner .side.

The trunk is easily hollowed, and then forms a good water \n\io. The black
stringy fibres form a rope peculiarly resistant of decay when wet ; the pith of the
trunk yields sago ; the leaves fibre ; and the tree when dowering furnishes toddy

142 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODCCTIOXS.

like oduT palms. Kurz remarks : " Besides its well-knoTvn value for toddy, sufrar,
and fibre, tliis palm is especially adapted for the support of orchids, ferns, and other
epiphytical plants, for which purpose it is highly recommendable to horticulturists in
tropical climates."

§ § Phoenicea. Spnthes 1-2, hoat-shnped, persistnif. Ocanj apocarpous, considint/
of 3 'distinct carpels. Pinna ojtui Jascicltd. Erect palms.

PnCENIX, LiillKCllS.

Dicfcious trees. SpatJies 1 or 2, boat-shaped. Corolla in males valvate, in
females inbricate. Drupes sappy, single. Alhuincn homogeneous. Lower pinna spiny,
reduced.

I X Spallies f/lahrotis ; fouers supported hy a small suhulate bract.

P. ACAULis, Itoxb. ' Eng' forests of Pegu and Martabau.

Thin-loung (Kurz).

Stemless. Petioles rather long and slender. Rpiny-armed.

\%\ SpatJies covered uith a brown scwrf. Floicers icithoiit a bract.

* P. SYLVESTMS, Roxb. Cultivated about C'hittagong.

Sim]de stemmed, robust. Petioles very short and dilated, spiny-armed. Pritpes
about an inch long.

P. r.iLui osA, Roxb. Tidal forests of Burma and the Andamans.

Tlien-bfjung.

Soboliferous, slender. Petioles long and slender, spiny-armed. Drupes about
•i an inch long.

A considerable qiuintity of date sugar is made from the juice collected from the
tree when about to flower. Most trees found near villages bear the scars caused
by this process, and many trees are rendered deformed and unsightly thereby.

Mason gives also P. daciyhfera, which he names Swon pa-lwdn, but this species
is not included by Kurz.

§§§ Arecinea. Spathes 1-2, boat-shaped, caducous. Putamen not pcrfcrated.
Albumen solid, homogeneous or ruminate. Pinna neither fascicled nor coarse-toothtd.
Erect palms.

PiXANGA, Blume.

Flowers moncecious, immersed in the cavities of the rachis. Stamens indefinite.
Stigma 1. Albumen ruminate. Pinna iriegularly united into segments, rarely all
united into a bifid blade.

Flowers distichous.

P. cosTATA, Bl. Tree forests of South Andaman.

Soboliferous, tufted. Spadix branched. Sheaths slightly scuify.

Flowers tristichous.
P. (Arkca) GRACILIS, Eoxb. Tree forests all over Burma, especially

Tan-kwam-thi (Kurz). ^^ "^"'^'^y ^P"*^-

Simple-stemmed. Spadix slender, ramified or simple. Sheaths scuify.

Flowers 5-G-stichous.

P. (Areca) nEXASTiCHA, Kz. Marshy spots in Southern Pegu, as near

Kyan-zu and Kya-eng.

Simple-stemmed. Spadix simple, fleshy, as thick as the finger. Sheaths scurfy.

Areca, Linnaus.

Very like the last, but stamens 6 to 3. Stigmas 3. Female fowers lateral, between
the ramifications, rarely axillary.

PALM.E. XMADE.E. 143

Stamens G. Female flowers without a hracf.
*A. CATKCiir, L. Cultivated, especially in Tenasseriin, wild on

Kwam-thi-pcn. Betel-nut palm. Kumorta and Katchall.

Glabrous, simple-stemuied. Drupes as large as a lien's egg, orange or scarlet.

Stuiitcns 3. Feinalc flowers without a bract.
A. TKiANDKA, Roxb. Trcu forests of Chittagong and the Audamans.

Tan-kwam-thi.
Glabrous, simple stemmed or stoloniferous.

Oka.nia.
0. NicoBABicA, Xurz. Kamorta.

Spatlte spindle-shaped or claeate. Pulamen at the base o-porous, albumen hullota.

Cociis, Liiinaus.

Flowers monoecious, on the same spadix. Petals in females imbricate-con volute.
Ovary 3-eelled, only one of the cells ovule-bearing. Drupes largo, woody.

* G. xuciFERA, L. Cultivated all over Burma, but only thriving near the sea.

Q,^„ "Wild on the Cocos and Xicobars and the Xorth-western

°' Coast of Kortli Andaman.

The cocoa-nut Palm is one of the most valuable of this order, and thrives best in
sandy soils within reach of the sea air, and even sea sprliy.

MI'IX.E,
Periiinlh of females reduced to n few scahs. Carpels 3, apocarpous. Male flowers
in separate spadices, surrounding the central solitary female head. Leaces pinnate.

Nii'A, Runiphius.

Spathes many, sheathing, persistent. Male perianth sex-partite, valvate in bud.
Stamens united by threes. Drupes woody, angular-turbinate, in a large dense head.
Albumen homogeneous, hollow.

If. FRUiiCAXS, Wurmb. Tidal forests of Burma, the Andamansand Xicobars.

Da-ni.

The thatching or ' Bunny' palm.

This palm is often cultivated along river banks and tideways for its leaves,
which are used for thatching. Kurz remarks that its seeds would supply vegetable
ivoiy, but I do not know if they are now so used.

Sub-division h. 0\arv at'ocahpois.
(reduced to one carpel in some Xaiadete).

POTAMALES.
Flmccrs hermaphrodite or miisexual. Perianth of 3, 4, or G segments, or more.
Carpels l-ov\iled. .%A' basal or lateral. Seel minute, with very dense albumen
and obscure embryo. Minute leafless slender herbs.

Order XAIADE.E.
Marine or freshwater, annual, or perennial herbs.

Najas.
N. sp. In water-liolcs behind Katjui, Kamorta (K.).

144 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOyS.

CriioDOCEA, Kuenig.

C. sp.

Kurz describes a species of this genus as forminp; submarine meadows about
the coral reefs round Kamorta, at a depth of from 2 to 4 fathoms (J.A.S.B. 1876,
Part II. p. 153).

Zostera is also included b}- Diedi'ichsen in his list of Xicobar plants.

Ualophila.

H. ovALis, H. f. Submarine banks off Katchall (K.).

ErPALUs ACOEOiDES, Stolid. Nicobars (K.).

Kurz {I.e.) describes this species as not attaining to more than 6 inches in length,
on the reefs off Katchall, whereas in the debouchures of rivers it grows to 4 feet
in length, owing, it may be presumed, to the presence of a mixture of freshwater.

Order TOTAME^E.

Annual or perennial plants growing in salt, brackish or fi'esh water. An order
of little importance.

POTAIIOGETOX, LitUimiS.

p. IxDicrs, Roxb. (il.).

Spaihium, Lourelro.
S. cnixEXsE, Lour. (M.). : Pegu.

The roots are said by Toigt to be nearly as good as potatoes.

Order ALISMACE.^.

Aquatic or marsh herbs, perennial, and sometimes producing subteiTanean tuber-
like buds. An order of little importance.

Alisma, Juisieu.

A. sp. (il.).

Division 13. OVARY INFERTOE.

(Siiperior in some IlromeUaccfe and Samodoraea).
Perianth usually distinct, bi-seriate and coloured.

Alliimen fli'sltii or huniij. Eiiihr>jo distinct.

DIOSCORALES.
Flowers dioecious, regular. Perianth herbaceous. Stamens 6, inserted at the
base of the perianth segments. Ovary 3-celled. Fniit a berry or capsule. Seeds
with copious fleshy dense albumen, and a distinct included embryo. Leaves uet-
veiaed. Climbing herbs or under-shrubs.

Order DIOSCORE^E.

Flowers din?cious. Perianth superior, sex-merous, bi-seriate. Stamens 6. Oranj
inferior with 3, 2, or 1-ovuled cells. Glides pendulous, superimposed, anatropous.
Frtiit a capsule or berry.

DioscoEEA, Ziniiaiis.
Flowers dioecious. Capsule 3-angIed or 3-lobed, opening loculicidally at tlio
angles, often leaving the nerve-like edge free. Seeds winged. Stems twining.

DIOSCORE.K. 145

D. oiTosiTrFoijA, L. Silhet. Ceylon. S. China.

1). GLAHRA, Hoxb. Kamorta anil Great Nicobur (K.). Silhet.

D. batatas of China may be a eultivateil form of tliis species (Beutham).

*D. FASCICrLATA, Ril.vb. (M.).

Ka-d\vai-u. Karen Potato, or Tavoy Potato.

Tliis is a small spccit'S, not laru:i'r than a kidney potato, and exeellcnt in flavour,
but procurable only during a few months in the year. In Bengal it yields an arrowroot.

*D. oLonosA, Roxb. Cultivated (M.).

Myouk-hpyu. Large white yam.

This is one of the best yams, and its flowers are highly fragrant.

D. ALATA, WiUd. (J[.).

*D. ATROprKPUKEA, lloxb. Cultivated (M.).

Myonk-ni.

Tlie root is of a dark purplo colour and of a good quality, its large and irregular
tubers growing so near the surface as to cause it to crack over tlicm. IJ. purpura is
also highly esteemed, and its tubers are said to attain to 3 feet in length.

D. CRisPATA, Eoxb. (M.).

Myouk-kya.

D.'kubella, MacClell. (M.).

D. axguixa, MacClclI. (M.).

1). versicolok, Buch. (il.).

D. D.EMoxrii, ]{oxb.

Kyvrai. AVildYani.

This is a species with tcrnate leaves, nearly a foot long and 6 inches wide, and
is very acrid and poisonous, but eaten, according to Dr. !N[ason, by the Karens iu
times of scarcity. Other wild species, as IJ. bulbifera and D. pnifaphijlht, are very
acrid and poisonous, but capable of being rendered cdil)k', by slicing and steei)ing in a
solution of wood ashes, before cooking. Indeed, old llumphius goes so far as to sec
a beneficent design in the poisonous juices of this plant, and remarks, " Creator
sapicnter hanc impregnavit radicem hoc succo, ut ab apris intacta hominibus cibo
inserviret ! " A still more illustrious authority has suggested if the appearance on
the globe of such luscious fishes as the salmon, was not, providentially, deferred to
the epoch wherein we know them to have appeared, for the gastronomic delectation
of men (and Aldermen), and in order that their succulent flesh and fine flavour should
not be wasted on the inappreciative appetites of Palteozoic Ganoids. Wo are b(>un<l to
treat the teleidogical argument witli respect, but nevertheless it sounds but queirly!

In this connexion one is irresistibly impressed with the cogency of the argument
of Pope —

" Has God, thou fool! worked solely for thy good,
Thy joy, thy pastime, tliy attire, thy food ?
Who for the fable feeds the wanton fawn
For him as kindly spreads the flowery Lawn.
Is it for thee the lark ascends and sings'?
Joy tunes his voice, joy elevates his wings.
Is it for thee the linnet pours his throat ?
Loves of his own and raptures swell the note.
Tlie bounding steed you ]iom])ously bestride.
Shares with his lord the ])leasure and the pride.
Is thine alone, the seed that strews the plain '?
'J'he binls of heaven shall vindicate their grain.
Thine the full harvest of the golden year?
Part pays and justly, the deserving steer.
The hog that jiloughs not, nor obeys thy call.
Lives on the labours of this lord of all." — Essaij on Man, ITT. 27.

vol.. II. 10

146 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

The genus Bioftcorea yields a valuable esculent in its tuberous roots, xvhicli are
largely cultivated, and fonn a very passable substitute for the potato of colder
regions.

Dr. Mason, in addition to the above, gives the vernacular names as Tvell of
several Dioscoreas, distinguishing one as tlie Elephant-foot-yam, froia resembling an
elephant's foot in size and shape, ilyouk-thcn, Myouk-pwai-tuk, Twen-souk-myouk,
Hsen-lung-gywot, Kywai-kyouk-tha, Ka-dat, and in Pico karen, Xai-ka-hsang-khang-
long, and in Sgau karen, Kwai-taplu and !X\vai-so.

NARCISSALES.
Flowers hermaphrodite, regular or in-egular. Perianth usually petaloid. Stamens
3 or 6, inserted on the perianth tube. Ooari/ S-celled. Seeds with copious fleshy or
homy albumen, and a distinct embryo. Leaves parallel-veined.

AMARYLLIDE.E.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth superior, petaloid, sexfid, biseriate, sometimes
■with a crown simulating a supplementary perianth. Sfameiis 6, veiy rarely 12 to 18.
inserted in the perianth. Oiari/ inferior, 3 to 1 -celled. Sf)/le simple. Fruit a
3-valved capsule.

CuEcniGo, Gartner.

Perianth regular, the tube long, often filiform, the limb of 6 equal deciduous
segments. Otulen several in each cell of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Fruit oblong,
succulent, crowned by the persistent perianth tube. Seeds enveloped in a fleshy
pulp, with a lateral beak-shaped hilum. Flowers sessile in slieathing bracts, in a
sessile or pedunculate head.

C. OECHiorDEs, Eoxb. Kamorta (a single plant) (K.).

C. ensijhlia, K. Br.
Sypoxis minor, Seem, (non Don.).

Cekuit, Linnmis.

Perianth -with a long tube and a regular 6-cleft limb, the segments spreading or
recurved. Stamens inserted at the summit of the tube. Filaments free, filiform.
Anthers linear, versatile. Ovules usually 4 in each cell. Style filiform. Stigma
entire or 3-lobed. Cupsule globular, depressed, bursting iiTegularly. Seeds few,
nearly globular, often converted into fleshy bulbs. Large bulbous, glabrous herbs.
Flowers usually large, white or purplish, in an umbel or head proceeding from a 2-
or 3-leaved spathe.

C. AsiAiicuii, L. Kamorta. Katchall. Car Nicobar (K.).

Pa-daing.

C. rEOCEBDir, Carey. Burma (M.).

C. EiGiDUM, Herb. (M.).

C. MACKOCAEPUM, Carey (il.).

C. ExsiFOLiTsi, Koxb. (M.).

C. AJi^sxTTi, Koxb. (M.).

C. PEATENSE, Herb. (M.).

C. LOEiFOLirji, Koxb. (il.).

C. ELEGAXs, Carey (M.).

C. EETTHEopHTLLrii, Carey (M.).

C. OEN.ATrir, Herb. (M.).

C. Zeylaxictm, L. (M.).

C. HEEBERTIANril, Wall. (XT.).

Paed.anthus.
* P. Chinensis, Ker. (31.).
Thit-sa.

TA CCA CE^. B URMA XXI A CEjE. 147

EuRTCLEs, Salisbury.
* E. Ambofn-ensis, Sal. (M.).
La-man. Nae-men.

lIoLINERtA.

M. (Leucogum) CAPrrrLATA, Lour. Nankowry (K.).

The tuluTous iliizomos of this family contain a large amount of starch, and
many of them consequently can be used as food. The powdered bulb of Iris
forenfina is known as Orris root. The seeds of Iris pseudo-acorus can bo substituted
for cotfee, and Crocus sativus is cultivated for its stigmas, -whieh constitute the
saffron (true) of commerce, once used extensively as a tonic condiment, and still
given as a stimulating medicine to cage birds. Cake saffron, however, contains no
saffron, but is a paste manufactured from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius. Tho
use of saffron as a medicine, condiment or dye, dates from the remotest antiquity, as
we incidentally gather from Homer, who speaks of the Dawn,' with ' sajf'rvii robe.'

AGAVE^-E.
Agave, Linnctus.

* A. Ajiericaxa.

This plant, though introduced, flourishes well in Burma. It is of great value
as a hedge plant, forming, when well and closely planted, an impenetrable barrier
to that nuisance of our stations, stray cattle. The fibre of the leaves is strong, and,
when dressed and made up, yields an elegant fidsric. The fleshy leaves dried and
cut up can be used as a substitute for cork. Bitter aloes is the inspissated juice of
various species of At/me, the best being reported to come from Socotra.

** Albumen none or cellular. Einhryo very obscure. Seeds very minute, except
in Taccacem.

TACCALES.
Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Pcriitnth sex-lobate. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted
on the perianth tube. Anthers peculiar. Fruit capsular or berried. Seeds minute,
exalbuminous or larger and albuminous.

Order TACCACEJ?:.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth superior, petaloid, sex-merous, biseriate.
Stamens 6. Filaments concave. Anthers atbiate to their concave face. Ovary in-
ferior, 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous. Fruit, a beny. Seeds
numerous. Leaves broad, with a midrib and diverging veins.

Tacca, Forster.

* T. riNNATiFiDA, Forst. (M.).

Touk-ta.

This species is cultivated for its tuberous roots, which are rich in starcli, and
from which in Tahiti an arrowroot is prepared.

T. L.EVis, Roxb. (P.).

Order BITHMANNIACE.^.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth su])erior, sex-partite, biseriate. Ovary inferior,
1 to 3-cellcd. Stigmas 3. Seeds with cellular testa, exalbuminous. Kmhryo un-
divided. Leaves narrow, with parallel venation, or broader and net-veined.

Blrm.vnnia, Linnaus.

B. TRIIT.ORA, Wight (P.).

B. Ju.NCEA, Brown (P.).

' 'Hi't fiif KpoKOiriwXo! iKiStaro Traffav {tt' aJai".— Ili.iil, f). 1. 1.

148 BURMA, ITS rEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

GONTANTHES, Ifierx.

Perianth tubular, 3-angled or ■wingutl, the 3 inner lobes minute. Anthers 3,
nearly sessile below the inner lobes. Geary 3-cellecL Capsule openin<; by transverse
iissures opposite the cells. Flowers terminal, solitary or eymose. Delicate leafless
herbs.

G. WiLLicnii, iliers. Tavoy. S. China.

Order ORCHIDE.E.

IxiRODUCTION.'

" The liurman books tell us (says Dr. Mason) that the trees round King
Wathandria's hermitage were covered with Orchids, and that after being plucked
they would retain their fragrance for seven days." King Wathandria (whoever that
worthy potentate may have been) must either have been in great favour with the
]S^ats, supposing, as is highly probable, that they placed the (_)rchids there for his
special delectation ; or, if he were his own collector, he certainly displayed very
good taste, and an early appreciation of 'the beautiful' in Nature; for, assuredly, out of
all Flora's choice and bounteous store, nothing could have been drawn more worthy
of royal regard. It is with Orchiils still that the wealthy and the great love to
surround themselves in countries where these lovely plants are strange and exotic ;
and this at a cost which would probably have astonished good King "Wathandria, and
which, in the aggregate, is worth a king's ransom.

The varied and fantastic beauty of this order of plants has attracted so much
attention, especially of late, and is so fully appreciated, tliat it would be superfluous
to dilate on this part of the subject ; I shall confine myself, therefore, to remarks on
their habit of growth and the structure of their flowers for the better information of
those to whom they are favourites, and who, knowing but little about them, may
desire to know more. For it is to these, and not to the scientific (whom I do not
pretend to instructs, that my observations here and my familiar descriptions herealter
are mainly addressed.

"Orchids" are found all over the 'world, except ■where the rigour of winter is
Arctic, or the aridity of summer heat excessive: but "Air-plants" (as they are
often called) arc not. These last are confined to the warmer or tropical regions of the
earth. The strange plants, a peculiarity in the root of which first gave them their
name, were originally discovered and studied in Europe, where they are all terrestrial,
and have fibrous or tuberous roots, growing like most ordinary plants. Afterwards, as
Botanical research was extended to tropical countries, plants of a similar habit of
growth and structure, also teri'cstrial, were discovered ; Tint, besides them, others (and
the.se by far the most beautiful) of a different habit — epiphytal — though having the
same general peculiarities of floral structure. And, inasmuch as Natural Orders are
framed more on similarity of such floral structure than on vegetative growth, the
name Orehidem was extended to all those new plants, whether terrestrial or epiphytal,
although not strictly ap])ropriate to the latter. But, while Orchidece is the scientific
name for both groups, the name of " Air-plants " has been used for the latter by the
non-scientific. Hence a vulgar error that the words "Orchids" and "Air-plants"
are synonymous expressions and co-extensive. But this is not the case. As not all
Orchids arc Aii'-plants, so neither are all Air-plants Orchids. Some of the former
(as already remarked) are terrestrial, and many other plants besides Orchids are Air-
phmts. or (better) Epiphytes ; as, for example, many Vaecinia, (Exehiinantha, and
some lUiododendra.

And now for a word or two on the term " epiphyte." An " epipliyte " (I shall
presume upon sufficient learning in my readers to ti'll them the meaning of the word)
is a plant which only asks for a lodgment on another and larger ])lant (a roel often
answers its purpose), gi'owing on it simply as a support, and deriving no nourishment

' Tins interesting aiul hicid intrdduction to tlic order Orchhleiv lias been most kindly fiwuislied hy
the liev. C. rarish.

onciiiDE^. 149

from it, but from the suiroundinc: air, or, more correctly, from the moisture that is in
tlie air. Tlie expression " Air-|ihint," therefore, is not so appropriate as is supposed,
for though it be true tliat our Kpipliytal Orchids will live a loii>; time when merely
suspended in the air, the main condition for their so doinc;, and for their growth,
when so suspended, is that the air be charj;ed with moisture. Their true nourish-
ment is water, not air, as is evident from the fact that they are denizens of damp
tropical forests and abound most where the rainfall is the heaviest, or, from whatever
circumstances, the atmosphere continues to bo heavily laden with moisture; becoming
rarer in drier climates, until, in the absolutely dry, they refuse to grow altogether.
Their remarkable power of enduring a sustained drought is simply due to the store
of moisture which they lay up for themselves during the rainy season in their fleshy
stems or pseudo-bulbs. These arc always expanded and plump at the close of the
rains ami become more or less shrunUen aud angular by the end of the diy season, in
consequence of their store of moisture being gradually exhausted in supporting life
and in the production of the tiowers. The case is the same with other epiphytes.
They nearly all have either thick and fleshy drooping stems, corresponding to the
lengthened pseudo-bulbs of most Iktidrohin, or large swollen rhizomes or root-stocks,
corresponding to those of BuUnif)hijlla, in which moisture is garnered in the rainy
season and used in the flowering or dry season. Some Vaccinia, for example, have
huge swellings, occasionally as large as a child's head, which are the stock from
which the short thin branches rise; and the beautiful large white Khododcndron,
which is found on the high branches of trees in the mountains east of Maulmain, has
lengthened root-stocks of considerable thickness, which enable it to live when the
exterior moisture fails, though this may not be for long at the groat elevation at
which it grows. There are, indeed, exceptions to this fleshy habit in some epiphytes,
as in the case of an elegant small scarlet-flowered CExcln/nanthus, which I found on
the Shan border, the stems of which were long and slender ; but then it grew in the
densest and dampest jungles, into which the sun's rays hardly penetrated, and all
attempts to make it grow in the drier atmosphere of Maulmain failed. Very ditt'erent
to this is the growth of "parasites," which fasten on and become incorporated with
the substance of the tree on which they grow, and drain their lifo-sap. A common
example of such a parasite is ftirnished by a Loranihus,^ the appearance of which
should bo familiar to all who have observed the ^^ Amherdias'" in Rangoon and
Maulmain, where hardly a tree attains any size before it is preyed upon by this
injurious plant. -

' Undor the head of " VauJa," further on, it will be fuimd stated that that name is a Sanscrit
one, simply adopted by us. But the same name was jjiveu also to " Lortinthus" ; tlieivfore, as Sir
Wni. Jones suii^'csts, it was probal)ly the Sanscrit for all plants, whether epiphytal or parasitic, whicli
fastened themselves on others. This want of discrimination lietweeu two very diiferent kinds of fjrowth,
though excusable in pre-scientific and ■• if,'norant " days, is hardly so now. And while on the snliject
of native names, it will be found, I believe, that tlu-y are for the most part names of a class sniisested
by some superficial similarity, and not the result of any nice distinctions; tliey aie fieneric, in fact, and
not specific, and very broadly so. Specilic distinctions' are entirely the production of modern science.

* Apro])os of epiphytes and parasites, the following fact of vegetable life may be interesting.
There grew, when I first 'went to Maulmain, in 1S.V2, just inside " Tiger's gap " (as the entrance to the
Cantonments on the Nyahustee si<le was then called) in' tlie centre of the three-cross way, " trivia! juncta
vim," a fine y'Utx arl/orca,f,mim 40 feet liigli. Tliere stood in the same place, when I left in 1876,
a " Peipiil" or " J-inis" tree of even larger size, the I'lUx having entirely disappeared. Yet no one
removed the one or planted the other: it was a simple natural operation, the silent work of some
twenty years.

A ripe tig-seed obtained a lodgment in some crevice of the unhappy Vitex, germinated, and became
a small and ajiparentlv iiniocent cpiphijh'. Being tliere comfortably entertained, it turned parasite
(though not in the strict botanical sense), anil took an unhandsome advantage of its position, to stretch
its root* downwards till they touched the earth, and its branches laterally over those of its supporter.

" In the meek garb of modest worth disguised,
The eye averteii, and the smile ch.astised.
With sly approach it spread its dangerous charms.
And round its victim wound it-s wiry arms." — Darwin.

For sonic years it did no very evident harm, but iu coiu-se of time, slowly aud insidiously, the roots and

150 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

I pass on now to the peculiar structure which distinjjuishes Orchids from all
other plants. " The order owes its chief peculiarities to the following circumstances :
1st, to the consolidation of all the sexual organs {i c. stamens, pistils, etc.) into
one common mass, called the column ; 2ndlY, to the suppression of all the anthers,
except one in the mass of the order, and tiro in Cypripedea) ; 3rdly, to the peculiar
condition of its pollen and the anther whirh contains it ; and 4thly, to the very
general development of one of the inner leaves of the perianth in an excessive
degree, or in an unusual form." — Lindloj. Such, shortly and technically stated,
is the peculiarity of an Orchid flower ; in order, however, to make all the parts of
the flower clear to an inexperienced person, perhaps the simplest way will be to
suppose that we have. such a flower in our hand, and proceed to examine it in detail.
Fortunately one of the largest and most suitable for our puiiiose is also one of the
commonest and most easily procurable in Burma : this is the lovely Dendroliioii
formosum. We will take, then, a specimen of this well-known flower in our hand,
and examine it part by part. First, we notice that it is seated at right angles on
a short round white curved pedicel, or stalk, which is thickened slightly upwards,
i.e. near the flower. This upper or thickened portion is really the germ, or yet
unfertilized seed-vessel, which, if duly impregnated, will ultimately be developed
into a large oval or pear-shaped pod. Some Orchid flowers have little or no other
foot-stalk than this germ. If we next look at and count the segments of the flower,
■we shall find that they are six, including the lip as one. Si.v, be it remembered,
is the normal number of such parts in all Orchids : there are occasional apparent
exceptions, but this is the rule. These six segments go by the general name of
perianth, which means the flower-envelope ("the flower" of a plant, technically,
being its sexual parts, and not the generally coloured parts commonly so called and
forming its chief attraction). Of this perianth (a word I have avoided the use of
in my specific descriptions) the three outer segments will be seen to be oblong,
pointed, and tolerably uniform in shape : these are the sepals. Alternating with
these are the three much larger and broader inner segments, which are the petals.
This name, however, in Orchids is mostly confined to the two upper, while the
lower one is called "the lip" — and is that part of the perianth, which being
"generally developed in an excessive degree, or in an unusual form," con.stitutes
one of the main characters of the order. We next observe, in the centre or axis
of the flower, a shoi't thick fleshy body — this is " the column " ; — and at its
extremity, seated in a sort of cleft, a little cap or lid, which is the anther; and
if we gently lift this lid (it is fastened by a hinge to the back of the column) there
will probably tall out (for they are perfectly free) four small, yellow, hard, waxy
bodies, either altogether or in two pairs ; these are the pollen-masses, on the number
and position and attachment of which the " diagnosis" of Orchids is made so largely
to depend. Farther, if wo look just below the anther in front, a small cavity with
a viscid surface will be seen : this is the stigmatic surface, and the fertilization and
development of the germ into a fully ripened capsule or pod depends entirely on

the branches united into a solid mass, till all that could be seen of the miserable victim was an arm here
and there, as it were imploringly stretched out and strufrgling towards the light, vainly trying to escape
from the treacherous embrace of its tormentor. At last my poor friend the Vilix totally disappeared,
enveloped in a winding sheet of inextricable folds, and strangled to death in the embrace of its
inexorable foe — a vegetable "Laocoon."

" Round sire and sons the scaly monsters rolled.
King above ring, in manv a tangled told,
Close and more close tlieir writhing limbs surround,
And fix with foamy teeth the envenomed wound."

Danriii, Loves of the Plants, Canto iii. 331.

Few who now pass by and see the placid Fictis (for I doubt not it stands there yet) would suppose
that such a foul deed had been done by it, and that it still holds the murdered body of its victim hidden
within that smiling exterior ! Many a giant Finis in the forests betrays its former life by its perfectly
hollow trunk, from which the very bones of a too confiding friend, similarly ti'eated, have, by the
process of inevitable decay, fallen out.

onviiiDE.E. 151

the polHniii, or pollrn-masses, cominp; iii contact with it. And it is, douhtlcss,
owing to the fact that the pollinia in Denilrobiuni arc wholly free, and so easily
full out and away from the flower, that ripened pods arc so rare in this genus as
compared with some others, such as Aeridi's and Succoluhiuin, whoso pollinia are
not free.

But we must not throw away our llower yet, for wo have not quite finished its
examiuati<ni. It was said that the outer three segments of tlu; perianth or sepals
■were tolerably uniform ; this, however, luis reference to their upper part only, for
it will be seen that the two lateral sepals arc drawn out backwards (as is also the
base of the lip), and have there become rmin/ite, i.e. have grown one with the back
part of the colunm, which is lengthened beliind into a horn or spur. Wc have now
noticed all the principal parts of an Orchid tlower, and these arc all to ho looked
for and found in nearly every Orchid, though it is not to be suitposed that they will
be alwa)'s discovered as readilj- as in our typical liower. For Orchids are given to
much concealment and to many disguises, in short, to mastjuerading in the most
wanton and bizarre costumes, and they will sometimes hide their features if they
can ; though it is this very fairy-like wantonness that gives them their chief charm ;
and, like similar behaviour elsewhere, is doubtless meant rather to attract than to
repel. Sometimes you will look in vain for six segments, and must be content with
five, as in Ci/pripedium, whore the two lower sepals are connate and form but one,
and these two together often smaller than the upper one, which stands nobly np,
like the standard in a Papilionaceous tlower, and is generally the most striking
feature. Sometimes you may search in vain for the petals — for they may be so
minute as hardly to he seen, as in Munomrria — or wholly transformed into something-
else, as into a fringe in Epicrauthes. If, again, you should be fortunate enough to
obtain that singular little gem, Brymoda picta, you will wonder what in the world
has become of the two lateral sepals, till, upon more careful inspection, you find
them close to the lip, far away at the end of a long and unusual projection. This
projection is the " mcntiim." The column, which in our Dendruhium was produced
backwards into a spur or horn, is, in Jiiilhopliiillum and other Orchids, projected
forwards, in a greater or less degree, and then it is called a iiieiifiiiii. This forward
projection is extraordinary (i.e. for the size of the flower, which is altogether very
small) in DnjDinda. The column again, which is very short in some Orchids, is
veiy long and prominent in others, as in Caloyync. Lastly, the lip is variously
attached to the column, sometimes being connate with its base, sometimes articulated
or jointed with it, and this in a greater or less degree ; so sliglitly, for instance, in
UtdhophyUHm as to shake tremulously with ever}- movement of the flower. It is
the Hp also whicli assumes that endless variety of fantastic form and colouring
which is familiar to those who have studied or cultivated this most singular and
charming order of plants.

But while all this variety and prodigality of beauty has been the admiration of
the cultivator, it has been the difficulty of the botanist who would systematize and
arrange. One may easily form an idea of the immense ditticulties which so Protean
an order, yet, withal, so nattiral a one, must present. Of this systematic arrange-
ment it is now time to speak. The main divisions of the order were made by
Lindley — the acknowledged master of it while he lived — to depend on ditferonces in
the pollen-masses. These diti'erenccs will soon be perceived to be considerable by
any one who will take the trouble to examine them. Some, as those of Demholium
and Bulhophylluin, are rounded, firm and waxy. Others, as those of most terrestrial
genera, are loose in structure and granular. Of the former, besides that they vaiy
in number, some are quite free, without any appendage, or attachment to each other,
or to tiie stigma; others have such ai)i)endage or attachment though varying in form
and character. Of the latter, the form and position of their anther furnishes dis-
tinctive marks. Those who would know more must consult works which treat on the
subject. Suftice it to say, here, that Lindley's arrangement, as set forth in his
" Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants " (the only recognized text-book
available by me, and my mainstaj- during all my residence in Burma) is as
follows : —

152 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIOJS^S.

I. Auther one only.

A. Pollen-masses waxy.

(«) No caudicula or separable stigmatic gland.

Tribe I. MALAXED or MALAXILEj:.
{h) A distinct caudicula, but no separate stigmatic gland.

Tribe II. EPIDENDkE.i:.
(<•) A distinct caudicula, united to a deciduous stigmatic gland.

Tribe III. VANDE.E.

B. Pollen powdery, granular or sectile.
(rt) Anther terminal, erect.

Tribe IV. OFUHE^ or OI'URYDEJE.
{h) Antlier terminal, opercular (lid-like).

Tribe V. ARETHUSE.E.
((') Anther dorsal.

Tribe YI. KEOTTEJE.

II. Anthers two.

Tribe ATI. CYPRIPEDEJ:.

The above arrangement is that followed here.

Quite recently, however, Bentham has propounded a greatly modified arrange-
ment in his " Notes on Orchideae," read before the Linncan Society, January 20,
1881 : and these are available now by all students of tlie order. If my arrangement
liad not been already made before I was favoured with a copy of the "Notes," or
time had been sufficient, I should have been disposed to adopt their arrangement ; but,
as things are, the old arrangement must stand. I have, indeed, made one change,
but it is only of a word or "term." I liave adopted Bentham's term "stipes^' ior
the appendage of the pollinia of Vaiule<r ; retaining Lindley's term " caudicle " for
that of Ejiidi'/idrece, as the former botanist has pointed out the need of a distinctive
term for an organ which is so essentially different " both in origin and .substance."
I say I have adopted the term here because it comes recommended on such high
authority, though I cannot consider the choice of the word a very happy one for so
delicate and transparent an organ as is, nearly always, the appendage of Vandeous
pollinia. The word "stipes" conveys the idea of a stocky or stuiiip;/ support, as
opposed to a slender and fragile one. " Stipitibus dun's agitur, sudibusque praeustis,"
says Virgil, when he would describe a " eertamen agreste " —

" One with a brand yet burning from the flame,
Armed with a kiiofti/ club another came." — Dnjclen.

Sfipitis hie graridi "noclis." — As applied to a fern-.stock it is suitable, for even if
that be slender, it is, at least, the stoutest part of the frond ; but hardly, I submit, to
so delicate an organ as that in question. This is the reason I venture to object to
" stipes " in this application. It may indeed be difficult to find an appropriate term
that has not been already applied elsewhere, but I cannot see why there should be
any objection to " lii/it/ci," though it be used of the prolongation of a grass-sheath,
for it is tolerably descriptive of the characters of the little Yaiideous tongue or strap.
Or, if tliat word be objected to, I would submit that a simple word like "liciamentuitP'
might be considered free from objection.

As these introductory remarks, however, have already reached a length not
originally contemplated, it is time to conclude them. This I will do with a few
words about books.

Although any one who should take up tlie study of Orchids in Burma now will
find more help to his hand than was accessible twenty years ago, there is. at tlie
same time, no one single work published which describes all known Burmese
Orchids. The notices of them are scattered here and there in different publications,
as, for instance, in the Botanical Magazine, and in The Gardeners' Chronicle.

ORCHIDE.E. 153

Some few of the older plants -n-ill be found described in Lindley's "Genera and
Species of Orcbidaceoiis riants;" some few more in las " Contributions to tlie Orcliid-
ology of India," vols. i. ii. and iii. of tbe Journal of the Proceedimja of the Linnean
Societij : Botany, ilore are to be found in Professor H. G. lleicbenbacli's " Enumera-
tion of Orchids collected (by me) in the Neighbourhood of Maulmain," Linn. Soc.
Transactions, vol. xxx. : and yet a few more in the same author's " Orchideaj
Parishiana3 Bunnenses," Otia JMannica, Fasc. J. Hamburi^^h, 1878. Having: these,
I fear the student mtist wait until full and complete descriptions of all Indian Orchids
appear in the "Flora Indica," now in the course of publication; though it will
probably be some time yet before the order " Orchidete " comes to be handled.

I take this opportunity of acknowledging liow much I owe to Prof. Reichenbach
for kindly naming my numerous Orchids, and for his collation and recension of them.
To quote Mr. lientham's words : He is "the great Orchidologist of the present day,
who took up the pen and pencil as they fell from the hands of Lindley, and who,
luiving since devoted himself almost exclusively to the study of the order, is now the
only authority for determination of species."

For my humble part, I have given as complete a Catalogue, as the materials at
hand have enablud me to give, of all the Orchids known to grow in Burma, with
references. This I trust will pruve useful. And from this Catalogue I have selected
some of those species which appeared to me to be most remarkable for beauty, or for
some peculiarity of structure, and have described or remarked upon them. The
descriptions I have tried to make as simple as possible, avoiding scientific tei-nis
generally, though, for brevity's sake, I have been drawn into using a few ; these,
however, I have nearly always explained. I hope that in this a fairly miildle course
has been struck between language which, by an affected accuracy, might have proved
imintelligible to the beginner, and that which, from its laxity, would have been
wholly useless from a scientific point of view.

The total number of Orchids hero catalogued is considerably over 350. This is
a large number for so small an area as that over which tlie collection has been made.
For all but a very few come from the Tenasserim provinces, Upper Burma having
been but hastily gleaned. AVhen, therefore, we consider further how little ground
has been really covered in the search for Orchids, and how local and limited in their
area many plants are, we may be sure that a large number remaiu to be discovered,
and moderately safe in predicting that Burma is yet capable of showing a list of
500 species.

It should be understood that the number of species given as that of each genus
means, not that of all known Orchids, but of known Burmese Orchids. — C.P.

ORCHID ALES.
Floirers hermaphrodite and very irregular. Pcri'inf/i of 6, rarely 3, segments.
Stamens 1, 2, or 3, confluent with the style. Fruit capsular. Embri/o very minute.

MiCROSTTLIS, Nutt.

Small terrestrial Orchids with plicate wavy leaves, the sheathing bases of which
combine to foi-m a kind of false stem. Hoots fibrous, attaching themselves to half-
decayed leaves and other loose vegetable matter. Flowers small and inconspicuous,
seated on a terminal erect stalk or rachis, commonly resupinate {i.e. inverted in
position). About half a dozen species. Pollen-masses -1, collateral (side by side).

LiTAias, L. C. Rich.
Also inconspicuous plants, in general appearance resembling those of the pre-
ceding genus, but differing in the structure of the flowers. About a dozen species.
Pollen-massos 4, collateral.

Malaxis, Sw.
Sub-genus Obeko.nia, Lindl.

154 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOSS.

All the plants kno\\Ti to me as belonging to this genus come under the head of
Oberonia, -n-hich Lindley constituted a distinct genus ; but Reiclienbach (whom I
generally follow) unites Oberonia with Mulaxis. The following short description is
only applicable to Ohcronia.

Small stemless Epiphytes, pendulous from trees, to -which they are attached by
fibrous roots. They are readily distinguished by their generally flat (somewhat
rounded in 0. myosurm), fleshy, distichous (two-ranked) equitant leaves (set edge-
wise), which are broad and self-clasping at their base, and taper to a point. The
flowers are minute and are seated on a rachis, which proceeds from the axis of the
leaves, and somewhat resembles a rat's tail. Size, from 3 to 6 inches, or even a
foot. About 10 species. Pollen-masses 4, incumbent (back to back).

BuLBOPnYLLuit, Thouar.

A considerable genus of veiy uncertain limits, that is to say, it is made by some
authorities to include several small groups of plants, which, in the opinion of others,
should be separated from it ; and, indeed, have been so separated and received
distinct generic names. These distinctions cannot here be given. It must suffice
to say that BxdbopliyUum, as hero defined, includes Trias and Cirrlxopetalum of
Lindley. These all agree in the following characters. They have a creeping
rhizome or root-stock emitting rootlets from the under surface, on which rhizome
are seated, at longer or shorter intervals, pseudo-bulbs (really leaf-bearing stems),
with a solitary leaf at theii' summit. Occasinnally, however, no apparent pseudo-
bulb is developed at the base of the leaf, which then sits with a short foot-stalk
closely on to the rhizome. In some cases, again, the pseudo-bulbs are so crowded
as completely to conceal the rhizome. The inflorescence is various, but always,
whether consisting of solitary flowers, or dense or umbellate heads or racemes,
supported on a longer or shorter scape or leafless stalk, which arises from the base
of the pseudo-bulb and derives its nourishment from it. The flowers have their
small labellum or lip versatile, that is, easily moved, in consequence of its very light
attachment to the prolonged base of the column, which column has two horns or
arms projecting from the top, one on each side of the anther. The flowers of this
genus, though for the most part small, are often very beautiful and highly curious,
from the varied forms which their different parts assume. The pollen-masses are
4, in pairs, sometimes adhering but separable, sometimes connate, in which case
one of each pair is very much smaller than the other. Species about 40.

B. AUKicojiuM (Fragrant Bulboph}-llum).

This is the ta-zeen-ban of the Burmese, " much prized by the youths and
maidens, Burmese and Kai'cn, who are extremely fond of wearing it in their hair."
— F.M. Pseudo-bulbs ovate, 1 inch long. Flowers in a long pendulous raceme,
small, white or golden yellow, fi'agrant. AVhen in flower, the plant is leafless.

B. CiRETAxm (Carey's Bulbophyllum).

" This is a common Orchid in the vicinity of Maulmain." — F.il. Pseudo-
bulbs rather large, ovate ; leaf, long, strap-shaped. Flowers in a dense cylindrical
spike, small, greenish purple. A worthless plant.

B. (Trias) oblongitm.

Dr. ilason remarks that this is the smallest Orchid known to him. There are
several smaller, notably, B. nwnoliforme, the pseudo-bulbs of which are only ^th of an
inch in diameter. Of this plant, as being the smallest Orchid known to me (though
many others have sru'diMer flowers), I give a short description.

B. woNiLiFOEiiE (Necklace Bulbophyllum).

Pseudo-bulbs very small, \ inch, round, depressed, closely seated on a slender-
branched rhizome, which they completely conceal. Leaf one to each bulb, lance-
shaped, barely ^ inch long, falling ott' before the flowers appear. Flowers solitary,
at the end of a slender scape which is ^ inch high, themselves about | inch in
diameter. Sepals yellowish, striped with orange. Petals much smaller, blunt. Lip

ORCIIIDE.E. 155

red, in shape (liHlc\ilt to iloscribo, as with most Bulbophylla, arched behind, bhmtlv
pointed forwards, and tksliy like a tongue. Coliunu surmounted by two awl-shaped
projections.

On betel-nut trees, island of iladi'emacam, Mergui, forming small irregular
patches. Flowering in January.

EncKANTHES, Bl.

One species only known. In habit a Bidbophi/Uuin, differing, however, in
having a fringed membrane in the place of petals, and only two pollen-masses. For
further description see Otia Botannica, lleich. til. Fasc. I. p. 48, Xo. 25, Hamburgh,
1878, JE. Javanica.

Dry3iod.4, Lindl.

One species only known, T). pkta. A very curious little plant, figured and
described in Bot. Mag. tab. 5904, to which reference can be made.

On trees. Dauna-tonng, about 4-5000 ft. Flowers in Xov., Dec.

Dexdroeiuii, Sw.

A very large genus, which, as at present constituted, includes plants of widely
different habit and general appearance Their point of agreement lies in their
flowers. Some (sub-genus Aporum) have flat stems with tleshy equitant leaves and
small and unattractive flowers. Some have pseudo-bulbs approximating them in
appearance to Bidhnphi/Ua, as D. amplum. Others have terete (or quill-.shaped) stems
and leaves. Others, again (and these are the true and typical Dendrobiu), have more
or less elongated cylindrical leafy psendo-hulbs or stems (as they may be fairly called
here), the leaves being generally bifarious (in two ranks) alternate and flat, i.e. in the
same plane. They differ, as in habit, so in size, some being less than an inch high,
others 5 or 6 feet long. The flowers are lateral, and either solitary, in fascicles,
or in racemes. The sepals and petals, in other words, all the segments of the flower
except the lip, are nearly uniform in shape and colouring,' the general difference
being that of the three outer segments or sepals the two lateral ones are somewhat
larger than the other and adhere commonly to the side of the column, which is
semiterete (or half-round) and is usually jirolonged into a sort of blunt spur. The
lip is always sessile, and articulated with the base of the column or adnate to it,
generally large, undivided or three-lobed. It is of the same thin texture generally
as the rest of the flower, whereas, in Bulhoplii/Uum the lip is thick and fleshy.
Pollen-masses 4, in pairs, side by side, nearly uniform and quite free, in a two-ceUed
anther. Species 70 or 80.

Tliis genus includes a predominating proportion of the beaut}' of the Orchid
Tribe, at least of that part of it which is found in the Eastern Hemisi)liere. It
stretches from India through the Eastern Archipelago to N. Australia, and Burma
may fairly lay claim to be its Head-centre. Out of so much that is beautiful, it is
difficult to make a selection, which must necessarily be limited.

D. CRrSIEXATrM.

Pseudo-bulbs tufted, swollen at the base, and there deeply grooved and some-
times constricted at intervals; swollen portion, 3 or 4 inches long and varying in
diameter from A to li inch; suddenly tapering off into u very long slender stem,
1 foot or more, marked with tlie scars of the fallen leaves. Leaves fleshy, linear
oblong, often opi)osite on lateral ottslioots 2 or 3 inches by i an inch, blunt and
emarginatc. Flowers single or in pairs, in a raceme at the end of the long stem ;
large — 2 inches — pure white, with a yellow quadrate s])ot on the lip : sweet-scented.

I select this species for special mention, not because of its beauty (though it is
pretty enough), but on account of a peculiarity which I have noticed in it, and thiidc

' Tliis is the case with the tj-pic.il Benilrohia, hut in others, such as yiporum of Liudley, uow
included iu Dendioiium, the petals are very small aud uarrow.

156 BURMA, IT>S PEOriE ASD PRODUCTIOyS.

■worth recording. The flowers last hut one day, and it flowers (as far as I have
observed) but once a year. I had several (3 or 4) plants on trees in ditt'erent parts
of my garden in Mauliuain, and I noticed for one or two years that they all came
into flower on the very same day ! On one such day, when they happened to be in
flower. Colonel Benson, who was then residing iu llaulmain, came into my garden,
and I mentioned tliis carious circumstance to him, pointing in proof of my statement
to the several plants all at that moment in flower. He was naturally surprised and
not a little incredulous. He said, however, that he had one plant nailed to a tree in
the compound which he then temporarih' lived in. We walked up, accordingly, to
his house, and there, sure enough, his one plant was in flower ! All the flowei-s, his
and mine, wei'e withere(l before the next day. This singular circumstance is worth
further verification. The plant is rather frequent about Tavoy, with its very near
ally (a smaller plant of the same character), D. aiigiiltitum.

D. FORMOSUM.

This is the " Silver-flower" of the Burmese. It grows profusely in the neigh-
bourhood of ilaulmain, and may be found in blossom almost at any season of the
year. It is brought into the town in basket-loads during the rains, as it is a great
favourite with the Burmese, and is commonly seen in their houses and among their
offerings at the Pagodas. It is so well known as hardly to require description.
The flowers are very large — the largest of the genus, — being 5 inches in diameter,
of the purest white, save for a blotch of yellow in tlie centre of the lip ; and of a
delicate fragrance. The stems vary much in size — from 6 inches to 18.

D. rNFONDIBULUlI.

A nearly allied species to the preceding — very similar in form and general
appearance, but with smaller flowers and more slender .stems. It is abundant on the
mountains near Toung-ngoo, on Dauna-toung, near Maulmain, and elsewhere, at an
elevation of 4-5000 feet. Although so near to B. formosuin, as to appear to be only
a mountain variety, I could never succeed in making it grow in the plains. These
two species, together with D. Jamesianum, D. ebunteum, D. xanthopldcbiuiii, and one or
two more, all white-flowei'ed, form a group distinguished by Lindley as " nigro-
hirsute," as they are all marked by the presence of black hairs on the stems when iu
a young state.

D. PlEKiRDII.

Stems long (3-4 feet), pendulous, slender. Plowers in alternate pairs along nearly
their whole length, diaphanous, pale lilac, lip of a somewhat dingy yellow, with
purplish veins, the lower part rolled into a tube round the column. Common about
Maulmain and probably elsewhere. Very pretty when full of flower, but wanting in
colour.

D. TKAySPAEENS.

As Lindley says, " Yery like D. Pierarflii," but generally brighter in colour,
with stems very much shorter and stitfer, about 1 foot. I have only met with it
once or twice on the mountains near Toung-ngoo.

D. CHRTSOTOXOJJ.

A fine yellow-flowered species. Pseudo-bulbs clustered, thick, club-shaped from
a slender base, ribbed and jointed, with 3 or 4 oblong leathery leaves at the end.
Flower-stalks just below the leaves, bearing a drooping raceme of golden yellow
flowers, with a beautifully friuged lip. Abundant iu the Tenasserim Provinces.
This is surely D. davatum of Roxburgh.

D. AGGBi;G.\Tra.

Also a yellow-flowered species, but readily distinguished by the more crowded
pseudo-bulbs, which are ribbed or grooved, but not jointed, and have a habit of lying
almost flat, appressed against the branch on which they grow, also by the single leaves
and the much tbinner and more delicate textui'e of the flowers. Abundant, and
widely distributed.

oncmnE.E. 157

D. Daltiocsianum:.

A noble species. Stems often ")-G feet long when found in dump shady forests
■which it affects, drooping. Flowers in loose racemes, near the end of the stems, of
6-7 flowers, 4 inches across, cream-coloured ; lip large, saccate, but hardly slipper-
shaped, with two large deej) blood-red blotches on the inside, the middle and front
part projecting forwards and covered "with u soft yelvety pile. Abundant in the
Tenasscrim forests. The stems, however long, are but of one rainy season's growth,
at the clo.sc of -which thiiy flower for the first tiuie, whilo the leaves remain on, but
the same stems will flower also the second and third year, after the leaves have
fallen off, new racemes proceeding from the leaf- axes next below those of the
preceding year. As there has been some confusion in respect of this and two
nearly allied species, I subjoin below characters which, I hope, may suffice to
distinguish them. They have all three been under my eye in a growing state at
the same time.

B. D.VLnousiANUjr.

Stems terete, 5-6 feet, pcnilulous, marled with red-purplr litie.i. Leaves
lanceolate, obtuse. Racemes lateral, but towards the end of the stem, 6-8 flowered.
Sepals oblong-olituse. Petals oblong-ovate obtuse, broader than the sepals. Lip
bagged, or boat-shaped, villous, with the central >itari/in fanii'd outwards. The
flowers are very large, 4 inches across ; cream-yellow, but delicately tinged with
rose; the lip is of the same general colour, with two deep, rii'b, blood-red blotches
on the inside. Column and anther dark jjurple.

D. CALCEOLARrA.

Stems terete, 4-5 feet, pendulous, not marhed with purpJe linen, hid stippled
toa-ards the base with green and purple dots, llacemes 5-8 flowered. Sejxils oblong-
obtuse, very widespixMil. Petals olilongo-ovate obtuse, much broader. Lip slipper-
shaped, not at all pointtd, lint with the central maryin turned in, very villous, or soft
with pile. Tlu^ flowers are of the same general colour as those of J). Dalhousianuin,
though more deeply tinged with rose, and smaller, about 3 inches across. Lip yellow-
ish, with two dei'p red-purple blotches, and crested or fimbriated veins. Column
and anther dark purple.

D. JIOSCHATUM.

Stems terete, pendulous, 4-5 feet, stipphnl. Leaves lanceolate obtuse. Racemes
5-8 feet. Sepals lanceolate acute. Petals rhomboido-ovate obtuse, broader. Lip
slipper-shaped, very obtuse, villous outside. Flowers orange-yellow, 2.^-3 inches
across. Lip of the same colour, with two deej) crimson blotches on the inside,
and five crested fimbriated veins. Column and anther greenish-yellow.

D. FIMBRIATUM.

In general character like the three foregoing species, but the flowers, whirh
are golden yellow, are much smaller — 2 inches across. The lip is not slipjx'r-
shaped, and the edge all round is beautifully fringed. The stems have no special
markings.

Of the four species here described, J). Jtalhmsianum and D. calceolaria have creamij
white flowers tinged with rose. B. mosehntum and 1> fimhriatum have yelluw flowers.
D. Dalhousiamim may always be infallihhj distinguished by the pui-ple lines on the
first season's stems, whereas those of D. calceolaria are stippled and not striped.
As the stems of D. moschatum, however, are also stippled, 1 know no mark whereby
to distinguish this species from J>. calceolaria when out of flower. When in flower, the
colour alone (yellow) is sufficient mark. I), fimbriatum may at all times be dis-
tinguished from the other three, both by the absence of all special marking, and by
the circumstance that its .stems (according to my experience) invariably taper at both
ends, being stoutest in the middle. All four are beautiful Orchids — but I). Dal-
housianum bears the palm. I may add, that I), moschatum and J). calceolaria smell
strongly of rliubarb and magnesia, the other two do not. They are all abundant in
the Tenasserim Provinces, except 1). calceolaria, which I never found but once. —

158 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

N.B. B. calceolaria (our plant) of Hooker is not D. calceolm of Eoxburgh — which latter
I believe to be I), moschatum. Hence, it is probable, much of the confusion.'

D. Faemebi.

Pseudo-bulbs 4-sided, club-shaped, tapering finely downwards, but again ex-
panding into a small swollen base. Leaves 2 to 4, near the top. Flowers in a loose
raceme. Sepals ovate obtuse, petals broader. Lip rounded, with a sinus near the
base on either side. General colour pale rose ; lip yellow, deepening towards the
centre. A most lovely Orchid. Freijuent throughout the Tenasscrim Provinces.
The true D. Funneri lasts in bloom a full month. There is an inferior variety with
weaker stems and smaller flowers, which fade in 3 or 4 days.^ The figure in Bot.
Mag. 4659 resembles (as far as the flowers are concerned) this inferior variety.

D. Fakiieri, var. AUEEO-FLAvrar.

This may be shortly described as the preceding, with golden yellow flowers.
It appears to be rare. I have only found it once, on Dauna-toung, having in vain
sought for it after its fii'st discovery.

D. TOKTILE.

To enable this species to be recognized, it may suffice to say that it has also
swollen pseudo bulbs tapering downwards; but instead of being square, they are
rather flattened. The flowers also are borne on the plant diiierently — not in a single
raceme, but in twos or threes on distinct foot-stalks. General colour lilac. Sepals
and petals much contorted. Frequent. Also a lovely Orchid.

D. ALBOSAXGUINEUJI.

Stems elongated, terete, about 1 foot long. Leaves 5 or 6 near the top*
Flower stalk from between the topmost leaves, erect, 6-7 flowered. Flowers 23-
inches across, creamy white. Lip same, but with some deep blood-red streaks near the
base. When out of flower, this species may be readily distinguished by the black
margins of the leaf-sheaths. Abundant in some places, but local.

D. SENILE.

A small species — about 6 inches high — with erect rigid stems, which are covered
with white hairs. Flowers yellow. Apparently rather rare. Shway-gyeen district.

D. BoxALLn.

Stems drooping, 1 foot or more, nodes moderately swollen at the top, tapeiing
downwards, dark brown when old, but pale while- still clothed in theii- young leaf-

' It is often a ditficult tnsk to unraTel a tangled web wlucli a moment's carelessness has caused.
Sucli a tangle has gathered round llendi ohtum pumiUtm,

I. Roxhurgh, VoL III. p. 479, under the head of this plant, jjives a correct description of it in the
first two paragraphs, or for .some four lines, but thereupon follows to the end a long description of
another and totally different plant.

II. Some years ago I found two small Dendrohia, one of which had short swollen (turbinate?)
pseudo-bulbs (my No. 98), and agreed otherwise with Roxburgh's description. This accordingly was
considered to be D. punuhvn. The other (my Xo. 120), though almost exactly alike in the inflorescence,
had elongated quadrangular bulbs, and being clearly a distinct plant, I named it I), qundrai'gulart,
a name already appropriated, which I was not aware of at the time ! These (with drawings) were sent
home to Kew, where my second plant ( D. quaiirar,gulare) was designated 1>. pumilum. Happening
to be at Kew not long ago. I was shown an authentic specimen of V. piimi/t(i», and surely enough, it was
identical with my JJ. quadi annulare, and not with the other or turbinate species.

III. In a recent description of some of mv t)rchids bv Rrof. Keichenbach published by the
Linnean Society (to which some tlgures are appended) the artist has actually combined in one my iko
drawings. The bulbs will be seen, on careful inspection, to be of two forms, which are those of two
distinct plants ! To this moment I do not know which of the two is really Roxburgh's plant, but I
incline to think it is that with swollen or "turbinate" bulbs, and not the ipiadrangular plant, though
this last is called D. pumilum in the Kew Herbarium. Occasiouallv (it is probable) among the numbers
of bundles of dried plants sent to Kew from all parts of the world, a specimen or a label may become
displaced.

■^ This is B. palpthr(r, I.indley.

ORCIIIDE.E. 159

sheaths. Flowers in alternate pairs all down the stem, large, 3 inches across. Petals
and sepals lanecolate, pink-lilac. Lip full, round, but slightly ])ointed, golden
yellow, with a white margin and lilac tip. A very handsome plant. Bliamo and
the ^'orth generally.

D. NODATUJI.

Stems branched, with swollen joints, which are more apparent in the older
stems, rooting at tlie joints. Leaves at the end of the young shoots, oblong lanceo-
late. Flowers single. Sepals lanceolate. I'etals ovate, broader. Lips ol)scurely
3-lobcd, lateral lobes turned inwards, middle lobe rhomboid, with a blunt point.
General colour creamy yellow, that of the lip yellow, deepening to orange in the
centre, with two very dark ])urple streaks at the base. Column green and pui'ple.
Anther purple. A very free-growing plant.

D. FiNDLAYAXCir.

Another Orchid with jointed stems, joints larger upwards and tapering rather
suddenly downwards, pear-shaped, with a large brown sheath at each internode.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, unequally toothed at the point. Peduncles '2-flowered.
Sepals linear lanceolate, acute, revolute. Petals ovate, broad. Lip nearly round and
iindiviiled, slightly crenatc at the margin. Sepals and petals lilac, deepening towards
the tips. Lip pale lilac at the edge, yellow in the centre, with a deep purple stain
at the claw. Column striped with the same. Anther white. An elegant plant,
first found by ilr. James Findlay on the route to Zimmay, and given by him to me ;
hence named after him.

D. CRASSIXODE.

stems swollen at the joints to an exaggerated degree, so as to look like a number
of flattened spheres with short intervening constrictions. About 1 foot long. A
strikingly beautiful Orchid, first discovered by me in the year 1859, on the Shan
border, S.E. of Maulmain, in February, when it was in full flower. The whole of a
very fine collection, made on that occasion, not of Orchids only, but of other plants,
was lost in the Persia, which foundered in the Calcutta lliver. One plant, which
I re.served and attached to a tree in my garden, lingered for 2 or 3 years and then
died. It was fortunately rediscovered later by Col. Benson, in ihe hills between
Thayet-myo and Arakan. It will be seen, by looking at the figure in Bot. Mag.
57G6, that the flowers arc there represented as having red-lilac tips to the sepals,
petals and lip, while the centre and base of the latter are yellow. A rough drawing
of my plant made at the time of discovery shows these colours exactly reversed— \.\\)%
yellow and lip red-lilac ! It may be observed here that several Orchids which are
found in the jungles S. and E. of Maulmain, reappear in the N. and W., while they
soem to be wanting in the intervening districts, notably the plant now tinder
discussion, with I). Parishii, B. eburneus, and others. Colour, again, varies oftener
than is generally supposed, so as to make it doubtful wisdom to give a distinct name
to an Orchid because of such difl'erence merely. "While on the subject of variation,
I may take the opportunity of saying that a long aciiuaintancc with this Order has
satisfied me, that even the labellum or lip, which is generally esteemed a sure
characteristic mark of a species, is liable to considerable difference of form. I will
specify two Oi-chids in which this is the case, B. crumenatum and B. hamhusifolium.
1 possess drawings, most carefully made, of the labellum of these two plants, and,
being made at different times from difl'erent individuals, they display most marked
ditferciiccs both in form and colour, ily ojiportunitics of observation were almost
unrivalled. Fixed at one station for upwards of 20 years, and having some 150
species growing in my garden, fresh supjilies being continually brought in, it was
my daily delight to watch their growth ; and hardly a day passed on which I did not
either draw or examine microscopically some one Orchid or another, and often tho
same species at widely ditt'ereiit times, and brought from widely distant localities.
I trust, therefore, that my remarks, here and elsewhere, may be made without
presumption, even though they should chance to differ from the opinion of acknow-
ledged masters in Orchidologv.

160 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXfi.

D. Bensoni^.

This is one of the very few Orchids I have never gathered. I must therefore
borroxv my description from the Bot. Magazine. Stems terete, 1 to 3 ft. long, nodes
not swollen, internodes concealed by the membranous sheaths (this is the case with
many other Orchids when the stems are in a young state). Flowers 2 or 3 on a foot-
stalk, 2 inches across, pure white, except the lip, which is golden yellow in the centre,
and has two dark purple spots near the base. Lip nearly round, convulute into a
sort of neck at the base, a feature common to other Bendrohia. A. handsome species.
Arakan hills.

D. PAEisnn.

A very handsome plant when large and covered with blossom. Stems pendulous,
generally more or less curved (a pretty constant habit) a foot or more long. Flowers
wholly red-purple, with a deeper-coloured lip. It smells offensively of rhubarb and
magnesia. It is, I believe, too well known to rec[uire further description.

D. FricHiANrjr.

This is described in Bof. Jfag. as I), larhntulnm l)y Mr. Eateman, from which,
however, I always considered it markedly distinct. My name has been since ac-
cepted, and its distinct character admittecl. Stems erect, terete, slender, of the size
of a goose quill, and 1 foot long. Flowers in a terminal raceme, 1 inch to H across.
Sepals narrow, lanceolate. Petals very broadly ovate, pointed. Lip distinctly
3-lobed — middle lobe broadly obovate, "n-ith a small mucro or point in the slightly
sunken centre — lateral lobes small, erect, between which and at the base of the
middle lobe is a tuft of pui-ple hairs. Colour of the flower pure white, except the
pui-ple eye. A very elegant little Dendrolium, which first attracted my attention as
ornamenting the hair of the Burmese girls in Maulmain. It was some time before
I could find it. At last, when ascending the Sal ween River in company with the
then Col. Fytcho, he spied an Orchid on the overhanging branch of a tree. It
proved to be the desired plant. The name records the circumstance.

Space will not admit of further notice of this genus, profuse as it is in number
of species and in beautiful forms. The object here proposed is not a scientific
description of all Burmese Orchids (this would require a work of some considerable
length), but only just sufficient brief notice of some of the most striking species
as may enable an amateur collector to distinguish them, and incite him to their
study. 1 pass on, therefore, to other genera.

CRrpiocHiirs.
A small genus of obscure plants, of which Burma has but one representative,
as far as is at present known, C. meirax. It is a dwarf species, stemless, consisting
wlioUy of a flattened pseudo-bulb \ an inch in diameter, attached to the tree on
which it grows by minute fibrous roots. Each bulb produces 1 sessile flower,
large for the size of the bulb. Its peculiar feature is that the exterior segments
of the flower cohere at their edges, and thus form a sort of tube concealing the lip.
It has a 2-celled anther with 4 pollen-masses in each.

Eria (including Ania).
A genus which includes plants of widely different size and appearance — some
being small stemless plants with flattened pseudo-bulbs, not more than \ inch high,
bearing a pair of small leaves and 1 or 2 obscure flowers in their axis ; others being
a foot or more high, with short or lengthened pseudo-bulbs, and leaves leathery and
smooth, or thin and plicate, and variously disposed. The inflorescence al_so_ is
various, being either in lateral or axillary racemes, or in dense heads, or consisting
of solitary flowers on a thm peduncle. It is distinguished from Bend rob mm by
having 8 pollen-masses instead of 4, which are round or pear-shaped, and united
in 1 or 2 bundles at their base by an elastic cobwebby material, not fi-ee as they are
in that genus. The lip, articulated with the much prolonged and projecting base
of the column, is commonly 3-lobed, and has crested or raised lines on its disk.
Species about 35.

OltriJIDE.F. IGl

E. OBESA.

rsoudo-ljunis shoit, ovate, plump, about 2 to 3 inches liigli, 3 or 4 together,
their rather tiattened sidts toucliinc; each otlier. Leaves 4 or 5, hegiiiniiig from
near the base, and terminating (eaeli) a l)road sheath, which ehisps the bulb all round.
Tliese sheaths slojio alteruately to riglit and loft, and are striated, or marked with
lines, as are also the bulbs, which are somewhat constricted at the internodes.
Flowers small, i inch, almost colourless, forming a raceme of 3 or 4, with large
ovate reflcxcd bractes at the junction of the stalks.

E. ExsrracTOKiA.

Pseudo-bulbs round, flattened and even depressed on the top, growing in small
crowded patches, about j inch across and the same in height, bearing, when fully
matured in the rainy season, one small ovate pointed leaf in the centre. Before the
dry season has well set in, and the plant flowers (the only time when it is likelj' to
attract attention), these have fallen olf and, in its place, exactly in the axis of the
bulb, stands a slender cnct peduncle or flower-stalk about 2 inches high, which,
gradually swelling into the germ, tcruiiuates in a solitary flower, about .' inch long.
Upper sepal ovate, acute, lateral sepals of the same general shayie, but produced
downwards and aduate to the prolonged column which ends in a blunt, rounded, or
slightly notched spur. Petals smaller, lanceolate. Lip o-lobed, middle lobe largo,
and itself 2-lolicd, the segments lounded, lateral lobes smaller, rounded and erenate.
The lip tapers into a claw, which is attached to the foot of the column, and has 3
raised lines or ridges along its length. Colour white, tinged with pink ; the 3
papillose ridges of the lip and the intermediate space are orange-yellow, with just
a tinge of pink. Base of the column inside, yellow. Spur greenish. Anther
blotched with deep red on each side. I have here given the colour, as seen and
carefully drawn by myself. I consider the figure in Bot. Mag. much too highly
coloured, and the pollen-masses to be incorrectly drawn by the artist. I find them 8,
but in 2 bundles of 4 nearly round united by their suddenly tapering caudicles in
the normal manner of the genus, by an elastic cobwebby substance. On the subject
of leafless Orchids I have a word or two to ofler. Several small species have been
dcscril)ed as leafless which are not really so. This plant, with Drijmoda pida, Bulho-
phyllum nioiuliforme, and others, has leaves. But they must be looked for at the
right season, viz. in the rains. In the dry or flowering season, when they are
generally sought for and gatliered, no trace of leaf is to be seen, "^'ight (Icones,
No. 1741) figures and descnhes Cliedoihista unneoides as a leafless epiphyte. Whether
this plant be really so or not I cannot .say, as I am not ac(]uainted with it ; but wo
have a small Orchid {2'/in'.i:y:fi nnim himfirnm), whidi, for the gn aterpart of the year,
consists simply of a bundle of roots, growing from a common centre, which centre
hardly presents a trace of stem. In this state it resembles Wiglit's plant. In the
dry season a long i-aceme of small flowers grows forth from this axis, and in this
state it is generally found; but if it be watched throughout the rains, two small
leaves (about 1 inch lung), lanceolate and ])oiuted, will be seen to be ]iiodnced at the
same axis. I think it very probable that if C/iei/uc/iista were watched with e(iual
care, leaves would be found. The only really leaili ss Orchid with which 1 aui
acquainted is Guhola, which will be described in its proper place.

E. VESTILA, sp. afF.

A very different-looking plant from either of the preceding ones. Stems tufted,
a foot or more long, pendulous, about the diameter of a lead-pencil, very dry and
liard near their base, where they are generally leatlcss, being leafy ouly for about | of
their length ; leaves lanceolate, acute, 3-4 inches long and 1 , or a little more, broad,
fleshy, profu.sely covered with soft rufous hairs on both sides, making them velvety
to the touch. Racemes axillary, very short, consisting of 3 or 4 flowers only. The
short hairy flower-stalk is rather zigzag and bears 5 or 6 ovate pointed bracts, the
2 or 3 lower of which are without flowers. Flowers sessile in the superior ones,
J inch long. Dorsal sepal linear, lateral sepals broad, connate below and forming
a blunt spur. Petals narrow, linear, about the same length as the sepals, showing

VUL. II. 11

162 BURiFA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

their recnrvrd tips between them. Lip att;iched to the base of the curved spur, and
curved conformably to it, undivided, wedge shaped, rounded at the point, about the
length of tlie sepals. Cohimu CThnchieal, contained in the same line as the short
ovary. Anther deep purple. Petals white, lip pale yellow. Sepals, bracts,
flower-stem, and margin of lip red with hairs. Tavoy. I have been minute in my
desei'iption of tliis plant in the hope that it may be sent home and satisfactorily
determined. My dried specimens appear to have been lost, and, by a strange
omission, the pollen-masses are wanting from my drawing of the flowers. In the
absence of flowers, the plant exactly resembles Eria ventila of the Bot. Mnynzine,
No. 5807. In consequence of the dry and wiry character of the roots I could never
succeed in making it attach itself to a tree, and it always refused to grow with me.

DEXDBOCniLFir.

A small genus consisting of a few obscure plants. Pollen-masses 4, incumbent.
For further information reference must be had to books. Limited space allows only
brief notice here. Species 1 .

D. PALLIPE-FLAVENS.

A small plant, in general aspect like a Biilhophijlhiiif, bearing a slender raceme
about 3 inches long, of minute straw-coloured flowers from the base of the pseudo-bulbs.

PnoLinoTA.

The plants of this genus have either pseudo-bulbs, or jointed swollen stems,
with plicate leaves, and terminal, two-ranked, tb'ooping racemes. Pollen-masses (in
the only two species known to me) 4, ovate, joined in pairs to a slender caudicle.
Species 2.

P. IJIBKICATA.

Pseudo-bulbs ovate, oblong, terminated by a large lanceolate leaf, from the central
axis of which hangs a long flexible spike of closely imbricated greenish-yeUow
flowers, each almost concealed by a concave bract. Common.

P. AETICFLATA.

Stem articulated ; joints fleshy, cylimlrical, 3-4 inches long, terminated by a
pair of ovate leaves, from the axis of which droops a lax raceme of some dozen
greenish-yeUow flowers. It forms loose, irregular masses, rooting freely at the joints.

OTOcniLrs.

In general appearance like P. iiiihn'cata, but the flowers are slenderer, and have
a long, arched, half-rounded column resemliling that of Cmlogijne. Pollen-masses 4,
incumbent, concavo-convex, united in pairs by an elastic cobwebby mateiial. Species
two, forming large tangled masses on the branches of trees in moimtainous districts.
Flowers colourless and inconspicuous.

Pleioxe.

A small group of veiy distinct form and habit, by some united with Cfchgyne,
and indeed in the general structure of tlieir flowers having no essential difference ;
passing, moreover, by easy gradations, through C. SchiUeritina and C. uniflura into
that genus. The few plants belonging to this group are dwarf epiphytes growing
in dense patches on rocks and trees on the higher mountains, among moss. They
consist of rounded, more or less depressed, pseudo-bulbs, J or I inch in diameter and
height, from the base of which spring 1 or 2 strikingly beautiful flowers of extra-
ordinary size for that of the bulb. Leafless when in ilower. Although apparently
lateral, the flowers here (as in Ccelogyms) are really terminal. They grow at the end
of a new aad as yet undeveloped pseudo-bulb, which, in its early stage, forms the
foot-stalk of the flower. This, after the flower has perished, swells and eventually
becomes the recognized pseudo-bulb, often bearing at its end the now matured
fruit. Thus the leaves are formed later than the flowers, the reverse of what is
ordinarily the case in Orchids.

ORCIUDEJE. 1G3

Tlir discovered species are two, P. praenx, wliieli I linvc gathered abundantly on
the mountains near Touns-nifoo, at an elevation of 7 or 8000 feet ; and P. Reicheti-
hiichiana, on the mountains K. of Maiilraain at a somewhat lower elevation. The
latter plant shared tlie fate of lu)- Dendrobium crassinode and many other fine things,
all sunk in the " Periiti," and thus Col. 15enson became the fortunate first introducer
of the plant into England. Eoth species are figured in the Bol. Mayuiine.

C.ELOGYSE.

The Orchids of this pjenus have for the most part handsome flowers, though not
of the first order of beauty. They are to bo distinguished by the following characters.
The flowers are terminal (as explained nnd(a- I'/eione) on a pseudo-bulb formed or
unformed. Pseudo-bulbs crowded so as to form tufts, or distant on a creeping root-
stock, generally short, but sometimes much (dongated. Leaves 2, at tlie end of the
pseudo-bulb. Sepals separate and distinct, genei'ally, but not always, wide spread.
Petals siiuilar, but narrower. Lip large, articulated with the base of the column,
and parallel with it, usually 3-lobed, the side-lobes very large and erect, with longi-
tudinal raised lines or crests on the disk. One of the most marked characters is the
column, wliich is long, curved and winged, often hooded and tootheil at the top.
Pollen masses 4, incumbent (back to back), united in pairs by a granular substance.
This is the rule, but there are exceptions. Species 2-3.

C. ScHILLERI-iXA.

This may be fairly called a small rh'lime. Pseudo-bulbs small (fr inch). Leaves
2, at the end of the undeveloped pseudo-bulb, which, at this stage, looks like a narrow
flower-stalk only, with imbricated bracts at the base. Flowers solitary from lietween
the leaves, about U inch across. Sepals and ])etals tawny-yellow, the latter very
narrow. Lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes oblong, rounded, parallel with the column ; middle
lobe very broad, wavy, crisped and notched at the point, colour yellow, with dark
reddish-brown blotches. The old bulbs are leafless at the flowering season.
Maulmain and elsewhere.

C. UXI FLORA.

Pseudo-bulbs about 1 inch long, flask-shaped, seated closely on a creeping root-
stock, terminated by 2 long linear leaves. Flower 1 (sometimes 2) from the hnsc of
the fuUij-mutufed bulbs, and not from the axils of the leaves, as in C. Sc/ii/kriana
(lierein apparently forming an exception to the rule of the genus already mentioned),
abo\it 1 inch long, orange-yellow. Lip 3-lobc(l ; side-lobes small, acute ; middle-lobe
boat-shaped, with 3 orange-coloured streaks at the base, and three similar .spots in
the midille.

C. RIGIDA.

Pseudo-bulbs distant, 3 inches or so, on a coarse, hard, branched root-stock,
■which is J inch in diameter, ring-nuiiked where the scales have fallen otf, and
sending out wiry roots from its uncha- surface. Tbe bulbs from 3 to 5 inches long,
smooth when young, but much grooved when old and shrunk. Leaves two, ovate-
lanceolate, ])oi"ntcd. Flowers 8 or 10 in a pendulous raceme from between the leaves.
Raceme 8 inches long, flowers J inch, rufous. Sepals oblong. Petals very narrow
and standing back from between the sepals. Lip 3-lobed, middle lobe broad and
itself 2-lobed, with two dark brown wavy crests. The unexpanded flowers have each
a large ovate, pointed bract, embracing and nearly concealing them. These bracts
are of a rich brown colour towards the point. The flowers occupy about half the
length of the peduncle, and at the base of the lowest flower are a number of imbri-
cated scales, extending back for about two inches. The old bulbs are generally sur-
mounted by the hardened rigid remnant of the peduncle, which is almost hard enough
to run into the hand. Hence the name.

C. Fi'scEscEXs, var. isruxxka.

A plant of much the same character as the preceding, hut generally smaller and
less robust. The flowers are 5 or G, in a drooping raceme at the end of the young

164 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

umlcvelopcd pseudo-bulb, each about 2 inches long, of a general tawny-yellow colour.
The lip dark chocolate brown. A handsome Orcliid.

C. Paeishii.

Pseudo-bulbs on a creeping root-stock, 5-7 inches long, cylindrical, smooth, sur-
mounted by two oblong-lanceolate plicate leaves. Peduncle of about 5 flowers in
their axil, 6-7 inches high. Flowers large, green, lip crested and marked with
black streaks and spots. More curious than beautiful. In this species the flowers
terminate the fully-matured pseudo-bulbs.

SrxiriA, Iliicli.
A genus of two species only (as far as is at present known), one of which is
found in Burma, Sitiiipia scnrioxa. Its description may suffice here for that of the
genus. A plant in habit like a Bulbophijlhiin, with a creeping rhizome of the
thickness of a goose quill, hearing upon it, at regular distances of 2 or 3 inches,
ovoid pseudo-bulbs about 1 inch long, tapering upwards, each terminating in a single
linear leaf, 6 inches by f , leathery. Inflorescence a spike on a long slender peduncle,
erect for about 10 inches, with stem-clasping scales at intervals, thence drooping
for another 6 or 7 inches. Flowers very small, sessile, alternating on a zigzag
rachis, each concealed by a glumaceous bract. Sepals ovate obtuse, the two lower
uniting to form a keel. Petals much smaller and nearly round. Lip articulated
with the column, 3-lobed, side lobes rouniled, middle lobe elongated, blunt, solid,
hollowed out at the base. Pollen-masses 4, collateral, nearly round, attached by
pairs to two short blunt fleshy caudicles. The colour of the flower is white, tinged
■with rose at the base. Lip pale yellow. Lindley places it among Vandete, and speaks
of a gland, but I can find no trace of one. 4-o000 feet among the mountains.

AGROsiopnTiLrii, Bl.

Like the last, this is a small genus consisting of 2 or 3 species. Our Burmese
representative is A. p!tiiiicai(k, a plant with fleshy flattened stem about 5 inches
long, y inch broad by i, bearing a leaf {possibli/ 2 leaves) at the top. Leaf oblong,
6 inches by 1. Flowers in a small dense head at the base of the leaf, interspersid
with brown bracts. The pollen-masses are 8 — those of an Eria, though Lindley
places the plant among Vanile/e. The plant grows in a tufted manner— several stems
near together. This is the meanest Orchid and the most ivetd y-ltdoking that I know.
Species 1.

SrATnoGLOTirs, BL

"Terrestrial plants with subterranean corms" (rhizomes underground, Bentham
in Flora of IIiiii(i-Kuii<i, p. 3 J5), "and ssvord-shaped plicate leaves. Sepals spreading,
free, equal. Petals rather broader. Lip articulate at the base of the column, not
spurred but concave or saccate, 3-lobed, middle lobe contracted into a claw, and
crested or tuborculated. Column winged or petal-like. Pollen-masses 8, waxy.
Scapes radical, leafless." Species 3.

The foiegoing generic description is simply copied from Lindley and Bentham.
This is done because the first of the three species mentioned below (placed in this
genus by Rcichenbach) will be found to differ in some respects from it.

S. Haedingiaxa.

Pseudo-bulbs about the size and shape of a cob-mit, terminated by two lanceolate
pointed leaves much attenuated below, 6-7 inches long by ^ broad. The flowers
are borne in a loose raceme of some 8 or 10, on one, or occasionally two, slender
peduncles 9-10 inches high, with 2 or 3 sheathing scales nearly an inch long at
regular distances upon them, springing from the base of the pseudo-bulb. The stem
(peduncle) is covered with soft hairs and is red. Each flower, which is nearly an
inch across when fully expanded, has a slender stalk 1 inch long and a pointed bract
at its base. Sepals ovato-lanceolate pointed. Petals of the same lengtli and
appearance, but tiDirh narrower, all thrown backwards when in full flower. Lip long
and narrow, awl-sliapcd, very acute, from a broad rounded base with a centarl

ORCUIDEJE. 105

longitudinal line. Aliont the mitldlo of the lip arc two prominent lumps or callosities
(one on each side of the line), of considerable size for that of the lip. The column
is long, slender, arched (almost hooked at the end) and -winged on the upper half.
Anther 2-celled. I'ollen-masses 8, long and tapering into caudieles, and cohering
in two bundles of 4 by their ghitinous extremities. The colour of the unopened buds
is greenish, that of the expanded flower char white with just a blush of rose at the
tips ; column rose ; anthers deep red ])urple. and the callvsities marked with red and
yellow. An extreme!}- elegant little Orchid sent me by Mr. Harding of Rangoon
in 1873. I named it accordingly after him. 1 believe he received it from Bhamo.
1 grew it for "2 years with the greatest ease at Maulmain in a pot, where tny one plant
increased to two or three. I should have liked to send it to England in a growing state,
but fearing that, if it were lost or died, tlicro would remain no proof of its existence
beyond a verbal record and a di-awing, I sacrificed it in its full beauty, forwarding
one dried specimen to Kew and n^serviug one for myself. The fortunate possession
of this perfect specimen has enabled me, now as I write, to re-examine the p<dlen-
niasses. In my original drawing, made in 1874. I represented them as attached to a
sort of gland, but 1 appended a note to the effect that I was not sure I was right,
tluit the ajipai'ent gland was torn, and I could not clearly make it out. This observa-
tion Prof. Keichenbach quotes in his descrii)tion of the plant ( Otia Butanicu, llambtirgh,
Fasc. I. p. 46), and suggests that the apparent gland had some irregular source. I now
find that the pollen-masses are without any gland, as is to bo expected in Hpidendretr,
but I perceive that the rostellum at the end of the column is very thin and mem-
branous, and I think it likely that in removing the pollen-masses from the anther,
an irregular fragment of this membrane may have been carried away with them, in
consequence of the verj- glutinous nature of the caudieles.

The differences observable between this species and the description of the genus
are, that, though terrestrial, the pseudo-bulbs arc above ground, the petals are smaller
than the sepals, and the lip is undivided.

S. PUBESCEXS.
S. LoBBII.

These two plants must be passed by with a brief notice. They both have
nndergi'ound bulbs of an in'egular shape, two long linear-lanceolate leaves and long
slender flower-stalks, which bear from 3 to 5 yellow flowers, about li inch across.
Sepals and petals broad, nearly the same size. The lip is 3-lobed or tripartite, and
in both is of a remarkable shape. Tliey are about a foot high, resemble each other
very much, differing in points of small detail. The first I find on Zing-gyik, near
Martaban, the last on the hills East of Amherst. It was also sent to me by the
late Capt. Gower, from Akvab. Thev are both easy of cultivation, and deserving
of it.

Spathofllottix is nearly allied to liletia, from which (says Lindley) it is dis-
tinguished "by the middle segment of the ;5-pai-ted lip being unguiculatc with two
tubercles or "lamellae at its base, and by its two-celled anther." There is a hand-
some ])ui-ple Bletia grown now frequently in Rangoon gardens which I take to be an
introduction.

Calaxtue, ii. Br.
Terrestrial or epiphytal plants, consisting of pseudo-bulbs which are nourished
by fibrous roots from their base. Flowers numerous in racemes on erect stems, wliich
spring from the base of the pseudo-bulb. Sepals and petals spr(>ading, nearly
equal, free. Lip connate with the column, entire or lobed, variously spurred.
Pollen-masses 8, in paii-s, tapering into caudieles, which adhere to each other by a
cobwebby substance, and are occasionally united by a spurious gland. Leaves
terminal on the ps(!udo-bulbs, broad, plicate. Species 3.

C. -TESTIT.^..

Pseudo-bulbs large, 4-5 inches, ovate, somewhat squared, partly clothed witli
membranous scales, of an ashy-grey colour. Leaves 2 or more from the end, a foot
or more long, 4 iuclies or more broad, lanceolate, ribbed, tapering downwiirds into

166 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIOyS.

a foot-stalk, and iqiwards into a point, fallin"; off before the flowers appear. Flower-
stem, or scape, spiinging from the base of the matured pseudo-bulb, 1 foot or mure,
erect, bearing at intervals sheathing scales, clothed with hairs which stand out at right
angles with the stem. Flowers large, several, 7-8, in a loose drooping raceme.
Sepals and petals widely spreading, broad, lanceolate, pointed, nearly of the same
size. Lip widely spreading, the base of it attached to the sides of the colunin
along its whole length, laterally compressed ; the remaining or projecting portion
rounded in outline, deeply 3 lobed ; the middle lobe again subdivided, but not so
deeply. Spur long, slender, curved forward under the lip. Anther sunk in tlie
column, 2-eelled. Pollen-masses 8, tapering into caudicles, adhering to each other,
but without any gland. The colour of the flowers is pure white, with the exception
of a yellow or Roman-red stain in the eye of the lip. An extremely beautiful plant,
■widely distributed ; always found on trees.

The pollen-masses of C. vcratrifolia, a Straits plant, are united to a distinct
gland, but one of a difl'erent character from the gland of Fandece. C. ohtumia has a
distinct gland, very Yandeous-liko.

LlilATODES, £1.

Terrestrial plants, hearing pseudo-bulbs nourished by fibrous roots which penetrate
the vegetable soil. In character very near to CaJanthe. Sepals and petals spreading,
nearly equal. Lip free, undivided, spurred. Column very short. Pollen-masses 8,
as in Calanthe, without a gland. Leaves terminal, broad, plicate. Flowers in a
raceme on a stalk which springs from the base of the pseudo-bulbs. Species 1.

L. KOSEA.

Pseudo-bulbs elongated, jointed or constricted, angular, tapering upwards, 5-6
inches long. Stems villous, erect, with scales at intervals, many-flowered. Flowers
rose-coloured. Lip oblong, undivided, rolled into a tube at the base, and enveloping
the column ; pale yellow in the ei/e, which is surrounded by a deep crimson ring.
Spur long, stouter than in Calanthe, and bent backwards. Stem and flowers hairy.
A lovely plant, profusely abundant in the crevices and on the ledges of the limestone
rocks about Maulmain, growing in loose rich vegetaldo mould.

The Messrs. Veitch have produced a hybrid plant by crossing Limatodes rosea
and Valantlie restita. The conclusion to be drawn from this is, not that plants of
distinct genera can bo intercrossed, but that the so-called genera are not really dis-
tinct. It points to the extremely close relationship of the plants, and to the purely
artificial nature of the distinction which luis been made.

It may be remarked here that Caliuttlie and Limatodes have been placed by
Lindley and other botanists among Tandea, on account of the occasional appearance
of a gland to the pollen-masses. The character of this gland, however, as well as
that of the pollen-masses themselves, is very different from that which prevails among
Vandere} These two genera, accordingly, with some others, are now referred to the
Epidendrous division of Orchids, as showing more general affinity with it.

Aeundina, Bl.

Terrestrial plants with tall erect leafy stems and 2-ranked leaves, and no pseudo-
bulbs. Sepals lanceolate, equal, petals broader. Lip 3-lobed or entire, rolled round
the column, without a spur. Column half-rounded, clavate (club-shaped) at the
end. Pollen-masses 8, in fours. Flowers large, handsome. Species 1, Arundina
bawbiisifuHa, for description of which see Roxburgh's Flora Indica, vol. iii. p. 460,
under Ci/mbidiiim. Damp shady places among moist rocks. Akyab.

Phaits, Lour.

Terrestrial or epiphytal plants, generally tall and caulescent, though sometimes
stemless and pseudo-bulbous. Scapes radical. Flowers showy. Sepals and jietals
fi'ee, spreading, nearly equal. Lip rolled at its base round the column, 3-lobed or

' C obtusata perhaps excepted.

ORCIIIDEJE. 167

entire, spurrcrl. The miflfUe lobo with ridp>s or niised crests. Column continuous
with tlic ovary, half roimd. PoUfU-inasses 8, nearly equal.

P. Blumei.

I rcjiret being unable to speak positively of this plant, and to say if it have
pseudo-bulljs or not, as, unfortunatelj-, I have kept no record of the fact, nor any
drawing, and my dried specimens consist of fiower-sturas and flowers only. Nor
does the drawing of Limodorum Tankcrvillix, Bot. Mikj., tab. 1924 (now Fhaim),
which, being closely related to it, probably grows in the same way, aiford any
material for deciding ; nor does the meagre description of the jilant there given. As
far as my recollectiou serves me, tlie leaves, which are broad lanceolate, ])ointed and
plicate, arise from a mass of underground librous roots, and form a sort of false stem
made bj- their combined bases, which is slightly swollen at the point where it touches
the ground. Tlie scape, or flower-stalk, springs from the side of the leaves at their
base, is longer than the leaves, being about 10 inches or 2 feet long. It has several
sheathing scales along its length at regular distances of 2 inches, and bears towards
the end a loose raceme of several (6-8) large handsome flowers, full 4 inches across.
The form of the flowers is as described above iu the genus. The lip has a short
curled spur at its base. Sepals and petals white outside, brownish inside. Lip
whitish, streaked with crimson. From Bhamo.

TnrNiA, RM.Jil

Epiphytal plants, with leafy fascicled stems, slightly swollen at the base, clothed
with alteniatc leafy slieaths fiom the bottom, enlarging upwards with normal leaves.
Flowers few, 2-6, terminal, each with a spathaceous bract at the base. Sepals and
petals lax, thin, wide-spreading, lanceolate, pointed, nearly equal. Lip parallel
with the column, 3-lobcd, bluntly spurred, the Literal lobes enveloping the column ;
middle lobe broad, wavy, crested on the disc. Column winged, somewhat hooded at
the top, 3-lobed, middle lobe roimded, side lobes toothed. The stigmatic aperture is
covered by a membrane which falls over and conceals it, very much as in Vanilla.
Pollen-masses 4, or, by division, 8, united by a thick fleshy stipes. Anther 2-celled,
each cell subdivided again into two. Species 2 or 3.

T. AM A.

The generic description given above may serve also generally for the specific
dcsciiption. The stems of this species are 6 or 10 inches long tapering to a point.
The leaves are alternate and two-ranked, glaucous, loug-lauceolate, pointed, and the
flowers arc white.

T. Bexsoxi.e.

Same as above, except that the flowers are larger, 3 inches long, and purple.
The lip is of a much deeper colour than the rest of the flower, and has its disc
ornamented with yellow raised and crested lines. Certainly a handsome plant, but
disappointing, owing to the flaccid texture and drooping habit of the flowers, which
hardl}- sliow their beauty unless raised and o]icncd by the hand. Both tliis species
and ttie foregoing are epiphytal on the perpendicular surface of trees and rocks at an
elevation of 4-5000 ftset. Althougli known to me for some time previously, Colonel
Benson was fortunate in being the first to seud it to England.

T. XAXTHOPHLEBIA (pULCnR,^).'

' Thunia pclchra, Rchh. /., " Gavd. Chrou." 1S81. — " A glorious spocimon of this is at hand
from Mr. W. Hull. It lias a ratlier nixiilinp;, rich inllori'sceuco of 10 tine Honors, and tlifso make one
tliink of Ccclogyiie cristata in tluir pure \vhit<'ue5s. Tile lip has yelhnv and brown crests, but very little
of those is to be seen as long as you do not expand the tlon-ers artilicially. The ffeniis Tlnima was
established by the writer of these lines, in Dr. I.iudlev's lifetime, in Von Sehleehteiidal and Von .Mold's
Mulaniscke Ziiliiiig, 18.32, p. 704, having been reganled as I'haius till then: it Ims been universally
admitted. Lot us now imajriiic somebody had refused its iieceptance, and declared it once more a I'haius
and not a Sobralioiil Arrthiistrc, then it should have waxy and not amylaceous pidlen. What is a waxy
poUinium ? The one that, by heini; covered with a layer of exiiia, is fit to resist the entrance
of wat«r a good while, and is hard and stringy, usually blight yellow, seldom green, hyaciuth-red, or

16S nCRMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

In general character like tlie two preceding species, but a veiy much larger
plant. Whereas in Thunia ulha and Bensonia, only two stems, one old and one new,
go to form the plant, the species under consideration has several stems gi'owing in a
fascicled manner, and these are 18 inches or 2 feet long, as thick as the little finger,
and leafy throughout. The fio-wers also are more numerous, 6 to 8 in a raceme.
They are white, hardly so large as those of Thuitia Bensunim, and the lip is marked
with ochraceous lines in the disk and yellow veins, wlience the specific name. On
trees in the plains, about ilaiilmain.

Thiaiia pulclira is the same as Thunia xaiithophlebia. Both are Prof. R.'s names.
"W'hy ho changed the latter name first given into T. pulchra, I do not know.
T. xanthophlebia is descriptive ; T. pulchra is not. I had it growing for 20 j'ears
in my garden, and considered it an inditferent tiling. — C'.P.

Before leaving this genus, I would draw attention to the pollen-masses. These
are described by Sir J. Hooker in Bot. Jldr/. under tab. 5694 as 4, clavate (club-shaped)
furrowed, and finely granular. It was always my custom, whenever time permitted
it, and the opportunity oft'ered itself, to examine the prdlen-masses of all Orchids with
the greatest care, and to draw them with scrupulous fidelity. In the great majority
of cases this was done at leisure, the plants examined being fresh-gathered in my
garden. This was the case with Thunia Bensunm and xanthopMehia, and the drawings
as made some 15 years ago are now before me as I write these lines. Now the pollen-
masses of the two plants are very different. They dift'er in number and in shape. In
T. xanthojihlfhia 1 find 4, and in T. Bensonim I find 8. The diflerence in shape is
not easy to describe ; a drawing is required to make it plain. However, in T.
xanihophhhia, they are distinctly 4 only, all 4 equal, elongated, lying in pairs, one
pair in each cell of the anther, concavo-convex, and accumbent, i.e. appressed side
Ly side, their concave sui-faces one against the other; all four united by two con-
stricted necks (which gives them a somewhat club-shaped appearance) to a common
thick granular base, or stipes.' In T. Bt-nsunia; they are 8, 2 pairs in each anther-
cell, and these pairs ai'e incumbent, i.e. one pair behind another. The pairs in each
cell, moreover, are unequal, a larger pair and a smaller pair, the smaller pair being
raised by a slenderer stipes of their- own on to the broader stipes of the larger pair,
and all united by a grumous (or thick clotted) mass, forming a spurious gland. It
may, indeed, be allowable still to say they are 4 only, but these 4 are distinctly
cloven to their base, so as to form 8 plano-convex masses, very much as, in T.
xtmtliophlebia, the two greater may be said to be partible into four smaller masses.
I have no record of the pollen-masses of T. alia, but they are probably like those
of T. Bensonitr, from which it is doubtfully distinct as a species. Indeed, under its
old name of Pliaius alhu>i, it comes under that genus in Lindley's " Genera and
Species of Orchidaceous Plants," and one of the distinctive characters of Phaius is
that it has 8 pollen-masses.

MoNOMEEiA, Lindl.

Founded by Lindley on one species discovered by Wallich in Nipal, to which
Lindley gave the name of J/, harhata. The following is his description of the genus.

wliitish. This one has no cover of exin.a, though I admit that the pollinia are not quite as soft as in
lili'tilla ht/aciiit/tinn, called Sobntlia bhtittiiks by excellent botanists of Paris for its mealy pollinaria,
yet they are nearly as in some Galeola, which I had the pleasure of seeing fresh. Blume, indeed, has,
in 1856 {Miistum, p. 181), quoted I'/inins albiis, Lindl., as Phaius, yet in his last (Jrchid book lie
omitted the jilant, no doubt having been informed of its separation — at least I cannot find it in his
last liook. Alter all Bhime did not know the marks of distinction between J'/iai«s and Bhlia. Jlorpho-
loi,qe;dly our plant teauhes us once more not to rely too much on the presence of the spurs. Our pbint
has no spur, and 'T. alba enjoys a spur. Tluinias have a terminal inflorescence on the leafy shoots,
when I'hauises have their inflorescences and their fascicles of leaves apart. Tlniinas have fleshy
membranaceous leaves, F/iaii/ses have plaited ones ; Thunias have persistent, I'ltaitms deciduous bracts ;
2'/j ;;«(«* have 4, /7(n;K.sfs 8 poUen-masses ; FItaius flowers get blue when dried, Thuinas keep white,
or get brownish flowers in this state. If yon look to tlic propagation, you can make cuttings of Tlnnnas
as of a liiactciia. Trv it with F/iaiuses ! A representation of Thiona pttlchfa will be given in Xtma,
and it is intended to add for mere comparison a representation of Phaius!'' — H. G. Pchb. f.

1 I use the word stipes lure, as, from its meaning, it is more appropriate than caudicle, though
it is not of a Vaudeous character.

unciiiDE.E. l'J9

"Sepals rinjjent (iiainus; wide), unoqual, the latonil ones fur removed from the top
cue (the interval beinj; tuotheil), uniled to eueh other and to the base of the Cdluiiiii,
bearded. I'etals none. Lip jointed with the foot of the column, incumbent, 3-lobcd,
with 4 parallel lamelhe (thin plates) on the disk, the lateral lobes falcate forwards
and bidcntato at the apex. Coluniu much lengthened out below, half round, with
2 small horns at the point. Anther crested, 1-celled. PoUcn-niasses 4, cohering
in one." A plant witli a cre('ping rhizome (root-stock), -which bears pseudo-bulbs.
Leaves single, leathery, witliout veins. Raceme from the root, many-tlowered.
Xote (by Lin(lley) : -'This is the oidy known genus of Orchids in which the petals
are abortive. 2s'othing is tWund in tiieir room, but there is a wide toothletted interval
between the upper and lower sepals." Here follows his further description of the
species.

" Pseudo-bulbs ovate. Loaves with very long petioles (stalks) 1 foot long, erect.
Raceme shorter than the leaves. Scape (flower-stalk) light-coloured, bearing a few
scales, spotted. Flowers light-coloured, spotted with purple. Lip yellowish. The
foot of tlie column thickly dotted with purple."

As a special interestis attached to this plant, I have been careful to give bore
everything that Lindley says of it. There appear to be only 2 or 3 specimens
remaining of this singular plant in European Herbaria, and these, as it may well
be supposed, owing to their ago, not in a very good state for examination. Lindley
himself could only have seen and examined a dried specimen; hence, possibly, he
may have been mistaken in some particulars.

It was my good fortune in February, 1H71, to find on Ta-ol;, at about :30()() feet
of elevation, a solitary plant, looking excei'diu^ly like a Bidbophi/Uani. Knowing,
by experience, how deceptive these liidhopln/lJuinAiVii Orchids are, I brought it dmvn
to Maulmain, where it flowered, and jinived to be a Monomeria. I thought 1 had
Lindley's .)/. barbata, so very similar did it prove to his description and to his
figure "of that plant in his Sertuin Orchiduceam. Eventually, however (to bo short),
Piof. Reichenbach pronounced it to be a distinct species, and gave it the name of
Monomeria crabro, from a fancied resemblance of the flower to a hornet.

Into the distinctions between the two species (which are, after all, very slight)
I will not enter, but proceed to give a familiar description of my plant, in the hope
that it may be found again some day, and sent homo once more. As I have remarked
above, the plant might be passed over as a vciy ordinary looking Bidbophiillum.
The rhizome, which is about as thick as a cedar-pencil, and covered with scales,
creeps extensively, emitting tough wiry roots from its under part. It has pseudo-
bulbs seated upon it, several inches apart. These are pear-shaped, about 2 inches
long, and terminated by a solitary, leathery, strap-shaped leaf, which is some 10
inches by li. The flowers are about 20, individually 1 inch long, forming a sparse
raceme extending over about 9 inches of a curved drooping scape, whicli in total
length is 15 or 16 inches. This scape springs from the base of the pseudo-bulb, and
has several scales on its lower portion. The flowers, of a remarkable shape, terminate
a germ of 1 inch in length, which, in fact, forms their peduncle, and at the base of
the germ is a lanceolate bract. Of the 3 sepals the upper one is ovate triangular,
sharp-pointed, and stands erect, arched over the column which it in jiart conceals.
The two lateral, or in this case more markedly, loicer sepals are oblong, obliipic,
pointed, parallel to each other, and cohering along tlieir wh.do length so as, api)a-
rently, to fm-m but one oblong-pointed segnu'iit. Petals minute, triangular, fringed.
Lip elevated on the up-turned end of the column, much shorter than the lower sepals,
3 lobed; lateral lobes small, triangular, acute; middle lobe, oblong with a muero, or
point, at tlie end. The colour of the upper sepal is yellow, that of the lip dark purple,
and the two lower sepals are blotched with the same colour on a dark yellow ground.
It remains to speak of th(! most important part of the flower, the pollen masses.
Lindley describes those of his 2[. hnhata, as simply 4, "cohering in one mass."
This is verv much as was to be exiiected, judging from the general character of the
plant, which is that of a Bidbopliyllum, and it is what 1 was prejiared to find also
in my plant. To my great surprise, however, on dissi^ction, I found indce<l the 4
poUeu-masses, cohering in one round mass, exactly as described by Lindley, but also,

170 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIONS.

proceeding from between them, a rigid curved stipes (I thankfully avail myself of this
word, suggested as more appropriate by Bentham than caudicle), and at the end of it
a gland, not a membranous gland as in Vandea, but a firm grumous mass; the
whole as figured (from my drawing) in the Linnean Transactions. Eeiehenbach
(though whether confirmed by actual observation or not I cannot say) has accepted
my representation. But Mr. Bentliam, in his recent "Notes on On-hid fa," Linn.
Soo. Trans, vol. xviii. p. 301 (a copy of which he kindly presented to me), makes the
following observation in reference to this plant: " I cannot help thinking that the
pollen figured by Parish had become accidentally attached to some extraneous body
mistaken for the stipes, a conjecture somewhat confirmed by the very exceptional
manner in which the pollen appears attached to the supposed stipes, wliich, moreover,
does not correspond in shape with that of the rostelhim, from which it would have
been detached." Now, all I can say to this is, that I do not think it possible for me
to have made so serious a mistake ; I must, therefore, with such modest assurance as
I fairly may, state my firm conviction, that it is as I have di-awn it, and that there
was attached to the pollen-masses a veritable stipes and gland. My original drawing
now lies before me (and on none have I bestowed greater pains), and, in corroboration
of my statement, I perceive that, in a highly magnified representation of a front view
of the column, with all the parts still " in situ," as yet nntouched, the gland is dis-
tinctly drawn as projecting forwards in front, from under the anther. I admit the
improbability of such a structure being found, and I feel the full weight of the
authority against me, but I mii.st adhere to the correctness of my representation,
until, by the fortunate rediscovery of the plant, I shall be proved to be wrong. It is
a mountain plant, and the special locality where I found it is Ta-ok in the Dauna-
range, east of Maulmain, at an elevation of 3-4000 feet, as nearly as I can guess.

EuLOPniA, J?. Br.

Terrestrial plants, pseudo-bulbous. Eoots fibrous, from their base. Flowering
stems sometimes terminal on the yet undeveloped leafy bulbs, which grow out from
the base of the old leafless bulbs, sometimes also several from various parts of the old
bulb, simple or branched. Leaves long, membranous, plicate or smooth. Sepals and
petals spreading, nearly er[ual, free, or adhering more or less to the column, which is
lengthened into a blunt spur. Lip 3-lobed, middle lobe wrinkled, much veined or
crested with hairs. Anther 2-celled. Pollen-masses (Vandeous) 2, each with a mark
as of a second and smaller lobe behind, attached liy a short stipes (caudicle of Lindley)
to a rather large gland. Flowers in racemes, numerous, single, of no great beauty,
about 1 inch in diameter, generally gj-eenish, with more or less of purple on the lip.
Sjjecies 4.

Cyetopeea, Lindl.

Terrestrial pseudo-bulbous plants, so near in their several characters to the
preceding, as by some to be united with that genus. Lindley distinguishes the genus
by the absence of a spur, whereas it is present in EulopJiia, but in the two only
species known to me, pronounced to be Uijrtopera by Prof. Eeiehenbach, there is a
distinct spur, and it is simply in deference to his acknowledged authority that I have
separated them from Eidophia,

The flowers of C. squalida grow in a loose sparse raceme, are H or 2 inches in
diameter. Sepals creamy-white, striped with purple, petals pink ; lip undivided,
oblong, faint jiink, with a broad yellow line down the middle. The anther has two
horn-like appendages. The flowers of C. macrobulbus grow in a dense raceme of many
individuals, of a uniform dull brown or burnt sienna colour. They (as do also
the Eidop/iias) affect damp, shady jungles, in places where vegetable mould abounds.
Species 2.

Geodorum, Jaclcs.

Terrestrial, pseudo-bulbous. Petals and sepals free, nearly equal. Lip ventricose,
obscurely 3-lobed or entire, slightly spurred or pouched at the base, parallel with the
column. Column short, very broad, not produced below. Anther 2-celled, but the
partition not prominent, with two little lappets inside, which serve to keep the

ORCIHDEjE. 171

pollon-massos in their place. Those are two, with deep indentatinns, attaclied hy a
broiid sliprs to a transverse somewhat triaua;ular gland. Old bulbs leafless, now
undeveloped bnlbs leafy. Leaves broad, plicate, sbeathins; at the base. Scape from
the base of the young; leafy bulb, shorter than the leaves. Flowers in curved,
drooping, rather dense racemes. Species 3 or 4.

Ci'MBiDirir, Sir.

{Eu-Ci/mbidinm, of Lindley).

Epiphytes with or without bulbous bases. Stems tufted. Roots few, fleshy.
Leaves long, narrow, expanded at the base, and these alternately aud closely
overlapping one another, so as to form a sort of false stem. Flower-stalk of varying
length, proceeding from the axils of the lower leaves, few- or uiany-flowered. Sepals
and petals nearly equal, spreading. Lij) 3-lobed or undivided, free, articulated with
the column, concave, without a spur. Column prominent, erect, half-round. Anther
2-celled. Pollen-masses 2, bilobed behind, sessile on a largo triangular gland.
Flowers generally handsome, in short few-flowered erect, or in many-flowered pen-
dulous racemes. Species 4.

C. ALOIFOLIUII.

A common plant, at least in the Tenasserim Provinces, with long, narrow, hard,
rigid, fleshy or leathery leaves, and a long ckooping raceme of dull-coloured flowers.
It ibrms large masses on trees.

C. TIGKINUII.

A small mountain species, about 8 inches high, tufted. Loaves 3 or 4, from the
top of the j'oung pseudo-bulbs, which are enveloped in tlieir sheathing bases. Scape
radical, scaly below, bearing from 3-G, rather large flowers, two inches across.
Sepals and petals oblong, of a uniform yellowish-green colour, stippled with red at
their base, wide-sproading. The u])per sepal and the petals nearly erect ; the lati^ral
sepals distant, spreading. Lip 3-lobed, brt>ail but tapering below. Side lobes rounded,
streaked with red on the inside ; middle lobe oblong, pointed, creamj'-white, with
transverse bars and blotches of red. There are two raised ridges at the back of the
lip. Column curved forwards, green. Pollen-masses 2, lengthened transversely, 2-
lobed, sessile on a triangular gland.

An interesting peculiarity of this species is the dimorphism of its flowers,
observed by nie on a large number of plants, on the top of Moolee-it, where it is
abundant at about 6000 feet. There are two kinds of flower on the same stem. Out
of about 6 flowers, the terminal ones are normal, as described, and perfect in
structure. But the lower flowers arc different. They are of a rich red colour
throughout, and rather blotched than striped, and theii' structure is imperfect. The
column is quite abnormal, being unusually thickened, and less curved. There is no
anther at all, and there are no pollen-masses ; but the edges of the column at the top
are turned inwards so as to form a sort of hood, and underneath these edges is a snudl
quantity of a yellow waxy substance (pollen) in an amor|)bous state. And, occa-
sionally, the intermediate flowers are intermediate also in condition, having no anther,
but perfect pollen-masses, though without any triangular gland.

C. Lowi.ixrji.

A very handsome .species. Stems tufted, pseudo-bulbs ; or rather the swollen
bases, covered witli tlie sheathing leaves, which are very long and narrow, 2-3 feet,
and only about an inch broad. Scape 2-3 feet long, drooping. Flowers 12 or more,
3-4 inches across. Sei)als and petals green, striped witli red. Lip 3-lobcd ; lateral
lobes large, green ; middle lobe witli 2 ridges at tlu^ back, white in the centre, with a
lovely niaroon-eolourcd tip. Column green, with red markings. Presumably collected
in Upper Burma, by Boxall, and sent to 'Sir. Low. I had a plant from the same
quarter, which 1 at first took for C. (jicjanUum till 1 saw the flowers.

C. Pauishii.

Stems tufted, not bulbous. Leaves 2-rauked, long, linear, 18 inches by 1,

172 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE A.XD PRODUCTIOXS.

striated, ovcrlappinf!: alternately at the base. Scape short, erect, about S-flowcrecl.
Flowers large, handsome, ivory white. Sepals and petals ovate, pointed, nearly
equal. Lip 3-lobed, very broad ; side lobes erect, rather square ; middle lobe broad,
square retiise, wavy at the edge ; all three beautifully streaked with Koman-red,
blight golden in the centre. Deliciously fragrant. A lovely plant, but too near to
'^^ C. ebunu'um. Shan border, 1859. On trees.

Thecostele, Bchh.fil.

Sepals and petals spreading, free, the former ovate, the latter narrow linear
Lip continuous with the base of the column, 3-lobed. Column long, terete, incurved
two-horned at the top. Anther 2-celled. Pollen-masses 2, deeply notched behind,
attached by 2 thin elastic stipites to a broad rounded gland. Pseudo-bulbous.
Leaf single, terminating the bulb. Scape many-flowered, radical. Species 1.

T. ALATA.

This is Ci/ mild ill III alaium of Roxburgh. Bulbs aggregate, ovate, somewhat
flattened, ribbed, each one terminated by a broadly ovate solitaiy leaf, which is 5
inches by 2. The bulbs are yellowish, the leaves dark green. Scape drooping,
6-7 inches long, scaly towards the base. Ploweis numerous, f inch across, sjiotted
with red on a yellowish ground. Lip with 2 small rounded lateral lobes, and an
elongated obovate middle lobe, which is hairy in the middle and refuse, i.e. it has
the centre of a rounded end depressed, colour red, with pale yellow margin. The
column is of a remarkable shape, retreating at the base, then arched forwards like a
swan's neck, and has 2 hom-like appendages at the end. On trees in the neighbour-
hood of Maulmain. Floweiing in the rainy season.

BEOiinEABiA, Lindl.

I have no description of this genus, founded, it would seem, originally on one
single species, li. pa/iistris, a Straits plant, which I only know from "Wight's figure.
I must, therefore, confine myself to a short description of the second species which it
■was my good fortune to discover.

B. APOEOIDES.

A small plant, 2-3 inches high, with distichous (2-ranked), rigid, hard, sharp-
pointed, scimitar-shaped leaves, having very much the appearance of an Aporiim, for
which, in the absence of flowers, it might be taken. Flower, in my plant, terminal
on a short scaly stalk, large for the size of the plant, 1 inch long. Sepals and
petals linear-lanceolate, nearly equal, connivent. Lip parallel with the column,
which is that of a Cahgijne, long, curved, winged and projected beyond the anther.
Pollen-masses two, like those of C'ljmhidium, sessile, on a large triangular gland.
The colour of the flower is white, the lip excepted, which is 3-lobed ; side lobes
streaked with pink, pointed, almost as long as the small triangular middle lobe, which
has a yellow crest. Flowering time April. No two plants can be more unlike in
vegetative character than this and B. palmti-is.

LuisiA, Gaudich.
Plants with elongated woody stems, long aerial roots, terete (rounded, quill-
shaped) leaves, and small and, mostly, inconspicuous flowers. Pollen-masses 2,
notched behind, united by a broad stipes to a triangular gland. Species 5.

COTTONIA, E. W.

Caulescent. Leaves distichous. Flowers in axillary or leaf-opposed racemes.
Pollen-masses 2. Yaudcous.

C. Champioxi.

A small plant, with fleshy, ovate, pointed leaves, and a few flowers, 5 or 6, on a
rigid leaf-opposed stalk, 4 or 5 inches long. Sepals and petals ovate, broad, nearly
equal, spreading. Column short. Lip 3-lobed, connate with the base of the column,
lateral lobes quadrate, rounded, middle lobe projecting at right angles with them and

ORCIIIDE.K 173

tapcrin!? to a finely forked extremity. At the back of the lip, between the lateral
lobes, is a large ousliion-liko oval eallus, and there is also a hioiip on the middle loho.
A strikingly different plant from C. macrui<t(uliii<x, for which see Wight's Icones, tab.
1755. The only other known habitat for this phint is Hong-Kong. The flowers
are -J of an inch across, dingy yellow, with a white and purple lip.

TlilCIIOGLOTTIS, Bl.

A small genus of Vanda-liko habit. Leaves long, distichous. Flower-stalks
axillary or leaf opposed, few-flowered. Pollen masses 2, stipes naiTOW, gland broad,
peltate. Species 1.

PiiAL.E.N-orsis, III.

Sepals and petals spreading, free ; petals much the largest. Lip connate with
the sliglitly produced base of the column, free, ;3-lobed, with variously-shaped callosities
at the base. Column half round. Pollen-masses 2, bi-lobed, attuclicd by a strap-
shaped stipes to a heart-shaped gland. Stemless epiphytes, generally with 2 or 3,
somelimes 4 leaves, which are large, broad and fleshy. Flower-stem from the short
axis of the plant, 1 or more. Flowers large and showy. Species 4.

P. Lowii.

Stemless. Leaves 2, 3 or 4, very variable in size, from 3 inches x 1 to 6-7
inches X 2, ovate-lanceolate, fleshy, pointe<l. Hoots fleshy, flat, extending to a great
length. Scape long, 8 to 12 inches, slender, 1 or more, 4 or 8 flowered. Flowers
distant, large, li X 2.\ inches across, white, sutt'used with rose. The upper sepal is
larger than the two lateral ones. The petals are very broad and rounded, tapering
inwards into a wedge-shaped elaw. The lip, which is violet, is 3-lobed, and eijuals
the lateral sepals in length. The side lobes are erect, somewhat square, with a reilexed
point ; middle lobe oblong, pointed and ridged lengthwise. The rostellum or beak
(the prolonged point of the column) is very much lengthened, and when the anther,
which is also lengthened, lies in its place upon it, the whole has the ajipearance of
an elephant's trunk, as one often sees it nearly touching the ground with the end
np. A very lovely plant, discovered by me on limestone rocks near Maulmain about
1860. It grows on the rocks and on the small bushes that clothe the rocks. It
varies exceedingly in size, and in the number of flowers which one plant will bear.
Ordinarily, a plant has 1 flowcr-stera with 4 or 5 flowers on it, but I once found
a plant which had 3 flower-stems and 8 flowers on each, 24 in all, and the individual
flowers were 25 inches across. The roots spread for a long distance, 2 or 3 feet, and
adhere so firmly along their whole length to the shrub or rock on which the plant
grows, that it is quite impossible to detach without lacerating them. The consequence
is that removal irretrievably damages the plants. They live, indeed, if attached to a
tree again, but they take years to I'ecover their original size and beauty, as they are
of exceedingly slow growth.

P. Pnrixhii is a much smaller plant, but very pretty, and has a highly curious lip ;
indeed, the appendages of the labellum of the genus Phal/rnnpniii are so various and
strangely elaborate in iovm as to batfle description. Pluildnopxin cortm-ccrvi (called
Pulijchilos in Pnf. Jfdfl.) has flowers barred with red. P. iri(//itii is smaller again
than P. Pnrisliii. Perhaps yet other species of this beautiful genus may reward a
diligent search.

YAxnA,' n. Br.
This genus contains some of the most niagniticent Oi'chids of which the Eastern
ILMuisphen^ can boast. Not a tew are of very largo size. They are all epiphytal,
and have distichous leaves, which are often thick and leathery, and more or less strap-
shaped. The flowers are borne in lateral, erect or ])enduh)us, racemes. The sepals
and petals are wide-spreading and resemble each other. The lip is saccate or spurred,
and fleshy, entire or 3-lobed, continuous with the base of the column. Uolunm

' "Vaiiila," according to Sh' Win. Jones, is the Hindoo name for V. Itoxbiitgii, the orifrinal species.

17-i BUR if A, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

short and thick. Pollpn-masses 2, bi-lobed, attached by a more or less 'wcdgc-shaped
stipes to a large roundish or sub-trianguhir gland. Species about 12.

V. GIGANTEA.

A very large species, -with broad, fleshy, strap-shaped leaves, 18 inches or more
long by 3 or 4 broad, blunt and eraarginate at the end. Raceme drooping, 1 foot or
more long, consisting of large yellow flowers 3 inches across, marked irregularly with
round spots of a reddish-brown colour. This is undoubtedly a veiy handsome Orchiil,
but the flowers, though really large, are dwarfed and rendered comparatively in-
conspicuous by the still larger and abundant foliage. It sometimes forms masses of
extraordinary size. In my early days of botanizing in Ikirma, and while yet but
indifferently acquainted with its (3rehids, by good fortune I fell in with tliis jilant on
the Shan border. The yellow flowers caught my eye from amidst a considerable mass
of foliage, high up on the branch of a forest tree. A Barman was sent up, who after
some little difficulty, by the free use of his dim, succeeded in detaching the mass,
which struck me with astonishment as it came crashing down. As it lay upon the
ground, it was as much as one man could drag aloug by his greatest effort. All I
could do was to cut off some comparatively small portions (each in itself a goodly
plant) to carry away with me, and leave the bulk behind, as the whole was a great
deal more than I could have packed on an elephant, of which we had several in the
party. It is, apparently, a very local plant, but abundant in some places, viz. in the
shady jungles about Tavoy, and in the Yunzalin district.'

V. PARisnir.

A coarse-looking plant with a rather flattened stem and broad leatheiy but flabby
leaves, about 8x3 inches. The flowers are borne in an erect raceme of 6 to 8
flowers, which are nearly as large as those of V. gigantea, and resemble them much
in their markings. They are uniformly dotted with round spots of a red-brown
colour on an orange ground. The column and base of the lip are white, and the
somewhat triangular middle lobe is purplish-lilac. It has a delicious fragrance,
resembling honey. It is, I think, the freest and most rapid grower known to me,
and very easy of cultivation.

I come now to a vei-y puzzling group of Orchids. I have lying on the table before
me as I write, figures and drawings of Varuhi Roxhurghii (true), of V. Jiiuhiirgliii,
far. unicolor, V. Bensoni, V. Denis'iniana, anil of a Vanda of ray own finding, which
I have marked doubtfully as V. Bensoni. Size and colour apart, I look in vain for
anything among all these which, in any other order of plants, would be reckoned
sufficient for a specific distinction. One description will serve fairly well for all.
Accordingly I give that of

V. Bensoxi.

As it is in Bot. Mng. I^o. 5611 : — " Leaves distichous, obliquely and unequally-
toothed at the end. Flower-spikes erect, many-flowered, longer than the leaves.
Flowers distant, about 2 inches across. Sepals and petals unguiculate (clawed) obovate,
obtuse. Lip about the same length as the sepals, with two small, triangular, rather
blunt side-lobes or auricles at its base, from in front of which it is ovate, convex,
traversed by 3 lamellte, and terminated by a kidney-shaped, broad, bitid apex."

I repeat, this description (for I have omitte^d observations on the colour) will
serve for all the so-called species above mentioned. There may be trifling differences
in outline, as. for instance, in the posterior lobes of the lip, which, according to my
drawing of V. Deninioiinna, are rather rounded than ti'iangular, but they are of no
consequence as serving to distinguish species. The general aspect of all the plants
is much the same, and the form of the flowers, including the crucial part, the lip, with

- Since ■writiag what is above, my eye has chanced to light on the following paragraph in the
Gardener's Chronicle, of July 16, 1S81 : — " Sir J. Hooker says in the BotuHical Ma,iaziiie that he has
been credibly informed of a siuf,'le plant of Vanda teres in Burma being a sufficient load for an elephant.' '
There is, I fancy, some mistake here. I have indeed said this of F. gigantea ; but the growth of
V. teres is of so light a character that it could not possibly be true of it.

ORCUIDEJE. 175

its siicciitc 1)a>:e, liliint posterior loLos, which arc more or loss rounded, its lamolloc and
its remarkable teriniiial lobe, exactly like a Blackcock's tail, is the same. Leavinj?,
however, the form and cominp; to the colour, the extremes are indeed widely ditt'erent,
but there are intermediate varieties. The tlowers of V. Roxhunjhii, the first discovered
species, are " tesselated, having- longitudinal as well as short transverse markiuss of
yellow and dusky ferruginous purple" (Roxb.), the lip being violet at the lobed
api'X, while the back ot the Hower is white. The flowers of V. Denkoniuna are
wholly white, except a little yellow in the very centre. V. Bemoni is dotted inside
with reddish-brown on a yellowish-green ground, the apex of the lip being also violet,
and the outside wliite.

V. Jioxhiiri/hti, var. unicolor, is of a uniform dull greenish-brown colour on the
inside, lip included, without any markings, and white on the outside. Piually, my
fifth plant, which I too hastily took for V. Benxoni (not having at the time seen the
figure of this plant in the Bol. Jftu/aziiie), is coloured as follows. The inside of the
flower (lip excepted) is marked with longitmlinal lines ot redilish-brown, darkest
towards the end of the segments, with short intermediate lines of the same colour
running transversely, leaving square interspaces [areohc) of a light colour, so that the
marking may be correctli/ called " tessolated," a word inapplicable to the markings
in Wight's Icon. Xo. 92.5, though he describes them as such. The usual bi-lobed lip
is of the deepest ruby-red, with lines of the same on the lamina, the spur being
colourless. The hack of the flower is white, but the coloured markings on the inside
show faintly through. The pedicels (being in fact the germs) are also white, as in
F. Beiisoiii'. This I consider the handsomest of all the varieties (as I cannot but call
them) of this po/i/i7iro//ions plant, for jw/i/morp/iom it cannot bo called. The slight
differences in the length of the flower-stems, or in the indentations or erosions at the
end of the leaves, or in the forms of the posterior lobes of the lip, or in the number
of ridges, are not sutficicntly constant (even if important enough in themselves) to
found specific distinctions upon. I hope I may not be thought presumptuous if I
remark that descriptions of new species are not seldom made at home from a single
individual plant, which some Orchid-grower has been fortunate enough to flower
and bring into notice first, and that small points of structure or form are consequently
sometimes relied on as distinguishing marks, which those who have seen many
individuals in their native luiliitats know to be variable. When it happens that
colour is the main point of ditt'erenco, then any other little variation is eagerly looked
for and made the most of. This appears to hold good in the case of Orchids only, in
which order colour has a value accorded to it which is not accorded to it in any other
as far as I know. To revert shortly to our nearly-related group : I may say that
F. Roxhuryhii (true) is a Bengal plant, found also in Malabar, and elsewhere in the
Madras Presidency, but not yet found, as far as I know, in Burma. V. Ruxhuryhii,
var. unieolor, I have found. F. Beiiisoniana I found on Ta-ok, but I do not know
where Col. Benson found it. The highly-coloured variety, described above, I cannot
fix a locality for, and F. Beii-foiii is one of the very few Orchids described as Burmese,
which I have never myself gathered.

I cannot conclude my remarks on the Vandas without pointing to another small
group which affords difficulties of a similar kind to those just discussed, in conse(iuencc
of the great resemblance in tlie forms of the flowers of its species, and the wide
diff"erence in their size and colour. I allude to J'liiida paniflora, V. caruk.icens and
F. canilea. It should be first stated that F. parnflom, Aeri'des lestaceum and Acridex
Wighteanum are all one and tlio same plant. Having stated this, I go on to say that
I find, about Mayawadd('e, East of Jlaulmain, a plant of whicli the following will
serve as a general description. Stem 1-2 feet long, as thick as the little finger,
woodv, with long stout flexuous roots just below the leaves. Loaves numerous,
straight, rigidly distichous, with an obli(iuely-toothed apex, G to 8 inclies long by
f broad, strongly keeled. Kaceme erect, many-flowered, from the axis of the lower
leaves. Pedicels and germ about \\ inch long, with a small lanceolate bract at its
base. Flowers about 1 inch across. Sepals -and petals nearly equal, but tlie latter
the smallest, obovate, obtuse. Lip shorter than the sepals, with two thick longitudinal
lidges on the middle lobe, which has a dilated extremity with a bilobed convexity.

1~6 BCRMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

This is an accurate descnption of my plant, ■whi( h was pronounced raany years ago
to be Airides Wt(j]dianum. It answers also adinirably for lliat of Vanda cariilesccns
far. BoxiiUii, Hot. 2Iag. 6328, from which, indeed, it is almost wholly taken. The
differences, such as they are, are the followins : — The leaves of the latter plant are
shorter, but to this I attach no importance whatever; (my drawing happened to be
that of an individual with longer leaves, that is all,) and the ridges of the labelhim,
described as " smooth " in V. ccsndencenn, are in my plant pitnphj. Beyond this
trifling discrepancy, what remains is entirely a difference of colour and size. My
flowers are rather smaller and, the lip excepted, pure white. The ridges of the lip
are rose-pink, and there is a faint tinge of yellow at the base of the column inside,
whereas the flowers of V. caruleuem {Hot. Mag. 63'28) are faintly tinged with violet,
and the lip is a deep blue. The general habit of the two plants, a matter more for
the eye and the pencil than the pen, is identical. Indeed, my plant more nearly
resembles V. cceruleKcem, var. BoxalUi, than it does Aerides Witjldianum, Bot. Mog.
5138, the leaves of which are more curved and less rigid. The verbal description
will suit this plant also, but the colour is very different, yellow, with puiple ridges
to the lip. Leaving, then, this last or yellow variety, out of the question (as it is
a Madras plant}, it seems to me that in V. carulescem, var. Boxall i i {^'Inch might with
almost greater propriety be called V. parviflora), we have the first .step in advance
from my simple white variety, upwards towards "The blue Yanda," V. crerulea.
The next step is made by V. canileficens as figured in Bot. Mag. 5834, called "The
pale blue Tauda." Here, the form of the flowers remaining very nearly the same,
their size is again enlarged, and the general colour more nearly approaches to blue.
(I follow the dcscnption, and not the plate, which is certainly pink and not blue.)
The two ridges of the lip are here, and the form of the lip is like that of rar. Bo.rallii,
except that the terminal lobes are rather more pronounced and the intermediate notch
more distinct. The other differences are, that the leaves are rather broader, the spur
is slightly incurved, and the raceme is drooping instead of erect. A farther advance
in size and eoLair is made in another variety of V. candescetm, figured in the new
series of " The Floral Magazine." Here the flowers are once more considerably
larger, and the general colour of a deep violet. The very same two ridges remain on
the lip, but the bilobed apex with the intervening notch is yet farther developed.
The breadth of the leaves has slightly increased, the spur is slightly more incurved,
and the raceme, as in the preceding variety, is pendulous. But one step more, and
that not a great one, and we arrive at " T/ie blue Vanda.'" In all the stages, coloiir
and size have been the distinguishing characteristics rather than structure. Possibly,
yet other and intermediate varieties remain to be discovered. There is a gradual
development upwards, and it is difficult to draw the line for species ; but if I were
asked to draw it between the varieties described, I would do so ahore F. caruhscms
var. Iio.TaUii and lelow V. cctruJescenn, Bot. Mag. 5834, calling the former Viinda
parrifnra, var. Bo.rallii ; for it certainly has more affinity of habit with my Aerides

Wightianum (which we have said is a synonym for Y. panifora) than with the other
vars. of V. carulescciis. There is (and this is the point to which I would specially
advert) a greater difference in habit and in form, to say nothing of colour, between

Va7ida mrvlexcenn, var. BoxaUii, and the extreme blue variety figured in the Floral
Magazine, than there is between the several Vandas of the Boxhurghii group ; yet
these last have received distinct specific names, while the first is counted but a variety.

V. TERES.

This species differs widely from all the foregoing. Its leaves are terete, or
quill-shaped, distant, few, alternate, 6-8 inches long. The racemes, which are few-
flowered, are opposite to a leaf, 6-12 inches long. The flowers are very large and
handsome, of a prevailing rose colour, quite 4 inches across, with a large conical
spur. Lip 3-lobcd, lateral lobes forming a tube round the column, middle lobe
broad and fan-shaped, bifid. The stem, which is single or branched, and of a diy
woody nature, though only about i of an inch in diameter, often attains a great
length, ascending to the tops of trees, from among the highest branches of which
it loves to thi-ust its handsome blossoms into the full blaze of the sun. The roots

ORCIIIDE.E. 177

are spar>o, lone; and tongh like conls, and take a firm hold of tlic tree on wliicli it
grows. Found sparingly all over the provinces.

GuAMMATOl'nYLLUM, Bl.

As but one species of tliis genus is known to me, and I have never lunl the
good fortune to see it in Hower, I -will describe its appearance as far as 1 know it,
borrowing the rest from another source.

It is a very large ("gigantic," Hooker calls it) epiphytal, caulescent Orchid.
The stems (it is straining a term to call them pseudo-bulbs) are numerous, and take
their rise from a huge dense tangled mass of short, branched, fine wiry roots, 3, 4,
or 5 feet in circumference according to the size of the plant, they (the stems) are
4 or 5 feet long, 2 or 2^ inches in diameter, ratlier flattened, clothed for nearly their
■whole length with long, membranous, strap-shape<l distichous leaves, which are
close-set and sheathing at their base, llougldy speaking, they may be compared to
large-sized sugar canes. This is all I can say of the plant from personal knowledge.
The rest of the description is from the Bot. Mag., 'So. 5157, under the head of
G. speciosiim, -which species I feel nearly sure that it must be. After stating that
the plant sometimes attains the height of 8 or 10 feet, and the leaves a hngth
of 2, the description proceeds as follows: "Scape nearly the size of one's finger,
irom 4 to 6 feet long, radical, erect, terete, quite smooth, many-flowered. Flowers
distant, expanding from the base upwards, each with a large, broad, concave bract,
an inch long. Flower-bud 2^ inches long. Expanded flower nearly 6 inches across.
Sepals and petals much s]U-eailing and slightly reflexed, broad oblong or subovato,
yellow, richly spotteil and blotched with deep red purple. Lip small for the size
of the flower, 3-lobed, lA- inch long; the lobes obtuse, the side lobes convolute over
the column; the disk furrowed with three plates more elevated in the centre,
marked with red streaks, and where the red streaks are the lines are ciliated ; middle
lobe entire. Column curved a little downwards, semiterete (half-rounded), and
partially spotted with I'cd."

This "Queen of Orchidaceous Plants," to which for grandeur nothing in East
or "West can compare (unless my plant should prove a new and distinct species), is
a native of the Mergui Archipelago, wliore it grows on Betel-nut trees. For years
I had gone to and fro between Maulnuiin and llergui without seeing or hearing
anything of it. As soon as discovered, I procured two or three plants and brought
them to Maulmain. The climate, however, proved unfavourable to them, and they
yearly became smaller, and never gave the slightest indication of flowering. The
plant seems to require a continually moist atmosphere throughout the year, which
it can obtain in and around the Straits (where it was first discovered), and may in
some fair measure have also in the islands of the Mergui Archipelago, which,
probably, is its northeim limit. It is to be hoped some resident at llergui may yet
have the flowers brought in to him, and the plant be verified.

REXAXTiiEnA, Lour.

A genus nearly allied to Yanda, but distinguished from it by having the lip jointed
■with the column "instead of being continuous with it; and saccate in the middle
instead of at the base. The flowers are widely expanded ; sepals and petals generally
narrow and linear, nearly equal, or, if there be a difference, the two lower or lateral
sepals are the larger. Column short, erect. Pollinia of the usual Yandeous character.

R. COCCIXEA.

stem many feet long, climbing up trees to a considerable height, simple or
branched, sending out long wiry roots here and there, leafy at the termination of the
branches. Leaves two ranked,"thick and fleshy, varying in length and breadth, 6 or
8 inches X 1 or 2. Flowers red, very handsome, 2.V or 3 inches across, in a large
lateral panicle. Lip small, striped with y(dlow, bagged in the middle, 3-lobcd ; side
lobes rounded, erect; midiUe lobe ovate, jiointed. Discovered many ycai's ago in
Cochin-China. Found by me only on the iloscos Islands.

VOL. 11. 12

178 BURilA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Aemties, Lour.

Caulescent epiphytes with two ranked leaves. Flowers in racemes or spikes.
Perianth spreading or more or less closed. Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral
sepals being often oblique at the base, and connate with the prolonged base of the
column. Column short. Lip jointed with the claw of the column, spurred or bagged,
3-lobed ; side lobes small, centre variously shaped. Pollen-masses 2, normal.

A. VIEENS.

One of our most lovely Orchids, one, too, which must be well known to all
collectors in Burma. It is veiy near to the old A. odoratuin, but far finer. Leaves
broad, blunt and depressed ; flowers in long elegant drooping racemes, individually
about an inch long, waxy, white, spotted with violet, deliciously fragrant. Sepals
and petals obovate, obtuse. The lip terminates in a pointed, curved, and up-turned
spur or horn, its 3 lobes are connivent, the side lobes being erect and toothed, and the
middle incurved between them and serrated. All three close over the column and
anther, completely hiding them, and when the lip is forcibly opened, it flies back to
its closed position much as the flower of the Snapdragon docs. I have often been
amused by watching the humble bees and the difficulties they meet with in their
efl'orts to get at the honey which lies inside the horn. A bee settles on a flower, and,
after a laborious effort, succeeds in ]Hilling back the lip, and thrusting his hairy body
inside. Now, while he is in this position, his hinder legs only remaining outside, the
force of the spring of the lip presses his thorax against the anther, and when lie backs
out, he rubs the anther hard and lifts it, detaching the whole pollen-apparatus, and
he presently reappears with it sticking to his back by its glutinous gland. This
irritates him, and he sets to work with all his might to rid himself of it, but, his
labour is vain, the pollen-masses stick as fast as the old man of the sea on Sinbad's
back ; so he gives it uj), and attacks a second flower, with a similar result. He has
now two lumps on his hack, and he becomes infuriated, and his frantic struggles to
rub them off are very amusing. He must be a bold bee who ventures upon a third
flower. I never saw one succeed in rubbing his burden ofi^, so glutinous is the gland.
The scene ends by the bee flying away with his load, going home, I suppose, to
invoke the aid of his brother bees in unburdening himself. This has always been
the result of the visit of bees to this flower when I have witnessed it : they have
carried off the pollen-masses. If .such is the case, they can hariUy aid in tlie
impregnation of the germ, rather the reverse, and yet A. rirens is one of the Orchids
which ripens its pods most freely. Perhaps the flowers become self-impregnated when
unmolested (as many must be, humble-bees notwithstanding) by the falling forward
of the pollinia on to the stigmatic surface at a later period.

A. LOBBII.

Another lovely species, smaller than the last. The leaves are narrower and
curved, and the flowers more numerous and dense, on a single or sometimes branched,
drooping raceme, which gradually tapers to a point. The flowers are more generally
pui-ple than the last. The "Fox-brush Acrides," A. Fiddingii oi gardeners, must
be a variety of this species.

A. AFEDfE.

Somewhat resembling the last, but known from it at a glance by its habit of
growth. The leaves are more fleshy, scimitar-shaped, and generally folded inwards,
and the raceme, which is shorter and has fewer flowers, is much more rigid, and
instead of drooping gracefully, hangs down perpendicularly without any curve. The
flowers are of a deeiier rose colour than those of A. Lobhii. All the three species
here last mentioned are widely distributed throughout the Tenasserim Provinces.

A. DIFFOEME.

A small almost stcmless plant, with broad, smooth leaves and a panicle of small
yellow flowers, of no remarkable beauty as a whole, but of most singular and
interesting form indiviilually, and very difficult to describe. The sepals and petals
are thrown back, the column is thrust prominently forward liorizontally and has two

ORCIIIDEyE. 170

curved horns or hooks at its rx,treniity. The lip hangs clown pei-pcntlicularly from
tlie base of the column to which it is hut slenderly attaehed by a sort of shoi't ehav.
It consists of two distinct parts, a Inj/xicliiliiim and epichiUum, or back and trout lip ;
the foruier has a rij;id curved spur and 2 oblong side lobes above. The latter, which
may be called the middle lobe of au ordinary l;d)ellum, is also but slenderly attached
to the former just above the spur. Looked at sideways, it is square in outline ; viewed
in front, it is semicircular and has a fringed edge, while a tuft of very fine hairs
ornaments the back ])art. I find the following note in pencil attaehed to my drawing
made in 18().'3 : "That this is A. diffurme there can be no reasonable doubt, but it is
a much smaller jilant than the figure in the frontispiece of Lindlcy's Sertum Orchi-
dacemn, and possesses none of its fine colouring. Experience, however, sliows that
Orchids are nmch given to vary in size and colour according to locality, though
tolerably true to form and habit."

S.vccoi.ABirM, BL

A genus so closely allied to Aerides that it is difficult to lay hold of a really
satisfactory distinction. I look in vain for anything tangible, or that will hold good
in every instance. Lindley, in his analytical table of genera, where he naturally
seizes Tipon that point which most readily admits of distinct contrast, makes tho
difference to consist in the attachment of the lip, which in Aerides is affixed to the
lengthoied-hA^o of the column, whereas in Siicco/iibiiim it has "very little connexion
■with the column." This, I presume, means much tho same thing as to say (as
Bentham has it in his recently published " Notes on Orchidea; ") that Aerides has a
"mention'" and Saccolahium has no nifntum;^ but this distinction is very slight, and
in a variety of species not so easily determiuable practically. Lindley docs, indeed,
in his after definition of the two genera, make another distinction in the form of the
lip, which he makes 3-Med in Aerides, and undiiided in Saccolahium. But, unfor-
tunately, this will not hold good, for some species of (so-called) Saccolahium have as
distinctly two side lobes to their lip as some species of Aerides. Neither does the
form of the "sac" or spur (call it which you will) furnish any reliable distinction
(though one plainly aimed at in the name) : for, though the bag-lipped form is well
illustrated in some species, e.g. in Saccolahium caleeolnre, and a smidl group closely
allied to it, there arc other species (so named) in which the appendage takes the
ordinaiy .</;;«■- shape of Aerides. Nor (as far as my experience goes) is it distinctive
of Aerides to have tho spur " turned upward on the back of the labellum " (Bentham,
p. 333), for there is a tendency in that of some Saccolahia to take the same direction,
e.g. Saccolahium ramosum and others.^ When, to all that has been said, it is f\irther
aclded, that there is hardly a Saccolahium which has not been called Aerides (while
some have even received the name of Vanda and Sarcanthus), and that some of tho
species have probably not yet found their final resting-places, it will, I think, be
admitted, that the task of satisfactorily defining genera is by no means an easy one.
Species 14.

S. GIGAXTEUir.

A species not to be confounded with any other, when once seen. Leaves very
broad, 2-3 inches, fieshy, streaked, short comparatively, a foot or more, unequally
two-lobed at the end. "Stem simple or hrauched, short and stout, sending out thick
fleshy roots. Flowers in a dense drooping raceme, veiy numerous, moderately sized,
white, wilh a purple lip, and a few lilac sjiots on the petals. The lip is flat, turned
upwards, and has 3 lobe-like divisions at the end. A noble species when seen in
perfection in its native wilds, but ill suited for cultivation in hot-houses at home,
owing to the room it requires and its extremely slow growth. Abundant about
Toung-ngoo and elsewhere in the North ; but, not found, I believe, in the Tcnasserim
Provinces.

' The "meiitum" of an Orchid is tho prolong.itinn and hcnding forward of the column, in tlie
way of a " c/iin," a feature specially noticeable in tlie genus BnHnpliuliiim.
2 Saecolabium Uuttoni, Hot. Ma</. 5681, which is surely a typical A^ridts.

180 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

S. Blfmei.

Too well known in Burma to require an elaborate description here. The leaves
are strap-shaped, a foot or more long and 1 inch or so wide, terminating abruptly,
truncate and erose (i.e. with several irregular points). Flowers numerous, small,
crowded in a long beautiful pendulous raceme, covered all over with lilac dots.
Lip flat, turned upwards, parallel with the column. Spur blunt, flattened laterally,
and slightly curved backwards. Widely distributed and abundant. This plant
bears the same sort of relation to the old »S'. guttafum which Airides virens does to
A. odorafum, being, in fact, little, if anything, more than a fine variety of the same.

S. CURVIFOLIUM.

Stem short. Leaves long, naiTow, curved, channelled, through being folded
inwards, obliquely bidentate on the point. Racemes from the a.\ils of the higher
leaves, erect or slightly drooping, 4 or 5 inches long. Flowers numerous, f inch
across, of an orango-red colour, with an orange-yellow lip. Sepals and petals ovate,
equal, spreading. Lip small, oblong, with two small erect lobes on the base. Spur
drooping, linear, swollen at the base. A showy Orchid, very abundant in the
Tonasserim Provinces. This is 8. miiiiatum of the Botanical Magnzine. Every
intermediate form of leaf between S. miniatum and S. currifoUum may bo found.

S. AlirnLLACEUM.

In general character very much like the last, but of shorter and denser growth ;
in shape of flower also similar, but the flowers are of a beautiful rose colour. In
our Tonasserim plant the leaves are short, straight, and rigid, commonly stained
with purple, not long and curved as they are in <S. curri folium, but they probably
vary according to localitj^ The colour in Bof. Mag., tab. 5595, is represented as
lilac, though said in the text to be "rose," which they are. Local, but sometimes
abundant where found, appearing to affect open arid jungle and small trees.

S. C.VLCEOI.AKE.

This species answers truly to its generic name of bag-lipped. It is a small
plant, with a very short stem, the whole not more than about 6 inches in length,
bearing a few leaves which are sheathed at the base, linear-oblong, bifid at the end,
the two points being unequal and very acute. The flowers, which are few in number,
are borne in a sort of umbellate raceme and form a roundish head on a short thick
foot-stalk. The sepals and petals are oblong and blunt, being, indeed, rather broader
at the end than at the base (or spatulate), spreading, but slightly curved forwards,
yellow. The lip is simply a large inflated pouch with a semicircular lamina or
plate in front, beautifully fringed. The colour of the pouch, is white at top and
orange-yellow at bottom, the lamina and fringe white, but there are some bright red
or purple spots on it, as there are also on the edge of the pouch and base of the very
short column. From the top of the column and just below the anther a large two-
lobed rostellum projects, in which the gland of the pollinia lies. Saccolabiiim deiiiicu-
latum answers to the same general description, but is totally different in colour, some-
what also in form. I observe that the pollen-masses in this latter plant are hairy,
a circumstance I have never noticed in any other orchid. They are so represented in
my drawing. The former plant I found at Mergui, the habitat of the latter I forget.

SAEC.iN"TnUS.

A genus of Yandeous epiphytes varying much in appearance. Some have the
ordinary flat leaf and short stem, and others a long slender stem, and terete or quill-
shaped leaves. The flowers are small, but highly coloured, on leaf-opposed racemes.
The se]ials and petals are of a uniform shape and size, spreading; they have a fleshy
3-lobed lip, jointed with the column and spurred, the spur being partially divided
inteioially. Tlie Pollen-masses are of the usual Yandeous type, but (if the species are
all rightly placed) the stipes and gland vary mucli in form and size. I find, in every
species, situated at the back but upper part of the spur, below the column, a bihjbed
fleshy appendage or callus. This varies in shape in different species, but is constant

OnCIIIDE.-E. 181

in licing 2-lo1ip(l, and, T tliink, may Ik; relinl upon as a sure and distinp;uishing
clianu-tcr of this gonus. Other gonura, iRTcaftor to be mentioned, have a eallus in or
near the same part of the spur, but in no case, as far as I liave seen, is it 2-lobed.
Species about 12.

S. ERrXACKUM.

A pretty fleshy-h^avcd spoeios, with stems only a few inches long. The leaves
are lanceolate and pointed. The tluwers are white, suffused with pink, and have
a fleshy incurved pointed lip of a deep rose colour. They hang down in elegant
racemes, varying from ;i to G inches. The rostellum, or beak of the column, is
prominent. The pods are covered with short rigid hairs, hence I gave the plant
the name of S. dasycarpon (shaggy-fruited), not " dtiKi/poffoii" (shaggy-bearded), as
erroneously stated in the Hotu/iical llugazine, but it pleased Professor Iteichenbach
to change the name to its present one, derived from Pliny's word for hedgehog,
a name of which I admit the e(iual titness with my own, though not a greater.
The flower-stem or rachis, and the exterior parts of the flower, are similarly clothed
with hairs.

S. LAXUII.

Similar in general character to the last, so much so that one description might
almost answer for both. The leaves, however, are more fleshy still, being, indeed,
of a very remarkable thickness, about \ inch thick and linear, with an unequally
oblique termination. They are generally stippled on the under-side with greenish-
purple. The flowers, which much resemble those of S. erinaeeus, have the lip of
a deep ruby-red, and a very prominent column and beak, which, together with the
outspread sepals and petals, give them the appearance of tiny birds poised in mid
flight. The pollen-gland of these two, as of the other flat-leaved species, is very
small, and the stipes very long and slender. It seems to be rather rare, and when
found by me it has always been on the boughs of small trees overhanging mountain
streams," which I happened to be crossing. It is nicely figured in " Saunders
refugium Eotanicum," tab. 109.

S. TERETIFOLICM.

This is a long slender pendulous plant, sometimes as nuicli as 4 feet long.
Leaves few, distant, all inclining to one side, terete, about the thickness of a crow-
quill, and 6 to 8 inches long. Flowers small — i- inch across— distant, numerous,
on a pendent raceme 8 or 9 inches long. Sepals and petals reddish-brown. Lip and
interior of flower lilac, spur slightly 2-lobed.

8. WlLLIAllSO.Vl.

Another terete-leaved species, but of erect growth, with shorter and stouter stem
and leaves, about the thickness of a goose-quill. The racemes, however, are slenderer,
simple or branched, and the flowers rather more numerous and smaller. Sepals and
petals pale salmon colour, lip lilac with deep ruby- red side-lobes.

S. API'EXDICULATL-JI.

This is Acrides append icuhitiim of 'Wallieh (Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 212). _ It is
also a species with terete leaves, stem erect, simple or branched, leaves about 4 inches
long, llaceme curved and drooping, 15 or 16 inches long, flowers on the last third
only, J inch across. Sepals and petals spreading and refle.xed, nearly equal, linear-
oblong. Lip 3-lobed with a pointed middle lobe and a conical spur. Colour, red-
brown stripes on a yellowish ground, lip yellow and purple, also striped behind on
the spur.

This plant received its name in consequence of a peculiar appendage, "callo
magno tabulari a dorso calcaris projiciente," Lindley, inside the lip. It was the
discovery of this plant in 18o(i, at "The Tliree Pagodas," and the observation of this
singular" appendage, together with the fact that notice of it was taken by Lindley
(and so I was enalded unmistakably to id.'niify the species), that led me to pay special
attention to similar ai)i)endages, and to note their presence or absence, and accurately
to draw their varving forms.

182 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

The result of my observations is much as follows. In all flat-loaved SarcnnflM
I find them, and al\va3's 2-lobed, or in some forms bipartite throughout, peiiorally
divaricating upwards. I find them also in the three terete-leaved species last
described, but here they ditfer in shape from those in the flat-leaved species, though
similar in the three ; in all of which (though again not identical in outline) they are
of one common type. Tlie upper part is flat, semicircular, and undivided, resting
on a narrow slightly bilobed base. 1 find a simihir appendage again in Cleisustoma,
hut here it is simply a flat lamina, rounded in outline or more or less quadrate.
Tliis, I presume, is the "tooth" to which Lindley alludes in his definition of the
genus where he says " calcare denie clauso." I further find an appendage agreeing
•with that of Cleisostoina in a small and obscure plant which Prof. Eeichenbach
has named " Siiccolnhium lipundatum," but which I had ventured to name
Ceratochilus ; and, indeed, whether this genus of Blume be a good one or not, I
cannot but think still that it is a Ceratochilus according to his definition, and that
it may even be his C. biglandidosm, so remarkably does it agree with his characters
at all points. Lastly, the genera T/o'i.rspermuin and Appendicula are also furnished
with appendages, but they are either of a diiferent character or in a different position.

CLEISOSIOili, Bl.

Plants with distichous leaves, caulescent. The flowers are small and of little
beauty. The distinguishing mark is that the baggy spur or pouch is closed by a large
projecting tooth, described above, and has no partition. Species 2.

Bentham, in his "Notes," says, " Aeridcs [Sarcaiifhus) appendiculatitm is a
Chisostoma." This may be ; for the group of genera hereabouts is in great confusion,
and it needs a master-hand to re-ariange them at once naturally and intelligibly,
though, I fear, not a few will steadily refuse all artificial classification ; I say, ' this
may S« ' ; but, if so, then I think Sarcanthus filiforrne and <S'. Williamsoni should
go along with it, for in both, the callus or appendage which projects into the cavity of
the spur, is met by a projecting lump on the opposite side, and thus the entrance is
closed. My drawings distinctly show this, for they include longitudinal sections,
though I unhappily omitted to make a similar section of <§. appendiculatum. And
this closing of the spur by the "tooth" or appendage is of the essence of the genus.
Against this, however, is to be set the fact tliat in both these species the .spur is
jiartially divided by a membrane, which, again, is said to be the special mark of
Sarcanthus, although, once more, in some instances I have not been able to detect
this. In all my remarks, I must be understood to speak of Burmese Orchids only,
known to myself.

CAiTAnoTis, Lindh

A small genus of slender climbing epiphytes, with long narrow linear leaves,
and small flowers on leaf-opposed racemes. They have a long rostellum, and a
fleshy incurved lip, and have much the appearance of Sarcanthus. C. purpurea
is a very pretty species with puiplish-lilac flowers. It must be rare, as I was
twenty years in Burma before I found it, and then only one plant. It was dis-
covered in Silhet many years ago. C. ohtusa may be described as a ])ale pink
variety of tlie same, which is distinguished by having the rostellum or beak tiu-ned
at right angles to the column. Species 3.

Teeisspeemfji, Lour.

This genus consists of a small number of caulescent epiphytes with distichous
leaves, short woody stems, which emit a great number of wiry roots. The flowers
are small and few on a rachis, which assumes various shapes, sometimes round, some-
times flat, but always more or less swollen and fleshy. The flowers are marked by
a 3-lobed lip with a thick and solid middle lobe, articulated with the prolonged
montura or base of the column. The pods are long and cylindrical, open longi-
tudinally by one valve, and arc full of silky hah' in which the seeds arc enveloped.
Species 5.

ORCIIIDE.E. 183

AcRiopsis, Bl.
rseudo-bulhous epiphytes. Hulbs aggregate, about the size of a bazel-nut,
terminated by two long slender, linear, pointed leaves. Flowers numerous, very
small, in racemes or panicles on a long slender curved radical stem. They are
remarkable for being tctramerom, i.e. the perianth has only four segments— two
sepals and two petals, rolleu-masses 2, fusiform. Species 2. A. Jiidica has almost
colourless pale-green flowers, and is more striking when in fruit. It pods freely,
and the pods are of the size of a currant and golden-yellow. Flowers in a panicle.
Those of A. pida are rather larger, coloured, and in a raceme.

TUEL.VSIS, III.

Pseudo-bulbous epiphytes. Bulbs terminated by a single leaf. Flowers very
small on a radical scape. Pollen-masses 8, on a long slender stipes with a narrow
elongated gland. Worthless obscure plants, from the ordinary point of view, but
highly interesting fi-om the botanical standpoint. Species 2.

AprEXincuLA, Bl.

Small caulescent epiphytes, with hard woody stems a few inches long and
remarkably flat bifarious leaves, the sheathing bases of wliich overlap each other
alternately on the stem. Flowers Minute, either in elongated spikes or crowded in
small heads at the end of the stem. The pollen-masses are 8, and they have this
peculiarity, that they have no caudide in the sense in which Lindley uses the word,
no stipes in Benthara's sense, but they tnjier gradually after the manner of Cahmthc
and Limntodes, and are attached by their slender ends (which Bentham calls caudidcs)
to the gland, which I find is round or ovate and pointed. A similar remark to that
made on the last genus may be made also on this. Species 2.

PoDOCHILUS, Bl.

Another genus of inconspicuous Orchids. Stems caulescent, a few inches long,
leaves close-set and bifarious. Flowers most minute, sometimes no bigger than a largo
pin's head, solitary or spiked, generally terminal. The pollen-masses are 4, attached,
in pairs, by 2 stipites {caicdicles of Lindley), to a common gland, which is ovate
and pointed. This is true of P. cullralus. But in P. lueesce/is I find 2 stipites
with 4 pollen-masses seated on their uiiitrd coHiiivent siii/ii/iit, but no f/lmid, and tlie
stipites are divergent at the base ! Altogether the structure of the Pollinuiium in
this genus is remarliable to a degree, and can only be shown properly by elaborate
and liighly magnified drawings, such as I have made from living plants. Species 3.
The flowers of this and the two preceding genera have spurred or pouched bases,
and are closed instead of spreading.

Tribe IV. OPHRYDEJE.
AcERAs, E. Br.

Terrestrial herbaceous plants with short leafy stems and fleshy fascicled roots
■with 1 swollen tuber. The ilowers are small and of a dull colour in terminal spikes.
Anther erect, 2-celled. rollin-masses 2, with separate caudiclcs, but only 1 common
gland. Species 1.

The Orchids of this and following genera, included in the tribe Ophrydese, are all
terrestrial, and resemble in general appearance the Orchids of our home woods and
pastures. The structure of the antber and pollen-masses differs much from any
hitherto described. The former is no longer an easily detached lid or ca]), but a firm
and tixed part of the column, with two very distinct cells opening vertically by long
slits or sutures. Tbe pollen-masses, again, instead of being hanl and waxy, consist
of a number of small grains which cohere by means of an elastic cobwebby sul)stancc,
and taper into a point below, and end in a gland. This extended or tapering portion
is the true caudide, so called by Bentham and by Lindley also, and it is a part of the

184 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODVCTIOSS.

pollen-mass itself. It differs entirely from the so-called caudicle of Yandcaj, ■nhicli
is no part of the pollen-mass, and to wliich Bentham prefers to give the name nt/'pcs.
The Ophrydcffi are mostly Orchids of temperate or suh-tiopical regions ; evidently,
however, not confined to them, as our ever-widening knowledge of this Order serves
to prove. Aceras anihropopliora is common in our -English woods. Our solitary
Burmese species, Aceras angustifulia, was first (I believe) found in Simla and else-
where iu Northern India. Wight, who figures it among his " Iconos," says, "This
genus has not yet been found so far South," meaning, I suppose, as Madras. We
have now brought it nearly as far South. It is a mean plant, but interesting in this
fact, that it is so fur separated from its congeners.

GvMXADExi.i, R. Br.

As the object proposed in these " iS'otes on the Orchids of Bui-ma " (as they may
be called) is rather to make the subject popularly intelligible than to affect scientific
accuracy, and as the distinctions between the different genera in this Section turn
on minute and purely technical points, I shall omit them, and confine myself to
a short and familiar description of a few of the most notable species.

G. SESAMOIDES.

A common terrestrial Orchid about Maulmain and Martaban. It is about a foot
high and has a leafy stem, the leaves of which are little more than scales below,
growing larger upwards. The flowers are solitary in the axils of the leaves, and
of a large size, lA inch long. The sepals and petals are connivent, i.e. adhere
together on the upper side of the flower, pointed, with upturned ends. The lip is
very large, pure white, very broad when expanded, but in its undisturbed state
convolute, undivided, and furnished with a spur behind. The roots are fleshy with
1 round bulb. Another species is equally or even more abundant, and is distinguished
by a narrower lip and its varvLng colour, which is green, or lilac, or deep purple.
This is G. mijeri.

Pekisttlus Bl.

P. C0>-STKICTUS.

_A tall stout terrestrial Orchid, often 2 feet or more high, with large, broad,
stem-clasping leaves and a dense spike of numerous pure white flowers, intermingled
with long lanceolate bracts. The lip is trifid, and has a small, round, almost
detached, scrotiform pouch at its ba.so. Also common during the rains in the
neighbourhood of JIaulmain. Roots fleshy and fibrous, with a large bulb. There
are 3 species of this genus.

PL.\TANTnER.i, Richard.

P. Stjsaxn^.

A very handsome and apparently a very rare terrestrial Orchid. Stem, a foot
or more high, leafy, terminated by 4 or 5 pure white flowers of very large size,
with an immensely long spur. The flowers of the plant found by me (I never found
but one) were 3 inches across, and the spur 4 inches long only, but Wight, who
figures it in his Icones (for it is also found in the Pulney Hills) represents it as
4-i inches across with a spur "twice its length." He calls it a magnificent species,
and adds : " I have never met with it except once." The sepals are veiy large and
broad, the petals very narrow and acute. The lip is 3-))arted, the middle lobe being
straight and linear, and the side lobes broad and laoiniated, or deeply jagged. I
may note here once for all that these terrestrial Orchids must be sought for in the
rains, when only they flower. They die down at the apjiroach of the dry season,
when they are kept alive, as our European species are in the winter, by their under-
ground bulbous root. P. SasaiDia' is also a native of Java, China, and Ni]>ul, and
is a plant that has been long known to botanists, having been called Orchis Siimnmi'
by Linnanis himself.

ORClllDE.E. Ib-J

iri:Jiirii,iA, LimlL

H. CALOPHrLLUM.

A small tern sti'iiil Orchid ■« ith a single broad ovate pointed leaf, wliich is most
beautifully marbled. Koot, a single ovate bulb, with several Hesliy rootlets above it.
Stem solitary, 0 or 8 indies high. Flowers 5 or (J, about an inch apart and an inch
long, supported on pedicels (the germ) of the same length, each subtended by a small
bract. The upper sepal and the two petals are erect and connivent, being arched
over the columu and anther, forming a sort of hood to them, as in some JIabenarius.
The lateral sepals are expanded and reflexcd. They vary in colour from white to
pink. The lip, which is | inch long and deep violet, is broad, ovate, slightly
truncate, wavy at the margin, and produced into a spur behind. A very beautiful
little plant. It is found on the limestone rocks which abound in the Tcnasserim
Provinces.

Habexaeia, Wilhl.

An extensive and widespread genus of terrestrial Orchids. They are found in
Europe, Asia, and Africa. Utibenaria hiJ'uUa, or "The butterfly Orchis," as it is
called, is sufficiently common in our English woods to be familiarly known to very
young botanists. Their general aspect is very similar, wherever found. They aio
commonly about a foot or 18 inches high, and have a leafy stem terminating in a
spike of sessile white or yellow ilowers, and a large bract under each. The sepals
and petals are nearly equal, but the petals, if anything, the smallest. Lip almost
always 3-lobed, often with its segments much elongated, or cut into fringes. The
root is tuberous ; sometimes one, sometimes two may be found, according as tlic
last Tear's tuber has decayed sufficiently to fall off or not. There are IG species
enumerated in my list, and, no doubt, there remain many more yet to be iliscovered.

Tribe V. ASETUUSE.T!:.
Galeola.

G. HYDRA.

A very remarkable Orchid indeed, found once by me, and once only, in the year
1859, far away in the jungles near Ko-txati-ko-ycivn or "99 islands." It is entirely
leafless, of the thickness of a small rattan, or, say, the little finger, and scrambles up
and over trees to an indefinite length. My specimen was about 30 feet lung, but
Lindley .speaks of it (or a similar species) as being " 50 to 120 feet long." The colour
of the stem is reddish-brown and the place of leaves is supplied by stitf leathery
scales, at long intenals. It supports itself by aerial roots, and its flowers are in
racemes, of a yellow colour, and, as far as I can recollect, about 1 inch across. It was
in my early days of botanising in Burma that I found it ; I had no drawing materials
with me, and I was so loaded with new and strange things, that there was no time
to do more than roll it up just as it was, in a coil as one would a rope, take it home,
and finally send it to Kew. The structure of the flowers, therefore, is unknown
to me, except as I read it in Prof. Eeicheubach's printed notes. I took the plant at
the time to be Erytlirurchis scandeiis, Bl. and 1 do not even now know wherein
Galeola differs from Enjthiordus.

Y.LxiLLA, Phimicr.

V. Parisuii.

I had the good fortune to find, in the same jungles, though not on the same
occasion, a species of Vanilla which I'rof. Reicheiibacli named after me. Vanilla, like
Galeola, has a thick cord-like stem which climbs up and over trees and hangs down
in festoons from them. It is leafy, however (ono species excepted), the leaves being
ovate, oblong, pointed and very green and fle.shy. It attaches itself firmly to its
support by short thick, flefihy roots. I had three species growing for many years
in a shady part of my garden in ilaulmain. I erected a large trellis for them which
they soon covered with a tangled mass of vegetation. Nothing could be more rampant
than their growth. Although I could not distinguish quo from another when out of

186 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIOyS.

flower, tlic flowers of all tlirce were very different from each other. I received
cuttings from Calcutta, being determined to experiment on Yanilla-pod growing.
There was no difficulty in getting pods, for all my three species flowered proluscly ;
the difliculty was to ripen and dry them, in which I signally failed. The pods, after
growing to their full size, invariably fell off while yet green, and my attempts to dry
them never got beyond producing black, leathery, soft, slug-like things with a smell of
prunes, and the faintest possible taste of " Vanille." I am speaking here of the
true species, or what was sent to me as the true species, which is supposed to produce
the "Vanille" of commerce, Vanilla j)lanifoli<i. The pods of this species succeeded
with mo no better than the others. I do not know why they so persistently fell
off, as ray plants were in the most robust health ; hut, so it was, that the ground
was strewed with them eveiy morning, which so disgusted me that at last I gave up
paying any attention to them ; when, of course, they flowered no more. To explain
the reason of this, I may here say that, in the Vanilla flower, there is found between
the anther and the stigmatic surface a projecting membranous flap which etfectually
prevents the pollen-masses from reaching that surface unless they are assisted thither
by external aid. It was, therefore, necessary for me to go round every morning and
impregnate all my flowers mechanically — evenj morning, for they only last one clay —
and the procees was this : with a small pair of suitable pincers, thin but blunt and
broad at the points, I seized the intervening flap described above, and tore it away,
taking care not to tlisturb the pollen-masses. This done, I pressed the anther with
the point of the pincers, so as to force the pollen-masses down upon the stigmatic
surface. I soon got quite expert at this operation, so as to do several flowers in
a minute, and 1 do not think that I ever failed in my object, riz. successfully impreg-
nating the flowers. In nature, this result is said, or supjiosed, to be brought about
by the agency of some insect. I am not aware if the insect be known to scientific
men. Certainly, no insect was ever obliging enough to perform the operation for
me, and indeed, I am at a loss to understand how any but a very strong insect, and
the same acting of deliberate purpose, can perform it, so tough is the flap that has
to be removed, and so closely does it cover the stigmatic surface.

PoGO>fi.4, Juss.

A small genus of terrestrial Orchids with round tubers, 1 to lA- inch in diameter,
which have short rigid papilte (roots ?) projecting from their surface at all points.
The flowers are borne either singly or in loose drooping racemes on a leafless scape,
which springs from the centre of the bulb, and is a few inches high, and has several
sheathing scales. After this flowering scape, and when tlie flowers are faded, a
solitarj- leaf appears, which takes its rise either at the base of the flowering scape
and close to it, or a little way up, and also has sheathing scales at its base. The
flowers, which vary from 1 to 2 inches in length, and are generally drooping, have
long lanceolar, nearly equal, sepals and petals, which are free, but connivent (rarely
ex])anded). Tlie lip is long, undivided, or slightly 3-lobed, pai-allel with the column,
and convolute round it, occasionally with a very short blunt spur. The column is
also rather long and somewhat club-shaped, and terminated by a lid-like anther.
The pollen-masses are 4, granular, long and tapering, without a gland. The leaves
are large, rounded and heart-shaped, many-nerved and plicate, or fan-like. In one
species they are smooth and green ; in a second clothed with tawny hairs ; in a
third copper coloured ; and in a fourth dark green, with a purple-black spot between
every nerve. The flowers also vary much in colour, being green, or of different
shades of white, pink, or purple. The germ is very short : I have never seen the
fruit. They are propagated (as Roxburgh correctly says) by suckers from the
petiole (leaf-.stalk) just below the ground. The flowers come up in the rainy season,
the leaves offer the rains ; consequently it is not easy to secure them. The best
way is to dig up the roots and plant them in the garden. I have found 5 species,
one very pretty, with a 2-flowered scape and flowers which have a rose-coloured lip,
green at the base, t^epals and petals also pink and expanded. I have not seen the
leaves, and have only a drawing of it. I have named it provisionally P. puhhella ;
it is niv No. .322.

ORCniDEJE. 187

Tribe VI. NEOTTE.E.
Of this section, iiltluniuli we have several genera in Burma, I must restrict
myself to the nioutiou of two — J/oiiockilits and Anmctochilm.

iloxocniLus, Wall.

These two genera, although terrestrial, may be almost said to be also epipliytal,
for tliey rest but lightly upon decayed leaves and sticks, together with whicll "they
may be lifted, having no real attachment to the soil. They are small plants, but
a few inches high, "with a thick nodose succulent rhizome, or root-stock, of 1 or 2
inches in Icngtli, one end of which tui-ns up and becomes the flower-stem, and from
the uudcr-side of which issue small rootlets attaching them to the decayed vegetation.
Their flowers, though botanically interesting, are of no beauty — their attraction lies
in their leaves, some of which are extremely lov('ly, both for their colouiing and
the exquisite veining on their upper surface. They are much prized in England,
and are carefully grown in hot-houses under bell-glasses, as they require an atmo-
sphere abundantly charged ^^■ith moisture to keep them alive. This is the reason
that they cannot endure the plains in Burma, but ati'ect the mountains, where the
air is cooler and the atmosphere much more moist all the year round. I must have
seen several species, but they nearly all slipped through my fingers, on account of the
difficulty of preserving them alive in my luirried mountain journeys. Hundreds of
beautiful things of the frail, succulent sort, not Orchids only, but other flowering
plants, await discovery by the happy man who shall only have the opportunitv and
the resolution to pass a rainy season in the mountains. Among the most beautiful
species known are MonocJiilits reyiun, a Cc}"lon plant, possibly to be found in Biinua ;
and Anredochilus seiaccus and Dawsoniunns, which are found in its forests. Species
ascertained of the two genera about 6 or 7. " Jilviioc/iihcs ditt'ers from Aixcctocliilus iu
the absence of a spur, and in the adhesion of the lip to the column.'' — Lindlcy.

B. Anthers two.

Tribe VII. CYPRirEDE-J}:.

CrpRirEDruM, L.

The plants of this last tribe differ remarkably in their fertilising apparatus from
the rest of the order. I shall confine my remarks, however, to one genus, viz.
Ctjpripediuin, as I am wholly unacquainted with the other two or three genera
which go to complete the ti'ibe. We have no longer a lid-like or operculate anther
here, as in our old familiar acquaintances Dendrohiitm and Vanda, nor an erect rigid
anther opening by two slits as in Ilabenaria, no more pollen-masses of the ordinary
type, waxy or granular, free or attached to stipes or gland, and always easily detached
from the column ; but something wholly different. As you look into the flower, all
you will probably see is a large flat fleshy appendage to which you cannot give a name.
If you want to examine the mysteries of the interior, you must open the flower and
look behind this same appendage. Then all that is to be seen will be revealed. The
structure is as follows : Theoretically there are 3 anthers, though practically, or
apparently, only 2. "The column is short, bearing 2 perfect anthers" (llie 2 rounded
bodies visible beneath), " one on each side of the rostellum or style ; the dorsal anther
(the only one in other Orchidcas) is here usually reduced to a variously sha])cd liarrcn
staminodium" (the aforementioned strange appendage); "the rostellum or style
is more or less prominent or elongated between the lateral anthers, and dilated'
at the end into a more or less obliciuc stigma." — lientliam. The genus is not confined
to tropical regions, but extends into the colder temperate parts of the world, being
found in Europe and N. Anu'rica. The species found in the latter are terrestrial,
those in the former mostly epiphytal. Species 3.

C. CONXOLOK.

A dwarf terrestrial species. Leaves 5 or 0, or more, ovate, oblong, blunt, beautifully
mottled above, with two shades of giecn, purple underneath, 4-5 inches long.
Flower-stalk short, purple, 2-llo\vcred ; with a huge bract at the base of the germ.

188 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PJIOBECTIOSS.

Flowers largo, yellow, speckled with small red dots, 2 inches or more aci'oss. Upper
sepal Teiy broad, nearly round. Lower sepal very similar, but not Cjuite so broad.
(It should bo mentioned here that it is a feature of Ci/prijiedium to have the two
lower or lateral sepals connate or united into one.) Petals broad, oblong, blunt.
Lip, as in the genus generally, saccate, with the edges turned in.

Of the two excellent figures of this plant, one in Pot. Mag. t. 5513, and the
other in L'il/i<.<itrafiun Murtkolf, 18G5, t. -144, I give the preference to the latter, as, Lii
it, the markings on the leaves are more carefully drawn and are truer to nature. It
grows abundant!}- in large patches in the hollows of the limestone rocks which form
so striking a feature in the scenery round about Maulmain. These hollows are
commonly filled with light, black and well-drained vegetable mould. C. concolor
affects such soil as does Limatodes rosea, and as do also many other beautiful plants,
besides Orchids, which I could name. I discovered it in such a place at " The three
Pagodas'' in the year 1858. There is a similar species from the Straits with pure
white flowers, C. niieuia, which, although the flowers are not so large, is, in my opinion,
a more elegant plant.

C. VILLOSUJI.

An epiphyte, and a larger plant than the preceding. Leaves numerous, about
1 foot long by 2 inches broad, linear, tlaccid, pointed, dark green, the lower ones
stained with purple underneath. Scape 6-8 inches high, villous, as is the germ
and all the exterior part of the flower. The flowers are 3 or 4 inches across, green
outside, dark chocolate inside. Upper or dorsal sepal spatulate, i.e. expanding
upwards from a narrower base, arched, concave. The lateral sepals obovate with
a tapering base. The lip, which is of the usual form, is the same colour as the
other parts of the flower, but of a much lighter shade. A very handsome .species,
growing in large tufts on trees. Found on Daiina-toung, East of Maulmain, but
scarce. Abundant on the mountains of Toung-ngoo, about 4000-5000 of elevation.

C. Paiushii.

Also an epiphyte. Stem and leaves together a foot or oven 18 inches high, the
latter 2 inches broad, dark green above, lighter underneath, linear and cleft at the
end. Scape, 18 inches to 2 feet high, villous, 4-5 flowered. Bracts large, green.
Sepals pale green, striped, broad, ovate, pointed, 2 inches long. Petals long, narrow,
4-5 inches, and twisted, pendulous, much expanded, upper portion green, lower dark
purple with a green margin. The edges are waved and crisped, with, here and there,
warty protuberances with a pencil of hairs. Lip sometimes green, but oftcner, when
of robust growth, of a dark purple tinge. First found in 1858 on the Shan border
S.E. of Alaulmain, but not there abundant, more so, apparently, northwards.

P.S. — The following supplementary list has been kindly fuiTiishcd me by Mr.
Low, of Clapton, since I wrote what goes before.

1. BuLBOFHTLLril ALOPECDEUM, E. fil.

2. Ekia tkiloi'hota, Lincll., a variety of E. olesa. "Flowers larger and the

lower part of the Hp very gradually passirjg into the upper. Flowers pure
white with a lemon-coloured lip, marked by three longitudinal purple elevated
linos." — Lindl. Journal of the Proceedings Linn, Sue. vol. iii. p. 34.

3. Dendrobium Lubbeksiaxum, K. fil. Gard. Chron. 1882, Ap. 8, p. 460,

" in growth like a smaller D. foesiosum."

4. Dexdeobium ceassinode, var. Barbeeianuji, E. fil.

5. D. cHAssixoDE, var. albifloeum or candidum, R. fid.

6. D. srAvissiJirir, R. fil.

7. D. MAKMORATril, R. fil.

8. I). AVAKDiAxuii, var. 'Watsoxi, R. fil. ?

9. D. AVardiaxum, var. axbum, R. fil. ?

10. D. Bkxsonije, var. xaxthixa, R. fil.

11. C.ELOGTXE beachtpieea, R. fil. (near C. loiiiffiiiosa) in Gard. Chron. 1881,
July 2, p. 6.

12. Limatodes labeosa, R. fil.

ORCIIIDE.E. 189

1.3. TnrxLv iTAEsiiAi.i.r, 11. fil.

14. SrATHoGi.orris tlicata, lilumc. Liuill. Gen. and Sp. Orcli. PI. p. 110.
LindlfV ijives Java and I'eitmui for this plant. Xotbiug is more likel_v than it

should be found in Burma also, though Mr. Low may possibly have received it from
the Straits, ascribing it through error to -Burma.

15. SPATnOGLOTTIS ALBA, 11. fil.?

16. LuisiA, sp. (emakginata?).

17. AeRIDES LARPENTiE (?).

18. Saccolabium rNTEKMEDiUJi, 1{. til. " ui-ur «S'. lif/ililiiim." Another variety of
the S. calceolare group, whifh seems to be only " eonstans in l(!vitate." It
appears to be alrao.st inijjossible to find two plants alike in this group, and
that, if only two could be fixed upon as the extremes at either end, the
name iiifrniiediutn ndght be applied to all the rest. Since writing my
observations under the head of S. calceolare I received a living specimen
from Mr. H. A'eitch of .S'. lin/il/lini/i, said by him to be the ])lant so named
by Prof. Eeichenbaeh himself. On comparing the flowers wiih the figure
of that species in the Bot. Magazine, I found that they did not agree with
it either in form or in colour, but rather with the figure of .S'. dcnticulatum.
On drawing his attention to this, Jlr. Yeitcli writes me, " The flowers vary
very much, and next year, if all is well, I will send you flowers as light as
those figured in Bot. Mag. and darker than those I sent you last week.''

19. Sarcaxthus HixcKsiAxrM, R. fil.

20. Cyjibidium coceleark, Lindl. Journal Linn. Soc. vol. iii. pp. 28, 178.

21. Yanda c.erulescens, var. Lowii, 11. fil. See my remarks under head of V.

creridescens.

22. Yaxda Yip.wr, R. fil. Gard. Chron. 1882, July 29, p. 131.
2;5. Cypeipedium Boxallii, R. fil.

ORCHIDS.'

" TYliere Java's Isle, liorizoned with the floods,
Lifts to the skies her canopj* of woods ;
Pleased Epidendra climbs the waving pines.
And high in heaven the intrepid beauty shines,
Gives to the tropic breeze her radiant hair.
Drinks the bright shower, a\v\ feeds xipon the air.
Her brood delighted stretch their callow wings,
As poised aloft their pendant cradle swings,
Eye the warm sun, the spicy zephyr breathe,
And gaze uncnvious on the world beneath."

Erasmus Darwin's Loves of the Plants, Canto iii. ?>9\.

AN ENUMERATION OF BURMESE ORCHIDS

SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED.

A. Anther one only.
I. Pollen-ma.sses waxy.

1. Tribe I. Malaxidere. Pollen-masses free, i.e. without any eaudicula
or gland, or other connecting substance.

Microstijlis, Lindley, Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants, xiii.
1. M. Rheedii, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 21. Wight's Icones. t. 902 (bad). C.P.
No. 215.

1 The whole of this account of the Orchids of Burma is from the pen of the Rer. C. P.irish, formerly
Chaplain of Maulmain, a zealous aJmirer and a sutcossful cultivator of this charming class of phiuts.

190 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOyS.

2. M. Wallichh, Linrll. Gen. and Sp. p. 20. C.P. 115.

3. M. BILOBA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 20. C.P. 191.

4. M. FLAVEscExs, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 20. C.P. 36-1.

5. M. PUEPUEEA, Lindl. and Sp. p. 20. C.P. 356.

Liparis, Piich. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Oreh. xis. p. 26.

1. L. SPATULATA, Liudl. Bot. Register 1840. Miscellany, 189. Griffith, 772.

C.P. 101.

2. L. Bis-STRiATA, Par. and Eeichb. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. p. 155. C.P. 80.

3. L. siESOGLossA, Par. andE. fil. Trans. Linn. Soo vol. xxx. p. 154. C.P. 154.

4. L. PACHTPUS, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 155. C.P. 233.

6. L. PAR.ADOXA, Pi. fil. in Walpers' Annal. vi. p. 218. (Ejipcsa of Lindl. Gen.

and Sp. Orch. xi. p. 17.) C.P. 316.

6. L. paeadoxa, R. fil. /3. flavtda. Par. and R. fil. C.P. 316 and 317.

7. L. LUTEOLA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 32. C.P. 155.

8. L. Jovis-PLUvn, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 154. C.P. 323.

9. L. CONDYLO-BULBOX, E. fil. in Hamb. Gart. Zeit. 1862, p. 34. C.P. 71.

10. L. GREGARiA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 33. C.P. 332.

11. L. LONGIPES, Wallieh. PI. As. rar. 35. Wight's Icon. t. 906. Bcutliara in
Flora Hons-kong, p. 352. C.P. 318.

12. L. OLIVACEA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 27. Wight's Icon. t. 903. C.P. 367.

Mahxis, Sw. {Oheronia of Lindl.}, Gen. and Sp. Orch. s. p. 15.

1. M. MYOsrRUs, Wall. Cat. Xo. 1947. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 16. C.P. 300.

2. M. IRIDIFOLIA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 15. E. fil. in Walp. Ann. vi. 208.

C.P. 290.

3. M. ExsiFOEMis, Smith in Eees' Encycl. C.P. 288.

4. M. Griffithiaxa, E. fil. Walp. Ann. vi. p. 20S. Lindl. Sert. Orch. C.P.

59 and 315.

5. M. Bru.xo.viaxa, E. fil. Walp. Ann. vi. p. 209. Wight's Icon. t. 1022. C.P.

287.

6. M. AXTHRoropHORA, Lindl Cren. and Sp. Orch. {fide cjusdem). C.P. 58.

7. M. RUFiLABRE, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. {fide ejusdem). C.P. 255.

8. il. AXCEPS, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. {fide ejnsdem). C.P. 256.

9. M. BR-ACHYSTAcnTS, Gen. and Sp. Orch. {Jide ejusdem). C.P. 257.

BulbophyUum, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. xxxi. (including CiRRHOPETALrii and Trias).

1. B. psiTTACOGLOssuM, E. fil. Botauical ilagazine, tab. 5408. C.P. 140.

2. B. LoBBii, Lindl. var. Siamf,>-se, Par. and R. fil. vide Bot. Mag. t. 4532. C.P.

187. Saund. Ref. Bot. t. 116.

3. B. M.iCEAXxnuM, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1844, t. 13. C.P. 158.

4. B. (Trias) obloxguh, Wall. Cat. ^o. 1977. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 60. C.P. 90.

5. B. (Trias) pictum. Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. p. 150. C.P. 264.

6. B. (Trias) hmsutcm, R. fil. Gardeners' Chronicle, 1871. p. 1482. C.P. 263.

p. 128, t. 144. Bot. Mag. t. 6119. Saund. Ref. Bot. t. 115. C.P. 3-08.

7. B. (Trias) Dayanum, R. fit. Gard. Chron. 1865, p. 434. Xenia Orchidacea,

8. B. CAPiiLiPEs, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. p. 150, tab. 30 A.

C.P. 301.

9. B. Moxii.iFORME, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 151 . C.P. 96.

10. B. PEXECiLLiuJi, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 151, compare
B. c.ALAiiARi.i., Bot. Mag. t. 4088, and Bot. Eog. 1843, p. 70, No. 109. C.P. 303.

11. B. lEjixi.sc.ATUM, Par. in Bot. Mag. t. 5961. C.P. 211.

12. B. LEJiNiscATUii var. TUiiiDrii, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. p. 151.

C.P. 211/3.

13. B. ALCicoRN-E, Par. .and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 151. C.P. 260.

14. B. XYLOPHYLLUM, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 151. C.P. 82 [i.

15. B. Khasyauuji, Griff. Kotuloe, p. 284. C.P. 82 a.

ORCIIIDE.E. 10 i

16. C. CAEErA>TrM, Sprenj;. Wall. Cut. No. 1990. Hook. Exot. Fl. 149. Liiull.
Gen. and Sp. p. 51. liot. Mag. t. -IIOG. C.P. 49.

17. B. cupREUJi, Liudl. Uot. Keg. 1838. Misc. p. 183. Bot. ilag. 6310. C.T.

193 «.

18. B. sicTOBrLBON, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 152. C.P. 193 /:J.

19. B. crruKin var. sxExostrALU-M, I'ar. and li. lil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xx.x. p. 15J.

C.P. 306.

20. B. PAKViFLORUM, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 152. C.P. 305.

21. B. AUHicoiiuJi, Wall. Cat. No. 1985. Lindl. (ion. and Sp. p. 50. R. fil.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 152. C.P. 16.

22. B. LiNDLEY.\.NCir, Gritf. Notula;, p. 287. C.P. 87.

23. B. GRACiLE, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 152 (not of

Thouars). C.P. 208.

24. B. LI.MBATCM, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 152. C.P. 336.

25. B. RtJFiLABRE, Par. and R. til. C.P. 262.

26. B. TRisiE, Par. and R. fil. in Walp. .Vnn. vol. vi. p. 253. C.P. 207. Saund.

Ref. Bot. t. 117.

27. B. ODORATissiMUii, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 55. C.P. 50.

28. B. ovALiFOLiuM, Wight's Icon. 1736. B. trisetorcm, GrifE. PI. As. t. 293.

(0XT.SEPALA OVALIFOLIa). C.P. 84.

29. B. KADiATCii, Lindl. Geu. and Sp. p. 55. Benth. PI. Hung-kong, p. 353.

C.P. 114.

30. B. STEXOBULBOX, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxx. p. 153. C.P. 337.

31. B. LEXiopnYLLUM, Par. and R. fil. Otia Bot. Hamb. 1878, p. 49. C.P. 350.

32. B. sniiLLiMUir, Par. and R. fil. Otia Bot. Hamb. 1878, p. 49. C.P. 366.

33. B. (CiRRHOPETALUSi) LAsiocniLi'M, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxx.

p. 153. C.P. 307.

34. B. (CiRRuoPETALuii) picTCRATrii, R. fil. Walp. Ann. vi. p. 262. C.P. 23.

35. B. (CiRRHOPETALUii) RETUTiuscuLUM, R. til. in Gard. Chron. 1869, p. 1182.

C.P. 142.

36. B. (Cirrhopetalum) Bootaxexse, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. p.

153, tab. 32 B. C.P. 293.

37. B. (Cirrhopetalum) pumilio. Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. p. 153.

C.P. 220.

38. B. (Cirrhopetalum) GuiFFiTnuxnt, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx.

p. 153. CiRRHOPETAi.u-M GAMosKPALUM, Gritf. Not. Part 3, p. 296? C.P. 138.

39. B. (Cirrhopetalum) tripudiax.s, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. p. 154.

C.P. 308.

40. B. (Cirrhopetalum) Merguexse, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. p.

154. C.P. 201.

41. B. (CiRRnoi'ETALUM) Blepuaristes, R. fil. in Flora, 1872, p. 278. C.P. 99.

Epia-antlies, Bl. Bijdr. 306, tab. 9. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orcb. xxxvi. p. 61.
1. E. Javaxica, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 61. K. fil. Otia Bot. Hamb. 1878, p. 48.
C.P. 351.

Drijmoda, Lindl. Scrtnm Orcliidaccnni, p. 8.
1. D. PICTA, Lindl. Sort. Orcb. tab. 3. Bot. Jlag. t. 5904. C.P. 289.

Lendrohium, S\v. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orcb. xlvii. p. 74.

1. D. (OXYSTOPHTLLUM, Bl.) ATROl'URPUKKUM, JlillUcl Fl. Ind. Bot. iii. p. 611.

(Aporum coxcixxiM, Lindl. MSS. di.strib. Wallicb). R. til. Trans. Linn.
Soc. vol. xxx. p. 149. C.P. 265.

2. D. CJELOGTSE, R. til. in Gard. Chron. 1871, p. 136. Compare D. amplum,

Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 74. Wall. Cat. No. 2001. C.P. 221 and 330. _

3. D. (Aporum) seiuu, Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 3. Gen. and Sp. p. 71.

C.P. 374.

192 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

4. D. (Apohum) axceps, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. p. 487. Griff, in. Journ. of Ifat.

Hist. Calcutta, Y. 369. Bot. Mag. t. 3(508. Bot. Keg. t. 1239. Lindl.
Gen. and Sp. p. 71. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 4. (D. cusi'idatcm, Wall,
in Bot. Reg. 1841, Misc. 7.) C.l". 35.

5. D. (Aporuji) eulophotum, Lindl. in .lourn. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 5. C.P. 32.

C. D. (Apouum) TEitiiiXALE, Par. and E. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. p. 149.
C.P. 33.

7. D. (Aporuji") multifloeuii, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. p. 149,

t. 31 B. C.P. 266.

8. D. (Stroxgtle) ACEEOSITM, I>indl. Bot. Reg. 1841. Misc. p. 8G. (D. surteees,

Gritf.) Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 4. C.P. 34.

9. D. Macr.TlI, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 7.5. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 6. C.P. 85.

10. D. CEUMEXATCM, Sw. Roxb. PL lud. iii. p. 480. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 88.

Bot. Reg. 1839, t. 22. Bot. Mag. t. 4013. C.P. 30.

11. D. ANGULATUM, Wall. Cat. Xo. 2010. Lindl. Gen. ami Sp. p. 88. C.P. 88.

12. D. LAMELLATUM, Bl. Bjjdr. 326, t. 10. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 89. Bot.

Reg. Misc. 76, 1844, tab. 53. I), compressum, R. til. Otia Bot. Hamb.
1878, p. 48. C.P. 354.

13. D. AGfiRECATDir, Ro.xb. Fl. Ind. iii. p. 477. Bot. Reg. t. 1695. Bot. Mag.

t. 3643. C.P. 13.
(D. Griffithianu-u, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxi. t. 1756. C.P. 375.)

14. D. cnRY.soToxoN, Lindl. Bot. Reg 1847, sub. t. 19. Bot, Mag. t 5053. C.P. 7.

15. D. TORTILE, Lindl. in Gard. Cbron. 1847, p. 797, cum Icone. Bot. Mag.

t. 4477. C.P. 17.

16. D. proM.T.UM, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 85. " Prome " fide Wallich. Bot.

Reg. 1844, Misc. p. 62. C.P. 339.

17. D. Pegfaxum, Lindl, .Tourn. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 19. C.P. 91.

18. D. puMiLusi, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. p. 479 (first part only). Journ. Linn. Soc.

iii. p. 6. Grift'. Not. iii. 315. R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. p. 150, tub.
31 A. in part. C.P. 98.

19. D. FUGAX, R. fil. in Gard. Cliron. 1871, p. 1287. C.P. Xo. ?

20. D. Farmeri, Liudl. But. Mag. 4659. Lindl. Mag. of Bot. v. 15, cum Icono.

C.P. 14a.

21. D. Faemeri .ATiREo-FLATTJi, Hook, Bot. Mag. 5451. C.P. 14/i.

D. PALPEBR.E, Lindl. Paxton Fl. Gard. i. p. 48. Journ. Hort. Soc. v. (1850)
p. 33. C.P. 377.

22. D. CAPiLLiPES, R. fiL in Gard. Cliron. 1807, p. 897. C.P. 186.

23. D. ALBOsANGurN-Euii, Lindl. Paxton's Fl. Gard. v. 2, t. 5. Bot. Mag. 5130.

C.P. 15.

24. D. DEXsiFLORUM, var. albo-lutea, Hook. Bot. Mag. 3418. Compare Wall.

Plant As. rar. 34 t. 40. C.P. 190.

25. D. CHRTsocREPis, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xsx. p. 150. Bot. Mag.

6007. C.P. 309.

26. D. EEvoLUTni. Lindl. Bot. Reg. 18^0, Misc. p. 110. D. rxiFLOEUM, Giiflt.

Icon. 303. C.P. 112.

27. D. BiCAMEEATUii, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1839, Misc. p. 85. D. brevefloeum,

Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 14. C.P. 278.

28. D. ixxtJEvr-M, Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 18. Griff. Xot. iii. 314,

No. 9. C.P. 176.

29. D. cuspinATUJi, Lindl. Wall. Cat. No. 2015. Gen. and Sp. p. 84. Bot. Reg.

1841, Misc. p. 7. C.P. 151.

30. D. prcxosTAcnTUM, Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 19. C.P. 67.

31. D. poLTAXTHUJi, Wall. Cat. No. 2009. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 81. " Moul-
niayne " fide Wallieh. C.P. 340.

32. D. PAEcrJi, R. fil in Gard. Cbron. 1866, p. 1042. C.P. 81.

33. D. BAMBrsiFOLiuji, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. p. 149. C.P. 188.

34. D. PACHYGLOssFM, Par. and R. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. p. 149. C.P. 145.

35. D. sPHEGiDOGLossuii, R. fil. Otia Bot. Hamb. 1878, p. 47. C.P. 353.

ORCIllDKJE. rjy

36. D. SKCrxDUM, "Wall. Cat. Xo. 1990. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 81. Hot. Rep;.
t. 1291. But. Mag. t. 4352. (1). PuitpriiKUJi, Ko.xb. M. lud. iii. p. 484).
C.r. 333.

37. D. FouMosfM. Roxb. I'l. Ind. iii. p. 485. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 81. liot.
lleg. t. 64. Wall. Plant. As. rar. t. 39. C.P. G.

38. D. EUUEXEUJi, Par. liut. Mag. t. 5459. C.P. 131.

39. D. JAiiEsrAxr.u, R. HI. in Gard. Cliron. 18(!9, p. 551. C.P. 132-(.

40. D. DE.tcoxis, R. til. in Eot. Zuit. 1802, p. 214. C.P. 132/:?.

41. D. iNFUNDiBULUir, Liudl. in Juuni. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 10. Rot. Mag. t. 5440.

C.P. 130.

42. D. XANTnopFLEBirir, Lindl. in Gard. Cbron. 1857, p. 208, and 1850, Xo. 190.
Journ. Linn. See. iii. p. 10. Bot. Mag. t. 5454. C.P. 133.

43. D. SENILE, Par. Bot. Mag. t. 5520. C.P. 135.

44. D. sciBRLLiNOUE, Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc iii. p. 15. R. iii. Trans. Linn.

Soc. XXX. p. 150. (D. HEDYOsjiujt, Batcnian, Bot. Mag. 5515.) C.P. 134.

45. D. DALnousiAXuir, Paxt. Mag. of Bot. xi. t. 145. Bot. Rog. 184, t. 10.

Grifi. Xot. iii. 313, Xo. 7. C.P. 19.
40. D. CALCEOLARIA, Hook. Exot. Flora, 184. Liudl. Gen. and !Sp. p. 83. (D.
cupREUur, Bot. Reg. 1779.) C.P. 130.

47. D. jioscnATUM, "Wall. PL As. rar. ii. 195. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 82.

Bot. Mag. tab. 3S37. (D. c.\lceolus, Ro.\b- Fl. Ind. iii. p. 488.) C.P. 8.

48. D. FlMBRlATrM, Wall. Cat. Xo. 2011. Hook. Exot. El. 71. Lindl. Gen.
and Sp. p. 83. Bot. Mag. 4100. C.P. 88.

49. 1). bixoculare, R. til. Gard. Cbron. 1809, p. 785. Otia Bot. Harab. Xo. 23,'
p. 48. C.P. 344.

50. D. Brymeuiaxum, R. til. in Gaid Cluon. 1875, p. 323, and 1870, p. 300.

Bot. Mag. tab. 0383. C.P. 309 n.

51. D. Pierardii, Roxb. El. Ind. iii. p. 482. Lindl. Gen. and .Sp. p. 79.

Wigbt's Icon. 908 (indifTercnt). Bot. Mug 2584. C.P. 10.
62. D. TKAXspAREX.s, Wall. Cat. Xo. 2008. Limll. Gen. and Sp. p. 79. Bot.
Mag. 4663? C.P. 185.

53. D. GRATiosLssiMTiM, ii. fil. in Bot. Zcit. 1805, p. 99. (D. BrLLEKHxrji,

Bateman, Bot. Mag. 5052.) C.P. 202 and 200.

54. D. BoxALLii, R. fil. Xenia, vol. ii. t. 194. .Teunings Oreb. t. 19. Eloral

Mag. new series, t. 114. C.P. 300.

55. D. CRYSTALLTNUM, R. fil. in Gard. Cbron. 1808, p. 570. Xenia Orcbidacca,

vol. ii. p. 211, tab. 193, f. 1. C.P. 200 b.
50. D. Parisiiii, R. fil. in Bot. Zeit. 1803, p. 230. Bateman in Bot. JIag.
5488. C.P. 18.
D. RnoDOPTERYGirM, R. fil. in. Gard. Cbroniclo. C.P. 376.

57. D. Bexsox.e, R. fil. Bot. Mag. 5079. C.P. 203.

58. D. EYTCniAxuM, Par. Bot. Mag. t. 5444. Compare D. baebatulum, Bot.
Mag. t. 5918, also Wigbt's Iconcs, 910. C.P. 126.

59. I). Devoxiaxtm, Paxt. Mag. i. p. 109. Bot. Mag. 4429, ft. kiiodoxeurvm.

R. fil. in Gard. Cbron. 1808, p. 082. C.P. 310."

00. I). Ealcoxeri. Hook. Bot. :Mag. 4944 and 5058. C.P. 359.

01. D. HETEROCARPFM, Wall. Pi. As. rar. 190. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 78.

(Bot. Reg. Misc. p. 49, Xo. 11. I). ArRErJi). Bot. Mag. 1708 and 4970.
var. Hexshallii, Bot. Mag. 4971). C.P. 137.'

62. D. EixDLAYAXUM, Par. and H. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. \\.

63. D. CRAssrxoDE, R. fil. Gard. Cbron. 1809, p. 104. Bot. Mag

64. D. xonvTUM, R. fil. Bot. Mag. 5470. C.P. 106.

65. D. LUTE0LU.M, Batni. Bot. Mag. 5441. Gard. Cbron. 1864, p.

66. ]). crMCL.wiii, Lindl. in Gard. Cbron. 1855, p. 756.

C.P. 200.

67. D. LAsioGLosscM, R. fil. in Gard. Cbron. 1868, p. 682.

C.P. 304.

68. D. ciLiATCM, Par. Bot. Mag. 5430. C.P. 156.

VOL. n. 13

. 1 19. C.P. 192.
:. 5700. C.P. 20.

209.
Bot.

C.P. 139.
Mag. 5703.

Bot.

Mag. 5825.

194 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

69. D. DixANTntJM, E. fil. Gard. Chrou. 1865, p. 674. Bot. Mag. 5564. C.P. 21.

70. D. CRETACEUM, Liiidl. Bot. Rca;. vol. 33, t. 62. Bot. Mag. 4686. C.P. 65.

71. D. CREPIDATUM, Lindl. Paxt. Fl. Gard. v. 1. Gleanings, Xo. 99, f. 95. Bot.

Mag. 4993 and 5011. C.P. 66.

72. D. LiTuiFLOKi-31, Lindl. Gard. Chron. 1856, p. 185. D. Hajibueyaxum, E. fil.
in Bonplandia, vol. iv. p. 357.

Tribe II. EPIBENDRE^E.

Pollen-masses attached to a distinct caudiolo, or joined together by some clastic material,

but without a gland.

CryptocMluf>, Wall. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Oreh. cxix. p. 193.
1. C. MEiHAx, Par. and E. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xsx. p. 148. (AGGEiANxntis
Maechaxtioides, Wight's Iconcs, 1737?). C.P. 251.

Uria (including Ania), Lindl. Gen. and Sp. xlii. p. 65, and Ixvi. p. 129.

1. E. (Axia) noLOGLossA, Par. and E. fil. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. p. 148. (Ani.*.

latifolia, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 130. Wight's Icon. 914?). C.P. 253.

2. E. Ania, E. fil. in Walpers' Ann. vi. p. 70. Ania AXGrsTiFOLiA, Lindl. ? Gen.

and Sp. p. 129 " Tavoy." CiLANTHE vieidifusca, Bot. Mag. 4069? C.P.
244 and 73.

3. E. DiscoLOE,' Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 51. Cali.ositlis eigida, B1. ?

Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 129. C.P. 314. Same as following?

4. E. PFLCHELLA, Lindl. Wall. Cat. No. 7407. Bot. Eeg. 1841. Misc. 106.

Journ. Linn. Soc. p. 51. C.P. 314 (not E. pulchella of Griif.). Same as
preceding ?

5. E. oRNATA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 66. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 48. E.

AEMENIACA, Bot. Reg. 1841, t. 42. C P. 109.

6. E. ELONGATA, Griif. Not. iii. 301. Lindl. Juurn. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 49. (Eria

FLAVA, Griff.) C.P. 119.

7. E. LANATA, Grift'. Not. iii. 301. Lindl. Jour. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 49. C.P. 51 ?

8. E. PANNEA, Bot. Eeg. 1842. ^lisc. 79. (E. teeetifolia, Grift'. Notul. iii.

298, t. 300, fig. 2. Itinerary, 202, No. 1185.) Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii.
p. 50. C.P. 313.

9. E. sicARiA, Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 50. C.P. 100.

10. E. FRAGRANs, E. fil. in Bot. Zeit. 1804, p. 415. (E. stellata, Sp. aff. B M.

3605 and Bot. Eeg. t. 904.)

11. E. OBESA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 68. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 53. (E.

LiNDLEYANA, Griff. Not. iii. 300.) Bot. Mag. 5391. C.P. 24.

12. E. ACEEV.\T.i, Lindl. Paxton Fl. Gard. i. p. 170. C.P. 276.

13. E. AFFiNis, Grift'. Not. iii. p. 297. Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 54.

C.P. 196.

14. E. GRiFFrrnii, E. fil. in Xcnia, (")rcli. ii. p. 163. (E. pulchella. Griff. Not.
iii. p. 297. Lindl. Journ. Soc. iii. p. 54.) Very near to E. beactescens.
C.P. 102 and 107.

15. E. coNcoLOR, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxx. p. 148. C.P. 128.

16. E. DASTPTO, E. fil. in Bot. Zeit. 1864, p. 416. C.P. 235.

17. E. EKiopsiDOBULiioN, Par. and E. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxx. p. 148. C.P. 281.

18. E. coNVALLAEioiiiES, Lindl. Gon. and Sp. p. 70. Bot. Eeg. 1841, t. 62, and

1847, t. 63. Wall. PI. Asiat. rar. ii. 159. C.P. 141.

19. E. FLORIBUNDA, Liudl. iu Bot. Eeg, 1844, t. 20. C.P. 282.

20. E. EiNGENs, E. fil. in Bonplandia, 1855, p. 222. (E. ovata, Bot. Eeg. 1844,

sub tab. 29). C.P. 321.

21. E. pulvinata. Griff. Mergui, No. 2, Aug. 17, 1834. Lindl. Journ. Linn.

Soc. iii. p. 56. C.P. 274.

' I incline to believe that E. pulcleUa No. 277 nnd E. discolm- No. 278 of p. 51, Juurn. Linn.
Soc. iii. together with C'allosti/lis rii/iila, are all one and the same. — C.P.

ORCTHDE.E. 195

22. E. TRi'NCATA, Liiull. Journ. Liim. Soc. iii. p. 58. " ^Muulmcin T. LoLb."

C.P. 27;s.

23. E. DASYPurLi.A, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxx. p. 1 17. C.P. 7'J.

24. E. PLMiLA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 68. C.P. 234.

2.3. E. IIkuguexsis, Lindl. Jouru. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 52. C.P. 52.
2G. E. MriiisTic.EKORMis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5415. C.P. 113.

27. E. MuscicoLA, Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 47. R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans.
xxx. p. 148. (DENnitoHir.M irrscicoLA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 75. I).
FiLiFOKME, Wiijlit Icon. 1U42. E. Dalzelli, Lindl. Jouru. Linn. Soc. iii.
p. 47 ) C.P. 320.

28. E. PAELsmi, Lindl. R. til. Linn. See. Trans, xxx. j). 147. C.P. f.l.

29. E. USTUI.ATA, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxx. p. 147. C.P. 62.

30. E. ExsTrNCTORiA, Hook. fil. Bot. Map;, t. 5910. (DExiiKomusi EXTrxcTORnTM,
Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub t. 1756. Joutu. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 11.) R. fil. Walp.
Ann. vi. p. 308. C.P. 74.

31. E. FLErROTHALLls, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxx. p. 147, tab. 30 C.
C.P. 160.

32. E. VESTiTA, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1844. Misc. 1845, p. 79, t. 2. Walp. Ann. vi.
p. 284. Liudl. Gen. and Sp. p. 82. (Dexdrobium testitum, Wall. Cat.
2005). C.P. 64.

33. E. PERPU.SILLA, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soc. Traus. xxx. p. 148. C.P. 97.

Bendrochihim, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and S}). Orcli. xx.
1. D. pallide-flatens, Bl. Bijdr. 398, t. 52, Lindl. Gon. and Sp. p. 34. C.P. 270.

Calogyne, Lindl. (including Pholidota, GioeniLrs and Pleioxe), Lindl. Gen. and Sp.

Orcli. XXV.

1. C. (OTOcniLus) poERECTA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 36. R. fil. AValp. Ann. vi.

p. 236. C.P. 209.

2. C. (Otochilus) fusca, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 35. Bot. Mag. 3921 . C.P. 342.

3. C. (Pholidota) liiiiRKATA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 36. Bot. Reg. t. 1213.

"Wight Icon. 907. C.P. 39.

4. C. (Pholidota) articul.vta, Lindl. Gen. ami Sp. p. 38. C.P. 38.

5. C. (Pholidota) coxvallvelv, R. fil. in Flora, 1872, p. 277. C.P. 210.

6. C. (Pholidota) advena. Par. and R. fil. Otia Bot. Ilamb. Ease. I. 1878, p. 47.

(Cheloxaxthera gibbosa, Bl. Lindl. Gon. and Sp. p. 178?). C.P. 296.

7. C. (Pleioxe) Reichenbachiaxa, Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. 5753. C.P. 72.

8. C. (Pleioxe) pr.ecox, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 43. (C. WALLicnrAXA, an

cadem? Bot. Mag. 4496.) C.P. 213.

9. C. (Pleioxe) Sciiilleriaxa, R. fil. in Koch. Bcrl. Allg. Gart. Zeit. 1858,

p. 189. Bot. Mag. 5072. C.P. 40.

10. C. uxiFLORA, Lindl. Gen. and S]). p. 42. R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxx.

p. 146. C.P. 129.

11. C. test.\cea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1843, Misc. 34. Bot. Mag. 4785. C.P. 41.

12. C. LENTKiixosA, Liudl. I'Vil. Orcli. (C'. EULioixosA, p. 3). Bot. Jlag. 5958.

C.P. 189.

13. C. cvcxocnEs, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxx. p. 147. C.P. 195.

14. C. FuscESCEXS, var. nRrxxEA, Lindl. Fol. Orch. and in Ganl. Chron. 1848,
p. 71, cum icone. Bot. Mag. 5494. C.P. 161.

15. C. ocnuAOEA, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1846, t. 69. C. coxfeuta, sub-species. Par.
and II. fil. Liuu. Soc. Traus. xx.v. p. 146, tab. 30 b. C.P. 150.

16. C. GRAMixiFoLiA, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, p. 146. C.P. 252.

17. C. PLACCiDA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 39. Bot. Mag. 3318. (C. HiiTTXEEiAXA ?
R. fil.) Compare C. ocellata, Bot. JIag. t. 3767. C.P. 143.

18. C. PROLiFERA, Gen. and Sp. p. 40. C.P. 174 b.

19. C. RiGiDA, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxx. p. 146. C.P. 42.

20. C. USTILATA, Par. aud R. fil. Liuu. Soc. Trans, xxx. p. 146. C.P. 174 a.

196 nCRMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

21. C. FiMBRiATA, Liiidl. Gen. and Sp. p. 41. Griff. Icon. PI. As. t. 291, No. 1.

C.P. 118.

22. C. OVALI.S, Lindl- Bot. Rec;. 1838, Misc. p. 171. C.P. 213.

23. C. APICULAT.1., P:ir. and K. ill. in Walp. Ann. xvii. p. 225. C.P. 214.

24. C. TRiNEKVis, Lindl. Gin. and Sp. p. 41. C.P. 343.

25. C. Parishii, Hook. til. Eut. Mag. 5323. C.P. 105.

Sunipia, Buclian. in Rcos' Cyclop. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. cviii.

1. S. scAEiosA, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7373. Gen. and Sp. p. 179. Serf. Orch.
Frontispiece, x. C.P. 271.

AgrodopliyUum, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. clxiii.

1. A. PLANiCATJLE, R. fil. in Walp. Ann. vi. p. 909. Appenbicula Hasseltii of
AViglit's Icoues, t. 1748, iii. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 230. fiee A. Jatanicum.
Bl. Tabellen 53. C.P. 103.

Rpailwghtiis, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Grch. lix.

1. S. ruBEscENs, Lindl. Wall. Cat. 3744. Gen. and Sp. p. 120. Wight's Icon.

1739. (Pachystojia Wightii, R. fil. Walp. Ann. vi. p. 404.) C.P. 153.

2. S. LoBBii, R. fil. Walp. Ann. vi 455. Gard. Chron. 1856, p. 534. C.P. 308.

3. S. Haedixgiaxa, Par. and R. fil. Otia Bot. Hamb. Fasc. i. p. 45. C.P. 352.

Cahniflic, R. Br. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. clxiv.

1. C. vestita, Wall. Cat. 7345. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 250. Paxt. PL Gard.

V. i. p. 106, t. 72. Bot. Mag. 4671. C.P. 20.

2. C. BiLOBA, Lindl. Fol. Orch. (var. obtusata, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans.

vol. XXX. p. 144). C.P. 254.

3. C. viRiDiruscA, Bot. Mag. 46G9 (vide snb Ehia Axia, supra). C.P. 73 and 244.

Liiiiatodes, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. clxvi.
1. L. HOSKA, Lindl. in Paxt. Fl. Gard. t. 81. Bot. Mag. t. 5312. C.P. 11.

Aniit(U}ia, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Ixii.

1. A. bambusifolia, Lindl. Wall. Cat. 3751. Gen. and Sp. p. 123. Wight's
Icon. t. 1661. (CyiiBiniuM BAHiBusiFOLiuii, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. p. 460.)
C.P. 362.

Phaitix, Lour. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. Ixiii.

1. P. Blfmei, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 127. C.P. 371.

Tliiniiii, R. fil.

1. T. XANTHOPHLEEiA, Par. aud R. til. (T. rri,ciiRA, R. fil. in Flora, 1872,

p. 276.) C.P. 5.

2. T. Bexsoxlts, Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. 5694. C P. 199.

3. T. ALBA (Phaius albus). Lindl. Gen. and Sp. \). 128. Wall. PL As. rai-.

vol. ii. t. 198. C.P. 378.

Tribe III. VJXDE^'E.
P(illen-mas.ses ■with a caudieula, united to a deciduous stigmatic gland.

Moiiomeria, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. xxxvii.
1. M. CEABKO, Par. and R. fil. in Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. xxx. p. 143, tab. 28.
{Compare Lindl. Scrt. Orch. Frontispiece and Gen. and Sp. p. 61. Moxo-

IIEEIA BAKB.ATA.) C.P. 312.

Eulo2)hia, R. Br. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. ex.

1. E. BEACTKosA, Wall. Cat. 7366. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 180. (Journ. Linn.
Soc. iii. p. 23, E. guaxdiflora.) C.P. 157.

oiiriiihE.T:. 197

2. E. PunJiKxsis, Wall. Cut. 73G.J. l.iiidl. Ocn. ami Sp. p. 181. C.P. 242.
a. E. GKAMiXKA, "Wall. Cat. 7372. Liiull. (icn. and Sj). p. 182. C.P. Xos. 205

and 2'.)5.
4. E. AND.i.M.vNE.\sis, R. til. ill I'lora, 1872, p. 27(;. C.P. 91.

Cyrfopera, Liiidl. (jun. aud Sp. (Jicli. c.w.

1. C. M.iCKOiiULBOx, Par. and R. til. Linn. Soe. Trans, xxx. ]). 1 II. C.P. 37.

2. 0 sQu.u.ii)A, R til. in Ronpl. Feb. 1.5, 18.37. Otia Bol. llanib. 1878. p. H.

(EcLoi'iiiA siiiAi.iDA, Lindl. Rot. Reg. 1811, JLisc. 161.) C.P. 317.

Vcddunoti, Jackson. Lindl. Gen. and S]i. Orrli. cii.

1. G. (:axui1)u.m, Lindl. Fol. Orcli. Xo. 8. Gen. and Sp. p. 17(). (G. pallidum,

Don ) C.P. 111.

2. G. riTiuNT.v, Lindl. Bot. Re;;. 020. Gen. ami Sp. p. 17(1. Tuckson in Bot.

Eep. t. ()26. Bot. Mag. 21<).5. C.P. 275.

3. G. ciTEiNTJi, var. ali!Idoi>ukpikki'm, Par. and R. lil. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxx.

p. 145. (G. niLATATUM, R. Br. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 075. Gen. and Sp. p.

175. LlMODoLVM EECUKVUM, lluxb.) C.P. 180.

Ci/mhiJinm, S\v. Lindl. Gen. ami Sp. Orcli. xevii.

L C. ALOiFOLlfM, S\v. Wiilil. iv. 401. Lindl. Gen. .-ind Sp. p. 105. ^VigIlt's
Icon. 1087. Bot. Mag. t. 387. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 0, 458. C.P. 12.

2. C. Lo-wiA.Ni-M, R. til. in Gard. Chronicle. C.P. 301.

3. C. TioRixrsr, Par. Bot. Mag. 5457. C.P. 144.

4. C. PAKisHir, R. til. Linn. Soc. Tians. vol. xxx. p 144. (CYMiiinirM icnrit-

XElM, var. ? See Bot. Mag. 5120. Bot. Reg. v. 33, t. 07.) C.P. 50.

ThccoHiclc, R. til. ?

1. T. ALATA, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxx. p. 144, t. 29. (T.
ZoLLiXGEitr, R. til. in Bonplandia, v. 37, 1*'57. Xenia, ii. t. 147, j'- Voi.
(CYMiiiDim ALATUM, Roxb. iii. p. 459.) C.P. 47.

BramhemUa, Lindler, "Wight's Icon. vol. v. p. 18.
1. B. ArouoiDE.s, Par.audR. til. Otia Bot.Hamb. 1878. Fasc. i. p. 44. C.P. 340.

I.ulxid, (iaudiehaud ?

1. L. liUAciivsiAcins, LincU. Ii. ei.wkola, Par. and R. til. Linn. Soc. Trans.

xxx. p. 141. C.P. i:!.

2. L. rr.ATYGLOssA, R. fil. Linn. Soe. Trans, xxx. p. 1 I I. Wal]! .\iiii. vi. ]>. 022.

(Cyjimnu-M tkiste, Wight's Icon. 911-1089. Bot. Mag. 3018.) C.P. 4 1.

3. Ii. PRiMii.rxA, I'ar. and It. til. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxx. p. 144, t. 30 A. C.P. 302.

4. L. PsvcuE, R. fil. in Bot. /eit. 1803, p. 38. Bot. Mag. 5558. C.P. 121.

5. L. liuEMAXRA, Grill'.

Cottiinia, Lindl. A\'ight's Iconcs, 1755.

1. C. Champion:, Lindl. in Hook. Journ. vii. j). 35. ,Touin. Linn. Soc. iii.
p. 89. Bonthani Fl. llong-kong, p. 357. C.P. 277.

Trklioijlottln, HI. Lin<ll. Gen. and Sp. Orrh. cxxxv.
1. T. Dawsoxiana, R. til. in (iard. Chron. 1872, p. 099. C.P. 103 and 179.

I'huUinnp.iis, lil. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orcli. cxxxiv.

1. P. coitxu-CEiivi, R. fil. in (iard. Chron. Hot. ^lag. 5570. C.P. 51.

2. P. Lowii, R. til. in Bot. Zeit. 1802, p. 214. Bot. Mag. 5315. C.P. 125.

3. P. PAUisnif, R. fil. in Gard. Chron. 1805, ji. 410. Bot. i\Iag. 5815. Saunders

Refuginm ]{(>t. t. 85. CP. 110.

4. P. WniiiTii, R. fil. in Bot. Zeit. 1802, p. 214. C.P. 175.

198 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Vanda, R. Br. Lindl. Gon. and Sp. Orcli. csxxvii.

1. V. (Acampe) Wightiana, Wight's Icon. 1670. C.P. 77.

2. V. (A-Campe) longifolia, Wall. Cat. 7322, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. 215. C.P. 78.

3. V. GiGANTEA, WaU. Cat. 7326, Lindl. Gi'u. and Sp. p. 215. Bot. Mag.

5189. C.P. 1.

4. V. Parishii, E. fil. Xenia, ii. p. 138. Gard. Chron. 1870, p. 800. C.P. 178.

5. V. Ro.\.BUKGnri, rar. unicolok, Bot. Mag. 3416. C.P. 177.

6. V. Bensoni, Veitch, E. fil. in Gard. Chron. 1867, p. 180. Bot. Mag. 5011.

C.P. 204.

7. V. Denisoniana, R. fil. in Gard. Chron. 1868, p. 528. Bot. Mag. 5811.

C.P. 294.

8. V. c^RrxEscENs, Griff. Not. p. 352. Icon. 331. Lindl. Fol. Orch. Vand.

p. 9. Walp. Ann. vol. vi. p. 868. Gard. Chron. 1870, p. 529. Tig. 97.
Bot. Mag. 5834. C.P. 335.

9. V. ciiRULEscENs, var. BosALLii, R. fil. in Gard. Chron. 1877, p. 749. C.P. 372.

10. V. I'ARviFLORA (Aeribes Wightianum, iiifnl), Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1844. Misc.
p. 57. ride Bot. Mag. 5138. Wight's Icon. 1669. V. testacea, R. fil.
Gard. Chron. C.P. 22 and 162.

11. Y. tkhes. Wall. Cat. 7324. Lindl Gen. and Sp. p. 217. Bot. Mag. 4114.
Bot. Reg. 1809. (Dendeobidm teres, Eoxb. iii. p. 485.) C.P. 9.

Grnmmatvj)]qilhim, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. C.

1. G. SPECTOSUM, Bl. Bijdr. p. 377. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 176. Bhnne,
Rumphia, v. 4, p. 47, t. 191. Paxton, PL Gard. t. 69. Bot. Mag. t.
5157. C.P. 168.

Rc7iauthcra, Lour. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. cxxxviii.

1. E. coccinea, Lmireiro, Flor. Cochinch. ii. p. 637. Bot. Mag. 2997-8. C.P. 107.

2. E. BiLiNGDis, R, fil. Xenia, i. p. 7, t. 4. C.P. 201.

(Eccocladc's, Lindl. in Bot. Eog. fol. 1522, Gen. and Sp. clvi.

1. (E. Fi.EXuosA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 236, "ad ripas fluminis Attaran,"
WaUieh. C.P. 261.

Acrides, Lour. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. elvii.

1. A. viRENS (oDOE.ATUM, Tar.), Lour. Bot. Eeg. 1843, Misc. 48. Vide Bot.

Mag. 4139. C.P. 2.

2. A. LoBBii, Hort. L'illustration Horticole. Gaud. 1868, pi. 559. C.P. 25.

3. A. AFFiNE, var. eoseum. Wall. Cat. 7316. Sert. Orchid, t. 15. Bot. Mag.

4059. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 41. (A. eoseum, Loddiges, Past. Fl. Gard.
t. 60). Warner's Select Orchids, 21. C.P. 63.

4. A. CEAssiFOLiTTii, Piu'. aud R. fil. Linn See. Trans, sxx. p. 145. Gard. Chron.

t. 96. C.P. 146.

5. A. cuispuM, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 41. Bot. Reg. 1842, t. 55. Bot. Mag.

4427. (A. Brookei, Batm.) Saccoi,abium speciosum, Wight's Icon. 1674.
C.P. 183.

6. A. DiFFORME, "Wall. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 242. Sert. Orch. Frontispiece.

C.P. 184.

7. A. Wigutia>'1'm=Yanda paevifloea, siijird. C.P. 22 and 162.

Saccolahium, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. cxliv.

1. S. giganteum, Wall. Cat. 7306. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 221. Bot. ]\rag.

5635. C.P. 83.

2. S. Bluuei, Sert. Orch. t. 47. Bot. Reg. 1841. Misc. 115. L'illust. Ilort.

1868, pi. 545. C.P. 3.

3. S. CDRviFOLicM, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 222. (S. jiixiatum, Lindl. ]iot. Reg.

1847, t. 26, 1848, t. 58.) L'illust. Horticole, 1806, pi. 493. C.P. 4.

4. S. AMi'CLLAt'EUM, Liud. Bot. Mag. 5595. S. eubeusi, Lindl. Gen. and Sp.

ORCIIIDE.E. 199

p. 222. Wall. Cat. 7310. Akrides AJiprLLACErrsr, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. p. -170.
Sei-t. On-h. t. 17. C.P. 50.

5. S. FEAGRAXs, Par. and 11. fil. Otia Hot. llaiiib. Faso i. 1878, p. 41 . C.P. 349.

6. S. MicuAXTncji, Wall. Cat. 7300. Liiull. Gin. ami Sp. p. 220. Sauiul. Kc-f.

Eot. t. 110. C.P. 4.-).

7. S. PAPILLOSUM, Lindl. Lot. Rog. t. 1552. Gen. and Sp. p. 222. Wight's Icon.

1672. (CYJiBLDnrsi pkj^moesum, Roxb. iii. p. 405.) Very like an Acvmpe!
C.P. 258.

8. S. KAMosuM, Lindl. Gon. and Sp. p. 224. Wall. Icon. t. 654. C.P. 29.

9. S. CALCEOLAUE, Wall. Cat. 7302. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 223. Griff. Not.

356, t. 334. Paxt. Mag. \-i. 97. Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. p. 33. (Vanda
puLciiELLA, Wiglit's Icon. 1671.) Sert. Orch. Front. C.P. 95.

10. S. DE.NTictJLATUJi, Paxton, Mag. vii. 145. Bot. Mag. 4772. 11. til. Otia Bot.

Hamb. Fasc. i. 1878, p. 42. C.P. 95 B.

11. S. BiGiHBUM, R. fil. Bot. Mag. 5767. C.P. 279.

12. S. Buccosnir, R. fil. in Gard. Cliron. 1871, p. 938. C.P. 268.

13. S. BiPUNCTATUJi, Par. and R. fil. in Linn. Soo. Trans, sxx. p. 145. C.P. 280.

14. S. GuiFFiTnii, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soe. Trans, xxx. p. 145, in appearance
like a luesipteris. C.P. 334.

Sairantliiis, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. cliii.

1. S. TERETiFOLiUM, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 234. (Aerides APPENDicuLATrsr,

Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 242. A. teretifohuii ? Bot. Reg. t. 676.) Wall.
Cat. 7315. Bot. Mag. 3571. C.P. 28.

2. S. WiLLiAMsoNi, R. tii. in Hamb. Gart. Zcit. 1865, p. 353. Gard. Cliron.

1865, p. 674. C.P. 272.

3. S. FiLiFORME, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1842. Misc. p. 61. Bot. Mag. 4039.

(Wight's Icon. 1684?) C.P. 284.

4. S. Parishh, Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. 5217. C.P. 27.

5. S. LAXUir, R. fil. Bot. Zeit. 1866, p. 378. Sauud. Ref. Bot. t. 130. C.P. 153.

6. S. ERiNACEusi, R fil. Bot. Zeit. 1864, p. 298. C.P. 149.

7. S. oxYPHTLLUM, Wall, in Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 123. C P. 86.

8. S. DEXsiFLoKUH, Par. and R. fil. (Saccolabium dexsifloruji, Lindl. Gen. and

Sp. p. 220.) Wall. Cat. 7311. C.P. 194.

9. S. PAXicrL.ATtTsi, Lindl. lUust. of Orch. pi. t. 9. Gen. and Sp. p. 233. C.P. 283.

10. S. ixsECTiFER, R fil. in Bot. Zeit. 1857, p. 159. C.P. 267.

11. S. EUTiLFs, Pur. MS. C.P. 197.

12. S. LoaiFORME, Par. MS. C.P. 117.'

Camarotis, Lindl. Gon. and Sp. Orch. cxli.

1. C. PURPUREA, Wall. Cat. 7329. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 219. Sert. Orch.

t. 19. C.P. 345.

2. C. PALLIDA. (MicROPERA PALLIDA, Lindl. Gon. and S]). p. 219.) C.P. 46.

3. C. OBTUSA, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx. Misc. 71. C.P. 148.

Cleisostoma, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. cxlvi.

1. C. LAXATUM, Lindl. .Toiirn. IL.rt. Soe. iv. p. 164. C.P. 48.

2. C. Wexdlaxdorum, R. fil. in Seem. Bonpl. iii. p. 219. C.P. 93.

Thrixxpmn um, Lour.

1. T. LKopARTiixrM, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soe. Trans, xxx. p. 145. C.P. 269.

2. T. TERES, R. fil. Xenia, ii. p. 121. C.P. 212.

3. T. LUxiFKRU.v, R. fil. in Gard. Cliron. 1868, p. 786. C.P. 55.

4. T. AiucnxiTEs, R. fil. Xenia, x. p. 121. C.P. 246.

5. T. iivsTKix, R. fil. Linn. Soe. Trans, xxx. p. 145. (Dexdrocolla iivstrix,

Bl. Bijdr. p. 291.) Mergui, Griflith n. 1066. C.P. 285.

' I am uuable to identify these last two Saycantha with Prof. Rcichenbaoh's uames. — C.I'.

200 BURMA, ITS T'EOPLE AND PRODUCTIOyS.

Acriojh'tis, Bl. Liudl. Gen. and Sp. Oreli. Ixxv.

1. A. Indica, Wi.slit's Icon. 1748 (bad). C.P. 76.

2. A. JAVANir.i, llcinw. in Flora, 1825, ii. 4. El. Bijilr. 37G. Griff. PL As.

318. C.P. 299.

Tlwhiiiis, P)!. Lindl. Gon. and iSp. Oreh. clxviii.

1. T. rYGM.EA, Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. p. 63. (Euphkobo.scis pygm^a,

Griff, in C'alc. Journ. of Nat. Hist. v. 372, t. 26. Wiglit'.s Icon. t. 1732.
C.P. 108.

2. T. CAKIN.ITA, Bl. Bijdr. p. 2.i)3. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 253. C.P. 171.

Appcnflicula, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orcli. cxlvii.

1. A. CALLosA, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 230. E. fil. Otia Bot. ILuub. Fasc. i.

p. 45. C P. 355.

2. A. KEDiipLiCATA, Par, and R. fil. Otia Bot. ITanilj. Fasc. i. p. 145. C.P. 305.

Fodocliilus, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orcli. cliv.

1. P. LUCEKCENs, Bl. Bijdr. p. 295, t. 12. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 234. C.P. 159.

2. P. MiCRoriiYLLtTS, Liudl. Wall. Cat. 7335. Gen. and Sp. p. 234. C.P. 247.

3. P. cuLTBAirs, Lindl. Wall. Cat. 7330. Gen. and Sp. p. 234. C.P. 222.

II. Polleu-masses, po-\vdery, granular or scetile. Lindl.

Trilie IV. OPEHYDE.F.. Author terminal, erect.
Acirfin, 11. Br. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orcli. clx.xiv.

1. A. ANorsTiFOLiA, Wall. Cat. 7001. Liudl. Gon. and Sp. p. 282. Wight's
leonos, tab. 1691. C.P. 250.

Gij)ii)iadi'nia, E. Br. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. clxxi.

1. G. SESAMOIIIES.

2. G. Heli'kri, E. fil. in Flora, 1872, p. 276. Otia Bot. Hainb. Fasc. i. 1878,

p. 39. C.P. 2.

riutanihcru, Eieli. Liudl. Geu. and Sp. Orch. elxxvli.

1. P. SrsANx^, Wall. Cat. 7052. P. gigaxtea.— Bot. Mag. 3374, HAiiKNAitiA

GiGANTEA. — LiucU. Gcu. aud Sp. p. 296. Wight's Icon. 920. Bentham in
Flora Ilong-kong, p. 362. C.P. 122.

2. P. EoiiusTA, Wall. Cat. 7036. Liudl. Gen. and Sp. p. 296, "in rryno

Ihinnano, Proiiic." C.P. 370.

Hciinpi/iiJ, Lindl. Geu. and Sp. Orcli. clxxviii.
1. H. CALoruYLLA, Par. and E. fil. Otia Bot. Hamburgh, 1878, p. 38. C.P. 348.

Perisfylus, Bl. Lindl. Gen. aud Sp. Orch. clxxix.

1. P. coNSTEicTus, Liudl. Cieu. and Sp. p. 300. Wall. Cat. 7043. C.P. 181.

2. P. GooDERYOiDEs, Liudl. Gou. aud Sp. p. 299. Wall. Cat. 7066. C.P. 169.

3. P. Pakishii, E. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxx. p. 139. C.P. 216.

ITiiheiiaria, AVilld. Lindl. Gen. aud Sp. Orch. clxxxvii.

1. H. STENOsTACiiYA, BcLith. Fl. Hong-lioug, p. 362. (PLATANxniiiiA, Liudl. in

Ke\v Journ. Bot. vii. 37. Cj.i.ogeossdm ceenuum, E. til. iu Boujiland.
1855, 250. C. PERlsTYLOliiES, E. fil. iu Bonpland. 1856, 321. Wight'.s
Icon. 1702.) C.P. 231.

2. H. Pelorioides, Par. and E. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, xxx. p. 139, tab. 27 \.

C.P. 327.

3. H. TipriTFERA, Par. and E, fil, Linn. Soc, Trans, vol. xxx. p, 139, Ko, 8.

C.P. 232.

ORCUIDE.E. 201

4. ir. cni.oRAXTnA, Par. aiul 11. fil. Liim. Sue. Traus. xxx. p 140, IS'o. 9. CM'.

218 and 24 j.

5. H. DiGiT.\T.i, Wall. Cat. "OG;!. LiiuU. Cicn. and Sp. p. 307. 11. til. Linn.

Soc. Trans, vol. xxx. p. 140, Is'o 10. C.l'. 124.

6. H. spATrr..EFOLiA, Par. and R. til. Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. xxx. p. 140, Xo. 11.

C.P. 217.

7. H vicri, Par. and 11. til. Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. xxx. p. 140, Xo. 12, tal).

27 B. C.P. 22.5.

8. H. coKYJiBOSA, Par. ami 11. fil. Linn. Soc. Tians. vol. xxx. p. 111, No. 1.'!.

C.P. 329.

9. H. TRicnosAXTHA, AVall. Cat. 7208, Lindl. CJcn. and Sp. p. o24, "in riqno

Burmano." C.P. 219.

10. n. GKXicuLATA, Wall. Cat. 7542. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 324, " in reqno

Bnrmano" C.P. 220.

11. H. CoiiJiELixjEFOLiA, Wall. Cat. 7037. Orchis CojiMKi,ix.i;i'oi.rA, lloxb. iii.

451. Lindl. CJcn. and Sp. p. 325. C.P. 227. "in regno JJ/irmana."

12. H. RosTRATA, Wall. Cat. 7051. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 325, "in in/no

Burmano." C.P. 228.

13. H.ACriFERA, Wall. Cat. 7045. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 325, " 71;™//." C.P. 229.

14. H. Promensis, Wall. Cat. 7033. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 320, " in nwntihux

Frame." C.P. 225.

15. H. LFCiDA, Wall. Cat. 7047. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 319, ^awyooH. C.P. 224.

16. H. LACERxrFERA, Bcntham, Flora Hong-kong, p. 362. CiELOOLOssuM lacerti-
FERUM, Lindl. Gen. und Sp. p. 302. " Tfiio//," Wallich. C.P. 230.

Tribe V. JliETHUSE.I-J. " Antlier termiual, opercular," Lindl.

Galeola, R. fil. (ERYinROKcnis, 111.) Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Oreh. eclxix.

1. G. HYDRA, Xcuia, Orcli. ii. p. 77. Otia Bot. Hamb. Tasc. i. 1878, p. 40.
G. ALTissiMA, R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. xxx. p. 125. (Ekytiirorcuis
ALTissiMA, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 438.) C.P. 70.

Vanilla, Plum. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orcli. cexlvii.
1. Y. I'.\Risnn, Tt. fil. Otia Hot. Hamb. Lase. i. 1878, p. 39. C.P. 286.

Pugonia, .Juss. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. ccxxiii.

1. P. vEi.UTiNA, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. xxx. p. 142. (Ei'IPactis

I'LicATA, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 454. Pogoxia plicata, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. ]>.
415). C'owyw/rP. discolor, Bl. Flora Jav;t, torn. 4, p. 128, tab. 53. C.P. 182.

2. P. FLABELLIF0R1II.S, Wall. Cat. 7400. LiiuU. Gen. and Sp. p. 415. C.P. 164.

3. P. MACULATA, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. xxx. p. 143. C.P. 165.

4. P. crPREA, Par. ilS. (Epipactis Jcliaxa, Ro.\.b. iii. 453 ? Pogoxia Juliaxa,

Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 414.) C.P. 166.
6. P. PL-LCUKLLA, Par. MS. C.P. 322.

Tribe VI. iS'^Y/ 7Ti'.i'. " Anther dorsal," Liiidley.
Onemidia, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. cclxvi.
1. C. SEMILIBEKA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 403. C.P. 239.

Monofhilus, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. cclxxiv.

1. M. FLAvrsi, Wall. Cat. 7380 (Et.eria fi.ava). Lindl. Gen. and Sp. ji. 487.

C.P. 320.

2. M. affine, Wall. Cat. 7383 (Et.eria afkixis), Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 487.

Wight's Iconcs, tab. 1728. C.P. 241.

Cheiroxfg/ix, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. ctlxxv.

1. C. FLABELLATA, Wight's Icon. 1727. (Zeuxise siosiluormis, Griff. Xot. iii.
397, t. 350. C.P. 311.

202 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

2. C. MALLEiFEiLi, Par. and 11. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans. toI. xxx. p. 141. C.P. 218.

3. C. PDBESCKNS, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Sue. Trans, vol. xxx. p. 141. C.P. 104.

4. C. GKiFFiTnii, Lindl. Journ. Linn. Soc. i. p. 188. (GooDTEE.i, No. 9.) Grilf.

Not. iii. 393. C.P. 236.

Hicmaria, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orcli. ccl.\xvii.

1. H. DISCOLOR, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 490. Ker. in Bot. Reg. fol. 271. R. fil.
Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. xxx. p. 142. Var. Dawsoniana, Benth. Fl. Hong-
kong, p. 361. C.P. 324.

Etceria, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. cclxxix.

1. E. MouxMEiNsis, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soc. Trans, vol. xxx. p. 142. C.P. 237.

2. E. MOLLIS, Lindl. Joiu-n. Linn. Soc. vol. i. p. 184, "Burma, Griffith." C.P. 238.

Georchis, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. cclxxxii.

1. G. roLiosA, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 496. (Goodyeea, Griff. Icon. t. 346, i. " in
regno Burmano.'") C.P. 240.

Tropidia, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orcli. eclxxxiv.

1. T. cirRCTLiGoiDES, Wall. Cat. 7386. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 497, " ad ripas
fluininis Attaran," Wallich. Bentli. FI. Hung-kong, p. 359. C.P. 338.

Anadochihis, Bl. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orcli. eelxxxvi.

1. A. ALBOLiNEATUs, Par. and R. fil. Linn. Soc. Ti-ans. vol. xxx. p. 141. C.P. 32.5.

2. A. sETACEus, Bl. Bot. Reg. t. 2010. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. p. 499. Bot. Mag.

t. 5208. C.P. 379.

3. A. Dawsonianus. C.P. 172.

B. Antliers 2.

Tribe VII. CTFliirEDi:^^.

Cypripedium, L. Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orcli. coxcix.

1. C. coxcoLOR, Par. in Gard. Chron. 1865, p. 626. Bot. Mag. 5513. L'ilhis-

tration Hortieole, 1865, tab. 444 (very good). C.P. 57.

2. C. Partshii, R. fil. in Gard. Chron. 1869, pp. 814 and 1858. Bot. Mag. 5791.

C.P. 108.

3. C. viLLOSUM, Lindl. in Gard. Cbron. 1854, p. 135. C.P. 92.

CATALOGUE OF ORCHIDS

GATHERED IN THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS, BY S. KURZ.

1. MlCEOSTYLIS TEILOBULATA, KurZ.

2. Lll'ARIS, Sp. ?

3. BuLBoruYLLU.M Andersonii, Kurz.

4. BuLBorHTLLrM (neartoB. iRisEXORUii, Griff, and O-wseraxa oralieolia, Wight).

5. Dendeobium crfmenatum, Sw.

6. Dendrobium, Sp. 2 = OxYSTornrLLUM, No. 5065 and 5066, Herb. Heifer.

7. Dendrobitii, Sp. 3. (Aporum, near to Seiuu.)

8. Eria Kurzii, T. Anderson.

9. Eria elongata ? Lindl.

10. PlIOLIDOTA IMBRICATA, Sffl.

11. Pn.wus? Sp.

12. LrisiA? Sp.

13. Vanda, No. 1. Flowers white, on Mt. Harriet.

BROMELIACE.F. ifUSACE^. 203

14. Vaxda, ISo. 2. Flowers rosc-colourcil. C'oiumon.

15. Vaxdv, No. 3?

16. Yaxda teres, Lliull.

17. TiKXIOI'lIVLLUM XOEMAI.E, KurZ.

18. Cleisostoma, Sp. ? (iin C. galeata, Thwaitos?).

19. Al'PENDICULA, Sp. ? (or AliKOSTOI'UVI.I.lM ?).

20. Cyjibidiusi aloifolium, S\v.

21. AcKiopsis, Sp. ?

22. Peuistylus, Sp. ?

23. Vanilla, Sp. ?

24. Et.eiua, Sp. ?

25. TKOriDIA CORCtJLIGOIDICS, Liudl.

* * * AUiumeyi fonry. Einlnjo disUncf.

ANOMALES.

Flowers usually hermaphrodite and very irregular (except in BromcUcicea).
Periuntk of 5 or 6 segments. ,Staincux 6, with 1 or 5 anthers, the rest petaloid. (In
Uromeliaccw aU bear anthers.) Ovar^ usually 3-celled. Fruit a berry or capsule.

Ordir BllOMELIACE^.

Floioers hermaphrodite, regular or nearly so. Perianth scx-merous, bi-scriato, the
exterior calycoid, the inner petaloid. Stmi/eiis 6. Orary 3-celled. Fruit a berry
indeliiscent, or a 3-valved capsule. Generally stomless herbaceous plants, with
perennial stock and fibrous roots and mostly e])ipbytio.

Ananassa.
*A. SATITA, Schult. Cultivated all over Burma and tlie

Na-nat. Pine-apple. Nicobars.

The Bromeliaeea arc all American plants. The pine-apple is the most important,
and when fine is the most delightful fruit ot the tropics, being juicy, wholesome, and
fragrant. The leaves yield a beautiful fibre, which in countries like Burma, where
tlie ])ine-apple flourishes like a weed about villages, should become of commercial
importance ; and a cheap and simple way of extracting and preparing the fibre seems
all that is necessary to insure its becoming so.

Order MUSACE.E.

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, irregular. Perin/ifh siiperior, corolla-lik(!,
sexpartite in 2 distinct rows, the outer jieriauth triphyllous, the iuner 3 segments
developed, or the 2 perianths united into 2 lip-like segments. Stamens 6, adnate to
the base of the perianth, or free, or often the postichous stamen aborted. Anthers
linear, 2-celled, turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with many, or rarely a
solitary ovule in each cell. Style simide ; stiyma usually trilobed. Fruit cither
a 3-celled woody capsule, opening loculieidally, or succulent and indehiscent or
irregularly bursting. Seeds usually imbedded in pulp, or rarely with a luiir-like
arillus, the testa usually crustaceous. Albumen mealy. Embryo straight, oblong-
linear, or mushroom-shaped.

A small order of great economical importance. It contains only a single woody
tree, the rest being cither low or tree-like tall herbs. The ])lantains and banana are
well known as nutritive fruits, and many, if not all, of the .species of Musa yield
more or less valuable fibre, amongst which the Manilla-hemp {Mum textilis) is best
known in commerce. The juice of most plantains may be used for blackening leather.

204 DCllMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Bavexala, Sonneraf.

*E,. ilADAGASCAEiEXSis, SoDu. Occasionally cultivated by Europeans.

The traveller's tree.

An evergreen palm-like tree, all parts glabrous ; the trunk annulate. Leaves
distichous and crowded at the apex of the trunk. Fluirers large, whitish, sessile,
J-whorlcd at the base of the bract. Capsules 2 or 3-cornered, and 2 or 3 inches long,
tardily dehiscing into 3 woody valves. Seeds numerous, covered with a beautiful
azure, fibrous arillus. Alhiinien almost bony.

llusA, Linnaus.

*• JI. SAPiEXirM, L. Cultivated throughout Bui-ma and in Kamorta.

31 paradisiaea.
M. siiriAErii, Runiph.

Kurz is uncertain if the wild plantains of Kamorta belonged to this species or not,
as they were out of flower.

M. EUBEA, Wall. Pegu. Martaban.

M. coccixEA, Koxb. vol. i. p. 62.5. (P ).

M. suPEEBA, Roxb. vol. i. p. 667. (P.).

M. GLArcA, Eoxb. vol. i. p. 669. (P.). Pegu.

Under the head of M. pariKlisiaea, Dr. Mason makes the following remarks :
" The plantain or banana, though a far less palatable fruit, holds the same place in
this country that the apple does in England and the United States. It is used as a
vcgetalile as well as an article for dessert, the great proportion being eaten with rice
and meat in the place of potatoes

" Like the mango, the tree is indigenous, but the wild fruit is too full of seeds
to be eatable. The plantain and banana, which were formerly regarded as distinct,
are now considered by botanists as one species, but it embraces many varieties. I have
the Burmese names of 2.5 before me. ' The numerous varieties,' writes Yoight, ' we
have in vain tried to put in some order. The attempt made for this purpose in
Schultens apjicars to us to have only increased the confusion.'

" The MdtuUa hemp, from which a fabric of the finest texture is prepared, is made
from the leaves of a species of plantain-tree, M. textilis. Another distinct species of this
genus grows wild in our jungles and is rather an ornamental plant, which is all that
it has to recommend it. Unlike the common plantain, it never throws up shoots from
its roots. The name of the plantain in Pali is Mauza, which is its Arabic name Mam
with a final vowel added to pronounce the last consonant, no woi'ds in Pali ending
in any consonant excepting n. I\ow if its Arabic name be so widely diffused, it seems
quite certain, that had the plant been known to the Hebrews, tlie Hebrew being
cognate with Arabic, it would have had a similar name. This fact is a sufficient
refutation of the conjectural interpretations of certain passages of Scripture that we
meet with from time to time. Tims, Loudolfs conjecture that dudaim (Mandrakes)
were the fruit of 3[usa paradisiaea (plantain-tree), which has been recently revived
in a modern work, cannot stand, on account of its name. For the same reason the
conjecture that the gi'apes which the spies brought from Canaan were plantains cannot
be sustained. The plantain seems a favourite plant to build fancies upon. Gesenius,
in defining teeiiah, the tig-tree, refers to Gen. iii. 7, ' where,' he says, ' the Fieus indica,
or Miisa paradisiaea, plantain-tree (Engl.), with veiy large leaves, seems to be meant.'
This is perfectly conjectural, and is wholly imsustained by the usage of the word,
as well as that it bears no resemblance to its Arabic name."

It is commonly supposed that the Mandrake of the above passage is the Atropa
mandrae/ora (see Kitto's Cyclopipdia) ; but according to S. J. Hooker (Maout and
Decaisne's Botany, Trans, p. 580), the Maiidrar/ora has somewhat analogous pro-
perties to Belladonna, and was formerly used by sorcerers to produce delusions in their
dupes. The I)udaim or 'Mandrake'' of Scripture was, however, used as a simple
' philtre,' just as over the entire East, the ' Salep ' is so esteemed, and there is no valid
reason why some species of Orehis, or root having similar reputed virtue, may not

ZLXZIBERACE.T-:. 205

rather Lo the true Love-apples intended. Dudaim arc hut twieo mentioned in
Scripture (Gen. xxx. 14, 18, and in Solomon's Song, vii. 13), in both instances in
connexion with scenes of love, or in otlier words as ' philtres' or provocatives of the
passion ; but for a fuller exposition of this subject reference may be made to Inman's
work,' under the heading ' ilandralics,' and La ilytliologie des I'lantes,- vol. ii. p. 213.

Order Z1XZ[]!EII.\CE-T].

Flowers lierniaphrodito, irn'gular. I'uriuiitli su])erior, double ; outer herbaceous,
triphyllous; inner pctaloid, irregular, composed of petals and staminodes. Stamen
solitary, anterior.^ 'Anther 2-eidled. Oranj inferior, usually 3-celled. Oiules
anatropous. Fruit usually a capsule. Seeds with 2 albumens, a farinaceous and
a homy. Emhri/o with the cotyled<mary eml sheathed by the vitellus, the radicular
fi'ee and touching the hilum. Herbs with creeping or tuberous rhizome.

CosTus, Linnteics.

C. AEGrRornTLLU.s, "Wall. (M.).

Pa-lang-toung-weh.
Thu-leh-hpc-dO (Sgau).

C. sPECiosus, Sm. (il.).

This is not the 'costum' of the ancients, which is still largely used in China
in precisely the same way as it was in Home for burning as incense.

" Costum molle date et blaudi mihi thuris honores

Terque focum circa laneus orbis eat." — Properfins, Lib. iv. (i, .5.

The root of C. speeiosus is void of scent, and the plant above alluded to has been
ascertained by Falconer to be the root of Aueklaiidia east us, Falconer, one of the
Compositfc, which grows on the Himalaya between 7500 and 9000. Its name in
Kashmir is 'Kooth,' and it is there used to scent shawls and protect them from the
moth. The roots are dug up in September and simply dried, after being cut up in
lengths of 6 inches. In Kashmir it costs about 1 rupee 3 annas a hundredweight,
but at Jagadri, on the .Jumna, the price averages 10 rupees, and nearly double in the
Chinese ports, where it ultimately finds its way. In the markets of Calcutta and
Bombay it is called Putchuk. See lialfour's Ci/e/opadia of India.

^loxoLOPiius, IFaUieli.

M. ELEG.IXS, "Wall. (M.).

Kwon-ka-dO.

CiTvcrir.4, Liiiiuctis.

*C. LOXGA, Roxb.

Hsa-nwen. Common turmeric.

C. KosroKAXA, "«'all.

Hman-then.

C. .SKUGINOSA, Puixb.
C. ATTKXUATA, Wall.

C. coMosA, Iloxb.

C. ELATA, Koxl).
C. ORXATA, "Wall.
C. CORDATA, Wall.
C. PARVIFLOKA, Wall.
C. PETIOLATA, Ro.xb.
C. PLICATA, "^'all.
C. STROBILIXA, Wall.

' Ancient Faiths omlindicd in -Ancient X.mics, hy Thomas Tnm.in, M.D. London. ISfiS.

* I.a Mythologiedes I'lantes on Ics Legends du Kegne vegetal, p^ir .\ngelo de Ciubcinatis, I'aris, 1S82.

206 BURifA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOA^S.

To tlic above species given by Mason may be added —

C. ZEDOAEIA, Roxb. Bengal. Chittagong. China.

C. aromatica, Salis.
C. EUBESCENS, Roxb. Bengal. Pegu.

The genus Curcuma is a very important one, as yielding turmeric and arrowroot.

Turmeric is the root of C. lonija, and some other species yield a similar but
distinguishable condiment. The principal use of turmeric is as an ingredient of
curries, as it assists digestion by its stimulant and carminative properties, care being
tuken to cook it thoroughly, whereby its peculiar odour is entirely dissipated. It is
also universally applied externally with the belief in its curative powers in fever
and other complaints, and though not used in European medicine, a decoction applied
cold on a piece of linen to the eye is said by Waring " to give great relief to the
burning sensation in oplithalmia. It is also used by dyers, and in various religious
ceremonies among the Hindus. Paper coloured yellow by an alcoholic tincture of
turmeric is a highly sensitive test of the alkalinity of any solution, an alkaline
solution turning the yellow to red or brown. Various species of Curcuma yield
arrowroot, collectively known as East Indian arrowroot, which, though inferior to
to the best West Indian, is, when well prepared, an excellent article, both as a
food and for any purpose for wliich a pure starch is required. The species mostly
used are C. caulina, C. migusfifoUa, C. rubescinx, and C. leucorhka, but the roots of
many species of this order yield starch in profitable quantity.

Ej;mi'Feeia, Linnicus.

K. GAI.ANGA, L. (31.).

Kha-noung.

So named by Linnfeus, from its being supposed by him to yield the ' Galangal '
root of commerce, a brown tuberous root with a faint aromatic smell, and pungent
taste sometliing between pepper and ginger. ' Galangal ' root would, however, seem
to be produced by several species of Zinziberaceous plants of the genus Kampferia
and AJpinia.

*K. EOTUNDA (31.).

Mye-ban-touk.

Cultivated, according to Mason, for its sweet scented flavour.

K. MAEGIXATA, Ciirey (M.).
K. CA^fDiDA, Wall. (M.).

Pan-u-hpyu (M.). Padat-za (Th.).

K. RoscoEAXA, Wall. (M.).

K. TAEVIFLOEA (M.).

Ka-mnng-ni.
Ka-muug-net.

K. ELEGANS, Wall.

K. Pabishii, Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. tab. 5763. (P.).

Mason gives as vernacular names for other species of Kanipfcrla, Ka-mung-
taing-bya. Ka-mung-kyet-la. Kyo-ka-mung.

K. ciindida or an allied species is one of the most conspicuous harbingers of the
hot season, thrusting up its crocus-like flowers from the parched earth as the hot
weather begins to make itself felt. It is called padut-za, from constituting the
favourite food of the Pudat [Liolepis guttutus). It is also cooked and eaten.

Aiiojiusi, Linnaus.

A. CAEDAlIOliril, L.

Men or Ben.

1 Manual of Tliorapcuties, E. J. Waring.

ZIXZIBERACE^. 207

A. COUYlIBOSTACnTTM, TN'all. (if.).

Gimg-mcn.

A. XANTIIIOIDKS, "Wall.

A. (Dymczewiczkia) Fevzlii, Kz. Kainorta (K.).

Elettaeia, Rheede.
E. CAEDAJioiirji, "VMiito (il.).
Bu-la or Pa-la.

Alpixia, Linnam.

Outer perianth tubnlar or campanulatc, stiff, 3-toothcd, and often Pplittinp; to
the base. Inner perianth petal-like, united at tlie base, with the stameus in a tube,
th(> limb of 3, usually unequal lobes. Stamina! ichorl eonsisting of 1 large petal-liko
labellum, opposite to a single fertile stamen, and in some species a small linear lobe
on each side between the labellum and the stamen. Filament not dilated. Anther
2-celled. Style lilifonn, with a concave terminal stigma. Oiary 3-cellcd, with
many ovules. Fruit globular, scarcely succulent, but not opening in valves. Seeds
few, aiillate. Erect herbs with a tuberous rhizome.

A. ALLUGHAS, KoSCOC (M.).
A. BEACTEATA, Koxb. (M.)

A. NUTANS, Eoscoe (M.). India. Ceylon. S. China.

Pa-gan-theing or Pa-gau-gyi.

A. rncENicEA, Eamphoevener. Nicobars (K.).

A. STalaccensis, Roscoe. Eoxb. vol. i. p. 64. (P-).

Cardamoms are the product of several species of Amomum, Elettaria, Jlenralmia,
and Alpinia, whereof the finest arc produced by F. eardamomani, a native of Travankor
and Caiiani, but included by lEason among the plants of Burma. Cardamom seeds
are aromatic and stimulant, and highly prized in native cookery, and for chewing
with ' pan,' and are also largely exported to Europe as spice.

ZixziBER, Gaertner.

* Z. OFFICINALE, RoSCOB (iT.).

Khyen-seing.

Z. ZEEFJIBET, EOSCOO (if.).

Z. PARDocnEiLrii, Wall. (M.).

Z. SQUAEKOSUM, Roxb. (M.).

Z. PANDtTEATrii, Koxb. (M.).

Z. BAEBATUII, Wall. (M.).

Mi-tha-len.

The following vernacular names are also given by Mason for different species of
Zinziber : — Kan-eik. Khung-htai-wen. Sa-kwa.

DlSCHEJIA, Wiyht.
D. GLAUCrM, Yoigt. pi.).

HEDTcnrcir, Jianiy.

*II. COEONAETTM, KoCU. (il.).

Lan-theh or Thit-khet-lan-tlieh.

Of this species Mason writes: "The garland flower, a species of ITedyehium,
but regarded by Europeans as a lily, is much cultivated, both by natives and
foreigners. The yellow and white varieties are both common. Mason also describes
two other species, one " a very fragrant species with long narrow petals and an
epiphytic habit, often seen in Tavoy, and another, with a "sulphur-coloured flower,"'
found on the Bghai mountains.

H. BARBATIM, Wall. (M.).

208 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Gastrocuilus, Widlich.
G. PITLCnERBIMFS, "Wall.
G. LONGIFLOKUS, Wall.

Hejiioechis,' Kurz.

Flowers spicate, sessile. Cah/x tubular, trifiil. Perianth fuhe filiform, sliorter
than tlic calyx. Ovary 1 -colled, placentas 3, parietal. Stijle filiform. Stigma slightly
thickened, obliquely truncate. Capsule 1 -celled, subplicately lO-furrowed, 3-valved.
Seeds conical, basally albo-arillute. Perennial herbs with the habit and essential
character of Gasfrochllus.

H. BuKJiANicA, Kz. Pegu and Tenasserim.

M. ELEGANS, Wall.
Kwon-ka-do.

MoNOLOPHUs, Wallich.
GioBBA, Linnmis.

G. MAEANTINA, L.
G. CAEEYiNA, Eoxb.

Pa-deing-ngo.

G. ScnoMBUEGKii, Hook. fil. Pot. Mag. tab. 6298. (P.).

T)r. Mason writes: "On shady banks, where violets grow in England, the pretty
orange-flowered glubha is common. The long curved filament, ornamented with
a largo orange-coloured 2-lobed lip, or apron, attracts the attention of most observers.
The Purmese call it "the weeping erinum."

G. EXPANSA, Wall.

G. BRACTEOLATA, Wall.

The root and seeds of Zlnziheraceet contain various volatile oils, an aromatic
resin, a bitter principle, a variable amount of starch and sometimes a yellow colour-
ing matter [curcumine), hence some species are cultivated for their stimulating and
carminative properties and agreablo flavour, as those yielding ginger, turmeric, and
cardamoms, whilst an excellent arrowroot is obtained from the tuberous rliizomo
of other species, in some cases possessing, however, a yellowisli tint. ' Grains of
Paradise ' are tbe seed of an African species of Amomam, and are cliiefly used for
purposes of adulteration.

Order CANNACE.^.

Flowers hermaphrodite, irregular. Perianth sex-partite, 3 outer segments
herbaceous, regular; inner segments petaloid, irregular. Stamen 1, lateral. Anther
1- celled.

PnEYxiuji, TTillilenow.

P. MACEOSTACHYTM, Wall. (M.).

Wa-thaing.

Mason also gives as names for species of Phryniuni Mycn-wa and Tung.

Maranta, Linnceus.
ls\. (Phetnitm) spicata, Roxb. (M.).

*M. arundinacea, L. Burma. Andaman.

Pen-bwa.

M. DicnoTOMA, Wall. Katchall. Kamorta and Xankowry.

M. grandis, Miq.

Then.

Tlie stems of this plant Mason says are split and made into mats.

' Characters abbreviated from Latin dcscrijjtion, J.A.S.Ii. 1873, p. 108.

CAyXACE.K nYDROCIIAIilDE.E. 209

jrnsnn ohscrvos, "The true arrowroot i)lant (^[. arundinarea) was introduced
several years ago by Mr. (). Kiley, and is beKinnins to be largely cultivated. Tiie
arrowroot made is not infiu-ior to any imported, while it is sold at half the price at a
good profit. A gentleman at Tavoj- lias sold a considerable quantity for exportation
this year, and has orders for more than a thousand pounds of the ne.xt crop."

The name 'arrowroot,' which of coursi; refers to the specific term ' arundinacm,^
■was originally apjdied to the ])lant from a belief in its efficacy as an antidote to the
wounds made by arrows, poisoned with the juice of the Manchbied.

Canna, LinnceuH.

Outer perianth of .3 short stiff persistent segments. Inner perianth petal-like,
united at the base in a tube with the stamens, and deciduous with them ; the limb
of 3 nearly equal segments. Staminal whurl consisting of 4 petal-like segments,
3 barren (often celled inner corolla), the fourth bearing a 1-celled anther on one side.
Ovary 3-cclled, with several ovules. Style flattened, with a terminal stigma.
Capsule muricate, 3-valved. Herbs with erect stems. Flowers on a terminal in-
terrupted simple or branched spike.

C. IXDICA, L. (ir.).

Bud-da-tha-ra-na.

C. GLAUCA, Ditcher. Mopoon (Maulmain). (P.).

The seeds of several species of Canna can be used as a substitute for coffee, and
some yield a blue dye. The plant is much cultivated by the Burmese, who use its
seeds for their rosaries. Its addiction to marshy localities was alluded to by (Ivid,

" Quam riatanus rivo gaudet, quam Populus unda
Et quam limosa Canna ])alustris hurao,
Tam Venus otia amat." — Eemedium Amoris, 141.

The Cannacem are by some united with the Zinziheraeem which last, however, differ
in their 2-cellcd anther and the presence of aromatic principles, which the former want.

**** Albumen none. Emhryo distinct.

HYDRALES.

Flowers usually diclinous, regular. Perianth 6-partite. Three outer segments

herbaceous, 3 inner petaloid or none. Stamens 3 or more, epigynous, or inserted

on the base of the perianth-segments. Ortiry 1, 3, or 6-ceUed. Fruit, a ben-y.

Embryo distinct. Exalbuminous. Aquatic herbs.

Order HTDROCHAEIDE,E.

Flowers usually diclinous, inclosed in a membranous spathe. Perianth 6-merous,
2-seriate {calyx and corolla). Fruit a berry. Leaves usually radical. A(juatic plants.

STJJATIOTIJJIE.E.
Stemless, scapigerous. Ovary many-celled. Sliymas 6.

Enhalus, Z. C. Rich.

E. AcoiioiDEs, Steud. Shallows round the Nicobars, especially opposite

the debouchures of rivers.

This ]dant, observes Xurz, forms submarine meadows, and jn'ows to 4 feet in
length. On the coral-reefs of Katchall a small form occurs with leaves never more
than 6 inches long.

BooTTiA, Jligel.
B. COUBATA, Wall. (II.).

VALI.ISXKRIK.'E.
Stemless, scapigerous. Ovary \-celled. Stigmas 3. Leaves all radicle, linear.
VOL. n. 14

210 BURMA, ITS FEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Blyxa, Thouars.

Flowers usually tlicceious, in a loug tubular spatlie, 2-tootlicil at the top. Mule
flowers several in the spathe, protrTuling from it as they expand, rer'uitith of 3 outer
herbaceous, and 3 inner petal-like segments. Stamens 8 or 9. Anthers linear.
Female flowers solitary in the sheath, with a long filiform perianth-tube, the segments
as in the males. Ocary linear, with 3 parietal placentas. Stigmas 3, entire.
Capsule linear, with a few seeds.

B. EoxBUEGHii, Eich. Eivulets in Kamorta (K.). India.

Ceylon. S. China.

Vallisneeia, Linnaus.

This genus is not mentioned by Mason, but no doubt it occurs in Burma. As
it grows submerged, a remarkable provision is noticeable with reference to its
fertilization. Vallisneria is dioecious, but the male plants always grow near the
female ones. " The fi-male flower, protected by a spathe, is borne on a long peduncle
which rises from a tuft of radical leaves, and the ovary bears three foi'ked stigmas.
The male flowers are borne on a . very short peduncle, and are sessile on a conical
axis enveloped in a spathe. At the flowering period the female peduncle gradually
lengthens, so that the flower finally floats on the surface of the water, and opens
its perianth of six very minute segments. Then the male flowers, which have hitherto
remained submerged, detach themselves spontaneously from their peduncles, and rise
to the surface, where numbers of them may be seen floating around the f< male flower,
on which the anthers elastically project an abundance of pollen. After fertilization,
the peduncle of the female flower contracts spirally, and the orary descends to the
bottom of the water to ripen its seed.'"

ANA CHARIDIE^.

Caulescent. Leaves opposite or whorled.

To this tribe belongs the American water weed Anacharis, which has proved such
a nuisance in some English canals, where it flourishes luxuriantly, having been intro-
duced jn'obably into the English docks in timber.

CLASS IV. DICOTYLEDONS.

Stem when peeenmax fuenished with a pith, sueeouxded bt concenteic latees

OF WOOD, and the WOOD BY A SEPAEABLE BAEK. FlOEAL WHOELS USUALLY IN FOTJES OK
FIVES, OE lirLTIPLES OF THOSE NUMBEES.

Sub-class GYMHOSPJEEMS.

Ovules naked. Ovary or stigma none (save in Gnetaeea-). Seeds naked, fertilized
by the lUrect application of the pollen to the apex of the nucleus, wluch the pollen-
tube penetrates. Flowers unisexual (except in Welwitsehia).

Order CYCADE^.

Flowers dioecious, the males in large cones consisting of numerous thickened flat,
or variously peltate scales bearing the numerous pollen-cells on the under- surface or
on both surf'aces. Follen-eells dehiscing by a longitudinal slit, sessile or very shortly
stalked, often stellatcly connected by threes or fours, rarely free. Female flowers
either consisting of a earpellary leaf (spadix), and in this case crowded round the apex
of the trunk, or more usually consisting of flat, or thickened, or variously peltate
scales forming a large cone. Ovules large, sessile, either several inserted along the
border of the spadical stalk, or solitaiy at each side of the scale. Seeds more or less
ovoid, dry and hard, or the integument thin and coloured outside, and fleshy under the

' Mannt .ind Dceai<nc, p. LOfi.

CrCADE.'E. GNETACEJE. . 211

epidermis, so as to appear somewhat drupaceous. Endosperm copious, fleshy, or more
usually luird and bony. A'titbri/o usually solitary by abortion, minute, the radicle
continuous with the ])(rsistent suspensory thread. Cotyleduns 2, oblonf;, the plumule
distinct. Small trees with a thick sim])le or sometimes branched, often .scarred trunk,
or the trunk very sliort or altogether subterranean. Leaves usually pinnate, rarely
simply or doubly pinnatisect, of a very firm texture, and arising from and around the
apex of the trunk. Flow(^r-cones often peduncled, cylindrical or ovoid, terminal
or lateral.

All species abound iii a mucilaginous nauseous juice, with which is often mixed
a gi'eat quantity of starch, which sometimes serves for food to the natives.

CvcAs, Linnaus.

Scales of ) lie male cones almost imbricate, more or less cuneate, and often produced
in an acumen, the under side covered with pollen-cells. Female spadlces loosely
imbricated round the top of the trunk, rather thick, narrowed into a shorter or longer
stalk, and more or less dilated above the ovules into an entire or pectinate blade.
Ovules \-p on each side of the carpeUary stalk, distant, alternate or opposite, more
or less immersed and almost erect.

* Fruits ihnseli/ tomentose.
C. EEVOLIJTA. Coast of Tavoy (P.).

* * Fi uits when ripe gluhruus.
\ Trunlc epigeous, Q-ZQ feet high. Ovules 2-5 on each side of tlie frond-stalk.
C. ciKciNALis. Limestone hills of Martaban (P.).

Female spadices with a pectinate-toothed sterile lamina tapering to a pectinate tip.
C. RcMi'uir, Miq. Beach forests of Southern Tenasscrim. The Andanians.

Mu-dain" Kamorta. KatchuU and Car Xicobar(K.).

Female spadices with a sparingly toothed or almost entire sterile lamina, the tip
quite entire.

The wood of this species is rich in sago, the seeds yield flour, and the stem
exudes a resiu used for dressing sores.

C. PECTiNATA, Griff.

Female spadices with a very broad, deeply pectinate, lacerate sterile lamina, the
tip entire.

\ X Trunk hypogeous, or shortly protruding from the ground. Ovules solitary on
each side of the frond-stalk.

C. SiAMENSis, Mill- Eng forests of Promc.

Female spadices with a very broad, deeply jiectinate, lacerate, sterile lamina,
the acumen broad and as long as the lamina itsell', with a few spiny serratures.

Exudes a whitish gum like tragacanth.

From the pith of the stems of .some trees of this order a considerable ([uantity of
sago is prepared by simply grating and washing it. The seeds also yield a sort of
flour, and the mucilaginous sap of some species concretes into a gum resembling
tragacanth.

Order GNETACEiE.

Floicers in catkins, dioecious or monoecious, rarely polygamous. Bracts numerous,
very rarely distinct, but usually more or less connate into an entire cup, or into
a more or less deeply 2-lobed involucre. Male flowers: liractleis 2, connate, and
forming a perianth-like usually 2-lobed involucre to the anthers. Perianth none.
Stamen 1 or few inserted on the bottom of the involucre ; fllament simple or bitid
at the apex, or if several are present, connate at the base. Anthers 2-, very rarely
3-celled, opening by a terminal transverse slit or pore. Female flowers : Bractlets 2

212 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

to 4, decussately opposed and connate, forming a simple or double closed cup, per-
forated only at the apex, the outer cup, if present, Tvingcd, and rarely enlarging with
ripening of the fi'uit. Ovary solitary in the axil of tlie bi-actlets, 1 -celled, with
a single erect ovule. St/'ffma obliciuely ligulate, discoid, or fringed. Seed solitary,
with coriaceous or fleshy testa, and forming a fleshy or diy drupe. Alhiimen fleshy.
CoiijJedons 2, large or small, and tooth-like. Radicle superior. Trees or shrubs, often
scandent, with jointed branchlets. Leaves either broad and opposite, or reduced to
a minute 2-4 toothed sheath at the joints. Flowers forming interrupted or imbricate
dense globular or cylindrical catkins, arranged singly, or by twos, or a few on a
brachiate branched peduncle.

Gnetum,' Linnaus.

Floicers monoecious or dioecious, intermixed with bristle-like, jagged, jointed
white or rusty-coloured scales. Catkins eyUndiical, jointed, the females often inter-
rupted. Males : Involucre 2-valved. Stamens 1 . Ftlament simple, or forked at the
apes. Anthers didymous. Females : Involucre consisting of decussate bractlets connate
by pairs and forming an outer and inner urceole, each perforated at the apex. Ovary
solitary, erect. Style long, filiform, with a fringed stigma.

* Fruit narrowed into a stalk. Hair-like scales round the fowers, tawny or rusty.

G. EDULE, Bl. F.S. Tree forests of Arakan. Pegu. Tenasserim

Gyut-nweh (Kurz). a^''^ the Andamans.

Dicccious. Fruit covered w4th silvery scales, the stalk thick and short, leaves
of a thinner texture, with a very lax thin net- venation.

G. FiTNicrLAKE, Bl." Tree forests of Chittagong and Tenasserim.

Gyut-nweh (Kurz).

Dioecious. Fruits Cjuite glabrous, the stalk slender, about 2-3 lines long or
more. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, the net-venation rather close, elegant and
conspicuous.

** Ovary and fruit sessile and gl.ihrous.
G. ifEGLECrrTir, Bl. Arakan and Southern Tenasserim.

A difficious climber. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, turning black in drying. Hairs
round the ovary copious, brown.

G. GXEMON, L. Southern Tenasserim.

var. macropliylla. Tree forests of Kamorta. Trice and Track.

A monoecious shrub. Leaves thick-membranous, remaining yellowish-green on
drying. Hairs round the flowers copious, white. The Xicobar race is well marked.

' There would seem to be a difference of opinion among botanists as to the true structure of this
peculiar plant. laudley says of the Order: " Ovary 0. Ovule pointed by a st)'le-like process formed
from a third membrane, surrounding the nucleus."— JVi/f <«/</<' Kinffdnin, p. 232. EndUcher, on the
otlier hand, Gcmra P/niitarioii, vol. i. p. 262, says of the same Order, G/ietacrte : " Ovarium sessile,
apice pervium ; " and under the genus (jnetion, he says (after repeating the previous words), " Ovulum
solitariura, e basi ovarii erectum, apice in styliformam attenuate, longe exseito, pertuso."

To throw a little light on this remarlcable discrepancy, the following observation is added from
Lindley [in loco) : " In the genus Gmtum the development of the ovule is so peculiar that botanists at
one time, including myself, supposed that the real ovule was in truth an ovary pierced at the summit,
for it consists of an exterior shell of considerable thickness and of a green colour ; within which is
a thinner envelope through which passes a tvbiilar projertion frimjiil iil t/ie point, and within lies
a nucleus, etc." He adds further : " It is to Mr. Griffith that I owe the knowledge of these plants."

The " tuhular projection fringed at the point'" is doubtless Kurz's " style long erect, tilifomi with
A fringed stigma.'*'' If, farther, for "ovary " we read " ovule," he will be in fair accord with Endlicher,
though not with Lindley. — C. Parish.

2 Bentham remarks : " Micjuel after Blume describes the G. fiiniculare as dia?cious. The Hong-
kong specimens I liave examined have certainly the female flowers intermixed with the males, as
described by Kuxburgh." — Flora Ilungkougensis, p. 336.

COSIFERJE. 213

Kairz also adds for the Nicobars :

G. siACHoroBUM, Kz. Tree forests of Kamorta.

And Mason adds :

G. SCANDEXS.

G. Bkunosianuxi.

Order COXIFERiE.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious in catkins. Bractn in males numerous, inserted
to the raeliis, more or less crowded, and imbricate iit the base, very often narrowed
into a stalk, peltate or half-peltate at the apex, sometimes produced on the back in
a resinous gland, bearing the anthers on the under-surface or laterally. Stamens
usually ru<luce(l to sessile anthers, or rarely \\"ith a short fihiment, by twos or more,
under each bract, the anthers arranged in a single or double row, 1 -celled, opening
by a longitudinal (rarely b^^ a transverse) slit. Bracts in females 4 or more, free, or
more or less connate, arranged in spirals decussately, or in whorls of 3 or 4 each,
the lower and uppermost ones sometimes sterile, membranous, cliartaceous, or
coriaceous, or (along with the rachis) fleshy. Involucre (in Taxineae) simple
or double, short or urceolatc, and inclosing the ovary. Ovaries 2 or more, rarely
solitary, usually collateral or superposed, more or less compressed, with a solitary
orthotropous orule. Sti/h short, or very short. Sfir/ma almost orbicular, often
more or less bifid. Fruit-cones either consisting of coriaceous or woody imbricate
or decussate scales, or of variously connate fleshy ones, and truly or spuriously
drupaceous. Nuts by twos, or more rarely solitary, usually shorter than the scales.
Pericarp usually bony, woody or membranous, often with 1 or 2 or 3 wings, rarely
wingless. Embryo (sometimes several embryos in the same seed) resting in the axis
of the oily-fleshy or mealy albumen, and almost as long. Cotyledi,ns 2, but often
deeply lobed so as to simulate 3 or 5 separate cotyledons. The radicle short, inferior
or superior. Trees or shrubs, usuallj' evergreens, abounding in resin, with usually
clustered or solitary linear, or more or less terete or angular, rarely broad leaves.
Catkins terminal, solitary or variously clustered, racemose or racemose-panicled.

An order which is represented only by 5 species in Burma, but which is of the
highest importance to the forester, especially in temperate climates. Deal, fir, pine,
and cedar are all woods generally known, but the timber of most of the other species
is of equal value. Some of them attain an enormous height, like Sequoia semper-
virens and (jiyanfea, of California, whicli reach 330 and even 4o0 feet in height,
with a girth of 80-100 feet. Oil of turpentine, pitch, balsams, and resins are
yielded by trees of this family in great quantity.

Prs'us, Linnaus.

Flowers monoecious in catkins. Scales numerous, narrowed at the base or almost
stalked, the males bearing the 2 anthers on the under surface. Thu female scales
composed of a fleshy or coriaceous lepi<lium, and a thin bract, either distinct or adnato
to the base. Xuts in pairs, or solitaiy by abortiim, with a membranous or bony
pericarp, winged or wingless. Evergreen trees with linear or acieular leaves, solitaiy
or clustered by 2-5 and sheathed at the base.

P. KvsvA, lloylc. Lushai Hills and Martaban Ilills at

Tin.yu (Kurz). Generic. ^"'^O t" """» ^^'^t.

Leaves by threes, operclc of scales not zonate. A stately tree growing to 200
feet in height according to Bmndis. Wood very resinous.

P. Lattkiu, Mason. Salwcen and Thoung-yeen Valleys at

P. Merkusii, .Tungh. 500 to 2500 feet.

P. Massoniana, Lamb (apud Branilis).

Leaves by pairs. Opercle zon.ate.

Tliis ]iinc ajipears to have been first noticed and described by Dr. Mason, who
believed that " Capt. Latter was the first European to visit the locality W'herc the tree

214 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE A. YD PRODUCTIOyS.

is indigenous, and from specimens of the foliage and fruit ■which he brought away,
it appears to be a new species that must be characterized thus." After brieiiy
describing it, Dr. Mason goes on to add : " The wood appears to contain more resinous
matter than any other species of conifer I ever saw, and large quantities of both pitch
and tar might be manufactured in the forests, if a remunerative price could be obtained
for the article. A pine gi'ows very abimdantly beyond the water-shed East of
Toung-ngoo, and a few in the South are seen on the West side. This Dr. Biandis
regards as another new species, of which he has a description in preparation." This
last species is doubtless the P. Khasijana of Dr. Brandis' list of 1862, where only the
above 2 species are entered.'

Of the pine De Guberaatis thus writes : " Arbro funeraire et phalHque

Xous avons deja dit plusieurs fois que les arbres funuraires sent symboliques de
rimmortalite, de la generation et do la vie eternelle. Le pin,^ eomme le cypres et lo
sapin, a cause de la solidite de leur hois et de leur feuillage toujours vert, figurait
la perputuite de la vie ; ce symbole semblait done convenii- aux ceremonies fimeraires
chez les peuples qui croyaient a I'iramortalite de I'ame."

Horace, for example, in his Ode to Posthumus, alludes to the funereal use of the
Cypress :

" Linquenda tellus et domus et placens
Uxor ; neque harum quas colis arborum
Te, prater invisas cupressus

Ulla brevem dominum sequetur."— Lib. ii. Ode xiv.

The reason sometimes assigned for the selection of the Cypress as a funereal
tree is that, when once cut down, it never, as some trees, sends up a new shoot from
its stump ; but De Gubematis philosophically observes, "Mais le Cypres est surtout
honore a cause de sa signification funeraire, en sa qualite d'arbre immoitel, toujours
verdoyant ( Ciipres-sus sempervirem), parf uiue, dont le bois, commo celui du cedre, est
incorruptible. L'arbre de la mort, symbolisait en meme temps I'immortalite." —
I.e. p. 118.

According to De Gubematis, " Dans les contes orientaux, le cypres represente
souvent le jeune araoureux, et la rose la bien-aimC-e." This remark gives additional
interest and meaning to those exquisite lines of Byron on Zuleika's tomb —

" Within the place of thousand tombs
That .shine beneath, while dark above
The sad but living cyjjress glooms
And withers not, though branch and leaf
Are stamped with an eternal grief,
Like early unrequited love,
One spot exists, which ever blooms,
Even in that deadly grove —
A single rose is shedding there
Its lonely lustre, meek and pale :.
It looks as planted by despair-
So white — so faint — the slightest gale
Might whirl the leaves on high :
And yet, though storms and blight assail,
And hands more rude than wintry sky
May wring it from the stem — in vain —
To-morrow sees it bloom again !
The stalk some spirit gently rears,
And waters with celestial tears ;

' For further remarks of a very interesting nature on the significance of pine-cones, hut whicli
c.innot be nproiiuced here, reference m.ny be made to Inraau's " Ancient Faiths emhodied in Ancient
Names," veil. ii. p. 490.

- Mythologie des Plantes, ii. p. 2S9.

COXIFKIt.E. 215

For well may maids of lliillo iloein

That this cuu be uo caitlily flower,

ArVhieh mocks the tempest's withering hour,

Ami buds uiislieltered by a bower;

Nor droops, though .S])riiig refuse lier shower,

Nor woos the Summer beam:

To it, the livelong night there sings

A bird unseen — but not remote :

Invisible his airy wings,

But soft as harp that Houri strings

His long entrancing note !

It were the bulbul ; but his throat.

Though mournful, pours not such a strain ;

For they who listen cannot leave

The spot, but linger there and grieve

As if they loved in vain !

And yet so sweet the tears they shed,

'Tis sorrow so unmixed with dread.

They scarce can bear the morn to break

That melancholy spell,

And longer yet would weep and wake,

He sings so wild and well !

But when the day-blush bursts from high

Expires that magic melod}-.

And some have been who would believe

(So fondly youthful dreams deceive,

Yet harsh bo they who blame)

That note so piercing and profound,

"Will shape and syllable its sound

Into Zuleika's name.

'Tis from her cyiiress' summit heard.

That melts in air the liijuid word ;

'Tis firom her lowly virgin earth

That white rose takes its tender birth."

Bride of Ahi/dos.

One curious legend may be here quoted, if only as a lesson to Christian mission-
aries when t('mi)ted to enlarge with unction on the folly of pagan legends, forgetting
all the while, as they are too apt to do, the puerile legends which once tlouiished
(and in some countries do so still) in connexion with the faith they themselves
profess. " M. I'itre ' nous a communique cotte legende : 'II pino si ticne in molta
stima porche forniscc I'incense per le funzioni religiose e richiama a (iesu Bambino.
Kaccogli una pina, sgusciano il frutto c tugliane vcrticalmente il gheriglio. So tu
vi guardi bene dentro, vcdrai qualche cosa cho soniiglia a una niano ; e quella del
Bambino in atto di benedire. K da saperc cho, uella Fuga in Egitto, la Sacro
Famiglia non avendo ovc adagi arsi, incontrato per via nn Lupiuo (un lupin), vi si
accosto. A quci tempo il Lu[)ino, come il Tameriggio {famarix), era nn bell' albero
e il frutto siiuisito assai. II Lupino egoista si n-fiuto ud accoglioro sotto di se i
poveri fuggitivi, c striuse c raccolse c suoi larghi rami, sicche cssi riniasero alio
scoperto e dovettero ])roseguirc tra la staiichczza e il panico il doloroso viaggio ; ma
visto indi a non molto, nn pino e sotto di esso ricoveratisi, il pino allargo e suoi bci
rami ed amorosamente nascoso nel suo frutto il Band)ino. Da quel giorno in poi,
ebbe il favore della mano del Bamliinello e jirospero senipre, e il Lupiuo maladetto
pe condannato a non soUevarsi una spanna sulla terra e il suo frutto ad cssere amaro
quale oggi si trova."

' Mvtliologiu (lei riaiitt.-;, vul. ii. p. 291.

216 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Dackydium, Solander.

Flowers dioecious in catkins. Male catkins terminal, solitary, small. Anther-
learing Iracts usually many, crowded and very shortly- stalked. Female flowers
usually solitary, rarely collected by 3 or 9 in a stiff but la.^ spike. Nut minute,
almost long, at the base surrounded by a lax outer involucre and inclosed in the
inner fleshy involucre, gaping at the apes.

D. ELATU5I, Wall. E.T. Burma (probably Tenasserim).

All parts glabrous. Leaves of two sorts : one, scale-like, densely imbricate, ovate-
linear, blunt, mucronate ; the other acicular, 4-8 lines long, pungent-acute, somewhat
4-comered, curved.

Nageia, Gaertner.

Flowers dicecious in catkins. Anther-hearing bracts numerous, crowded, very
shortly-stalked. Female flowers solitary or few, the bracts connate with the fleshy
rachis, and free only at the apex. Fruit fleshy, with a long perieai-p, almost globuhir,
or ovoid, seated on a fleshy thickened rachis. Emhrijo at the summit of the mealy
albumen.

N. (PoDOCAEPUs) LATiFOLiA, Wall. E.T. Tonasserim.

Agathis loranthifolia (apud !Mason).
Dammara orientalis, Lamb (il.).

Thyt-myn.

Leaves opposite, or neai'ly so, many-nerved, oblong-lanceolate. Fruit the size
of a small chci'ry. "Wood pale yellowish, flue grained. Weight 41 lbs.

For some reason the Burmese highly value this tree as sacred, and often insert
a wedge or plug of it into the stem of a new canoe or boat, to insure good luck. This
must be the tree, I think, which Dr. Mason refers to under the name of Dammer
pine: " Grifhths mentions Agathis loranthiflora {sic) or the dammer pine, as a member
of the Tenasserim Flora, and I have seen the young plants of the tree to which
he must refer. The leaf is precisely that of the dammer pine, but it is not known
to yield any dammer. The wood is white, rather light, and bears considerable
resemblance to some kind of pine. It is used by native carpenters for various
jnirposes, and the Burmese have a superstition that the beams or balances of their
scales ought to be formed of this wood. They call it 'Thyt-myn,' king of woods.
It is used by them, says Major Berdmore, to avert e^-il, by driving a peg of it
into a house post or a boat. It is very hard." This last remark, however, is
an error of Major Berdmore. It is not a little curious that a somewhat similar
observance seems to have traditionally come down to us, as performed in building
the first ship, ^4^170. In the work of that name, hy the Earl of Craufurd and
Balcarres, Minerva is represented as a])pcnring to Jason on the eve of his voyage,
and commanding him to repair to Dodona and its holy oak.

"There in the midst, one tree stands hoar, sublime,
Whose date coeval, knows no peer but Time ;
No sire it owns, no children, there is none
Like it on earth, it lives to God, alone."
# * * % % * * * *
I will be with thee to sustain thy prayer.
Thee praying, veiled thy face, and prostrate there ;
A conscious limb will sever from on high,
That none may near, that none may touch but I.
Of Life and Truth, this, within Argo's keel
Will I imbed, that long as nightly wheel
The ' Dancers ' round the Polestar, shall impart
A life immortal to her."

Argo, Book I. line 585 et scq.

CONIFER.'E. 217

The passage above quoted is, however, a mere poetic amplification of the allusion
to the same fact by Apollouius Rhodius :

a^iepfu\iov ce Xifup' lli'/nni'jio'i !jCc Ka'i avTij

llijXta^ ia\i-v \fiyto f^TTttTTrep^oufTu Vi'eaOai

cV "/«/> ot cojiv Octof vXijfiiiTOf TO fyji ava ^leaaiji'

Argonaiitica, Book A. v. 62 1.

The same stoiy too is ret'eiTcd to by Claudian :

" Licet omnia vatcs
In majus colebrata ferant, ip-iainque secaudis
Argois trabibus jactcut sudasse Minervam ;
Nee nemoris tantum junxisse carentia sonsu
Robora, sed, ckso Tniarii Jovis augiire luco,
Arbore prajsaga tabulas iuiimasse loquaces."

Be Bella Gatico, 1. II.

This inooi-porating a portion of a sacred tree in the keel of Argo is precisely vhat
is now done with a new canoe in Burma, a piece of the Thit-myn or ' Prince of
trees,' being substituted for the mystical oak of Dodona, and the interesting question
rises (since we may be tolerably sure that the myth had no historical foundation
qiwad the building of the Argo), did the myth originate in a custom similar to that
now practised in Burma, but in those early days, perhaps, far more widely extended,
or did it originate in the highly coloured accounts of some such custom, which spread
to Greece from the distant region, lying beyond the Golden Chersonese ? Questions
such as these, so easy to ask, so impossible to answer, only prove the vast fund of
interesting materials bearing on the life history of our race, which has slipped and
is slipping almost irrecoverably from our grasp.

Since writing the above I see that the custom exists in other parts of the world
besides Burma, in a modified form. Speaking of the Argonautic voyage, De Gubcrnatis
says : " L'aurore ou la dame vert du printemps, representee par Medee, la belle
raagicienne, et la soleil, represente par le jcune et beau Jason, se retrouvent dans
le ciel oriental, apres avoir voyage toutc la nuit, on tout I'hiver, dans un navire sur
Icquel la fille de Zeus, la sage deesso Athene, un form elle-meme plus elevee de
l'aurore, avait prudemraent place un copcau du chene de Dodonc, pour garantir les
Argonautes du naufrage. II est fort curieux maiutenant d'observer que la memo
superstition consacree par I'ancien mythe hcllenique existe encore, legerement
modifieo, dans la campagne de Roma et en Toscane ; seulement il no s'agit plus ici,
comme de raison, d'un orage de mer, d'un naufrage, mais d'un oragc terrestre."' — ■
Mi/tIwlo(/ie des Plantes, vol. ii. p. 66.

N. BEACTEATA, Bl. E.T. Trcc forests of Tenasserim and the Andamans.

Thyt-myn (Kurz).

Leaves scattered, 1 -nerved, linear to linear-lanceolate. Fruit the size of a largo
pea. Kurz describes the wood as pale brown, close-grained, w(dglit 60 lbs.

I cannot here refrain from ((noting' tlie curious mediasval legend of the Cross,
wherein are incorporated the names of certain coniferous trees, which are known to
have possessed a mystical significance ages before the date when the legend was
conceived, and which, by a well-known process of purification, became transformed
from symbols of what we, from our higher spiritual standpoint, should term impurity
into the emblems of a Christian's faith.

" When our first father was banished Paradise, he lived in penitence, striving
to recompense for the past by prayer aiul toil. When he reached a great age and
felt death approach, he snmmouecl Seth to his side, and said, ' Go, my son, to the
terrestrial Paradise, and ask the arclumgel who keeps the gate to give me a balsam
which will save me from death. You will easily find the way, because my footprints

' Curious Myths of tliu Middle A^'es, by S. Bariug-Gould, p. 379.

218 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOyS.

scorchcti the soil as I k'ft Paradise. Follow my blackened traces, and they will conduct
you to the gate whence I was expelled.'

" Scth hastened to Paradise. The way was barren, vegetation was scanty and
of sombre colour ; over all lay the black prints of his father's and mother's feet.
Presently the walls surrounding Paradise appeai'ed. Around them nature revived,
the earth was covered with verdure and dappled with flowers. The air vibrated
with exquisite music. Seth was dazzled with the beaiity which surrounded him,
and walked on forgetful of his mission. Suddenly there flashed before him a
wavering line of fire, upright like a serpent of light continuously quivering. It
was the flaming sword in the hand of the cherub who guarded the gate. As Seth
drew nigh, he saw that the angel's wings were expanded so as to block the door.
He prostrated himself before the cherub unable to utter a word. But the celestial
being read in his soul better than a mortal can read a book the words which were
there impressed, and he said, ' The time for pardon is not yet come. Four thousand
years must roll away ere the Redeemer shall open the gate to Adam, closed by his
disobedience. But as a token of future pardon, the wood whereon redemption shall
be won shall grow from the tomb of tliy father. Behold what he lost by his trans-
gression.' At these words the angel swung open the gi-eat portal of gold and fire,
and Seth looked in. He beheld a fountain, clear as ciystal, sparkling like silver
dust, playing in the midst of tlie garden, and gushing forth in four living streams.
Before this mystic fountain grew a mighty tree, with a trunk of vast bulk, and
thickly branched, but destitute of bark and foliage. Around the bole was wreathed
a frightful serpent or caterpillar, which had scorched the bark and devoured the
leaves. Beneath the tree was a precipice. Seth beheld the roots of the tree in Hell.
There Cain was endeavouring to grasp the roots and clamber up them into Paradise ;
but they laced themselves around the body and limbs of the fratricide, as the threads
of a spider's web entangle a fly, and the fibres of the tree penetrated the body of Cain
as though they were endued with life.

" Horror-struck at this appalling spectacle, Seth raised his eyes to the summit
of the tree. Now all was changed. The tree had grown till its branches reached
heaven. The boughs were covered with leaves, flowers and fruit. But the fairest
fruit was a little babe, a living sun, who seemed to be listening to the songs of
seven white doves, who circled round his head. A woman more lovely than the
moon bore the child in her arms.

"Then the cherub shut the door and said, 'I give thee now three seeds taken
from that tree. When Adam is dead, place these seeds in thy father's mouth and
bury him.'

" So Seth took the seeds and returned to his father. Adam was glad to hear
what his son told him, and ho praised God. On the third day alter the return of
Seth, he died. Then his son buried him in the skins of beasts, which God had given
him for a covering, and his sepulchre was on Golgotha. In course of time, three
trees grew from the seeds brought from Paradise ; one was a Cedar, another a
Cypress, and the third a Pine. They grew with prodigious force, thrusting their
boughs to right and left. It was with one of these boughs that Moses performed
his miracles in Egypt, brought water out of the rock, and healed those whom the
serpents slew in the desert. After a while the three trees touched one another, then
began to incorporate, and confound their several natures in a single trunk. It was
beneath this tree that David sat when he bewailed his sins.

"In the time of Solomon, this was the noblest of the trees of Lebanon; it
sui-passed all in the forests of King Hiram, as a monarch sui-passes those who crowd
at his feet. Now, when the son of David erected his palace, he cut down this tree
to convert it into the main pillar, supporting his roof. But all in vain. The column
refiiseil to answer the pui-pose ; it was at one time too long, at another too short.
Surprised at this resistance, Solomon lowered the walls of his palace to suit the
beam, but at once it shot up and pierced the roof, like an arrow driven through
a piece of canvas, or a bird recovering its liberty. Solomon, enraged, cast the tree
over Cedron, that all might trample on it as they crossed the brook. There the
Queen of Sheba found it, and she, recognizing its viitue, had it raised. Solomon

CONIFER.E. 219

tlien buricil it. Some time after, the Kin^ dug the pool of Bethosila on the spot.
This poud at ouco acquired miraculous properties, aud healed the sick who flocked
to it. The water owed its virtues to the beam whicli lay beneath it.

" When tlio time of the Crucifixion of Christ drew nigh, this wood rose to tho
surface, and was brought out of the water. Tho executioners, when seeking a
suitable beam to serve for the cross, found it, and of it made the instrument of deatli
of the Saviour. After the Cruciti.xion it was buried on Calvary, but it was found
by the Empress Uelena, mother of Constantino the Great, deep in the ground with
two others. May 3, 328 ; Christ's was distinguished from those of tho thieves by
a sick woman being cured by touching it. Tile same event is, however, ascril)ed bj-
a Syriac MS. in tlie liritisli Jluseum, umiuestiouably of the fifth century, to I'rotonice,
wife of tlic Emperor Claudius. It was carried away b\- Chosroes, King of Persia,
on the plundering of Jerusalem; but was recovered by Heraclius, who defeated him
in battle, Sept. Htli, 615 : a day that has ever since been commemorated as the
Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross.

" Such is the Legend of the Cross, one of the wildest of modiicval fancies. It is
founded, though iincotixoioudi/, on this truth, thiit the Cross teas a sacred sign long before
Christ died upon it."

The last sentence is the key, not only to this but manv other legends, ceremonies,
and symbols, which, although now called Christian, and as I have said purified of their
original significance, are yet, all the same, built-up of materials originally symboli/.iug
what we should terra low and sensuous ideas. This may seem a truism to those who
arc well read on the subject; but owing to a mistaken reticence, it is by no means
so widely known as, in the interest of abstract truth,' it deserves to be.

Sub-class ANGIOSPERMS.

Ornles produced in a close ovary, fertilized by the pollen-tube traversing a
stigmatic tissue, to reach the cavity of tho ovary- and tho embryo-sac of the ovule.

Divisioa MONOCHLAMYDEiE or APETALOUS PLANTS.

Perianth really or apparently simple, the lobes or segments all cal3cine, or
herbaceous, or all petaloid or scarious, or entu-ely wanting.-

1 The relationstiip subsistin;^ between Religious which still possess a living force (the Christian
of course included) and those which may be termed 'dead,' from their having, wholly, or in part, lost
their hold on men's minds, is not oidy a curious subject for the consideration of all thou<Thtfnl men, but
is an essential element in the History of the Science of lU'ligion, and the laws regulating its development.
Yet how carefully is any discussion of this momentous (lucstion, or I may even say any allusion to its
existence, avoided by religious professors aud teachers, as though they would imply that their particular
Eeligion sprang into being as spontaneously and miraculously as Minerva did from the head of Jupitir !
And yet our aforesaid religious teachers are ever complaining that they cannot command the sainc;
respect for their utterances they formerly did ! Jly clenca) friends, tile miud of man has not stood still
all these years, and hence you inevitably find yourselves (with some bright exceptions) in the rear, and
clinging to the skirts of the intelligence of the age rather than leading aud directing it ; but if you would
only take to heart the words of a modern poet, you wotdd once again not lack attentive and respectful
audiences (W.!'.)

" Leave your dry unfruitful dogmas, Faith unre:isoning. Credence blind;
All the little narrow circles, where you wander self-contined.
1'la.shing in the mire and puddle of your small sectarian pond,
Heedless of the mighty ocean and the boundless Ueaven beyond.

Is there nothing more to ])reach of than the letter of the Law ?
Nothing left to feed tlu' I'eople, but the barren husk and straw ?
Kothing for the Unbelievers in a creed their souls disclaim
But Eternity of tonueut, and the Unconsuaiing Flame ?

Nobler themes than these invite you, if you'd throb as throbs the Time,
And would speak to hearts responsive, words more Unman, more Sublime,
God is I,ove, and Love Eternal. All things change, but nothing dies.
Find this Gospel, aud expound it, in the liiblo of the skies!" — Gamaliel Brown.

' Exceptions. A double lloral envilope occurs in some raroiiijeltia, Euphorbiaeece, liajjlesiaeece,
Loranthaee<c, Santalticeic, and I'odosttmatxa:.

220 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Sub-division a. Ovary inferior. Perianth more or less distinct in
THE MALE, OR FEMALE, OR BOTH. Obscure ill some BalaitophorccB.

SANTA LES.

Fhiwers hermaphrodite or diclinous. Pcrinntk usually conspicuous, coloured,
polymorphous, and valvate. Orori/ 1 or 2-celled. Ondes usually reduced to a naked
nucleus. Fi-iiit a 1-seeded berry or drape. Parasitic herbs or slu'ubs.

Order BALAI^OPHOEE^.

Flowers male or female, rarely hermaphrodite. Perianih of male usually trilobate,
valvate. of female various or none. Stamens usually 3, monadelphous (in C;/i)oiiiorii<m,
1). Ovarii 1 or 2-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Ovule, pendulous, often adnate to the cell-
wall. Emlryo undivided, in fleshy or granular albumen. Fleshy, scapigerous, leafless
parasites, on forest trees.

EVBALANOPnoni'EJE.
Perianth in ]ier)naphro(l if e flowers 3-5 lohed. In females, none. Stamens monadel-
phous. Anthers cvtrorse. Ovary \-celled. Style 1. Ovule pendulous, anatropous.

Balanopiioka, Forst.
B. TrrnnjA, Wall. (M.).

B. GIGANTEA, Wall. (M.).

Tliese parasites give rise to the enlarged knots on the roots of maple, oak, and
other trees, from wliich the Tibetans manufacture drinking cups, which are susceptil.)le
of a good polisli and are often handsomely mounted with silver. Dr. Mason, however,
makes no mention of these knots being so used in Burma.

CYXOMOItlE^E.
Flon:ers hertnaphrodite or miise.vual hy arrest; irith a distinct perianth snjicrior
hi the male, sometimes wantiny in the female. Stamens free. Anthers 2-cellcd, deltiseing
lonyitudinallij. Ovary 1-cellcd. Style sinr/le. Ovule solitary, pendulous.

Cyxohoeium.

C. sp.

Wallieh records a species of tliis genus from Tcnassoriin, which is valuable for its
styptic qualities. C. coccineum was similarly valued by the Crusaders for its styptic
virtues in htemorrhage and diarrhcca.

Order SANTALACE.E.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth simple or very rarely double,
the tube wliolly or partially adiiate to the ovary and confluent with tlie pedicel, tlie
limb 3 or 5 lobed or cleft, valvate or nearly so, deciduous or persistent. Stamens as
many as perianth lobes and opposite to them, inserted at the base or within the fi'ce
part of tliem. Filaments sliort. Anthers 2-, rarely 4-cened, erect or dorsifixed, usually
opening by longitudinal slits. iJisk epigynous and often plain, sometimes with free
margins and crenate. Ovary inferior orfii-st free, and soon adnate, or half inferior (rarely
.superior), 1 -celled, with 2 or 5 ovules .suspended from a free central erect placenta.
Fruit an indehiscent nut or berry, 1 -seeded from abortion. Albumen fleshy. Emlryo
straight, with a superior radicle. Cotyledons linear or oblong, convex, shorter than
the radicle. Shrubs or herbs, rarely trees, terrestrial, or sometimes parasitic with
alternate, rarely opposite, simple leaves. Stipules none. Flowers usually small,
green or puri)lish, in terminal or lateral heads, cymes or spikes.

SANTA LACE.E. 221

*■ Ovarij inferior.
f Placenta slender, hearing the ovules at the ape.r.

Hknslowia, Bluinc.

Floicers moiurciDns. Perianth lobes and sta/neni 5 or G. Dis/c cpinynons without
free margins. Drupes wry small. Orary inferior, l-ccllcil, with 2-4 ovules suspended
from the apex of the free central placenta. Fruit a fleshy drupe containing a hard
1 -seeded putamon. Parasitic shrubs, with alternate 3-5 nerved simple leaves.

Flowers in peduncled involucred umhellets. Bracts acute, taithout membranous
borders.

H. HETEBAXTHA, IT. f. Ilills cast of Toung-ngoo at 4000 to 7000 feet.

Flowers sessile, or nearly so. Perianth-lobes 5. Leaves coriaceous.

var. n heterantha. Flowers sessile. Perianth-lobes 5.

var. /i coriacea. Flowers shortly peduncled. Perianth-lobes 6.

H. ERYinuoCAia'A, Kz. Tree forests of Kaiuorta.

f f Placenta spindle-shaped, bearing the ovules near the base.

Saxtalum, Linnaus.

Perianth bell-shaped. Lnhi-s ami stamens 4 or 5. Bisk conspicuously lobed.
Brupes globose. Trees, parasitical while young.

*S. ALBUM, L. F.T. Chittagoug (cultivated). Tcnasserim (//Vc llason).

San-da-ku.

All parts glabrous. Leaves opposite, 1 .\ to 3 inches long, coriaceous, glaucous
beneath. Flowers small, yellowish, soon turning brownish-purple. Drupe globular,
the size of a large pea. Wood yellowish, in young trees white. Ground to powder
it is a favourite cosmetic, and in ]5urma replaces violet powder and other less
innocuous preparations of the West. A valuable oil is distilled from the wood, from
which also deliciously fragrant boxes, cabinets, and other small articles are made.

* * Ovary superior.

LErioNURus, Blume.

Calyx adnate to the cup-shaped disk. Flowers 4-merous. Petals 4 at base,
cohering in a tube, valvate. Stamens 4, opposite the petals. Filatnents very short.
Ovary free, 1-celled. Ovule single, pendulous. Stigma sessile.

L. snvESTRis, Bl. F.T. Ava Hills.

L. oblongifolius. Mart.
Leaves 6-8 inches long, very sliortly petioled, entire, membranous, glabnnis.
Flowers small, white.

CnAMrEKEiA, Griffith (not Baillon).

Flowers 5-merous. Perianth 5-sepalous, rotate. Stamens 5. ITypoyynous disk
annular. Ovary with a single erect anatropous ovule. Style none. Flowers nunute.
Bracts veiy minute.

C. GuiFriTHii, Planch. F.T. Tree forests of Tena.sserim and tlie Andamans.

All parts glabrous. Perianth-lobes about J a line long, reilexed. Drupe | inch
long or more, orange-coloured, glabrous.

Order LOll.VNTUACE^.

Flowers usually hermaphrodite, regular. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the liuib
with as many lobes or teeth as petals, or forming an entire border, or none. Petals
or perianth segments (when the calyx is inconsiiicuous) 4 to 6 or rarely more, usually
5-(>, free, or united in a lobed corolla, inserted round an epigynous disk, valvate,

228 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUGTIO'XS.

rarely ■wanting. Stamens as many as petals, opposite to and usually inserted on them.
Filaments more or less adnate at the base. ^>(YAe/s basifixed, adnate, or dorsifixed, some-
times versatile, opening by longitudinal slits or by pores. Ocary inferioi-, adnate
to the calyx, and forming one mass of which only the upper part protrudes a little,
1-2-celled witli 1 to 3 erect ovules, usually not perceptible till the flowering is past.
Style filiform, or thick with a simple stigma. Fruit an indehisoeut viscid-fleshy berry
or cb'upe, with a single or 1-seeded putamen. Alhumen flesliy. Cotyhduiu 2-4, semi-
terete, fleshy. Embryo fungiform, straight, with a superior radicle. Parasiticid
shrubs, usually much-branclied, very rarely terrestrial shrubs or trees, with opposite,
or rarely alternate simple leaves ; sometimes tlie leaves reduced to mere scales, or
wanting. Bracts usually present, rarely wanting. Bractlets 2, close under the
flower, concave or united in a cup, sometimes wanting.

All the species are more or less injurious to trees, on account of tlicir parasitism.
The bark is usually astringent. Bird-lime is made from the berries of mistletoe and
several Loranthi.

LonANinrs, Limiaiis.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla well developed, the lobes more or less united
(rarely free). Style filiform, with a terminal stigma. Albumen perforated.

Kyi-boung. Genetic.

* Bracts large, leaf-like, foriiiing either a free 4-G learid ineolucre, or united in a
monopliyllous one.

L. iNVOLUCKATus, Eoxb. Chittagong.

Leaves glabrous, calyx tawny-tomentose, corolla whitish hairy, involucre
4-fl.owered and 4-leaved, the leaflets free and as long as the flowers.

** Bracts minute or small, supporting each single flou-er.

\ Each flower 3 hractrd, i.e. 1 bract and 2 bractlets, free or united at the base.

-\- Corolla G-lobed, the tube inflated, short and straight.

X Flowers sessile, in short spikes.
L. GLOBOsus, Eoxb. Chittagong, Pegu and Tenasserim.

Corolla gTeenish-white, 5 lines long. From the base arceolate-inflated.

L. SDBGLOBOSUS, D.C.

Like the last, but corolla i an inch long, and the leaves narrower and more
coriaceous. It is probably a sessile-flowered variety of the next si^ecies (Kurz).

X X Flowers pedicelled on short racemes.

L. AMPuixACEus, Eoxb. Martaban and Tenasserim.

Corolla greenish-purple, tlie tube angular, upwards under the limb inflated.

■\--\- Corolla 5-lobcd, straight or cuned.

L. BR.i.NDisiANUs, Kz. Martabau, over 3000 feet.

Leaves not glaucous beneath. Corolla straight, and lu-ceolate-inflatcd, nearly an
inch long. Eacemes glabrous, poor-flowered, cymose at apex.

L. HTPOGLAUCUS, Kz.

Leaves as in the last, but glaucous beneath, flowers liy 2- or 3-elu«tered, on short
glabrous peduncles. Corolla curved and slightly inflated, Ig- to 1 j inches long.

L. roHMosus, Bl. Tenasserim.

Leaves one coloured and glossy on both sides. Corolla 2-3 inches long, curved
and slightly inflated. Cymes reduced, usually 2-flowered, puberulous.

J J Each flower with a single bract only, or the bract sometimes obsolete.

-\- Petals united into a tubular corolla.

X Flowers A-meruus, the corolla usually slit laterally. Berries obconical to pear-
shaped.

T.ORAXTHACE.E. 223

L. rrBERTTLEXTUS, Vail. Ava and Kaiiibahi Tminf!; in the Pegu Eange.

Indunicnt of infloR'scenco, flowers, borrics, and shoots densely tuMienlose, wliito,
scurfy. Corolla 1.1-2 inches long. Berries club-shaped.

L. scritnn.A, L. All ov( r liiirnia and the .\ndanians

(except var. a not yet found).

Indument of inflorescence, flowers and young shoots velvety or villous, rusty to
whitish. Corolla \ to 1^ inch long. Eerrles club-shaped, 2-3 lines long.

var. rt scurnda, L. Corolla long.
var. ji obtirtus. Wall. Petiules long.
var. 7 biidtUeioides, Desv. Flowers smaller, whitish,
var. f gracilijiorm, Wall. Flowers small, tawny-velvety.
L. linoPALocAui'us, Kz.

Indument thin, puberulous, whitish or yrllowish. Corolla .\ to J of an inch
long. Berries elongate, club-shaped, i an iiudi long, thin-velvety.

X X Floicera 5-G-meroii.t, ihe corolla xlit hdernlly. Berries rounded at the late.
f Shoots, injtorescence and Jluirers densely villotis-toinentosc.

L. SiAsiENsis, Kz. Siam.

Leaves thick, coriaceous, cordate, beneath rusty-toincntose. Bract 0 times longer
than the ovary. Flowers long, spiked.

f f All parts i/hihroiis.

L. PKXTANDitfs, L. Pegu. Martaban and Tenasserim up to ."000 feet.

Kaccmes thiidj' gre)'ish-tonientose. Corolla i to 1 inch long, u-merous, yellow
or orange, the tube short, inflated, scurfy-tonientose outside.

var. a pentandras. Pedicels J to 1 inch.

var. pfarinosus, Desv. Flowers on shorter pedicels or sessile.

L. LONGIFLORUS, Dcsv. All ovcr Burma and tlie Andamans.

Kacemes glabrous, rarely puberulous. Corolla 1-2 inches long, crimson or roso-
coloui'ed, curved and somewhat inflated in the middle, ([uite glabrous, 5-merous.

var. a longijlorus. Flowers only 1-1 J inch long.
var. /3 bieotor, Boxb. Flowers 2-2.^ inclies long.
var. r/faleatits, L.f. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, more or less falcate.

-| — |- Petals free to the base. Corolla briyld red or crimson.
L. ELKUTHEROPETALUS, Kz. Tcnasserim.

Flowers about 1^ inch long, G-merous. Petals equal and elongate-linear.
L. PEXTAPETALUS, Roxb. Kliakyen Hills and LTjipcr Tcnasserim.

Flowers only 4 linos long, S-nierous. The petals dilated at the ba.se, and form-
ing apparently a short ovately inflated straight lube. Leaves tapering at the base.
L. coeciNEUs, Jack. Tcnasserim.

As the last, but flowers -l-merous. Leaves cordate at the base.

YiscTTM, Liimaiis.

Floral parts reduced to an apparently simple perianth. Albumoi solid. Anthers
opening inwards by several pores. Flowers very small, monwcioits and clustered at
the nodes or dioecious, in the forks of the branches.

* Leafy shrubs. Perianth-lubes deciduous.

Y. ALBUii, L. var. /i Martaban above 5000 feet.

Branchlets terete. Leaves rounded at the apex. Flowers in sessile, or shortly-
pedunclcd, cup-shaped involucres at the end of tlie brunches or in their forks.

var. n album. Inflorescence sessile or nearly so. Perianth-lobes -J.
var. ft Karensium. Inflorescences peduncled. Perianth-lobes 3.

224 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

V. OMKNTALE, Willcl. Cliittagong.

Rranchk'ts angular. Leaves bluut. Flowers dioecious, in pedunckil cup-shaped
involucres, and axillaiy.

V. MoxorcuM, Eoxb. llartaban and Tenassorim.

Branchlets terete. Leaves acuminate. Flowers monoecious, in sessile cup-sliaped
involurres and axillary.

Y. ovALiFOLiUM, Wall. Tcuasscrim.

Eranchlets terete. Leaves blunt. Flowers all solitary in the eup-sliapcd invo-
lucres, forming dense clusters in the leaf axils, or round the joints.

** Leaf CSS shrubs. Periantli-lohes usually persistent.

V. AETicuLATUM, Burm. All over Burma.

Articles slightly narrowed at the joints, longitudiually ribbed, each article of
the lateral branchings placed at a right angle with the other and therefore decussate,
but twisted so as to appear in one plane. Berries minute.

var. n artinilatum. Articles narrow, 2 lines broad.

var. /3 diehotomum, Don. Articles broader, 3-4 lines broad.

V. MONiLiFOKME, W.A. Martaban, from 4000 to 6000 feet, on oaks and Eurya.

Articles all in one plane and complanate, without any other rib than the median
one, at their truncate joints dilated into a complanate cup, in which the flowers rest.

The fruit of the Mistletoe, and that of other Loranthacem, yields a tenacious
paste known as birdlime, commonly used by fowlers to secure small birds. The
fowler pro\ides himself with several light bamboo rods made to tit together like
a fishing rod. Api)lying this substance to the terminal portion of the thin top joint,
he gradually elevates it into some tree, wherein the bird is sitting he desires to
capture. The fowler cautiously adds joint to joint from below, exciting no fear in
the bird sitting unconsciously in the foliage till a sudden twist brings the stick
daubed witli the birdlime against the wings of the bird, which the fowler rarely
then fails to secure. It is stated (with what truth I know not) that tigers and
leopards are also taken by means of ' limed ' leaves. A vast number of these are
spiead in some convenient spot, with a man armed with a gun or bow in ambush,
fjn the tiger treading on one of these leaves, it adheres at once to his paw, which,
cat-like, he shakes to rid himself of the encumbrance. Failing in this, he rubs
his paw against his face, thereby transferring the leaf to his head, and in a short
time several others also get attached in the same manner. The animal now rolls on
the ground, and ends by getting so covered with leaves as to be half blinded by them.
His roars of distress announce the heliiless state of the animal, whom the hunter
now finds small difflcidty in destroying.

The reverence for the mistletoe grown on an oak among the Druids is well
known, and in the Scandinavian mythology it was the same plant which was
used by the envious Loki, to form the shaft which laid Balder, Odin's gallant
son, low on the bed of death. The genesis of the myth etymologically considered
is, according to A. L. Matthew, as follows: "Prof. Skeat, in his Dictionary,
thinks he can explain why the ' mistletoe ' in the legend should be, of all
created things, the slayer of tlie Sun-god. The myth represents the tragedy of
the solar year, the sun overwhelmed by the ' gloom ' of midwinter. In ancient
Scandinavian '■mist'' means 'gloom,' and ' mi del' is used for the plant 'mistletoe.'
So, according to Prof. Skeat, the mistletoe appwirs in the Balder myth as fatal to
the solar hero from the similarity of the old Teutouio words for ' gloom ' and the
plant ' viscum.'" — Notes and Queries, Dec. 24, 1881, p. 509.

The story runs, that the gods, who all love Baldur, are so confident in the
obligation taken by all created things not to harm him, that they make his body
the mark for their arrows La sport ; but now the trick of Loki succeeds, and the
mistletoe, the one thing in nature overlooked, and not includid in the great oath,
is placed in the hands of the luckless Iliidr, the blind brother of Baldur, and the

LORAXTHACEJi. 220

plavfully-intcndod shot takes fatal effect.' Neitlier, liowerer, Prof. Skcat nor
Mr. Cox dispose of the diffieulty which exists in identifying lialdur, the son of
Odin, witli tlie (Ireat Luminary, in tlie fact that in the Scandinavian mythohigy
the Sun was feminine. On this ^[r. W. Tayhir ohserves- — "The Goths make the
sun feminine and the moon masculine. This is natural in a cold climate. Among
savages every male is a foe ; every female a friend. Displeasing and unwelcome
objects therefore are in their language masculine, pleasing and welcome objects
feminine. In hot countries, where the night is more welcome than the day, an
opposite allotment of gender takes place." In exemplification of this statement
we find the place of torment assigned to the wicked, in religious systems originating
in the East, a place of heat, where the worm dieth not and the fire is not quenched ;
whereas, among our Is^orthern ancestors. Hell was a place of intense and unemlurable
cold ! To support the statement that the Sun among the Scandinavian nations was
a female deity, it will suffice to quote two couplets fi-om the Cosmogonieal Edda,
entitled the " Lay of Yafthrudni " (Tajdor, Lr. p. 27). Tlie lay describes a contest
of knowledge between Odin and Yafthrudni, King of the Jutes.

Odiii asks —

" Far I've wander'd, much sojourn'd
In the kingdoms of the Earth :
liut I've still a wish to know
AVlience, to deck the empty skies,
Sliall another Sun be drawn,
"When the jaws of Fenrir ope
To ingorge the lamp of day?"

Yafthrudni replies —

" Ere the throat of Fenrir yawn
Shall the Sun a daughter bear.
Who, in spite of shower and sleet,
Rides the road her mother rode."

GiN.VLLOA, Jiorf/i.

Flowers monnncious. Pfn'cuifh 3-4-petalle<l. Anthem almost sessile, o])ening
by longitudinal slits, 2-celled, and almost didymuus. Fruit, a 1 -seeded berry.
Flowers spicate.

* Spikes very slender, the flowers surrounded hij an annular i up-shaped involucre.
Leaves thin-coriaceous.

G. Helfeki, Kz. Tenasserim.

Leaves elongate, 5-ncrved.

** Spikes robust, the flowers immersed in grooves of the thick rachis, destitute of
the annular cup-shaped involucre.

G. Andamanic.v, Kz. Tree forests of South Andaman on Artocarpus Chaplasha.
Leaves thick coriaceous.

QUERNALES.

Flowers diclinous, male in catkins, female solitary or in spikes. Pcrif/ilh green;
if male, lobcd or reduced to a scale; if female, minute, lol)ed or toothed. Ocorj/
inferior, 1 to 6-celled. Ovule 1, basal or 1 or more pendulous. Fruit 1-seeded.
Albumen none.

• Jfytholoiry of the Aryan Xatiniis. liy Rev. G. ^\^ fox, vol. ii. p. 9.5.
' Uistoric SurvLV of Gcrniim Poetry, vol. i. p. 'JS, iiuU 1.

15

22G BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Order JUGLANDACE^.

Floicers unisexual, the males in axillary spikes or catkins, the females solitary,
or in terminal or axillaiy spikes or clusters. Males: Perinnth simple, irregularly
2-6-cleft, adnate to the scale-like bracts. Stameyis indefinite, sometimes 3 or more
in 2 or many rows. Anthers sessile or nearly so, 2-celled, the cells opening longi-
tudinally. Female floicers more or less connate with the bract, or free. Perianth
double or simple ; if double, the outer one more or less connate with the ovary, cup-
shaped, 3 or more toothed at the apex, or fonuing a bractcd involucre, the inner
peiianth connate with the ovaiy, 4-toothed ; if simple, forming a 4-toothed cup.
Ovary inferior, 1 -celled (or 2- or 4-eelled at the base) with a solitaiy erect or
pendulous ovule in each cell. Style short. Stigmas usually 2, rarely 4. Fruit
a drupe with a fleshy or membranous pericarji (the enlarged perianth), indehiscent,
or dehiscing iiTCgularly or in 4 valves. Xid consisting of the indurated ovary bony,
usually free from the pericarp. Testa membranous. Albumen none. Cotyledons
fleshy, with a superior radicle. Trees with unpaired or rarely spuriously abruptly
pinnate leaves. Stipules none.

The timber of all the members of this family is valuable. The bark is acrid and
often astringent.

JuGL.ixs, Linnaus.
Fruit a large drupe, with a fleshy pericarji.
J. EEGiA, L. Ava Hills.

"VValnut.

Valuable for furniture. The nearest approach to this wood in appearance among
common Burmese woods is Ilpanyah [Terminalia tomentelhi), selected planks of which
would be no bad substitute for ordinary walnut. Logs of walnut wood are transplanted
from Kashmir across the passes on men's shoulders to Jamu, and thence by cart to
Wazirabad, whence they go by rail to Bombay, and so to Europe ! In sight of this
fact, the result of private energy and industrial perseverance, is it not strange that
some of the many fine fancy woods of Pegu and Tenasserim should not ere this have
been brought to the notice of European dealers and a trade therein established ?
Burma, one of the richest areas for its size in the world for the finer sorts of woods,
with its matchless sea-board, and intersected by rivers and creeks penetrating the
virgin forest, is actually distanced in the race by an inaccessible valley, more than
a thousand miles from its only available port ! ! In the one case, however, the
development of the resources of the soil is undertaken by private entcrprize, whilst
in the other, everything is in the hands of a department, vigilant, no doubt, and
inexorable in enforcing its own rules, but which has hithei'to done less than might
be expected towards the practical development of the magnificent resources it guards.
Kurz remarks: "In the Shan States east of Ava grows another species of
Juglans, with smaller, almost globose, quite smooth nuts, but nothing is known about
the tree itself."

The term Walnut is a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon tvealh-hnut, or foreign nut,
the tree having been introduced into Northeni Europe from Italy (Prior).'

Regarding the mythological stories and virtues attached to the walnut, De
Gubcmatis writes: "11 convient de faire un distinction raythologique entre la noix
et le noyer : la noix est le plus souvent consideree comme propice, favourable aux
mariages, a la generation ct symbole d'abondance ; le noyer au contraire est craint
comme un arbre triste, haute avec predilection par les sorcieres." It was perhaps
the estimation in which the walnut was held that led to its finding a place in the
renowned (th(jugh absurdly simple as it appears to us) prescription of Mithridates —

" Bis denum rutse folium, salis et breve gi-anum
Juglandes que duas, terno cum corpore ficus."

And after relating many customs connected with this fruit, De Gubematis remarks :
" La noix, et sans doute, tout specialement la noix a trois nocuds, est le iJeus ex

' P

ipiilar Xamcs of British Plants, p. 248.

JVGLAyDACE.E. IIAFFLESIACEJE. 227

machina dps pontes populaircs do cctto partic do I'ltalio." One or two of tliese
customs imiy bo liore noted. In the Laudos it is the custom for the young IVcnc-h-
man who is paying liis addresses to a girl, to visit hor in company with two friends,
and pass tho niglit in eating and drinking and tolling entertaining and marvellous
stories. Towards day-break, when about to take his departure, his sweetheart,
if she wishes to reject his suit, signifiiis the fact by placing before her lover a dish
of walnuts. Again, in Belgium, on the 29th of September, or St. Slichel's Day,
•walnuts are used by girls as a means of discovering the sort of husband they are
destined to obtain. A number of walnuts emptied of their contents and then
carefully closed are mixed with others which are untampered w4th, and with the
eyes shut, a chance selection is made. A full nut gives promise of a good husband,
thanks to St. Michel, who of course regulates a rite performed by his worshippers
on his special day. Space, however, does not permit a further enumeration of the
curious tales connected with the walnut collected by De Gubernatis.

EsGELHAEDTiA, Lesclunault:

Flowers moncecious, sessile or nearly so. Male perianth unequally 3-6-cleft on
a 3-lobed bract. Hf aniens 5-13, filaments very short. Female flowers very numerous,
adhering to the base of a 3- or 5-lobed bract. Perianth consisting of 4-5 teeth or
lobes, superior. Styles 2-4, uucqual. Drupes siuall, dry, on the enlarged wing-like
3-lobed bract.

E. SPICATA, Bl. Chittagong, Pegu. Tenasserim.

Leaflets entire, without net venation, glabrous ; base of female bracts hispid.

E. viLLOSA, Kz. Hills east of Toung-ngoo and Tenasserim at 1000 to 3000 feet.

Leaflets sen'ate, rarely entire, with strong conspicuous net-venation, and pubescent
beneath. Base of female bracts glabrous.

AS UR ALES.
Floteers hermaphrodite or diclinous. Pcriauth usually coloured. Stamens epi-
gynous in the hermaphrodite tiowers. Ocarij inferior, 1 to many-celled. Fruit
a capsule or berry.

Order llAFFLESL\CEiE.

Flowers di(Ecious, rarely hermaphrodite. Periaidh regular, valvate or imbricate.
Leafless root-parasitos.

To tliis order belongs the remarkable genus Rojflesia (of the lihizunthece of
Lindley), one species of which has been noticed in Burma by the Kev. C. Parish,
who has kindly contributed tho following note respecting it.

I copy the following from Lindley, Vegetahle Kiiiffdom, p. 83 : " Rhizogens arc
parasitical plants destitute of true leaves, in room of which they have cellular scales.
Their stem is either an amorjihous mass, or a ramified mycelium,' sometimes, perhaps
always, appearing to be lost in tho tissue of the plant on whicli it grows. No instaiu'o
of green colour is known among them ; but they are brown, yellow or ])urple. They
are furnished with true flowers having genuine stamens and carpels, surrounded
by a trijiartite or (piintiuepartite calyx, or absolutely naked.

" lihizogcns all agree in being of a fungus-like consistence, and in tlieir habits
of living p;irasitically on the roots of other plants. They very generally stain water,
or spirits, of a deep blood-red colour. Tlieir forms are exceedingly diversified ; some
have the aspect of a mushroom, or dcvclopo a head like a bulrush {Ti/pha). Otliers
push forth a thyrsc of flowers, or an elegant panicle ; while some have their blooui
in a head like that of some Cyneraceous' plant."

' Srycflium is the name given to funsiis-spawn. Soft cottony-threads which penetrate the soil
in a ramified manner, from whicli, as every gardener who grows mushrooms knows, the plant can
be produced.

- The T/iiilk-headed division of Composites— ior example, the flower of the Globe Artichoke.

228 nrilMA, ITS rEOPLE axd productioxs.

Lindlcy divides his Ebizogons into tlirco Orders, Bnlntiojihoracra, Cijtinncea, and
Bafflexiacea;. Some liotanists, however, separate these Orders, hj a long lUstauce in
their vegetable system. We are concerned here with the hist Order only.

Eafflesiaceje, R. Brown.

The order is thus described in The Treasury of Botany: "A small order
of parasitical plants. The plants which compose it have no stem, but consist of
flowers only, sometimes of gigantic size, surrounded by a few scales, and sessile
on the stems or rhizomes of woody or perennial plants. These flowers consist
of a eampanulate or globular five-cleft perianth, with numerous anthers on a central
column. The ovary is inferioi^ l-colled, with many-seeded parietal placentse, and
as many styles as placentoB, more or less united within the column, where the
flowers are hermaphrodite ; or, in the centre of female flowers. The fruit is
iudehiscent, with numerous seeds, and the embryo undivided, with or without
albumen."

Rafflesia, E. Brown.

Of this, the most wonderful plant ever yet discovered, the following account may
prove interesting : —

It was discovered by Sir Stamford Eaifles and Dr. Arnold in or about the year
1818, in the island of Sumatra (of which island and of Java it is the native), wliere
the former was Governor of Bencoolen. While travelling in the Pro\ince, they
lighted upon a plant which consisted simply of one huge expanded flower, more
than a yard across ! Descriptions and drawings of this vegetable prodigy were sent
to England, and tlie plant was named by the celebrated Dr. Bro\^-n, in honour of
its discoverers, Bajffesia Arnoldii.

The unexpandcd flower buds of R. Arnoldii are roundish, and resemble a close
cabbage in shape. The flowers appear to be dioecious, and have a perianth which is
tubular below, but whose limb is divided into 5 entire fleshy lobes, which partially
overlap one another in the bud, but afterwards spread widely. The perianth is
flesh-coloured and mottled, and has a foul odour of tainted meat, by which insects
are attracted. Within is a thick fleshy rim or corona, lining the upper part of the
tube, and within the corona, in the male flowers, and occupying the centre, is a thick
fleshy column, adherent to the perianth tube, having one or more projecting rims
surrounding its base, and at the top a wide flat plate, the overhanging margin of
which is rolled round like the capital of an Ionic column. On the revolute margin
is placed a ring of sessile anthers, each one opening by a single pore.

In the female flowers, the central column is similar, but without anthers. The
ovary is adherent to the base of the tube of the perianth, has a single comjiartraent
containing numerous ovules, and is surrounded by several styles which are blended
with the central column.

Three or four species are known ditfering greatly in size, but little in essential

character Dr. Arnold describes the first flower seen liy him as being more

than a yard across, the petals or lobes of the perianth as being a foot long, and varying
in thickness from f to | of an inch, and the cup of the flower is calculated to hold
twelve pints. The weight of the whole flower was estimated at fifteen pounds. —
Treasury of Botany, Rnjftesia.

I should not have ventured to introduce this long account of a plant, however
remarkable, but that I believe the Tenasserim Provinces can claim to possess one
species of this extraordinary genus. Many years ago, while crossing the range of
mountains which lies to the east of JIaulmain, and is visible thence in clear weather,
by the Ta-ok Pass, at about an altitude of 3000 feet, I came upon a plant of the
kind described. At the foot of a large forest tree — though whether growing on
one of its roots or on that of some smaller plant I cannot say-^sessile on the ground,
was seen one fully expanded flower, and near it two or three unexpandcd. Having
described the class of plant, it should be needless to say that it consi>ted absolutely
of this flower and nothing else. The expanded flower was eampanulate in form.

RAFFLESIACE.E. ARISTOLOCHIEJE. 229

clivideil at the edge into 5 scjuoicnts, whicli wore revoluto or tunifid outwards. The
whole interior was a beautiful dee]) erimson, wliieli made it a striking object, seated
as it was elose upon the ground. It was about (i inches in diameter, and of a very
thick leatliery consistence. I cannot reeoll(^cl~nuit it had any ofl'ensivo smell. I
gatliered it as I would gathc^r a fungus, and tliough I was most iuixious to cany
it home, I was (juite puzzled what to do with it. I liad no spirit, or vessel large
enough to put it in, if I liad had. To press it was out of the question — for it would
have behaved under the process, as mauy fleshy fungi do, that is to say, it would
have deli(iuesced, or become an otlensivo putrid mass. Nor was I, unfoi-tunately,
provided with drawing materials, beyond a scrap of paper and a bit of pencil, with
wluch I made a hasty and rude outline of it. This sketch, rude though it was,
I possessed for several years, and believing that I still possessed it, I liave recently
searched diligently for it, but in vain. It was the fact of my having it in my
possession so long, and seizing it from time to time, that has enabled me to remember
it as well as I do. Having, then, made this rude sketch, I put the flower into my
vasculura to take its chance, but in two or throe daj-s it was a black shapeless mass,
and had to be flung away. As far as my memory .serves, without the slight ad-
ditional help the drawing would have furnished, the interior, when looked down
upon, was occupied by the large tabular summit of a central fleshy column, in form
very like an Agaric, and on the inner and under surface, or where the gills of an
Agaric are, were a number of sessile anthers ; but as to their number and arrange-
ment I cannot speak farther. It was, I imagine, a male flower of a dicecious species
of IidfHexia.

The buds were globose, and looked like puff-balls, but what their exterior
colour was I forget.

I am sorry to be able to give but such a meagre account of this remarkable
flower, but it may suifice to (li'aw the attention of some future botanist towards it.

Older AEISTOLOCniE.E.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth regular or not, valvate. Leaves alternate,
cxstipulate.

AUISTOLOCniE^.
Ovnrij se.ra!if/ii!(ir. Ovules numerous, liiseriiife.

AiiisToLocui-i,' Linnuus.

A. .^erjiixATA, Lam. (M.).

No other species is mentioned by Mason, but the common Indian .species,
A. Indica, probably occurs as \vell. Jlost Arisloloeliiea: contain in their root a
volatile oil, a bitter resin, and an acrid extractable substance. Several species were
once highly valued in medicine, and are so by natives still, being regarded as ex-
cellent in disea.ses of the womb and kidneys, and as emetic, anthelmintic, and anti-
hysteric in their action. Several species have also been held in high esteem as
antidotes to snake jioison — a fallacious idea, from tlie extreme rapidity with which
that poison acts, and its marvellous subtlety when once introduced into the system ;
but doubtless the idea of the plant proving of service originated in the fancied
resemblance of the leaves to the variegated skin ^>i a snake, or, as it is termed, the
' doctrine of signatures,' another instance of which maj- be (juotod in one of the
ingredients in a celebrated snake antidote, which canu- under my observation in
Rangoon, which was the woody skeleton of a fruit [Martijnin diandra) conamon
in hedgerows in Bengal (though indigenous to tropical America), whose oval frame-
work tennimites in two bony recurved hooks, bearing a strong resemblauco to the
divergent fangs of a viperine snake. The ripe fruit is clothed with a green skin

' apiarot, best : Aoxfios, [icrtaininj; to lalioar. From the siippoiied cllii'acy of tlic [ihiiU in regulating
the functions of the womb.

230 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIOSS.

and looks like a sort of plum ; but, as the flesh decays, the strong recurved hooks
become exposed, and no doubt aid efficaciously in the dispersion of the plant by
iixinji' in any passing animal, or causing them at all events to be torn away if brushed
against.

BRAGANTIE.^.
Ovary quadranguJar. Ovules numerous, uniseriate.

BEAGiSTiA, Loureiro.
B. ToiiExiosA, E. Br. Katchall. Trice Track and Great Xicobar.

Sub-division B. Ovary superior.' Perianth usually distinct.

NEPENTHALES.
Scandent shrubs. Leaves alternate, terminated by pOchers.
Xo species of the order NepenthecB, or Pilcher plants, is recorded by Mason, but
Mr. Parish met with a species near Jlergui.

PIPERALES.
Flovers hermaphi'odite or diclinous, usually in spikes or catkins. Perianlh
rudimentary or none. Ovarii superior, of 1, single-oelled, single-ovuled caxpel ; or
of several, free, 2 or many-celled.

Order CHLORAXTHACE^.

Flowers hermaphrodite or diclinous, males spicate, females cymose or panicled.
Ovary 1-celled, ovule 1, pendulous, orthotropous. Embryo small, albuminous. Leaves
opposite, stipulate. Shrubs.

C'HLOEANinrs, Sicarts.

C. ixsiGxis, Kz. Martaban.

Described in J.A.S.B. ii. 1873, p. 108.

Many Chlorantheve are possessed of aromatic and febrifuge properties, and Blume
found the root of C. officinalis, which has a smell of camphor and a bitterish aromatic
taste, very efficacious in the treatment of the severe intermittent fever of Java.

Order SAURURE^E.

Flowers crowded on a spadix, hermaphrodite. Ovary superior or inferior,
1 -celled, with parietal placentas, or 3 to 5-cellcd with axile placentas. Ovules
ascending, 2 or many in each cell. Emhryo antitropous, included on the top of the
albumen in the embryonic sac. Radicle superior. Herbs. Leaves alternate, ex-
stipulate.

HoTJTTrTXiA, TImnherg.

Spil;es surrounded by coloured petal-like bracts. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled,
with 3 parietal placentas.

H. coEDATA, Thunb. India. Siam. S. China.

Order PIPERACE^.

Floicers crowded on a spadix, veiy minute, hermaphrodite or diaxious. Ovary
1 -colled. OvuJe 1, basilar, orthotropous. Emhryo albuminous. Leaves opposite,
alternate, or whorlcd, exstipulate. Herbs or shrubs.

' Inferior in Cynocramhca and Gyrocarpea.

riPEllACE.E. 231

CuAViCA, Miquel.

Flowers dioecious. Bracts stipitate, pdtatc. Stamens 2 or 4. Oiary scssilo,
with .'5 to 6 sessile stigmas. Berries closely packed, often unilini; with, or half
immersed in the more or less succulent rachis. Shruhs or woody climbers. Leaves
alternate. Spikes solitary, pedunculate, leaf-oppo.sed.

C. MACUOSTACHYA, Miq. Katchall (K.).

*C. (Piper) bktle, L. India and Eiirma. Katchall.

Kwon-ywet. Betel vine.

This plant is cultivated all over India and Burma. It is planted in rows and
trained on a lattice work, or on poles, witliin an inclosure fenced on all sides and at
top, by a screen of grass or thatch, or a framework of bamboo, with the double
effect of promoting a moist atmosphere within and bleaching the leaves by the
exclusion of direct light. The plants are well watered, and a small door admits
the proprietor for the purpose of gathering the leaves, which are made up iu bundles
for the market. The leaf is warm and aromatic in flavour, and the ' pan,' so
universally chewed by all classes in India, is a little conical mouthful of an outer
wrapper of betel leaf, witliin which are folded a few chips of areca nut and
cardamoms or some spice. Previously to wrapping up these ingredients, the leaf
is smeared over with a paste made of fine sliell lime, without which alkaline addition
the tine red colour imparted to the saliva by chewing would not bo developed. The
areca nut, even when cut into small chips, is of course hard, and taxes the teeth
to chew properly, so old Burmans, who have lost their teeth, carry about a little
mortar, in which they bruise the ingredients of their ' betel ' before putting it into
their mouths. Chewing pan, when not extravagantly indulged iu, is a harmless
and probably beneficial luxury, and the preparation of the ingredients gives the
Burman as much pleasure as the preparation of his favourite pipe does the European
smoker.

C. EiiiEsioiDES, "Wall. (M.). Burma.

Tor-kwon.

As Kurz does not include this plant, he probably regards it as identical with
the last.

*C. (Piper) loxoum, L. (il.).
C. Hoxbury/iii, Miq.

Peik-khyen.

Long pepper is a creeper easily cultivated, and should be trained like hops on
poles. It is propagated by cuttings, and as the unripe fruit is the most powerful,
it is gathered when the berries are still green and before they ripen and turn red.
The root is used as a drug as well as the berries, but its properties are milder.

Piper, Linnatis.
*P. xioRFM, L. (M.). Occasionally cultivated.
IS^ga-yok-koung.

As in the case of P. longum, the berries dried before being perfectly ripe
constitute the black pepper of commerce. The white pepper is the same beriy
allowed to ripen, and then decorticated by maceration in water, the flavour conse-
quently being rendered milder than that of black pepper.

The (jualities for which different peppers are valued depend on the presence of
an aromatic volatile oil, a resin, and a crystallizable principle, I'iperine, which is
present in all parts of the plant, but more abundantly iu the root and fruit. Pepper
seems to possess some merit as a febrifuge, and in mild forms of the disease, or in
malarious localities, is no doubt of considerable value, from its powerfully stimulant
and carminative properties.

232 BURMA, ITS PEOrLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

EUPHORBIALES.

Flowers hermaphrodite or diclinous. I'eriaDt/i various or none. Oirin/ superior
2 or many-celled. Oi-nUs 1 or many in each ceU, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit
usually capsular, 1 or many-celled. Cells 1 or many-seeded.

Order EUPHORBIACE^.

Flowers unisexual. Cali/x free, various, usually 5- or 3-lobed or toothed, or
wanting, the lobes imbricate or valvate. Corolla consisting of several petals, and
usually isomerous with the calyx-lobes and alternating with them, or very rarely
gamopetalous, hvpogynous, or more or less perigynous, or wanting altogether. Dink
variously shaped, or none. Stamens numerous, few or solitary, in the male flowers
central or inserted at the bottom or at the middle of the calyx. Filaments free or
united into 1 or more bundles, erect or variously incurved. Anthers free or cohering,
variously opening by 1 or 2 slits, rarely by pores. Ovary-rudiment in males various
or wanting. Orarij superior, usually 3 or 1, rarely many-celled, the carpels whoiled
round a central column, persisting after ripening of the fruit, with 1 or 2 ovules in
each, suspended from the summit of the inner angle. Sti/le various, usually short
and divided into as many entire or repeatedly branched stigmatic lobes as cells to the
ovary. Fruit various, usually a 3- to many-celled capsule, opening elastically into
as many valves, or drupaceous and indehiscent. Seeds with or without arillus or
strophiole. Emhri/o straight in a fleshy albumen, with flat cotyledons and a superior
radicle, or rarely the cotyledons fleshy, and little or no albumen. Trees, shrubs, or
herbs erect or climbing, very various in habit, with watery or milky juice. Leaves
usually alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, simple or divided. Stipules usually
pi'eseut. Flowers usually minute, forming various inflorescences.

A very large order, more closely allied to Tiliacea: than to any other of apetalous
plants. An acrid milky juice is a prevailing character. The seeds of some are
purgative and the roots of others emetic. The manchineel (H/ppomaiie mancinella)
is a famous arrow poison. Enpliorbium, a gum resin, is produced by several cactus-
like Eup/iorbias. Some of the African species of this genus yield deadly arrow-
poison. The Brazilian caoutcliouk {Sijilionia elastica), a tree indigenous in Guayana
and Brazil, yields the bottle india-rubber. The seeds of many species yield oil like
castor-oil (Rieinus). The sweet and bitter 'cassava' is derived from the roots of
Mainhot utilissima, often cultivated by Burmans. 'Turnsole,' a well-known purple
and blue dye, comes from Crozophorn tinvtoi ia. A few yield edible but inferior
fiiiits, like Cieca distielia, Emhlica officinalis, etc. Box-wood [Bitxus semperrirens)
is a very hard and compact wood used in engraving. Several of the Burmese
euphorbiaceous trees yield good timber, especially those grown in deciduous forests,
while the timber of those peculiar to the tropical forests seems to be of inferior
quality or valueless (Kurz).

* Oniles 2 in each cell.

X Calyx imlricate in bud.

J Fruit capsular-dehiscing , dry, or icith a sappy epicarp.

f Capsule dry.

+ Stamens round an orary-rudiment.

AcTErnn..^, Illume.

Styles free. Seeds naked. Capsule woody or di-y, coriaceous. Disk outside the
stamens. Stamens inserted on a flat 5-lubed receptacle round the base of the ovary-
rudiment. Orary 3-celled, the cells 2-ovulcd. Styles 3, united at the base, the
branches 2-cleft. Capsule tri-coccous, each coccus bi-valved. Neither arillus nor
albumen.

A. JwAxrcA, Miq. E.S. Tree forests of South Andaman and Katchall.

All parts quite glabrous. Loaves acute to cuneate at the base. Capsules smooth.

EUPHORBIACE^. 233

A. PUBERULA, Kz. E.S. The Amlamans. Katcliall and Tallangcliong.

Younger branehlets and petioles pubcrulous. Leaves rounded or tordato at the
base. Capsules granular-wriukk'il.

+ + Stamens central. Xo ovary rudiment.

Glociiidion, Forster.

Ta-ma-sok {generic, Kurz).

Flowers monoecious. Calyx o-C-jiarted. Glands none. Stamens 3-5, rarely
more. Anthers sessile on a central column, tijijied by the projecting connective.
Orary 3-1.5-cellcd, each cell 2-ovuled. Capsuhs globular, 3-15-eelIed. Cocci 2-
valvcd, the epicarp usually separating ehistically. Seeds paired, ■with a usually
crimson spurious arillus.'

* Stamens 5, rarely 8-4.
I Orary {and often the capsule) pubescent. Female Jfowers sessile or nearly so.
G. cocciNEi-M, !Mucll. F.'T. Pegu. Martaban, and Tenasserim.

Young brancblets, calyx and pedicles puberulous or pubescent. Style-column
conical. Capsules 8-12-celled, fleshy coriaceous, white or scarlet.

G. LA>-CE0LARic3i, Dalz. F.T. Chittagong and eastern slopes of the Pegu Kange.

Calyx, pedicles, and all parts quite glabrous. Style-column cyliudrically-conical,
at top 6-8-toothed. Capsules glabrous, 6-8-celled.

J J Orary and capsule glabrous. Female fluwers pedicelled.

G. CALocAJiPUJi, Kz. E.T. Beach forests of the Andamans. Kamorta.

Katchall. Car and Great 2s'icobar.

Style-column conical, 4-o-9tigmatic at the apex. Capsule 5-4-coccous.

G. MrLTiLOCTTLARE, Mucll. E.T. Bhamo.

Style-column minute, deplanate-conical, with a broad base. Capsule 10-15-
celled, fleshy-coriaceous.

G. suBSCANDENS, Zell. E.S. Tenasscrim.

Style lung, funnel-shaped, clavato. Capsules 4-3 coccous.

** Stamens 3.

X Styles funnel-shaped or tapering at base, the stigmas short or tubercle-like.

G. Daltoni, Kz. Proine and Upper Tenasserim.

Calxy, capsules, and all parts (piite glabrous. Flowers, male and female, sessile.

G. Xepalexse, Kz. Ava (probably).

Young parts, flowers, capsules, and leaves beneath puberulous. Flowers
pedicelled.

X X Styles equal. Stigmas linear, spreading. Capsules 3-G-coccous.

G. DASYSTTLTTM, Kz. E.T. Hills East of Toung-ngoo up to 3500 feet.

Flowers, stigmas and young shoots pubescent. Capsules or capilhiry peduncles
up to .J- inch long, pubescent.

G. LEiosTVLUM, Kz. E.S. Eastom Slope of the Pegu Range and

Tenasserim up to 4000 feet.

Like the last, but styles glabrous and capsule barely pediincled.

' Kiirz remarks, " Gfiius distinotissimum a. ol Mucll. Arg. cum Phyllanlhi genfre inapte ron-
junctum, stniolmu llnriiin f;i'mim(inim et ctiaiii (uti jam l)rat Koxburjcliiiis dociiit) arillo s|)Uiio facile
(listinijiiilur. In skcci liii: arillus spHrius vil putiiis tigiimintum ixtcrius somiuis, lit plurinium pulcliR!
miniuUis vil cocciiuus. siici'usus, more Euphorl)iaci'aniin aliariim (e.g. Caoxyloi,) nieinbraiiiloriuis,
indcque ab auctoribus pliuimis omuiuo pnettnisiis erat." — J.A.S.B. ii. 1873, p. 237.

234 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

XXX Sfi/h thick, cofiical, sometimes minute, or JiemispJierical.
\ \ Ovary and capsule gbabrous.
G. GLATJCiroLnra, Muell. i:.T. Tipper Tenasserim.

All parts glabrous. Capsules flat, depressed at top, 3-4-coccous, smooth, almost
pruinoiis, shortly peduncled. Style-column minute.

G. ruGifOLiuM, Kz. £.T. Tree forests of Chittagong, Martaban and

Eastern Slopes of the Pegu Range.

All parts glabrous. Capsules sessile, 6-4-coccous, depressed, but not flattened
at the top.

G. srHJEEOGTsuji, Kz. i:.T. Tree forests of Eastern Slopes of the Pegu

Eange and Tenasserim up to 2000 feet.

All parts quite glabrous. Style-column minute, almost spherical and constricted
at base. Capsules very shortly peduncled.

J :]: J Oiarij and capsule pi(heri<Ious or tomenfose.

G. (Phyll.'lxihus) Andamanicuii, Kz. U.T. Tree Forests of South Andaman.

All parts quite glabrous. Leaves glaucous beneath. Capsules almost sessile,
velvety, 6-4-coccous.

G. Baxcanum, Miq. Bamboo Jungles of Middle Andaman.

All softer parts and leaves beneath, shortly tomentose. Capsules peduncled,
pubcrulous, 5-4-coccous.

PnrLLANTHrs, Zinnaus.
Flowers monoecious, rarely dicecious. Cahjx 4-6-parted, the latter in 1 or 2 series,
imbricate. Capsules usually 3-coccous. Styles 2-cleft. Disk or hypogynous glands
present. Testa of seeds dry.

* Trees. Capsules more or less woody.
P. coLUMX-uiis, Muell. All over Burma.

Kalong-lek-thai (Kurz).
Young shoots shortly rusty pubescent. Flowers in axillary clusters.

* * Shrubs. Capsules small, crustaceotis.
P. E.i;oBOTRToiiiF,s, Muell. Tenasserim.

Kurz adds from the Nicobars :

P. NiRUEi, L. Katchall.

A weed round native huts.

f f Capsules feshy coriaceous, or crusiaceons with a sappy epicarp.
-f -\- Stamens central, no ocary -rudiment.
° Seeds with arillus.

Melanthesopsis, Mueller Ary.

Floirers monoecious. Male calyx high up, gamosopalous, the lobes in two series,
and inflexed, imbricate. Female calyx usually enlarged under the fruit. Petals, ovary
rudiment, and disk none. Stamens central, united in a column, the cells longitudinally
adnate. Ovary 3-cclled, each cell 2-ovuled. Style 2-cleft. D-uif a capsular 3-coccou3
beny, hardly dehiscing.

M. patens, Muell. Arg. Pegu and Tenasserim.

Leaves membranous, without mucro.

M. FEUTieosA, Muell. Arg. Martaban from 2500 to 4000 feet.

Leaves rigidly coriaceous, mucronate.

EVl'llORBIACE.E. 235

° ° Seeds without arillm.
Sauropus, liliime.

Flowers monoceimis. Male cahjx cU'cply 6-c'lcft, minute. Petals none. Dish none,
or outside the stamens, Globed. Stamens in a short column. Anthers opening by
2 slits, the cells adnate, lengthwise. Ocary-rudiment none. Ovary 3-celled, each coll
2-ovuled. Styles 3, very short, 2-eloft. Capsule fleshy- coriaceous or crustaceous,
6-valved.

S. ALBICANS, Bl. All over Burma.

Yo-ma-hin-yo (Kurz).

Leaves 2-3 inches long, ovate. Capsules the size of a cherry ; pure white.

S. QUADRANQULAKis, MucU. Arg. All ovcr Bunua.

Leaves -i to 1 inch long, more or less orbicular. Capsule the size of a large pea.
Plowers only A- a line across. Branchlets compressed, 4-angular.

var. ft puherulus. All young parts minutely pubescent.

Bekynia, Forsler.

Flowers unisexual. Mule calyx turbinate, high up, gamosepalous, 6-lohed, the
lobes infracted and imbricate in 2 rows, almost appendaged on the hack. Petah and
disk none. Stamens central, in a column, the anthers longitudinally adnate. Ovary
3-celled, each cell 2-ovuled. Capsules borry-liko, 3-coccous.

B. EnAMN'orDEs, iluoU, Arg. Beach forests of Arakan. The Andamans

Gong-nyin-ya. ''^'"^ Nankowry.

All parts glabrous, leaves elliptical, ^ to 1 inch long, on a slender l-U line long
petioles. Capsules the size of a pea, Eeshy, red, then purplish-black.

B. iiACEMOsA, Muell. Arg. Katchall and Great Nicobar.

B. OBLONGiFOLiA, ifuell. Arg. Katchall.
vav.foliis majoribus.

CicCA, Linnaus.

Flowers unisexual. Calyx 5-6- (rarely 4-partite). Bisk developed in either se.x,
gland-like, or in females united and urceolate and annular. Stamens 3-5. Ovary 3-
12-eelled, each cell 2-ovuled. Styles 3-4, bifid. Capsule di'upaceous and dehiscing,
or berry-like and tleshy. The cocci woody or crustaceous.

* Capsules drupaceous, sappy-fleshy, large, cocci ivoody.

X Flowers usually G-mcrous. Stamens in a column. Ovary and capsule 3-celled ;
glands in females urceulute-connate. Drupes white.

C. ALBizzioiDEs, Kz. Wcstem slopes of the Pegu Range up to 2000 feet.
Sha-ma or Thit-sha (Kurz).

Leaves up to 1 inch long by \ an inch broad. Drupes about an inch in diameter.
C. MACROCARPA, Kz. Promc and other parts of the Irrawaddy Valley.

Zi-hpyu (Kurz).

Loaves narrow, linear, bark wiinkled and fissured ; styles simply 2-cleft, the
lobes broad and short, 3-crenato ; capsules about an inch in diameter.

C. (PnYi.LANTurs) E.UBi.icA, L. All over Burma up to 3000 feet.

Ta-sha-pen (Kurz). Zi-hypu (Mason).

As the last, but bark smooth, peeling off conchoidally. Styles twice 2-cleft, the
end lobes subulate. Drupes only i an inch in diameter.

Wood brown, rather heavy, close-grained, takes a fine polish, weight 45 lbs.' Bark

' Kurz ti'Uows Braudis in giving 35 lbs. as the weight, but this is clearly an error.

236- BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

and fniits iisod for tanning (Knrzy. I think Kurz mistakes the native name, as in
Pegu at least it is known as ' Sha-lipyu ' or white Shah. The fruits are eagerly
eaten by the Burmese though very austere, and tlie wood is reckoned durable
esiioeially in water.

X X Flowers 4-merom, stamens free, 4, glands in males and hermaphrodites free
and distinct, ocary and drupes usually '^-celled.

C. (Phtllaxthus) disticha, L. Cultivated in Chittagong, Pegu and

Then-bor-zi-hpyu. tbe Andamans.

Quite glabrous. Flowers red, drupes yellow.

* * Capsules herry-like, small, the cocci crusfaceoHS.

-\- Stamens 5, aU free. Disk annular, 5-f/onous. Capsule 3-'2-coccous, succulent

white.

C. (SEcrRixEGA) LEUcoPTEus, !Muell. Arg. Ava (probably).

Armed with spiny abortive branchlets. Flowering branchlets terete.

C. (Secubixega) obovata, iluell. Arg. All over Burma. Ivaraorta. Katchall

-v^- „v^„ ...s and Car Xicobar.

le-chyn-ya.

Unarmed, flowering branchlets compressed, 4-corncred.

^_ ^ Stamens 2-adelphous the 3 inner ones ivhoUy, the outer only basally united.
Glandi in females distinct, capsules \'2-&-C0( cous, succulent, purple or purplish-hlaek.',
C. (Phtllaxthus) EETicrLATA, Poir. Arakan. Pegu and Tenasserim.

Leaves ^ to 1 inch long. Capsules depressed-globular. Adult branches smooth.

var. a reticulata. Young shoots and leaves beneath puberulous.
var. ji glabra, Thw. All parts glabrous.

C. MicEocAEPA, Bth. Tree forests all over Chittagong, Burma,

and the Andamans.
Leaves 1-2 inches long. Capsules globular. Adult branches lenticellate-rough.

var. a microcarpa. All parts glabrous.

var. ji pubescens. Young shoots and often beneath the leaves puberulous.

Flowers racemose-pan icled.
BiscHOFFiA, Illume.

Flowers ditt'cious. Calyx deeply 5-partite, the lobes of the male cucullatc and
imbricate. Petals and disk none. Stamens 5, free, inserted round an Ovary-
rudiment. Antlters opening by 2 slits. Ocary (occasionally surrounded by 5
staminodes) 3- or rarely 4-cellecl, each cell 2-ovnled. Styles basally connate, simple
linear. Capsule drupaceous, sappy, with a 3-4-coccous crustaceous putamen.

B. Javaxica, B1. All over Burma up to 2.500 feet.

Flowers greenish in axillary, glabrous panicles. Drupes the size of a pea,
sappy, bluish-black, smooth.

Wood red, takes a fine polish. Weight 47 lbs. (Gamble).

J J Fruit inJehiscent, drupaceous or berry-like.

XXX Flowers in racemes or spikes, the males often amentaceous. Stamens free,
round an oiary-rudiment.

° Seeds with an arillus.

BACCArfiEA, Loureiro.

Flowers dioecious or monoecious. Calyx 4-5-cleft, imbricate. Petals none.
Stamens 4-10. Ovary 3- (rarely 2-5-) celled, each cell 2-ovuled. Fruit a spurious
berry, covered with an irregularly bursting epicarp. Seeds enveloped in a white
sappy and edible arillus.

EUi'iionniACE.i:. 237

B. SAPIPA, ifue]]. Arg. F.T. Tree forests all over Burma and the Amlamans.
Ka-na-zo (Kiirz).

ifalo calyx lobes, and Iirarts of either sex a line long. Female calyx nearly
3 lines long. The fruit is much esteemed by the liurnicse.

B. PAUviFLoiiA, iluell. Arg. Teuasserim.

Ka-na-zo (Kurz).

All the above parts only half the size, the female calyx lobes only a line long.

B. Javaxica, iluell. K^ankowry.

SEcritiNEGA, Jussieu.
S. obovata, Muoll. Arg. Kar Xicobar.

° ° Seeds tcithout arillm.

Antidesjia, Burmann.

Flowers dia'cioiis. CaJijx-lobes 3-8. Petals none. Stamens often as many as the
calyx-lobes or more or fewer, and opposite to them round an ovary-rudiment. Anthers
opeuing by 2 slits. Ovary 1-celled by suppression with 2 ovules. Style termimd,
or nearly so, 3-parted, the stigmatic lobes rigid and partly 2-lobed. Fruit a sappy
dnipe, indehiscent, containing a long grooved putameu usually 1 -seeded. Seeds
without arillus.

* Flowers sessile or nearly so. Stigmas terminal.
-\- Spike quite glabrous.
A. BtiNiAs, Sprengl. F.T. ITppcr Tenasserim.

All parts quite glabrous. The rachis of spike rather strong. Leaves glossy.

-\ — 1- Spike more or less pubescent.
I Leaves rounded or retuse.
A. GiixsEMDiLLA, Gacrtu. Pegu and Miirtaban. Kamorta.

Pyi-sin (Kurz).
More or less puberulous. Spikes robust, tomentose.

% \ Leaves more or less acuminate.
-\- Calyx 3-lobed.
.\. 'MARTAiiAxrcrir, Presl. Upper Tenasserim.

Young shrubs, and leaves along the nerves pubescent.

+ -|- Calyx A-parted.
A. FRrxicri-osrir, Kz. Tidal forests of Pegu.

Leaves small, 1-2.1 inches long, hirsute above, densely pubescent beneath.
A VELUTiNCM, Tul. F.T. Tree forests. Eastern Slopes of Pegu

Kin-pa-lin (Kurz). l^^"'Se and Tenasserim.

Leaves 4-5 inches long, like all the softer parts shortly and softly pubescent.

* * Flowers pedicelled.
X Stigmas lateral, all parts 2>ubesce)it, bracts linear-lanceolate.
A. vKi.iTiNosrM, Bl. FT. Tenasserim.

Flowers minute iii denselj'-bracted pubescent catkins.

X X Stigmas terminal.
A. MENAsr, Muell. Arg. Eastern Slopes of the Pegu Range, Martaban

Kin-Tia-lin *'"' Andamans and Car Isicobar.

Young parts slightly pubescent, llacemes puberulous. St^imens usually 4.

238 BURMA, ITS PEOrLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

A. DiANDECM, lloth. All ovtT Bumia.

Kin-pa-lin (Kurz).

Young parts slightly pilose. Eaccmes glabrous. Stamens usually 2. Wood
heavy, red-brown, close-grained, adapted for cabinet work (Kurz).

Kurz adds from the Nicobars :

A. puNCTicuL.iTuir, Miq. Tree forests of Kamorta.

A. PERSiMiLis, Kz. Tree forests of Kamorta.

AroEOSA, Blumc.

Flotrers dirocious, in catkins. Cali/x 3-6-parted. PdaJs and fJlxl; none. Stamens
2 (or rarely 3-5), free, inserted round a minute ovaiy-rudiment. Aiithcis opening
by 2 slits. Orar;/ 2- (rarely 3-) celled, each coll 2-ovuled. Styles as many as cells,
bifid. C<ij)su/e fleshy coriaceous, usually 1-seeded, by abortion. Alhumen coi)ious.

* Ovar)j villous, tomentose or jmhescent.
X Leaves shot'tly and softly piilescent beneath.
A. viLLOSA, Baill. Pogu and Tenasserim.

Ye-mein (Kurz).

Berries densely velvety-tomentose.

Exudes a red resin, and the bark is used for dyeing red (Kurz).

X X Adult leaves quite ylahrous.

A. MACRornYLLA, Muell. Arg. Pegu and Tenasserim.

In-jin or In-kyin (Kurz).

Leaves 1-2 feet long by -1- to 1 foot broad, deeply cordate at base. Fruits
velvety-tomentose.

A. viLLOsuLA, Kz. E.T. Tree forests of the Eastern slopes of the Pegu Range.

Tenasserim and the Andamans.

Leaves 3-5 inches long, not cordate at the base. Style-lobes 2-lobulate.

A. RoxBUEGHii, Baill. E.T. Tree forests of Chittagong. Pegu and Tcnasseriin.

Style-lobes simple, short.

** Orary and leaves quite glabrous.

A. LAxcEOLATA, Tliw. Tenusserim.

Styles minute, tooth-like. Leaves small.

A. MicEosTACHYA, Mucll. Arg. Ava. Chittagong. Tenas.seriui. Kamorta.

Great Nicobar.

Styles long, lacerate-fimbriatc. Leaves large, drying yellow.

Kurz adds from the Xicobars :

A. oLABEiFOLiA, Kz. Kamorta.

Flowers solitary or clustered in tJie a.vils of the leaves.

Cyci.ostemox, Blume.

Flowers dirccious. Calyx deeply -J-o-partite, imbricate, the 2 outer .sepals larger.
Petals none. Stamens 4-10, free, surrounding the disk. Anthers opening by 2 slits,
the connective not produced. Ovary 4-2-celled, each cell 2-ovuled. Styles entire,
united at the base. Drupes fleshy, indehiscent, containing a 4-2-coccous, almost
crustaceous, 4-1 -seeded capsule.

* Flowers on | iiieh long petioles. Stigmas sessile, large, obversrly broad-triangular.

C. MACEopHYLLUJi, Bl. E.T. Tree forests of South Andaman.

Female flowers arising from the stem and branches. Leaves large, laxly veined.

KCruOliniACH.E. 2^39

C. (Hon- a) uni.ANDrLosuM, Roxb. E.T. Tree forests of Arakan.

Fomalo ttowcrs in tlic axils of the loaves. Loaves small, elegantly net-veined.
** Flowers on pediceh hardly V a line long. Stigma sessile, minute, 3-anguliir.
C. SUBSESSILE, Kz. I^.T. Trco forests of .\rakan, Jlartaban and KliasjM Hills.
Flowers greyish, pubescent. Drupes obsoletely 4-lobed, puberulose.
Kurz adds from the Nieobars :

C. LEiocAurcir, Kz. Tree forests of Kamorta.

Hemictclia, TTight et Arnott.

Flower dioecious. Calyx deeply 4-o-lobed, imbricate. Petals uonc. Stamens
8-25, free, inserted round the disk.

Anthers opening in 2 slits. Oniry 1 -celled, 2-ovuled. Stigmas sessile or nearly
so, almost discoiil and turning renilorm, 2-lobed, deciduous. JJinpt-s glabrous, Meshy
1-celled and 1-seeded.

H. Sumateana, ihiell. Arg. F. T. Irrawaddy Yalley and ilartaban.

Putamen of drupe irregular, obliquely truncate on both sides at the apex, slightly
keeled.

Wood heavy, close-grained. .\. tine wood (Kurz).

H. Andajiaxica, Kz. E.T. The Ajidamans.

Putamen regular, half terete.

Pctkanjiva, Wallieh.

Flowers di(ficions, apetalous. Disk none. Calyx in males 2-3 parted, in females
4-G parted. Stamens 3-2 free, or 1-2 adelphous. Ofary rudiment none. Oiary 3-2-
cellcd, each cell 2-ovuled. Fruit an indehiscent drujie containing a bony 1 -celled
and 1-seeded putamen. Seeds albuminous.

P. RoxiiURGnii, Wall. F.T. Pegu.

Touk-yat (Kurz).

Leaves oblong, somewhat oblicjue on one side, 2-3 inches long on a slender 2 liiu^s
long petiole.

X X Calyx valvate in hud. Fruit capsular. Flowers in axillary clusters.
Ekiedelia, If'illdenaw.

Flowers monoecious, rarely diiecious. Calyx deeply .5 partite, the lobes valvate,
in females often deciduous. Petals .">, alternating with and shorter than the
calyx-lobes. Duets developed, in tlie male simple and adnate to the calyx, in the
female double, the outer similar to the male disk, the iuner sheathing the ovary.
Orary 2 (rarely 3)- celled, each cell 2-ovuled. Seeds albuminous.'

* Frect trees. Ripe fruits glubular.

\ Young branchlets and s/mots pubescent or tonientose.

-\- Flowers sessile.

li. TOMKXTosA, Bl. F.T. All over Burma up to 2000 feet.

Kamorta and Katchall.

Leaves small, glaucous, sparingly pubescent beneath. Flowers glaucous.

-| — |- Flowers pedicelled.
B. PCBEscExs, Kz. F.T. Tree forests of the Pegu range on its Eastern slopes.

' Kurz remarks : " Genus Bricdtlia a Lebidieropside (liffert coccis inter se non connatis, et scniinuni
testa membrauacfa sicca. Driipa in Lebidieropside epicarpio carnoso gaudct, cocci lignosi conuati, ct
seiuiua tcguineuto c.vttriori succoso-caruoso circumilata sunt — ."J..V.S.B. ii. 1873, p. H\.

210 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Kyct-ta-yor (Kurz).

Leaves tbincliartaccous, one-coloured, pubescent beneath. Flowers axillaiy,
grcyisb-tomentose.

B. EETUSA, Spreng. Ava and Pegu up to 2000 feet.

Tseik-kbye. ' Goat's duug.'

Leaves tliin-coriaceous, glauccsccnt, and puberulous beneath, strongly-veined.
Flowers glabrous. Drupes purplish-black, the size of a pea, containing a dehiscent
2-coccous putamen. AVood grey, prizeil for bouse posts. So named from its di'upes,
as Sapindus is so called from the dark marks in its wood.

\\ All jxirts fflabrous.

B. AitJENA, "Wall. Ava.

Leaves blunt or rounded. The female flowers crimson, shortly pediceUed.

B. ovATA, Dene. £.T. Tenasscrim and the Andamans.

Leaves abruptly acuminate. Bracts of flower-clusters pubescent. Female
flowers almost sessile.

** Shrubs. Sipe fruits ellipficnl.
B. sTipuLARis, S.S. All over Burma.

iSin-ma-no-pyin (Kurz).

Leaves bluntish. Calyx glabrescent, enlarging under the fruit. Female flowers
shortly pediceUed, disk smooth.

B. DASTCAXYS, Kz. Ava and Pegu.

Leaves shortly acuminate. Calyx densely pubescent. Flowers sessile. Disk
round the fruit, pilose.

Kurz adds from the Nicobars :

B. GiAUCA, Bl. Kamorta and Katcball.

Cleistanthtjs, Hooher, f.

Flower monoecious or dioecious. Cahjx 5-parted. Petals 5, small, alternating
with the calyx-lobes. Disk e,x:planate, almost entire to 5-parted. Ocary 3-celled,
each 2-ovuled. Styles 3-, more or less 2-cleft. Seeds without arillus. Trees with
alternate simple leaves.

C. MTEiANTnrs, Kz. E.T. Pegu. Tenasscrim and the Andamans.
Capsules stalked. Young parts and leaves beneath tawny, jiubescent.

C. STENOPHTLLus, Kz. Tenasscrim (or the Andamans).

Capsules sessile. AU parts glabrous.

** Glides solitary in eaeh cell.
X Calyx ralrate in hul {tips of sepals rarely imhricate).
+ Petals present, or if suppressed tlie hupoyynous glands opposite the calyx-seyments.
\ Stamens in hud, infracted or incurved.

Ckoton, Linnaus.

Flowers usually monoecious. Calyx -5- (rarely 4-6- or in females up to 12-) partite.
Petals as many as sepals, in males developed, in females rudimentary. Glands of the
disk alternating with the petals. Stamens usually 10-20. but may be less or more,
the filaments inflected in bud. Ocary 3- (rarely 2— 1-) celled.

* Style simply 2-cleft to the middle or to near the base.
X Indument of young shoots silrery or coppery scaly.
J Pedicels of female flowers very short and thick, sulcate.
C. ARGTHATUS, Bl. F.T. Tree forests of Martabau and Teuasserim. Kamorta.
Leaves cbartaccous acuminate, densely silvery or coppery-scaly beneath.

ECPHORBIACE^. 2-11

C. EOBrsTrs, Kz. E.T. Pegu Range and Tenasserim.

Leaves coriaceous, bluntish or retuse, adult almost glabrous, lateral nerves faint.

I X Pedicels terete and often slender.
C. ODLOXGiFOLirs, Roxb. Ava, Arakan, Pegu up to 2000 feet and

Thvt-yin (Kurz) "^'■^'^ cultivated by the Burmese.

Adult leaves glabrous, coarsely repaiid-scrrate. Capsule the size of a cherry-
stone, smooth, seeds 3 lines long.

C. JouFEA, Roxb. Pegu and ^lartaban.

Adult loaves glabrous. Capsule the size of a pigeon's egg. Scaly-stellate-
puherulose. Seeds | of an inch long.

X X T/idumenf of ijoiing shoots, of sessile and tuhercle-sfalked stellate hairs.
I Leaves 2>eHniHerced or indistinctly Z-nerved at base.

C. Wallicuii, Aluell. Arg. Tree forests of Eastern Slopes of the

Pegu Range and Tenasserim.

Young leaves all over pubescent and adult ernes, beneath. Capsules the size of a
pea, minutely puberulous. Seeds 2 lines long.

{ J Leaves 5-6 nerved at the base.

+ Capsule obsoletehj S-lobed, or almost terete. Leaves 5-)ierved at base.
f Tnflureseenccs glabrous or nearly so.

*C. TiGLirM, L. All over Burma.

Ka-na-kho (Kurz).

Adult parts glabrous, female pedicels thick, silvery-scaly. Male pedicels slender-
glabrous. Capsules almost oblong. Used as a hedge plant, it may be seen in all large
towns. Cattle and goats eat its leaves, which render the milk violently purgative
to infants fed on it. All the plant possesses medicinal properties. The root is a
drastic purgative. The wood is a sudorific or in large doses purgative, the dried
leaves the same, whilst the seeds are powerfully poisonous and purgative. ^^ aring,
however, give the following directions for preparing a cheap and safe purgati\e from
them: Boil the seeds thrice in milk, drying them after each operation. Then carefully
remove the outer shell and the embryo (the last if allowed to remain causing violent
tormina and vomiting). To 3j of the seeds thus prepared add 5ij of catechu, adding
a few drops of 01. Month. Pip. and divide into two grain pills. This formula is
recommended by Dr. White, and one recommendation of this safe and efficacious
medicine is that 500 doses may be contained in a small box, and purchased for half
a rupee. The undue operation of tlieso pills may be checked by a ckaught of
lemon-juice.

t f Inflorescences sfellately-pubesce9tt. Leaves often with a stalked gland on the
crenatures along the margin.

A Capsule the size of a pea or larger.

C. stTBLYRATTJS, Kz. Coast forcsts of the Andamans.

Young shoots rusty-scurfy. Basal glands of leaves stalked. Cap.sulc sparingly
appressed-stellate-hairy.

C. FLOccuLOscs, Kz. Irrawaddy Yalley.

Young shoots softly floccosc-stellate. Basal glands of leaves sessile. Capsules
densely and softly stellate-tomentose.

A A Capsules the size of a bullet or pigeon's egg.
C. CArDATCs, Geiscl. S.S. Prome and Pegu.

Young shoots minutely tubercled-stellate hispid. Basal glands of leaves stalked.
Capsules minutely tuberclcd, stellate-rough.

VOL. II. 16

242 BUIOfA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

-|-+ Ciipsiiles deep!// S-Iohcd.
C. Ciiiococcus, Kz. <S'. Rangoon.

Leaves 3-nerved at the base, pubescent. Capsule the size of a pea, densely
tubercltd, stellate-liispid.

J I S/dmens in hud erect.
f Petals in males as maiti/ as ealy.c serjments. Ovary-rudimetit none. Btamens
central.

iSuMBAViA, Baillon.

Flowers monaseious. Cahjx in males 5-partito and valvate, in females G-partite
and slightly imbricate. Petals in the mules conspicuous, in the females minute,
gland-like or obsolete. Stamens central, numerous. Ant/iers erect, basifixcd, 2-rimose,
the colls adnate. Ovary 3-celled, each l-ovuled. Capsule 3-coccous. Seeds arillate.

S. M-iCEornYLLA, Muell. Arg. E.T. Pegu Range and Tenasserim.

Leaves 2-glanded at base, acuminate, 6-9 inches long, thickened at the apex, on
a silvery petiole 1-2 inches long.

\ \ Calijx reyularhj ralrafc in bud. 3Lile Jlowers icitlt twice as many petals as
sepals in females.

Agrostistachts, JJak.

Flowers dioecious. Stamens 8-12 in two whorls, the upper whorl 4-6-androus,
the lower with as many anthers as petals. Antlier-eells unequally 2-valved. Ovary-
rudiment none. Ovary 3-cellod, each cell l-ovuled. Capsule 3-coccous, dry.

A. LOXGiFOLiA, Muell. Arg. Tenasserim (or the Andamans).

All parts glalirous. Flijwers in 6-3 or 2-stic]iousI_v-braoted axillary spikes.

I J I Calyx irregularly bursting in 2 or 3 lobes. Petals [at least in the males) mort
than calyx-segments. Ovary-rudiment none. Stamens coitral.

Aleueites, Forsfer.

Flowers monoecious. Petals in both sexes 5. Pislc present in both sexes, in
males urceolate, or reduced to 5 glands. Stamens numerous, on a conical naked torus.
Anther bi-rimose, the connective not produced. Ovary-rudiment none. Ovary 2-5-
celled, cells l-ovuled. Styles as many as cells, deeply 2-cleft. Fruits large, 2-5-
coccous. Cocci bony. Seeds spuriously white-arillcd. Albumen oily.

* A. MoLuccANA, Willd. F.T. Cultivated in Pegu and Tenasserim.

Drupes up to 2J- inches in iliameter, fleshy, containing 1 or 2 hard irregularly
furrowed nuts. Seeds very oily. The fruits exude gum, and the seeds yield half
their weight of oil, which is excellent for culinary uses or for burning. The nuts
are jileasant and edible, eitlier raw or roasted. The tree is a native of the Moluccas,
but introduced into India, Australia and elsewhere.

4- -\- JVo petals.
I Stamens round an ovary-rudiment.

Stjiphtllia, Baillon.

Flowers monoecious. Calyx 3-5-parted, the males valvate, the females imbricate
in bud. Pisk none. Stamens free, alternating with the sepals round a columnar
Ovary-rndimcnt. Ovary 3- (rarely 2-)celled, cells l-ovuled. Shrubs with simjsle
penuinerved leaves.

S. SiLHET.ANA, Bail. F.S. Tenasserim.

J I Ovary-rudiment none. Stamens central and polyadelphous.
f Floiccrs diacious.
§ Capsule drupaceous.

Teewia, Linnmis.

Calyx 3-4-parled, iu Inid valvate in males, imbricate in females. Bisk none.

EVPIWRIBACEJE. 243

S/amens very numerous, free, on a rcntral depressed recejifacle. Oranj 3-'l-cc'lled,
or coufluout into 2, 1-ovulcd. Seeds with arillus.

T. NuuiFLou.v, L. Tree forests all over Burma.

Te-bmyot (Kurz).

Drupes depressed, globular, the size of a -n-ood-apple {oninije), almost glabrous,
corky-fleshy, containiug a 4-2-eelled, and seeded bony putamen.

§ § Capsule drtj.
II Seeds without arillus or spermaphore.

Mahotus, Loureiro.

Flowers dioecious, rarely mouoecious. Calijx 3-5- (rarely 2-)parted, in bud
valvate in the males, in the females tubular or flask-like, ruptuiiug longitudinally.
or free. Stamens numerous, fi'ee or cohering at tlic ba.se, on a central dilated
receptacle. Anthers 2-rimose. Ovary 3- (rarely 5-2-)eelled, cells 1-ovuled. Albumen
copious.

* Capsnles unarmed, but rarioush/ fomentose.
X Capsules 2-eoccous, vehetij-tomentose.
M. HEPiNDUs, JIuell. Arg. S.S. All over Burma.

Na-lyin-bo (Kurz).
Softer parts stellate-pubescent.

\ \ Capsule 3-eoecous.
M. DECirrENS, Muell. Arg.
Ovary silky-pubescent.

* * Capsules armed with lax or crowded prieMes.
\ Racemes or spikes collected in terminal panicles.
-\- Leaves peltate, orbindar-orate.
M. B.\RBATUS, Muell. Arg. S. Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves broad, 3-lobed. Capsules short-peduncled, globular, covered with a dense
coat of soft short bristles.

M. RicrNOiDES, Muell. Arg. E.8. Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves narrow, not lobed. Capsules sessile, densely covered with soft pubescent
bristles as long as the capsular diameter.

-\--\- Leaves not or indistinctly peltate, shortly tomentose beneath. Capsule shortly
and laxly muricate.

M. TETRACoccus, Kz. E.T. Cbittagong.

Capsules sessile or nearly so, 4-.'J-coccous, almost globular, scuify-wliilisli
tomentose.

M. rAN'icui.ATUs, Muell. Arg. E.T. Pegu Range, Eastern Slopes, and Tenasserim-

Capsules 3-coccous and 3-lobed, tawny tomentose.

\ \ Racemes terminal or axillary, not panickd. Capsule lobed, 3-coccous, shortly
and laxly muricate.

+ Capsules with hairy indument.

M. EoxBUEGniANus, Muell. Arg. E.T. Tree forests of Cbittagong and hills

East of Toung-ngoo.

Leaves broadly peltate, densely pubescent. Capsules peduncled, tomentose and
glandular.

-}--}- Capsules densely yellowish glandular, otherwise glabrous. Leaves narrowed
towards the base.

2U BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ANT) PRODCCTIOXS.

f Leare-'i peltate.

M. AcmiNATA, Muell. Arg. S.E. Tree forests of the Andamans, Katchall

and Great Nicobar.
Young parts and leaves beneath puberulous.

f f Leaven not peltate.

M. Helferi, Muell. Arg. E.T, Tree forests all over Burma, the Andamans,

Trice and Track.

Young parts and leaves beneath puberulous. Petioles long and slender.

M. MUEiCATUs, Muell. Arg. U.S. Tree forests of the Andamans, Katchall

and Kamorta.
All parts glabrous. Petioles proportionally short.

EoTTLERA, Roxhurffh.

{Mallotus in part.)

R. TixcTOEiA, Roxb. All over Burma and the Andamans.

MaUotus Philippineims, Muell. Arg.

Tor-thi-bcn.

Leaves beneath glaucescent and crimson-resinous. Capsules densely covered
with crimson resinous powder.

The bark is used for tanning, the root as a red dye, and the powder on the
capsules as a scarlet dye for silk.

The following remarks on this valuable dye are from a paper by Daniel Hanbury
in the Fhannaceutical .Journal for February, 18.58 : — "Its application as a remedial
agent having recently attracted attention in this country, in consequence of the
favourable reports made by several practitioners in India, who have found it
eminently successful in the treatment of tania, I think it may be not uninteresting
if I briefly recapitulate its history, and quote some of the statements that have
appeared regarding its medicinal properties and mode of administiation.

" The genus Eotflera, so named in honour of the Eev. Dr. Eottler, an eminent
Danish missionary and naturalist, was, as at present restricted, founded by Roxburgh
in 1798.

" Eottlcra tincturia, Rosb., is a tree of from 15 to 20 feet in height; it is
common in the hilly districts of India from Burma to the Punjab, and from Ceylon
to the hot valleys of the whole of the Himalaya, where it ascends to an elevation
of 5000 feet ; it is found in the Philippine Islands, in China, and in S orth-Eastem
Australia ; it appears also to occur in the South of Arabia and in the Somali coimtiy,
fi'om wliich regions the dye obtained from it is carried to Aden for sale.

"The fruit of the tree is tricoccous and of the size of a pea, covered on the
outer surface with minute, sessile, roundish, semi-transparent glands of a briglit
red colour. According to Roxburgh the fruit ripens in Febiiiary and March, at
which period it is gathered, and the red, glandular powder is carefully brushed off
and preserved for use.

" Before further describing this substance, I may properly advert to the names
liy which it and the tree affording it, are known to the natives of India ; for some
information on whicli part of the subject I am indebted to the kintlness of Professor
H. H. Wilson, of Oxford.

" The Sanskrit name of Rottlera tinitoria is Punnaga. a word having several
synonyms, among which are Tunga and Kesoru ; — hence in Bengali we have Punni'ig,
Kesor and Tang, and in Hindustani Punndg.

"The rod powder fi'om the capsules is called in Bengali Kiimala, abbreviated
to Kdmal. The Sanskrit word Kapila, signifying tawng or dusky red, would appear
to be also applied to it. In the Tamil language the substance in question is termed
Kapilapodi, a name compounded of the Sanskrit Kapila and the Tamil Podi, the
latter word meaning the/ioZ/cH of a Jlower, or dunt in general.

EUPnORBIACE^. 245

" Vasanfagandha, a Saiislirit word meaniug iij>n')i/;-/raffraHee, is, according to
Eoxburgli, a designation in tlio Tclinga or Telugu language of the same red powder.

"The Hindustani name Kdmald has, witli slight variations in spelling, been
adopted by the Europeans iu India, and I shall therefore employ it (omitting the
accents indicating the long quantity of the vowels) as the most convenient term
by which to designate the red powder derived from the capsules of Rotflera tincfuria.

" Kamala, as found in the Indian bazaars, has the aspect of a brick-red powder,
possessing from its structure that peculiar mobile character which we notice in
Lycopodium and Lnpuline. It also agrees with Lycopodium in the difficulty with
which it is mixed with water, and in the manner in which it ignites when thrown
into the air over the Hamc of a candle. Examined with a lens, or still better with
the compound microscope, it is seen to consist of garnet-red, semi-transparent,
roundish granules, of from ^Jn, to ^-J „■ of an inch in diameter, more or less mixed
with minute stellate hairs and the remains of stalks, leaves, etc. : the latter
substances however are easily removed by careful sifting, the ilrug thereby acquiring
a brighter red colour and more uniform appearance.

" Kamala has but little smell or taste. It is insoluble in cold water, and nearly
so in boiling water. It is soluble in a solution of an alkaline carbonate, and stiU
more so in one of caustic alkali, a deep-red solution being in either case produced.
The addition of an acid to these solutions occasions a precipitate of resinous matter.

" Treated with alcohol or ether, Kamala affords a large proportion of soluble
matter and a solution of a beautiful deep-red colour. The alcoholic solution upon
the addition of water becomes turbid from the precipitation of resin. By repeated
digestions in hot alcohol, the whole of the I'esinous colouring matter of Kamala may
be removed, a pale-whitish substance being the only residuum.

"Dr. Thomas Anderson, Regius Professor of Chemistry in the University of
Glasgow, who has made Kamala the subject of special investigation, finds that
if a concentrated ethereal solution of Kamala bo allowed to stand for a couple of
days, it soliilifies into a mass of gi'anular ciystals. If these be drained, pressed in
bibulous paper, and purified fi'om adhering resin by repeated solution and crystalli-
zation in ether, the crystalline substance is obtained in a state of purity. It then
consists of yellow crystals having the form of minute plates and a fine satiny lustre.
This substance has been named by Dr. Anderson Rotilerine.

"Dr. Anderson states that Rottlerine is insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in
cold alcohol, more so in boiling. In ether, it is readily soluble. It dissolves in an
alkaline solution with a dark-red colour. Its alcoholic solution is not precipitated by
acetate of lead.

" A concentrated alcoholic solution of Kamala deposits upon cooling a pale
flooculent matter, sometimes in such abundance as completely to till the fluid. This
substance is soluble in boiling alcohol, but sparingly in cold ; hardly soluble in ether,
and insoluble in water. It appears to have no crystalline structure. It gives no
precipitate with the salts of lead or silver, and does not appear to form a compound
with any other substance. In cbyiug it shrinks much, resembling hydrate of alumina
coloured with oxide of iron. The quantity obtained was, however, too minute for
a full investigation of its properties.

" Kamala is used throughout India as a dye for silk, its colour being extracted
by boiling it in a solution of carbonate of soda. I have a specimen of silk dyed with
it, which is of a rich orange-brown. The root of the tree is said to be also used in dyeing.

" It is however in its character of an anthelmintic that Kamala appears most to
deserve the attention of the medical man and pharmaceutist.

"Dr. C. Mackinnon, Superintending Surgeon, Bengal iledical Establishment, in
introducing to notice the new remedy, states : —

' My attention wa.s first called to it by a gnnner of tlie Ijriijiide, afleotcd witli tapeworm, in
■wliom botli turpentine and kousso liad failed to expel the worm. Ue stated that a companion
of his affected witli tapeworm, had taken the remedy with success. I immediately sent for some,
and, without any pn-vious preparation of the patient, gave him .3 drachms. He wa.s a large

Powerful man, and this producing no effect, in 4 hours afterwards the same dose was repeated.
t now operated very freely and frequently, and with the fourth stool a large tapeworm, G yards
long, was passed.

246 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

' The result was so satisfactory, that I have continued to employ the remedy whenever a case
presented itself; and I have now given it in IC diiierent cases, and in all without a failure. As
far as mv experience goes, I have f oimd it a better and more certain remedy than cither turpentine
or koussb, and much less disagreeable to take than either of these remedies.

' In none of my cases subsequent to the first, did I ever exceed for a single dose 3 drachms. This
usually purges from five to seven times, and the worm is iisuaUy expelled dead in the fourth or

fifth stool. , , . ,

' In two of the latter cases in which I administered it in Hospital, both patients recently
recovered from fever, and still weak, the dose of 3 drachms purged very violently - from a dozen
to 14 times. In three subsequent cases I reduced the dose to H drachms, and no action on the
bowels succeeding it, I gave in six hours afterwards half an oimce of castor- oil. This acted four

or five times, and in each case the worm was passed dead

' In almost every case the long slender neck of the worm appeared in the motion.
' To a native child of five years of age, I gave a dose of 40 grains, and a tapeworm was duly
expelled. The drug usually purges speedily. In about half the cases, some degree of nausea
and slight griping "were experienced; in the remaining half, no inconvenience whatever was
sustained, some o"f the patients declaring it to be the easiest purge they had ever taken in
their lives '

" Dr. Mackinnon gives the following summary as the result of his experience :

1. That EamaU is a safe and efficient remedy for tapeworm, and more certain than either
turpentine or kousso.

2. That to a strong European 3 drachms may be safely given as a dose.

3. That to a person of feeble habit or to a female, Ij drachms, followed, if necessary, by half
an ounce of castor-oU, is a sufficient dose.

" Since the paper fi-om which the foregoing are extracts, was published. Dr.
Mackinnon has stated that in subsequent more extensive trials of Kamala, duiing
which ho has administered it to nearly 50 patients, in two instances only was no
worm expelled.

" Dr. Anderson, Assistant Surgeon, 43rd Kegt. Light Infantry, states that the
occurrence of tapeworm is very common among the Europeans serving in the Punjab,
and that it is also prevalent among the Mussulman population of that province.
" ' The vermifuge properties of Kamala,' writes Dr. Anderson,

' are as well marked as those of any of the best reputed anthelmintics, not excepting the
Abyssinian remedy Kousso. The only' objection to it is, that when the powder is used, con-
siderable nausea occasionally foUows," but' certainly not more than what is produced by the
sickening preparation of pomegranate root and other anthelmintics.

' After three drachms of the powder have been administered, the worm is usually expelled
in the third or fourth stool. It is generally passed entire, and almost always dead, and in all the
cases I have examined (about 15), I was able to detect the head. In only two cases do I know
of the worm being passed alive. The advantage of the tincture over the powder consists in its
action being more certain and milder, and in its being rarely accompanied by nausea and griping.
In two or three cases, only two or three stools followed tlie dose usually given, and the worm
was expelled in the second stool ; in one patient, only one stool was caused by the medicine,
and in it, the wonn came away dead.'

"Dr. Anderson alludes to 95 cases of tapeworm in which Kamala was prescribed,
and of this number he was aware of only two in which no worm was expelled. Of
these 95 cases, 86 were Eiu'opean soldiers, 8 were Mussulman natives, and one was
a Hindu of the lowest class. All these persons were in the habit of indulging freely
and constantly in animal food, and among this class tapeworm is common ; those, on
the other hand, whose animal diet is less copious are less liable to taenia, while among
several native regiments, Hindu Sepoys and servants, says Dr. Anderson, whose food
is entirely vegetable, the parasite is unknown.

"Dr. C. A. Gordon's experience of the efficacy of Kamala corresponds entirely
with that of Drs. Mackinnon and Anderson. He observes,

' 'With Kamala there is no impleasant effect. It is not even necessary to take a dose of
purging medicine as a preparative ; and beyond a trifling amount of nausea and griping in some
instances, no unpleasant eft'ects are experienced; while by far the greats number of persons
to whom it is administered suffer no inconvenience whatever beyond what they would from a dose
of ordinary purging medicine.'

" The observations of Dr. Gordon relative to the occurrence of trenia are con-
firmatory of those of Dr. Anderson, and are to the effect that the free use of animal
food of very indifferent quality among the British troops in the N."W. Provinces,
must be regarded as the cause of the prevalence of the malady. In the case of soldiers

EUniORBIACE^. 247

stationed at rcsluiwur, tapeworm is so common, that it is believed tliat every third
man suffers from it during the two yeuis that the regiment usually remains there.
To give Dr. Gordon's o^\ti words :

' Those who have escaped the misfortune of having had to pass some years in India, can form
no idea of the vast herds of lean, half-starved pigs that roam over the fields and waste grounds
in the vicinity of villages ; neither can they have any conception of the nature of the food on
which these pigs subsist.'

" After some revolting details as to the habits of swine in India, Dr. Gordon
continues ;

' Pigs, however, are not the only animals that live in this filthy manner in India. Cattle and
.sheep, that are so particular in their food in Britain, ai'(|uire dcgemrate' tastes in India; and
it is needless to enter into similar particulars regarding ducks, fowls, turkeys, and pigeons, all of
which are more or less used as food by our countrymen there.'

" The dose of Kamala may be stated as from i- a drachm to 3 drachms susjionded
in water: a single dose is fre(]uently found sufficient, and in general it is not necessary
to give any other medicine before or after. In some cases, however, where but a small
dose of Kamala has been administered, castor-oil has been afterwards given with good
effect. Dr. Gordon has prescribed Kamala in the dose of I drachm, repeated at
intervals of three hours.

"Kamala may al.so be given in the form of Tincture : the formula for which,
recommended by Dr. Anderson, is as follows :

p, Kamiihi;, gvj.

Sptritiis rectiticati, fjxvj.
Macera per biduum et cola.

" An ethereal tincture may be prepared of the same strength, but it is said to
offer no p.articular advantage over the alcoholic.

"Thedoscof Tinctura Kamalce hiiom '^j togiv, diluted with some aromatic water."

Alchoexea, Sw.

Floicers usually dioecious. Calyx in males 4- (rarely 3-2-)parted valvate in bud,
in females imbricate, and G-5- (rarely 4-)parted. Disk in males none, in females
sometimes developed. Stamens numerous, or 8-4, usually in 2 alternate rows, the
filaments only basally connate. Anthers 2-rimose, the cells free from the base to the
middle. Ovary -rudiment none. Ovary 3- (rarely 2-)celled, cells I-ovu1(h1. Vapsule
3-1-coccous, dry.

A. EUGOsA, 3Iuell. Arg, E.S. Upper Tenasscrim and tree forests of

the Andamans.
Leaves short-petioled, capsules glabrous.

A. TiLLasFOLiA, Muell. Arg. E.S. Tenasserim (or the Andamans).

Leaves long-pctioled. Capsule lenticellate-muricate, shortly tomentosc.

A. Jatensis, Muell. Katchall and Car Nicobar.

Macaranga, Thouars.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx in males, valvate, in females, imbricate in bud. Disk
none. Stamens usually fewer than 15 (rarely 1-3 only), inserted on a central
receptacle. Anthers almost peltately dorsili.\;ed, 3-4-cclled, connective incomplete,
shorter than the cells. Orary-nidiment none. Ovary 6-2-celled, each cell 1-ovuled.
Capsule diy, 6-2-coccous. Seeds albuminous.

* Leaves ample, broadly peltate at base. Capsules unarmed.
X Female flowers and capsules pedieelled. Injlorescence a panide.

M. DKSTiuuLATA, Mucll. Arg. F.T. Tree forests of Arakan,

Toung-hpet-wim (Kur^). ^^^ "^'l Tenasserim.

Bracts minute, broad, acute, shorter than the flower capsules. Capsules usually
2-coccous.

' I'.i. Onthopliagous.

248 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Wood red-brown, adapted for cabinet work. Exudes a red resin (Kurz).
M. iNDicA, Wight. H.T, Tree forests of tlie Andamans.

Bracts linear in males, with a gland, terminating in a subulate appendage ; in
females tlio gland is often wanting. Capsules 1-coccous. Exudes a red resin.

X X Male flowers in panicles. Fcniales hi simple spikes, sessile.
M. TANAKros, Muell. Arg. Tree forests of the Andamans. Kamorta.

M. molliuscula, Xz. Katehall and Nankowiy.

Bracts leafy, toothed, acuminate, 2-4 linos long, -without glands, larger in
females. Capsules 2-3-coccous, subulate, prickly. Exudes a reddish resin.

** Zeares nol peltate.

X Male flowers in bractless panicles, females in a long-peduncled hracted head.

M. MEJiBRANACEA, Kz. Ava and Martaban, at 4000 to 6000 feet.

Branchlets glabrous, leaves minutely pubescent. Bracts lacerate-toothed. Styles
A an inch long. Capsules 2-coccous, red glandular, and laxly subulate-muricate.

M. Andamanica, Kz. E.T. Tree forests of the Andamans.

Leaves glabrous. Bracts entire. Styles an inch long. Ovary almost glabrous.

X X Male flowers in leafy but small-hracted panicles. Females unknown.

M. MiNUTiFLORA, Muell. Arg. 8. Tenasserim.

Branchlets and leaves densely puberidous. Flowers diandi-ous. Panicles lax
and slender, large.

M. popuLiFOLiA, Muell. Arg. F.T. Tree forests of the Andamans.

Leaves glabrous, opaquely glaucescent beneath. Flowers monandi'ous. Panicles
dense, crowded, small.

Kurz also gives M. gigaj^tea, Muell. Arg., from Kamorta.

Cleibiox, Blame.

Flowers dicecious, Cahj.r 3-5-partite, valvate in males, imbricate in females.
Disk none, or only in the females. Stamens numerous, free, clustered on the central
receptacle. Anthers peltately attached, 4-celk'il, the connective usually produced.
Orarii-nidiment none. Ocari/ 2-3-celled, each cell 1-ovuled. Styles as many as
ovary-cells, filiform, 2-oleft, minutely papillose on the inner face. Capsule 2-3-coccous.

C. Javanictjm, B1. E.T. Tree forests of Chittagong, Tenasserim,

and the Andamans.
Male flowers slenderly pedicclled. Petiole 2-3 inches long.
C. NiTiDUM, Thw. E.T. Tree forests of South Andaman.

Male flowers sessile. Petiole 2-4 lines long.

Blumeodendron, Furs.

Flowers dicecious. Calyx of males valvate, 3-partite. Disk in males gland-like.
Stamens numerous, free, on an elevated receptacle. Orary-radinient none. Orary
3-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Capsule large, fibrous-woody, 3-2-coccous. Seeds large,
enveloped in a spurious thick arillus. Albumen soapy.

B. (Mallotus) tokbrai, Muell. Arg. F.T. Tree forests of the Andamans.

Leaves 3-nerved at base, 4-6 inches long, glabrous, entire, shortly acuminate.
Seeds purple.

CcELODiscus, Baillon.

Flowers dioecious. Caly.v valvate, 4-5-partite in males, in females 3-5-cleft.
Stamens numerous, on a concave receptacle or round a central disk, free or variously
polyadelphous. Anthers 2-rimose, the connective not produced. Ovary-rudintcnt

EUPIIORBIACE^. 249

none. Ovary 5-3-oellcd, cells l-ovulcd. Sti/ks us many as ovary-cells, simple
papillose. Capsule dry, 5-2-coccoiis.

* Flowers in elongate racemes or spikes.
C. MitocAnpoiDEs, Kz. E.S. Upper Tenasserim.

Flowers sessile, in elongate spikes.

C. MNGiPEs, Kz. Ava and Pegu.

Flowers on long pedicels, in racemes.

** Flotvers sessile in clusters, or dense sliort spi/ces.
} Leaves pubescent on both sides.
C. LAprAcurs, Kz. E.S. Ava.

Capsules the size of a cherry, densely and softly muricatc, the soft prickles
3 lines long.

X \ Leaves almost glahrous.

C. GLABErrscTTLUs, Kz. Pegu llange and Martaban.

Petiole 1-3 inches long.

C. HiRsuTULrs, Kz. The Pegu Range.

Petioles 4-12 inches long.

Kurz remarks : " Ccelodiscus melius species oranes Malloti incluilit, qurc alabastro
apiculato ct seminibus carunculatis gaudent."— J.A.S.B. ii. 1870, p. 244.

Htjienocahdia, Endlirher.

Flowers dinecious, the males in catkin-like spikes. Cahjx 5-partcd, rarely 5-7-
toothed, persistent, valvate in bud. Bisk none. Stamens numerous, or 5, tilanicnts
basally united round an ovary-rudiment. Anthers ovoid, 2-rimoso. Ovary 2-celled,
compressed, cells 1-ovuled. Styles 2, long, simple, papillose. Capsule samaroid,
compressed, reniform-cordate, 2-cellcd. Seeds compressed, without arillus, testa tliin.
Albumen scanty.

H. Wallichii, Tul. Swamp forests of Pegu and Tenasserim.

Te-chin (Kurz).

Leaves l-2i inches long. Male spikes up to .V inch long. Ovary much com-
pressed, the long styles crimson, papillose.

H. plicata, Kz. Swamp forests of Pegu and Tenasserim.

Ye-chin (Kurz).

Leaves 3-5 inches long. Male racemes up to G inches long. Ovary 2-merous,
compressed, densely gland-dotted, transversely wrinkled. The 2 styles short and large.

Clatoxtlox, a. Jussieii.

Flowers usually dioecious. Calyx valvate in bud, in males 3- (rarely 4-)partcd,
in the females 3-2-parted. Bisk glands free, or united in a disk. Stamens 6 to very
numerous, fi-ee, on a central receptacle. Anthers erect, 2-rimoso. Ovary-rudiment
none. Ovary 3-2 or 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Styles as many as ovary-cells, simple,
short, papillose-stigmatic, rarely almost smooth. Capsule 3- (rarely 2-4-)coccous.
Seed with arillus. Arillus white or scarlet.

C. LONcaioLiUM, Baill. ^. -S'. Tree forests of eastern slopes of the Pegu Range,

the Andamans, Kauiorta and Ivatchall.

Capsules greyish, puberulous, contracted on a short stalk. Peduncle 1-2 lines
long.

C. i.oNorPETioLATUM, Kz. E.S. Tree forests of Pegu and ifartaban.

Capsule densely covered with .soft hirsute prickles. Leaves penninerved,
scabrous, but not hairy.

250 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

C. LETTcnciRPFM, Kz. Tree forests of the Pegu Eange.

Capsules white, the size of a small cherry, 3- (rarely 2-4-)coccoiis, crowned
■with tliick papillose-fringed styles. Leaves ample, 3, (almost 5-)nerved at base,
strongly veined, hispid above, pubescent beneath.

C. MOLLE, Endl. Eamorta, Katchall and Nankowiy.

AcALYPHA, Linnoim.

Floirers monoecious or polygamous. Cahjx in males 4-partcd and valvate in
bud, in the females 3-5-parted, slightly imbricate. JJiik none. Stamens 8, fi-ee,
on a cushion-like receptacle. Aniliers 2-rimosc, the cells almost serpentine, fi'ee,
suspended from the apex. Orary-riuUment none. Orary 3 celled, cells 1-ovuled.
Styles 3, free, or shortly connate at the base. Capsule dry, 3-celled and 3-coccous.
Seeds albuminous.

A. FEUircosA, Forsk. Khakyen Hills and Pegu up to 2000 feet.

A branched shrub 4-8 feet high. All softer parts greyish-puberulous. Flowers
minute, greenish, sessile.

Teagia, Plumier.

Flowers usually monoecious. CaJi/x in males 5-3-partcd, valvate, in females 6-.5-
(rarely 8-3-)parted, and imbricate in bud, usually enlarged in fruit, involucre-like,
and stingingly hispid. Stamens 1-40 free, or the inner ones connate round a minute
ovary-rudiment. Anthers 2-rimose, dorsifixed, the connective not produced. Ovanj
3- (rarely 5-)celled, cells 1-ovuled. Styles 2-5, connate below, papillose on the inner
face. Capsules dry, 1-3- (rarely 5-)celled. Seeds without spermaphore, or arillus.

T. INTOLUCKAIA, .Jacq. E.S. Margins of forests in lower Pegu.

Bet-ya.

Leaves pubescent. Calyx lobes pinnatitid. Seeds glabrous.

T. BUEM.miCA, Kz. C.S. Tree forests East of Toung-ngoo.

Leaves large, almost glabrous. Female calyx lobes entire. Seeds tomentose.

CxESMONE, Blume.
Fhioers monoscious. Cahjx 3-cleft, males valvate, females imbricate in bud.
Dish none. Stamens 3, free round an ovary-rudiment, alternating with the calyx-
segments. Anthers 2-rimose, the connective long exserted. Ovary 3-cclled, cells
1-ovuled. Styles thick, connate below, simple, trigonous, erect, forming a head larger
than the ovary. Capsule dry, 3-coccous. Seeds almost globular, with a jagged arillus.

C. Javaxica, Bl. F.S. Tree forests of Rangoon.

All parts stingingly pubescent. The cocci the size of a small pea, covered with
stiff fi-agiJe hairs.

Dalechampia, Plumier.

Floicers of both sexes included in a 2-lcaved compressed involucre. Disk none,
or rudimentary in females. Stamens numerous, the filaments united in a column.
Anthers 2-rimose, longitudinally adnate. Ovary-rudiment none. Ovary 3-4-celled,
cells 1-ovuled. Capsule 3-4-coccous, dry.

D. scAjs'DENS, L. E.S. Southern portion of the Pegu Eange.
Douk-ya mil.

Leaves 3-lobed and 5-nerved at the deeply-cordate base.

X\X Ovary-rudiment none. Stamens central, polyadelphous.

Ricrx-rs, Linnccus.

Flou-er moncecious. Calyx .5-parted, both sexes valvate in bud. Disk wanting.
Stamens very numerous, united into many botiyomorph bundles. Ovary 3-celled,
cells 1-ovuled. Capsules dry, 3-coccous. Allumen copious.

EUPIIORBIACE^. 251

*E. COMMUNIS, L. E.S. Cultivated and half wild all over Burma.

Kvet hsu. Kumorta, Katchall and Great Nitobar.

Piilma-Christi or Castor- oil Plant.

Capsules eehinato, rarely unarmed. 3- rarelj 4-coccoiis. Berries variegated, in
shape resembling a dog tick after a full meal, whence the generic name. The seeds
are acrid and, according, to Waring, 20 have caused death. Tlic oil simply expressed
without heat is most esteemed for medicine, being one of the best and safest purgatives
known, and is the ouly fixed oil solulilo in alcohol. The nauseous flavour may be
di-^guised by an ci]\va\ bulk of syrup of lemon, or the juice of a lemon in mucilage and
5ss. T. cardom. co. Balfour says the native Hakt'ems ])reparo a tasteless oil as follows :
The berries are boiled for two hours in water, then dried tor three days in the sun, and
deprived of their shells, then pounded and boiled again in fresh water, till the whole
of the oil has risen to the siu'facc. By this plan 13 lbs. of seeds should yield one
quart of tasteless oil. It is a method deserving attention, considcaing the hateful
odour of the oil usually given to children, and the diflicultios which therefore attend
its administration.

Dr. Mason says that prior to the advent of tlie missionaries the Karens were
ignorant of the medicinal properties of the plant, but cultivated it " to obtain the
seeds to mix with their dyes and fix their coloui's." No particulars of the process
are given, nor are the dyes mentioned which are so fixed by castor-oil seeds, nor am
I aware that the plant is put to such a use in any part of India.

HoMO.vorA, Loureiro.

Flowern dioecious. Cuh/x of males 3-partcd and valvate, of females 5-parted
and imbricate in bud. Dixk none. Sfamens central, very numerous, and united
into many botiyomorph bundles. Anthers 1 -celled, adnate, almost globular. Geary
3- (rarely 4-)celled, cells l-o\-ulcd. Ciijjaide dry, o— 1 coccous. Seeds smooth, with
a spurious arillus.

H. EiPARiA, Lour. US. Ava, C'hittagong, and all over Burma.

' Mo-ma-kha (Kurz).

Leaves linear. Flowers sessile in axillary pubescent spikes.

X X Calyx imbricuie In had or irunfiny.
-f--|-4- Pcfah present, or if supjjresscd, the hypoyynous ylands opposite the calyx-
segments,

f Fruit dry, capsular.
§ Fluwers in panicles.

Manihot, Plumicr.

Flowers dicccious. Calyx imbricate in both sexes, in females deciduous. Petals
none. Disk urceolate. Stamens 10, free, in 2 series. Oeary usually surrounded
by 10 staminodes, 3-celled, cells 1-ovulcd. Capsules 3-coccous. Cocci 2-valved.

*il. UTiLissniA, Pohl. E.S. Generally cultivated in Burma and Xicobars.

Pooloo-pinnan-myouk (Kurz).

Eoot tuberous up to 3 feet in length.

This pliint is the Manihot, or Cassava, the roots of which are poisonous eaten
raw, but when grated, and deprived of the acrid sap by pressure, furnish a wholesome
food. The expressed juice throws down a deposit, which wlien washed ami dried
constitutes Tapioca.

jATitornA, Linnaiis.

Flowers usually monoecious. Calyx o-parted in both sexes, imbricate in bud.
Stamens 30-10 in G-2 whorls, central, filaments connate at the base. Anthers

' Tiiis name is unduubtcilly uppliwl to tlie Willuw iu Pegu. — W'.T.

252 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

2-rimose, the cells free below. Orariz-riidiiiient none. Orari/ sun'oundcd by 8
or 10 stamiuodes, usually 3-celled, cells 1-ovuled. CVqiside diy, 2-4 coccous.

* J. cuECAS, L. Cultivated as a hedge plant.
Thyin-bor kyet-hsu.

Leaves angular-lobed, the lobes and stipules entii-e.

J. OLAXDULiFERA, Roxb. Ava. Chittagong and Pegu, round

villages, and along rivers.

Loaves palmately lobed, the lobes glandular-toothed. Stipules glandular-bristly.

* J. UULTIFIDA, L. Cultivated round monasteries.
Loaves digitately multifld, the lobes entire or lobed, the stipules long, hair-like,

lacerate without glands.

OsTODEs, Bltime.

Flowers dioecious. Cali/x 5-parted in both sexes, imbricate in bud. Petals
imbricate. Ili/pogi/notis glands alternating with the petals. Petals numerous, free,
on a central convex receptacle. Anthers 2-riniose. Ovarij-rudinienf none. Ovanj
usually 3-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Seeds without arillus.

0. PAjficuLiTA, Bl. E.T. Tree forests East of Toung-ngoo at

2000 to 3000 feet.

Leaves not distichous. Flowers panicled.

0. Helferi, Muell. Arg. Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves distichous. Flowers in axillary clusters.

§ § Flowers in itmhel-like raeemes.
CoDLEril, lian/pliiKS.

Flowers moncecious. Cali/x 5- (rarely 3-)parted, imbricate in bud in both sexes.
Disk developed outside the stamens. Petals alternating with the sepals, rarely absent
or rudimentary in the females. Stamens free, inserted on the raised central receptacle.
Anthers 2-riraosc. Ovarij-rndiment none. Orari/ 3-4-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Styles
3_4.terete, basally connate, simple or 2-cleft. Capsules dry, 3-4-coccous.

*C. VARiEGATUM, Bl. F.S. Cultivated all over Burma.

Flowers in elongate racemes. Ovary glabrous. Style simple.

C. Andamanicum, Kz. F.S. Tree forests of the Andamans.

llacemes corymbose, glabrous. Ovary hirsute. Styles 2-cleft.

C. LUTESCENs, Kz. Bamboo Jungles of Middle Andamuns.

Umbels from a pubescent-bra cted head, on a puliescent axillary peduncle.

Trigonostemon, Blame.

Flou'ers monoecious. Cahjx .5-toothed or parted, imbricate in bud. Stamens in
1 or more whorls on a central receptacle, not elevated. Anthers 2-rimose. Orarij-
rudiinent none. Orari/ 3-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Styles 3, basally connate, or twice
dichotomously branched. Capsules dry, 3-coccous. Arillus none.

*■ Leaves very shortly and tliieldy-petioled.
T. LONGiFOLHTM, BaiU. E.T. Tenasserim.

Flowers small on short hirsute petlicels, forming a raceme in the axils of the
leaves.

** Leaves on long and slender petioles.
T. nETEUAxinni, "Wight. Tenasserim.

Female calyx-lobes deeply glandular-fringed. Ovary glabrous.

E CPU on niA ce.'E. 253

T. LiiTrji, Baill. E.S. Upper Tenasserira.

Ffmale calyx-lobes minutely ciliate, not glandular. Ovary appressed-pubcsccnt.

f f Fruit a drupe, indehiscent.
§ Flowers in racemes.

Galearia, Zollinger and Murison.
Floioers dioecious. Cah/x 5-partcd, the lobe.s imbricate in bud. Pcfah in-
duplicate or coclileatc. Di^k none in male flowers. Sfame/is 10, in 2 series,
snn-ouuding tlie ovary-rudiment. Orartj 2-3-celIcd, cells l-ovuled. Sfyles 2-3,
2-parted. Z'r«^(? indehiscent, containing a .single 1-seeded stone. Albumen copious.

G. WALLicnn, Kz. F.T. Tree forests of Tenasserim.

Loaves 4-6 inclies long, oblong, acute at the base, entire, on a rust}- puberulous
petiole 2-3 lines long. Calyx net-veined on both sides. Dni])es the size of a prune,
blue and pruinous, broader than long, the stone unequally wrinkled.

§ § Flowers clustered.

MiCBODESMis, Planch.

Flowers diwcious. C'al;/.r 5-partcd and imbricate in bud in both sexes. Petals
present. Disl; none. Stamens 5, or if 10, inserted in 2 series round an ovary-
rudiment Aiitliers '2-nmoso. 0(y//-// 2-3-celled, cells l-ovuled. iS;*///™ 2-3, 2-parted,
lacerate-papillose.

M. CASEAiu.KFoi.iA, rianch. F.T. Upper Tenasserim.

Flowers minute, on slender pubescent pedicels, forming clusters in the axils of
the leaves.

J X Petals none.

-1- Flotcers not inclosed in an iiirnhicre.

§ Flowers clustered, or the clusters arranged in racemes.

Cn^ETocARPfs, Thwaites.

Flowers di(r^cious. Cah/x in both sexes decussately 4-parted, imbricate in bud.
Hypogi/nous glands opposite the sepals. Stamens 8-10, the filaments l]asally connate
in a column, pilose. Anthers 2-riniosc, liasifixed. Orarg-rudiment 2-3-cleft. Orarg
3-cellcd, cells l-ovuled. Stgles 3, deeply 2-cleft, basally connate, papillose. Capsule
dry, 3-coccous.

0. CASTAXEOCAErus, Thw. All over Burma and the Andamans.

Seeds glossy black, -with a fleshy 2-lobed crimson spormaphore.

Kurz also records :

CUEILOSA JIOXTANA, BI. Naiikciwry.

GicLoxinr, Eoxlurgh.

Flowers usually dioecious. Calgx imbricate in bud. Jlish in males sometimes
wanting, in females urceolate. Siemens from fi-fiO, free, occupying the central
elevated disk. Anthers 2-rimose, longitudinally adnate. Orarg-rudiment none.
Ovarg 3-2- (rarely -l-';celled, colls 1-ovulcd. Stigmas as many as ovary-cells, sessile,
3-2-cleft. Capsule fleshy, coriaceous, 3-2- (rarely 4-)coecous. Seeds enveloped iu
a white arillus.

G. MrLTiri.oKUM, A. Juss. F.T. Tree forests all over Burma.

Se-than-pya (Kurz).

Stigmas large, 2-cleft. Capsules the size of a cheiTy.

G. BiFAEiLM, lloxb. F.T. Bamboo jungles of Middle Andaman

and Car Nicobar.
Stigmas minute, sessile. Capsules usually didvmous, the size of a pea.
G. CANCKoiATUM, WilUl. Katcluill ami Car Nicobar.

25 i BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIOyS.

Baliospeemum, Blume.

Flowers moncecious. C'ali/x 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Petals nouo. Bislc m
females urceolate, in the males gland-like and usually free. Stamens 15 or more,
free or connate by pairs, on an elevated central receptacle. Anthers 2-rimose,
lon^tudiually adnate. Ovartj-rudhnent none. Orari/ 3-4-celled, cells 1-ovuled.
Styles 3-4, lialf 2-cleft.

X Cali/x not accrescent in fruit.

B. MO>TAxirir, Mucll. Arg. All over Burma up to 3000 feet.

Disk in both sexes annular. Ovary densely hirsute. Leaves sinuately lobed,
glabrous, at least above.

B. RErnioiDES, Kz. Siam.
Ovary densely hirsute. Leaves entire, pubescent.

8 § Flowers in racemes or spikes, sometimes amentaceous.

CoEriLBHTM, Reinwardt.

Floicers usually dicecious. Calyx 2-3-parted, imbricate. Petals or disk none.
Stamens 2-3, free, or shortly connate. Anthers 2-runose, longitudinally adnate.
Orarij-rudiment none. Ovanj 2-3- (rarely 4-)eclled, cells 1-ovuled. Styles as
many as ovary-cells, simple or shortly connate. Capsule drupaceous or beny-Uke,
2-4-coccous. Seeds with a spmious aiillus.

-\- Petioles hearing a gland on each side of the apex.
* C. (Exc^caeia) setifeea, Muell. Arg. Occasionally cultivated.

Chinese Tallow-tree.
Leaves entire. Capsules 3-4-coccous. Seeds enveloped in a •white soapy substance.

C. (Exe.ECAEiA) EN-siGNE, Muell. Arg. Tree forests of Chittagong and
Leaves serrulate. Drupes beiTy-like, sessile. ^"'^ ft'gi range.

X X Petioles without glands.

C. (Excj;caeia) BACCATUir, Muell. Arg. Tree forests all over Burma.

Le-lun-pen (Kurz).

Leaves entire, more or less glaucescent beneath.

Exc^CAMA, Linnaus.^

Flowers usually monoecious. Calyx 3-2-mcrous, lobes connate or free, or much
reduced in the males, imbricate in bud. Petals or disk none. Stamens 3-2, central.
Anthers 2-rimose, cells longitudinally adnate. Ovary-rudiment none. Ovary 3-2-
(rarely 4-)celled, cells 1-ovuled. Styles 2-4, simple, basally connate, stigmatic on
their inner face. Capsule fleshy or almost dry, 3-2-coccous. Seeds without sperma-
phore or arillus.

* Male floicers pedicelled. Capsules woody, lai-ge.

E. IxTUCA, iluell. Arg. F.T. Tidal forests of Upper Tenasserim.

All parts glabrous. Leaves crenato-serrate.

** Male flowers sessile or nearly so. Capsules crustuceous. Valves opening
elastieally, and twisting ; all parts glabrous.

X Leaves repand-toothed or serrate.
E. AGAiiocHA, L. Tidal forests of Burma, the Anda-

Ta-yan or Ka-yan. ™ans, and Kamorta.

Leaves alternate. Capsules as large as a pea.
The juice of the -n-hole tree is very poisonous.

' From exca'co " to blind " ; from its acrid juice, if introduced into the eye.

EUPIIORDIACE.E. 255

E. orrosiTrFoiTA, Jack. E.T. Upper Tcnasscrim. Great Xicobar.

Leaves opposite. Capsules tlic size of a clicrry.

X X Leaves entire.

E. HOLOPirrnA, Kz. E.T. Tree forests of J[artaban and Upper Tcnasserim.

Leaves quite entii'e, alternate. Females and fruit unknown.

E. (actepuila) rectixeevis, Kz. Katcliall and Tillangehong.

+ + Flowers clustered, inclosed in a cali/x-like hell-shaped or slipper-shaped
involucre.

EcpnoKBiA, Linnaus.

Flowers monoecious, soToral together in cup-sliaped involucres, wliich are 4-5-
tootlied, with alternating horizontal glands, sometimes expanded into a leai'y coloured
appendage. Mule Jtowers pedicelled, without calyx, supported by ciliutc-jagged
bractlets, or surrounding the solitary central female flower. Femule calyx 3-6-lobed
or wanting. Oianj 3-eelled, cells 1-ovuled. Cupsuh's ;5-coccous, dry.

Herbs, shrubs or tz'ees, often eaetus-like, abcjunding in milky juice.

* Flowers in dichofomoics cymes {rureli/ solifury) above the scars of the fallen leavesi
or supra-axillarij. Floral leaves ahsiiit.

J Unarmed.

E. SESSIFLORA. PegU.

A fleshy undershrub a foot high, with a tuberculous root and terete stem, all
parts glabrous. Leaves at the end of stem, sessile, IA-3 inches long. Stipules
minute, glan<l-like. Flower-heads sessile. Styles simple, very short, crimson.

E. EPiPHYLLOiDEs, Kz. Car and Great Nicobar. Escape Bay, South Andaman.

A leaf-shedding tree, fleshy, unarmed, all paiis glabrous. Branches thick-winged,
terete, narrowed at the joints. Flower-heads in dichotomous cymes from the sinuses
of the erenatures on which the leaf-scars rest. Capsides deeply 3-lobed, glabrous.

% \ Armed with paired, short, stipulary thorns.
t Styles 2-clcft.
*E. AXTiQUOEUM, L. 7'. All over Burma and the Andauuuis

Sha-soung-pya-that (Kurz). "P to 2000 feet.

Branches angular, 3- (occasionally 4-5-)wingcd, wings fleshy, sinuately-repand.
Cultivated for hedges.

f f Sti/les siiiijihj thichned at hase.
*E. XEUiiFor.iA, L. T. All about Burmese villages, and

Sha-soung (Kurz). probably wild also.

Fleshy, tliorns solitary or paired, rising from thick saw-like protuberances, placed
in sinuate-repand longitutliual rows.

E. NivcLiA, Ham. T. The Pegu range, along streams.

Sha-soung (Kurz).

Branches terete, .short, fle.shy-tubercled.

X Cymes sessile, clustered, terminal, or in the forks of the hranch-whorls. Floral
leaves none.

*E. TiRCCALLi, L. F.T. Cultivated round monasteries in France.

Shasoung-lok-hnyo (Kurz).

Branches terete, elongate. Leaves very small, linear.

X X Cymes several, terminal, with white or crimson floral leaves.
E. puLcnEiiuntA, Willd. S. Cultivated round villages and monasteries.

Unarmed. Leaves herbaceous, long-pelioled.

256 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AA'D PRODUCTIONS.

Kurz adds from the Kicobars :

E. PAKTiFLOEA, L. Kamoita.

var. linearifoUa.

E. ATOTA, Forst. Katchall. Groat and Car Xicubar.

E. PILDXITEEA, L. Katchall and Kamorta.

Iklany I^iiplwrlias (e. g. antiqurmim, nertifolia, nirulia, tinicaUi, etc.) yield
a milky juice of a viry acrid quality, termed on drying, Euphorhium. As a purgatiye
it is nuccrtain or yiolent in its action, but Waring suggests tlwt it may be usefully
employed as a substitute in India for Htivine, which soon spoils in a hot climate. The
strength recommended is gr. xx. to 3 j of lard, or goat's fat mixed with oil if for
Hindu or Mahommedan patients, tireat caution must be employed in reducing the
Eujihorbium to po\yder, as the smallest particle entering the eye or mucous passages
■wouhl cause yiolent inflammation. The Euphorbia make good hedges, as they are not
eaten by cattle and are easily propagated.

PEDrL.v^'THES, Ncflccr.

Involucre either oblique and slipper-shaped, the inner side produced into a lip-like
appendage, or urceolate, and on the back furnished with a peltate concave appendage.

*P. TiTHTMALOinES, Poit. E.S. Cultivated in villages and hedges in Prome-

Flower-heads crimson, slipper-shaped.

AMENTALES.
Flowers diclinous in catkins, cones or heads. Perianth none, or calyciform or
of 1 or more bristles, bracts, bractioles or scales. Ovary superior, 1- or 2-celled.
Heeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate, simple.

Order SALICINEJE.

Flotcers dio?cious in catkins, sessile or shortly pedicelled, suppoi'ted by a
membranous persistent or deciduous bract. Perianth none, the torus swelling to
become a gland or obliquely truncate ring or cup. Males : Stamens 2 or more,
exserted from the centre of the torus. Filaments filiform, free, or monadelphous.
Anthers 2-celled, basifixid, the cells opening by longitudinal slits. Ovarij-rudimvnt
none. Females: Ovary free, sessile, or shortly stalked, consisting of 2 connate carpels,
1 -celled, with numerous ascending ovules along the short linear parietal placentas.
Sti/les 2, usually connate, with an entire or 2-eleft stigma. Capsule 1 -celled, many-
seeded, 2-yalyed, the valves opening at the apex, and turning more or less revolute
at the ripening of the fi'uit. Seeds erect, minute, the funicle dissolved into a woolly
tuft surrounding the whole membranous testa. Albumen none. Emhri/o straight,
the cotyledons elliptical, plano-convex. Stipules scale-like and deciduous or leafy,
and often persistent.

Salix, Linnccus.

S. TETEAsrERMA, Roxb. E.T. Streams all over Burma.

Mo-ma-kha.

There is only one .species of willow in Burma, but that is widely spread. The
wood is soft, light, and porous. Tlie bark is used for tanning according to Kurz, but
little use seems to be made of the tree, probably because for basket work bamboos are
handier.

*S. Babtlonica, L. (M.). Cultivated.

De Gubematis has the following remarks on the willow : '' TJno legcnde chretienne
nous apprend que le saule pleureur replie ses branches vers la terre depuis qu'il a
servi a cacher la Vierge et I'infant Jesus dans leur fuite en Egypte. Dans une autre
legonde, ce saule pleure depuis le jour que les verges ont frappe Jesus." — Mythologie
des Plantes, ii. p. 341.

SALICINE.E. CASl'ARIXEJ-:. 257

One is not, of course, nnder the necessity of belicviup; such a legend ;is the above
or any siinihir U'geud, Christiuu or I'agan, to appreciate the sweetness and beauty of
the idea often enshrined therein. The lines of Juvenal on this subject are worth
considering —

" Esse alic^uid ilanes et subterranoa regna,
Et centum ct Stygio ranas in gurgite nigras,
Atque una transire va<luui tot millia cymba,
Nee pueri credunt, nisi qui nondum sere lavantur.
Sed tu vera puta." — Satire ii. 1. 149.

Now are we to suppose that Juvenal wished his readers to retrograde in intelligence
and believe such fables as that of Chiron and his boat, or the black frogs swimming
in the rivers of hell (])rototypes of the worm which dieth not), which even children
had ceased to believe in, and with which may be classed such legends as that of the
weeping willow and innumerable others of the same sort ? Hardly ; but rather the
intention is to argue that our emancipation from the fetters of a more superstitious
and ci'edulous ago should not be followed by a laxity of life, which would have been
condemned by our less gifted ancestors, and that, from self-respect, we should not
allow it to be possible tor the lives of us, who do not believe these fables, to be
unfavourably contrasted with theirs who did ; else, where, indeiid, is our boasted
enlightenment, and what is the advantage of our mental superiority, if its only result
to ourselves is moral degradation !

Order CASUAIIINE.E.

Flowers monoecious in catkins. Mule catkins terete, elongate or short, the flowers
2-bracteoled, sessile, in the axil of the toothed sheaths. Piriaiitlt 2-partite, the
segments decussate with the braetlets, and cohering at their tips, deciduous. Stami'n 1.
Filament exserted and tliickened at the base. Anthers 2-celled, the cells opening
longitudinally. Female catkins usually axillary, globular or ellipsoid, the flowers
arranged in several longitudinal rows, 1 -bract ed, and supported by 2 lateral braetlets,
both (bracts and braetlets) persistent. Perianth none. Ovary with a single ovule
suspended from the summit of the cell. Style terminal, with 2 tiliform stigmas. Ripe
cones woody, indurated. Achene inclosed by the enlarged braetlets, which at length
open valvately, compressed membranous winged at the apex, containing a solitary
pendulous seed. Testa connate with the cudocarp. Allumen none. Finhryo straight,
with large flat cotyledons, the radicde minute, su])erior. Trees, rarely shrubs, with
numerous horse-tail-like jointed branchlets, toothecl at their joints, but without leaves.
Flowers in terminal and lateral catkins, monoecious, but the males and females not
appearing at the same time on the same tree.

A family consisting only of a single genus, of which most of the species are
Australian. The timber is hard and heavy, and of the colour of raw beef, whence
it is called beef-wood in Australia.

Casi'arixa, Linnaxs.
Characters those of this order.

C. EQUiSETiFOLlA, Forst. Sandy shores of Arakan and Tenasserim,

Fallen (Theobald). (Tin-yu, Farz.) Kamorta, Katchall, and Car Nicobar.

There is but one species in Buriiui, and this is seldom or never felled, though the
wood is hard and durabk'. Weiglit 01 lbs. Kurz says its " texture " is like ' toon '
(Thit-kadu 3-1 lbs.), which is true to the extent to which chalk resembles cheese in
texture, but no farther. Kurz is also, in my opinion, in error regarding its vernacular
name, as I have commonly found it called ' I'allen.' In appearance the wood is more
comparable with ' pyngado ' or 'jio,' though coarser than either. It is a wood bigldy
deserving of trial as a sleeper wood. Dr. ifason recommends it as an ornamental free
for a park, and it certainly makes a handsome avenue tree, but it is an uni)leasant
neighbour near a house, fi-om the melancholy ' soughing ' the wind makes through

VOL. II. 17

258 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD P/IODCCT/OXS.

its ■brandies. The Casnarma muricafa, Mason says, was the wood of which the Talii-
tians in formei' times made their carved war-cluljs, and fishing hoolcs from its roots.
' Pallen ' is the name I have always heard it called by, ' Tin yu ' being the name
of the Pine.

Order AMENTACEiE.

Flowers small, unisexual, in cylindrical oblong or globular catkins, usually
covered with densely packed scale-like bracts, rarely with loose or with minute
deciduous scales. Stamens 2 or more (rarely united into 1), imder each scale usually
accompanied by 2 or more smaller scales, either distinct or forming sometimes an
irregular or oblique perianth of 5 or 6 segments, or rarely entii'ely deficient. Female
catkins either like the males with 1, 2, or 3 flowers under each scale, or reduced to a
sessile bud, with 2 or 3 flowers in the centre surrounded by the lower empty scales
of the catkin. Under each scale are usually 2 or 3 inner scales. Ptrianth none or
closely comliined with the ovary, with a minute free border entire or tootlied. Ovary
1- or many-celled, with 2 or more styles always resulting in a 1-celled fruit, either
drupaceous or dry, and if dry, free and exserted, or in various ways inclosed in the
involucre. The catkin-scales, or the inner-scales, or both, usually persisting and some-
times enlarged in an involucre, either more or less inclosing the fruit or forming a cup
under the fruit. All ii men none. Trees or shrubs with simple alternate leaves. Stipules
more or less persistent.

Not a veiT large order, but very important to the forester. It includes the oak,
hazel-nut, alder, birch, beech, and chestnut. The timber of many is valuable, and the
Eiu'opcan and American oak-timber is too well known to require special reference.
Several Indian oaks yield timber probably not much inferior to the European. The
bark is often astringent and bitter, and that of oaks is good for tanning, while that of
the birches contains a balsamic oil and a peculiar resinous substance called betuline or
birch-camphor. Cork comes from Q. siiher. Galls are found chiefly on QKerciis infcctorta,
but inferior ones are found also on some Indian oaks. "Wax is obtained from tlie
berries of Mi/rica eerifera and some other American species. The fruit of My r tea nogi
is edible.

* Oiary l-celled with a solitary erect ovnic.

Myeica, Linnaus.

Catkins axillary. J/J; ^e _;?o(rcr.s with 2-16 stamens under each scale. Filaments

basally connate. Anthers 2-ceiled. Female fluwers with 2-4 bractlets. Orary terminated

by 2 "lateral, filiform, sessile, stigmas, 1-celled. Fruit drupaceous, resinous, with a

papillose or wrinkled pericarp, inclosing a bony 1-seedcd nut. Albumen none.

M. NAGi, Thbg. F.T. Martaban at 4000 to 6000 feet.

M. sapida, "Wall.
Drupes the size of a small cherry, papillose, crimson, fleshy, resinous, with
occasionally short brown hairs intcnnixod.

** Orary 2-celled, each cell \-ovuled. Xuls small, often tcinged, X-celled, combined
with the scales in a sort of cone.

Betula, Totirnef.
Scales of the mal^ catkins stalked, those of the female deciduous. Female catldns
cylindrical, compact. Nats not connate with the involucre. Anther cells distinct.
B. acumtnata, Wall. Martaban at 5000 and 6000 feet.

B. cylindrostachya. Wall.
Female and male catkins elongate, 1-2 inches long, the former on a short
pubescent peduncle. Flowers hairy. Wings broader than the nut, and broader
than the membranous bract.

Alxus, Tournef.
Anther cells connate. Scales of female catkin persistent.
A. Nepalensis, Don. Khakyen Hills.

AMESTACE^. 259

Leaves oblong, 3-4 inches long, minutely serrate, glabrous, slightly glaucescent
beneath. Catkins sessile, in short racemes, the males slender, 1-2^ inches long, the
females very short and small.

C.iun.N'us, Tournef.

Scales of the catkins sessile. Female catkins loose, spike-like, bracts solitary>
each in a 3-lobod leafy involucre.

C. viMiNEA, Wall. Hills east of Toung-ngoo at 5000 to 0000 feet.

!^[ale flowers 6-12, stamens in the axil of ovate, acute bracts. Filaments slender,
not exserted. Female flowers by pairs in the axil of caducous bracts. Ovary many-
nerved, unequally lobed at the apex, 2-colled, with 2 placentas and 2 pendulous
ovules from one of them, the other being sterile. Xuts woody, 1-celled and 1 -seeded,
2 lines long, acute, 7-8 nerved, resinous dotted. Albumen none.

* * * Ovnrij S-d-ci'lled, uu'th 2 suspended orules in each cell ; most of the orttles
abortive. J't'ufs solitary or several, rather large, inclosed in the enlarged winykss, dry,
spiny, scaly, or smooth involucre, or tlie thin involucre nduced to a cup.

Castaxea, Tournef.

Male flowers clustered and surrounded by bracts forming catkins. Perianth 5-6-
lobed. Stamens 10-15, usually twice as many as perianth lobes. Filaments slender.
Anthers minute, 2-celled. Female flowers by 3-1 within a scaly involucre. Perianth
6-parted, the lobes blunt, in 2 rows. Ovary 3-6-celled. Styles 3 (rarely more),
linear. Nuts 3-1, inclosed in a globular, eehinate involucre. Trees quite of the
habit of oaks.

* Fruits armed with simple or compound sharp spines.
f Leaves sharply serrate.

C. lyniCA, Eoxb. Chittagong.

All softer parts and leaves beneath tawny tomentose.

f f Leaves entire, or remotely serrate towards the apex.
X Fruits more than an inch in diameter ; spines long and crowded.
X Young shoots puhescent.
C. BivEitsiFOLiA, Kz. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 3500 to

Kyan-za (Kurz). °"'^'^ ^'^'^'^■

Spines of involucre straight and slender, glabrous. Spikes robust, tomentose.
C. RoxisuKGHii, Ldl. F.T. Chittagong.

Spines of involucre curved and strong, tawny pubescent.

X X Quite glabrous.
C. AEGK.MEA, Bl. E.T. Tree forcsts of Raugoon and Tcnassorim. var. /i

Hills East of Toung-ngoo at fiOOO to 7000 feet.
Loaves beneath silvery. Male spikes robust and densely tomentose. Spines
of fruit simple and free.

var. a argentea.

var. /3 tungurrut, Bl. Lower and stunted. Spines longer and more slender.
C. Javanica, Bl. E. T. Tree forests of Pegu and Tenasserim.

var. ji Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves beneath, tawny, somewhat metallic. JIale spikes very slender, greyish-
pubescent. Spines of fruit clustered or basally connate.

var. a Javanica, Bl.

var. /3 Falconeri, Hance. Spines of less pubescent involucre less crowded,
higher up, connate, and somewhat conij)ressed.
Wood brown, heavy, close-grained, strong.

260 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AyD PRODUCTIONS.

X \ Fruit less than an inch thicTc, usual] y the sise of a cherry, the spines often recurred
and distant.

C. TKiBuioiDES, Sm. JH.T. var. a Kliakyen Hills and Upper

Xyan-za (Kurz), i.e. Rhinoceros food. Tenassuriui at 2500 to 4000 feet.

Wet-thit-khya (Mason).

Leaves entire or remotely serrate towards apes, glabrous, or minutely brownish-
tomentose beneath.

var. aferox. Roxb. {Quercus). Leaves larger, entire, gLabrous.
var. /3 amiata, lloxb. {Quercus). Leaves smaller, serrate towards apes, often
thinly tomentose beneath.

** Fruits armed with reri/ short pointed or hlunt cones, or deciduous tuhereles, and
hecondng unarmed and zunate.

f Fruit iny inrolucre of a rertj thick coriaceous tcrture.

C. EHAJiNii-OLiA, Kz. F.T. Tree forests of Eastern Slopes of the Pegu

Ilange and Southern Tenasserim.

Fruits armed with short cones. Leaves uniform green.

C. i>'EE5iis, Ldl. F. T. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 4000 to 5000 feet.

Adult fi'uits unarmed, zonate, grey. Loaves silvery or coppery beneath.

f f Fruiting involucre of a thin texture.

C. (QTrEECTJs) LAircE^FOLiA, Rosb. E. T. Chittagong.

Emits blackish, smooth, with 4 or 5 scarred annular rings. Leaves silvery or
coppery beneath.

Wood light-coloured, durable (Kurz).

Mason also gives C. Martabanica, Wall., which is probably one of the above species.

QuEKCus, Linnaus.

Nuts solitary, resting on a scaled or lamellate-annular cup, exserted, or at least
with the apex exposed.

* The cup beset with more or less crowded imbricate scales, the scales sometimes
lecoming obsolete as the ftuit ripens, and showing as concentric zones.

X Scales linear or subulate, spreading. Cup relreti/.

Q. FENESTEATA, Roxb. F.T. Hills of Upper Tenasserim.

Thit-kya (Kurz). (Generic.)

Leaves almost glabrous, cup almost wholly inclosing the nut.

Q. ACUMINATA, Roxb. Chittagoug.

As the last, but the nut far exserted.

Q. LAPPACEA, Roxb. F.T. Tenasserim.

Leaves pubescent beneath. Xut exseited.

X X Scales broad atid short, appressed to the cup.

\ Fruiting peduncle several inches long. Fruits numerous, and more or less spicatc.
Cups velvety. Nut exserted.

Q. AiinEESTiANA, Wall. .£'.71 Upper Tenasserim.

Cup an inch in diameter, the borders often reflexed, greyish velvety, indistinctly
scaly. Leaves acuminate at the base, slenderly petioled, the neiTCS prominent.

Q. Falconeei, Kz. F.T. Upper Tenasserim.

Similar to the last, but the cup rusty velvety, distinctly appressed-scaly. Leaves
rounded at the base, very thick-petioled, the nerves immersed above, resembling the
leaves of Goniothalamus sesquipedalis.

AMESTACE^. 201

Q. roLTSTAcnvA, "Willi. Ava Hills.

Cup about \ an inch iu diaiucter. Leaves opaque ami glaucous.

Q. BANCi^A, Scbeff. IliUs East of Toung-ngoo at 3000 to 5000 feet.

As tlie last, but the leaves not reticulated and veined.

Q. TnoMsoxi, Miq. E.T. Cliittagong.

Cup 5-8 lines in diameter. Leaves glaucous bcneatli.

Q. spicATA, Sm. E.T. Cliittagong and Tcnasserim.

Leaves glossy, one-coloured. Cup as the last. Flowers in densely whitish
tomentose appressed oblong clusters.

f f Leaves pidesccnt leneath.
Q. LrxDLETANA, "Wall. E.T. Ava Hills.

Cups usually connate, thickened zonate, about -A- an inch iu diameter or less.
Leaves coarsely and obsoletoly repaud towards the apex.

X X Fruiting peduncle short, 1 or rarely up to 2 iuchcti long. Cup wrinkled-rough,
but glabrous, brown.

Q. EUMOUPHA, Kz. E. T. Nat-touug in ilartaban at over GOOO feet.

Cup obsoletely sealy-znnate, 7-8 lines in diameter, almost resinous. Leaves
smooth, repand-serrate at apex.

** The cup consisting of lamellate, entire, crenate, concentric rings. Fruiting
peduncle 1-2 inches long, usually few-fruited. Leaves repand-serrate towards the apex.

X JVuts depressed, hardly crserfcd.
Q. TELUTiNA, Ldl Eastern Slopes of the Pegu Range and Tenassorim.

Cup an inch iu diameter, softly tawny or fulvous villous. Petioles usually
tawny or fulvous pubescent, or villou.s, tlic nerves curved.

X X ^^ul-^ ovoid, exserted.
Q. SEMisEKUATA, Eoxb. E.T. Eng forests of Ava, Pegu and Tenasserim.

Cup about an inch in diameter, softly tawny-villous, petioles smooth. Leaves
somewhat glaucous beneath, the nerves rather straight.

a. BfiAXDisLiXA, Kz. E.T. Eng forests of Martaban at 1000 to 4000 feet.

Cup i- an inch across, greyish velvety. Petioles slender, glabrous. Leaves
Bomewliat rugate, glaucous beneath.

Q. MEsi'iUFoi.iA, Wall. E.T. Ava, Promo, and the Arakan Range

at -lOOO to 5000 feet.

Cup more than an inch wide and deep, greyish velvety. Leaves smooth, one-
coloured.

I distrust the vernacular name of QuercHs given by Kurz, as I have always
found Gyndi to be the term used in Pegu. Mason gives the following names tor
oaks iu Sgau-karen, Thae-ghau, Tliae-wa, Thae-ti, Thae-lae-nau, and Thae-lae-
ka-sen.

Of the oak, as a tree regarded mythologically, l)e (jubernatis thus writes: " Le
chene nieriterait a lui seul tout un livre explicatif, tellenieut son role mythologique,
et Icgendaire est important dans la tradition Europeeiine. II resume cu elfet, tous
les attributs mythologiques ([ui appartienncnt, dans les legendes oricntales, ii
Va^vattha, au ccdre, au palmier, au cypres, au pin. Lo plus vaste, le plus fort,
et, comnie on I'a dit, le plus utile d(^s arbres, est devenu en Europe le roi de la
vegetation. La place d'houneur (|ue I'aigle et le lion ont ocenpee panni les animau.K
revient, parmi les vegetaux, au chene." — Jlytholvgie des I'lantes, vol. ii. p. Gl.

The interesting mass of legends, however, connected with the oak have rather
a European than Asiatic interest, and those who would know more thereof can

262 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

consult the above work, and I allude to them mainly to suggest the inquiry, whether
or not in parts of the East where the oak flourishes, similar legends are associated
with it as in Europe. Such is not improbably the case, but I arj unable to quote
any — and, indeed, with the exception of any myths they may come across regarding
the Deluge, which may help to steady on its legs that somewhat, historically speak-
ing, discredited story, our missionaries, who should be best qualified to contribute
to our knowledge of the Folk-lore of the peoples among whom they labour, are
certainly not generally very keen in investigating in a scientific and philosophic spirit
the legends and tales which are all too probably fast -^-anishing from the memoiy
of man.

Bunyan's immortal parable of the man raking for trash, has a wider application
than to the mere miser, or the spiritually indifferent, and should touch all who waste
the opportunities they enjoy of adtling something to the sum of human knowledge.

URTICALES.
Flowers diclinous (in Ulmacea hennaphrodite). Perianth usually regtdar, rarely
none. Stamens opposite the perianth lobes or sepals. Omri/ superior, 1-celled (in
Ulmacece 2-celled). Stigmas 1 or 3. Oride solitary, the micropyle always superior.
Fruit an achene or samara.

Order CAXNABINE^.'

Floircrs diclinous. Perianth male, sepals 5, free, imbricate ; female various.
Stamens 4, opposite the sepals. Filaments short. Sfi/les 2. Onde pendulous,
campylotropous. Fmbri/o hooked or coiled. Albumen none. Leaves stipulate.
Herbs with watery juice.

This small order embraces two genera only, Cannahis and JIumulus, both possessed
of narcotic properties. Tlie latter has been lately introduced into Kashmir for use iu
brewing, with good prospect of success, whilst the latter is in universal demand for
its fibre, which is the strongest of any in general use, though the native country of
the plant is not known.

Caxxabis, LiuHccus.

* C. S,iTIVA, L.

- Ben (Mason).
This is a hardy plant growing in profusion over the whole of India and a large
portion of Europe, Asia and Afi-iea, and seeming to thrive best where the seasons are
extreme. Tlic plant yields various products, fibre, seed and charas. According to
experiments made by Dr. Eoyle, Cannahis fibre from Kangra was the strongest out
of seven Indian fibres, the Ehoca grass of Assam coming second and breaking with
from 320 to 340 pounds, whilst Cannabis fibre supported over 400 pouuds. How
much depends, however, on the quality as regards preparation and probable freshness,
may be judged from Petorsburgh Hemp {Cannabis) also breaking with only 160
pounds ; other Hemp from the Deyrah Dun stood fourth in strength and twelfth in
elasticity, and considering that this plant flourishes as an actual weed in Burma, it
seems likely some day to become of importance as a fibre producer, of no small value.
Next to the fibre the seeds are of value, as they are oily and albuminous and quite
devoid of narcotic properties, as is the case likewise with the Poppy, whose seeds
yield a bland oil fit for culinary purposes. In warm countries, as along the Xcpal
Hills, and no doubt Burma also, the Cannabis developes strong narcotic properties
and exudes from its leaves a viscid resin called charas (charrus), which is collected
hymen clad in leather breeches (or in Nipal without any breeches), brushing through
and against the standing plants, whereby the resin becomes transferred to their clothes
or skin and is thence scraped off with a knife, and this constitutes the charas or waxy

1 The arrangement of the species of Urticalcs is that of Kurz, but the orders are those adopted by-
Sir J. Hooker, iu appeudis in Maout and Decaisne's work.

CANNABINE^. VRTICE^. 263

charas of tlio bazaar and tbu basis of tlie native confection known as 'Majun.' As a
narcotic Hemp is consumed in three dilferent forms. The most expensive and most
harmful form is the confection prepared with ' charas,' sugar, and other ingredients,
forming a sort of ' charas ' tolTy. The dried leaves are also rubbed up with water
and made into a beverage called ' Subzi ' from its greenish colour, but the commonest
form used is tliat of '15aug,' the dried stalk and leaves of the plant which has flowered,
■which is smoked just as tobacco is. The narcotic etlects of this herb are very pleasant
but if largely indulged in, the results are deleterious in the extreme, anil the sufferer
lapses into a condition analogous to delirium tremens, not unfrequentlj- accompanied
by symptoms of homicidal desire or mania, often productive of serious conseijucnces.
A blister on the nape of the neck, with salines and antimonials, are, however, all that
are required to restore the patient to his right mind. As a medicine the prei)arations
of hemp are of great value, especially in the treatment of that terrible disease Tetanus,
over \\liich it possesses a greater power than any other di-ug, and even when it fails
to cure, never fails to give relief.

Order TJRTICEiE.

Flowers diclinous or polygamous. Perianth various, imbricate or valvato, rarely
none. Stamens usually equal to the perianth-lobes. Filaments uncoiling olastically.
StyU simple or multitid. OvuJe erect, orthotropous. Emhriju straight, albuminous.
Herbs, rarely trees. Juice Limpid. Leaves stipulate.

* Sttjle 1, simple. Orule solifari/, ereet. Seeds albuminous, sare in Elaiostemma.
X Perianth free, the female 4, rarely 2-parted. Often stinginy.

URTICIEJC.

Lapoetea, Gaudichaud.
(Juice limpid.)

i^/oiP«rs dioecious or monoecious. Male perianth ■i~b-\iAv\.itc. Stamens 5. Ocary-
rudimetit present. Female perianth 4-partite, in fruit herbaceou.s. Stigma sessile,
linear, elongate (rarely short), villous, persistent. Achene discoid, smooth. Stinging
herbs, shrubs or trees.

L. CEExuLATA, Gaud. F.S. •■'

Ilpet-ya-gyi (Kurz).

Bark smooth, with stinging hairs. T. F. of Chittagong, Pegu aud Tenasserim.

Flowers minute, gi-een.

This plant at some seasons, says Sir J. Hooker, emits when bruised so irritating
a vapour as to cause a running from the nose and eyes for some hours, and its sting
is said to produce fever.

Elatostemma, Forster.
Albumen none.
E. NovAEiE, Kz.J' Nankowry.

Near E. lineolatwn, but differs by its nigrescent leaves, different nervation, and
smaller flowers and flower-clusters.

E. iNTEGRiFor.irw, Wedd. X Katchall.

E. membuanifoi.ium, Kz. Tenasserim.

" J7. lineolatcc, Wight, arcto affine, absentia striolarum autcm tute distingucndum,"
Kmz.— J.A.S.B. ii. 1873, p. 104.

' The species marked J are intercal.itcil in the present list from Kurz's list of Nicobar plants by
the Editor, and are not therefore assigned to the same place in tlto series that Kurz would probably
have placed Ihcm in.

264 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTION'S.

E. BULBiFEErM, Kz. Arakan. Tenasserim.

E. (Phockis) gibbositm, Wall.

" In vicinitate U. cernuii poncndum an potius gcncri Pell ion im adscribendum ? "
Kiirz [I.e. supra).

Pellionia, Gaudichaud.

Floicers dioecious in axillary cymes or clusters, -without any dilated or succulent
receptacle. Male foicers : Perianth-segments 5, or sometimes 4, broad, imbricate in
bud. Stamens as many, the filaments inflected in the bud. Female flowers : Perianth-
segments 4 or 5, narrow and unequal. Sterile stamens usually as many. Ocary 1-celled,
with 1 erect ovule. Stigma sessile, small, tufted. Nut seed-like, surrounded by tlic
persistent perianth. Albumen little or none. Herbs. Leaves distichous, alternate or
unequally opposite, usually very oblique.

Pellionia PEocEiDiroLiA, Kz. X Katchall.

Very near P. frutescens, which has, however, serrate leaves.

J I Female jxi'lanth tubular, very short, or wanting. Leaves ojjposite or alternate,
not stinging.

BoEnilEKlA, .Taeq.

Male jjerinnth 4- (rarely 3-5-)parted, valvate in bud. Sfametis as many as perianth-
segments. Female perianth tubular, free, or nearly adhering to the ovary. Ovule
single, erect. Stigma filiform, continuous witli the ovary, usually one side papillose,
persistent. Aehme conform with the ovary, pericarp crustaceous, thin, or nut-Like.
Albumen present.

X Flowers in sessile heads, axillary or above the leaf-scars.
II Leaves glabrous above.
B. Malabaeica, Wcdd. Tree forests all over Burma up to 2000 feet.

Moncecious. Leaves 4-8 inches long, on a variable (2 lines to 3 inches) petiole,
membranous, crenulate-serrate. Flowers minute, greenish-white, in dense clusters.

II II Leaves sparingly hairy.
B. Helfeei, B1. Tenasserim.

Monoecious. Leaves cordirfe-ovate. Flower-bracts numerous, large, scarious,
brown. Perianth 2-toothed. Ovary and style solitaiy.

B. niDTMOGYNE, Wedd. Maulmain.

As the last, but usually ovary and styles 2.

B. DIFFUSA, Wedd. AH over Burma to 3000 feet.

Leaves oblong, lanceolate, flower-bracts minute. Perianth 2-4-toothed at the
somewhat hairy apex. Stigmas twice as long as the perianth.

X X Flower heads globular, sessile, forming spikes in the axils of the leaves, the spikes
sometimes colleeted in a raceme or panicle.

B. MACEOPHYiLA, Don. Ava Hills.

Leaves lanceolate, pustulate-rugose above, the pustules terminating in a perforated
gland.

B. coEDATA, Poir. (not Lour.). Ava and Chittagong.

Leaves broadly ovate, smooth or rugate, without glands, coarsely serrate, hairy
on both sides.

B. Hamiltoxiana. Tree forest of Eastern Slopes of the Pegu

Kange and hills East of Toung-ugoo.

All adult parts glabrous. Leaves glabrous, serrate or entire, usually 2-ghiuded
at the base of the mid-rib.

The " liber " of many species of Bochmeria yield strong cordage.

URTICE^. 265

Mason cnuraorates also Urtica heterophylla, liox., •nlikh lie calls Bot-ya, and
Boehmeiiu inttrnqda, Willd., Kyd-bft-ya, both poinmon nettles, and Bvehmeria
nivea, L., the nettle lieuip or celebrated China or lUieca grass, with the vernacular
name Gwou.

To raise the Buehmeria nivea (the celebrated llheoa grass of Assam) from seed,
a sandy soil is chosen, which is carefully dug up, raked, and smoothed, and watered,
and divided into plots a foot wide aud four feet long. Over six of such beds, a pint
of seed mixed with four pints of earth is sown broad-cast, and the ground sown is kept
covered with a neat screen till the phmts are an inch or two high. The young plants
are now transplanted to a stiti'er soil and well manured, and kept free from weeds by
hoe dressing. As a rule, however, the i)lant is best grown and propagated from shoots
or layers. To cut and prepare the Eheea the following plan is adopted, a modification
of wluch will serve for all similar fibre plants : — The Hheea plant is known to be fit
for cutting when the stems assume a brown colour for about six inches from the root.
Grasping the top of the stalk with tlie left hand, the leaves are to be stript olf with
the right, and the stalk cut through just above the hairy reticulate root, which being
earthed up with manure will yield another crop. To strip the fibre, grasp the stem
with both hands near the middle, and then with the forefinger and thumb of both
hands give a wrench to break the central stem, and then pass down the fingers of each
hand in opposite directions, thereby stripping the fibre as they go. If this can be done
on the field, the refuse stems, burnt and mixed with dry cow-dung, make a capital
manure for the following crop. The strips of fibre are now to be tied up by their
smaller ends into convenient bundles and steeped in cleur wiiffr for a few hours, and
when dried are then fit lor cleaning and hackling. Fibre thus prepared would com-
mand, according to quality, fi'om £60 to £120 a ton m England.

YiLLEBRUNXEA sTLVATicA, Bl. J Trcc forcsts of Kamorta.

PiPTURus vELUTiNUs, Wcdd. | Tricc, Track and Nankowry.

GoNosiEoiA HiETA, Miq. J Kamorta.

PorzoLziA, Gaudichaud.

Flowers usually moncceious. Mule perianth 4-5- (rarely 3-)lobed. S/nmeiis as
many as perianth "lobes. Ovarn-rudiment present. Female prriaiith tubular, 2—1-
toothed at the contracted mouth. Achne almost conform with the ovaiy, aud
surrounded by the almost unchanged perianth, or its enlarged wings.

P. TiMiNEA, Wedd. ^.-S. Chittagong.

The leaves serrate, chartaceous.

P. Indica, Gaud. Kamorta.

I X Female perianth free, in fruit fenhy or sueeulent.
SAECociiLAJiTs, Gaudiehuud.

Fruiting perianth ventricosc, laterally contracted at the mouth. Slitjma capitate,
persistent in fruit. Stamens 5. Flowers spicatc, diwcious, small, subtended by
short-toothed bractlets, clustered, the male in lax, the female in close spikes, solitary
or by twos in the leaf axils.

S. rL-LeuEiiiu.MA, Gaud. F.T. Chittagong. Pegu and Upper Tenasscrim.

Sap-sha-pen (Kurz).

The ' liber ' yields a good cordage (Kurz).

Okeocxibe, Miquel.

Flotrers dini-cious. Male perianth 4-partite, valvato in bud. Stamens 4. Oiari/-
rudiment present. Female periitnth adnate to the ovary. Tlie limb minute, toothed,
or almost entire. Fruit dry, on a fleshy cup. Stigma almost peltate with long-fringed
borders, persistent in fruit.

0. (Uktica) .accmixata, Iloxb. Chittagong. Ava llills.

Leaves pennincrved, entire.

266 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIONS.

This, observes Kurz, is the Lan-rheea of tlie Assamese, Avliicli yields tlie fibre of
CKina-grass-cloth.

0. snvATicA, Miq. Martaban at 2000 feet.

Leaves peimiuerved, crenate-serrate.

MoKocAEPUS, Sicbold and Zuccarini.

Flotvers moncEcious and dioecious. Male perianth 4-partite, rarely 2-partito.
Stamens as many as perianth lobes. Ovary -rudiment present. Female perianth
ventricose-tubular, 4-toothed at the contracted mouth, adnate to the ovary. Fruit
berry-like. Stigma penicellate-capitate, persistent in fruit.

M. (Debeegeasia) loxgifolia, AVedd. var. a Ava and Pegu. var. /i Chittagong.

Pwot-shor-pen (Kurz).

Branchlets pubescent. Leaves lanceolate. var. ji latifolius. Leaves ovate.

M. ^'allichlunts, Miq. The Pegu Eange at 1000 to 2000 feet.

Branchlets robust and smooth. Leaves ovate.
The ' liber ' of both species yields good cordage.

Maoutia, Wedd.

Floivers monoecious or dioecious. Perianth in males 5-parted, in females none.
Stamens 5. Oiartj with a solitary, nearly erect ovule. Achene ovate, com])ressed and
sometimes bluntly 3-gouous. Albumen thin. Shrul)S with alternate serrulate leaves.

M. PCTA, Wedd. Martaban at 2500 to 5000 feet.

Leaves 4-fi inches long, ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, membranous, very
rough above, beneath white-toracntose. Kurz describes this shrub as yielding a
strong fibre resembling the rheea.

CoNOCErnALus, Blume.

Flowers dioecious. Male perianth turbinate, tuTiular, 4- (rarely 2-)cleft. Stamens
as many as perianth lobes, filaments complanate. Anthers short, 2-celled, cells opening
longitudinally. Orari/-rudimenf present. Female perianth tubular, 4-cleft. Oianj
free, with a solitary ovule. Style terminal, very short. Stiffi/ias 1 -sided or capitate,
oblique. Fruit covered liy the persistent perianth, chartaceous, dehiscing longitudinally
into 2 valves. Scandent shrubs, with alternate, long-petioled, simple leaves.

C. suAVEOLExs, Bl. F.S.S. Tree forests of Chittagong, Pegu and Tenasserim.

Flowers small, yellow, fragrant, in dense globular heads.

The last thirteen genera form the sub- order of Urtieiea, or nettle tribe, some of
which are remarkable for their stinging powers, and others for the excellence and
tenacity of their fibre. Foremost among the stinging nettles is Laportea crenulata, of
Northern India and Burma, which at certain seasons is so acrid that the effluvium
from its bruised leaves and stalks will cause a copious discharge of water and mucus
from the mouth, nose, and eyes, the effect lasting some hours, whilst the pain caused
by its stinging hairs induces fever. In spite, however, of the stinging powers of the
full-grown plant, many nettles when young make a wholesome vegetable when boiled
like spinach, and an infusion of nettles is consi<lered a wholesome drink in early
spring. The great value, however, of plants of this tribe lies in the strength of their
fibre, and the word itself is derived' from the root '?;«' (Nere, veciv, to spin), as the
(jcrmanic nations, and the Scotch down to the seventeenth century, used its fibres
for weaving cloth fi'om, till its use became superseded by flax and hemp.

Order MORE^.

Flowers diclinous, minute, often on an open or closed receptacle. Ferianth
tubular or 3- or 4-partite, or none. Stamens as in Urticece, but filaments sometimes

1 rojmhir Kames of British Tlant-s, by E. C. A. rrior, p. 167.

MORE.E. 267

straight. Styles 1 or 2. OruU various. Eiiihnjo straifclit or curved, albuminous or
not. Trees or shrubs. Juice milky (generally). Leaves alternate. Stipules large,
fugacious.

** Style usualh/ simple. Pericarp inclosed in the Jhshy or dry perianth, indehiscent
or rarely 'Ivalccd. Leaves alternate or distichous.

\ Filaments straight in lud, never infected.

X Female flowers numerous in heads or on a fleshy receptacle, the males in separate
inflorescences.

AuTOCARPUs, Linnaus.

Flowers monoecious, the sexes crowileJ on separate receptacles. Stamen 1,
exserted, filament complanate. Female perianth tiibuUir, entire, the perianths of the
suiTouuding flowers more or less connate. Ovary free, 1- rarely 2-3-celled, the cells
1-ovuled. Style terminal or esccntrio, simple. Fruit a, compound fleshy syueaii),
made up of enlarged perianths, each inclosing a solitary i)undulous seed 'with a
chartaceous indehiscent pericarp. Albumen none. Trees abounding in milky juice,
wilh alternating, entire or lobed leaves.

"^' Syncarp prickly-ecliinate.
X Prickles of syncarp Iristly -setose.
A. CALOPHVLLA, Kz. E.T. Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves bristly-scabrous above, softly pubescent beneath.

A. EiGiDA, Bl. E.T. Tenasserim.

A. echinata, lloxb.

Loaves glabrous above, pubescent along the nerves benealh.

X X Prickles of syncarp smooth.
A. ECFESCExs, Miq. E.T. Tenasserim (probahl}').

Leaves miuutely pubescent above, tomcntose beneath.

"'■' ■^" Syncarp tuherchd.
A. CHAPLAsnA, Eoxb. Tree forests all over Burma, the Andamans

Toung-peing-nai (Kurz). Toung-ben (W.T.). "'"^ Xankowry.

Leaves scabrous, pubescent, especially beneath. Syncarp as large as the fist,
globular, pendulous on a .slender peduncle. Tliis tree, says Kurz, yields a tenacious
milky eaoutehouk, and ho describes the wood as heavy, 30 lbs. (! !), and soon attacked
by insects. Now a wood of 30 lbs. cannot lie called heavy. The wood, though
rather coarse in grain, is excellent for furniture. It weighs 31 lbs. (selected sample),
and is not particularly attacked by insects, certainly not so much as some woods in con-
stant use. It works W(dl, and looks well, and, though probably not lasting if exposed
to the weather, is excellent for indoor work, and obtainable of verj- large scantling.
For boats and wheels it is of course inferior.

* A. ISTEGUIFOLIA, Willd. E.T. Cultivated all over Burma and wild

reing-nai. The Jack tree. "' Kamorta.

All parts quite glabrous. Syncarp clavatc to oblong, 1-lA feet long.

A tree, which, when in full fruit, is a fine object, and yielding a pleasant shade
with its dense foliage. The fruit is said, in favourable situations, to attain to GO lbs.
weight, and those wliicli, in old trees, grow from a part of the stem covered by the
earth (which cracks over them), are esteemed the finest. The odour of the fully ripe
fruit can only be designated as a stench ; but before becoming ripe the fruit is not
unpleasant, and the odour of the tree in blossom is very pleasant, and resembles fresh
apples. The kenu'ls, when roasted, arc equal to chestnuts. Birdlime is manufactured
from the juice which flows from incisions, and a yellow but fugitive dye is manu-
factured by boiling the wood. The timber is excellent for furniture, though brittle.

268 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Freslily cut it is yelloiv, but seasons to brown, and ranges between 42-52 lbs. It is
too yaliial)le a fruit tree, bowever, to be cut for timber, and it is hardly superior to
selected plants of the lust.

*** Si/ncarp smooth, tisuidli/ relief 1/ or tomentose.

A. GoMEziANA, Wall. E.T. Tenasserim.

All parts quite glabrous.

*A. LAKOOCHA, lloxb. Tree forests of Pegu, and cultivated all over Burma.

Myouk-lok.

Shoots densely rusty-pubescent. Leaves shortly scabrously pubescent. Syncarp
of an u-regular globular shape, the size of the fist, smooth, velvety, puberulous, when
fully ripe yellow, edible.

Eurz adds from the Xicobars :

*A. iNCisA, L. Cultivated on Car !N"icobar.

A. roMiFOEMis, T. et B. Kamorta and Katchall.

A. PEDUNCDLARis, Kz. Kamorta.

CrDEAXiA, Tncid.

Flowers difficious, packed into globular heads, subtended by 2-4 bracts alternat-
ing with the perianth lobes. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. Orari/ free, with
a single pendulous ovule. Sfi/te simple, with a rudimentary tooth-like branch at
the base. Stiyma filiform, puberulous. Fruit a syncarp, enveloping crustaceous
nuts.

X Leaves lA— 3 inehes lonrf, glabrous.

C. Amboixexsis, Eumph. -S'.<S. Chittagong.

Cad ran as liui/iphii, Thw.

Young branches pubescent. Leaves blunt, the nerves thin but prominent.
Syncarp the size of a small cheriy. Perianth fleshy, connate, glaucous green.

X X Leaves 4-6 inehes long, acuminate, the nerves jyrominent.

C. FKUTicosA, "Wight. S.S. Ava. Chittagong. Upper Tenasserim.

A seandent shrub armed with curved shai-p spines. All parts quite glabrous.
Syncarp as the last, but larger. Seeds as big as a small pea.

C. PUBESCENS, Tree. Eastern Slopes of the Pegu Range

Doung-kyet-tek (Kurz). "'^'l ilartaban up to 30UU feet.

Leaves pubescent. Syncarp as the last, but larger, wrinkled.

X X Female flowers numerous along with the males, arranged uithin a hollow, or on
an explanate fleshy receptacle.

Ficrs, Linneeus.

(NiouNG, generic.)

Receptacle closed or perforated at the braeted apex. Achenes minute, somewhat
crustaceous. Trees or shrubs often seandent and epiphytical. Juice milky. The
receptacles are what are commonly understood as figs.

A. Receptacles hj pairs, or solitary from the axils of the leaves, or from above the
leaf-scars, never from the stem or root-shoots.

* Leaves thick-coriaceous to almost chartaceous, glabrous, or rarely puberulous beneath.
Receptacles usually smooth, not hispid ivithin, the mouth closed by 3-4 closely oppressed
bracts. Mule flowers monnndrous. Stigma filiform-elongate, rarelg 1-clcft. Trees or
arboreous stem-clasping climbers.

§ Petioles usually thick and short, not Jointed and thickened at the insertion of
ike blade.

MORE^. 2G9

% Leaves firinhj coriaceous, 4-10 inches long, rarely shorter, the petiole strong and
thick, and usualli/ short in comparison with the blade. Receptacle sessile, the size of
a cherry.

X Leaves Z-5-plinerved, shortly pubescent or ichile young villous beneath or on
both sides. Receptacles puberulous or tomentose, more or less glabrescent.

*F. Bengalensis, L. Cultivated in Chittagong and Ptgu.

F. indica, Eoxb.

Pyu-moung (Kurz).

Leaves shortly pubescent beneath ; blunt or apiculatc. Young shoots and stipules
puberulous.

F. MrsuRExsis, Eoth. E.T. Ava and forests East of Toung-ngoo.

Leaves glabrous, shortly acuminate. Young receptacles floccose. Stipules rusty
villous- pubescent.

F. PILOSA, Kwdt. E.T. Upper Tenasserim.

Young leaves and receptacles covered -with a floccose rusty-coloured down.
Stipules rusty villous-pubesceut.

X X Leaves quite gJahrous.
F. oxrsTA, ^iCi\. Tenasserim.

Erancblets roughisb, from rusty- coloured asperities. Leaves pcnninerved, shortly
acuminate. Eract'; deciduous.

F. LACciFKRA, Eo.xb. Eastem Slope of the Pegu Eange,

Tenasseiiui and the Andamans.

Leaves triplincrved, blunt-apieulatc. Bracts glaucous, persistent.

Yields a good caoutchuuk, ecpial to that of F. elastica (Kurz).

F. ALTlssiiiA, El. F.T. Upper Tenasserim.

Difl'ers fi'om the last in the young shoots, stipules and bracts being puberulous
and the last falling off in bud.

F. IxDicA, L. E.T. All over Burma. Kamorta and Katcliall.

Leaves triplincrved, acuminate. Bracts glabrous, persistent.

F. oDTi-siFOLiA, Eoxb. E.T. Chittagong. Ava. Tenasserim.

Kyoung-kyap.

Leaves very thick-coriaceous, rounded at base, the lateral nerves very thin and
inconspicuous ; petiole short.

Yields a good quantity of caoutchouk (Kurz).

X \ Leaves as informer, but receptacles on a peduncle from the size of a cherry to that
of a plum.

F. ANNTJLATA, El. E.T. Tree forcsts of Eastern SIopcs of tllc

Pegu Eange and Tenasserim.

Leaves penniuorvcd, pale beneath, peduncles v(ry short and thick, villous-pubescent.

F. TnoMsoxr, llicj. Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves penninerveil, acuminate, peduncles 3-5 lines long, glabrous.

1 1 1 Leaves large coriaceous, the lateral nerves all thin and parallel, very closely set.

F. ELASTICA, El. E.T. Upper Burma, especially the Hookhoom Valley.

Petiole short and thick. Stipules red, up to 6 inches long.

This yields the caoutchouk of commerce.

XXXX Leaves rather small, 2-3 inches long, thin coriaceous, nerves thin, crowded,
and parallel, with net-venation between.

X Receptacles sessile or shortly peduncled, the size of a pea or less.

270 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODVCTIOXS.

F. EETUSA, L. E.T. All over Burma, the Andamana, and Nicobars.

Nyoung-op (Kurz).

Leaves surroimded at the base, blunt.

var. a return. Eeceptacles the size of a pea, greenish-yellow.

var. /3 macrocarpa. Eeceptacles twice the usual size, orange-coloured.

F. AFFiKis, "Wall. E.T. The Pegu Eange and Andamans.

Leaves long, hut hluntish-acuminate. ITerves and net-venation prominent on
both sides. Eeceptacles wholly peduncled, the size of a pepper-kernel.

F. BHODODEXDRiFOLiA, Mi(|. E.T. Trco forests of the Pegu Eange and

the Andamans.

As the last, but receptacles sessile, as large as a pea.

F. EurnrLLA, Kz. E.T. Khakyen Hills.

Very close to the last, but has smaller and more acute bracts.

X X Eeceptacles the size of a cherry or 2>ti'»>, atl parts glabrous.
F. NUDA, Miq. E.T. var. /3 in the Eastern Slopes of the

Eeceptacles contracted on a slender stalk. ^^'S^ 'Ranse, and Tenasserim.

Nerves distant, inconspicuous, almost immersed.

var. a nuda. Eeceptacles the size of a pea, subsessilc.

var. p macrocarpa. Receptacles the size of a cherry, peduncled.

F. BENJAsmJA, L. E.T. var. a the Andamans. var. ji all over Burma.

Eeceptacles sessile, or tapering on a very thick base. Nerves crowded and with
the transverse venation prominent on both sides.

var. a Benjamina. Eeceptacles globular, | inch in diameter,
var. ft comosa, Eoxb. Eeceptacles h inch or more in diameter.

§ § Pefiuh's slender, Jointed, and thickened at the insertion of the blade. Leaves
chartaceous or thin coriaceous.

X Receptacle sessile or nearhj so, the site and shape of a pea. Leaves elliptical.

f Receptacle glabrotis.
F. rNFECTortiA, Willd. Hills East of Toung-ngoo up to 3000

Nyoung-chin. feet. KatchaU.

Leaves penninervod, the nerves and venation prominent on both sides. Petiole
1-2 inches long.

F. GENicuLATA, Kz. Pcgu and Tenasserim.

Nyoung-tha-bye (Kurz), meaning the ^ Eugenia fig.''

Leaves coriaceous, often rigid, penninen-ed. Nerves rather obsolete. Petiole
as long as the blade or longer.

var. a gcniciilata. Leaves obsolete, veined. Eeceptacles sessile.

var. ji ubnormalis. Leaves prominently net-veined. Eeceptacles peduncled.

f f Receptacles villous-tomcntose.
F. ijfsiGNis, Kz. Prome.

Foliage as in the last.

XX Receptacles glabrous, the size of a small cherrg. Leaves cordate. Petiole very
long and slender.

F. Etjmphii, B1. Chittngong, Ava, Tenasserim, Kat-

F. cordifulia, Eoxb. chall, and Great Nicobar.

Nioung-hpyu (Kurz). Nioung-gyat (Jlason).
Leaves opaque, white-dotted on the upper side.

MOREuS. 271

F. CALOSEFRA, Kz. Buima.

Like the last, but leaves not wlutc-dottcHl.

F. SELiGiosA, L. Pegu Range, along streams, ami cultivateil.

Nioung-ben (Xioung-bor-di, Mason).

Leaves glossy, not white-dotted, abruptly and long-caudate-acuminate.

** Leaves membranous to ehartaceous, rarely rigidly coriaceous, glabrous, or usuaUy
someivhat hairy. Receptacle various, usually funiisltecl round the mouth with more than 3
scales. Male Jlowers with 2-6 {rarely 1) stamens.

A Receptacles not staU;ed and not tapering at base.

f Receptacles globular to turbinate, sessile, pubescent.

F. TRILOBA, Ham. E.T. ilartabau at oOOO to .5000 feet.

Tawny-hispid. Leaves at base o-7-nerved, usually lobed. Eeceptacle bracts
3-4 lines long.

F. HFRTA, Yhl. E. T. Martaban at 3000 to 4000 feet.

Tawny-hispid. Leaves at base usually 3-uerved, often lobed. Receptacle bracts
about a line long.

F. CHEYsocARPA, Rwdt. E.T. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 4000

feet. Kamorta.

Tawny-tomentose and pubescent. Leaves simple, entire, and o-nervcd at base.

f f Receptacles globular to turbiniite, slortly, or very shortly peduncled. Young
shoots piubescent, adult Itaves glabrescent.

X Receptacles the size of a cherry, pubescent.

F. FKUTIGERA, Wall. Martaban at 4000 feet.

Leaves glabrous. Petioles i to i inch long. Peduncles less than a line long.

F. LEPiDosA, Wall. E.T. Southern spurs of Pegu Range.

Leaves slightly pubescent beneath. Petioles I-IA inch long. Peduncles 2-3
lines long.'

X X Receptacles the size of a pea, glabrous.

F. LAMPOXGA, Mic]^. <S. Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves thin membranous, glabrous, or pubescent on the nerves beneath.

var. a lampnnga. Petioh; and nervation jiubescent.
var. /3 chartacea. Petioles and leaves glabrous.

A A Receptacles stipitate, i.e. contracted at base or tapering on a stalk.
\ Stipitate receptacles sessile. Leaves glabrous.

X Leaves rigid and thin-coriaceous, yellow and brown variegated beneath.
F. EXCicLSA, Yhl. E.T. Chittagong. Eastern Slopes of the

Kyoung-tha-bye (Kurz). Tegu Range and the Audamans.

Receptacles glabrous or somewhat scabrous, leaves apiculate.

X X Leaves thin, rigid-chartaceous, prominently net-reined on both sides.
F. RADicAxs, Roxb. Upper Tenasserim.

Receptacles hispid scabrous. Leaves long-caudate-acuminato.
XXX Leaves long-acuminate, thick meynbranous, venation not prominent above.
F. SUBITLATA, Bl. E.S.S. ilartalian and Eastern Slopes of the Pegu Range.

Leaves entire ; recej)taeles with a few peripherial scales. Peduncles scaled.

' " F. ctiri/socarptr Rwdt. affiuis, crrore quoJdain ol Miciuel in .\nualii! suis me hanc .speciem cum
S. diternj'olia ideuticam declarasse putarit." — Kurz, J.A.S.U. ii. 1873, p. 107.

272 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

F. UNiGLANDuiosA, "Wall. E.S. Along streams in the Pegu Range.

Loaves crenate-serrate towards the apex. Receptacles and peduncles not scaled,
f f Receptacles ahrupthj stalked. Lcaces not tesselate-net-veitied beneath. Glabrous
trees.

§ Receptacles the she of a pea, smooth. Petiole \—k inch long.

E. VASCULOSA, Wall. £.T. Tenasserim.
Loaves rigidly chartaceous, blunt-acuminate, vividly green.

F. NEHVOSA, Heyne. E.T. All over Burma.
Nyoung-peing-nai (Kurz), i.e. The ' Jack-tree fy.''

Leaves thin, but rigidly chartaceous, sharply acuminate, brownish beneath.
§ § Receptacles the size of a prune, loni/ peduncled, puherulous.

F. CALLOSA, Willd. £.T. Eastern Slopes of the Pegu Eange.

Tenasserim. Tlie Andamans.

Leaves large, glaucous-green, apex rounded. Petiole 1-2 inches long.

X X Glabrous climbers. Receptacles shortly and abruptly peduncled. Leaves rigidly
coriaceous.

F. KAiTENTACEA, Roxb. J. iS'. Chittagong and Eastern Slopes of

the Pegu Range.

Leaves not tesselate-not-veined beneath. Receptacles smooth, the size of a
cherry.

§ Leaves tcssclate-net-reined beneath. Flowers not mired with bristles.
II Receptacles as large as a pigeon^ s egg or larger.
F. roMiFERA, Kz, JE.S.S. Upper Tenasserim.

Glabrous. Leaves blunt. Receptacle smooth, apple-shaped.

II II Receptacles the size of a pea or larger.
F. scANDExs, Roxb. U.S.S. Pegu Range, Tenasserim, and the

Receptacles scabrous. Andamans.

XXX Puherulous low shruhs. Receptacle abruptly stalked.
F. scABEELLA, Roxb. Chittagoug.

Leaves seiTatc. Receptacle the size of a cherry, whito-tuberclod.
F. ANASTOirozANs, "Wall. Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves coarse, sinuate, and almost lobcd. Receptacles the size of a pepper-kernel,
scabrous-pubescent.

X X X X Shrubs. Receptacles pear-shaped. Peduncle long.
§ Low creeping shrub. Leaves serrate.
F. HETEKornTLLA, L. Along streams all over Burma.

Leaves various. Cordate to palmately lubed or undivided, scabrous, pubescent
beneath.

§ § Erect shrubs. Leaves entire.
F. iscnxoPODA, Miq. Rocky streams in the Pegu Range.

Leaves and receptacles glabrous.

F. suBrYErroRMis, Miq. Hills East of Toung-ngoo.

Leaves pubescent beneath. Receptacles pubescent.

B. Receptacles arising in clusters or by pairs in racemes or spikes from tubercle-like
or reduced lenjlcss racemose branchlets, or from bracted shoots from tlie roots or stems,
pyriform or turbinate, often peripherally scaled. Mouth strongly umbilicate by numerous
bracts. Male flowers often tnonundrous. Stigma usually thickened and papillose.

MOREM 273

+ Leaves entire.
f Leaves lanceolate penninerved. Receptacle the she of a pea.
F. RiBEs, RwJt. E.T. Southern Tenasserim.

f f Leaves lanceolate to linear penninerved. Receptacles the size of a cherry or larger.
F. pruRHOCARP.v, Kz. E.S. Ilocky streams iu tlic Pegu Range and Martaban.

Receptacles ribbed, and willi peduiu-le rusty-Iiirsute. Leaves thinly pubescent
beneath.

F. LANCEOLATA, Roxb. E.S. Chittagong.

Te-tha-hpan (Kurz).

Glabrous, receptacles ribbed, smooth pustulate.

Iff Leaves hroadhj oblong, 3-nerved at base. Receptacles the size of a prune to that
of an apple.

F. GLosiERATA, AVilld. E.T. All over Burma.

Ye-tha-hpan (Kiu'z).

Receptacles on long glabrous peduncles.

F. Chittaoonoa, Miq. E. T. Chittagong and Pegu.

Tha-hpan-ben (Kurz).

Receptacles on very short pubescent peduncles.

f f f f As above, but leaves penninerved, glabrous.
F. FISTCLOSA, Rwdt. E.T. Eastern Slopes of the Pegu Range and Tenasserim.

Leaves thick-membranous, acute at base. Receptacles loug-peduncled, roughish,
brown.

F. MACEOPODA, Kz. E.T. Tree forests of South Andaman. Naukowry,

Great and Car Nicobar.

Leaves thin chartaceous, rounded at the narrow base. Receptacles long-peduncled,
smooth.

-| — |- Leaves pubescent beneath onlg, or glabrous, crenate-serrate, rounded or
caudate at base.

f Leaves glabrous, S-o-nerved at base. Receptacle very large.

F. REGIA, Miq. E.T'. Tree forests of Upper Tenasserim.

Receptacles shortly and densely pul](>srent, indistinctly ribbed.

f t Leaves pubescent beneath, 'i-i)-nerved at bane. Receptacles very large.

F. Ro.vnuHGHit, Wall. E.T. Tree forests of Miu'tabau and Chittagong.

Sin-tha-hpan (Kurz).

Peduncles and receptacles densely hispid-tonientose.

+ + -[- L'mves on both sides pubescent, serrate. Receptacles usually more scaly
round their circumference.

f T^eaves not oblique. Receptacles pyriform, rising from radical shoots and the leaf
axils simultaneously, liark grey.

F. HisriDA, L. f. E.T. All over Burma and the .\ndamans up to 1000 feet.

Ka-dot (Kurz) Katchall. Kamorta and Car jS'icobar.

Leaves usually oiipositc. Peduncles and receptacles greyish-pubescent,
f f Tjcaves obliepie. Base on one side produced in a half-cordate lobe. Receptacle
scaly, pubescent. Bark red-brown.

F. CUNIA, Ruch. E.T. var. » all over Eurma.

Ye-kha-ong (Kurz).

Receptacles pyriform, pcduncled.

VOL. n. 18

274 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

var. a cunia. Eeccptacles pyriform, stalked.

var. ji conglomerata, Roxb. lleceptacles more globular, sessile.

Kurz adds from the Nicobars :

F. GiBBOSA, Bl. Tree forests of Kamorta and Car Xicobar.

F. PEDUNCiJiATA, Rwdt. Nankowiy.

Mason gives the following vernacular names for several species of figs : Yae-klia-
ong, Tae-tha-hpan, Pa-nioung, Yuae-tia-thie, Neoung-tha-bye, Nioung-peing-nC-, Bet-
ka-lat, Kha-ung-sung-ku, Louk-let, Sa-kha-ung, Thab-bu, Thap-pau ; andin Sgau-Karen,
We-tlia-kan-tho, We-tha-kau-hsa, We-tha-ku-pan, We-tba-ku-pan-tho. We-tlia-ku-
pan-bsa, We-ta-en-ua-tho, We-ta-en-na-hsa, "\Ve-liti, Wo tlia-dwi-tbo, We-khai-lisa,
Wc-kle-thu-mu.

From tlie earliest times, down to the present, the fig-tree has ever held a
distinguished place among those trees associated with Phallic si/mbolism and the
worship of the reproductive force of nature. A familiar example may be quoted
in the traditional use of the fig-leaves as a covering for our first parents, and the
connection thereby indicated between the fig and the ideas covertly represented
by the serpent and the mythical applo or forbidden fruit (call it what you may), for I
presume there are few people now-a-ilays who have enjoyed anything approaching to a
liberal education, who are so unenliglitened or credulous, as to regard the account
of Adam's fall in a literal and material sense, and not as an allegorical and covert pre-
sentment of the course and development of human passion and frailty. No greater
mistake can be made than when we attribute indelicacy or profanity to certain acts or
things, which .to tlie eyes of men in an earlier and nidor stage of society appeared
neither indelicate nor profane, however much they may be judged to be so by ourselves.
To judge justly of either actions or persons, we must emancipate ourselves as much as
possible from our prejudices and present sui-roundings and view matters as they appeared
to those of old time. In our day, for example, if one man wishes to pledge himself to
another, he grasps his hand ; but in Abraham's time it was not the hand, but quite
another part of the person' (the ' thigh' as it is euphemistically called), which was
grasped when a solemn pact or engagement was made ; and yet we may be sure that
all notions of indelicacy were as absent in the one case as they are in the other, and
this peculiar mode of attestation simply added the sanctity of an oath to the obligation
about to he incurred.

Tliis may appear to many too much of a truism to require comment, but so far
fi-om tliis being universally accepted and acted on, there are, I fear, too many among
us who would ratlier the uuiltitude remained in ignorance of the meaning of a good
deal they read in their Bibles, or entirely misinterpreted the same, than unsettle their
minds by letting them comprehend the truth; such, for example, as the real
meaning of the alK'gory of the Serpent in Genesis. These few remarks are, however,
made simply in explanation of the light wherein I view a subject rather difficult,
I confess, to deal witli, and need not therefore be prolonged. Speaking of tlie famous
Ficiis rumiiin/is- of Rome, beneath which it was believed Romulus and Remus were
nurtured, De Gubcrnatis remai'ks, " La fi(/uc dans le monde vegetal, . . . est un
symbol de la generation et de la fecondite, et elle preside tout naturellement a la
fondation d'une grand ville et d'une grand peuple." And again, " C'est sous un
figuiere qu'Adam se cache apres avoir mange le fruit defendu ; la figuo et la
pomme d'Adam cachent le meme fruit mythologique." And again " Nous avons
eu deja plusieurs fois I'occasion de noter que les animaux et les arbrcs phalUques sont
devenus des arbrcs sinistres, funeraires, diaboliques ; nous avons tache memo do
prouver comment I'arbre d'Adam a pu se transformer en arbre de la croix, en arbre
maudit, en arbre de Judas."

In connection with this subject it may be remarked that the wood of the fig-tree

1 Genesis xxiv 2.

- For nuioh curious information tonchin.s tlie extremely ancient synibolieal sense attaohinjr to 'Jiffs'
ami 'Jiij-Uaies,' e(uisult ' Ancient Faiths embodied in Ancient Xanies,' by Tlioni.as Innian, under the
heads 'Apple,' 'Fig,' ' rammmnsis' ' Jiiiiimoii,' and Mvthologie des Plantes. ii. p. 137. 'the subject
is a deep one, but inadmissible in a work of general reading, in spite of the laudable proverb ' to the
pure all things are.'

MORE^E. 275

■was that commonly selected for making the images of Priapus, -nhieh tlic Romans
placed in their gardens to friglitcn birds and thieves, as is so humorously alluded to
by Horace when relating the diseomtiture of Canidia and her accomplice Sagana —

" Olim truncus cram tkulnus, inutile lignum :
Cum faber, incertus scamnum faceretnc I'riapum,
Maluit esse deum. Deus inde ego furum aviumquo
Maxima formido." — Satires, Lib. I. 8.

A double entendre attaching to the word fictm was well known to the Romans, and
is embodied in the GGth epigram of Martial, Lib. i. ' de genere et declinatinne jhux^
and Lib. vi. cpig. 49, and xii. 33, which I need not more particularly quote. That
the fig held a high place among fruits in tlic estimation of the Greeks in tlie time
of Homer may be inferred from its being one of the fruits which adonu'd the garden
of Alcinous, and it was also a favourite in Ithaca, for whilst Laertes only gave his
little son 10 apple-trees' and 13 pears, he gave him no less than 40 fig-trees and
50 vines.

DoKSTENiA, Plumier.

Fhwers monoecious, numerous, sessile, males and females mixed, on a peltate
receptacle. Periantlis tubular, united, 2-4-toothed. Stamenn 2, filaments basally
confluent with the perianth. Orartj immersed in the spongy-fleshy receptacle, some-
times stalked. Sti/le lateral 2-eleft, or simple and short. Seeds on ripening, clastically
ejected from the pericarp.

D. Griffiihiaxa, Kz. E.S. Tcnasseiim.

Flowers immersed in the cavities of the fleshy receptacle. Fruit compound,
dimoqthous, velvety.

XXX Male and female J/uirers sr-jnirci/e, the latter solitary within a many-hracted
involucre.

Antiaris, LeachtnauU.

Flowers monoecious. Males densely packed within a manybracted involucre,
opening at length into an open convex receptacle. Perianth 4- (rai-ely 3-)cleft.
Female fowers solitary without perianth. Fruit a. drupe, the pericarj) fornu'd of the
enlarged flcsliy involucre. Albumen none. Trees or shrubs with entire distichous
leaves abounding in milky juice.

A. ToxiCAEiA, Lcsch. E.T. Eastern Slopes of the Pegu Range. Tenasserim.

A. innocua, Bl.
A. succidora, Dal?;.

Hmi-a-sait (Kurz).

Drupes pear-shaped, thick-pcdunclc^d, scarlet.

This is the renowned ' Ujiastree' of Java. It exudes a poisonous white resin,
used to poison arrows with. The inner bark or liber removed entire is used for sacks
in some parts of India. For this, a branch is selected of the reciuired diameter and
sawn off. It is now steeped in water and the ' liber' loosened by beating with clubs,
and when quite detached from the wood, it is turned back and stript off like a glove,
a thin disk alone being retaiiied and sawn off, to serve as a bottom for the sack, or the
end is sewn together. In the Wynaad those sacks are in common use among the
Cooroombars to hold rice.

+ I Filaments infexed in bud.
X Flowers in dense heads or spikes.

RitoussoxKTiA, Vcntenat.
Flowers dioecious, males in dense bracted elongate spikes, females in globular

Suvfty Ttfi/TriKovTa." — Oil. xxiv. 3-1*2.

276 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

heads. Perianth in males 4-parte(I, valvate in bud. Stamens 4. Filaments long,
exsertcd. Female perianth urceolati; or bell-shaped, 4-3-toothed, persistent. Oiari/
stalked, Trith a single pendulous ovule. Sfi/ie lateral, filiform persistent. Berry
club-sliaped, with a sappy pericai'p, inclosing the seed at its thickened upper end.
Juice milky.

B. r.iPTEiFEHA, Tout. Ava and ilartaban Hills.

Ma-laing (Kurz).

Drupes sappy, glosssy-red.

Dr. Mason says this is the tree from which the Bunnese make the coarse paper,
of which their folding books are composed, called parrti-bei/ce, and Kurz adds that it
is also used in China and Japan in tlie manufacture of paper.

MoKUs, Linnaus.

Flowers moncecious or dioecious, in dense spikes. Male perianth 4- (rarely 5-)
parted, the segments in 2 series, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4 (rarely 5). Female
perianth 4-parted, the outer segments larger. Deary 2-colled, cells 1-ovuled. Stigmas
2, elongate-filiform. Aelienes usually covered bv the fleshv jierianth, and hence beny-
hke.

M. L.EVIGATA, Wall. Tree forests of Martaban and Tenasserim.

Ma-lein-pen (Kurz).

Male and female spikes 4-5 inches long.

M. Indica. Cultivated as food for silkworms.

Male spikes about A an inch long.

X X Female fowers solitary or in poor racemes.
Balanostekblus, Kurz.

Flowers moncecious, females racemose, males in catkins. Perianth entire, connate
with the ovaiy, free upwards, but entirely inclosing the ovaiy, perforate at the
apex. Seed inclosed in the fleshy perianth, and drupaceous. Milky trees, with
alternate spiny-toothed leaves.

B. ilicifolia, Kz. Ava and Chittagong.

Drupes the size of a pea, red, tubercled-wrinkled, glabrous.

Streblus, Loureiro.
Flowers monoecious or dia-cious, the males in heads, the females solitary. Perianth
4-parted, in fruit enlarged, fleshy. Ovary with a single ovule attached near the apex.
Style somewhat esccntrical. Stiymas 2, filLform. Albumen none. MUky trees or shrubs,
witli simple sen-ulate leaves.

* 2Inle flowers in spikes or short-peduncled heads, the heads sometimes andnyynous.
Female flowers solitary, pedunchd. Perianth segments broad, enlarging and turning fleshy,
entirely inclosing the achene.

S. ASPEEA, Lour. E.l\ All over Burma, the Andamans,

Op-nai (Kurz). Katchall, and Car Nicobar.

All parts scabrously pubescent, fruiting perianth fleshy, scabrous. Male flowers
in heads.

S. Mills, Kz. E.T. Khakyen Hills.

All parts glabrous. Male flowers in dense spikes.

* * Male flowers in short-peduncled small racemes, the female in very loose racemes,
periantli-segments narrow, embracing only the base of the achene.

S. (DiPLoeos) Zeylanica, Bur. E.T. Burma.

Ta.rotrojihis Zelaynia, Thw.
All parts glabrous. Fruiting perianth-segments smooth.

MORE.J-:. CELTIDEjE. iti

*** Mule flowi'rn in sexnile hracted-inrohicred chixtfrt. Female solitary, on slender
peduncles. Perianf/i-nei/mi'nfs haj'y, muck lunger tlian the ackene, and involucre-like.

S. TAXoiDEs, Kz. E.T. var. a Coasts of the Andamans.

All parts glabrous. var. ft Swampy forests in Pegu.

var. a taxoides. Leaves 2—1 inches long.

var. ft micrapJ/i/lla, Kz. Leaves I-li inch long.

The last nine genera form a very natural Order, JIurea; ili\isible into two Tribes,
Arfocarpiea and Morieai, both of considerable value for the food and other ])i-oducts
they yield. The figs, for example, yield not only edible and wholesome fruit, but
caoutchouk as well, especially F. elastica and F. laecifera, and the leaves atford good
forage for domestic animals, goats and elephants especially, devouring many species
with avidity, especially /''. religiosa, or the I'ipal of India. Several species of Mortis
are also valuable for their fruit and as forage for cattle and for feeding silkworms,
for which purpose M. alba is chiefly selected.

Order CELTIDEiE.

Flowers polygamous. Perianth 5-partito, persistent, imbricate. Stamens usually
equal to the perianth-lobes. Filaments uncoiling elastically. Sti/les 2. Orulc basilar,
campylotropous. Fmhrijo curved. Alhumeii scanty or none. Trees. Juice watery.
Leaves alteraatc. Stipules fugacious.

Malai.sia, Lonreiro.

Flowers dicrcious. The males in one-sided dense spikes, the fomalos packed in
globular receptacles. Male perianth 3— J-eleft. Stamens 'as many as periauth-segments,
incurved in bud. Filaments filiform, elastically reflexed with opening of the llower.
Female perianth urcoolat<% with an apical opening. Oranj sessile. Sti/le short. Stigmas
2, elongate. Achenes berry-like, enveloped by the enlarged perianth. Unarmed
scandent shrubs.

M. TOETUOSA, Blanco. Tree forests of the Eastern Slopes of

the Pegu llango and Tenasserim.

Stem terete, grey, glabrous. Leaves rounded at base, acuminate, 4-5 inches long,
glabrous, or the nerves beneath jiuberulous, rci)and-toothed.

*** Style simple or 1. Ovule solitary, suspended, tio albume?i. Leaves alternate.
Fruit a drupe or samara.

\ Anthers introrse. Filaments injlexed in lud. Fruit a drupe.

Spokta, Planch.
(Including Gironniera.)

Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Perianth 4-5-partcd, imbricate in bud,
persistent. Stamens 4-5, opposite the perianth-segments. Filaments incurved.

* Female fowers in cymes or spikes.

S. oKiEXTAi.is, Planch. F.T. var. « Chittagong. var. ft All over

Sap-sha-pon (Kurz). Burma.

Leaves oblique, ovate at the base, scmicordate, 5 inches long, acute, serrulate,
chartaceous, retrorselj'-scabrous from stiff ajuiresscd liristles. Beneath silvery
pubescent, 5-7-nerved at the base, and penninerved upwards. Plowers sessile,
forming villous cymes in the leaf-axils.

var. a Wightii, Planch. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves less rough,
var. ft Amhoinensis, Bl. Branchlets villous. Leaves very scabrous.

S. TiMouKNsis, Bl. E.T. Tenasserim.

Leaves 2-3 inches long, serrulate, glabrous, 3-ncrved at base, upwards penni-
nerved.

278 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AjVD PRODUCTIONS.

S. NERVOSA, Planch. £.T.

Leaves pubescent beneath, unequal at the base, rigid-chaiiaceous, entire, -wrinkled
above and pubescent along the midrib. Stigmatic styles sessile. Drupes sessile, the
size of a pea, ovate, comjiressed, hispid, pericarp dry, crowned by long sessile stigmatic
styles or their bases.

var. a nervosa, Planch. Leaves more pubescent. Stigmas united at base into
a style.

var. /3 subaqualis. Planch. Leaves less pubescent. Styles almost sessile.

** Female flowers ttsually solitary, on an axillary peduncle.

S. LTJCiDA, Kz. E.T. Tree forests of South Andaman.

Leaves 5-8 inches long, almost polished. Drupes the size of a small cherry,
glabrous.

S. (Galumpita) cuspidata, B1. E.T. Tree forests of Eastern Slopes of the

Pegu Range.

Leaves 3-4 inches long, opaque on both sides, serrulate. Drupes the size of a
small cherry, glabrous.

Solenostigma, Endlicher.

Flowers polygamous. Perianth 5-parted, deciduous. Stamens 5. Stigma 2-lobed
at the apex, persistent. Frtut a drupe. Evergreen trees, with 3-nerved entire leaves.

S. "WiGHTn, Planch. Tree forests of the Andamans.

Glabrous. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, chartaceous, 4-6 inches long, the 2 lateral
nen-es exurient to the vei-y point, thinly but prominently net- veined. Flowers yellowish,
sub-sessile. Drupes glabrous, the size of a pea, terminated by the dilated short styles.

Celtis, Tournef.

Flowers polygamous, dimorphous, the hermaphrodites only fertile. Male perianth
4-5-parted, the segments concave, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as segments,
hypogynous. Filaments usually spreading elastically. Ovary rudimentary, surrounded
by the villous disk. Hermaphrodite perianth deciduous. Stamens as in males. Ovary
on a -^-illous disk. Stigmas 2, sessile, or connate at the base, deciduous, fililbrm. Trees
or shrubs, with 3-ncrved leaves.

* Fruiting peduncles solitary, or hy 2-3 from the leaf-axils, simple.

C. MOLLIS, Wall. Ava.

Leaves tomentose, entire. Fruiting peduncles solitary.

C. HAMTLTONn, Planch. Tcnasserim, along streams.

Leaves glabrous, serrate, green on both sides, fruiting peduncles solitary in tho
leaf-axils.

C. TETEANDEA, Eoxb. Ava Hills.

As the last, but the leaves larger, brownish beneath, and the crenatures more
rounded.

** Fruiting peduncles branched.

C. ciNNAMOMEA, Ldl. F.l'. Chittagong and Eastern Slopes of the Pegu Range.
Leaves glabrous, remote-serrulate. Fruiting peduncles forming a torus.

Trema, Loureiro.

Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Perianth 4-5-parted, imbricate in bud, per-
sistent. Males : Stamens 4-5, opposite perianth-segments. Filaments incurved.
Females: Ovary 1 -celled, with a single ovule attached to the summit of the wall.
Stigmas 2, free or basally united. Drupe fleshy, containing a hard putamen.

T. orientalis, B1. Kamortu (K.).

var. T. {Spunia) velutina, Planch.

CELTIDEJE. L'LMACE^E. 279

GiuoxNTERA, Gaudichaud.

Flowers small, direcious, in axillary cynics or branclu'd racemes, /'en'riiifh of
4 or 5 sep;ments, imbricate in bud. Staineui 4 or 5. FilamentH sligbtlj" incurved.
Ovary with 1 pendulous ovule. Styles 2, long and filiform. Drupe slightly com-
pressed. Leaves alternate.

G. suBJEQUAiis, Planch. Kamorta (K.).

Order UL'M.VCE.E.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Peria/ifh cami)anulato, persistent, qnadri- to octofid.
Stamens opposite the perianth-lobes. Anthers oxtrorse. Urarij 1- or 2-celled.
Styles 2. Ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous. Fiiihryo straight. Albumen none. Trees.
Juice watciy. Leaves alternate. Stipules fugacious.

TJlmts, Tonrnef.

Flowers hermaphrodite, or polygamous, cymose. Perianth bell-shaped, 3-8-
parted, marcesccnt or deciduous. Stamens as many as, or more than, the perianth-
segments. Filaments erect. Anthers small. Fruit a winged samara, 1- or occasionally
2-celled, witli the second cell empty, and smaller. Seed ovate, anatropous, or nearly
BO. Alhumen none.

TJ. iNTEGEiFOLiA, Eoxb. Pcgu Eauge and Hills East of Toung-ngoo.

Myouk-seit (Kurz).

Leaves entire. Perianth-segments deciduous.

U. LANCiFOLi.\, Eoxb. The Pegu Eangc.

Tha-leh.

Leaves serrulate. Perianth bell-shaped, marcescent-persistent.

Helicia, Loureiro.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth regular, the segments revolutc when separating.
Anthers on sliort tihiments, inserted a little below the blade, tlie connective produced
into a sliort appendage. Hvpogynous glands equal, distinct, or united in a ring or
cup round the ovary. Orary with 2 ascending ovules laterally attached near the base,
sessile with a long straight stylo, slightly thickened at the end, the stigma terminal.
Flowers by pairs. Bracts very deciduous.

* Inflorescence axillary or lateral. Leaves more or less acuminate, apiculate, or
bluntisk.

I Racemes glahrous or nearly so.

H. CocHiNCHiNEifsis, Lour. E.T. Martaban at 5000 to 7000 feet.

Leaves serrate or entire, acuminate at the base and almost decurrent on the
■J to f inch long petiole. Scales distinct, smooth.

H. EOBUSTA, Wall. E.T. Martaban and Tenasserim from 2000 to 4000 feet.

Leaves serrate on 2-3 lines long petioles. Scales united in a 4-toothcd cup.

\ \ Pacemes rusty-tomenfnse or villous.
-f- Young branchlets rusty -villous. Leaves serrate.
H. PTRRHOBOTETA, Kz. Martaban at 4000 feet.

Ovary smooth, scales not known.

H. E,\CELSA, Bl. E.T. Chittagong and Tenasserim.

Ovary rustj--hirsute, scales smooth, distinct.

-j-^- Touny branchlets glabrous. Leaves entire.
H. SAr.icrFOLiA, Presl. Tenasserim.

Ovary rusty-hirsute, scales puberulous, distinct.

280 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

** Inflorescence terminal, glalrous.
II. TERM--TNALTP, Kz. Kliiikyeu Ilills.

Leaves entire, retuse.

DAPHNALES.

Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Perianth green or coloured, regular or irregular,
often tubular. Orari/ 1- rarely 2-celled, superior. Stigma 1. Onde usually solitary,
pendulous or sub-erect. Albumen none, rarely scanty. Embryo straight.

Order EL^AGNE^.

Flowers regular, licrruaphrodite, sometimes unisexual by abortion, rarely dioecious.
Perianth inferior, usually forming a 2-4-lobed bell, narrowed or contracted into a
shorter or longer tube. Disk filling the periimtli-tube, and variously prominent along
its margin, rarely consisting of 8 glands. Stamens rarely free, usually adnate to the
periantli, as many, or twice as many, as perianth-lobes. Antliers 2-celled, the cells
dehiscing longitudinally by a double slit. Ocarij free, inclosed in the perianth-tube,
which enlarges in fruit, 1 -celled with a .solitary erect ovule. Sti/Ie simple, elongate.
Fruit inclosed in the dry or more usually fleshy or sappy enlarged perianth-tube,
drupaceous, the spurious pericarp hoiny or chartaccous, smooth or woolly or scaly
within. Einhryo erect, surrounded with a very thin albumen with an inferior radicle,
the cotyledons narrow Shrubs or trees, often scandent, sometimes spiny, all parts
more or less covered with minute silvery or coppery scales. Stipules none. Leaves
simple, alternate, or rarely opposite. Flowers solitary or clustered, sessile or pediceUed,
axillary.

El.i:agnus, Linnccus.

Flowers hermaphrodite or male by abortion. Perianth 4- rarely 5-8-lobcd, the
limb valvate, and at the base contracted into a tube. Disk glandular. Stamens
usually 4. Ocary 1 -celled, with a single erect ovule. Sti/le simple, subulate, .some-
what recurved and stigmatic along the one side of the apes. Fruit a di'upe, tho
putameu bonj', and 1 -seeded.

E. ARBORE.i, lioxb. E.T. Tree forests of Ava. Pegu. Tenasserim.

Men-"u Kamorta and Isankowry.

Drupes 11 inch long, the putamen sulcatc, with rounded ribs.
E. coNFEKTA, Koxb. E.S.S. Chittagong.

Drupes 4-6 lines long, the putamen slightly sulcate ribbed.

Mason remarks : " This sour red plum, which grows on a magnificent creeper,
makes excellent tarts and jellies, and is a great favourite with the natives. It grows
wild in many of our jungles, but is nowhere very abundant. It is often seen in
cultivation among the Burmese, and I have met wdth it in some of the Eed Karen
villages."

Order THYilEL^ACEiE.

Flowers usually hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual. Perianth tubular, funnel- or
bell-shaped, naked at the throat, or furnished with scales or glands, 4-5-lobcd,
imbricate, or rarely valvate. Hypogynous ylands minute, 4-8, somewhat fleshy, or
filiform, inserted around the ovary, either tree or united in an entire or toothed ring
or cup, rarely wanting. Fertile stamens usually as many, or twice as many, as
perianth-lobes, rarely only 2, inserted on the throat or tube in a single or double
series, and opposite to the lobes, or the lower ones alternating with them. Anthers
2-celled, the cells dehi.scing usually inwardly by 2 longitudinal slits. Ocary free,
1- or rarely 2-cellcd, with 1 (or rarely 2 or 3 pendulous) ovule. Fruit iudehiscent
and nut-like, drupaceous or berry-like, or rarely a 2-valved capsule. Seed pendulous,
the pericarp thin or crustaccous, rarely fibrous-woody. Albumen none, or rarely

TIIYMEL.EACE^. 281

present. Emhryo straiglit, with a superiDr railicle, cotyledons fli'sliy, plano-convex.
Shrubs or trees, rari-ly herbs. Leares simple, opposite or alternate. StipuJex none.
Flotccrs often in heads, umbels, clusters, racemes or si)ikes, often silky outside.

An order characterized by the peculiar loose bark of a caustic nature, which
acts upon the skin as a vesicatory. The fi'uits of many are ])oisonous. Paper is
made from the inner bark of several species of Daphne. Ka^le-wooJ, containing
a fi'agrant resin of a dark colour, comes from Aquilaria tigallochiuit.

Daphne, Zinnaim.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth tubular or funnel-shaped, deciduous, 4-lobed.
Hypoyi/nous disk obsolete or none. Anthers inserted in 2 superposed rows of 4 each,
nearly sessile. Ovarij 1-celled, with a single ovule. Drupe fleshy succulent (rarely
coriaceous), 1 -seeded, with crustaceous testa.

D. PENDULA, Sm. £.8. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 5000 to GOOO feet.

All parts glabrous. Leaves usually acuminate at both ends, membranous,
4-6 inches long, glaucous beneath. Flowers yellow, 6 lines long, tubular, sessile,
densely pubescent outside.

LiNosiojiA, TJ'i/iich.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth bell-shaped, 5-lobed, of a thin texture,
furnished at the throat with 10 free or 5 bifid glabrous scales. Stamens 10,
alternating with the perianth scales. Hi/pot/i/nous scales none. Ocary sessile,
1-celled, with a solitary pendulous ovule. Htyle capillary with a capitate stigma.
Nut cby. Seeds solitary, with a thin crustaceous pericarp. Albumen none.

* Glabrous shruls. Perianth-scales \<), free.
L. PAUCIFLORUM, Grilf. E.S. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 3000 to 4000 feet.
Leaves obovate, blunt, or rounded with a mucro.
L. DECAXDEUir, Wall. E.S. Chittagong. Tenasserim.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.

** Tomenfose shrubs. Perianth-scales '), bifid.
L. scAXDENs, Wall. F.S. Tenasserim.

Floral leaves coriaceous, petioles inserted with a broad base to a knob on the
peduncle and reflexed.

L. SiAMENSis, Kz. The Eng forests of Prome.

Floral leaves thin chartaceous, the petioles thin, and nut thickened at their
insertion with the peduncle.

Kurz adds, from the Nicobars :

GoKYSTYLUs MiQUELiANUs, T. et B. Kamorta.

AdDiLAKrA, Lamarck.

Perianth coriaceous, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, scales at th(> throat 10, exserted, pilose,
fonning a 10-lobed crown. Stamens 10, adnate to the ])erianth-tube. llypogynous
scales or ring none. Geary sessile, if solitary 2-celled, if not 1-celled. Capsule
woody, with a thin coriaceous pericarp sessile, 2-valvcd, with metlian placentas.
Seeds 2, or solitary by abortion. Albumen none.

A. AOAi-LocHA, Koxb. F.T. Hills East of Toung-ngoo.

A-kyau (Mason). Lign-aloes.

Capsules wriukled, softly and densely tomcntoso.

Wood light, close-grained, and takes a good polish. Furnishes the commercial
Eagle-wood, called by the Malays Kayu-garu. Lign-aloes is used for burning as
a perfume. Tlie finest appears to be resinous portions, only found in old and decayed
trees. Mason has some pertinent remarks on this plant : " The fragrant substance

282 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

called ligu-alops is offered for sale in all the Bazaars on the coast, and is the produce
of a tree that grows on the Mergui Islands. It is imported into Mergui by the
Selungs, who, as they profit from the trade, endeavour to keep all in ignorance of
the tree from which they obtain it.

" Gesenius says the Hebrew and Greek names are ' derived from the Indian name
of the tree, a;iih Sanskrit agaru and aynru.^ Had he read Pali, he would have been
able to approaeli the word nearer than he has done through tlie Sanscrit, for there,
besides aciaru, the Sanskrit word, we have again and aggalu, which comes sufficiently
near tlie ' Indian name agil,^ and the Greek agallochon, but it would take a pretty
thorough etymologist to get aloe, the New Testament word, out of any of them.
There is, however^ another Sanscrit and Tali word, with which Gesenius does not
appear to have mot, laulia. This is manifestly the parent of aloe, and by trans-
position, not uncommon in Hebrew, of the Hebrew name also. Although rendered
' aloes ' in the English version, no two plants are more dissimilar than this and the
common aloes " — that is lign-aloes and socotrine, or bitter-aloes.

A. M.a,ACCENSis, Lamk. I^.T. Tenasserim.

Capsules smooth and glabrous.

LAURALES.

Flowers usually unisexual. Perianth green or coloured usually regular. Oeitr>i
superior (inferior in G yroearpeae) 1-ceUed. Stigma 1. Ovule solitary. Embrgo straight,
albuminous or not.

Order LAUEINEiE.

Perianth regular, tlie tube very short, or none at the time of flowering, sometimes
enlarged over or under the fruit, or rarely adnate to the ovary and fruit, segments 6 or
rarely fewer, imbricate. Stamens nominally twice as many as periantli-segmcnts,
but sometimes reduced to 3, or irregularly increased in number, all fertile or a certain
number reduced to staminodes, or sessile, or stalked glands. Anthers adnate with
2 colhiteral or supeqiosed pairs of cells, each cell opening in a valve from the base
upwards, or (in Ilernandia) from the inner to the outer side. Ovarg free or (in
Hernnndia) adnate, 1 -celled with a solitary ovule suspended fi'om the apex of the
cavity, from a funiclc adnate to its side, or rarely with a second abortive ovule.
Sti/Ie simple, often very short. Stigma capitate or dilated, entire or lobed. Fruit
a berry or drupe, rarely dry or nearly so, the perianth is entirely deciduous or the
tube enlarged and dry, or fleshy, supporting or inclosing the fruit. Seed pendulous,
•without albumen. Emlryo with thick fleshy cotyledons filling the seed and inclosing
the plumule and short superior radicle. Trees or shrubs, rarely leafless twiners.
Leaves usually alternate simple. Stipules none. Flowers usually small, the in-
florescence various.

Sub-order LA TJRINEM vera.
* Anther-cell opening by uptvard-twning ralres.
-f Flowers in nahed inflorescences, not surrounded Ig a proper involucre or imbricate
bracts.

X Anthers A-celled, fruit superior, free, not inclosed in the jjericarp.

CiNNAMOMUM, BurmanH.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments breaking off at their middle, leaving
a persistent 6-lobcd cup or disk under the fruit. Ovarg inserted iu the centre of the
funnel-shaped perianth receptacle, 1 -celled, with a soUtaiy pendulous ovule. Trees
or shrubs usually aromatic.

LA URINE JE. 283

* Leai-cs S-5-nerie(I.
X Piriantk-segments ilecidtioun along a horizontal line above their base or at their
middle.

X Nuts dry, glabrous.

C. Zetlanicum, Breyn. E.2\ Tenasscrim.

Loo-leng-kyaw (Kurz).

This tree yields the tnic cinnamon of commerce, the liber yields tlie oil of
cinnamon, the leaves oil of cloves, the fruit a peculiar terebiathaceous ethereal oil,
and the root camphor.

C. iNEES, Ewdt. Tree forests of Tenasserim.

Loo-leng-kyaw (Kurz).

Kurz says he does not know wherein this species differs from the last.

X X Nuts drupaceous, more or less sappy.

C. oDTUSFFOLUJii, N.E. E.T. Tree forests all over Burma, the Andamans,

Kamorta and Nankowry.

All parts glabrous. Drupes succulent, oblong, i of an inch long. The bark of
the roots is a substitute for genuine cinnamon.

C. CASSIA, Bl. E.T. Khakyen Hills.

All parts glabrous. Drupes sappy, the size of a pea.

C. suLPnuEATUii, N.E. E.T. Southern Tenasserim.

Leaves puberulous beneath.

X X rerianlh-segments entirely persistent, glabrous, leaves caudate, fuscescent in
drying.

C. CAUDATUM, N.E. E.T. Khakyen Hills.

Drupes ^-1 inch long, glossy, black.

** Zeaves penninerved.
C. rNTTNCTXTM, MeissD. Southern Tenasserim.

Drupes ovate.

C. PARTHENOXTLON-, Meissn. Southern Tenasserim.

Drupes globular.
This tree yields the so-called JIartaban camphor-wood (Kurz).

PnffiBE, Jfees von Esscnicck.

Flowers almost as in Cinnamomum, the receptacle shortly funnol-shapcd, persistent,
along with the often indurated perianth supporting the fruit. Trees or shrubs, with
alternating or almost whorled penninerved or triplinervcd loaves.

* Inflorescence and all parts quite glabroas.
P. LANCEOLATA, N.E. E.T. Tenasserim up to 3000 feet.

Flowers small, white or slender glabrous pedicels.

* * Inflorescence and younger parts more or less tomentose.

P. ruBESCENS, N.E. E.T. All over Burma, especially along streams.

Panicle slender. Pedicel as long or longer than the perianth. Fruits oval, the
size of a small pea, black, glossy.

P. viLLOsA, Wight. E.T. Chittagong.

Panicle stout. Pedicels rather thick, shorter than the perianth. Fruits globular,
the size of a pepper kernel, black, smooth.

284 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PBODECTIOXS.

Machlltis, Rnmphius.

rcrianfh -wholly persistent, not induratinp; ; the segments in fruit reflesed or
spreading. Pedicel usually not thickened. Staniens 12, as in Citmamomum.

* Leaves coriaceous, glaucous heneafh.
J Leaves hhmtish, acuminate, with the margins not reflexed.

M. Indica, Lour. E.T. Martaban at from 3000 to 7000 feet.

M. odoratissima, N.E.

Perianth-segments about 2^ lines long. Leaves fi-om 4 to 7 inches long.

M. EiMOSA, Bl. Tenasscrim.

Perianth-segments hardly a line long. Leaves 2-3^ inches long.

% J Leaves Hunt, oval, with reflexed margins.

M. FEuiicosA, Kz. Upper Tenasserim at 4000 feet.

Leaves ovate, a little decurrent on the strong, broad, glabrous petiole.

** Leaves acuminate, hardly chartaceous, one-coloured.
M. Tavoya^'a, Mcissn. Tenasserim.

Alseodajhxe, Nees von Essenhech.

Flowers as in Cinnamomum. Perianth nearly wholly deciduous, tlie fruit large,
resting on the thickened, often fleshy pedicel.

A. GEANDis, N.E. E.T. Arakan. Pegu and Tenasserim.
Fruits oval, 1-2 inches long, fleshy, smooth, bluish-black and pruinose.

X X Jnthers 1-celled.

f Fruit superior, quite free, not adnate.

Beiischiiiedia, Nees von Essenleck.

Perianth wholly deciduous, the segments nearly equal (or the outer lobes minute).
Ovarg 1- (or imperfectly 2-)celled, Berry resting on a thickened, often fleshy pedicel.

B. EoxBUEGHiAXA, N.E. Pegu, Martaban up to 2000 feet, and
Shaw-htoo-pen (Kurz). ^^e Andamans.

Petiole ^ to 1 inch long, glabrous. Pcrianth-segTnents about lA lines long.
Fruits oblong.

B. GLOBi-LARiA, Kz. Hills East of Toung-ngoo from 3000 to 4000 feet.

As the last, but the fruits spherical.

B. MACHornYLLA, Meissn. Southern Tenasserim.

Petiole IJ to 3 lines long, thick, tomentose. Perianth- segments about a line long.

j- f Fruit tcholly inclosed in the enlarged perianth, hut rarely adnate to it ; only the
apex sometimes exserted.

CErPTOCABTA, R. BrOiCH.

Flotcers hermaphrodite in racemes or panicles. Fertile stamens 9, free. Frtiit
free, not adnate to the perianth. Fruiting perianth-tuhe globular, having the appear-
ance of an inferior fruit.

C. FEBREA, Bl. Tenasserim. Kamorta.
Inflorescence and all softer parts minutely ochre-pubemlous. Adult leaves

glabrous.

C. Geiffithiana, "Wight. Southern Tenasserim.

All parts more or less covered with a rusty velvety tomentum. Leaves pubescent
beneath.

LA URIXE.E. 285

EuDiANDiu, R. liioicn.
Flowers lurmapliruditc. Fertile stamens only 3, free, the 6 outer stamens reduced
to {jlands or to a glauJuUir ring. Friiil inclosed in the truncate periauth-tuhe.
Flowers in panicles.

E. Caxdolleaxa, iEcissn. Tenasscrim.

Leaves alternating, penninerved, chartaceous, 3.V to 8 inches long, on a strong
4-10 lines long pedicel, I'lowers uukuowu. Berry naked, ovate-globular, smootii,
9 lines long.

4- + Flowers either surrounded hi/ a A-d-leared inrnhtcre, or covered by several
rows of imhrivate bracts, and while in bud entirelij inclosed by them.

J Flowers in umbels, subtended by a -l-G-lcaved involucre.
X Anthers -i-locellate.

TETEANTmcRA, Jucq.

Perianth 6-cleft or truncate. Fertile stamens 9-12, rarely 15-30, the inner 3-6
bearing glands at base. Fruit resting on a large and thick cup, or half immerstd iu
the same,

* Perianth-tube slightly enlarged under the fruit, fat or s/iyhtly concave.

J Zimb of perianth wanting or truncate, or very imperfect, and its lobes transmuted
into stamens. Stamens 15-30.

T, TOMBNTosA, lloxb, Ava.

Tomentose-pubescent, umbels solitary in the axils of the leaves.

T. LAUKiFouA, Jacq. E.T.

Ong-tong [generic, Knrz).

Almost glabrous or slightly pubescent. Umbels clustered or in short racemes.

XI Perianth-limb developed, G-clift. Stamens 0-l'2.
X Leaves coriaceous.
■\- Umbels pcduncled.
T. Rangoonexsis, Meissn. Pegu.

Leaves obloug-lanceolate, very acuminate, glabrous.

-|- + Umbels sessile, or the peduncles very much reduced.

T. L0X(3iF0LiA, Xees. Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves oblong or oval, acute, densely fulvous-pubescent beneath.

T, GRAxnis, "Wall. E.T. All over Pegu. Martaban and Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves broadly oval, rounded, or subretuse at apex, puberulous beneath, "Wood
vellow, with a beautiful lustre. A tine fancy wood (Kurz),

X X Leaves chartaceous or membranous.
'-\- Branchlets tumentose, umbels sessile or fascicled.
T. MONOPETALA, Eoxb. All over Burma.

Leaves oval, blunt, petiole ^ to 1 inch long. Stamens 9-12. Berries ovoid,
black, the size of a small cherry.

T. AMAUA, N.E. J'J.T. The Pegu Range. Tenasserinj and the Andamans.

Leaves alternate, lanceolate acute, petiole less than h an inch.

var. 2\ Andamania, Kz. Andamans and Car Nicobar.

Leaves much larger. Umbels numerous, with thin stalks up to 4 lines long.
T. LAXCiFOLiA, Ilo.xb. <S. Tcnasscrim.

Like the last, but u shrub, with opposite leaves.

286 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

T. GLArcA, Wull. E.T. Tree forests of Ava and Cbittagoiig.

Leaves lanceolate to linear appressed silky-puberulous beneath.

-j-^- BranMets glabrous, or nearlij so. Leaves gJalroiis.
T. LEiAXTHA, Kz. E.T. Tree forests of the Andamans.

Leaves obovate, long-petioled. Umbels sessile.
T. roLYANTHA, Wall. Ebakyen HUls.

Leaves lanceolate, glaucous beneath. Umbels peduncled.

** Perianth-tube enlarged to a large ficshj cup, tapering on a thich stalh.
\ Umbel solitary, clustered, or forming a reduced corymb in the axils of the leaves.

X Leaves not glaucous beneath.
T. Maetabanica, Kz. E.T. Martaban and Tenasserim at 4000 to 0000 feet.

Leaves shortly tomentose beneath and prominently net-veined.

X X Leaves more or less glaucous beneath.
T. NucrxANEA, Kz. E.S. Tree forests of Upper Tenasserim.

Branchlets tomentose. Leaves puberulous beneath, thick, chartaceous.
T. MTEisTic^FOLiA, Wall. E.T. Lower Pegu and Tenasserim.

Quite glabrous, leaves rigidly coriaceous.

var. a myristicafolia. Cup-stalk variable, not exceeding I an inch in length,
var. ji longipes. Cup-stalk 1 to 1* inch in length. Fruit twice the size
of the last.

J I Umbels dispersed in a.rillary racemes.
X Lnflorescences and all parts quite glabrous.
T. NiTiDA, Roxb. E.T. Tree forests of the Southern Pegu Eange and Martaban.
Leaves uniformly green. Branchlets sharply angular.

f f Inflorescence puberulous to tomentose.
T. PASAMOXJA, Nees. E.T. Tenasserim.

Leaves sliglitly glaucous beneath, shortly acuminate, racemes elongate, tawny-
tomentose. Fruiting-eup entu'e, berry oblong.

T. ALBICANS, Kz. E.T. Pegu Eange, Eastern Slopes, along streams.

Leaves whitish or glaucous beneath, and strongly net-veined, shortly acuminate,
racemes shortened, tawny puberulous. Fruitiug-cup lobed, berry oblong.

T. SEMECAEPiFOLiA, Wall. E. T. Tree forests of Martaban, rare in the Eastern

Slopes of the Pegu Range.
Loaves not glaucous beneath, blunt or nearly so, racemes short and tomentose.
Fruiting-cnp entire, berry obovate-globular.

In J.A.S.B. ii. 1873,"p. 102, Kurz describes Tetranthera ( Cyclicodaphne) calrphylla,
remarking that it may perhaps be a handsome variety of Cyclicodaphne Wight/ante,
but neither names reapjiear in his later list.

' X X Anthers 2-ccllcd.

Lendeka, T/iunbergh.

Floioers dioecious. Perianth 4-6-clcft, deciduous. Fertile stamens 6-9, the inner
2-6 bearing glands at the base. Fruit resting on a small entire or 6-cIeft disk.
Mostly aromatic trees.

* Leaves chartaceous or almost coriaceous, elegantly and prominently net-veined, the
reticulations narrow.

L. (Aperula) Assamica, Meissn. Nat-toung in Martaban.

Peduncles slightly pubescent, nearly an inch long, perianth pubescent.

LA URIXEJE. 287

L. NEEVOSA, Kz. Tree forests of Anilian and Upper Tenasserim.

Peduncles quite glabrous, 3-4 lines long, perianth glabrous.

** Leaves membranous, laxhj reticulate, all parts gJalrous.
L. (Apekula) Neesiana, B1. Martaban and Upper Tenasseiim.

All parts liigbly aromatic. Yields excellent sassafras.

X Anthers •i.-celled.

DoDECADENiA, Kccs vvH Esscnbeclc.

Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary in the imbricately-scaled leaf-buds. Calyj;
6-8-parted. I'erianth 6-9-cleft. Fertile stamens 12-15, all introrsc, the outer 6-9
glandless, the inner G furnished near the base of the filament 'with u pair of capitate
stalked glands.

1). GKANDiFLORA, X.E. E.T. Kluikycn Hills.

Leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, scattered, penninerved, 2-3 V inches long,
coriaceous, glabrous.

LiTSiEA, Jussieu.

Flowers dioecious, several together. I'erianth 4-6-cleft, the segments deciduous.
Stamens 4-6 or 9, the innermost ones 2-glauded at base. Berry seated on the more
or less thickened pedicel or perianth-base.

* Leaves whorled, hj 3-5, penninerved from the base, the female flowers in small
clustered umbels, the male simply clustered.

L. (AcTiNODAPHifE) coNcoLOR, N.E. Teuasserim.

Branchlets tomentoso. Leaves 4 inches long.

L. (AciixoDAPnxE) ANousTiFOLiA, Nccs. Tree forests of the Pegu Pangc

and Tenasserim.

Ttranrhlets and shoots densely tawny-villous. Leaves 6-8 inches long, soon
turning glabrous.

L. MACROPnrLLA, Bl. Tenasserim.

Like tlie last, but leaves \-\l feet long, and when adult pubescent beneatli.

** Leaves scattered, alternate, triplinerved above the base, and penninerved further up.

L. LEiornvixA, Kz. E.T. Tenasserim.

Leaves quite glabrous. Flowers in short tawny racemes.

L. FOLiosA, N.E. E.T. Cliittagong and Hills East of Toung-ngoo from 3000

to 7000 feet. Kamorta and Xaukowiy.

Leaves quite glabrous, glaucous beneatli. Flowers in sessiU' involucred umbrls.

X X Anthers -{-celled.

DAPii.NimrM, Nees von Fssenheclc.

Flowers dirccious, several together. Perianth 6-9-cleft, witli the segments
deciduous. Stamens 9 (rarely more), the 3 innermost ones 2-g!anded at the base.
Merry seated on the entire or 6-lobed perianth-base of the thickened pedicel.

X Leaves triplinerved.
D. PiTLcnFRiii.Miir, Nees. E.T. Ilills East of Toung-ngoo up to 7000 feet.

Leaves glabrous, glaucous beneath.

D. CAi'DATCM, Necs. El'. Martaban and Tenasserim over 4000 feet.

Leaves densely and shortly tawny-pubcscent beneath.

288 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD rRODUCTIOSS.

X X Leaves peyininerved.
D. AHGENTEuir, Kz. Eastcm slopes of the Pegu Range and llartaban.

Leaves beautifully appressed silvery-pubescent beneath. Flowers in very short
racemes.

** Anthers opening hteralhj, the valves separating lateralhj, from the inner tu the
outer edge.

HEENANDi-i, Bhime.

Flowers moncecious, the females with an involucre inclosing the fruit. Perianth-
segments in two series, valvate in bud, the rows in the males of 3-4, in the females
4-5 segments. Stamens as many as the outer perianth-segments and opposite to them,
basally 2- (rarely l-)giandular. Anthers 2-celled, introrse.

H. PELTATA, Meissn. KT. Coasts of the Andamans, Kamorta.

KatchaU and Car jVicohar.

All parts glabrous. Leaves peltate, minute at the base on 3-5 inch long petiole-
acute, palmateiy nerved, 6-8 inches long by 4*-6 broad. Flowers white, conspicuous.
"Wood very light, and so reatlily takes lire "that it might be used for tinder (Kurz).

Sub-order CASSYTJIEyE.
Parasitical herbs, with the habit of Cuscuta, with filiform twining stem adhering
by suckers to living plants.

Cassttha, Linnceus.

Floirers hermaphrodite. Perianth ovoid or tubular, with 3 outer equal lobes,
and 3 inner minute ones. Stamens 9, the 3 inner ones with 2 glands at the base.
Anthers 2-celled, those of the inner stamens turned outwards. Staminodes 3, small.
Fruit iuclosed in the succulent tube of the perianth. Leaves reduced to minute scales.
Flowers sessile in axillary spikes.

C. riLrFOEMis, L. Kamorta. Katchall. Car Nicobar (K.).

All the species of this Order are more or less aromatic and fragrant, and some
are commercially important, as Cinnamomum Zeglanicum, which yields the best sort
of Cinnamon, and Cainphora officinarum, from which much of the Camphor of
commerce is prepared. Camphor, however, which is a concrete volatile oil, exists
in the wood and roots of several other species of this and other Orders, and is
prepared by distilling the wood with water, after which it is refined by a second
distillation, which, from the volatile nature of the drug, is easily effected with
a veiy simple apparatus. Cinnamomum Ztylanicum is cultivated for its aromatic
bark, but several allied species yield a similar, though inferior article, which is used
to adulterate the genuine, as C. cassia, C. riiirion, C. aroniuticuni, C. nitidum,
C. tamala, and others, the two last yielding also ' Tej pat ' of the Indian bazaars,
or ihe folia MaJahathri of authois, so much used in cookery.

C. parthenoxglon has a fragrant odour of sassafras, and is called by the Karens,
on that account, says Dr. Mason, 'The tree galanga,' 'galanga' being the root of
a Zinziberaceous plant, Eampferia galanga.

In addition to Camphor, a few Burmese species produce Benzoin. The Avocado,
or Alligator Pear {Persea gratissima), belongs to this Order, which yields no good fruits.

Many trees of this Order yield useful and even valuable timber, as the ' Green-
heart ' of" Demerara [Xevtandra Podiai) ; ' Madeira Mahogany ' ( Persea indica) ; The
'foetid Til' of the Canaries {Oreodaphne faiens); The 'Sweet-wood' of Jamaica
{Oreodaphne exalbata), and the 'Stink-wood' of South Africa {Oreodaphne lullata).
The ' Green-heart ' yields also a powerful alkaloid, Bebcerine, the active ingredient of
"Warburg's Drops, and second only to Quinine as a vegetable antiperiodic. The woods
of our Burmese LaurinecB are not well known, but some seem adapted for light
cnrpentiT and indoor work. One such is specified by Dr. Mason as producing a hard
wood named in Tavoy ' Kyaizai,' whilst another is recommended for occasional,

LACniNE.E. MYRISTICACE^E. 289

or, I may say, limitccl, use for a siiifrular reason, thus explained by Dr. Mason : " A
solitary post of a species of Lauras is often found in Tavoy houses. There was ono
in mine, which the white ants selected in preference to others, and as long as left
undisturbed they never wandered from home. It may be an advantage to have
one post of a house of this timber, but one is quite sufHeient." On the other hand,
this Order embraces the lioi-nean Iron wood [Eunideroxyloii Zwageri), probably the
heaviest and hardest wood known, and one which alike defies Teredo and Termite.
The Laurel {Lnuncs nobilis) was once held iu high esteem, and victors' were crowned
with a wreath of its leaves, but these have now, alas ! descended to the mean office
of flavouring dishes, and serving as a lining wherein Turkey figs arc packed.

Order MYRISTICACE^.

Fhicerfi regular, diencious. Periatifh deciduous, 3- (rarely 2- or 4-)lobcd, the
lobes valvate in bnd. Mule Jfotrers : Sfiinieiis imitcd in a central column. Anthers
3-6 or more, adnato to the column at the apex or in a ring immediately below
the column, 2-eellcd, the cells parallel, ojjening longitudinally. Feiiuile flowers :
Ovanj free within the perianth, with a single erect anatropous ovule. Sfir/mtt
sessile or nearly so, capitate or depressed. Fruit thick- or fleshy-coriaceous, opening
tardily in 2 valves. Seed erect, sessile, more or less covered with an entire or more
usually lobed or jagged coloured arillus. Albumen ruminate. Fmbryo veiy small,
basilar, with divaricate cotyledons. Trees, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple,
usually dotted and penninerved. Sf/pides none. Flowers small, the males more
numerous than the females, in axillary or supra-axillary racemes or panicles. Mracts
minute or none.

An Order consisting of a single genus, of which 5 sjiccics occur in Purma. The
nutmeg and its envelope miiee {3/i/risficii fnigrans) is the produce of this family.
Aromatic qualities prevail, while the bark abounds in an acrid juice, which is viscid,
and causes a red stain.

Myeistica, Linnavs.

(Characters, those of the Order.)

* Anthers linear, adnate to the whole lael; of the ci/lindrieal or sjiindk-shaped
staminal eolumn. Flowers in simple raeeiaes. Arillus lacerate and lobed.

*M. FRAGEANS.

The Xutmeg is indigenous in the Moluccas, but might perhaps thrive iu Southern
Tenasserim, and has been successfully grown in Mergui.

M. ELLiPTiCA, Wall. E.T. Tree forests of South Andaman.

Fruits 2 inches long or more, glabrous. Flowers rusty-scurfy, on i)cdiecls 1-2
lines long.

** Staminal eolumn pear-shaptd or /jlohular, covered all over, or only along the
depressed apex, with anthers. I'erianth ylohular, or nearly so, 2-S-cleft. Flowers
minute, in compound jjanieles. Arillus nearly complete and entire.

M. Irya, Gaertn. F.T. Tree forests of Tenasserim and the Andamans.

Fruits globular, the size of a cherry. Inflorescence rusty-scurfy, toraentose.

M. AMTGDALIXA, Wall. F.T. Tree forestsof the southern part of the Tegu

llange, Tenasserim, and the Andamans.

Fruits oblong, the size of a prune. Inflorescence glabrous or nearly so.

*** Staminal column club-shaped, at the apex dilated into a disk, round which the
anthers are attached. Female perianth globular: male 1, turbinate, often lengthened
into a stalk. Flowers clustered. Arillus lacerate or lobed.

' F(ir much other curious information, see Mythologic iks I'lantcs, vol. ii. p. 188.

vnT .11 1 J

290 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PROBUCTIONS.

M. LONGiFOLiA, "Willi. E. T. Tree forests of Cliittagong. Pegu

Za-dcip-lipyu (Kiirz). "'i'-^ Tenasserim.

Leaves large, 1-1^ foot long. Petiole thick. Fruits 2 inches loug.

M. coKTicosA, H. f. ot Th. Tree forests of Chittagong, Pegu, Teuassenm,

the Aiulamans, and Kaniorta.
Leaves 7-9 inches long. Petiole i an inch long, slender. Fruit an incli long,
glabrescent.

Order MONIMIACE^.

Flowers apetalous, usually monoecious, solitary, geminate, or in cymes, bracteoles,
caducous. Srpah 4, decussate, or 5-8, many-seriate, imbricate in bud. Stamena
usually indefinite, in male flowers lining the wall of the capsule, or in hermaphrodites
occupying the throat only, fi'ce. Anfhers usually adnate to, and shorter than the
connective. Carpeh numerous, 1 -celled, free, sessile on the surface of the recepta-
cular capsule (rarely sunk in its walls).

IMuch diversity of opinion has existed as to the natural relations of this Order,
but Hooker, fil., et Tliomson, jdace it next to Mijristicacea:, from its aromatic properties,
pellucid-punctate leaves, diclinism, solitary anatropous ovule, and divaricate cotyledons.

MoyiMIE.'E.
Perianth fg-like, or siih-t/Iohose, at length dehiscent, ovule pendnJoiis.

KiBARA, JSndlicher.
K. coEiACEA, H. f. ct Th. Great Kicobar (K.).

CHENOPODIALES.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Periuntli green or coloured, usually regular,
tube veiy short or none. Segments imbricate in bud. Oi'itry superior (except in
Ci/nocriimbe(e) or 1, rarely several carpels. Oealcs solitary (2 or more in some
Amarautacete and Paronychiae), basal. Emhryo usually cui'ved. Herbs or shrubs.

Order BASILLE^E.

Sepals 6, 1-2-seriate, green or coloured. Stamens .5, porigynous, opposite the
sepals. Anthers 2-celled. Orarij 1 -celled. Stigmas usually 2 or 3-lohed. Ocule 1,
basal. Albumen mealy. Fleshy herbs, often trailing.

Basilla, Linnaus.

Braeteoles adhering to the perianth, and' united in a 2-lobed external calyx.
Perianth ovoid, shortly 5-lobed. Style single, with 3 oblong stigmatic lobes. Fruit
inclosed in the globular succulent perianth and bracts. Seed vertical. Embryo
spiral, with little or no albumen. Leaves alternate, flat, but succulent. Flowers
sessile, in simple or branolied spikes. Stem twining.

*B. alba, L. Cultivated.

Gyen-baing.

This species (with its var. rubra) and B. eordifolia are much esteemed as
vegetables in India.

Order AMAPANTACE^.

Flowers small, hermaphrodite, or diclinous, sessile, or in heads or spikes. Bracts
usually 3, persistent, the lowest largest, rarely 2, or leafy. Calyx usually of 3-5.
Sepals distinct, or sometimes basally coherent. Corolla none. Stamens livpogynous,
5 fertile (rarely fewer). Anthers iutrorse, 1-2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary
free, l-caiiiellcd, 1-celled. Stigma capitate, 2-lobcd or 2-3-fid. Ovules 1 or more,
basal or singly suspended from separate erect funicles.

A.VARA.\TACE.^. 291

Go.vrHRi:xi£JE.
Anthers l-celled. Ovary 1-ovulcd.

Alternanthkiu, Mart.

Prrif!>ith of 5 nearly equal scavious segments, not cnvolopcil iu wool. Sfameni
5, or sometimes fewer, very shortly united at the base. Anthers 1-colled. Ovule
solitary. Sti/le short, or scarcely any, with a capitate stigma. Utricla usually
tleitteiuxl, ovate or obcordate, indehiscent. Leaves opposite. Flowers in sessile
axillary or terminal clusters or heads. Herbs.

A. sEssiLis, R. Br.

Telanthera polygunoides, Seem.

GoMPHEENW, Ltnnceus.
*G. OLOiiosA, L. Cultivated.

Ma-huyo-bea.

C. AQUATICA, Wall.

D. MUEiCATA, Mart.

A cu yranthiea:.

Anthers 2-celled. Ovary l-ovukd.
CENTROsTAcnYS, Wallich.

DiGERA, ForshM.

Amarantus, Linnaus.

Flowers polygamous. Periatith of 5 equal segments, thin, but less scarious than
usual iu this Order. Stamens 5, or rarely 3, free and slightly perigynous. Anthers
2-cclled. Ovary solitary. Style divided to the base into 2 or 3 stigraatic lobes.
Utricle opening transversely or indehiscent. Embryo coiled round the albumen.
Leaves alternate. Flowers small, green or reoldish, clustered in axillary or terminal
spikes or panicles. Bracts small.

*A. TRisTis, L. (31.). Cultivated.

*A. OLERACEUs, L. (il.). Cultivated.

Nipal spinach.

A. POLTOAMTIS, L. (M.).
var. atropurpureas.

Hen-ka-nweh.

A. spixosus, L. (M.).

Hon-ka-nwch.

A. Ganoeticus (K.). Katchall.

A. vraiDis, L. (K.). Katchall and Kumorta.

A common weed.

All the species of Amarnntits are edible, their leaves, especially when young,
forming a capital spinach, particularly A. oleraeeiis, A. polygamus, and A. tristis.

jEkva, ForsJcahl.

JE. MoxsoyLE, Mart. (M.).

JR. SCANDENS, Mart. (M.).

J£,. iiKAciuATA, ]Mart. (M.).

*Al. Javajjica, Juss. (M.). Cultivated.

M. lanata, Juss. (M.). Burma. Katchall (K.).

292 BURitA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

AcEYiiAMUES, Linnans.

Perianth usually glabrous, of 5 slightly unequal segments, hardened after flowering,
■with 1 subulate, almost spinous bracteole on each side. Stamens 5, united in a cup
at tlie base, with as many small scales between them. Antliers 2-celled. Ovule
solitary. Stylo simple, with a capitate stigma. Emhnjo coiled round the allmmen.
Leaves opposite. Fhiccrs green, or rarely scarious, reflexed, in terminal spikes or
rarely heads.

A. ASPEEA, L. (M.). Burma. The Nicobars (K.).

Apang {fide Balfour).

C'YATnijLA, Loureiro.

Habit, inflorescence and flowers of Aehijrantlies, except that on each pedicel,
besides 1 or sometimes 2 perfect perianths, there is on each side a cluster of stitf
hooked bristles, sUghtly dilated at the base, consisting of bracts and abortive perianth
segments.

C. PEosTRATA, Blumc (K.). Great Nicobar.

Anthers l-eelJed. Ovary many-ovuhd.

DKf:r.ixi:iA, Brown.

D. iNDicA, Spreng. (M.).

Cklosia, Linneens.

Perianth of 5 nearly equal segments. Stamens 5, united at the base. Anthem

2-celled. Ovary with several ovules. Style simple, with a capitate, or minutely

2-lobed stigma. Capside opening transversely. Emhryo coiled round the albumen.
Leaves alternate. Flowers white or coloured in terminal spikes. Herbs.

C. AEGEXTEA, L. (M.).

"Wliite Cockscomb.

C. CKISTATA, L. (M.).

Kyet-yet. Kyet-mouk. Crested Cockscomb.

A species of Cclosia, allied to C. eerniia, Eoxb., is said by Jlason to be
cultivated by the Karons, and to bo the most elegant member of its tribe. It bears
a long pendulous drooping panicle, and is probably a variety of lloxburgh's species.

Order rOLYGONEJ5.

Flowers dioecious or diclinous. Perianth herbaceous or petaloid. Stamens peri-
gynous. Ovary 1 -celled and 1-ovuled. Ovule erect, orthotropous. Fruit an achenc.
Alhumen farinaceous. Leaves alternate, with an intrapetiolar sti])ule. This Order
embraces a few useful plants, as the Rhubarb' {Rheum rhaponticun and undulatuni),
and Buckwheat {Fayopyrum eseulentam), so valuable as a bread stuff on the pooi'er
soils of Northern Europe. Polyyonnm tinctorium is cultivated in China for its blue
dye, which is extracted from the leaves like indigo. The leaves of many species
of the Order are edible, and rich in Oxalic, Citric, aud Malic acids.

rOLYGONIE^'E.

Involucre none. Stipules ochrcate.

Polygonum, Linnicus.

Perianth of 5, rarely fewer, segments, all equal, or the 2 or 3 outer ones enlarged.
Stamens 8, or sometimes fewer in the same species. Styles 3 or 2, sometimes united

' ' Kliulnirir is derivod frnm Kha barhaviim, or Soythiiin, as distiuguishcd Ijy the aucients from
Sha ronlu-uiH, or Thraciau Rhubarb.

POLYGONEyE. PIIYTOLACCEyE. M'CTAGLVE.E. 293

at the base. Sti(/ma/> entire, ^'ut triangular or flattened, inclosed in the persistent
perianth. Flowers small, pale green or red with 'n-hite edges, clustered, or rarely
solitarv in the axils of the npper leaves, or in little clusters, within a slicathing bract,
and collected in terminal spikes, heads or panicles.

P. FLACCiDOt, Roxb. (K.). irarsh behind Katjui, Katchall.

P. lOJiKXTosuM, Willd. (M.). All tropical Asia.

P. PLEiiKim, Rr.

P. lierniarinidc'i, Do Can.

P. Miquellanum, cjfmum, Roxburyhii, ilUcelroidcK, CUjfortioidcs, Perrottetii and
ciUosum, Meisn. (Beutham).

* Flowers in terminal sjiikes. Stems erect, ascending or climhing.
f Stipules sheathing, wholly scarioits, truncate or ciliate.

P. BARHATU5I, L. (M.).

stems and peduncles glabrous. Sheathing stipules hairy, with long bristles at
the top. Styles 2.

P. flLAiutrsr, Willd. (11.).

Spike slender, continuous. Perianth not dotted. Stipules not ciliate. Styles 'i.

f f Stipules green and spreading, at least at the top.
P. PEltFOLIATrjI, L. (P.).

A glabrous, prickly climber. Stipules spreading from the base. Leaves tri-
angular. Styles 2.

** Flowers in little heads, in diehotomous panicles. Stems erect or climling.

P. CnixENSK, L.

A weak half-climbing herb. Styles 3.

Order PHYTOLACCEiE.

Perianth green or jietaloid, tube sliort or none. Stamens hypogynous or neaily
so. Ocarg of several free or connate 1-ovuled carpels. Finhrijo usually curved or
coiled. Albumen floury or none. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves usually alternate,
stipulate or not.

GisEKiA, Linnaus.

G. PHAJISACEOIDES, L. (il.).

Order NYCTAGINE.E.

Perianth simple, inferior, the lower portion persistent, and inclosing the ovary
and fruit, the npjxH- ]iortion variously shaped with o, rarely 4, angles, folds, teeth or
lobes, deciduous or withering. Stamens -4 or 5, or fewer, or rarely more (up to 20),
inserted on, or united at the base with a narrow or cup-shaped disk, more or less
adnate to the stalk of the ovary. Filaments slender, often oxserted. Anthers 2-celled,
the cell attached back to back, and opening longitudinally round the outer margin.
Ovarg shortly stalked, 1 -celled, with a solitary erect ovule. Style terminal, simple.
Fruit 1 -seeded, inclosed in the persistent tough or hardened base of the pericarp-
like perianth, the real pericar]) thin ancl membranous, more or less adherent to the
thin testa of the seed. Fmbryo curved transversely, folded, or longitudinally con-
volute around or within a mealy albumen, liadiclc inferior. Herbs, shrubs or trees,
witli often thickened-jointed branches. Leaves usuallj- opposite, rarely alternate,
sim])lo. Flowers solitary, or in clusters or umbels, the bracts sometimes forming
a coloured involucre, or small and deciduous.

294 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

BOERUAA VIEJl.

PisoxiA, riumier.

Perianth in hermaphroclite flowers contracted above the ovary, in the males,
bell-shaped, in the females ovoid or cylindrical, the limb in all 5-angled or 5-toothed.
Stamens 6-8, rarely 10, longer than the perianth, rudimentary in the females. Seed
solitary. Albumen scanty. The roots possess emetic and purgative properties.

* Fruits with a double or simple row of 2>rickles along the 5 corners.
P. ACULEATA, L. S.S. Beach jungles of Tenasserim and the Andamans.

Leaves 1-3 inches long, bluntish ; prickles of fruit in a double row, short,
glandular-headed.

P. ALBA, Span. H.T. Beach forests of the Andamans.

Leaves 7-10 inches long. Prickles in a single row, short, and irregular, acute.

** Fruits unarmed, with a broad, llackish sticl-i/ line along the 5 bluntish cornrrs.
P. tniBELLirEKA, Seem. E. T. Tree forests of the Andaman coast.

Flowers dioecious, small. Fruit glabrous.

BoEUHAAViA, Linnaus.
B. GLnixosA, Vhl.

MIEABILIE^i:.

MiEABiLis, Linnmus.

* M. Jalaba, L.

This is a native of Tropical -America, but Dr. Jlason remarks : " The red, white
and yellow varieties of this pretty annual are aU cultivated by the Burmese, as well
as by Europeans, who often call it the Jalap plant. The true Jalap is, however,
quite a different plant, a species of Tpomaa.^'' The root was once supposed to be
the source of Jalap, whence its name, and possesses an acrid and nauseous flavour,
but is worthless and uncertain in its action. It is easily propagated and soon becomes
a weed in a garden.

Division 11. MOXOPETALOUS.

Flowers furnished with both Sepals and Petals, the latter connate.

Exceptionally Poh/petalous species occur in Primulacea:, Oleinece, Plantaginecc,
Lobeliacea, Fricacea, Monotropea, Pyrolaeea, Pltimhayinea:, Mijrsineee, Sapotex, CgriUeir,
Styracea, Fbenacea and Jasmincce, and Apetalous species in the three first-
named Orders.

Series I. nYPOGYXOUS or TERIGYXOUS.

Ovary Superior.

Exceptions : Inferior in Vacciniem and some Primulaccm, Myrsinece, Styracece and
Gestieracc(e.

* Flowers very irregular, rarely regular.

LAMIA LES.
Corolla usually 2-lipped, rarely sub-regular or quite regular, hypogynous. Stamens
fewer than the corolla-lobes, rarely as many, unequal, generally quadiidynamous or
two. Omry 2- or 4-celled. Style simple. Oni/es solitary in the cells, rarely 2 or more,
in some Myoporinem and Verhenacea. Fniit an indehiscent 2- or d-ceUed drupe or of
2 or 4 nucules. Leaves exstipulate.

LABIATE. 295

Order LABIATE.

Fhircrs irrcirulur, very rarely alinost rcsiilar. Calyx persistent, 2 -lipped or
5-toothed. Corolla luoro or less 2-lipped or rarely nearly equally -l-S-lobed, imbricate
in the bud. Stamem 2 or 4, in pairs, inserted in the tube of the corolla, and alter-
nating with its lower lobes. Aiil/ierx cither 2-celled or 1-cellcd by abortion or by
amaljiamation of the 2 cells. Oruri/ 4-lobed and celled, with a solitary erect ovule in
each cell. S/i/le simple, 2-lobcd, arising from the centre of the ovary. Fncii of 4
small 1 -seeded nuts inclosed in the calyx. Alhumen none. Emhryo straight (curved
in Sculellaria), the radicle inferior. Cotyledons thick. Herbs or shrubs, very rarely
small trees, glandular-dotted and aromatic, the branches usually 4-cornered. Leaves
opposite or whorled, simple or divided. Stipules none. Flowers in clusters or half-
whorls or solitary, forming often racemes, cymes or panicles.

This Order is rich in bitter aromatic or astiLngcnt herbs, especially prized as
condiments or carminatives, as : Ptjipermint [Jfoitlia piperata), Speannint (J/. viridis),
Pennyroyal {M. pideyiuin). Thyme [Thymus rulyaria), Savory {Sutureia hortensis and
montana), Balm [Melissa officinalis), Basil Thyme [Calainintha acinos), Lemon Thyme
[Thymus citriodorus), Sweet Basil [Ocymum ISasilicuni), Bengal Sage [Meriandra Ben-
galensis), Sago [Salvia grand ijlora and offieinalis), Marjoram [Oriyanum Marjorana),
Hyssop [Hyssopus officinalis). Among scents and cosmetics included in this Order
may be mentioned llosemary [Rosemarinus officinalis), Lavender [Lavendula vera and
spica), and I'atchouly [Poyosfemon intermedius), the first of which enters into the
composition of Hungary water and Eau de Cologne. Ground ivy ( Glechoma hede-
racea) is an antiscorbutic, and Horehound [Marruhium valyare) still maintains its repu-
tation for relieving coughs in the form of the sweetmeat called "Horehound rock."

AJl'GOIDIE.-E.
Ifuctiles ruynse, basally sub-connate. Stamens parallel, asccndiny.

CYii.VEiA, Bentham.

C. BicnoTOM.i, Benth. (M.).
C. ELONGATA, Benth. (M.).

A.ICGA, Linnaus.

A. lUCKOSPEEMA, L. (M.).

TufCKiu.M, LinncBus.

T. STOLONIFKEUM, Bucll. (M.).

T. uuADiuj-'AUirji (M.).

FRASIE.E.

Stamens 4, parallel, and ascending under the upper lip. Nucules fleshy, sul-connate
basally.

GoM rnosTiOMMA, Wallich.

G. STEoniLixrir, Wall. (il.).
G. viiUDK, Wall. (J[.).
G. 0BL0N0U.M, Wall. (JL).
G. LucinuM, W;ill. (M.).

G. CRINITUM, Wall. (M.).

*G. MKI.IS.S.EFOI.IVM, Wall. (M.).

CoLQUEouxiA, Wallich.

Calyx tubular, boll-shaped, 10-nerved, sub-equally 5-dentate. Corolla 2-lipped,
the upper erect, entire, the lower almost spreading, and 3-lobcd. Stamens 4,
asccuiUug, didyuamous, the lower ones shorter. Anthers 2-celled. Style unequally

20G BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Lifid, the lobes subulate. Flowers crimson or dull purplo, in lax axillary half-
■\vhorls, or rarely crowded into a terminal spike. Bracts minute. Soaudent or
straggling shrubs, often tomentoso.

C. ELEGA.\s, Wall. Khakycn Hills and ilartaban at 4000 to 5000 feet.

All soft parts pilose-pubescent. Flowers orange-coloured, crimson-dotted, very
shortly pedioolled. Corolla curved, half an inch long, pubescent outside.

COLEBROOKIA, Sttl.

Stamens straight or diverging. C'oroUa-tuhe hardly longer than the calyx, the
limb subcqually quadri- or (j^uinque-tid. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-parted, feathery,
turning pappose in fruit, adhering to the achenes. Antlwrn 4, distant, almost sessile,
parallely 2-celled. Bisk glandless. Style deeply 2 -cleft, the lobes subulate.

C. opposiTiFOLiA, Sm. Khakyen Hills. Tenasserim.

Leaves opposite, crenulate, thick-membranous. Flowers minute, with a pair
of floral leaves at the base of the panicle. Achenes oblong, subtriquetruus, villous
at the apex.

STACHYDIE.E.
Stamens of Frasine. Nucules quite free, erect.
LiwNOTis, F. Brown.
L. LEONURUs, E. Br. (il.).

Leucas, Benthaia.
L. (AXISOMELES) OVATA, E. Br. (M.).

L. (Anisoiieles) Mal.abarica, E. Br. (il.).
L. TERES, Benth. (il.).
L. sTRiGOSA, Benth. (il.).

L. MOLLISSIMA, Wall.

L. pilosa, Benth. (M.).
L. FLACCiDA, Brown (M.)
L. Martixicexsis, Brown (M.).
L. Zeylaxica, Brown (M.).

L. uspera, Spr.

L. hyssopifolia, Benth.

L. dimidiata, Spr.

L. linifolia, Spr.

Thwaites says this is a most variable species, and is eaten in curries in some places.

L. NUTANS, Spr. (M.).

L. (anisomeles) caudicans, Bentliam (M.).

Scutellaria, Linnaus.

S. iNCURVA, Wall. (M.).

S. DISCOLOR, Colebrooke (M.).

S. RmjLARIS (P.).

MONARTaEJE.
Stamens 2, straiyht or ascending. Anther-cells linear, ohlung, solitary or separated
hy a long connective.

Salvia, Linnaus.

S. OFFICINALES, L. (M.).

Garden sage.

S. SPLENDENS, ScUo. (M.).

.SM TUREIEM.
Stamens remote, .ifraiglit, spreading, or connivent under the ujq'er lip, 4 <//■ 2, adh
Anther-cells contiguous. Corolla-lobes fat.

LA III AT J^. 297

Mextiia, LiiDKeus.

* M. STLVKSTRIS, L. (M.).

Bu-di-ii;i. iliut.

Pkrii.i.a, LinnauK.
P. scriioiDEs, L. (M.).

Elsuoltzia, Willdenow .

E. BLAXDA, WiM. (II.).

E. iNCisA, Beuth. (M.).

Dysopevlla, Blame.
D. AtTRicFLARiA, Bl. (M.). liunuu. Kiimortii (K.).

1). aUADRIFOLIA, Belltll. (il.).
D. VEETICKLLATA (P.).

PoGOSTEiioN', Bexfontaines.

P. PAxicuLATUs, Bcnth. (M.).

A species of this genus, P. intermedium, Bcnth., yields an essential oil known as
' Patchouli.' The leaves arc used for flavouring tobacco, and seeuting real and
imitation Kashmir shawls.

OCIMOIIilEJE.

Stamens diclinate.

Anisochilus, Wallich.

A. CAENOSUS, "Wall. (M.).
A. PALLIDUS, Wall. (M.).

PLEcTUASiaus, L'Heriticr.
P. COETSA, Don. (J[.).
P. menthoides, Benth.
P. Mdcrai, Bcnth.

P. TERNIFOLICS, Don. (M.). *

p. AEOMATicrs, Roxb. (M.).
Pyn-bu.

The tuberous roots of P. titheroxus, Bluiue, are cultivated iu Ceylon as a vegetable.

Orthosipuox, Benthum.

0. RUBicusDus, Benth. (il.).
0. sTEAJiiNEus, Bcnth. (M.).

* 0. KOSEUS, Benth. (M.).
*0. iNcuRvus, Benth. (M.).

lIoscHosiiA, Reieh.

M. roLYSTAcnTUM, Benth. (M.)

AcuocEPiiAi.us, BeniluiM.

A. CAPiTATTs, Bcnth. (M.).

Geniospobum, Wallich.

G. STROBILIFERCJI, Bontll. (il.).

OciiiuM, Litmmus.

0. CANUM, L. (M.). Burma.

0. BAsiLicuir, L. (M.). Burma.

0. viLLOsuM, lloxb. (M.). liuniia.

Pyu-zeing or Ulung.

298 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

0. SANCTUM, L. (^r.)- Burma. Kamorta. Katchall and^Xaukowry.

Pyn-zeing-zi. Holy Basil. Tulsi, of the Hindus.

This plant is extremely venerated by Hindus, as sacred to Vishnu, and the most
bindiug oath is that on Ganges water and the Tulsi leaf. For example, in the tale
of the ' Enchanted Fruit,' by Sir W. Jones, Drapudi, when compelled to confess her
indiscretions, appeases the suspicions of her five husbands by swearing by this plant :

" By Tulsi's leaf the truth I speak,
The Brahmin only kissed my cheek."

The leaves of several species of Ooimum arc fragrant and aromatic, and a decoction
of them is in some repute as a mild febrifuge and canuinative in infantile diarrhoea.
The leaves are also used for flavouring sauces, and the seeds arc mucilaginous and
cooling, and administered in renal complaints. The root is fashioned into beads worn
by some classes of Brahmins.

Lavexdula, Limtmis.
L. CAENOSA, L. (K.). Ton-doung. Pegu.

Htptis.

H. siTAVEOLENS, Poir. Nankowry.

Mason gives the following Sgau-Karen names for sundiy plants of this Order :
Phau-ka-bo, Hau-wor-thwae, Klo-ma-ni, Hpor-lai-thwai, Hor-hpgi, and the Burmese
Su-la-na-hpa.

Order YEEBENACE^.

Flowers irregular, or rarely regular. Calij.r persistent, truncate-toothed or lobed.
Corolla 4- or 5- rarely 6-8-lobed or rarely truncate, the lobes more or less 2-lipped
or nearly or quite equal, imbricate in bud, the upper lip or uppermost lobe or some-
times the lateral ones outside. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube, usually 4, in
pairs or nearly equal, and alternating with its lower lobes, or when the corolla
is regular 4 to 8, alternating with its lobes. Anthers 2-celled, the cells usually
parallel, and opening longitudinally. Ovary not lobed, or only shortly 4-lobed,
usually more or less perfectly divided into 2 or 4 cells or half-cells, with a solitary
ovule in each cell, or half-coll, either anatropous and erect from the base, or more
or less amphitropous, and attached laterally or near the top, so as to appear pendulous.
Style terminal, simple, entire, or more frequently with 2 short stigraatio lobes. Fruit
dry or more or less drupaceous, the whole fruit, or the endocai-ji, separating into 2 or
4 nuts or pyrenes, or quite indehiscent and 2- or 4-cclled, and sometimes with an
additional centi-al cavity between the carpels, having the ajjpearance of a third or
fifth empty coll. Seeds solitary in each cell or half-cell, erect, usually without
albumen. Finhryo straight, with thick cotyledons, and an inferior radicle. Learcs
opposite, whorled, or rarely alternating, entire or divided. Stijmles none. Inflor-
escence various. Herbs, shrubs or trees.

A riCENNIE^^.
Inflorescenee eapltnte, s}7i'Iced, or centripetal. Flowers n-itli imhrieate hracts. Calyx
5-leai-ed. Corolla 4-Jid. Ornles yeminate, pendulous, ani2>/iilropous. Fruit indehiscent.
Fmbryo germinating in the pericarp.

AvicENNiA, Zinnaus.

Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Seed solitary, without integuments, germinating
white on the plant, cotyledons large, folded, radicle vciy haiiy.

A. OFFICINALIS, L. F.T. Tidal forests all over Burma and the

Thame. Andamans.

Flowers shortly spiked. Calyx-lobes 1 line long, style very short.

VERBENACEJE. 299

Wood gi'cy, soft, with vciy cross-jirained fibres, and hence much used for ricc-
liuskiiig mortars. Weight 47 lbs. Uainble (Manual, p. 300) says the wood weighs
58 lbs. and is ' very brittle,' which is ludicrously inaccurate, as from its interlacing or
cross fibres, it is ue.vt to impossible to split it, and on this account it is used for rice-
mortars and oil mills (AV.T.).

A. TojiEXTOSA, Koxb. E.T. Tidal forests of Arakan and Burma.

Flowers in heads. Calyx-lobes 2 lines long. Style long and slender.

A small tree, which, like the mangrove, springs from arching roots and occasionally
attaining to 70 feet in height. The kernels arc bitter but edible, and the green fruit
boiled and mashed with butter is used for ripening tumours and as an application
to the suppurating pustules of Variola. The timber is also used, and the bark supplies
materials for tanning.

riTlE.E.

Inflorescence cymose, defmilc. Oruhs pcndidous, amphilropous or suh-anatropous.

**" Ovules latcraUij attaclied above (he base, or near the summit of (he cells. Flowers
usually supported by 2 bructlets.

\ Cymes involucred. Capsule coriaceous, iiidthisceut.

Stmpiioreiia, Roxburyh.

Involucre 6-8-phyllous, corolla limb regular, 5-12-cleft. Rfyle very short.
Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, inserted at the throat. Anthers dorsitixed, 2-celled.
Orary 2-cclh'd, with 2 erect collateral ovules in each cell. Scaudent shrubs with
opposite simple leaves.

* Involucre shorter than the calyces.

S. GEOssuii, Kz. E.S.S. Swampy forests of Pegu and Tenasscrim.

Leaves entire, shortly tomcntose beneath.

** Involucre much lonycr than the calyces. The leaflets an inch luny or more.
I Ovary smooth, leaves more or le.ss pubescent beneath.

S. rNTOLUCRAxrii, Eoxb. TF.C. All over Ava, Pegu, and ilartaban.

Nweh-sat (Kurz).

Leaves coarsely-toothed, and with the inflorescence greyish pubescent beneath.
Flowers small, white, sessile.

S. UNGncuLATor, Kz. S.S. Pegu. Tenasserim and the Andamans

Ka-nweh (Kurz). "P ^o 3000 feet.

Leaves entire, tawny-pubescent beneath. Inflorescences tawny or rusty-pubescent.
Flowers small, cream-coloured, sessile.

J J Ovary pubescent or villous. leaves ylabrous, or nearly so. Cymes collected into
terminal panicles.

S. PENTANDKUM, Kz. S.S. Soutli Tcnasserim.

Calyx pilose-tomeutosc. Corolla-throat glabrous. Flowers small, purple, sessile,
in small clusters.

S. Jackianvji, Kz. S.S. South Tenas-serira.

Calyx glabrous. Corolla-throat woolly.

CoxoEA, Iio.rburyh.

Involucre 3-j)hyllous. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip elongate. Stamens 4,
didynamous. Style capillary, exserted.

C. loMENTosA, lloxb. S.S. All ovcr Bui-ma.

Tha-ma-ka-nweh (Kurz).

300 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

Eranclilets covered ^vitll a short soft tomeutuni. Flowers whitish, sessile,
supported by a pinkisli involucre.

C. AZUKEA, Wall. (M.).
C. VELUTINA, Wight (M.).

Ka-yau.

Inforescence witjiout inrolucre.

-\- liipe capsnhs m-paraling into 4 [or hij abortion fewer) ralves.

■f Calyx very ample, orhieidar-e.iphnate, corolla tubular, '2-lipped.

HoLMSKIOLDIA, RetziuS.

Calyx membranous, usually red. Stamens 4, didynamous, exsorted. Oiory
4-celled, with a solitary ovule in each cell. Style almost simple, with a short lateral
lobe. Scandent shrubs with opposite simple leaves.

H. SANGUiNEA, Eotz. Ava and Prome.

Leaves ovate, acute at the rounded base, slightly serrate, membranous. Flowers
nearly an inch long, crimson, on filiform minutely pubescent pedicels.

f f Calyx more or less cup- or hell-shaped.
A Fruiting calyx not tvinged.

Glossocaeya, Wallich.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-5-toothed, with twice as many nerves as teeth. Corolla
funnel-shaped, with a slender tube, the limb nearly equal, 4-5-parted, spreading.
Stamens 4 or 5, inserted in the corolla tube and exsertcd. Orary 2-cellcd, with
2 ovules in each cell, suspended from the 2-lamellate spermaphorc. Style filiform,
with a 2-cleft stigma. Shrubs, with opposite simple leaves.

G. MOLLIS, Wall. Ava and Tenasserim.

Branches 4-cornered, greyish tomentose. Leaves ovate, 3-4 inches long, on
short pubescent petioles.

AA Fruiting calyx A-winged, bladdery.

Hymenoi'tkamis, Wallich.

Calyx very small, 4-toothed, much enlarging after flowering. Corolla almost
funnel-shaped, witli a short tube the length of the calyx, the limb 4-parted, almost
equal. Stamens nearly equal, inserted at the throat, exserted. Anthers 2-celled,
opening longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each, suspended fi-om
a bilaniellato spermaphore. Style capillary, with a 2-cleft stigma. Scandent shrubs,
with opposite simple leaves.

H. BRAcniATA, Wall. Ava and Prome.

Chin- thea-lek-n well ( Kurz ) .

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, entire, almost chartaeeous, glabrous above, whitish
velvety beneath, 3-5 inches long. Flowers minute, white, on short capillary,
puberulous pedicels, much elongated in fruit. Capsule globular, inclosed in tlio
calyx, pilose.

riTICIE^.

-) — |- Fruit indehiscent, dry or drupaceous.

f Nat dry, sjjongy-rillous, included in the enlarged calyx.

Tectojja, Linnaus, f.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-6-cleft. The corolla tube nearly as long as the calyx,
the limb 5-G-cleft, almost equal and spreading, haiiy at the throat. Stamens 5-().
Anthers cordate, 2-celled. Orary 4-celled, with a solitary ovule iu each cell. Style
as long as the stamens. Stigma sharply 2-cleft.

VERBENACE.E. 301

T. GEANBis, L. f. From Ava to Upper Tcnassorim.

Kyoon-pcn. Teak.

Wood too well kno\ni lo need description. Weii^lit 40-50 Ilis. Breaking
weight of 'y;Vr?W timber L'02 lbs., of ^ unijirdlcd'' timber 2;!« lb.?. These remark-
abh; re.sulta were obtained by e.xperiments on rods 1 in('h scjuare and 4 feet in
length, conducted by the Forest Department, and which were analysed and summed
up in a Keport on Forestr}-, submitted by me in 1873. — W. T.

T. Hamii.toxi.vx.v, Wall. Ava and I'romo.

T. ttrnifnUa, Buch.

Ta hat (Mason).

The brauchlets G-8, angular-furrowed. Leaves ternato, ohovatc, acute at tho
base, but not deeurrcnt, on a sluirtly-])ubescent petiole 4-G lines long. Flowers
small, pale blue. Calyx tawu)-, iu fruit about 4 lines long, ovoid, closely inclosing
the small tomentoso nut.

Wood uniformly pale brown, heavy, close grained, takes a fine polish (Kurz).

f f Drupe more or less sappi/ or flesh;/.
A Drupe containing a single 'i-celled {or by abortion fcicer) nut.

PiiioiXA, Liiincrus.

Cahjx bcll-shaped, 4-5-cleft or toothed, or almost 2-livpcd. Corolla small,

funnel-shaped, 2-lipi)ed, with a short tube. Stamens 4, didynamous, or almost

equal, usually as lotig as the corolla. Ovary 4-celled, each cell with a single
ovule. Style filiform, with 2 spreading stigmatic lobes.

X Tomentose or velvety pubescent frees. Calyx b-toothed.

P. TOMEXTOSA, Willd. All over Burma.

Kyoon-na-leng (Kurz).

All parts stellatc-tomentosc. Flowers small, yellowish-white, in panicles. Drupes
obovoid, 2 lines long, smooth.

Wood yellowish, close-grained, weight 4.5 lbs. Adapted for cabinet-work.

P. TiBUENOiDEs, Wall. Ava and Prome.

All softer parts velvety-pubescent. Flowers eymose iu corymbs. Drupes
globular, bluish-black, smooth, the size of a peppercorn.

X X Ahiiosf glabrous trees. Calyx A-toothed.
P. SAJiBUCiNA, Wall. E.T. Arakan and Upper Tcnasserim.

Leaves glabrous, except the ]iubesrent nerves. Flowers small, greenish white,
eymose, in corymbs. Corolla 4 cleft, bi'arded at the throat.

XXX Shrubs. Calyx 5-toot/ied. Leaves toothed, at least towards the apex.

P. Escui.F.NTA, lloxb. Cliittagong.

Glabrous. Leaves acuminate. 2-1 inches long, on a petiole 2-3 lines long.
Flowers small, yellowish white. CoroUa yellowish-white, with a golden blotch at tho
base of the middle lobe.

P. AMi'LWTKXs, Wall. Pegu and Upper Tcnasserim.

Glabrous. Leaves nearly obovate, 2-10 inches long, serrate towards the apex,
on a very thick petiole 1-2 inches long. Corolla glabrous; the tube pubescent
within. Druiies the size of a peppercorn, smooth, purplish.

P. JiACRornYE.i.A, Wall. Pegu and :Martaban.

All parts softly and shortly pubernlous. Leaves, whilst young, sessile. Calyx
puberulous. Drupes globular, the size of a peppercorn, smooth, bluish-black.

302 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

X X X X Scandmt shrills or climbers.

P. sEEKATiFOLiA, L. E.S.S. Tenasscrim. The Andamans. Kamorta.

P. integrifoUa, L. Katcliall and Car Kicobar.

Leaves blunt, glabrous. Calyx 4-toothcd.

P. scANDEXs, Roxb. S.S. mils East of Toimg-ngoo.

Leaves acuminate, glabrous. Calyx truncate.

P. LrciDULA, lliq. E.S.S. Tree forests of the Andamans and Upper Tenasserira.

Leaves acuminate, more or puberulous bencatli. Calyx 2-lipped and 5-toothed.

Flowers clustered or forming a more or less interrupted raceme or spike.

P, EACEMosA, Wall. E.T. Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves glabrous, or nearly so. Plower-clusters sessile or nearly so. Flowers
greenish-wkite. Filameuts pubescent at their insertion.

Gjielixa, Linnmis.

Calyx 4-5-toothcd or sinuately lobed. Corolla usually large. Drupe large, fleshy.
Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at the inflated part of the tube, shorter than tlie
corolla. Ovary 4-celled, with a solitary ovule in each cell, laterally attached at or
above the middle. Fruit a fleshy drupe, the putamcn hard or bony.

* Bracts small and deciduous, green.
G. aeborea, Roxb. All over Burma and the Andamans.

Ya-ma-nay.

Leaves glaucous beneath. Corolla 2-lipped. The upper lip short, 2-lobed, straight,
Drupes smooth, glossy and yellow, the size of a plum. Wood white and light.
"Weight 35 lbs. Kurz recommends it for furniture, but its weight marks it for a poor
wood of small value.

Mason gives Kywon-hpyu as the vernacular name ("White teak).

G. AsiATicA, L. Swampy forests near Rangoon, and

G. parvifolia, Roxb. of the Tsittoung Valley. Kamorta.

Leaves villous-pubescent beneath. Corolla 4-lobed, lobes sub-equal, the upper
reflexed. Drupes smooth, glossy and yellow, the size of a cherry.

* * Bracts large and gaily coloured, densely imbricate, spiny-armed.
G. HYSTEix, Schult. Tenasserim and Siam.

Leaves glabrous. Flowers large, yellow, sessile.

A A Drupe containing 2-4 distinct l-cellcd nuts. Stamens cvserted.

\ Style shortly 2-hjbcd.

II Corolla tube longer than the limb.

Cleeodendeon, Linnaus.

Calyx hell-shaped. Corolla funnel-shaped, the limb unequal and almost 2-lipped,
5-cleft. Stamens 4, nearly didynamous, inserted on the tube and long exserted.
Ovary 4-celled, each with a solitary ovule laterally attached at or above the middle
of each cell. Fruit a drupe, containing 4 (or by abortion fewer) 1 -celled pyrcnes.
Shrubs.

* Drupes dry, capsule-like, when ripe, separating into 4 or fewer, troody, valve-like nuts.

C. ineeme, Gaertn. F.S. var. n TidalJungles of Burma, the Andamans,

Kamorta and Car ^Ticobar.
var. /3 Arakan and Tenasserim Coasts.

Unanned. Leaves glabrous. Calyx minutely toothed and truncate.

VERBENACEJE. 303

var. a gmuinum.
Leaves opposite, shorter, obovate, about 1-2 incles long, blunt.

var. /j neriifolium, Wall.
Leaves opposite and often ternato, lanceolate, 2—1 inches long, acute.

* * Drupes sapjiy, 4- {or hij abortion fewer-) lohcd. NuU quite smooth.
X Calyx truncate, with 5 short teeth.

C. sERRATuir, Spreng. E.S. Ava. Arakan and the Pegu Range up to 2000 feet.
Be-bya or Bai-kyo (Kurz).

Panicle more or less leafy-bracted, more or less mealy-pubcrulous. Flowers
blue. Leaves glabrous, serrate.

Tha name 'Be-bya' is also applied, according to my experience, to a tree yielding
a faii'ly good timber, dark-reddish, and 52 lbs. in weight.

X X Cahjx b-lobed, to the middle or lower.
-)- Fulcscent or tomentose.

C. viLLosuM, Bl. E.S. Martaban between 2000 and 4000 feet.

Corolla tube only as long as tlic calyx, pauiele with small bracts onlv, leaves
entire, softly pubesccnt-tomentose.

C. EsTORTHNAHJii, L. E.S. Tree forests all over Burma and the

Kha-oung-kyee (Kurz). Andamans up to 3000 feet.

Corolla-tube 5-6 lines long. Panicle conspicuously and densely bracted. Leaves
serrate, appressed, pubescent.

+ + Quite glabrous.

C. NTJTAXS, Wall. Khakyen mils.

Panicles terminal, nodding, elongate.

Of this plant Dr. Ma.son remarks : " The Karen glens of Tavoy and ilcrgui arc
embellished with one of tlie most elegant flowering shrubs that ever beautified
a landscape ; it is the nodding Clerodendron.. The flowers are tinged with rose, but
nearly white, growing in long panicles at the extremities of the branches, from which
they make a graceful curve, and hang down peiiicndicularly from 10 to 15 inches,
like an inverted cone, so that the soft green foliage seems canopied with rosy-white
veils. The flowerets arc few, the divisions of the panicle being remote, and each
bearing only .3 or 5 flowers. The divisions and sub-divisions being all rectangular,
and each blossom hanging from its pedicel like an car-drop, order and beauty are
inseparable associations with this rare plant. The shrub blossoms in the dry season
and rarely exceeds in its native soil more than 10 feet in height."

C. GKATUiT, Wall. Ava. Khaky(Mi Kills.

Panicles raceme-like, spreading, axillary.

Kurz adds from the Nicobars :

C. TAXICULATUM, L.

Mason enumerates the following species also :

C. SQUAMATIM, Vahl. (M.).

Bu-gyi-ni.

C. sii'iioxANTiius, II. Br. (M.).

C. ruTicj.FoLU'M, Gucrtn. (iT.).

C. FRAGBANS (M.).
C. VISCOSl'M (![.).

Bu-gyi-hpyu.

304 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AJD PRODUCTIOXS.

II II CoroUa-tube shorter than the limb.

ViTKX, ZhnxTUs.

C'<ih/.r cup-sliapetl, 5-toothe(l or lobed. Curolln almost 2-]obc(l, the limb unequally
5-lobed, the lower lobe larger and lip-like. Stamens 4, diJyiiamous, inserted in the
tube and exserted. Ovary 2- (or less perfectly) 4-celled, -with a solitary ovule,
laterally attached, in each cell. Style filiform, shortly and acutely 2-lobed. Mostly
trees, with 3-7 digitate, rarely l-foUolate leaves. Bruets very small.

* Flowers in panieles.
\ Panicles terminal, zcitlioiit or only with minute SHbiilate bracts.

V. AGxns-CASTus, L. E.S. var. ji Valley of the Irrawaddy and Sal ween.

V. trifulia, L.

Kyoung-ban.

All parts minutely greyish-mealy, leaves white, at least beneath. Leaflets
sessile, flowers sessile or nearly so.

Tar. a Aff7iHs-castus, L.
Leaves 5-7, foliolate, more or less linear, acuminate.

var. /3 trifolia.

Leaves 3-1, foliolate, broader, acute or bhintish.

T. CAXESCEN's, Kz. Promo.

All parts softly and shortly pubescent. Flowers on slender pedicels, median
leaflets petioled.

V. HETEROPnTLLA, Roxb. £.T. Tree forests of Pegu and Tcnasserim.

Adult parts all glabrous, at least above. Leaflets petioled.

V. WiMBEELETi, Kz. £.T. Tree forests of the Andamans.

Glabrous. Corolla tomentoso. Calyx puberulous. Leaflets coarsely crenate.

;j: J Panicles terminal, tvith numerous conspicuous leafy bracts. All parts pubescent.
Leaves diyitately Z-fuliolate, leaflets sessile.

V. PTJBESCErrs, Yhl. £.T. Southern Pegu and Tcnasserim.

Kyet-yoh (Kurz).

Petiole not, or but slightly winged at the apex, panicle cymose-branched.
Flowers blue.

V. LiMONiFOLiA, Wall. Ava and Promo.

Petiole broadly and leafy winged. Panicle spike-like, interruptedly cymose.

\\X Panicles axillary, elongate, lax, leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets sessile, glabrous.

V. ALATA, llottl. et Willd. E.T. Pegu and Tcnasserim up to 2000 feet.

Kyet-yoh.

Bark grey, smooth, 2 lines thick, peeling off in lung curved flakes.

Kurz describes the wood: "Yellowish or light brown, clouded, close-grained,
rather heavy, soft but strong, weight 45 lbs." This is hardly correct. The wood
is liard, as its name imports, 'Fowl's-ho/ie,' and its weight proves, which is 61 lbs.
to the cubic foot. It is one of the handsomest woods I know, of a rich pale nankin-
brown, and highly deserving of attention as a furniture wood of the better sort.
The native name, however, applies to more trees than one, and my remarks apply
to selected samples of the heavier wood. Brandis describes a wood of this name
as 45 lbs. weight, and " much prized, but scarce " (W.T.).

* * Flowers in axillary dichotomows cymes. Petiole not winged.

V. TESTITA, Wall. Ava.

All softer parts pubescent. Cymes pubescent, shorter than the petiole.

VERBENACEJE. 305

V. LEUCoxri.ox, L. f. Chittagong. Pegu and Upper Tenasserim.

Htouk-sliah.

All adult parts ([uite glabrous. Cymes rcppatciUy dichotomous, longer than tlic
petiole.

Kurz desei-ihes the wood as " pale greyish-brown, rather heavy and close-grained,
soft, durable, takes a tine polisli, weight 42 lbs." The wood is not heavy, as seasoned
samples are only 38 lbs. weight, and I doubt its durability. Kurz adds (following
Brandis), "used for cartwheels and recommended for I'urniture." !Now this wood, or
any wood, may be used for cartwheels, where no better is available ; but it is never
selected for such a purpose, being in notorious (lisfa\our. It is at the best a very
second-class furniture wood, weak, and, if I mistake not, rather subject to decay ;
hence, though abundant, it is seldom used.

Kurz adds, from the Isicobars:

V. KEGUSDO, L. Katchall and Kamorta.

Callicaepa, Linnaus.

Cali/x Clip-shaped, rarely tubular, 4-5-toothed or ribbed, and ofti'U angular.
Corolla very short, the limb equal, 4-.5-cleft. Stamrns A (rarely o), equal, inserted
in the corolla-tube and somewhat pxserted. Ovarii 4-eelled, each cell with a solitary
ovule laterally attached. Fruit a small succulent drupe, containing 4 distinct 1-seeded
nuts or pyrenes.

* Leans entire or near!;/ xo.

C. AHBOREA, Rosb. T. Ail over Burma up to 4000 feet.

Doung-hsap-pya (Kurz).

Leaves mealy-tomentose beneath.

** Leaves serrate. S/irahs with A-merotis flowers.
\ Leaves softly pulescent or Jloeeose-tonumtose leneath.

C. iiACRornvLLA, Till. E.S. Ava.

Petiole i to 1 inch long. Drupes white.
C. RUBELLA, Lindl. E.S. Murtaban hills.

Petiole 2-3 Hnes long.

% \ Leaves i/Ialrous, e.reept the meahj turves, at loth ends loDg-aeuininate.
C. LOXGIPLEA, Lamk. Martabau, Tenasserim and the Nicobars.

Drupes depressed-globular, on slender pedicels ; about a line thick, glabrous,
snow-white.

Mason also gives Splienodesme Griffithiana, A^'ight.

VERBEXIE.T:.
Inflorescence indefinite. Ovules erect, anatrojjous.

VERnEXA, Linnaus.
V. OFFicixALis, L. (ir.). Cultivated.

Common vervain.

Yerbena or Vervain was held in high esteem among the ancient Greeks and
llomans, and also among our own Druids. It was commonly used to decorate altars
at religious celebrations, as when Horace makes a feast on the birthday of Maecenas :
" Ridot argcnto donius ; Ara castis
Viucta verbenis a vet immolato

Spargier agno."

Carm. TV.W.fS.

vol.. II. 20

306 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

And more especially Tvas it supposed to act as a love charm, wlicncc its introduction
in Carm. I. 19, where Horace describes his love for Glycera :

" Hie vivTim mihi cfespitem, tic

Verbenas, pueri, ponite ; thm-aquc
Bimi cum patent meri ;

Mactatii veniot lenior hostia."

Still more explicit as regards the magic po-wers attributed to tliis lierb is the
invocation scene in Virgil's eighth Eclogue, where Alphesibojus says :

" Effer aquatn, et molli cinge ha;c altaria vitta,
Verbenasque adole pingues et mascula thura.
Conjugis ut magicis sanos avertere sacris
Experiar sensus." Ecloga Till. G4.

V. BOXAEIEXSIS, L. (il.).

S. isPEEijjr, Roxb. (M.).

SiEErTmr, Eoxhurffh.

STACHTTARrnETA, VuM.

S. rN'DicA, Vahl. (K.). Kamorta.

S. MuiABiLis, Vahl. (M.).

A plant with variegated scarlet flowers in terminal spikes.

S. UETic.EFOLiA, Sims. (M.).

Ovules ascending from the lasc of the cells. Flowers without Iractlets. Fruit a drupe.

Laxiaxa, Linnceus.

Flowers in heads or cymes. Drupe of 2 1 -celled pyrenes. C'tihj.c veiy shortly
tubular, or almost bell -shaped, obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla slightly widened at tlio
throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted and included in the corolla-tube. Anther-
cells dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled, with a solitary erect ovule in each cell.

*L. MIXTA, L. A Brazilian plant cultivated in Burma,

and in some places become feral.

Branchlets usually aculeate along the corners, nuts, if not entii'ely, at least at
the base separated by a spongy mass.

Of tliis plant Thwaites rernarlis that it "appears to have found in Ceylon a soil
and climate exactly suited to its growth, for it now covers thousands of acres with
its dense masses of foliage, taking complete possession of land when cultivation has
been neglected or abandoned, preventing the growth of any other plant, and even
destroying small trees, the tops of which its subscandent stems are able to reach.
The fruit of this plant is so acceptable to frugivorous birds of all kinds, that through
their instrumentality it is spreading rapidly, to the complete exclusion, in sjjots
where it becomes established, of the indigenous vegetation." — Enumoratio plantarum
Zeylania3, Preface, p. vii.

L. ALBA, Mill. JIaulmain (feral _;?(/(• iTason).

L. Indira, Itoxb.
L. nirea, var. niutaliilis, Mason.

Flowers small, white, yellow at the throat, aiTangcd in dense axillary heads,
elongating into spikes. Mason describes the flowers as yellow when they first open,
but soon changing to a rose colour. Kurz, quoting Mason, says " probably Ava,'' but
Mason says " Maulmain."

L. ODORATA, L. (M.).

L. ACULEATA, Wall. (M.).

IIYROPORISEJE. SESAMES. 307

Older JITROrORTNE.T:.

Corolla sub-rcp:«lar, or 2-lippecl. Lohes 4-5, imbricate. Stamens 4, sub-equal,
or 2. Anthers l-ccllcd. Oiari/ 2ccllcd. Siiffina simple. Ovules 1 in each cell,
pendulous. Fruit of 1 or 2 unccjual achenes or utricles. Enihrijo straii;ht. Albumen
fleshy. Herbs or under shrubs. Leaves alternate, fascicled or sub-opposite, narrow.

Mtoporcii, Banlcs.

M. ACUJiix.iTnr, Brown (M.).

The heartwood of M. tenui/olium, from the Sandwich Islands, is very fragrant,
though less esteemed than sandal-wood.

PERSONALES.
Corolla monopetalous, hypogynous, often bilabiate. StaMe»s fewer than the
corolla-lobes, rarely as many, generally 4, didynamous, or 2. Ovar^ 1- or 2-, very
rarely 4-celled. Style simple. Sttymas 1 or 2. Ocuhs usually very numerous. Fruit
usually capsular. Leaves exstipulate. Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees.

Order SESAilEJE (rED.VLlXEJE).

Corolla bilabiate, lobes imbricate. Stamens 4, didynamous, or 2. Anther-celh
shorter than the connective, tip glandular. Disk annular or capillar. Ovary 1- to
4-celled. Stigma bilamellatc. I'lacentas a.xile or parietal. Ovules few or many.
Fruit a capsule or di'upc, often of remarkable form. Emhri/o straight, cxalbnminous
or nearly so. Leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate. Herbs with vesicular glands.

EUSESAME^.
Sesamuji, Linnieus.

*S. IxnrcTM, L. (il.).

Hnun or Hnun-mu.

Largely cultivated as an oil seed. Sesamum oil, when carefully prepared, is
excellent for culinary purposes, and not inferior for the table to good salad oil.

The sesamum or ' til ' seed enters largely into certain ceremonies of the Hindus,
and is thus described by Do Gubeniatis : "D'apres le Brahmaptirdna le sesame aurait
ete crec par Yama, dieu de la mort, apres de longues penitences. Cettc legende
a ete probablement imaginee, apres coup, jwur commenter I'usage indien, d'em])loyer
Ic sesame specialement dans Ics ceremonies funeraires et expiatoires, comme uu
purificaleur et un symbole de I'immortalite. La sesame devait representer le principe
do la vie." And again, " Le sesame, avec le riz et avec le miel, entrait aussi dans la
composition de certains gateau.x appcles jw;'«rfns, offerts aux Manes, dans les ceremonies
^raddluU, mais manges par les assistants, qui s'appelaieut en consequence sajjindds."
— Mythologie des Plantes, vol. ii. p. 31o.

PEDJLTXIE^.

* Seeds winged.

Bkaxdisia, ITooker f. et Thompson.

Calyx bell-shaped, gamosepalous, .')-ribbed, 5-7-toothed. Stamens 4, inserted

near the base of the corolla-tube, didynamous. Filaments glabrous. Anthers

rotundate, 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled. Seeds linear at both ends, elongated in a

narrow wing.

B. nrscoi.oR, H. f. et Th. F.S. Martaban at 3000' to 6000 feet.

Leaves lanceolate, on a mealy-pubcrulous petiole 3-4 lines long, acuminate, 1-2
inches long. Calyx 3 lines long, shortly tawny-tomentose.

308 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

** Seeds not tcingcd.
BuDDLEiA, Linnxvs.

Calyx 4-tootlied or almost 4-cleft. Corolla nearly bell-shaped, the limb 4-lobecl.
Stamens 4. Anthers almost sessile at the throat of the corolla, or the filaments longer
and inserted half way up the tube. Ocary 2-eelled. Seeds numerous, small, spinclle-
shaped.

B. AsiATiCA, Lour. £.S. All over Burma.

Kyoung-mi-ku.

Leaves lanceolate, minutely toothed, membranous, glabrous above, beneath
covered with a whitish appressed tomentum. Flowers small, white, almost sessile.

B. PANicuLATA, Wall. Khakycn Hills.

A tall tomcntoso shrub.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, entire or slightly serrate upwards,
thick membranous, above glabrescent. Flowers small, sessile, clustered. Calyx
about a line long. Corolla tubidar, about 3 lines long, tomentose outside, the lobes
spreading very short, rotundate.

Order ACAXTHACE.E.'

Corolla nsimll// bilabiate, lobes imbricate or twisted. Stamens 4, didynamous or
2. Bisk cupular or annular. Ocarij 2-cellcd, cells 2- or many-ovuhd, placentas
usually on the septum. Oitiles often inserted on processes of the placenta. Capsule
bivalved. Emhrt/o exalbuminous. Cotyledons large, sometimes crumpled. Herbs,
rarely shrubs, nodes tumid. Leaves opposite or whorled, exstipulate.

Sub-order ACANTRIBEM.

Calyx herbaceous, 5- (rarely 4-)partite. Corolla lolie imbricate, or imbricatcly
bilabiate in estivation. Seeds borne on a hooked retenaculum.

ASYSTASIE^'E.
Corolla infundihuliform or campanulate, rarely hypocrateriinoriflious, hllahiate in
estivation. Stamens 4, 2 often heing sterile and without anthers.

AsTSTASiA, Blame.
Corolla infundibuliforra, tube long. Stamens 4, ;dl fertile. Anther-cells basally
niucronate.

A. LAXCEOLATA. T. And. Burma ad Baragyn- (B.).

A. PARisnii, T. And. Tenasserim (P.).

Eranthemum cremdatum, var. grand iforum. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5140, exel. syn.

EEANTnEJinr, Linnaus.

Corolla hypocratcrimor]ilious, with sidj-equal lobes. Stamens 2 fertile, and 2
rudimentary sterile ones. Anthers 2-celled.

E. CEENULATuir, Wall. (P.). Amherst CWalL). Ceylon. Java.

E. (Justicia) .U.BU1I, Roxb. Pegu. Andamaus. Eatchall and Car Nicobar (K.).

1 The arranffement here adopted Ls generally that of Dr. Thomas Anderson, as onntained in his
' Enumeration of the Indian species of Acanlhacetr,' in the Linnean Society's Journal, Botany, vol. Lx.
■nith which several other species since described by Kurz are now incorporated. In J. A S.B. ii. 1873,
p. 98, Kurz gives an emended arrangement of the genera after the system of Nees von Essenheck,
which may be advantageou.sly consulted. The letters stand for the foliowiug authorities : B. Brandis,
C. Cross, Clej. C'leffhorn, F. Falconer, G. Griffith, H. Heifer, Ilaugh. Ilaughton, K, Kurz, M. Mason,
P. r.arish, S." Scott, W. \Vallich.

- A locality given in this fashion, w-ithout specifying the Province, or giving some similar aid to
recognition, is simply useless, so far as any information it conveys to the general reader.

ACiXTrrACh'j;. 309

E. crxxAiiAiiiNUM, "Wall. (P.). Teii:i?scTini. TC:itdinll and Great Xicohar (K.).

E. svcciKoLTrM, Ivz. Kamorta. Katcliall. Car ami Great Js^icobur (K.).

Is'car to J^. Blumei.

JVSTICIEJE.

Corolla lilabidfe. Ferfile stamenx-2. Anther-cclh more or lens superposed. Capsule
A-seeded, sterile capsule hasalh/ coiifriirl^d.

+ ConiUa-tuhe shortened, dilated. Lower lip unequally lobed. Stamens 2 or 4.
Bracts small or none.

GR.vrTornYLLUM, yees von Essenhech.
Stamens 2. Anthers 2-cellcd. Style incliuletl. Bracts minute. Leaves generally
variepiateil.

*G. iiouTKNSE, Wall. All India and Burma. Patria unkno-^VTi.

Sub-tribe DICLirTERIE.E.
X X Corolla-tube elongate, straight or curved. The middle lobe of the lower lip
largest, side lobes linear. Bracts (except in Ithinacanthus) much larger thati the calyx.

f Corolla-tube straight.

Ehixacanthus, JVees von I^ssenbeck.
Calyx 5-partite. Corolla tubular, -with bilabiate limb. Anthers 2-called. Flowers
in panicles. Bracts small, subulate.

11. coJiMuxis, Wall. Promc Hills (Wall.).

Justicia nasuta, L.

R. osmospermus and Bottlcriunus, Nees.

f f CuroUa-tube resupinatc.

PEiasTEnpuE, Nees von Essenheck.

Capstcle tdongate, witb persistent placentas.

P. BiCALTCULATA, Wall. Promo (W.). India.

P. ACUMINATA, Wall. Teuasserim. Silhet (W.).

Katcliall. Great Xicobar (K.).
P. FEAorLis, Wall. Tavoj- (W.). Maulmain (P.).

P. (Jcsiicia) laxceolaria, Eoxb. Tenasserim (H.). Maulmain (P ).

DicLirTERA, Jussieu.
Capsule shortened. Placentas and their rctiuacules dehiscent.
D. RiPARiA, Wall. Pegu (E.). Maulmain (F.).

Sub-ti-ibe EUJUSTICIE.E.
Corolla-tube not elongate, straight, lower lip trifid, the central lobe largest. Upper
lip very shortly bidentate. Stamens '1.

■\ Capsule walls membranaceous, dehiscing, the placentas leaving the valves.

lluxciA, Kees von Esscnbcck.
Lower corolla lip biplicate. Spike densely bractcd.
R. (Justicia) PECTrxATA, L. liurma (G.). Andaman (H.).

B. parviftora, Wall.

7i*. muralis, Eoylc.

M. polygonoides and origanoides, Wall.

f f Capsule dehiscing, simply bivalve.
Justicia, Limiaits.
Calyx di\-ided to near the base into 5 or 4 equal segments. Corolla 2-lipped,
the upper lip erect, concave, the lower o-lobed. Stamens 2. Anther-cells obli(|ue or

310 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

almost distinct and superposed, tlie lower one usually mucronate or spurred. Ovary-
cells 2-ovuled.

Section BETOXICA.

Spikes terminal or axilhry, Iracts imhricatc.

J-, VKNTRicosA, Wall. Attaran YaUey (W.).

J. .iROYROSTACHYA, Wall. Proiue Hills (W.).

J. GEANDiFOLiA, T. And. Tcnasscrim (P.).

** Bracts decussate, conspieuous, J to 1^ iiich long.
\ Bracts uniformly green, from orbicular to ovate and lanceolate. Capsule glabrous.
J. ADHATODA, L. (P.). Ava. Prome. Chittagong.

An evergreen shrub, sometimes growing into a small tree.

Loaves long-petioled. Spikes on long stitf peduncles. Bracts orbicular to ovate,
glabrous, 1 -flowered. Corolla an inch long, white, minutely rusty-dotted, the upper
lip longitudinally puqile-streaked.

J. VENTRicosA, Wall. U.S. Tenasserim.

Leaves shortly-petioled, usually somewhat blunt. Spikes on very short peduncles
or almost sessile. Bracts orbicidar to ovate, minutely puberulous, 3-4 flowered.

Section EOSTELLARIA.

Flowers terminal, spicate or axillary, and sub-solitary. Caly.v 4-partite, ivith a
7-udi/iientary ffth division.

j- Flowers terminal, spicate.

J. PROcuMBExs, L. Burma (W.) and all India.

J. hedyoiifolia, mollisima and crinita, Wall. Java, China, Abyssinia.

Rostellaria sarmentosa, Zell.

R. Abyssinica, Brongn.

li. simpler, Wight.
J. DIFFUSA, Willd. Attaran Valley (B.).

Section GEXDARVSSA.

Flowers axillary, pedunculate, clustered, or solitary and sessile, very rarely pseudo-
spicatc, ivith small bracts. Under shrubs or woody plants.

f Flowers subspicate, axillary, pedunculate.

* Lower anther-cell spurred or mucronate. Bracts inconspicuous, shorter than the
calyx.

J. GENDARU.SSA, L. (P.). Trcc f orosts of Ava. Tenasserim and

Bawa-nek (Kurz). the Amlamans (K.).

An evergreen dense shrub. Flowers in terminal spikes ; all parts glabrous.
Calyx small, the segments linear, stilf, about a line long. Corolla h an inch long
or more, pale greenish-white, sparingly stained with purple. The strongly- scented
leaves are used to jireserve books from insects.

j- f Flowers solitary, axillary by twos or threes.

J. QUADRIFARIA, Wall. Tenasserim (H.).

Adhatoda Zollingeriana, De Can.
J. Brandisu, T. And. (il.). Toung-ngoo (B.).

Section ItnAFniSOSPOltA.

Flowers in lax panicles, less frequently in interrupted spikes, vtrticillately disposed.
Corolla-tube more or less elongate.

J. DECussATA, Roxb. Pegu (W.). Maulmain (P.).

Gcndarussa Sumatrana, Miq. Katohall (K.).

The corolla is uniformly white (K-)-

ACAyTIIACB^. 311

J. v.vscri.nsA, "Wall. (P.). Tcnasserim(n.F.). Katcliall. Trice,

Track, and Great Xicobar (K.).

Section LEl'TOSTACnrA.

Spikes tnchutoiiu'lij ramose. Flowers sessile. Corolla minute, tube short. Anthers
mut icons.

J. viEGATA, Wall. Taong-douug (W.). Tcnasscrim (H.).

{Incertce sedis.)

J. BoERHAWi.EFOLiA, T. And. Aiiihcrst (F.).

J. DASYCARPA, Kz. Martaban.

J. CALOXEURA, Kz. Mavtabau.

J. FLAVA, Kz. Maitaban.

For descriptions of these three species, sec J.A.S.B. ii. 1873, p. 96.

FlILOGA CANTllE.E.

Corolla tuhitlar, limh hilahiate. Stamens 2. Anthers 1-celUd. Cells paraUel
muticous. Capsule roundish, many-seeded. Inforescenec terminal, sjjicate.

rnLOGACAXinus, JVees von Essenheck.

Capsules terete, seed-bearing from the base. Calyx regular. Stamens fertile.
Corolla firm, terete, more or less incurved.

* Calyx and racemes velvety or puherulous.
J All parts glabrous.

P. (Justicia) TUTRsiFLonrs, Ivixb. Ava and Martabau (K.).

An evergreen branched shrub 6-10 feet high. Branches almost 4-coraered.
Flowers yellowish-brown, conspicuous, on short pubescent pedicels. Capsules rather
woody, fully an inch long, 4-cornered, furrowed. Seeds 8 or fewer, shortly stupose.

P. puLCHERRiMrs, T. Aud. Tenasserim (H. F. P.).

P. ELOXGATCs, T. Aud. Amherst (F.).

*" * Calyx and racemes quite glabrous.

P. ixsiGxrs, Kz. Kambalu Toiing, and Eastern Slopes

of the Pegu Rauge up to 3000 feet.

An evergreen nieagi-e shrub 3 to 5 feet high. The stems almost terete with
4 elevated Unes, white. Leaves membranous, 7-8 inches long. Flowers dark violet,
in terminal racemes.

AXDROGRArillDIE.r,.
Corolla limb bilabiate. Stamens 2. Anthers 2-celled, more or less bristly-ciliate.
Filaments ligulate, winged. Capsule many-seeded.

GviixosTACiivr.M, Nees von Essenheck.

Corolla infundibuliform, tube curved. Stamens fn.'c. Filaments often dilated,
ciliated. Capsule 4-angU'd. • Injlorescenee subsecuiul.

G. Pauisiiii, T. And. Tavoy (W.). Maulraaiu (F. S.). Andamans (H.).

G. AXDROGRAPnioiDEs, T. And. Burma (G.). Assam (M.).

Hai'laxtiics, Nees von Essenbeck.

Corolla subinfundibuliform. Stamens cohering. Capsule 8- to 20-seeded.
Branches axillary, difform, verticillately fasciculate, at the tip spiniform.
H. HYGUorniLoiDEs, T. And. Pegu (B.).

(Only pro\-isionally referred to the genus.)

312 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIONS.

AxDROGEAPnis, Wullich.

Corolla resnpinate, limb constricted. Stamens cohering by the barbed anthers.
C'aj)sule very compressed. Itacemes sccundifloral.

A. (.Justicia) tenuifloea, "Wall. Prome Hills and Taong-doung (W.).

JIaplanthus tener, I^ee.s.
A. (Jdsticia) echioides, L. Ava (W.).

ACAy THIEF'S.
Corolla iinilabiate, lobes 3-5, the middle one exterior in astiration. Stamens 4.
Anthers 1 -celled.

Acanthus, Linnaus.
Corolla-tithe very short. Cahjx upper segment, 4- or many-nerved.

* Filaments all strair/lit. Braets entire.

A. iLiciFOLR's, L. Coasts of Burma, the x\ndamans, and Kamorta.

Kha-ya (Kurz).

An erect evergreen shrub. Leaves sessile, or very shortly petioled, prickly
lobcd. Flowers \h to 2 inches long. Capside nearly an inch long, very shining,
blunt, seeds large.

A. EBRACTEATUS, Yhl.

An evergreen glabrous shrub, 3-4 feet high. Petioles i an inch long, rarely
very short, leaves entire, or toothed. Flowers an inch or more long.

A. voi.UBiLis, "Wall. Tidal Jungles of Arakan and Pegu.
Dilivaria scandens, De Can.

An evergreen twining shrub, 10-15 feet long, unarmed and glabrous. Leaves
obovate, entire, flesliy- coriaceous. Corolla white, an inch long, the lower lip shortly
3-lobed, velvety inside.

Blepharis, Jtissicu.

Calyx upper segment whole, 3-nerved, lower segment 2-nerved. Capsule with
membranous valves.

B. BoEnnAAVi.EFOilA, Pcrs. Ava. Prome (W.).
Acanthus Maderaspatensis, L. India. Ceylon. Abyssinia.
A. citiaris, Burm.

U. Alyssinica, Hochst.

BARLERTE^.

Corolla liypocraterimorphous, or infundilidiform, the lubes imbricate in estivation
{bilabiate in Lepidayathis).

f Anthers 1-ccllcd.

LEFiDAGAinis, IVilldenow.

Calyx 5-partitc. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Anthers 2-celled.

L. FALCATA, "^^all. Taong-doung (W.).

L. CHLOKOSTACHYA, De Can. Mergui*(G.).

L. puRruKiCAULis, "Wall. Burma (W.).

Ruellia retrofraeta and striata, Wall.

L. (Rttfllia) dulcis, "Wall. Prome Hills (W.).

L. iRiDEscENs, T. And. Rangoon (MacC).

L. LINEARIS, T. And. Burma (R. S.).

L. SIMPLEX, T. And. Tenasserim (H.V

L. HYALiNA, "Wall. (P.). Pegu. Attarau Valley ("W.).

L. FASCierL.iTA, AYali. Pegu (B.). Tenasserim (W. F. H.}.

L. STEOBiLLKA, F. And. Martaban (P.).

ACAXrilACE.E. 313

1 1 Anthers ^-celled.
§ Corolla-lobe imlricate in (estivation.

Nf.cuacaxtiius, Xees von Esscnbeck.

Cnhjx imeqiially S-partitc C-jruUii infuiKlibulifurm, the lobes in rcstivution
folded-irabricate. Sitamcns 4, fertile, didyuiimous.

N. suBUNiNERVis, Kz. Pi'ome (K.)-

N. GRANDIFLORUS, Kz. ProlllO (K.).

N. TETRAGOXOSTACHYUS, "\V:lll. (P.). ProlUC llills (W.).

Paklkria, Llnnanx.

Calyx 4-partite. Corolla regularly infuudibuHform or liypocraterimorplious.
Stamens 2 or 4, fertile, and 3 or 1 sterile and shorter ones.

*B. crista TA, L. (P.)-

B. ciliafa and dichofoma, Roxb. Prorac. Segain ("\V.).

B. laciniata, Nc2)alensis, and nuda. Wall.

Extensively cultivated, and with B. jirionitis used in Java as a hedge plant
(T. And.).

B. roLYTRiDEA, Wall. Irrawaddv Valley (W.).

B. /lirsiifa. Wall. Tenasseiiiu (P. K.).

B. STEiforuYLLA, Kz. Ava (K.).

Bub-order BCFLLinE^F.

Calyx hprharoous, 5- rarely 4-partite. Ciirulla-hihes in restivation contorted.
Seeds borne on a hooked retinaculum or papilla. Stem not twining.

RUET.LIK.E.
Calyx small, hcrlaccous. Seeds eonspieuous, compressed, Ivrne on. a liookcd retina-
culum.

STROBILAXTHTE.E.

Calyx unequally dirided. Corolla irifundihaliform, usually eurred, irilk unequal
lobes. Stamens 4. Stiymii subulate. Capsules busally sterile, 4- to lij-seeded.

D.KDAi.ACAxrnrs, T. Anderson.

Bracts large, variegated. Calyx scarious. Anthers muticous. Capsule oblong,
4-sceded.

D. (EuANTnEMrji) scabeu, P. Pr. Pingoe. Irrawaddy Valley (W.).

£ranthemuui nervosum, var. seabrum, P. Br.
D. (Euantukmum) MACKorHYLLUs, T. Aud. Irrawaddy Valley. Karen Hills (M ).

I), stricti, T. And. Kow, Xo. 6\2S. Tenasserim or Andamans (H.).

D. (Eranthemum) tetragonus, Wall. Burma ad Trogla' (W.). Jlaulmain (P.).

" Xees von Esscnbeck has described the corolla as ' coccinea ' ? Parisli says it is
blue."— T. And.

D. (ERAXtnEMUM) si-mti'Ticosrs, Eoxli. Andamans (R. TIaugh.).

E. barlerioides, Poxb. Car Jsieobar (K.).

I). MKRosTAcuYus, T. .^ud. Tcnasserim (P.).

I). (JrsTiciA) Mo.\TANi-s, Poxb. 5[aulmain (P.).

D. Parishii, T. Aud. Maulmain (P.). Pogu(B.). Shuayghiu (S.).

STRoniEAXTH Es, Illume.
Corolla straight or curved, traversed within by 2 longitudinal bearded lines.

' Or Trockhi (no doulit), the villago on the Sahvcen River near which the noble Amhcrstia w.is
first discovered.

314 BUnJIA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOSS.

Anthers nmticous. Capsule 4-seeded, more or less angular, often tapering in a sterile
Lase. CaJi/x segments more or less unequal.

Section LEPTACANTHUS.

Flowers in lax panicles, usually deciduous. Calyx segments unequal, 2 being the
longer. Capsules large, ovoid.

S. iricEoCAErrs, T. And. Tenasserim or the Andamans (H.).

Section PAS ICC L ATI.

Flowers paniculate. Bracts and bracteoles hcrhaceous, less than the calyx. Calyx
segments equal.

*S. FLACCinrFOLrrs, De Can (il.). Karen Hills.

S. Championi, T. And.
Euellia indigofera, Griff, (apud Mason).

"This is the plant that yields the blue dye ealled by the Assamese 'Itoom.'
Although the plant is indigenous, it is said to be cultivated by the Assamese near
their dwellings." It is, no doubt, also the plant mentioned by Dr. Mason as
cultivated by the Burmese for its blue dye.

S. LASCEiFOLius, T. And. Tenasserim (P-).

Section aOLDFUSSIA.

Flowers spicafe. Splices mule. Bracts soon deciduous.

S. cRATjEGiFOLius, T. And. Hill Forests near Maulmain (P.).

S. BICEPS, Wall. Taong-doung (W.).

S. BKASDisn, T. And. Toung-ngoo at 4000 feet (B.).

S. CAPiTATus, Wall. Karen Hills, Toung-ngoo (M.).

S. (Euellia) glomeeatus. Wall. Sal ween Yalley and Taipu Hills at oOOO (B.).

Section AilENTIANTHES.

Flowers spicate, spikes rather lax, elongate, Jlaccid {except S. acrocephala), bracts
subimbricate.

S. (ADtifACAyrnrs) AcrniNAirs, Wall. Tenasserim (H.).

S. imbeicatus. Wall. Taong-doung (W.). Tenasserim (H.).

S. (Huellia) eufescexs, Both. Pegu (B.). Tenasserim (H.).

Butercea ulmifolia. Wall.

S. ArrRiCTLATUs, Wall. (P.). Taong-doung and Prorae Hills (W.).

S. amplectens and plumulosus. Wall. Pegu (B.). Karen Hills (M.).

S. Edgeworthianus, De Can.

S. Helfeei, T. And. Tenasserim, "3 Pagodas" (H.).

S. HAPL-O'THOEDEs, T. And. Maulmaiu (F.).

S. EEMOirs, T. And. Tenasserim (H.).

Section eustrobilanthes.

Flowers clustered in dense, shortened siroliliform spikes. Bracts imbricate.

S. GLATTCESCENS, Wall. Tenasserfm (H.). Pegu (B.).

S. CEisprs, Bl. Rangoon (C). Maulmain (F. P.).

S. (Ruellia) eoseus, Wall. Taong-doung (W.).

S. (Ruellia) scabee, Wall. Prome Hills (W.).

R.jlava, Roxb.

Incertm sedis.
S. Falcoxeei, T. And. Maulmain (F.).

Kurz also records the following species :

* Capsules 6-l5-seeded. Corolla yellow.
S. flava, Kz. Tree forests of Pegu and Tenasserim (K.).

Myet-hna-pan (Kurz).

ACAXTIIACE^. 315

An cverfn'een, very bushy slinib. Leiivos harsh, glabrous, shortly petioloil.
Flowers yellow, in deuse spikes, bracts green, capsules 6-8-seeilcd.

* * Capsules 2-i-see<led. Corolla purple or Hue.

S. SiMoxsii, T. Ami. Tree forests of Kambalu Toungin the Pegu

Kange and of Upper Tenasserim.

An evergreen shrub up to \2 feet high. Spikes head-like, on longer or shorter
peduncles, occasionally sessile. Jtracts conspicuous, irregularly imbricate. i\o leafy
involucre. All parts glaudular-puberulous.

S. LAMioiiiEs, T. And. Tree forests of ilartaban from 2000 to 4000 feet.

An evergreen shrub, branches slightly 4-cornered, almost terete, glandular-
pubcrulous. Flower heads dense, at or near the base surrounded by floral leaves,
which form a conspicuous involucre. Leaves glabrous above. Flower buds yellowish
villous, liracts leafy.

S. FLMiiuiATA, jV.£. Tree forests of the Pegu Kange and of Upper Tenasserim.

An evergreen, glabrous shrub 4-8 feet high. Spikes glabrous, lax. Bracts long,
lanceolate, minutely appressed, bristly, not glandular, filaments villous.

S. Xkesii, Kz. Tree forests East of Toung-ngoo, along streams.

A large shrub, 6-12 feet high. Spikes and the long lanceolate bracts glandular-
pubescent. Corolla and filaments glabrous.

S. FffiTinissniA, Kz. Martaban.

S. PTKROCAFLIS, Kz. I'egU.

S. KARExsirii, Kz. Martaban.

S. snii-FLACCiDA, Kz. Tenasserim.

S. DAsrsPEiiiiA, Kz. Pegu.

For descriptions of these 5 last species refer to J.A.S.B. ii. 1873, p. 93.

HEMiGiiApnis, A'cfs ran EsscnJieck.

Bracts large, imbricate, covering the calyx. Curolla straight, tomentose within.
Stamens included. Caj»>ule 6- to IG-suoded.

H. (Ruellia) GiuFFiTHiAifA, Nccs. ilcrgui (G.).

H. (Ruellia) unAmuFAiUA, Wall. Taong-doung(W.). Tenasserim (P.).

H. (Ruellia) eleraxs, Ruxb. Rangoon (S.). Promo Hills (\V.).

H. glaxdulosus, T. And. Katchall. Car Jsicobar (K.).

H. BuKiiAxicus, Kz. Ava. Prome (K.).

EURUELtIE.li.
Corolla infundibuliforin. Capsule basally sterile. Seeds produced above the middle.
■\ Uract 1, larffe. Bracteoles 2, shorter.
* Capsule subterete.

PuATLorsis, irHldenow.

P. PVRViFLORA, Willd. Prome Ilills and Taong-douug (Wall.).

Alheilema renifurme, Wall.

f f Jlracts minute or none.
Ruellia, Linnaus.

Corolla straight or curved. Anthers muticous. Capsule with a swollen apex,
6ubglobo.se, many-seeded.

- R. ciLiATA, Hornem. Prome Hills (W.).

R. ruosTUATA, Poir. Oil wells, Ava (W.). Meaday (S.).

Ruellia rinqens, Roxb.

R. FLACciDA, Kz. Pegu.

316 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

E. MACEOsirnoN, Kz. Pogu.

For description see J.A.S.B. Tart ii. 1873, p. 91-92.

E. KEPENs, L. Morgui (G.)-

DipUracmithus laHceohtus, "Wall.

* * Cafsule compressed, sublinear.
Ctstacakthtjs, T. Anderson.

Brads 2, opposite remote from the calyx. Cahjx 5-partite, segments eqiial,
elongate, cleft to the base. Corolla inflated, slightly curved, tube short, limb
contracted at the top, equally 5-toothod. Sfainens 2, included, -with 2 rudimentary
sterile ones. F/kiiievfs round, smooth, basally geniculately bearded. AiiUirrs 2-celIed,
connective subraucronato. Ovary IvMrj. Style round, smoothish. .S7;^«;rt very shortly
2-fid. Capsule 12-seeded.

C. crMosus, T. And. " ad Hoandro " (P..).

C. PANicuLAius, T. And. Maidmaiu (Lobb).

HYGROPBILIE^.
Corolla lilahiate. Capstile many-seeded, with striated or yroored ralres.

HrGEoriiiLA, ii. Broivne.
Capsule roundish, or oblong. Flowers sessile, verticillatc.

f Fertile slamens 4.

H. sriNosA, T. And. (P.). Prome (W.).

Asteracantlia lonyifolia, jSTccs.
H. SALiciFOLiA, "Wall. ' Kamorta (K.).

Tixr. a glabra, 1. Kiv\. Tavoy (W.). Rangoon (Cleg.).

H. quadrii-alfis, ohorata, midalafa, and radicans, Wall.

II. anyustifolia, R. Er.

var. ft II. {Eucllia) hirsuta, Eoxb.

H. pJilomoides, Wall.

H. incana and assargens, De Can.

f f Fertile stamens 2.
H. (HEMiADELPnis) POLYSPEEMA, Wall. Eaugoou (MacClell.).

NoMAPniLA, Blame.
Capsule linear, compressed. Flowers in lax panicles.
N. Paeishii, T. And. (P.). Tenasserim (F. P.). Pegu (B.).

NBLSONIE^E.
Calyx small, herhaeeous. Seeds minute, yluhose, borne on a small papilla.

f Corolla bilabiate.
Adenosma, Nees ton Essenbcch.
Stamens 4, very rarely 2.
A. BrPLicATA, Wall. Prome (W.).

Synnema Aranum, Bcntham.
A. niEsuTUM, Bonth. Kamorta (K.).

\ \ Corolla infundibuliform.
Ebeemaieea, Vajil.
* Floivers in s^iikes.
E. MacClellandii, T. And. Pegu (jraeClell.).

E. PANiCDLATA, Wall. Burma (G.).

F. venosa, T. And.

ACAXTllACEJ^. BiaXuXIACE.E. 317

E. (EuYTiiRACANTnrs) oiiTusA, Dc Can. Mcrgiii (G.). Maulmain (F.).

E. GKAcii.is, T. And. Ziug-zcik, Martabau (P.).

E. MEK(;un;.\s:s, T. And. Mergui (H.).

E. LAsioiioTiiYs, Do Can. Morgui (G.). Tavoy (P.). ■^^ilullnain (P.).

E. HiiLFKur, T. And. Thoungyin (B.). Maulniain [V.).

E. VELUTINA, De Can. Jfergui (G.).

E. (Staukouvxe) ANcusTrFOLiA, Wall. Tenasst'i-im (F. W.). King's Island (H.).

E. f/ii/rxoidea, Wall. (CatalogiU').

E. Zeyi.anica, De Can. Jlaulmaiu (W.). Rangoon (Cleg).

E. Ihyrsoidea, Wall. (PI. As. ]'var.).

*""'" Flowers (uiUari/, solilanj, or in little ci/mes.

E. mnsiius, Wall. Promo (W.).

E. GLAUCA, l)e Can. Pegu. Promo (AV.).

E. pohjbofnja, Do Can.

Kurz adds from the Nicobars :

E. LAJN'CEOLATA, Hassk. Gruat ^S'icobar.

Nelsoxia, R. liroinie.
Stamens 2, fertile, nono stcrilo.

N. ToiiEXTOSA, Willd. Attaran and Salwceu vallij-s (W.).

N. rolundifolia, 11. Br. Pegu (B.).

N. xuMMur.ARi.BFOLiA, Room. ct Sell.

N. Pohlii, Nees.

N. canescens, Do Can.

Sul)-order THUNDEEGIDE.E.

Cahjx reduet'd to a toothed or naked ring. Corolla lobes contorted in aestivation.
Seeds resting on a eup-sbaped expansion of the placenta. Twining plants, rarely
prostrate.

TnrxiiEKGiA, LiiuiaKsfil.

Cuhjx inconspicuous, concealed by 2 large bracts.

f Cdli/.v limb manij-toothed.

T. FKAGUAXs, lloxb. Mergui (G.).

T. lavis, Wall.

T. Jaraniea, (Jaert.

2\ anyu-stifoliii, Ham.

'T. Itoxhuryhiii, Nees.
T. LAVKiEoLiA, Lind. T(>nasscrira (W.F.). Ava (W.).

2\ llarrisi. Hook. Trec> forests all over Burma and the Andamaus i,K.).

T. graiidijlora, var. sinuiita, Wall.

Hexucentriti acuminata, De Can.

Nweh-eho (K.).

T. oiuxnii-i.oHA, Koxb. Chittagong (\V.). Singapore (Jack.).

T. cordifolia, De Can.
Leaves broadly ovate, angularlobed, more or less hairy.
T. sMii.ACiroLiA, Kz. Ava.

Leaves ovate-oblong, remotely toothed, glabrous, peltate at base.

Order BIGXOXIACE.E.

Flowem herniaiihrodite irregular. Calyx tubular to bell-shaped, tr\incate, toothed
or laterally s]ilil. Corolla elongate or rarely short and bell-shaped, .5-lolicd, the lobes
spreading, often arranged in 2 lips, variously imbricate or rather induplicate, valvate

318 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

in bud. Fertile stanmis 2 or 4 (rarely also tlio fifth nidimentary one developed),
in pairs inserted in the tube. Anthers 2-celled, the cells divaricate, or rarely parallel,
dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary usually 2-cclled, with 2 distinct placentas in each
cell, attached to the dissepiments and either contiguous or separated by a considerable
interval, or the dissepiment discontinued between the placentas, and the ovary
appearing 1 -celled. Ovules several or numerous to each placenta. Style filiform,
with two short stigmatie lobes. Fruit a capsule, often very elongated, opening
loeulicidally or septifragally in 2 valves, leaving the dissepiment free. Seeds
transverse, usually flattened, winged, or wingless. Albumen none. Emhryo straight,
or rarely curved, with flat or flesiiy cotyledons, the radicle next the hilum. Trees
or shrubs, often climbing, very rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, or rarely scattered,
compound or rarely simple, the leaflets usually opposite. Stipules none. Flowers
often showy, solitary, and axillary, or more usually in racemes or panicles.

* Seeds in a single row, along the edges of the septum.
% Septum continuous, flat.

SlEXOLOBIUM, L). Don.

Calyx more or less distinctly 5-ribbed and 5-toothed, marcescent-persistent.
Leaves unpaired pinnate, with serrate-cut leaflets.

* S. STANS, Seem. E.S. An American shrub, now cultivated.

All parts glabrous. Leaves variable, fi'om 1-3 foliolate to unpaired pinnate.
Leaflets in 1 to 2 paii-s, almost sessile. Capsule 6 inches loug, glabrous.

\ X Septum more or or less corl^y -medullary , jointed.
SrEKEospEEMm, Chamisso.

Calyx net-ribbed, marcescent-persistent. Seeds spuriously 2-celled. Leaves
pinnate.

X All parts and the inflorescences quite glabrous.

S. CHELENOiDEs, D.C. Ava. Chittagong. Pegu.

Tha-khwot-hpyu (Kurz), or Tha-kut-hpyu.

Flowers yellow, rather small, septum of capsule terete.

Wood close-grained, soft, elastic, durable, and takes a good polish (Kurz).

S. SEERTJLAIUil, D.C. Ava.

Leaflets only about an inch long, serrulate, septum of capsule compressed.

X X Yoioiger parts and inflorescences variously pubescent.

S. jfEUE.VNTurM, Kz. Pegu Eange.

Than-deh (Kurz).

Flowers pale lilac or bluish-white with dark purjile veins, inflorescence and calyx
sinijily pubescent. Seeds and septum as in S. chelonioides.

Wood greyish or reddish-brown, close-grained, heavy, soft. Weight 33-36 lbs.
(Kurz). There is some confusion here, as a wood of 36 lbs. to the cubic foot cannot
be termed heavy. A wood under 40 lbs. may be termed light (W.T.).

S. suAVEOLEXs, D.C. ilartaban.

Flowers 2-lipped, uniformly lilac or purple, the lobes crenulate-undulate, inflor-
escence viscid-pubescent.

S. FiMERiATuii, D.C. Tree forests of Martaban and Tenasserim up to 3000 feet.

Than-that (Kurz).

Flowers funnel-shaped, uniformly pale lilac, the lobes long-fimbriate, inflor-
escences glandular pubescent.

BIGNONIACE^. 319

** Seeds in 2 or more imbricated rows, along the edi/es of the continuous sejifum.

X Cahjx more or less circumsciss-deciduous.

X Leaves ternately hipinnatc, or decompound.

RADERHicnKiu, Zollinger.

Cahjx iircc'olato, obsoletely 5-tootbeJ. Filaments inserted at the constriction
of tlie tube. Anther-celh divaricute.

E. (Spathodea) amcexa, D.C. Ava.

All parts glabrous, leaves ti'ipinnate on an almost terete petiole, 3-4 incbcs long.
Corolla more tban an inch long, fuunel-sba])cd, streaked yellowish-brown inside at
the bottom. Septum compressed, beiuing along each border a single row of long-
winged seeds.

E. LoBBii, Miq. Tree forests of Kamorta.

Matodeiojeon', Kurz.^

Calyx spathaceous, slit to about its middle. Filaments adnate up to about the
middle of the corolla. Anther-cells almost parallel.

M. (Spathodea) igneum, Kz. Ava and Martaban up to 3000 feet.

Leaves ample, resembling those of Acrocarjrus, the lower pinnte 2-pinuate, the
nppcr ones gradually simply pinnate, glabrous. Calyx 6-7 lines long, shortly
puberulous, green or purplish-green. Corolla glabrous; inside at the tube puborulous,
2 inches or more long. Pods thin, slender, cylindrical, 1^ inch long, glabrous.

X X Leates unpaired-pinnate.

Spathodea, F. Browne.

Cahjx spathaceous, slit to the base. Ftlatnents inserted at the constriction of the
tube. Anther-cells divaricate.

* Corolla white, tulular-funnel-shaped. Seeds corky, winged.
S. Rheedei, Wall. The Pegu Range, Tenasserim, the Andamans

Tha-khw5t or Tha-khut. ^"'^ Katchall.

All parts, and the calyx, glabrous. Leaves up to a foot long. Flowers very
large, white, usually forming a poor raceme at the end of the young branchlets.
Calyx nearly an inch long, smooth, green.

** Corolla yelliiW or brownish-yellow, cnmpanulate-funnel-shaped, abrv.pjtly con-
stricted, on a rather short tube. Seeds inentbranously winged.

S. stipulata, Wall. Ava. Pegu Range and Martaban.

S. serrulata, Rrandis.
JJa-lwa.

Leaves entire, unpaired-pinnate, 1 to \\ feet long. Bark I an inch thick,
resembling that of teak. Calyx \\ inch long, tawny-villous. Corolla somewhat
inflated above the constricted short tube, qiute glabrous. Capsules narrow, lanceo-
late, 1-1 J feet long. Seeds elongate-winged, nearly 2 inches broad.

Of this tree Mason remarks: "A common flowering tree is a species of Bignonia
that bears a long twisted pod. It is common at Maulniain, and the flowers are often
seen in the Bazaar, where they are sold for food. The tree enters into the JIateria
medica as affording a cure for Psora."

S. velutina, Kz. Ava. Pegu.

Leaves serrulate, else as the last. Calyx tawny, velvety.

' "In lionorem viri nobilissimi Mayo, proregis infausti, India; Orieutalis dictum."— Kurz,
J.A.S.B. Tartii. 1S73, p. 91.

320 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

XX Calyx persiafent, or marcescent-persistcnf.
X Leaves viq^airecJ-piiinate.

HETEEornEAGMA, De CaniJuUe.

Cali/.v 2-3-lobcd, 'witliout ribs. Cnji.iule rather flat, not winded.

H. srLrnuiiKA, Kz. Prome and the Pegu Range.

Thit-lcng-ila (Knrz).

C'orolhi fuiini'l-shaped, yellow, pods rather flat, without ribs, Tillosc-tomentoso.

H. ADENOPHTLLA, Stem. Ava. Pegu. Tenasserim and the Andamans.

Hpet-than (Kurz).

Corolla eampanulate-funnel-shaped, dull brown, pods rather cylindrical, ribbed,
scurfy-tomentose. Wood pale yellowish-brown. Weight 53 lbs. Excellent lor
furniture (W.T.).

Patanelia, De CaiiduUe.
Calyx 5-winged, 5-toothcd. Capsale flat, winged.

P. nrLTiJUGA, D.C. 1,'.T. The Pegu Piange, Tenasserim and

Kyoung-touk (Kurz). ^''c Andamans.

All parts glabrous. Loaves lA to 3 feet long, with an angular rachis. Leaflets
in 10-12 pairs, with an odd one. Calyx nearly an inch long. Corolla 2-3 inches
across tlie lobes. Capsules flat, obovate-lanceolate, I A feet long by 3 inches broad,
broadly winged, glabrous. Heart wood brown, rather close-grained.

X X Leaees feniaftly 2-piiiiiate or decompound, capsules fat.
OKOXYirir, Ventcnat.
Calyx truncate. Corolla campanulate-funnel-shapcd. Fertile stamens 5.
0. (Bigxoxia) Ixdicum, L. All over Burma and the Andamans.

Kyoung-ya-pcn (Kurz).

All adult parts glabrous. Bark an inch thick, grey, smooth, but not even.
Leaves ample, 2-3 feet in diameter ; leaflets unequal at the rounded or obtuse
base, 2-3 inches long. Chartaceous glabrous above, minutely puberulous below,
riowers large, showy, purplish with a yellow tube, on short and very thick pedicels.

Wood coarse-grained. Weight 23 lbs. Worthless.

Millingtonia, Linnaus.

Calyx obsoletely 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped. Petiole-stamens 4, one of the
anther-cells spurred.

M. noETENSis, L. f. F.T. Ava. Martaban. Teuasscrim.

Ay-ka-yit (Kurz).

Bark an inch thick, dark grey, corky-fissured. Leaves 2-3 feet long. Flowers
showy, white, fragrant, on short puberulous pedicels. Calyx 1-2 lines long, almost
truncate. Seeds nearly an inch across, surrounded by a pellucid tender wing. Bark
used as a substitute for cork.

Calosaxthes, Blame.
C. Indica, B1. (M.).
Kyouug-cha.

BiGXOXiA, I'ournef.

B. ADExornYn.A, Wall. (M.).
B. FIJIBKIATA, Wall. (M.).

DIGXOSIACE.E. (JESXEltACE.E. UTlilCl'LARE.K. 321

1?. SOBF.KOSA, Koxb. (>[.) I't^^n". Ava.

V>. couo.vAKiA, MeClell. (M.).
B. spATnoiDiA, MeClell. (M.).
B. cnisPA (M.).

Mason in addition to the above enumerates several vernacular names of various
Blgnonias, Than-thit, Thu-gai-ni, Sain-bha, and in Sgau-Karon Kywai-tha.

Order GESXERACE^.

Corolla more or less bilabiate, bypo-, peri- or cpigynous ; lobes 5, imbricate.
Stamens usually 4, didynamoiis. Anthers often colieriug. Disk annular or unilateral.
Ovary l-ccUed, superior. Placentus two, parietal, many-ovuled. Fruit a berry or
capsule. Seeds minute. Eiiihnjo straight, albuminous or not. Herbs, rarely sbrubs.
Leaves usually opposite or \vhorled, exstipulate.

EriTUEMA, Bhwip.

E. CAKNosuji, D.C. (K.). Kamorta. Maulmain (P.).

E. Zeylanicxim, Gard.

CVKTAXDRA.
EnYXC0GL0.SSU.M.

ClIIRITA.

C. ACUMIXATA, Wall. (?)
11. IXTEEMEDIUM. (P.).
C. HAMOSA. (P.).

iEscn\'XAXTnis, Jack.

iE. (Ixcaevii.lia) PAKAsmcus, Wall. (P.).
Trivhosperniuin grandijlorum, Don.

A parasitical plant yvitli crimson and yellow flowers, resembling tbose of the
Fox-glove {Digitalis purpurea). Stem succulent, \vith enlarged joints, giving out
Hbrous roots.

LosoTis, Brou'ii.

L. ixTERMEBiA, Bent. (M.).

Oi-der OROBAXCHE.E.

Corolla bilabiate, lobes imbricate. Slamots A, didynamous. Disk flesby. Ovari;
1- rarely 2-oelled. I'lacentas parietal, many-ovuled. Capsule bivalvate. Embryo
minute in flesby alljumen. Parasitic bafless berbs.

iEeixETiA, Liunaus.
jE. Indica, lloxb. (M.).

Order rTRICULAUK-K.

Co;Wfa bilabiate, lobes imbricate. .S/(7WfW-« 2, ineludi'd. v/«//*c;-.y 1 -celled. Orary
1 -celled. Placenta globose, basal, many-ovuled. Stigma bilabiate. I'ruit capsular.
Embryo straight, undivided, exalbuminous. Scapigerous herbs, often floating. Leaves
radical, entire or capillary ami multitid.

Utiucflaria, Linn<rus.
U. DiANTHA, Room and Sclnilt. (K.). Kamorta, in a stream East of Enaca.

If. FASCICULATA, Roxl). (M.).

TJ. PUNCT.ATA, Wall. (J[.). Maulmain (P.).

vol.. TI. 21

322 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

IT. AFKINIS, Wisllt (M.).
U. BIFIDA, L. (M.).
TJ. EACEMOSA, Wall. (il.).
U. FILICAULIS, Wall. (M.)
U. OEIIICULATA, Wall. (M.).

Sir J. Hooker records a curious use made of the leaves of a genus of this order :
" Pinguicula leaves, ■whether fresh or dry, are used hy the Lapps to thicken fresh still
warm milk, which neither curdles nor gives cream thereafter, but forms a delicious
compact tenacious mass, a small portion of which will act similarly on another
quantity of fresh milk."

Order SCROPHULARIXE^.

Corolla often hilahiato, lobes imbricate or folded. Stamens 4, didynamous, or 2.
Ovary 2-celled. Placentas on the septum. Sti/le simple. St'f/inai 1 or 2. Orules
definite or many. Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry. Embryo straight or curved,
albuminous. Hcrb.s, very rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite alternate, or
whorled, simple.

Sub-order BniNANTIIIDEjE.

Corolla imbricate in aistivatinn, the two lateral lobes, or one of them, placed
outside all the others, the posterior never. Infion-scenee usually indefinite.

GERAUhlE-E.
Eeares all or the lower only ojtposite. Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Stamens
apjjruximate in pairs. Anthers 'l-ci'lled, cells often spurred, equal, or one empty.

CENrRANTHERA, P. Brown.

C. HispiDA, Pi. Br. (K.). Kamorta.

C. Bkunxoniana, Wall. (M.).

BUCHNERIE.E.

Leaves all or the loader only opposite. Inflorescence centripetal, racemose. Stamens
approximate, in pairs. Artthcrs dimidiate, 1-celled.

Striga, Linmeus.
S. hfrsuta, Bth. (K.). Kamorta.

With yellow floweis.

SIBTUOItriE^E.
Leaves alternate or fascicled, with the flowers at the nodes, rarely opposite, not
connate. Eloral leaves similar or upper smaller. Elowers rarely eyniose.

ScoPAKiA, Linniras.
S. DULCis, L. (M.). Kumoita and Katchall (K.).

Sub-order ANTIRRIIINIBEJE.

Corolla imbricate in sestivation, bilabiate, the posterior or upper lip ]ilaccd out-
side the lower. Inflorescence completely indefinite or mixed.

GRATIOI.IE.E.
Corolla^tuhular, not saccate, nor spurred. Capsule 2-ralced, rarely indehiscent.
Iiifliircscence centripetal, uniform {composite in Manuka). Caly.c-lobes imbricate.

SCROPllCLA RIXE.K.

323

BoxNAYA, Ziii/c and Otto.

E. vEROxic.EFOLiA, Spi'cng. (i[.).
1$. vERBEN.r.Kor.rA, Sprenp;. (M.j.
B. TExuiFOLiA, Sprciig. (^^.).

B. PARVIFLORA, Bmitli. (M.).
B. nR.iCHIATA. (P.).

D. JUNCEUM. (P.).

DoPATiuuM, Uam.

Hebpestis, Oiwrfiier, f.

H. jroxxirRTA, Knth. (M.).
II. procumhfHs, Sprung.

L. fllRSFTA, Bth.

var. scaberrima.

T. CORDIFOLIA, Eoxb.
T. ASIATICA.
T. FLAVA.

V. SCABRA. (P.).
V. CRUSTACEA. (P.).

L. MACnOSTACHTA.
L. URTICiEFOLIA.

E. BILABIATUS. (P.).

LiMxoPEiii.A, li. Brown.

Kamoita (K.).

ToEENiA, Zimiaus.

Maulmaiii (P.). Kainorta (K.).
Maulmain (P.).
Muulmain (P.).

Yaxdellia, Linnaus.

LiNDEXBERGIA, Lclim.

Zwa-ka-biu (P.).
Ekixis.

CUELONIE^^.
Corolla tubular, not mccate nor spurred. Capnulc l-A-valved, rarchj an indehhcint
berry. Jnjloreieenee tomposite. Vah/x iiiilricate.

Pexsiemox, Michaux.

P. LEVICAVDAllil, llicb. (M.).

Ecsselia, Jacij.

E. FLORIBUNDA, Kill. (il.).

R. juxcEA, Zuc. (M.).

JXTIRRHISIE.E.
Corolla fuhnlar, often narrate, or apurred. Capsule dehlseinji bij pores. Leares,
lower or all, opposite or whorled. Infnresemee centripetal, unifoim.

LiXAUiA, Tournef.

L. RASiosissniA, Wall (M.).

This OnkT (Scroji/iularineee) yields few useful products. It embraces some
familiar flowers and ])laiits, ornamental to our gardens, or once bold in repute tor tbeir
medicinal properties, as Calceolaria, Snapdragon {Antirrhinum), Eye-bright [lui-
phrasia njjicinalis). from wliich an eye-water is prepared; Toad-flax (Linaria rulr/aris),
once esteemed in jaundiee and skin diseases ; and some possessing bitter and febrifuge
qualities, as the Indian Ilcrpestis ainana and Picrorhiza tecta. But the most useful iu

324 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

its medicinal ofFocts is tlie Fox-fjlove (Ih'i/ifah's purpurea), -which owes its energetic
action to the presence of a peculiar bitter principle, Diy/fu/iue, which possesses the
power of lowering the pulse, and is hence of extreme value ia certain, forms of
heart disease.

■::■ ■:• Flowers mualJy reyuhir.

SOLAN ALES.
Corolla monopetalous, hypogynous, regular or oblique. Stamens as many as the
corolla-lobes, epipetalous, equal or unequal. Ocary 2-ceUed, syncarpous. Cells very
numerous, and very numerously ovuled. Leaecs alternate or geminate, rarely opposite
exstipulate. Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees.

Order SOLAXE^.

Flowers regular, or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5- rarely .5-10-toothed,
lobed or cleft, rarely almost entire and truncate, persistent, or rarely cia-cumsciss-
deciduous, beyond the base, often enlarging in fruit. Corolla from rotate to funnel-
shaped, plaitedly 4- (rarely 4-10-)lobed or cleft, imbricate or twisted in bud. Slainens
as many as corolla-lobes, and alternating with them. Filainenls usually very short
and connivent, either parallel or more usually tapering upwards, and forming a cone
round the style, opening in apical pores or transverse slits, rarely dehiscing along
their whole length, usually without any prominent connective between the cells.
Ovary entire (or rarely consisting of 2-30 distinct carpels), 1-6-celled, each cell with
1 or many ovules. Style and stigma simple, or with as many lobes as there are
ovary-cells. Fruit either a drupe with a 1-6-celled putamen (or rarely the drupes
distinct with a 2-celled and 2-seeded putamen), or more usually a pulpy beriy
or a septicidally opening, 2-valved or at the summit circumsciss-opening capsule.
Seeds compressed. Albumen copious fleshy. Emhryo curved to spii-al, rarely
straight, with half cylindrical cotyledons, the radicle terete. Herbs, shrubs,
or rarely soft-wooded trees with alternate simple lobed or pinnate leaves. Stiijules
none. Flowers solitary or in centrifugal cymes or unilateral racemes usually at first
terminal, but becoming lateral from the elongation of the shoot, rarely axillary.
Braels and braetlets usually none.

SOLANIE.K.

Berry 2- or more seeded, 2)IaceniatioH central. Rarely a capsule without valces.

* Fruit a berry.

'I Fruitiiiy caly.v enlarged or not, supporting the berry.

+ Ocules and seeds very numerous.

SoLANUJi, Linnaus.
Anthers opening by apical pores.

X Corolla more or less pubescent or tomentose outside.
J Glabrous or only very thinly sprinkled with minute stellate hairs.

S. TEiLOBATUii, L. Tree forests of Arakan and Pegu.

The 3-lobed nightshade.

Scandent imder shrub, armed with recurved prickles, leaves slightly lobed.
Berries the size of a pea, edible, tliough rather bitter.

+ X All parts more or less densely stellate-tomentose.
-f- Flowers in a true cyme.
S. TOEVUM, Swartz. All over Burma and introduced into the Andamans.

Prickly, loaves more or less lobed, pubescent.
S. vERBAsciFOLiuM, L. All ovcr Burma.

Unarmed. Leaves entire, thickly tomentose. Benies edible.

SOLAXE.K.

325

+ + Flowers in a raceme, often much reduced, rareJij solitary.
f Berries free, not inclosed, hut only supported by the calyx.
*S. KKKox, L. I'cgu Riiiigo iind Tcnassorim, and introduceil into the

Usyn-ka-de (Kurz). Aiidumaus. Cultivated by the Kanus.

Prickly armed, flowers in very short racemes. Berries 1 to H inch thick,
globular, liirsute, or puherulous.

var. Trongum, Poir.
More thickly stelhite-tomentose, the flowers more frequently solitaiy, hemes
somewhat larger, losing their hairiness, and becoming glossy and sparingly pubescent.

S. IxDicuM, X.E. All over Burma.

Prickly armed, flowers racemose, berries gli))]ular, the size of a pea.

X X Corolla quite glabrous.
J Caly.v 6-merous.
S. sriRALE, Boxb. Ava.

A glabrous shrub, flowers in long racemes, about ' of an inch across, leaves entire.

* S. TTTBERosrir, L. (M.). Capable of being cultivated in the drier parts of Pegu.

Common Potato.

S. RrBRtni, WiUd. (M.).

*S. jiELONGENA, L. Cultivated.

Kha-yan. Brinjal. Egg-plant.

This -n-ell-known plant produces one of the most esteemed vegetables in the East,
of which there are many varieties. It is much improved by careful cultivation,
requiring a rich soil and plenty of water. Dr. Mason gives the following vernacular
names for different species of Solanum: Kha-yan-kyen, Ta-byeh, Neh-pu-kha-yau,
Kha-yan-gywot, Kha-yan-pa-meh.

Ltcopersicum, Tourncf.

* L. EscuLEXTrJi, "Wall. (il.).
Kha-yan-mya-phung. Tomato.

PnisALis, Linnaus.

*P. PERrviAXA, L. Cultivated.

Pung-bcn.

Cape or Brazil country goosebeny or cherry, so called, apparently on the
lucus a non lucendo jirinciple, from bearing not the slightest resemblance in look or
flavour to either fruit. The fresh fruit is veiy wliolcsome, and makes an excellent
preserve. Tlie seeds of P. fcruosa are used to coagulate milk, for cheese, and a
decoction of its leaves as a febrifuge, and similar properties seem to be present in
all the species, due to the presence of a bitter principle named P/iysaline, whose
flavour may often be detected, when first the fruit is put into the mouth. The
plant abundantly repays careful cultivation.

+ 4- Orules and seeds solitary in the cells.
Gahdxkkia, Jl'allich.
Anthers almost sessile. Ovary 2-eelled, the solitary ovules springing laterally
from the septum. Seeds concave.

G. ovATA, Wall. KS.S. Ava.

All parts quite glabrous. Flowers rather small, white, or greenish-white, on
filiform A inch long pedicels minutely 2-braeteola1e at the middle, usually by threes
on a filiform peduncle, arising from the axils of the lea\es. Berries 2-seeded, the
size of a pea.

326 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

CirsiCTlJi, Toiirnef.

*C. AXNUUM, L. Cultivated.

C. f/rossum, Willd.
C.J'rutescens, L.
C. laccatum, L.
C. minimum, MacClel.

The above are a few of tlio varieties or races ■wliich have been educed by
cultivation from the wild plant. C. minimum is the dwarf variety, known as 'bird's
eve Chillies,' but the properties of all are alike, the fiery pungency of the plant
attaining its maximum development in a Trinidad variety, appropriately named
' Deal's pepper.' Its uses as a condiment are too well known to requu-e recording,
and it is said to form one of the principal ingredients in Perry Davis's 'Pain-killer,'
a familiar panacea, wherever the American Baptist missionaries have effected a
lodgment.

DATUJilJEJH.

Capsule or herrij incomplefeh/ -l-ce/hd : primary septum hearing a placenla on eaeh
side, either on its centre, or near the parietal angle.

SOLANDEA, jSV'S.
S. GRAXDIFLOEA, SwZ. (il.).

Datura, Linnaus.
D. FASTUOSA, Wall. (:M.).

D. MFTEL, L. (M.).

I), alba, Eumph.

Pa-daing-hpyu. The Thorn-apple.

The thorn-apple is a common weed round villages in India and Burma, and its
seeds ai'e used as narcotics by ' Thugs' and other robbers, rai.xed with curry or sweet-
meats. The active principle is an alkali, Daturia, which is present in both the seeds
and leaves. Its use causes dilatation of the pupil and in poisonous quantities
delirium, coma and death. After even a dose which does not kill, the patient often
takes some days to recover his faculties. The leaves smoked in a pipe, or in the form
of a cigar, are a valuable remedy for asthma, but the drug should be discontinued if
it produces vertigo.

NICOTIAXIE.^.

Capsule '2-celled, septicidalhj 2-valeed.

NicoTiANA, Tournef.

*jSr. TABACUM, L.

Tobacco is a plant of America, but now largely cultivated in Asia. An excellent
tobacco is grown in Upper Burma and the Shan states, but care and knowledge are
wanted in its growth aud manufacture to insure a first-class article, and this is not
likely to be, till the industry attracts European attention and capital.

There arc few Orders more important to man than this, embracing as it does
the potato and tobacco, the food and solace of millions. Equally valuable to millions
of Asiatics is the capsicum, whose warm stimulating fruit either fresh or dried is
invaluable in the insipid dietary of those whose food is mainly rice. The species
of Solumim all contain a narcotic alkaloid, and are more or less poisonous when it
is present in considerable quantity, as in the ' deadly nightshade.' Tobacco owes its
peculiar soothing power to two powerfully poisonous principles, one an uncrystallizable
oil, Xicotine, the other a concrete volatile oil. The action of either of these substances
resembles that of Digitalis, producing a general lowering of the vital powers, paralysis
and death. The moderate use of tobacco, however, is thought by some authorities
to act as a preventive of malarious fever (Waring), and, as is the case with other
vegetable poisons, the system becomes habituated to its use, and the unpleasant

SOLANE.E. BORAGIXEJ:. 62,

results arc tlicrcforc Tinknown to tlio liurdoned smoker, which are so distressing
to the novice. In the potato the tubers are the only edible part of the plant, as the
leaves and fruit contain a narcotic alkaloid, Solanine. Other species contain powerful
alkaloids used in pharmacy. Atropa belhidonna yields Atropine, used in asthma,
rheumatism and neuralgia, and also (from its rausinp; dilatation of the pu])il) in many
diseases of the eye. The same plant yields also another alkaloid, liclladonnine.
Henbane {ITi/osct/nmiin niffcr) is another valuable plant in medicine, its powers depending
on the presence of the alkaloid IIijnxcijiDiiiic ; and lastly several species of Datura
(1). stramonium, I), tatula and B. mete!) yield an alkaloid, Daturine, and are all
extremely efficacious in asthma, and some other eom])laints.

POLEMONIALES.
Corolla hypogynous, monopetalous, regular, /^tumens as many as the corolla-
lobes, and inserted on the tube. Filaments usually exserted. Ovary 1- to 5-ceUed,
syncarpous (except Dirliondrat and lYolanece). Cells 1- to 2-, very rarely many-
ovuled. Embryo albuminous. Leaves alternate or none, exstipulate. Herbs, rarely
shrubby below.

Order BOKAGIIS'EiE.

Flowers usually hermaphi-odite, regular, or nearly so. 0////.r free, 5- (rarely
4- or 6-)cl('ft or toothed, or rarely irregularly slit. Corolla salver-shaped, with a
longer or shorter tube, 5- (rarely 4- or 6-)lobed, imbricate or indnplicate in bud.
Stiimeiis as many as corolla-lobes, and alternating with them, or very rarely fewer,
inserted in the corolla-tube. Anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally, or rarely
with apical pores. Ocary superior, entire or 4-lobed, either 4-celled, with a solitary
ovule in each cell, or 2-celled and the cells 2-ovuled (in both cases the ovary
consists of 2 carpels only), the ovules laterally attached, ascending or pendulous.
Style terminal or between the lobes. Fruit either a drupe, with the endocarp
entire, or separating into 2 or 4 pyrenes, or dry, and separating into 4 or
rarely 2 nuts. Albumen none or scanty. Embryo straight, with flat and rather
thick or rarely folded cotyledons, the radicle short. Herbs or perennials usually
rough, from coarse hairs, or shrubs and trees, which are glabrous, or with a softer
investment, with alteniatiug or very rarely opposite leaves, simple, or very rarely
deeply lobed. Flowers in 1 -sided spikes or racemes, circinnately rolled back when
young, and often forked or dichotomous, or rarely in irregularly branched panicles
or solitary. L'raets and bractlets often wanting.

Ocary of two 2-celled or 2-partite carpels. Style ventral or basal. Fruit 2-i-partite.
Albumen none.

TuicnoDESJiA, Brown.

T. Indicum, Br. (M.).

T. PEUFOLIATUM, AVall. (M.).

irELrOTJiOFIE.'E.
Ovary sereral-celled. Style terminal, simple. Fruit dry, entire, or separating
into cocci. Albumen scanty or none. Cotyledons Jlat.

n KLioTRon r .M , Tournef.

* H. Pkruviantm, L. (M.).
H. liUEviFoLiuJi, Wall. (M.).

ERRETIESE.

Ovary undivided. Style terminal, 2-lobcd. Fruit indehiseent, '{-seeded. Albumen
none. Cotyledons Jlat.

328 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Ehketia, Linnttnu.

Calyx deeply ek'ft into 5 segments. Corolla more or less rotate, ■\vitli a short
tube, imbricate in bud. tilainens inserted in tlio tube. Anthers exserted, or rarely
almost included. Orary 2-eelled, with 2 ovules in each cell, or 4-celled, with solitary
ovules, Fi uit a di'upe, the cndocarp forming two 2-seeded or four 1-seeded pyrenes.

X Leaves entire. Pyrenes 4, \-see(led.
E. ASPEEA, Eoxb. Ava.

Leaves, especially beneath, pubescent.

E. L.Tivis, Roxb. South Andaman.

Leaves glabrous.
Mason gives as the name for Elirdia, Yen-yai myouk-myi.

CORDIEJE.
Orary undivided. Style terminal {rarely none), twice forlrd. Fruit indehiscent,
usually fleshy, 4-seeded. Cotyledons lonyitadinally folded. Albumen none.

CoRDiA, Linnans.
Style twice forked. Calyx more or less tubular, forming a cup under the drupe.

* Lvaves beneath and ealyx densrly toinentose.

C. FKAOEANTissiMA, Kz. Miu'taban and Upper Tenasserim.

Ka-la-mat (Kurz).

Calyx about 4 lines long. Adult leaves smooth above and white-dotted. Ovary
■with a sessile stigma.

Wood veiy fragrant (Kurz).

C. POLTGAMA, Roxb. Martaban up to 2000 feet.

Calyx about 2^ lines long. Leaves above very scabrous, from short haii's, and
minutely white-dotted.

** Leaves glabrous or pubescent beneath. Calyx glabrous or puherulous.
X Flowers small, white. Corolla-tube as long as or shorter than the calyx.

C. MYXA, L. Chittagong and all over Burma.

Tha-nat, or Toung-tha-nat (Kurz).

Glabrous-leaves without white dots on the upper side. Drupes the size of a
cherry, acuminate.

var. genuina. Branchlets silveiy grey, leaves usually smaller and more
repand-crenate, more coriaceous. Berries about ^- to 1 inch in diameter.

var. brunnea, Kz. Branchlets brown, the young shoots densely brown-
pubescent. Leaves larger, of a more chartaceous texture ; especially while young,
covered with a soft appressed brown pubescence. Drupe about an inch long.

Wood valueless, save for fuel.

The leaves of a species of Cordia, called ' Jlhay-d,' are used as envelopes for the
common Burmese cheroots, made of chijiped tobacco, rolled up into a conical cigar.

C. GEANDis, Koxb. Chittagong, Ava, and Pegu.

Tha-nfit.

Leaves white-dotted above. Dru])e the size of a pea, bluut, with a mucro.

X X I'lowcrs large and shouy, orange or brieJ;-red. Corolla-tube long-exserted.

C. suECOHDATA, Lanik. S. Kamorta and Xankowry.

Corolla-limb nearly an inch in diameter, crumpled. Drupe the size of a cherry,
crowned bv the calvx-tube.

noRAaixi:.!-:. ccsccte.k. DicnoyDRE^K 320

var. n genuiita, the leaf-buds, inflorescence, and culifcs miMutcIy tawny-
puberulous.

var. ft f/Iu/i/ioxa, the same i)arts quite glabrous and stieky, or ranh' the calvx
minutely puberulous.

*•'•'* Lfiires shurpli/ serrate. I'l/reiies ftco, 2-seeiled.
E. SF.RRATA, Koxb. A'.T. Chittagong and Ava Hills.

Calyx and corolla-lobes very blunt.

EuAiiDiA, Martin.

Cali/.v 5- (very rarely 6-)parted,, the lobes equal or nearly so. Corolla bell-
shaped with a .short tube, the limb 5- (rarely 6-)cleft. Stamens .5. Anthers oblong,
basifixcd. Drupe with 4 (rarely 6) 1 -seeded pyrencs.

11. viJiiNEA, Dalz. All over Burma.

Leaves cuncate-obloug, on a very short juibescent petiole, or almost sessile, .V to
1 ineh long, glabresceut. Plowers reddish-lilac.

TouRNFORTiA, Linnaus.

T. ARGKXTEA, L. (K.). Katcliall. Trice. Trade.

T. (Tetrandra) GLAiiuA, Mi(^. (K.). Katcliall. Kamorta.

T. ovATA, Wall. (M.).

Several species of this Order fuinish examples of the doctrine of signatures,
whereby our ancestors tliouglit they discovered the medicinal powers of plants, from
certain marks or signs impressed on them. For example : Lung-wort {Pulmunaria
ojfieinali.i), having white spotted leaves, was supposed to be an effectual remedy in
tubercular disease of the lungs ; Viper's bugloss [Eehitiia rulgare), having seeds like
vipers' heads, was regarded as being an antidote for the bite of vipers ; and Gromwell
{Lithospermum officinale), on account of its hard pearly nucules, was held to be an
excellent medicine for dissolving calculus in the bladder.

Order CUSCUTE^.

Corolla-lohes 4 or 5. Stamens inserted on tlie corolla-tube, with often as many
fimbriate seales below their insertion, included. Disk none. Ovary 2-celIcd. Styles
2, free or connate. Ontles 2, erect in each cell. Capsule 2-celied, circurasciss at
the base. Embryo spiral in copious fleshy albumen. Leafless pai'asitic filiform
twining herbs.

CiscfTA, Zinnaus.

C. sn,CATA, Roxb. (M.).

The 'Dodders' or Devil's-guts, as they are forcibly termed in England, arc
filamentous ])arasitical plants, often seen in Burma overwhelming hedges with their
long yellow tlirrad-like stems. ]n Europe C. minor lives on clover, lucerne, tliynu',
broom and heath, C. densijlora infests flax, whilst C. major attacks and drains the
juices of nettles, hops and the vine.

Order DIOHOXDIIE.E.

Corolla-luhes .5, valvate. Stamens inserted on the corolla. Geary apocarpous.
Carpels 2 or 4, 2-ovulcd. Styles basal. Oiules erect. Utrieles 2, 1-seeded. Embryo
curved, cotyledons crumpled, iu scanty albumen. Suuill herbs, erect or prostrate.

DiciioxDRA, Forster.

D. REPENs, Forst. (M.).

A slender creeping perennial hcib, rooting at the nodes, hoary with a minute,
often silky, pubescence.

330 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AJB PRODUCTIONS.

Order COKVOLVULACEJ^.

Flotvers regular. Calyx of .5 sepals much imbricated in bud, rarely 5-toothed
or lobed. Corolla bell- or funnel-sliaped, rarely rotate or salver-shaped, the
limb 5-lobed or angular, folded or very rarely imbricate in bud. Stamens 5,
inserted in the corolla-tube and altennating ■with the corolla-lobes. Anfliers
versatile or nearly erect, 2-celled, the cells opening lengthwise. Ovary free, 2- 3-
4-cclled, rarely divided into 2-4 distinct carpels, with 1 or 2 erect or ascending
ovules in each cell or caqiel, or 1-celled with 2 or 4 ovules. Style simple, or more
or less divided into 2 entire or 2-cleft blanches or styles. Fruit eitlier a capsule
opening in as many or twice as many valves as there are cells and leaving the
dissepiments attached to the axis, or opening transversely or irregularly, or an
indchiscent berry. Seeds erect with a membranous or coriaceous testa. Alhumen
scanty or none. Cotyledons usually mucli folded, rarely straight or wanting. Shrubs
or herVis, us\ially twining or creeping (rarely trees or leafless parasitic twiners) with
usually milky juice. The milky juice of most species is strongly purgative.
Scaramony is deiived from Conrolndus scammnnia, and a similar product comes from
Ipiymaa titherosn, Pharhitis eatharticn, piptosteyia and others. The best sort of jalap
is obtained from Exoynnium piirya, and there are many other species, Indian as well
as American, the roots of which yield an inferior sort of jalap. The active princi]de
is volatile, hence the powdei'ed drug soon becomes inert. Conroliidus dissectus
is rich in prussic acid. Edible roots are also produced by species of this Order, and
more especially by Batatas ednlis, the common sweet potato, and B. jalapa.

EEYCIBIE.f:.
Fruit baccate. Carpels connate, into a 1-celled ovary, with a snh-sessile 5-Iuhed
stigma. Fmhryo irith distinct cotyledons.

* Corolla-lolics 2-cleft. Stigma almost sessile.
Ektcibe, Bo.vhurgh.
Ovary 1-celled, 4-ovulod. Stigma large, globose. Fruit a berry.

*^ Flowers clustered.
E. GLOJiERATA, "Wall. E.S. Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves strongly and prominently nerved and veined.

* * Flotvers in cymes, arranged in raceme-like elongate jmnielcs.
X Leaves glossy on both sides, not glaucesccnt.
E. COEIACEA, "Wall. E.S S. Chittagong and Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves very coriaceous, the lateral nerves faint, the transverse venation absent
or obscure.

E. PANicuLATA, Rosb. ES.S. Ava. Tenasserim. Kamorta. Car IS^icobar.

Leaves thin-coriaceous, the lateral nerves and net-venation thin but conspicuous.

X X Leaves opaiiue, on both sides glaucesccnt.
E GLArcEscENs, Wall. Tree forests of Upper Tenasserim.

Panicle and sepals sparingly silk-haiiy, glabrescent.

CONVULVULIE^E.
Carpels connate. Style simple. Embryo ivith distinct cotyledons.

Fruit a capsule, with a thin, or hard pericarp, valvately opening, or Lcrry-like, ant
the pericarp very thin and rupturing irregularly.

-\- Bracts and branches deciduous, often small.

f Style simple, the stigmas capitate to filiform.

J Sepals )iot, or but little enlarged in fruit, capsule '2-4-celled.

coy WLV ULA CE.K. 331

IroM^A, Linnatis.

Ovanj-crlli 2 or 1-ovulcil. Sh'/;>iia globose, or bi-glol)ose. Capsule 2-4-Viilvttl,
rarely upcrclod, or irrrgularly bursting. Creepers.

"•' Flowers salver-shaped, white, stamens exserted.

I. BON.VNOX, L. All over Biu-ma.

Nweb-ka-suu-a-hpyoo (Kurz).

Seeds glabrous ; tlie 2 outer sepals abruptly subulate.

I. TOM,E, Kz. Tbe Pegu T^atige.

Seeds velvety-tomentose. Sojials all aeute and nearly conform.

** Corolla hell- or funnel-sliapcd.
X Corolla rose-coloured.
I. CAMPAXi:t.\TA, L. Chittagong, the .Vndamans, and Kamorta.

Branelies terete, pubescent, seeds shortly brown-tomeutose.

X X Corolla whit::
I. TuiiPETiruM, R. Br. All over Burma. Katehall.

Branches 3-cornereil and o-winged. Seeds glabrous.

XXX Corolla yellow.
I. xANTHAXTUA, Kz. I'rome, Pegu and Martabau.

U-men (Kurz).

Glabrous, calyx scarious. Seeds softly pilose-fringed.

I. viTiFOLiA, Sw. (P.). Burma. Kamorta, Nankowry and Great Nicobar (K.j.
Kya-hin-ka-lae-n\veh (Kurz).

Sprcadingly yellowish-hairy. Calyx hirsute. Seeds glalirous.
I. pes-capr.t:, Sw. All the Nicobars. Burma.

Pyn-leh-ka-zwon.

Mason observes, " This large red-purple flowered species is abundant on tlic
sands of the sea-shore."

I. SEPiARiA, Keen. (K). Kar Nicobar.

A form with narrow, almost sagittate and angular leaves.
I. NicoBAEicA, Kz. Tree forests of Kamorta.

Flowers rather large, white. Calyx-lobes 31—1 lines long, mucronate. Corolla
infundibuliform, glabrous, li inch long. Capsules chartaeeous, glabrous, with 'l to
1 inch jiedicels. Seeds smooth, black. The leaves resemble those of /. ohscura and
/. denticulata, but are much larger.

I. DENTICULATA, Choisj (K.). Kamorta. Katehall. Great Xicobar.

I. LixiFOLiA, Bl. (K.). Kamoita.

I. Gan'geth-a, Voigt. (M.).

I. TKIDENTATA, Rotll. (Jf.).
I. FILIFORMIS, Voigt. (51.).
I. STRAMIXKA, Wall. (M.).
I. ril.EATA, lloxb. (M.).
I. lURiiATA, C'hoisy (M.).
I. ilispiUA, Voigt. (il.).
I. STRIATA, Pers.
I. oiisciRA, Ker. (jr.).

I. DEXTATA, Willd. (jr.).

I. UKPTAPnYLLA, Voigt. (51.).

I. PES-TIGRIDIS, L. (M.).

I. I'ETALOIDES, CJhoisy (JI.).

332 nCRMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCT lOXS.

From the mainland of Burma Kurz only enumerates 6 species, to wliiili the
above 13 recorded by Mason are additional.

The generic name for Ipomaa in the vernacular is TJ-men.

\ X Sepals all, or 3 of them, much enlarged, and icing-lile in fruif. Capnile
1 -celled and 1 -seeded.

PoEAXA, LhuKtus.
Ocary 2-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Siyle entire or 2-clcft. Stigma capitate.

* Sfgle 2-cleft. All the 5 sepals enlarged in fruit and stellatehj spreading.
Corolla small.

P. voLUBiLis, Burm. (K.). Tenasserim (probably).

Panicles without floral leaves. Sepals about 2 lines long, oval, blunt. Capsule
mucronate, smooth, brown, the size of a small pea. Flowers small, white.

** Sti/le simple. Onig 3 of the sepals fairly enlarged, erect, or erect-spreading.
Floicers ivhite.

P. PANiCTXATA, Eoxb. (K.). Ava.

Corolla about 2 lines across. Fruiting sepals 1 -nerved.

P. sPECTABiLis, Kz. E.S. Tree forests of Martaban.

Corolla-limb about an inch in diameter. Fruiting sepals 5-nen-eJ at the base,
further up 3-nerved.

P. EACEMOSA (M.).

+ + Bracts leafy, enlarged in fruit, conspicuous.
Nkueopeltis, Wallich.

Corolla deeply .5-lobed. Styles 2. Capsule 4-8-valvcd, adnate to near the centre
of the bract. Scandent sln-ubs.

N. KACEMOSA, Wall. (K.). Eastern slopes of Pegu Range and Tenasserim.

All parts glabrous. Leaves elliptical, entire, coriaceous, on a glabrous petiole
^ to 1 inch long. Stamens 5, the filaments inserted, with a villous base, at the
sinuses of the lobes. Capsules ovoid-globose, the size of a small pea.

I^. OVATA, Wall. (il.).

EvoLVuxcs, Linnieus.

E. LiNiFoirrs, L. (K.). Kamorta.

With white flowers.

E. ALSiyOIDES, L. (iT.).

Calontciiox, Choisy.

* C. sPECiosuM, Chois. (M.).
C. RoxBCEGHii, G. Don. (M.).

liweh-ka-zwon-hpyu.

Batatas, Rumphius.

* B. EDULis, Rumph. (M.).
Ka-zwon.

B. PANicuLATA, Choisy (M.).

QrAMOCLlT, Tuurnif.

*Ci. PEXNATUM, Yoigt. (^r.).

Mjat-leh-ni.

cox VOL VUL .1 CE.E. 3.'?3

"Tliis beautiful little plant (remarks Mason), which the French call Keil
jasmine, the English China-creeper, and the botanists QuamocUt, or Dwarf bean,
is quite naturalized throughout the Province."

Blixkwortuia, Choisij.
B. LYCioiDKs, Choisy (M.).

Lkpistemox.
l. flavesceks (m.).

Breweria, Brown.

B. EoxBURGnii, Choisy (M.).
B. ELEUAXs, Choisy (il.).

Skixxeria, Choixi/.
S. ciEspiTOSA, Choisy (il.).

Hewitia, Wight.
H. BicoLOR, Wight (M.).

ARGYREIE.r:.

Fruit inJehinccnt, coriaceom, or sub-baccate. Cai'jicls connate. Sti/k siinplf.
Embryo wit It distinct cotyledons.

* * Corolla-lobes entire or ret use, style longer or shorter, sim/ile or i-chft, or the
styles distinct.

X Fruit an indehiscent berry.

AR(ivuEiA, Loureiro.
Ocary 4-celled, the cells l-ovuled. Stiyina globose, didymous or 2-globose.
A. (Ipom-ea) Zetlaxica, Gaertn. Ava and Pegu Eange.

0-na-kop-nweh (Kurz).

Bracts up to h inch long, persistent during flowering. Flowers pink. Seeds
glabrous.

var. popidifolia, all parts nearly glabrous,
var. hirsuta, Thw., all parts nearly glabrous.

var. peduncularis. Leaves not or barely cordate at the base, more elliptic,
the petiole often longer than the blade.

A. TILI.EFOLIA, Wight. All over Burma.

Toung-ka-zun-kyeo (Kurz).

Bracts small and deciduous. Flowers white or pale purplish. Seeds densely
brown-puberulous, hairy round the hilum. A creeper with twisted and buttressed
stems, 3 inches thick.

A. CAl'IIATA (P.).

Lettsomia, Tluxhurgh.

Ocary 2-celled, the cells l-ovuled. Stiymas 2, linear.

L. capitata, Bth. et H. f. All over Burma.

All parts tawny-appressed hirsute, the flower-heads sprcadingly so. Corolla an
inch deep.

L. A0GRE8ATA, Roxb. Ava. Tenasserim.

Nweh-ni.

All parts greyish, or whitish tomentose. Corolla about A an inch deep.

L sBTosA, Roxb. (M.).

A large red-flowered creeper, seen during the rainy season, says Mason, on almost
every hedge.

334 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODCCTIOXS.

Order HTDROLEACEj:.

Corolla hypogynous, lobes 5, imbricate. Stamens, inserted on the corolla-tube.
Filaments sleniler, exserted. Disk none. Ovary 1- or 2-celled. Styles 2, distinct.
Onctes many. Capsule 2-Yalved. Seeds minute. Emlnjo straight in scanty albumen.
Herbs.

Hi'DEOLEA, Linnaus.

H. Zetlaxica, Yahl. (il.).

The leaves beaten to a pulp are used for dressing foul ulcers.

GENTIALES.
CoroUa mono-, rarely sub-poly-petalous, hypogynous. Stamens equalling the
coroOa-lobes, or fewer, always inserted on the coroUa, and usually included in its
tube. Ofuri/ usually syncarpous, and 2-celled. Leaves very rarely alternate or
stipulate. Herbs, shnibs or trees.

Order GEIs'TIAXE^.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Cahjx persistent, consisting of 4 or .5, rarely more,
lobes or segments, much imbricate. Corolla usually regular, with 4 or 5 (rarely
more) lobes, twisted or otherwise imbricate, or induplicate in bud. Stamens usually
as many as corolla-lobes and alternate with them, usually inserted in the tube or at
the throat of the corolla. Filaments usually free. Anthers versatile, the cells
parallel, opening longitudinally or by terminal pores. Orary 1-celled, but with the
2 parietal placentas projecting into the cavity, so as to partially divide it into 2 or
4 cells, or rarely completely 2-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Style
simple, entire, or with 2 short stigmatic lobes. Fruit a capsule opening scpticidally
in 2 valves, or rarely indehiscent, or a succulent berry. Seeds small. Athumen
fleshy or homy. Emlryo small, straight, axile, with short cotyledons. Usually
herbs or under shrubs, rarely trees, erect, or climbing, with opposite (very rarely
alternate) simple leaves. Stipules none. Flowers usually in cymes or coiymb-like
panicles, rarely clustered or solitary.

The tonic properties of several species of Gentiana arc due to the presence of
a peculiar bitter principle, Gentianine, in the roots. In India various species of Ophelia
supply the place of Gentian, and are in high esteem under the name of Chu-etta.
American Calumba root is produced by Frazera Walteri.

Fagejea, Thunleryh.

Cali/x 5-pnrttd, the lobes blunt, imbricate. Corolla funnel-shaped, the tube
cvHndrical or widened upwards, the limb 5-cleft (veiT rarely 6 or 7) the lobes oblique
and almost twisted, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted in the tube of the corolla.
Filaments filiform. Anthers incumbent. Ovary 1- or 2-celled, with numerous ana-
tropous ovules attached to the thick, almost 2-lobed placentas. Style filiform.
Stigma peltate.

* Flowers large, ahove an inch lung, solitary, or by threes or Jives in a short
peduncled terminal corymb.

X Corolla-tube long, exserted above the middle, or at the summit dilated into the limb.

F. CAENOSA, Jack. F.S. Upper Tenasserim.

All parts glabrous. Leaves entire, with recurved edges, on a compressed petiole,
with a short leflexed point, smooth and fleshy. Flower large, dull yellowisli-whito.

X X Corolla-tube short or from the base funnel-shaped, dilated.
F. AuiiKTLAEiA, Jack. E.S. Tenasserim (probably).

Calyx about an inch long or longer. Leaves thick-coriaceous, the lateral nerves
distinct, but thin and immersed on the under surface.

GKXTIAXE.E. 385

F. OBOVATA, "Wall. E.T. Tree forests all over Biiniia.

Nyoung-kyap (Kurz).

Calyx only about }, an iiuli long. The nerves beueath the leaves not or barclv
visible.

'•' * Fluwers small, up to an inch lony or soiii'w'iat loiii/er. Erect trees.
F. RACEMOSA, Jack. E.T. Andamans. Kamorta and Great Nicobar.

Flowers clustered, or iu small cymes, forming a tcriniual peduncled raceme.
Leaves penninerved .

F. FRAGRAxs, Eoxb. E.T. ■ Tenasserim.

A-nan.

Flowers in tonuinal or axillary, long-pcdunelcd, many-flowered, corymbs. Nerves
of leaves beneath very obsolete and immersed. Berries ovoid, reddish, the size of a pea.

Wood yellow or light brown, white-streaked, very strong and tough. Said to be
imperishable if exposed to water, and unassailed by Teredo (Kurz).

F. CRASsiroLiA, Wall. (M.).

F. GLOBOSA, L. (SI.).

GELSEuruM, Jussk'u.

Calyx 5-parted, imbiicate in bud. Corolla funncl-shaiied, the limb 5-lobed,
imbricate. Stamens 5, adnate to the base of the corolhi. Aiitlms 2-celled, the
connective terminating in a mucro. Ovary 2-celled, very shortly stalked, with
numerous amphitiopous 2-seriatc ovules along the ventral placentas. Style filiform.
Stiymas 2, 2-clett. Scanilent .shrubs with opposite leaves.

G. ELEQANs, Bth. E.S.S. Khakyen Hills.
All parts glabrous. Calyx minutely pubescent.

Ex^ctJir, Linnaus. .

E. PTEEAXinUJI, "Wall. (il.).

Causcoka, Lam.

C. PARtsnii, Hook. f. (P.).
C. DIFFUSA, Brown (P.).
C. ScHULTEsir, Wall. (M.).

Mason refers the chirata to Agathodes chirayta, but says he has never seen the
plant growing, whilst Hooker indicates several species of Ophelia as furnishing
the drug.

Gkxtiana, Tournef.

G. cbassa, Kurz. Martaban.

G. NuniCAi'Ms, Kurz. Martaban.

Pnvi.LOCYci.TTs, Eiirz.^
Cahjx campanulate, intlatcd. Corolla sub-regular, with imbricated lobes, often
basally bimaeulate. Stamem 4, the lower pair longer, exserted, fertile and covered
with red pollen; the upper pair shorter, sub-inclosed, infertile. Orary 1 -celled.
Style deciduous. Stiyma bilobed. Capsule 1-celled, bivalved. Seeds numerous,
minute, immersed in spongy placentas.

P. (Cahscora) HKi.FEurANA, Wall. MS. Tenasserim.

P. (CArscoiu) Pakisuu, Hook.

' Kurz remarks : " Ginus Cailsconi inter alia liiffert : Corolla' I(il)i 2 inferiores approxiinati
a medio tali imxltt renlieati, ut phVis ureto approximatis. (pusi lohuin siuLTuIum meiitieiit. iude(|iio
corollain jirimu facie 3-lol)iim immitteut. Stamina I, quorum uiium taiUum fertile, ut inulto loiif;ui3
in plica loborum iuferionim receptum, cx'tera, malto minora eiF;utii sunt.'' — J A.S.B. ii. 1873, p. 236.

'H

336 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Older ASCLEPIADE.E.

Floirers regular, herinajilirodite. Calyx free, deeply 5-parted, or the sepals
distinct, often glandular at the base inside, imbricate in bud. Corolla-Unih 5-toothed
or lobed, twisted-inibrieate or valvate in bud, the throat with or 'without scales or
appendages alternating with the lobes. Stamens .5, inserted at or near the base of
the corolla. Filaments short, connate or rarely free. Anthers united in a tube
(called gynostegium) inclosing the style, 2- or by division of the cells more or less
completely 4-celled, the cells opening inwards, the connective terminating in a short
appendage, or more frequently in an inflexed membrane. Stamtnal corona consisting
of variously shaped glandular, membranous, or fleshy appendages, attached to the
back of the filaments, or the anthers sometimes united in a ring or cup, very rarely
wanting. Pollen consolidated into 1 or 2 masses in each anther- cell, attaclied in the
opened anther in pairs, or in fours (1 or 2 from each of the adjoining anthers) to
small processes of the stigma, between the anthers, and ultimately detached from the
stigma. Ovary of 2 distinct cai-pels, each with numerous, or at least several, ovules
attached to the inner angle. Styles united immediately above the carpels, and
thickened with the anther-tube into an angular body (the so-called stigma), the apex
in the centre, either truncate or more or less conical, or elongate and beak-like, entire
or 2-lobed. FolUeles paired, or solitary by abortion. Seeds usually pendulous,
compressed, often marginate with a long silky tuft of hairs at the hilum, the testa
smooth or rough. Albumen scanty. Emhryo straight, with leafy cotyledons, the
radicle short and superior. Tinder shrubs or shrubs often twining or scandent, rarely
herbs or trees, usually abounding in milky juice. Leaves simple, usually opposite.
Stipules none or obsolete. Flowers often small, in racemes or cymes often reduced to
nmbels, axillary or lateral from between the opposite petioles. Jjraets small. Bracthts
none or very minute.

Sub-order STAPELEJE.

Filaments connate. Anthers usually terminated by a simple membrane. Pollinia
10, ascending or erect, fixed in pairs to the stigmatic process. Twining plants or
fleshy herbs.

CEROFEGIE,^.

f Pollen-masses jM'llaeid at the lip or side.

HoYA, P. Broun.

IT. HooKERi, 'Wight. (K.). Kamorta. Katchall.

H. cARXos.i, Br. (M.).

H. PARVIFLOKA, Wight, (il.).

H. orhiculata, Wall. (M.).
H. LAcuxA, Buch. (M.).

DiscniDiA, li. Brown.

D. Bexgalexsis, Coleb. (K.). Kamorta. Katchall on cocoa palms.

D. NUJiMULARiA, K. Br. (K.). Kamorta. Katchall.

D. cixEiFOLiA, R. Br. (M.).

Ceropegia, Linnuus.

c. LcciDA, Wall. or.).

C. Arxottiaxa, Wight. (M.).
U-ta-lung.

CAKALLrMA, E. Brown.

C. FIMBRIATA, Wall. (M.).

BoNCEROSiA, Wight and Arnott.

B. CEENULATA, Wight (M.).

.isc/j:ri.\D/:.K. 337

Wattakaka.
"\V. viitiDiFLOEA, llaask. ^K.). Xicobars.

I3iDAuiA, Endlicher.
B. sp. (K.). Great Xioobar.

" Jfucli rcsomblps Ti. fingenn, Done, but bas tlie loaves nmcb largor and tlic
pods 6-8 inches long, and narrowed into a stalk " (Kurz).

rF.RGur.ARiE.i:.

f f Pollfii-rndsscs opaque at both ends.
Saucoi.oius.

R. GT.oBosus, Wall. (K.). Great Xicobar.

S. CAHiXAirs, Wall. (M.).

Gymxema, R. Brown.

Corolla very small, nearly rotate, with scales between the lobes. S/ai,iiaal
crown none, or reduced to 5, scarcely prominent glands, at tlie base of the
gynostegium.

G. AcrMiNATUjr, Wall. F. V.C. Chittagong and Upper Tonasseriin.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes erect. Anthers terminating in a membrane. Bark
spongy, deeply cracked. Loaves chartaccous, glabrous, except along the puberuloua
nerves, and petioles puberulous.

Or. MOILE, Wall. (M.).
G. TiNGEXs, Spreng. (M.).
G. LATiFOLR'M, Sprcng. (M.).

Iff PoUcn-ma-sxrs horizontal or erect.

Maesdexia, li. llrown.

Corolla without appendages between the lobes. Stamtnal crou'n of 5 segments,
adnate to the base with a short, erect, free or adnate jioint. Cali/x 5-partcd. Antliers
terminating in a membrane.

M. TixcToiuA, R. Br. E. TF. C. Prume.

Adult parts all glabrous. Corolla glabrous, densely bearded at the tliiTiat.

M. TKXACissiiiA, Wight et Arn. Cliittagong. Ava.

All softer parts more or less tomentose. Corolla pubescent, not bearded.

PERcrLARiA, Linnau.t.

Characters of ^farsdcnia, but segments of the stamiual crown, with a compressed
appendage inside at tlie to]).

* P. oDOEATissiMA, L. (K.). Ava and elsewhere in gardens.

Cowslip creeper.

Corolla tube 3'5-4 lines long, villous within, the lobes 2 lines long.

P. PALUDA, W. A. (K.). Ava.

Corolla-tube 1-1 -o lines long, quite glabrous within, the lobes linear, usually
nearly twice the length of the tube.

Tvr.ornr.iiA, 7?. Broun.

T. VOMITORIA, Toigt. (M.).

Sub-order EUASCLErJALE.E.
Filaments coherent. Anthers 2-cellod. Pollen-maases 10, taxed in pairs to the
prominence of the stigma, separated by a longitudinal furrow.

VOL. II. 22

338 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODCCTIOXS.

ASCLEPIADIE^Jl.
Tliroat of corolla naked. Slaminal crown of 5 segments. Segments concave or
hooded, inserted at the base, rarely at the top of the gynostegium, with often a
liguhitc appendage on the inner face, or thickened in the middle, and then toothed
at the side.

AscLEriAS, Linnmis.
*A. CTRASSAVICA, L. (M.). Cultivated.

American -n-ild Ipecacuanha.

SARCOSTEM^lIEJE.
Throat of corolla nalced. Staminal crown usaalli/ douhle, outer short, inner of
5 segments, Jiesliij, ligulate or tumid.

X X Pollen-masses 2 to each anther.
f Pollen-masses pendulous.

C.U.OTEOPIS, £. Brown.

Staminal crown douhle, the outer one shortly wavy-lobed, the inner one of
5 linear-oblong lobes. Corolla almost bell-shaped, angular, the limb 5-cleft.

C. GiGAjfiEA. R. Br. Pegu and Upper Tenasserim. Also cultivated.

Ma-yo {3fudar, Hind.).

Flowers about an inch or more in diameter, staminal crown as long as the corolla-
lobes.

Yields the ' !Mudar ' root. The fibre is strong and the charcoal excellent for
gunpowder. The bark of the roots is a good substitute for Ipecacuanha. "The
bark ' of the root of this plant is the best and most useful part for medicinal
purposes, and it should be selected fi'oni the oldest plant, because the older it is,
the more active is its bark. If the bark be powdered by simply drying it, as is
generally done, it requires to bo used in much larger doses, to produce its proper
effects. The thick rough and spongy epidermis which it is covered with, and which
is quite inert, should be scraped off with a knife before it is powdered. The powder
prepared with this precaution is white, and bears a great resemblance to the flower
of rice, has an acrid and nauseous smell and bitterish taste." The dose of tliis
powder is from 40 to 50 grains, and it is an excellent substitute for Ipecacuanha,
especially in dysentery, combined with tincture of opium.

C. PEocERA, R. Br. All over Ava and Prome.

Ma-yo.

Flowers a third smaller than the last. Staminal crown much shorter than the
corolla-lobes.

C. Wallichti, Wight (M.).

C. HETEEOPHYLLA, "Wall. (II.).

OxrsTELMA, i?. Brown.
0. Wallichii, Wight (Jr.).

0. ESCULEMCil (P.).

PiAPinsTEsniA, Wallich.
R. ruLCHKLLrir, Wall. (P.).

CYXOCTOXIE.E.

Tliroat of corolla nnhed. Staminal crown simple, CHp-sliuped or tuhular. Mouth
suh-entire or lobed.

' Dr. Moodccn Sheriff's Report, Madras JloiUhly Juurual of Medical Science, 1870, p. 121.

AHCLEPIADEJE. 339

C V .V oCTO.N r M, Deca ime.
C. ■VrAi.iicHii, Dene. (Tv.). Kumoita.

HoLosTEiiMA, II. Brown.

H. FEAGRAXS, AVull. (il.).

Sub-onlrt- SECAMOXEM

* Filaments wholli/ connate. J'oUen-masses smooth. Corolla-loles tiivally iwisted-
imhricute.

X Po/Ien-masscs 4 to each anther.
ToxocAnrrs, Wight et Arnott.

Stamina! crown of 5 scales at tlic back of the untlu-rs ivith internal appenrlages.
Cali/x o-parted. Corolla rotate with a very short tube, o-cleft. roUeu-grains 20,
yery small. Climbers.

T. uuRrFOLrrs, Wight. £.8. Tree forests of the Pegu llangc.

All parts glabrous, the branches corky-tubereled.

** Filaments upwards or cntireh/ free. Pollni-masses grannlnr.
X Corolla without a corona. Anthers terminated bij a thie/c obloiii/ hearded
appendage. Woody cltmbers.

Pextanfba, Tilnme.
Cahj.T small S-cleft, .5-glan(lular at the base inside. Corolla rotate or campanulate,
deeply 5-cleft, naked at the throat. (S7«wt7(.s attached to the base of the corolla.
P. Khasiaxa, Kz. Ava Hills.

Leaves lanceolate, acute at the base on a slender petiole up to J- incli long,
coriaceous, glabrous -ndien adult.

X X Corolla icith a corona of free or connate scales, varionsli/ inserted.

FiXLATSoxiA, Wullich.

Corolla rotate ; at the throat 5-callous, the callosities terminating in an erect
filifonn appendage, curved at the ape.\. Pollen-masses 4.

F. onovATA, "^all. E. W.C. Tree forests of Pegu and Tenasserini.

All parts glabrous. Leaves opposite, acuminate at the base, on a petiole i to 1
inch long, entire, fleshy-coriaceous. Flowers small, pale-coloured, fcctid.

SxRErxocArLON, Wight et Arnott.
Corolla rotate, with -5 blunt scales in the throat. Pollen-mass 1.
S. TOiiENTosuM, Wight. E. W. C. From .Vva to Tavoy.

All soft parts tomentose. Follicles smooth. Leaves rounded at the narrowed
base, on a puberulous petiole i to ^ inch long.

S. EXTEXSUM, Wight. All over Burma.

Glabrous or pubescent ; follicles with numerous longitudinal membranous wings.
var. genuina. Leaves puberulous, especially beneath,
var. paniculata, Gritf. Leaves glabrous or nearly so.

CuYPTOLEns, R. Brown.

Corolla almost funnel-shaped to rotate, with 5 membranous scales, adhering to
the anthers, in the swollen middle part of the tube.

C. BrcHAXASi, Roem. ct Schult. W.C. Ava and Tharawadtly.

Calyx turbinate, 5-cloft, with .") crenulato glands within. Stamens 5. All parts
glabrous, leaves on a slender petiole 3-4 lines long.

340 BCRMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

HEitiDEsjirs, R. Brown.
H. WAi.Licnri, Wight {'SI.).

Myriopteeox, Griffifh.
M. rAxrcuLATUJi, Griff. (M.).

This Order is not a very useful one to man. Most species abound in an acrid,
milky juice sufficiently virulent in some species to be used for poisoning arrows,
hence the names Wolf's-bane, Dog's-bane. In Gi/imiema lacfiferum, however, or
the Ceylon Cow-plant, the juice is innocuous and potable. Some species of the
Order are purgative and emetic ; but the most important medicinally is Heinisdemius
IiuJicus, the root of whicli forms an esteemed substitute for sarsaparilla. Some
species yield a good caoutchouc. Marsdmia tincioria yields a blue dje, and several
species of Mnrsilenia, Orthanthera, and Calotropis yield excellent fibre. The powdered
bark of the root of Ca/otropi's gigautea is an excellent substitute for ipecacuanha,
and is so used in the Bengal Pharmacopccia. The milk and other parts of the plant
are also esteemed for skin complaints and leprosy, and in early stages of that
complaint have been considered beneficial (Waring). No more effectual remedy,
however, for this dread disease appears to have been hit upon, than the one some-
times adopted in India when the leper gets himself bitten by a cobra, a plan which
never fails to arrest the disease— so unamenable to less heroic treatment.

It is from a plant of this Order, Sarcosteinma acidum or i-iminiale, that the celebrated
Soma juice, so lauded in the Yedas, was extracted according to some writers, though
it is by no means clear if the original Yedic plant is now known, and the use of other
plants in lieu thereof is now sanctioned in India, one of them being Casiilpinia hoiiduc.
Of the ' Soma' De Gubernatis remarks : " Soma cuivro reellement les dieux au ciel,
en renouvelant sans fin le triomphe de la lumiere ; lo sacrifice terrestre du soma n'est
qu'une pale, naive et grotesque reproduction de ce miracle divin ; de meme (ju'on
Grece, au lieu de statues, on offrait a Heracles de petits Heracles de pate, de meme
aussi peu-etre, dans les temps vediques et posterieurs, en chantant les louanges du
soma divin, on jiresentait aux dieux pour la form quelque breuvage economique, que
personne no buvait, non pas seulement parce qu'il etait reserve aux immortels, mais
tres-probablement aussi parce qu'aucun mortel n'en aurait voulu. Dans I'histoire dcs
sacrifices, on trouvcrait un grand nombre de substitutions de cet geni'e." — Mythologie
de-i Plantes, vol. ii. p. 351.

Without, however, attaching much importance to modem identifications of the
Vedic ' Soma ' plant, the high esteem in which, for symbolical or other reasons, it
was held, is a curious and undoubted fact ; and yet in those remote days, some three
centuries before the birth of Christ, there were not wanting acute minds, which
pierced deeper into the mystery of being than the vulgar herd of mankind has ever
done, or probably aspired to do, and in the Mahabharata the ' soma ' sacrifice is
spoken of as suited rather to man's spiritual ignorance than as essentially worthy of
respect. As a splendid exposition of a noble pantheism which will cause many a
chord to vibrate responsively even in the Christian breast, the passage here quoted,
wherein the 'soma' is alluded to, is probably unsurpassed. It is addressed as a
doctrinal exposition of Divine truth by Krishna to Arjun:

" I, whose form no eye belioldeth, I stretched out this mighty whole ;
In me live and move all creatures, of all life the living soul.
Tlu-ough my care live birds, beasts, fishes, through my care are rocks and trees.
All this changeful world of being still revolveth as I please.
But the sons of darkness scorn me, wearing thus a human frame,
Blind with idle priile of knowledge, swoU'n with idle lust of fame.
I pour forth tlie gladdening sunshine, I withhold and give the rain,
I am that which is, and is not, I am nectar, I am bane.
Those who reverence the three Vedas and who pour the Soma wine,
By me led to Indra's heaven, drink their fill of joys divine,
But when spent their stock of merit, down they fall again to earth.
This the fate of Veda lovers, ceaseless death and ceaseless birth.

ASCLEI'IADE.E. 341

But whoe'er with mind enlightened plants his faith on me alone,

Finn, all other gods rejecting, hini 1 cherish as uiy own.

Blind are those who in .my e.sseucc all the Godhead fail to see ;

Worshipjiing the Host of Heaven, yet they only worshij) me.

For MK only smoke their altars, unto mk their knees tliey bend ;

But by unbelief distracted, to the lower worlds descend.

Those who seek to me for refuge, though conceived and bom in sin.

Base mechanics, slaves, and women find a home my arms within."

( 'J'liwiiei/'s (ranslution.)

The mixture iu some other passages, too, of Pantheistic, and what nuiy be
almost designated as Christian ideas is curious iu the extreme, and may be briefly
glanced at, as showing how little our actual knowledge of the deepest problems
whicli can occupy the mind of man has advanced in three thousand years. I will
quote but two passage of this splendid poem, which convincingly show that the
Pantheism of Yayasa (author of the Mahabharuta) by no means excluded the
Messianic idea of an incarnate Saviour, and was not opposed to an estimate of Faith,
as a religious duty, sufficiently exalted to please a modern evangelical, whilst
inculcating at the same time the value of good works in a manner which some of
our modern evangelicals might ponder with advantage. ^Vho, when reading the
first passage now given, can help reflecting on the words of another, "Verily, before
all worlds, I am " ?

Krishna speaks :

" Many births hast thou beheld here, mauy too have been my lot ;
All are from thy memory failed, I alone have not forg(3t.
Though unborn, and never dying, though Almighty Lord of all,
By my mystic power engendered, I descend at Duty's call.
Oft as justice is in danger, and the wicked rule the earth,
I forsake my lofty station, and in human form take birth.
Wreak on evil-doers vengeance, rescue the down-trodden saint.
Thus from age to ago appear I, vii'tue to preserve from taint.
ITe who knows my hirth and working sets hiiiuelf for ever free
From the bonds of Transmigration, and dwells undisturbed in Me."

Surely if we can divest ourselves of the prejudice inculcated from our infancy
in favour of a personal immortality, which, by the way, is for the majority of
Adam's children to be one of misery, we must admit that the longing for incorporation
with Deity which prompted the above lines, is a noble and elevating one !

The second passage is equally interesting, as instancing what may he regarded
as a Law, the necessity whicli all religious teachers lie under of advocating as the
first of all virtues — Faith in the doctrine taught. For this the philo.sopher will make
due allowance. Vayasa, however, did not relegate good works to that low and ignoble
position to which tliey are consigned by some Evangelicals. Says Krishna :

" Neither in this world nor yonder can such Hero ever fail.
Xone that doeth righteous actions ever sees the realms of bale.
He shall dwell for countless ages iu the blissful worlds on higli,
But, through want of true Devotion, must again bo bom and die.
In some family of Brahmans, or of kings appears on earth.
Or perchance of holy hermits (liard to win that glorious birth).
With such virtues as he ended, he begins once more the race,
Towards the goal of high i)orfection, setting resolute liis face.
For the might of former habits speeds him onward like the wind.
Leaving slavish text-adorers, letter-worshippers behind.
So through many births aspiring, purified at length from sin,
He attains the wished-for mansion, and in peace doth enter in.
Penance yields to high devotion. Better be devout than wise.
Better such than virtuous action, then, do thou devotion prize.
First of devotees I hold him who doth choo.^c the better part,
And in humble Faith adoring, clings to Me with perfect heart."

342 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Onlrr APOCY^^E.E.

Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx free, o-parted, or the sepals distinct,
imbricate in bud, bearing occasionally small glands or scales inside at the base.
Corolla-Iohes 5, spreading, twisted imbricate, or larely valvate in bud, the throat
sometimes closed with a corona of scales, and often hairy. Stamens 5, inserted in
the tube and alternating with the corolla-lobes. Anthers erect, turned inwards,
2-celled, the cells opening by longitudinal slits, either free and included in the
usually swollen part of the corolla-tube, or sometimes exserted and connate, or
connivent in a cone or ring round the style. Pollen not collected in masses, but
the auricles at the base of the anthers, or the tips occasionally without pollen.
Ovary 2-celled, with axile placentas, or more, usually the 2 carpels distinct, and
with parietal placentas, the cells or carpels with few to numerous ovules, in 2 or
more rows, attached to the placentas. Sfylrs 1 or 2, distinct at the base, but united
aipwards. Stic/ma usually thickened, mitre-like, membranous or bulbous at the base,
terminating in a short entire or 2-cleft point. Fruit either a single drupe or berry,
or more frequently each or 1 of the carpels forms a follicle, opening along the inner
edge. Seeds pendulous, or rarely ascending, or peltately attached, usually albu-
minous, often bearing a tuft of hairs at one or both ends. Fmhryo straight,
with flat or rarely convolute cotyledons. Trees or shrubs, often climbing, rarely
alternate, simple, with or without gland-like small inteipetiolar stipules. Flowers
usually cymose or cymose-panicled, axillary or terminal. Bracts usually very small,
rarely larger and coloured, deciduous. Bractlets usually none.

Series I. GTMXOSPERlIiE.
Seeds naked, i.e. without a deciduous tuft of hairs at their extremities, some-
times persistently haiiy-fiinged all round, more so at the extremities. Anthers free.

* Corolla valcate in hud.
STHYCHNIEJE.
Oiary entire, 2-celled, with axile placentas.

SiETCHNOs, Linnams.

Corolla-throat naked or bearded. Berry corticate or sappy, the seeds imbedded
in pulp. Albumen horny. Trees or seandeut shrubs.

* Freet trees, vithout tendrils.
X Corolla ylabrous at the throat, the tube long.
S. Nrx-voiricA, L. All over Burma up to 2000 feet.

Kha-boung. (Kuchla in India.)

Corymbs peduncled, terminal or terminating axillary shoots ; berries the size of
an orange or smaller, many-seeded, the pericarp thick and eoiky.

The strychnos-trce is about the size of an apple-tree, and the fruit, which has
a hard rind, closely resembles an orange in appearance. Ou breaking into it, the
round flat seeds are seen imbedded in an orange pulp, which, though somewhat
bitter, is edible, and is largely consumed by hornbills, whence, in India, these birds
are named Kuchla-kai, or ' strychnos-eaters.'

X X Corolla villuus at the throat.

S. POTATORUM, L.

Panicle very short, axillary. C'oroUa-tube about 2 lines long. Berries 1 -seeded,
the pericarp coriaceous.

The seeds are used to claiify water. A seed is rubbed over the inside of an
earthen water-pot, whose rough surface abrades the albuminous fleshy body of the
seed. On water being now agitated in the pot, the albumen becomes dissolved, and
on standing forms a flocculent deposit, which carries down with it any floating
impurities, and the clear water can then be decanted. A Little alum is, however,
more commonly used for clarifying purposes.

APOCYNEJE. 343

The ])o\vdeiTiI leda of the seeds is, according to Dr. iroodecn Sheriff,' the l)ost
vegetable emetic iu India, and a good substitute for Ipecacuanha in dyseutery. The
dose is grs x to xx, with one or two grains of opium to form a pill, to be given
every three, four, or six hours.

S. "W.vLLicniAx.v, Steud. Khaboung stream of the Pegu range (so named

I'rom the Khabuung or strychnos-tree).

Panicle hrachiate, large, terminal. Corolla-tube 4-5 lines long.

* * Scandent s/in(bs loith wood//, 2 -clef I hook tendrils.
S. LATTEIXA, Wall. Tenasserim.

CoroUa-tuhe li line long, bearded at the throat. Berry oblong, 1 -seeded, the
pericarp membranous.

S. ACUMrxATA, Wall. E.T. Coasts of the Andamans, Tenasserim and Naukowry.

Corolla consisting of -5 free glabrous petals. Berry globular, 1- (or 2-?)seededi
the pericarp coriaceous.

Kurz describes the wood of S. nui-vomica as close-grained and hard, and fit for
fancy cabinet work, and 52 lbs. in weight. Brandis says much the same. But ray
experience is that the wood is coarse and inferior. S. potatorum is described as
durable and taking a beautiful polish.

The species of Striichnos contain in the bark of the root and the seeds 2 alkaloids,
Strychnine and Brucine, which are powerful poisons, inducing tetanus aud death
by asphyxia, through the rigidity which ensues of the muscles of the chest. These
alkaloids are the active ingredient in the ' curare ' or arrow-poison of the aborigines
of South America. The use of Strychnine to destroy domestic or other animals should
be discouraged as needlessly brutal, from the shocking tetanic spasms induced, a ball
tlirough the brain, or a charge of shot, if the animal is small, being much more humane.
Wliere recourse to firearms cannot be had, a little hydrocyanic acid poured tlown
the throat is instantly and painlessly fatal. Very young animals, like kittens, are
most humanely and easily destroyed by dashing with some force on the earth, the
shock causing instant death.

MiTREOLA, Linnmm.

M. ODEXLALANDIOIDES, Wall. (If.).

MiTEAGrxE, Kurth.
M. CAPiLLAias, Wall. (P.).

*"* Corolla twided-imlricatc in hud.
CARISSIEJE.
Ocary entire, 2-l-celled, with a.rile or jiarietal placentas.

* Ovary 1 -celled, tcith 2 parietal p/uce?itas.
X J^ruii ati indehiscent drupe or berry.

WiLLVGnitELA, Roi-biirgh.

As preceding, but seeds witliout albumen. Scandent shrubs.

W. EDuus, lloxb. KS.S. Chittagong. Burma (P.).

Inflorescence shortly peduncled. lierry ovate, smooth. Yields an inferior
caoutchouc.

W. MARTAiiAxicA, Wall. U])])er Tenassei'im.

Flower clusters sessile or nearly so. Berry globular, wrinkled.

' Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science, 1870, p. 121.

344 BCllMA, ITS rEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

X X Fruit a (hliinceiif cajjsule.

Allamaxda, Zinnceus.

Corolla-throat with scales, the anthers included in the tube. Aihumen scanty.
Erect shrubs, with showy 5-merous flowers.

** Orary l-celhd, with axile placentas.
* A. CATHAETiCA, L. CultiTated all over Burma.

Pha-young-ben.
The leaves are strongly purgative.

X Corolla-throat furnished with 5 or 10 scales or appendages. Disk none.
Thevetia, Linnmis.

Call/.!: many-glanded inside. JJriqie unequally 2-celled, not pulpy. Trees or
shrubs, with large flowers.

*T. NERiiFOLiA, Juss. Cultivated about Prome.

Cerhera theietia, L.

The vellow oleander. An ornamental shrub. The bark is reckoned a febrifucc.
X X Corolla-throat naked.
Caeissa, Linnreus.

Corolla salver-shaped, haiiy within. Style short or filiform. Ocary-celh 1-4,
rarely many-ovuled, the ovules in 2 rows. Berry S-l-celled, sappy. Albumen fleshy.
Shrubs or trees, usually spiny-armed.

*■ All parts ylahrous.

*" C. CARANDAS, L. var. a in the dry forests of Prome. Car Nicobar.

Ovary-cells 4-ovuled. Berries the size of a plum. Leaves usually blunt or retuse.

var. a genuina.

var. y3 congesta, Wight. Leaves almost obicular, cymes short.

var. 7 paucinervia, Wight. Leaves linear-lanceolate.

Cultivated for its fruit in Burma (P.).

C. DIFFUSA, Eoxb. Termoklee Island. Andaraans. Car Mcobar.

Ovary-cells 2-ovuled. Berries the size of a pea or somewhat larger. Leaves
usually acute.

** All parts, especially while young, shortly and softly puherulous.

C. HiEsriA, P>oth. Ava.

C. rillosa, Roxb.

Ovary-cells 2-ovuled. Berries the size of a pea.

WixcHiA, De Candulle.

Apparently like preceding, but the style deeply 2-cleft and the ovules in
numerous rows. Unarmed, with ternary leaves.

"W. CALOPHYLLA, D.C. Tppcr Tonasserim.

Panicle glabrous.

"W. (CniLOCAErrs) ateovtridis, B1. Tavoy.

Hunteria atroviridis, Wall.

Panicle minutely puherulous.

Probably not sufficiently distinct from the preceding species (Kurz).

Al'OCYXE.E. 345

PLUMKRIE.i:.

Oiari/ consi^liny of '2 more or less distinct carpels, each with a single placenta.

* Fruit-carpels indehiscent, not follicular.

X Calyx gamosepalous.

R.viwoLKrA, Liniiteus.

Calyx tootliod. Cnrolln elongate, funnel-shaped. Dish oiipular or annular.
Drupes sappy, usually connate at the base or up to the middle. Albumen fleshy.
Herbs, under- shrubs, or shrubs.

E. (OrnioxYlON) sekpextina, "Willd. C'hittagong and all over Burma.

The root is used in medicine as a tonic and febrifuge, and to euro snake bites.

OcHUOSiA, Jussieu.

Calyx toothed or lobed. Disk none or obsolete. Drupes usually paired, fleshy-
fibrous. Trees or shrubs.

0. SALrBRis, Bl. Tropical forests of tlie Andamans.

Cerbcra oppositifolia, Lamk. Kamorta, Trice and Track.

X X Sepals free, reflexed.

Ceebeka, Limueus.

Calyx glandless inside. Disli none. Drupes usually single by abortion, fibrosc-
woody. Trees.

C. ODALLAM, Gaertn. Arakan. Tenasserim. Andamans. Kamorta. Katchall.

C. MAXGHAS, L.

Ka-lw'i.

The Burmese extract an oil for burning from the seeds, which are said to be
emetic and purgative. Wood worthless.

** Fruit-carpels follicular, dehiscing along the ventral suture; rarely indehiscent.
Corolla-throat naked.

X Seeds in no way winged nor hairy-fringed.

\ Seeds not imbedded in pulp.

\ Albumen none.

('ALncARrrir, G. Don.

Follicle broad, obliquely truncate, slowly dcdiiscing, 1-sceded. Slirulis.

C. RoxnriiGun, G. Don. (1'.). Tropical forests in JIartuban and Tenasserim.

Kopsia vinctejlora, Bl. Generally planted all over Burma.

K. fruticosa, D.C.

Sa-lat.

\ \ Albumen present.

VixcA, Linnieun.

Follicle elongate-linear, continuous, manj'-secdcd. Albumen fleshy. Erect shrubs
or under-shrubs.

*V. ROSEA, L.

v. Guilelmi ll'aldemarii, Klotzsch.

Thom-ban-ma hnyo-bcn.

A South-.\merican plant much cultivated in villages all over the country, and
sometimes domesticated in rubbishy places.

346 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

GyxoroGON, Ford.
Follicle elongate, moniliformly-contractod between the seeds. Alhumcn horny,
homogeneous. Shrubs, more or less twining.

Gr. (Alxtia) stkllatfm, Roem. et Schult. Eooky coasts of Tenasserira and

Ali/xia odorafa, Wall. jS'ankowry. The Andamans.

Corolla-tube nearly ^ an inch long.

G. BREViFLORUir, Kz. Tropical forests of Upper Tenasserim

Corolla-tube only about 2 lines long. "™^^ '■'■'"oo table land at 2000 feet.

HUNTEEIA, JiOxbui-f/h.

As preceding, but albumen ruminate.

H. LANCEOLATA, "Wall. Tavoy.

Unknown to me. Can it be the same as my Gijnopogon Inriforum? (Kurz).

f f Seeds imbedded in pulp.
TabeeX-EJiontana, Pluinier.
Follicles continuous, several-seeded. Alhumcn none. Disk none. Erect slirubs.

*■ Bracllcts persistent, conspicuous, louder than the pedicels.

T. EECURVA, Roxb. Tropical forests of Chittagong, the Pegu

T. gratissima, Ldl. Eange and Upper Tenassei'im.

Corolla-tube longer than the tube. Calyx-lobes 2-3 lines long, linear-lanceolate.

T. CALYciNA, Wall. Tavoy.

Perhaps the same as the last (Kurz).

** Bracts and bractlets very deciduous and small, or persistent and tninute.
X Cali/.r-lobcs acute or acuminate. Follicles tapering at the base, but not stalked,
without an appendage {usually cylindrical, with 6 longitudinal lines, often raised).

+ Cymes branched from, the base and the brandlings usually recurved or horizontal.
° Flowers large, showy, the corolla-lobes-as long as the tube.

* T. (Nerium) divaricata, L. Planted all over Burma.

T. coronaria, 11. Br.
Corolla about an inch across, the lobes as long as the tube ; all parts glabrous.

° ° Flowers small, the corolla-lobes only J— J- the length of the tube.

T. orniOEEHizoiBES, Kz. Hills of Martaban at 3000 and 5000 feet.

Glabrous. Calyx-lobes acute. Corolla-tube hardly i inch long.

T. RosTRATA, Wall. Scgaiu.

Glabrous, very like the preceding. Calyx-lobes rather acute. Corolla-tube
nearly an inch long. Follicles long-beaked.

-\--\- Cymes brachiate, longer or shorter peduncled, more or less erect .
° Calyx-lobes broad, leafy, 3-4 lines long.

T. ALTEEXiFOLiA, L. Coasts of tlio Andamaus.

T. crispa, Eoxb.

Glabrous. Clorolla-lobes ncarlj- as long as the tuhe.

X X Calyx-lobes narrow, small.
T. MEMBEAxiFOLiA, Kz. Tropical foi'ests of Toukyegat, East of Toung-ngoo.

Glabrous, the cymes short-peduncled. Calyx-lobes subulate-acuminate. Corolla-

APOCryE.E. 347

tube sleuder, J iu. Ions, (he lobes lialf as long or shoiter. Anthers inserteil below the
niiiklle of the corolhi-tube.

Trobably identical with the next species.

T. GUAciLiFLORA, Wall. Tenasserini.

Glabrous, leaves as iu preceding. Cymes long-pedunclcd. Calyx-lobes said to
be ovate, rather blunt.

T. sircKoCARPA, Wall. Ava. Taong-doung.

Glabrous, redunelo 3 times as long as the 4-o lines long petioles. Calyx-lobes
ovate, acute.

XXX Cdli/x-lubes rounded. Follicle Iu)!(j-iitaII;td, with a coriaceous acuminate dorsal
appendage.

T. srBCAPiTATA, Wall. (P.). Martabau. Tavoy.

Glabrous. Cymes small, longer or shorter ped uncled.

Kurz adds :

T. cRispA, llosb. The Nicobars.

var. JVicobarica, Liebm.

X X Seeds winged or hairg-fringed.

Pluhieeia, Tournef.

Bisk none or flesh)-, and adnate to the calyx. Follicles elongate, many-seeded.
Seeds winged. Albumen none. Fleshy trees.

*P. ACUTiFOLiA, Poir. Planted about villages.

F. acuminata, Ait.

Alstonia, R. Ftrowne.

Corolla salver-shai)ed. Anthers included. Seeds fringed all along the borders,
more so at both extremities. Albumen scanty. Trees or shrubs.

A. scHOLARis, R. Br. (P.). Chittagong. Prome. Tenasserini.

Inflorescence densely pubescent.

A. spECTABiLis, R. Br. Andamans. Katchall.

Peduncles glabrous, the calyx and pedicels minutely pubcrulous.

Hardly separable from the last. The wood yields a jiowcrful bitter tonic.

A. MACKoruTLi.A, lloxb. a aud ji in Tropical forests of Kamorta
\ar. ji acuminata, Miij. and Car Kicobar.

Series COMESrERMJE.

Seeds furnished at one or both ends with a deciduous tuft or crown of long silky
haii'S. Anthers usually cohering in a cone.

M'HITIDIE^.

* Corolla-throat naked, without scales. Seeds comose at the apex onlg or rarelg
fringed all round.

X -Oisk annular, cupular, or consisting of 5 free or connate scales. Scandent shrubs.

+ Ocarg entire, 2-celled.

j- Anthers included.

Be-wmontia, Wallich.

Calgx-segnwits leafy. Disk-glands 5, free or connate. Albumen fleshy. Flowers
large and showy.

B. (EcmiEs) GTiAXDULORA, Eoxb. Cliittagoug.

348 BURMA, IT.S PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

f f Anthers more or less exserted.
Vallaris, Biirmann.
C'ali/x small. Corolla almost rotatc-beU-shaped. Disk 5-lobcil. Albumen scanty.
Floiccrs rather showy.

V. Hetnei, Spreng. Pi-omo.

Evliites (lichofoma, Roxb.
Fcntnndra solanacea, Roth.

Paesonsia, R. Brown.
Cah/x small. Disk-seales 5, free or connate. Fihnnents often spirally twisted.
Flowers small.

P. spiEALis, R. Br. Pegu. Maulmuin. Katchall and Car Nicobar.

P. ohlonr/a. Wall.
Ueliyme Eheedii, "Wight.

+ + Orary-earjiels 2, di'sfincf.
f Anthers exserted, cohering in a eone round the stigma.

PoTisiA, Hooker et Arnott.

BisTc 5-lobed. Flowers small, paniclod.

P. Cantonie>'sis, Hook, et Am. Mergui.

Euthodon patiiculatus, Griff.

P. HOOKEEIANA, Wight (M.).

f f Anthers included in the corolla-tuhe. Dish cnpular or 5-cleJ't.
° Corolla induplicale-valvate.

TJeceola, Ro.rhurgh.
Corolla iireeolate or globose. Calyx glandless inside. Disk entire or o-lobed.
Flotvers small.

U. (Chavaxxesia) Li'ciDA, D.C. Pegu and Tenasserim.

C. esculenta, D.C.

■-' " Corolla twisted-imhricate.

\ Seeds narrowed at apex into a long slender neck.

§ Follicle moniliform.

Paeameeia, Bentham.
Corolla salver- or almost bell-shaped. Cnlgx many-glanded iusido. Flowers
small.

P. (EcDYSANxnERA) oLAXDULiFEEA, D.C. (P.). Tenasscrim and the Andamans.

E. Griffilhii, AMght.

F. harhata, Miij^.

§ § Follicle continuous, not monilifurm.
EcDYSAKTHEEA, Sooker ct Arnoft.
Corolla almost urceolate, the lobes sinistrorsely twisted. Disk entire or 5-lobed.
Flowers small.

E. BRACHiATA, D.C. Kliakvcn Hills.

E. MICEAXTHA, A. D.C. (P.).

Anodendeox, Dc Condvlle.

Corolla salver-shaped, the lobes narrow. Disk truncate or 5-lobed. Follicle
woody-coriaceous. Seeds albuminous. Flowers small.

A. PANicuLATUJi, A. D.C. Pegu, Tenasserim, the Andamans. and Kamorta.

Tliis is tlie plant selected according to Mr. Humfray by the Audamanese to
form the strings of their powerful bows.

APOCYXfLE. 349

Ckkcocoma, Miq. (noil Don ).
Corolla salvcr-sliiipcl, the lobes broud. Dixie o-cb ft. Follicle corirtceous.
Albumen none. Flowers rather sliowy.

C. (Rhtxcospeema) WALi.icuri, D.C. Ava. Pcpfu range (rare).

Fchites rhyiiconpermd, Wall. Tenasserim.

IcnxocARiTs, R. Brown.

I. FRDTESCENS, BrOWn.
I. OVALIFOLIUS, A. D.C.

\ I Seeds not contracted into a long neck.
§ Orari/ caiyels more or less immersed in tkejfes/ii/ disk.

AciANOSMA, G. ])vn.

Culi/x largo anil leafy, divided alino.st to tbe base. Disk-lubes short. Aiifliers
appendaged. Flowers large and showy.

A. CALTCiNA, D.C. Tavoy.

A. Walliehii, Don.

Calyx-lobes nearly an inch long, tawuy-velvety. Xerre.s of leaves impressed.

A. (EcniTEs) MAHfiixATUM, Roxb. (P.). Chittagong and all over Buima.

A. macrocarpa, D.C.

Calyx-lobes only 2-3 lines long, glabrous. Nerves of leaves prominent beneath
and uniting towards the margin.

Kurz adds :

A. ACUMiNAxrjr, Don. Tenasserim. Car Kicobar.

A. euloba, ilii[.

Kyet-boung-hpyu. Tenasserim Caoutehoue creeper.

EpiGVNDir, JJl'l/llf.

Corolla salver-shaped. Disk-lobes epigynous round the ovary and almost connate.
E. GRiFFixniAXUM, Wight. Mergui. Tavoy (!'.).

§ § Gear;/ enlircli/ superior.

CnoxEJioRpnA, 6. Dun.

Corolla very large, salver or I'nuuel-shaped, the lubes twisted. Fullicln woody.
Albumen scanty.

C. (EcHiTKs) MACKornvLLA, lloxl). Jfauliuain (!'.). The Andamans (K.).

C. mollis, Mi(i.

X X J>isk none, or rudimentary. Trees.

IIoLARRHEXA, R. Tlroim.

Corolla salver-sbaped. Utaniens included. Seeds comose at the apex only.
Albumen none.

II. ANTinvsKXTioKic V, AVall. Chittagong and all over Burma.

//. codaija, C. Don.

JI. pnbeseens, Wall.
Let-touk [Jide Parish).

** Corolla-throat with a corona of scales or fringes. Disk none.
X Anthers included in the corolla-tube. Seeds comose at the apex.

Nerium, Linneeus.

Corolla-tube with 5 laciuiatc-tootbed scales. Seed albuminous. Erect trees
or shrubs.

350 nr/i.MA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

*" N. ODORDM, Sol. Cultivateil.

All parts of this plant arc very poisonous, especially the roots of the ■nild
vni'ieties. It is supposed, even, to impart deleterious properties to honey. De
Guhernatis says,' "Dans I'Inde, Ic Iuiriivi>-a on Nerimn odorum passe , pour une
fleur funeraire, c'est poui'quoi, dans le drame Mrivchalntilm, le jeune Carudatta
place une couronne d'ok'andre sur sa tete, en allant ;i la mort," and adds many
other curious particulars, too long to reproduce here, of European superstitions and
proverbs connected with the same plant.

X X Aiiflnrs c.rsertvd, ututed or coherimj in a cone round the xtiijnia. Seeds comose
nt the liilinn.

SxRopnAxxnus, T)e CandoUe.

C'oroIIa-Iohe.i elongate or caudate, hordercd by merahranous lobes or scales, cacli
produced into 2 longer or shorter segments. Shrubs, usually scandent.

* Corulhi-lobes aeutc or nenni/nnfe, hut not jirod need into long tails.
S. BEEviCAUDATirs, "Wight. Mergui (probably).

Floral bracts ovate, acute, stiff, only \h lines long.

** Corolla-lohes produced into tails 2 or more ineJies long.
X Floral bracts and the conform cali/x-lohes stiff, linear-subulate.

S. Gkiffithii, Wiglit. Upper Tenasserim.

iS'. pentnplii/llus, GrifT.
S. Uorsficldianus, Miq.

Corolla (-n-ithout the tails) about an inch long.

S. i.oxGicAUDATus, Wight. Southcm Tonasseiim.

Corolla (without the tails) about .V in. lung.

X X Floral bracts and the conform calyx-lobes faecid, reflexed, linear.
S. (EcniTEs) CATJDAxrs, liurm.

S. dichotomus, D.C. Tenasserim {fide Parish).

Corolla about f in. long. Bristles twice as long as the anthers.

Weightia, I?. Ilrown.

Corona of corolla consisting of 5 or 10 oreet scales cither distinct or united, or
rarely the throat naked. Trees or erect shrubs.

* Throat of corolla furnished iritli scale's or fringes.
X Corolla-tliroaf fringed n-itli a ring of branclied long filiform scales.

"W. (Nekitjm) tinctoeia, Roxb. Burma {fide Mason).

All parts glabrous. Corolla white, the lobes linear-oblong.

X X Scales of corolla-throat thicl and fleshy, entire or lobed.

W. MOLLissiMA, Wall. All over Burma up to 2000 feet.

W. Wallichii, D.C.

All parts, especially the leaves, shortly and densely pubescent. Corolla-lobes
broad, the scales of the throat cuneatc, 2-3-lobulate.

W. (NEBruii) cocciNEA, Roxb. Chittagong Hills.

All parts glabrous. Corolla red, the lobes broad, the scales large, I'ounded,
obsoletely crenatc.

' irvtliologic dcs riiuitcs, vol. ii. p. liu.

APoCrXK.K. JAS.VLVE.E. 351

* •'•■ ('(ini//ti-//iroiit quite nuked.

"W. (EcniTivs) EELtGios.v, IVysni. ot Eiun. Tonasserim and Siam.

Glabrous, the leaves small and narrow. Pedicels filiform. Corolla small, ■wliitc.

W. Zetlanica, 11. Brown (M.).
W. antidyxenterica, 11. Brown.

"W. TOSIENTOSA, Sell. (M.).

This Order produces some iiseful prciduits. The milky juice of several species
of the following genera yiidds India-rublntr : Callvplwra, ll'illiiijhheid, Vahea, ILin-
cornia, Urceola and Landolphiu. Some sjn'cies are highly ])oisunous, as Tamjltinia
renen'tflua and Cerhera alxnnai. Others yield dyes — D'lUntihheia tinctoria, a blue dye,
and W. tomeidona, a yellow dye ; and some yield (idible fruits, as W. cdiilis and
Un-eoln elnxlica, Ciirissa carandiis, C. edulis, Carpodium dulcis, Amhelan!a Pucuurin,
and Taberncnmontaiia utilis. Some species are iised as medicine, as Alhimanda
ciithartica, W^. Zcylanica {antidysentcrica), Curii.sa xi/lopicruii, I'htmiera alba, and
Ahlvnia sdiolaria as a tonic.

Dr. ilason adds the following vernacular names for suniiry Apoci/nca : Seh-yeh,
Meh-tu, and in Sgau-karen, Tha-peh-khan-du-den, Nor-the-eh, Ka-thi-khleu, ll.sau-
ka-htau.

Order JASillXl^iE.

Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Cah/x free, usually small, 4-5-,
rarely more, toothed or lol)ed, or rarely truncate and entire. Corolla with a longer
or shorter tube, 4- or 5-, rarely more, lobed, or divided to the base into 4 petals,
rarely 2-pefalled, or wanting altogether. Stamens 2, rarely 4, adhering to the base
of the corolla. Filaments usually short. Anthers 2-celled, the cells opening by
longitudinal slits. Orarij 2-cclled, the cells with 2, rarely 1 or 3, ovules, in the
yuung state attached laterally, but becoming pendulous or ascending, according to
the growth of the ovary. Fruit succulent or capsular, entire or 2-lobed, 2-eelled,
or reduced to a single cell and seed. Seeds witli or without albumen. Fmbri/o
straight. Trees or shrubs often climbing, very rarely h(>rbs, with opposite or very
rarely alternate simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in axilhiry or terminal panicles,
sometimes reduced to short racemes or clusters.

Sub-order 0LEACE7E.
Stamens 2 only, situated between a pair of eorolla-lobes.

JASMIXIEJE.
Corolla-limb b-M-lobed. Ovules erect.
* Fruit a dry compressed capsule.
Nyctanthes, Limmus.
Corolla twisted in bud. Albumen none. Scabrous trees, with simple leaves.
N. Aiiiiou-TuisTRis, L. Tenasserim and I'egu (where rare).

A dye is extracted (in Ceylon) from the corolla-tube of this plant, which
Thwaites says is used by the Buddhists for dyeiug their clothes yellow.

■"■* Fruit a 2- or by abortion X-lobed drupe.
Jasmixi'm, Linnanis.
Corolla twisted in bud. Albumen none. Slirubs usually scandent, rarely trees.
Leaves simple or compotind.

Scries rXIFOLIOL.\T.T;.

Leaves simple, with a jointed petiole.

* Bracts minute or short and filiform, rarely wanting.

X Calyx-lobes short, or the calyx almost truncate.

4- Flowers corymbose.

352 BUUMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIOXS.

J. EXTENSUM, Wall. Ava.

Glabrous. Pedicels '2-5 lines loiip;. Calyx 5-cornored, almost truncate.

J. BEcnss.iTUM, "Wall. Tropical forests of Upper Tenasserim up to 3000 feet.

rubcsccnt. Flowers sessile. Calyx-teeth as long as the calyx-tube.

-\- -j- Flowers in poor nxiNiiri/ racemes. Pedicels h-\ inch Iain/. Cali/.v-teetk distinct.
t CoroI/ii-Iuhes l/hiiif, i/I(ilroi(s.

J. suBGLANDrLOsrii, Kz. Tropical forests of the Southern Pegu Eange,

Tenasserim and South Andaman.

Nerves conspicuous on both sides, usually with a glanil in tlie axils. Corolla-lobes
usually 8, rarely 5-7.

J. ATTEXUATUM, "Wall. Nat-touug in Martaban at over 5000 feet.

Nerves thin and obsolete, without glands. Corolla-lobes usually 5.

"f "(■ Corolla-Iohes acuminate.

.T. LArEiFOLrnar, Pioxb. var. /3 tropical forests of Khakycn Hills and Tenasserim.
Glabrous. Leaves more or less narrow, very long acuminate. Corolla-lobes 9-12.
var. ft hracJiyhlum, calyx-lobes as long or a little longer than the calyx-tube,
more or less ncurved.

X X CaJi/.r-Iuhes longer tlian the cah/x-tule, siihdate.

J. SAMBAC, Ait. Cultivated all over Burma. Said to be wild in Promc.

./. qninqiH^onon, Heyno.

Sa-be, ila-li.

Small shrub, almost erect. Branclilets pubcrulous. Leaves penninerved.

J. AXASIOMOSANS, "Wall. Tropical forests of the Pegu Eange and Tenasserim.

Twining, glabrous. Leaves 3-nerved.

** Bracts leafy, conspiawns, shorter or longer than the cahj.r.
X Bracts hmejer than the calyx, leafy, ichite-diseoloured.

J. EoTTLEEiANTTii, "Wall. Tropical forests of the Khaboung stream Pegu.

More or less pubescent, especially the branclilets. Corolla-tube about h inch
long or longer.

J. coAiiCTATUM, Eoxb. Cliittagong. The P( gu Eange and

Hills East of Toung-ngoo.

Glabrous when adult, tufted-hairy in the nerve-axils beneath. Corolla-tube
about an inch long.

X X Bracts shorter than the cali/x. Cali/x-luhrs galiaiafe. I'edicels 1-2 lines long.

J". (Xtctanthes) hiesutum, L. Bhamo. Pegu.

J. multiflorwn, Andr. (non. Edth.).
J. puhescens, Willd.

JFore or less pubescent. Corolla- and calyx-lobes each C-9 in number, the latter
4-5 lines long, pubescent.

J. scANDEXs, Yhl. All over Burma.

J. syringafolium and latum, Wall.

Glabrous or pubcrulous. Corolla- and calyx-lobes each C-7 in number, the latter
only a line long, more or less pubescent.

JAS.UIXK.E. 3,33

Series FOI.IOLAT.T;.
Leaves unpaired-piuuatc or piuuutelj- 3-foliolato, rarely occasionally 1-foliolato.
J. uKANDii-LOKUJi, L. Bumia {fide Mason).

Glabrous. Leaves unpaired-pinnate. Calyx-lobes subulate, about 3-1 lines long.
Kurz adds from the Nicobars :
J. ACUMiNATissiiruM, Bl. (K.). Kauiorla and Xankmvry.

Mason adds the following vernacular names for species of Jasmine: — Tliam-bau-
ma li, Myat-la, Then-khwa. The flowers of various species of Ja.iminum e.xliale
a most delicious fragrance, especially after snnset, when the eool air of a ganleu
where many jasmine bushes are in flower, seems loaded with the perfume. The
flowers are used to make garlands of for the person, and also to scent oil by stce]>itig
them therein, or alternate layers of jasmine flowers and sesamum seeds are arranged,
and after some time the scented seeds arc put in a press and the oil extracted, with
the ac(iuired .scent of the flowers. The European method is somewhat ditferent.
A number of perforated trays are arranged one above the other in a closed ease, and
these trays arc filled alternately with jasmine (or other flowers it is wished to extract
the perfume of ) and fresh, sweet, and finely chopped suet. In twelve hours or so
the flowers are removed, and perhaps fresh ones substituted, and eventually the suet
is washed with ether, which dissolves out the volatile perfume, leaving sufficient
aroma in the snet to enable it to be made the basis of a delightful pomade, and this
process might be easily put in practice with various Indian flowers.

Corolla i-Iolnl, rarehj G-S-cJeff or tcaiifing, irifh or irilhout a tide. Ovide.s pendu-
lous or attached laterallij near the summit of the cell.

* Corolla-lobes twisted in hud. Orules pendulous. Fi uit a dry capsule or samiira.

SCHREBEEA, liO.rllurr/h.

Corolla salver-shaped. Oranj 2-celled, witli 3-4 ovules in each cell. Capsule
2-valved. Seeds winged. Albumen none. Trees or shrubs, the leaves pinnate or
rarely simple.

S. SwiETENioiBEs, Eoxb. var. n Pegu and Martaban.

var. n genuinum. All ])arts glabrous, also the inflorescences, calyxes and
corollas. Capsules 2 inches long.

var. ji jjubescens, KiU'Z. All younger parts and inflorescence softlv puliescent.

Calyx densely and minutely tomcnlose. Corolla sparingly puberuluus outside.
Capsules much smaller.

** Corolla-lobes valrate in hud or nearli/ so, rarely imbricate. Fruit drupaceous or
lerry-like. Leaves simple.

X Corolla-lobes induplicafc-valvate.

CuioN.vxrnrs, Linnieus.

Petals usually elongate, free or very shortly united at the base. Seeds with or
■without albumen. Trees. Inflorescence various.

* Petals or corolla-lobes very narrow, involute.
C. niNiTiFLORis, Kz. Hills East of Toung-ngoo.

Glabrous. Nerves prominent beneath. Petals 5- lino long.

** Petals or corolla-lobes broader, flat or concave, but not involute.
X T^eins visible between the strong lateral nerves. Leaves 3-6 incbes long.
C. r.\LEMBANicLs, Miq. Tlic Andamans. J\ankowry. Great Nicobar.

Panicle ample, Icafy-bracted. Kerves impressed on the upper side of the leaves.
Drupes 1-1 J inches long.

VOL. II. 23

354 ' BUFxMA, ITS rEOPLE AXD PRODCCT/OXS:

C. (Lixociera) MACEornvLLus, "Wall. Ava, Pegu and Upper Tcnasserim.

Z. attouiatii, Wall.
L. j)ici-op/iIoJa, F. Muell.

Panicles rather small, ■n'ith minute bracts. Nerves prominent on both sides.
Drupes 1-1 A- inch long.

X X -Xb vinillti veins hetween the nerves. {Leaves 6-10 inches lung.')

C. jioNTAxrs, Bl. Hills East of Toung-ngoo up to 2000 feet.

Panicle minutely puberulous. Petals Linear. Drupes about an inch long.

Olea, Tourncf.

Ovary-cells 2-ovuled. Seeds albuminous. Panicles ■A's.iWixxy ot termiual. Trees or
shrubs, erect.

* Corolla almost rotate, the limb spreading. Inflorescence axillary, or at the same
time terminal. {Olea, L.)

X Petals only a line long or thereabouts.

0. DEjfTATA, Wall. Tree forests about Rangoon aud Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves rigitUy coriaceous, the nerves prominent. Panicle glabrous.

0. DioiCA, Roxb. Chittagong and Arakan range {fde Theobald).

Leaves thin-coriaceous, the nerves prominent. Panicles glabrous.

X X I'ttals about 3 lines long.

0. TEKNIFLOEA, Wall. Cliittagong, Pegu and Tenasserim.

0. linoceroides, Wight.

Leaves veinless between the nerves. Drupes nearly ^ inch long.

** Corolla funnel-shaped, with a longer or shorter tube. Panicles all terminal.
(Ligustrum, Totirnef.)

0. (Phillyeea) eobusta, Roxb. Chittagong. Ava. Taong-doung. Pegu

and Upper Tenasserim.

Panicles glabi'ous or pubescent. Drupe 3-1 lines long.

Myxopteuit, Blame.

Flo)ccrs minute, in axillaiy panicles. Seeds albuminous. Woody climber, with
sharply 4-cornered branches.

il. (C'HOXDROsrEHjruii) SMiLACiFOLirii, Wall. Chittagong. Tropical forests of

Martaban, the Andamans and Cocos.

var. a genuitium. Leaves more or less entire or remotely and minutely
spinescent-toothed. Panicle ample, slender, as long as or longer than the leaves.

?var. /3 ilicifolium. Leaves somewhat narrower and stronger nerved and
veined, strongly and crowdedly spinose-serrate. Panicles rather contracted, not above
2 inches long, axillary and leaf-opposed, rarely terminal, the peduncle and branchings
strong and 4-conierecl.

Sub-order SAL VAB ORA CEJE.

Corolla 4-parted, -without tube. Stamens 4, alternating with the corolla-lobes.
Ovules erect.

AziJiA, Lainh.

Petals free, linear. Stamens free. Ovary 2-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Shrubs,
spiny-armed.

A. TETBACiXTHA, Lamk. Ava and Prome.

Monetia barlerioides, L'Hcr.
Fagonia Montana, Mic^.

EBENALES.
CoroUa mono- or mono-poly-petalous, hypogynous or epigynoxis, rarely perigynous.
Slamens usually many more than the corolla-lobes, if equalling them, then alternating
(except in Sapotece). Ovary 2- to many-celled. Cdls usually few-ovuled. Leaccs
alternate, exstipulate. Shrubs or trees.

Order STYRACE.T:.

Flowers regular, licrmaplirodite, rarely polygamous. Calyx-tuhe more or loss adnatc
to the ovary, or tree, the limb o-, rarely 4-7-lobed, tootlied or almost trunrate. Corolla
deeply divided into as many or twice as many lobes as there are caly.\-lobes, imbricate
or almost valvate in bud. Stamens usually numerous, rarely as many or twice as
many as corolla-lobes, inserted in a single row or more at the base, or in the short
tube of the corolla, those of the outer series usually alternating with the corolla-
lobes. Filaments filiform or flat. Anthers 2-celled, opening by longitudinal slits,
the cells either short and almost half-oval or elongate and linear. Ovary inferior
or half-inferior, rarely wholly superior, 5-2-eelled, the cells with 2-4, rarely a single
ovule, suspended from the inner axial angle or the upper ones, erect. 8tyk fililbrra.
Stigma simple or more or less capitate, or o-2-lobed. Fruit either a more or
less succulent or dry drupe, containing a 5- or fewer-celled nut, or a capsule
opening by valves. Seeds usually solitary, pendulous, the testa thin. Albumen
fleshy. Enthryo straight or curved, axile with a long i-adiele, the cotyled(ms
short and flat. Stipules none. Flowers usually small or middling-sized, usually in
axillary spikes, racemes or clusters, rarely solitary. Bracts minute, often scale-like.

Stvrax, Linnaiis.

Calyx somewhat enlarged and inelo.'-ing the fruit for one half. Corolla slightly
twisted or almost valvate in bud. Stamens 10, the authors elongate. l)rupe dry,
sometimes valvatcly dehiscing.

* All parts more or less tomentose, the uneler-surfaee of the leaves particularly so.
S. Ercioscir, Kz. Hills between the Tsittoung and Salween.

Leaves whitc-tomentose beneath. Calyx slit spathe-like, conspicuously subulate-
toothed.

** Younger parts more or less tomentose. Leaves sparinyly and minutely stellate-
pubernlous, glabrescent and green.

S. SERiiULATrM, Eoxb. Khakyen Hills. Chittagong. Tcnasserim.

S. floribimda, Griif.

Calyx 5- or 6-toothed. Coudla-lubes narrow-oblong, about 4 lines long. Leaves
serrulate.

S. viKGATUM, Wall. Ava (probably).

S. grandijlorum, Griff.

Calyx truncate and minutely toothed. Corolla-lobes ovate, nearly I inch long.
Leaves remotely and minutely toothed.

Symplocos, Linnaus.

Calyx wholly or nearly wholly adinite to the ovary. Corolla-lobes imbricate in
bud. Stameyis numerous, indefinite, the anthers short. Druj)c more or less succulent,
crowned by the calyx-limb.

* Ovary '6-cclled. Bruges oblong or elliptical, 3-cclled. Embryo straight.
X Brupes sulcate-ribbed.

S. STTLCATA, Kz. Martaban at oOOO to GOOO feet. var. fl

Haunat pass, Upper Tena.sseiim.
Young parts more or less rusty-pubescent. Flowers sessile, or nearly so, in
simple tomentose spikes.

356 BCRyfA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODCCTIOXS.

X X Drupes smooth and terete.
f Racemes or spil<es not fflnlrous.

S. LrciDA, "Wall. Xat-toung in Martaban over 5000 fet-t.

Glabrous. Flo-svors sessile, in compound puberulous spikes.

S. EACEMosA, Eoxb. All over Burma up to 2000 iuet.

S. Hamiltonuma and rir/ida, 'Wall.

Tounp: shoots more or less pubescent. Flowers shortly pedicelled, in simple or
branched villous-tomentose racemes.

f f Racemes quite glabrous.
S. ir.iosTAcnYA, Kz. Tenasserim. Kamorta.

Glabrous. Petioles and rib beneath sparingly hairy. Racemes slender.

** Ovary 2- rarelij Z-cellcd. Drupes more or less turbinate or ohrersely pear-
shaped, hi/ abortion usualli/ I -seeded, the endocarp often intruding so as to cause the seed
to be more or less curved. Embryo curved.

X Stamens in 2 or more series, not fascicled.

f Flowers sessile, in simple or compound spikes.

° Drupes ribbed or toruluse.

S. (DiCALYx) Jatanica, El. Tenasserim.

ii.ferruginea, Roxb.
S. ruliginosa. Wall.
»S'. Uorsfieldiana, Miq.

Young shoots, spikes, aud leaves beneath more or less nisty pubescent or
tomentose. Drupes ribbed.

S. spiCATA, Roxb. Tenasserim.

Glabrous. Spikes glabrose. Drupes torulose-ribbed.

If Myrtus laurina, Retz. Obs. iv. 27, is really the same as Roxburgh's plant,
the specific name will have to be clianged in favour of Retz's (Kurz).

^-' " Drupes terete a7id smooth.

S. roLTCARPA, "Wall. Martaban and Tenasserim (N'at-toung and

S. attenuata, Wall. Taipo) at 4000 to 5000 feet.

Glabrous, also the spikes. Drupes ovoid-turbinate.

j- f Flowers pedicelled, in simple or compound racemes. Drupes terete.
S. PEBiCELi.ATA, Kz. Toukyagut, East of Toung-ngoo.

Glabrous. Racemes compound, miuutely appressed pubescent, stout. Drupes
ovoid-turbinute (unripe).

S. CAUDATA, Wall. Chittagong. Upper Tenasserim.

Glabrous. Leaves caudate acuminate. Racemes simple, slender, pubescent.
Drupes ovoid-turbinate.

X X Stamens colleeted into 5 bundles. Flowers wlute.

S. LEUCAXTDA, Kz. Swamp forests of the doab of the Hlein and Irrawaddy.

Racemes shortly tomentose, short. Pedicels very short and thick.

S. CKAT^GOiiiEs, D. Don. Nat-toung in Martaban [fide Mason).

Racemes appressed pubescent, forming slender panicles. Pedicels long, filiform.

Mason gives Keun-la and Kain-tha-hjiyu-gyi as the vernacular names of species
of Symplocos.

STntACE.E. EBEXACEJE. 357

Several species of fii/mplocos yield yello-w dyes, and can lie used as a substitute
for tea. Storax and Benzoiu are two balsams containin-^ Benzoic acid, the former
produced by Sli/ra.r officiiiaJe, the latter by <S'. Benzoin, u tree of the Moluccas, which
Mason includes with doubt in liis list.

Order EBEN.\CE.E.

Flowers regular, usually di(peious, rarely liei-niaphrodite. Calyx 3- to 7-lobed,
persistent, in the females usually enlarging. Corolla gauiopetalous, deciduous,
3-7-lobcd, the lobes always siuistrorsely convolute-imbrieate in bud. Stamens in
the females either none, or as many as corolla-lobes, distinct, and inserted at the
base of the corolla-tube ; in the males 6 or more, usually 1 G distinct or often united
by pairs, inserted at the base of the corolla-tube, or rarely hypogynous, or partly
inserted in the corolla, partly on the torus, the inner series usually shorter or wanting.
Filaments short, usually pilose and ligulate. Anthers basifi.xed, 2-celled, opening
by longitudinal slits. Orarij 3-14-celled, the cells with a solitary or 2 collateral
ovules, suspended from the summit of the inner angle. Sti/les half the nuuiber of
the cells, and 2-lobed or as many as cells, and simple. Berrij often by abortion
few-celled and few-seeded, fleshy or coriaceous, the rind sometimes rupturing into
as many valves as ealy.x-lobes. Seeds pendulous, usually solitary in the cells, often
compressed, the testa smooth coriaceous. Albumen horny, homogeneous or ruminate.
Embryo axilc or somewhat obliiiue, straight or curved at the apex. The cotyledons
leafy, nearly as long as the superior cylindrical radicle. Trees or shrubs, rarely
under shrubs, with alternate or very rarely almost opposite simple leaves, the juice
wtitery. Sfipulrs none. Flowers in axillary or rarely terminal cymes, the females
usually larg(!r and turning solitary by abortion of the lateral flowers.

The fruits of several species of Biospyros are edible when perfectly ripe, but
their chief utility is as a tanuiug material, and dressing for fishermen's nets and lines,
especially B. em'bryopteris, which coats them with a glistening varnish. Dr. Mason
remarks, " The eeicbrated Shan vegetable black dye is made from the fruit of a species
of ebony, which is said to grow on the mountains that separate the province of Tavoy
from the Siamese territories. Isolated plants may bo seen in the gardens of Tuvoy
and Maulmain, but I have never seen one in flower or fruit." This is B. mollis.
The ebony of commerce is the heartwood of more than one species of Biospyros, the
best being yielded by the Mauritian B. reticulata, and the next best by B. ehnwn.
All species, however, do not possess black heartwood.

f Ovary-cells with 2 ovules.

Maba, Forster.

Calyx- and corolla-lobes usually triuierous. Ovary-cells usually as many as
corolla-lobes.

* Ovary G-cclled, the cells \-ovuled.

M. ]\[KiuiriKNsis, Iliern. Mergui.

Glabrous or nearly so. Ovary glabrous.

I separate the species with 1-ovulate and 2-ovuIate ovary-cells, and from this
point of view the above species, which has 1-ovulate ovary-cells a])pareutly twice
as numerous as the floral parts, cannot be a true Maba, but nuiy be referable to
Biospyros. I have seen no specimens of it (Kurz).

* * Ovary 'i-celled, densely pubescent.
M. BuxiFOLiA, U.C. Tenasseiim.

Jf. Neilyherrensis, Wight.
M. ebenus, Wight.

Leaves small, glabrous. Berries globular, the size of a pea.

M. (Makckkightia) Axdamaxica, Kz. The Andamans. Tillangchong. Xicobars.

Leaves large, hirsute along the nerves beneath. Berries oblong, more than an
inch long.

358 BCRMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

ff Ov<iri/-ceUs \-or!(hd.
X Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.

Gu^'isANTHUs, Be Ctindolle.

Cali/x- and corolla-loles usually 4, rarely 6. Ocary-cells usually as many. Male
and female fowers all solitary. Cahjx of males divided to the base, the lobes narrow,
membranous.

G. (DiosPTiios) riLosxjLUS, Wall. Tropical forests of the Pegu Range and

the Andamans.

jSTot flowering branchlets spaiingly pubescent. Leaves glabreseent. Calyx-tube
half the length of the corolla-lobes.

G. (DiosPTRO.s) MOLLIS, Kz. Tropical forests of hills East of Toung-ngoo.

Not flowering branchlets densely villous. Leaves beneath permanently softly
pubescent. Calyx-tube a little shorter than the corolla-lobes.
Yery near to the last species.

DiosPTEOS, Linnaus.

Calyx- and corolla-loles usually 4-6. Mah flowers clustered or cymose, the
females solitary, or rarely in cymes or panicles. Calyx of males gamosepalous.

Sub-genus Amfxis, Hiern.

Calyx in bud globular and closed, the lubes connate but afterwards bursting
irregularly into 2 or 3 lobes. Corolla tubular, o-lobed. Ocary-cells as many .as
corolla-lobes.

D. Toposi.i, Ham. Chittagong.

B. raceinosa, Eoxb.
Glabrous. Leaves coriaceous and elegantly not-veined. Corolla conspicuous,
about 4 lines long, very coriaceous.

Sub-genus Er-DiosPTEos, D.C.

Calyx toothed or lobcd, rarely truncate. Ovary-cells often twice as many as
corolla-lobes.

* Calyx in. males short and truncate-toothed, in females large, deeply-loled. Corolla
urceolate, the lobes notched. Anthers 30-50.

D. EMBEYOPTERis, Peps. Tcnassepim and Martaban.

Embryopteris glatinifera, Roxb.

Glabrous. Leaves coriaceous.

** Calyx toothed or lobcd. CoroHa-lobcs not notched. Anthers about 20 or feirer.
X Corolla urceolate, in bud globular or conical, the tube short and inflated, the lobes
usually rounded and short.

+ Flower-buds globular. Corolla quite glabrous. Flowers small, hardly a line long.

D. cnAETACEi, "Wall. Tropical forests of Martaban.

Loaves thin chartaceous, with strong prominent nerves, the net-venatiou distinct,
la.x. Ovary glabrous.

D. EHRETioiDES, Wall. All ovcr Burma.

Ouk-chin-za.

Leaves thin-coriaceous, the nerves strong, the net-venatiou inconspicuous. Ovary
tawny-villous.

-f -\- Flower-buds conical, acute, but never elongate.
f Ovary pubescent or villous. Leaves quite glabrous and glossy.

D. TtAMiFLOR.^, Roxb. Tropical forests of Arakau.

Flowers rather large, clustered, from the older branches.

EBEXACE.E. 359

D. OLKIFOLIA, Wall. Tropical forests of ilartaban.

Leaves glaucous-green wlien iliy, almost polished, the nerves veiy inconspicuoxis
and impressed. Peduncles 4-o lines long. Xearly o-O lini's long, axilhuy.

Leaves more or less riijid, quite ghihrous, glossy.
f f Ovary glabrous or nearly so.

B. Kcnzn, Hieru. The Andamaus. Katchall. Kamorta. Nankowry.

Marble wood. One of the handsoiuest ornamental Tvoods in the East.

Leaves drying blackish, the nerves and net-venation thin hut prominent. Flowers
small, axillary, the males cymose. Berries globose, the size of a cherry. Albumen
liomogeneous.

1 1 1 Leaves memlranous, at least while somewhat young, niore or less puberulou-s or
pubescent.

° Berries sessile or nearly so.

D. MOLLIS, Griff. Khakyeu Hills and ifartaban 2000 to 4000 feet.

Calyx-lobes of males acute. Leaves more or less acuminate. Berries the size of
a cherry. Albumen homogeneous.

° ° Berry raihir long-peduinhd.

D. JioxTAXA, Koxb. All over Burma.

B. heterophylla, Wall.

Leaves glaucesccnt, glabresccnt. Berries the size of a cherry. Albumen homo-
geneous. Spiny-armed tree.

A variety of this (var. cordifolia) is frequent in the mixed forests of Pegu. It
has the leaves much larger (3-4 inches long), but offers (in fruit only) no tangible
characters for specific separation. I rely upon the rumination of seeds as little in
Biospyros as in Culamete.

X X Corolla salver-shaped, elongately {very rarely shortly) conical, the tube not or
hardly widened, the lubes as long or nearly as long as the tube.

+ Borders of the calyx-lobes of female floioers rejlexed or revolu/e, at least at the
base, and often appearing somewhat auriclcd.

f Corolla in bad short-conical [Otogyne, D.C.).

D. BuRiiAxicA, Kz. Ava, Pegu, and Martaban.

Te.

All younger parts ta^^Tiy or greyish tomeutose. Leaves coriaceou.*, glabrescent
above. Flowers usually 5- (4-6)-merous. Albumen ruminate.

tt Corolla in bud elongate conical, A-angular. Flowers imerous.
° Flowers [both sexes) forming tomcntose bracted usually compound cymes. Berries
globular.

D. DKNSiFLORA, Wall. Arakau and Teuasserim.

Peduncles long, the cyme often compound. ^Xet-venution of leaves obsolete.
D. HoRSFiELDir, Iliern. Tenassciim.

Cymes largo, eorynd)-like, fuliginous-velvety. Net-venation strong but lax.

° ° Flowers short-peduncled or sessile, axillary.
D. FLAVICANS, Hiern. Teuasserim.

Flowers short-pedun( led, clustered. Xctvenation indistinct. Berries elliptical,
llelfer's No. ;3G32 (not seen by me) from Teuasserim or the Andamans is referred
by Hieru to B. Moonii, Thw. (i>. hirsuta, L.). I fear there is a mistake (Kurz).

3G0 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOSS.

D. rNDn.ATA, Wall. Tropical forests of Tcnassorim, tlio Aiularaans

and Nanliowry.

Flowers sessile or nearly so. Net-vouation lax but distinct. Berries globular,
rusty-pubescent. Albumen homogeneous.

D. SAPOTOiBEs, Kz. Tropical forests on the Khaboung and

Chouugmeneh streams.
As preceding, but ovary glabrous.

+ + Borders of the cahjx-lohes in female floirers })lain, not reflexed nor reeurved.
f All parts, except the very young shoots, quite glabrous. Flowers almost sessile.
D. LAxcE^FOLiA, Eoxb. Maulmain.

Flowers rusty-tomentose. Calyx short, the lobes acute. Leaves strongly net-
veined. Berries tawny-tomentose. Corolla 4-cornered in bud.

D. PTEEHOCARrA, Wi(j. var. ft The Andamans, probably a distinct species.

!Male calyx bell-shaped, the lobes short, rounded, tomentose. Leaves strongly
net- veined. Berries rusty-tomentose. Corolla terete in bud.

var. /3 Andamanica. Leaves oblong to narrow- oblong, the lateral nerves faint
and numerous, net-venation more lax.

D. VAEiEGATA, Kz. Pegu and Martabanup to 1000 feet.

Calyx ample, puberulous, the lobes roundi'd. ilalc cymes very short and stout.
Leaves strongly net-veined. Corolla terete in bud.

f f All parts, especially the leaves, mure or Jess pubescent or ot/ieririse hairy. Male
flowers in cymes. Berries glabrous.

D. sTEicTA, Eoxb. Chittagong.

Leaves not coixlate, softly pubescent beneath. Calyx-lobes and bracts acute.
Flowers 4-merous.

D. Brandisiaxa, Kz. Khakyen Hills. Tenasserim.

Leaves not cordate, adult almost glabrous and chartaceous. Calyx-lobes linear-
lanceolate. Cymes branched, arising from the stem and older branches. Flowers
5-merous.

D. DASTPHVLLA, Kz. Taipo Hills. Martaban at 4000 feet.

Leaves with cordate base, softly pubescent. Calyx-lobes and bracts rounded.
Cymes short, stout. Flowers 4-merous.

Dr. Hason also adds:

* D. KAKi, L. (M.). ' The Chinese date.'

Most species of Diospyros yield a strong serviceable timber, but only the heartwood
of some species constitutes the ebony of commerce. I). JTurzii, a common species in
the Andamans, yields one of the handsomest woods marbled in black and white
known, and it would no doubt find a ready market in Europe.

Order SAPOTACEiE.

Flotvers regular, hermajihrodite. Calyx 5, rarely 4-8-parted or lobed, the lobes
in 2 (rarely 3) series. Corolla divided into as many (or rarely twice as many) lobes
as calyx segments, imbricate in bud. Perfect stamens as many or twice as many as
calyx-lobes. Anthers 2-celled, dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Staminodes alter-
nating with the corolla-lobes or tlie perfect stamens ; rarely wanting. Ovary free,
superior, 2- or more-celled, the cells with a solitary ovule, erect, suspended or
laterally attached ; s)'///f simple, with an entire or very slightly lobed stigma. Fruit
a drupe or berry, usually indehiscent b}- abortion, often few-celled. Albumen fleshy,
oily, or none. Stipules none. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, rarely in
panicles. All the Burmese species are trees, some yielding valuable timber.

SAPOTACE.E. 3G1

ISOMERl.

Cahjx-lohei equal in number to the cnroUa-Johes.

* Cahjx-Kegments unixeriate.

X Staininodes eidirely absent.

CHEVsoruYLi.rM, Linntvun.

Flowers 5-, rarely 6-7-incrous, -with as many ovar)--cells and stiinicns.

C. RoxBritciirri, G. Don. E.T. Tropiciil forests Nortli of llangoon.

C. acuminatum, Eoxb.-

Thau-kya-pen (Kurz).

*C. CAiNiTo, L. (M.). • Cultivated.

The star-apple.

X X Staininodes as man;/ as stamens and usuallij alfernafin;/ with them.

Sii)i:riOXvi,oN', Linmcun.

Flowers 5-mcrous. Ovarij-Cflls i'i-2. Stamens 5. Seeds albuminous.

Sub-genus Oligoxheca, B.C.

Cahjx-lobes acuminate or acute. Youug slioots aud under-surfuce of leaves more
or less villous-tomentose.

S. ToMKNTosuM, Eo.xb. IVome.

Thit-cho (Kurz^

Unarmed ; calyx-lobes acuminate.

Sub-gonus Er-siDEROSYLOx.

Vali/.v-lobes rounded or blunt.

* Berries 1-2-seeded.

S. ATTExfAiuM, D.C. F.T. Tropical forests of Tenasserira. The Anda-

nians. Kamorta. Great aud Car ^Nicobar,
aud !Narkondam.

Younger parts coppery or nisty-silk hairy ; leaves coriaceous.

*'•' Berries several, o-\0-seeded.

S. fpiiAXDiFOLirM, "Wall. llills between the Beeling anil Tsittoung rivers,

<S'. regium, "Wall. Tree Ibi-ests of the Andauuius aud Kamorta.

Taw-tha-pwot-pen.

Glabrous. Leaves chartaccous.

The seeds of this species are albuminous.

Sarcospkujia, TTnoker, f.
Flowers o-mcrous. Stamens and oeanj-ceUs 5 each. Seeds without albumen.
Stipules caducous.

S. (SiDEUoxYLox) AuntiitKi SI, llaiu. Kamyoon in Upper liurma.

* * Calijx-se(]ments in 2 distinct series.
X Stamens as many as petals and alternating with as many staminodes.
AcnitAS, Linnaus.
Flowers (i-mcro\ifi. Stamens G. Ovary-cells V2.

*A. sAroTA, L. F.T. Introduced from America and planted along roads.

Twot-ta-bat.

X X Stamens twice as many as petals, or numerous. Staminodes none.
IsOXAXDUA, Wight.

Flowers 4-'nerous. Stamens 8. Seeds with albumen. Ovary-cells 1.

362 BUE.VA, ITS PEOPLE AJD PRODUCTIONS.

Sub-genus Apobassia, D.C.

Flowers 4- or 6-merous. Seeds witliout albumen.

* Flowers A-merous.

I. CALoxEiTiA, Kz. Tropical forests of the Andamans.

Leaves chartaceous, strongly nerved.

Bichopsis and Isonandra diiler in the number of floral parts and in the absence or
presence of a rather scanty albumen. This species, however, has 4-merous flowers
and no albumen, and hence I fear that the character derived from the albumen is of
the same value as in Linociera, etc., amongst Oleacea (Kurz).

** Ciihir 6-ptrrfed, the 3 outer segments ralcate {Bichopsis, Thw.).

I. (Bassia) poltaxiha, "Wall. Tropical forests of JJoronga Island at over

500 feet.

Leaves coriaceous, glaucous beneath, the nerves obsolete. Filaments as long as
the anthers, densely villous.

I. OBOVATA, Griff. Tenasserim.

Leaves coriaceous, glaucous beneath, the nerves strong and parallel. Filaments
long and slender.

AXISOMERI.
CoroUa-lules usually 2-3 times as many as calyx-lobes.

* Staminodcs none.

X Ocarij-cells twice as innnij as cahj.T-segments.

Payexa, a. Be CandoUe.
Cali/.T-lohes 4. CoroIIa-lohes, stamens, and ocarij-cdh 8 each.
Sub-genus Eu-payexa.
Calt/x 4-parted.

* Anthers gJahrous.

P. LucroA, D.C. Burma (and Malacca?).

Ctratophorus Wightii, Hassk.
Isonandra pohjandra, Wight.

Connective of authors produced into a broad liliint beak. Sepals blunt or nearly
so. Nerves somewhat iiTegular. Petiole about ^-1 inch long.

P. PARALLELoxEURA, Kz. Tropical forcsts of Tenasserim.

Connective terminating in a bristle. Sepals acute. I^erves thin, parallel.
Petiole about an inch long, slender.

X X Oiarg-Cills as many as calgx-segments.
Bassia, Koenig.
Cah/x-lohes and orarg-cclls 4 or 6. Corolla-lohes 8-14. Stamens about 2 or 3
times as many as corolla-lobes, in 1-3 series.

* Anthers aristate, included, on rerg short filaments or almost sessile.
B. viLLosA, Wall. Ava. Taong-doung.

Corolla-lobes as long as the tube. Anthers in 2 rows. Berries unknown.

* *" Stain inodes G or 8.

iliiirsops, Linnaus.

Cohjx-lohcs and otanj-cdls G or 8 each. Corolla-lohes 2 or 3 times as many.

SAI'OTACl-:.?:. MYR.SIXE.E. 3G3

M. LiTTORALis, K/. £.T. IViiasscrim ami the Amlainans. Katcliall.

II. Indica, Kz., And. Eoport.

Kap-pa-li'u (Kurz). Bullet-wood.

Leaves rounded or retuso. Flowci-s solitary, rather small. Anthers blunt (?).
Beriies the size and sliapo of a wood-apple, 5-6seeded.
"Wood close-grained, strong and durable.

* M. KLKNGi, L. Tropical forests of Tenasseriui, S.iuth .Vndainan

Khou-}-a. Kha-ya-"-unn-. ""^^ Katehall, and cultivated all over Hurnia.

Leaves bluntish acuminate or apiculate. Flowers clustered, conspicuous. Anthers
very acuminate. Berries oval, usually 1 -seeded.

The most valuable tree of this Order in Burma is Jliiiiitsops littoralis, which
yields an excellent and durable timber. The genus Bauia, which embraces the
trees which yield the so-called vegetable Initters, also belongs to this Urder, of
which the African B. Piirkii, which yields the Shea butter, is best known.
In the Himalayas, B. hutri/acea yields a solid expressed oil from its kernels,
of a pure wlute, and the consistency of hard tallow. It is an extremely bland
oil, not readily turning rancid, and would probably prove vahialile in Indian
medicine, as not subject to the objections which natives entertain for animal iats,
and is moreover an elegant material. It is common in the Alraora bazaar. B. lafifolia,
tlie ilowa of Bengal, is another valuable tree, which would probably (if introduced)
thrive in Northern Promo. The fleshy calices are rich in saccharine matters ami
are eaten fresh, or dried, when they somewhat resemble ' sun raisins,' and yield by
distillation a good ' arrack,' with a flavour almost as nauseous (to the uninitiated)
as whisky, and doubtless as wholesome. The flowers of Mimusops elengi yield a
fragrant essence, the seeds an oil, and the bark, in common with that of Acliras
and Burmrlia. is astringent and febrifuge. The valuable substance Guttapercha
is furnished by a Malayan tree, Isonandra gutfa, which would probably thrive if
introduced into Southern Tenasserim.

PRIMULALES.
Corolla regular, hypogynous, rarely epigynous ; mono-, rarely poly-petalous.
Stamens equalling the corolla-lobes and opposite to them, or if more, one series
always opposite to them ; hypogynous or epipetalous. Onn-i/ 1 -celled, with free
local placentation. Leaves rarely opposite, exstipulate. Herbs or shrubs, rarely
trees.

Order IIYBSIXEJE.

Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, polygamous or dioecious. Calyx 5-, or rarely
4- or 6-lobed or toothed, free, or rarely aduate to the ovary, the lobes contorted or
very rarely valvate in bud. Corolla tubidar, bell-shaped, or rotate, more or less
divided into as many lobes, or rarely distinct petals, as there are divisions to the
calyx, usually imbricate, and often contorted. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes,
and opposite to them, all fi^rtile, or rarely alternating with as many staminodes.
FUamenfs usually very short, free, or rarely connate. Aniliers 2-cclled, the cells
opening by longitudinal slits, or rarely on the summit, sometimes chambered. Oranj
free, or adnate to the calyx, 1-celled, the cells with several (usually ovoid or
turbinate) ovules, attached to or immersed in a central jilacenta, which is usually
quite free, thick, and globular. Style simple, with a simple capitate or rarely lobcil
stigma. Fruit an iudchiscent berry or drupe, or very rarely splitting lengthwise
on one side. Seeds several or usuallj- solitaiy, with a thin testa. Albumen liornj-
or almost fleshy, or rarely none. Emh-ijo flliforni, usually curved, the radicle longer
than the semi-convex cotyledons. Trees or shrubs, rarely under shrubs, sometimes
scandent, the soft jiarts often marked with resinous dots, with alternate simple leaves.
Stipules none. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, racemes, or panicles, or rarelj-
iu terminal panicles.

364 BURMA, ITS P EOF IE AXD mODUCTIOyS.

Sub-order EU-MYRSmEyE.
Fruit an imlehiseent berry or drupe. Seeds -with albumen.

AEDISIEJE.

Staminodes none. Anthers not fransrersel;/ cliamhered. Orary inferior to superior.

* Ovary inferior or Italf-inferior {Missece).

M.ESA, Forsl<ahl.

Corolla bell-shaped or nearly so, imbricate in b>id. Culy.i- 2-bracted. Brujie
crowned by the calyx-limb, globular. Erect shrubs or trees.

* All parts, also the inflorescence, quite glabrous.
X Inflorescence very short {hardly as long as the jjelioles).
M. ANDAMANic.i, Kz. Tropical forests of South Andamans.

M. verrucosa, Schcfl".
Branehlets vcrrucose. Leaves minutely and remotely callus-toothed.

X X Inflorescence very much longer than the petioles.
] Leaves entire.
M. RAMF,>-TACEA, Roxb. All ovor Burma, the Andamans, and

M. glabra, Eoxb. Kamorta.

M. Siimalrana, Scheff.
Eacemes compound, shorter than the leaves.

f f Leaves coarsely serrate.

M. Indica, D.C. C'hittafjonfc. Khalcyen Hills. Pegu Range.

Tenasserim up to 3000 feet.

Racemes compound, shorter than the loaves. Caly.x only A line long.
M. rANicn.ATA, A. D.C. Tavoy.

Eacemes compound, very slender, as long as or longer than the leaves. C'aly.t
nearly a line long.

** Inflorescence, and more or less also tlie sinuate-tootlied leaves and softer parts,
pubescent or otherwise hairy.

M. MOLLissiJiA, A. D.C. Khakyen Hills. Pegu Range and

21. pirmoJIis, Kz. Maitaban.

Leaves softly pubescent, especially beneath. Panicles or racemes dense, rusty
pubescent, shorter than the petiole. Bracts minute.

M. MUScosA, Kz. Ava (probably).

Leaves glabrous, midrib beneath sparingly hairy. Panicles densely rusty-hairy
and mossy, much longer than the petioles. Bracts about as long as the pedicels.

Mason gives M. l.^nceolata, Voight, -which is probably one of the above species.

** Ovary -niperior. Drupe glabrous {Ardisiea).
X Flowers pedicelled, dust end, lateral or a.villary.
MrEsiNE, Linnaus.
Corolla gamo- or rarely poly-petalous, imbricate or valvate. Flowers often poly-
gamously dicccious. Ovules few. Erect trees or shrubs.

* Stigma 2-3 lohid, usually fringed.
X Style longer or shorter. Leaves more or less serrate, especially towards the apex.
M. SEMISEREATA, Wall. BiUs East of Toung-ngoo at 6000 feet.

Pedicels thick, 1-21 lines long.

MYR.'UXE.E. 3GJ

X X stigma almost sessile. Leaves entire.
M. AVENis, D.C. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 4000 to 7000 feet.

Leaves exactly thofo of J/, capitellata. Peilicels thick, shorter than the flower
or drupe. Stigmas small.

I am not sure whetlier the liurmese tree is Bhime's species, •n-hieh I have not
seen. Schefl'er's J/, aeetiis, from lianca, is lianlly the same as Bhime's (Kurz).

* * Stigma simple, linear and usuulli/ f/iick. Leaves entire.

M. CAPITELLATA, Wall. Ava. Prome anil Nat-toung in Martaban

M. liicida, Wall. (fde Mason). Kamorta (K.).

Flowers almost sessile or shortly pedicelleJ, densely clustered ; latei'al nerves
thin, usually distinct.

Of this species there are two forms, or more likely two distinct species, — the
genuine one. represented also in Burma, which has clustered sessile or almost sessile
flowers, and the nerves of which are thin hut pretty distinct, — and the pedicellate
form, the flowers of which rest on short thick pedicels, and this also has tlie lateral
nerves very obsolete (Kurz).

X X Floicers in racemes or panicles.

Samara, Liniueus.

Corolla of o or 4 free petals imbricate in bud. Aniliers as long as or shorter
than the filaments. Ovules few. Climbers.

* Inflorescence terminal, or terminal and axillartj. Filaments short and thick.

X Leaves glabrous.
S. (Ejibklia) lUBKs, Burm. var. a Chittago'ng and Tenasserim.

Branchlets and inflorescence greyish or tawny velvety or puberulous. Pedicels
terete.

S. sKssiLiFLORA, Kurz. Karen hills (probably).

As preceding, but the velvety pubescence always greyish. Flowers sessile.
I'robably only a sessile-flowered variety of the preceding species.

S. (Embelia) fi.obibuxda, Wall. Nat-toung in Martaban, at (5000 to 7200 feet.
£. garcinidfolia, Miij.

All parts, also the inflorescence, quite glabrous. Pedicels 4-coincred.

** Inflorescences ajvillarg only. Filaments longer than the anthers, slender and
filiform. Young shoots more or less pubescent.

X Leaves beneath more or less pubescent {at lead the nerves). Flowers 5-nierous.

f Leaves on long petioles.
S. (Embklia) KOBisTA, llo.xb. vuT. ji all over the Pegu Eange and Tenasserim.

F. pieta, D.O.
E. lillosa, Wall.
Leaves 3-5 inches long. Baceraes elongate. Pedicels short.
The extreme forms of Fmbelia robusta and F. villosa look very different, but
they offer no characters for a safe distinction. The length of the pedicels and of the
bracts and tlie thickness of the rachis of the racemes vary as much as the indu-
mentum. The stria) on the drupes of F. rubmta arc not always present (Kurz).

S. (Embelia) vestita, Boxb. Along streams in the Pegu Range.

jE. nutans. Wall.

Leaves 2-2i inches long. Bacemes short. Pedicels vciy long and slender.

3GG BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

t f Leaves almost sessile.
S. (Embelia) ^AR\^^LOHA, "Wall. Khakycn liills.

Leaves i- 1 inch long, distichous, not pellucid-dotted, only the midi'lb puberulous.
Kaccmcs very short and almost uuibel-like.

X X Leaves quite gJahrous. Floivers 4-iiierous.
S. (ilrEstxi-;) MYKTiLLrs, Hook.

Leaves i— 1 inch long, serrately 3-toothed at the apes, conspicuously gland-dotted
beneath. Eacemcs very short and almost umbel-like.
Kurz adds from the Nicobars :

S. (Embelia) miceocalyx, Kz. Tropical forests of Kamorta.

Allied to £. canescens, Jack.

Aedisia, Sw.
Corolla gamopetalous, usually rotate, twisted in bud. Anthers longer than the
filaments, free. Ovules numerous. Trees, shrubs, or under shrubs.

* Panicles irrer/idarli/ IrancJied and conqjound, terminal, or aceompanied hij smaller
ones in the axils of the upper leaves.

+ Pedicels much shorter than the eali/.r, or tlie flowers almost sessile.
A. ETGiDA, Kz. Tenasseiiiu (or Andamans).

Leaves entire. Panicle stiff' and stout, rusty puberulous. Calyx-lobes acute.

X X Pedicels much, lonijer than the calyx.
f Leaves entire.
A. PAXicrLATA, Eosb. Chittagong Hills.

Leaves coriaceous, decui-rcnt on the strong petiole, the nerves arising at an acute
angle. Panicle glabrous or nearly so. Peduncle angular.

A. AKCEPS, Wall. Tropical forests of Tenasserim up to 3000 feet.

A. Blmnei, D.C.

Leaves almost chartaeeous, not decurrent, the nerves diverging almost rectangu-
larly, numerous. Panicle slightly puberulous. Peduncle compressed.

Scheffer attributes black berries to the Blumean species, while the Eoxburghian
has them white when fully ripe (Kurz).

A. XERiiFOLiA, Wall. Ava Hills (probably).

Leaves chartaeeous. Panicles rusty-puberulous, chiefly from the axils of the
upper leaves. Calyx-lobes lanceolate.

f f Leaves serrulate.
A. SEEBrLATA, Kz. Ava Hills (jirobably).

Habit of the preceding. Calyx-lobes linear.

* •■" Flotvers in racemes often contracted uniliel-like, rarehj the racemes or umheh
simpli/ compound, axillarij, lateral or axillari/ and terminal.

X Umlels in small axillary corymbs or cymes [Pimelandra, D.C).

A. EroEXi^FOLiA, Wall. Martaban at 4000 feet.

Nearly glabrous. Leaves thin coriaceous. Flowers minute. Cymes rusty
velvety, of the length of the petiole.

X X Umbels or racemes simple or compound.
t Uinlcls forming a simple terminal 2>ani<le.
A. AxDAMAXiCA, Kz. Tropical forests of tlio Andamans.

MYRSLVE.E. 3G7

Very like A. altfiiuatd, but umbels panickcl. Loaves much (lotted. Pedicels
i-1 inch louf;.

So vciy near to A. ohionga, D.C, that the inflorescence only distinguishes it.

f f Umbels or racemes simple, very rarely sliyhfly compound, axillary or lateral,
rarely spuriously terminal, i.e. arising laterally from the summit of an axillary shoot.

° Leares entire.
\ Calyx-lobes acute or acuminate, lanceolate or narrow.

A. (IKAXDIFOLIA, D.C. TaV(}y.

llucemes almost terminal, umbel-like, puberulous.

X + Calyx-lubes broad, rounded or blunt.
A Young shoots, and often also the inflorescence or under surface of leaves,
puberulous or pilose.

A. A5inEKsiiAX.\, D.C. Pegu and Tenasserim.

Kyet-ma-ok.

Pedicels 8-10 lines long, recurved. Calyx-lobes a line long.

A A Quite glabrous.

A. POLTCEPHALA, TS'all. Salwccu Rivcr above Murgyec. var /i Tropical

foi-ests of the Pegu Kaugo and Martabau.

Pedicels J- inch long. Leaves 5-10 inches long, obovate-hinceolate.

var. j3 acuminata. Leaves acuminate, the ner\'es strong and anastomozing
within the margin of the leaves. Probably a distinct species.

A. OBLONGA, A. D.C. Tropical forests of Tenasserim and the Andamans.

Pedicels about an inch long. Loaves 3-5 inches long. Corolhi-lobes nearly
2 J lines long.

A. HCMiLis, Vahl. Tropical forests of Arakan, Pegu, and ilartaban.

A. solanacea, Koxb.

Leaves 3-5 inches long, obovate-lanccolate, the lateral nerves rather distant,
thin but strong, irregular.

A. i.rrroKALis, Audr. Eeaih jungles of Tena.sserim, the

A. obovata, Bl. Andamans, and 2\icobars.

A. umbcllata, Ivoxb.
Climacandra obovata, iliq.

Yery similar to the above, but the leaves more coriaceous, the lateral nerves
rather crowded, straiglit, thin, and often obsolete.

'^ ° Leaves more or less serrate or crenate {at least towards the apex).

J Inflorescence peduncled, simple.

A Calyx-lobes blunt ish._

A. Wai.lichii, D.C. All over Pegu and Tenasserim.

Glabrous or the young shoots and slender-bracted racemes puberulous. Leaves
acute.

A. Brandisiaxa, Kz. Salwcen Kiver near Toung-yit-scik.

Glabrous. Leaves blunt. Ilaccmes umbel-like, puberulous or glabrous, some-
what shorter than the leaves.

A A Calyx-lobes acute.
A. Hf.lfkriana, Kz. Tenasserim.

llusty tomentose or pubescent. Leaves acuminate.

-^'

368 BURilA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIOXS.

J ^ Racemes pediDicled, siwp/i/ compound.

A. MEMIilUNACEA. IvlKlk}-^!! Hills.

Habit of A. cn'xpa, but leaves larger nnil green. Callous, repand-toothed, gland-
dotted beneath. Petlieels up to -h inch long. licrries striate, the size of a pea.

A. VIKENS, Kz.

Eacemes divaricately corymbose aud spuriously terminal. Pedicels up to 2 inches.
Ill Liflurenrivce twihUitte, sessile, or at hast the primary racemes sessile and the
lateral ones pcduncled.

A. CErsp.\, D.C. Martaban at 4000 to 7000 feet.

A. crennlata, Lodd.

A. crenata, Eoxb.

A. lentiginosa, Bot. Eeg.

A. densa and poli/sticta, Mi(j.

A. macrocarpa, Wall.

Umbels sessile, like the leaves glabrous. Calyx-lobes a line long.

Thnnbcrg's species has not only a different uervature, but is charactei'izcd also by
the numerous conspicuous gland-dots. Khasi specimens (Hb. Hf. and Th. Xo. 41),
however, seem identical with the Japan plant (Kurz).

A. viLLOSA, Ro.xb. Var. a Tavoy and Taipo mountain in

ilartaban at 4000 feet.

Leaves beneath and the sessile umbels brownish or rusty tomentoso. Calyx-lobes
2h lines long.

var. a FiO.rhnrffhiana. Leaves more or less rusty pubescent, at least on tlie nerves.

var. ji i/lahrata, Bl. Leaves glabrous at least when full grown. Calyx glabrous
or nearly so.

Slason gives the following names for various Ifi/rsinea in Sgau-Karen : Lae-kho-
niau-thu, Lae-kho-mau-ghau, Lae-kho-mau-wa, and Lao-kho-mau-hpa-do.

Sub-order ^TIGICEREJE.

Fruit a dnj ciilindrical follicle-like drupe rupturing irregularly. Seeds elongate,
germinating while still on the tree. Albumen none. Anther-cells mang-chamhered.

^GiCEBAS, Gaertner.
Corolla twisted in bud. Filaments connate at the base. Flowers in umbels. Trees.
M. (Rhizophora) coeniculata, L. Tropical Coast forests of Arakan, Tenasserim,
^. majus and minus, Gaertn. the Andamans and Nicobars.

^. fragrans, Koen.
Bu-ta-yat.

Mason says " This large shrub, when in bloom, is covered with small white
flowers, which seem to have great attractions for the fireflies. In moving up the
streams near the sea-board on a dark night these trees are often seen illumined with
myriads of waving brightning wings.

Retreating, chasing, sinking, soaring,
The darkness of the copse exploring,
and making them look in the deep gloom like superb candelabra hung with living
lamps."

Order PRIMULACE.E.

Corolla inonopetalous, hypogynous, or rarely perigynous, or wanting, isoste-
monous, aestivation contorted "or imbricate, very seldom none. Stamens opposite to
the corolla-lobes. Orarg free, or very rarely inferior, 1-celled; placenta central,
globose, many-ovuled. t^c^/fs fixed by" their ventral face. 7'V((/< a capsule. Embryo
albuminous.

PltniULACE.E. rLAST.UnSE.E. I'lJ-yrnAdlSE.E. 3G9

VlilMVLE.V..
Capsule quite free [not adnate to the base of the caly.r), dchiscitig usmil/i/ ly longi-
tudinal valves.

LTsiMActiiA, Liitnau».

Corolla Kitate or l)ell-slui|H(l, \\[\\\ gibboso swellings ;it tbe lliro;it. Capsule
usualh- 5-valvc'd. Erect or crcfpiiig- simpli; or branebed lu-rbs. Floiccrs solitary
aud axillary, or iu racemes or spikes.

* Flowers solitari/ or hg pairs in the leaf- axils.
L. LiXEAKiFoi.iA, Griff. Ava (probably).

Glabrous. Stem erect, terete. Leaves linear. Flowers slenderly pedicelled.
L. PEDUNC0LAKIS, Wall. Ava. Taoiig-doug. Zwa-ka-bia {fde Parish).

Glabrous, erect, the stem 4-corncred. Flowers slenderly pedicelled. Leaves
lanceolate.

** Flowers in terminal raeeines.
X All parts i/lahrous.

L. MULTIFLOEA, Wall. Bhamo.

Stamens shorter than the petals, narrowly bordered.
L. LOBELIOIDES, Wall. Kliakycu Hills.

Stamens exserted. Sepals broadly-white-bordercd.

X X Stents and raeones [i/landalary) hairi/.
L. Griffithia-na, Kz. Ava (near Karmein).

Habit of L. lobelioides, corolla twice the length of the calyx.

Order LLAXTAGIXEiE.

Corolla monnpetulous, hypogynous, generallj^ isosteraonous, a?stivation imbricate.
Stamens 4 (rarely 1), inserted on the corolla, or hypogynous. Orari/ 1-4-celled.
Ovules peltate. Fruit a. capsule or nucule. Seeds fixed by a ventral hilum. Fmhrijo
parallel to the hilum, albuminous, straight, or curved.

Plantago, Zinnaus.

P. JiA.ioK, L. Khukyen Hills,

var /j asiatica, L.

Endlichcr places I'lantagiiieiP near riuinhaijineir, and I believe this to be tlic true
affinity, for, with th(! exception of the stamens being alternate with the petals, the
characters arc all reducible to the Plumbaginaceous type (Kurz).

Order PLUMBAGIXE.T:.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rigular. Calyx tubular, often enlarged and scarious, or
petal-like at the apex, with o ]U'ominent ribs usuallj- ending in as many teeth.
Corolla of 5 petals free, or more or le.ss united, twisted-imbricate in bud. Stamms
5, inserted at the base of the corolla or petals, opposite and often more or less adnate
to them. Anthers versatile, 2-celled, the cells opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary
1 -celled, with a solitary ovule suspended from a filiform placenta, erect from the
base. Styles 5, distinct, or united at the base. Capsule 1 -seeded, not, or irregularly
dehiscing. Seed solitary, with a thin testa. Albumen rarely abundant, usually scanty
or none. Fmbryo straight, witli a superior radicle. Herbs or rarely under shrubs or
small trees with radical or alternate entire or lobed leaves. Flowers iu terminal
heads, spikes, or panicles.

VOL. II. 24

370 BURMA, ITS PEOriE AXD PRODUCTIOyS.

STATIC I F.E.
Sfi/7es entireh/, or at least at the summit, free. Fruit nil utricle hiintiiif/ at the base
or circumsciss at the top.

yEoiALiTis, li. Brown.

Styles glabrous, free. Stii/mas capitate. Petals coriaceous, jointed beyond the
connate base. Fruit elongate, exscrted. Albumen none. Small trees.

JE. ANXiTLiTA, R. Br. Chittagong, Tenassorim, and the Andamans.

^. rotundifolii), Eoxb.

TLUMBAGIE^E.
Styles entirely connate. Pericarp more or less dehiscing into 2 rnhes.

Plujieago, Linnmis.
C'aly.r glandular-muricate. Fruit included in the calyx. Herbs.
P. Zeyxaxica, L. In rubbish}- spots all over Burma.

Spikes glandular-pubescent. Corolla wliite. Bract ovate, leafy. Bractlets
subulate.

* P. EosEA, L. Ava. Pegu Eange and Tenasserim.

P. coccinea, Boiss.
Ken-khyok-ni. (Bed flowers.)
*P. Zeylanica, L. (M.).
Ken-khyok-hpyn. (Wliito flowers.)
*P. CAPEXsis, Thunb. (M.).

The roots of Plumbago contain an acrid and vesicating juice, made use of by
beggars to create sores.

ERICALES.

Corolla hypogynoiis. Stamens as man}', or twice as many, as the corolla-lobes,
epipetalous or hypogynous. Onary 1- or many-celled, cells 1- to many-ovuled. Stir/ma
simple, entire or lobed. Seeds minute.

Order EPACRIDE^.

Flowers regular, bermaiihrodito. Calyx of 5, ranly 4, distinct sepals, much
imbricate in bud. Corolla with a cylindrical bell-shaped or urceolate tube, the limb
5- rarely 4-lobed, valvate or variously imbricate, rarely the petals all distinct.
Stamens as many as corolla-lobes or rarely fewer, hypogynous and free, or more
or less adnate to the corolla-tiibe. Anthers versatile or rarely adnate, 1-cellcd (more
or less perfectly 2-celled before dehiscence), opening by a single longitudinal slit into
2 valves, leaving no, or only a thin, slightly prominent longitudiual dissepiment.
ITypngynous-disk" ammhr or cupular, entire, lobed or consisting of 5 distinct scales,
rarely wanting. Ocary superior, 5- or fewer (rarely 6-10)-celled, the cells with
a solitary or several pendulous ovules. Style simple, terminal, or spuriously lateral,
rarely almost basal. Stiyma small, capitate or peltate, rarely slightly lobed. Fruit
in the 1-ovuled genera indehiscent, and in the several-ovuled ones more or less
drupaceous, capsular and loculicidally dehiscing. Embryo terete or nearly so, much
shorter than the albumen, the radicle next the hilum.

An almost exclusively Australian Order. A very few species have been found
in the Indian Archipelago and Malaya. ,

Leucopogon, Linnmus.
L. Malatani-s, Jack. Tenasserim.

VACC'TXTACE/E. 371

Oid^T VACCIXIACE^.
Corolla monopotalrms, cpiuynoiis, dijilostemonous, fcstivatlon imhricatp. Stamenn
opigj-noiis. Anfliirn of 2 bipartite cells, openin.u; by 2 pores ut the top. Oriiri/ inferior,
iiKiiiy-eelled. Otiilea anatidpoiis. Fntit Hesliy. Embri/o albuiuiiioiis. Uti-m woody.

* Cabjx jointed icith the pedicel.

Y.iccixii'ji, Zitinaicii.

Calyx terete. Corolla various, from large and tubular and bell-sliaped to small
um-.shaped. Anthers 8 or 10, the tubes short or lon},^

Sub-genus Aoapktks, Don.

Floicera largo, rarely small. Pedicels more than an inch long, thickened upwards
and often cup-shapcd-dilated at the apex. Epiphytical shrubs.

* Corolla large, i-SJ inches long, tubular to hell-shaped, sliyUlij curced or straiyht.

° Fihuiiciits more than A inch long.
Y. MACROSTEMON, Kz. Jlartabau at 4000 to 0000 feet.

Anthers short, connate. Corolla tubular, slightly curved. Racemes glabrous.

°° Filinnenf.i thick and slioif, nnhj 1-2 Vnies long.
X Calyx and pi dicels glandular-hirsute.

Y. (Ac.APKTKs) VEKTICII.LATUM, D. Dou. var. /ion Kanibulu-toung On the Pegu

Kaiigc at 2800 to 3000 feet.
Corolla glabrous, tubular or campanulate-tubular. Anthers without bristles
between the tubes.

var. a Thihaudia olliqua, Gritt. var. 7 Tenasserim North of Tavoy at

4000 to 7000 feet.
Flowers in shortly piduneled undud-like racemes.

var. ft Flowers solitary or by twos or threes in the axils of the leaves,
var. 7 Corolla l.V inch long.

X X Calyx and pedicels quite glabrous.
+ Anthers tcithouf a pair of rejlexed or uncinate bristles between their tubes.

Y. (AoAPKTEs) VAitrECiTUM, Don. Maulmain District.

Thihaudia nticrantha. Hook.
Ceratostemma varieyatum, Roxb.

Anthers txscrted. Nerves of leaves uniting into a marginal nerve. Corolla
2 inches long or longer.

Y. R0YI.EI, Kz. JIartaban at 3000 to 5000 feet.

Thihaudia varieyata, Ro^le.

As preceding, but corolla only half the size, scarlet.

Y. (Ceratostemjia) jiiniaum, (iriff. Ava (probably).

Anthers included. Nerves of leaves not uniting within the margin.

+ + Anthers with a pair of bristles between their tubes at the ba.ic or half-way up.

Y. (Ceratostemma) Axoii.ATVJf, Griff. Ava. Patkayt^ Ranges.

Corolla tubular, bell-shaped. C'aly.x toothed, the teeth sulndate-lanceolate.

Y. CAMrANur-ATTM, Kz. Nat-toung in JIartaban at 7000 feet.

Corolla boll-shaped, wide. Calyx-limb ( iipidar, with sinuate acute teeth.

** Flowers rather small or small, A inch to 2 lines only lony, shortly or elongate-
iim-shaped {Corallohotrys, II. f.).

Y. (TninAruiA) Ai'Ricir.ATrM, Griif. Taipo Hills, Martaban at over 4000 feet.

Corolla A iueli long, elongate-urceolate. Flowers in peduucled terminal racemes.

372 Bi'RMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Y. (Agapetes) AcrxixATUM, D. Dm. Jraulmain district.

Corolla 2 liucs long, uni-shapcd. Plowers in slioit umbel-liku racemes arising
laterally from the branches.

Sub-genus EpiGYxruir, Klotsch.

Flowers small, urn-shaped or urceolate-campanulate. Pedicels short, slender, not
or only at the very joint thickened. Kacemes one-sided. Berries globose.

* Epiphytical slinih. Bracts deciduous.

Y. priiTLi-ii, Kz. Epiphytic on the Martaban Hills at 5000 to 6000

feet. var. ft Taipo Hill at 4U00 feet.

Branchlets pubescent. Corolla villous inside at the mouth. Anthers with 2
bristles at the tubes.

Y. (ThIBAUDIa) LOEAXlniFLOKA, Wall. (M.).

** Terrestrial sJiriibs or trees. Bracts decidaoiis.

Y. (EriGYxrcji) Doxiaxum, Klotzsch. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 3000 to

6000 feet.

All parts, also the pedicels, corolla, and calyx, glabrous.

Y. EXAEisTATUJr, Kz. Jlartabau at 3000 to 6000 feet.

Young shoots and racemes (sometimes also the calyx) pubescent. Corolla glabrous.

Possibly only an exaristate form of T'. Lexclieiiaultii, Wight. V. Malaccense, ono
of this vicinity, clitfers in the puberulous corolla (Kurz).

The succulent berries of dilferent species of J'accinium, as Billierries, Whortle-
berries, Cranberries, are pleasant and acid, and valued as antiscorljutics.

§ § Corolla h/pogijnous or perigijnous.
* Flowers usualhj regular.

Order ERICACE^.

C'aly.c more or less deeply 5- or 4-lobed, or toothed, the tube atlnate to the
ovary, or quite free, sometimes very short. Curolla inferior or superior, the tube
ovoid and globular to elongate, the lobes valvate or imbricate, very rarely as many as
corolla-lobes, inserted within the corolla, but free from it. Anthers, 2-cellecl opening
at the summit by 2 separate pores or oblong slits, or rarely by 2 longitudinal slits.
Hypogynous disk very small or none. Ovary usually with as many cells as corolla-
lobes, rarely more or fewer (3 or 2), the cells with 1 or several ovules attached to
the axial placentas. Fruit either capsidar, or succulent and indehiscent. Albumen
fleshy. Embryo straight, often small. Shrubs or small trees, terrestrial or epiphytic,
with simple, usually alternating pcnninerved or 3-nerved leaves. Flowers solitary and
axillary, in short clusters or heads, or in terminal racemes or corymbs.

ERICIE^.
Corolla deciduous or persistent. Fruit a capsule.

■•" Capsule loeulicidally o-6-ralced {Aiidroinedica-).

GAULTnEKiA, Linnaus.

Calyx 2-bracted at the base. Corolla urccolate, the rcvolute limb 5-cleft.
Stamens 10. Anthers 2-cleft, the cells terminating in 2 awns. Hypogynous scales
10, usually united at the base. Calyx fleshy or succulent in fruit.

G. prxcTATA, Bl. vars. /3 and 7 in the ilartaban hills at 6000 to 7000 feet.

The forms here brought together vary greatly in the length of the petiole, the
pubescence of the corolla inside, size of plant, etc., and require further study.

EIUCACE.E. C.I.VPA.VULACE^. 373

Aximo.M KDA, Linnttus.

CoroUa gl(il)ular to tulnilar-urn-sliapod, tlm reflcxcd limb o-tnothod. SfameiiS

10, included. Anthrr-cclh usually 1-awned. C(ili/.i- ojtvn in bud, dry in fruit.

O. ovALiFOLiA, Wall. Martaban hills at 5000 to 7000 feet.
Tlio leaves of this plant poison goats.

** Cap-side dehiscing sepficidal!;/ from flie apex (lihododendriea).

EnoDODENDROX, LitDla'UX.

Corolla funnel- or hell-shaped, o-eleft. Stamens 5 or 10, dcclinate. Anthers
opening by teruiinal pores. Cap-iiile 5-celled.

* Leaves shorfhj appressed tomentose or lejndote leneath. Cali/.v ineonspicuous.

\\. ARDOEKUM, Sm. Hills of Karen-ni (fide ilason).

Leaves beneath silvery and shortlj- tomentose beneath. Ovary rusty puberulous.
Bracts of leaf-buds villous.

R. FORMosrsi, Wall. var. n Xat-toung in Martaban at

7200 feet. var. ji Maulmain hill.

Leaves beneath and ovary and style rusty lepidote. Bracts of leaf-buds silky
eiliate only.

var. /3 Veifehianam, Hook. Flowers nearly twice the size. Leaves not eiliate.

* * Leaves jlahrous and smooth.
R. MorLiiKixExsE, Hook. Tenasserim at 4000 to 7000 feet.

Ovary and style quite glabrous. Bracts of leaf-buds ciliolate.

Near allied to Li. Javanienm, from -which it differs in its perfectly glabrous stylo
and ovary and soIne^yhat different nervation (the lateral nerves arising almost
rectangularly from the midrib) (Kurz).

The Rhododendrons are too well known as ornamental trees to require notice,
those of the Sikkira Himalayas, figured by Sir J. Hooker, being perhaps unsuqiassed
for beauty. S(mie species possess narcotic properties, and honoy collected ■where
they abound is sometimes unwholesome and stupefying. An elegant red jelly is
however prepared from the flowers of a Himalayan species, Lt. arhoreum. The leaves
of Andromeda poison .slieep and goats. (inaUheria prneumhens' yields a pungent
volatile oil called 'oil of winter grocn' (Hooker), and the hark oi Arbutus is used
for tanning.

Series II. EI'IGTXOl'S.

Ov.\RY Infekior.

(Except in some Goodeniacea and Brunoniacea;.)

CAMPANALES.
Flowers generally irregular, rarely unisexual or collected into involucrate heads.
Stamens as many as the coroUa-lobes, or fewer. Oenri/ 2- to 6-celIed, rarely 1-celled.
Style simple. Ulijina often indusiate. Ovules numerous in the cells, rarely solitary.

Order CAMPANULACl-Ll].
CoroUa epigynous, monopetalous, regiilar, isostemonous, a;stivation valvatc.
Stamens epigynous. Ovary 1- to many-celled, many-ovuled. Stigma without
indusium. Ovules anatropous. Fruit capsular. Emhrgo albuminous.

' Prior (Popular Xumos of British Plants, p. 2o.5) s.iys the name ' Winter green ' is applicable to a
species of Pi/ro/a, bnt that tlio riirhtfnl possessor of the name is the Ivy, "as being so conspicuously
green, when the trees are most of them bare of leaf."

374 ECRMA, IT.'i PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIQ.XS.

Sub-order CAMPANULEM.
Cortilht regular, more or less bell-shapeJ to almost rotate. Anthers free. Ovartj
2-3-5-culled.

* Cajnule opening li/ an apical flj)er(Ie-Iike disk.
Srm:xocLEA, Gacrtner.

Sti///na shortly 3-lobed. Ocrtry 2-oelled. Glaucous herbs. Floirns in dense
spikes.

S. ZEYLANic.i, Gaortn. "Wet fields all over Burma.

<S'. pongatium, D.C.

** Capsule dehiscing Ig pores or ralces.

X Stigma lohed.
+ Fruit a capsule. Corolla lell-shaped.
AVahlenbergia, Schrader.
Capsule dehiscing by 3-5 apical valves bearing the septa. Herbs.

W. GEACiLis, D.C. Fallow lauds in Prome.

77'; agrcsfis, D.C.
Camjianula dehisccns, Eoxb.

-|- -j- Fruit a hcrrg.
CA5ir.AxrMiEA, Fuchs.
Corolla bell-shaped. Berry supported by the adherent largo caly.x-lobes.
Twining herbs, the juice milk}'. Flowers yellowish.

C. CAJfESCENs, Wall. On rocks and brickwork in Pegu and Martaban.

Cephalostigma spathulutunt, Thw.

CoDONorsis.

C. Javanica, H. f. et Th. Martaban Hills.

C. cor data, Hassk.

C. TKUNCATA, Wall. (M.).

PoxGATiuii, Jussien. •

p. Indicum, Lam. (il.).

Cyclodon, Griffith.
Corolla shallowly bell-shaped. Calg.r-lobcs linear, entire or laciniate, adnate to
the base of the ovary or free. Erect annuals, the juice milky. Flowers small, white.
C. (C.amp.anula) i.AS-ciFOLnTjr, Roxb. (P.). Chittagong. Ava. Pegu Range and
C. fruncatum, H. f. et Th. Tenasserim, on rocky walls along

Codonopsis attifora, and distans, Gritf. streams up to 3000 feet.

C. leucocarpa, Miq.
Calyx-segments halfway adnate to the sessile ovary.

Pentaphragjia, Wallich.

Corolla persistent, tlie tnbe short. Stigma shortly 3-lobed. Calgx-hhes broad
and blunt. Succulent herbs. Flowers in one-sided bracted racemes.
P. (PnrTEUMA) BEtioNi-EFOLiuM, Roxb. (P.). Mcrgui.

X X Stigma capitate.
ClEruALOsTiGMA, I)e Candollc.
Corolla almost rotate, deeply cleft, the lobes liuear. Capsule dry. Delicate herbs.
C. rANieur.ATi'M, A. D.C. All over Pegu and ^Martaban.

irdilenliergia perotijblia, W.\ , Wiglit. appears to me to belong to ('. hirsuium,
not tu the above, as Hooker and Thomson state (Kurz).

CAM/'.iXriACKE. ' 375

Tlip plants of tins Sub-Oi-dcr contain a swoct ami almmlant nincilagp, and thn
roots of sonic spocioa arc ediblr, as those of tlic Ranipion {Campanula rapunculus).
Some species -wero used in medicine, but liave now fullcn into disuse.

Sub-order LOBELEM.

Corolla I'nrr/ular, iisualli/ more or /cv.s slit on the lack. Anthers miited round the
style. Ovary 2-cclled.

* Anthers nnited round the atylc. Ovary 2-cellcd (Eu-Lobeliece).

Pratia.

Berry iudeliiscent. The 2 upper anthers terminated by a single bristle. Herbs.

P. (Lobelia) nummularia, Lamk. Yunzalin plateau at 2500 feet.

Lobelia hrynnifolia, Wall.

LoiiELiA, Linnaus.
Capsule herbaceous or membranous, dehiscent. The upper 2, or all the anthers
bearded. Small or tall herbs.

* Small erect procumhent or creeping herbs. Flowers solitary or in spurious
racemes, small, 1-4 lines long.

X Stems terete.
L. Zeylanica, L. var. « in Tree forests of the Pegu Range

and Tenasserim aloug streams.

Calyx puberulous. Flowers solitary, axillary.

var. II I,. Lohbiana, H. f. and Th.

^■ar. ji L. ojfinis, Wall. ; L. succulenta, Bl.

X X Stems iviyular.

L. TRIGONA, lloxb. var. n swampy sytots all over Burma, var. ji a

Z. subincisa, AVall. hill form iii Pegu. Martaban and Ava.

L. subracemosa, lliq.
Stems 3-gonous. Calyx quite glabrous. Flowers solitary and axillary, or more
usually in spurious racemes.

var. It L. trignna. Roxb. All parts more succulent, the lloral leaves more ovate.
Peduncles thicker and flowers much larger.

? var. /i L. stipuliiris, Wall. ; L. trialata. Ham. Slender, erect, branched, all
parts less succulent. Peduncles filiform. Flowers minute, the floral bracts often
very narrow. Probably a distinct species.

Vaike identifies L trigona of Roxburgh with L. alsinoides of Lamarck ; the
descriiition of the latter, however, does not in the least agree with the Indian i)lant.
L. stipuliiris. Wall., will take precedence, if it is not specifically different, but I am
at present inclined to believe it may be diilerent.

L. Guii-KiTiiir. 11. f. et Th. var. n in swampy pastures near Rangoon, var. /i

along rivers in Arakan and Tenasserim.

Stems 4-gonous. Flowers in poor racemes. Calyx small.

var. a genuina. Leaves reduced to .scales. Flowers only a line long.

var. li L. dopatrioides, Kurz. Leaves developed. Flowers nearly twice the size.

** Robust erect simple or branched herbs, 2-5 feet high. Flowers 5-1 inch long,
in leafy-bracted terminal simple or paniclcd racemes.

L. WALLicni.\NA, H. f. ct Th. Khakycn Hills, Pegu Range and

Hills cast of Toung-ngoo.

All parts, also the wliite corolla, quite glabrous. Capsule glabrous.

376 nvn.uA, ITS rEoi'LE asd rnoDucTioss.

L. EOSE^, Wall. Khakyon Hills and Karon-ni (fide Mason).

L. tricliandra, AVigbt.
All parts, also the rose-coloured corolla and the capsule, velvety puberulous.

L. TRIANGFLATA, Eoxb. (M.).

*L. succuLENTA, BluDae (M.). Cultivated.

** Anthers free. Ovary 1- or 1-ceUed [Goodeniacea;).

iScjjvoLA, Linnaus.

Corolla 1- or '2-lipped, posteriorly split to the base. Soft-wooded trees or shrubs.

S. K(ENiGii, Ybl. Coasts of Tenasserim, the Andamans,

S. taceada, Ruxb. and the Nicobars.

Glabrous, not or slightly silky-villous in the leaf-axils. Berries glabrous.

Pyn-leh-tan.

Most of the plants of this Sub-Order contain an acrid narcotic and bitter juice,
which is vesicatoiy, and excites violent and fatal inflammation of the intestines; hence
they are among the most poisonous of plants. They have been employed as metlicine,
but are highly dangerous, and fallen into disuse.

Order STYLIDE^.

Corolla epigvnous, monopetalous, anisostomonous, aestivation imbricate. Stamens
united to the style. Ocary with 2 many-ovuled cells. Ociiles ascending, anatropous.
Embryo albuminous.

Stylidium, Sa-artz.

S. ULiGixosuM, Swartz. Swampv lands in Arakan, Pegu and Tenasserim.

S. Kunthii, Wall.
S. £r 11)10)1 is, GiifF.
S. tenelhon, Swartz.

Leaves palmatinerved, almost rosulate, the stems terete. Flowers white, in
dichotomous leafless or few-leaved radical glandular-puberulous spikes or panicles.

S. KosEUM, Kz. Swampy land in Chittagong.

S. tenelhon, Kz. (non Swartz).

ASTERALES.
Flowers regular or irregular ; if unisexual, usually collected in involucrate heads.
Limb of the calyx usually reduced to a pappus, or none. Stamens as many as the
corolla-lobes, rarely fewer, inserted on the corolla. Ovary inferior, 1-celled and
1-ovuled, or if 2- or 3-celled, only 1 cell o\'uled. Leaves exstipulate. Herbs or
shrubs, rarely trees.

Order COMPOSIT^E.

Flowers (usually called florets) collected into a head (very rarely reduced to
a single or a few florets), surrounded by an involucre of several to many bracts,
either in a single or several rows, the whole appearing like a single flower.
Receptacle on which the florets rest either naked, or with chaffy scales or hairs
or bristles between the florets. Caly.v-Hntb wanting, or transformed into a pappus
or ring of hairs or scales on the top of the calyx-tube. Corollas either all her-
maphrodite, tubular, and 5- or rarely 4-toothed (heads iliscoid), or all hermaphrodite
and ligulate (/.c, tubular with a flat strap-shaped lamina), or those of the centre
or disk tubular, and hermaphrodite or male, and those of the circumference either
ligulate and female, or neuter, forming a ray (heads radiate), or filiform and female
(heads discoid but heterogamous). Staniens 5, rarely -1, inserted in the tube of the

(OMI'DSIT.K. . 377

conilla, tlio aiitlicis linear and uniti'il iti a tul)o round ihu style (except in Xunthium),
2-eelleil, opeuinj; inwards liy lonj;itudinal slits, the basal lobes sometimes prolonged
into short or lon<; tine hair-like points ealled tails, the connective usually produced
at the top into a small erect appendage. Ocrt/v/ inferior, with a solitary erect ovule.
Style iilit'orm, usually with 2 short stigmatic lobes. Fruit a dry nut or achene,
crowned by the pappus, or naked. Seed erect, without albumen. IJmbrijo straight
or rarely curved. Jladide inferior. Herbs or shrubs, sometimes scandent, rarely
trees. Leaves alternate or opposite. Stipules none. Flower-heads terminal or rarely
axillary, solitary, or in panicles or corymbs, sometimes reduced to clusters or heads.

Sub-order ASTERACE^.

Florets all tubular or bilabiate, or more usually the outer ones ligulate and
forming a ray. Stijle-hranches in the female florets always filiform, those of the
hermaphrodites variously shaped (in the sterile florets sometimes the style simple).
Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees ; the sap usually watery, never milky.

CORYMB I FERIE.T,.

Florets all tuhular, or more usualli/ the mariiinal ones liijulate and forming a ray.
Style not thickened, joint-like at or near the apex. Ucrhs, shnihs, or trees, usually aromatic.

* Flower-heads heteroyamous, radiate or discoid, the hermnphrodite or male Jlorets
tuhular, and the female ones liyulate or filiform {or rarely the heads homoyamous in absence
of the ra //-florets).

+ Anthers free or nearly so. Female flowers all apctalous. Flower-heads uni-
sexual, rarely heteroyamous.

Sub-tribe AMBROSIE-T:.
Style of herniaplirodite florets undivided. Anthers infle.ved-aj>j)endayed. Fapjjus
none. Jjcaves alternate.

X.ixxnivir, Linncvus.

Male flnrefs numerous, in globular heads, the involucre small, consisting of free
bracts in a single row. Female Jlorets 2 together, consolidated with the involucre into
a prickly burr.

X. sTErjlABirii, L. Kubbishy spots all over Burma.

X. Indicuni, Roxb.

X. Ro.cbu} ghii, discolor, and hrevirostre, Waller.
JV. inaquilaterum, D.C.
-|--|- Anthers always united into a tube. Style-branches truncate or append'iyed.
X Pappus of short stiff awns or scales, or reduced to a raised border or none at all.
Anther-cells not tailed at the base. {Genera with a similar or no pappus, not included
here, should be souyht for in the next division with capillary bristles.)

Sub-tribe nEM.\.\TnolI)IE.i;.
Flowers either heteroyamous, with the female florets more or less liyulate, the central
ones tubular hermaphrodite or male, or rarely discoid, with all the fonts hermaphrodite
and tubular. lieceptacles with chaffy scales between the Jlorets, or rarely {in Helen ioidea)
naked. Anthers without tails. Style-branches truncate and penicellate, or appcndiculate,
or the style of the sterile /lowers undivided. Pappus of stijfawns or of short scales or noiie.
Achenes 3-i-yonous, terete, or more usually variously compressed. Leaves opposite or
rarely alternate.

* Receptacle paleaceous.

-\- Pappus consist iny of numerous scales, rarely awn-shaped {or none).

TiuDAX, Linnaus.

Flower-heads radiate. Lnvolucral bracts in 2 rows, membranous, or the outer ones
herbaceous. Scales of pappus feathery-fringed. Herbs, leaves opposite. Jteccptacle
flat or nearly so.

378 DUHMA, ITS rEOriE A XI) mODUCTIOXS.

T. rEOCCiiBEXS, L. A weed in C'hittagnnp:, Aliyah and Tfangoon,

but not yet spread over the interior.

-|--|- rap2)us consiifivfl of milij 1-4 hrixth/ atrnn, or cyathiform, or absent.
X Corolla of all ilie foirers deciduous.
f Aehenes more or less compressed from the top. rtippiis of 2 {/areli/ 4) Iristles,
or }w)ie,

'I Inrolucral Iracfs distinct, almost equal, the outer ones Jierbaceous, the inner almost
conform to the scales oj the receptacle.

Stnedrella, Gaertner.
Rny -florets fertile. Aehenes almost flat, lacerate-winged, crowned with 2-3 awns.
Herbs, leaves opposite. Flower-heads sessile or pedimcled.

S. (Veebesina) xodifloea, L. Arakan, Manlmain and the Andanians, where

introduced and spreading. Kaniorta.

X t Tn'olucral hracts in 2 rows, the inner ones memlranous, often connate at the base
or higher up, the outer ones small or minute.

§ Stijle-branches truncate, jJenicellate or orcrtnppcd by a short appendage.
BiDENS, Linnecns.
Bay-florets sterile, rarely fertile or none. Inrolucral bracts free or connate at
the base." Style-branches terminating in a short acute or shortly subulate appendage.
Aehenes not beaked, crowned with 2-4 stiff awns, finally minutely retrorscly bearded
or aculeate. Leaves opposite, simple to pinnatiscct.
Sub-genus Psilocaep^a.
Aehenes slender, 4-comered.

B. riLosA, L. Hills Noi-th of Ava and East of Toung-ngoo
/.'. leueantha, Willd. at 2000 to 4000 feet.

B. sundaica, Bl.
Leaves mostly pinnately 4-3-foliolatc. Eay-florets white.
B i!irixN-ATA, L. Tavoy.

B. TTallichii, B.C.
Leaves mostly bipinnate. Eay yellow. Slender dry herb.

Cosiios, Carauilles.

Bai/-florcts sterile, often rose-coloured or violet. Aehenes more or less beaked.
Best as in Bidens. Leaves opposite, simple to pinnatiscct.

C. CArDATUs, Hum. Bon. and Kun. "Waste spots near Rangoon.
Florets all purple to rose-coloured. Aehenes long and slenderly beaked, the

beak terminated by 2 stiff awn-like bristles.

C. SULFUREFS, Cav. "Wastc spots near Akyab and Eangoon.

Coreopsis artemisiafolia, Jacq.
Adenolepis caka, Schultz.

Florets all yellow. Aehenes long, but thickly beaked, the beak without pappus-
bristles.

I am not at all sure whether the above synonymy is coiTcct. The same plant
{Adenolepis eaha) has become quite a nuisance about Buitcnzorg and other places
in Java, entering freely the hill-savannahs (Kurz).

f t Aehenes all thich, or those of the ray triquetrous, those of the dish laterally
compres.%ed. Pappus eyathimorph or of 2-3 stiff chaffy or bristly awns, with or without
intermediate scalelets or none ( Verbesinece).

I hiner inrolucral bracts {or outer scales of the receptacle) embracing or enveloping
the aehenes of the fertile ray -florets. Bappus none, or of minute free scales.

COMPOaiTJ-:. 379

ExiiYDUA, Liiureiro.

Involucre of 4 broad leafy bracts, the 2 outer larger tlian the 2 inner. Itay-Jlorets
in several rows, ^vith very small ligules. I'appus none. Aquatic herbs, -with simple
opposite leaves. Flower-heads axillary, sessile or nearly so.

E. FLUCTUAN-s, Lour. Swampy grass lands of Bhamo, Arakan and I'egu.

F. heloncha, D.C.
£. paludnxa, D.C.
£. lonyifolia, D.C.
Hingtsha repens, Eoxb.

SlEGESBECKIA, LinHOHtS.

Outer involueral hracts leafy, narrow, spreading, gland-hairy, the inner ones and
the receptacle-scales enveloping the Horets. It(i;/-Jlunfs in a single row, witli small
ligules or almost bell-shaped. Pappus none. Herbs with o])posite leaves. Flower-
heads panicled.

S. ORiEXTALls, L. Bharao and Jlartalian from 2000 to 7000 feet.

S. Irachiata, Itoxb.

I \ Inner involueral bracts all flat.

§ Scales of receptacle flat, very narrow, usually onhj few.

EcLiPTA, Linnaus.

Inrolucral hracts in 2 or 3 rows, the outer ones ovatc-oblong. Disk-florets
4-toothed. Ligules small, almost 2-seriate. Pappus none or shortly 2-awued.
Style-branches obtuse and flattened. Herbs, leaves simple, opposite.

E. (Vkrbesijja) ali!A, L. var. a and ft all over Burma arul introduced in

E. erecta, L. the Audauums. var. -/ Prome.

E. lungifolia, Schrad.

§ § Scales of receptacle coneace or complicate, more or less embracing or enveloping
the disk-florets.

\ Achenes u-ingless, compressed or 4- 5 -cornered.
A Pappus united at the base into a ring or cup. Flower-heads small or rather small.

Wedelia, Jacqueminot.
Puy-fliircis fertile, with conspicuous s])reading ligules. Pisk-ackenes crowned by
numerous minute scales or fringes or by 1-2 short deciduous awns united at base into
a cup or ring, or rarely the pappus veiy minute or obsolete. Herbs, leaves opposite,
simple. Flower-heads peduncled or almost sessile. Florets yellow.

* Some of the outer involueral bracts more leaf-like and longer than the others.
Pappus cup-shaped.

W. ( VEUBEsrsA) calendulacea, L. Tidal forests of A rakan and Tenassorim .

Flower-heads on very elongate peduncles, always solitary. Leaves oblong to
lanceolate, almost sessile or narrowed into a short petiole.

AV. URTic.KFoi.iA, D.C. I'roine Hills.

Verbesina biflora, Koxl). non L.

Fhjwer-hcads rather short-pcdunclod, usually by pairs or few, axillary, terminal

and in the fork of the branchings. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, slenderly putioled.

** Outer involueral bracts not larger than the inner ones. Pappus none or of 2 or I

deciduous brixtles. Flower-heads larger or shorter peduncled, by 2-3 or few, axillary,

terminal, and in the branch-Jorkings.

W. (Vkubesixa) biflora, L. Tidal forests of Arakan. Tenassorim,

Wollastonia scandens, Clark. tlie Andamans and Nicobars.

IK Ilorsfleldiana, Mitj.
TF. insularis, I).0.

Straggling perennial. Leaves ovale or broadly ovate-lanceolate.

380 BUn^fA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

A A rappus-scales or aion free from flie lose. Flower-heads usualJij large.
\ X Aehcnes of the dhk lateralh/ comprexsed (those of the ray sometimes dorsalli/
compressed or triquetrous), ciliate or wiiii/ed on the margins. Flower-heads small.

SriLANTHES, Linnwus.

Pntj-furets, if present, fertile. Sti/le-branches truneate nnd not nppendar:;e(l .
Aehines usually ciliate. Awns of pappus, if present, very thin. Herbs, leaves opposite.
Reeeptacles conical.

S. ACMELLA, L. var. « all over Burma up to 3000 feet.

Prostrate or ascending, branched. Flower-heads solitary in the loaf-axils or in
the forks of the branches.

Hen-ka-la.

var. a genuina. Achene marginate with the borders, bristly-rough, usually
crowned with 1 or 2 bristles.

var. ji calva, DC. Achenes not, or scarcely marginate, pappus obsolete.
var. 7 oleracea, Jacq.

S. rANicDL.WA, Wall. Pegu and Martaban.

S. acmella, var. c 2)aniculata, Clark.

In my eyes a very distinct species. It is the Ein-bi-zat of the Burmese, used for
poisoning fish (Kurz).

TlTHONiA, Desfoutai/ies.

Rug-florets sterile. Awns of th<' pappus deciduous or persistent, the intermediate
scalelets persistent. Inrola.eral bracts striate at the base, stiff, elongate-leafy at apex.
Tall herbs, leaves alternate. Flower-heads on thickened peduncles.

* T. TAGETiFLOEA, Desf. Attaran.
No doubt only an escape from cultivation (Kurz).

** Receptacle naked [Jlelenioidcw).

Tagetks, Linnaus.

Involucral bracts oily-glandular, in a single row, nnit(d into a toothed cup.
Pappus of 5-6 unequal scales or awns. Flower-heads usually radiate. Herbs, leaves
opposite, pinnatisoct or serrate.

* T. PATULA, L. Cultivated.
Peduncles elongate and almost cylindrical. Involucral bracts plain.

* T. ERKCTA, L. Cultivated; but less commonly,
rcdunelcs elongate, much swollen at the apex. Involucral bracts almost angular.

Sub-tiilie ANXnEMIDIE-E.
Flou-er-licads Iteterngamous, the females ligulate or filiform or without corollas, the
disk-florets heruiaplirodite or male, or very rarelg all the florets tubular and liermaphrodite.
Reciptaele nal;ed, or very rarely senly. Anthers tailless. Style-branches truncate or
penieillate, rarely shortly appendaged. Pappus none, or reduced to a raised border or
rarely of sliort scales. Leaves usually alternate.

* Eeceptacle naked, or alreolatc fibriUose.

X Flower-heads radiate. Involucral bracts rather broad.

CnRVsANTnEiirii, Zinuaus.

lieeeptacle flat or convex. Achenes regularly or irregularly .J-10-ribbed. I'appus
none, or rarely of very short scales or forming a cup.

Sub-genus Eir-CnitrsANxnEiiuM.

Achenes of the ray almost triquetrous, the inner nerve produced at the apex into
a tooth. Pappus scarcely any.

(■(iMI'o.sn'.E. 381

*C. conoxAEirir, L. Cultivated in Ava anil Promo.

C. lioxhiiryhii, Desf.

I'ljrethrum Ind'uum, lloxb. non L.

Flowor-licads large, ou long terminal or almost terminal peduncles. Hay yellow.

Sub-genus Pykktuuum.

Achenes oblong, irregularly ;!-5-corncred. Piippm scarcely any.

*C. Inbicum, L. Ava. Cultivated.

C. tripartituiii, Sweet.
C. Cliinenne, Sab.

Flower-heads numerous, on sleniler peduncles, in terminal corymbs. Hays
yellow, or in garden varieties variously (purple to wliite and urauge) coloured.

C. FlEN'ICULACEUM, L. (M.).

Of the C/iri/sanfheiiium hucantheinuin, L., Trior' remarks: " iloon Daisy, a large
daisy-like flower, resembling the pictures of a full nioou, the type of a. class of i)lants,
which, on the doctrine of signatures, were exhibited in uterine complaints, and dedi-
cated in pagan times to the goddess of the Moon and regulator of monthly periods,
Artemis, whom Horsley (in Hosea ix. 10) would identitV with Isis, the goddess of the
Egyptians, with Juno Luciua, and with Eileithuia,'- a deity who had special charge
over the functions of women, an office in Itoman Catlu^lic mythology assigned to
Mary Magdalene and .Margaret."

For the information of non-Catholic readers it ma}- be as well to add : " It
is necessary to observe that the monks in the middle ages mixed up with the story
of the Magdalene, as recorded in Scriptui'e, that of another St. Mary, whose early

life was passed in a course of debauchery Her penance and pardon were

a favourite subject for the legends of all Western Europe. The attributes of the
impure Goddess of the Egyptians, Isis, and of the Greek Artemis, and the Koman
Juno Lucina, have been transferred in lloraan Catholic times to this saint and her
counterpart, St. Margaret" {I.e. p. 151).

X X Fhncrr-hrad.s /ic/tro(/ainon.i, lUxcuid ( Cufidftc).
-j- Floref.i of (lie circui/i/crence few. Achenes oborate or ruundcd af ihe (op.

AiiTKiiisiA, Linnaua.

Inrolucral bnicfs in few rows. Achaics almost terete or compn'ssed, 2- or thinly
many-ribbed or without ribs, llerbs or undershrubs, the leaves dissect to simph'.
FloiVfr-heads small, in racemes or panicled racemes.
Section Dli.iCUXCULUS.

Floirer-hrads hcterogaitioii.i, tin' raij-llorets in a single roiv and female, the disk-
florets hise.cHal, but sterile by aburtwn of the oraries.

A. PAiiViFLORA, lloxb. Pluuno and Xat-toung in Martaban {fide Jlasou).

A. (jliibrata, Wall.

More or less glabrous, the lower leaves simple, obovate-oblong, toothed at tlu' apex.

' Popular Niimos of Britisli I'lants, ]>. l.')0.

- Among the Hoiniiiis wu know llilliva was a mere title of Diana in her capacity of Lucina, a.s in
the Carnieu Sa'culare —

Kite maturo.s aperire partus

Lcuis, Ilithya, tuerc niatrcs,

Sive tu Lucina prohas vocaii

Scu (icnitalis.

But in the Homeric poems the functions of the Roman Lucina were as.sigue(l to tile Ilitliyiic, 'daughters
ot Juno,' I.e. ministers of her functions^

'Hs 5' ot' Uv ajdiyoviray fXV ^^^"^ o^'' yt^i'cuKa,
^ptfjiit, t6 t€ irpoifiiri uoyoaTiKot EiXiiGutat,

Jims XI. 2G9.

383 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PPODUCTIOXS.

Section ABRnTANUM.

Flower-hfads hdcrouamous, tlic rai/-florcii< female, the dislc-flurd'i hennaphrodife :
all fill Ih'.

A. TULGAErs, L. var. a Khakypn Hills nnd Karcn-ni {fde Mason).

A. h'pfoxtacln/a, D.C. var. ft Ava and Khukyeu Hills.

Leaves once oi' twice bipinnatifid, the segments rather broad and elongate, more
or less grej-ish or silky-villose beneath. Plower-heads in large panicles.

A. CDKviroLi.\, Eoxb. Prome.

Leaves twice or thrice bipinnatifid, glabrous, the segments almost filiform, acute.
Plowcr-heads rather large, in loose panicles.

The English name of Artemisia ahsitithium, L., Wormwood, affords a curioiis
illu-stration of how the sense of words and names gets changed through the errors
of copyists and the ignorance of uneducated people. The word was originally
U'er-mod or wer-miith from irehren or irerian, to keep off, and mod, a maggot or worm.
In time nrr got altered into ivorm, annexing the initial letter of the next word, and
od (left out in the cold!) naturally got fashioned into wood, the more so as the plant,
being a bitter one, was considered good against ' worms.' — Prior, Popular Names of
British Plants, p. 258.

-\--\- Florets of circumference very numerous. Achenes fiat or concave at the top.
Flower-lwads ,ij)!ierical or /lemisjiiierieal.

CoTULA, Linnicus.

Florets of the circumference without any or with a very short broad or conical
corolla, the hermaphrodite florets 4-toothcd, with a widened or thin tube. AcluHes
flat, obtuse or truncate. Floiver-lieads pcduncled. Small herbs.

C. ANTHEMoiDEs, L. var. a Khakyen Hills.

Fieiogiine cardiospcrma , Edg. var. ft Bhamo. Pegu,

var. a gemiina. Achenes not winged,
var. ft iiemisji/ierica, D.C. Achenes winged.

Mymogyxe, Less.
Florets of the circumference with a 2-3-clcft corolla nearly as long as the style,
the hermaphrodite florets 4-toothed. Bracts of involucre small and much shorter
than the 3-4-cornered achenes. Flourr-iieads sessile, minute. Prostrate herbs.

M. MiNTJTA, Less. All over Burma, and now introduced into the Andaraans.

Artemisia sferiiutatoria, Eoxb.
Dic/irocepliala SeJ/midii, Wight.
M. Cunninff/iamii, D.C.
Centipcda orbicularis, Miq. non Lour.
Splmromorpluea Eusseliana, D.C.
Centipcda minima, A. Braun ct A sellers.

Centipeda, Loureiro.

As preceding, but involucral bracts large and broad, in fruit connivent and
covering the cylindrical slightly stiiate acheni'S. Prostrate herbs. Flower-heads
sessile, small.

C. OKBicuLAitTS, Lour. In dried-up marshes near Kadbouree (Siam).

X X Pappus usualhj of numerous capillary sift hristles {rarely paleaceous or none).
" Anthers tailed at the liase.
Sub-tiil.e INULOIDIE.-E.
Flou-er-heads helcrogamous, discoid or radiate, or homoyamom in ahsence of the ray-
florets. Anther-cells terminating in a basal bristle or tail. Sfyle-bianehcs linear, obtuse
and not appendajed {or the style undivided in t/ie sterile florets). Leaves usually
alternate.

COMPOSir.K. 383

* Female fldwers, if present, liguhife.
X Bristlen of pappus all conform and almost equal, capillarij, copioun.

Inula, Linnaus.

Flower-heads hotcroj^amoiis. Involucre-bracts in many rows, nan'ow or leafy-
appendagcil. Itaij florets few, in 1 or 2 rows, disk-florets iiuincrous. Anthers with
double tails. Ac/ienes not or l-o-ribhod. Herbs or under shrubs.

X Stems not tomged. J'illoi/s or lillous-puhescent under shrubs.

I. CAPPA, D.C. IJpper Tenasserim at 1000 to 5000 feet, and Ava Hills.

/. pseuducappa, eriophora, and obloncja, 1).C.
/. sahiodora, Sehultz.
Duhahlca Chinensis, D.C.

Bracts of the involucre narrow-linear. Flower-heads coryuiboso panicled.

X X Stems leafy-winged from the decurrent sessile leaves. Btnselg woolly villous.
Toll annuals.

I. roLYCioN'ATA, D.C. All over Pegu and Martalian up to 2000 feet.

Flower-heads thick, woolly, and rather large, corymbose, the outer involucre-
bracts leafy linear-oblong.

T. ODLOXGA (M.).

X X Pappus unequal, the outer consisting of short bristles or more usually of minute
scales, rarely tio pappus at all.

+ Pappus present [rarely absent).

PuLiCARiA, Gaertner.

Floicer-heads hoterogamous, the ray-florets in 1 or 2 rows, yellow. Involucre
broad, the bracts narrow, in few rows, the outer ones herbaceous. Achcnes ribbed or
not. Bristles of inner pa])pns in a single row, the outer pappus of very short scales
more or less connate into a crown or slit cup.

P. GLATTCEscKNs, Clark. Tenasserim (or Andamans).

Evidently no Pulicaria, and certainly not identical with the Persian plant. It
looks more like Pluchea, but the pappus is dill'erent. The material at disposal is
defective (Kurz).

YicoA, Cass.

Flowers-heads heteroganious or homogamons. Involucre usually broad, the bracts
narrow, in many rows. Achcnes hardly ribbed. IlristUs of pajipus very thin, in a
single row, rarely intermixed with a lew minute scales.

V. (Inula) I.vmcA, L. Pronie.

V. aurita and auriculata, D.C.
Doronicum calearatum, Iloxb.

Y. l.VDICA, L.

Slender, more or less roughish. Leaves short. Flower-heads only 2-2.J lines
across.

y. ArrKXDICULATA, D.C. Ava.

More robust, more glabresccnt. L(-aves elongate-linear. Flower-heads J-J
inches in diameter.

** Female flowers, if present, filiform.
X Style-branches of hermaphrodites ysually truncate. Flower-heads androgynous
or unisexuat, or homoyamous. Involucral bracts usually scarious, hyaline or petaloid
( Onaphaliecc).

+ Fluwer-heads '\-fliiwered. Pappus none.

384* BURMA. ITS r EOF IE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

C^suLiA, Eoxhtrgh.

Flvwer-heixds clustered, axillary, of 2 bracts only, inserted on the broad receptacle
and surrounded by a leafy involucre. Aquatic herbs, the leaves simple.
C. AxiLLAEis, Roxb. Chittagong.

Mci/era oiientalis, Don.

+ + Flower-hciKls manij-fuictrrd.
f Floicer-hccih androgi/nous, usicalli/ icith more female than hermaplrodite floreta,
or mure or Ifss lousccual, diacioiis or moiuecious, clustered or distinct. Inrolucral-hracts
rarely petaluid.

° Hermaphrodite florets all sterile, the sti/le tisualli/ entire or scarcely and only very
shortly 1-chft.

AxAPHALis, De Candolle.
Ftou-er-heads androgynous or incompletely dicrcious, in corymbs, rarely few or
solitary. Bristles of pappus free from the base. Inflorescence not involucred.

A. EoYLF.ANA, D.C. Ava Hills and hills cast of Toung-ngoo

at 4000 to 5000 feet.

Leaves adnate but not decurrent at the base, 1-ncrvcd. Flower-heads pcduncled,
3-4 lines in diameter, corymbose.

A. ADNATA, D.C. Martaban between 5400 and 7000 feet.

Leaves more or less decurrent at the base, 1 -nerved. Flower-heads half the size,
sessile and clustered, in corymbs. A densely white adnate-woolly stout herb.

° ° Most or all hermajihrudite florets fertile. Style deejjly 2-cleft.
GxAPHALUM, Linn flits.

Floirer-heads more or less androgynous, usually small and clustered, rarely solitary,
the involucral bracts scarious, often "coloured. liay-flnrefs very numerous, disk-florets
few. Uristles of pappus not feathery, free or united at the base into a ring.

* Flourr-heads corymlose, or the corymbs contracted and almost head-like.
-|- Leaves linear, with a rounded hasc half-stem-clasping.
G. nvpoLEuccM, D.C. Hills of Ava and Martaban at 4000 to 6000 feet.

G. confertum, Bth.
Tall annual. Flower-heads laxly corymbose, the involucral bracts yellow or
brown.

X X Leaves more or less spatulatc-linear to cunente-olorate.
G. Li'TEO-ALBrM, L. All Over Burma and its islands up to 4000 feet.

G. cunfusum, ramigerum, and Jaeanicum, D.C.
G. nmlticeps, Wall.
G. orixense, Itosb.
G. lieinn-ardtiiinum, Miq.
Silky-villous herb much branched from the base. Fhiwer-hends densely clustered,
forming leafless more or less lax corymbs, the involucral bracts bright yellow or
greyish-pale-yellow.

G. FLACCiDrir, Kz. Doab of the Hlein and Irrawaddy, in bamboo

jungles (B. arundinacea).

Simple or almost simple tender herb, thinly viscid-pilose. Leaves obovate-
cuneate, almost half-araplexicaul, thinly herbaceous. Flower-heads in dense terminal
almost head-like corymbs, the involucral bracts almost membranous, often more or
less steel-blue coloured.

** Flou-er-heads clustered or rarely solitary in the axils of the hares, and usually
gradually passing into a leafy terminal spike or head.

COMPOSITE. 385

G. IxDictnr, L. All over Burm;i.

G. slrittum ami multicaule, Koxb.
G. Niliacum, Kaddi.

Erect or spreading from (ho base, more or less silky-pilose. Loaves elongate
obovate-cuneate. Flower-heads only about a lino long, leafy spicate.

G. CEisPATULUjr, Del. I'egu in cultivation.

Prostrate and spreading, the branehiiigs only sligbtly leaved at the lower parts,
more so upwards, the upper leaves forming st<dlate involucres to the densely crowded
leafy heads.

f f Flower-heaih androgt/nnm, with ttmalhj fewer fcmah' than hermnphrodite Jlorets,
or homogamouK with the florets all hermaphrodite. Involueral bracts usually scarious.

XX Stylehranches of hermaphrodite flotcers not truncate, filiform. Flower-heads
androgynous.

+ Female florets supported or enveloped hy the scales of the receptacle or by the
involueral bracts.

Athroisjia, De CanduUe.

Flower-heads in dense terminal solitary clusters or short spikes. Female florets
subtended by the scales of the receptacle. Achenes broad, dorsally compressed, ciliate
on the margins. Scales of pappus very short, united into a ciliate-fringed ring. Herbs,
the leaves pinnatisect.

A. LACJNiATUM, D.C. lUvcr-iicds in Pegu and Tenasserim.

A. viscidum, ZoU.

-)- + I^ccepfircle naked. Lnolucral bracts herbaceous, or scarious, linear.
] Flower-heads small, packed into dense globose or ovoid clusters.

SrHJERANTnrs, Linyiaus.

Flower-heads in solitary terminal globular clusters. Pappus none. Anthers
■without tails or points at the base.

Sub-genus Polycephalos, Forsk.

Outer bracts of the flower-heads longer than the flower-heads themselves, scarious
and long-awned.

S. Pegukssis, Clarki". "Waste spots in Ava and Prome.

Glandular-puberulous, the branches leafy- and serrate- winged ; heads shortly
peduncled, the empty bracts appressed bristly and ciliate.

Sub-genus Eu-SrnjERAXTnus.

Bracts shorter than the Hower-heads and almost entirely hidden by them.
Branches leafy-winged.

S. niUTUS, Willd. Fallow lands all over Burma.

/S. mollis, Iloxb.

Pubescent or hirsute. Heads globose, i-'j ineli thick, the involueral bracts
tapering into a subulate ciliate point.

S. I.NDicus, L. Prome. ilanlmain.

S. microccphalus, Willd.

Glabrous. Heads half the size, the involueral bracts scarious, often jagged at
the ends.

Pteuocaclox, Elliott.
Flower-heads sessile, in spiked clusters or rarely solitary. Pappus of capillary
bristles. Anthers with short tails or points at the base.

P. Bii.i.iARnrEui. F. JIuell. Fallow lands in Ava and Prome.

Jfonenteles spicatus, Laliill.
P. cylindrostachyum, Clarke.

VOL. II. 25

386 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODCCTIOXS.

f f Flower-heads separate, solitary, corymbose or panicled, rarely clustered.
° Pappus of a few rigid bristles or scales, or none.

Epaxtes, Cassiiii.

Imolucral bracts rigid. Anthers ■with simple tails. Pappus of tliG female florets
none, of the disk-florets small.

E. (Ethuiia) DrrAKicATA, L. Promc HiUs.

£. Unearifolia and pygmaa, D.C.

° ° Pappus consisting of copious capillary soft bridles or hairs.
Blumea, Be Candolle.

Flower-heads racemose, spiked or panicled. Style of the disk-florets all 2-cleft.
Imolucral bracts narrow-linear, herbaceous or thin scarious. Herbs, rarely shrubs.

* Cauline leaves not decurrcnt on the branches. Florets golden to pale yellow
{except in the ivhite or blue-flowered B. Wightiana) {AptereB).

X Flower-heads on long peduncles arising singly from the axils of the haves, or
rarely appearing compound from the reduction of the leaves.

B. AiiPLECTENs, D.C. In rubbishy spots, Chittagong. Introduced

B. arenaria and tenella, D.C. into the Andamans.

Conyza amplexicaulis, LamU.

Shrubby annual. Leaves small, sessile, -with broad base and almost half-stem-
clasping. Involucral bracts narrowed into filiform tails. Peduncles almost glabrous.

B. BiFOLiATA, D.C. Chittagong. Pegu.

B. anagallidifolia and oligocephala, D.C.
Conyza humifusa, Mi(|.

Low perennial, branched and ascending from the base, thinly pubescent.
Peduncles spi'eadingly pubescent. Involucral bracts very acute. Leaves rather
large, sessile, with a rounded base.

X X Flower-heads in pianicles, racemes, or densely pached into shorter or lunger
spihes.

-\- Serratures or teeth of the leaves spiny, indurated at their tips.

B. oxTODONTA, D.C. "Waste spots in the deltas of the Tsittoung and Irrawaddy.
Conyza spinidois, Miq.

Spreading perennial, branched from the base and procumbent, sparingly pilose.
Leaves small, the serratures few and coarse. Flower-heads few, forming irregular
depauperate panicles.

B. spiNELLOsA, D.C. Piome.

Erect, simple or branched annual, more or less appressed silky-pilose ; leaves
rather large, doubled-spiny- serrulate. Flower-heads in regular panicles.

De Candolle's B. spinellosa seems to be a spiny-toothed form of tlio silvery silk-
liairy form of B. hieracifulia ; Clarke's is near B. lacera (with slender peduncles), or
near B. barbafa ? (Kurz).

-| — |- Serratures or teeth (f the leaves various, but never spiny-indurated.
f Herbs, or biennials, simple or branched from the base, and more or less villous,
pubescent, or v iscid-puberulous , rarely almost glabrous.

° Flower-heads irregularly disposed and more or less pcdunclcd, forming panicles, or
rarely the panicle contracted.

A Receptacle glabrous.
X Florets blue to violet, rarely bluish-white.
B. WiGHTiAXA, D.C. All over Burma and introduced into the Andamans.

B. trichophora aud hymenophylla, D.C.

co.vPosiT.'7:. 387

Tall herb, reduced and small, more or less viscid-pwliesccnt. Leaves simple and
petioled. Flower-licads only 2 lines Ion;;, on shorter and long filiform peduncles,
forminj; lax panicles.

The colour of the florets and the much snudler size of the flower-heads combined
with a viscid pubescence ou^ht to remove all difficulties in distinguishing this species
from B. lacera, with which Benthani and Thwaites are inclined to combine it.
B. hymennphijUa has pale blue or white florets and is certainly nothing but a slender
shade-form which I found in all transitional states in company with B. Wiyhtiana,
not B. lacera, as Clarke states (Kurz).

J I Florets all yellnw. Flower-heads in lax panicles. Peduncles slender, allhomjh
sometimes very short. Annuals, rarely becoming biennials.

B. LACERA, D.C. "Waste spots near Akyab and elsewhere. Kamorla.

Erect, branched from the base, more or less silky-villous, but not viscid, the
cauline loaves simple and sessile or nearly so. Flower-heads 3-3 J- lines long, in
panicles sometimes pretty contracted but elongate.

B. GLANDFLosA, D.C. Chittagoug.

B. lacera, var. ft Heyneana and 7 ylandulosa, Clarke.

Erect, branchy, thinly viscid-pubescent, the cauline leaves simple and petioled.
Flower-heads about 4 lines long, on long slender glandular peduncles, forming lax
panicles.

B. (Coxtza) difftsa, Eoxb. All over Burma and the Andamans.

B. virens and lapsanoidcs, D.C.

Erect, branchy, thiidy puberulous, the cauline leaves (except in starved states)
almost runcinato and petioled. Flower-heads about 3 linos long, with the involucral
bracts green and glabrous, on spreading stiff capillary glabrous or glandular peduncles,
in lax panicles.

B. lactuc^folia, D.C. All over Burma.

Erect, simple or branched, almost glabrous or u.«ually more or less hirsute, the
cauline loaves (especialh' the lower ones) more or less runcinate. Flower-heads nearly
4 lines long, with the involucral bracts aud the long slender peduncles pubescent, in
lax panicles.

var. ft sitbsimplex, D.C; B. paucifolia, D.C; A. cuneifolia, D.C. More glabrous
and almost simple, the leaves obovale-cuneate and not lobed, but often passing into
the runcinate form.

var. 7 riscusula, Clarke. Densely and shoitly glandular-pubescent, the leaves
small and rather rigidly runcinate.

var. ^ nudipes. Jlore hirsute instead of pubescent. Panicles more scjuarrose.
Stem usually naked and destitute of leaves to ^— A feet from the ground.

Mr. Clarke refers var. e to his B. fasciculafa, but the long peduncled flower-heads
and indeed the whole inflorescence arc entindy different (Kurz).

A A Receptacle hairy. Peduncles slender.

B. LACiNiATA, D.C I'rome. Meaday.

B. runcinuta, sunchi/o'ia and cinerascius, D.C.

Branched or simple annual, shortly or rarely glandular-])ubescent, the cauline
leaves usually runcinate. Flower-heads about 3J lines long, longer or shorter
peduncled, forming lax leafless panicles.

° ° Flower-heads clustered in the axils of the upper leaves and passing more or less
gradually into a contracted spike-like panicle, or crowded in a dense terminal spike, or the
sessile clusters remote and in simple or panicled slender spikes.

A Receptacle hairy. Flower-heads sessile, dustered, or rarely solitary simple or
panicled spikes.

388 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PBODUCTIOSS.

B. (Conyza) fistulosa, Roxb. var. «, /i, y, all over Burma, up to 4000 feet ;

var. c on laterito in Martabuu, and rare iu
Prome, up to 3000 feet.

Erect, simple or branched annual, sliglitly or rarely densely pubescent or pilose,
the cauliue leaves narrow and simple. Flower- heads about 3 lines loui;, often pilose
or almost woolly.

var. a fascicuJata, D.C. {B. fistulosa, Eoxb.). Spikes more or less paniclcd.
Receptacle tawny velvety, the velvet sometimes intermixed with a few white soft hairs.

var. fi racemosa, Clarke. Spikes almost simple or little branched, lieceptacles
yellowisli velvety.

var. 7 (jlomeraia, D.C. i^Conyza Burmfann, Miq.). Spikes more or less panieled.
Eecoptacles velvety, the velvet intermixed with copious soft white hairs.

var. ( hithiscricea, D C. More simple, thinly silky pilose, the spikes usually
simple, rarely with a few additional basal ones, long-silky-pilose. Eeceptacle shortly
white jnlose.

The above varieties are, with the exception of c, hardly worth keeping up.
Benthani refers B. holosericea, D.C, to his B. hierucifolia ; but a scrap of AVallich's
authentic specimens shows small sessile heads, indeed represents the ujiper part of the
form correctly referred by Mr. Clarke to the above .species (Kurz).

A A Receptacle gliihrous. F/oiivr-henils more or less 2>eilnneleil to almost sessile,
clustered in the leaf-a.cih and foriniiig hafij or leafi/ss contracted spilce-lite panicles or
spikes {rarely tlie panicle developed').

B. BAEBATA, D.C. var. a Maulmain. var. /i along the Zamayee stream

of the Pegu range and the Thou-kye-gat.

Erect slender annual, long silky-pilose, the leaves all cuneate-oblong to linear.
Flower-heads silky-pilose, nearly 4 lines long, on longer or shorter slender peduncles
or almost ses.sile, clustered in the upper leaf-axils and passing into a leafy spike-like
contracted panicle.

var. a getiuina. Leaves broader or narrower. Flower-heads on slender or short
peduncles in a ilitfuse usually long-pilose panicle, or the panicle reduced and raceme-
like but laxly contracted.

var. ft sericans. Leaves more elongate-cuneato to almost linear, appressed silvery
pubescent as in B. licera. Flower-lieads larger, almo.st sessile or thickly peduncled,
clustered iu the axils of the leaves and gradually passing into terminal dense spikes.

B. niEUACiFOLiA, D.C. var. a Mergui. var. ft Ava Hills.

Erect robust annual, villous to silky pubescent, the lower stem-leaves more or
less spatulate-oblong or linear. Flower-heads i-} iuch long, on short, thick, woolly-
tomentose peduncles or almost sessile, forming dense spikes or spike-like (rarely lax)
panicles, often accompanied by clusters of llowei'-heads in the upper leaf-axils.

var. ri ti/pica, Clarke. Little or not branched except from the base. Flower-
heads clustered, forming dense terminal spikes, lladical leaves chiefly developed.

var. ft erolntior, Clarke. Panicles more or less branched, larger or smaller,
lladical leaves none or marcescent.

A species apparently very variable as to inflorescence and habit, the panieled form
a]iproaclnng B. crinita and B. flexuosa (if these be realh* distinct liom one anothcj),
while the subscapiferous foruis look somewhat like Unuphalium. B. lacera, var. e
siihcapitata, Clarke, is in my eyes the same as Clarke's var. 7 yUayirica of this species.

f f Erect or scandeni shruhs or under s/irulix, or tall sl>ruh-lil;e biennials.
° Erect shrubs.
A Peduncles thick and short, densely toiuentose. Leaves more or hss Villous or
touuntose, especially beneath. Beceptacle more or less Ituiry.

COJ/i'O.s/r.E. • 389

B. MACRornYLLA, T).C'. var. fi ifartaban at 3000 to 5000 fiit,

and Kliakyin Hills.

Leaves pubescent, especially beneath, (lecuirent and entire at the base. Plower-
heads 4 lines long, the involucral bracts narrow, almost glabrous. Pappus rufcscent.
Ecceptacle shortly pilose.

var. ft proccra, and B. semirexfita, B.C. Flower-beads larger. Involucral
bracts densely pubescent. Pappus white.

B. (Con'yza) balsamifeka, L. All over Burma up to ^000 feet. Kamorta.

B. densijlora, excisa, and (jrondis, D.C.

Leaves silky to silvery villous beneath, with one or two pairs of small dissevered
pinnffi on the petiole. Flower-beads 4 lines long, the involucral bracts densely
pubescent. Pappus rufescout. Receptacle almost glabrous.

A A Pccliiiicles loiifl (1)1(1 slender, pitlerulous to (/l(iniliilar-pi(lesetiit. Leaves narrow.
B. AK05IATICA, D.C. Tenasscrim.

Glandular- pubescent, especially the leaves beneath, the cauline leaves all sessile,
membranous. Flower-heads 4-5 lines long. Eeceptacle glabrous.

B. SEssiKOLTA, D.C. Martaban and the Andauians ; also the Khakyen Hills.

B. Mi/n'occpliala, B.C. Kamorta. Trice, Track, and Great Xicobar.

B. squnrrosa, Clarke.

Almost glabrous, or the tliick almost coriaceous leaves beneath shortly hirsute,

the lower cauline leaves long-petioled. Flower-heads 4-5 lines long, lleceptaclo

densely silky pilose to glabrous.

var. a geniiina. Receptacle more or less densely pilose. Leaves beneath and
involucral bracts often more haiiy.

var. ft Coni/za hneeolaria', Roxb., B. ?(j»ffifu!i(i, B.C., B. U'aUiehii, Clarke,
Conijza nitida, Mi(i., teste Clarke. Receptacle glabrous, or .'iparingly pilose.

° ^ Scandent nhnth. Leaves almost coriaceous, simple.
B. RiPARiA, B.C. South Andaman. Kamorta.

Almost glabrous. Flowcr-heads 5 lines long, in small axillary corymbs trans-
forming into terminal pubescent panicles. Rec(!ptacle villous. Pappus while.

** Cauline leaves deeurrent and formiiu/ entire or interrupted-laeerate leafij u-tnfis.
Flower-heads long ptduncled. Florets purple or rose-eoluured {Vauloptera-, B.C.).

X Leafij cauline icings cut or variously interrupted.
B. ACRrrA, D.C. Ava, Pegu, and ilarlaban.

Leaves pirmatifid-auricled at the base.
B. PTERODONTA, B.C. Chittagoug. Khakyen Hills. Pegu.

ilartaban up to 7000 feet.
Leaves entire at the base.

X X Lcafg cauline icings all entire and continuous.

B. ALATA, D.C.

B. Vernonioides, D.C.
Congza nutans, Bl.
The following doubtful species are also enumerated : B.napifolia, D.C, Tavoy ;
B. membranacea, D.C, Prome ; and B. viscosula, D.C, Ava.

Pi.i(1ii;a, Cassini.

Flower-heads corymbose. Some or all of the disk-forets sti^ile, with n simjilc
style. Involucral bracts rigid, often broad. Shrubs or under shrubs.

390 BVHMA, ITS PEOPLE A.Xfi PRODCCriOXS.

'■■' Aiinuah, riTahrom. Florets intenscl;/ ijelloiv. Corymbs irrujular, siiiiilL

P. (Blumea) sENEcroiDEs, D.C. All over Burma. Kamortu (K.).

Erigerim falcatum, Dun.
Lagijcra fiava, lith.
Coni/za rejxindii, Koxb.
P. I)o>ii(ina, Kz.
Erect, simple or branclied, tlic caulinc leaves sessile, with broad rounded base ;
flower-heads about 2i lines long;, on rather sliort smooth peduncles.

I place this species only reluctantly in Pliuhea. But I cannot find any ally to it
in Blumea, wliile here it has a very near one in P. Unearifolia (Kurz).

** Hhrnhs or under shruhs. Florets purple to lilac. Conjinhs dense, terminal.
Receptacle glalrous.

P. (Bacchakis) Indica, L. Tidal forests from Chittagong to Tenasserira,

Coni/zei cori/mbosa, lloxb. the Andamans, and Xicobars.

P. foliolosa, D.C.
Loaves obovatc, blunt or acute. Flower-heads 22^ lines long, the bracts shortly
pubescent, bluntish to acute. Shrub.

■^ ° Anther-base obtuse, or onlg niucronate, or aeute, but not tailed.

Sub-tribe ASTEROIDIE.T:.

Flou-rr-head h/tcregamous radiate, or discoid or Iwmogatnous in absence of ilte ray-
forets. Inrohicral bracts in several or rarely only 2 rows. Anth-rs with obtuse almost
entire base. Style-branches linear, more or less fattened, produced beyond the stigmatic
lobes into lips or appendages, papillose on the outside. Jieceptacle usually nah-d. Leans
usually alternate.

* Female florets, if present, fliform or bell-shaped or 2-toothed.
X Female forets, if present, fliform. Pappus bristly {Conyzica).
MiCROGLOSsA, Be Candolle.
Female florets in 1 or several rows, with the corollas minutely ligulatc, those on
the disk fertile. Pappus-bristles elongate. Involucral bracts in many rows. Shrubs.
M. (SoNCHfs) voLUBiLTS, llumph. Khakyen Hill, Jlartaban, and Tenasserim

Conyza pyrifolia, Lamk. up to 3500 feet.

C. prolifera, Bl.

Conyza, Lcssiny.

Female flarets in many rows, with the corollas shortly filiform (rarely slightly and
minutely ligulatc), the hermaphrodite florets mostly fertile. Achenes compressed.
Pappus-brislles elongate. Involucral bracts in 2 to many rows. Herbs or under shrubs.

* Flower-heads very small, not above a line long, very numerous, corymbose.

C. pennatifida, Boxb. Khakyen Hills and Martaban from 2000

C. absinth/folia, D.C. to 5000 feet.

Erect branches annual, shortly pubescent, the leaves small, simple or 3-cleft.
Pappus more or less rufesceut.

* * Flower-heads 2-4 lines long.
X I'ubesccncc not viscid nor glandular. Leaves serrate to almost lobed, cuneale

C. SEMIPINN.ATIFIDA, "Wall. Banks of large rivers, the Irrawaddy, Tsittoung, etc.

Erect, more or less branched annual, more or less hirsute. Flower-heads
spherical, corymbose. Pappus white.

COMPOS n\E. ■ 391

C. VTKoyic.EFOLl.v, Wall. X'lt-tounf:; in JTartaban at 7000 feet.

C. Japonica, Less.
Ercft, simple or more usually 'branpliod from the base, hirsute or pubescent.
Flower-heads not spherical, in dense terminal corymbs or clusters. Pappus rufesceut.

X X Glandular, otherwise almost i/lahrous. Leaves almost entire, narrow.

B. visciiuLA, Wall. Pegu and Tenasserim between 3000 and GOOO feet.
C. striata, Wall.

C. poli/eepliala, Edg.
Erect, lu-anched. Elower-licads 2-2.V lines long, corymbose on glandular
pubcrulous peduncles. Pappus pinkish to piukish-whito.

TiiKsns, De Candolle.

Female florets in 2 to many rows, destitute of a corolla, the hermaphrodite florets
sterile. Pappus-hristles short, somewhat dilated at the base. Herbs.

T. DiVAiucATA, DC. Banks of Rivers, as the Jlegna, Trrawaddy and Tsittoung.

X X Female florets in 2 or more rows not exceeding the disk, '2-toothed at the apex
or hell-shaped. Herbs [Grani/inieee).

Ci'AxnocLiNE, Cassini.

Reeeptaele almost contracted around the margin, raised, the disk concave.
Achenes not beaked, compressed, bordered with a marginal nerve. Flower-heads
panioled.

C. LTRATA. Cass. On mossy boulders in streams all over Burma.
Artemisia hirsuta, Eottl.

C. strieta, D.C.

Geangea, Adanson.
Reeeptaele convex or conical, naked. Aehenes jn'oducod into a ring or neck,
toothed or almost bristly on the margius. Flower-heads solitary.

G. (Artkmisia) MADEUAsrATAXA, Roxb. A weed all over Burma.

** Female florets, if present, ligalate.

X Ligulatc female florets not yellow [white or rose-eolourcd to purple).

+ Pappus none or rery short {Bellidiea).

Myeiactis, Lcssing.

Tnvoluere broad, the narrow bracts in few rows. Liyules in 2 or more rows,
small. Achenes not or veiy shortly beaked, oily. Pappus none.

M. W^vLLicnii, Loss. Nat-toung in Martaban at GOOO to 7000 feet.

RnyxcnospERMUM, Rein ward t.

Involucral hraets in few rows, imbricate. Ligules in 2 or more rows, short and
broad. Achenes beaked. Pappus of a few very caducous bristles or none.
R. vERTiciLi.ATUM, Rwdt. Bhauio.

Leptocoma racemosa, Less.

Zollingeria scandens, Schultz.

-j--|- Pappus of elongate bristles, rarely short, paleaceous, or owned [ITeteroehromieee). .
\ Pappus consisting of very short bristles, scales, or awns, or absent in the I'ay-achenes.

BoLToxiA, U Ileritier.
Receptacle conical or convex. Bristles of pappus very short, almost palcaccou.s,
often accompanied by 2-4 awns not exceeding the acheuo.

392 Bl'R.VA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

B. (astek) Indica, L. Kluikywi.

(Julimeris integrifolia, D.C.
Misttlsua Cantoniensis, D.C.
JI. serrata, Hook.
Chrysanthemum cuneatmn, Roxb.

f f Pappus consisting of copious capillary bristles in a single or more rows (rarely
depiiuperaie in the ray-achenes).

X Ligules rather broad or ample.
Callisiephus, C'assini.

Incolucre liemisplierical, the outer bracts leafy, tlio inner ones membranously
scarious. Achenes compressed. Outer bristles of pappus very short, and forming
a small crown.

* C. (Astek) Chinensis, L. Cultivated.

X J Ligules ntimerous, in 2 or more rows, narrow or almost filiform or minute.

EitiGEHOx, Linnaus.

Inrolucral bracts in 2 rows, narrow, somewhat une([ual. Achenes compressed.
Bristles of pappus in a single row, or with a few veiy short outer ones.

E. ^EGTniAcr.M, L. Pegu and llartaban.

E. asteroiiles, lloxb.

E. hispidum and lilumea puhifora, D.C.
E. suhlyratam., Roxb.
Conyza Jordoni, Clarke.

The ligulate ray-florets seem to be sometimes absent, at least in dried specimens
they appear so. The Egyptian plant agrees in all parts with the Indian, but appears
to be often ray-less.

Conyza angustifolia, Eoxb., appears from the description and MS. figure to be
a luxuriant form of E. Canadensis, L., or E. linijolius, Willd., and is, therefore,
hardly an Andamanese plant (Kurz).

Sub-h-ibe SEXECIOXiniE,E.
Flower-heads either heterogamous, with tlie female florets ligulate or rarely filiform,
or sometimes homoganious, icith all the florets hermaphrodite and tubular. Receptacle
usually naked. Lnvolucral bracts usually in a single row, with or without outer small
ones, rarely in sereral rows and imbricate. Antliers obtuse or shortly 2-mucronate at
the base. Style-branches of the hermaphrodites truncate and penieillate, or rarely with
pubescent tips or appendages. Paj)pus of capillary bristles. Leaves alternate.

X Flower-heads radiate or homogauwus. Bristles of pappus not feathery.

Gtnuea, Cassini.

Flower-heads homogamous. Style-branches tcnninating in an elongate shortly
hairy subulate appendage. Best as in Seneeio. Herbs, often tuberous-rooted.

G. Nepale.vsis, D.C. Ava. Tenasserim at 4000 feet (P.).

Pubescent. Leaves rather small, ovate to linear-lanceolate, repand-toothed,
acuminate. Peduncles and involucral bracts hoary pubescent.

G. sixuata, D.C. Tsittoung Yalley.

Pubescent, the root tuberous. Leaves more or less laciniate to pinnafifid.
Peduncles and involucral bracts less hairy.

As long as it is young, the plant looks almost scapiferous and the leaves are then
simpler and smaller, but at the rate that the tuberous roots enlarge, the plant becomes
more robust, larger, and branched from the base witli the leaves up to 7 inches long
(Kurz).

G. BicoLOR 'jr.").

COMI'OSIT.K. 393

Em 1 1. 1. V, Cassini.

Flower-hi'dilx lifmio<;amoiis. Sfi//e-briiiirJies tcnuiuutiiig in ;i slmrt or rather long
apI)cnllag(^ Hcst as in Setiecio. Herbs.

E. (Cacai.ka) soxcinFoi,[A. L. Waste spots all over Burma.

(Jijnura ccalyculata, ]).C.
E. sayittuta, D.C.
E. flaccida, VlU\.

Achoues papillosc-rouijli. Stylo-branclics prect, half-cylindrical, with a short
conical appendage. Lower leaves more or less lyrate.

E. PEEXANTnoiDEA, D.C. Hills East of Bhamo.

E. angustifolia, D.C.

Aehenes (juitc glabrous. Style-branclics elongate, recurved, almost cup-shaped
at the apex. Lower leaves elongato-spatulate.

XoToxiA, Be Caiidolle.

Flower-heads homogamous. Style-hranches of hormaplirodites terminating in an
ovate appendage. Rest as in Senecio. I'lesliy glaucous herbs.

X. CRAssissiMA, D.C. Hills of Segain.

Sexecio, Ziniiaus.

Flower-heads radiate or homogamous. Inrohicre wiile or narrow, the bracts
narrow, ei|ual, blunt or shortly ])ointed, the outer ones small or wanting, or rarely
gradually longer from below. S/i/le-lrd/iehes truncate or obtuse, or rarely shortly
appendagcd. Aehenes .5-10-ribbed. Herbs or rarely shrubs, the leaves alternate
or radical.

Sub-genus Eu-Sexkcio.

Anthers not tailed at the base. Aehenes all with, or those of the ray without
pappus.

•'•' Aehenes all with pappus.

S. OBICSATUS, "Wall. Khakyeu Hills.

Almost glabrous, the tlower-stems almost scapiform. Lower leaves elongate-
cuneate-oblong. Eluwer-lu'ads short-peduncled, in dense corymbs. Aehenes of the
disk papillose-rough. Tappus white.

S. GRrFFitnii, H. f. et Th. var. /i ifartaban Hill at GOOO to 7000 feet.

Almost glabrous or more or less hirsute. Leaves narrow-linear, with involute
margins. Flower-heads long-peduneled, lew. Aehenes papillose-rough. Pappus
more or less pubescent.

var. n ffenaina. Leaves longer and glabrous, or nearly so. Elower-hcads longer
pcduncled, the involueral bracts nearly glabrous.

var. /i Kiirzii, Clarke. Afruticulose under shrub, the leaves hirsute on both sides
or almost cluiti'y pilose along the midrib beneath. Eiower-heads shorter peduncled,
the involueral bracts more pubescent.

** Aehenes of the ray ivithont pappus.
S. sA.XATiLis, Wall. Ava. Taong-doung.

lloughish hirsute. Leaves elongate-linear, narrowed at the base. Flower-heads
in lax corymbs. Aehenes striate, glabrous. Pappus rul'escent.
Sub-genus Svxotis.
Anthers tailed, the tails free or adnate.

* Ereet shrubs or under shrubs.

S. DKSSTFLORUs, Wall. Martaban at 30C0 to GOOO feet.

.S. angulusus and uneinellus D.C.

394 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

Stem ami leaves beneath white-tomeiitose. Flower-heads radiate, rather large,
in dense coiymbose panicles. Achenes glabrous. Pappns white.

S. THIAXGULATrs, Ham.

S. vagans, Wall.

Glabrous or nearly so. Flower-luads small, glabrous, discoid, in small dense
corymbs. Achenos glabrous. Pappus white.

** Scaridfid sliruhs or under shruhs.

S. CniNENsis, DC. Khakyen Hills.

Cineraria repanda. Lour.
S. campyhdes, D.C.
S. Uin-Uii, Bth.

Stems almost zigzag-flesuose, slightly woolly and glabrescent. Flower-heads
discoid, rather largo, in divaricate corymbose panicles. Achenes diflorm, those of the
disk 5-gouous with pilose corners and white pappus, tlie ray-achenes glabrous, almost
trigonous.

X X Flower-heads homogatiwus, all flie florets regidarli/ tulular, never yellow [usiialli/
purple, violet, or ivhite).

Sub-tribe EUrATORIACIE^.

Antlier-lase nearly entire. Style-hranehcs almost terete, or very elotiyale-elitl-sluiped,
ohtiise, only niinutely papillose. Leaves opposite or alternate.

* Anthers appendaged at the tip. Aehenes b-rilhed [Ageratiea:).
Bristles of pappus copious, smooth or minutely hairy.

EuPATOHii'M, Tonrnef.

Inrolucral bracts in several, rarely in 2-3 rows, somewliat unequal, always more
than 5. Floiver-heads usually many (rarely l-4)-tlo\vered, corymbose or panicled.

Leaves penninerved.

E. BiRMANicuu, D.C. Segain.

Corymbs of few small few-flowered flower-heads.

E. Pdnduanum, Wall. Burma'.

JE. nodiflurum, Wall.

Flower-heads numerous, in corymbose, elongate panicles.

Bcntham refers this species to the following, and the penninervation really seems
to be a fallacious character (Kurz).

Leaves triplinerved.

E. WALi.icnii, D.C. Upper Bunna.

E. cannabinum, Clarke.
Flower-heads numerous, in coiymbs.

iliKAXiA, Ji'illdenow.

Livolucral bracts 4 only, somewhat unecj^iuil. Flower-heads 4-flowcred, racemose
or panicled. Twining shrubs.

M. (Eup.iTonrcM) scandexs, Burm. Attaran.

F. cordatum, Burm.
F. volubile, Yhl.

XX Papptis entirely or partially ehajfy or awncd, or consisting of b-\Q rigid
bristles, or minute and coronate, or none.

AuERATCM, Linnaus.

Lnvolucral bracts in 2-3 rows, somewhat unequal. Pappus of 5 short scales or
long awns free or united into a shaggy ei'own, or of 10-20 stiff bristles chaffy or
dilated at the base. Herbs.

COMPOSIT.E. 395

A. coNYzniDKS, L. A weed all over Burma, Kamorta, Kateliall.

A. nrdifolium, lloxb. Introduced in tlio Andamans.

* * Anthers InoicaU at the top and not appendaged. Achenes 5-ribhcd.
Adkxostkmma, Forster.

Tnvolucral Iracfs numerous, almost in '2 rows, somewhat unequal. Ptippii-s of
3-5 short stiff spreading bristles usually gland-tipped. Herbs.

A. vIscos^T^r, Forst. var. « and fi Aralian. Ava. Pegu.

Ageratuin aquaticum, Roxb. Kamorta and Katehall. ji the

A.Jhstigiatiim and Roylei, I).C. rarer, var. 7 Tcnasserim.

A. rugosum and 2Iadurense, D.C.

A. elafiim, Don.

A. rivale, Dalz.

var. a verum, Clarke (including chiliim and lutifolium, Clarke). Larger, the
leaves larger and broader, often sumewhat succulent. Flower-heatls larger. .Vehenes
more or less glandular uiuricate.

var. ji microcephalum, D.C. As preceding, but usually thinner and the leaves
smaller. Heads very small.

var. 7 angmtifoliuin, Edg. Leaves elongate-linear, rest as in var. n.

var. c reticulatum, D.C; A. tiiocurpum, D.C. ; A. erection, D.C. As var. «,
but leaves somewhat rough above and often more or less lacunoso, tawny pubescent
on the nerves beneath. Achenes smooth.

Sub-h-ibe VERXOXIACIEJE.
Anther-hasie sagittate. Sfgle-hranches subulate, shortly hairy all over. Leaves
iisually alternate.

* Flower-heads small, usually 1- or feic-floicered, paelu'd into a head-like cluster
{Lychnophorieee) .

Elephaxtopus, Limmus.

Fliirets slightly irregular, by 2-5 in a head. Tnvolucral bracts usually 8, in two
rows. Bristles or scales of pappus rigid, in 1 or 2 rows. Flower-heads clustered, the
clusters leafy-iuvolucred. Herbs.

E. scAiiEE, L. \yastc s]iots all over BuiTua.

* * Flower-heads separate, usually pedimcled and in more or less lax injlorescences
( Vtrnoniece).

X Pappus none or more usually composed of a few very caducous bristles.

ExnuLiA, Linnaeus.
Involucre bell-shaped, not leafy. Flower-heads small, corymbose. Achenes
4-5-cornered, broadly truncate at the top. Pappus none. Herbs.

E. coHYZoiDEs, L. Chittagong near Comilla.

F. ramosa, Koxb.

X X Pappus more or less persistent, composed of numerous capillary bristles in. 2-3
rows, those of the outer row sometimes very short or reduced to scalelets.

Yekno.nia, Sehrcber.
Flower-heads various, the bracts in many rows, scarious or the outer ones some-
times Icafy-appendaged. Receptacle naked or areolatc. Achenes 10-ribbcd or 4-5-
cornered. Outer pappus as long as the inner, or shorter, very short, or none. Shrubs
or herbs.

Sub-genus Cyaxopis (Bluuie).

Flotoer-heads small. Achenes 4-5-cornered or terete, not ribbed. Outer row of
pappus bristly or paleaceous. Low annual herbs.

39G BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

* Achenes -i-cortiered.

V. CnixExsis, Less. In waste spots all over Burma.

Ci/anapis jiubescenn, Bl.
C. rillom, D.C.

GreyisTi puberulous or thinly pubescent. Flower-heads broad, in poor corymbs.
Involucial bracts stitf, squarrose, acuminate.

** Achenes tcrde.

Y. rixEREA, Less. All over Burma up to 4000 feet and

r. ahhreriata and physali/olia, D.C. introduced into the Andamans,

V. laxijiora, Less. Kamorta, and Tillangchong.

Chrysocoma purpurea, G. Forst.

Greyish puberulous. Flower-heads 2i-3 lines long, corymbose-panicled.

Sub-genus Eu-Veexonia.

Flower-heada rather large or rarely small. AtJienes longitudinally ribbed. In-
volucral bracts all scarious, not leafy nor leufy-appendaged.

* Under sJirubs or herbs. IncoJucral brads elongate, especialli/ the inner ones, and
uiually narrow.

X Outer involucral brads subulate anl squarrose, passing on to the pedunde. Outer
jiappus consisting of numerous almost chaff-like bristles.

V. BE.4CTE0LATA, D.C. Khakycn Hills.

V. subsessilis, D.C.
Slightly pubenilous. Leaves narrow or broad, shortly potioled or almost sessile.
Flower-heads rather large, on long stiff peduncles, corymbose-panicled. Achenes
densely villous.

X X Outer involucral bracts rather broad and .short, more or less oppressed- imbricate.
+ Outer series of pappus consisting of a few caducous bristles or almost wanting.
f Flower-heads large, tnang-flowered, solitary or few, or in poor cori/mbs. Inrolu-
cral bracts very acuminate. Harsh-leaved under shrubs or shrubs (Xipholepis).

V. iiRACTj;ATA, "Wall. Karen-ni {fde Mason).

Decaneuron Silhetense, D.C.
Flower-heads long-pedmicled, in la.x corymbs. Achenes 2 lines long, glabrous.
Bristles of pappus bristly.

V. RoxBUEGHii, Less. Hills East of Bliamo.

Eiipatorium asperum, lloxl).
Flower-heads short-pedunclcd, in compact corymbs. Achenes 1 line long,
sparingly pilose. Bristles of pappus smooth.

V. TERES, Wall. Ava. Prome. Pegu.

f. 1 iyiophylla, D.C.
J', squarrusa, Less.
Flower-heads sessile or nearly so, clusttTcd or solitary. Achenes 1 line long,
appressed pilose. Bristles of pappus smooth.

f f Flower-heads small or rather small, few- {not above \5-)flow()-ed, in ample
corymb-like panicles. Invulucral brads blunt ish or hardly acuminate {Gymnanthemum).

V. AspEEA, Ham. AH over Burma.

J', multifora. Loss.
Decaneuron divergens, D.C.
Eonghish puberulous. Leaves narrow, rarely broad. Flower-heads only 8 lines
long, numerous, in axillary and terminal corymbs.

COMPOSIT.E. 397

V. SELiGXK.v, D 0. v:ir. « Chittagong ami the Khakyeii

r. loni/icaulk, D.C. Hills, vur. /i Fegn Range.

Eougliisli pubei'uli)us. Leaves rather \n-ond or narrow. Flower-heads 4-5 lines
long, shortly pcduncled, in a.xillary and teniunul panicled corymbs.

var. a (jenuina. Corymbs moie or less panicled. luvolueral bracts more acute
to mueronate-acuminate, more glabrous.

var. ji J'n/iii'Hsit:, Clarke. A shaile-form, panicles spreading, terminal, leafless.
Involucral bracts more or less acute, usually more glabrous.

4-+ Outer seriex of jMipj)i(s coiixintiiif/ of utimcroHS or copious hri'^fkx. Involucral
brads acuminate {Lepidajdoa).

V. KiNGii, Clarke. Ehakyen Hills. Southern ,SIi)pes of

Pegu Range and Martaban.

Leaves broad, roughish puberulous. Flower-heads peduneled, in small sessile
pubescent axillary corymbs, or corymbose-panicled at the end of the branches.
Involucral bracts white woolly.

V. ATIENTJATA, D.C. var. a Maulmain. var. ji Radburi, Siam.

Leaves narrow, roughish puberulous, ehartaceous. Flower-heads shortly peduneled
or sessile, solitary or few in the haf-a.xils, iriegularly disposed raceme-like or forming
terminal poor cor}"mbs. Involucral bracts nearly glabrous.

var. a (jenuina. Flower-heads about half an inch across, longer or shorter
peduneled, and usually in the axils of the leaves.

var. ji Juncea. Judging from the material at hand, the whole plant seems to
be transformed into an ample leafless panicle, the flower-heads only half the size,
all sessile and solitary, in very elongate slender poor spikes. Achenes only a Hue
long or somewhat longer, the pappus pale rufous.

var. /i may form a distinct species, but there arc no leaves (Kurz).

** Znrffe shrul/s or trees, rarehj scamlciit. Fhncer-luads uxualli/ .small anil few-
flowered.

X Pappus more or less tairnij to red-ljrown. Livoluvral bracts clon(jate, especiaUy
the inner ones. Scandent shrubs.

Y. m.AXliA, D.C. Teg" Range and ^lartaban.

V. blandula and Andersonii, Clarke.
Glabrous or nearly so. Flower-heads A inch long, shortly peduneled, in small
corymbs panicled at the end of the branches. Leaves petioled. _ Achenes pilose.

r. Andersonii has the receptacle densely hirsute, b\it in F. hlanda, as well as in
V. blandula, the same is also hispid, although much less .so.

V. scAxnKNs, D.C. Rcgu ami Ava Hills u]) to -1000 feet.

J)ecaneuron oboiatitm, D.C.

V. vagans, D.C.
As preceding, but shortly puberulous. Achenes glabrous.

X X J'appa-i white or uliitish to pale straw-colouicd. Involucral bracts short and
rather broad. Floiver-heads small (Strvbocah/x).

+ Trees or erect shrubs.
Leaves sessile or very shortly petioled.

Y. voLKAMKRl.i:For.iA, D.C. - Khakven Hills and Martaban from

V. acuminata, D.C. non Less. 20UO to 4000 feet.

V. Punduana, D.C.
V. cuspidata, Buck.
Small tree, pubescent or puberulous. Leaves cnneatc-narrowed, shortly petioled.
Flower-heads shortly i)eduncled, corynibulose, in terminal leafless panicles. Involucral
bracts slightly and fugaceously appressed pubescent.

398 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Leaves rather long-petioled.

V. KuEzii, Claiko. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 2000 to 4000 feet.

Meagre shrub or small tree, softly tomentose. Leaves broad. Flower-heads
shortly pocluneltd, corymbose-panicled. Involucral bracts densely white-tomentose.

V. ARBOREA, Ham. Tenasserim.

V. Biumeana, D.G.
Eupidvrium Javaninim, Bl.

Trees. Leaves coriaceous, long-petioled, densely tomentose beneath, glabrescent
above or rarely also beneath. Flo-vver-lieads sessile or nearly so, clustered, in corymb-
like tomentose panicles. Involucral bracts thinly appressed pilose.

+ + ScunJent shruhs.

V. ELJEAGNrFOLiA, D.C. ilaulmaiu and Siara.

Stem and leaves beneath appressed silvery pubescent. Flower-heads almost
sessile, divaricate corymbose and panicled. Involucral bracts glabrous, ciliate.

Sub-genus Hololepis, D.C.

Outer involucre entirely leafy and large, or smaller and produced into a leafy
appendage.

"'^ Outer invohicrnl brads large n)id Jeafij, cntird;/ concealing the inner ones.
V. CALTCrxA, Wall. Prome.

Leaves broadly oval, almost sessile, rather glabrous. Flower-heads pcdimcled,
corymbose.

** Outer involucral bracts scarious, produced at ike iijys into a foliaceous linear
appendage.

V. (Contza) AxiHELiiixiHiCA, L. Ava. Taong-doung.

Shortly and thinly pubescent. Leaves petioled. Flower-heads corymbose.
Pappus rufesceut.

CYXAPJJCErilALIE.E, Vnillant.

Fiords either regular and tubular, tcith the style usually thichned joint-like near or
at the apex, or bilabiate icith the style various. Herbs, rarely shrubs, not aromatic.
Anther-base usually tailed or fringed.

Sub-tribe CYN.\E0IDIE:E.
Flower-heads discoid, the florets all tubular and regular or nearly so, hermajthro-
dite, the lobes usually narrow. Anthfrs usually fringed or tailed at the base. Style
usnully thickened joint-like at or below the division into branches, which latter are narrow
and obtuse, or slightly pointed and often erect. Leaves alternate, often spiny.

* Flower-heads usually many-flowered, separate.
X Aclienes usually glabrous, seated in the very oblique or lateral areoles of the
receptacle.

-f- Involucre without floral leaves or outer leafy brads.

Tkicholepis, Be Candolle.

Involucral bracts naiTOW, awned-acuminate, entire, not appendaged. Filaments
shortly papillose-pilose. Anthers with rather long shaggy tails. Style-branches thin.
Aehenes glabrous, obtusely cornered or compressed. Leaves unarmed.

T. Karexsicm, Kz. Martaban. Karen-ni {fide !Mason).

Tlie largest Indian species.
4- -f Involucre surrounded by spiny-toothed floral leaves or outer leafy brads.

CAltTUAJirs, Linnnus.
Outer involucral bracts with a large leafy appendage, inner ones spiny-pointed.

COMPOSIT.E. 399

Florets orange. Pappus none, or paleaceous. Achenes compressed or obtusely
cornered. Leaves spiny-armed.

* C. TiNCTORros, L. Cultivated in Prome.
Hsu. Safflower. Bastard saffron.

There are t«o forms in cultivation, the one with almost entire leaves and invo-
lucral leaves and very slightly and shortly spiny, and the other, coming near C. oxi/a-
cantha, armed with long spreading spines (Kurz).

The Safflower is largely cultivated for its dye, Carthamhic, which exists in its
petals and is insoluble in cold water. The powdered petals are tliereforo first of all
washed in cold water to remove a yellow colouring matter whicli is jiresent. The
Carthamine is now dissolved out by an alkaline solution, and then precipitated by an
acid, lemon-juice being usually employed. Vegetable rouge is pure Carthamine
precipitated on to linel}' powdered talc, or on to woollen ' crej)o)is,' with which weak-
minded or vicious women strive to heighten their charms.

X X Aclienes usually glahrous, sealed in the straii/ht arcoles of the receptacle.
+ Filaments papillosc-2> dose, free. Bristles of pappus united at the base into a ring
and both deciduous.

Cxicus, Zinnaus.

Outer inrohccral bracts usually spiny-armed, the innermost ones often unarmed.
Receptacle densely covered with rigid bristles, often longer than the achenes them-
selves. Bristles oi pappus feathery or shortly bearded. Leaves spiuy-armed.

* Corolla-limb bell-shaped, 5-clefl to the middle. I'lou-er-heads bisexual, the inner
involucral bracts not in any tvaij dilated at the tips, but terminating in spines.

C. (Cakdcus) eriophorus, L. var. /5 Khakyen Hills and Karen-ni {fde O'Biley).

Leaves white-tomentose beneath, pinnatifid, spiny. Flower-heads large, hemi-
spherical, arachnoid-woolly.

var. 13 involueratum, D.C. Leaves above covered with sharp, sometimes spine-
like bristles. Involucral bracts glabrescent. Florets purple.

** As above, bat the inner involucral bracts dilated into a terminal appendage.

C. (Ciusifji) Cui.NKNsis, Gard. et Champ. Hills East of Bhamo.

Slender but stiff. Leaves narrow, entire, or souK^what sinuate-lolied, shortly
spiny, usually whitish toraentose beneath. Flower-heads rather small, not leafy-
iuvolucred at the base, long-peduneled.

+ -|- Filaments glabrous, free.

Saussurea, J)e Candolle.

Involucre not piickly. Pappus of numerous featheiy bristles in a single row
with or without a few simple ones outside. Receptacle with bristles between the
Horets. Leaves not armed.

S. (Aplotaxis) deltouika, D.C. var. « Xat-toungin ^fartaban {ftde Mason).

A. nivea, D.C. var. /i ilartabau Hills at over 6000 feet.

Leaves lyrate with a deltoid or hastate end-lobe, the upjier cauline ones often
entire or lobed, tonientose beneatli. Flower-heads long-pedunch'd, laxly racemose
and panicled, the involucral bracts nigrescent, often blunt and erose-toothed.

var. re vera, Clarke (incl. var. (i nivea, Clarke). Flower-heads long-pcdunckd,
laxly racemose, larger, the involucral bracts. nearly entire at the tips. Upper leaves
entire or the end-lobe deltoid and large.

var. fi pohjcephala, Clarke. Flower-heads smaller, shorter peduncled, and more
crowded, laxly racemose and panicled, the involucral bracts bluut and erose-toothed.
Upper leaves or their end-lobe sagittate.

400 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOJS.

S. Peghensis, Clarke. Karen Hills.

Leaves pinnatifld, the end-lobe rather elongate, tomentose beneath. Flower-
heads shortly peduncled or almost sessile, clustered and forming an elongate contracted
almost raceme-like panicle, the involucral bracts greyish villous, acute.

Sub-tribe iIUTISL\CIEJE.

Fhicir-heails either heterogamotix, with radiating female florets, or liomogamous, ivith
tlie florets all hermaphrodite and tubular, in loth canes some or all of the florets more or less
2-lipped. Anthers with pointed or failed base. Style not or slightly tliiehened joint-like
at the apex, the branches very short or elongate, rounded or truncate at the tips, not
appendaged. Pappus bristly, paleaceous or rarely absent. Leaves radical or alternate,
rarely opposite.

* Flotcer-hends homogamou^, the corollas tabular u-ith the seg mods of limb narrow,
equal or almost 1-lipped.

X Flower-heads usually many-flowered.

DicoMA, Cassini.

Flower-heads usually almost sessile. Style-branches linear, long or shortened.
Achenes densely villous. Scales or bristles of the pappus fcatheiy, copious. Herbs.

S. T03IKXT0SA, Cass. Limestone hills of Segain.

I), lanuginosa, D.C.

X X Flower -heads few-flowered.
Leucomeris, Don.

Heceptacle naked. S/yle-braiiches very short, conniving or almost spreading.
Achenes oblong, silky-villous. Bristles of jiappus smooth. Flower-heads corymbose.
Shrubs or small trees.

L. decora, Kz. Prome district.

Flower-heads solitarv, in dense terminal umbel-like corymbs, the involucral
bracts gradually shorter and passing into the thick short densely imbricate-bracted
peduncle. Leaves membranous, glabrous.

AiysLiEA, De Candolle.

Style-branches very short. Bristles of pappus feathery. Flower-heads 2-.5-
flowered, sessile or peduncled, racemose or panicled. Herbs.

* Leaves narrowed at the base and decurrent wing-like on the petiole.

A. PTEEoroDA, D.C. var n Top of Moolyit {flde Parish) and Hills of

Martaban from 5000 to 7100 feet.

Sparingly pilose, the flowering stems more or less sessile-leaved. Leaves
membranous, obscurely crenate-toothed. Flower-heads sessile or peduncled, in la.x
spikes or diffuse narrow panicles.

var. a genuina; A. pteropoda, D.C; A. SiUiefcnsis, Clarke. Flower-heads
sess;ile, usually clustered, foi^ming a simple elongate lax spike.

var. /i ejf'asa, Clarke. Flower-heads slenderly peduncled, almost racemose,
forming a spreading nariow panicle.

** Leaves more or less cordate at the base, the petiole not u-ingcd.
A. Braxdisiaxa, Kz. Martaban Hills between 2000 and 4000 feet.

Flowering stem radical and almost sca])iform and leafless. Leaves almost coria-
ceous, entire, hirsute, often glabrescent above, densely villous fringed. FlowcT-hcads
peduncled, in diffuse panicles.

COMPOSITE. 401

X X Flower-heads usiiallt/ radiate, the corollas li'ffidafe-2-lij)j>ed, rarely litjulate.

Gkrbkra, Gron.

Involucre turbinato or boll-sliaped, tlic bracts unequal, imbricate. Itay -fiurets in
1 or 2 rows, 2-li|ipeil, the li^ules 3-4-ncrved. Achcnei usually beaked. Pappus
redilish. Herbs, the leaves radical.

G. (Arnica) piloselloides, L. Hills in Karou-ni i^fide Mason).

G. ovalifulia, D.C.

The Cape-])lant grows on sand-liills and lias larger flower-heads and shorter, more
robust scapes (Kurz).

Sub-order CICHORIA CEJE.

Flower-heads homogamous, all the florets ligulate and hermaphrodite. Sti/le not
thictened at the apex, the branches filiform, revolute, and puberulous. Herbs, tall
or small, never woody, with fistulose stems, the sap always milky.

* Pappus paleaceous, awned, coronate or none.
HYOSERIDIE.E.
Inrolucre various. Arhenes truncate at the top. Pappus consisting more or less
of small scales or scalrlefs alternating with bristles, or none.

CicHouruM, Ltnncrus.

Inner involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, almost equal, erect, the outer ones short, lax,
or wanting. Pappus none or very minute. Florets large, blue. Kigid branched herbs.

C. ixTYiirs, L. var. fi cultivated in Prome and the drier districts.

var. [i C. cndiiia, L. Floral leaves broadly ovate, half-stem- clasping with
a cordate base, the lower leaves usually only sinuate.

* * Bristles of pappus [at least those of the central achenes) capillary, smooth or
feathery.

CEEPIDIE^E.

Involucre caly.t-like or rarely imbricate. Achenes contracted at the base, rarely
columnar. Herbs.

* Hairs of indument simple. Innermost bracts of the involucre usually thickening
at the base.

CRErrs, Linnaus.

Involucre of a single row of nearly equal bracts, with a few small outer ones.
Achenes not at all or scarcely flattened, very shortly contracted at the top. J'appus
sessile, of numeroiis simple capillary bristles or hairs. Herbs with leafy stems.

C. (Prkxaxthes) Japo-MCA, L. Ava and Martaban in cultivated land.

P. lyrata, Thbg.

Youngia Mauriiiana, runeinata, Thunlergiana and najiifolia, D.C.

Y. ambigua va\(\. poosia, D.C.
Prenanthes procumbens, Koxb.
P. striata, Bl.

** Hairs of indumentum (if present) stellate, often accompanied by simple ones, or
the indument intricately woolly. Innermost bracts of the involucre not thickening.

HiEiuciuM, Linnaus.

Receptacle naked or very shortly fibrillose. Lristles of the paj>pus ratlier stiff,
fragile, persistent, simple. Heibs.

H. SiinEiE.vsE, D.C. Tenassorim.

LACTCCACIEJ;.
Involucre caly.r-like or rarely imbricate. Achenes contracted at both ends, or beaked.
Bristles of pappus simple, the hairs if present simple. Herbs.

VOL. II. 26

402 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODLX'TIQXS.

* Aclienes shortly or long-heahed.
Lactuca, Linna'us.
Achenes more or less compressed, ribbed. Bristles of pappus persistent or
deciduous. Florets yellow or blue.

* L. scAEioLA, L. Cultivated in Prome and the drier districts.
Stout annual. Leaves runcinate and spinulose-tootlied, lialf-stem-claspinp; with

a sagittate base. Panicle large, furnished with auricled stem-clasping bracts.
Flower-heads nearly i inch long.

var. a genuina. Panicle pyramidal, var. ji sufii-a, L. Panicle fastigiate.
L. (IxEEis) poLYCEPHALA, Cass. Tapau, near Bhamo.

Ixeris fontinaUs, D.C.
Slender annual. Leaves linear, entire or nmcinately lobcd, sessile with a sagit-
tate base. Panicle lax and corymb-like, poor, the bracts subulate, small. Flower-
heads rather broad, 3-3J lines long.

** Aclicnes not beaJwd.

PfiENANTHES, LhindUS.

Achenes almost terete or somewhat compressed, bluntish 3-5-comercd, not or
scarcely ribbed. Bristles of pappus more or less persistent. Florets purple to white,
never yellow.

Leaves simple.

P. ALATA, H. f. et Th. Martaban at 5000 to 6000 feet.

Leaves sagittate, the petiole long and broadly-leafy-winged and sagittately or
auricular-dilated at the base. Panicle lax, the flower-heads nearly I inch long,
nodding, on slender-bracted peduncles.

P. (SoNCHTs) HoTH^, Clarke. Khakyen Hills.

Leaves, at least the cauline ones, sessile with a sagittate base. Flower-hcuds
long and slenderly peduncled, forming a narrow terminal panicle.

The base oftho involucral bracts becomes sliglitly thickened and indurated in
fruit, but the inflorescence and the narrow few and apparently purplc-tlowered
flower-heads are those of a Prenanthcs, not of Sonehus (Kurz).

Soxcnrs, Linnaus.

Achenes more or less compressed, ribbed. Bristles of pnppMS soft, white at base,
united into a ring and deciduous with it. Involucral bracts often incrassate-dilated
in fruit. Florets yellow.

* Involucral bracts glabrous or puherulous, but not glandular-pilose or hispid.

S. ASPER, Vill. Burma {fde Clarke).

S. fallax, Waller.
Achenes much compressed, 3-ribbed on both sides, the ribs perfectly or almost
perfectly smooth. Leaves usually runcinate-pinnatifid.
S. OLERACEOS, L. Ava.

<S'. ciliatus, Lamk.
S. Wallichiamis, D.C.
Achenes compressed, the ribs marked with transverse asperities, and muricate.
Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid or simple.

** Involucral bracts and peduncles glandular-hispid or glandular-pilose.
S. ARVEXsis, L. "Waste spots round cultivation, about

<S'. orixensis, Eoxb. Bhamo and the Martaban Hills.

S. Wightianus, D.C.
Achenes hardly compressed, the ribs thick and transversely muricate. Leaves
more or less slightly runcinate, the upper ones simple.

COMPOSIT.E. 403

!ArrcKonriT>'cnrs, Lisslng.

Achems columnar, ti-imcatc at both cuds, bluntly 4-5-nbbcil, sometimes narrowly
2-3-wmged. Florets yellow.

M. (PREXAXinEs) ACAULis, Roxb. All over Burma.

M. glaber, Wight.

Leaves narrow, slightly-lobed or entire. Flowering stems erect. Achenes
strongly 4-5-ribbed, the ribs smooth.

M. (Pben-ixihes) asi'Lexiifolius, Eoxb. Pegu in fields and the bed of the

Irrawaddy.

Leaves pinnatifid with the lobes all rounded. Flowering stems divaricate and
much dichotomously branched. Achenes strongly 10-12 ribbed, the ribs transversely
■wrinkled.

This huge Order embraces nearly a tenth of the Cotylcdonous plants; but its value
to man bears no proportion to its size, as it yields nothing which can be considered
of importtince. Among its most useful products may bo enumerated Cichnrium infybm,
or chicory, so largely used as a substitute for coft'ee, and C. enditia or endive.
Taraxacum ojficiiia//!, dandelion' (called also Pksabed by nursemaids and children,
from the supposed results of little chihken handling the plant), a valuable tonic
in hepatic complaints and dyspepsia, and the leaves of which form a wholesome
addition to salad. Laduca sativa, the common lettuce, the inspissated juice of which
possesses narcotic properties, and which may in some cases be advantageously substi-
tuted for opium. Soiic/ius, or sow-thistles, which rabbits and cattle eat, and which
in India are dressed as a pot-herb. All these belong to the tribe Cichoraciem.

The tribe C'l/naroidieie yields various thistles, as C'ardims benedictus, the Blessed-
thistle, so called from its supposed alexiphavmic powers. Centaurea ci/anus, the corn-
flower, once used to form an eye-water. Ci/nara curdiaiCHlus and C. scohjmus,
respectively the Cardoon and common artichoke. Curthmnus iinclorim, the safflower,
so largely cultivated for its valuable red dye, and Scrrdtiile tinctoria, which yields
a yellow one.

In the tribe Calenduliea occurs that common flower in every Indian gard(?n,

Calendula officinalis, the marigold. This name has no reference to Mary, but is

derived from Merse mear gealla ' Marsh, horse gowl,' or marsh marigold, Caltha

paludris, whence the name was transferred to the garden plant. — Prior, Popular

Names of British Plants, p. 118.

Another tribe, Senecionidica, embraces Tussilngo farfara, or colt's-foot (so calle(l
from the shape of the leaves), which is used in compounding a sweetmeat, used for
slight colds, but really inert, and Arnica montana, a nervine tonic, and favourite
homccopathic medicine, which owes its power to an alkaloid, Ctjsticine, which it
contains. The tribe Anihemidiece erabi'aces Artemisia absinthium, once in vogue as an
anthelmintic, but now chiefly used for flavouring a pernicious liqueur, much esteemed
on the Continent. A. abrotanum, or old man, as it is termed from its sujjposed
invigorating properties, and A. dracunculus, or Tarragon, used to give flavour to
vinegar.

The tribe JTclianthoidiece contains some useful plants, Jlelianfhus annuus, or the
common sunflower, and JI. tuberosus, the tubers of \vhich constitute Jerusalem arti-
chokes. The word Jerusalem is, however, a mere corruption of the Italian name
Girasole, or ' turn sun,' from an erroneous idea that tiic ITelianthus (.sunflower)
turns towards the sun, an idea which has taken inveterate possession of the ])opular
mind. The true origin of the term sunflower is the resemblance which its lusty disk
■with radiant yellow petals bears to the pictorial reiiresentations of the sun. The seeds
of the sunflower are rich in oil, and are worth cultivating as oil-seeds.

' The following simple recipe is ■worth knowing : Take a (jnantity of fresh danjehon roots, wash
them well, and slice up and hniise in a mortar, then express the juice tlirou;;h a cloth and add one-third
the amount of nctitiid spirit, or ii;ood hrandy, and lilter. One or two teaspoonfuls of tills mixture threo
times a day is an excellent tonic in hepatic derauijumeuts.

404 BUR if A, ITS PEOrLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Order DIPSACE^.

Corolla monopetnlous, epigynous, restivation imbiicate. Stamens 4, inserted on
the tube of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, adnate to the reeeptacular tube,
thrnii(;hout its length, or only at the top. Ocuh pendulous, anatropous. Einlnjo
albuminous.

■"' Flowers in terminal, rarehj axillary, often peduncled heads.
DiPSACrs, Linnaus.

Inrolueral Irarts usually herbaceous, the paleas of the receptacle rigid or spincscent.
Corolla 4-cleft. Kigid herbs, the flower-heads large.

D. STEicTrs, Don. Ava. Martaban (Yunzalin).

B. inermis, Wall.
D. lonyieaulis, Wall.

D. fuUonum is the European Teasel, used to tease or dress -woollen cloth. The
Karens make a similar use of the fruit of the Pandanus.

CAPRIFOLIALES.
Flowers regiUar or irregular. StamiDs as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted
on the corolla. Ono-i/ inferior, 2- or many-celled. Seeds generally albuminous.
Cali/.r never pappose. Shrubs or trees, rarely herb.s.

Order IIUBIACE^.

Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb entire or lobed or toothed. Corolla
gamopetalous, inserted round the epigynous disk, 4-5- or sometimes more (rarely only
o)-lobed, the lobes imbricate or valvate. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes and alter-
nating with them, inserted in the tube. Anthers versatile, the cells parallel, opening
longitudinally. Ovary inferior, 2- or more-celled, with 1 or more ovules in each cell,
rarely 1-celled, with parietal placentas, or reduced to a single 1-ovuled cell. Styles
as many as carpels, high up, united or simple, with a thickened, entii'e, or lobed stigma.
Fndt a capsule, berry, drupe, or indehiseent nut. Albumen fleshy or horny, copious,
or rarely scanty or none. Embryo cylindrical, the cotyledons semi-terete. Trees,
shrubs, or herbs, somtimes climbing, with opposite or whorled leaves. Sfijjales inter-
petiolar, either free, or united with the petiole in a sheath bordered by fringes, or
leaf-like lobes or sheathing or annular, rarely reduced to 1 or 2 points on each side of
the petiole. Injlorescenee various, visually more or loss cymose or panieled, axillary or
terminal. Fluwers occasionally polygamous or unisexual.

Sub-order CIXCHOXE^F.

Fruit a dehiscent Capsule, dry, or very rarely succulent ; very rarely a beny
or drupe, and in this case the seeds always winged, or appcndaged. Ovary 2- or
more celled, with 1 to many ovules in each cell. Seeds various. Stipules Lnter-
petiolar.

A'A UCLEIE.X:.

Flowers inserted upon a tJiielrned receptaele and forming heads. Capsule dehiseiny
from, the base or otherwise, dry or rarely ( Sureocephalus) berry-like.

X Capsule berry-like, dehiseiny from the base. Trees.

Sabcocepii.\lus, Afzelius.

Capsule 2-celled, or the 2 cells augmented by 2 superposed empty cells, more or
less united in a fleshy syncarp.

ItUBIACE.l^. 405

S. CADAJiBA, '^^iq. Eastern Slopes of the Pegu Eange.

Mail.

Capsules succulent and connate tlirousliout. All parts glabrous, the young
branclik'ts pruinose. Leaves more less acuminate.

The wood is yellow, and recommended by Brandis fur furniture. It is, however,
shoekiugly liable to be wormed.

S. connATUs, lliij. Pegu and Tenasserim.

Muu-let-tau-shay (Kurz).

var. a ghibra. Leaves and all parts glabrous.

var. fi pulencens. Leaves beneath, petioles, stipules, and peduncles shortly
and softly pubescent.

"Wood worthless.

X X ('(ipsulc dry, dihincing loculkklaUy or septicuhlhj into 2 many -seeded cocci.

Nauclea, Zinnaus.
Flowers without bractlets. Capsule 2-celled. Trees, rarely erect shrubs.
Sub-genus Ed-nauclea.
Corolla slightly inibiicatc in bud.
Flowers without bractlets, .solitary, or by throes, terminal.

"''■ All jiarts ylahrons.

N. EXCELSA, El. E.T. Jlyodwin, Pegu Eange. Kumorta.

N. 2>eduncularis, Wall.
Leaves acuminate, the petiule i-l iuch long. Flower-heads often by throes.
N. sEssiFOLiA, Eoxb. Pegu Eange and Tenasserim.

Hteing-kala (Kurz).
Leaves blunt, almost sessile, fbiwcr-hcads solitary.

** All parts more or less 2)ubcscent.
K. coiiDiFOLiA, Eo.xb. C'hittagong. Ava. Pegu. Jtartaban.

Nhing-pen or Nhan-ben (Kurz).

Leaves cordate, petioled. Flower-heads 1-3 axillary.
"Wood brown, coarse. Eecommended for furniture. Weight about .50 lbs.

Sub-genus Adina.

Corolla valvate. Flowers surroundi'd by bractlets.

* Flower-heads small, panieled.

N. I'OLYCEpnALA, Wall. E.T. C'hittagong. Tenasserim.

N. aralioides, ^licj.
All parts glabrous. Leaves petioled.

*•* Flower-heads larger, panieled. Ilracllets angularly clavate.
X Fetiole very slender and thin. Leaves thin membranous, acute at the base.

N. PARVIFLORA, Roxb.

Hteingthe (Kurz).

var. « genuina. Bractlets only half as long as the calyx. Flower-heads more
constantly solitary between 2 longer-persistent Moral leaves.

406 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

var. ft (UvcrsifoUa, W;ill. Loaves mucli larger, from 3 to 6 inches lonfr,
bcncatli more cou^^picuously pubescent. Stipules pubescent. Bractlets as long as the
calyx.

var. 7 microphi/Ua. Leaves small, only 1-2 inches long, minutely and incon-
spicuously pubescent beneath. Stipules glabrous. Bractlets as long as the calyx.

var. a not yet found in Burma ; var. ft frequent in the mixed forests and in
savannahs, all over Burma from Ava and Martaban clown to Upper Tenasserim ; var. ft
exclusively in the savannahs.

X X Petioles very thich and pubescent. Leaves large, cordate at the lasc.

N. ROTUNDiFOLiA, Eoxb. ChittagoDg to Tenasserim.

N. Brunonis, Wall.

Byn-ga.

Flower-heads dichotomously panicled. Leaves -wrinkled above. Corolla-lobes as
long as the short tube. Wood yellowish, or very pale yellowish-brown, close-grained
and suitable for furniture. Weight 35 lbs. (W.T.).

UxcuiiA, Sehrehcr.

Flowers sessile or pedicelled, destitute of bractlets. Capsule dehiscing in longi-
tudinal slits. Scandent shrubs with hooked tendrils.

* Capsule hiif/stalked. Leaves more or less puhescent Icncath.

U. FERRuciiNEA, D.C. Tropical forests of Pegu Range and Tenasserim.

U. speciosa, Wall.

Plowers large, the pedicels 1-2 lines long, velvety. Calyx h inch long. Corolla
hirsute.

TJ. SESSIFOLIA, Roxb. Tropical forests of Pegu range and Tenasserim.

Flowers almost sessile. Calyx 2 lines long. Corolla velvety.

* * Capsule sessile.
X Calyx-limb lony-toothed.

IT. riLOSA, Roxb. Tropical forests of Ava Hills, Pegu Range.

Tenasserim. Kaomrta.

All parts more or less woolly puliescent.

X X Calyx almost truncate or obscurely 5-tootlied. Leaves ylahrous.

TJ. t^viGATA, Wall. Tropical forests of Khaboung stream and Tenasserim.

Leaves green on both sides. Corolla glabrous.

TJ. SEssiLiFRUCTUs, Roxb. Tropical forests of Pegu, Tenasserim and

Khakyen Hills.

Leaves glaucous beneath. Corolla-lobes velvety.

E U- CINCmONIEJE.
Flowers panicled or corymbose, never in heads. Capsule 2-cclled, deliiscinj septi-
culally into 2 valies or into 4 apical valves.

X Capsule septicidally dehiscing into 2 woody valves.

+ Corolla iinhrieate.

LueuLiA, Sweitner.

Calyx-limb deciduous. Stamens inchidcd. Corymbs terminal, without floral
leaves. Trees.

L. URATlssiMA, Sweit. Hills East of Bhamo.

ncniACE.E. 407

+ + Corolla ralvatc.
Hyjikn'odictyon, Wallich.
Inflorescence furnislicd with conspicuous discoloured floral loaves. Trees.
II. THYnsiFLoia'si, ^Vull. Chittagong and Pegu llungc.

II. Ilursfeldii, Miq.

X X Cdjhiiile dcJii-sciiit/ (if the apex into 4 rahes. Corolla valvale.
HTMENorofiox, Wallich.

Inflorescence fuinished witli conspicuous discoloured floral leaves. Epiphytical
shrubs.

U. I'AKAsmcus, Wall. Epi])lij-tic on mossy trees on Kambalu

Hill in the Pegu Range.

Jfi:DYOTITiIE.T:.

Ocari/ 2-4-celle(l, the cells man;/- or few-ovuled, the ovules laterall// attached. Capsule
dehiscing in carious wai/s or separating into 2-4 cocci, rarely indchiscent.

X Stipules connate or free, neither sheathing nor setaceoushj fringed {Rondeletiece).
+ Stigma 2-luhed or 2-eleft. Corolla imbricate or twisted. Anther-cells blunt.

Wendlandia, Bartl.

Corolla tubular, twisted. Capsule opening into two apical valves. Trees or
shrubs. Flowers 5-mcrous, sessile or shortly petlicelled, in short spikelets, racemes,
or clusters, forming thyrsoid panicles.

* Cahjx-tecth short, triangular-acute.

W. scAiiitA, Kz. Hills East of Bhamo.

All parts and leaves on both sides harshly and shortly pubescent.

W. TUfCTORiA, B.C. Ava to Tenasserim uji to 4000 feet.

Ta-ma-gouk.

Leaves beneath more or less shortly pubrsceiit or almost glabrcsccnt. I'aiiicles
pubescent or tomcntose.

The bark is used for dyeing red. The wood is said to be dark-brown, fine-
grained, and suitable for ornamental carpentry.

"W. GLAHRATA, D.C. Teuasscrim, 2000 to 4000 feet.

All parts (also the panicle) quite glabrous. Flowers minutely pedicelled.

** Calyx-teeth subulate-acuminate, as long as or longer than the calyx-tube.

"W. LiGUSTMNA, "Wall. Ava, Taong doung. Khakyen Hills, Tenasserim

X • 1 1 (a var. with longer corolla-tube).

Leaves conaccous, glabrous. ^_a w... m i. . o ;

"W. GLOMEEUiATA, Kz. Sfergui.

Loaves lanceolate, membranous, appressed, pubescent on the midrib below.

Sub-genus Gukkxia.

Flowers 4- or 5-mcrous, in ouc-sidcd spikes forming divaricate corymbose panicles.

W. SECTINDA, GriiT. Mergui.

All parts glabrous.

408 nUHMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PIlODUCTIOyS.

W. coRTMnosA, Jack. Tunasserim.

W. spicata, D.C.
Green la Juckii, W. A.

SriRADiCLis, Blume.

Corolla-iule short. Capmie dehiscing into 2 valves, which again separate into
2 valves inflected with their margins. Erect annual herbs.
S. BIFIDA, Wall. Martaban.

Stem, petioles, and inflorescence, shortly jnibcscent. Capsule globular, 2-lobcd.

S. c^spiTosA, "Bl. Martaban, along streams.

S. eylindriea, H.f.

AxANTHEs, Blume.
A. LOXGiroLiA, "Wiglit (M.).

OpnioRRnizA, Linuffun.

Corolla funnel-shaped or tubular. Placenta free, erect. Capsule compressed,
divaricately 2-lobcd, opening loculicidally by an apical slit. Herbs.

* Cymes all terminal, on 2>e(luncles 1-3 inches long. Cali/.c-teefh sliorf, trianffular.

X Bractlets eonspicuous, subulate, up to a line long.
0. GRACILIS, Kz. Tenasserim.

All parts glabrous. Loaves long-acuminate.

X X Bracts suluhite, tisualhj 2>ersistcnt, but the hractlets very tninute, if any.

0. MiJNGOs, L. var. « along the coast, var. /3 in Martaban

at 3000 feet. The Nicobars.

All parts (also the capsule) glabrous.

var. a genuina. Cap)sule about 3 lines across, emarginate, the lobes somewhat
acute.

var. ji orthocarpa. Capsule about 2 lines across, truncate at the apex, the lobes
blunt or almost truncate.

Dr. Erandis' specimens are not suflicient to enable one to make out whether
they should not rather form a distinct species. The true Linncan species is a sea-
shore plant, growing chiefly in the bc'ach-forests, most probably also growing along
the Burmese coasts.

This plant is so called from its being supposed to be that one which the ' munyoose '
seeks for and swallows as an antidote, after being bitten by a cobra. It is, however,
now well known that there is no speciflc for snake poison, and that the fact even
of the mungooso {Jlerpesfes) seeking out and swallowing an antidote is merely one
of the many fictions of the imagination with which the whole subject is surrounded.
The Herpestes owes his immunity to his own agility, which secures him generally
from being bitten, to his possessing a thick skin and hisjiid liair, more or less erected
when angry, and which probably often foils an otherwise effective bite, and to his
peculiar idiosyncracy, in virtue whereof he probably sustains and survives a bito
which to an animal of another family would be fatal.

0. AKGENTEA, Wall. Cluttagong and Boronga Island.

Stems and petioles brown-pubescent. Leaves thick-memlii'anous, wliitisli beneatli.
Capsule glabrous.

Probably not distinct from 0. euiiescens (Kurz).

0. viLLosA, lloxb. Tropical forests of Ava. Chitlagong.

0. ruyosa and hixpidula, Wall. I'egu and Tenasserim.

0. trichovurpu, Bl.

itrnr.iCK.K. 409

As pi'cci'ding, but leaves only pule-eoldunil bcneatli, the iiillorosccncc more
hispid-pubescent. Capsule minutely hispid.

** Ci/me-i tcrminitl and axillanj, on renj xliorl pef/iiiicles, onhj -l-G linen hmj, or
almost sesii/e. Cali/x-deth lauccolute, ucidc.

0. KiiuiiEscKUS, Wall. Tenasserim at 3000 to oOOO feet.

Stem, petioles and peduncles more or loss shortly pubescent. Lateral branches
all shoitened.

+ + ^tiffma capitate. Corolla ralvate. Anflier-cell.s jyroluiijed into a setaceous
sterile appendage.

AitnosTEMMA, irtillich.

Corolla almost rotate, the limb 3-5 cleft. Anthers dehiscinn; loiij^-itudinally or
by 1 or 2 apical pores. Capsule dehiscing by 4 apical valves. Herbs of the habit of
Sonerila.

* Floivers b-merous.
X Leaves reduecd to bract- or stipule-like Icajfets, of icliieli onli/ 1 or 2 nre Jidli/
developed.

A. iJNiFOLiuJi, Bcnn. Attaran valley.

All parts glabrous. Leaf solitary. Anthers oblong, blunt.
A. TAvoYAX.i, Wall. Tavoy.

Umbels stiff-hairy. Leaves t'.vo.

X X Leaves all developed, but veri/ unequal, wjiorled or crowded nt the apex of the stem.
A. vEitTiciLLATisr, Wall. Maulmain district {fde Parish).

Glabrous or nearly so. Anthers free, linear, acuminate, opening by terminal
pores.

** Flowers 4-3-meroas.

A. snxKiuLoinKs, Kz. On I'agodas in Rangoon.

Stem, inflorescrnco, and petiole villous-pubesccnt. Leaves sparingly pubescent,
cordate, bluntish or acute. Flowers in pedunclcd or cymose umbels.

A. oi.iG.VNTHA, Kz. _ South Andaman.

Quito as preceding, but flowers solitarj" on a short pedicel, or by 2 or 3 on a very
short peduncle, ])alc rose-coloured.

A small species of Argostemma, with .slightly pubescent leaves solitary or by pair.s,
occurs on damp rocks of the tropical forests on Boronga Island, Arakan, but the
Bpeciracns are too few and reduced to admit of description. Its calyx-lobes are
blunt or rather refuse (Kurz).

X X Stipules adnatc to the petiole and sheathing at the base, setaceouslg fringed
{^Eu- Ilcdgotidecc).

1)knti:i.la, Forsler.
Flowers 5-merous, the petals 2- or .'J-toothed. Capsule indehisccnt.

D. RKi'Kxs, Forst. All over Burma, and introduced into the Andamans.

Lijipaga telephioides, Eudl.

Hedyotis, Linnmus.

Flowers 4-5-merous, the petals entire. Capsule dehiscing loculieidally or
septicidally, rarely almost indehisccnt.

410 BURMA, ITU PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

* Capsule locuUciflalhj dehiscent.

Sub-geniis Oldenlandia, L.

Capsule more or less hemispherical or obsoletely 2-lub(-'tl, opening loculiciJally.
Annual, rarely perennial herbs.

* Prostrate or diffuse herls. Flowers solitanj, or in ctjmcs or clusters in the axils
of the leaves {rarely also terminal). Soot sometimes turning pcrenjiial.
X Leaves more or less oval, petioled.
H. (Oldenlaxdia) teixervia, Retz. Chittagong and Akyab.

Flowers solitary, sessile or nearly so. •

X X Leaves linear to narrou'-linear, rarely lanceolate, more or less sessile.
+ Flowers solitary or ly 2-3 on an axillary peduncle.

H. RAMOsissiMA, Sprong. Along the course of the larger Rivers

Oldenlandia hracliypoda, B.C. (Irrawaddy, Tsittoimg).

0. diffusa, Ro.xb.

Flowers solitary, on very short strong pedicels. Leaves membranous, flat.

H. (Oldenlandia) bifloka, L. All over'Burma.

Oldenlandia Lturmanniana, R. Br.
0. HEEBACEA, B.C. var. [i and c in Ava, Pegu, and the Andamans.

O. diffusa, Willd.

0. corymhosa, L.

0. graminicola, Kz. Kamorta.

0. ramosa, Roxb.
Flowers by 2-3, rarely solitary, on a capillary peduncle. Pedicels very long
and capillary. Leaves membranous, flat.

H — 1" Flowers hy 4 or more, forming axillary and terminal clusters or cymes.
Leaves more or less revolute on their margins, somewhat rigid.

H. (Oldenlandia) ujmbellata, L. Ava (probalily).

LI. polygonoides, "Wall.

Flowers in peduncled cymes or tlio cymes umbel-like.

The bark of the roots of tliis small biennial plant yields a durable scarlet dye'
for which it is extensively cultivated in India and Ceylon, and with it tlio celebrated
red turbans of Madura are dyed. The wild plant is supposed to yield more colouring
matter than tlie cultivated, which last sells for 20 rupees per candy of 500 lbs. It is
good for dyeing at two years, but tlie quality of older roots is better. A test of its
quality is to grind up some of the root witli (|uicklirae, wlieu, if the root is good,
the whole quickly assumes a fine red colour. It is extensively used for dyeing
chintzes in India, but is said to deteriorate if ship)ped in bulk.

H. angustifolia, Cham, et Schlecht. Amherst.

H. pinifolia, "Wall.

Flowers in small clusters.

*"" Erect annuals. Flowers in terminal panicles or cymes, or solitary, rarely the
inflorescence also axillary.

X Leaves sessile or nearly so.

H. LiJioiDEs, Griff. Tavoy. Mcrgui.

LL. arguta, R. Rr.

Leaves sagittate at the base, shortly bristly rough. Flowers palc-])lue, by 3—1
terminal, and also singly from the leaf-axils. Pedicels long and capillary.

H. oEAciLis, "Wall. Ava ; near Katha.

IT. sfricta. Wall.

nCUlACE.'E. 411

IT.fmca, TTam.
II. mpera, ne3iu'.

Leaves linear. Corolla about an incli long-, biownish-puvplc.

X X Leaves more or less pefiu/cil, more or less taperiny id the base.
+ Calyx only J— J- lino lony.

II. Walliciiii, Kz. Tena^serini. Kaniorta.

JI. yalioides, Wall, (uon F. iluell.).

All parts sparingly pilose. Leaves acute. C^-mes pcduncleil, axillarj- and terminal.
Pedicels capillary, 3-4 lines lonp;.

H. (Oldenl.vndia) speroulacea, D.C. Pegu and Martaban.

II. oval i folia, Jliq.
U. scapiyera, II. Br.

H. NTJDICATJLIS, W. A.

Stem villous-pnbescent, the leaves often wborled at tlic end of the nude seape-likc
stem. Cymes divaricate, peduncled, terminal. Pedicels capillar}-, 2—1 lines long.

H — [■ Calyx j-2 lines long. Flowers in racemes or cymes, terminal and in the axils
of the upper leaves.

H. (Oldenlandia) paxicclata, L. In rubl)ishy spots all over Burma.

ir. raeemosa, Lamk. Great Nicobar.

0. ulata, Eoxb. noa Keen.

Glabrous, morn or less succulent. Flowers slenderly pedicellcd. Capsule nut
winged, the crowning calyx -lobes very sliort.

H. Andamanica, Kz. The Andanians. Kamorta.

Stems, and nerves beneath, shortly pubescent. Flowers sessile or nearly so.
Capsule more or less compressed and winged, the crowning lobes nearly a line long.

A branched vai-iety of this has the capsules more compressed and more keel-
winged and the calyx-teeth still larger. As a species it is allied to H. lanccafolia,
Dalz., and II. alata, L. (Kurz).

** Capsules openiny septicidally.

Sub-genus Dijietia, "\V. A.

Capsule opening septicidally at tlie apex by a gaping short slit, more or less
truncately hemispherical and obscurely 2-lohed. Scandent, diffuse or erect jiercnnials.
Flowers in small heads, forming a.\illary and terminal peduncled cymes or panicles.
Corolla often villous within.

H. c.iPJTELLATA, R. Br. var. (I, ft Khakyen Hills and Tenasscrim.

var. 7 Tenasserim up to 3000 feet.

Glabrous or pubescent ; flowers sessile or nearly so ; nerves of leaves prominent.

var. a yenuina [Oldenlundia rulioides, lliq.). All jiarts quite glabrous,
var. ft suhpubescens. Stems glabrous, the branchlets and the under surface of
the leaves minutely pubescent.

var. 7 ptibescens. All parts densely pubescent, the leaves above roughish
minutely, beneath softly and yellowish but .shortly pubescent. Calyx-teeth often
longer and larger.

This .species has been identified with Il.fruticosa of Linne, but the Ceylon plant
of this name is certainly distinct (Kurz).

11. SCAMDENS, Roxb. Cliittagong. Khakyen Ilills.

Scandent or ditfuse, quite glabrous, glaucous. Flowers pedicelled. Calyx-lobes
acute.

H. elegaxs, Wall. Tavoy and Ilills East of Toung-ngoo at 3000 to .5000 feet.
Erect, branched, q\iite glabrous. I'lowers sessile. Calyx-lobes broad and blunt.

412 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Sub-genus JIetabolos, B1.

Capsule sc'pticidally dehiscent or nearly so, bcmisphorieal and more or less
truncate at the apex, often obscurely 2-lobed. Bijfuse or half-scandent, rarely erect
perennials. Flowers in axillary (very rarely terminal) clusters or cymes.

* Flowers in axillary peduncled etjnies. Prostrate or diffuse perennials.
X Flowers pedivelhd, in loose cymes.

H. i-LMiFOLiA, Wall. Hills East of Touug-ngoo at ■4000 to 6000 feet.

All parts more or less pubescent. Calyx-lobes longer than the tube.
H. (Sper5i.4Coce) glabea, Eoxb. Tenasserim.

All parts glabrous. Calyx-teeth minute.

X X Flowers sessile or nearhj so, in little heads eolleeted into peduncled cymes or clusters.

H. (speemacoce) cosiata, Eoxb. Southern portion of Pegu Kangc,

-ZZ". carulea, Korth. non L. Tenasserim, and Kamorta.

U. capitulijlora, Miq.

Flowers minute, pale blue. Capsule only about A line across.

**" Flowers sessile or very shortly pedieelled, in axillary or terminal clusters or heads.

H. aukiculakta, L. Hills East of Bhamo.

H. renosa, Korth.
JT. iodoneura, lliq.
IT. lineata, Eoxb.

Prostrate or diffuse, all parts more or less pubescent. Clusters axillary.

H. scABEA, Wall. Upper Tenasserim.

Erect, slightly pubescent. Clusters terminal, involucred by the 4 or 5 upper-
most leaves.

T^yo doubtful species are H. argentea, Wall., Ava ; and H. Mcrguiensis, H. f. et
Bth., Mergui (Kurz).

Kurz adds from the Nicobar group :

H. KiGiDA, Miq. Tropical forests of Kamorta.

Very close to II. hispida, Eetz, but the corolla more than twice as large. Capsules
globose, as in Oldenlandia. Stems hispidulous. Leaves glabi-ous above, puberulous
beneath.

H. ArpHoxniATA, W. A. Kamorta.

Spermacocc tubularis, E. Br.

ScLEEOMiTEiON, Wiyht and Arnott.

As preceding, but capsule separating into 2 or 4 several-seeded cocci.

Sub-genus Eu-Scleromiteiox (Feegtjsoxia, H. f. ?).

Capsule loculicidally separating into 2 many-seeded cocci. Calyx more or less
obovoid, crowned by the converging calyx-limb. Stiymatie lobes 2. Diffuse perennials.

* Floivers in terminal sessile heads or clusters.
S. coEONAEmi, Wall. Tavoy. Attaran Yalley.

Flower-heads half-included in the cmbraciug bases of the involucre-like uppermost
leaves. Calyx-teeth large.

S. (Eoxdeletia) TETEAKDEnr, Eoxb. Tenasserim.

Iledi/otis viacrophi/lla, Wall.
JI. nodifora, Wall.

nVBIACE.F.. 413

*■* Flowers in axiUtiry chmters or heads.
X All jxirls ylalrous or nearly so.
S. (Hedyotis) rigid.v, Mic]. 'iVnassLriin.

Leaves linear, not nprvcil, (luito j;laI)rous. Flowers in dense clusters. Calyx-tube
glabrous or nearly so. Capsule glabrous or shortly liisjiiil.

S. NiTiDUM, W. A. Pegu and bills East of Toung-ngoo.

Loaves ovate to ovate-oblong. Flowers by 2-3 or few in the leal'-asils. Capsule
glabrous.

Verj' probably only an extiemo, broad-leaved form of S. /(i.ipidttm, while .S'.
approximafiim [Hedijotis ajiproxiniuta, W. A.), may be an extreme narrow-lea\ed
variety of it.

X X All parts, more espeei'aU// the stems and eapside, more or less shortly hispid.

S. nispinuu, Eetz. Ava and Pegu.

All parts, also the leaves, .shortly seabrous-pubeseeut. Capsule ovoid, about
a line long or longer.

S. PAn.iD0XUM, Kz. Andamans. Groat Nioobar.

Stem shortly hispid. Leaves glabrous above, minutely puberulous beneath.
Corolla half the size, pubescent at the throat. Capsule globular (as in Oldenlandia),
with short calyx-lobes.

* * Ondcs and seeds solitary in each eell.

SriiRilACOCIE.Ti.
Capsnles distinet, dihixriny, or scparatiny info eoeei, rarely indrhixeent. Floicers
not in heads. Corolla without toothhts Intu-een the lubes valeate. Radielc inferior.

SpEiniACocE, Linn/et(s.

Orulc attached to or below the middle of the cell. Capsule dehiscing septicidally
from the apex. Herbs.

S. STRICT.^, L. Ava, Pegu and Fpper Teiiasscrim.

Flowers in dense whorl-like clusters or heads, white, about a line long. Capsuh^s
1 line long.

S. Hisi'inA, L. var. ji fmm Ava to Tenasserim up to l.JOO feet.

<S'. seahra, Willd.

var. n hispida. AVhole ])lant hisjud-pubescent, the leaves usually of a softer
texture and undulate. Corolla-tube only li-2 lines long. Capsule greyish or whitish
villous. Seeds opa(iue, black.

■? var. ji S. artieuliiris, L. (S. Arana, and lunyieaulis, Tl. Tir.). AViiole plant
more scabrous, and short pubeseent, the leaves rij;id and not undulate. Corolla-
tube about 3 lines long, sleuder. Capsule shorter and hispid. Seeds often glossy black
or brownish.

K.voxiA, Linnaus.

Ovule attached at or below the summit of the cell. Capsule dehiscing from the
base into two deciiluous cocci, leaving the persistent setaceous axis. Herbs.

* Intern leafy, without radical leaves, more or less branched.

K. coitv.MiiosA, "Willd. Ava. Prome and hills East of Toung-ngoo.

Spermacoee teres, Koxb. Trice and Track.

jS. Sumatrcnsis, Iletz. non Roxb.

Leaves petioled. Flowers spiked, forming corymbs.

K. MICKOCARPA, Kz. Pegu. Yunzaliu. Zwa-ka-bin [fide Pari.sh).

Leaves sessile or nearly so. Flowers corymbose, forming corymbs.

414 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

Tlici'C are specimens with a short -n-iJe corolla-tube and others with a slender
tube nearly twice the length (Kurz).

** Leaves all crmcded at the base. Slcm scape-Ukc, ivith narrow small cauliue
leaves only.

K. rLAXTAGixEA, "Wall. Prome, Xorth of Myodwin.

More or less hairy while young. Culy.x-tube densely villous. Corolla nearly
J' an iueli long.

CEPEA LA yTUIE.E.
Capsules indeliiscent, usnalli/ nnited into a si/ncarp. Curolla iinlrieate. liadiilo
superior.

CErnAL.iXTnrs, Linnaus.

CoroJh-loles with toothlets in their sinuses. Capsules berry like, connate.
Flowers in heads.

C. NAucLEOiDEs, D.C. Ava (j)robably).

JVauclea tetrandra, Eoxb.

Sub-order FV-S UBTA CEJE.
Fruit a more or less fleshy drupe or rarely a berry 1 to many-eelled. Ovary-eelh
1 to niauy-ovuled. Heeds never winged nor appendaged. Stipules intei-petiolar or
developed into leaves, or rarely none.

* Stipules interpetiolar, various.
-\- Seeds inelosed in pi/reiies of a coriaceous, crustacious, or chart aceous texture.
Ovules solitary in eaili cell, lladiele inferior.

P.EDErxIEJE.
Onilc and the seed pendulous. Drupe dry, crustaceons or chartaccous, irregularly
ruptuiiurj.

r,i:DERiA, Linnaius.
Corolla valvate. Cocci thin-chartaceous, expanded into wings. Twiners, the
leaves opposite or whorled.

* Ripe seeds not winycd. Capsule globular.

P. ToiiENTosA, Bl. Arakan Hills.

P. harbulata and densijlora, Miq.

Glabrous or pubescent. Corolla scurfy-tomentose or velvety outside.

** Itipc scrds broadly winged. Capsule more or less compressed.
X Corolla mealy or scurfy-tomentose or velvety outside.
P. F<ETirA. L. Chittagong. Ava. Upper Tcnasstrim.

P. orata, Miq.
Quite glabrous. Calyx-lobes shorter than the calyx-tube. Seed-wings pale-
coloured.

var. fi microcarjm. Capsule compressed ovoid-orbicular, only about 3 lines long.
P. CALYcixA, Kz. Tavoy.

Sparingly and shortly puberulous. Calyx-lobes longer than the tube. Seed-
■wings blackish.

X X Corolla not tomentose, but only sparingly and shortly pilo-^e.

P. LANUGINOSA, Wall. All Over Burma.

P. 7naerocarpa, "W^all.
All softer parts, and more especially the under surface of the leaves, viUous-
tomeutose. Seod-wings corky, piale-coloured.

nuBiACi:.E. 415

COFFEIE.K.
Ovary 2-9- {renj rarely \-)cclhd, l/ic solitary ovules erect or attached to the middle
of each cell. Berry consisting of 2 or more {rarely a single) 1-seedcd coriaceous or churta-
ceotts pyrenes.

■\ Ovules erect and haxal. Alhumon often feshy. Corolla rahate.
X Ovary 1-9- (rarely '2-)celled {Lasiatithiece).
Lasiaxthcs, Jack.
Calyx more or Ics^ tootlicd. Styles and ovary-cells 4-9. Flowers clustered or
cymosc, axillai y. Shrubs.

* Flowers in clusters or short pedunclcd cymes, the hracts very minute and usually
deciduous.

L. rxciDus, Bl. Upper Tenasserim.

Flowers sessile. Caly.x; glabrous, the lobes about as long as the tube. Drupes
crowded by the liuear-laneeolato calyx-teeth.

L. CONSTBICTUS, Wight. Tropical forests of Tenasserim and the Andainans.

Flowers very shortly pedicellcd or almost sessile. Calyx puberulous, the limb
broad witli very short teeth. Drupes crowned with the cyathiform contracted almost
truncate ealyx-limb.

Habit of L. stercorarius, but ditlers in the inflorescence and in the shape of the
calyx-limb (Kurz).

**■ Flowers in densely Iracted sessile clusters, the hracts more or less conspicuous and
often persistent.

X Calyx-segments abuul a line long or shorter. Stipules small.

L. STERCORiBirs, Bl. Upper Tenasserim and the Andaman?.

Leaves shortly petioled, puljerulous beneath. Outer bracts broad and blunt, but
short. Calyx-lobes lanceolate.

L. (ilKrarTiDEA) Wallicuii, W. A. Upper Tenasserim and the Andamans.

Sparingly stiJl-hairy. Leaves almost sessile, oblique. Bracts all linear-subulate,
hirsute.

X X Caly.v-segments linear to linear-subulate, 3-5 lines long, hirsute.
+ Stipules very large and leafy, oval.
L. sTii'ur.Auis, Bl. Tenasserim (or tlie Andamans).

Leaves glabrous or nearly so. Stipules persistent, infolding the ilower-heads.

-f -f Stipules more or less lanceolate, small, not leafy.
L. CYAXorARPA, Jack. Chittagong. Tropical forests of South Andaman.

L. hracteatus, Wight.
Triosteum hirsutum, Ro.\l).
L. RvxhurgJtii, Wight.

All parts brown-hirsute. Outer bracts very large, leafy, ovate, acuminate.
L. L-EVICAUUS, Kz. Tropical Forests of Kamorta.

X X Ovary 2- {very rarely \-)celled {Psychotriect).
Civi'UAiais, Linnaus.

Corolla funnel-slia]K-d, the tube long. Caly.r 4- or .5-toothed or lobed. Flowers
in heads or solitary, axillary. Herbs or under shrubs.

C. (PsYcnoTRiA) iiKRiiACKA, L. Southom Pcgu liango, Tenasserim,

Geophila reniformis, Don. and the Andamans.

41G BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

HTBNornTTUM, Jdcl;.
Cn7i/x-7imh entire. Corolla-tule sliort. Flowi'is sessile, clustered. Epiphytical
slmiLs with tuberous trunks.

11. FOEJiiCAEUM, Jack. Oil trocs in Mangrove swamps iu the xVndamans.

PsYcnoTEiA, Z/iiiians.

CoroUa-tuhe short, the throat bearded. Pi/renes flat or entire on the inner face.
Flowers cymose or eymosoly panicled. Shrubs, rarely soandeut.

Sub-genus Leucopyeenos.

Seeds plano-convex without ribs or dorsal keel, inclosed in a white thin
membranous pyreue.

P. CALOCAEPA, Kz. Kliakyen TTills. Pegu. Upper Teuasserim.

Small decumbent under shrub, the stems and often also the nerves beneath
shortly tomentose.

Sub-genus Eu-Pstchoteia.

Pijrenes hard, with a more or less distinct dorsal rib, or ribbed and furrowed.

* Pi/rtiies not rilhed and furrowed, ltd dorsalli/ more or less distincthj heeled or triiinnotcs.
X Pi/renes plano-convex, in'fh an obsolete lunffiiadinal dorsal rib. Albumen
spuriou.<shj ruminate.

P. coxNATA, Wall. Pegu Range. Teuasserim. The

Grumilea elonyata, Wiglit. Audamaus. Car Nicobar.

Paderia crecta, Roxb.

Glabrous. Panicles elongate and raceme-like.

P. PLATTNEUEA, Kz. Tropical forests of the Andamans.

As preceding. Leaves larger. Panicle thyrsoid or corymb-like. Berries obovoid.
Much resembling P. robusta, 151., from which it ditfcrs in the stipules, glabrous
inflorescence, and glabrous corolla (Kurz).

X X Pi/reiies o-f/onous, the inner face fat, the 2 lateral o>us more or less concave
and meeting in a longitudinal ridge.

-\- Quite glabrous.

P. sYJirLociFOLiA, Kz. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 5000 to 7000 fei t.

Habit of P. connata. Cymes small, in slightly puberulous peduncled panicles.
Calyx about a line across, obsoletely 5-toothcd. Albumen equable.

+ + Taung or rustg liairij. I'lowers sessile, clustered or in heads.

P. poLYNErEA, Kz. Tropical forests of South Andaman.

Flower-heads very small. Leaves glabrous above.

P. Helfemana, Kz. Tonasscrim (or flie Andamans).

Elower-heads rather large, compact. Leaves hirsute on both sides. Albumen
equable.

*'* Pgrcncs longitudinallg ribbed and furrowed {ribs nsuullg 3-5).
X Flowers clustered or in heads.
P. MONTicoLA, Kz. Martabau between 3.500 and 6000 feet.

Leaves opaque. Cyme compact, somewhat tomentose. Bracts subulate. Albu-
men ruminate.

P. ABENOPHYLLA , Wall. Tcnasscrim (or the Andamans).

Leaves glossy. Panicle thyrsoid, glabious, the branchings whorled. Bracts
broadly ovate.

nuniACE.f:. 417

"Wiillicli doseribcs his plant as having raccmos of tlie thickness of the little
finger. !My plant agrees with his herl)arium s]i(>cimoiis and belongs in the vicinity
of Grumilea Ganbierf, Thw., a very near ally to I'sych. Icucocoma, Teysru. and BLuu.

X X Flowers pcdicelled, in lax cymes or corymbs.

+ Small erect shrubs.

X Learcs thick membranous, turning more or less brownish in drynij.

f Drupe 4-5 lines long.

P. (Gkumii.ea) viRrniFLORV, Jliq. var. ft Chittagong.

Glabrous. Cymes rusty-puberulous. Albunuii ruminate.

var. a genuina. Stipules broad and rather large. Leaves entire. Cymes
puberulous. Calyx-teeth inconspicuous.

var. ft undtdata. As preceding, but leaves undulate, the calyx-teeth about
J line long.

?var. 7 calophylhi, Wall, and Griff. Stipules small and subulate. Cymes
glabrous. Calyx-teeth about A- line long.

P. picta, Wall., from Tavoy, seems to belong to var. 7, but the specimens are too
imperfect for identification (Kurz).

1 1 Drupe only 2-3 lines long. Albumen ruminate.

P. ASIATICA.

Cymes rusty puberulous on a peduncle l-\ inch long. Calyx-teeth distinct,
linear. Berries crowned by the calyx-lobes.

P. (Grumilea) diveegens, Miq. Tenasserim ; rare in Pegu Range.

Cymes glabrous. Leaves narrower.

This may possibly be a form ouh- of P. asiatica.

P. Andamanica, Kz. Tropical forests of the Andamans. Katchall and Kamorta.

Cymes rusty puberulous, almost sessile. Calyx almost truncate. Berries truncate-
crowned.

X X Leaves thin membranous, remaining green in drying.

P. viRiDissijiA, Kz. Tro]>i(al forests of Tenasserim and

hills East of Toung-ngoo.

All parts glabrous.

-| — \- Large scandent shrubs. Albumen equable.
P. sAUMKXTosA, Bl. Amhorst.

Corymbs firrnished at the lowi'r branchings with two opposite narrow floral Ica\'es.
Kurz adds from the Nicobars :

P. IsTicoBAEicA, Kz. Katchall.

P. TYLOPHORA, Kz. Katcliall.

CiiAsAi.i \, Commcrson.

Corolla-tube elongate, the throat naked. Pyrenes carved out on the inner face
along the central placenta. Jnjtorcscence of Psychotria. Shrubs or under shrubs.

C. (PsvcuoTurA) ctiRviii.oitA, Wall. Tenasserim. The Andamans.

P. ophioxyloides, Wall.
C. lurida, Jliq.
P. ambigua, W.A.

Saprosma, Plume.

Corolla funnel-shaped, velvety, often almost oblique. Berry 1, rarely 2-secdcd.
Flowers terniinal and axillary. Stipules free. Shrubs or trees.

VOL. II. 27

418 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

* Flowers se.i.iik, ierminal.

S. coNsiMiLE, Kz. Upper Tenasserim from 3000 to 5000 foet.

Flowers solitary. Stipules cut and fringed.

Much resembles S. fruticosum, BL, but differs in tlio flowers ami stipules (Kurz).

* * Flowers solitary or Inj 3 or more in indimcled, axillary cymes.

S. (Pjedeeia) teenattjm, Wall. [i in Tropical forests of the Andamans.

Cymes poor-fiowered, long-peduncled, glabrous, axillary by 2-4. Upper leaves
usually ternary. Corolla 4-merous.

var. 0 geiixwia. All parts quite glabrous.

Tar. fi pubertda. Stipules, petioles, and nerves beneath more or less pubescent.

f f Oi'ules attached to the middle or above the middle of the septum. Corolla twisted.
Albumen often horny [Lroriea).

CoFFEA, Linnmis.

Corolla fuunel-shapcd, the limb 4-7-parted. Herri/ 2 or rarely 1 -seeded, the
pyrenes chartaceous. Flowers terminal and axillary. Stipules free.

* Corolla funnel-shaped.

*C. Aeabica, L. Occasionally cidtivatcd.

All parts quite glabrous and glossy. Flowers very shortly pedicelled, in axillary
clusters.

* * Corolla salver-shaped.
X Berries peduucled.

C. TETEANBRA, Roxb. Tropical forests of Martaban up to 3000,

also Chittagong and the Andamans.
All parts quite glabrous and glossy. Flowers on pedicels, |-1 inch long, usually
terminal, rarely axillary.

C. Bejs'gaxejjsis, Roxb. Tropical forests of Martaban and Tenasserim.

X X Berries sessile.

Toung shoots and nerves beneath sparingly pubescent. Flowers sessile, terminal
and axillary.

Kurz adds :

Amaracaepus pubescens, 131. Tropical forests of Ulala Bay, Nicobars.

IxoRA, Linnaus.

Corolla salver- or nearly funnel-shaped, the limb 4- or S-partcd. Flowers
corymbose or panicled. Stipules connate.

Sub-genus Pavetta, L.

Flowers 4- or 5-merous. Style cxscrted to the same or nearly the same length
of the tube, the stigma simple and spindle-like.

° Corolla more funnel-shaped, the tube only 3 lines long.
+ Flowers sessile or nearly so, in a dense head.
I. coMPACTiFLOEA, Kz. Upper Tenasserim at 2000 feet.

Glabrous, turning black in drying. Habit of /. I'avctta.

+ + Flowers in cymes or corymbs, shortly pedicelled.

I. (P^deeia) eecurva, Eoxb. Chittagong.

Glabrous, the corymbs pubcrulous and reciuved. Berries crowned by the
calyx-lobes.

RCUIACE.E. 419

I. (Pavetta) "WEnKR.Tiroi.iA, Wall. Ava, Segain. The Andiiniiins. Katcliall.

/'. ccrberafuUa, Mi(j. Kamorta. Grt'at ami Car Xicobar.

Glabrous, also tlic erect or nearly erect corymbs. Berries nuukeil by tbc circular
scar of tbe fallen calyx-limb.

" Ueseiul)les Jl'iberu Aniatica, Eedd., to sueli a degree that it is frcquentlj'
mistaken for it. My Sti/hcoryne If'ebera also belongs here" (Kurz).

°° Corolla-tube slender, J-.? inch Ion/;. Flowers pedicellcd.

I (Pavetta) Indica, L. The Andamaus.

All parts (also tlie corymbs) glabrous, in drying remaining green.

I. ToiiENTOSA, Roxb. All ovcr Burma.

Pareftii subrelutina, Miii.
P. IM/iiu)ur, DC.
P. montiuia, Rwdt.

All parts more or less puberulous to tomentose, usually turning black in drying.
Corymbs short puberulous.

Pavetta Brimonis, Wall., seems to bo that tomentose luirsh-leaved form of the
above species 'which is also frequent on calcareous substrata in Ava. Mi<iuel
confounds Pavetta Brunonis, Wall., and J.cora Urunonis, Wall., two perfectly
different species (Kurz).

I. NAUCLEIFLOEA, Wall. Maulnuiiu Hills.

All parts villous pubescent, in drying not blackening. Corymbs villous from
spreading short ludrs.

Sub-genus Eu-Ixora.

Flowers 4-merous.

* Flowers in sessile or pedimcled cymes or corymbs.
X Corymbs tricJiotomous, sliort pedmieled or sessile, and in tliis case consistiny of
3 or more terminal peduncled cymes. Flowers and fruits conspicuously (1-2 lines)
pedicelled, as in true Pavetta.

+ Leaves acumitiatc or acute at tlie base, on a petiole \—\ inch lony. .

I MACiiosirnox, Kz. Tropical forests of the Andaraans and Great Nicobar.

Exactly as preceding, but corolla-tube nearly an inch long.
I. RosELLA, Kz. Tropical forests of the .\ndamans.

Leaves pale-coloured beneath. Flowers pale-rose. Corolla-tube an inch long.

-^ — \- Leaves sessile or nearly so, the base rounded or cordate.
I. BRUXNEscENs, Kz. Bcach forests of the Andamans,

Tree. Corymbs on a peduncle 1-1 1 inch bmg. Katchall and Car Js^icobar.

X X Cymes or corymbs short peduncled or sessile, the Jlowers sessile or shortly and
stoutly pedicelled.

+ Flowers white or rarely pale rose-coloured {never orange or scarlet), the corolla-
lobes often comparatively narrower.

" Corolla puberulous or pubescent outside.

I. Bruxosis, Wall. Tropical forests of the Eastern slopes of the Pegu Range.
All parts more or less pubescent. Cymes rather small, almost sessile. Leaves
pubescent.

° Corolla glabrous, rarely the throat bearded.
f Flowers sessile. Corolla-tube 1-J inch long, the throat nahcd.

420 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

I. MEMECTLiFOLiA, Ez. Upper Tenasserim.

Shrub. Leaves sessile with a rounded or cordate base. Coiymb glabrous.
The inflorescence and flowers are suspiciously like those of /. sessUiJlora, Kz.,
and, despite the very different leaves, may only be a variety of it (Kurz).

I. SEssiFLOKA, Kz. Hills East of Toung-ngoo, at 3000 to 4000 feet.

Shrub. Leaves petioled, the base acute or obtuse. Corymb glabrous.

Yery near to /. sicbsessilis, "Wall., but differs in the sessile flowers, calyx, etc.

I. EUGOsuLA, "Wall. Tropical forests of the Pegu Eange and the Attaran.

Tree. Leaves petioled, the base acute or obtuse. Cymes puberulous.

f f Fhioers slMrtly pedicelleil. Corolla-tube lA-2 inches long, the throat bearded.

I. Brandisiana, Kz. Upper Tenasserim.

Glabrous, also the inflorescence. Leaves sessile or nearly so.

I. coccixEA, L. Generally planted, but elsewhere wild.

Pau-sa-yeik.

I. grandiflura and /. 2»'op>nqna, Pi. Br.
/. bandhuca, Roxb.

Glabrous. Calyx-teeth acute. Corolla-lobes more or less acTite.

f ■(■ f Inflorescence glabrous.

I. STEiCTA, Eoxb. Tropical forests in Pegu and Upper Tenasserim.

I. coccinea, Curt.
/. alba, Eoxb.
/. blanda, Eer.
Glabrous. Calyx-teeth blunt. Corolla-tube 1-1 1- inch long, the lobes orbicular,
var. a Eo.iburghiana. Corymbs sessile or nearly so, rarely shortly peduncled.
Leaves usually almost sessile and often rounded at the base.

var. ji Blumeana, Bl. ; /. amwna, Wall. Corymbs more lax on a 1-1 A- inch
peduncle, leaves usually acute at the base. Petiole 1-2 lines long. Flowers larger.
I. (PiVETiA) GLAVcrN-A, Tcysm. et Binn. Upper Tenasserim.

Glabrous. 2 of the calyx-teeth acute, the 2 others blunt. Corolla-lobes acute or
almost acuminate.

Tins difi'ers from I. fulgens, Eoxb., chiefly in the corolla-lobes; these are figured
in Eoxburgh's drawings as very acute, while Wallich's specimens of this name have
them blunt. The leaves are now rather opaque, now veiT glossy above, and they
seem to vary in shape also. I'avetta Lobbii, Teysm. and Binn., is also very near
to it, but really distinct in my eyes. Paretta Teijsmanniana, Mi(j., and Pavetfa,
macrophijlla, Teysm. and Binn., are both the same and probably not specifically
different from Ixura congesta, Eoxb. Ixora alba of the Botanical Gardens at Buitenzorg
(not of Eoxb.) appears to me to be the same as Korthals' Pavctta cahjcina, and has
exactly the calyx of /. cahjcina, Thw., but other-ndse the two species are entirely
diff'erent. In order to avoid confusion, I suggest that the Malayan species should be
called Icora Kurthahiana. Ixora jucunda, Thw., and Pavetta iryckii, Hassk., appear
to me conspecific (Kurz).

°° C'algx teeth 1-U line long.

I. KOKTHALSIANA, Kz.

Glabrous. Calyx-lobes erect. Flowers wliitc.

** Corymbs panicled, the panicles thyrsoid,brachiate-trichotomous.
X Panicle thyrsoid, long-peduncled, furnished at the base or above the base of the
peduncle with a pair of sessile cordate or oval floral leaves.

t Corolla-throat nulced, the tube 5-6 lines long.

IILDIACEJE. 421

I. (Pavetta) nioricaxs, !Xriq. In swampy spots in Pegu and Tenasscrim.

/. (iffinifi, Wall.

Leaves thin, turning black in diying. Panicle glabrous. Pedicels 1-2 lines long,
var. a gcnuina. Corolla-lobes acute,
var. ji crubescens, AVall. Corolla-lobes blunt.

I do not think that varieties « and /i can be retained as distinct species ; both
forms occur as well in Malaya as in Hindustan (Kurz).

I. DrvEBSiFOLiA, Wall. Marshy spots in Tropical forests of Tenasserim.

Leaves membranous or chartaceous, one-coloured. Pedicels 1-2 lines long.
Panicle glabrous.

I. spECTABiLis, Wall. Tropical forests of Arakan and Tenasscrim.

Leaves coriaceous, pale-coloured beneath. Flowers sessile. Pauicle pubcrulous.

■\ f Corolla-throdt beardctj,
I. BARBATA, Roxb. Tho Audumans and Groat Nicobar.

Glabrous. Corolla-tube an inch long.

X X Panicle longer or shorter peduncled, xciilwid jloral leaves.
+ Style hairy. Panicle minutely puberulous.

I. PAKViFLOBA, Yhl. Piomo district.

/. decijiiens, Grilf.

Tree. AU parts glabrous. Flowers sessile, the comlla-tubc only 2-2^- lines long.

4--f Style ylabroiis. Pniiiele jiiihesccnt.

I. viLLOSA, Eosb. Sources of the Khaboung stream ; Pegu Range. Kondul.

Shrub. Loaves puberulous beneath. Corolla-tube 1-lJ inch long.

I. CUNKIFOLIA, lloxb. vars. a and /i in Tropical forests of Pegu

/. oblunya, Wall. and Tenasscrim. var. 7 in the 'Eng'

Pavetta Ackeringa, Teysm. et Binn. forests of Martaban. var. macrocari)a

on Pulu Milu.

A glabrous shrub. Corolla-tube i inch long. Berries the size of a largo pea.

var. n Roxburghii. Panicle sessile or short-pcdimcled. Leaves glabrous.

var. ji I. puberula, Wall. Panicle usually longer peduncled. Leaves minutely
puberulous beneath.

var. 7 pumila. Only 1-3 feet high, simjde or nearly so. Flowers often pale
rose-coloured. Corymbs small and short, more slender. Leaves glabrous.

A very variable plant, of which sonic forms closely approach /. viUosa. I
identify Roxburgh's species from the Wallichian specimens thus named, which havo
pubescent inflorescences, while Roxburgh's drawings exhibit sessile glabrous corymbs.
Var. 7 may form a distinct .species, but (being a laterito ])lant) it .shows no other
differences, except such reductions and modifications of growth us can be explained
by the influence of the peoiliar substratum on which it grows (Kurz).

I. (Pentadiuji) IIelfeki, Kz. Tenasserim.

Flowers 5-mcrous. Panicle long-pcduncled. Leaves glabrous, membranous.
The specimens before me are incomplete, but very much resemble tho following
species.

I. LONGiFOLiA, Don. Tropical forests of Toukyeghat.

/. macrophylla, R. Br. non Bl. ncc aliorum.
Leaves almost coriaceous, more or less shortlj' pubescent beneath.

422 BCR.VA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Kurz adds from the Nicobai'rf :

I. riVEiTA, Eoxb. Katchall.

I. KuEziANA, T. et B. Katchall.

MORIXDIEJE.
Ovary l-'i-celleil, the solitanj ovules attached to the middle or helow the middle of
the cell. Corolla valcale. Berries free or often united in a sijncarp.

* Berries free, not connate.
Gyxochtodes, BJume.
Calyx-limh truncate. Style 2-cleft. Ovary 4-Cflled. Flowers clustered, axillary.
Soandent shrubs.

G. MACfiOPHTLLi, Kz. Along the coasts of the Andamans.

Katchall and Kankowry.

* "^^ Berries united into fleshy syncarps.

MoRiNDA, Linnmns.
Berries fleshy. Pyrenes appendaged. Trees or shrubs.
Sub-genus Morixda, L.
Corulla-limb 5- rarely 6-lobed. Stamens as many. Erect shrubs or trees.

* Stamens included in the corolla-tube.

X All parts more or less tomentose or pubescent.
M. leiaxtha, Kz. Maulmain district.

All parts shortly and rougliish pubescent. Corolla glabrous.

M. TOMEXTOSA, Heyne. Prome.

M. mult/flora, Eoxb.
All parts (also the corolla) softly and shortly tomentose.

X X All parts {also the corolla) glabrous.
+ Flower-heads solitary and leaf-opposed.
f Floiver-hcads longer or shorter peduncled.
*M. ciTKiroLiA, L. var. « planted all over Pegu and ilartaban.

Nya-gyi. Ni-pa-hsae. ^''"■- /^ °^ tbe Andamans.

Stipules rounded or blunt. Corolla-throat hairy. Berries united into a fleshy
greenish white syncarp.

Tar. a genuina. Stipules bluut. Syncarps the size of a hen's egg, or larger,
var. /} bracteata, Eoxb. Stipules often acute. Syncarps much smaller.
M. ANGUSTiFOLiA, Eoxb. Khakycn Hills and Tcnasserim, often cultivated.

Stipules acute or acuminate. Corolla-tube naked. Berries purpHsh-black, only
few developed on the thick torus.

var. bracteata, Eoxb. Kamorta. Katchall and Car Xicobar.

f f Flower-heads sessile or nearly so.
M. PERsicjEEOLiA, Ham. Avadown to Martaban. var. ji in diy forests in Prome.
Low shrub. Quite glabrous or minutely scabrous.

var. a genuina. All parts quite glabrous.

var. ji scabra. All softer parts more or less rough from a minute indistinct
pubescence.

M. WALLicnii, Kz. Tcnasserim {fide Parisli).

f f f Flower-heads in a peduncled cyme.
Quite glabrous. Corolla-tubo only \ inch long, the lobes as long.

rubiacej:. 423

Sub-gonus Lucix^A, DC.

Corolla-limb 4-partc(l. Stamem 4. Scamlent slirubs.

* Calyx truncate.
M. TETRANDRA, Jack. Tenasserira.

As preceding, but leaves glossy on both siiles, the uet-venation prominent.

** Calyx -i-toothed. All jiarts glabrous.

31. (Renivt;llia) speciosa, Bth. et H. f. Upper Tenasserim.

Calyx sulcate. Flower-heads by threes in a pedunelod poor braehiatc terminal
cyme.

+ + Seeds free, not inclosed in distinct pyrenes.

VANG VERIER.

Ovary many-celled, the cells irith a solitary pendulous ovule attached above the middle
or near the apex of the cells. Fruit a drupe, the putamen 1 to many-celled. Albumen
usually fleshy. Radicle superior.

A Corolla valvate. Ovule attached laterally or below the summit of the cell.
Y.VNGUEEiA, Commerson.
Stigma discoid. Ovary usually 5-celled.

+ Unarmed.

* V. EDULis, Yhl. Chittagong (cultivated).

V. Commersonii, Desf.

All parts glabrous. Stigma mitre-shaped.

X X Armed with opposite sharp npines.
V. SPINOSA, Eoxb. Promo.

All parts glabrous. Berries about an inch thick.

V. PUBESCENS, Kz. Ava to PcgU.

All softer parts (also the corolla) pubescent. Berries up to J inch thick.

Plectronia, Linnmus.

Ovary 2-c(>llcd, the stigma capitate, oblong or mitre-shaped. Drupe didymous or
occasionally almost 1 -celled by abortion.

* Pyrenes quite smooth, triangular and almost heeled.

P. (Camhr-m) GLADR.V, Bl. Tropical forests of the Pegu Tlange,

Canthium recurvum, Wall. Tenasserim and the Andamans.

Unarmed, glabrous. Flowers in dichotomous elongate-branched cymes.

* * Pyrenes more or less icrinkled and tubereled, rounded on the bach.
+ Unarmed shrubs or trees.

P. (CAXTiiirsi) iiiDYMUM, Gacrtu. Tenasserim.

Canthium umbellatum, Wight.
C. spirostylum and lucidulum, Jliq.

All parts glabrous and glossy. Flowers eymose.

Two different sjiecies may really bo included in the above synonymy. Canthium
oliganthim, Mi([., and Canthium umbelliyerum, Miq., Ann. llus. Lugd., arc both referable
to Canthium lucidum, llook. and Arn. (Kuiz).

P. (Caxtuicm) CtRacilipes, Kz. Tropical forests of the Andamans.

Branchlets and nerves of leaves pubescent. Flowers on long capillary pedicels,
solitary or paired. Much resembling Vangueria Miqueliana, but diii'ers in the absence
of spines, in its larger leaves, and iu the ilili'erent fruits.

424 , ■ nun MA, ITS I'EOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

XXX Armed ivith ojipoiiie {rarely ternary) sharp spines.
+ Uraiichlets more or less rusty or tawny puheseent.

P. (Caxthium) PAKviroLiA, Roxb. Chittagong and Southern Pogu.

C. senndens, Bl.

Leaves pubescent on both sides, or hispid above. Drupes the size of a pea.

P. (CAXTmUll) HORKIDA, El. Tavoj".

Leaves glabrous, or the mid-rib beneath slightly pubescent. Drupes the size of
a small cherry.

+ + All parts perfectly ylairous.

P. (Canthium) angustifolia, Eosb. Chittagong Hills.

C. ZescJienauUii, W. A.

Leaves glossy, caudate-acuminate. Plowers clustered.

P. PAKVirLOEA, Bth. et H. f. ('?).

Leaves more or less blunt, glaucescent beneath. Flowers in pcduncled cymes.

I have found another small-leaved glabrous unarmed shrub in the swamp-forests
of Pegu apparently belonging to this genus, but unfortunately without tiower or
fruit. In habit it somewhat resembles F. piirrifora, Bth. and H. f. — Gardenia parri-
folia, "Wall. Cat. 8256 from Tavoy, of the habit of DamnacantJtus, is sterile and,
therefore, indeterminable (Kurz).

A A Corolla imlricate. Ocule suspended from the summit of the cell.
GuETTAEDA, Linnaus.
Stigma simple, thick. Dnipc globose, rather large, the putamcn many-celled.
G. si'EciosA, L. Coast of Tenasscrim and the Andamans. Trice and Track.

PoLYTHEAGiioN, Dcsfontninc.

Stiffmas as many as ovary-cells. Berry 5-10-celled, the seeds pyrene-likc.
Anomalous genus, ['fimonius, Eumph.)

P. (Helospoea) FLA'iiiscEXS, Jack. var. ji Tropical forests of South Andaman.

Kamorta and Car Is^icobar.

var. p macrocarpum. Leaves larger and of thinner texture ; drupes the size
of a small clierry. Seeds oblong, about 2 lines long.

var. /i may be distiact, but the species of Poli/phraymon belonging to the
immediate affiuity of P.favescens are difficult to understand (Kurz).

Grows to 30 feet in Kamorta, Init is dwarfed to a shrub on the grass plains of the
same island. "What authors (except ili<|uel) take to be cells are in reality the ovules,
which are attached usually in two rows to the inner angles of the 4-7 cells of which
the ovary consists. The seeds have a crustacean testa. The berries of the Xicobar
trees are larger and usually 6-celled, and many pertain to a distinct species (Kurz).

HANDIER.
Orary 1-celled, with parietal placentas or more usually 2- or more-celled, tcith
numerous ocules in each cell.

A Corolla imbricate or twisted.

X Orary 1-celhd, wi/h 4 or o 2}aristal placentas (Gardeniea).

Gaedenia, Zinnaus.

Flowers often conspicuous. Sfiyma entire, sulcatc-twisted. Berry usually large,
many-seeded, the seeds imbedded in pulp.

Sub-genus Eu-Gardenia.

Unarmed. Stipules more or less connate into a sort of sheath. Flowers showy,
salver-shaped, the tube long. Calyx various.

ItCDlACE^E. 425

* Flowers and berries sessile or nearly so.
G. onTusiFOLiA, lloxb. rrorao to Upper Tenassorim.

G. suavis, AVall.
Leaves almost sessile, spabrous. Ecrrics globular, in the forks of the branchings.

* * Flowers (^and berries) on short pedicels 3-5 lines loni/.

G. RESixiFERA. Koith. C'hittagoug.

G. lueida, lloxb.
Leaves glabrous, with a tuft of liairs in the uervc-axils beneath. Calyx-limb
deeply 5-cleft. Berry oblong, terete.

var. glutinosa, T. et 15. Kumorta.

G. coEON.\RiA, Ham. C'hittagoug, Pegu and Teuasserim.

G. costata, Eoxb.

G. carinata, Gritf.
Yeu-khat.

Leaves glabrous. Calyx-limb laterally cleft and uioro or less spathaceous. Eerry
oblong, more or less distinctly ribbed.
Sub-genus Campanulakia.

Unarmed. Stipules connate or almost free. Corolla campanulate-funnel-shaped
with a ventricose-indated tube. Leaves glossy.

G. PULCHEREiiiA, Kz. Tropical forests of tlie Andaraans.

Tree. Leaves coriaceous, with a gland iu the nerve-axils beneath. Flowers
large and showy.

G. HYGEopniLA, Kz. Swampy places in Pegu.

Low shrub 1-3 feet high. Leaves membranous. Flowers middling-sized, white.

Sub-genus Eaxdioides.

Jiandia-^e trees or shrubs, armed with opposite sharp .spines (abortive branchlets).
Stipules free, very deciduous. Flowers comparatively smLdl.

* All parts {also the leaves) glabrous. Calyx-lobes herbaceous or leafy.
G. CAiii'ANULATA, Roxb. Tropical forests of Chittagong, Pegu and Martaban.

Leaves more or less lanceolate. Flowers pedicelled, by 2 or more clustered.
Calyx about 2 Hues long.

** All parts more or less pubescent, villous, or tomentosc.

X Fertile Jlowers sessile, hermaphrodite-sterile ones in cymes. Caly.v-lobes herba-
ceous or leafy. Flowers green.

G. SEssiLiEOLlA, Wall. All over Burma.

Bark grey. Fertile and sterile flowers on tlie same plant. Berries plumply
beaked, terete.

G. EuvrnRocLADA, Kz. Ava, Pegu and Martaban.

Bark red. Fertile and sterile flowers usually on separate trees. Berries ribbed.

X X All flowers fertile, or at least the fruits all conform and equally tcell developed.
Calyx truncate or minutely toothed. Flowers white or yellow.

G. CTTNE.VTA, It. Br. Ava.

Calyx puberulous. Eeriy smooth. Branches silvciy white. Leaves glabrous.

G. TuuniDA, Eoxb. Irrawaddy Valley.

Calyx minutely pubescent. Berry roughish, glabrous. Leaves pubescent beneath.

G. DASYCAiiPA, Kz. Promo and Martaban.

G. tomentosa, Wall. non. El.

Calyx vclvety-tomentosc. Berry densely browu-velvcty.

426 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

X X Ocanj ^-celled {Eu-Randiem).

Rajtdia, Linnaus.

Stiyma 2-lobcd. Style thickened spindle-like. Berry large, the seeds imbedded
in pulp. Trees or shrubs, erect.

* Corolla almost rotate, large {up to nearly li inch across).
K. FLioixosA, DC. Ava. Pegu. Martaban.

Leaves glossy, glabrous. Bcmcs large, sessile or prduneled.

This species, and most likely all true species of T^rtwr//;/, exhibits the same peculiar
dimorphism of tlie fruit as some species of section Eandioides of Gardenia. But here
the pcduncled fruits differ only in size, while they produce perfect seeds (Kurz).

* * Corolla salver-shaped, rather small [about 4 lines in diameter or less).

Pi. LoxGispiNA, DC. Tropical forests of Pegu Range, Southern Slopes.

Calyx glabrous or nearly so. Berries glabrous or sprinkled with minute hairs.

R. NUTANS, DC. Pegu and Martaban.

More or less shortly puberulous. Calyx densely pubescent or almost villous.
Berries tawny-velvety.

The following are doubtful species :

R. EXALTATA, Griff. Mergui, with Mangroves.

R. poLTsrERMA, Roxb. Chittagong.

Xo Eandia, but indeterminable for the present (Kurz).

The mucus of some species of Randia (R. dumetorum) is an excellent substitute
for Ipecacuanha, and Dr. Moodeen Sheriff' gives the following directions for preparing
it for use :

" After breaking and removing the shell, the seeds and mucus will be found
as a hard lump, and the two latter cannot be separated from each other, except
by dissolving in water, or powdering and passing through a sieve. The lump
of two or three nuts is generally a dose of the medicine as an emetic. They
should bo bruised, macerated for ten or fifteen minutes in two or three ounces
of water, rubbed with the fingers, and then strained through cloth. The mucus
being very soluble in water, passes off with it, and the numerous and extremely
hard seeds, of a reddish-brown colour, with some resinous and other insoluble matter,
remain on the cloth. The draught is now ready for use ; given to a patient it
produces nausea and vomiting in about ton minutes, and very fi'ee emesis is produced
if assisted with warm water. The whole of this draught, or half of it, with 30 or 40
minims of tincture of opium, is to be given in dysentery, three or four times in 24
hours, according to the emergency of the symptoms.

"The best and most convenient way of using this medicine is in powder,
which is prepared as follows : the lumps of seeds should be well bruised, and
passed through an ordinaiy sieve, or thin cloth. By this means all the seeds will
be separated. The coarse powder thus obtained should be powdered again and sifted
through a fine sieve or very fine cloth. The powder is now fit for use, and should be
kept in a stoppered bottle." In doses of 40 to 50 grains this is said to be fully equal
to Ipecacuanha. Dr. Moodeen Sheriff adds the following prescription for use in
dysentery.

R. Pulpre Randiae dumetorum . . . gr. sxs to Is

Tinct Opii m. xxxtolx

Aqua?. ...... ji-ii-

Mis and give three or four times in the 24 hours according to symptoms. Or this pill :
R. Pulpa; Randire dumetorun . . . gr. x. to xx
Opii ....... gr. i. to ii.

Make into a pill and give every three, four or six hours, as the case may require.

' Madi-,as MontUy Journal of Medical Science, 1S70, p. 110.

RUBIACEJE. 427

Weukra, Schreler.

Stigma simple. Slijle not thickened, filiform. Berries small, not pulpy. Erect
trees or shrubs, unarmed.

* Cymes terminal or in the fvrks of the branchi»i/s.
W. GLOMKRiFLORA, Kz. Pegu llangc. Sources of the Toung-nyo stream.

Glabrous. Inllorosccnco grey pubescent. Unarmed evergreen tree.

*■ * Cymes or corymbs leaf -opposed.

■W. opposiTi FOLIA, Ivoxb. Chittagong. Pegu. Tenasserim, the

W. di-nsijlora, Wall. Andamans and Katchall.

Gynopacliys axiUiJiorus, Micj.
All parts glabrous. Cymes pubcrulous. Unarmed evergreen tree.

var. a genuina. Calyx 2 linos long or somewhat longer, the limb more bell-
shaped, almost glabrous, riowers in shorter cymes. Berries the size of a large pea.
?var. ji Jhrihuiida. Calyx about li lines long or shorter, densely pubescent,
the limb shorter. Flowers in densely pubescent slender divaricate corymbs. Berries
half the size.

Sub-genus Griffithia, W. A.

Stigma 2-lobod. Shrubs, often scandent, armed with straight or recurved spines.

•■" Spines recurved. Scandent shrubs.
X Inflorescence quite glabrous.

"W. (Randia) i,o>'giflora, Lamk. Tropical forests of Chittagong,

Griffithia fragrans, Mi(|. Tenasseiim, and the Andamans.

Corolla-tube |— 1.} inch long.

This, as other species of Griffithia, has the cymes not strictly asillaiy, but
arising from the end of, or laterally from, the transformed spine-like branchlets
(Kurz).

■\V. (GujFFiTniA) SiAMEXsis, iliq. Upper Tcnasscrim.

Corolla-tube hardly longer than tlie calyx (2 lines long").

X X Inflorescence and calyx oppressed-pubescent.

"W. (Styi.ocorvne) iusitn'osa, Griff. Tropical forests of Pegu Range,

Eastern slopes, and Tenasserim.
Corolla-tube about 3 lines long.

W. (Raxiha) fasciculata, DC. Jlaulmain (fule Parish).

P. rigida, Wall.

** Spines straight. Erect or straggling shrubs.

W. FASCICULATA.

Flowers sessile or almost sessile between 2 conuate bractlets.

"W. (Gaedexia) mvktifolia, Wall. Swampy forests of Pegu and Tenasserim.

Flowers solitary, on a slender bractless pedicel.

Kurz adds :

"W. (Gmffituia) ccuvata, Kz. Kamorta and Katchall.

Diplospora, De Candollc.

Style 2-cleft. Berries rather large, not pulpy. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell.
Erect trees or shrubs, unarmed.

D. srs-GULARts, Korth. Tropical forests of the Pegu Range, Eastern

Discospermum spharocarpum, Dalz. slopes. Tenasserim and the Andamans.

428 BURMA, ITS rEOPLE AND mODUCTIOXS.

HYroEATnituM, Bluine.
Styles 2-lobyil. Herri/ small, stalked or sessile, not pulpy. Seidt in a siugle
row ill eacli cell. Erect shrubs or trees.
Sub-genus Peiung.\, DC.

Fluirers 5-merous ; tlie calyx-liiub persistent. Herri/ contracted into a longer or
storter stalk (the elongating pedicel).

H. (Eandia) eacejiosum, Eosb. ilarshy forests of Pegu and Martaban.

Petiutga varialilis, Hassk. Katchall and Great Nicobar.

Glabrous. Flowers in axillary spikes.

Sub-genus HrriiANTHEEA, "W. A.

Flowers 5- rarely 4-raerous, the calyx-limb persistent. Berry sessile.

H. (Eandia) steicta, Eoxb. Chittagong. Bhamo.

Glabrous. Flowers in axillary clusters.

Beachttome, Hooker, f.

Flowers polygamously dicecious. Corolla funnel-shaped, glabrous. Sfi/h shortly
2-lobed. Berry small, not pulpy. Seeds very numerous. Erect shrubs.

B. Wallichii, H. f. Khakyen Hills. Ava.

Inflorescence, flowers, and berries very like those of Seiprosnia tenintum, but the
last arc many-seeded (Kurz).

MoEiNDorsis, Iloohr, f.

Flowers dioecious, in pedunclod heads. Calyx-llinh cupular or 4-tootlicd. Corolla-
throat villous. Style hirsute. Berry elongate, cylindrical, the numerous seeds im-
bricately pendulous, almost appendaged. Trees.

M. (Psilobium) capillaeis, Kz. Swampy forests of Pegu and Tenasscrim.

* Corolla ralrate.
X Orary 2-celle(l, the placenta 2-cleft, Corolla redapl ieate-raleate [Musswndieee).

Mrss^NDA, Linnctus.
The one or other calyx-lobe of the outer flowers extended into a discoloured
leaf. Connective not nnicronate. Style-branches 2.

* Calyx-limb deciduous, leariny an anyular scar at the top of the berry.
X Calyx-teeth J-1 line lovy.

M. GLABEA, Vhl. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 3000 to 1000 feet.

Calyx-teeth erect, lanceolate. Branchlets puberulous or velvety,
var. o yenuina. More glabrous, especially the leaves and branches,
var. p WaUichii, Don. Leaves pubescent beneath and along the nerves above,
petioles shorter.

M. VARIOLOSA, Wall. Arakan, Pegu and Tcnasserini, more

common south of Maulmain.

Calyx-teeth as in preceding, but reflexed. Branchlets hii'sute.
II. parra, Wall., from Tavoy, possibly belongs here, but the only specimen seen
by me is not sufticicnt for a correct identiiication.

M. Jelinekii, Kz. Great Nicobar.

Calyx-teeth ?,- line long.
Allied to 31. longifolia.

X X Calyx-lobes 2-4 lines long.
M. rvvETT^EFOLiA, Kz. Tropical forests East of Toung-ngoo.

Calyx-lobes filiform, 2-2i lines long, all conform and none expanded leaf-like.

nrnr.icE.E. 429

M. jiACRoriTYi.r.A, \\'ull. non Sclmin. Tropical forests of the Andamans,

Karaorta and. Naukowry.

Calyx-lobes linear, 2-3 lines long. Corolla-lobes nearly half as long as tho
corolla-tube.

M. CALYciNA, Wall. Ava and Pegu.

Calyx-lobes lanceolate, about .} inch long. Corolla-lobes about -J as long as the
corolla-tube.

** Cahjx-limb jtersistent, crowtiiiiff /ho Icrnj.

M. CORTMBOSA, lloxb. Valley of the Koladync and Upper Tenasserim.

Calyx-teeth linear-subulate, about 4 lines long. Corymbs rather compact.

M. WALLicnn, G. Don. (M.).

ACKAXTHERA, Amotf.

Calyx-teeth all conform, not appendagcd. Connective mucronute-produced.
Stigma clavate.

A. (Mussjenda) uniflora, Wall. ilaulmain and Tavoy.

X X Ocanj usiuil/i/ 5-6- {raivli/ '2-3-)ceI!eil , thi' phiccnfas siiiijile {Urophylliea).

Adexosacme, Wall all.

Cahjx 5-4 -cleft. Corolla-throat naked. Orar:/ 5-3-celled. Ci/mcs or coiymhs
terminal or nearly so, rarely lateral.

A. loxgifolia, "Wall. Pegu Eangc and more frc(iuent in Tcnassorira

up to 3000 feet. Great Kicobar.

In the tropical forests of the valleys of tho Nat-toung lulls (Martaban) grows
another species, api)rcntly new, which has very short thick petioles and the uppermost
leaves almost sessile ; but the specimens arc too bad for description (Kurz).

Mtrioneceox, Ji. Jlrowu.

As preceding, hut ovary 2-celled.

M. xuTAXs, R. Br. Chittagong.

Glabrous. Cymes compact and head-like, _deusely bracted, nodding. Bracts
subulate, rigid.

M. HiRsfTDM, Kz. Hills East of Bhamo.

Branches hirsute. Cymes corymb-like, trichotomous, hirsute, erect. Bracts
broad, membranous, hirsute.

URnrnTLLrM, Jaclc.

Cahjx entire or minutely toothed. Corolla-throat bearded. Flowers clustered
or cymose, axillarj-.

* Ovary and licrri/ o-G-ccll-d. Flowers in simple or decompouHd umbelets or cymes.
U. GLAiiRr.M, Wall. 'Mcrgui.

Leaves and shoots glabrous. Calyx about 2 lines across.
* XJ. sTEiGOSUir, Korth. Tenasserim (or Andamans?).

Loaves beneatli and shoots more or less pubescent. Calyx a line across.

* * Orary and herry •2-eetled. Flowers in sessile clusters.
TJ. BrLoct-LAUE, Kz. Tropical forests East of Toung-ngoo.

All parts glalirous. Flowers minute.

430 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE A .YD PRODCCTIOXS.

** Stipules tranrformed into leaves and funning n-ltorh, or rarcli/ tlie leaves opposite
and the stipules wanting.

STEILATJE.

Calgx entirely adnate to the eah/x or the cahjx-liml 4-G-cleft. Corolla valrate.
Ovary 2-celled, the ovules solitary, erect or ascending. Drupe indehiscent, often didymous.

RuBiA, LinncEtis.

Flowers 5-merous. Brupe sappy. Erect or twining herbs.

K. coEDrroLiA, L. var. ft Ava, or Taong-doung.

li. munjista, Eoxb.
R. scandens, Zoll. et Mor.
R. purpiurea, Dene.

Leaves more or less cordate- ovate, long-petioled, 3-5-nerved.

var. n genuina. Leaves various, more or less scabrous on the npper side and
on the margins and on the nerves beneath, but not pubescent.

var. affinis, Vail. Leaves scabrous above, softly but shortly pubescent beneath.

R. ANOusTissiMA, Wall. Ava or Taong-doung.

R. charcefolia, Wall.

Leaves naiTow-linear, sessile, 1 -nerved.

Galium, Linnceus.

Floicers 4-merous. Brupe didymous or globose, dry. Herbs or under shrubs.

G. ASPERrroLirii, Wall. Khakyen Hills and Nat-toung in Martaban at 7000 feet.

A large Order of great importance, including tonics, febrifuges, emetics, purga-
tives, poisons, and valuable dyes. Cinchona as a febrifuge is ali'eady too ■well known
to require special notice, and thrives well in the Karen Hills east of Toung-ngoo, where
it is cultivated by the Forest Department. As substitutes for Peruvian bark may
be mentioned Rondeletia felrifuga, Hymenodictyon, Ophiorrhita niungos, and others.
Gambier is the product of Uncaria ganihir. Ipecacuanha {CephaeJis ipecacuanha) is
now cultivated in Burma, and similar, altliough inferior properties obtain in Richard-
sonia, some species of Spermacoces, and the indigenous Geojjhila reniformis. The
powdered fruit of Randia dumetorum is a powerful emetic, and its root bruised is
used for poisoning fish. The root bark of the Brazilian C'hiococca angui-fuga and
Ch. dens/folia produces the most violent emetic and drastic effects. Only a few
species yield edible fi'uits, as Vangueria edulis, which is now introduced into ludia.
Coffee is the produce of Cojj'ea Arabica, and thiives well in Burma, but is unfit for
cultivation on a large scale imless it be in the southern parts of Tenasserim. Madder-
dye is obtained from Rulia cordifoJia and Uedyotis umhellulata, and a very inferior dye,
but one much used in Burma and Inilia. is the product of various species of Morinda.
The timber of most rubiaceous trees is rather inferior, aud the best is that derived
from Kauclca and allied genera.

Order CAPEIFOLIACEiE.

Flowers regular or almost irregular. Calyx-tuhe adnate to the ovary, the limb
truncate or 4-.5 or more lobed or toothed. Corolla gamopetalous, tubular, funnel-
shaped, or rotate, inserted round the epigynous fleshy disk, 4- or 5- rarelj' 3-lobed,
imbricate. Stamens as many as corolhi-lobes and alternating with tliem, inserted
in tlie tube. Anthers versatile, the cells parallel, opening longitudinally. Ovary
infi'rior, 2-5- rarely 1-cellcd, with 1 or more pendulous o'siiles in each cell. Stigmas
as many as ovary-cells, united into one, sessile, or on a filifonn simple style. Frud
an indehiscent berry, or rarely a dry dehiscing capsule, nude or crowned by the
calyx-limb, 1-5-ceUed. Seeds solitary, or several in each cell, the testa crustaceous
or bony, rarely membranous. Albumen fleshy. Embryo axial, radicle superior,
cotyledons oval or oblong. Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, rarely herbs, with

C. I PlilFOL I A CEjE. 431

opposite, simple or pinnute leaves. Stipules usually nono. Flowers small or middling-
sized, vaiioiisly arran;;cd, but usually oymoso.

The Elder {Stimhucus nii/ra) and the Honeysuckle [Lonicera caprifoUum) belong
to this Order. The tiowers of most exhale a sweet odour, especially after sunset.

All Burmese species arc woody plants.

SAMBUCIE.-E.

Corolla rotate or shortly tubular. Si iff mas 3, sessile or on a very short style. Raphe
introrse or lateral.

VinuiKCM, Liiinteus.
Geary 1- rarely 2- or 3-celled. Berry 1-celled and 1-seoded. Leaves simple.
V. FCETIBUM, Wall. vur. u ,\va, Taong-doung.

Leaves more or less stellately pubescent beneath. Corymbs terminal,
var. y3 premnacea, Wall. Corymb involucred by 3 or 4 small leaves.
var. 7 Griffithianum. All parts more robust and more densely stellate-pubescent.
Leaves about 4 inches long, acuminate, 6-7-ncrved on each side, the lower nerves not
meeting at the base (in var. a and ji the leaves are trinerved at the base and, besides,
have only 2-3 lateral nerves on each side). Most probably a good species (Kurz).
V. CoLEBEOOKEANTji, "Wall. Khakyou Hills.

Leaves glabrous. Corymbs usually on axillary short branchlcts. Berries about
2 lines long, broadly ovate.

Samhucus, Linnaus.

Orary 3-5-celled. Berry with 3 to 5 pyrencs. Leaves unpaired, pinnate or
pinnatisect.

S. TuuNBEEGiANA, Bl. Khakycn Hills.

LOXICERIEJE.

Corolla-tube more or less elongate. Style filiform. Iluphe extrorse.

Lonicera, Linnaus.

Corolla tubular. Ovary and berry 2-3-cellcd, or the berry 1 -celled by absorption
of the septa.

L. leiantua, Kz. Khakyen Hills.

*L. Japoxica, Thunb. (if.).

ScrrnirnouA, Gacrtner.

Corolla tubular-ftmnel-shaped, regular. Ovary 2-celled, with a parietal 2-ovulcil
placenta protruding into the cells so as to form a spuriously 4-cellcd ovary. Fruit
a drupe.

S. nYDRornvrxACEA, Gaertn. Andamans, in mangrove" swamps.

Epithinia Malayana, Jack. • Kamorta.

"This genus is generally ascribed to Rubiaeem; but the structure of the ovary
and the position of the ovules are tell-tale marks of its Caprlfoliaceous descent" (Kurz).

Division III. POLYrET ALDUS.

Flowers with both a Calyx and a Corolla, the latter of separate Petals,

Series I. CALYCIFLOR-E.
Sepals connate, rarely free, often adnate to the ovary. Petals nni-seriate, periyynous
or epigynou^. Bisk adnate to the base of tht caly.r, rarely tumid or raised into a torus,
or gynophore. Stamens perigynous, usually inserted on or beneath the outer margin of
the disk. Ovary freq^ucntly inferior.

432 BlTiMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

UMBELLALES.
Flov'ers regiilar, usually hermaphrodite. Sfumcn.s usually definite. Ovary
inferior, 1-, 2-, or many-celled. Ovules solitaiy, pendulous in each cell from its top.
Styles free or connate at the base. Ovules with the coats confluent with the nucleus.
Seeds albuminous. Embryo usually minute.

Order CORNACE^.

Flowers unisexual or hermaphrodite, regular. Cahj.r-tuhe adnato to the ovary,
the limb funning a raised bonier, persistent, truncate, or with as many teeth as
petals. Petals 4 or 5, rarely more, (imbricate or) valvate, inserted round an epi-
gynous disk or on the calyx-border, rarely wanting. Stamens as many or rarely 2-4
times as many as petals, and inserted with them. Filaments filiform or complanate.
Anthers with parallel cells, opening longitudinally. Disk epigynous or central,
variously shaped. Ovary inferior, 1-4-cellcd, with 1, or rarely 2, anatropous
pendulous ovules in each cell. Sti/le simple, with a terminal cntLre or rarely lobed
or 2-3-cleft stigma. Fruit an indehiscent drupe, with a 1-4-cellcd stone, or rarely
2 bony or crustaceous pyrenes. Seeds pendulous. Albumen fleshy. Emlryo straight,
nearly as long as the albumen, the radicle superior, and shorter than the flat usually
leafy cotyledons. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with opposite or rarely alternate,
simple or slightly-lobed leaves. Stipules none. Flowers usually small in axillary
or terminal heads, cymes, or corymbose panicles.

The Burmese species are all woody plants.

conyiE^.

Flowers hermajihrodite.
* Petals narrow-linear, valvate. Anthers lasifixcd. Style elongate. Leaves alternate.

Alangicm, Lamarel;.
Sttimcns usually 2 to 4 times the number of the petals. Ovary 1-celled. Alhumen
ruminate. Flowers clustered or fascicled.

A. DEC.\PETAi,rM, Lamk. Burma {fide Mason).

A. hexapetalum and iomentosum, Lamk.
A. Lamarckii, Bedd.
A tree, spiny-armed. Petioles 6-8 lines long. Petals 10-6. Pilaments densely
pilose at the base. Bracts and bractlets broadly ovate, very deciduous.

The above synonymy proliably includes two different species. I suspect that
Thwaites' A. Lainarclii is a climber. The calyx-tube is apparently sulcate-ribbed
(Kurz).

A. ScNDAxm, Miq. ' Katchall. var. ft Tropical forests of the Andamans.

A large climber, iinarmed. Petioles shorter. Petals 6. Filaments sparingly
pilose at the base. Bracts and bractlets linear-oblong, longer persistent,
var. n. Flowers on pedicels J to j inch long,
var. ft. Pedicels only 2-3 lines long.

!Maklea, Po.rhurt/h.
Stamens as many as petals. Orari/ 1-3-celled. Albumen homogeneous. Flowers
cymose-panicled.

M. BEGONiiEFOLiA, Roxb. Tropical forests East of Toung-ngoo and Bhamo Hills.

Styrum Javanicum, Bl.
Petals about i an inch long or shorter. Anthers with a glabrous connective.
Leaves glabrous.

M. TOMENTOSA, Endl. Tropical forests of Tcnasserim (Thoung-ycen).

Diacicarpium rotundifolium, Hassk.

armjace.'f:. 433

** Pctah short, valvate. Anthers dorcijixed. Style short.
CoKxus, Linnceus.
Petals 4. Oviinj 2-cLlIud, with a simple stigma. Leaves usually opposite.
C. o])Lo.No.i, "Wall. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 4000 to 7000 feet.

Order AE.VLIACE.E.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, regular. Cah/x-Iimh forming a slightly
raised line or short cup round the sumniit, truncate or toothed, or quite inconspicuous.
Petals 5 or more, rarely 4, valvate, shorth* intlected at tlie tip, and often toliering
(very rarely blunt and imbricate). Stamens as many as petals or sometimes more.
Anthers versatile, the cells parallel and opening longitudinally. Ovarii inferior, 2- or
more celled, rarely by abortion 1-cellcd, with a single anatropous ovule in each cell,
suspended from the summit. Styles as many as cells, either distinct with small
terminal stigmas, or united in a cone, or more or less reduced to a slight protuberance
with inconspicuous stigmas. Fruit more or less drupaceous and indehiscent, the
epicarp succulent, rarely almost dry and thin. Seeds solitary, pendulous, inclosed
in pyrenes. Albumen homogeneous or ruminate. Finhryo minute, near the apex,
with a superior radicle. Trees, often palm-like, shrubs or climbers, with alternate
compound or rarely simple leaves. Stipules none. Flowers small, in umbels or
heads often collected into panicles.

This Order contains few species of economic value. It comprises, however, the
famous Ginseng {Panax ginseng) so extravagantly esteemed in China, Japan, and
other parts of the East for its restorative qualities. The substance known as rice-
paper is the pith of Fatsia papyrifera, cut into thin slices. The only other noteworthy
plant is the Ivy {Redera helix).

ARJLIE.E.

Petals more or less imbrieate, broad at the base.

Akalia, Linnteus.

Oynocciuni 2-5-merous. Styles free. Fruit angular in a dried state. Pedicels
jointed. I^eaves usually pinnate or decompound.

A. (Panax) akmata, AVall. Tavoy.

BEVEniE.E.

Petals valvate in bud.

* Stamens as many as petals.

X Albumen homogeneous {Panaciecc).

+ Ovary 2- {rarely 1-, 3-, or A-)celled, the cells usually fewer than the petals.

\ Styles distinct from the base or from a conical base.

Panax, Linnteus.

Fruits laterally compressed or didymous, rarely 3-4-angular. Filaments filiform.
Styles distinct, at length recurved, the stigmas more or less decurrent on the inner side.
Umbels, heads or racemes forming comjiound inflorescences, rarely simjile. Leaves various.

*r. FumcosuM, L. Cultivated in Pegu.

f f Styles united into a cone or column.

Bkassaioi'sis, Detic. ct Planch.

Flowers 5-merous. Fruits terete. Ovary 2-1 -celled. Pedicels not jointed.
Umbels forming large terminal racemes. Leaves palmatifid, rarelj' digitate.

B. (Panax) palmata, Eoxb. Chittagoug and the Andamans.
VOL. II. 28

434 BURMA, ITS rEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOyS.

-\- + Ovanj h- or more {rarely hj alortion 3-i-)eelled.

HKPTAPLEuniTM, Goertiier.

Flowers 5-6- (rarely 4- or 7-8-)raorous. Drupes angled and ribbed in a diied
state. Umbels, heads, or racemes forming large compound inflorescences. Pedicels not
jointed. Stigmas immersed on the ovary, dot-like.

H. (Paeateopia) vEjnjLosA, W. A. All over Burma and the Andamans.

Aralia digitata, Rosb.

Ba-loo-let-wa (Mason).

Climber. Leaves and inflorescence glabrous.

H. ELLiPiicuir, Seem. Kamorta, Xatcliall and Great Nicobar.

Sub-genus Agalma, Miq.

Styles united into an elongate column.

H. (Agalma) gladcum, Seem. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 6000 feet.

Leaflets on thick rather short petiolules, entire.

H. HYPOLEucrii, Kz. Hills East of Tonng-ngoo at over 6000

feet and the Khakyen Hills.

Leaflets on very long, slender petiolules, usually pinnati-lobed.

Trevesia, Visconti.

Floivers 8-12-merous. Drupes globular, sulcato or ribbed. Umhels panicled.
Leaves palmatifid, digitate or pinnate. Pedicels not jointed.

T. (Gastonia) palmata, Roxb. Tropical forests all over Burma up to

T. Burmaniea, T. And. 4000 feet.

The leaves in this species vary very much in cut, the base of the lobes being
often abruptly reduced to the midiib only,

X X Albumen ruminate [Ilederieie).
+ Ovary 1-eelled.
Aetheophtllum, Plume.
Pedicels not jointed. Umhels compound. Leaves pinnate or simple.

A. jAVA^ficuir, Bl. Tropical forests of Western coast of

A. ellipticum, Bl. South Andaman and Kamorta.

A. Blumeanwn, Zoll. et Mor.

A palm-like tree up to 30 feet high.

-\ — |- Ovary 2- or rarely 3 -celled.

f Pedicels not jointed with the calyx.

Heteeopajtax, Seem.

Styles distinct, filiform. Umhels racemose, in panicles. Leaves pinnately de-
compound.

H. (Panax) feageans, Roxb. Chittagong, Ava, and Pegu up to 3000 feet.

f f Pedicels jointed under the caly.v.

Maceopanax, Miquel.

Styles united into a cone or column. Umbels or heads foiming panicles. Leaves
digitate.

M. OEEOPniLFM, Mi(|. Khakyen Hills ami Bhamo at 4000 feet.

* * Stamens numerous, and more numerous than the petals. Styles none or connate.
Petals valcate or firmly cohering (Pleurandriea).

umbellifer.'f:. 43.')

TupiDAXTHUs, ITooher,/. et Thomson.

rctiili firmly colicring iuto a thick mitre. Gi/iiacitim poly- (up to 100-)mcrous.
Leaves digitate.

T. CALYrTHATUs, H. f. ct Til. Anikan HiUs {fdc TlioobalJ).

Onkr UMBELLIFEILE.

Corolla polypotalouR, opigynous, isostemonoiis, valvato in Inul. Pcfah 5, insrrted
on an epijryuous disk. S/ui/ioi-s 5, alternate -svitli the petals. Otart) infi^rior, of two
1-ovuled cells. Ornlcs pendulous, anatropous. Fruit dry. Emhrijo albuminous
ajjical ; radicle superior. Leaves alternate.

* Umbels simple or irreyularlij {very rarely regularly) conqyound. No villa in the
furroics of the tiiericarp.

ni'DROCOTYLIE.E.
Fruits laterally compressed, the meriearps rounded or acute on the lack {nut sharply
angular).

HyDRocoxrLE, Linnaus.
Fruits much compressed. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Petals concave,
valvato or imbricate. Unthels simple. Creeping herbs with simple leaves.

* Leaves entire or crcnate. Umbels braefed.

H. AsiATiCA, L. In grass lands and cultivation all over Pegu up

to 2500 feet. Introduced into theAndamans.
H. COKDII'OLIA, II. f.

Flowers by 3-4 in the head, sessile. Fruits nearly 2 lines in diameter, each
mericarp with 2 hardly prominent ribs.

* * Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes acute or blunt, crcnate or serrate. Umbels
vithout bracts.

X Peduncles and petioles more or less puberulous.

H. Javanica, Thiinb. In betel gardens on the hills east of

//. X^fpalensis, Hook. Toung-ngoo at 3000 — 1000 feet.

II. polycephala, W. A.

Flowers numerous, almost sessile or very shortly pedicellcd, forming rather
crowded terminal head-like umbels, the lower ones solitary and axillary.

X X All parts quite glabrous.
II. BiKMAXicA, Kz. Upper Tenasserim. Thoung-yeen at oOOO {fide Farish).

Flowers on .slender pedicels, forming slender solitaiy umbels in the axils of the
leaves.

SAMcriiE.i:.

Meriearps almost terete or laterally compressed, the commissure broad. Calyx-teeth
or lobes usually conspicuous.

Saxkii.a, Linnaus.
Meriearps echinatc from bristles which are oftiii hooked. Flowers pedicellcd,
polygamous. ■ Bracts small. Umbels very small, usually panicled. Leaves dissected,
toothed.

S. ErRor.T:A, L. Kluikyen Hills.

5. montana, Rein.
S. Jitvanica, Bl.
S. elala. Ham.

436 BURMA, ITS TEOPLE AXD mODUCTIOXS.

** Umbels regularly eompound.
X Primary ribs of the mericarp more or less conspiemns, seeondary ones tiotie.
Viltrc in the furrows usually conspicuous or ohseure, very rarely none.

AMMIXIE.Tl.
Fruits laterally compressed, or narrowed or suleate oh both sides of the commissure.
* Seeds with a conrcv or almost fat face.
X Leaees simple. Flowers yellow.
BrrLEFEUM, Ziunaas.
Umbels compound or rarely the flowtrs iu heads. Caly.r-teeth obsolete. Disk-lohes
almost flat. Leaves entire, flat.

B. TE^UE, Don. Xat-tonng and Hills East of Tonng-ngoo at 7000 feet.

X X Leaves varioasly compoand. Flowers usually white, rarely yellow.
AriuJi, Linnaus.
Carpophore simple or 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit didymous or ovate, the mericarps
almost straight. Petals entire, hlunt or acute.

* A. GRAVEOLENS, L. Cultivated in Prome and Ava.

Cakuji, Liiinwus.
Carpophore 2-cleft or 2-parted. Fruit ovate or oblong, the ribs rather prominent.
Inindueral bracts few and small, or none. Peteds notched or 2-lobcd. Caly.v-teeth
obsolete or slightly prominent. Disl-lohes conical, or the ilisk convex.

''■■ Fruits ylabruus.
*C. TETEOSELixuM, Bth. et H. f. Cultivated in the drier districts.

Plowers yellowish or greenish yellow.

** Fruits hirsute or puherulous. Flowers u:hite.

* C. EoxBURoniAXi'M, Bth. et H. f. var. n cultivated all over the country up

to 2000 feet. var. jS near Prome and
the Pegu Range.
Leaves tcrnati-sect, lobes of the segments obhmg-linear.

var. a yeiiuina. All parts minutely puberulons. Fruits greyish hirsute,
var. fi gluhriuseula. All parts less puberulons or almost glabrous. Fruits
slightly puherulous.

Carum Carri, L., Sa-mwGt, and C. Copticum, Bth. et H. f. {Ptyehotis Ajnwan,
DC), are enumerated by the Pvev. F. Mason in his list of Burmese jilants as introduced.

PmriNELLA, IJnnwus.
Carpophore 2-cleft or 2-parted. Bibs of the mericarps narrow, the vittte
numerous, conspicuous or very thin. Inrolueral bracts few and small, or none, very
rarely numerous. Petals white or yellow. Disk-lobes thick, cushion-like or conical.
Calyx-teeth obsolete or very rarely small.

P. Hetneana, DC. Pegu Range.

Anethum trifoliatum, Roxb.
Slender almost glabrous annual. Peduncles filif'cirm. Fudjcls without bracts.
P. Parisuiana, Kz. On Zwakabin Hill (Jde Parish).

Robust pubescent herb. Peduncles stout. Involucral bracts linear, *— J as long
as the peduncles. Habit of P. direnifolia.

*P. (Apim) ixvoLUCRATA, Roxb. (M.). Cultivated.

Sa-mnng-sa-ba.

IWlBELLIFERjE. 437

Kurz dors not include this speries in liis list, tlioiif^h it is cultivated in Burma
and used both for culinary and medicinal purposes.

Fruits transrerseh/ terefe or compressed from the bac/c, the cnmmkstire Iroad, the
lateral ribs distinct, or united to the nerve-like or thickened undiluted margin.

* Fruit transrerseli/ sub-terete or more or less compressed from the back, the primary
ribs not winged.

X Primury ribs of the meriearps almost equal, not winged.

FcENicTJLUM, Adanson.

Fruits not beaked, the primary ribs thin or thick, but not corky, the secondary
ones wanting. Calyx-teeth obsolete. PctuU entire, yellow.

*F. (ANEinnii) vulgake, L. Cultivated in Prome.

X X Lateral ribs of the meriearps not rcingcd, confluent with the thick, often corky
margin, entire after the dehiscence. Vittte solitary in the furrows.

(EsANTHE, Zinnaus.

Petals notched or 2-lobed. Carpophore absent. All ribs of the meriearps very
blunt and almost corky. Leaves usually pinnate or dissected. Umbels compound.

ffi. STOLONIFERA, DC. Swampy spots in Pegu.

Leaves pinnate (rarely bipinnate). Umbels on very long peduncles.

** Fruits compressed from- the back or almost tirete, all the primary ribs, or only
the keeled ones, more or less expanded into thick u-inys, the /rings equal, or the lateral ones
broader.

Selinum, Zinnaus.

Fruits ovate, somewhat compressed from the back, the ribs equally winged
or the lateral ones broader. Disk-lobes conical or depressed. Flowers white or
yellowish-green.

A species apparently of tliis genus is not unfrequent on the hill-pastures of the
Martaban Hills East of Toung-ngoo, above 0000 feet elevation, but tlie plants were
too much dried up to permit of identification (Kurz).

PEUCEDAXIEJE.
Fruit much compressed from the back, the lateral ribs dilated info wing-like or
broadly swollen margins, remaining entire after the dehiscence.

Peucedanum, Linnaas.

Meriearps more or less convex on the middle (rarely nearly flat), the margins
rather thick and sharp, or broadly winged, ntfr/; solitary in the furrows and con-
spicuous, or rarely by 2-3 and obsolete, reaching the luise of the fiuit or sometimes
shorter.

P. (Anethum) sowa, Roxb. Cultivated up to 2000 feet.

Sa-myeik.

Glabrous, glaucous. Leaves pinnatel)- decompound, the lobes filiform.

P. (Pastin-aca) SAxrvA, L. Cultivated.

P. pastinaca, Bth. et II. f.

Leaves pinnate, the leaflets puberulous beneath, broadly oblong, serrate, often
lobcd.

IIeuacleum, Linn(tits.
Petals often radiate. Meriearps fiat-compressed or hardly convex at the middle,

438 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

the TiKirgins -wing-like. Vittee solitaiy or rarely by twos in the furrows, often clavatc,
reaching the base of the fruit or more usually shorter.

H. BrRiiA>-icrM, Kz. Pegu Eange at 2500 to 3000 feet.

This plant forms a very conspicuous feature on the ridges referred to, but,
unfortunately, all the specimens were so perfectly diied-up and withered that it
was impossible to give a full description of the species. It is nearest to Heracleum,
No. 5, of H. f. and Th. collection from the Khasi Hills, and eventually may be
referable to it (Kurz).

X X Secondary rihs of the meriearps filiform, somcwlmt prominent or winped,
rarih/all the ribs more or less inconspicuous. Vittce in the furrows or helow the secondary
ribs conspicuous or obsolete.

CAUCALINIEjE.
Fruit almost terete or sliglttly compressed from the sides, or more so from the back,
not iriiiycd, or rarely the pirimary ribs expanded info deeply lobed wings or divided info
spines.

* Mericarps glabrous, the ribs blunt, smooth or tcrinhled.
CoKi.i^'DEUM, Zinnaus.

Fruits almost globose, the broad very blunt secondary ribs hardly prominent.
Involucre none.

C. SATIVUM, L. Bhamo and Ava. Cultivated (?).

Nan-nfm.

The seeds are aromatic and carminative, and as such are largely used in certain
sweetmeats and liiiueurs. In their unripe state their odour is said to resemble that
of bugs (whence the name, from Kopfs, a bug) ; but this did not prevent its being a
favourite garden herb with the Eoman labourers, who used the seeds to flavour, what
we should call a ' chutney,' to be eaten with his unleavened bread at noon.

" Ac primum, leviter digitis tellurc refossa,
Quatuor educit cum spissis allia fibris ;
Indo comas apii graciles rutamijue rigentem
Vellit, et exiguo coriandra trementia filo."

And in some previous lines we have enumerated the plants found in an ordinary
kitchen garden in the days of Augustus —

" Hie Olus, hie late fundentes brachia Befee,
Feoundusque Burner, Malvccque, Inulaque virebant ;
Hie Ciccr et capiti nomen debentia Form ;
Hie otiam nocuum capiti gelidumque Papaver,
Grataquo nobilium reqiiies Lactuca ciborum,
Et gravis in latum dcmissa Cucurbita ventrem."

Virgil, Morctum, 72.

** Mericarps hirsute, bristly or aculeate.
Daucus, Linnaus.
Seed with rather flat face. Incolucral bracts usually dissected.
*" D. CAEOTA, L. Cultivated in the drier districts.

CtJMiNUM, Linnatis.
*C. cniiNTJir, L. (M.).
Zi-ya. Cumin.

The seeds are warm, bitterish, and aromatic, and much esteemed in the East as
a condiment and carminative. De Guberuatis says,' " Le cumin symbolisait, chez les

' Mytliologie des Plantes, vol. ii. p. 11.5.

UilBELLIFERJE. FICOIDE.E. 439

Grecs, CO qui est petit," and adds a varioty of curious superstitions, -wliicli need not
be reproduced here. One of its reputed virtues was as a pliiltre or lovc-cliarm, whence
the popular saying " Maudite sorciere ! elle in'a donue lo cumin, ct jc no puis plus
m'en delivrer."

This Order yields many plants useful to man, and some vii-ulcnt poison. Among
the former may be enumerated Celery [Ajiiiim ffniiYo/ms), Parsley {I'c f rose/ inn m
sativuni), Caraway [Carum Carvi), Aniseed {Pimpincl/a ani-tiiM), Skirrcts, Water
parsnips (<S«/wi i\^(«s! and Sixarum), Fennel {Fcrnicu/um rulffarc), Samphire (O/vVA/hkwj
maritimuin), Bastard Fennel {Anethum (/rareolt/is), I'arsuip (^PiifitiiKica olcracea), Cumin
[Cuminum cyminuni), Carrots {Daucus carota), Sweet Cicely {Jfi/rrhis odorata), Chervil
{Antlirisms crrcfoUuni), Coriander {Voriandntm sat/rum); and amoug poisonous plants
Water hemlock ( Cirtifaria eirosa). Lesser hendock or Fool's parsley {yEthmia cijiiapium),
Lovage or Mountain hemlock {Leristicum ojficiiialc), and TTemlock ( Coniuin niacuhitidn).
A strong-smelling resin (Assafwtida)' is also produced by some Persian or Western
Thibetan umbelliferous plant allied to Ferula, and is in great esteem in the East as a
condiment — and is not disagreeable to many Europeans if used spaiingly — else the
bon rirant may incur the fate with wliich Maecenas was threatened if he touched
garlick —

" At, si quid unquam tale concupiveris
Jocose Maecenas, precor
Manum puella savio opponat tuo,
Extrema ct iu spoudii cubet."

FICOIDALES.
Flowers regular or sub-regular. Orurij syncarpons, Inferior, semi-inferior, or
superior, 1-celled, with parietal placentas, or 2- to niauy-celled, with basilar or axile
placentas. Embryo albuminous and curved, or cyclical, or exalbuminous and oblique.

Order FICOIDE^.

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Cah/x-lohes 4-5. Pelals many, or small,
or none. Utamens few or none. Orarij 2- to many-celled. Styles free or connate.
Leaves quite entire. Herbs or under shrubs.

AIZOIDIE.r..
Calyx free, but xcith a (lisfinct turbinate tube beuriny the stamens at or below the
summit. Fruit a capsule, circumsciss. Leaves opposite.

Sesuvium, LinHccus.

Stamens 5 to many. Ovary 3-.5-eellcd, with axillary many-ovuled placentas.

S. POKTCLACASiRUii, L. Tidal jungl(>s of Pegu, Tenasscrim,

aiid tlie Audamans.

TuiANTiiKMA, Linnwus.
Stamens 5 or 10, or many. Ovary 1-2-cened, with basilar 1- or many-ovulod
placentas.

* Ovary and capsule 2-eelled. Styles 2.
T. DECAxnEA, L. Ava.

Flowers clustered. Stamens 10 or 11. Ovary -I-ovuled.

•x-i.- Ovary and capsule 1-celled. Style I.
T. OBCOEDATA, lloxb. llubbishy spots near Akyab.

' For an account of the jiroiluction of Assafwtida, consult ' Afgliaiustan aud its People,' bv II.
W. Bellew, p. 270.

440 BCRMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Leaves obovate, rather large, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Flowers solitary.
Ovary many-ovulcd. Stamens about 15. Style long

Kcquires comparison with Triunthcma monogyna, L. (Kui-z).

T. CETSTALLTNA, YU. Ava.

Leaves linear, small, with crystalline clots. Stamens 5. Style short, simple.

MOLL VGIXIE^.

Cidijx free, divided to the base or near!// so. Petals 3-5, or none. Stamens
hrjpogyiious or almost periejunous. Fruit a eapsale or divided into 2-3 cocei.

* Fruit a eajjside. Leaves usually with sfipales.
MoLLUGO, Linnaus.

Petals 3-5, or none. Ovary 3-5-celle(l, with many ovules in each cell. Leaves
usually spuriously whorled.

Sub-genus Gliscs, L.

Seed with a strophiole dilated into a small arillus.

M. (GliiNts) lotoides, L. var. n common in Ava and Pegu.

Tryphiera prostrata, Bl.
M. [Glinus) diefamnoides, L.
Pharnaeeuin pentagynum, Roxb.

Softly pubescent or tomentose. Flowers rather large, in axillary clusters.
Stamens about 10-15.

var. n. Branches often white tomentose. Flowers sessile or nearly so.
var. fi. Leaves pubescent but greouish. Flowers usually pedicelled.

M. SPEEGUI.A, L. All over Burma up to 4500 feet.

M. strieta, Roxb.
M. parviflora, Ser.
Glinus molluyo, Feiizl.
Ahine ereeta, Burm.

Glabrous or slightly pubescent. Flowers rather small, on loug slender pedicels,
forming axillary clusters. Stamens fewer tliau 10.

Sub-genus Mollugo, L.

Seeds without a strophiole.

M. siRicTA, L. var. /} in llartaban and Pegu.

M. p)entaphylla, L.
M. triphylla, Lour.

Glabrous, the stem angular. Flowers minute, on capillary pedicels, forming cymes.
Leaves thin and green, linear-lanceolate, usually acuminate at both ends.

* * Fruit 2-Z-eoceous, the cocei 1-seeded. Leaves without stipules.
GisEKiA, Linnveus.

Petals none. Carpels 3-5, free. Ufricules 5-3. Leaves opposite or spuriously
■\vhorled.

G. rHAKNACEOlDEs, L. Ava, near Ye-nan-ehouug.

Order CACTE.E.

Petals numerous, multi-seiiate, epigynou.s, free or cohering below. Stamens
numerous, multi-seriate, inserted at the base of the corolla. Ovary inferior, 1 -celled,
with many-ovuled parietal placentas. Berry pulpy. Seeds numerous. Albumen
scanty or none. Leaves generally none, or rudimentary, rarely normal.

CACTE.K. DATISCACEJ-:. 441

Ol'UyTlE-E.

Cidijx-tuhe nut produced bei/ond the ovary. Stem branched, jointed.

OrrxTiA, Ml tier.

*"0. Dii.t.KNir, Hani. CultivatcJ in Pionio and tlio drier parts of Burma.

C'tdus Indicus, lloxb.

Ka-la-zoung.

The ' Cactus ' makes an admirable liedse, and is easily propagated by cuttings.
Snip off a piece and bury its cud in the ground, and it will generally grow. Some
nervous people, however, object to it, for its supposed projterty of harbouiing snakes
or vermin, and the authorities in some places wage a war of extermination against
this useful plant. A sort of ' Cacticide ' epidemic raged sonic years ago in Madras,
and a native medical officer won both honourable mention and a tangible reward by
divulging to the authorities his discovery that the ' Coccus,' or Cactus bug, was the
natural and a])pointe(l destroyer of the cactus tree, and should be therefore enlisted
for its destruction ! The suggestion was rapturously received. The labours of gangs
of ' convicts ' employed in grubbing up and burniug the plant were dispensed with,
and in lieu thereof a departmental issue of Cactus bugs was at once ordered on the
most profuse scale. For months the luckless postal runners groaned beneath the
weight of parcels of the cactus plant, with healthy ' cocci ' adhering, pieces of which
infected plant were to be distributed in spots where the Cactus was plentiful, that
the great battle of Cocem versus Cactus might be fairly fought out. It reads like a
scheme disinterred from the archives of the Philosophers of Laputa, but was actually
conceived and carried out in Madras, and is too curious an example of intellectual
idiosyncracy to be passed over in silence by the conscientious historian !

*0. cocHiLi-rNiFERA, Ham. (M.).

Ka-la-zoung-lct-w a.

PASSIFLORALES.
Flowers usually regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Ornri/ usually inferior,
syncarpous, 1-celIed, sometimes 3- or more celled by the produced placentas.
J'tace/ikts parietal. St/jtcs free or connate.

Or.lcr DATISCACEJ-:.

Flowers regular, dioecious, rarely hermaphrodite or polygamous. Males : Cahjx-
iuhe very short or hemispherical, lobes 3-9, .short, equal or une(jual. Petals none or H.
Stamens A-'i:^, oppo.site the calyx-lobes. Anthers 2-celled. lludinient of ovarv minute
or none. Females and hermaphrodites : Vali/x-tule adnate to the ovary, lobes ;j-8.
Stamens as in the males, or reduced to staminodes. Ueury 1-celled, open or closed
at the summit, placentas parietal, with many anatropous ovules in 2 or more series.
Styles as many as jilaceutas, simple or 2-parted, stigniatic inside, or terminated by
capitate stigmas. Capsule membranous or coriaceous, dehiscing between the styles,
many-seeded. Seeds minute, the testa ])unctatc or striate. Emhrijo cylindrical,
imbedded in the a.xis of the scanty albumen, nidicle elongate, next the hilum.

TiiTitAJtKi.i'.s, R. Brown.

Flowers dioecious. Petals none. Stamens 4, inserted round a depressed di.>^k,
filaments elongate. Anthers didymous. Cali/x-tube almost 4-angular, with 4 short
lobes. Staminodes none. Large trees.

T. xuDiFLOK.i, R. Br. var. a all over Pegu and Tcnasserim.

T. Grnhamianu, Wight. var a and fi the Andamans.

var. a genuina. Leaves more or less pubescent beneath,
var. fi glabra. Leaves glabrous.

Wood brown, valueless.

442 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Order BEGONIA CE^.

Flowers mona?cious. Stamens numerous. Anthers extrorso. Oiary inferior,
3-cellc(l, many-ovuled. Capsule witli 3 cells, winged on the back, and 3 loculicidal
valves. Seeds numerous. Albumen scanty or none. Mnbri/o straiglit, axile.

Begonia, Ziiinaus.

Sub-genus CASrAREA, DC.

Capsule fleshy and berry-liko, dehiscing on the angles or broad thick wings.

B. EoxBUEGHir, DC. Chittagong.

Casparya oligoearpa, DC.
B. Malabarica, Roxb.

A robust rather glabrous branched herb. Styles 4. Berry 4-ceUed and
4- cornered, the angles jsroduced into as many horn-like appendages.

Sub-genus Begonia, DC.

Capsules dry, dehiscing in a semi-circular line along their sides near the wings
or angles.

* Styles 2, each branch 1-cleft or variously dilated or branched. Capsule 2-ceUed.
Placentas consisting of 2 longitudinal ovule- or seed-bearing blades.

X Stamens free. Capsule unequally Z-icinged, the 2 lateral icings often reduced to
a membranous rib.

B. lAcitriATA, Roxb. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 6000 to 7000 feet.

A robust branched herb, softly pakaccous-pilose. Leaves long-petioled, lobed.

B. MEGAPTEEA, DC. Nat-touug in Martaban {fde llason).

As preceding, but more slender and quite glabrous.

B. NEiroPHiLA, Kz. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 3000 to 4000 feet.

Robust rather simple herb, softly palaceous-pilose. Leaves long-petioled, not
lobed. Petals pale rose-coloured, only about i inch long. Capsules stuppose-hirsute,
the lower wing broad and rounded, t inch long.

X X Stamens monadelphous.
■\- Male 2}crianth H-lobed, the female one 5-6-lobed. Cajysnle uncqitally Z-winged.
\ Inflorescence axillary or arising from the base of the leaf, or an axillary bud.
% Leaves alternate or whorled, rarely reduced to a single one. Flowers small, white.

° Glabrous.

B. PEOciiiDiFOLiA, "Wall. Tavoy.

Leaves alternate, the petioles 1-2 lines long.

B. vEEiiciLiATA, Hook. Maulmaiu {fde Parish).

Leaves whorled, longer petioled.

° ° Stems and petioles pubescent.

B. Maetabanica, DC. Tenasserim.

Inflorescence glabrous. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, sparingly and minutely
hirsute above.

1 1 Leaves solitary radical or few and alternate. Flowers small, white.

B. SDfUATA, Wall. Tenasseiim and the Andamans.

Diploclinium biloculare, "\^'ight.
£. Andamanensis, Parish.

More or less stellate-velvety. Inflori scence glabrous. Leaves alternate or rarely
solitary.

beoosiacej:. CUCURBITACE.E. 443

B. pRor.iFERA, DC. jraulnuiin {fide rurisli).

Glabrous. Leaf solitary, from the base of which 2 or more flowering peduncles
arise.

B. PALEACEA, Kz. Ulipcr Tcnasserim.

Stems, etc., and the conspicuously bracted inflorescence paleaceous-pilose, the
indumentum often intermixed witli soft gland-hairs.

f f Leaves and hif/oreseence radical.

B. NivEA, Parish. Maulmain.

Leaves contracted into a petiole 2-3 lines long, ciliate, hispid above. Flowers
nearly an inch in diameter, white.

■\ — \- Perianth of both sexes 2-sepaUed, apeialuus.

B. FLACCiDissrjiA, Kz. Zwa-ka-bin Hill {fide Parish).

Very tender herb. Leaves alternate, minutely and sparingly pilose above.
Flowers small.

* * Styles 3, free or connate. Capsule 5-celled and Z-icinged.
X Placentas entire and simple.
B. liiuNDisiANA, Kz. Attaran Valley.

Glabrous, the inflorescence radical or nearly so. Leaves radical, dee]il\- lobed.
Perianth 2-sepalled, apetalous.

X X Placentas 1-cleft.
+ Caulescent herbs, with alternate cauline leaves.

B. PARVTLIFLORA, Kz. Upper Tenasscriui {fide Lobb).

All parts (also the inflorescence) glabrous. Capsule 3 lines long, the wings
truncate at the apex. Stamens monadelphous.

B. MODESTIFLOEA, Kz. Borouga Island up to 1000 feet.

Leaves sparingly and minutely bi-istly and glossy above, in other respects very
similar to the preceiling. Capsule \ an inch long. Stamens free, the anthers
mucronulatc. Styles fi'ee.

B. sccT.vTA, "Wall. Bliamo.

Like preceding, liut leaves opa(iue and more pilose. Stamens monadelphous, the
anthers terminated by the broad truncate connective. Styles united up to the middle.

B. Sl'RCULIOERA, Kz.

Leaves minutely and sparingly pilose. Inflorescence glandular-puberulous.
Stamens monadelphous. Capsule-wings half-sagittate, produced into blunt basal lobes.

-| — \- Scapigerons herbs, the leaves and inflorescences radical and usually solitary.

B. suBPERFOLiATA, Parish. Maulmain district.

Leaves very long-petioled, peltate at the base, papOlose-dotted and glabrous.

B. vELUTi.NA, Parish. Maulmain district.

Leaves very long-petioled, cordate (not peltate), papillose and minutely pilose
above. Stamens free.

Habit of B. subpeltata, Wight, but dilfers in the 2-lamellate placentas (Kiu-z).

Order CUCUllBITACE.l-:.

Flowers monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous. Corolla 5-merous, imbricate.
Stamens 5-3, of which one is usually 1-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-several-celled,
l-many-o\uled. Fruit a berry. Albumen none. Embryo straight. Stem fui'nished
with tendrils. Leaves alternate.

44 i BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PBODUCTIOSS.

CUCURBITIE.E.
Anthers 2-ceUed, the cells straight, curved orfexuose. Ovary with 3 {rarely 2 or o)
placentas. Ovules horizontal, numerous.

* Anther-cells Jlexuose or folded uj) (veri/ rarely straight or only curved).
X Corolla rotate or bell-shaped, 5-pet)illed or o-partcd at the base. Filaments
vsually free.

-\- Petals fringed.

HoDGsoNiA, Hooker, f. et Thomp-wn.

Ovules 12, in pairs attached to each side of the 2 parietal placentas. Seeds large,
united hy pairs. Leaves lobcd, coriaceous.

H. (TiiicEOSAXTHEs) HETEEOCLii.i, Eoxb. Tropical forests. Chittagong and Pegu.

Tkichosaxtiies, Linnaus.

Ovules and seeds very numerous, the latter variously shaped, small or large.
Petals fringed or rarely entire or nearly so, white. Leaves entire or loLed.

Sub-genus En-TiticHosANxnEs.

Petals conspicuously fringed. JIale floirers racemose.

* Male racemes without or with minute hraets, the bracts liardly a line long and
inconspicuous. Seeds imbedded in a red or yelhiwish pulp, grooved or tubercled, with
thickened, crctiate, or waved margins.

X Leaves more or less deeply palmafely lubed.
+ Male racemes without bracts.

*T. CTJCniiERrN^i, L. Cultivated all over Burma.

Tha-bw5t-kha.

Fringes of the petals simple and straight. Fruits ovate, acuminate. Margin of
seeds thickened and crenate.

-] — |- Mule racemes minutely hracted.

T. LOBATA, Roxb. Chittagong.

Fringes of petals jagged. Fruits oblong, acuminate. Seeds thick and irregularly
tubercled.

*T. ANGUiKA, L. CuUivated {fde ilason).

Peh-len-mywe.

Fringes of petals simple, curled. Fruits elongate, spindle-shaped.

X X Leaves cordate, not lobed.
T. EENIFOEMS, Miq. Ivutland Island. Andaman?.

Leaves pubescent. Seeds vritli a central longitudinal ribbon, the lateral lobes
truncate.

** Male racemes compicuously bracted, the bracts leafy, 3 lines to \h inch long or
longer. Seeds imbedded in a dirty dark-green pulp, smooth, with entire margins.

T (Modecca) beacteata, Lamk. All over Burma.

Fringes of petals very long and simple. Bracts of male flo-wers usually smaller.
Calyx-lobes broadly ovate, serrate. Leaves angular or palmately lobed. Fruits globose.

T. geandibeacteata, Kz. North of Mandalay and the Ehakyen Hills.

Petals fringed with very long simple curled cilia. Bracts of male flowers large
and broad, 1-1|- inch long. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, entire. Leaves usually palmately
and very deeply lobed. Fruits large, oval-oblong, compressed.

T. cordaia, Roxb. The Tsittoung Yalley.

Petals to near their middle cut into numerous jagged segments, not fringed.
Female flowers not tubular. Fruits globose. Leaves cordate, usually not lobed.

CVCVRRJTACE.'E. 415

T. jtACEosirno.v, Kz. Attaran Vallcr.

As preceding, but leaves larger and slightly angular, the tube of tlie female
flowers 1 y inch long.

Siib-genus I'seudo-Tkiciiosaxtiies.

Flowers dicocious, of both sexes solitary in the leaf-axils, the female ones very
shortly poduncled or almost sessile, the males on slender pedieels.

•'" I'liaJx with very lung curled and branched fringes.
X Corolla-lobes entire or only slightly lacerate.

T. INTEGRIFOLIA, Roxb. Ava and all over Burma.

Leaves reniform. Fruits globular or nearly so. Seeds elliptieally oblong.

* * Petals entire.
f Calyx-tubes of males elongate. Stuniens inserted in the ealy.r-tube, included, the
anthers cohering into an oblong head.

GnrxoPETALrji, Arnoft.

Stigmatic lobes of female flowers linear, simple. Tendril simple. Fruit small,
pulpy within. Corolla yellow.

Sub-genus Scot.Oi'thus, Naud.

Monoecious. Male flowers in braeted racemes. Fruit ribbed. Floirers -white.
Leaves cordate, 3-5-angular. Female flowers long peduncled. Fruits ovoid.
G. (Beyoxi.v) Cocnix-Cni.VEXsE, Lour. Arakan.

Momordica tubijlora, Roxb.

G. HETEEOPni'LLUxr, Kz. Tenasserim, the Andamans and Kamorta.

Leaves palmately and deeply .3-5-lobed, the lobes blunt. Fruits clavate-
cylindrioal.

Possibly a smaller braeted form of G. quinquelobum, Miq. (Kurz).

"The diiference between Trichosanthcs and Gymnopetalum is very slight indeed.
The corolla in T. integrifolia, Roxb., is as often entire as it is irregularlv and more
or less deeply cut; tlio colour of the corolla thus alone remains as a distinguishing
mark between the two genera!" (Kurz).

Lagenaeia, String.

Stigmatic lobes of female flowers 2-lobed. 7]/i<lril.s 2. cleft. Fruit with a woody
rind. Petiole 2-glauded at the a])ex.

*L. (CrrriiiUTA) i.aoexauia, L. Cultivated all over Burma, especially

L. vulgaris and idolatrica, Ser. Ava and I'ronu'.

var. CI. All parts softly, but not visciilly pubescent. Fruits flask-shaped,
var. /i. All parts viscid-pubescent. Fruits pear-shaped.

Kurz adds from the Nieobars :

L. VUI.OAKIS, Savi. (var.?). Kalchall.

The fruits are the size and shape of billiard-balls.

t f 2/ale calyx-tube short {eery rarely I'ing). Stamens inserted at the mouth or i/i
the tube of the calyx, usually exserted, the anthers free or slightly cohering.

° Stamens inserted at the m'luth of the calyx. Filaments exserted, reeuned.
Anthers free, the cells bordeiing the broad connective.

LvFFA, Cavanilles.

M'lle flowers racemose. Fruit dry, with a woody-fibrosc endocarp, dehiscing b\-
an apical circumsciss opercle. Petiole without glauds.

44G BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

■X- p,-i,;t smooth, at least not murieate or echiiiafe.

*L. (MosiordicaI ctii>-drica, L. Common all over Burma, the Andamans,

Z. pt'/ola and Cntfu-Picinna, Ser. and Kamorta.

L. JEgijptiaca, Mill.
L. pentanilra, Ilosb.
L. leiocarjia, Kaud.
L. hidcraeea, Wall.

Tha-bvrGt.

Fmit terete, or only with obscure darker-coloured longitudinal streaks.

*L. (Cucrjiis) ACTJTANGrLA, L. Chittagong, cultivated.

L. foctida, Cav.

Petola Bengalensis, Eumph.

Fruit sharply lO-angular.

Ltiffa aiiiara. Eoxb., with oblong fruits only 3-4 inches long and tapering at both
ends, is probably only a variety of the above (Kurz).

*"* Fndt echinute or murlcaie.

L. GKAVEOLEXs, Itosb. Cliittagong.

Flowers moua^cious, yellow, the males and females from the same leaf-axil, very
shortly pedicelled. Fruit muricate.

L. ECHiNATA, Eoxb. Arakau.

L. bindaal, Eolb.

Flowers dicEcious, wliite, the males in racemes, the fcmalis solitary. Fruits
densely echinate, the bristles sproadingly fibrillose or rarely ciliate.

Br. Hooker states that the flowers in Indian specimens of this species are always
yellow, not white, as Eoxburgh describes and figures them. The species is common
enough in the plains of Korthcrn Bengal ; but never have I seen the flowers of it
other than white (Kurz).

The fruits of Ziiffa, after the fleshy matter has decayed, present a firm fibrous
skeleton, which is exposed for sale in some chemists' shops in England as ' Egyptian
bath-sponge,' and a very eflicient abrader of the cuticle it no doubt makes.

Benincasa, Sari.
Male and female floirers solitary. Fruit fleshy, berry-like, pulpy inside. Tendrils
2-3-cleft. Petiole without glands.

*B. CEEiFEEA, DC. Cultivated all over Burma and Kamorta.

Cuearlita I'epo, Eoxb.

°° Stamens inserted below the mouth of the calyx. Anthers conniving or cohering.
\ Calyx famished with 1-3 scales at the bottom.
MoiroEDiCA, Linna-ns.
Calyx with 2 or 3 scales. Mahfoirers usually furnished with a large complicate
bract subtending the pedicel. Tendrils simple.

X Monacious. Bracts only 2-3 lines long, at about the middle of the fliform peduncle.

* jr. CHAEANTiA, L. Cultivated all over Burma.

M muricafa, "Willd.
M. Senegalensis, Lamk.
Cucumis African us, Ldl.
Amara Indiea, Eumph.
Leaves palmatcly 5-lobed. Calyx-lobes oblong, acute. Bracts entire, at the apex
of the peduncle. Fruit few-seeded, small.

CrCURBlTACE.E. t47

X X Dia-ciom. Bracts of the male (and sometimes of the female) floirers just below
the flower and emhracing the calyx, ^1 inch long or longer.

Leaves 3- to 5-lobed. Calyx-lobes linear, acuminate. Seeds about 3 lines long.
M. sri!ANGCL.VTA, Bl. Cliittagong and Pegu.

Leaves cordate, not lobod, or only angular. Bracts pubescent or velvety. Calyx-
lobes oblong, blunt. Seeds about 3 lines long.

M. (^Iuricia) CocnixcniNENsis, Lour. Tropical forests of Pegu and Tcnasseiini.

Zucca Conimersiana, Sor.
Leaves 3- rarely 5-lobed, witb the lobes acuminate. Bracts often hirsute. Calyx-
lobes oblong, acuminate. Seeds about an inch long.

*M. DioicA, Roxb. Burma {fide Mason).

Sa-byet.

TnLADIANTHA, Bioige.

C'ahjx with a single scale. Bracts of male flowers dimorphous, the inner ones
smaller and imperfect.

T. DUMA, Bung. Pegu Eangc.

Gymnopetalum Uorsfieldii, Miq[.

+ I Calyx without scales.
Crcniis, Liniieeus.
Connective produced beyond the author-cells. Tendrils simple.

X Flowers on slender pedicels, several together in the axils of the leaves.

*C. SATr\-ns, L. Cultivated.

C. momordica, Roxb.

Ovary muricate, spindle-shaped. Male flowers by 3-6, females solitary.

*C. Miao, L. var. « Cliittagong. Ava and Pegu.

C.flexu'isus, chate and dudaim, L. Kamorta.

C. deliciosnx, Roth. var. /i cultivated generally.

C. conomon, Thhg.
C. titilissimus, Roxb.
C. cicatristriatus, Stocks.

Ovary densely villous or pubescent, usually oblong or elliptical. Male and female
flowers usually mixed.

var. a C. puhescens, "Willd. ; C. Melo agrestis, Naud. ; C. trigoniis, Bth. ; C.
Maderaspatanus, Roxb. uon L. All parts much smaller. Fruits onh' as hirge as a plum,
from oblong to turbinate, not edible. Plowers smaller and shorter pediccllcd, usiudly
only by 2-3 in the leaf-axils. Considered by Naudin to be the wild stock of the
cultivated melons.

var. li. cult/I. All parts more robust. Fruits larger and often very largo,
variously shaped. Flowers nearly an inch across, on lung filiform pedicels, usually
by 3-5 irom the leaf-axils.

CiTHUi.i.fs, Schrader.
Connective not prolonged. Stigmas renil'orm. Tendrils usually 2-3-cleft.

*C. VULGARIS, Schrad. Cultivated generally.

Cucurhila citndlus, L.
C. flstulosus, Stocks.
Augur ia Indica, Rumph.

X X Corolla bell-shaped, o-lobed to the ihiddle or somewhat further down.

CEPnALAXUKA, Schradcr.

Male floieers solitary or nearly oymosc. Stigmas narrow, 2-lobed or -parted.
Tendrils simple.

448 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

C. (Bktoxia) geaxdis, L. In rubbishy places all over Ava, Arakan,

Alomordica monadelpha, Eoxb. and Pegu.

Cocci III a In died, W.A.
Ken-bung (M.).

CrcuEWTA, Linnaus.
Flowers solitary. Calyx-lohes spreading. Filaments free. Stigmas 3, 2-lobed or
2-forked. Tendrils usually 2- or more-cleft.

X Calyx-loles Irafi/.
* C. MOSCHATA, Duch. Cultivated in Aralcan and Pcgii.

Leaves more or less lobcd. Petiole scarcely prickly.

** Anther-cells straigld or curved, not fc.ru ose.
X Stijle inserted on a eupiilar or annular disk.
Bryoxia, Linncetis.
Male fowers racemose or clustered. Filaments short, the connective not produced.
Berry spherical, short peduncled.

B. LACiNiosA, L. Eubbishy spots in C'hittagong and Prome.

MriiiA, Aniotf.

Mule flowers solitary or clustered. Calyx bell-shaped. Connective produced
beyond the anther-cells. Berry sijherical, sessile. Seeds scrobiculate.

M. (CrcrMis) MAnEEASPAiAsrs, L. non Eoxb. All over Burma.

M. scahrella, Arn.
Tha-bwot-kha (il.).

Zehxeeia, Endliclier.
Male foirers usually corymbose. Filaments elongate. Anthers orbicular, the
connective not produced, villous on the back. Berry shortly peduncled.

Sub-genus Kaeivia, Arn.

Berry large, nearly 2 inches long. Seeds nnmerous, almost globidar.
Z. riiBELLATA, Klcin. All over Burma.

Leaves polymorphic, almost chartaceous, glabrous.
Z. HooKERiAXA, W. A. Khakyen Hills.

BeiTy small, globose. Seeds few, compressed-oblong. Leaves herbaceous,
flaccid, cordate, repand-toothed.

Melothria, Linnteus.
Male foirers usually racemose. Anthers almost sessile, the connective produced
beyond the anther-cells' and usually 2-lobod. Berry usually long- and slender-
peduncled.

M. (iEcHMAXDRA) IxDicA, Am. Cliittagong.

Bryonia tcnella, Eoxb.
Cucumis marinus-viridis, Eumph.

X X Bisl- at the base of the style ahsent or obsolete.
Ehynchocaepa, Schrader.

Ovary with 1-0 placentas. Berry few-seeded, beaked. Connective produced
beyond the anther-cells.

E. (Bryonia) rosieata, Eottl. Pagha-myo.

Bryonia pilosa, Eoxb.

All parts more or less pubescent. Leaves cordate, with rounded basal lobes.
Berry striate, hairy.

CUCURBITACE.E. TURSERACE-E. 449

R. DELToiBEA, Kz. Pcsiu 1111(1 Tcnasscriiii.

Leaves deltoid, with spreading acute basal lobes, rough above. Berries glabrous.

CREMOSPERMIE.E.
Anthers l-ccUed. Orary 1- or Z-celli'd. Ondcs 2 to many, suspended.

* Seeds not winged.
Sub-lribo GOMPIIOGTNIEJE.
Stamens 5. Filaments free. Ocarrj \-celled, with 2-6 ondes suspended from, or
near, the summit of the cell.

GoMPnoGTNE, Griffith.

Petals oblong, crose. Fruit turbinate, broadly 3-angular and 3-valved at the
apex. Leaves 5-7-foliolate.

G. (Zanoxia) HETEKOspEKJfA, Wall. Ava. Taoug-doung.

Capsule club-shaped, rather narrow. Seeds usually 4, about u line long,
rounded, obscurely tubercled-wrinkled.

A simple-leaved species of Actinostemma, or more probably Gomphnstemma, is
not unfrequent along choungs in the tropical forests of the eastern slopes of the Pegu
Yoniah, especially at tlic head-waters of the Swa-choung, but I did not succeed iu
finding either flower or fruit of it (Kurz).

* * Seeds winged.
Sub-tribe ZANOXIE.T;.
Stamens 5. Filaments free. Anthers oblong. Ovary \-celled, with 3 thicli
parietal placentas. Ovules numerous. Fruit dry, \-celled, with a broad open 3-angular
mouth at the top.

Alsomitea, Ricm.

Calyx-lobes 5. Stamens 4, perfect. Styles 3, the stigmas 2-lobed. Leaves
3-foliolato.

A. (Zanoxia) sAKCornvi.LA , Wall. "Waste spots from Ava to Pronie.

Kyi-a (il.).

Zaxoxia, Linnaus.

Z. zErrxEEiA, Endl. (if.).

This Order embraces a few grateful fruits, as the difFcront sorts of melons, and
some useful and wholesome though not very nutritious vegetables in the various sorts
of pumpkins, gourds, and cucumbers, which from their cheapness enter largely into
the dietary of the poorer classes.

The ' Colocynth,' Citrullus eoloeynthix, yields a pulj) possessing highly purgative
properties, and similar properties exist iu the roots of several species of Bryony, e.g.
Bryonia alba and dioica. The fruits of Luffa and Trichasanthes arc largely used for
food iu India, but become purgative wlien ripe. The fibrous skeleton of the fruit of
Ljujfa is what is familiarly known in London shops as ' Kgytian Bath-sponge.' Tin;
white gourd, Benincasa cerifera, presents a waxy exudation on its fruits, and is
regarded as a symbol of fertility, and as such often presented in India to newly-
married couples.

Order TURNERACE.E.

Corolla polypetalous, perigynous, isostcmonous, contorted in bud. Stamens 5,
sub-hypogynous. Ovary free, 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Capsule with
3 semi-seminiferous valves. Seeds strophiolato. L'mbryo albuminous.

TiKXEitA, Linnttus.
*T. ri,Mnoi.iA, L. Introduced and now feral roiuid villages.

VOL. II. 29

450 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Older SAiEYDACE^.

Flowers regular, usually liormaplirodite. Calyx coriaceous, persistent, 3-7-lobcd,
the lobes imbricate or valvate. Pdah 3-7, rarely more, usually resembling the calyx-
lobes in consistence, perigynous and imbricate in bud, or none. Dish cupular, annular,
or glandular. Stamens perigynous, indetinite, or rarely definite, usually opposite the
petals and alternating with small glands or scales. Otary superior, or more or less
inferior, 1-celled, with 2-3 or more several-ovuled parietal placentas. Sti/le simple,
or 2-3- or more cleft. Fruit indehiscent or capsular, and opening into valves. Seeds
often arillate, with a fleshy albumen. Emhrijo straight or nearly so, the radicle next
the hilum. Cotyledons flat. Leaves usually alternating, simple. Stipules small or
none. Flowers inconspicuous, in racemes, panicles, or clusters. Trees or shrubs.

CASi:Am£^E.
Cali/x free, 5- or i-merous. Petals none. Stamens 6-30, inserted in a siiiyle row
to the caiyx-tuhe, usually alternating loith as many staminodes.

GuiDONiA, Plumier.
Stamens 6-15, alternating with as many short staminodes. Flowers clustered or
in corymbs.

G, (Caseakia) Canziala, Wall. Pegu and Martaban.

* Filaments very slender, many times lonyer than the anthers.
f Stamens and staminodes 8 each, separately inserted.
All parts glabrous. Loaves coarsely crenate. Flowers about 2 inches across.
Pedicels and calyx glabrous.

G. GL05IEKATA, Eoxb. var. ft Chittagong.

Young shoots, calyx, and pedicels, and also often the nerves beneath of tlie
seri-ulate leaves, puberulous. Flowers only a line across.

var. a ylahriuseula. Leaves almost glabrous.

var. ft puberula. Leaves beneath on the nerves, the petioles, etc., puberulous.

f f Stamens and staminodes 8 eaeh, united at the base and forminy a broad disk
round the ovary.

** Filaments only as long as the anthers.

G. VAEECA, Roxb. Khakyen Hills.

All parts more or less puberulous. Stamens 8.

Casearia, Jacqueminot.
C. GLABEATA, Bl. (K.). Kamorta.

var. with leaves larger and broader at the base, which is rounded or almost
cordate on the one side, in this respect resembling those of angustata, T. and B., which
may turn out to be only a form of it. Capsules fleshy elliptical, nearly an inch long,
smooth and glabrous. A tree of the tropical forests.

BOMALIE^E.
Cah/x free or adnate to the ovary, 4-l5-merons. Petals as many. Stamens 4-15,
or if more arranyed in clusters, but always opposite the petals.

HoMALiUM, Jacqueminot.
Petals as many as sepals. Ovary more or less adnate to the ovary and inferior.

* Stamens solitary and opposite to the petals. Flowers racemose or spiked, often
collected into panicles.

X Flowers about 2 lines in diameter. Ovary villous.

H. (Blackwellia) tomentosa, Yent. Arakan and Pegu up to 2000 feet.

£. spiralis, Wall.

SA.urn.icL'yE. -i^l

Loaves coriaceous, tomentose or puberulous beneath. Flowers tomcntose, sessile.
Spikes robust, tomcntose.

H. ( Black wkllia) DASTAN-rniM, Tiircz. Mergui.

IT. Griffithianum, Kz.
Leaves thin cLartaceous, pubescent on the nerves. Flowers tomcntose, shortly
pedicelled. Racemes jiubesceut, slender.

X X Flowers less than a line in diameter. Spikes collected into panicles.

H. jiixutiflorcm:, Kz. Martaban ?

All parts, also the spikes, quite glabrous. Flowers sessile. Ovary villous.
Habit of H. fmtidiim, but the flowers very minute.

* * Sf (linens ly 2 or more opposite to the petals.
H. ScHLicnrt, Kz. Chittagong.

Quite like II. JVepalense, but stamens by threes. Ovary tomentose. Flowers
longisli pedicelled, in divaricate terminal glabrous panicles.
H. FCETiDuii. Mergui.

Glabrous. Stamens by twos. Ovary glabrous. Racemes slender, glabrous.

Sub . „i der PA SSIFL OHEJE.

Flowers herma]dirodite, or rarely unisexual, and in this case the male and female
corollas conform. Corona conspicuous, simple or double.

rAssiFf.oRiJs^i:.

Corona of the corolla simple or double, and usuallij conspicuous. Petals utually her-
baceous or coriaceous, rarely none.

Passifloea, Linneevs.

Calyx-tuhe short. Petals -1-5, rarely none. Stamens 4-.5. Styles 3. Leaves
simple.

Sub-genus Granadii.la, DC.

Involucre 3-leavcd, the Icallets entire or toothed, or dissected. Sepals and petals
5 each. Peduncles 1-tlowered, arising together with the simple tendrils from the
same leaf-axil.

* Involucral leaflets entire or toothed.

* P. QUADRAxarLAws, L. Cultivated.

Branches and branchlets wingcdly -1-cornered. Stipules and bracts entire.
Petiole with 4-6 glands. Leaves entire.

The root is vermifuge in small doses, poisonous in large. The fruit is plea.sant,
though rather insipid.

* P. LATJKIFOLIA, L. Cultivated.

Branches, etc., almost terete or slightly angular, never winged. Stipules
setaceous, long. Bracts obovatc, glaudular-serrate at the tips. Petiole 2-glanded
at the apex. Leaves entire.

* * Involucral leaflets pinnatiseet, the end-segments capillary or setaceous, glandular
thickened at the apex (^Bysosmia, DC).

P. FCETiDA, Can. Waste spots and hedges all over Arakan and Pegu.

All parts liairy. Leaves 3-lobed, the petiole gland-less.
Sub-genus Eu-Passiflora.

Flowers not involucrcd, the bracts remote, large, small or absent. Corona mem-
branous, sharply foldixl, frilled at the edge.

452 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

* Flotrcrs Iracted, the bracts small. Petals present [Decahba, EiulL).
f Leaves lotted, velvety beneath.
B. CALONEuiiA, Kz. TJi^piT Tenasscrim.

Ex;ictly as P. Ilorsfieldii, but leaves deeply 3-lobcd and smaller, the lobes blunt.

The texture, nervature, and indument of the leaves are entirely those of
P. Ilorsfieldii. Flowers aud fruits unknown.

f f Leaves entire, f/labroiis.
*"'•' Flowers ajietalous, usualhj irif/wiif bracts {Cieca, Med.).
P. SUBEEOSA, L. Chittagong.

Flowers small. Petiole ^-i inch long, 2-glanded at the apex. Leaves acute.

Sub-order PA PA YA CEJE.

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Stamens perigynous. Corona small or none.

MOBECCIE.E.
Flowers hermaphrodite, or, if unisexual, the male and female corollas conform.
Corona small or none. Petals included in the calyx-tube. Connective often produced
beyond the anther-cells.

MoDEccA, Linnaus.

Flowers unisexual. Calyx o-cleft. Corona none or fi'inged. Dish-glands 5.
Tendril-bearing herbs or shrubs.

* Petals inserted at the throat or to the tube of the calyx. Stigmas sessile {Micro -
llepharis, Wight).

M. coBDiFOLiA, Bl. The Andamans. Great Nicobar.

Leaves entire. Seeds pitted, with crenato borders.

*•■' Petals inserted on the bottom of the calyx. Style 3-cleft or styles 3, distinct
{Blcpharanfhus, TUight).

M. TKiLonATA, Itoxb. All over Arakan and Burma.

Leaves 3- rarely 5-lobed. Seeds pitted, with a double-crenate border.

M. NicoBAEicA, Kz. (K.). EatchaU and Nankowry.

FAPATJIE.E.
Flowers nni.<:exual, the male and fen/ale corollas dissimilar, rarely polygamous.
Corona none. Calyx minute. Male corolla tubular, the female one b-petalled. Stamens
in two roivs, inserted to the corolla-tube. Erect trees, with milky juice.

Caeica, Linnrcus.
Filaments free. Leaves simple, lobed or cut.

*C. PAPAYA, L. Cultivated, and ludf wild in the South. Kamorta and Katthall.
I'apaya vulgaris, D.C.

Sir J. D. Hooker remarks, " Tlio Papaw is the insipid berry of Cnrica, the juice
of whose fruit is a poweiful vermifuge aud antiseptic, and contains fibrin, a substance
otherwise supposed to be peculiar to tlio animal kingdom. The whole tree has the
singular property of rendering tough meat tender, by separating the muscular fibres."

The curious property whicli the juice of the Pnpaw possesses of rendering meat
tender, depends on the presence of a peculiar principle,' termed by Dr. Peckolt, its
discoverer, ' I'apayotin,' or, as it is also called, Papaine. The properties of this sub-
stance are analogous to ' Pepsin.' To apply the juice to cookery, the meat which it

' New C'oinmerci;il Plants, Xo. 3, Christy i Co., London.

SA.VVDACA'J^. OXAGRAIIE.E. 453

is tlcsired to render teiulor should bn washed or soaked for a few minutes (o to 10)
in water, to wliieh tlie juice of the I'apaw tree has been added, or the joint wrapped
in tlio tresli loaves of the Papaw, and in this state roasted. The juieo mixed with au
eiiual ([Uautity of sup;ar is also au exeelleut medieiuo in cases of enlarged spleen.
The dose is one teaspdotif'ul of the juice made into three boluses with sug;ar, one bolus
to be taken morninj;', noon, and nifiht. The juice is said also to remove freckles.

The most curious propert}', however, of the active jirinciples of the Papaw is its
power of dissolvinii;,' or digestiiifi; (for that is what it amounts to), living tissues.
Two grammes of Pajiaine (or Papayotin) dissolved in 200 cubin centimetres of water,
eoiuplctely dissolved a living frog of .50 grammes weight in 24 hours, and this
peculiar property of Papaiuo has been successfully employed in the removal and
destruction of the false membrane formed in diphtlieria. Tape-worms arc also killed
by this curious medicine, and as the tree is so common in India, its use and value
deserve to be more generally known. The medicinal dose intenially is 4 or 5
grammes. A liniment for Diphtheria Eczema, and Psoriasis, is made as follows :
Papaine 1 2 grains, Borax in powder 5 grains, Water 2 cli'ams. Pencil the parts with
a brush twice a day or oftener.

MRYTALES.

Flowers regular or sub-regular, usually hermaphrodite. Ooary syncarpous,
usually inferior. Sti/h undivided, veiy rarely styles free. Plitcentas axile or apical,
rarely basal. Lcm-c.'i simple, usually quite entire, rarely tri-foliolate in Coiubretacea.

Order ONAGRARE^.

Corolla polypetalous, cpigynous, contorted in bud. Stamens inserted with the
petals, equal or double them in number, rarely fewer. Ovary inferior, many-celled ;
many (rarely few) ovuled. Albumen none.

* Ovary 2-Q-cellcd, the cells many-ovuled. Capsules dehisciny loculicidally or
septkidally, many-seeded. Usually terrestrial herbs.

Jussi^A, Linnaus.
Stamens twice as many as petals. Ovary 4-cell(d. Capsule sopticidal.
J. REPEXS, L. Ponds and swamps all over Purma.

J. Swartziana, DC.

J. floribimda, Griff.

Creeping or floating herb. Flowers iisually 5-merous, white, long-pcdicelled.
Seeds large, spongy.

J. suFFKUTicosA, L. Jlud banks and rice fields all over Burma.

var. a J. anyustifolia, Lam. var. ji Kamorta.

J. exaltata, lloxb.

/. lonyipes, Grift'.

J. Barmanni, DC.

var. ft J. villosa, Micj.

J. fruticosa, DC.

Erect, terrestrial. Flowers mostly 4-merous, very shortly pcdicelled or almost
sessile. Seeds minute, crustaceous, glo.ssy.

LrnwiGiA, Linnaus.

Stamens as many as jietals. Ovary 3-6 celled. Capsule septicidal.

L. p.vuviFLORA, Roxb.

Z. perennis and gracilis, Miq.
L. lythroides, Bl.

' New Ccmmcrcial Plants and Drugs, No. '>, Christy & Co., London.

454 BCRMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Capsules from obloug: to flongatc-cylindrical, tliiuk. Seeds densely coveiing tlio
placentas.

L. PEOSTRATA, Roxb. Tar. (I Ava, Pegu, and the Andamaus.

L. diffmn, Ham. var. ft Thoukyaghat.

Nemntopijxis fruticidosa and pnsinei, Miij.

var. a. Plant erect, branched, leaves lai'ge.
var. ft. PJant prostrate, leaves small.

Capsules almost filiform. Seeds in a single row.

** Onii-i/ 1-4-ceUed, the cells 1- {rarely 2-4.-)oruh'd. JVut 1-4-Cfllfl, l-i-seedcd.

Teapa, Linnaus.

Flowers 4-merous. Ocarn 2-celled. Nuts witli 2 or 4 spines or horns. Floating
herbs.

*T. BisriNOSA, Eoxb. Tanks in Ava and Chittagong.

Nut with 2 opposite reflexed bearded spines.

The water-nut or Singhara of India is not much cultivated in Burma, but it is
capable of yielding a prodigious supply of food, as, for example, in Kashmir, where it
forms the staple food of some 30,000 souls for four or five months of the year. The
nuts can be eaten raw, but are more palatable boiled, and have been likened to
chestnuts in flavour.

Order LTTHRARIE.E.

Flowers hermaphrodite, very rarely unisexual, regular, or rarely irregular.
Calyx free, but often inclosing the ovary, 4-5- (very rarely 3- or 6- or more-)lobcd
or toothed, the lobes often alternating with as many accessory teeth. Petals as many
as calyx-lobes, rarely wanting, inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube, usually
clawed, imbricate and usually crumpled in the bud. Stamens as many as petals, or
more or fewer, inserted in the calyx-tube. Filaments inflected in the bud. Anthers
versatile, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary supeiior, or (in a few abnormal
genera) inferior, 2-6- (or rarely by abortion of the partitions l-)celled, with usually
numerous ovules attached to the axis, or veiy rarely parietal. Style simple, with
a capitate or rarely 2-lobed stigma. Fruit a capsule, variously deliiscing, inclosed
in or surrounded by the persistent calyx. Albumen none. Fmhrijo straight.
Cotyledons oblong, or orbicidar-cordate. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with opposite,
whorled, or sometimes alternate, simple leaves. Stipules none. Flowers in axillary
or terminal panicles, cymes or clusters, rarely solitary.

-|- Capsule irreyularly dihiseiny.

X Seeds ylahrous. Leatcs not black dotted,

f Flowers with pctali, or rarely apetalotK in some herbs.

° Ilerhs. Capsule 1-5-cellcd, irregularly or transversely dehisciny.

Amm.vnjjia, Linnmis.

Calyx 3-5-toothed. Stamens 2-8. Disk-glands none. Leaves opposite or rarely
whorled.

Sub-genus Rotala, L.

Floivers solitary (rarely and only occasionally by 2 or 3) in the axils of the leaves,
or bracts, often forming spikes or racemes. Capsule 2-4-valved.

* Disk-glands 8 under the ovary.
Sub-genus HyDEOLTrnRUM, II. f.

Calyx 4-lobed. Petals 4. Stamens 4. Disk-glands 8. Capsule 2-celled. Aquatics,
with whorled leaves.

A. (HrDEOLYTnEni) Wallicrii, H. f. Tavoy.

Aquatic herb of the hal.iit of Jlyriophylluin, the leaves whoiled, linear.

LYTHRARIEJU. 455

** Dish-glands ahseiit {Hufala, L.).
X C'lili/x bell-shaped, thrice as deep as wide. Capsule shoriei- than, and included in,
the calyx-tube.

A. DKXTKLLOiDKs, Kz. Anikaii ill wet pastures.

Leaves very shortly petioled, 1 -nerved, linear. Flowers solitary, sessile.
Pygmy annual.

A. PErLoiDEs, Sprcng. Wet pastures all over Burma.

A. {Peplis) Indica, Willd.

Ameletia elongata, 131.

A. acutidens, Miq.

A. nana, Roxb.
Leaves usually sessile, strongly pcnninerved, obovate to oblong. Flowers sessile,
forming lateral and terminal leafy or bracted spikes.

A. SCBROTUNDA, \rall. Sogain and Northwards from "Mandalay

Leaves sessile, almost orbicular, pcnninerved. Flowers shortly and slenderly
pedicelled, forming shorter or longer slender racemes.

A. (Ameletia) rotxjndifolia, Wight. Bhamo and Khakycn Hills.

Leaves sessile, orbicular or nearly so, pcnninerved. Flowers sessile, in terminal
peduncled bracted simple or compound spikes.

X X Calyx hemispherical, about as deep as icide. Capsule 2»'ot''udcd from, or at
least as long as, the calyx-tube.

A. rycMJEA, Kz. Pegu Eauge, "Western Slopes.

Leaves linear, 1-nerved, very shortly ])ctioled. Calyx 4 angular, 4-toothcd, about
■J-i line long. Petals none. Pygmy herb.

A. siMrLicnrscuLA, Kz. Ponds and rice fields in Chittagong.

Leaves oblong to linear-oblong, 1-nerved, very shortly petioled. Calyx short,
4-toothed, about -J line long. Flowers very shortly pedicelled. Pygmy herb.

A. PENTAXDRA, Roxb. "\Vet pasturcs all over Burma.

Rotala Itorlmrghiana, Wight.
Sellowia uliginosa, lloth.
A. nana, DC. non Koxb.

Leaves oblong to linear, sessile, 1-ncrved, or the lateral nerves very faint. (Jalyx
usually 5-toothed, A-1 line long. Petals 5.

Sub-genus Ammaxxia, L.

Floicers pedicelled or partly sessile, axillary, clustered or in cymes, the latter
sometimes reduced to 1 or a lew flowers oidy. Capsule irregularly bursting.

X Leaves narrowed at the base, petioled or sessile.

A. BAcciFEUA, L. Fallows and road-sides all over Burma up to 3000 feet.

A. vesicatoria, Poxb.
A. Indica, Lamk.
Cryptotheca apetiila, Bl.

Flowers minute, apetalous, on slender pedicels, forming sessile or very shortly
peduncled cymes or clusters.

X X Leaves sessile, with a cordate, sagittate or dilated base. Petals present.

A. MUI.TIFLOUA, lloxb. Picc fields in Cliittagong.

Cryptotheca dichotoma, Bl.
A. mierocarpa, DC.

Capsule umlcr a line long. Stamens 4, or fewer. Petals not crumpled. Calyx
4-loothed, \\ilhout accessory teeth. Cymes slender.

'456 Br It MA, ITS PEOPLE AND PPiODUCTIOyS.

A. ArEicuLATA, "Willil. RicG fields in ChittagOBg.

Capsule about lA line lone;. Stamens G-8. Petals not crumpled. Calyx

4-toothed, witLout accessory teeth. Cymes slender.

A. 0CTAJ«-DRA, L. Eice fields in Chittngong.

AmaneUa linearis, Miq.

Diplostemon odandrum, Miq.

Capsule about 2 lines long. Stamens 8. Petals large, crumpled. Calyx
4-toothed, with as many horn-shaped accessory teeth. Cymes and pedicels short, stout.

° ° Trees or shruls.
PEiirniR, Forster.

Calyx 12-toothcd, ribbed. Petals 6. Stamens 12. Ocary 3-celled. Capsule
1 -celled, transversely circumsciss.

P. ACIBFLA, Forst. Pocky coasts of Tenasserim and the Andamans.

P. anrjustifolia, Roxb.
MacClellandia Griffitliiana, Wight.

Lawsoxia, Linnaus.

Cah/x 4-parted. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Ocary and capsule 4-celled, tlie latter
irregularly bursting.

*L. DfERMis, L. Cultivated all over Burma.

L. alha, Lamk.
L. spinosa, L.
Indian privet.

Mason writes: "This is the campliire of the English Bible, and the cypress
shrub of the Greeks and Romans. ' The cypress plant,' says Rosenmuller, ' is held
in particularly high esteem by the Greeks, the Arabs, and the Turks ; and they think
that they make an agreeable present when they offer a person a posy of its flowers.' "

There is a little confusion here. Kupros or Cyprus is given in dictionaries as
Eastern privet {Cyprus shrub), but it has nothing in common with Kuparissos, or
the Cypress tree, which was no shrub, but associated in descriptive pieces with lofty
and conspicuous trees, as, for example, in that pretty description (sketched in a style
suggestive of the Poly-Olbion of our own Drayton) of Peneos attending the wedding
of Peleus and Thetis —

" Confestim Peneos adest, viridantia Tempo,
Tempe, qu» sylvae cingunt superimpendentes,
Nereidum linquens, claris cclebranda chorcis,
Non vacuus, namque ille tulit radicitus altas
Fagos, ac recto proceras stipite Laurus,
Non sine nutanti Platano, lentuque sorore
Flammati Pliaethontis, et aeria Cupressu."

Catullus, Xupt. Pel. et Thet. 1. 285.'

The plant makes a good lieilge, and its leaves crushed and applied to the
extremities give tliat colour to the skin and nails which Orientals admire, not only

' Peneos comes from Tempe's green retreat ;
(Tempe, whose sward sustains the Xereids' feet ;
When mirthful they in tuneful strains contend,
To laud that vale o'erhangiug woods defend.)
Nor giftless comes ; for rans^ed ahout are seen
The spreading lieech, the J-aureFs deathless green,
The flutterinji; I'lanes, the Poplars straight and tall,
That mourn no more their darling Phaethon's fall.
And lofty Cypresses, with roots uptorn,
Th' Emathian Hall to deck on that auspicious morn.

I.YTIIRARIE.E. 457

in their own jiursous, but iu tlio manes and tails of tlair horses, wliieh tliey
habituaUy thus decorate.

f f Flowers apetaloits. Trees or .s/iriihs.
CnYrTEEoxiA, Blume.
C'dhjx 4-5-eleft. Stamens 4-5. Ovanj and capsule 2-ccllcd, tlic hitter 2-valved.
C. (Hexslowia) r.\NlcuL.\TA, Miij. F.T. var. « Chittu;j;on2;. var. ji Tropical
Anan-hpyu (Kurz),' or Bo. forests from Arakan to Teuasscrim.

Calyx 1-lA line in diameter. Leaves quite ghibrous.

var. a glabra, I'huich. Itaehis of racemes n;hibrous, at least in fruit.

var. fi piibesci'Hs, Gritf. llachis of racemes densely puberulous, uot glabrescent.

X X Seeds 2>ilose. Cali/x-fube tubular, curved. Sfamois declinate. Leaves hlack-
dotted beneath.

WooDroKDiA, Salisburi/.

Calyx ()-lobed. Pttah 6, or none. Stamens 12, long-exserted. Ocanj and
capsule 2-eelled, the latter elongate, sessile, loculieidally 2-valvcd.

W. (LyxnituM) FHrTicos.V, L. var. a Ava. Pegu. Kliakyen Hills.

H'. Jloribunda, Salisb.
Grislea tomentosa, lloxb.

A very ornamental tree common in Prome, with bright red calyces, which, with
the leaves, are collected for dyeing and tanning, and infused (as tea) are considered
to be restorative. The gum resembles tragacanth, swelling up in water, and is used
in calico ])rinting to cover such parts as are not intended to receive the dye, and also
iu the manufacture of the native confection ' Luddoo.'

4-+ Ciipsule reyularli/ opening into 3-8 valics, or berrg-Uke and indehment.
Trees or shrubs.

X Capsule drg or leathery, dehiscent.

Lagerstkujuia, Linnicus.

Calyx bell-shaped, -l-G- rarely 7-cleft. Petals 4-C>. Stamens numerous, in 2 or
more rows. Capsule dry, almost woody, 3-G-ceUed and valvcil. Seeds laterally
winged.

Sub-genus Sihia, T)C'.

Calyx terete, without ribs or furrows.

* lujlurcscence and calyx glabrous.

L. PAKVTFLORA. Ava.

Leaves whitish glaucous beneath. Flowers hardly A inch across.

*L. IxDtcA, L. Cultivated. (Wild in Ynnaii.)

Leaves green. Flowers 1 1-2 iuclics in diameter.

*""' Inflorescence and calyx covered with a rusty-coloured tomenfum.

L. cALYtfLATA, Kz. Tropical forests East of Toung-ngoo.

Flowers almost racemose, in jtanicles. Caly.x by .J or j shorter than the capsule.

Sub-genus Adambea, Lamk.

Calyx furrowed, plicatcly ribbed or angular, the angles acute or almost winged.

* liibs or angles twice as many as cttlyx-lohes, the shorter ones terminating at the
sinuses of the lobes, those of the longer ones extending over tlie lobes. Petals large.

' Kuiz writes llpo, wliiih may mean cither ' ln)yu ' or ' b6.'

458 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

-\- Inflorescence and cahjx covered with afoccose tomcnliim. Cali/x-loles iermhiating
ill a hristle or short mucro.

L. FLOHIBUXDA, Juck. Tropical forests of Tenasscrim and the Andamaus.

Pyimma-hpyoo (Kurz).

Adult leaves glabrous, acumiuatc. Tomentum rusty-coloured. Petals on short
claws, not fringed.

L. TOMEXiosA, Presl. All over Pegu and Tenasserira.

Lai-za (Kurz).

Adult leaves puberulous beneath, acuminate. Tomentum whitish or yellowish.
Petals on long slender claws, ciliolate.

X X Inflorescence and cahj.v pruinom, or minutely whitish or greyish ^mherulons,
all other parts glabrous.

L. HTPOLEUCA, Kz. The Andamaus.

Leaves whitish glaucous beneath. Calyx 10-12-angular, the angles acute.

L. FLo.s-EEGiN^, Rctz. All over Burma.

jL. reginee, Roxb.
Adainhea glabra, Lamk.
Ketinia Indica, Burm.

Pyimma or Pyeng-ma.

Leaves green. Calyx plicately-sulcate, the ribs very obtuse and broader than
the furrows.

L. MACEOCAKPA, Wall. From Ava to Tenasscrim.

Kong-pyimm'i (Kurz).

Leaves green. Calyx longitudinally furrowed, without ribs.

** Angles of calyx as many as plain lobes and alternating with them. Petals minute.
L. viLLOSA, Wall. Tropical forests of Pegu and Maitaban.

Young-ka-lay (Kurz). (Perhaps Yong-ga le.)

All softer parts greyish puljesccut. Angles of calyx almost winged. Flowers
small.

Several species of Lagerstrcemia yield useful timber, especially L. flos-regiiue, or
Pyeng-ma or Pyim-ma, which is in large demand.

Dtabax'ga, Hamilton.

Calyx 4-7-parted, thick coriaceous. Petals 4-7. Stamens numerous, in a single
row. Capsule leathery, 4-8-colled and valved. Seeds appendaged at both ends.

D. (Lagerstrcemia) grjUs'difloiia, Roxb. AU over Burma aud the Andamans.

I). Sonneratioides, Buch.

X X Capsule bcrry-hke, indehisecnt.

SoXNERATIA, LinHWUS.

Caly.r bell-shaped, 4-8-lobed. Petals 4-8, or none. Stamens numerous. Berry
man3'-celled.

* Stigma infundibuliform-capitate, small.
X Petals linear-lanceolate, dark purple.
S. ACIDA, L. F.T. AU over Burma and the Andamans.

Lamoo.
Calyx terete, G-8-lobed. Leaves obovate, broad. Timber worthless.

LyTllliAltlE.K. (.IIAXATE.E. MELASTOilACEJ-!. 409

X X Petals none.
S. (Maxgum) Ai.ii.v, Ruiuiili. Sea-shoro of tlio Aiiilauians.

Calyx in bud clliptirally oblong, acute, \\w tube at first obscurely, then strongly
6-8 anjjular.

The loots of ;S acida and S. alba, and perhaps of other species also, send up from
out the mut, wherein they are ini])lanted, long spindle-shaped excrescences. These
arc of a firm close texture, almost devoid of fibrous structure, and can be cut into thin
slices and arc admirably adajited for insect boxes and setting boards, as the material
receives readily the finest piu. Doubtless they would serve many purjjoses for which
cork is used in Europe.

S. GRiFFiTuri, Kz. Tegu and Tenasscrira.

Ta-hpyoo (Kurz).

Calyx in bud ovoid, obtuse, the tube terete.

** Sfiffiiia Ia)\i/r, iiear/i/ 3 lines in diaineter, eonieallt/ uinhreUa-shaped .

S. APETALA, Buch. I'rom Chittagoug to Tenasscrim.

Kani-bala (Kurz).

Calyx 4-lobed. Petals none. Leaves oblong to lanceolate.

Wood red, strong, not hai'd. Good for building and other purposes.

The tindicr of Za/jersfra-mirr, Crypleronin, and some others is valualile. Ifenna,
a reddish orange dye, is the lU'oduce of Zawsonia, and a similar dye is obtained from
the llowers of Woodford ia.

Order GRANATEJE.

Cah/r-hhes valvate. Petals 5 to 7, epigynous, imbricate in bud. Stamens many,
many-seriate. Oearij with 2 superimposed tiers of cells, upper tier with parietal,
lower with central plaeentatiou. Berry traversed by membranous septa. Seeds with
fleshy testa, exalbuminous. Coti/ledons convolute. Leaves sub-opposite, simple,
exstijiulate, not gland-dotted. Shrubs.

PuxiCA, Linnaus.

* P. fiRAXATrj[, L. Cultivated in Prome and Ava.

Tha-lai.

The Pomegranate is a native of Asia Jlinor, ranging to the Western Himalayas,
but cultivated in all tem])erate regions. The finest in India are imported from Kabul.
The fruit is mildly acidulous, and makes a pleasant sherbet. The bark and rind
possess considerable astringency, and are used in tanning, and in fine powder boiled
with milk for dj-sentery. The bark of the roots is anthelmintic, and given for tape-
worm. The fruit, in decorative art, is highly symbolical, on wliich subject sec
Pugin's Glussary of Eeclesiastieal Oniaments, Mytliologie des Planlcs, vol. ii. p. KUi,
and Inman, Aneicnt Faiths, vol. iv. p. CI 2.

Order MELASTOMACEJS.

Flowers regular, hermapluodife. Calyx-tube inclosing the ovary, and cither
cohering with its angles, leaving intermediate cavities, or entirely free or more or
less adnato to it. Zimb entire, or 3-G-lobed or toothed, usually imbricate in bud.
Petals 3-5, rarely 6, imbricate (usually contorted). Stamens usually twice as many,
sometimes only as many as jielals, and inserted with them, the filaments curved
down in the bud. Anthers 2-cellod, opening by 1 or 2 pores at the top, or very
rarely dehiscing longitudinally, the connective often variously extended or thickened.
Geary inclo.sed in tlie calyx-tube and adnate to it, or more or less free, with 2 to G
or rarely more cells, witli tlie placenta in the a.xis, or rarely 1-celled by the abortion
of the partitions. Style simple, with a minute stigma. Orules several, i-arely 2
only, to each placenta, anatropous. Z'ritit inclosed iu the calyx, or combined with

400 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

it, a beriT, or a capsule with as many openings as there are cells, usually many-
rarely few- or l-see(lr(l. Albumen none. Emhryo straight or curved, the cotyledons
plano-convex or thick and variously folded, radicle short. Herbs or shrubs, very
rarely trees, with opposite, simple, 3-11-nerved leaves (very rarely 1-nerved and
penninerved). Stipules none. Flowers often gaily coloured, usually in terminal
panicles or clusters, larely axillary or solitary.

The berries of many species of this Order are edible, but dye the mouth black,
■whence the name Mdadoma.

Sub-order MELASTOMEJE.
Ovarii 2- or more-celled, the placentas attached to the middle or base of the axial
angle, usually elongate, rarely sessile. Seeds usually numerous and minute, rarely
few and large. Leaves usually 3-7-nerved from the base.

* Placentas attached to the middle of the axial angle. Anthers opening h<j 1 or 2
apical pores.

X Capsule dry or rarely sappy, dehiscing ly apical valves, rarely irregularly
rapturing.

OSBECKIE.E.
Ovary with a conical or convex free apex. Connective usually produced beyond the
base of the anthers. Capsule dry or berry-like. Seeds minute, cochleate.

OsBECKiA, Linnmus.
Anthers usually all equal or nearly so. Fruit a capsule.

* Petals 8. Stamens .3.
X Floivers small. Calyx-tube bell-shaped. Anthers short or abruptly beaked.
O. CnixENSis, L. All over Tegu.

0. linearis, El.
0. Zeylanica, DC.
Calyx not ribbed, glabrous or more or less covered with long fringed scales.
Anthers prolonged into a bristle-like beak.

var. o gcnuina. Flowers sessile. Calyx-tube not or sparingly ciliate-scaly,
about 3 lines long or longer, the lobes broad, about as long as the tube.

var. /J 0. linearis, Bl. ; 0. Zeylanica, DC. Calyx somewhat smaller and
shorter, almost spherical, more or less covered with long-hairy scales, sometimes
(in bud) appearing densely pilose. Flowers nearly twice as large, on short pedicels,
the calycine lobes shorter and narrower.

X X Flowers rather large and conspicuous. Calyx-tube elongate urceolate, in fruit
produced into a tubular neck overtopping the bristle-crown of the capsule.

0. (Melastoma) ceinita, Eoxb. Chittagong and hills East of Toung-ngoo

at 4000 to 7000 feet.

Bristly hairy. Calyx covered with peltate stellate-bristly scales, the ciliate
lobes linear-subulate, alternating with as many minute teeth conform with the lobes.
Branches 4-eornered.

0. eostkata, Don. var. a Chittagong and Pine forests of

Martaban at 3500 to 5000 feet. var. /3
Pegu. var. 7 Rangoon and Taong-
doung (Ava ?).

Almost glabrous or minutely bristly. Calyx sparingly sprinkled with minute
ciliate scales, or smooth, the lobes lanceolate, usually ciliate, alternating with minute
ciliate teeth. Branchlets 4-cornered.

var. (, pulchella, Wosh. The 4-cornered stems and branchlets and leaf-nerves
minutely bristly. Culyx-tube covered with ciliate scales.

MELASTO.VACE.E. 461

vfir. ft lonyicdlliii, Trinii. Loaves, the 4-cornerecl stem and branohos glabrous,
tlie latter usually bristly fringed between the petioles. Calyx and its lobes quite
glabrous, or only the latter ciliato.

var. 7 ternifuUa, Trian. Pretty glabrous, branches S-cornered, calyx less
stellate-bristly, without additional teeth between the lanceolate-linear calyx-lobes.

*•* PHah 5. Btamem 10.

0. Nepalexsis, Hook. Khakyen hills.

More or less densely pubescent. Petiole very short or the leaves almost sessile.
Bracts broadly obovate. Calyx loosely covered with rotundate fringed scales.

0. ASPERiCAULis, H. f. Tenasscriui (?).

More or less appressed bristly, the branches much tubcrcled. Petiole j-1 inch
long. Bracts lanceolate. Calyx appressed setose.

Otaxihera, lilume.
Anthers equal. Fruit a berry.
0. BRACTEATA, Kortli. Tenasscrini.

Melastoma, Linnceus.
Anthcr>t always unequal. Fruit a berrv.

X Leaves more or less appressed bristlij hairy or pubescent.
+ C'ali/x covered with closeli/ appressed ehajfy scale-like bristles.

M. Malabathricusi, L. E.S. In waste spots all over Burma.

Trembleya rhijmantliera, Griff.

Myet-pyai.

Scales of calyx about f, line long or longer, often rather bi-oad, the calycini" lobes
shorter, often only half as long as the tube. Leaves usually appressed-strigosc on
both sides, usually acute.

A small procumbent form is common at Kamorta.

I have no clear idea as to the ditferences between the various species of this
alliance. Bentham reduces all the 40 species enumerated by Xaudiu as " species
magis ad M. Jlaldliufhricuin vergentes ideoque diflicilius distinguendie," while Triana
keeps most of them distinct, without assigning diagnostic characters to them (Kurz).

M. NORMAi-E, Don. F.S. Khakyen Hills and Martaban up to 5000 feet.

M. Nepalensc, Lodd.

Scales of calyx up to a line long, chalTy, ciliate or finely cleft, the calycinc lobes
about as long as the tube, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, alternating with as many
short subulate teeth. Leaves on both sides, or beneath oidy, softly appressed-
pubescent, usually acuminate.

-| — (- ('(dijx covered with squarrose spread itiy scale-like bristles about 2 lines long.

M. IIoirrKA.Ni'jr, Naud. E.S. Pegu Range, Martaban, aud the Andamaus.

Leaves softly appressed-pubescent on both sides.

M. CORDIFOLIA, Eoxb. Chittagong.

M. cuKVA, Hoxb. Chittagong.

M. roLYAXTUUii, Bl., also occurs at the Xicobars.

OXYSrORIEM.

Connective acute or spurred behind, not appendagcd in front. Seeds angular or
oblong to club-shaped.

OxvspoKA, De Candolle.

Cah/x costate. Stamens 4, equal, or 8 and usually unequ.il. Ovary and the
club-shaped capsule adnatc to the calyx. Flowers laxly cymose, in terminal panicles.

462 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

0. (Melastoma) ckenua, Eoxb. E.S.S. Chittagong.

Glabrous. Branchings of panicle 4-cornered or 4-wingeJ. Bracts persistent.
Connective without any appendage.

ALLOMOEPniA, Blame.

Calyx costate. Stamens 8 or 10, nearly equal. Ocary free or adnate to the
bottom of the calyx. Capsule ovoid, included in tlie urceolate costate calyx. Flowers
clustered or almost whorlcd, in narrow terminal panicles.

A. HisproA, Kz. Upper Tenasserim.

Habit of A. Griffit/iii, the stems, petioles and the 9 strong ribs beneath densely
covered with long brownish bristles. Calyx-teeth minute.

A. iTjiBELLrLATA, H. f. £.S. St. Matthias Island, Mergui Archipelago.

Quite glabrous. Leaves 5-ribbed. Calyx-lobes with a thick wing-like appendage
on the back.

OcnxnocHAEis, Blame.

Calyx terete and smooth. Stamens 10, equal. Ovary and capsule adnate to the
calyx, the latter globular, smooth. Cymes axillaiy, or collected into terminal panicles.

0. Jav.anica, B1. Tenasserim.

AxEEixcLEisics, JTorf/ials.

Calyx terete. Anthers 8, equal. Capsule 4-valved. at the top, almost free.
Flowers in axillary fascicles or umbellets.

A. Helferi, H. f. Tenasserim (or the Andamaus).

Calyx softly apprcssod-pubescent.

A. Geiffithii, H. f. Mergui Archipelago.

Calyx very densely and spreadingly hirsute.

SONERILIEJ^.
Ocary broadly earved out and depressed at the 3-o-eornered fop. Conneetive
rarely produced at the base. Capsule opening at the top into S-5-cornered valves, rarely
terete. Seeds minute, straight, angular, never coehleate.

SoxEitlLi, Eoxlurgh.

Flowers 3-merous. Stamens 3 or 6. Capsule 3-cclled. Herbs, or rarely under
shrubs, sometimes stemless.

* Capisules terete or trigonously-terete.
X Anthers elongate.
S. LiNEAEis, H. f. Maiilmain at 3000 feet.

Annual, 2 feet high, glabrous, or nearly so. Leaves narrow-linear, serrulate.

X X Anthers short.
S. STRicTA, Hook. Maulmain.

Annual, i- foot high, puberulous. Calyx slightly downy and glandular-hairy.

*' ■'•■ Capsules sharply 3-gonous or 3-quetrous.
X Anthers short.

S. TENKRA, Pi.. Br. Lateritc rocks and Pagodas all over Pegu

and Tenasserim, Korth of Tavoy.

Small annual, 1-5 inches high, spaiingly and spreadingly gland-hairy. Leaves
4-8 lines long, ovate to oval. Capsule usually witli a few hairs.

MELASroyiACEJE. 463

X X Anthers lo»g-acuminate.
+ Caulescent herbs.
f Stem short and very thick, scared.
S. Bran'disiana, Kz. Thoung-ycon.

Quite glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, decurrent, 4-7 inches long.

f f Stems clonyate, slender and leafed.
S. PICTA, Korth. Jfergui.

S. MACULATA, lloxb. Tenusseiim, between 3000 and 5000 feet.

5. angustifoUa, Roxb.

Herb, 1-1. J foot liigh, sparingly luiiry. Leaves 3—1 inclies long, more or less
cordate at the base, decussately opposite. Capsules glabrous.

var. a genuina. All parts spiiukled •with hairs. Leaves bristly serrulate,
usually ovate and equilateral, above elegantly white-blotched.

var. /3 cinaculata, Roxb. As preceding, but the leaves uniformly green.

var. 7 anguslifolia, Roxb. Leaves usually acute or acuminate at the very
unequal base, not blotched, but often purplish coloured beneath.

S. SECUNDA, Wall. Tavoy.

As preceding, but leaves whorhd.

+ + Scapigerous stemless herls.
S. viOLiEFOLiA, IT. f. Maulniain.

Leaves 5-7-plincrved. Calyx -l-toothcd. Petals oblong, acuminate.

Saucopyramis, WaUich.

Flowers 4-merous. Stamens 8. Capsule 4-celkd, included in flie succulent
calyx. Succulent glabrous herbs.

S. lAXCEOLATA, "Wall. Ava Hills and Nat-toung in ilartaban

S. grandijlora, Griff. at GOOO to 7000 feet.

X X Berry sappy or coriaceous, irreyularly rupturing.

MEDIXILLIEJi:.
Orary wholly, or only its angles, adnate to the calyx, (he convex or conical top free.
Stamens conform, or the al/ernuting ones reduced to curiously-shaped staminodes, inserted
on the limb or thrust into the cavities formed by the adhesion of the ovary-angles to the
calyx. Anthers usually recurved.

X Stame)is very unequal.
AxPLECTRDM, A. Gray.

Anthers 4 or 8, the connective usually not appendaged in front, shortly spurred
behind. Ovary 4-crestcd at tlie top. Panicles often axillaiy.

A. (JIelastoma) cyaxocaupum, R1. Hills East of Toung-ngoo.

A. (?) BARBATCM, Wall. Tcnasscrim (Chappcdong).

Kurz adds from the Nicobars :

Ot-VNTHEUA Xicobarensis, T. ct B. Katchall and Great Nicobar.

** Placentas insevted to the base of the axial angle or to the walls of the cells.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.

ASTROXIEJ;.
Ovules numerox's. Berry coriaceous or succulent, many-seeded, the seeds minute.

464 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODCCTIOXS.

Pternandra.

Cah/x smooth or scaly, tlic limb truncate, obscurely 4-lobed. Stamens 8. Trees
or shrubs.

P. CATiTELLATA, Jack. Tenasscrim (or the Andamans).

llowers in small stout almost simple cymes.

P. c.ERULESCENS, Jack. Tfnasserira. Kamorta.

Ewychia Jaclciana, Walp.
Apteuxis frineri'is, Griff.
Eiri/ckiu paiiiculata, Micj.

Flowers in branched rather slender axillary and terminal panicles.

Sub-order MEMECYLE.E.

Oianj 1 -celled, with a free central placenta, to which H or more ovules arc
attached in a whorl. Berry succulent or coriaceous, 1 -seeded. Embryo large, the
cotyledons much folded and leafy.

Memecylon, Linnaus.
Anthers 8, equal. Trees or shrubs, with penninorved or rarely 3-nerved leaves.

"'■' Calyx inside iritJiout radiate lameUa-Iike nerves, or the nerres very obsolete.

M. umbellatum, Burm. E.S. Boronga Island.

M. tinctorinin, Keen.
II. ramiforum, Lamk.

Myen-khae-ta-nyet.

Leaves sessile or nearly so, opaque, drying yellowish. Cymes sessile, umbel-
like. Calyx conspicuously 4-toothed.

Wood very strong and tough, and close-grained. Leaves and flowers yield
a yellow dye (Kurz).

** Calijx radiately nerred within, the nerves simple or fo)];ed, raised and lamella-
like, like the gills of a mushroo}n.

X Berry ovoid or ovoid-oblong. Cymes and pedicels very short and robust.

M. ccEErLEUM, Jack. E S. var. 7 Tenasserim.

M. lutescens, Presl.

31. Manillanum, and M. laurifulium, Nuud.
M. foribundum, Bl.
M. eordatuni, Gi'iff.

Leaves sessile or very shortly pctiolcd, with the base rounded or cordate.

X X Berry globose, from the size of a pea to that of a eherry.
\ Cymes short and sometimes reduced. Leaves usually thieh coriaceous, without
visible lateral nerves or veins, petioled.

A Berries the size of a pea or smaller.
f Branehlets more or less^ terete, sometimes marked with obsolete lines.
° Calyx up to a line in diameter, not tulercled.
M. L.i:vrGATUM, Bl. E.T. Tavoy.

M. paehyderma, Wall.

Leaves attenuate at the base, very acuminate, glossy. Petiole 1-2 linos long.
Pedicels hardly a line long, thick. Cymes very short, almost sessile.

M. PLEBEitJir, Kz. E.7'. Bhamo. Pegu. Thoung-ycen.

Leaves attenuate at the base, .shariily acuminate. Pedicels l-IA- liue long.
Umbel-like cymes shortly peduncled.

MELA STOMA CEJE. 465

° ° Calyx about IX line acrons, tulrrc/ed.

M. PTJNCTATUir, Prcsl. Ji.\S, Tenasscrira.

Pedicels short and tlnck. Calyx undulatc-tnmoate, with a hemispherical tuborcled
base. Leaves bluutish or rotuse, shortly acuiiiiiuitc.

ff Bratichlets ^liarphj \-lincd or alinud o-iciiii/ed and appearing mure or less
4-cornered.

M. scuTELLATUJi, Js'aud. ^.<S'. var. ft Tc^n and Tc-nasserim.

var. a in Siam.

Calyx smooth, about 1^ line across, expanded, obsoletely undulato-lobed. Cymes
almost sessile or shortly pcduncled. Leaves as iu preceding species.

var. fi siibsesxile. Umbellets on peduncles less than a line long or almost
sessile. Pedicels about a lino long. Leaves smaller.

var. ft hrevi-pedioieidatum. Umbellets on peduncles 1 to 2 lines long, the
pedicels usually 2 lines long. Leaves larger.

M. PAUciFLOKUM, El. E.T. Tropical forests of Chittagong, Tonasserim

and the Aadamans.

Calyx about A line wide, shaqily 4-toothed. Leaves only l-X I inch long. Pedicels
about a line long. Cymes much reduced, almost sessile, fcw-tlowered.

A A Berries the size of a eherrij, sappy.
M. CEEASiFOEME, Kz. E.T. Chittagoug.

-| — f- Cymes more or less ample, pedunehd. Berries the size of a pea or smaller.
f Leaves rather thiyi-eoriaeeous, the lateral nerves more or less eonsjiicuuus and
arcuately anastomosing toivards the margin.

M. CELASTEiNUM, Kz. E.T. Tropical forests of Martaban.

Cymes simple, the pedicels slender. Caly.x 1-1 i line wide. Leaves those of
M. cerasiforme.

var. a genuinum. Leaves glaucous-green, coriaceous. Cymes stiti'-peduncled.
var. ft Brundisianum. Leaves of a thinner texture, more (often caudately)
acuminate. Cymes short or very short, simple or the lateral branchings almost
reduced. Peduncles 2-4 lines long, pedicels more slender.

M. GRiFFixniANUAr, Naud. E.S. Tropical forests East of Touugngoo

M. Horsfieldii and Lamponyam, Jliq. and Tenasserim.

Umbellets in thyrsoid cymes, the pedicels 1-2 lines long. Calyx i line wide, the
limb sinuate -l-angular.

ff Leaves more or less thiek-eoriaceous, the lateral nerves not or barely visible.

° Leaves sessile, with a eordate base.
M. PCXClTKnii, Kz. E.T. .Vndamaus.

Leaves large. Cymes lax, pcduncled, rather slender. Pedicels 2-3 lines long,
slender.

° ° Leaves petioled, more or less tapering, very rarely rounded, at th^ base.
A Branchlets sharply \-cornered. Leaves tapering at base.
M. ELEGANs, Kz. E.S. Audauiaus.

Cymes rather ."ihort-peduncled, but slender. Leaves 3-4 inches long.

A A Branchlcts terete or with only faint lines.

M. OVATU.M, Smith, E.S. Chittagong to Tenasserim.

3[. grande, Wall.
M. lueidum, Presl.
M. prasinum, Naud.

VOL. II. 30

466 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Leaves attenuate at the base, blunt or retuso. Petiole 1-2 lines long. Pedicels
^1 lino long, slender. Cymes simple or compound, pedunclcd.

M. EDULE, Ro.xb. E.T. Tenasserim, the Andamans and Cocos.

11. ramiflorum, Griff.

Leaves rounded at the base, smooth and shining. Petiole 2-4 lines long.
Pedicels 2-3 lines long. Cymes simple or compound, peduncled.

Kurz adds from the Nicobars :

M. suBTEnj-ERviuM, Miq. Tropical forests of Kamorta.

var. grmidifolia, Kurz.

Leaves 8-10 inches long.

"A small tree which I identify -with Jliqucl's M. suhtrinervium, on the suppo-
sition that the berries in Miquel's plant would, when full grown, reach a similar size.
As a species it is a very distinct one, being one of the few that have the berry not
globular" (Kurz).

The genus Memeajhn is in need of a thorough revision. The species are
extremely difficult of correct identification without access to the very authentic
specimens for the most part deposited in European herbaria, and hence inaccessible
to the Indian botanist. Triana's account of the genus is barely more than a compi-
lation. I have, therefore, kept the Burmese forms all separate pending a comparison
and identification of the same with those already described (Kurz).

Mason adds :

M. AMPLESiCATJLE. - {f(Je Parish).

Order MYRTACEJE,

Fhiircrs regular, hermaphrodite, or rarely by abortion polygamous. Cah/x-tuhe
more or less adnate to the ovary, the limb 4-5- (very rarely 3- or more than 5-)parted
or toothed, or reduced to a narrow border, or entirely wanting, imbricate, or open in
bud. Petals Tisually as many as calyx-lobes, much imbricate in bud, the outer ones
sometimes larger in bud than the inner, or rarely all cohering and falling off in an
entire operculum. Stamens indefinite, usually numerous, or rarely few and definite,
inserted in 1 or several series on a thinner or thicker disk lining the calyx-tube
above the ovary or close round the ovary-summit. Filaments free or rarely united
at the base, or separated into as many bundles as calyx-lobes. Anthers versatile,
or basifixed, longitudinally dehiscing, or rarely opening in terminal pores. Ovary
inferior, or rarely almost superior, but inclosed in the calyx-tiibe, 2- or more- (very
rarely l-)cened, with 2 or more uni- or multi-seriate ovules, attached to the parietal
or axile placentas. StijJe simple, with a small entire or rarely lobed stigma. Frtdt
inferior, very rarely all or almost wholly superior, and supported, by the calyx-tube,
crowned with the persistent calyx-limb or its scar, cither loculicidally capsular, with
as many valves as ovary-cells, or indehiscent and berry or drupe-like. Ferfed seeds
often few, rarely numerous. Albumen none or almost none. Emhryo and Cotyledons
various. Trees or shrubs, very rarely under shrubs. Leaves simple, opposite or
rarely alternate, usually gland-dotted. Flowers solitary or variously arranged, into
axillary or terminal inflorescences. Bracts 1 or more. Braetlets 2, often minute,
and very fugaceous.

LErrOSPERMIE^.
Oi-ary 2-5- rarely more-celled. Fruit a capsule, either opening at the summit in as
many valves as there are cells, or very rarely indehiscent.

* Stamens tmited into 5 separate handles.
Melaleuca, Linnaus.
Staminal bundles alternating with the petals. Flowers in heads or spikes. Leaves
alternating.

.\tynTACE.f:. 467

M. LKUCADKNDRON, L. E.T. Jlcrgui (rare).

M. Cujaputi, Roxb.

The leaves yickl by tlistillation tlic light gi-een, limpid and volatile Cujeptd oil,
■which is so beneticial both aj)plied externally and exhibited int<'riially in Rheumatism
and Gout. Combined with raraphor liniment it is often singularly ethcacious when
rubbed over the affected part. It is a dilfusiblc stimulant and excites the action
of the heart (Waring).

TiiisTANii, R. Brown.

Staminal luiidks opposite the petals. Flowers in cymes or corymbs. Leaves
broad, alternate, rarely opposite.

* Cali/x-lules hlunt or a/most so.
T. Meeguensis, GrifT. U.S. Mergui.

Leaves sessile or nearly so, rigidly coriaceous, glossy on both sides. Flowers
sessile or nearly so. Calyx about 3 lines across.

T. BuEMANicA, Griff. £.T. Pegu Range and Tenasserira up to 4000 feet.

Toung-yoh-pyu-zLng (Kurz).

Leaves petioled, thin coriaceous, opaque beneath. Flowers pcdicelled. Calyx
only 1| line across. Capsule exserted.

** CaJijx-lohcs suhulate-acuminate.

T. GEiFFiTHn, Kz. E.T. Mergui.

T. conferta, Griff, vix R. Br.

Leaves crowded, narrowed at both ends. Flowers large. Capsule hardly exserted.

MYRTIEJi.
Ovary 2- or more-celled. Fruit ati indehisrent lernj or drtq)e, very rarely openiiiy
hj an apical opercle. Leaves opposite, dotted {Eu-lfi/rliea:).

X Stigma peltate or capitate. Teat a of seeds hard. Cotyledons small.
+ Ovules 2-6 in each cell.

Decaspeemum, Forster.
' Ovary 5- or rarely 4-celled. Embryo long and narrow, curved, circular or spiral.
D. (Nei.itkis) PANicuLATrM, Ldl. E.T. var. n ^rartaban and Tenasserim

Eugenia polyyama, Roxb. at 3000 and 4000 feet.

N. pallescens, Miq.

+ + Ovules numerous, in 2 or more series.
RnoDAMNiA, Jack.
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas. Leaves 3-nerved.

R. teinervia, DC. var. n Tenasserim.

var. « jR. cinerea, Griff, non Jack. Kaniorta.

Ji. concolor, Miq.

Leaves green on both sides, beneath thinly puberulous or almost glabrcscent.

var. ft R. spectabilis, subtrijlura, and Muelleri, Bl.
R. nageli, Miq.
R. cinerea, Jack.

Loaves beneath covered with a minute silvery pubescence.

PsiBiuM, Linnaus.

Ovary 2-7- (usually 4-5)-celled, the placentas often 2-lamellate. Leaves ponni-
nerved.

4C8 BURilA, ITS PEOPLE A SB PRODUCTIOXS.

* P. GTITAVA, L. Cultivated in Burma and likewise wild on
Ma-la-ka-pu (Kurz). Eamorta and Katchall.

var. a P. pyriferxun, L. Peduncles 1-flowcred. Fruits pear-shaped,
var. /3 P. pomiferum, L. Peduncles usually 2-fiowered, with a third flower in
the axil of the forking. Fruits globular or ovoid.

X X Sf if/ma simple, minute. Testa of seed memiranous.

Edgenia, Linnaus.

Ovary 2-3-ceUed, with several ovules in each cell. Emlrtjo thick and fleshy,
either inclivisihle or with 2 thick fleshy cotyledons, the radicle short. Flowers
4- rarely 5-merous, solitary or in cymes or panicles. Leares penninerved.

Sub-genus Stzygiuji, Gaertn.

Cahjx smooth inside, without intra-staminal thickened ring. Cahj.v-liml often
obsolete and turning truncate after defloration. Petals free or often cohering in a
deciduous calyptra. Flowers usually small. Berries often small, globular to ovoid
and cyKndiical, more or less sappy, 1- rarely 2-seeded.

* Calyx elongate and cylindrical, or shorter and olversely conical [Acmena, Wight).
X Flowers in simple or almost simple axillary racemes, sometimes tniick reduced.

Calyx much elongate. Berries ovoid.

E. CLAvrPLOEA, Eosb. F.T. Tropical forests of Tenasserim, the Andamans,

Tha-bye ffeneric). Kamorta, and Great Nicobar.

Calyx tubular-narrowed, 5-I inch long, the lobes broad and rounded. Berries
about an inch long, ovoid-oblong, crowned by the calyx-lobes.

E. LEPTAXTHA, "Wight. F.T. Tropical forests of the Pegu Piange, Tenasserim,

and the Andamans.

Calyx club-shaped, -J— } inch long, the limb truncate. Beny clavate-oblong,
only l-\ inch long, crowned by the cup-shaped truncate calyx-limb.

X X Floioers in more or less corymb-like axillary and terminal panicles. Calyx
more or less ohconical.

4- Calyx at base contracted pedicel-like.

E. GKATA, Wall. F.T. Tenasserim. Eangoon.

Calyx smooth. Leaves somewhat glaucous and rather opaque beneath. Berries
black.

E. Zetlaxica, "Wight non Eoxb. F.T. Tropical forests of Tenasserim and

Jamhosa bracteata, Miq. the Andamans.

Tha-bye-pouk (Kurz).

Calyx (dried) granular-rough. Leaves rather glossy beneath. Berries white.

-\--\- Calyx sessile, not narrowed pedicel-like at base.
E. coNTEACiA, Wall. F.S. Tropical forests of Tenasserim.

Leaves more or less linear, net-veinod between the remote indistinct irregular
lateral nerves.

The Martaban specimens dry blackish and have the net-venation less prominent.
They may possibly form a large and long-leaved variety of F. cuneata, Wall.

Another species from Tenasserim, nearly allied to the above, has larger leaves of a
thinner texture and very lax net-venation. It is no doubt new, but the inflorescences
are too young for description. It has white, while the above has red-brown
bark (Kurz).

E. BEACTEOLATA, Wight. F.T. Tcnasscrim.

Leaves more or less oblong, somewhat glaucescent beneath, not net-veined
between the close-set parallel lateral nerves.

MYRTACE^. 469

* "f Calyx hemispherical (o funnel shaped, xessilo or contracted pedicel-lihe at the base.
X Leaveft umalli/ opaque, green, the lateral nerres more or lesn distant, someiehat
irregular, tiet- veined let ween. Inflorescence usualhj lateral from the older branches.
+ Calyx sessile, not tapering pedieel-like at the base.
f Leaves green on both sides.
E. opERcn-ATA, Eoxb. E.T. Swamp forests of Pegu and Martaban.

Petiole i— J inch long. Leaves broader, not decurrent. Flowers more than
3 together. Panicle longer pcduncled, the last ramifications very short.

E. oiiovATA, "Wall. Ava. Bhamo.

Thi-tha-bvC (Kurz).

As preceding, but leaves more obovate. Panicle very short pcduncled or almost
sessile, more lax. Flowers often by threes.

E. Paniala, Eoxb. E.T. Chittagnng.

Leaves acuminatcly decurrent on a short petiole, more acuminate.

f f Leaves glaucous or glaucescent beneath.

E. CDfEREA, "Wall. E. T. Tropical forests of the Southern Pegu

llange and Tonasserim.

Branchlcts terete or nearly so. Panicles more or less pcduncled. Calyx soon
truncate, the lobes obsolete.

Possibly not different from the following species, wliich I know only iiom
Iloxburgh's description and figure (Kurz).

+ + Calyx narrowed into a longer or shorter pedicel like base. Panicle short,
sessile or nearly so, usually branched already from the base.

f Calyx-lobes well developed, up to I line long.

E. PHiEcox, Eoxb. E.T. Chittagong.

Similar to E. cinerea, the branchlets greyish. Calyx-lobes J line long.

E. CEUAsoroES, Eoxb. E.T. Chittagong and Tonasserim. var. /3

Tha-bye-chin (Kurz). Khakyen HiUs.

Branchlets brownish. Eacemes sometimes coi-ymb-like, slender, short.

var. /3 angustifolia. Leaves on shorter and tliicker petioles, linear to oblanceolate-
linear, with fewer more remote and arcuate nerves. Panicles shorter and stouter, the
ultimate branchings much reduced. The jiedicel-likc base of calyx shorter. Berries
tlie size of a ])cpper-eorn, globose, almost sessile, crowned by the truncate calyx-limb.
Probably a distinct species (Kurz).

f f Calyx soon truncate, the lubes obsolete.
E. TETKAGON-A, Wight. E.T. Kliakyen Hills, 3000 to 4000 feet.

Branchlcts brown, 4-cornered, often winged, especially while young.
E. i!AL.SAMEA, Wight. Burma {fide Mason).

Branchlets white, terete. Panicles cyme-like, .short.

X X Leaves visually glossy, often drying blackish or brownish, the lateral nerves all
thin and vein-like, more or less crowdedly parallel-running.

+ Calyx narrowed into a longer or shorter pedicel-like base.
f Inflorescence lateral from the older branchlets.

E. FRUTicosA, Eoxb. Cliittagong. Pegu Eangc and Tonasserim.

Tha-bye-ni (Kurz).

470 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Calyx a line long, almost sessile. Eamifications of panicle shaii^ly 4-comerecl.
Berries ovoid, the size of a pea. Branchlets brownish.

* E. JAMBOLANA, Lamk. E.T. Ava. Tcnasscrim andlhe Andamans.

Tha-bye-hpyu.

Calyx 2 lines long, tapering into a thick pedicel-like base. Eamifications of the
panicle obsoletely 4-cornered. Berries ovoid-oblong, -J- inch long. Branchlets white.

f f Inflorescence terminal {and often also axillanj on the same branch).

J Uranchlets brown.

° Leaves bluntish acuminate to blunt.

E. CYMosA, Lamk. E.S. Tenasserim.

E. toddalioides, Wight.
Jamhosa tenuicuspis, Miq.
Leaves thin coriaceous, the lateral nerves. thin but distinct. Petiole 3 lines long,
slender.

E. MYRiiFOLiA, Eoxb. E.S. Maulmain.

Leaves firmly coriaceous, the lateral nerves obsolete. Petiole thick, not above
a line along.

°° Leaves long and sharjjlij acuminate.
E. (MvEins) ACTJMLNiTissraA, Bl. E.T. Tenasserim (or the Andamans).

Leaves almost chartaceous, pale-coloured beneath. Petiole about 2 lines long.

+ J Branchlets white.

E. VENUSTA, Eoxb. E.T. Tippera Hills and Touk-ya-ghat, East

Syzygiim Gardneri, Tliw. of Toung-ngoo.

Tha-bye-kha (Kurz).

Leaves bluntish-acuminate, almost chartaceous, elegantly transversely veined.

-\ — |- Cahj.r not or scarcely contracted at the base, sessile. Leaves blackish or
reddish in drying.

f Branchlets white.

E. RUBENS, Eoxb. E.T. Chittagong and Tenasserim.

Jambosa Wightiana, Bl.

Leaves chartaceous. Calyx-lobes about a line long. Petals 2 lines long or
longer. Filaments 4-5 lines long.

If my identification prove correct, then it is only the length of the stamens
and a thinner texture of the leaves that separate this species from E. thumra.
The petals and sepals, too, are nearly twice the size.

E. THUMRA, Eoxb. E.T. Tropical forests of the Pegu Eange

Tor-tha-bye. '^^'^ Tenasserim.

Leaves coriaceous, the lateral nerves strong and prominent. Calyx-lobes and
petals shorter. Eilaments 2-3 lines long. Berries obovoid.

f Branchlets red-brown.
E. onLATA, Eoxb. E.T. Tropical forests of Martaban and

Tha-bye-ni. Tenasserim.

Like preceding, but lateral nerves thin and vein-like. Berries almost globular,
the size of a large cherry.

E. (Stztgium) occlusa, Miq. (K.). Katchall.

MYRTACE^. 471

Sub-genus Jajibosa, DC.

Calyx insulo usually with a ciirular or 4-an.i:ular intra-staminal rinjr, or tlio
stamens inserted on the thiekoncil ring itself. Flowers often largo. Calyx-lohes
conspicuous and persistent. Berrien usually largo, more or less turbinate or ovoid,
tho endocarp thick and lleshy. Seeds large.

* Cahjx-lobcs in fruit spreading.

X Calyx less than A inch long.

-\- Flowers sessile in terminal and often also in axillary panicles.

f Leaves glossy, firmly coriaceous, the lateral nerves thin and parallel.

E. GR^vNDis, "Wight. Pegu and Tenasscrim.

F. cymosa, Roxb. non Lara.

Toung-tha-bye (Kurz).

Leaves 5-6 inches long, blunt or nearly so. Panicle corymb-like, peduncled.
Berry obovoid-pear-shapcd, about an inch long.

var. 7 F. lepidocarpa, Wall. L'ppcr Tenasserim.

Syzygiuin I'alemhanicum, Mii|.

Leaves only 2-3 inches long, decurront at the base, bluntish acuminate.
E. PACHYPHYLLA, Kz. F.T. Upper Tenasserim at 3000 feet.

Leaves euneate at the base. Panicles sessile, reduced and cluster-like, tho
ramifications very short and thick, joint-like.

f f Leaves opaque, coriaceous, the lateral nerves curved and distant.
E. TEiSTis, Kz. F.T. Lounkim, Tenasserim.

Leaves long-petioled. Panicle terminal, corymb-like.

-}- -\- Flowers pedicelled. Leaves more or less chartaceous, the lateral nerves curved.

E. LANCE^FOLiA, Roxb. F.T. Cliittagoug.

Panicles axillary and terminal. Calyx-base thick, pediccl-liko, the true pedicel
very short or almost wanting. Leaves thin coriaceous.

E. ALBiFLORA, Dutliie. F.T. Ava (probably).

Panicle almost corymb-like, little branched from the base. Calyx-base clavate-
narrowed, the true pedicel 3-6 liues long. Leaves coriaceous.

E. KiTRzii, Duthie. FT. Hills Kast of Toung-ngoo and Sikkim

F. cerasiflora, Kz. and Khasya Hills.

Racemes simple, slender, lateral or axillary. Calyx-base filiform and pedicel-like,
the true pedicels long and filiform. Leaves membranous.

X X Calyx an inch long or longer.
E. FORMOSA, Wall. F.l\ Tropical forests of Chittagong and

F. tcrnifolia, Roxb. rpi)er Tenasserim.

Leaves large, almost sessile, rounded at the base. Corymbs lateral and terminal. _

** Calyx-lobes in fruit incurved or inflexed.
X Flowers sMsile or nearly so.
E. (Jambosa) macrocarpa, iliq. F.T. Pegu Range and Tenasscrim.

Leaves rounded at the base, the petiole very short. Coiymbs terminal.
E. AMPLKXiCAULis, Roxb. F. J\ Chittagong.

Leaves sessile with a cordate base, blunt. Branchlets white, terete. Corymbs
small, lateral.

Specimens from the tropical forests of Upper Tenasserim come nearest to this
species. They differ apparently by the sharply 4-angular branchlets and bluntish

472 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

acuminate or bluntish leaves. The inflorescence is terminal, but otherwise quite
agrees with Roxburgh's figure. The shape of the leaves is very variable, some of
them almost agreeing with those of £. aquea (Kurz).

* E. Malaccensis, L. E.T. Plunteil in Tenasserim.

Jambosa domedica, Eumpli.

Tha-hpyu-tha-bye.

Leaves acmuinate at both ends. Panicle cluster-like, reduced and lateral.

X X Flowers truhj or gpuriousli/ pediceUed.
-\- Leaves opposite.
f Leaves rounded at the base. Fruits obversehj turbinate, iva.v'j, white or rose-
coloured.

*E. (Jambosa) aquea, DC. E.T. Cultivated from Chittagong to Tenasserim.

Branchlets usually 4-cornered and often winged white or pale rose-coloured.
Leaves acuminate, the intramarginal nerve as strong as the lateral.

E. Javaxica, Lamk. E.T. The Andamans. Katchall.

Eranchlets terete, brown. Leaves bluntish, the intramarginal nerve faint.

f f Leaves narrow, acute at the base, petioled.

* E. .tambos, L. F.T. Cultivated all over Burma.

Jamhosa vulgaris, DC.

Beri'ies almost globular or ovoid, dull-yellow.

-\ — |- Leaves whorled by threes, narrow, obtuse at the base.

E. roLTPETALA, "Wall. E.T. Chittagong.

E. angiistifolia, Eoxb.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, almost sessile. Petals 4-16.

Mason gives the following vernacular names for several species of Eugenia :
Tha-bye-htan-shit, Tha-bye-hsat-khyae, Tha-bye-ta-o-kye, Tha-bye-ni, Kywai-laik-
tha-bye, Tha-bye-set-gale.

The wood of many species of Eugenia is dark-brown or reddish, heavy, and close-
grained, but of inferior qiuility, brittle, and liable to warp and decay. Possibly some
species might yield a good timber for furniture if properly seasoned. But as ornamental
and roadside trees the Eugenias have but few superiors, from tlie dense foliage they
possess; but whether they would flourish in such spots, remains to be seen. — W.T.

Sub-order LECYTniDEJE.

Leaves alternate, not dotted. Calyx nearly valvate, rarely imbricate.

Baeeixgtonia, Furster.

Stamens all perfect. Ovary 1- or 4-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell.
Fruit fibrous or fleshy, often angular, 1- or very rarely 2-4-seeded.

B. (Mammea) asiatica, L. E.T. The Andamans, Tenasserim, and the Nicobars.
B. speciosa, Eorst.
Agnota Indica, Miers.

Kyeh-gyi.

B. coNoiiiEA, Griff. E.8. Coast forests of Tenasserim.

Butonica alafa, Miers.

Leaves serrulate. Eacemes rather erect, puberulons.

Miers brings part of this species to his B. alba, and in this case, as elsewhere,
accuses the editor of Grifiith's Postliumous Papers of having confused the plates, but
in this he is greatly in error (Kurz).

MntTACEJE. 473

Su1)-{^omis Stratadium, Juss.

Calyx already in bud 3— l-clcft, the lobes imbricate.

* Ocary 4-celled. Rachis of raceme very thick.

+ Calyx-tube icinged. Fruits narrowly winged on the corners. Flowers sessile.

B. (Doxomma) angusta, Miers. £.T. Tcuasscrim. Tavoy (Parish).

Calyx-lobes rounded, 2 lines long. Leaves obtuse or acute at the base, not
decurrent.

B. riEROCAErA, Kz. £.T. Tropical forests of the Pegu Range

Boxomma magnificuin, Miers. and Tenasserira.

Kyeh (generic).

Calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, more or less acute, more than 3 lines long. Leaves
long-decuiTont.

Very nearly allied to the preceding, from which it ditFcrs in the few characters
above given. The unripe fruits a good deal resemble tliose of Boxomma Cochinchineme,
Miers, but this species has very long slender petioles.'

Sub-genus Bctonica, Rumph.

Calyx closed in bud, entire, valvately rupturing into 2 to 4 lobes. Ovary
4-celled. Flowers pedicelled.

* Fruit angular, without appendages, \-seeded.

B. racemosa, DC. F.T. The Andamans, Tenassorim, and Nicobars.

Butonica rubra, indyta, and Zeylonica, Miers.
Flowers about an inch in diameter, in long slender pendulous racemes. Leaves
crenulate, very shortly petioled.

** Fruit conically pyramidal, with short icing-like basal appendages.

-\ — \- Calyx-tube terete or angular, not winged.

X Flowers sessile.

B. MACEOSTAcnYA, Kz. F.T. Southern Tenasserim.

Boxomma sarcostachys and acuminaimn, Miers.

Leaves elongate, entire, long-petioled. Calyx angular.

X X Flowers pedicelled.
B. (Cakeya) pendtjla, GrilF. Tenasserim.

Leaves elongate, long-petioled. Calyx terete.

** Ocary 2-celled. Jiachis of raceme slender. Fruits sharply i-angular.
B. (Eugknia) acutaxgula, L. All over Burma.

Stravadium demissum and pubescens, Miers.
St. Rheedii, Rl.
St. coccinenm, DC.
Glaljrous or pubescent. Flowers rather small, red. Leaves crenulate, shortly
petioled.

Carkya, Roxburgh.
Outer or inner series, or both, without anthers. Fruit globose to ovoid, many-
BGodcd, the seeds imbedded in pulp. Ocary 4-celled.
Sub-genus Caeeya, Roxb.

Outermost and innermost series of stamens reduced to filaments. Embryo
consolidate.

' " B. agnotKe 'aide affinis sed diifcrt foliis longe decurrentibus ct calycis lobis" (Kurz).

474 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

* Flowers sessile. Trees.

C. AKBoiiEA, Eoxb. All over Burma.

Ban-bwe.

Petals blunt or rounded, concave. Ovules in 2 rows in cacli cell.

"Wood described as reddish-brown, tough and durable. "Weight 55 lbs.

C. sPHiERicA, Rosb. Chittagong Hills.

Petals acute, the borders revolute. Ovules in 6 rows in each cell.

Sub-genus Plaxchoxia, B1.

Only the innermost row of stamens reduced to filaments. Cotyledons 2, distinct.

C. (Pfeioaea) valida, Blume. The Andamans.

Phnelwnia littoralis, Bl.

Fruits ellipsoid, angular-ribbed.

LEncTiiii.EA sALiciroLiA, Prcsl. Maulmain {fide Heifer).

A geniis which is entirely enigmatic to me. The gamopetalous corolla and the
insertion of tlio very numerous stamens on the bottom of tlie caly.x form a puzzling
combination of characters. If the corolla be incorrectly described, we may guess
Mi/rtaeem as its probable affinity (Kurz).

More than 50 species of this Order, all woody plants, are found in Burma.
Astringent ])rinciplcs prevail in the bark, and it is therefore often used for tanning
purposes. Fragrant ai'omatic or pungent volatile oil abounds also in the Mtjrtaeea.
The buds of Caryoplii/Uus aromaticns yield our cloves. All-spice or pimento-pepper
is derived from Piine7ita. Several furnish good dessert fruits, like guava, jambo,
rose-apple. Heavy, usually brown-coloured timber is obtained from the various
Bpecies oi Eugenia and Caretja (Kurz).

Order COMBRETACE^.

Flo/rers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamously dioecious, or unisexual. Calyx-iule
terete, or angular, more or less narrowed above the ovaiy, the limb usually bell-
shaped, 4-5- (rarely more-)toothed, lobed, or parted, valvate, or very rarely imbricate,
persistent or deciduous. Petals none, or as many as calyx-lobes, usually small, im-
bricate, or valvate. Stamens as many or twice as many as calyx-lobes, rarely numerous,
in a single or triple series, inserted on the calyx, or epigynous. Filaments straight, or
inflcxed in bud, sometimes alternating with glands or staminodes. Anthers versatile,
and opening longitudinally, or adnate and opening by 2 valves. Fpigijnous disl; none,
or lobed. Oiari/ inferior, 1-celled, with 2 or more, or very rarely a single pendulous
ovule. Style filiform, or scarcely any, with an entire terminal stigma. Fruit various,
dry or drupaceous, indehiscent, or very rarely dehiscing, winged or not. Seed solitary,
pendulous. Albumen none. Cotyledons convolute, or folded, very rarely flat, radicle
short, superior. Trees or shrubs, often climbing, with alternate or opposite, rarely
whorlcd, simple or rarely 3-foliolate leaves. Stipules none. Flowers usually small, in
axillary or terminal inflorescences. Bracts usually small. Bractlets sometimes larger,
often wanting.

Sub-order COMBEETEM.

Calyx-lobes valvate. Stamens without alternating glands at the base, the filaments
often inflcxed in bud. Anthers versatile, opening in longitudinal slits. Ovary with
2 to 12 suspended ovules. Flowers in racemes, spikes, or heads.

* Calyx-limb deciduous.
X Calyx-tube short, constricted, but not produced beyond the ovary.

Termixalia, Linnecus.
Petals none. Stamens inflexed in bud, cxserted. Flowers spiked or panicled.

COMBRETACE.E. 475

Sub-genus Myrobalanus, Gacrtn.

Fruit a flesLy drupo, compressed or obsoletely angular, the i)utamen bony.

* Spikes simple, solitary in the leaf-axils.
° Spikes quite glabrous.

*T. CATAPPA, L. Amlamans, the ^Nicobars, and cultivated all over Burma.

T. Moluccana, Lamk.

Glabrous or pubescent. Petioles very short, tlie base of the broad leaves more or
less rounded. Drupes 1^-2 inches long, compressed.

The kernels of this tree arc known on breakfast-tables in Calcutta as 'country
almonds,' and are pleasant to eat.

T. PEOCEEA, Roxb. Tropical forests of the Andamans.

As preceding, but glabrous, the base of the leaves more or less acuminate.
Drupes about an inch long, obsoletely o-angular, ovoid-oblong, red inside.

T. KuKziAXA, Theobald. Kamorta.

Terminalia (sp. nov. Kurz, J.A.S.B. 1876, p. 130).

Leaves naiTower and more cuneate than in T. catwppa. Flowers and fruit
not known.

° ° Spikes puberulous or tomentose.

T. BELERicA, Roxb. All oYBP BuTma up to 2000 feet.

T. /(xtidissima, GritF.

Thyt-sein.

Leaf-buds rusty villous. Leaves obovatc, on 2-3 inch long petioles, usually
silky pubescent. Drupes obovoid, silky puberulous.

** Spikes more or less panicled at the end of the Iranchlets, puberulous or iomeniose.

T. CHEBULA, Retz. Chittagong.

T. reticulata, Roth.

Young shoots and under side of the oblong leaves rusty villous, the petiole sliort.
Ovary villous. Drupes oval, glabrous.

T. TOMEJiTELLA, Kz. Pcgu and Tcnasscrim.

Hpan-ga.

As preceding, but ovary (juito glabrous, the flowers and fruits much smaller,
the leaves more coppery villous beneath.

T. CITRIXA, Roxb. Tenasserira and the Andamans.

var. Malayana. Nankowry.

Very young shoots rusty villous. Leaves smooth and glabrous, acuminate, the
petiole short. Drupes oblong-lauceolatc, obsoletely 5-cornercd, glabrous.

Sub-genus Pextaptera, Roxb.

Fruit a dry nut, with a chartaccous or fibrous-coriaceous pericarp, compressed,
or 3-5-coiTiered, winged.

* Nuts usually Z-cornered, the angles expanded into 2 equal, or 3-1 unequal wings
{Chuncoa, Pav.).

X Nuts large, equally 2-winged, lJ-2 itiches long. Spikes simple, axillary.

T. (Pentapteba) bialata, Roxb. Andamans.

Len.

AU parts glabrous. Spikes puberulous or tomcntoso. Leaves obovatc, the
petiole 2-3 inches long. Nut 3-coruered, witli 2 large equal spreading wings, about
3-3i inches across.

476 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOyS.

T. (rEXTAPiEKA) rriiiFOLiA, Prcsl. Tcgu and Tenasserim.

Len.

As preceding, leaves smaller and shorter petiolcd. Nuts equally 2--wuiged, only
J-f inch across.

X X Nuts small, unequally l-Z-KingeA. Spihes forming fei-minal panicles.

T. Mi-RiocAEPA, Heurck and Muell. U.T. Khakyen Hills.

Fruits much smaller than in preceding, equally 2-winged, almost glabrous, pale
coloured.

* * 2\ltfs 4- or ^-cornered, all the angles expanded into equal wings.

T. ALATA, Eoth. All over Pegu and Martaban.

Pentaptera tomentosa, Eoxb.
T. elliptica, Willd.

Htouk-kyan.

All parts more or less greyish tomentose. Leaves strongly net-veined beneath,
the petiole short, fimiished with 2 stalked turbinate glands.

T. CRENULAiA, Kotli. Arakau, Pegu Range, and Tenasserim up to 2000 feet.

Fentaptera glabra, Eosb.
T. Arjana, Bedd.

Htouk-kyan.

All parts glabrous. Leaves not prominently net-veined beneath, the petiole
short, ■with 2 stalked turbinate glands. Spikes panicled, like the calyxes, puberulous
or almost tomentose.

var. macrocarpa, Wall.

As preceding, but the panicled spikes and outside of calyx quite glalirous.

Several Terminalias afford splendid timber. T. crenulata, the Htoiik-yan (or Arjun
in India), is an admirable brown -wood, weighing 70 lbs., and of the largest scantling.
Kurz (following Brandis) says 58 lbs., which I am conficlent is an error. T. tomentella,
or Mpun-gfih, is an equally fine wood, vei-y similar, and weighing 64 lbs. It is procurable
of the largest scantling ; and the yellowish sap wood is in large trees scarcely inferior
to the dark brown heartwood. T. pijrifolia or Len yields a poor timber, but is a
highly oi-namental and umbrageous tree, deserving of planting along roads and as an
ornamental tree round houses.

Myrobalans are the dried unripe fruit of different species of Terminalia, and are
classed as Chobulic {T. chehula), Citrine {T. eitrina), Belleric {T. lelleriea), and Emblie
{Embliea officinalis). Good myrobalans yield 40 per cent, of tannic acid, but if
allowed to' ripen before being gathered are very deficient in tannin. Owing to the
expense of grinding the myrobalans in England, Mr. Christy' remarks : " If a properlj'
prepared extract of these different varieties could be obtained in India, there would
be a very large demand for it by the tanners of England." To prepare the extract''
the raw material, either myrobalans, barks or other products, must be ground or
pulverized and macerated in sufficient cold water just to cover it for 24 hours.
The first solution should now be pumped off and used with a fresh charge, and
this may be repeated four times. The liquid fully charged with tannin may now be
concentrated. This is recommended to be done in copper or earthen vessels, iron
being wholly inadmissible, but the concentration could equally well be carried on
in India (save in the rains) in open shallow brick pans which, if asphalted, would
form most efficient evaporating pans by the sun's heat alone. If artificial heat is
used, it must be carefully regulated and the specific gi-avity recommended for such

' New Commercial Plants and Drugs, Christ)' and Co., London.
- For lullcT particiJars consult Cliristy, I.e.

CO.VBRETACE.E. 477

extniet, for exportation, is 1-261 ; but, if the condensation is effected by tbc sun's
heat, no limit of condensation need be iixed. If gun metal stamps were employed
to reduce the materials to powder, they might be wetted, and the inconvenience
thereby avoided, usually experienced from the irritating dust created.

To ascertain the presence of tannin in any wood, bark, leaf or fruit, prepare
an infusion, and add thereto a warm solution of gelatine or isinglass : if tannin
is present, a white precipitate will be formed, llr. Christy also observes: "Should
colonists or any enteiiirising firm bo still uncertain as to tlie value of any tanning
material, and bow far it would be wise to convert it into extract, or otherwise, they
can obtain more accurate information and the best advice on the subject by forwarding
samples to me, and I will report not only as to the amount of tannic acid contained,
but how far the material is suitable for the English market, and give advice as to the
proper condition in which it should be forwarded."

CoiiHRKTUM, Linnaus.

Petals very rarely wanting. Stamens straight in bud. Fluwers usually racemose
or panicled. Usually scandent shrubs.

Sub-genus Poivrea, Comm.

Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 10, all cijiuil or alternately shorter. Fruits usually
5-, rarely 4- or 6- or 8-cornered or winged.

* Calyx funnel- rup-shaped.
X Petals none.

C. APETAUii, "Wall. T. Ava and Pronie.

Nabu-nweh (Kurz).

Leaves only U-3 inches long. Panicles greyish velvety, the floral leaves not
discoloured. The native name indicates a ' creeper.' — W.T.

X X Petals present.

C. (Poiveea) "RoxBTjKGnn, DC. F.S.S. AU over Bunua up to 3000 feet.

C. deeandrum, Roxb.

Tha-ma-ka-nweh.

Leaves large, opposite. Panicles rusty or tawny tomcntose, the floral leaves
white-discoloured. Fruits with 5 chartaceous wings.

C. TRirouATUM, Vent. F.S.S. Swampy forests all over Burma.

Terminalia laneifoUa, Grilf.
Fmhryogonia lucida, Bl.
Leaves often whorlcd by 2-4, smooth, coriaceous. Panicles greyish tomontose,
without floral leaves. Fruits with .5 sharp thick almost wing-like corners.
C. TETUAGoxocARPUM, Kz. E.S.S. Swanipy forests of Pegu.

Similar to the preceding, but leaves strongly nerved and net-veined. Fruits
sharply 4-cornered.

*•* Cahjx-tuhe tubular, the limb abruptly salver- or cup-shaped.
C. OVALE, R. Br. S. Pegu Range and Hills East of Toung-ngoo.

Kyettet-nweh (Kurz). iS'on ' rcrum,' fide Clarke, sed C. pilosum var.
Kacemcs, petioles, and branchlets greyish or rusty puberulous or velvety.
C. PiLosuji, Roxb. W. C. Khakycn Hills, Pegu and Tenasscrim.

Panicles, petioles, and branchlets aU rusty pilose. Fruits 5-wiaged, puberulous.
Sub-genus Combretum, DC.

Flowers 4-merous. Stamens 8, equal or alternately shorter. Fruits usually 4-,
rarely o-wingcd or cornered.

478 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODVCTIOyP.

* Calyx sJwrfer or lovger iulvlar-lell-shapi-d (Jhe limb never alrtipfhj cujmlar).
Fruits witiged, the tvings chartaceom and broader tlian the diameter of the nut.

X Flowers shortli/ 2^edicelled.

C. EXTEiv'srji,.E.oxb. W.C. All over Burma. Car Nicobar.

C. rotundifolium, Koxb.
C. Ilorsfieldii, Miq.
C. platy})hi/llum, Heurck and Muell.
C. formosum, Griff.

Mo-ma-lia-nweli.

All parts glabrous, the leaves opposite. Inflorescence and flowers velvety.

X X Flowers all sessile.

C. SQUAMOSUM, Eoxb. S.S. Pegu and Tenasserim. Katcliall.

C. lepidotum, Presl.

All younger parts, the inflorescence, and leaves beneath coppeiy or rusty
lepidote. Leaves large, opposite.

A ' sport ' from Prome, with abnormal much-bracted inflorescences, has all the
scales developed into yellowish hairs, so as to appear hirsute all over (Kurz).

C. CniNENsE, Eoxb. E. W. C. C'hittagong and Hills East of Toung-ngoo

C. Griffithii, Heurck and Muell. up to 3000 feet.

Leaves usually whorlcd in threes fat least in the older branchlets), glabrous,
when young minutely lepidote. Inflorescence and young shoots puberuluus.

C. DASTSTACHTUM, Kz. E. JT'. C. Tropical forests of the Pegu Eango

and Martaban.

As preceding, but branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence all rusty tomentose.
Leaves more or less pubescent beneath, never lepidote.

** Calyx funnel-cicp-shaped. Fruits winged or angular.

X Fruits 4- or 5-winged, the wings ehartaeeous. Leaves and fruits small.

f Kuts smooth and glabrous.

C. (Pentaptera) pyrifoliuji. Wall, non Presl. Ava.

Young shoots rusty pubescent, the leaves and the 4- or 5-wingcd fruits glabrous.
Branchlets terete.

C. QUADRANGULARE, Kz. <S'..S'. Teuasserim.

All parts, also the 4-winged fruits, silvery lepidote. Branchlets 4-cornercd.

f f Nuts fibrillosc-hirsute.
C. Wallichii, DC. S.S. Tropical forests of Chittagong. Khakyen Hills.

Leaves beneath resinose-dotted. Inflorescence brown-lepidote. Young shoots
pubescent.

X X Fruits ■i-cornered, the angles thick and rounded.
C. costatum, Eoxb. Tenasserim.

Inflorescence and young branchlets rusty puberulous, the former also lepidote.
Leaves large, strongly nerved, and parallel-veined.

X X Calyx-tube elongate and produced beyond the ovary.

Anogeissus, TFallich.

Calyx-tuhe 2-winged at the base. Stamens 10, exscrted. Leaves alternate.
Flowers in heads, small.

COMBRETACJE. 470

* Bcah as long as or longer than the nut.

A. (CoNOCAnpus) ACUMINATA, Roxb. var. a from Chittagong to Tenasserim

Y5J10-. lip to 3000 feet. var. /i swampy

forests of Ava and Pegu.

This tree is cognizable by tlio bark, 'wliieb consists of herbaceous green tubercles
covered with a smooth grey epidermis which is easily scraped off. By this mark the
tree can be recognized from all others in Burma, but in the plains (the var. /i) the
bark becomes white niarmorato and conchoid (as in Etnhlica officinalis). I should
certainly have specifically separated this swampy variety had I not met with trees
that bore both kinds of bark. The wood is inferior (Kurz).

QuisQUALis, Linnaiis.

Cahjx-tuhe very long and slender, the limb small. Sla/nens 10, cssorted. Leaves
opposite. Floirers showy, in racemes.

* Q. IxDiCA, L. vars. « and /i all over Burma, var. 7 Khakyen Hills.

Q. longijiora, Presl.

Q. villosa, lloxb.

Da-weh-hmaing. Chinese honcy-siicklc. Eangoon creeper.

A scandent shrub witli beautiful white, orange, or red flowers, which towards
evening exhale a powerful perfume. It can be raised cither from seed or cuttings,
and is a luxurious and beautiful creeper for a house front.

* * Calyx-limh persistent.

Calycopteeis, Lamarck.

Cah/x-tube 5-ribbed, not produced beyond the ovary, the limb enlarging. Stamens
10, included. Leaves opposite. Flowers racemose. Climbers.

C. (Getoxia) ntjtaxs, Roxb. All over Burma up to 2000 feet.

G. Jlorihumla, W. A. non Roxb.

Kywot-ne-nweh.

Leaves pubescent, rarely almost glabrous. Longer stamens J-J as long as the
acute calyx-lobes.

"Wight and Arnott state that C. nutans with short stamens does not occur in
Hindustan, but all the specimens which 1 have seen from there belong to C. nutans,
none to C.Jloribunda, Lamk.

LcM.viizERA, Willdenow.

Calyx-tube elongate, narrowed beyond the ovary. Stamens .5 or 10, exserted.
Leaves alteniato. Llvwcrs racemose. Trees or erect shrubs.

L. KACEMOSA, Wind. Tropical forests all over Burma, the Andamaus,

Petaloma alternifolia, Roxb. and Great Nicobar.

Hmaing or Yon-yai.

Flowers white. Stamens 10, about as long as tlie petals.

L. (PTRUANTnrs) LrrTOREtJS, Jack. Mangrove swamps, Jfergui, and a

L. coccinea, W.A. straggler at Kamorta.

L. pentandra. Griff.

Flowers crimson. Stamens 5-10, twice as long as the petals.

Sub-order GYItOCARPEJE.

Calyx-lobes valvato or imbricate. Stamens alternating with as many glands or
8t<aminodes. Filaments straight in bud. Anthers adnate, opening by a slit along the
inner edge or by 2 valves. Ovary witli a solitary pendulous ovule. Leaves alternate.
Flowers eymose.

480 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIONS.

Illigeea, Bhune.

Cahjx-loles valvate, deciduous. Fruit extended into 2 or 4 lateral wings.
Climbers witli 3-foliolate leaves.

I. APPENDicuLATA, Bl. W.C. Tropical forests of Pegu, Tenasserim, and

Coryzadenia trifoliata, Griff. the Andamans.

Gykocvkpcs, Jacqueminot.

Ctilijx-lohes imtirieate, 2 of tliem persistent and enlarging, ■wing-like. Nut
2-wingLd at the top. Erect trees, with entire or lobed leaves.

G. JAUtriNi, Roxb. Coast forests of Tenasserim, the Andamans

Pyn-leh-thyt-kouk (Kurz). ^nd Nicobars.

Order EHIZOPHOllE^.

Cahjx-titbe usually adnate to the ovary, sometimes produced beyond it, rarely
quite free, the limb 4-14-lobed, valvate. Petals as many as calyx-lobes and
alternating with them, the margins usually induplicate, and embracing the stamens.
Stamens as many or twice as many as petals, or more, inserted with them at the base
of the free part or lobes of the calyx. Anthers erect or versatile, 2-celled, opening
longitudinally. Ovary more or less inferior, or rarely quite superior, 2- or more-
celled, with 2 or few pendulous ovules in each cell, or rarely 1 -celled by obliteration
of the partition. Style simple, with an entire or lobed stigma. Fruit inferior, or
inclosed in the calyx. Seeds solitary or few, with or without albumen. The
Ehizophors form an important agency in binding the muddy shores of tropical
countries especially along estuaries. The bark of many is astringent, and good for
tanning purposes. It is also often used for dyeing black. The timber of Bruguiera
and others is hard and durable.

Sub-order REIZOPIIORE^.

Ovary inferior. Albumen none. Seeds germinating on the tree, the thick radicle
rapidly enlarging and protruding from the summit of the fruit. Salt-loving shrubs
or trees.

* Orary-cells u-ith 2-6 ovules.

EnizornoRA, Linn/rus.

Calyx 4-cleft. Petals entire. Anthers 8-12, nearly sessile. Ovary 2-celled,
the cells 2-ovulod.

E. MUCKONATA, Lamk. E.T. Mangrove swamps in Arakan, Tenasserim,

R. mangle, Eoxb. and the Nicobars.

R. stylosa and macrorhita. Griff.

Hpyu (generic).

Flowers pedicellod, the petals villous along the borders. Stamens 8.
M. CONJUGATA, L. F.T. Mangrove swamps in Arakan, Tenasserim,

R. candelaria. Griff. and the Andamans.

Flowers sessile, the petals quite glabrous. Stamens 8-12.

The timber of this genus deserves notice, being heavy and close-grained, and
the bark of value for tanning.

Ceeiops, Arnott.

Calyx 5-6-cloft. Petals notched, appendaged. Stamens 10-12. Ovary 3-celled,
the cells 2-ovuled.

C. (Ehizophoka) decaxiika, Griff. Littoral forests all over Burma and the

C. Roxburghiana, Arn. Andamans.

RlIIZOl'HOllE.E. 481

Kap-yaing.

Cymes compact, on very sliort peduncles. Petals bristly fringed towards their tips.
C. CiNUOLLEAX.v, Am. Mangrove swamps in tlie Andamans and Nicobars.

Cymes rather lax. Petals terminated by 2 or 3 club-shaped appendages.

Kandelia, Wight el Arnutt.

Calijx .5-6-cIeft. Petals cut. Stamens many, the filaments capillary. Ocary
1 -celled, with G ovnies.

K. Rheedei, "W.A. Littoral forests of Pegu and Teuasserim.

* * Oranj-celh icith a solUarij ovule.

Beuguiera, Lamarch.

Cahjx 8-14-cleft. retals 2-cleft, appondaged. Sfamem 10-28, tlu! filaments
filiform. Ovary 2-4-celled.

Sub-genus Kaxflia, B1.

Calyx-tuhe almost club-shaped, the limb 8-cleft. Pefah 8, bearing bristles at
the tips. Stamens 16, the filaments filiform and longer than the cordate or ovate
anthers. Fruit cylindrical.

B. (Rhizophoka) paevifloea, Roxb. Littoral forests of Tenasserim and

Hpyu-soung. the Andamans.

Calyx-tube narrowed at the base, ribbed, the lobes very short and stiff.

B. (Rhizophoea) cakyophylloides. Griff'. Mouth of the Salwcen.

Calyx-tube obtuse at the base, smooth, the lobes nearly as long as the tube.

Sub-genus MAroirir, Bl.

Calyx-tule almost bell-shaped, the limb 10-14-cleft. Petal-i 10-14. Stamens 20-28,
the anthers linear, longer than tlie filaments. Ovary 3-4-celled. Fruit turbinate.

B. GYjixoRHizA, Lamk. Littoral forests of Arakan, Tenasserim,
B. Viyhtii anil Rhcedii, Bl the Andamans and Nicobars.

£. parietosa and B. \0-anyulata, Griff.

B. eriopetala, Wight.

Sub-order LEGNOTIBE^.

Ovary inferior, almost superior or free. Emhryo imbedded in a fleshy albumen.
Seeds germinating in the ordinary way.

* Ovary inferior. Calyx hell-shaped beyond the ovary.
Caeallia, lioxburyh.
Calyx-lubes short, erect. Stamens 10-16. Ovary-eells 2-ovuled. Flowers cymosc.

C. lucida, Roxb. Pegu and Tenasserim np to 4000 feet.

C. inteyerrima, DC. The ^Nicobars.
C. Zeylanica, Arn.

Ma-ni-ok-ku.

Leaves usually entire, petals not embracing the filaments.

C. lance.efolia, Roxb. Tenasserim.

C. conjinis, Bl.

Leaves serrulate. Petals embracing the filaments.

* * Ovary superior or nearly so, with a broad base adnate to the calyx.
Gynoteoches, Blume.
Calyx without bractlets. Stamens 8-10, filaments elongate. Ovary-cells 4-ovuled.
G. AXiLLAius, 151. Upper Tenasserim.

VOL. II. 31

482 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

ROSALES.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite, regnlar or irregular. Carpels one, or more,
usually quite free in bud, sometimes variously united afterwards with the calyx-tube,
or inclosed in the swollen top of the peduncle. Sti/les usually distinct.

Order HAilAiEELIDEJi:.

Flowers regular or irregular, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth in male
flowers sometimes wanting. Calyx-tuhe more or less adnate to the ovary, the limb
truncate, or 4-5-lobed, valvate or imbricate. Petals as many, more, or fewer than
calyx-lobes, or none. Stamens 4 or more, definite or indefinite, perigynous, 1-seriate.
Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled, the cells opening laterally in various ways. Ovary
inferior or half-inferior, rarely superior, consisting usually of 2 or rarely more carpels,
usually free at the apex, and beaked, with 2 suspended ovules in each cai'pel, or
rarely more, on axile placentas. Style usually persistent. Fruit a capsule, the
carpels visually diverging at the apex, and each one opening in 2 short valves.
Albumen thin fleshy. Trees or shrubs with usually alternate, simple or tri-lobed
leaves. Flowers small, usually collected in heads, rarely racemose or spicate.

BucKLAXDiA, R. Browne.

Flowers polygamous, in heads, the calyces confluent. Calyx-tuhe almost cam-
panulatc, adhering to the ovary, the limb repand-5-lobed. Petals in hermaphrodite
flowers linear-spatulate, often converted into stamens, in females reduced to 4 and
rudimentary. Stamens 10 to 14, the filaments unequal, subulate. Anthers unequally
2-valved, the connective apiculate. Ovary semi-inferior, bifid at top, 2-celled with
6 biseriate ovides in each cell. Styles 2, recurved thick. Capsule nearly free, woody,
2-valved and 2-celleJ, the valves bifid, the cells 6-seeded or less, the fertile seeds
winged upwards.

C. (LiaurDAMBER) TEiCTJSPis, Miq. Hills East of Toung-ngoo, from 4000

B. populnea, K. Br. to 7200 feet.

A superb evergreen tree up to eighty feet in height. Leaves broadly ovate,
glossy and coriaceous. Flower-heads small, greenish, compact on thick peduncles,
covered with a rusty or coppery pubescence. Capsules as large as a pea, almost
globular, seated on the cup-shaped calyces united into a solid head. Wood brown,
heavy and close-grained, but soon attacked by insects. It is marked with the
microscopic disks characteristic of all coniferous woods, and of many HammeUdae and
Maguoliacea3.

Altixoia, Noronh.

Flowers unisexual, in heads supported by a single bract. In males. Calyx and
corolla none. Stamens packed into a globular head. Filaments short. Anthers
4-cornered. In females, Calyees confluent, without Umb. Petals none. Anthers
rudimentary. Ovary semi-inferior, 2-cclled, with many ovules in each cell. Placenta
axile. Carpels produced into subulate recurved caducous styles, dipsules united into
a globular head, each capsule opening superiorly by 2 valves. A single seed only
fertile, winged and angular, the rest sterile. Leaves alternate, simple, glandular,
serrate and deciduous.

A. EXCELSA, Iforonh. Tenasserim and Khakyen Hills.

Sedywickia cerasifolia, Griff'.

Nan-ta-yok.

Mason writes: "The tree is indigenous on the Tenasserim Coa.st, and in some
sections is quite abundant. A considerable stream in the province of Mergui derives
its name from this tree, in consequence of its growing so thick on its banks. It
seems to have escaped the notice of Dr. Heifer, for if I recollect right, it is not once
alluded to in any of his reports, nor has it ever been brought to notice by any one,

IIAMAMELIDE.E. SAXIFRAGE.'E. DROSERACE-E. 483

if we except a Catholic priest, a resident of Rangoon, wlio lias iiitroiliiced it in
a little Burmese medical treatise, that was lithographed a few years ago hy Col.
Burney, who took a lithographic press with hira iuto Burma. This gentleman,
however, seems to have mistaken the tree, for he describes it as the one that
produced the Balsam of Peru {Myrospennum Peruiferum), and which belongs to
a dirt'crent natural family."

Liquidamber altingia is a large forest tree in Java, and one of those which
yield liquid storax, a balsam containing benzoic acid, and possessing considerable
influence over the mucous surfaces, and acting as a stimulating expectorant.

Order SAXIFRAGEiE.

Flowers usually hermaphrodite and regular. Calyx 5- rarely 4-12-merous,
free or adnate to the calyx, the lobes valvate or imbricate. Petals usually 4 or 5,
rarely none, perigynous, rarely epi- or hypo-gynous, imbricate or valvate. Stamens
as many or twice as many as petals, rarely indefinite. Filaments free. Anthers
usually didymous. Intrasfaminal disk often present, and sometimes passing into
staminodes or glands. Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx, or if free usually
attached to a broad base, either 2- to 5-celled, or with 2 to 5 parietal placentas,
very rarely contracted at tlie base, or apocarpous, with several or very rarely a
solitary ovule in each cell, or to each placenta. Styles as many as ovary-cells, free
or rarely united. Fruit a capside, or rarely berry-like and indehisceut. Seeds
usually small, with or rarely without albumen. Embryo straight, small, or rarely
rather large. Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, with alternate or opposite, simple or
compound leaves. Stipules present or not.

ESCALLOXIE.E.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Stipules none. Stamens as many as petals.

PoLTosM.\, Blame.
Orary inferior, 1 -celled. <S/^Ze simple. /'Vm/j" a 1 -seeded berry.
P. "Wallichii, Benn. Tropical forests of the .\.ndamans.

Yery near to P. ilicijolia, BL, but tlie flowers are smaller and the fruits dilferent.

Order DROSERACEiE.

Petals 5, hypogynons, imbricate. Stamens 5, rarely more. Antlurs extrorse.
Ovary usually 1-celled, and with parietal placeutation. Capsule with semi-placenti-
ferous valves. Embryo albuminous.

Droser.\, Linnaius.
Stamens 4-8. Styles 2-5, simple, 2-partcd, or many-cleft. Ovary 1-cclled.
Glandular-pilose herbs, scapiferous or not.

X Leaves radical or nearly so, rosulate. Scapes leaf ess.
D. BuRM.vxNr, Mil. Chittagong. Rare in Prorae.

Leaves obovate-spathulate. Flowers white or pale rose.

X X Leaves scattered. Scapes leafy.
J). Indica, L. Pegu and Tcnasserim.

Leaves linear. Flowers purple.

D. PELTATA, Sm. Xat-toung East of Toung-ngoo at 7000 feet.

B. lunata, Ilam. Upper Tenasserim from 1500 to 3000.

I). Lobbiana, Turcz.
The most familiar example of this Order is the Venus fly-trap {Bionaa muscipula),
with its sensitive and insecticidal leaves, which close over the unwaiy fly wliich
alights thereon.

484 Brn.VA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Order CRASSULACEiE.

Pttah usually free, perigynous or sub-hvpogynous. Stamens as many as the
petals. Carpels as many as the stamens, distinct, with a gland or scale at the base
of each carpel, 2- to many-ovuled, follicular when ripe. Usually succulent herbs.

SEMPEEvrmr, Linnaus.

* S. TECTOEUM, L. (M.).

Twet-kyeh-pen-pouk. House-leek.

The juice of the house-leek is said to remove corns, and also makes a refreshing
drink, and mixed with oil forms an outward application for burns. The juice of
other species of Crassulacece is also refreshing, and is credited with corn-removing
and vulnerary properties, as the Stonecrops {Sediim), Crassida rejlexum, and C. ruims,
and Xavel-wort ( Umhilicus pendulinm), once in repute as an application for hard
nipples.

BETorHYLLrii, Salisbxri/.

Cali/x large, inflated, shortly 4-cleft.

B. (CoTTLEDOx) pixxATi, Lamk. Paibbishy spots all over Burma.

Kalanchoe pinnnta, Perr.

£. calycinum, Salis.

Cotyledon rliizophylla, Roxb.

Twet-khyeh-pen-pouk.

Roxburgh's name for this plant has reference to its curious habit of producing
young plants on the edges of the leaves, and is, so to speak, riciparous, the little
plantlets detaching themselves and dropping with ready-formed roots into the soil
below. Said to have been introduced into India from the Moluccas by Lady Clive
(Mason). It now, however, grows like a weed in some places in Bengal and Burma.
It is thus described': "A succulent tropical plant, whose leaf produces buds
furnished with root, stem, and leaves, at the extremities of its lateral nerves; these
buds, which spontaneously fall off and root in the earth, may be likened to embryos
that do not need to be fertilized before developing ; and the leaf of Bryophyllum
may be regarded as an open carpel, on which the seeds have been developed by
nutritive action alone. This fecundity of BryopliyJlum completes the analogy
between the true bud and the fertilized embryo."

A similar instance of vegetable parthenogenesis may be seen in the 'Watercress
[Nasturtium offieinale), and Lady's smock {Cardamine pratensis).

Kalaxcuoe, Adanson.
Calyx 4-parted.

X Panicles ylandular-pulerulous.

K. (COTTLEDOS) LACIXIATA, L. Ava.

Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes flattened, lobed or cut.

X X Panicles quite glabrous.

K. AcuTiFLOBA, Ham. Ava.

K. varians, Wall.
K. sulaniplectans, Wall, non Harv.

Leaves simple or pinnately 3-foliolate, erenate.

K. TERETiFOLiA, Harv. Pegu. Ava.

Leaves pedately 3-pinnatisect, the segments almost terete, sulcafc.

' Dtscriptive and Analytical Botany, by Le Maout and Decaisne, p. 7.

ROSACEA. 485

Order ROSACEA.

Flowers usuully regular, or hermapliroditc. C'ali/x frno, and inclosing the
ovaries, or adnato to the ovary, the liiub e(iual or in Chrysohalancm unequal, 4-
rarely 5- or more lobed, with tlie addition (in a few genera) of as many external
accessory lobes. Disk filling the calyx-tube. Petals as many as true calyx-lobes,
equal, or rarely unequal, imbricate. Statnenn indefinite, rarely few, free, inserted
with the petals at the base of the calyx-lobes. Ovari/ of 12 or more carpels, usually
distinct at the time of flowering, but sometimes combined into a single, 2-o-cellod
inferior ovary, with 1 or 2 rarely more ovules in each carpel. Sti/lrs elongate or
sessile, stigmas distinct. Fruit various, superior or more or less inferior, sometimes
inclosed in the persistent calyx-tube, fleshy or dry, indehisccnt or capsular, or the
carpels collected on a fleshy or dry torus. Albumen usually none. Trees, shrubs,
or under shrubs with simple or compound leaves. Stipules usually present. Flowers
in axillary or terminal cymes or solitary, rarely in simple racemes.

To this Order belong Apples' {Pi/rus tnalus), Pears {P. communis), the Rowan
or Mountain Ash {P. aucuparia), the Hawthorn (Cratayus o.i-i/acanthn), Medlars
[Jfespilus germanica), Loquat (Friohotri/a Japonica), Raspberry {Ruhus Idcea), Black-
berry {R. fruticosa), Strawberry {Fragaria resea), Almond {Amygdalus communis),
Peach [Persica vulgaris), Xectarine (Persiea heris), Apricot {Armeniaca vulgaris), Sloe
{Prunus spinosa), Cherries ( Cerasua), and the Queen of flowers, the Rose.

The above enumeration by no means exhausts the list of fruits and other
products we owe to this fine Order. The wood of several Pears and Cherries is
close-grained, and in considerable request for wood-engraWng and cabinet-work.
Various herbs, once used in medicine, but now neglected, may also be mentioned.
Dog-rose (a confection of which still holds a place in the Pharmacopoeia), Agrimony
(Agrimonia), Great Burnet {Sunguisorha officinalis), Salad Burnet (Poterium sangui-
sorba). Lady's mantle {Alchemilla vulgaris), Avens {Geum urbanum), regarded as
distasteful to, and an antidote against evil spirits. Drop-wort [Spiriea filipendula),
llead-wort, corrupted in later times to lleadow-sweet (S. ulmaria), used for flavouring
beer and wines, and last, and not least in interest, Kousso {Rragera anthelmintica),
whose flowers are the best known remedy for tapeworm, and which indirectly,
through the mischievous indiscretion and meddling of a missionary, led to the
Abyssinian war, one of those hateful and inglorious ejiisodes into which our curiously
mixed devotion to God and Mammon is constantly betraying us.

A. Carpels solitary or united into a solid 2- or more-celled ovarg. Fruit indeluscent.
f Ovary superior. Fruit a drupe. Calyx or its lobes usually deciduous.

CUR YSOBA LANIEJE.
Flowers usually irregular. Style basilar. Ovules 2, ascending. Radicle inferior.

Parixarium, Jussieu.
Petals 5 or -I. Stamens perigj-uous. Filaments filiform. Anthers small. Ovary
and drupe 2-celled.

P. (Ptekocauya) SrM vtuaxa, W. Jack. Upper Tenasserim (?).

Pakastemox.
P. UKOPHTLLUS, DC. Kamorta.

A beautiful tree 30-40 feet high, with a dense round crown. Drupes lovely rosy.

VRuyjE^j;.

Flowers regular. Style almost terminal. Ovules 2, suspended. Radicle superior.

' Tlie name, biitli in ICngHsh an<l Latin, iudicatos that it was knorni to the .\rian tribes before
their separation, as botli apple and pomiim liavc reference to the jnicy character of tlie fniit. All pltiil,
iciiter-Jruit, apple, auil;>(/«iH»i, from the root oi poluiii, potable, having a cognate sense.

486 BCRMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Pectv'US, Linndus.
Calyx 5-lobecL Petals 5, usually conspicuous. Drupe ■with a bony putamen.

+ Lraf-nhedding trees or slirubs. Flowers appearing hefore or along ivith the young
foliage. Vernation of leaves conduplicate or eonrolute.

Sub-genus Amtgdaxus, L. (Aehexiaca, Juss.)

Flowers solitary or clustered. Driij)cs densely velvety or tomentose.

*P. (AjiTGDALus) Peesica, L. Cultivated about Bhamo up to 3500 feet.

Leaves narrow, 2-glandular at tbo base. Stone -wrinkled.

Sub-genus Peunus.

Flowers solitary, fascicled or racemose. Drupes glabrous.

* Drapes muallg pruinous. Vernation of leaves eon volute.
P. lEiFLOEA, Roxb. Khakyen Hills.

Glabrous. Flowers rather small, usually by threes. Petals ^ inch long. Caly.x-
tube l-lj lines long, lobes usually somewhat longer.

There is a leaf-specimen of another Prunus from the Khakyen Hills whicli
differs from P. pseudo-eerasus, Ldl., only veiy slightly in the smaller size and in the
serrature of its loaves (Kurz).

P. PUDDuii, Eoxb. Khakyen Hills,

P. sglvatica, Eoxb.

Almost glabrous. Plowers rather large, by 2 or 3 from bracted buds. Petals
nearly J inch long. Calyx-tube 3i lines long, the lobes nearly as long.

*"* Drupes smooth, not pruinous. Vernation of leaves conduplicate {Cerasus, Juss.).
-\- -f- Fvergreen trees. Floivers racemose (Pi/geopsis).

P. (Cekasus) Maetaisaxica, "Wall. Tropical forests of Tenasserim and

the Andamans.

Drupes an inch long. Lateral neiTes veiy faint or almost obsolete.

Ptgeum, Gaertiier.

Cah/.T 5-15-toothed. Petals 5-10, minute or none. Drupes often transversely
didymous, coriaceous.

* Ovary tawny villous.

P. AEBOEEUM, Eudl. Tcuasserim.

P. parviflorum, T. and B.

Leaves beneath more or less tawny villous.

** Ovary glabrous or sparingly hirsute.
P. ACUMrN-ATrM, Colebr. non Wight. Chittagong.

Glabrous. Nerves and veins conspicuous and deeply immersed, so as to render
the surface of the leaves almost wrinkled.

P. PEESiMiLE, Kz. Tenasserim.

Young branchlets, petioles, and nerves beneath pubescent. Nerves and veins
thin, little \-isiblo. Allied to P. latifolium ; general appearance exactly that of P.
Lampouguin, Miq.

The genus Pygeum is so closely allied to the section Pygeopsis of Prunus with
evergreen foliage as to make it difficult to keep it distinct. Indeed, Pygeum and
Pygeopsis, combined, stand pretty much in the same relation to Prunus as Friulotrya
does to Pirus (Kurz).

ROSACEJE. 487

tt Orary inferior. Fruit an apple or a l-o-pijrenous drupe.
rOMIEJE.

* Ovary-cells 1-5, with 2 ovules in each cell. Leaves simple to lohed and jHunate.
Flowers regular.

Pyki's, Liinmus.

Calyx-limh deciduous or persistent. Ovary and apjjle 2-5-ccllcd, tlic cudocari>
often cartilaginous. Leaf-shoddiug trees or shrubs.

* Flowers usually hy pairs from the a.vils of the leaves, or spuriously racemose from
the non-development of young foliage. Ovary-cells many ovuled.

P. Indica, Roxb. Ava and Khakycn Hills.

Young parts, pedicels, and calyx densely white-woolly. Petals an inch long.
Fruits pear-shaped, 1-H inch long, crowned by the calyx-limb.

** Flowers corymbose or panicled at the end of the Irancldets or in the axils of the
upper leaves. Ovary -cells 2-ovuled.

P. PAsniA, Don. Khakycn Hills.

P. variolosa, Wall.
Flowers corymbose, on slender pedicels 1-2 inches long. Fruits globose, tho
size of a bullet.

P. GRAN-DULOSA, Bcrtol. HiUs East of Tuung-ngoo at 7000 feet.

F. Karensiuin, Kz.

Flowers panicled, very shortly and stoutly pedicelled. Fruits as in preceding.

EitlonoTKYA, Lindley,
Calyx-limh persistent. Ovary and berry 1-5-celled, tho endooari) and septa thin.

X Leaves entire.
E. (PnoTiNiA) ixTEGRiFOLrA, Lill. Kat-toung, East of Toung-ngoo at 7000 feet.

P. Xotoniana, VV.A.

P. congenifolia, Ldl.

Calyx and panicle puborulous. Eerrics the size of a pea. Evergreen tree.

E. MACROCARTA, Kz. Tropical forests of Ivanibalu Toung in the

Pegu Kange at 2000 feet.

Quite glabrous. Fruit an apple of the size of a bullet.

The fruits look more like apples, but tho tree is evergreen. Tlie very same
tree occurs also in tho outer hills of the Sikkim Himalaya (Kurz).

X X Leaves coarsely crenate, at least towards the apex. Inflorescence rusty or
tawny woolly -tomentose.

E. DCBIA. Ldl. Chittagong, Bhamo, and hills East of

Mespilus Bengalensis, Roxb. Toung-ngoo at GOOO feet.

Leaves glabrous. Calyx about a line long.

*E. (jrKspiLrs) Jai'onica, Thb. Cultivated.

The ' Loquat.'

Leaves woolly-tomentosc beneath. Caly.x 3—1 lines long.

B. Carpels usually numerous, rarely few, connate or more mually distinct and
inserted on a torus or inclosed in the calyx-tube. Fruit-carpels indehiscent, or rarely
dehiscent {in Spirece, etc.).

f Carpels distinct, within the jwrsistcnf calyx-tube, which forms a comj)ound
spuriously itiferior fruit.

488 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

HOSACIEJE.
Cahjx without hradlefs. Petals usualli/ 5. Ciirpels many, \-ovuIed. Achencs
dry, inclosed in the fleshy calyx-tube.

EosA, Zinnaus.
Slirubs, often prickly, with unpaired pinnate leaves and sliowy flowers.

Styles all free.
* Calyx-throat pervious and not closed by the disk.
*E. Indica.

Flowers large, usually corymbose. Calyx glabrous or sparingly glandular.
Leaflets glabrous, glaucous beneath. Carpels about 40 to 50.

*E. DAMASCENA.

As preceding, but leaves solitary. Carpels about 1.5.

R. MICEOPHrLLA.

Leaflets small. Flowers solitary. Caly.'i-tube and the globular fruits densely
cchinate.

* * Calyx-throat completely closed by the disk.

E,. INVOLUCEATA, Eosb. Country North of iMandalay.

Calyx, younger branohlets, and the globular fruits densely tomentose. Flowers
white.

Several species of roses (especially Ji. Indica and R. damaseena) are found planted
around khyoungs chiefly, in almost evei-y one of the larger villages of Pegu (Kurz).

There is perhaps no flower more universally esteemed for its fragrance than the
Eose, and this feeling seems to have been coeval with the cultivation of the flower.
Some indication of this is, I think, afforded by the use of .such an epithet as ' rosy-
fingered,' applied by Homer to the Dawn, for the Eose is by no means the only
flower which might claim, from its mere colour, to be introduced in a descriptive
epithet, but no sooner is the mind turned to the contemplation of a red flower than
the Eose, from the unchallenged perfection of its scent, fills the mii'ior of our
thoughts, and is unconsciously adopted as a type for the colour it most commonly
displays. And with regard to this point, it must be remembered that it is the old-
fashioned roses, such as our ' cabbage-rose,' which at once display the perfection of
scent united with a typical rosy colour, the former quality being wofully deficient
in many roses now in vogue, displaying yellow tints rather than rosy ones. The
Attar of Eoses, or the essential oil of the flowers, is one of the most delicious perfumes
known, and the dearest, and one extremely difiicult to procure free from adulteration,
which is not surprising when we remember that it has been said that it requires
100,000 flowers to furnish 180 grains or 1 rupee's -n eight of oil. The old poetic
fancy of the birth of the Eose from the life-blood of Adonis is too pretty to be
passed over : —

** *A£ Hi Tav Ki'Ocpeiai', uTrioXeTO icaXo^ *Aca^in<i.
AaKpi'ov a Tla(pia joaaov \efi, oaaov Afuwo
A//ta X^^'' '"^'^^ Trai'Ta irori ^^ovn "/r/i'eTai arOij.
Aififia poBov TiKT6(, ra ce iaKpva tuv uvitiwi'av.'

liion Idyl. I. 1. 62.'

ft Carpels distinct, on a conspicuoas torus, when ripe form iny a superior compound
dry or sajjpy fruit.

' Woe ! Woe ! for love's own Queen, since stretclicd in death
Adonis lies, the beautiful, whose blood
Poured forth, like water on the thirsty earth
Is matched by tears from Aphrodite's eyes.
Where fell those tears, Anemones upspring
And where each ruddy di'op, Lo ! blooms a Rose.

liOHACEJE. 489

Stamens and carpels numerottn. Oculcs 2, simpended. Calyx ivitJiout iractlets.
Shrubs or under shrubs, often prickli/, ivilh compound, rarely simple, leaves.

RuBcs, Linnmus.

Characters of the Tribe.

* Carpels few, only 3-C. Leaves simple.

R. PTErroLiA, Sm. Hills of Ava.

Ji. hexagona, Koxb.
R. Indiea, Lesch.

Petioles very short. Flo«-ers in largo terminal panicles.

•'"* Carpels numerous, forming a sort of sappy berry.
X Leaves entire or lobed.
+ All softer parts and tJie under side of the lobed leaves covered with a dense tomentum
usually intermixed with longer hairs. Calyx-lobes entire.

E. MoLCCCANA, L. var. « and fi Hills of JIartaban over 2.500 feet. var. 7

probably Ava, also Kamorta and Isaukowry.

Bracts and stipules pinuatisect, the segments long, thin, and often filiform.

var. a genuina. Leaves beneath clothed with a short tomentum intermixed
with a few longer hairs only, the basal lobes usually diverging. Calyx velvety
and at the same time densely tawny and appressedly hirsute, the lobes acuminate.

var. /i alceccfolia, Poir. Leaves softly pubescent beneath, the basal lobes
usually much converging. Calyx densely tawny or yellowish appresscd hirsute, the
lobes acuminate.

var. 7 abnormalis. Stems covered with spreading tawny hairs. Leaves of
var. a. Calyx shortly and densely greyish or whitish tomentosc, without any
admixture of longer hairs, the lobes acute or almost blunt.

+ + All parts, except the inflorescence, icithout tomentum, glabrous or pubescent.

R. FERox, Wall. Ava (?).

K. Jloluccana, Roxb.

Calyx-lobes pectinate-toothed.

X X Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolafe.

R. PEXTAfio.vA, Wall. Niit-toung, East of Touug-ngoo, over GOOO feet.

Branchlets almost terete. Leaflets green, shortly puberulous. Stipules and
bracts linear entire, shortly glandular-pubescent. Flowers white.

I formerly combined Ji. alpestris and this s])ecies, but Mr. 0. Kuntzo, of
Leipzig, who revised the species of Itubus in HliC, has pointed out to mo the
dilferenccs between the two (Kurz).

R. ALPESTRIS.

Branchlets terete. Leaflets glabrous or pnbesccnt. Stipules and bracts Tisually
cut into 1-2 linear segments, glabrous, or only very sparingly and shortly glandular-
hairy. Flowers red.

Kui'z's remark to the last species leav(!s us in doubt if the present species occurs
in Burma.

XXX Leaves pinnafely Zfoliolate or unpaired-pinnute.
° Fruits tomentusc.

R. LAsrocARPA, Sm. Hills East of Bhamo.

R. albescens and racemosa, Roxb.

490 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AiXD PRODUCTIONS.

It. Ifi/sorriisii, Hcyne.
Ji. Uorsfuldii, Miq.

Leaves unpaired pinnate, the leaflets beneath •white or yellowish tomentose.
Flowers white.

° ° Fruits glahrom.

E. FLAVA, Ham. Ava. Khakyen Hills. Hills East

It. Gourrei'phul, Eosb. of Toung-ngoo {fide Mason).

Leaves pinnatcly 3-foliolate, the leaflets white or yellowish tomentose beneath.
Petals white.

E. EOSiEFOLiA, Sm. var. « Martaban Hills at ."000 feet.

var. ft Hills East of Bhamo.

Leaves unpaired-pinnate, uniformly green. Petals white.

var. o R. aspera, Don. Stem, branches, and petioles more prickly and covered
with long stiff blackish gland-hairs. Calyx and peduncle tomcntose-pubcscont, with
long spreading glaud-bristles. Leaves more or less appressed hairy. Flowers usually
in poor corymbs.

var. ft glahrhisculii. Stems, branches, and petioles glabrous or with few
short gland-hairs only. Peduncles and pedicels usually shortly gland nlar-]iubescent,
rarely almost glabrous. Calyx glabrous or sprinkled with few short gland-hairs,
velvety-tomtntoso inside. Leaves more glabrous. Flowers much larger, usually
solitary on leaf-opposed long pedicels.

PO TENTILLIE^E.
Stamens and enrpels 4 or more, the. latter with a solitari/ onile ; sti/le nsnalhj rentral,
marceseent or caducous. Cali/x usually ivith hractlets. Unarmed herbs or under shrubs,
with compound or sim^ile leaves.

Feagaria, Linnaus.

Cah/.r with .5 bractlets. Stamens numerous. Eipe carpels crustaceous, seated on
a fleshy sappy torus ; styles ventral. Herbs with 3-foliolate leaves.

F. IxmcA, Andr. Chittagong. Bhamo.
F. Malai/ana, Eoxb.

Duchesnea fragarioides, Sm.

Dr. Mason remarks: "I have raised very fine strawberries in my garden at
Tavoy, but the plants require considerable care."

PoTENTiLLA, Linnaus.

Calyx with 4 or 5 bractlets. Torus in fruit dry, rest as in preceding. Herbs or
under shrubs with variously compound leaves.

P. (Duchf-sxea) Suudaica, Miq. Khakyen Hills.

P. Kleiniana, AV. A.

Order LEGUMINOS^.

Flowers hermaphrodite, irregular or regular. Calyx various, quinque-merous,
regular or irregular, imbricate or valvate, rarely the sepals all free. Corolla of 5 or
rarely fewer petals, or wanting altogether, pcrigynous, or rarely hypogynous,
irri'gular and more or less papilionaceous, or regular, the lobes or petals imbricate
or valvate. Stamens 10, rarely fewer, or indefinite, united in 1 or 2 sheaths, or free.
Ovary of a single excentrical carpel, with 1 or more ovules on the ventral suture.
Style simple. Fruit a pod, opening along one or both sutures, or indeliisceut, from
chartaceous to flesliy and woody. Arillus more or less developed, or wanting.
Cotyledons large, the radicle short. Albumen none or scanty, very rarely copious.
Trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes climbing, with alternate, or very rarely opposite,

L/JOr.V/XOSyE. 491

compound or simjilo loaves. Sfipides and xtipuhis usually present. Flowers various,
solitary, or variously arranged in axillary or terminal intlorcscences.

This vast Order is second only to tlic Gramincce in importance to man, as all the
edible pulses, which in the East play so important a part in the dietary of the masses,
belong to one of its tribes {Pupilionacifcc). This Order also yields valuable Woods,
Dyes, Fibres, Drugs and souio virulent poisons. Among edible species may be specified :
Peas, Fisum snticum ; Ueans, Faba rnlgaris ; Sword beans, Canavalia enniformix ;
French beans. Broad beans, Oram, Cicer mieiiiiiim ; riiaseolus vulgaris; MungorUrad,
P. mungo; Moht, P. uconitifoUm; Soua mung, P. aureus ; Kula mung, P. max;
Hari mung, P. Rnxburghii; Scarlet runner, i'. multijlorus; and numy other varieties,
some of which, as P. adeiiniithus, arc cultivated for their tuberous rhizome, like
Pac/ii/rhizns bulbosus and the Amei'ican spcci(!S Apios fuberosa, PsoraJea esculenfa and
P.hypogeea; Lentils, Ervum lens; Arhar, Cajanus indicus ; Kulthi, IMichos uniforus;
liobia, P. Sinensis ; Ban-sem, P. labbab ; Kasur, Latln/rus satirus ; Ground nuts,
Arachis hypogaa, and many other species. Among fodder plants may b(> specified :
Vetches, Vicia satira ; Melilot, yielding an odorif(!rous liay, 3[elilufus ojieina/is ;
Lucern, Iledicago safira and lupidina ; Clover, 'PrifoUum jn-afense and repens, and
Lupines, Lupinus a/biis, varius and bdrus. Among substances useful in manufactures
may be mentioned Indigo, Indigofera iinetoria ; Gum Arabic, the produce of
several species of Acacia; Katechu or Kath, extracted from A. catechu; Copal,
the resin of Ilgmencea verrucosa ; Logwood, P[<rmaloxi/Ion Caiupechianam ; Sajjjjan-
wood, Casalpinia sappan; Brazil wood, C. echinaia; and S\in hemp, Cro/alariajumea.
Valuable timbers are yielded by various species of Acacia, A/bizzia, Cassia, Pterocurpus,
Palbergia, Xijlia, MiUcttia, Tamarindus, and others of less importance. Among
Medicinal products may be enumerated Balsam of Copaiba, yielded by some Tropical
American trees, Copaifcra ojficinalis, coriacea and cordifolia ; Cassia, the pulp sur-
rounding the seeds of C. Jistula. Tamarinds. Dragon's blood and Gum-kino,
produced by species of P/crocarpus, Hutea and Prepanocarpus. Tragaeanth, a gum
yielded by several species of Astragalus ; Liquorice, extracted from the roots of
several species of Glijcirrhiza, and the Calabar bean, Phi/sostigma rencnosum, a most
violent poison, but which possesses the curious property of causing contraction of the
pupil, and Goa powder, prepared from Andira araroba, which owes its efficacy in
skin diseases to the presence of Chrysojdianic acid.

Oils, gums, dyes, woods, fibres, fruits, seeds, fodder, and ornamental flowers arc
yielded by other Legumiuosa; too numerous to enumerate. Among ornamental trees,
however, may bo named as indigenous to Burma the singularly handsome Amhersiia
from the Salween Valley.

For some strange and now nidcnown cause Beans were once regarded as impure,
and rejected as food by the followers of Pythagoras. Some of the supjiosed reasons
for this abstention from Beans are such as cannot be more particularly alluded to
here, but may be gathered from the interesting article on this subject in the
' Mythologie des Plantes,' by D(- (iubernatis, vol. ii. p. 132. Whatever may have been
the original reason for the estimation in which beans were once held, we know
that they were regarded as sacred to the dead. " Les legumes, nous I'avons deja
remarque a plusieurs reprises, out presquo tons unc signification phalli(iuc ot
funeraire. Festus nous apprcnd que le Flamen ne ]iouvait ni toucher, ni nommir
les f'evcs, ' Fabam nee tangere, nee nomiuar* diali Flamini licet, (juod ea putatur
ad mortuos pertiiu^re; nam et lemuralibus jacitur larvis, et parentalibus adhibetur
sacrificiis, et in flore ejus, luctus litteraD apparere videntur.' Les Lemures, c'est-
a-dire les ombres vagabondes do ceux qui avaient mal vecu, d'apres la superstition
romaine, s'approehaient pendant la nuit des maisons et y jetaient des feves " (Do
Gubernatis, I.e. p. ISO). To guard against this invasion, black beans, as wc learn
from Ovid, were used to propitiate the spirits of the nether world.

" Nox iibi jam media est somnoquc silentia pra^bet
Et canis et varia; conficuistis aves ;
lUe memor veteris ritus timidusque deorum
Surgit ; habcnt gemini vincula nulla pedes :

492 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Signaque dat, digitis medio cum pollice junctis,'

Oceurrat taoito ne levis umbra sibi ;
QuumquG manus pure fontana perluit unda,

Vertitur, et nigras accipit ore fabas,
Aversusque jacit, sed dum jacit ' Hsco ego mitto,

His, inquit, redimo meque meosque fabis.'
Hoc novies dicit, nee respicit ; umbra putatiir

CoUigcre et nullo terga ridento sequi."

Fadi r. 429.

Some copies read 'ante' in place of 'ore,' but the beans in tliis case may have been
intentionally deposited in the mouth with regard to the silence-loving shades to
wliich they were oifered. In support of this view may be adduced the amusing
account given by Ovid of the offerings made to Tacita.

" Eccc anus in mediis residons annosa puellis

Sacra facit Tacitte ; vix tamen ipsa tacet.
Et digitis tria thura tribus sub limine ponit,

Qua brcvis occultum mus sibi fecit iter.
Turn cantata ligat cum f usco lieia rhombo ;

Et septem nigras versat in ore fabas ;
Quodque pice astrinxit, quod acu trajecit acna,

Obsutum moeme torret in igne caput.
Vina quoque instillat ; vini quodcumque relictura est,

Aut ipsa, aut comites, plus tamen ipsa, bibit.
' Hostiles li^iguas iuimicaque vinximus era,'

Dicit disccdens, ebriaque exit anus."

Fasti II. 571.

An amusing mode of fortune-telling by beans is thus described by De Guberaatis :
"En Sicile (Noto) et en Toscane (Campagne de Florence), les jeunes fiUes qui
desirent un mari apprennent leur soit par les feves ; voici comment : elles mettent
dans un petit sac trois feves, I'une entiere, une autre sans I'oeil, une troisieme sans
ecorce, et elles los seconent ; puis elles en tirent une, si elles ont la chance de tomber
sur la feve entiere, un mari riche et bien portant leur est garanti ; si elles tombent
sur la feve sans ceil, leur mari sera iniirme et gene ; si elles ont le malheur d'attraper
la feve sans ecorce, le seul mari qui se presentera pour les epouser sera un pauvre
diable sans le sou." — ilythologie des Plantes, vol. ii. p. 136.

Sub-order EU-LEGUMINOS^.

Flowers more or less irregular, rarely almost regular, and in this case the
standard-petal slightly larger and innermost in bud. Petals imbricate in bud.
Stamens definite, variously connate or rarely free.

PAPILIOXACIE^E.
Uppermost petal (standard) outside in hud.
* Stamens free from the hase or slighthj connate at tlie very base onli/.

' The thoughtful student will not fail to remember that the Pope of Rome still blesses the faithful
■with three fingers, on the centi'e one of which is a ring, evidently a variation of the procedure alluded
to by Ovid.

For some very pointed remarks (which cannot here be reproduced) on Christians still persisting
in the use of symbols of a Pagan and indecent character, see luman's ' Ancient Faiths embodied in
Ancient Names,' vol. ii. p. 651, but the cause of what seems so surprising to the writer is not far to
seek. It is simply ignorance. Not one person in a hundred has any conception of the original
significance of religious symbols, and it is about the last subject regarding which people may look for
any enlightenment from their religious teachers, many of whom, however, it must in fairness be
allowed, are as ignorant on such matters as the bulk of the laity. It is an utterly tabooed subject,
save with a few restless philosophers who have acquired the inconvenient habit of logical thought !

LEGUMINOS^. 493

Snb-tiibc SOPUORIEiE.
Leaves pinnatehj \-manij-foUolate. Puds indehiscent or dehiscent.

* Leaves pinnate. Bracts and Iractlets small, deciduous.

Sni'iroiu, Linnaus.

Pods monilifoi'm, teroto or wiugcd, usually iudeliiscent. Arilhts none. Leaves
without stipulets.

S. TOMExros.v, L. I'tgu ami tliu Audamaus.

S. occidentalis, L.

Theu-bo-ma-ji (Kurz).

Aeillaria, Kurz.

Pods flesliy-coriacoous, short, dehiscent. AriUas crimson, enveloping the whole
seeds. Leaves with stipulets.

A. EOBUSTA, Roxb. Lower Pegu and llartaban.

Kway-tanyin or Thyt-wa-gyi (?).

** Stamens variously united into a tuhe, or info a slit sheath or into two separate
sheaths with the rexillar stamen, free or ad nut e.

+ Pods jointed, dehiscent or not, very rarely ohsoletely or nut jointed, in which case
the valves are usually marked with transverse veins or lines. In a few genera the 2}ods
consist of a single joint.

Sub-tribe HEDYSARIE.E.
Leaves often pinnately 3—1-foliolaie, rarely pinnate.

* Stamens united into a single slit sheath, the vexillary \Olh one free.
+ Ovules solitary. Pods \-jointed.
Lespkdeza, Miehaux.
Pods indehiscent. Flowers clustered or in I'acemes, usually axillary.
* Flowers in axillary almost sessile clusters.

L. .sERicKA, Mic[. Khakyen Ilills.

Jledysarum junceum, lloxb.

Appressed silvery silk-hairy. Leaflets linear-cuneate.

** Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes often collected info terminal panicles.

X All parts densely and softly pubescent. Bracts deciduous.
L. pi.NETOKUM, Kz. Martaban, 4000 to 6000 feet.

iSoftly tomentose. Racemes sessile. Calyx-teeth almost filiform and flexuose.

X X Branchlets and under side of leaves appressedly greyish puberulous.

L. DECouA, Kz. Martaban, 4000 to 6000 feet.

Racemes glandular-pubescent. Bracts persistent.

L. I'AEViFLOEA, Kz. ^s'at-touiig East of Toung-ngoo {fde Mason).

Racemes tawny pubescent, not glandular. Bracts deciduous.

Allied to L. elliptica, Btb., from which it differs by its much smaller flowers,
its subulate calyx-teeth, the diU'ercnt vestiturc of its inflorescence, and its deciduous
bracts (Kurz).

-\ — \- Ovules 2 or more. Puds 2- or more-, rarely (by abortion) l jointed.

° Pods not jointed, compressed or inflated.

f Pud inflated like that rf Crotalaria.

Picxosi'OKA, R. Browne.

Herbs witli pinnately 3-foliolate leaves. Flowers in racemes.

494 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

P. HEDYSAEOiDEs, R. Br. Tenasserim.

P. nervosa, W.A.

f f Pod compressed.

PsEUD.UJXnRIA.

Tods flat with straight sutures. Fowcrs in terminal racemes. Herbs.
P. TiscTDA, L. Upper Tenasserim.

° ° Pods distinctly jointed.

f Pod-joints in a line, not folded itp.

Desmodium, Besratix.

Pod joints flat or slightly convex, dehiscent or indehiscent. Puccmes terminal or
axillary and terminal. Leaves 3- rarely 1-f'oliolate.

A. Pod joints dehiscing along the ventral suture.

Suh-genus PLEUEOLOBruir, DC.

Pod-joints dehiscing along the more or less indented suture, distinctly separated
or continuous, and the separation indicated by a transverse line only. Injlorescetice in
a young state conspicuously imbricate-bracted.

* All bracts deciduous. Pods contiiiiioiis, the joints marked only ly transverse lines.
Erect shrubs or herbs.

D. GYEOiDES, DC. Arakan, Pegu, and Tenasserim.

D. pseudo-ffyroides, Miq.

Shrub, the leaflets one-coloured. Flowers pui'ple. Pod-joints 2J- lines long by
3 broad, densely and shortly hirsute.

D. GTRANS, Lamk. From Chittagong to Tenasserim.

Annual or biennial, the leaves as often 1- as 3-foliolato, with the two lateral
leaflets much reduced, leaflets white variegated. Flowers pale yellow, turuiug pale
brick-coloured. Pod-joints about '2A- lin. long and broad, shortly aud sparingly hirsute.

** Lowermost bracts of youiiy inflorescences more or less persistent. Pods distinctly
jointed.

D. nETEROCAErUM, L.
J), polyeurpum, DC.
Iledysarum pnrpurcum, Roxb.
I), patens, Wight.

Leaves 3-foliolato, the leaflets elliptical to oblong. Fruiting pedicels erect.
Racemes elongate.

var. a genuinum. Brandies and leaves beneath only thinly appressed-pubescent.
Pods glabrous with fringed edges, or sparingly and minutely stitf-luiirj-.

var. ft trichocaulon, Bak. Branches densely and spreadingly pilose, tlie leaves
beneath appresscd jiilose. The rest as in var. o.

var. 7 cdpitatum, DC. Branches and leaves beneath more or less silvery
pubescent, the leaflets smaller. Pods jniberulous.

var. n common in all leaf-shedding forests, especially the mixed ones, entering
also the savannahs and cultivated lands, all over Burma and the adjacent islands.
var. ft Ava hills, var. 7 Arakan.

D. EETEOFLEXUM, L. Tcuasserim.

Leaves 1-3-foliolate, the leaflets more or less orbicular. Frniting pedicels
refracted. Racemes shorter than the leaves.

Sub-genus Sagotia, Walp.

Pod-joints dehiscing along the lower more or less indented suture. Young
inflorescence not conspicuously bracted.

LEGUMINOSJE. 495

* Flowers in many-jloicerei terminal anS, axillary racemes which often form terminal
panicles. Erect annual herbs.

D. OBLONGUM, "Wall. Ava and Pogn.

Stems and under side of leaves sparingly and appressedl)' greyisli pubescent.
Panicle glandular-puberulous. Pods glabresceut.

D. ArRiCA>-s, Grab. Coast of Arakan and Tenasserim.

-D. aarieomiini, Grab., Wall. Cat. .570-1.

Stems and peduncles spreadingly tawny pilose. Pods tawny pilose.

** Flowers few, axillary or in leaf-opposed racemes. Front rate or diffuse herbs.

D. MicEopnyLLUM, Thbg. Toonzaleen at 2500 feet.

D. parvifolium, DC.

Flowers in leaf-opposed and spuriously terminal simple or branebed racemes.
Lcaliets very small.

D. KEPTANS, Burm. Pegu and Tenasserim.

D. heferophylluni, DC.
1). trijiorum, W.A.

Flowers usually yellowisli, by 1-4 on a longer or sborter axillary peduncle, wbicb
is longer than the leaves.

D. TKiFLORirar, L. From Chittagong to Tenasserim ;

Hedysarum siipulaccum, Burm. (introduced into the Andamaus).

Flowers usually puq)le or rose-coloured, by 1-G in the leaf-axils.
B. Pod-joints not dehiscing in any way.

* Flowers in terminal and axillary racemes, often collected into panicles. Bracts
small, deciduous or rarely persistent.

Sub-genus Eu-desjiodium, DC.

Shrubs, under shrubs or herbs, the leaves 1-3-foliolatc. Petiole not winged. Fods
various, many-jointed, the joints variously shaped, but never quite sc^uare.

* Fods and ovary quite glabrous, the joints more or less deeply indented on the loiver
suture, the basal one very shot tly stalked.

X Leaves simple, broader than long, oblate to reniform.

D. oiiLATUM, Bak. Along streams in Ava, Pegu Ilills and Martaban.

F). reniforme, Wall. Cat. " vix DeCan. certissime non Burm."
Flowers 3 lines long, sky-blue, on capillary glandular pedicels J--} inch long.
Pod-joints deeply indented at the lower suture.

D. KENIFOKME, L.

Flowers small, white, on pedicels l|-2 lines long. Pod-joints slightly iudenled
at the lower suture.

All Burmese .specimens seen by me belong to tlie preceding species. I myself
gathered the true Burmaunian plant only in the Terai-lands of Sikkim (Kurz).

X X Leaves oblong to oblong -lanceolate.

D. SUBSTIPULACEUM, Bl. Nat-toung East of Toung-ngoo {fide Mason).

D. stipulaceum, Miq.
Sedysarum mucronatum, Bl.

Leaves simple, or the lower ones 3-foliolate. Eacomes slender, in dilfusc
terminal panicles. Pod-joints elliptical, 2 lines long by l.V broad.

This species greatly resembles the American D. stipulaceum, DC. It diflVrs in
its stouter stature and its broad ovate (uot linear-subulate) calyx-lobes. The pod-

496 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

joints are glabrous and net-vtined, not hooked-pilose like those of Hasskarl's D.
Apiirinis, which Miijuel combines with I), stipidaceum, while Baker would make it
spionymous with I), spirah.

*"* Pods and ovary rariously clothed icith glandular or glatidless, straight or hooked hairs.
X Pod-joints 4-5 times longer than broad, or if shorter stalk-like narrowed at the base.
+ Tod-Joints pedicel-like narrowed or abruptly constricted at the base, securiform
or crescent-shaped, puberulous.

° Fod-joints crescent-shaped, abruptly constricted at both ends.

D. coNciNNTTM, DC. Martaban from 4000 to GOOO feet.

B. pendulum, Wall.

Leaves oblong, acute or blunt, strongly parallel-nerved. Pod-joints broadly
lunate, tumid, and only 2 lines long, coriaceous, the basal one refracted on a stalk
2 lines long thickened club-like at the apex.

D. (XJeaeia) oBCOKDATUir, Jliq. Maulmain. Sumatra.

Leaves divaricately obcordate. Pod-joints membranous, broadly lunate, acute
and divaricate at both ends, very flat. Spreading or trailing herb.

° ° Pod-Joints securiform, the basal one long-stalked.

D. scALPE, DC. Hill forests of Martaban at 4000 to 5000 feet.

D. sfranguldtum, "\V. A.

Calyx about a line, the corolla 5 lines long; stalk of basal pod-joint about 1-J
line long.

Baker identifies the D. trichaiilon of Hasskarl's PL Jav. rar. 367 with the above,
but this he could only do by simply guessing, for the description does not in the least
agree, and the dehiscent pods at once indicate its true affinity (Kurz).

D. PODOCAEPUM, DC. Ava Hills.

Calyx and corolla half the size. Stalk of basal pod-joint slender, 1 inch long.
If D. laxum, DC, is correctly referred to the above species (as to which I
entertain grave doubts), this name has precedence (Kurz).

-\--\- Pod-Joints truncate at both ends, oblong to linear-oblong and sessile.
° Leaver p innately Z-foliolate.

D. EECTEVATUM, Grab. Chittagong, Arakan, Pegu, and Kondul.

Hcdysarum d (fusion, Koxb. non Willd.
D. laxiflorum, DC.

Pod-joints only I3-2 lines long by A-f line broad, densely hooked puberulous,
not narrowed at the ends.

°° Zeaies simjile, the petiole short.

D. TEEEs, Wall. Ava. Taong-doung.

The petiole very short. Pod-joints 10-12, about 3 lines long and hardly a line
broad, shortly glandular-pubescent.

X X Pod-Joints narrow, as long or only twice as long as broad.
-\- Shrubs or more usually erect or spreading perennials. Pod-Joints usually as
long as broad, more or less rotundate with truncate ends.

° Leaves simple. Pod-Joints indented at the lower suture, about a line long.
D. Gangeticum, L. From Pegu, Tenasserim, and the Nicobars.

ILedysarum collinum, Eosb.
D. latifolium, Wight.

Perennial, erect, slightly apprcssed-pubescent. Racemes elongate and very
slender. Pod-joints sparingly and shortly hispid. Leaves acute.

LEUVMISOS.K. 4'J7

D. FLEXuosrsi, "Wall. I'lomc Hills.

As precciliug, but diffuse, tbo leaflets broader and usually blunt.

This, as already suggested by Bentbam, is bardly more tlian a difTusc variety
of D. Gangeticum, with broader leaves and sproadinply hirsute brauebos (Kurz).

D. LATiFOLnJM, Roxb. Ava. Prome. Pegu. Martaban.

D. lasiocarpum, DC.

Shrub, densely pubescent, llaeemes tomentose, rather short and robust. Pud-
joints densely and shortly grey hirsute. Leaves blunt.

°° Leaves Z-fulhlnte. Pod-joints about a line long and hroad.

D. sEQtj.tx, Wall. ilills East of Touug-ngoo at 4000 to 5000 feet.

D. sinuatum, Bl.
D. dasylolum, Mi(i.

Erect shrubby p(?rennial. Leaflets somewhat repand, glaurescent beneath, acute
or acuminate, lirauchlets almost terete. Pud-joints densely covered with hooked
stifl' hairs.

D. DIFFUSU5I, "Willd. Prome Hills.

Hedysarum aurieulatiim and quinqiiangulattun, Eoxb.
D. quinquangidare, Wight.

Diffuse perennial, the branches sharply fl-fi- angular. Leaflets entire, blunt.
Pod-joints sparingly covered with white hoolied stiff' hairs.

-| — |- Shrubs or woody under sJiruls. Pod-joints usually about fa-ice as long as
broad, more or less indented on one or both sutures.

° Bracts of the young inflorescence scarious and large, forming imbricate cones, very
deciduous, but the basal ones usually remaining persistent.

f Basal pod-joint sessile.

D. FLORrBUxnrM, Don. Upper Tenasserim between 4000 and 5000 feet.

D. multi/lorum, DC.
D. dubium, Ldl.
Racemes sessile or peduncled, rather short. Pod-joints lA-2 lines long and
nearly as broad, indented on the lower suture, appressed hirsute. Branchlets
sharply singular, often villous on the corners.

f f Basal pod-joint shortly but distinctly stalked.

D. Tii.i.EFoLirM, Don. Tenasserim.

Racemes slender, long-pcduncled, forming spreading terminal panicles. Pod-
joints ' inch long and 3 lines broad, pubendous, slightly indented. Branchlets terete.

D. Kakkxshjm, Kz. Khakyen Hills and Martaban at 4000 to 5000 feet.

Racemes veiy slender and usually shorter than the leaves, sessile or branched
from the base. Pod-joints 4 lines long by 2| broad, nu)ro or less indented at the
lower suture, sparingly and shortly hirsute, liranches angular.

°° Bracts of the young inflorescence narroir, herbaceous, not conspicuous, and
imbricating {Catenaria, Bth.).

D. L.vBun.viFOLirM, DC. Ava Hills.

Flowers 1 inch long, often in axilhny slender racemes. Pod-joints oblong,
nearly 4 lines long, densely and shortly hooked-hairy, the basal one stalked.

Sub-genus Pikkoi.oma, Dcsv.

Shrubs. Leaves l-foliolate, the petiole winged. Bracts minute. I'ods very llat,
many-jointed, the joints not or hardly indented and almost s(juare.

D. TRiauETErir, L. var. « common all over Burma over 5000

M0k-hs6-hlan-mu. f^et. var. fi at lesser elevations (Kurz).

VOL. II. 32

498 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Branclilets sharply triquetrous. Pods glabrous or pubescent along the sutures
or all over.

var. a genubmm. Pods more or less • greyish hirsute or villous, larger and
usually somewhat curved. Flowers larger.

var. /i pseiido-tfiquctrum, DC. Pods glabrous or pubescent only on the edges,
shorter and straight. Flowers smaller.

* * Flowers clustered or in sessile or pedimcled umbels in the axils of the leaves or in
the axils of hract-like floral leaves.

Sub-genus Dendkolobit;!!, W. A.

Flowers in dense sessile or peduncled axillary umbels or clusters. Bracts minute
or deciduous. Zmre's piimately 3-foliolate. Pods 5-1-jointed, apiH'cssed pubescent.

"*■" Pods normally '2-1-jointed. Under shrubs {Dicerma).

D. BiAETicrLATuii, F. Muell. Ava. Menghoon and Paglia-myo.

Flowers by 2-4 or fewer, clustered in the leaf-asils, and passing into terminal
leafy racemes.

* '■" Pods 2-5- {only occasionally \-) jointed. Shrubs or trees [Pendroluhium p'oper').

D. CEPHALOTES, "Wall. Arakau. Pegu. Ava.

Hedysaruin umbellatum, Eoxb.
I), co/igestuin, Wall.

Flowers in sessile clusters. Pod-joints only 2 lines long.

D. uiuiELLAiuir, L. The Xicobars, Andamans and Tenasserim, re-appearing

on the limestone hills of Segain (Ava).
Flowers in peduncled umbels. Pod-joints about 4 lines long.

Sub-genus PnyLLonirii, Desv.

Flowers clustered or umbellate, in the axils of bract-like large floral leaves, which
are comijlicately 2-foliolate, persistent, and placed disticliously. Leaves pinnately 3-
or rarely 1-foliolate. Pods 2-4-jointed.

"'•' Pods pubescent or villoiis-pubesccnt.
D. GKAXDE, Kz. Ta-goung (Ava).

Leaflets 3-5 inches long, acuminate. Pods villously pubesceut.
D. VESTITUM, Bth. Tenasserim,

Leaflets 1-2 inches long, rounded or almost refuse.

^'^ Pods fflabroHs except on the margin.

D. PTjLCHEiLrM, Bth. All over Burma and the Andamans.

Leaves pinnately 3- or occasionally 1-foliolate, the petiole only 2-3 lines long.
Pods glabrous, net-veined.

Kurz also adds from the Xicobars :

D. poLTCAEPrM, DC. Kamorta and Great Nicobar.

D. HETEEOPHTLLDir, DC. Kamorta.

The bark of several species of Desmodium yields a good fibre for ropes, and also
a material for the manufacture of paper.

Altsicaepus, Keeker.

Pod-joints more or less turgid. Calyx deeply divided and almost glumaceous.
Leaves often 1-foliolate.

* Calyx shorter than the first pod-joint.
A. MoyiLiFEE, DC. Ava. Maulmain.

Pod-joints inflated-globular, without wrinkles or veins.

LEGUMIXOfi.^. 499

A. TAGiN'ALis, L. FromCliittagong to Tenassurini; var. /i affects

the drier forests (Kurz).
Pod-joints slightly compressed, thickened at the truucato ends, obsolctely
■wrinkled-net- veined.

var. a genitina. Leaves all, or only the canlino ones, narrow,
var. li nicmmularifolius, Mi(j. Leaves all more or less oval or almost orbicular,
usually small, and sometimes very small or minute.

** Cahjx much longer than the Jint pod-joint, the teeth much, imbricate in fruit.

A. BUPLEURiFOLius, L. Pogu and Ava.

JTedi/sarum gramineum, Retz.

Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate. Pods as long or twice as long as the calyx,
the joints (fully ripe) almost smooth, obliquely 4-angular.

A. ituGosrs, DC. Pegu.

Hedgnarum bupleurifolium, Eoxb.
A. Wallichii, W. A.

Glabrous. Calyx-lobes broader and acute. Pod inclosed in the scarious calj'x,
the joints broader than long, strongly and transversely wrinkled.

A. STYR.tciFOLius, DC. Ava.

Hedysarum glumaceum, Koen.

As preceding, but stems silk-liairy, the calyx-lobes and bracts fringed with long
silky hairs. Pod-joints twice the size.

Mecopus, Bennett.

Pod 2-jointcd, between uncinate-subulate bracts, the pedicels abruptly deflexed
from the tips. Leaves simple.

M. xrnuLAXs, Benn. Pegu and Tenasserim.

ff Pod-Joints folded one upon the other.

LouKEA, lifecker.

Calyx enlarged in fruit. Flowers in racemes. Leaves 1-3-foliolate.

* Glabrous herbs. Calyx glabrous.
L. TAXALiCTLATA, Wall. Ava, Taoug-doung.

Terminal leaflet barely twice as broad as long, obversely rcniform.

** 3Iorc or less puberulous or pilose herbs. Calyx pubescent or villous.
L. EENiFOEMis, Lour. Limcstoue Hills of Scgain and Pagha-myo.

Leaflets obversely reniform to oblate. Racemes simple, terminal.

* Floicers in elongate, slender la.v racemes, the upper ones collected into terminal
panicles.

X Bracts subulate, persisting at the flowering. Pedicels in fruit straight, but
reflexed.

TJuARiA, Desraux.

Ctf/yj; not changed in fruit. /'Vc/kv/s in racemes. Zc«rcs 3-1 -foliolatc, or pinnate.

U. eoRmroLiA, "Wall. Ava and Prome.

Calyx-lobes 11 line long, long-tawny-pilose. Stipules lanceolate, i inch long.
Pods densely hooked-hispid.

X X Bracts very deciduous long before opening of the flowers. Pods minutely
puberulous. Pedicels in fruit arcuate.

U. CAMPAXULATA, Wall. Ava. Taong-doung.

Pods glossy. Calyx about 2 lines long, in fruit rather ample, and almost inclosing

500 BCRMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

the pod. This species connects Uraria and Loiirca, two genera ratlier too artificially
separated (Kurz).

U. HAMOSA, Wall. Chittagong, Ava, Pegu.

Desiiiodiiim Huriijieldii, Miq.

Pods opaque. Calyx lA— 2 lines long, very much shorter than the pod.
Doodia siinplirifulia, Roxb., seems to be only the simple-leaved form of this
species, which WalUch distributed under the name of U. leptostachya.

**" Flowers in dense thicTc simple or almost simple racemes.

X Bracts all very deciduous and falling lomj he/ore fipening of tlte fowers.

° Upper leares pinnateli/ b-'i-foliolate.

f Leaflets narrow.

U. piCTA, Desv. Grass land of Arakan and Ava.

Leaflets white-variegated, blunt or bluntish, the net-venation beneath strong and
close. Pod-joints leaden-coloured, polished. Seeds pale-coloured.

U. ACUsiiNATA, Kz. Pegu and Martaban.

Leaflets glaucous-green, one-coloured, long and very shai^ply acuminate, the net-
venation very thin and lax. Pod-joints glossy. Seeds brown.

f f Leaflets broad.
TJ. CEiNiTA, L. Chittagong to Tenasserim.

Leaflets with prominent and close net- venation. Pod-joints opaque.

var. 13 macrostachija, "Wall. More robust, the leaves larger. Racemes l-H
feet long.

°° Leaves 1- and Sfoliolate {often on the same plant).

U. LAGOPUs, DC. Chittagong.

V. lagopoides, Eoyle.

Eather stout plant, usually tawny pilose. Pods opaque, net-veined.
X X Bracts all persistent at flowering time and conspicuous.
TJ. ALOPEcuEoiDEs, E,oxb. Bank of the Irrawaddy between Prome and Ava.

Robust, the racemes elongate and brown-pilose. Pods glossy black.
U. LAGOPOIDES, L. Chittagong.

Slender, the racemes short and greyish-pilose. Pods pale-coloured, opaque.

** Stamens 10, all united into a single tube, or into 2 separate sheaths of 5 each.
+ Stamens all united into a single complete tube. Anthers dimorplious.
Aeachis, Linnaus.

Cah/.r-tube filiform, the 4 upper lobes united, the lowermost thin and free.
Petals and stamens inserted at the mouth of the ealyx-tube. I'od ripeuiug under
the soil. Leaves abruptly pinnate.

A. nTPOG.i:A, L.

Mye-leh.

Indigenous to South America, but cultivated all over the East for its edible
kernels and the oil extracted from them, wliicli is excellent. The wrinkled
pod, which is buried in the earth, contains 2 or 3 'nuts,' or seeds, which, when
roasted, are favourite and wholesome articles for dessert, resembling somewhat an
almond in flavour.

ZoRxiA, Gmelin.

Cahi.T-tube short. Pod 2-G-joiuted, muricate. Heibs, the leaves digitately
2-1-foliolate.

Z. DiPHYLLUM, L. Arakan and Pegu.

LEGUMLX0S^1=:. 501

4-+ >^f(i»ic)i!i united into 2 .trparafe sheaths of o each.
% Pod twisted within the catijx.

Smithia, Aifon.

Calyx 2-partc(l. Herbs with aliruptly pinnate leaves, the rachis ending in
a bristle.

* Fruiting calyx simply striate, nut reticulate, the lohes more or less acute. Joints
of pod more or less angular.

S. SEXsrrivA, Ait. Chlttagong to Tuuassorim. Karaorta.

S. Javanica, Bth.

Calyx-lobes quite glabrous ami nude. Flowers iu slenderly peduncled naked
heads or short racemes.

S. coNKicKTA, Sin. Tavoy.

S. hispidissima, Zoll.

Caly.x-lobes more or less hairy-fringed on the keel beneath. Flowers in dense
sessile heads, involucred by the uppermost leavos.

S. ciLiATA, Eoylo. . Jlartaban between 3500 and 5O0O feet.

Caly.x-lobes minutely toothed, the teotli all excurrent into long stift" bristles.
Flowers in dense slenderly peduncled naked heads.

** Fruiting calyx urceolatc-hell-shaped, striate and net-veined, the loles more or less
truncate. Pod-joints {and also the seeds) much compressed.

S. DicuoToMA, Dalz. Akyab.

Leaflets in 4 to 2 pairs. Upper part of stipule about 3 lines long. Pod-joints
10-12, about a line long, papillose.

S. GR ASBIS, Bth. Pegu.

Leaflets in 10-15 pairs. Upper part of stipule nearly an iucli long. Pod-joints
20-25, 2 lines long or longer, veined.

+ + Pod straight.

Geissaspis, Wight and Arnoit.

Calyx deeply 2-lippcd, the upper lip entire. Herbs, with abrujitly pinnate leaves.
Pods 1-2-joined, indeliiscent.

G. CRisTATA, W. A. Arakan. .\.va. Pegu and Tenasserira.

iEsCHYNOMKN'K, LinntiUS.

Calyx 2-lippcd. Herbs, rarely under shrubs, with unpaired-iiinnatc leaves. Pods
many-jointed.

jE. Ixdica, L. Swamps from Chittagong to Tenasscrim.

yE. Cachcmiriana, Camb.
j^E. sensitiva, P. de B.
Hedijsarum Xeli-tali, lloxb.
Smithia aspera, Roxb.

' Kat-shola ' of Bcngid.

Calyx and corolla glabrous, the latter 1 lines long. Pod-joints only 2 lines long.

jE. aspera, L. Swamps in Arakan and Pegu.

Jledysarum lagenarium, Poxb.
.^. trachyloha, Miq.

Pouk and 'Nya,/lde !Mason ; but ' Pouk ' in Pegu is Butea frondosa.

Calyx and outside of keel of corolla sparingly haiiy, the corolla about an inch
long. Pod-joints about J inch long.

502 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

This is the phint called iu India S/iola, of which ' Shola hats ' are made.
Masou says its bark yields a coarse hemp.

Okmocaepuit, Palisrjt de Beam-ois.

Calyx 5-toothcd. Pod-joints longitudinally striate or ribbed. Shrubs ^Tith
unpaii-ed-pinnate leaves.

0. sENxoiBES, Willd. Siam and probably Tenasserim.

0. ochroleucum, ZoU.

+ 4- Pods not jointed, very rarely 1-seeded.

Sub-tribe VICIEiE.

Petiulc terminating in a Iristle or tendril. Leaves alrupthj pinnate.

* Stamens 10, united into a single slit sheath with the tenth rexillary one free.
X Leaflets toothed. Wings free from tlie staminal tube.
CiCEE, Linnaus.
Style not bearded at the apex. Fod inflated. Fimicle filiform. Erect herbs.

*C. AEIETEXtTM, L.

Ea-la-peh. ' Gram.'

Extensively cultivated, especially in Upper Burma.

X X Leaflets entire. Wings more or less adhering to the staminal tale.
ViciA, Linnaus.

Staminal tube oblique at the mouth. Style pubescent, or bearded at the apex.
Ovules usually numerous. Erect or twining herbs.

V. SATivA, L. Ava. Bhamo.

Flowers solitary, almost sessile, nearly ^ inch long. Pods glabrous, 6-18-seedcd.

Lexs, Grenier and Godron.

Staminal tube oblique at the mouth. Style filifonn. Ovules usually 2. Erect herbs.

*L. EscuLENTA, Mocnch. Cultivated in Chittagong.

iErvuni lens, L.

Lentils.

The flour of this pulse (the Masur ka drd of India) is considered rather heating
if liberally consumed. It is believed to be the basis of the popular Eevalenta Arahica.
Ernim lens is by a slight change written ervalenta, which is then easily converted
into Revalenta. It is strange that the sale of a really commendable article seems
to be increased and stimulated by some paltry trick in advertising or by some
audaciously unreal placard to catch the vulgar eye ! I well remember years ago
being stnick with the ingenuity of the manufactur(!rs of some bug-powder or other,
who, being by the nature of the article precluded from declaring it to be patronized
by the Queen and other members of the Koyal Family, fell back on the next best
recommendation to an idiotic public, that it was highly iu vogue with Her Majesty's
Army in Abyssinia! j\jid so it is, in Trade as in Religion, " Populus vult decipi.
Decipiatiir."

Lathtkus, Linnaus.

Staminal tube truncate at the moutli. Style flat, or dilated at the apex. Pods
more or less compressed. Erect herbs.

*L. SAirvus, L. Cultivated in Chittagong.

Kcsari-dal, or Kasur in India. Tira in Bengal.

The seed is grey-coloured, with minute black specks, and surrounded by a thin
black line. This ' dal ' is considered indigestible, and Dr. Thomson attributed to its

LEGUMISOS.E. 503

use panilysis of tlio lo-«-cr extremities in persons of all ages and sexes wliich came
under his observation in a particular village in India.

Pisfji, Li Ml ami.
As preceding, but style tri(juetrou.s and dilated upwards. Pods tnrgid.
* P. s.vnvvM, L. var. « Cultivated in Ava, Promo, Pegu, etc.

Garden Pea ^'"' 1^ Cultivated in Chittagong.

var. a satirvm. Flowers larger, wliite. Seeds globular or nearly so, pale-
coloured or green.

var. ii arvfiine, L. Flowers wliite or jiale-violet, the wings and keel purple.
Seeds somewhat depressed angular, greyish, brown- or purple-mottled.

-i- if Sf(i))if)is onJij Oj (ill united into n single slit sheath.
AiiRrs, Litinaus.
Stijle not bearded. Pods compressed, chambered within. Climbing und(>r shrubs.
A. ntKCATORirs, L. In forests and hedges from Ava and Cliittagong

Tweh-nge or Khven-vwch. *" Tcnasserim, Car Kicobar, and Nankowry.

Pods -J— i as broad as long, somewhat crum2iled. Seeds terete.

A. i„EviGATus, E. Mey. Pegu and Tenasserim.

A. pulcheltus, Wall.
A. melanospenna, Hassk.

Pods tlat and straight, 4 to 5 times as long as broad. Seeds compressed.

Of A. preeatoriics, "Waring says the roots and leaves are demulcent, and an
extract forms an excellent substitute for ordinary liquorice. The seeds are purgative
and emetic. Dr. Mason also writes: "The jewellers use the seed of an Ahnis, red
■with a black eye or black with a white eye, for small weights. It is a popular
belief that they almost uniformly weigh exactly one grain troy, but I have weighed
many and found them to vary from one to two grains. The Burmese use them
within a fraction for two-grain weights, one hundred and twenty by one mode of
reckoning, and one hundred and twenty-eight by another, make one tickal, which
weighs, according to Capt. Low, 2o3-7o grains troy." ■

Sub-trilio rU.VSEOLIEiE.
Petiole tcithoui tendril. Leaves pitniateli/ S-/o!ioIate, very rurehj unpaired pinnate.
''■' Leaflets not resinoii-i-dottcd beneath.
X Stamen.') united into a slit sheath with the tenth vexilluri/ one free.
+ Nodes of the inflorescence not tumid. Stipules and bracts conspicuom, persistent.

Clitokia, Linnaus.

Petals very unequal in length, the standard narrowed at the base, nude at the
apex. Cahjx-tube cylindrical, longer than the lobes. Herbs or under shrubs.

X Corolla quite glabrous.
C. TERXATEA, L. Cliittagong, Tena?serim, the Nicobars.

Leaflets in 2 or rarely in a single pair. Ihactlets roundish.

X X Standard more or less pilose outside. Leaves pinnateli/ 3-foliolate.

C. Ukahamii, Steud. Tenasserim, Bithoko Range, at 3000 feet elevation.

var. /i Ava, Taong-doung, and Prome Ilills.

Calyx puherulous, the teeth as long as the tube. Bractlets broader and larger,
nearly A as long as the calyx. Flowers bj- 3-G, clustered in the leaf-axils.

var. o Grahamii, Steud. Elongate, twining, a])pr('ssed pubescent. Bractlets
broader and larger, nearly half as long as the calyx. Leatiets acuminate or sharply

V-

504 iirn.VA, its peoplk a\d productioxs.

aeumiiiate. Ciilyx-lohos nnrrower, subulate-acuminate. Pedirels very short, the
raucmo almost reilueed. Standard more pilose outside.

var. ji macropJnilla, "Wall. ^lore robust in all parts, the shoots ami petioles
spreadinjily tawny pubescent, n;labrescent. Leaves larger, acute or nearly so.
Kaceme short, often branched. The rest as in preceding.

SnrTEitiA, Wight and ^Irnott.

Style filiforra. Cah/x-trefh distinct, the i upper ones connate. Anthers conform.
Bracts persistent, striate.

S. VESTiTA, W. A. Ava to Martaban between 3000 and 5000 feet.

More or less hairy. Racemes sessile, naked. Pods hairy.

S. suFFULTA, Bth. Ava to Martaban up to 4000 feet.

All parts (also the pods) quite glabrous. Piaccmes filiform, furnished with 1 or 2
distant whorls of broad floral leaves.

DrjiAsiA, Be CandoUc.

Style dilated at the middle. Cali/.c-tuhe cylindrical, oblic|ue]y truncate at the
mouth.

D. LEiocABPA, Bth. Martaban Hills, between 4000 and 5000 feet.

Z>. villosa, var. leiocarpa, Baker.

All parts, also the ovary, glabrous.

-j — f- Kodes of the inflorescence tuntiil.

f Stigma terminal, capitate. Style beardless.

° Anthers all conform.

§ Tivining or creeping herbs. Petals usually long.

Galactia, Ji. Brown.
Calyx 4-toothcd (the 2 upper teeth united into one). Pod 2-valved.
G. TENtJiFLoiJA, W. A. Hills opposite Loongyi Island in the Irrawaddj-.

All parts seantilj" and minutely apprcssed-pubescent. Leaves glabrous above.
G. VILLOSA, ^Y. A. Limestone Hills of Segain.

All parts, also the upper side of the leaves, softly but shortly pubescent.

Grona, Benthain (vix Loiireiro).

Calyx 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth free. Ffjd linear, 2-valved. Seeds strophio-
late.

G. GEAHAJin, Bth. ProTuc Hills.

Leaves 3-norved at the base, glabrous above. Flowers A- inch long, in lax racemes.
G. FiLicAnis, Kz. Pegu.

Leaves palmately 5-nei'ved, sparingly hirsute on both sides. Flowers 2 lines
long, yellow, solitary on filiform axillary peduncles.

§ § Trees or woody climbers or shrubs.

BriEA, Boxburyh.

Petals equally long. The 2 upper calyx-teeth free. Pod indehiscent, 1 -seeded
at the apex, the sterile basal part much dilated and flat.

Sub-genus BcTEA, Boxb.

Corolla very large, orange-scarlet, apprcssed silk-liairy outside, the keel and
standard more or less acute.

X Bods stalked.
B. FRoxDosA, Buxb. All over Burma.

LEGUMIXOSJE. 605

I'lmk. (Pulfis or Pras in Imlia.)

Tree. Pedicels A-1 inch lonp;.

Dr. Mason remarks : "Tliere is a species of Eutea very abundant on the alluvial
lands, which is a most magnificent tree. The Pwo Karens plant it in their sacred
groves, where the dei"p rich oran<;c blossoms, seen under a tropic sun in the dry
season, enveloping their almost leafless trunks and branches, give the copse the
appearance of a burning jungle. The Burmau books describe the Himalaya forest
as shining with the flowers of the Tiutea, like a flame of fire."

Tlic tree yields a clear red gum with the astringent projierties of Gum Kino.
The leaves arc used in ln<lia as phites, and the flowers yield a fugitive yellow
or orange dye. Lac is also principally ])roduced on this tree, and its brilliant
saturnine or orange-red flowers seem to set the jtmglo ablaze and herald the com-
mencement of the hot season. I measured one dwarfed tree near the Irrawaddy of
18 feet in girth, but have never seen another approaching this size (W. T.).

B. siTERBA, Roxb. W.C. All over Burma.

Pouk-nwch.

TV'oody climber. Pedicels 1-1^ inch long.

X X Pods scssi//:

Sub-genus SrATnoLOBt'S, Hassk. (Woody climbers.)

Corolla small, white or purple, glabrous keel and standard more or less lilunt.

B. PAEViFLOEA, Roxb. W. C. All over Burma.

Spathololus Roxburghii, Bth.

Leaves large, beneath appressed silvery pubescent. Pods stalked. Flowers white.

B. ACUMINATA, Wall. W.C. Tropical forests all over Burma.

Leaves small, glabrous to the naked eye. Pods sessile. Flowers white.

Erythrixa, Liiuiaus.
I'ctah very unequal, the standard exceeding the keel.

* Wiiiyt of corolla much longer than, the spatJiaceom cah/x.
X Pod hearing the few seeds at or towards the narrowed end only, the lower sterile
part greatly dilated, as in liutea.

Sub-genus HYPArnouus, Hassk.

Pods dehiscing at both sutures, the pilose sterile part contracted into a stalk
1-2 inches long. Seeds 1-3, free. Flowers almost sessile.

E. LiTnospERMA, Miq. Pegu Range and Martaban.

E. Sumatrana, llii|.

Standard glabrous. Keel-petals wholly connate, obeordatc and shortly acuminate
in the sinus.

E. noLosERicEA, Kz. Tluirawaddy district (Adamson).

Standard minutely velvety. Keel consisting of 2 obliquely oblong rather acute
petals united at the middle only.

A curious species, the flowers of which much resemble those of E. oralifolia,
•while the leaves (if they really belong to the flowers) are those of E. lithosperma.

X X Pod many-seeded, seed-bearing from the base.

Sub-genus Dcciiassaingia, "Walp.

Pods flat, toniloso, opening only along the sinuate outer suture, the dorsal suture
prominent and straight. Seeds free, but usually separated by spurious spongy septa.

E. ovAr.iFoi.iA, Roxb. Lower Pegu, and often cultivated.

Glabrous, glaucous. Standard broad, notclied. Pods minutely greyish-velvety.

506 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTWyS.

Sub- genus Stexotropis, Hassk.

Pods torulose and almost monilifonn, the valves opening at Loth sutures and
exposing the continuous pithy-chartaceous indehiscent ondocarp inclosing the seeds.

E. Indica, Lamk. The Kicobars.

-E lisetosa, Griff.

Ka-thyt.

Glabrous. Leaves membranous or chartaccous. Pods glabrous.
Frequent in the beach-forests all along the coasts of Burma and the adjacent
islands ; recurs in the dry Prome District, but there very rare ; often planted in villages.

** Wings of corolla minute, as long as, or sltorter Hum the spaOinceons cahjx.

Sub-genus Micropteeyx, "Walp.

Pods follicle-like, opening along the ventral suture, continuous. Seeds free.

E. SUBEROSA, Eoxb. Pegu Range.

Leaves rigidly chartaceous or almost coriaceous, more or less shortly tomcntose
or puberulous beneath. Calyx spathaceously 2-lobed.

E. STEiCTA, lloxb. Pegu Range and Martaban.

Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, acuminate. Calyx spathaceous.

The -wood of Enjthrina is very light, and of little use save for some of the
purposes of cork. It is also selected for the manufacture of gimpowder, and an
Enjthrina tree. Dr. Mason says, is " famous in Buddhist mythology, as the tree
round which the Devas dance till they are intoxicated in Indra's heaven." It is
very questionable, however, if the Buddhist tradition favours the idea of dancing
being associated with intoxication, as the Doctor's words would seem to imply ! Or
perhaps the intoxication meant is tluit produced not by strong drink, but bj" thrilling
doctrine such is now-a-days distributed by your tub-thumpers and Revivalists.

° ° Anlhers dinwrplious.

Mdctjna, Adanson.

Ptfiils VC17 unequal, the keel exceeding the standard. Woody climbers or
twining under shrubs.

*' Pods winged along the sutures, or lamellate, or both.

Sub-genus Citta, Lour.

Pods transversely and obliquely lamellate on the \'alves, but not winged at the
sutures. Seeds orbicular.

M. MoxosPERiiA, DC. All over Burma.

AT. anguina. Wall.

Racemes corymb-like, short-peduncled. Pods 1 -seeded.

Sub-gemis Carpopogox, Roxb.

Sutures of pod dilated into broad wings, the valves smooth. Seeds orbicular.

M. GiGANTEA, DC. Coasts of Tenasscrim, the Andamans, and Nankowry.

Flowers yellowish or white. Pod 3-4 inches long, appressed ta"miy setose.

** Pods tvithout sutural wings, ilie valves either quite plain, or longitudinalhj ribbed
on the faees only.

Sub-genus STizoLOBrcM, Pers.

Characters as above. Pods often longitudinally ribbed on the sutures.

X Pods sfalhd, glabrescent, torose. Seeds orbicular.
M. 5IACR0CARPA, Wall. HiUs of Ava and Ea.st of Toung-ngoo.

Arboreous climber. Flowers variegated dark-purple. Pod 1-3 feet long, plain.

LEGUMINOSyK 507

X X Pods sessile, plain or longitudinalhj ribbed. Seeds tratisversehj oblong.
+ Fods dense! 1/ setose, not glabrescent. Flowers purple.

M. puiTRiTA, H. f. Ava and Pegu.

M. pruriens, L. (ill part).
M. ntilis, Wall.

Khwc-lch.

Peduncle naked. Flowers arising from a knob. Pods with two longitudinal ribs
along the upper suture. Leaves pubescent beneath.

Tlic hairs which invest the pods cause intense itching, whence the name
' cowitch,' or perhaps more correctly ' eoicage,' which some consider a corruption of
' kiwach,' one of the native names of the plant. The hairs mixed with honey, by
dipping the ripe pods therein, and scraping thcra, are sometimes given to children
for round worms, who.sc expulsion they contiibutc to by sticking in these animals
and causing uneasiness. The remedy is not, however, much used by European
practitioners.

M. prurita is the East Indian plant, and M. pruriens that from the "West Indies.

AT. (Cakpopogox) bracteata, Kosb. Ava, Chittagong, and Pegu up to 4000 feet.

Peduncle bracted. Flowers from a secondary peduncle about 2 lines long. Pod
■without ribs. Leaves almost glabrous.

Another probably new species has been collected by Dr. Brandis somewhere in
Pegu, which is very near to 21. atropurpurca, DC, and, indeed, has the same flowers.
It differs in the long cuspidate leaflets, slender and short racemes, the lower persistent
bracts, which are concave-ovate, long-acuminate, and about an inch long; and the
lanceolate, acuminate calyx-lobes (Kurz).

+ -4- I'uds velictg, glabrescent. Flowers white.
M. NiTEA, Roxb. Ava.

Pods longitudinally ribbed, i foot long.

f f Style bearded.

° Stigma oblique.

§ Free part of filaments straight, alternately shorter. Twining herbs.

PAcnvRRHizis, Rich.

Keel not .spirally twisted. Style flat upwards, the stigma almost globose on the
inner face. Fod transversely lined between the seeds.

*P. nrLiiosrs, L. Cultivated all over Burma for its tuberous rhizomes.

F. angulatus, Rich.

ViGXA, Saei.

Keel not spirally twisted, blunt or arcuate-beaked. Style filiform.

* Stipules not peltatelg attached. Keel prolonged into a distinct beak.
X Ovary and pods {at least while young) more or less pubescent to tomentose.
Flowers purple or blue.

° Seeds vchety.

V. DOLicnoiDEs, Roxb. Chittagong and Arakan.

Habit of the following. Pods 2-3 inches long by J broad, densely silky villous.

°° Seeds glabrous.

V. pii.osA, Roxb. Pegu.

Tor-peh.

Flowers about i inch long, forming short-peduncled many-flowered racemes.
Pods densely brown hirsute, 2A-3 lines broad by 4-5 inches long.

508 BURMA, ITS PEOTLE AXD PHODUCTIOXS.

V. vExiLLATA, L. Pcgu Eimge, along streams.

T'. hirta, Hook.
Fhaseolus Pidnicnsis, "Wiglit.

Flowers about an incli long or longer, by 2-4 terminating tlic long peduncles.
Pod glabresccnt.

XX Oral-!/ a?id pods ffhibrous. Flowers yellow.
° Leajlds ohorate. blunt or almost retuse.
V. LUTEA, A. Gray. Beacbos of Tenasserim, the Andamans and Nicobars.

Quite glabrous. Corolla about -J inch long. Pods 1-1-1 inch long.

°° Leaflets from ovate to orate -laneeolate, acuminate to acute.
V. EEPENS, Baker. Promc.

Flowers by 1-2 on very short paired peduncles.
V. LUTEOLA, Bth. Ava. Bhamo.

Foliclios Gangeticus, Koxb.
Eaccmcs many-flowered, long-peduncled. Stipules small, almost peltatcly
falcate-ovate.

Baker refers my Bui-mese specimens to this species, but they differ greatly in the
stipules, and are referred by me to the following species (Kurz).

** Stipules peltatehj attached, the lower end produced.
X Juel not prolonged into a beak. Fhnrers yellow.
\. CALCARATA, Eoxb. Arakau and Pegu.

Pods 1-2 inches long by 11-2 lines broad, minutely puberulous, soon glabrous.
Seeds glossy. Stipules oblong, the produced basal part falcate-ovate.
V. BEACUYCAKPA, Kz. Arakau.

Pods rather blunt at both ends, up to an inch long by 21 lines broad, sparingly
but long-hirsute. Seeds opac^ue. Stipules peltately linear-oblong, 3-4 lines long.

X X Keel prolonged into a didinct beah. Flowers blue or white, or variegated in
these colours.

*V. (DoLiCHos) Sinensis, L. Cultivated all over Burma and the islands.

F)oliehos Tranquebaricus, Jacq.
B. catjang, L.
Pods 2-3, or 4-12 inches long by 2-4 lines broad, glabrous. Stipules shortly
peltate, lanceolate.

§ § Free part of filaments once or rarely twice spirally twisted.
Phaseolus, Linnceus.

Keel spiral. Style filiform. The 2 upper calyx-teeth, or all, shorter than the
tube. FFilum oblong or shortly orbicular. Twining or rarely almost erect herbs.

Sub-genus Eu-phaseolus.

Stipules small, basifixcd and not or hardly produced downwards.

* Fods dimidiate, oblong or linear, 2-many-secded. Flowers purple to lilac and white.

* P. LUNATCS, L. Ava (cultivated ?).

Country French beans.

Flowers small, greenish white, on filiform puberulous pedicels. Calyx shallow,
2 lines wide and barely a line deep. Pods falcate, 2-3 inches long by ^ broad,
glalirous. An excellent vegetable, originally, it is said, introduced from Mauritius,
easy to cultivate, and yields well.

LEGUMISOSJE. 509

P. TEXuiCAULrs, Grail. Promo. Bhamo.

Flowers purplish, middling-sizod, on sloiulcr glabrous pcdicds. Calj-x about
2 lines deep and nearly as wide, ribbed. Pods 1 \-l inches long, by 3-4 lines bi-uad.

** P()(h neither dimidiate nor falcate, linear to narrow-linear, i-Mani/seeded.
Flowers purple to while.

X Ilradlets oval, persistent, as lont) as, or lunger than the calyx.

*P. VULGARIS, L. Chittagong, cullivated.

P. nanus, L.
Eacemes Icw-llowered. Pedicels longer than the calyx. Pods linear, 4-G-seeded.

X X Jlractlets deciduous, shorter than the cali/.c. Flowers shortly pedicelled.

* P. ABKXANTnus, E. j\rey. Ava. Pronie. Tenasserim.

F. rostratus. Wall.
F. alatus, Roxb. (non. L.).

Corolla nearly an inch long. Calyx plain. Pods many-seeded, i inch broad.

Cultivated lor its tuberous roots.

P. sKMrERECTi's, L. Chittagong, in grass-land.

F. psaraleoides, W. A.
Corolla about i inch lung. Calyx almost o-ribbid. Pods many-seeded, 2 lines
broad or narrower.

Sub-genus SiHOPnosTYLES, Ellis.

Stipules peltately attached and produced downwards. Flowers yellow or greenish
yellow. Bracts \ery deciduous.

"' Ovary and pods glalrous.

P. (Gltciice) tkii.obus, L. Puruia {fide Mason).

Prostrate or half-twining. Stipules large and leafy, about -V inch long. LeaiU ts
more or less deeply-lobed.

** Oiary pubescent to hirsute.

P. TuiNERvrrs, Heyno. Martaban and Tenasserim.

Twining, the stems spreadingly hirsute. Pedicels 1-1 5 lines long. Pods thinly
and shortly hirsute.

*P. RADlATCs, L. var. /3 generally cultivated all over Burma.

Erect or nearly so, hirsute to almost glabrous. Plowers almost sessile. Pods
sparingly but long-hirsute.

var. a radial us, F. Jfunyo, L. More or less spreading and twining. Pods
shorter and more blunt.

var. /3 F. Mungo, L. ; F. Ma.v, Poxb. Dwaif and erect. Pods longer,
narrower, and acuminate. Seeds green or black. Of this there is also an almost
glabrous form.

It is a curious thing that some pulses should be unwholesome, anil even poisonous,
as Errum errilia, and some species of Fhaseolus and Lathyrus. This uuwholesomeuess
of some species is so well known, that they are avoided by well-to-do natives, but arc
consume<l by the very poor with, it is believed, the result ef inducing paralysis of the
lower limbs.

°° Stigma terminal. Free part 0/ filaments straight.

DoLicnos, Zinnteus.

Keel not spirally twisted. Style filiform, minutely penicillato around the minute
stigma. Twining or rarely sub-erect herbs.

510 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

D. Biri.oErs, L. Ava.

Ohjcine unijiora, Dalz.

Peh. (generic).

Flowers by 1-3 clustered in the leaf-axils. Culyx-teetli about as long as the tube.
Corolla yellow.

D. LANCEOLATrs, Grab. Prome Hills.

Flowers by 1 or 2 on a short axillary peduncle. Calyx-teeth shorter than the
tube. Corolla reddish ? Twining or sub-erect herbs.

D. LABLAB, L. Cultivated all over Burma.

D. Bengalensis, Jacq.
D. Jignosus, Eoxb.

As preceding, but stylo thickened upwards, bearded down the inner edge.

X X Sfaiiieiis all united into a complete tube.
-\- Nodes of inflorescence tumid.

Canavaxia, Adanson.

TJpper-lip of calyx projecting. Style beardless or rarely bearded. Pod inde-
hiscent or late-dehiscing, the upper suture thickened or naiTowly 2-winged.

Sub-genus Ec-caxatalia.

Pods more or less dimidiate, with 2 parallel wings along the upper suture,
glabrous or glabrescent.

* Seeds an inrh long or slighthj longer.

* C. (DoLTcnos) icxsiFORMis, L. CultiAated all over Burma.

C. gladiata, DC.

reh-noung-ni. Sword Bean.

Pods i-2 feet long, linear-oblong. Seeds red or white.

var. a erythrosperma. Voigt. Seeds red. Flowers red or white.

Tar. fi leucoxperma, Voigt. Seeds and flowers white. Pods about 2 feet loug.

* * Seeds only 1 inch long.

C. TiEOSA, Roxb. Arakan. Kamorta. Katchall and Nankowry.

C. ensiformis, L., var. rirosa, Bak. H. f.

Leaflets shortly acuminate or apieulate. Standard an inch long. Seeds- light grey.

C. TrEGiDA, Grab. Frequent in the leaf-shedding forests,

C. ensiformis, L., var. turgida, Bak. all over Burma, and the Andamans.

Leaflets apieulate. Standard j inch long or shorter. Seeds dark brown.

C. OBTusiFOLiA, DC. Coast of Arakan and the Andamans.

Bolichos rotundifolius, Yhl.

Leaflets oboval, retuse or rounded. Standard an inch long. Seeds grey.
Sub-genus Dysolobium, Bth.

Pods terete, straight or slightly curved, obtusely 2-keeled along both sutures,
but not winged, densely hirsute to velvety.

C. GRANDis, "W'all. All over Burma.

Pkaseolus velutinus, Bak.

Shortly pubescent. Corolla an inch long. Style bearded. Pods velvety.

C. LrcEXS, Wall. Forests from Chittagong to Tenasserim.

Glabrescent. Corolla hardly i- inch long. Pod as in preceding, but more densely
velvety, style villous round the stigma.

LEOCJfLVOS.E. 511

PsopyiocAurus, Neeker.

Pod 4 cornered, longitucliually 4-winge(l. Stiyma almost globose, densely
penicellate-villous.

*P. lEiRAGOxor.oiirs, L. Prome and llartaban cultivated {fide ilason).

Uractlets shorter than the calyx. Pods up to a foot long, 12-lC-seeded.

*P. PALUSTRis, Dosv. Cultivated all over Burma.

Diesiiiffia scandens, Endl.
JP. lonffipedunculafu.i, llassk.
Dolichos tetragonolohus, lloxb. non L.

Peh-myit or Peh-hmung-wa. Goa beans.

Bractlets as long or longer than tlie calyx. Pods 2-3 in. long, often 5-6-secded.

The pods of this species are eaten as beans, and it also yields edible tubers.
The pods luive fringed or membranous edges, and llie plant is said to be a native
of Mauritius.

DiocLEA, Humboldt, Bonpland et Kunih.

Upper teeth of calyx not projecting. Pods oblong, turgid, indehiscent, the
upper suture thickened or 2 -winged. Anthers dimorphous.

D. KKFLEXA, Hook. Tonasserim.

Dolichos hexandrus, Roxb.

PrERARiA, DeCandoUe.

Upper teeth of calyx not projecting. Pod linear, flattish, readily dehiscing,
many-seeded.

Sub-genus Eu-iteraria. (Woody leaf-shedding climbers).

Pods constricted between the seeds. Roots largo, tuberous. Floircrs pale blue.

P. TUBEROSA, Iloxb. Chittagoug.

Calyx densely silky. Bractlets minute. Pods tawny hirsute while young.

P. Candollei, Grab. All over Burma.

Calyx minutely ap])rcssed pubescent. Bractlets as long as tlic buds. Pods
minutely apprcssed pubescent, soon glabrous.

Stands in a simihir relationship to the preceding .species as MtUettia exlensa does
to M. macrophi/Ua, and is barely more than a glabrous variety of it (Kurz).

Sub-genus NEUSTAXTirrs, Bth. (Under shrubs or shrubs, erect or twining).
Pods not constricted between the seeds.

* Erect shrubs or under shrubs, the branchlets terete or nearly so.
X Bracts deciduous.
P. Wallichu, DC.

All parts nearly glabrous. Calyx minutely velv(>ty. Pods li-2 inches long.
Flowers white.

P. COMI'DSITA, Bth. Ava, Taong-doung and the drier hill-forests, especially tlie
pine-forests of Martaban, .'J.OOO to 5000 feet elevation.

Tomcntum of youBg parts, inflorescence, and calyx tawny. Pods 2-3 inches long.

X X Bracts persistent.
P. STRICTA, Kz. Pegu Hills between 1000 and 3000 feet.

Leaves sparingly appresscd hirsute. Fruiting pedicels 2 lines long. Pods
1-H inch long, glabrous.

512 nURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD mODUCTIONS.

* * Tirining or prostrate herbs or under sJiruhs. Flowers purplish blue.

X Pods narrowly linear, li-3 inches long b>j 2 lines broad, many-seeded.

° Bracts deciduous. Branchlets terete or nearhj so. Leaflets often lobed.

Extensive twiners {Schizophi/llon, Baker).

P. THASEOLOIDES, Hoxb. PfgU.

Culyx about 2A lines long, the lobes acuminate. Corolla about 5 lines long.
P. siTBsriCATA, Bth. Arakan, Pegu, and Tenasserim.

Calyx about 4 lines long, the lobes subulate-acuminate. Corolla |- inch long.

°° Bracts persistent. Branchlets somewhat angular.
Prostrate or twining perennial herbs.

P. ANAEAPTiSTA, Kz. Both Varieties frequent in the upper mixed forests of

tlie Pegu Eange ; also Khakyen Hills.
Pods long, but thinly hirsute.

var. a gentiina. Branches, petioles, etc., spreading tawny hirsute. Pods
similarly hirsute ■«'hile um-ipe. Flowers purple.

var. (3 glabrescens. Branches, petioles, and also the pods thinly appressed
hirsute, the last shorter and almost glabrescent. Flowers pale lilac, violet at the tips.

var. ji may be distinct, and stands in a similar relation to the normal form as
P. Candolliii does to P. tuberosa. The species is also common in Sikkim (Kurz).

X X Pods oblong to linear-oblong, J-1 inch long by 25-85 lines broad, flat or turose.
Branchlets sharply angular, retrorsely pubescent on the angles.

P. niBsuTA, Kz. Pegu Eaiigc up to 3000 feet.

Pods flat, sjiaringly but long and spreadingly hii'sute, 2-4-seeded. Calyx small.

P. BRACnYCARPA, Kz. Pcgu Pauge.

Pods torose, shortly and sparingly appressed hirsute, 5-C-seeded. Calyx nearly
a line long.

+ + Xodes of inflorescence not tumid. Stipules and bracts minute, deciduous.

Teeamxts, Sprengel.

Calyx-teeth free. Alternate anthers abortive.

* Pods more or less torose, tawny hirsute.

T. MOLLIS, Bth. Pegu Range.

Glycine delilis, Eoxb.

Seeds opaque. Inflorescence and young branches spreatlingly tawny pilose.
Calyx-teeth as long as the tube.

* * Pods glabrous to the naked eye.
X Flowers in racemes.
T. (Gltcixe) labialis, L. Chittagong and Arakan.

Eaccmcs appressed silk-hairy. Calyx-teeth as long as the tube. Seeds glossy.
Leaflets up to l-J- inch long, not acuminate.

T. Wallichii. Promo Hills.

Besmodium Pottleri, apud Baker.

Pacemes long-peduncled, almost glabrous. Leaflets obovate, retuse.

The few specimens seen by mc are imperfect, but the terete stems, and more
especially the large peculiar peltately adnate stipules at once remove it from
Besmodium Pottleri, with which Baker identifies the plant (Kurz).

T. flexilis, Bth. All over Burma.

Eacemes appressed silk-haiiy. Calyx-teetli shorter than the calyx-tube. Seeds
quite opaque. Leaves 2-4 inches long, acuminate.

LEU uj/i.yos.K. 513

X X Flowers hy 2-4, axiUanj.
T. oxTPHYLLA, Etli. Tenasscriiu.

llabit of T.flnxilis. Corolla .V in. long. Unripe pods 1 .V in. loup;, flat, glabrous.

Gr.YCiNK, Linnceus.

Calyx-teeth free, the 2 upper ones connate. Anthers nil fertile and conform.

*G. soj.i, L. Ava, cultivated.

Erect. Flowers in small axillaiy clusters. Pods 1-1 Hu. long, almost falcate.
Seeds 3 lines long, sliglitiy compressed, pale-coloured.

The word 'soja' is a variation of the Japanese 'soya,' whence our word ' Soy,'
for a sauce prepared in China and Japan from the seeds of one or more species of
Doliohos or allied genera.

** Leaflets more or less conspicmuxhj resiiwse-dotted beneath.
+ Ovules 3 or more.

DuNB.iRiA, Wiffht et Arnott.

Pods plain or slightly turgid, often falcate, not depressed between the obsoletely
strophioled seeds.

* Ocary and pods sessile.
D. FUscA, 'W^all. Prome Hills.

Leaflets large, acuminate, sparingly but distinctly resinous-dotted beneath.
Flowers in racemes.

D. coxsPEESA, Bth. Prome Hills.

Dolichos ? rhynchosioides, 5Iiq.

Leaflets small, blunti.sh. Flowers usually by pairs.

* * Ocary and puds conspicuously stalked.
D. PODOCAHPA, Kz. Maulmain.

Leaflets acuminate. Flowers usually by pairs or few, on a very short peduncle.
Pods pubescent, 1^2 inches long, 10-12-seede(l, long-stalked.

D. ciRCiifALrs, Bth. Maulmain {flde Baker).

Leaflets acute. Flowers in racemes. Pods spreadingly viscose-hairy, 1-1 J
inches long, 5-6-seeded, shortly stalked.

Atyi.osia, Jl'iyht et Arnott.
Tod transversely depressed or lined between the seeds. ArUliis largo grooved.

* Twining under shrubs or herbs.
X Prostrate herbs with twining branches. Flowers 3-4 lines long, almost fascicled by 2-3.

A. (Dolichos) scarab.eoidk.s, L. Bhamo.

Dolichos medicagineus, Roxb.
Puberulous. Pods h-\ inch long, tawny puberulous ami hirsute.

X X Corolla i-J inch long. Uxtensiie twiners. Flowers racemose.
A. BARBATA, Bth. All over Bunna.

Dunbaria calycine, Mi(].

Leaflets shortly pubescent on both sides. Kaccmcs and pods long-pilose, the
latter transversely torose, long-acuminate.

A. MOLLIS, Bth. Ava. ifartaban and the Andamans.

Dunbaria Horsfieldii, Miq.

Leaflets beneath softly (often yellowish) puberulous. Pods oblong, transversely
impressed between the seeds, yellowish or tawny velvety.

VOL. 11. 33

514 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE A.\D PRODUCTIOXS.

* * Erect shriiis or herls.
A. xiTEA, Bth. PromG and Ava.

Stiff annual, little-branched. Leaflets beneath, closely -white or yellowish tomen-
tose. Calyx slightly puberulous or almost glabrous. Corolla -J- inch long.

C'AJAxrs, DeCandoUe.

Pod transversely depressed between the seeds. AriUus or strophiole none.

* C. Indicus, Spreng. Cultivated all over Burma up to

Cytisus cajan, L. 3000 feet. Nicobars.

Ci/tisus pseudo-cajan, Jacq.
C.flai-m, DC.

Peh-yen-khyung. Arhar in India.

An excellent vegetable, scarcely inferior to peas when young.

+ + 0 rules 1 or 2.

X Funicle arising from the centre of tho hiluni.

Cylista, Aito7i.

Calyx accrescent and leafy, scarious-membranous, the lowermost lobe largest.

C. scAiiiosA, Eoxb. Pegu and ilartaban.

RuTxcnosiA, Loureiro.

Calyx not accrescent in fi'uit. Pods compressed. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate.

II. irrN-iMA, L. Ava and Prome.

JDulichos scarabaoides, Eoxb. non Willd.

Sub-genus Eu-ehtnchosia.

Seeds without arillus.

* Pods very much longer than the calyx.
X Twining herbs.
Leaflets acute. Racemes elongate, longer than the leaves, almost glabrous.
R. piLOSA, "Wall. Banks of the Irrawaddy near Segain.

Leaflets obtuse or rounded. Racemes filiform, shorter than tho leaves, pilose.
Calyx-teetli filiform. The foliage resembles that of Atylosia scarabceoides, the flowers
those of Atylosia clongata, Bth. (Kurz).

X X Erect sJinibs or under shrubs.
R. BEACTEATA, Bth. Ava and Prome.

Greyish velvety. Racemes longer than the leaves, panicled at tho end of the
branches, pod densely velvety.

** Cahjx as long as the corolla, in fruit nearly as long as the pods. Twiners.

R. DENsiFLOEA, DC. Limcstone hills near Segain, Ava.

Dolichvs aurantiacus, ^'all.

Flowers in dense short axillary racemes. Pods long-pilose, short.

Sub-genus Phtllomatia, "W. A.

Seeds with a waxy aiillus.

* Calyx-teeth broad, enlarging and leafy in fruit.
R. HTJFESCENs, DC. Near Ka-the on the In-awaddy.

Cyanospxrmum Javanieum, Miq.
Half-twining, thinly pubescent. Flowers singly on the filiform viscid-pubescent
racemes. Pods 1 -seeded.

LEOUMIS0S.E. 515

** Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acuminate, )iot enlarging.
R. CAFBICAXS, Wall. Ava, Taong-doung and Ye-nun-clioung.

11. aiensis, Bth.
Stems, racemes, and under surface of leaflets wliito-tomentose. Pods 2-seeded.

Fi.KiiixGiA, Roxburgh.
Calyx not accrescent in fruit. Pod turgid. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate.
Sub-genus Eu-flkmixgia.
Erect shrubs or lierbs. Flowers in racemes, panicles or head like spikes.

§ Racemes one-sidedhj-fowered, the tipper ones collected into a terminal panicle.
Floral brads large, leafy, complicate, persistent. Leaves l-J'oliolate. Rods 'Z-seeded.
{Ostryodium, DC).

X Floral bracts quite glabrous.

F. cnAPPAR, Ham. Ava. Prome and Martaban.

Corolla yellowish, J inch long. Leaves cordate-ovate.

X X Floral bracts pubertilous or pubescent.

F. (Hedtsarum) steobilifeea, L. All over Burma and the Audamaus.

Kamorta and Xaukowry.

Stipules not above 3 lines long, rather deciduous. Bracts rotundate and obsoletely
pointed, not ciliato. Corolla about 3 Hues long, white or yellowi.sh.
F. BiLiCTEATA, Wight. All ovcr Burma.

Stipules stiff-subulate, up to i- inch long. Bracts more or less refuse, ciliato.
Corolla purplish, about 2 lines long.

§ Racemes spike-like, solitary or clustered in the leaf-axils, or in ^'"nicies, rarely
reduced to axillari/ or terminal more or less involucred heads. {Fleming iastrum, DC.
iucl. Chalaria, W. A.).

X Flowers in racemes or panicles. Pods usually few-seeded.
+ Leaves 1-3-foliolate. Bracts small, 2>ersistent or deciduous.
F. PANICUI.ATA, Wall. Banks of the Attaran.

Leaves 1-foliolate. Racemes filiform, shorter than the leaves.
F. (Hedysauum) lineata, L. Ava. Pegu. Ifartaban.

Leaves 3-foliolatc. Racemes slender, as long as or usually longer than the leaves.

-| — 1- Leaves digitately Z-foliolate. Spikes, while young, densely imbricate-bracted,
the brads deciduous long before opening of the flowers, or rarely piersistent.

° Brads itot scarious, shorter than, or about as long as the buds. Low shrubs, tko
branches more or less terete or angular.

f Brads deciduous before opening of the flowers.
^ Low shrubs with a woody subterranean, trunk.
F. SERiCAxs, Kz. Prome and Hills East of Toung-ngoo.

Racemes small, silvery silk-haiiy. Calyx-teeth falcatcly subulate, a line long,
the lowermost one li line long. Corolla 2 lines long. Petiole winged, about an
inch long.

F. FERKTrorsEA, Grab. Ava, Taong-doung. Prome.

Racemes rather i^lender and lax. Flowers almost sessile. Corolla 2 lines long
or a little longer. Calyx-teeth falcate-lanceolate, the lowermost one barely longer
than the rest. Petiole winged, 1-2 inches long.

% •[ Well-developed under shrubs.
F. coxGESTA, Roxb. Ava and all over Burma.

516 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Petiole usually not winged. Racemes dense, usually clustered and shorter than
the petiole, greyish silk-hairy. Bracts linear-lanceolate, subulate-acuminate, about
4 lines long. Calyx Sk lines long, the lobes linear, subulate-acuminate, the lower-
most much longer. Corolla 3A- lines long, purplish, with a flesh-coloured purplish-
streaked standard.

r. PEOsiEATA, Roxb. Hills East of Toung-ngoo between 4000 and 5000 feet.

As preceding. Racemes appressed tawny-pubescent, much shorter than the
narrowly-winged petiole. Pods densely resinose-glandular and puberulous.

The Burmese rariety differs from Khasi specimens chiefly in the long-acuminate
not wrinkled leaflets and the black-glandular pods.

F. sEiiiALATA, Rosb. var. /3 only all over Burma.

Petiole narrowly winged. Racemes rather lax, greyisli silk-hairy. Calyx 3 liiiis
long, the lobes subulate. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate. Corolla 3 lines long,
rose-coloured, with greenish keel. Pods puberulous.

var. n genuina. Racemes elongate, more robust.

var. ji viridis. Racemes simple, more lax and slender, more silk-hairy, always
clustered in the axils of tlie leaves, and much shorter than the petiole ; leaves of a
thinner texture or less pubescent ; flowers and pods usually smaller.

F. LATiFOLiA, Bth. var. /3 in the hills East of Toung-ngoo

between 2000 and 4000 feet.

Petiole narrowly winged. Bracts and calyx approssedly brown or golden silk-
haiiy, the latter h inch long, the lobes subulate with the lowermost one twice as
long. Corolla i inch long, white, with rose-coloured wings.

var. a genuina. Racemes more lax and more slender, branched,
var. p grandiflora. Racemes simple, shorter and more dense. Flowers about ^
larger.

° ° Bracts scarioiis and stiff, very much longer tlian tlie flou;er-huds. Branches and
hranchhts more or less triquetrous.

F. STEicTA, Roxb. All over Burma.

Tall under shrub. Petiole narrowly winged. Lower sheathing bracts up to 2
inches long. Calyx about 4 linos long, silvery silk-hairy, the lobes linear, acuminate,
the lowermost one twice as long. Corolla nearly i inch long. Pods minutely
appressed puberulous.

X X Spikes short and condensed info heads. Bracts all persistent, the outer ones
large and inrolucre-lihe. Bod inclosed in the calgx, l-seeded (Lepidocoma, Jungh ).

F. CAPiiATA, Zoll. All over Pegu and Martaban.

F. inrolucrata, Bth.
Lepidocoma trifoliatum, Jungh.

Erect under shrub. Bracts silky-pilose. Calyx i inch long, the lobes subulate.
Corolla -} inch long, minutely appressed silk-haiiy. Pods silky-pilose.

Sub-genus Rhynchosioides, Bak.

Twining herbs or perennials. Flowers in long peduncled lieads or dichotomous
corymbs. Cab/x-tccth almost ecjiuil. Pods 1- rarely 2 -seeded, usually included in
the calyx. Bracts minute, deciduous.

*F. VESTITA, Grah. Cultivated by the Karens of Martaban

between 3000 and 5000 feet.
Flowers by 4-10 in long-peduncled heads. Calyx fulvous-pilose, ^ inch long.
Corolla appressed pilose, nearly \ inch long.

X X Funicle arising from the extrcmitg of the linear hilain.
Eeiosema, BeCandolle.
Pod transversely depressed. Erect herbs, flowers axillary. Leaves simple.

LEGUMIXOSJE. 517

E. TrBERosuM, TTiim. Pegu and Miirtaban up to 4000 feet.

E. Chincnse, Yoq.

Sub-tribe GEXISTIEJi:.
Stamenn vnualhj monndelphoics, the filaments not dilated upwards. Anthers usual!;/
alternately longer and baaifixed or nearly so, the others smaller and versatile. Leaves
digitate. Pod often injlated.

* Anthers dimorphous. Keel-petals Jirmhj cohering.
CitoTAL.VKiA, Linnccus.
Keel braked. Tod turgid or inflated. Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposite
racemes. Herbs or under slirubs with simple or dif;itately 3-7-1'oliolate leaves.

A. Leaves simple.

+ liacemes lateral and leaf-opposed.

X Stipules none or small, not decurrent.

° Almost glabrous. Slender erect annuals.

C. FiLiroKMis, 'Wall. Pegu Eangc.

Stipules lialf-Iunate, persistent.

C. Stocksii, Bth. Tcnasserim or Andamans {fde Baker).

Stipules very minute, deciduous.

° ° Silk-liairy or pilose.
f Prostrate or ascending small herbs. Flowers not above 2i lines long.
C. PEOSTEATA, Eoxb. Kat-toung, East of Toung-ngoo [fide Masou)_

Bracts subulate, very minute. Stipules noue. Pods 15-30-seeded.
C. ACicuLAEis, Ham. Cluttagong. Pegu. Martaban.

Bracts lanceolate, a line long. Stipules subulate, minute. Pods r2-15-seeded.

f f Flowers A-J inch long. Erect branched annuals.

C. FEEKUoiNKA, Grail. var. n frequent in tlie drier bill- and the pine-forests of

Martaban and Ava, at 4000 to 5000 feet elevation,
var. /3 frequent along rocky river-beds in the tropical
forests, from Ava and Martaban down to Tenasserim.

Tawny pilose. Stipules lanceolate, spreading. Pod 20-30-seeded.

var. a genuina. Jlore or less spreading. Leaves narrower and more or less
acute. All parts more densely rusty pilose.

var. ft pilosissima, Jliq. Erect and often less piUosc, leaves broader and
rounded or blunt at the apex.

X X Stipules decurrent, and forming leafg icings to the branches.

C. Al.ATA, Roxb. All over Burma.

C. bialata, Roxb.

Erect annual. Flowers middling-sized, yellow. Pods stalked.

■\ — |- Racemes terminal or terminating axillary branchings. More or less hairy-
hirsute or oppressed silky-hairy, rarely glabrous.

° Calyx divided to the base into lobes, the 2 upper much enlarged in fruit.
f Pod exserted from the calyx.

C. Ar.niDA, Heyne. All over Burma.

C. montana, Roxb.

I'lowers J inch long, pale yellow, racemose. Bracts linear, very minute. Pods
1^-2 times longer than the calyx, J-,J inch long.

518 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PUODUCTIOXS.

] f Pod more or less ineluded and shorter than the calijx ( CahjciiKe).
^ Pod small, globular or ovoid-glohose, sessile.

C. LiN'iFOLiA, L. Pegu and Martaban.

C. easpitosa, Roxb.
C. melanocarpa, Btli.

Erect annual of several feet. Eacemcs elongate.

C. NANA, Burm.

Small herb. Eacemes shortened and liead-liko.

C. patula, Grah., is reduced by Baker to a Tariety of C. nana, Burm. I am
unacquainted with the species (Kurz).

^ ^ Pods llnear-ol>lon(i to ollong.
A Flowers yellow or pale yellow.

C. CALTCiNA, Schrank. Ava, Taoug-doung and Tagoung.

C. strieta, Eoxb. non Eoth.

Flowers few, in short lax racemes. Fruiting calyx covered with long coppery-
brown soft hau's. Pods an inch long. Bracts and bractlets large, lanceolate.

C. DUBiA, Grah. Chittagong, Pegu, and Martaban.

Flowers in dense heads. Calyx and pod \ inch loug. Bracts and bractlets
large, ovate, acuminate.

C. CnrNENSls, L. non Eoxb. Pegu and Tonasserim.

C. harhata, Miq. non Grah.

Flowers? yellow, capitate. Calyx and pods \-l in. long. Bracts and bractlets linear.

A A Flowers blue.

C. SEssTLiFLOEA, L. All ovcr Burma.

Flowers in long racemes. Bracts and bractlets long, setaceous. Calyx i—i inch
long. Pods Y inch long.

° ° Fods very vtucli exserted from the calyx. Calyx-tiihe olliqucly bell-shaped, the
teeth rather short, barely enlarging in fruit,

^ Bracts subulate, very minute. Flowers yellow.
A Branches and brunchlets woody, with medullary pith, terete.
C. KuRzir, Bak. Pegu Eangc and Martaban, var. /i ranges up to 5000 feet.

Almost glabrous. Leaves acute. Eacemes terminating axillary branchlets or
reduced to axillary flower-clusters.

var. a genuina. Leaves longer and of a thinner texture. Flowers usually axillary
and gradually passing into terminal or axillary racemes with all intermediate con-
ditions on the same plant. Pods an inch long. Low-level form.

var. ft montana. Loaves of a firmer texture and half the size. Flowers in
true leafless elongate axillary and terminal racemes. Pods only i an inch long.
High-level form.

A A Branches herbaceous, fistulose, stout.

C. AssAMicA, Bth. Ehakyen Hills. Ava.

Calyx and underside of the blunt or acute leaves densely appressed silky.
Eacemes all terminal. In Ava specimens the ilowers sometimes grow indifferently
in the place of the leaves from the leaf-branches, so that the flowers are either mixed
up with the leaves (reduced flowering branchlets) or form incomplete racemes below
the leafy summit. The species itself, however, may be nothing but a moi-e pubescent
hill-form of C. retusa.

C. MACltOPHTLLA, Kz. Southcm PcgU.

('. Iiurzii, vur. la.rurians, Kz.

LEUUMIXOSJ-:. 519

I liave rufcrrcd tliis form erroneously to C. Xurzii, l)ut the stout hollow stems
bring it nearer to C. Assamica, from which it differs not only in its much larger
petioled leaves and in the calyx, but also in the pods, which are sessile aud H-2
inches lonfT. In hubit it may be called a very luxuriant tcrminal-racemcd form of
C. Kiirzii (Kurz).

C. EEiusA, L. Chiefly near the sea in Arakan and Pegu, but also found along the
Irrawaddy in Promo. It has become a weed on Ross Island
and the Andaraans, but there very likely only introduced.

Thinly apprcssed .silky-hairy. Leaves rotuse to blunt. Racemes all terminal.

^ ^ Bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, np to 4 lines long, reflexed.
C. SERicEA, Rctz. Arakan and the Pegu Range.

Glabrous. Loaves blunt to acute, almost sessile, glaucous-green. Pods stalked.
Branches stout, fistulose.

** Ovary rartoushj clothed, from villose to tomentose and apprcssed silk-hainj.
Pods similarly clothed, rarely minutely pubescent or glalrous. Flowers racemose.
■\- Stipules none, or small and subulate. Flowers yellow.

X Pods minutely apprcssed-pubcscen I , appearing glabrous to the naked eye. Calyx
glabrous. Leaves narrow.

C. NEKIIFOLIA, "W'alL Ava and hills East of Toung-ngoo.

Glabrous. Ri'acts linear, very minute. Leaves narrow-linear.

X X Pods and calyx brown or dark brown tomentose or pubescent, leaves narrow.

C. JTJNCEA, L. All over Burma.

C.fenestrata, Sims.

C. tenuifolia, Roxb.
Pan. Paik-hsan. Sun hemp.

Stems sulcate, but not angular. Pods sessile, 1-1 J '"fh long.

This plant is commonly planted for its fibre, which makes twine, rope and paper.
The seed is sown very thicklj-, and in good soil the plants run up to 8 or 10 feet. The
fibre is prepared in the usual way by soaking the plant and stripping the bark, and
it is probable that more care and attention than is usually bestowed on this process
would residt in a greatly improved fibre as regards strength and appearance.

C. TKTiuQONA, Rosb. Along rocky streams in Arakan and

C. grandijlora, Zoll. Pegu up to 3000 feet.

Stems sharply 4-angular. Pods shortly stalked, 1^-2 inches long.

+ + Stipules large, leafy, half-lunate. Flowers blue or rarely greenish-white.

C. VERKUCOSA, L. Ava. Promo and ilartaban.

C. angulosa, Lam.
C. carulea, Jacq.
Stems angular, puberulous to glabrous. Leaves rliomboid. Pods pubescent.

B. Leaves digitately 3-7-foliolate.
C. QurNQFEFOLiA, L. In wet lands from Arakan to Tenasserim.

Leaves 5-foliolato. Flowers rather large, yellow, racemose. Bracts 3-4 lines
long, linear, acuminate, reflexed. Pods glabrous, stalked, 1 J-IA inch long.

X Pods inflated.
+ Pods short, globular or obliquely ovoid, \-'2-i-sceded.

C. MEDicAGixEA, Lamk.
C. procumbens, Iloxb.

520 nCRMA, ITS rEOPLE A. YD PRODUCTIONS.

Leaves 3-foliolate. Stipules and bracts minute, subulate. Flowers small, by 1-2
(rarely 3-4) terminating slender leaf-opposed i)eduncles. Pods acuminate, minutely
appressed pubescent, 1-2-seeded.

+ + Pods oblong to Jinear-ohlong, mmiy-sceded.

C. siRiATi, DC. All over Arakan and Pegu.

C. Biownei, Eebb.
C. Saltiana, And.

Pods indistinctly appressed-pubescent, linear-oblong, 1-1;^ inch long.

C. BEACTEATA, Eoxb. All over Burma.

Pods densely tawny-villous, boat-sbaped-oblong, somewhat curved, -|- J inch long.

X X Pods much compressed {Priotropis, "W. A.).

C. CTTisoiDEs, Roxb. Ava. Khakyen Hills and Tenasserim.

Ilabit of C. striata. Plowers yellow, racemose. Pods 1 inch long by ^ broad,
acuminate at both ends, on a filiform stalk, glabrous.

Sub-tribe LOTIEiE.

Stamens usualli/ dladelplioiis (9 + 1), the filaments dilated nj>wards. Leaves
digitatelij or p innately compound.

* Leaflets quite entire.
Paeocheius, LLamilton.

Petals deciduous, free from the staminal tube, the keel rather acute. Pod
2-valved. Flowers solitary or in poor umbels. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate.

P. coiiiirNis, Ham. Ava and Tenasserim.

P. maculatus, R. Br.
Cosmiusa repens, Alef.

** Veins of leaflets usually produced into marginal toothlefs. Leaves pinnately
3-foliolate. Keel-petal blunt.

X Pod straight or nearly so.
Melilotus, Jussieu.
Pod small, rotundatc or oblong, more or loss indehiscent.

M. AiBA, Desv. Prome. A weed in the Irrawaddy valley.

M. leucantha, Koch.
Trifolium Indicum, Willd.

Sub -tribe GALEGIE^.
Stamens 10, variously connate, the filaments filiform upwards. Anthers usually
versatile. Pods dehiscent or indehiscent. Leaves unpaired pinnate, rarely simple.

* Pods dehiscent {very rarely indehiscent and small and 1-sceded) {Eu-galcgiea:).
X Pods distinctly transversely chambered within, dehiscent, or l-seeded and indehiscent.
f Pods l-seeded and indehiscent. ILairs lasifixed.

PsoEALEA, Linnmus.

Anthers blunt. Leaves simple or 3-foliolate, the leaflets gland-dotted. Seed
adliering to the pericarp.

P. coKTLiFOLiA, L. Ava and Prome.

f \ Pods several-seeded and dehiscent.
° Anthers apiculate. ILairs fixed by the centre.

CrAMorsis, De Candolle.
Stamens monadelphously uuited into a tube. Leafiets entire or toothed.

LEGUMINOSJE. 521

*C. psonALioiDKs, DC. Burma, cultivated {Ji(h Mason).

DoUclioa fahcvform ix, L' Her.
Lupinus triJoUatm, Cab.

Pt'h-pa-swon.

The pods are esteemed a good vegetable.

Indigofeea, LinnoMS.
Sfamens diadc-lphous (9 + 1). Leaves pinnately many-1-foliolate.
Sub-genus Spn-KitiDiornoRA, Desv.
Ovari/ 1-ovuled. I'ods very short, 1-seeded.
I. LixiFOLiA, Retz. Arakan and Pegu.

All parts appressed silk-hairy. Leaves simple, small. Pods almost globular.
Sub-genus Eu-ixdigofera, Bth.
Ovary 2-more-ovulcd. Pods usually elongate, rarely short.

* Calyx deeply cleft, the lobes subulate-acuminate. Corolla about twice as long
as the calyx. Annuals or perennials.

-\- Pods short, 2- rarely ?,-sceded.

I. ENNEAPHTLLA, L. Limcstono hills of Sogain and about Prome.

Appressed pubescent. Loaves pinnate. Pods almost 4-angular, shortly hairy.
Seeds cubical.

+ -4- Pods many- or several-seeded, elongate.
° Seeds eylindrical.

* I. TixcTORiA, L. var. a cultivated in Prome and Pegu, and most

probably elsewhere ; var. /j frequent in the open
Mai. forests, and along river-banks, all over Burma.

Leaflets usually in 4 to 5 pairs. Racemes shorter than the leaves.

var. a genicina. Pods about an inch long and more slender, usually straight
or only slightly cuiTcd, 7-10-seeded, the seeds about a line long, pale-coloured.

var. ft anil, L. ; /. carulea, Roxb. /. aryentea, var. ccerulea, Bak. Pods
more curved and rcfle.xed, shorter, about A inch, long but sometimes longer, 3-4, but
as often 4-6, and even up to 7-seeded, the seeds smaller, olive-coloured.

I cannot find any sufficient grounds for specifically separating the above two
forms. The pod dilfers greatly on the same plant (Kurz).

I. ENDECAPUYLLA, JaCq. Ava.

/. debilis, Grail.
Leaflets in 1 or 2 pairs. Racemes very slender, much longer than the leaves.
In Burma the pods are more slender and more persistently pubescent (Kurz).
I. TRiFOLiATA, L. Tcnasscrim.

Leaves 3-foliolate. Racemes very short or reduced to clusters.

° ° Seeds cubical or i.-angular-ollong.

I. viscosA, Lamk. Ava.

All parts (also the pods) viscose-pubescent. Leaflets in 4-7 pairs.

I. TRiTA, L. Ava.

/. cinerea, Willd.

All parts appressed greyish or silvery pubescent. Leaves 3-foliolate. Pods thinly
appressed pubescent.

I. niRscTA, L. Ava. Tenasserini.

All parts hiisute-pubescent. Leaflets in 3 or 4 pairs. Pods hirsute.

522 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

* * Calyx tooihcd, the teeth short, more or less acute. Corolla at least 3 times as
long as the calyx and usually much longer. More or less woody shrubs.
X Leaies simple or 3-foliolate {often on the same plant).
I. Bkhn'oniana, Grab. Pigu.

"Whole plant sreyish from minute appressed stiff hairs. Leaves 1 -3-foliolate on
the same plant. Stipules very minute.

I. CALONEtTRA, KurZ. PcgU.

Softly tawny pubescent. Leaves 1-foliolate. Stipules about 2 lines long.

X X Leaves unpaired pinnate. *

° Puds H-2 inches lony, more or less A-gonous. Seeds cubical or ^-cornered.

I. GALLEGoiDEs, DC. Pegu and Tenasserim up to 40U0 feet.

/. uncinata, Roxb.
/. Zollingeriana, Miq.

Stipules 2-3 lines long. Pods minutely appressed pubescent.

I. PCXCHELLA, Eoxb. Ava and Pegu.

/. arborea, Eoxb.

Stipules minute. Pods glabrous.

° ° Pods about an inch long, terete. Seeds cylindrical.

I. vioLACEA, Roxb. Pegu and Tenasserim.

Differs fi'om the above in the pod and the cylindrically oblong pale-coloured
seeds. It is in my eyes nearer akin to /. cllipfica, from which it de's-iatcs only in
the size and colour of the seeds.

I. ELLiPTicA, Roxb.

Pods glabrous. Stipules minute.

Indigo is produced by various species of Indignfera, but mainly by /. tincforia.^

° ° Anthers blunt. Hairs basijixed.

Sesbakia, Persoon.

Style not bearded, the stigma minute. Flowers in axillary racemes. Leaves
pinnate. Herbs or under shrubs, rarely trees.

Sub-genus Agati, Desv.

Flowers 2-3 inches long, falcately recurved in bud, the standard acute or bluntish.

* S. GEAXDiELORA, Roxb. Cultivated all over Burma.
Poulc-hpyu.

Small glabrous tree. Flowers showy, white or scarlet.

Sub-genus Ec-sesbania, Bth.

Flowers less than an inch long, straight in bud, yellow or brown-purple, the
standard broad, more or less notched.

* Racemes drooping from the base. Small trees.

* S. SESBAN, L. Cultivated all over Burma.

S. .^gyptiaca, Pcrs.

S. picta, Pers.
Te-thu-gyi.
Glabrous. Pods 1 '-2 lines broad, somewhat angular from the prominent sutures.

** Racemes erect from the base, but often overhanging. Shrubby annuals.
S. POLTrnTiLA, Miq. Grassy pastures along the Koladyne River.

' Fur ii full history of tla- devulopmcut of the ludigo trade, consult Balfour's Cyclopedia of ludia.

LEOUMIXOS.E. 523

JEu-hjnomene cannabina and spinulosa, Roxb.
S. aculeata, I'ers.

Pods rather convex on botli sides, 1 i-2 lines broad ; standard I inch long. Seeds
cylindrical.

S. CociriN-CHnrExsis, DC. Swamps in Arakau and Pegu.

JEschxjnomene 2>aludosa, Eoxb.
S. cannuhina, Pers.

Dunchi, or Dbancbi hemp, of Bengal.

Pods rather flat, 2-3 lines broad, narrowly bordered ; standard I inch long,
seeds more or less eoinpresscd-rhomboid.

Sesbania is a genus of no great utility save as yielding a coarse fibre, an
excellent charcoal for the manufacture of gunpowder, and a hedge or trellis plant
in gardens and betel plantations, as near Maulraaiu (Parish). The hemp is coarse,
but durable, and resists wet better than many otliers.

X X Pods not chambered within, many-seeded.

Tephrosia, PersooH.

VexiUary stamen only at the middle adnate to the staminal tube. Puds thin
coriaceous. Herbs, under slirubs, or rarely shrubs. Leaves pinnately mauy-1-foliolate.

* Flowers in axillary or leaf-opposed racemes, rarely reduced to 2 or a few only.
Leaves unpaired pinnate, rarely simple.

X Calyx-teeth short, deltoid [Brissonia, Kech.).

T. CANDIDA, DC. Chittagong and Tenasserim.

Kicsera sericea, Rwdt.

Shrub, silky pubescent. Corolla |-1 inch long, white. Racemes terminal and
lateral. Pod appressed silk-liairy.

X X Calyx-teeth narrow, cuspidate, as lony as the calyx-tube {Eeineria, Munch.).
-\- Flowers in racemes.
° Racemes peduncled, leaf -opposed, and terminal.

T. (Galega) rTrRPTiuEA, L. All over 13urma.

G. lanceafolia, Roxb.
Almost glabrous or verj' thinly appressed silk-hairy. Pods glabrous or nearly so.

° ° Racemes axillary ami terminal, sometimes reduced.

T. rATTCiFLORA, Grab. Pagli'i-niyo.

Similar to the preceding, but racemes short or reduced to a few (2) flowers oidy.

T. (Galega) tixctoeia, L. var. /3 only near Ava.

G. lluyneana, Roxb.

Racemes long-pcduncled, many-flowered. Leaves pinnate, leaflets in 3-6 pairs,
appressed silvery silk-hairy. Pods glabresccnt.

var. o genuina. The indument more or loss tawny. Leaflets oblong,
var. (i coccinea, Wall. The indument silvery-wliite. Leaflets short and more
or less obovatc, the base usually cuneatc. Tliis plant yiekls a blue dye like indigo.

T. IIOOKERIANA, KurZ.

Racemes long-peduncled, mnny-flowcrcd. Leaves pinnate, leaflets in 6-9 pairs,
thinly appressed silk-liairy. Pods densely brownish silk-hairy.

T. Grahamii, Wall. Prome.

Racemes long-peduneled, few-flowered at the apex. Leaves simple, or with a
pair of diminutive basal leaflets. Rest as in T. tinctoria.

521 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

-) — |- Flowers soUtanj or hi/ jMirs in the liaf-axiJs.

T. (Galega) sexticosa, L. Ava, YG-nrm-clioung.

G. j}entaphiiUa, Eoxb.

Silvery silk-hairy. Leaflets in 2-3 pairs. Pods appressed silvery puljcsccnt.

** Flowers solitanj or paired in the leaf-axils, very small. Leaves sii/iple

T. TENUIS, Wall. Ava, Segain.

All parts thiuly silk-hairy. Leaves linear. Peduncle capillary.

MiLLEiTiA, White et Arnott.

Filaments diadelphous (9 + 1), filiform. Pod woody or coriaceous. Trees or
woody climbers. Leaves pinnate.

Sub-genus !N"otho-millettia, Miq.

<S/(7W£"HS diadelphous (9 -fl and 7 + 1). <S<"?f7« usually not compressed Trees.
M. ATKOPrEPUREA, "Wall. F.T. T. forests of Pegu and Tenasserim.

Kwe-tanyeng or Tanycng-ngu (Kurz).

Glabrous. Corolla purple, glabrous. Stamens 9 + 1. Pods coriaceous, the
valves very convex and smooth.

M. jmnietilata, Miq., differs only in its larger and more flattened pods. Miquel
ascribes to tliis species a very abnormal diadelphism, viz. 7 + 1. Pongamia gland uloKa,
Griff., from Mergui, remains doubtful, as Griffith says nothing of the stamens, while
he describes 10 hypogynous glands surrounding the ovary; he compares the tree to
M. atropurparea (Kurz).

Sub-genus Eu-mixletiia, Bak.

Stamens monadclplioiis, the tenth vesillary stamen more or less free at the base
only. /Seeds much compressed.

* Standard not aurieled at the base.
+ Trees.
X Valves of pod without prominent ledges or wings on the margins, flat or sliyhilg
convex, glabrous or nearly so.

° Pod-valves not rotigh from warts or lenticels.

M. (Mundulea) puicHHA, Bth. Ava Hills.

Thyt-pagan (Kurz).

Young parts and leaves beneath slightly pubescent. Corolla glabrous, lilac.
Pods appressed puberulous.

M. Brandisiana, Kz. Pegu Eange.

Thyt-pagan (Kurz).

Young parts slightly pubescent. Corolla pubescent, lilac. Pods glabrous.

M. (Pongamia) cana, Grab. C. Ava. Ye-nan-choung.

Leaves beneath sparingly appressed grey-hairy. Corolla glabrous. Pod obscurely
" grey-canescent."

° ° Pod-valves rough from warts or lenticels, glabrous.

M. (Pongamia) penbula, Grab. Pegu Kauge up to 2000 feet.

M. leucantha, Kz.

Thi-wyn.

Young shoots silky pubescent. Corolla glabrous, white. Pods thick, lenticellate.
Heartwood very dark purplish brown, hard, tough and durable. When perfectly

LEOr.VISOS.K 525

seasoned, barely to be (listinsnisheil from Yembiik. Selected planks would form
a bandsomo 'rosewood.' For strengtli and tou<!;bncss it is surpassed by few woods.
AVeif^lit 03 lbs. lligbly drservins attention. Tbe wood is yellowish when freshly
cut, soon turning to purple, and then darkening still more (VY. T.).

M. ovALiFOLiA, Xz. 1\ PromG.

Glabrous. Corolla glabrous, blue. Pod thick, wartcd.

X X Values of pod extended into 2>rominen( ledges or icinys.
M. GLAUCESCENs, Kz. I'egu llauge and Martaban.

Young shoots slightly pubescent. Leallets blunfish acuminate. Kacenies almost
glabrous. Corolla steel-blue, glabrous. Pods sharply edged.

M. puBixEBVis, Kz. Toukya-gat Yallcy.

As preceding, but racemes pubescent. Corolla white, glabrous. Pods unknown.

M. TETKiPTEKA, Kz. Promo and Ava.

Shortly tomentose, especially while young. Leaflets rounded at the apex.
Corolla pale blue, glabrous. Pods with 4 waved marginal wings.

+ + TVuodi/ climbers.
X Corolla glabrous. Ocary more or less pubescent. Pod glnbrous.
■jr. PACHYCAEPA, Bth. Kliakycn Hills.

Young shoots and leaves beneath pubescent. Calyx broader than deep. Corolla
white. Pods fleshy coriaceous, torose.

M. MONTicoLA, Kz. llartaban Hills over 6500 feet.

As preceding, but glabrescent. Flowers much smaller, lilac. Calyx longer
than wide. Pod unknown.

X X Corolla, at least the standard, velvet// or silkij pubescent outside.
M. (Roui-via) paniculata, lloxb. Chittagong. Ava.

M. cinerea, Bth.
Pongamia hetcrocarpa, AVall.

Leaves glabrous. Flowers racemose, in terminal panicles. Pods torose, tawny.
M. (Pongamia) sericea, DC. S.S. Tropical forests East of Toung-ngoo.

Leaves apprcssed silvery or coppery silk-hairy beneath. Flowers in latei'al
racemes. Pods flat, not torose, brown velvety.

M. ccERULEA, Baker. Ul>per Tenasserim.

Leaves glabrous. Flowers in axillary short peduncled racemes. Pods brown.

* * Standard auricled at the base on both sides of the claic.
X Corolla glabrous.
M. leiogtxa, Kz. S.S. Nakaw'i-choung, Toukya-gat.

Young shoots rusty tomentose. Corolla violet. Ovary quite glabrous.

X X Corolla, at least the standard, velcetg or silky pubescent outside.
° Leaflets blunt or apiculate, rarely shortly acuminate. Branches brown.
J[. EXTKxsA, Bth. S.S. Ava to Tenasserim.

Da-ma-na-nweh-nyeh (Kurz).

Flowers purple. Racemes elongate, longer than the petiole. Pods glabrous
■when fully ripe.

5[. JIACKOPHYLLA, Roxb.

Flowers white. Racemes elongate, much longer than the petiole. Pods tawny
or brown tomentose even when fully ripe.

526 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIOJS.

M. FEUTicosA, Roxb. S.S. Pegu.

Flowers roso-colourcd. Kaccmes mucli slioiter than the petiole. Leaflets obtuse.
Pods tawny or brown tomentose.

° ° Leaflets glaucous heneath, Jong- and caudate-acuminate. Branches grey.

M. CATJDATA, Bth. 8.8.
Tephrosia uropJiylla, Wall.

Low scandent shrub, almost glabrous.

* * Pods indeliiscent, usual/g many or several-seeded {Dalbergt'ea).
X I'ods ■wingless.

PoxGASiiA, Vcntenat.

Filaments long. Pod flattisb, firmly fleshy coriaceous. Leaflets opposite.

P. (Eobinia) mitis, L. Coasts of Arakan, Tonasserim, the Andamans,

P. glabra, Yent. and Kicobars.

Galcdupa Lidica, Lamk.

Theng-weng or Thi-wyn (Kurz).

Kurz describes the timber as white, turning yellowish, and fibrous. It must
not be confounded with the true Thyt-tcyn {Milletfia pendula), to which it bears no
resemblance either in look or qualities. It is, however, a graceful tree, with glabrous
green leaves. The seeds arc bean-shaped, and yield an oil, used in lamps and for
some industrial purposes, but bitter and acrid, and used externally only as a cure
for itch. A maund of seeds will yield thirteen pounds and a half of oil, at a net cost
of a little over two rupees. It would make a good road-side or avenue tree.

DEEPAKocAKPrs, Li. Meyer.

Filamoits alternately shorter. Pods reniform or crescent-shaped, coriaceous or
drupaceous, 1-3-seeded. i^/o«-(TS white or purple. Zf(7^f/.s alternate.
Sub-genus Eu-drepanocarpus. (Trees or woody climbers.)
8tamens united into a single sheath.

X Corolla glabrous. Pods xisually l-seeded {8elenolobium, Eth.).

D. srixosus, Eosb. 8.8. Chittagong to Tenasserim.

Te-chin-ye (Kurz).

Leaflets i inch long. Calj-x a line long.

This and the following are referred by Bentham to Balhergia, but the pods are
not winged and the cell-cavity extends from suture to suture. Strictly speaking, the
pods of Dalbergia cannot be called winged, for the broad thin margins of the pod are
simply consolidated so as to leave (as in Ptcrocarpus) only a central cavity for tho
seed (Kurz). Kurz too says the powdered root absorbs alcohol, and consequently,
if administered in water, destroys the eflects of alcoholic intoxication ! !

D. MONOspERiiA, Dalz. Tidal forests of Upper Tenasserim.

Leaflets about an inch long. Calyx H Unes deep.

Sub-genus Pongajiiopsis.

8tamens united into 2 separate sheaths. Corolla glabrous. Pods 1-3-secded,
moniliform-constricted between the seeds.

D. (Daxbeegia) EEXiTOEiiis, Ruxb. Pegu and Tenasserim.

Htouk-ma (Kurz).

Curious on account of the joints being dimoi-phous on the same or on different
pods. They are either normally thick-coriaceous and as flat as those of the following
species, and have the seeds much compressed ; or they are firmly fleshy and up to

LEOUMIXOS^. 527

half an inch thick, in which case the seeds are hirger and scarcely compressed. This
latter state is not attributable to the agency of insects, but seems to be normal
development. The luU-growu foliage so mucli resembles that of l)ep. inundutus.
Mart., that I should experience some difficulty in distinguishing between the two
species when out of flower or fruit (Kurz).

D. (Dalbeegia) CusirxGir, Eth. W.C. Tenasserim.

Panicles almost glabrous. Tod-joints flat and thick-coriaceous, wrinkled-veined.

A dye wood, and yields the 'Kayii lakka' of commerce (Kuj'z).

X X Pods wiiiffed along one or both sutures.
Daibeugia, Linnteus.
Filaments altcniately shorter. Pods oblong to linear, all round extended into
a chartaceous or coriaceous wing. Trees or woody climbers. Flowers fiom white to
rose and purple. Leaflets alternate.
Sub-genus Dalhekgauta, Bth.
Stamens united into 2 separate sheaths of 5 each.

* Frect trees.
X Puds velrettj.

D. c.vNA, Grab. Pegu and Tenasserim.

Leaves bliintish acuminate. Panicles lax, pubernlous. Flowers purple.

X X Pods quite glabrous.
-f- Leaflets rather large, apiculate, acute or acuminate.
D. PFitPUBEA, Wall. Martaban and Tenasserim.

Thyt-p5k.

Leaflets retuse-apiculate. Panicles lax, pubernlous. Flowers white or puridi,-h.
D. GLOMEEiFLOEA, Kz. Promc Hills, above 1000 feet.

Leaflets acute or shortly acuminate. Panicles short and compact. Calyx
glabrous. Flowers white.

-|- + L'uflets Hunt or retuse, rather small.
D. NiGREscExs, Kz. Ava and Prome.

Thyt-seh-nweng (Kurz).

Panicle rather compact. Pedicels short or very short. Leaves nigrescent.
D. rAsicTLATA, Eoxb. Ava and Prome.

Ta-pouk-pen (Kurz).
Panicle lax. Pedicels slender. Flowers white or purplish. Leaves not nigrescent.

* * Woodij climbers. {Leaflets blunt or retme.)
D. voLPniLis, Roxb. Ava, Chittagong, and Tenasserim.

Leaflets 11-13. Panicles densely pubescent. Eractkts minute.
D. sTiruLACEA, Roxb. Ava, Chittagong, Pegu, and Tenasserim,

B.ferruginea, Roxb. {fide Baker). up to 3500 feet.

Douk-ta-long-nweh (Kurz).

Leaflets 17-21. Panicles glabrous. Bractlets small, but conspicuous.

Sub-genus Sissoa, Bth.

Stamens united into a single slit sheath.

* Erect trees. Flowers tvhite.
X Bractlets fallen long before expansion of the flowers.

D. latifolia, Roxb. The Andamans.

528 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

D. em/irginata, Eoxb.
B. Javanica, Miq.

Leaflets 3-7, almost orbicular to obovate, notched or blunt. All parts glabrous.

D. cuLTKATA, Giali. Ava, Pegu and Upper Tenasserim.

Ten-daik.

Young shoots appresscd silky puborulous. Leaflets 7-11, more or less oblong,
notched or blunt.

X X Bractlets Muck, short and broad, deciduous but still j'rcsent at fowering time.

D. GLAUCA, "Wall. Ava. Pegu and Upper Tenasserim.

B. ovata, var. obtusifoUa, Baker.

Ma-da-ma (Kurz).

Leaflets blunt, more or less notched and mucronate.

D. OVATA, "Wall. Pegu and Upper Tenasserim.

Sla-da-ma (Kurz).

Leaflets acuminate, smaller or more coriaceous.

* * Woody climbers.
X Leaflets in 5-7 pairs. Inflorescence, etc., glabrous.

D. FOLiACEA, Wall. Ava. Pegu and Upper Tenasserim.

Flowers blue. Panicle ample, terminal. Leaflets more or less oblong.

D. Thomsoni, Bth. Kambala Toung in the Pegu Piange.

Flowers white. Panicles small, axillary. Leaflets more or less obovate.

X X Leaflets in 11-41 pairs. Injlorescence and goung branchlets rusty pubescent.

D. TAiiAErN'DrFoi.iA, Itoxb. Andamans and Tenasserim.

Derris pinnata. Lour.

Leaflets \-^ inch long. Panicles or cymes very short.

The pods of the Burmese species ( = Z>. rufa and multijuga, Grab.) differ a good
deal from those figured by Eoxburgh, and they are much narrower. The pods of
the Assam plant ai'e unknown to me, but Jlr. Simons calls it " a large tree 30 to -10
feet high." The matter requires further incjuiry (Kurz).

D. VELTTTINA, Btli. Ppgu and Tenasserim up to 4000 feet.

Leaflets 1-2 inches long. Panicle ample.

The heartwood of some species of Balbergia is excellent, being tough and durable,
and dark and handsome when poKshed, such as D. lutifolia and I), cult rata (' Tendaik').
"Weight of well seasoned wood, 38 lbs. B.paniculata yields a good pale-coloured timber,
and B. cana a worthless one according to Kurz.

PiEEOCAEPus, Linnaus.

Filaments equally long. Pods almost orbicular or broadly oblong, seed-bearing
in the centre and surrounded by a broad complete wing. Trees. Flowers yellow.
Leaflets alternate.

P. Indicus, "Willd. Tropical forests of the Pegu Range, Tenasserim,

P.flavus, 'Lour. and the Andamans.

P. Bttlbergioides, Roxb.

Pa-douk.

Pods about an inch across, almost glabrous (even while young), the stylose point
far above the base. Calyx more glabrous. Leafless in hot season.

A splendid timber is the Pa-douk (P. Indicus), resembling a coarse mahogany,

LEGUMLXOS^. 529

tliougli paler. Weight, 'when tliorouglily soasouoil, 01 lbs. With that in.sagacity
peculiar to 'Departments,' the Pu-douk is largely chosen for planting as a 'roadside'
or ' avenue ' tree, for which purpose it is singularly ill fitted, as it atfords little shade
■when shade is mcst required, smells atrociously when in blossom, and is nowise com-
parable, for the end in view, to the different species of Ficits and Emjenia. As a
timber tree it is surpassed by none — if matched by any, — and the freshly sawn wood
is most fragrant. Dr. ilason thus writes of it : " The gum kino tree is a majestic
cvergreim, whose yellow papilionaceous flowers, clustering amid the bright drooping
foliage, scent the air, like the large nuignolias, for several hundred yards around. It
is propagated by simply jilantiug large branches in the ground at the commencement
of the rain. There are, however two species, the red and the white, as distinguished
by the Burmese, the red producing the finest timber, but the white padouk is by far
the finest ornamental tree." Kurz describes both species as shedding their leaves
in the hot season, and such is their undoubted habit when planted along roads, but
it is not improbable the above luckless and inaccurate passage may have let the
'Department' into selecting so inappropriate a tree for roadside planting. The
gum exuded by PterocarpuK constitutes the true gum kino of the Pharmacopoeia
(Pulv. Kiuo. Co.). According to Dr. Pemberton it possesses the singular property
of not acting as an astiingent unless diarrhoea is present.

P. MACEOCABPUS, Kz. Eare in Promc, common in Tcnasserim.

Pods almost lj-2 inches in diameter, when young densely velvety-pubescent,
the stylose point at the basal corner. Calyx rusty pubescent.

Dkkeis, Loureiro.

Filaments alternately shorter. Pod flat, thin or coriaceous, winged along one or
both sutures. Trees or woody climbers. Leaflets opposite.

Sub-genus Brachypieruji, W. A. (Eu-derris, Bth.).

Standard equally tapering at the base, w'ith or without 2 basal callosities.
Stamens monadelphous. Pods narrowly winged along the vexillary suture only.

""' Standard without basal callosities.

X Flowers in simple or almost simple racemes.

+ Pods lanceolate, acuminate or acute at both ends.

D. (Dalbeuoia) RonnsTA, Wall. T. Pegu. Ava. The Audamans.

P. Krowee, llo.xb.

Erect tree. Leaflets almost acute, mucronate.

D. SCAXDESS, Roxb. F.S.S. Tropical forests all over Burma and the

Mi-joung-nweh (Kurz). Audamans. Kamorta.

Scandent shrub. Leaflets notched.

•\ — f- Pods oblong or orbicular, toith rounded ends. Scandent s/irulis.

D. (Ponqamia) CLiGixo.sA, DC. F.S.S. Same localities as the last. Is'icobars.

Galedupa uliginosa, Roxb.
All parts, also the pods, glabrous.

D. ELEGANS, Bth. S.S. Swamp forests of Pegu and Tcnasserim.

Rusty pubescent. Pods pubescent.

X X Flowers racemose, collected into panicles.

D. siNUATA, Thw. S.S. Tropical forests of Pegu and Tcnasserim.

D. polyarthra, Miq.
Myouk-gong-nyin (Kurz).

Glabrous. Pods siuuately constricted between the seeds. Corolla ^ inch long.
VOL. II. 34

530 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

** Standard ivifh 2 hasal callosities [Paraderris, Miq.).

D. (Pongamia) ELLirTicA, Wall. 8.S. Upper Tcnassi-nm.

Ponijamia rohiliUs, Zoll. aud Mor.
Fungamia Horsfiddii, Miq.

Youug shoots densely silk-hairy. Flowers 10 lines long. Ovary villous.

Sub-genus AoAsorE, lliq. (Dipieeodeeris, Bth.).

Standard equally narrowed at the base, and withoiit callosities. Stamtns
monadelphous, or the vexillary one free. Pods distinctly winged at both sutures.

D. AMJENA, Bth. S.S. Tenasserim.

Glabrous. Lateral nerves beneath very fciint, immersed.

Kurz adds from the Nicobars :

D. TnrusiFLORA, Bth. Tropical forests of Kamorta.

D. poli/t/ii/rsa, Miq.

The ujjperiiiost one of the iinlricate or valvate petals {standard) innermost in lud.
Stamens free or connate.

*■ Anthers erect and basifixed, rarely almost versatile, usually opening by 2 apical
pores, rarely opening by longitudinal slits.

Sub-lribe CASSIE.'E.
Leaves tmpairedly or abruptly pinnate. Sepals free to the dish, nsully imbricate.
Ovary or ovary-stallc free.

* Petals all developed.

Cassia, LimKens.

Sepals imbricate. Stamens 5 — 10. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Trees, shrubs or
herbs.

Sub-genus Fistula, DC.

Filaments of tlio 3 lower stamens very long and arcuate, the others short or
imperfect. Pod terete, elongate, indehisccnt. Seeds horizontal.

* Pacemes slender and elongate, drooping, desi Hide of bracts. Flowers yellciv.

C. FISTULA, L. All over Burma.

C. rhombifolia, Eoxb. ,

Ngu-gyi (Kurz).

All adult parts glabrous. Calyx very deciduous, velvety. Petals an inch long.

*" * Pacemcs often corymb-lil;e, more or less erect, with persistent bracts. Flowei s
piale or intensely pink-coloured. Longer f laments tliickened node-iihe at middle.

C. NODOSA, Eoxb. Tropical forests of Chlttagong and Upper Tenasserim.

Ngu-thein (Kurz).

Leaflets shortly acuminate, ou pctiolules 1-2 lines long. Bracts narrowly
lanceolate.

C. KENIGEEA, Wall. Ava and Pronie.

Ngu-shwe (Kurz).

Leaflets refuse or blunt, pubescent, almost sessile. Bracts cordate-ovate.

Sub-genus Senna.

Perfect anthers 7 or 10, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Pods opeuing
along one or both sutures. Seeds transverse or oblique.

LEGUillXOHJ!:. 531

* Pods usitalhj not elasdcalhj opmiitg. Funide of seed Jilifirm {Senna genidna).
X Pods compressed and often flat, sometimes winged {Chamcesenna).
f Perfect stamens 10 [Psilorhegma).
C. GLArcA, Lamk. S. var. a in the diy forests of Ava and Prome.

var. ji ouly cultivated in Pegu.
Senna arhorescens and speciosa, Eoxb.
C. sujfruticosa, Koen.
Leaflets bluntisli or rounded, more or less glaucoiis beneath. Flowers yellovr, in
corymb-like racemes. Bracts small, persistent. Pods black, very flat, shortly stalked.

var. a genuina. All parts more glabrous ; leaflets larger, bluntisli or acute,
more glaucous beneath.

var. [i Kanigii ( C. fnificosa, Koen.; C. speciosa, Eoxb.). The young parts
more pubesceut. Leallets |-1 inch uuly, retuse, or rounded, less glaucous beneath.

I I Perfect stamens 7. Pods much compressed. Flowers yellow.

° Pods not winged.

f Pods straight and acute. Trees or shrubs.

A Stipules none or rerg deciduous. Petals i inch long.

C. SiAMKA, Lamk. T. var « all over Burma, var. jj Ava and Prome only-

C.florida, Vhl.
C. Sumatrana, Eoxb.

Mai-zali or Meh-zali (Kurz).

Adult parts glabrous. Bracts small, persistent, obovate with a subulate point
longer than the blade. Leaflets in 6-10 pairs, H-2 inches long. Pods velvety.

var. a genuina. Leaves glabrous, the leaflets more glaucous beneath,
var. ji puberula. Eachis of leaves puberulous, leaflets puberulous (especially
■while young), but less glaucescent beneath. A low rather stunted tree.

Brandis, in his list of woods in 1862, describes this tree as " Cultivated, heart-
wood almost black, used for helves, walking sticks, mallets, etc.," and in Gamble's
manual the wood is described as " dark brown, nearly black, very hard," with the
same statement as above reproduced of its serving for mallets, helves and walking
sticks. Kow there is some mistake here ; and whatever tree Dr. Brandis had before him
when he penneil liis description, it was not, in my opinion, that commonly known in
Pegn as Maizali. Mai-zali, or Meh-zali, is a common tree, and its heartwood is a very
peculiar dark or blackish brown, witli a silky slieeu ; but as weak as rotten wood
almost, and this is so well understood tliat the natives ascend the tree with great
caution. It is indeed the weakest wood I know, and possesses none of the properties
attributed to it (W.T.).

C. TiMOBiKxsis, DC. E.T. All over Burma.

Toung-mai-zali (Kurz).

All parts pubescent. Bracts leafy, broad-ovate, about I inch long. Leaflets in
10-20 pairs, 1-1 J inch long. Pods glabrous.

A A Stipules large, cordate-semilunate, persistent.

C. AiTRicuLATA, L. S. Common about Ava.

More or less pubescent. Leaflets in 8-10 pairs, V— J inch long. Bracts ovate to
obovate-lanceolate, 3-4 lines long. Petals nearly an inch long. Pods shortly and
rather thinly pubescent.

1 1 Pods lunate.
C. OBOVATA, CoUad. S. Ava. Ye-nfin-choung.

Senna ohtusa, Eoxb.
Calyx glabrous. Petals 3-4 lines long. Pods shortly stalked, glabrous.

532 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

° ° Pods Irondhj A-iringed. Flowers larffe, orange-yellow.

C. ALATA, L. <S'. All over Burma.

Shrubby herb, almost glabrous. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the racbis almost
■wmged-augular. Bracts yellow, obovate-oblong, about an inch long, deciduous.
Pods glabrous. The bruised leaves and simple cerate, in equal parts, are an excellent
application for ' ringworm.' The leaves are also suiiposed to possess tonic properties
(Waring, Manual of Therapeutics).

X X Pods more or less teretr fo A-gonous. Seeds transverse, ohlirpie, or rarelg
parallel irith the valves. Merhs, fowers yellow.

+ Seeds transverse or oblique.
C. occmENTALis, L. Common all over Burma. Kamorta.

C. sophora, L.
Leaves abruptly 4-pinnate, glabrous, leaflets in 4-12 pairs, acuminate. Calyx
glabrous. Petals about \ inch long. Ovary glabrous.

-j — |- Seeds parallel icith the valves.

C. lOKA, L. All over Burma.

Senna foroides, Eoxb.

Leaves abruptly pinnate, leaflets in 3-2 pairs, blunt. Petals nearly -V inch long.
Ovary shortly pubescent.

** Pods opening elastieally at hoth sutures. Funicle very short. Perfect anthers
10, or fewer by abortion, opening by slits. Flowers yellow, small. Herbs (^Lasiorliegma).

C. PUMILA, Lamk. Prome.

Senna prostrata, Ptoxb.

More or less prostrate. Leaflets in 8-1.5 pairs, 2-V-3i lines long. Basal gland
of racbis long-stalked. Pedicels 1-2 lines lung.

C. SIIMU.S0IDES, L. var. n common all over Burma, var. ji

a shade-loving form in Tenasserim.

Erect, branched. Leaflets in 15-30 pairs, 1-3 lines long. Basal glands of
racbis sessile. Pedicels up to h-^ inch long.

var. a angustissima, Lamk. ; Telfairiana, Hook. ; sensitiva and tenella, Roxb.

Leaves almost sessile, the racbis often margiuate. Leaflets only about a line
long, very narrow. Pods nearly glabrous. All parts more or less glabrous.

var. ft C. myriophylla, Wall. ; C. miinosoides, ft myriophylla and nuricoma, Bth. ;
Senna dimidiata, Iloxb. Leaves on a short pubescent petiole. Leaflets 2-3 lines long,
oblong to linear, the racbis marginate or not. Pods more copiously appressed
pubescent, while young usually pilose from yellow soft spreading hairs.

The timber of C. fistula and C. renigera is strong and hard, but of small scantling.
The leaves of C obovata and some other species constitute ' senna ' of the Pharnia-
copceia, and the seeds of C. fistula are surrounded by a black sweetish laxative pulp,
used in electuaries. As an ornamental tree C fistula somewhat resembles the laburnum
when in flower.

* * Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal slits.

Snb-hibe BAUHIXIE.E.
Leaves simple, '2-foliolafe or simply pinnate. Calyx gamosepalous, or the sepals free
fo the disl:, imbricate or valvate. Ovary-stal/c adnate to the valyx-tube or rarely free.

* Leaves simple and more or less 2-lobed, or 2-foliolate [Eu-bauhinieee).

Bauhixia, Linnaus.

Petals unoiiual. Calyx gamosepalous or valvate. Pods dehiscent. Leaves
palmately 5-many-nerved.

LEOUMIXOS.T^. 533

*" Trees or erect shrids, irithouf tendrih.

Subgenus PiLEOSTiGMA, llocbst.

Stamens 10, all fertile. Sti/le short or wantinp;, the stigma peltate. Flowers small.

B. itALABAiticA, lloxb. L'.T. llixdl forcsts of Pegu.

Bwe-zyn.

Calyx valvate, the segments all free. Glabrous trees.

The leaves arc boiled and eaten as ' greens.'

B. RACEMOSA, Lamk. T. Deciduous forests of Trome.

£. parviflora, Vhl.

Hpa-lun.

Caly.x spathaeeous. Young shoots and under side of leaves pubescent.

Sub-genus Eu-BAUnixiA.

Stamens 10, 5-9 sterile or reduced to staminodes, very rarely all 10 fertile.

X Cali/x spatliaceous.
+ I'udf sessile or acuminate and barelij st(ill;cd.

B. BEACiTTCAEPA, "Wall. Ava, Taong-doung.

Pods minutely tomentose.

B. POLrcAEPA, "Wall. Pegu aud Upper Tenasserim.

Pods glabrous.

+ -|" /'""'''' /oii(/-sfa//,fd.

B. MONANDKA, Kz. Uj)por Tcnasseriui.

Swe-tan (Kurz).

Fertile stamen one only. Leaves shortlj' pubescent beneath.

B. VAKIEGATA, L. T. var. /i in Ava, Pronie and the Yoonzaleen

Valley {Jide Parish).

Fertile stamens 5. Young shoots puberulous. Leaves glabrous.

var. a purpurascens, Voigt. The -1 narrower petals purple, the fifth broader
one tinged with cream and red.

var. ji Candida, Voigt. non Ait. The -I narrower petals white or very pale
purple, the fifth lower one somewhat sulphur-coloured in the centre, or purple
towards the borders and yellow in the centre.

X X Cah/x-Iobes valvate, rejle.ced and free to the base, or only slightly cohering.
Pods long-stalked.

+ Pods glabrous. Petals white ur purple.

B. ActnttxATA, L. S. All over Burma.

B. isopetala, Grilf.

Ma-lui-hlai-ga-hpyoo (Kiirz).

A shnib, the leaves minutely puberulous beneath. Caly.x in bud terete.

B. PUKi'UKEA, L. T. Irrawaddy Valley.

Ma-ha-hlay-ga-ni (Kurz).

A tree, the leaves glabrous. Calyx angular in bud, irregularly bursting.

var. a genuina. Flowers pui-ple.

var. fi triandra, Eoxb. Flowers white, often with a yellowish blotch on tlie
lower petal.

534 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOSS.

-\ — 1- Pods Irown-piibescent. Flowers yellow, turning orange-coloured.

B. ELOXGATA, Korth. E.T. Tropical forests in Pegu and Tenasserim.

B. mollissinia, Wall.
Phanera relutina, Bth.

LeaTes velvety. A small evergreen tree.

** Scandent shrubs, nith lioolc-tetidrils.

Sub-genus PnANEE.i, Lour.

Cah/x-tid)i' more or less elongate. Calyx-lobes valvato, all expanding or becoming
reflected, rarely tbe one or other cohering. Style more or less elongate.

X Orary and pod glabrous.
" Pods stalked. Flowers racemose, large.
B. DiPHYLLA, Symes. S.S. Ava and Prome.

Leaves 2-foliolate, the leaflets free to the base. Bracts or bractlets none.
B. DTVOLUCELLATA, Ez. S.S. Martabau.

Leaves ainited into a 2-cleft leaf. Bractlets very large, almost leafy.

° ° Pod sessile. Floaters rather small, corymbose.

B. GLAUCA, 'Wall. F.S. Tropical forests of Pegu and Tenasserim.

Lobes of the leaves rounded. Pedicels and calyx glabrous.

B. piPEEiFOLiA, Eosb. Tenasserim.

Phanera glabrifoUa, Bth.

Lobes of the leaves acuminate. Pedicels and calyx appresscd silk-hairy.

X X Ovary, and usually also the pod, villous-pubescent or puherulous.

° Pod and orary sessile.

f Adult leaves glabrous, the lobes acuminate to acute, and bluntish.

B. MAaiosTACHYA, Wall. Khakyen Hills.

£. scandens, lloxb. non L.

Eaceraes elongate, appressed silk -hairy. Pedicels stout.

B. OENATA, Kz. Eastern Slopes of Pegu Eange.

Myouk-hle-ga.

Eacemes corymb-Hke, contracted, sparingly puberulous. Pedicels slender.

f f Leaves tomentose or pubescent, the lobes rounded.

B. Vahlo, W.A. S.S. Tenasserim.

B. racemosa, Vhl. non Lamk.

All parts browu-tomentose or pubescent. Petals an inch long. Eacemes elongate.

° ° Pod and orary stalked.

B. BOSEA, Kz. Martaban, Eama-hpyu-choung.

Flowers rose-coloured, in corymb-like racemes; style shorter than the ovary,
villous, thick.

" A B. Fahlii inter alia differt stylo et floribus minoribus " (Kurz).

B. FEBEUQiNEA, Eoxb. F.S.S. Tropical Forests East of Toung-ngoo over

Phanera excelsa, Bl. 2000 feet. Great Nicobar.

P. albolutea, Miq.
B. Griffithiana, Bth.

Flowers yeUowish-white to yeUow, in short racemes. Style elongate, slender.

LEGUMIXOS.R 535

Sub-grnus Lasiohema, Korth.

Cahjx-lahe almost none, the lobes tootli-liko. Stijh very sbort. Pudu 1-2-seedid.

B. ANGUiNA, Iloxb. E.S.8. Tropical Forests of Chittagong and
Lasiohema Jlor-i/ieldii, Miq. Hills East of TouDg-ngoo.

Glabrous or nearly so. Ovary and jiods glabrous.

The wood of JIauhinia is of little value and no beauty, but the elegant creepers of
the genus are some of the most striking objects in a tropical forest. The leaves and
flowers of some species are eaten, as are the seeds, which in some of the scandent
species are of very large size.

" *"" Z/'tires ahrxpHi/ 2>innafc {Amherstieai).

X Calyx-tube short, the disk basal or nearly so ( Ci/nometriea).
+ Petals 5 or fewer.
CvxoiLETU.v, Lhinaus.

Sepals 1-5. Pf^fl/s 5, imbricate. Stamens 10 or m-diiy. /'orf fleshy, indehisccnt
or tardily dehiscing. L'^aflets in 1 to many pairs.

X Racemes short and umbel-like, puberulous.

* C. EAsriFLORA, L. Cultivated iu Tenasserim. Nicobars.

Myeng-ka-pen (Kurz).

Leaves and rachis glabrous. Leaflets larger, usually in a single pair ; 1.]— 2 inches
long, edible.

C. BiJTGA, Spanoghe. I! T. Tropical forests of Arakan, Tenasserim,

the Andamans, and Kicobars.

Rachis of leaves puberulous, slenderer. Leaflets smaller, usually in 2, very rarely
in 3 pairs. Pods about A inch long, insipid.

X X Racemes longer or shorter, bracted.

* C. CAULiFLORA, L. H.T. Cultivated (^(f« Masou).
Pedicels glabrous or puberulous. Leaflets in a single pair.

X X Disk at the top of a prolonged calyx-tube {Eu-amherstieai).

+ Petals 1-5. Trees.

° Calyx-tube elongate.

\ Petal one.

Afzelia, Smith.

Calyx-segments 4, much imbricated. Petal clawed. Stamens 3-8, free, with or
without a few minute staminodes. Pod large, woody or coriaceous. Seeds not
aiillate. Leaves abruptly pinnate.

A. BiJTTGA, Colebr. Coa.st forests of the Andamans. Kamorta

Jonesia triandra, Roxb. and Katchall.

Inflorescence and calyx puberulous. Pods i-1 foot long, woody. Leaflets
usually bluntish.

A. KEiisA, Kz. Tidal forests of the Andamans.

Inflorescence and calyx glabrous. Pods 3-4 ioches long, thin coriaceous.
Leaflets notched.

ft Petals Z-b.
TAifABixDrs, Linnaus.
Petals 3, with the rudiments of 2 others. Staminodes tccth-liko. Stamens mona-
dclphous, only 3 of them developed. Pod turgid, induhiscent, the acid mesocarp pulpy.

536 BVllMA. ITS rEOPLE AXD riiODUCTIOXS.

*T. IxiiicA, L. E.T. Cultivated all over Burma. Nicobars.

Maji.

Kurz describes the lieartwood as "dark-coloured and resembling ebony, sometimes
lieautifully dai'k-i eddish veined." This is hardly correct, as the wood is not black,
but a reddisli-purplo "when fresh, seasoning to a brownish-]nirple. The fully-seasoned
heartwood weighs 86 lbs., and it is the heaviest, hardest and handsomest wood I
know. Its hardness is so great as to chip or spoil any but the most seasoned tools,
and it is a matchless wood for ornamental turnery. A very largo tree would, however,
only yield a plank a foot broad. Small logs of the lieartwood would be valued in
England fur turning (W.T.).

AilEERSTIA, IVdllich.

Petals 5, 3 of them nearly equally long, and like the lowermost one, very broad,
the 2 others minute or rudimentary. Stamens diadelphous (9 + 1).

A. xoBiiis, "\^"all. Planted around kyoungs, chiefly in the southern parts of

Thaw-kah Burma. Wild along streams in Martaban (Parish).

Dr. !JIason was uncertain as to the precise locality of the wild tree, but Mr.
Parish, a most competent authority, declares it exists wild in Martaban. Dr. Mason
describes this rare tree as of " low stature, with slender pendulous branches clustered
under its tufted summit of lively green, and draperiod with large pea-blossom-shaped
flowers of brilliant red and yellow, which hang down from its graceful arches in
tassels, more than a yard long." Dr. Wallich also writes: "There can be no doubt
that this tree when in full foliage and blossom is the most strikingly superb object
which can possibly be imagined. It is unequalled in the flora of the East, and I
presume not surpassed in magnificence and elegance in any part of the world." The
following poetical picture is from the pen of Mrs. Ellen II. B. Mason, Ihe helpmato
and fellow-labourer for many years of my deceased friend. Trochla is a village on
the Salweeu, where Wallich discovered the tree.

"Ho, Trochla! thy tide

Hath a beautiful bride.

The child of au iris-wreathed shower ;

With veils flowing down

From her emerald crown,

Whose fringes unfold,

In scarlet and gold,

A glorious sight.

Ever graceful and bright —

The queen of proud Ava's wild bower.

Tall sweet-blossomed trees

Are wooing the breeze

O'er highlaud, and dingle, and glade ;

But, though they allure

With their fragrance so pure.

The Amhcrstia is fair-est,

The noblest, the rarest ;

Kor all the rich flowers

Of Albion's bowers

Can vie with its purpling shade."

Mr. Parish's remarks on this tree, which completely establish its claim to be con-
sidered as indigenous to Burma, are contained in the Jounial of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal for 186.5, p. 135 and p. 14.5, and are worth reproducing here: —

" AVhile at Beling on the way, I rode out in company with Col. Fytche and
Capt. Harrison to a place called Kuthanaiong , about 7 miles off, to see the Amherstia
trees there. This place had often been mentioned as one where the Amherstia was

LEGCVLXOS^E. 537

to be scon in p;r(';it perfection, and wliero indeed it might peilmps be wild. I was
well rewarded, for a prettier little spot I never visited. Tlie Amberstias, growing in
a well-shaded place and watered by a perennial stream, which tumbles down a steep
granite hill, and is ingeniously directed hither and thither, in large bamboo troughs,
■were indeed to be seen in tlic wildest lu.\urianee of growth. But Kothanaiong is a
sacred spot. Here are Pagodas, I'ongyeo-houses, Zaj-ats all around. A flight of steps
leads from the bottom to the top of tlie overhanging hill, which is about 600 feet higli,
and on which are more sacred buildings. The Aralicrstias, seen only round the
principal Pagoda, were undoubtedly jilanted, although they are now left to take care
of themselves and have a wild appearance. - Evidently, this is not a native habitat of
the tree."

Dropping down the Yunzalcen, however, by boat from Pahpoon, on the second
day, Mr. Parish found a tine Ainherstia in full flower, which he regarded without
hesitation as a wild tree. Mr. Parish cogently remarks: " !Xow my reasons for
Baying that this was a bond fide wild tree are these : in all this district, the Valley
of the Yunzaleen, there arc no Pagodas or Pongyee-houses, or spots sacred to tlie
Burmese, where they have erected buildings. The inhabitants of this district, in
fact, are Karens, and not Burmese, and these Karens are exceedingly few and
scattered. After leaving Pahpoon, we did not see a single village on the banks
all the way until we came to the junction of the Yunzaleen with the Salween.
There are indeed, no doubt, a few villages a little way from the bank, here and
there hidden among the trees ; but these generally consist of but two or three
houses ; neither are they settled villages, for the custom of the Karens is to change
the site of their houses continually. Besides, the regular Karens, not being
Buddhists, do not build Pagodas, nor do they ever trouble themselves to plant orna-
mental trees, as the Burmese always do, in their sacred places. Again, the spot
where this Araherstia was seen was not at all a likely spot for an Amherstia to have
been planted by any one ; but one of the wildest places imaginable. Had it been
on a rising ground, or on a high bank alone, or on any prominent point on the river,
I should have suspected that a hand had placed it, but it was on a low and sloping
part of the bank, struggling for life with Cdlamux, Bnuhinea, and tall grasses and
such other tangled stuft' as forms the common vegetation of our river banks in the
wildest places, and behind again was dense jungle of the tallest trees. However,
notwithstanding all this, had it been seen in a fairly peopled district, I should have
doubted, but in such a wild uninhabited country as the Yunzaleen is, I see no reason
for suspecting that it was not a genuine native. Had Wallich's first tree been here,
I am satisfied tliat the idea of its not being wild would never for a moment have
occurred to liim. I am perfect!)- satisfied that the tree seen by me was a wild one.
That the Amherstia in a wild state may be very scarce is not improbable ; but that
it should not exist any longer in that state, though possible, is to say the least, very
unlikely."

-\ — |- Petah none.

Saeaca, Linnaus.

Sepals 4. Stamens 3-9. Pods coriaceous, 2-valved. Trees.

*S. Indica, L. E.T. Wild in the tropical forests of Arakan (Boronga Island,
Jonesia Ahsoca, \iti\\). at 1000 feet elevation); also Tenasscrim ; much
J. Zollhujcriana, Jliij. planted around monasteries all over the country.

A-thor-ka-bo.

One of the loveliest trees when in full blossom that the East produces. Wlien
they first open, the blossoms are a fine orange colour, which gradually changes to
red, and at night they exhale a delicious perfume. It is a pity it is not more
extensively cultivated in the gardens of Europeans.

Sub-tribe EUC.ESALPIXIE.E.
Leaves wmalh/ ahruptli/ hipinnate. Sepals free to the disk, ralvate or inthricate.
Ovary or ovary-stalk free.

538 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AKT) PRODUCTIONS.

X Sepals vallate or nearly m.
PoiNCiANA, Ziiinaus.
Pud 2-valTcil, flat, coriaceous. Leaves bipinnate, the leaflets all developed.
TJnarmed.

* P. UEOiA, Boj. Cviltlvated as an ornamental shrub.
Calyx quite glabrous. Petals veiy large, waved, usually crimson.

Pakkinsonia, Linnceus.

Pod tiirgid-moniliform, indehiscent. Petiole very short, spine-like, with 2-4
much elongate pinnae of minute and often quite reduced leaflets. Armed.

* P. AcuLEATA, L. . Cultivated in Ava and Prome.
A good tree to form hedges.

X X Sejmls imlrieate. Trees or woody climbers.
-\- Climbers, nsualli/ armed.

C^sALPixiA, Lin»aus.
Pods not winged, indehiscent or 2-valved, several-seeded. Stigma small.
Sub-genus Cjesalpisaeia.

Albumen none. Pods coriaceous, 2-valved. Filaments very long and slender,
quite glabrous. Erect shrubs or trees, unarmed.

* C. (Poinciana) puxchebeima, L. Cultivated all over the country.
Doung-sok.

Sub-genus Eu-cjesalpinia.

Seeds albuminous. Pods various. Filaments as long as, or somewhat longer than,
the petals. Usually scandent shrubs, more or loss armed with prickles.

A. Valves of pod dry, coriaceous or almost chartaceous.

Sub-genus Nugaria, DC.

Scandent thorny shrubs, rarely trees. Pods rigidly or thinly coriaceous, 2-valved
or indehiscent, smooth. Seeds compressed or not. Stamens as long as, or a little
longer than the petals.

* Seeds fat and compressed. Pods 2-ralved. Leaflets large.
C. NroA, Miq. Arakan, Tenasserim, the Andamans,

C. paiiiciilata, Eoxb. Kamorta, and Katchall.

C. Chinensis, Eoxb.
All parts quite glabrous.

* * Seeds hardly compressed. Pods l-valrcd or indehiscent, or nearly so, the sutures
usually thickened. Leaflets small.

C. SAPPAN, L. Pegu and Tenasserim.

Small tree. Leaflets unequally oblong, refuse. Pods tardily dehiscing.

Dr. Mason remarks :

" In the valley of the Tenasserim, between the latitudes of Tavoy city and the
mouth of the Tavoy river, the liills that border the valley on the eastern side abound
in sapan wood, which is used extensively as a red dye. Considerable quantities are
exported eveiy year from Mergui, and that province is usually supposed to contain
the tree, though it is really within the Province of Tavoy ; but the facility of water
communication from the interior to Mergui makes that tlie only port to which the
■wood is conveyed. It is rather singular tliat this narrow locality is the only one in
the Provinces, so far as I am aware, in wliich the tree is found. The tree has a mucli
wider range, the Karens inform me, on the Meinam side of the mountains in Siam.
More than five hundixd thousand pounds have been exported from Mergui during

LEOUMINOS.K 539

some years between ISoO ami 1810 ; Init latterly the forests liavc not been so pro-
ductive." Dr. J['Clellaii(l writes: "It is i'ounil in the immediate vicinity of Prome,
growing in the small hills of that place. It is also seen near Thoun<;zai, in the
northern part of the Rangoon district ;" but Dr. lirandis says : " Not wild in Pegu."

C. sEPiAMA, Roxb. S.S. Burma {fide Masou).

Su-kyin-bo (Kurz).

Scandent shrub. Leaflets ovate, acute. Pods 2-valved.

Sub-genus GurLANDiN.i, L.

Scandent thorny shrubs. Poda coriaceous or thin coriaceous, 2-valvcd, the valves
cchinate or glandular-hirsute. Seeds not compressed. Stamens as long as, or some-
what longer than, the petals.

* Pads cchinate. Seeds almost globose.

B. BONcrc, L. S.S. All over Burma and the Andanians.
Kalein (Kurz). Kamorta and Katchall.
Branelilets, etc., more or less brown or tawny-pubcsccnt. Stipules none. Bracts

straight and erect.

** Pods glandular-hirsute irhen fully ripe. Seeds oblong.

C. MiMosorDEs, Lamk. S.S. Toimg-ngoo.
C. simora, Ham.

All parts more or less glandular-puberulous and prickly.

B, Pods fleshy-coriaceous, torose.
Sub-genus CrLiNDOCARPus, Zoll.

Thorny scandent shrubs. Pods indehiscent, the sutures thickened. Seeds not
compressed. Stamens as long as, or somewhat longer than, the petals.
C. TOETUOSA, Eoxb. , Teuasserim.

Panicle shortly tomentosc and prickly.

C. DiGYNA, Both. All over Burma.

C. olcospcrma, lloxb.
C. gracilis, Mi([.

Panicle glabrous and unarmed.

PTEKOLOBnjM, E. Brcwiie.
Pods .samaroid, indehiscent, the upper end produced into a conspicuous wing-like
appendage, 1 -seeded. Ovary 1-ovuled.

P. MACHOPTEEUM, Kz. S.S. Pcgu and TenasseHm.

Kyoung-gyct-nwch (Kurz).

MEZoxErRUM, Pesfontaities.
Pod flat, several-seeded, indehiscent, the upper suture extended into a wing.
Stigma small.

M. GUBEUM, Desf. var. ft frequent in the Inawaddy zone of Pegu. var. 7

not uufrcquent in the dry forests of Prome.

Leaflets in 10 to 8 pairs, h inch long, blunt or refuse.

var. a genuinum. Glabrous or nearly so. Leaflets usually alternate.

var. /i enneaphyllum, "W. A. Glabrous or the secondary raehiscs and young
shoots slightly puberulous. Leaflets glabrous or nearly so, usually opposite.

var. 7 pubescens, Desf. The young parts more or less velvety pubescent or
puberulous. Leaflets opposite or nearly so, beneath shortly pubescent.

540 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

M. (C^salpoia) cucuLLATUir, Roxb. All over Burma.

M. macrophijUuni, El.

Kyoung-sliyt.

LoaflL'ts in 3-4 pairs, l-'--2 inches long, blimtisli acuminate.

+ + Erect trees, not armed.
Peltophoeum, Vogcl.

P(j(h flat, several-seeded, indehiscent, both sutures extended into a Tving.
Stigma peltate. Stamens 10, free.

P. (C^sai.pinia) fekeugineum. Dene. Beach forests of the Andamans.

Pedicels only 2-3 lines long. Pods with coriaceous wings.

AcROCAEPt'S, JJ'if/Jif.

Pods as in preceding, but indehiscent and winged along the upper suture only.
Stigma minute. Petals narrow, almost equal. Stamens 5, free.

A. FEAxiNiFOLics, T\'ight. Pcgu Range.

Mai-a-nhen (Kurz).

Flowers green. Petals 3 lines long or longer. Pods 17-18-seedcd.

Sub-order MIMOSSJS.

Flowers regular, the petals valvate in bud, free or more usually united into a
shorter or longer tube. Stamens dofiuite or indefinite, free or connate.

JIIMOSIE^E.
Stamens definite, nsualJg 10 or .5, or twice as many as the pctais.

Sub-tribe MIJIOSIE.^ VER-E.
Anthers gland-tipped or nut . Stamens free. Calgx valvate in bud.

* Anthers ghi>id-tipped.
X Plvirers in spikes or racemes.

Adenanthera, Linnants.

Pods 2-valved, often falcate or circinate, transversely chambered between the
seeds. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Erect trees. Leaves bipinnate.

A. PAVONiNA, L. var. ft in Tropical forests all over Burma and the adjacent

Entada arborea, Gritf. islands up to 3000 feet. Great Nicobar.

A. Gersenii, Scheff.

var. n gcnuina. Seeds about \ inch in diameter,
var, ft microsperma, T. and B. Seeds half the size.

A handsome tree, heartwood red and durable.

Entada, Adams.

Pods largo, the indehiscent joints separating from the persistent thickened
sutures. Flowers in spikes. Tendril-bearing woody climbers. Leaves bipinnate.

E. (Mimosa) scande.vs, L. All over Burma, Kamorta and Nankowry.

E. pursatha, DC.
E. Pumpkii, Scheff,

This gigantic creeper, with pods more than a yard long and fotir inches broad, is
one of the most striking of its class. The seeds are roasted and eaten, and are
eagerly sought in the tree tops by both Burmans and Karens at the risk of their
necks.

LEOUMiyOS.E. 541

X X Flowen in ohlong or globose heads.

Neptunia, Lourciro.

Pods flat, 2-valveil, thin coriaceous. Fluwers iu dense heads. Erect lierbs.
Leaves bipinnate.

N. (Desmanthus) nataxs, WillJ. In staj^nunt waters in Pegu and Tenasserim.
N. oleracea, Lour.
Mimosa natans, RoxTi.
N. plfiiii, Ldl. non Blli.

*■•" Andiers not ghnd-iippid.
X Pods more or less jointed, the joints receding J'rom the persistent sutures.

Mimosa, Linnaus.

Flowers in dense spikes or heads. Shrubs or herbs, with bipinnate h;aves.

* il. PUDicA, L. A weed, introduced and now common from Ava to Pegu.

Tlie sensitive phmt.

+ + Viilves of pod thick and xcoodg, falcate.

XvLiA, Bentham.

Pads woody, tardily dehiscing. Flowers in globose heads. Leares hijnnnate.

X. (ili.^iosA) xvLocAiii'A, Euxb. All over Burma up to 3000 feet.

X. dolabriformis, Bth.

Pyn-ga-do. Pegu Ironwood.

The ironwood of Pegu is hard, strong and durable. The seasoned wood weighs
68 lbs. Kurz says: "recommended for spars" ; but surely no "Tar" in his senses
would select such a heavy wood for the pui'ijose ! and I tal;e the above as a specimen
of the glib rubbish which gets copied and re-copied ad nauseam by heedless compilers.
An excellent wood for all purposes demanding strength and durability, and where
weight is no objection.

Sub-tribe PARKIE-E.

Cah/.v imlricate in bud. Stamens monadrlphous.

Paiikia, R. Brown.

Stamens 1 0, in neuters reduced to long filaments. Flowers in large long-peduncled
hcad.s, the lower ones neuttr, the upper ones fertile. Trees with bipinnate leaves.

* Calyx-loles ohovate-cnneaie.
P. iNSiGNis, Ivz. Tropical forests East of Toung-ngoo.

Myouk-tanyet (Kurz).
Leaflets an inch long, pubescent beneath, pennincrved. Eeeeptacle regular.

**" Calgx-lobes short, rotundate {not euneafe-narrowed).
P. LEioPHYLLA, Kz. Tropical forcsts of Pegu Kangc.

Leaflets A inch long, ijuite glabrous, 1 -nerved, with a lateral basal nerve. Ee-
ceptacle iircgular.

ACJCJJi.K.
Stamens indejinite, free or connate.

Sub-tribe ACACIE.T5 XKliJi:.

Stamens free.

Acacia, IVilldenow.

Pods various, dehiscent or not. Floa-ers in heads or dense spikes. Trees or
shrubs, sometimes climbing, with bipinnate leaves or the loaves reduced to phyllodes,
armed or unarmed.

542 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOSS.

* Trees or erect sJirnb.s, the hranclilets armed onhj ii-ith paired diverging ntipulary
or infra-stijndary ^Jrichles.

X Flowers in f:pi/:es.
+ Pod-valces chartaceous, transcerseltj reticulate-veined, the sidures nerve-like or
almost keeled.

A. FERKUGiNEA, DC. Burma.

Glaucous-green, glabrous. Leaflets oblong- linear, blunt, 3-5 lines long.
Flowers yellow.

-j — \- Pud-valves coriaceous, the margins not or hardly prominent.

A. (Mimosa) catechtj, L. var. a Ava and Pegu. var. fi Ava.

Shfi.

Spikes glabrous or pubescent, yellow. Leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Bark mucli cracked and rougb, dark brown.

var. a genuina. Mimosa catechuoides, Eoxb. Young parts all slightly appressed
pubescent but soon glabrescent. Full-grown leaves glabrous or the leaflets ciliate, the
rachis sliglitly pubescent. Spikes shorter and thicker, like the calyces more or less
appressed pubescent. Corolla about twice the length of the calyx.

var. /3 Sundra, DC. All parts glabrous or the very young shoots slightly
pubescent. Full-grown leaves and rachis quite glabrous. S])ikes elongate and slender,
quite glabrous. Corolla glabrous, about f longer than the glabrous calyx.

Ten-a Japonica, Catch, or JTath, is the inspissated extract obtained by boiling
chips of the wood. The wood is dark red, very hard, and handsome, but easily
dressed and free fi'om knots, and in aspect is equal to maliogany. Weight of selected
pieces when seasoned 69 lbs., but runs lighter iu ordinary samples.

A. (Mimosa) stjma, Eoxb. Ava.

A. catechu, Bth. and Bedd.

Spikes tomentose, white. Leaves while young greyish pubescent. Bark rather
even and smooth, white.

X X Flowers in globular heads, yellow.
-\- I\ds dry-coriaceous, Jlat, dehiscent.

A. LEUCOPHLCEA, "Willd. var. n along the Irrawaddy. var. ji Prome

Ta-noung. "P to 1000 feet.

Bark whitish. Flowei'-heads an'anged in ample terminal panicles.

var. a genuina. Flower-heads the size of a pea, the stout peduncles, and also the
pods, shortly tomentose. Leaves slightly, the rachis more or less, pubescent.

var. fi A. microcephala, Grab. Flower-heads half the size, the slender peduncles
and the inflorescence puberulous. Pods when ripe, leaves and rachis glabrous.

-f -\- Pod thick, torose, feshy-coriaceous, indehiscent.

* A. Fabnesiana, Willd. Cultivated all over Burma.
Nan-lon-kyaing (Mason).

Glabrous or nearly so. Leaves li-3 inches long, leaflets 2-3 lines long.

** TT'oody climlers, without stipulary spines, hut the hranclilets armed along their
whole length icith sharp recurved prickles. Floiver-heads globular.

X Pods fcshy-coriaceous, often somewhat constricted between the seeds.

A. (Mimosa) eugata, Lamk. var. /3 all over Burma and the Andamans.

Leaflets in 10-20 pairs, up to I inch long. Flower-heads small, yellowish.

var. a genuina. Ovary villous. Softer parts more pubescent.

var. /i A. concinna, DC. Ovary glabrous. AU softer parts more glabrous.

LEQUMINOSJE. 5-13

X X Pods dry, chartaccoiis or thin coriaceouHjflat.
° Ocartj and pods pubescent.

A. (Mimosa) cjesia, L. S.S. var. ji in Tropical forests of Pegu Range.

Mimosa torta, lioxb.

Leaflets in 15-40 pairs, 3-C lines long. Flower-heads small, white, in panicles.

var. a genuina. Leaflets only about 3 lines long, more rigid, bluntish, witli or
without a muero. Branches terete.

var. ji clegans. Leaflets about J- inch long, bristly acute, less rigid. Branches
5-angular, retrorsely prickly along the corners.

° ° Ovary and pods glabrous.

A. (Mimosa) ixtsia, L. S.S. Chittagong and Khakyen Hills.

A. oxyphylla, Grab.
Mimosa ccesia, lloxb.
Leaflets in 8-20 pairs, i inch long. Peduncles tawny tomentose.
A. (Mijiosa) pexxata, L. S.S. var. a all over Burma, var. ft Ava.

A. prensans, Lowe.
Su-yit (Kurz).

Leaflets in 30—10 pairs, 2-3 lines long. Flower-heads the size of a large pea.
Panicles and young branchlets pubenilous or tomentose, not pruinous.

var. a geiniina. Panicles puberulous. Flower-heads the size of a large pea.
Toimg branchlets shortly inibcrulous. Leaflets glabrous. Eachis glabrous or slightly
pubescent. Pods lincar-lanecolate, acuminate at both ends.

var. ft A. canescens, Grab. Panicles and young branchlets tomentose. Leaflets
ciliate. Rachis tomentose. Pods linear-obloug, rounded at both ends, smooth.
coloured.

A. PEnxEscENs, Kz. W. C. Southern Pegu. Also the Khakyen Dills.

As preceding, but branchlets and panicles pruinous. Leaflets up to i inch long.
Flower-heads twice the size. This species has flower-heads twice the size of those
of the preceding ; and the branchlets, inflorescence, and peduncles are more or less
pruinous, with or without an admixture of tomeutum. It is a powerful climber, with
somewhat compressed dark-coloured stems up to 3 feet girth. The tough reddish bark
and fibre are used for poisoning fish.

Sub-tribe IXGIE^.
Stamens connate. Flowers in heads or dense spikes.

* Seeds without an arilhis, but on longer or shorter funicles.
Albizzia, Diirazzo.
Puds straight. Trees with bipinnate leaves.
Sub-genus Eu-albizzia.
Pods straight, very flat, the sutures slightly thickened. Floicers white.

* Pinna: numerous (10-18). Leaflets linear, 1-6 lines long, in very numerous pairs.

X Leaflets bluntish, the nerve central or nearly so.
A. MTEiorn-n.LA, Bth. F.T. Tenasserim.

Mimosa microphylla, Eoxb.
Leaflets very narrow, glabrous. Flower-heads small, in terminal panicles.

X X Leaflets more or less acute, the nerves marginal or nearly so.
A. (Mimosa) stipulata, Roxb. F. T. Chittagong, Tenasserim, and the Andamans
M. Smithiana, Roxb. up to 4000 feet. Kamorta.

Bo-me-za or Bon-meh-zu.

544 nriiJLi, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIOXS.

Stipules voiy large, obliquely ovate, acuminate. All parts more or less shortly
pubescent. Corolla nearly 4 times as long as the calyx.

A. ELEGANS, Kz. E.T. Pegu Range.

Stipules none or obsolete. Full-grown parts glabrous or nearly so.
Yery similar to the preceding, but a much more elegant tree. Flowers and fruits
unknown. 1 have the very same plant from the island of Banka (Sumatra) (Kurz).

** riiinic in 2-6 pairs. Lenfcts orafe io ohlong, J-IJ inili long, in siereral pairs.

X Leaflets sessile.

A. (iliitosA) oDORATissniA, Eoxb. T. Pegu and Tenasserim.

A. micranfha, Boiv.

Flowers small. Calyx minute. Corolla \h line long. Pods blackish.
Thyt-ma-gyi (Kurz) or Thym-maji.

A. LEBBEK, L. T. Pegu. Tenasserim and the Andamans.

Mimosa sirissa, Eoxb.

Ko-ko.

Flowers conspicuous. Calyx IV lino long. Corolla 4 lines long. Pods yellowish.

X X Leaflets shorth/ petiohded. Pinna in 4-3 pairs.

A. (MniosA) PEOCEEA, Eoxb. T. Pegu and Tenasserim.

If. elata, Eoxb.

• Syt.

Leaflets blunt or somewhat acute, i-1 inch long, glaucescent beneath. Pods
tapering at the base, linear, smooth, brown.

"'■■** Pinna in a single pair. Leaflets few only, large, aeuminate.
A. (Mihosa) LrciDA, Eoxb. Ava and Prome.

Tor-that-hpyu (Kurz).
Glabrous. Pods broad, very flat.
Sub-genus PiTnECOLOBirii, Mart.
Pods twisted circinately or screw-like or curved. Flowers white.

*' Flowers pedicelled, or head-like mtibels or racemes. Trees.
+ Bratichlets terete.

A. JiRiXGA, Jack. Pegu and Tenasserim.

Jfiinosa P>Jiri>iga and Kceringa, Eoxb.
Pithecolohium lohatum, Bth.

Leaves with a single ])air of pinna?. Leaflets in 2-3 pairs, smooth and glossy.
Seed-bearing lobes of pod about an inch long and broad.

4- + Branchlets sharply angular.

A. (Mimosa) HEiEKorHTLLA, Eoxb. Tenasserim from 4000 to 6000 feet.

Pithecolohium angulatum, Bth.
P. acutangulum, Miq.

Leaves with about 12 pairs of pinuK. Leaflets in 4-8 pairs, while young shortly
and softly pubescent like all younger parts, acuminate.

* * Flowers sessile, in small heads.

A. GLOMEEiFLOitA, Kz. Hills East of Toung-ngoo from 4000 to 7000 feet.

Erect shrub. Leaves with a single pair of pinnce. Leaflets in 4-8 pairs, almost
glabrous, glaucous beneath.

L EG UMIXO.^.'E. COXXA RA CEJE. 54-j

The following species are adileil li_v Xiirz from the Xicobars :

A. LiTTOKALis, T. ct B. Naiikowrv. Great Xicobar.

A. (PrrnEconoBrrxi) bubali.na, 15th. Kamorta. Naukowry.

P. opposittim, lliq.

A. (PiTIIECOLOIlIUSi) CLYPEAUtA, Bill. ICutc-hall.

A. (PiTnECoi-oiin-ji) FAscicrLATA, Bill. Tropical forests of Kamorta.

Kurz adds : " I follow v. crueller ami Sclieffcr in throwing together Allizzia
and PHhecohhtum, the cliffereuccs pointed out by Bentham appearing lo mo not to be
of generic value.

This genus yields excellent timber for furniture and fittings, the wood being
light, lasting (when not exposed to the weather), easily planed and dressed, and
handsome in ajipearance. A. .yfipii/afa (Bun-meli-za) is a light brown wood, somewhat
like walnut, and when seasoned weighs 28 lbs., though Xurz (so frec[Uiutly inaccurate
when misled through following Brandis in the matter of timbers) states it to be " heav)-,"
Brandis giving 06 lbs., which is undoubtedly wrong for the seasoned wood. A. odom-
tisxima (Thyt-maji) is a simihir wood, but closer-grained, and runs up to .54 lbs., and
is highly to be commended for ornamental furniture. A. lelhelc (Ko ko) is a handsome
iTown wood of open grain, 47n)s. weight. A. procrra (Syt) give a light brown wood
of 3-1 lbs. only. All these are admirable light woods, not so heavy as Kurz's remarks
would lead one to suppose, but I allude, of course, always to the thoroughly seasoned
timber.

* * Seedn conxpicuouxJij ariHate.
IxGA, WiUdowir.
Pods circinnatc or cochleate. Trees or shrubs with simply pinnate leaves.
*I. (JIimosa) dulcis, Eoxb. Cultivated.

Order COXKAEACE^.

Plairers usually hermaphrodite, regular or nearly so. Cuhjx .3-cleft, often per-
sistent, imbricate or valvate. Pe/nh 5, free, or sometimes sliglitly coherent at the
middle, imbricate, rarely valvate. Stamens perigynous or hypogynous, sometimes
distinctly declinate, 5 or 10, veiy often alteruateh' shorter, and sometimes im-
perfect. Filaments usually united in a ring at the base. Anthers u.sually opening
inwards, didymous. Disk none, thin or incomplete. Ovary of 5 distinct 1-celled
carpels, either all perfect, or 1 fertile and the rest abortive, rarely reduced to 2, or 1
carpel, witli 2 erect or ascending ovules in each. Styles subulate or filiform. Pipe
carpels usually solitary, sessile, or stalked, follicle-like, usually dehiscing along the
inner, rarely along the outer suture, 1- or very rarely 2-se(ded. Heal with or with-
out arillus, the testa thick, often fleshy below the middle and arillus-like. Alhumen
fleshy or none. Trees or shrubs, often scandent, with alternate 1-3-foliolate or pinnate
leaves. Leaves usually small, in racemes or panicles.

COXyARIE.K.
Calyx imbrieafe. Seeds icithoul alhumen.

BotUKA, Aublet.
Sepals enlarged in fruit, imbricately-cupular. Follicle sessile. Seeds arillate.

* All parts quite glahrous. Leaflets in few {not above 6) ^;rt(V«, acuminate.

R. PULCHELLA, Blanch. S. Mergui.

Leaflets li-2 inches long, the rachis and petiolnles very slender.

II. coMMUTATA, Plauch. F.S. Tropical forests of Chittagoug, Tenasserim,

and the Andamans.

Leaflets 5-3 inches long, the rachis and petiolulcs stout.

VOL. 11. 35

546 Bi'RMA, ITS rnOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

** Inflorescence, leaf-racltin, and often (he leajleU heneath piiherulous or shorthj
pilose. Leiijlets in numerous jiairs, small, usunUy retuse or rouiicled.
X Sepals creel mid cupular-closing.
H. vn-i,osA, Planeli. S.S. Tenasscrim.

Leaflets pubescent or pilose beneath.

II. Wallichiana, Planch. Tenasserim. Xicobars.

Leaves glabrous on both sides.

X X Sepals spreading.
H. STEXorETALA, H.' f. (iiou Grift'. ?) S.S. Mergui.
Leaflets obliquely ovate or obovatc, 2-lohed at the summit.
Kurz adds :
11. FLORiBUXDA, iliij. Tropical forests of Katchall aud Nankowry.

CoxxARUs, Linnaus.
Sepals not enlarging or deciduous. Follicle stalked. Seeds arillate.

* Follicles perfectly glabrous and smooth on the walls inside.

C. STicTornTHUs, Kz. Tenasserim and Siamese province of Radboorco.

Rachis of leaves and midrib beneath puliescent, or almost glabrous, the nervation
thin, much net-veined, especially while young, conspicuously bulhite-dotted oa the
areoles. rollicles sessile, ^ inch long.

* "'■" Fullictes more or less pubescent or celretg within.
X Petioles and leaflets beneath, or the nerves onhj, pubescent.
C. SEMiDECAXDEus, Jack. Mergui.

Leaflets pubescent on tlic midrib beneath, nerves very .slender, in 5 pairs,
follicles tomentosc.

C. Geiffithii, H. f. Mergui.

Leaflets finely rusty pubescent beneath, the nerves very indistinct.

X X Leaflets perfecth/ glabrous. Follicles stalked.
-\- Follicles chartaceous or thin coriaceous, deeplg striate.
C. PAXicuLATUs, Iloxb. Cliittagoug.

A large tree. Follicles about an inch long or somcTvliat longer.

This tree is said to yield a useful timber. A species is said to occur near
Rangoon ( C. speciosa, MaeClelland, Gwe-douk), which has a bright scarlet pod,
whose seeds yield abundance of oil.

C. GiBBOsus, Wall. From Chittagong to Tenasserim up to 2000 feet.

Climber. Follicles about an inch long or somewluit longer.

C. LATiFOLius, "Wall. Tenasseiim. South of Maulmain.

Apparently as preceding, but the follicles nearly cylindrical.

+ + Follicles woody .
C. GUANDis, Jack. Tenasserim or the Andanians.

Leaflets thick coriaceous, large. Follicles about 2 inches long.
Kurz adds from the Nicobars :
C. Maingati, H. f. From Great Nicobar.

CNESTIBIE^.

Calyx ralcate, 5-parted. Seeds with or without albumen.

COySARACE.E. AXACARDIACE.E. 547

X Seeds with a I hum en.
CxKSTis, Jussicu.
Carpels 5-7, sessile, pilose or hispid within. Leaves iinpaii'ed pinnate.
C. PLATAN'THA, GHlf. Pcgu and Tenasserim up to 3000 feet.

C.Jiuminea, Gritf.

Tor-kyct-loiik or Kyot-mouk-ni.

A scandent shrub. Sepals a line long. Leaflets usually opposite.

C. RAMiFLORA, GritT. <S. or T. Tropical forests of the Andamaus.

Eourca dasyphylla, Mii^.
C. ignea, Planch.

Sepals 2 lines long. Flowers long, pedicelled. Leaflets often alternate.

X X Seeds icifhout albumen.
ELMPAXTnus, Uooher, f.
Sepals erect. Carpels solitary, tomentosc or velvety within. Leaves l-foliolute.

** Leaves glahrous or nearly so. Follicles glahrous icif/tin.
E. cALOPHTLLUs, Kz. Tropicul forests of the Andaruans.

Leaves and petiole glabrous, the former 4-G inches long, nerves beneath very
slender.

E. Helferi, H. f. Tenasserim or the Andamans.

Petiole and mitlrib beneath puberulous. Leaves 2-3 inches long, nerves strong
beneath.

** Leaves puheseent or tometitose beneath. Follicles glabrotis within.

E. TOMENTosus, Kz. Southcm end of Pegu Range and Tenasserim

Nerves beneath very slender. Follicles li-2 inches long.

This Order is of small importance economically, consisting of small trees and
scandent shrubs. The handsome Zebra wood of Bcnierara is said, however, to be
produced by a species of this Order, Omphalobium Lamberti.

Series II. DISCIFL0EJ5.
Torus usually thichcned or expanded into a disk, either free or adnate to the ovary, or
(o the calyx, or to both, rarely reduced to glands or wanting. Ovary superior, or partially
immersed in the disk, divided into cells, with axile placentas, or the carjiels distinct.

SAPINDALES.
Flowers often irregular and unisexual. J>isk tumid, adnate to the base of the
Calyx or lining its tube. Siaynetis perigynous, or inserted upon the disk, or between
it and the ovarj', usually definite. Oniry entire, lobed, or apocarpous. Ovules one or
two in each cell, usually ascending with a ventral raphe, or reversed, or pendulous
ftom a basal funicle, rarely many, horizontal. Seed usually exalbuminous. Embryo
often curved or crumpled. Leaves usually compound.

Order ANACARDIACE^.

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, usually regular. Calyx 3-7-cleft or
parted, rarely spathaceous, or irregularly slit, the sepals sometimes wing-like,
enlarging, or the tube or base of tube thickened and turning fleshy. Petals 3-7,
rarely none, free, or very rarely united with the torus, sometimes enlarging into
wings. Disk usually annular, rarely the torus raised and stalk-like. Stamens usually
twice as many as petals, usually inserted at the base of the disk, all perfect or
variously imperfect. Anthers dehiscing inwards. Ovary superior, usually I-celled,

548 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

■with 1-3 styles, or 2-5-colletl, or very rarely of 2 to 5 distinct caqicls, Tvitli a
solitary ovule in each cell, in male flowers reduced to 4 or 5 style-shaped rudiments.
Fruit superior or very rarely half-inft'rior, free or adnate to the engrossed calyx-tuhe
or disk, 1- or rarely several-celled, usually drupaceous aud indehiscent. Sei-d erect,
horizontal or pendulous. Albumen none or scanty. Radicle inferior or superior,
Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing, with alternate or rarely opposite, often crowded
simple or compound leaves. Stijndes none. Fluioers small, variously arranged.

A::^ACAIiI)IEJi.
Ocary 1-, rery rarely 2-ceUed.

'■' Leaves (in Burmese species) ternately or pinnatehj conijjouiid.

X Calyx in no way enlarging after flowering.

+ Oeulc suspended from near the summit of the cell.

Odina, Ro.rlurgh.

Petals 4-5, imliricate in bud. Stamens 8-10. Styles 3-4 in the male flowers,
the ovary 4-5-partite.

0. WoDiER, Roxb. All over Burma and the Andamans and Xicobars.

Nab-he or Na-bch.

Kurz describes the heartwood as of a red<lish-brown colour and a good wood for
cabinet work. For some reason or other trees from east of the Bay of Bengal seem to
yield a heavier wood than that grown in India. The average weight from seven
samples given by Gamble (Manual of Indian Timbers, p. Ill) from India is 43 lbs.,
■whilst four samples from oast of this bay give an average of 57 lbs. I cfmsidcr 40 lbs.
about the weight of the fully-seasonecl w-ood. It is a good wood. Kurz says the
tree yields a yellowish gum, and that the bark is good for tanning.

-|- + Ovule si<spended from afire erect basilar funiclc.

Enrs, Linn<rus.

Tdals 4-6, imbricate in bud. Slame/is 4-10. Styles 3. Leaves compound, very
rarely simple. Trees or shrubs.

"'■' Leaves o-foliolate.
R. PANicTLATA, "W^all. Ava and Prome.

Glabrous, the leaflets entire.

* * Leaves unpaired-pinnate.

E. Javaxica, L. Ava and Hills East of Toung-ngoo.

Ji. scmialata, Murr.
-S. Bucli-amela, Iloxb.

Tomentose, the leaflets serrate-toothed, in 4-G pairs. Endocai-p smooth and bony.

E. Khasiana. H. f. Chittagong {fide Hooker).

Petiole very slender and glabrous, the leaflets in 8-12 pairs, incised- serrate.
Endocarp tibrous.

Tapihia, Jussieu.
Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 10. Styles in female flowers single and
short, in the males 4-5. Climbers.

T. HinsDTA, Eoxb. Chittagong. Ava. Khakyen Hills.

X X Calyx-lohcs much enlarging and becoming leafy and u-iny-like.
PAEisniA, LLuohcr, f
Flowers 4-, rarely 3-merous. Stamens 4, rarely 3. Style 3-cleft at the summit.
P. DTSiGNis, H. f. F.T. Tenasserim and the Andamans.

AXACARDIACEJS. 519

* *■ Leaves simple.
X Petids variousli/ enlarged under the fiu'd.

SwrxToxiA, Griffith.
Sepals 5. Stamens 5. Drupe sessile and subtended by the wing-like petals.

X Leaves opaque and t/laucous beneath.
S. ScnwExcKii, Teysm. and liinn. Tropical forests of Chittagong, Pegu ll;inge,

and Tenasscrini.
Pedieels ^-1 line lung. Petals hardly a line long. Drupes oblong.

X X Leaves one-eoluured and ylosxy.

S. GEiFFiTnir, Tvz. Mergui.

Loaves greyish green, the nerves and net-venation con.spieuous. Pedieels 3-5
lines long. Petals 2 lines long.

S. Helfeki, H. f. Tenasscrim.

As the above, but leaves dark-brown, the net-venation obsolete. Drupes obovoid.

MELAXoratncEA, IVallich.

C'ali/.v spathacoous, 5-parted. Stamens numerous. Drtipe stalked and subtended
by the wing-like spreading petals.

Thyt-si {generic).

M. GLAEiiA, Wall. Tenasserim South of Tavoy.

Leaves glabrous. Panicles usually minutely puberulous. Fruit-stalk nearly
1^ inch long, slender.

M. TjsiTATA, Wall. Ava. Pegu Eangc. Tenasserim up to 3000 feet.

Leaves beneath and panicles pubescent or villous. Fruit-stalk short and thick.

Mason writes : " The celebrated blaok-varnish tree is cultivated in the Tenas-
serim Provinces, but I never saw it growing there spontaneously. In Toung-ngoo,
however, it is so abundant in the forests, that in sonu' of the Christian villages, the
posts of the chapels are exclusively of this tree, and it makes very tine timber, the
lignum vitte of Pegu. The varnish, says Major lierdmore, mixed with the ashes of
bones, is used as a paste for sticking glass on bo.xes and images. Native doctors also
use it as a \ermifuge for children, tlie dose being a (juarter of a tiekal of varnish to
half a tiekal of jaggeiy" (coarse sugar).

The term lignum vita is not a happy one, as it is of no extraordinary hardness,
and in appearance tlio wood, when polished, clo.soly resembles Jfaliogany. Its weight
is 54lbs. The ' varnish,' or sap])y exudation, is a thick yellowish clay-coloured fluid,
which flows from incisions in the hark, and turns a brilliant black on drying. Natives
dread cutting the live tree, owing to the irritating (luality of tlie sap which sjiurts out
under the axe. The timber would, I think, become a favourite one in Euro])e if
introduced into the market, and the tree deserves propagation in localities .suited to
it. It abounds in JFartaban.

X X I'rtah not enlarging after Jhiwering.
-\- Calyx-tuhe much enlarging and heeioning Jleshg, either bearing the superior nut
or more or less inclosing the same and forming an inferior drupe.

f JVut more or less inclosed in thefleshg calyx. Ovary inferior.

Dkimycaki'Us, ITooJcer, f.

Petals imbricate in bud. Stamens 5. Stglc 1, with a capitate stigma.

D. liACKMosus, lloxb. Chittagong and Eastern Slopes of Pegu Range.

The genus hardly differs from Nnthoprgia, except in the free ovary and in the
attachment of the ovules, and stands much in the same relationship to it as Holigarna
albicans does to Scmccarpus (Kurz).

550 DVRMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

HoLiGAENA, Hamilton.

Petals valvate in bud. Stamens 5. Styles 3. DisTc annular ox obsok'te. Petiole
furnished -with 2-4 tubercles or barb-like excrescences.

H. Hklfeei, Hook. E.T. Pegu Eangc and Tenasserim.

JI. lonyifolia, H. f. non Roxb.
Semecarpiis Graliamii, Wight (apud Kz.).

Leaves glabrous or I'arely pubescent beneath. Xut entirely inclosed in the
obliquely ellipsoid or elliptical perfectly glabrous calyx of an inch length.

"Wood heavy, brown, but perishable and apt to be ' -wormed.' The tree yields a
black varnish.

H. (SEMECAErus) LoxGiFOLiA, Pioxb., is ciuotod by Mason (probably for the last
species), but not mentioned by Kurz.

SEMECAEPrs, Linnmis.

Petals imbricate or valvate in the bud. Stamens 5. Styles 3. Bisk rather
broadly annular. Petiole -without excrescences.

A. Nut adnate to the endocarp, barely exserted. Ovary superior.

S. ALREscExs, Kz. U.T. Tropioal forests of Pegu and Tenasserim.

Uoliyarna allieans, H. f.

Leaves glabrous or pubescent and -whitish beneath. Xut velvety, the hypocarp
sappy, veined, and puberulous. Exudes a black varnish.

B. i^ut seated on the endocarp.

■•' Ovary tomentose or pubescent.
X Hypocarp {enlarged base of the calyx) as large or nearly as large as the nut.

S. Ais-ACAEDiuM, L. Chittagong.

S. cuneifolia, Eoxb.

Leaves coriaceous, blunt, densely pubescent or tomentose, and strongly net-veined
beneath. !N"ut not or scarcely oblique. Yields a bright gum.

S. PANDUEATus, Kz. Chittagoug, Pegu, and ilartaban up to 2000 feet.

>S. cuneifolia, Kz. (non Eoxb.).

Che-ben.

Leaves (full-gro-wn) chartaceous, sharply acuminate, softly pubescent beneath,
the net-venation faint. Nut very oblique.

The nuts of this and the last, and perhaps other species, yield an indelible
marking ink, hence called ' Dhobie ' nuts in India.

" 1 formerly identified this species with Roxburgh's S. cuneifolia, but Hooker
reduces this to <S'. anacardium, and, I think, correctly so, as it is a tree of Hindustan "
(Kurz).

X X Hypocarp very small.

S. HETEEOPffTLL-us, Bl. E. T. Bcach forests of the Andamans, Katchall

and Car Nicobar.

Leaves coriaceous, acuminate, quite glabrous or pubescent, and very glaucous
beneath, the net- venation strong. Kut very oblicjuc, IJ— 1 inch across.

Like S. albescens, but has flo-wers more than twice as large, and very stout
panicles (Kurz).

■::- -X- Ovary quite glabrous.

S. suBP.ANDUEiFOEMis, Wall. Chittagong and Arakan.

Leaves chartaceous, acuminate, glabrous. Panicles quite glabrous. Nut an
inch broad.

AXACARDIACEjE. 551

S. suhracejiosus, Viz. Proine.

A siinpk'-stcraraed shrub with a larjre suhtenaiieau trunk. Leaves chartaccous,
minutely pubescent beneath and ghibresceut. Panicles densely pubcrulous. Kut
only 3-4 lines long.

The timber of this genus is worthless, being white and perishable, but the
nuts are used for marking clothes by washermen, the colour being fixed by lime
■water. The nuts are also used as mordants. The acrid juice of the nut and an oil
prepared from it are used externally by natives to alleviate rheumatic pains, by
rubbing in over the part affected.

Anacaudium, lioxhurgh.

Petah imbricate in bud. Stamens 8 to 10, all or few of them anther-bearing.
S(i/le filiform. 2'orus stalk-like.

A. occiDESTAXE, L. E.'T. Beach forests of Chittagong, Tenasscrim

and the Andamans.
Thi-ho-thayet. Cashew nut-tree.

Xut kidney-shaped, seated on a fleshy glabrous orange-coloured edible Tiypocarp
of the size of a small pear. The bark exudes an astringent pellucid gum, and by in-
cision, a juice which forms an indelible ink. The pericarp of the nuts yields an acrid,
vesioating oil, and the nuts themselves by expression a bland edible one. When
roasted, the nuts arc excellent.

+ + Calyx unchanged in fruit. Ovules pendulous from a basal funicle.

BccHA^-AxiA, Roxlurgh.

Calyx 3-5-toothed. Stamens 10. Carpels 5 or 6, of which one only fertile.
Styles as many, short.

* Leaves and panicles tomenfosc or pubescent.
° Leaves tomentose or pubescent on both sides, larye.

B. LATii'Oi.iA, Roxb. All over Burma.

Len-lwon. Lon-bo (Kurz).

Panicles stout and stiff. Flowers 2 lines across, sessile and crowded. The seeds
are good eating, especially when roasted, also the fresh fruit.

B. LAXiFi.oRA, Kz. Sfartaban and Pegu.

Panicles slender, grey pubescent. Flowers barely a line in diameter, j)ediccllcd.

* * Leaves glabrous and more or less glossy, usually fuscesccnt in drying.
X Panicles rusty pubcrulous.
B. GLABRA, Wall. Maulmaiu.

Petiole i inch long. Flowers a line across. Flowers shortlj" pedicelled, crowded.

XX Panicles quite glabrous. Flowers pedicelled.

B. AKBORESCENs, Bl. E.T. Tcuasscrim.

B. lucida, Bl.

B. petiolaris and B. Bancana, Miq.
B. subobovata. Griff.
B. laxijlora, Kz. J.A.S.B. ii. 1872, p. 301.

Leaves equally decurrent at the base. Pedicels very slender. Petals a line long,
reflexed. Panicles longer than the leaves.

B. AcrjfiNATA, Wall. F.T. Andamans and Tenasserim.

Leaves equally decurrent at the base. Pedicels short and stout. Petals 2-3
lines long, erect. Panicles as long as or longer than the leaves.

552 BURMA. ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

B. LAxciFOLiA, Eoxli. E.T. C'liittagong. Andamans.

Leaves veiy unequally decurrent at the Lase, largo. Pedicels very slender.
Petals a line long, reflexed. Panicles crowded, shorter than the leaves.

Kurz adds from the I^icobars :

B. pLAirxEUEA, Kz. Kamorta.

Gluta, Linnaus.

Cahjx spathaceous. Stainei/s inserted on the stalk-like torus. Sf^Ie filiform.

G. Tavoyaxa, Wall. E.T. Tenasserim, south of Tavoy.

SijndesDiis Taroi/aiia, "Wall.

Thayct-thytsi (Kurz). Che (Mason).

Leaves coriaceous, the petiole not above 6 lines long, stout and marginate.
Panicles and calyx puberulous.

I fear nothing but a variety of Linne's G. Rt-nrjltas (Kurz).

G. ELEGAxs, Kz. E.T. Coasts of Tenasserim.

Leaves chartaceous, the petiole long and slender, not or only at the apex margi-
nate. Panicles and iiowers perfectly glabrous.

G. LOXGIPETIOLATA, Kz. Audamans.

A tree common on the shores of the Andamans, with large green long-petiolcd
leaves unlike those of any other species. Flowers and fruits unknown.

Gluta [Sijndcsmis) yields good timber, equalling mahogany in appearance. Br.
Mason remarks: " Tavoy red-wood makes handsome furniture, and is used in Tavoy
for the same purposes to which gum-kino wood ' is applied at Maulmain. "When the
■wood is steeped in ferruginous mud, it turns jet-black, and looks like ebony. The
large cylinder knobs, one or two inches in diameter, so often noticed in the ears of
Karen ■women at Tavoy, are made of this wood after the colour has been changed."
It seems strange if the ■word 'che,' which in Pegu undoubtedly applies to a -white
•wood {Semecarpus), is in Tavoy applied to a red wood like Gluta ; if so, it is a striking
example of the confusion that may result by trusting to vernacular names. The
timber {Gluta Tai'oijana) is of a fine red colour, ■works easily, and looks like a coarse
mahogany. Its weight ■when fully seasoned is 52 lbs.

BouEA, Meisner.
Calyx 3-5-parted, valvate in bud. Stamens 3-8, all anther-bearing. Sfi/Ie short.
Leaves opposite.

*B. orrosiTiFOLiA, Koxb. £.T. Tenasserim'and the Andamans, and

Mav-an cultivated all over Burma.

Panicles small, sessile or nearly so, quite glabrous. Petals h line long. Drupes
orange or orange yellow. Dr. Mason .says : " There are two varieties, one bearing
an intensely sour fruit, and the other one as insipidly sweet."

B. BuRjiANicA, Griff. i:.T. Thoungyeen VaUey.

£. Brandisiana, Kz.

Panicles large, long-iieduncled, puberulous. Petals a line long or longer. Drupes
liluish-black.

Mangieeea, Linnmis.

Cahjx 4-5-parted. Pdah 4-5, the nerve usually thickened. Antlier-hearing
stamens 1-5. Sli/le filiform. Leaves alternate.

* Petals and stamens free, the former inserted at the base of the cushion-like or
cupular disk.

X Panicles and cahjx more or less puherulous or jjuleseent, rareli/ almost glabrous.
Fertile stamen 1.

' rtcrocarpus.

AXACARDIACE.E. 553

M. LoxGiTES, Griff, IIT. Swamp forests in Pegu and Tcna?scrim.

Thayet-thyt-ui (Kurz).

Panicles and the 3-6 lines lona; pedicels very slender, glabrescent or almost
glabrous. Petals linear-subulate. The lateral nerves very lliiu.

* JI. IxDicA, L. E.T. All over Burma and the Andamans,

ip],.,..^,(. also cultivated.

Panicles stout. Pedicels .short and thick. Petals yellow, streaked red, hardly
2 lines long. Disk fleshy, o-lobed. Drupes obtuse, 3—1 inches long.

Wood coarse, pale-coloured, and said to decay under exposure to wet, but strong
and very useful for common purposes. It is said to hold a nail more firmly than any
other. The darker heartwood of old trees sometimes yields selected planks of some
excellence. The fruit of the mango is, all over the East Indies, what the apple
is in Europe.

M. CALOXEFEA, Kz. E.T. Pcgu Range.

Panicles stout. Petals hardly 2 lines long. Disk 5-iobed. Drupes 1-2 inches
long, blunt. Xet-venation minute and strongly prominent on both sides.

X X I'nnich-s and calij.v perfecihj (jlahrouK.

M. SYLVATICA, Roxb. E.T. T. forests of llartaban, where rare.

Hseng-neng-thayet (Kur;;}.

Panicles stout. Pedicels 3--1 lines long, thick. Petals white, about 3 lines long.
Disk cup-shaped. Drupes acuminate.

*"* Petalu and atamena connate with the lu.ie of the stalk-like turns, rartlij the lat to-
wanting altogether.

M. F(KTIDA, Lour. E.T. Southern Tena.sscrim, cultivated (y/f/t- Mason).

La-mot (Kurz). Horse Mango (Mason).

Leaves coriaceous and .shining, almost polished beneath. Flesh of drupe soapy.

Dr. Mason says, " This is a large mango cultivate<l at Mergui, and is quite
a favourite with the natives. It has an odour resembling the ' dorian,' and, like that,
has been introduced Irora the Straits."

SroXDIE.K.
Ovarg 2-b-cell-d. Orules pendulous. Leaves pinnate.

SroxDiAs, Linnims.

Eloivers polygamous. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 4 or ,'>, free at the summit.

S. MANGIFEEA, Willd. All ovcr liurma up to 3000 feet.

/S. pinnata, Kz.

Gwe (Kurz).

There are two varieties of this, the one with leaflets and drupes as big as a duck's
egg, the other with these parts only half the size, but ditiering in no other respects.
"Wood wortliless (Kurz).

DriACONTOMELrsi, Blume.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 10. Stgles 5, thick, connate at their summits,
and resembling ovaries.

D. MAXGiFEUUM, Bl. T. forcsts of the Andamans.

I), sylrestrc, Bl.
D. puleendum, Miq.

This Order yields some useful timbers, fruits, fragrant gums and varnishes.
Foremost among the fruits stands the Mango, Mangifera Indiea, which in the Ea.st
takes the part of the apple in Europe, as a fruit in universal use and esteem. The

554 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Pistil fhio-uut, Pistacliio vera, is another fruit widely cultivated, but the native
country of which is unknown, and the Cachew-nut, Anacardium occidentale. Mastic,
a resin much used to sweeten the breath, is produced by several trees of the Order,
and others yield astringent barks used in tanning. A fine black varnish is yielded by
Melanorrlma and Holigarna longifolia.

Order SABIACE^.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamously dioecious. Calyx 4-5-parted, imbricate.
Petals 4-5, equal or unequal, alternating with or opposite to the sepals, imbricate.
Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals, inserted at the base of the small disk, or on the
torus, free or cohering with the petals, usually 2 only perfect, the others reduced
to scales, rarely all fertile. Anthers didymous, the cells opening by a transverse
slit or deciduous hood. Ocary 2-3-celled, with 1-2 horizontal or suspended ovules
in each cell. Styles cohering, or the stigmas sessile. Ripe ea?-pels 1-2, drupaceous
or diy, indehiscent, compressed-kidncy-shaped or almost globular, the endocaq)
crustaceous or bony, 1-seeded. Albumen none or scanty. Cotyledons much folded.
Radiele inferior. Stipules none. Shrubs or trees, rarely climbers, with alternate,
simple or pinnate leaves. Floicers usually minute.

Sabia, Colehroolce.
Stamens 4-5, all perfect. Ovary 2-3-lobcd. Drupes usually compressed.

""' Glabrous. Floirers pnnieled.

S. LiMONiACEA, Wall. S.S. Cliittagong.

Flowers about a line across, the pedicels short and thick. Leaves coriaceous.

S. vniiDissiMA, Kz. Tropical forests of South Andaman.

Flowers nearly 4 lines in diameter, the pedicels capillary and long. Leaves
membranous.

Maout and Decaisne observe : " Sabia is very remarkable for the opposition
of its bracts, sepals, petals, stamens, and ovarian carpels, which is perhaps unique
in the vegetable kingdom." The snake-nut (OpJiioearyoii) belongs to this Order,
and is so-called from tlie coiled embryo, resembling a snake coiled up in the nut.

ilELiosMA, Blame.
Stamens 5, very unequal. Ovary 2-3-celled. Drupes more or less globose.
M. siMPLiciFOLiA, Bl. F.T. Cliittagong, Ava Hills, Tcuasserim.

Sir J. Hooker says the wood is of excellent quality.

Order SAPIXDACE^.

Floirers usually polygamous. Sepals 4-5, free or united, imbricate, or rarely
valvate. Petals 4-5, rarely fewer, sometimes minute, or wanting, frequently bearing
a basal scale inside. Disk various, sometimes unilateral, rarely wanting. Stamens 8,
rarely fewer, or more, inserted round tlie ovary, within the disk or sometimes
unilateral. Anthers erect, or versatile. Ovary entu-e, or lobed, 1-4- (usually 3-)celled,
with 1-2, rarely more, ascending, or rarely almost horizontal ovules in each cell.
Style simple, or more or less divided. Fruit dry, or succulent, dehiscent, or inde-
hiscent, entire, or separating into lobes, or cocci. Seeds with or without an arillus.

The majority of Sapindacevs are readily recognized by having the disk outside, not
inside the stamens, and by the 8 stamens in a 5-merous ilower with a 3-merous ovary.

A. Seeds with albumen. Stipules present.

STAPUYLIE.^.

Flowers regular. Stamens inserted outside the disk. Leaves opposite.

TrRPiNiA, Ventenat.

Ocary 3-cened. Fruit entire, indehiscent. Leaves pinnate, or rarely simple.

SAPIXDACL\K. 655

T. roMiTF.nA, DC. E. T. Tropical forests of Chittagong, Pegu,

T. splKcrocarjxt, Hassk. aud Martubun.

Htouk-sha-nui (Kurz).

Leaves apicuhitc to abruptly aeuniinate. Plowers about 2 lines across. Fruits
the size of a cherry, ilesliy. Wood lieavy, close-grained, but soon wormed (Kurz).

T. Nkimli:x.sis, Wall. E.T. var. /i frequent in the drier liill-forcsts and the
Xantlwxijlon montanum, lil. pine-finx'sts of Martaban, at 3000 to 7200

Douk-ya-ma (Kurz). fe^t elevation.

var. a f/i'iu<i)iii. Panicles very slender and lax, as long as or longer than the
leaves, the ultimate branchings almost iiliform.

var. yS Nepalensis, Wall. Panicles shorter and more compact, stiff.

B. Seeds without albumen. Stipules none.
a. Stamens inserted outside or on the disk. Flowers regular.

stamens inserted outside the disk. Capsule septieidally dehiseini/. Leaees alternate.

DoDox.^EA, Linntcus.
Sepals valvate. Petals none. Ocules by paii's. Leaves usually simple.

D. viscosA, L. S. Sandy beaches of Tenasserim, from

I). angustifolia, L. Amherst to Mergui ; also Anda-

D. dioiea, Koxb. mans, Narcondani Island.

D. liurmanniana, DC.
I), pentandra, Griff.

The younger shoots and leaves sticky. Leaves almost entire, ■with the margins
often revolute, coriaceous.

ACEEIXIE^IS.
Stamens inserted on the disk. Samaras indehiscent. Leaves opposite.

Acicit, Linnaus.
Disk annular. Samaras 2. Leaves simple or palmately lobed.

X Leaves simple, not lohed, with 3 basal nerves.

A. NivEUM, Bl. LJ.T. Ava, Hooklinom Valley, and Xat-tonng

A. laurinum, Hassk. in ilartaban 4000 to 7000 feet.

Leaves usually whitish beneath, the petiole 1-2 inches long. Cymes glabrous,
branchlets blackish.

A. LJEVIGATCJI, Wall. 7\ Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves one-coloured, the petiole 3-0 lines long. Cymes {)anicled, glabrous.
Branchlets pale brown.

X X Leaves i-lobcd and 3-nerved.

A. isoLOBUM, Kz. Martaban 5000 to 7000 feet.

Leaves 5-6 inches long and broad, rounded at the base, and long-petioled, 3-lobed,
lobes spreading, pointed, smooth on both sides, 3-nerved and reticidate. A large and
smooth tree. Flowers and fruit unknowTi.

b. Stamens inserted inside the disk, sometimes unilateral.

SArjNDIE.E.

Leaves alternate, or rarely {in JEsculus) opposite. Flowers regular or irregular.

55G BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

* Fruit iiidiliinccnt, dnipaccous,fle!>liij or rarely corticate or crustaccous.

X Fruit entire, \~A-celled.

° Xo petals. Flowers polygamously dicecious.

9
SCHLEICHERA, TTilldeHOW.

Cali/x small, valvute or nearly so. I)islc unilateral. Seeds arillate. Leaves
abruptly pinnate.

S. TKUrGA, Wilkl. Common in leaf-sLeJdLng forests from Ava to

J- Tenasserim.

Dr. JIason remarks: "The fruit of tliis tree resembles the wild ' rambutan '
{Nephelium lappaceum) in everything except that is covered with prickles half an inch
long. It is rarely seen in the market, but would be a valuable addition to the dessert.
The tree grows among the hills of Tavoy."

The wood is a pale lively brown, very handsome, hard, close-grained and tough,
weighing 68 lbs., and is a most valuable one, being both useful for strength, and com-
mendable when polished for beauty (W.T.).

° '^ Petals present, furnished with scales. Flowers poli/ffamously monoecious.
Lepisaxthes, Blume.
Flowers regular. Bisk regularly annular. Learcs pinnate.

L. MONTAjfA, Bl. Tavoy.

L. Browniana, Hiern.

Leaves quite glabrous, not stiff. Eacemes short and dense, clustered to almost
solitary, axillary. Pedicels robust, h line long. Petals inside and scale glabrous.

L. BrEMAxicA, Kz. Tenasserim.

L. Montana, Hiern. non Bl.

A small palm-like tree. Leaves large and stiff. Leaflets slightly puberulous on
the midrib beneath, rigid. Eacemes in larger or smaller axillary pauicles. Pedicels
capillary, li-2 lines long.

" Leaves very similar to those of X. sessilijlora, Bl. I fear that I am to a
certain degree to blame for Hiern's misidentiticatiou of the plant, in having referred
Brandis' specimens, as also my own, to Blume's L. montana, under which name I also
put it down in my preliminary Eejiort on the Pegu forests. It was hardly possible
to avoid such mismatchings in a Eeport which was drawn up in less than fifteen
months, in which period more than 1000 species had to be named, and keys furnished
for the discrimination of the species " (Kurz).

Hemigyeosa, Blume.
Flowers irregular. I>isl unilateral, cushion-like. Leaves pinnate.
H. CANEscEXs, Eoxb. Tenasserim.

Fruit fleshy, 3-gonously ovoid, the size of a bullet, densely greyish velvety.

X X Fruit divided deeply or to the hase into 3-2 lohes, the hies ojten solitary by
abort iun.

° Flowers irregular. Arillus none.
f Leaves pinnate. Trees.

DiTTELASJiA, Jlooher, f.

Fruit deeply 1-3-lobed, the lobes drupaceous, globose. Testa bony. Embryo
ciUTcd. Bish half crescent-shaped.

D. RAEAK, DC. FT. Pegu llange and Tenasserim.

Sapindus 2}olyphyllus, Eoxb.

SAPIXDACE.F. 557

Paxcotia, WiUJenow (Erioglossuit, 7?/.).

Fruit to tlic base l-3-lobc(l, the lobes oblong. Testa membranous. Enihryo
straight. Bisk unilateral.

P. RUBioixosA, Roxb. F..T. Tropical forests of Pegu, Tenasserim,

E. edule, Bl. and the Anilamaus.

Tseik-che. ' Goats' dung.'

Wood white, with pinkish-brown licartwood. Strong and durable. It receives
its native name from the wood presenting, when sawn into planks, small round black
spots like segments of currants or goats' dung. These seem to be sections of imbedded
woody thorns.

If Leares 'i-\-foliohte. Shrubs or small trees.
Allophtllcs,' Linnmis.

Flowers irregular with the place of the 5th petal empty. Sepals orbicular.
Petals with scales. Fruit-lubes fleshy or sappy. Racemes simple or compound.

X Eacltis of racemes more or less pubescent or villous.

A. sERRATrs, DC. Coast forests from Chittagong to Tenasserim.

Se/iinidelia villosa, Wight.

All softer parts and leaves pubescent or villuus-pubescent. Bractlets minute.
Benies the size of a pepper-corn.

A. APOEETicus, Roxb. Arakan up to 1200 feet.

Eather glabrous, the nerves of the leaves villous above. Racemes recurved, the
bractlets linear-subulate, as long as or longer than the pedicels. Berries the size of a pea.

A. LiTTORALis, Bl. C'hittagong, Tenasserim, the Andamans and Nicobars.

This species is placed first by Kurz in his enumeration of the species, though in
his initial conspectus or key that position is occupied by A. racemosus, which species
is not again alluded to. Are we to understand that the two are identical ?

lliern makes 2 species of Indian Alluphijlli, viz., those with 1- and those with
3-foliolatc leaves, but this character falls to the ground, inasmuch as his A.
Zeijlanicus, var. gramlifolia { = Sr/ii/ii(lelia chartacea, Kurz, in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
187-1, 183), has sometimes 1- and 3-foliolato leaves on the same brancli. I have
not been able as yet to studij this genus ; but I have little doubt but that Hiern's
eminently practical conclusions will not stand a .scientific test (Kurz).

° ° Flowers regular.
f Seeds tcithout arillus.
Sapindus, Plumier.
Fruit -loles deeply or to the base separated, by 2-3 or often solitary by abortion,
the pericarp crustaceous or coriaceous, smooth. Testa crustaceous or membranous.

X Leaves pubescent. Leaves impaired-pinnate.
S. roMKNTosis, Kz. Khakycn Hills.

All softer parts ptibescent. Leaflets in 3-4 pairs with an odd one.

XX All parts glabrous.
Leaves simple.

S. Danfra, Roxb. Tidal forests of Pegu, Tenasserim, the

Euphoria verticillata, Lindl. nou Roxb. Andamans and Koudul.

' The probable etjinology of this word would seem to point to its being spelt allophylltis, from
ipvWov, rather th-m allophijlus.

558 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Leaves cordate at the narrowed base, the petiole very short and fhick. Anthers
yellow. Petals emarginate. The scale double, woolly. Fruit-lobes the size of a pea.

In this species abnormal leaves are often observed of a .semipinnate and even
perfectly pinnate shape. Roxburgh's Seytalia verticiUata is in my opinion a different
plant (Kurz).

S. EUBER, Roxb. E.S. Chittagong.

S. atfenuatus, Wall.

Leaves abruptly pinnate, glal.>rous.

° ° Leaves 2-foUoJate.

S. MiCKOCAEPus, Kz. Siamesc Province of Kanboree and

probably Upper Tenasserim.

Petiole only about 2 lines long. Leaflets oblong, about 2 inches long, sessile.
Panicles very slender. Fruit-lobes didymous, lA— 2 lines long.

Kurz also records from the Nicobars :

S. MONTANus, Bl. Kamorta and Nankowry.

Xkeospeeum, Bliime.

Fruit-hies separated to the base, by pairs or solitary, the pericarp crustaceous,
tubereled. Testa fleshy and pilose within, resembling an arillus.

X. NoEONHiAjJuir, Bl. Tenasserim.

Mr. Hiern confounds two generically different plants, viz., the true Malayan
plant and Sapindus (jlahratus, Wall., from Sylhet and the Khasi hills (Kurz).

f f Seeds truly arillatc.
Nephelium, LinncEUS.

Fruit-lohes 1-3, separated to the base, the pericarp coriaceous to crustaceous,
smooth or tubereled, muricate, and echinate. Seeds enveloped by the arillus.

* Petals none. Calyx toothed.
° Fruits covered with soft fieshy sulidate or anyular-conieal prickles.

N. Griffithianum, Kz. Khakyen Hills.

Kyet-mouk (generic).

Glabrous. Leaflets glaucous or whitish beneath. Prickles of the fruit fleshy,
long, conically angular, truncate, glabrous.

Hiom identifies the above species with iV. miitahile, BL, a species which is
distinguished at once by its irregularly tubereled fruit-lobes (hence Blume formerly
confounded it with Euphoria lonjana). His description seems to have been drawn
np from .specimens belonging to two or three difi^erent species, but chiefly to iV.
chryseum, Bl. (Kurz).

N. LAPPACECJT, L. Upper Tenasserim.

Seytalia rampoutan, Eoxb.

Leaflets more coriaceous, pale-coloured beneath or almost 1 -coloured. Fruits and
prickles as in preceding, but C[uite glabrous.

° ° Fruits tubereled.
*X. (Scytalia) LiTcni, Roxb. Chittagong (cultivated).

Leaflets very coriaceous, small, the net-venation quite obsolete, the nerves thin
and faint. Fruit-lobes ellipsoid-oblong, the size of a prune ; tesselate.

A favourite fruit with Europeans, the fleshy layer enveloping the seeds being very
refreshing and juicy. Mason says the tree will not thrive in Burma.

SAPIXDACE.E. 559

** Petals present. Calyx cleft to ^ or to near the lane.
N. RunESCEXs, Hiern. Toiiasserim.

Leaflets firmly coriaceous, glauc<<sceiit lieiU'atli, in drying fusccsccnt, the lateral
nerves thin and sliglitly prominent. Fruit-lubes oblong, shortly murieatc, the muriees
about a line long, sharp.

* N. nvpoLEUcuM, Kz. Tropical forests on Eastern Slopes of

I'egu llange and cultivated.

Leaflets thin coriaceous, more or less glauoescent beneath, the numerous (11-20)
lateral nerves strongly prominent beneath. Fruit-lobes ovoid-oblong, the size of
11 plum, perfectly glabrous, strongly tubercled, as in ^V. litehi, but not tesselatc.

*jS'. (EupnoRiA) LoxGAXA, Laiiilv. Tropical forests on Eastern Slopes of

Pegu Range, and cultivated.

As preceding, but leaflets usually smaller. Fruit-lobes globose, the size of
a small cherry, obsoletely tubercled or almost smooth, minutely tawny-vclvety all over.

PoMETiA, Forster.

Fruit-lobes 1-3, separated to the base, the pericarp corticate, smootli. Seeds
arillate at the lower end. Hardly different fi-om Nephelium.

P. TOMKXTOSA, Bth. and H. f. Tropical forests of the Andamans and Katchall.

Eceremanthus exiiniiis, Thw.

Distinguishable at once from P. pinnata, Forst., by its small and very differently
shaped fruits (Kurz).

** Fruit a dry dehiseent capsule, the ralecs from woody to coriaceous and membranous.

° Ovules solitary in each cell.

X Trees or shruis. Leaves pinnate. Capsule coriaceous or woody. Flowers regular.

f Petals cucullate, or the Made shorter than the cucuUate scale.

PAiiAxr.rnKi.u'M, Miquel.

Petals broadly trigonous, smaller than the cucullate scales. Style long. Capsule
3-valveii, woodj-, tubercled or murieatc. Leaves pinnate, the end-leaflets ternato.
P. .XKSTonivi.i.rM, llicj. Tenasserim (Mauluiain district).

In HBC. are some leaves from the Khakycn Hills which api)arently represent
a second JUirraese species of this genus, if they should not be identical with lliern's
Seyphopetalum, the description of which is too imperftct to enable one to recognize
the plant intended. They have the 3 end-leaflets similarly ternatc, and in texture
and nervatiire are almost the .same as above (Kurz).

ScYpnopETALUJi, Hiern.

Style obsolete. Petals cucullate, without scale.

S. RAMiFLouuir, Hiern. Ava, Hill-forests of Hookhoom Valley (GrilT.).

I have not seen thi.s jilant, and place it near Paranephelium simply by guess.
The petals are differently <lcs(ribed and the style is said to be obsolete, — characters
which would keep it distinct from Mi(piers genus.

f f Petals flat or nearly so, longer than the scale if present, or the petals minute or
wanting altogether.

CiTAxiA, Linneeus,

Calyx cup-shaped or the sepals distinct. Capsule 3-quetrous or didyraous.

Sub-genus Eu-cupaxia.

Capsules clavatc-pyriform, conspicuously 3-lobed or angular, coriaceous.

560 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

* Petals jyresent, furnished with a donlh scale.
X Leaves and 2)anicles glabrous.

C. Ghiffithiaxa, Kz. Tenasserim.

C. plcuropicris, Hicrn.
Leaflets opaque, glaucescent beneath, uervestliin. llachis narrowly -winged upwards.
Hiern's C. pallidiila (Maingay, 442 ; Griff. 982) is C. pleuropteris, Bl. (Kurz).

C. GLABEATUS, Wall. Tropical forests of Eastern Slopes of

Pegu Range and Martaban.

Leaflets glossy, 1 -coloured, strongly nerved and net-veined. Eacliis terete.

I do not know what Hiern describes under the above name, but generally,
I think, he has my plant under view. Sapindus squamosus, Roxb., is Cupan/a
regularis, RL, differing from it {Sapindacea 4. Java, Horsfield Coll. is the typical
form) in having the petiolules not incrassate (Kurz).

X X Leaflets beneath and panicle s/iortli/ tan-tuj pubescent.
C. FUSCIBULA, Kz. Tenasserim.

Leaflets chartaceous, fuscescent in drying, opaque.

** Petals none or minute, tcithout scales.
C. Lessektiana, Camb. Tropical forests of Mergui and the Andamans.

Net-venation minute and obsolete. Filaments glabrous. Leaflets in 2 pair's.
C. Sumateana, Miq. Tenasserim ; rare in Pegu Range.

Net-venation strong and prominent on both sides. Filaments exserted, pubescent.
Leaflets not fuscescent.

C. Helferi, Hiern. Tenasserim (or Andamans).

Net-venation thin but prominent. Filaments short, pubescent. Leaflets fuscescent.

Sub-genus Aeytera, Bl.

Capsule divided to nearly the base into 2 divergent lobes, coriaceous.

C. ABEXopnTLLA, Planch. Tenasserim. Nankowry.

Leaflets chartaceous, reddish fuscousbeneath, glabrous. Panicles tawnypuberulous.

X X Tu-inini] tend/ il-beariufl under shrubs. Zcures twice ternately foliolute.
Capsule blad(leri/-nieinbranous, injlated. Flou-crs irregular.

C'AEDiosrERMUM, Liniiaus.
Sepals 4, the 2 outer ones small. Petals 4, with basal scales. Disk almost reduced
to 2 round or linear glands opposite the lower smaller petals.

(',. nALicACABDM, L. All ovcr Burma and the Nicobars.

Pubescent or glabrous. Leaflets often acuminate produced. Flowers I-IA line.

C. canescexs, Wall. Ava.

Softly pubescent. Leaflets usually short and broad. Flowers 2-3 lines.

Kurz adds from the Nicobars :

C. Jackiaxa, Hiern. Katchall and Car Nicobar.

° ° Ovules hij 2 or more in each cell. Trees.
X Capsule membranous or chartaceous. Flowers regular, the sepals free. Leaves
pinnate, alternate.

HARroLLiA, Po.rburgh.
Petals without scales, but sometimes with inflexcd lobes at the base of the blade.

SAPiyi)ACh\E. AMt'ELIDE.E. oGl

Stigma linear, often twisted. Cajwilc didymously 2-lobed, chartacoous, not winged.
Seeds arillate.

H. cui'.vxioiDKs, Koxb. Tropical forests of Chittagong and

Sfreptuntigma riridijlonim, Thw. the Andamans.

ir. imbrieuta, Thw.

ZoLLixGKRi.i, Kurz.

Petah with a woolly scale. Stigma 3-tootlied. Capsule l)y tlilimiug of tlie cell-
Trails often 1 -celled, 3- or rarely 2-winged, chartaceoiis. Seeds without arillus.

Z. JiACROCAEPA, Kz. Trome District.

The genus is named in honour of the late H. Zollinger, the author of so many
valuable botanical papers, which, owing to their being written in the Dutch language,
remain almost unknown to the majority of botanists.

X X Capsule thick or feshy-coriaceous. Flowers irregular, the calgx tubular or
hell-shaped. Leaves digitate, opposite.

^EscuLus, Liinitrus.

Flowers rather showy. Stigma simple.

.M. AssAMiCA, Grilf. Upper Tenasserim.

The Order Saj/i/idiicere, or Soap-worts, is so named from the fruit of Sapindus
frothing witli warm water, and being considered a stronger detergent than a similar
quantity of soap. Foremost among its useful products may be reckoned tlie Litchi
{Nephctium litchi), the Longau (JV\ longanum), and the llambutan (i\^. lappacrum),
all delicious and wholesome fruits of China and the Malay countries. Other edible
fruits also are yielded by this Order, of less note. A few speci(!S yield valuable
timber, as the South African Pteronjlon utile and Sippodromus alata, and the Jio
of Burma [Schlcichera trijiiga) ; while coarse strong timber is afforded by Pancovia
rubiginosa and several other sjiecics. Isarcotic and poisonous (|ualities prevail in
some species, and Serjania hihalis is said to afford the Lecheuquana bee a poisonous
honey which causes nuulness, and even death, while Paullinia curaru yielils the
arrow poison curaru, used by the natives of Guiana. P. pinnata too is used to
stupify tish. Anotlier species, however {P. sorbilis), contains in its seeds a valuable
bitter principle named Guarana, and the powdered seeds arc used by the Brazilians
to make a refreshing and febrifuge diiuk.

CELASTRALES.
Floioers hermaphrodite, regular. Corolla hypogynous or perigynous. Disk
tumid, adnate to the base of the calyx-tube or lining it. tiUimem as many as the
petals or fewer, rarely twice as many, perigynous, or inserted outside the disk, or
on its edge. Ovari/ usually entire. Ovules one or two on each cell, erect, raphe
ventral. Lea res undivided, except in Ampelidece and Stajihgleuccce.

Order AMPELTDEJi.
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Calgx entire, or -l-o-toothcd.
Petals 4-5, free, or cohering, valvatc. Stamens -l-o, opposite to the petals, inserted
outside of the disk. Pisk free, or adnate to the ovary. Ocarg more or less perfectly
2-6-celled, with 1-2 eafSct ovules in each cell. Fruit a berry, the dissepiments
frequently di>,;]ipe.iring. Seedf l-('. Albuiiicn ruminate. Leaves alternate, or ojjpo-
site, simple or compound, the petiole expanded in a mcmibranous stipule. Flowers
small, in leaf-opposed, or axillary inflorescences, never solitary or clustered.

ViTis, Linnteus.

Stamens free. Ocarg 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Tendril-bearing
climbers. Injlorescenccs branched in the usual way, not dilated and continent ( J'itis).

VOL. II. 3G

562 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE A^^D PRODUCTIOXS.

§ Flowers in knf-opjwsed or axiHart/ true cymes. Flowers iisiwlly -i-merous [Cissiis).

° Leaves eomponnd,from simple and prdafehj 3-9 or more foliolate, to diijitate, or if
simple-leaved, jointed with the petiole [l-2-foliolate).

+ Leaves pedatehj or pinnatehj foliolate, very rarely spuriously digitate.
f Style short, spreadingly 4-lohed, or the 4-lobed or 4-cleft stigma sessile.
* Style short, spreadingly 4-lohed at the apex. Flowers often unisexual.

V. TUBEECTLATA, Liiws. Togu {fide Lawson).

Leaves 3-foliolate. Berries lA inch in diameter. Seed oboToid, grooved on tlio
back, the groove with a linear tubercle. Stem very warty.

Kurz suspects this may be a large-fruited 3-foliolate form of V. lanceolaria.

Y. AssiMiLis, Laws. Hills East of Toung-ngoo 3000 to 4000 feet.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves coriaceous, 3-foliolate, the leaflets veiy shortly
petioluled.

Y. oxYi'HTLLA, "Wall. Tropical forests of Eastern Slopes of Pegu Eange

and Hills East of Toung-ngoo.

Flowers unisexual. Leaves sappy membranous, 3-foliolate to pedately 5-foliolatc.
Cymes short. Seeds oblong, smooth.

** Stigma sessile, 4-lulcd or clift. Flowers often unisexual.

Y. LANCEOLAKiA, "Wall. Botli Varieties, but more so var. /3, common in

V. muricafa, W.A. the Tropical forests of Tenasserim and the

Cissus lanceolaria, Eoxb. Andamans, and the Eastern slopes of the Pegu

Kyi-ni-nweh or Kyi-chi-nweh. ^oma. Chittagong. Kamorta and KatchaU.

Glabrous or the petioles and cymes often puberulous. Leaves pcdate, or the

upper ones often 3-foliohite, sappy coriaceous. Berries white, the size of a cherry or

Kiuallcr. Seeds obovoid-oblong, rugulose, broadly and shallowly furrowed on the back.

var. a lanceolaria, Eoxb. Cymes loose and ample, densely puberulous, the

pedicels longer and slender. Petioles and petiolules puberulous.

var. ji tulerndafa, Bl. Cymes short and often somewhat compact, less
piiberulous or glabrous, the pedicels usually shorter and thicker. Petioles, etc., all
glabrous. Berries and seeds usually smaller.

var. a is in my opinion the true Eoxburghian plant, while var. ji is Blume's
Cissus tuherculata (Kurz).

Y. SERKULATA, Wall. Ercqucnt along mountain-streams in Tropical forests

Cissus cnpreolata, Eoyle. of Martaban, up to 3000 feet. Khakyen Hills.

Chittagong. var. /3 Khakyen Hills.

Glabrous. Leaves pedate, herbaceous-fleshy. Pedicels 2-3 lines long, umbellu-
late. Berries black, the size of a pea.

var. a capreolata. All parts quite glabrous.

var. ft suhohtecta. Branches and petioles rusty-pubescent, like those of Y.
ohtecta, and forming a transition to it, tlie leaves partially becoming digitate.
Y. OBIECTA, "Wall. Khakyen Hills.

A''cry much as tlio preceding, but young shoots and petioles rusty hirsute. Leaves
spuriously digitate.

f t Style simple, entire.
* Leaves all 3-foliolate.

Y. sEMicoEDATA, "Wall. var. (3 in the drier hill-forests of the irartaban

V. Jlimaliiyiina, Brand. hills, east of Toung-ngoo, at about 3000 feet.

Glabrous. Cymes leaf-opposed, glabrous. Leaves glaucous beneath.

J MPELIDE.E. oG3

var. a semlcordata, 'Wall. Young parts, inflorescence, leaflets Lcncatli, sliortly
and sparingly hairy.

Tar. ji llimahnjana. Brand ; V. Neilgherrensls, Wight ; Ampelopsis Uimalayana,
Royle. All parts ([uite glabrous, leaflets glaucous beneath.

V. TEiFOLi.\, L. In rubbishy spots, hedgerows, all over liurma, and

Cissus carnosa, Lamk. forests, where it becomes a powerful climber.

All parts puberulous, rarely glabrous. Cymes axillary, pubcrulous.

var. o iienuina. All parts shortly greyish pubescent.

var. ji ff/abrata. All parts glabrous or nearly so. Katehall.

I follow Miquel in adopting Linue's oldest name, which is evidently given in
allusion to the trefoil [Trifolium) (Kurz).

■x-x- Zeiive.i peddfi'.
X Ci/mes leaf-opposed and ifrminating an axiUary leafy or Jeajless ahoot.

V. Teysm.vxxi, Miij. Chittagong.

V. mollis, Wall.

All parts densely puberulous or pubescent.

■V. Japoxicv, Thbg. Pegu Eango and Tenasserim, also

Cissus leucoraipa, Bl. Taung-doung, Ava.

V. ci/mosa, lloxb.

All parts glabrous. Leaves sparingly pubescent along the nerves beneath.

X X Cymes truly axillary, lony-peduncled.

V. TENfiFOi-iA, W. A. Pegu Eangc and Arakan, also in

bamboo forests in the Andamans.

Leaflets cuneate-obovate, rather Idunt or acute, slightly pubescent along the
nerves beneath. (Seeds triangular with sharp margins, muricatc on the back.

Possibly only a more luxuriant form of the preceding species, with more obtuse
leaflets and truly axillaiy cymes (Kurz).

V. I'KDATA, Wall. var. a frequent in leaf-shedding forests and in hedges

of the cultivated plains ; var. ji in tropical forests
of the Andamans, Kamorta, and Nankowiy.

All parts pubescent to almost glabrous. Leaflets finely acuminate. Seeds
hemispherical, smootli.

var. a genuina. Leaves pedately foliolato, pubescent,
var. fi gluhrata. As preceding, but pretty glabrous.

-1 — |- Leaves trvly digitate.
V. AUIUCULATA, Wall. Cluttagong and Pegu Ivange.

Tin-noung-pcing-nweh (Ivurz).

All parts puberulous. Cymes axillary and terminal on axillary shoots. Leaflets
lJ-2 inches long. Stylo simple.

V. ERYTniioci.AiiA, Kz. Tropical forests of Kambalu Toung.

Wun-u-nweh or Myao-zu-nweh (Xurz). I'^^S" ^^^^%^. "t lUOO-2000. Also

Taong-doung. Ava.

Leaves glabrous. Lcatlcts 1-6 inches long, fleshy herbaceous. Cymes puberulous.
BeiTies globose, style simple, bark rcid.

Amongst the digitate species, tliis comes nearest to V. saponaria, Seem.

V. (Panax) MicnAXxnrM, Wall.
V. campylocarpa , Kurz.

Dioecious, remarkable for its minute flowers, and in this respect resembling
V. pubijiora, Miq. (syn. V. peduncularis, Lawson). Lawson says that it has no
tendi-ils, but in this he is mistaken. I believe it to bo Roxburgh's C. feminea, but

564 BVRJfA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

not having seen the female flowers, I hesitate to pronounce its identity with that
species. Lawson confidently reduces C.feminea to a synonym of V. lanceolaria, but
the digitate leaves alone forbid a comparison with it (Kurz).

° ° Leaves simple or' very rarely {in V. Anamallayana) the uppermost ones
3-foliolate. Cymes leaf-opposite [except in V. Walliclni).

X Branches and hranchlets cornered, sometimes almost icinyed and fleshy.
V. auADEANGTJLAEis, L. Waste spots and dry forests in Ava and Prome

Branchlets very fleshy, 4-cornered, jointed. Leaves small, fleshy, bluntish
crenate. Cymes simple.

Y. PEN'TAGoxA, Yoigt. Cliittagong. Arakan. Pegu Range. Andamans.

Branchlets bluntish 5-angular, thick and glossy. Leaves remotely bristly toothed,
long-petioled.

V. niscoLOE, Dalz. var. o Tropical forests and bamboo-jungles of Arakan,

Cissus relutinm, Linden. Tenasserim, and the Andamans. var. ji in tlio

Martaban Hills, East of Toung-ngoo.

Branchlets sharply 6-coi'nered. Leaves bristly serrate, herbaceous. Cymes
compound. Seeds obliquely obovate, transversely wrinkled on the faces.

var. a discolor. Leaves usually spotted, purplish beneath, on very long petioles
(at least the lower ones). Cymes poduncled.

var. ft sessilis, Mir[. Cymes sessile and umbellately branched from the base.
V. cosiATA, Wall. Arakan and Pegu.

As preceding. Leaves shorter pctioled, while young appressed hairy on the
nerves beneath. Seeds smooth, obovate.

X X Branches and hranchlets terete or nearly so.
f Cymes axillary. Branchlets angular ?
V. (Leea) coedata, Wall.

Near to V. pallida, W. A., but distinguished by its axillary cymes.
V. Wallichii, Kz. (non DC). Ava (' ili-a-noung').

Leaves 3-lobed, ghdjrous, sappy membranous, large. Seeds globose, smooth.

f f Cymes leaf-opposed.

V. (Cissus) EEPEXs, Lamk. Tropical forests of Chittagong, Burma, the

V. glaiica, Roxb. Andamans and Kamorta.

Cisstis Blumeana, Steud.
C. cerifera, T. et B.

Branchlets terete, whitish pruinous. All parts glabrous. Seeds smooth.

V. (Cissus) adi-'ata, Eoxb. var. « rare in hill-toungyas of Martaban at 3000-

4000 feet; var. /3 in all leaf-shedding forests
and shrubberies, especially aluug chouugs, all
over Burma.

All parts, especially while young, rusty tomentose, more or less glabrescent.
Leaves shai'jily acuminate, never lobed. Seeds obovate, shallowly laeunose.

var. n yhihrior, Miq. All parts more glabrous, leaves only along the nerves
beneath pubesoout.

var. ji conimiDiis. All parts more or less rusty tomentose. Leaves above
glabrous or puberulous. beneath wholly or only along the nerves tomentose.

V. (Cissu.s) viTiGiXEA, L. Mixed and open forests, shrubberies and gi-ass

v. Linnai, Kz. (non Wall.). jungles, all over Burma; var. riparia, Wall., at
K repanda, W. \. Car Kicobar.

Yiu-uouug-uwcb (^Kur/).

AMPELIDE.-E. 56o

All younser parts nisly toniontosc or pubescont, Klabrcscont. Leaves large, oftcu
somewhat 3-lobed, bluntish acuminate, deciduous. Seeds obovate, smooth.

§ Inflorescence a modification of the fendrih, cijmosc-panich'd, racemose, npiied, or
the tendril-branches forming a panicle. Flowers 4- or more ttsuallij 5-merous.
* Flowers pcdiceJJed, in loose or contracted panicles.
f Seeds 2-4 lines Ion//, shallowhj grooved and radiately furrowed on the lack.
X Glabrous or nearlg so.
\. LATiFOLiA, Ri)xb. Froqueiit in the savannahs and village woods, but

rare in the leaf-shedding forests, all over tlio
C'hin-douk-uweh-zouk (Kurz). Pegu plains, also .\ndamans in forests.

Cyuiosc panicles ample, glabrous, witli or without tendrils. Pedicels thick,
nearly a line long. Leaves 3-5-lobed, the lobes usually acute.

X X All parts more or less woolly-tomentose.

Y. liAKiiATA, AVall. Lower mi.xed forests of Ava, Martaban and

Tenasscrim ; var. (i Ava, Taong-doung.

Ti ran ill lets, peduncles and usually the petioles covered with a woolly tomentuni
intermixed with l)lack spreading stiff liaii's. Leaves almost glabrous.

var. a (/enaiiia. Leaves thinly lanate beneath, black hairs numerous.

var. /i Jenkinsii. Leaves entire or lobed, their under-surface as well as tlio
stems densely tawny or rusty woolly-tomentose, black liairs very sparingly distributed.

V. TOJiEXiosA, Heyne. Hills East of Toung-ngoo 3000 to 4000 feet.

Branchlcts, etc. woolly, without black hairs. Leaves lobed to palraately lobed.
Panicles tendril-bearing, short and latlier compact. Pedicels very sliort and thick.

■ff Seeds about a line long , furrowed on the back, almost smooth, glossy-black.

V. LAXATA, llo.xb. Chittagong. Ava. Tenasserim.

Branclilets, etc., woolly, without black hairs. Leaves tawny woolly beneath,
slightly lobed. Panicles usually temlril-bearing, woolly, large and lax. Pedicels
very slender, 1 \ line long.

■»■::■ J.'Jowers sessile, in spikes, the spikes forming elongate panicles.

V. Hia.KKur, Laws. Tenasserim.

Toung parts thinly and fugaceously woolly. Leaves pedately 5-7-foliolate,
glabrous except on the nerves beneath. Spikes in very slender panicles.

V. roLVSTACUYA, Laws. Tenasserim or Audamans {fide Lawson).

Quite glabrous. Leaves digitately foliolate, ghuicous green. Spikes puberulous,
forming l.\— 2-feet long stout panicles.

Bachis of inflorescence leafy crpanded and fleshy-membranous, the flowers sessile,
unisexual {Pterisanthes).

V. POi.iTA, Mi(]^. Maulmain {fde Lobb).

Glabrous. Leaves simple. A very slender twiner.

or the vino ( V. vinifera, L ), Dr. Mason remarks : " The grape-vine may bo seen
in many of our gardens, but it very rarely produces fruit. I once saw a vine in
Mergui, however, which had on it several tine bunches of grapes, and I have heard
of grapes being occasionally brought to perfection in Ifaulmain."

V. vinifera is a native of (icorgia and Mingrelia, and can be successfully cultivated'
■whore the mean annual temperature does not fall below GG° Fahr. In the tropics the
plant grows luxuriantly, but the fruit withers without ripening.

' For an account of tlio (litTiTont sorts of grapes usually mot witli in tlio Indian markets see
Ecllcw's Afijlianistan anil ils I'copk, [i. 'JS7.

566 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

The Tine is a plant whose origin, so far as its culture is concerned, dates from
prehistoric times, and is one of those plants which shows in a marked degree the
eflect of cultivation, which fact was clearly enunciated by Virgil in his charming
Second Gcorgic :

" Sponte sua qua) se tollunt in luminis oras,
Infeeunda quidem, sed la3ta et fortia surgunt ;
Quippe solo natura subest. Tamen haec quoque si quis
Inserat, aut serobibus mandet mutata subactis,
Exuerint sylvestrem animum ; cultuque frequenti
In quascunque voces artes, baud tarda sequentur."

Gcorgic II. line 47.

This same contrast which exists between the cultivated and uncultivated vine
has been very happily seized by another Roman poet as a symbol of the advantages of
matrimony :

" Ut vidua in nudo vitis qua; nascitur arvo
Kunquam se extollit, nunquam mitem educat uvam,
Sed tencrum prono deflcctens pectore corpus
Jam jam contingit summum radice flagellum,
Hanc nulli agricola;, nulli accoluere juvenci :
At si forte cadem est ulmo conjuncta marito,
Multi illam agricolaj, multi accoluere juvenci."

Catullus, Carm. Ntq). line 49.'

Leea, Linnaus.

Ufamcns and petals united with the disk. Ocanj 3-G-celled, with a solitary
ovule in each cell. Erect shrubs or trees, without tendrils.

X Leaces ample, simple or rnrchj o-foliolate.

L. MACEOPHTLLA, Roxb. var. 13 frequent in the mixed forests, especially

L. sinqilicifolia, Griff. the upper ones, of Pegu and Martaban.

Kya-bet-gyi.

Leaves simple, large, very glaucous and shortly puberulous beneath. Lobes of
the staminal tube entire. Shrubby.

var. a ffeiiiiitin. Leaves larger and somewhat lobed, and puberulous beneath,
var. j3 oxyphylla. Leaves ovate, acuminate, less glaucous beneath, glabrous.

L. LATiFOLiA, Wall. Prome.

Leaves simple and pinnatcly 3-foliolate, hardly glaneescent, but minutely
imberulous beneath. Lobes of the staminal tube notched. Shrubby.

X X Leaves from simply pinnate to deeomjiotmd .
° All parts [except the inforescenee in a few species) glahrous.
I Inforescenee with persistent and consiyictious bracts and hractlets.
f f Bracts and hractlets minute, usually already dro^yped before the flower-buds are
piroperly developed.

So lips the solitary vine, prone in a naked field,

Unfit to lift itself on hif;h, or clustering grapes to yield.

By its own weight bowed down to earth ; no comely youth or maid,

No husbandman, delights to lie outstretched beneath its shade.

But once, with some tall husband elm, effect its union gay ;

Aud soon beneath its fruitful boughs will whispering lovers stray.

AMI'ELIDE.E. 5(37

* Leaves coriaceous. Flowers greenish-white or green with a pur2)Iish hue.

K. PATtAi.i.r.i.A, Wall. var. n Ava. Irrawaddy Valley, var /i freciuent

in tlic mixed forests and grass jungles of I'egu.

Leaves more or less glaucous, usually linear or lauccolate. Lobes of the staminal
tube erect, notclied. Seeds smooth and rounded on the back. Uuder-shrub.

var. a genuina. Leaves usually pinnate or occasionally bipinnate, leaflets
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, more glaucous. Calj"x-lobos rotundate.

var. /i angustifolia, La^vs. Leaves usually 2-3-pinnate, leaflets narrow-linear
to linear, very acuminate, calyx-lobes in fruit obtuse, but not rotundate.

L. SAiiBuciNA, Willil. Arakan, Pegu Eange, Tenasserira, the Amlamans,

L. stapht/hea, lloxb. Katchall, Kamorta, and Xankowry.

L. ottili's, DC.

Ka-lct (Kurz).

Leaves dark-green, glossy. Lobes of staminal tube erect, notched. Seeds even
and convex on the bark. A tree.

" Leea samburiiia, of the ' Flora of India ' (not of authors), is a melange of species,
which Lawson explains, mare Kewensi, by saying tliat there are transitional conditions
so numerous tliat tlu' species reduced by him cannot be maintained " (Kurz).

This is rather hard on Kew ; but in all branches of natural science, both zoology
and botany, it is a thankless task expunging shadowy species, but undoubtedly a
meritorious one, since these shadowy species arc the curse and opprobrium of science.

L. coMPACTiTLOEA, Kz. Hills East of Toung-ngoo at 3000 feet.

Inflorescence with persistent and conspicuous bracts. Flowers sessile or nearly so.

L. GiG.^NTEA, Gi'ifF. Maulmain. Tavoy.

Leaves dark-grceu, glossy. Lobes of staminal tube reflexed, acuminate. Seeds
tubercled-keeled, the edges tuberckd-ribbed. A large shrub.

* * Leaves more or less memlranous. Flowers red, orange, or scarlet.
L. I..ETA, Wall. Ava. Tropical forests of South Andamans.

Leaflets 6-8 inches long. Inflorescence rusty-tomentoso. Under shrub.
L. cocciXEA, riauch. Xot rare in the savannahs of Pegu, rare

in the diluvial forests of Martaban.

Leaflets only 2^—1 inches long. Inflorescence glabrous or nearly so. Under-shrub.

° ° Afore or less pubescent or stiji'-hairij, at lead the nerves beneath.
f Leaves usualli/ simjilg ju'nniile.
L. CRisrA, L. Chittagong and Pegu.

L. pinnaia, Andr.
Kalet-theing (Kurz).

Leaflets coarsely serrate, acute, roughish pubescent along the nerves beneath.
Nerves all parallel." I'etiolules thick and short. Stems, petioles, and peduncles
curled-winged. Bracts and braetlcts long, lanceolate-subulate. Shrub.
L. rcMiLA, Kz. Pegu and Martaban.

Dwarf, all parts robust and densely pubescent or almost tomentosc. Petioles
and petiolules terete. Cymes tomentose. Bracts minute. Under shrub.

f j Leaves tisually 2- or 3-pinnate.
L. ASPEKA, AVall. Pegu.

Thakya-nwcli-than (Kurz).
Leaflets conrsely serrate, acuminate, roughish pubescent on the parallel nerves

568 BCR.VA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

beneath. Stems and petioles terete or nearly so. Peduncle compressed-cornered.
Bracts and bractlets small, linear-lanceolate. Flowers greenish-white. Shrub.

L. jEqfata, L. Tropical forests of Tenasserim and

L. lilrta, Honiem. the Andamans.

Nga-mouk (Kurz).

All parts stifF-pubescent. Leaflets membranous, beneath densely gland-dotted.
Petioles terete. Bracts large, broadly ovate, blunt. Under shrub.

L. KOBusTA, Roxb. (non Laws.). Arakan and Pegu.

L. dijfusa, Laws.

Almost glabrous or greyish puberulous. Leaves 2-3-pinnate. Leaflets puberu-
lous or glabrous, not gland-dotted beneath. Bracts and bractlets none. Shrub.

L. robmta, Laws. = Z. Simdaica, Miq. (Kurz).

L. EtJBiLi, Bl. Attaran Valley.

Stems, petioles, etc., quite glabrous. Leaflets small, sprinkled with white stiff
hairs. Bracts or bractlets none. Under shrub.

Kurz adds fi'om the Nicobars :

L. ACULEATA, Bl. Katchall.

L. GRANDiFOLiA, Kz. Katcliall, Trice and Track.

L. SANGTJiNEA, "Wall. Ava.

In his notes on Burmese Plants (.J.A.S.B. ii. 1873, p. 66) Kurz describes L.
sanguinea, Wall. ; but this species does not appear in his later paper.

Order BHAMNACE^.

Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, or rarely polygamous. C(77y.c 4-5-lobed or cleft,
the tube persistent, and often adnate to the ovary or disk, valvate. Petals 4-5, alter-
nating with the calyx-lobes, or none. Stamens 4-5', opposite to the petals if present.
Filammts filiform, rarely dilated. Anthers small, often included in the petals, rarely
exserted. Bisk usually tilling the calyx-tube, or lining it, or annular, rarely cup-
shaped and free, or wanting. Ovarxj more or less infeiior, 3- (or rarely 2-4-)celled,
with a solitary erect ovule in each cell. Style short, with as many lobes as cells to
the ovary. Fruit a drupe or capsule, the margin of the adnate calyx-base forming a
ring at the base, or round, or at the summit of the fruit, the endoearp separating into
as many cocci as cells, or forming a woody or bony 2-4-celled stone. Flowers small
or minute, in cymes or umbel-like clusters, often collected in axillary, or terminal
compound cymes, racemes or panicles.

ZIZYPHIEJE.
Drupe containing a solid 1-3-celled pufamen, or the fruit a capsule or indehiscent
nut. Oriiri/ superior or half-superior. Disk fillinij the calij.t-tuhe.

* Oruri/ half-superior or superior. Fruit a 7iut, dry, coriaceous, l-celled and
1-scedcd, or a capsule.

Yextilago, Gaertncr.

Kut produced into a long terminal wing, indehiscent.

X Cahjx adnate to the drupe, sniall and basilar.

y. Madevspataxa, Gaertn. S.S. Tenasserim.

Flowers in slender simple or branched racemes. Kut indistinctly pidjerulous, the
wing only l-H inch long.

X X Calyx adnate to the di upc for \~\ of its lenr/th, and form iny there a promi-
nent nnij.

IIIIAM.XACE.E. 5G9

° Flowers and fruit more or less ijellowish-puhesecnt or ionuntose.

Y. CALYCULATA, Till. Tunasscrim.

F. Madraspatana, Roxb. non Gacrtn.
Racemose panicles and flowers tomentoso. Fruits iiuhcrulous, tlie wing U-1
incli long, the calyx reaching the middle of the n>it.

° ° Fruits quite ghihrous, even icken young.

V. LEiocARPA, Etli. S.S. Tenasserim.

All parts glabrous. Xuts about 3 lines in diameter, the calyx reaching the
middle, and forming a sharp ring there, the wing rounded at the apex.

V. Maingayi, Laws. F.C.S. Tenasserim.

Glabrous? Nuts nearly i inch across, the calyx broad and flat, occupying only
the basal part of the nut, the wing shortly acuminate.

Smytuea, Seemantt.
Capsule lanceolate or urn-shaped, 2-valved.
S. CALPR'ARPA, Kz. .S'.^..S. Tenasserim.

Leaves serrate, chartaccoxis, glabrous save along the pilose midrib beneath.

** Ovary superior. Drupe fleshy or dry, icith a \-Z-celled hard putamen.

ZizYPnrs, Jussieu.
Leaves palmately 3-.5-nerved.

* Flowers in axillary eymes or clusters.
° Leaves more or less tomentose or pubescent beneath. Drupes soppy, quite glabrous.
Z. jcji-BA, Lamk. All over Burma.

Zi. The ' byer ' plum of India.

Leaves coriaceous, densely fulvous or whitish tomentose beneath, glabrous above.
Drupe h-f inch long, the putaraen 2-cclled. Erect shrub or tree.

Wood close-grained, strong, heartwood dark brown. Bark used for tanning (Kurz).
This tree, so common thiougliout the jungles of India, yields a pleasant acid
berry, the size of a small cherry. The cultivated fruit grows much larger, but it loses
in flavour what it gains in size, being less acid and refreshing, and more mucilaginous,
especially wlien cooked, tliaii the wild fruit. Lac is found on this tree. The timber
is small, and large trees too valuable for fruit to be cut down.

Z. iEXOPLiA, ilill. S.S. All over Burma and the .\ndamans.

Z. albens and napeca, Roxb.
Tor-zi-nweh (Kurz).

Leaves membranous, above tliinly, beneath densely silky pubescent. Drupe the
size of a pea, the putamen 1- rarely 2-ceIIed. Erect or seandent shrub.

var. n glahrcscens. Leaves green on both sides, shortly and thinly pubescent,
var. ft ferrugineseens. Leaves tawny villous beneath. Usually a lofty climber,
var. 7 pediecllaris. Wall. As preceding, but cymes longer peduncled and
larger, pedicels about 3 lines long. I'rome.

° ° Leaves glabrous or sprinkled with a few hairs on the nerves beneath.

Z. cit.AiutA, Roxb. S.S. Tropical forests of Chittagong, Tenasserim,

and the Andamans.

Leaves green, tliin chartaceous. Young drupes tawny tomentose, adult woody.

*-■' Cymes collected into leafy or leafless panicles. Drupes woody.
Z. FCXicri.osA, Ham. E.S.S. Ava Hills.

Leaves glabrous, rigidly chartaceous. Drupes glabrous. Climber.

570 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIOXS.

Z. ECGOSA, Lam. T. All over Burma.

Myouk-zi.

Leaves densely fulvous tomcntose or pubescent beneath. Drupes glabrous.

Eurz adds from the Kicobars :

Z. srBQriNQrENEKviA, Miq. Tropical forests of Kumorta and Katchall.

Behchemia, Necher.
Leaves pennincrvcd.

B. FLOEiBFNDA, Brongn. S.a. Kbakyen Hills.

Drupes slightly compressed, smooth or pruiuous, bluish-black, containing a woody
2 -celled putamen.

liHAMKIEJR.
Fruit dry or drupaceous, containing 3 {j-urchj 2-4) indehisccnt or 2-ralred cocci.

* Ovary superior or half-superior. Drupe fleshy or dry, superior. I)ish fleshy,
filling the calyx-tuhe [JRhaninece vera).

Sageeetia, Brongn iarf.

Flowers in terminal panicles. Leaves opposite or nearly so.

S. IHEEZ.ANS, Brongn. Ava.

var. [i diospyrifolia. Laws.

The leaves of this plant can be used as a substitute for tea.

ScuTiA, C'ommerson.

FJoicers in fascicles or umbcll«ts. Leaves opposite or nearly so.

S. (Ehamnds) ciecumscissus, L. Valley of the Attaran Eivor.

jS. Lndica, Brongn. S.
Ithamnus myrfinus, Burm.
H. lucidus, lloxb.

A shrub armed with short curved spines, all parts glabrous.

COLUBEINA, L. C. Jiich.
Flowers in cymes. Leaves alternate.

C. (Ceanothus) asiatica, L. <S. Arakan, Tenasserim, the Andamans, Kamorta,
Rhamnus acuminatus, Colebr. Katchall, and Car Nicobar.

Kue-nweh.

Leaves and cymes glabrous.

C. ruBEscENs (Kz.). S.S. Pegu and Martaban.

Cymes and under surface of leaves pubescent.

Voight also records C. maceophtlla, from ilartaban.

** Ovary and fruit inferior, the latter crowned by the calyx-lintl.
AriEEox, Kurz.
Styles 2. Fruit globose, not winged. Flowers clustered, in terminal panicles.
A. LANCEOLATuii, Kz. Upper Tenasserim.

GouANiA, Linna'us.

Fruit dry, S-corncred or winged. Flowers spicate or racemose, panicled.

G. LEPTosTACHTA, DC. S.S. All ovor Burma by streams and villages.

G. tiliafolia, Eoxb.

Tor-ye-nyo-nweh.

JiJlAMSACL\-E. CELASTRIKE.?:. 571

Leaves fjlaln-ous or nearly so, cronatc. Eaccmcs pubcrulous, glabresccnt. Disk
glabrous, o-horned. Capsules glabrous.

G. Brandish, Hassk.

G. integriJhUa, Eurz (non Lamk.).
Leaves velvety above, densely tawny or rusty pubescent beneatli, entire. Eacemcs
rusty-tomentose. Capsules puberulous.

Order CELASTRINE,!:.

Flowers usually hermaplirodite. Calijx small, 4-5-lobed or parted, persistent,
imbricate. Fetah 4-5, imbricate. Stamens 'i-b (very rarely 2-10), inserted at tbe
base of the disk, or its lobes. Filaments subulate, often short. Anthers 2-celled.
Link conspicuous, cushion-like or explanato or lobcd. Fruit various, a capsule, drupe,
berry, or samara. Seeds olten arillate, sometimes winged. Albumen fleshy, or almost
homy, or none. Flowers small, or minute, in axillary cymes, or racemes, or in terminal
panicles. Most Celestrinem are readily recognized by the peculiar large disk. From
Jihamnaeea; they iliffer in having the stamens alternating with the petals.

Sub-order CELASTRACEM.
Stamens inserted outside the disk. Seeds albuminous.

■* Capsule or follicle dehiscent.
X Utiiles from the ajis of the cells. Leaves opposite.
EvoNY.Mrs, Zinnreus.
Petals frt-e. Disk fleshy, bi'oad. Capsules S-o-lobed aud celled.

I Ovules 2 in each cell.
* Flvwers solitari/ or clustered in the axils of the leaves.

E. Javaxicvs, B1. E.T. Tropical forests of Tenasserim, Katchall,

Kondal, and Great Xicobai'.

Flowers nearly 5-6 Unes across. Petals fringed. Capsules sharply angular, on
J-1 inch long peduncles. Leaves glossy, entire.

E. CAi.ocABrcs, Kz. S. Tenasserim.

Capsules globular, obtusely lobed, very shortly pedunckd or almost sessile.
Leaves green, opaque.

■'"'> Flowers in dichotomous cymes.
X X Branchlets terete or nearly so, or somewhat compressed.
E. GLABKE, Roxb. Chittagoug and Tenasserim.

E. Timorensis, Laws.
Flowers small, usually 5-merous. Petals entire. Capsules angular. Leaves
sermlate upwards.

X X Branchlets sharply A-cornered or almost winged.
E. GittFiiTHir, Kz. ^.6'. var. a Ava. var. ji not unfrequent in the damp hill-
Ilippocrates anyulata, Griff. forests of the JsTit-toung' ranges in Martaban,

cast of Toung-ngoo, at 6000-7000 feet elevation.

Flowers small, in very slender cymes. Capsules small, smooth.

var. a genuina. Petioles thick, \ lino long; leaves sub-sessile, sub-serrate,
var. [i duhia. Petioles slender, 2-3 lines long. Leaves entire or nearly so.
var. ft will prove a distinct species, but as my specimens arc in very young
bud only, 1 am unwilling to establish the species until better material comes to hand.

1 Cnre must be taken not to confdund tho ' Xat-tounj; ' in Martaban East of the Salween, witli
the ' Nat-toung ' of the Arakan llaugc, W.S.W. of Thayet'-myo.

572 BCRilA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

f f Oriiles solitary in the cells.
E. SCLEEOCAEPUS, Laws. Ji.T. Tropical forests of Kambalu Toung in the

Pegu Eange.
Bark red. Petals 4, greenish purple, concave-orbicular, -without grooves.
Capsules very rough from scurfy fissures and warts.

MiCEOTEOPIS, Wdllich.

Petals united at the base. Disk none or annular. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valvcd.

M. (EvoxTMvs) GAECijv'iFOLrrs, Eoxb. £.S. Martaban and Tcnasserim between
M. discolor, Wall. 5000 and 7000 feet.

X Ci)mes not much longer than the petiole, robust and croiodedly Jioicered .
Leaves coriaceous, smooth, Capsules ^ inch long, grey.

X X Cymes much longer than the petiole, lax and dichntomously Iranched.
M. BivALvis, Wall. E.T. Tropical forests of Tenasserim.

Leaves smooth, glossy above. Peduncle slender, 1-1 J inch long.
M. LOXGiFOLiA, Wall. U.S. Tenasserim.

Leaves coriaceous, wrinkled, especially above, opar^ue. Peduncle i-J inch long.

X X Ovules erect. Leaves alternate.

Celasteus, Linnaus.

Ornry free. Capsules 2— f-celled, loculicidal. Seeds arillato. Flowers in panicles
or racemes.

C. MOfrospEESiA, Eoxb. Khakyen Hills.

Cymes forming racemose panicles, axillary and terminal. Capsule 1 -celled and
1 -seeded.

X Capsule 2-valred.

C. ACUMiXATrs, Wall. i:..S. Ava Hills.

Cymes short and slender, axillary.

X X Capsule o-talved.

C. MoxTA.vus, Eoxb. T. Prome (?).

Cymes dichotomously branched, axillary.

C. PAXicn.ATA, Willd. S.S. Ava to Pegu.

C. multijlora and nutans, Eoxb.

Cymes forming racemose panicles, slender, terminal. Capsules with 3-6 seeds,
var. a genuina. All parts quite glabrous or nearly so.

var. /3 pidescens. Leaves beneath and the petioles pubescent. Panicles
densely puberulous.

Keeeijua, Wallich.

Ocary free, styles 2. Capsule entire or 2-lobcd, 1-2-colled, follicle-like and
slowly dehiscing into 1 or 2 valves. Flowers in cymes or racemes, or panicled.

K. EonrsTA, Eoxb. F.T. Chittagong. Pegu Eange. Tenasserim.

Kwe-douk.

Capsule an inch long, opening into 2 valves containing 1-2 large glossy black
seeds enveloped in a yellow arillus. Wood brown, heavy, brittle (Kurz).

""' ■-' Fruit an indehisccnt drupe or herry.
SipnoxoDOX, Griffith.
Ovary half inferior, .5 -celled. Berry largo, with many pyrcncs. Leaves alternate.

CELASTRIXILE. 573

S. CELASTETNTS, Griff. T!.T. T. forests of Pep;a Range and Jrart;ih;in.

Myouk-o-sliyt (Kurz).

Berries the shape ami size of a small citnui, on a cylimlrical peduncle 4-6 lines
long, the pyrenes surrounded by a granular hard reddish-yellow endocarp.

Sub-order HIPPO CR A TIA CE.^.

Stamena 3, rarely 2-5, inserted within or on the di,-k. Scedn exalbumiuous.
Leaves opposite.

* Fruit an indehlscent berry, X-many-seeded. Seeds not winged.
Saiacia, Linnaeus.
Inflorescences axillary. Stamens 3, rarely 2 or 4, inserted within the disk.

* Cymes peduncled and dichotoinously branched, uaually slmrt.

S. LoxciFOLiA, Wall. S.S. Tenusserim.

S. floribunda, Wight.

Branches terete. Pedicels thirk, G-8 Hues long. Sepals not ciliatc. Filaments
very short, complanate and retlexed.

S. TOUTUosA, Griff. S.S. Tenasscrim.

Branches marked by decurrent lines and more or less angular. Pedicels about
4 lines long, slender, arising from the globose rusty-bracteoled ends of the cyrae-
branclies. Sepals fringed. Filaments nearly A line long, terete and erect.

* * Flowers springing from an axillary sessile tubercle or wart.
X Flowers large. Petals about 3-4 lines long.
S. GEAXDiFLOKA, Kz. S.S. Tcnasserim.

Pedicels 2-3 lines thick. Leaves large, coriaceous.

X X Flowers minute or small, the petals less than 2 lines long.
f Leaves turning brown or dark-coloured in drying. Filaments very short and complanate.

S. vEBRUcosA, Wight. <S.<S'. Tenasscrim.

S. polyantha, Korlh.

Branchlets dark-brown, corky-lentieellatc. Leaves entire. Sepals ciliatc. Ovary-
cells 2-ovuled.

S. Roxiiui!(, nil, Wall. S.S. Chittagong to Tcnasserim.

Branchlets pale-coloured, sparingly lentieelhite. Leaves serrate. Berries as
large as a crab-apple, 2-3-seeded. Sepals not ciliatc.

f f Leaves turning yellowish or pale green in drying.
° Petals clawed. Filaments terete, slender.

S. PKiNorDES, DC. S.S. Tidal forests of Chittagong, Tcnasserim

Julinia Coromandeliana, lloxb. and the Andamans.

S. latifolia, Wall.

Petals a lino long. Pedicels as long or longer than the petiole. Berries 1 -seeded.

° ° Petals sessile. Filaments very short and dilated.
S. FLAVEscKXs, Kz. S.S. Tcnasserlm.

Pedicels few, sliort, 1-1 1 line long.
S. MTLTiFLoKA, Wight. <S S. Tcnasserim.

Pedicels numerous, slender, longer than the petiole.
Kurz also gi\cs from the Xicobars :
S. PLATYPniLLA, Kz. S.S. Katchall, 2saukowry and Great Nicobar.

574 BUB.VA. ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTTOyS.

** Fniif capmlar or samaroid, dehiscent. Seeds icinged.
X Hlpe carpels samaroid, '1-valced. Stamens 3, inserted within the disk.

HirpocKATiA, Zinnaus.

Eipe carpels iisuallv 3. Seeds usually winged at the low'or end. Injiorescenees
terminal or terminal and axillary. Some species yield edible nuts.

H. InDicA, Willd. S.S. Toukycghat.

X Petals \-\ line long, imbricated in the had.
Petals about i line long. Leaves glaucous.
H. FUSCESCENS, Kz. S.S. ilaulmain.

Petals about a line long. Leaves turning brown in drying.

X X Petals ahuut 2 lines long, vallate in the hud.

H. MACKANTHA, Korth. S.S. Cbittagong to Tenasserim.

Plowers outside and inflorescence greyish puberulous. Carpels linear-oblong, 2-3^
inches long.

H. LoBBii, Laws. S.S. Upper Tenasserim.

Petals inside densely greyish hairy.

Kurz also gives from the Xicobars :

H. NicoBAKiCA, Kz. S.S. Tropical forests of Katchall.

X X Fruit a capsule. Freet trees or shrubs. Stamens 5, inserted on the disk.

LorHOPETALrir, Wight.
Capsule 3-4-celled and lobcd. Seeds winged all round. Xot gland-dotted.

* Petals ciliateh/ crested or lamellate on the upper side. Disk 5-lohed.
L. FiMiiKiATUir, Wight. T. Martaban and Tenasserim.

Flowers nearly J- inch in diameter. Crest of petals fringed.

** Petals naked, in a dried state often turning wrinkled or corrugate on the inner face.
X Panicles glabrous. JJisk smooth, in a dried state often conspieuously wrinkled.
Leaves elliptical to ovate.

L. Walijchii, Kz. T. Pegu and Tenasserim.

Moung-taing (Kurz).

Panicles brachiato and stiff. Flowers about 3 lines in diameter. Disk wrinkled.

L. LTTTouALE, Laws. F.T. Low ground along the Pozoondoung Creek. Pegu.

As preceding, but panicles larger and slenderly branched. Flowers about 2 lines
across. Disk wrinkled.

X X Panicles while young covered with a rustg-coloured or gregish tomentum.

L. FLORiBrxiirir, Wight. Southern Tenasserim.

Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate. Petiole 3-4 lines long. Flowers about
1-11 line across. Disk smooth or nearly so.

OLACALES.
Fliivers regular, hermaphrodite, or unisexual. (V///.r small. Disk free, cupular
or annular, rarely glandular, or none. Ocavi/ entire, 1- to many-celled. Ovules
1 to 3 in each cell, pendulous, raphe dorsal, integuments confluent with the
nucleus. Alhuuien usually copious, fleshy. Embryo small. Shrubs or trees. Leaves
alternate, simple, exstipulate.

ILICIXE.E. bii)

Order ILICIXE^E.

Flowers regular, hermaplirodite or unisexual. Calyx 3-6-paitito or lobcd,
imbricate. Pet'ih 4 or 5, rarely more, or wanting, free or united at the base,
hypogynous, imbricate. Slaineiis li)'])ogynous, as many as tlie petals, or rarely
more, free, or slightly adhering to the petals. Filaments subulate. Anthers opening
inwards. Disk none. Oiarij free, 3-.5- rarely mauy-celled, with 1-2 pendulous
ovuk's in eaeh cell. Style none, or terminal. Stigma discoid or capitellate. Fruit
a drupe containing a 2-5-celled stone or 4-8 crustaceous 1 -seeded ])yrenes. Testa
membranous. Albumen copious, fleshy. Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple
leaves. Stipules none. Fluwcrs small, and in terminal cymes or clusters.

Sub-order ILICA CEJE.
Petals present. Floicers hermaplirodite.

Ir.KX, Linnttus.
Stamens 5. Ovary 4-8-celled.

* Male inflorescence cymose, the female flowers clustered or solitary.

I. GAi:LTnERi.EFOLrA, Kz. E.T. Tenasserira.

Leaves 2-3^^ inches long, beneath very opaipie and brown. Sepals ciliatc.

Dr. Hooker identiiies this species with his /. theicfoUa, but in this he is in error,
his new species dilfering greatly, not (mly in the texture and polish of the leaves, but
still more so in the inflorescence, doubly larger flowers, and very long pedicels ; in my
species they are only about ^V line long (Kui-z).

** Female flowers in simple or compound umhellets or cymes.
° Cymes head- like, contracted and small, on a long compressed peduncle.
I. GoDATiM, Coleb. E. T. fi not rare in Tropical forests of ilartaban

Glabrous, or the branchlets pubescent. ''"^^ Tenasserim.

var. a ffenuina. Shoots, peduncles, and pedicels shortly pul)erulous. Caly.K
more or less pubescent or densely fringed.

var. ji sulcata. All parts glabrous, except the puberulous pedicels, and calyx.

^ ° Cymes diraricatcly 2-cleft, on a rather short peduncle.
I. MACKoruYLLA, Wull. Tcuasserim.

Cymes divaricately 2-cleft. Leaves large, coriaceous. Erauchlets pale-coloured.

I. CTMOSA, Bl.

Cymes twice or thrice dichotoniously branched. Leaves beneath pale-coloured
or glaucescent. Branchlets pure white. Style stout, distinct.

I. Wallichii, n. f. Tenasserim.

As preceding, but stigma sessile.

Sub-order DAI'I/XII'IIYLLA CE.E.
Flowers apetalous, unisexual.

DAniNienvLLUM, Illume.
Stamens 5-18. Geary 2-celled.

D. MAJUs, Muell. Tenasserim.

Calyx persistent ? Pedicels about J inch long.

D. IIiMALAYE.xsE, Mucll. F.T. Mariaban at about 5000 feet.

Calyx deciduous. Pedicels about 1-2 lines long.

576 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODLX'TIOXS.

One of tlie best known species of this Order is the Holly {Ilex aquifolium), the
bark of ■which yields birdlime, and the wood of which is close-gniiued and hard.
Ilex Paragimensis yields Puruguay tea, and several species are cultivated as ornamental
plants. This Ilex must not be confounded with the tree which afforded so noble
a simile to Horace in his ode to the lloman people, who had in view the Holm oak
( Qitercus ilex] :

"Duris ut Ilex, tonsa bipennibus
Kiftra? feraci frondis in Algido,
Per damna, jjer casdos, ab ipso
Ducit opes, animumque ferro."

Cann. IV. 4. line 57.

Order OLACIXE^.

Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual. Ctili/x small, 4-6-toothed,
free or adnate to the disk. Petals 4-6, free, or more or less united, valvate. Stamens
as many, or twice as many as (rarely fewer than) the petals, adnate to the base of
the petals, or free and hypogynous. Anthers 2-celled, versatile, or rarely adnate. Bisk
free or adnate to the ovary or to the calyx, rarely divided into scale-like glands.
Ovary free, or immersed in the disk, 1 or imperfectly 2-3-celled, with 2-3, or rarely
a Bolitai-y pendulous ovule in each cell. Sti/le simple. Frjdt usually an indehiscent
drupe. Seeds solitary, pendulous, or spuriously erect. Albumen present, or none.
Trees or slu'ubs with usually alternate, simjile leaves.

Sub-order OLACi:^.
Stamens as many or twice as many (rarely fewer) as petals and opposite to them.

Sub-tribe EU-OLACIE^TI.
Stamens anisonierous, or isomeruus. Ovarij '2-b-eelled at the base, \-efllcd at the
apex or completely \-celled, the placenta central with 2-3 pendulous orules.

* Sti>me7is twice as many as pdiils, or if fewer, accompanied by staminodes.

XiMExiA, linnceus.
Cali/x not enlarging after flowering. Stamens all perfect.

X. Americana, L. S. Coasts of Tenasserim, the Andamans,

X subscandens, Gritf. Car Xicobar and Katchall.

Pynleh-si or Pynleh-ku-yin (Kurz).
Drupe about an inch long, red, smooth, edible, containing a large not very hard
nut. Wood of a yellow colour.

Olax, Linnaus.
Calyx inclosing the fruit. Perfect stamens 3, rarely 5. Staminodes 6 or fewer.

X Enlaiyed calyx in fruit membranous, dry.
0. SCANDENS, Eoxb. <S'..S'. Ava. Chittagong and Tenasserim.

O. obtusa, Bl.
Toung-leh-lu or Lai-loo (Kurz).

Branchlets terete, like the under surface of the leaves and the racemes, puberulous.
0. AcrniNATA, "Wall. S. Ava, Mogoung River, and Khakyen Hills.

All parts also the racemes quite glabrous. Branchlets angular.

X X Enlarged fruiting calyx coriaceous {fleshy in afresh state).
O. iiiBEUATA, Eoxb. C. Chittagong. Tenasserim. KatehaU.

Glabrous, the branchlets terete. Flowers 4-5 lines long.

OLACiyE.E. a it

** Stamens as many as petals. Staminodes none.
X Fruiting cali/x much enlarged, adnate to the drupe.
EuvTHRorALuii, Blume.
Oearg 1 -celled. Tendril-bearing climbers with 3-nerTod leaves.

E. scANDEXs, lil. S.S. Tropical forests of Pegu Range on

Decaslrophia inconspicua, Griff. Eastern slopes. Tenasserim.

-£". populifulium, Planch.

Strom BosiA, Blume.

Ovary to near the summit S-o-ctlled. Trees with penninerved leaves.

S. Javanica, B1. E.T. Tenasserim.

X X Calyx in fruit unchanged.

Axacolosa, Blume.

Bisk in fruit much enlarged, a<lnate to the drupe and resembling an engrossed
adnate calyx. Petals 6. Ocary 1 or imperfectly 2-celled.

A. puderula, Kz. E.T. The Andamans, Kamorta, and Xatchall.

Calyx and pedicels densely puberulous. Drupe scarlet, thinly velvety.
A. GuiFFrrnn, JIast. Mergui.

Calyx and slender pedicels glabrous.

Probably only a glabrous form of the preceding. The sepals and petals are not
quite glabrous (Kurz).

A. (Go5iPHANDU.\) chassipes, Mast. E.T. Rare in Pegu Range.

on LIE j:.
Stamens isomerous. Ocary \-cellcd with a single ovule. Flowers hermaphrodite.

* Perianth dichlamydeous, i.e. consisting of calyx and corolla.
Cansjera, Jussieii.
Spiles axillary, without bracts. Calyx inconspicuous, shortly 4-lobcd. Corolla
gamopetalous. Stamens 4, alternating with as many hypogynous scales or glands.

X Spihes simple.
C. paevifolia, Kz. Tenasserim.

Leaves small, oval, notched or blunt, pubescent. Spikes very short, solitary.

C. Rekedii, Gmel. S.S. Tropical forests of Tenasserim, the

Andamans, and Kondul.
Leaves acuminate, opaque. Spikes solitary or by pairs.

X X Spikes branched, rarely the uppermost ones almost simple.
C. zizyfolia. Griff. S.S. Tenasserim.

Leaves acute, glossy above. Spikes .solitary.

Natsiatopsis, Kurz.

Spikes axillary, without conspicuous bracts. Calyx 4-lobed. Corolla gamo-
petalous. Stamens 4, free. Staminodes none.

N. Thunberqi^folia, Kz. <S. Khakj-cn Hills.

Female flowers unknown.

Oi'ii.iA, Roxburgh.

Inflorescence while young conspicuously imbricate-bracted. Petals free. Filaments
filiform. Staminodes 5.

0. amentacea, Roxb. S.S. Prome.

VOL. II. 37

578 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

* * Perianth monochlamydeoita.
LEnoNURTJS, Blume.
Inflorescence while youn<; conspicuously imbricate-bracted. Flowers 4-merous.
Filaments very short, complanate.

L. sTLTESTEis, Bl. Khakycu Hills.

Leptonium ollonrjifulium, Griff.

Champeeeta, Griffith.
J«^orrapc««« with very deciduous minute bracts. Flowers 5-mcrous. Filaments
slender, exserted.

C. Griffithia>-a, Planch. Tenasserim and the Andamans.

C. GXETOCAEPA, Kz. Tropical forests of Kamorta and Car Kicobar.

Wherever Lepionurus may be placed, Champereya must accompany it (Kurz).

Sub-order ICACINEJE.
Stamens as many as petals and alternating with them.

EU-ICACIXIE^il.

Cotyledons small or dilated. Trees or erect shrubs.

* Calyx minutely toothed or lohed. Petals usually glabrous.

SiEMOXiriius, Blume.
Anthers pendulous. Drupe without fleshy appendage.

X All parts glabrous.
S. (Gomphandra) Penangiaxus, Miers. E.T. Tenasserim.
Leaves 2i— 5 inches. Cymes leaf-opposite, the peduncle stiff and -J-1 inch long.
S. Javanictjs, Bl. E.T. Tenasserim.

Gomphandra affinis, Mast.
Leaves 2-3 inches long. Cymes slightly puberulous, axillaiy and peduncled.
Drupes elliptically oblong, the putamen sulcate.

X X Younger branchlets tawny tomentose. Petioles, under surface of leaves, and
inflorescence puberulous or tomentose.

S. (Gomphakdra) tohentellus, Ez. Tenasserim (?).

Cymes peduncled, leaf-opposed.

AroDTTES, E. Meyer.

Anthers attached at the back above the 2-lobed base. Ocary oblique. Brupe
with a fleshy puft'y sarcocarp, covering only the one half of the nut.

A. AnDAiiANicA, Kz. F.T. T. forests of the Andamans and Xicobars.

Daphxiphtllopsis, Kurz.

Anthers attached to the back. Brupe berry-like. Flowers sessile, in heads.

D. ciPiTATA, Kz. E.T. Martaban, between 4000 and GOOO feet.

An incompletely known genus, but its position in Olacinem is certain. Inflores-
cence is exactly that of Ilex sulcata, while the leaves resemble those of Baphniphyllum
Himalayense. It is nearest allied to Mappia (Kui'z).

* •■" Calyx b-cleft or the sepals distinct, imbricate.

GONOCARYITM, Miquel.

Flowers unisexual. Brupes dry, woody. Albumen many-lobed.

OLACISE^E. 579

G. gracilt:, Miq. Tenasscrira.

Phlelocalymna Wallichii, Hast.

Leaves ojiaquo. Drupes obtusely 4-3-angulai', acute. The drupes in this species
are obtu.sely angular, but the seeds being all aborted, no .stress can, con.scquently, be
laid upon this character, until perfected fruits with seeds become known (Kurz).

G. GniFFiTnr\.\iM, Miers. E.T. Southern Pegu and Tcuas.^crim.

Platea I.ohhiana, Miers.

Leaves glossy. Drupes terete, rounded at apex.

FIIYTOCREXI}-:.E.
Cotyhduns foliaceous or fleshy. Flowers dioecioio. Climbers. Fruit drupaceous.

* Stamens alternating with the petals.
X Flowers in heads.

PuYTocuENE, WaUich.

Filaments longer than the anthers. Albumen lobed. iJrupes villous or echiuatc.

P. GiG.iNTK.v, Wall. ir.C. Pegu Range and Tenasserim.

Male ilower-heads usually more tawny, tomcnto.'^c, on short l)ut very thick
pedunclet.s, numerous in very compound racemes lermiuating iu the young .state in
sliort thick tomentosc bract-like axes.

The stem of this great creeper contains a great quantity of limpid potable water,
and is well known to the natives, who make use of it when thirsty iu the forests.

P. BRACTEATA, Wall. South Tenasserim.

Male flower-heads somewhat smaller and usually greyish, tomentose, on short
but slender pedunclets, few (S-5), iu simple short racemes termiuatiug in long bract-
like greyish-toraentose slender axes.

The so-called bracts of the male inflorescences in this genus are, in my opinion,
only the sterile end-branchings of the partial racemes (Kurz).

X X Flowers in spilrs, raeemes, or panicles.

Sarcostigma, Wight and Arnutt.

Flowers interruptedly spiked ; filaments longer than the anthers. Staminodes
none. Stigma sessile. Albumen none.

S. (Cuailletia) edui.k, Kz. IV. C. Tropical forests of the Audanums.

The nut is inclosed in a thin edible sweetish pul]).

Masters say that this species (6'. edule) is probably only a fcirm of S. Kleinii,
but iu this he is mistaken, for the latter dilf'ers by quite ghibrous drupes and
inflorescences ; and he evidently confounds two species under this name. I would
suggest to him to compare Maingay's Ko. 378 from Malaya (of which I have seen
only leaves) with S. Jlorsjieldti (Kurz).

Natsiati" Ar, Uam iltun .
Flowers racemose. Filaments very short, alternating with T) staminodes.
N. HERPETicTM, Ham. C. C'hittagong and Pegu Ilange.

Drupes the size of a pea, glabrous, black. Styles 2. Albumen fleshy.

* * Stamens opposite to the petals.
loDES, Bltime.

Flowers cymose-panicled. Stamens 8, filaments very short. Stigma sessile.
Albumen fleshy.

X Pedicels not woody, slender.
I. iJiuxDisn, Kz. C. Upper Tenasserim, Thoung-yeon.

680 BURMA, ITS PEOriE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Le.aves oblong, not cordate at the base, membranous, the j^etiole \-% inch long,
reclicels slender, about \ line long.

I. TOMENTELLA, Miq. E. C. Upper Tenasserim.

Leaves more or less oval, cordate at the base, coriaceous, the petiole 2-4 lines
long. Flowers almost sessile.

X X Pedicels thick and woodi/.

I. HOOKERlA^fA, EaiU. TT". C. Chittagong.

Drupes orange, smooth, about an inch long. Fruits and habit of Sarcoitignm.
An ovary, already engrossed, showed a solitary erect basal ovule (Kurz).

C'AEriiorTERis, WuUich.
Sepals and petals imbricate. Fruit dry, winged, juice miliy. Annual twiners.
C. LOBATA, Wall. Ava to Tenasserim.

C. hamulosa, Griff.

C. Jiicanica, Bl.

GERANIALES.
Fhneers often irregular. Disk usually annular, adnate to the stamens or reduced
to glands, rarely uoue. Geary of several caipels, syncarpous or sub -apocarpous.
Oeides one or two, rarely many, ascending or pendulous, raphe usually ventral.

Order CHAILLETIACE.^.

Flowers hermaphrodite, or unisexual. Sepals 5, united, or free, imbricate,
sometimes unequal. Petals 5, free, and equal, or connate and unequal, 2-cleft or
2-lobed. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals, and adnate to their base, alternating
with as many hypogynous glands or disk-lobes. Ovary free, 2-3-celled, with paired
pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles 2-3, free, or united higher up. Stigma simple,
or capitate. Drupe diy, containing a 1-2-ceIled bony or crustaceous, sometimes
2-parted stone.

Chailletia, Do Candolle.
X Nerves and net-venation beneath more or less conspicuous.
C. GEioxioiDEs, Bth. F.T. Chittagong.

Cymes cluster-like and almost sessile. Leaves green, cuneately narrowed into a
very short petiole.

C. maceopetala, Turcz. F.T. Tenasserim.

Cymes spreading, ptdunclcd ? Leaves dark-brown in a dried state.

X X Nerves and net-venation leneath very faint and almost impressed.
C, IIelferiak^a, Kz. Tenasserim.

Cymes on a 2-3 lines peduncle. Leaves brown when di-ied, shortly petioled.

Order MELIACE^.

Flowers regular, usually hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, dioecious. Calyx
usually small, 4-5-lobcd, or the sepals distinct, imbricate, very rarely valvate. Petals
4, 5, rarely 5-7 or 3 only, the filaments inserted outside on the disk, more or less
united in a tube, very rarely quite free. Anthers sessile, or rarely stipitate, on the
inside or at the summit of the staminal tube, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally.
Disk various, free or adnate. Ovary 3-5-celled, with usually 2 (rarely 1-6 or more)
ovules in each cell. Stigma disk-shaped or pyramidal. Fruit a capsule, beny, or

ilEIJACE.E.

581

drupp, indehiscent or oponinc; lociilk'i(l:illy, rarely se])ticiil;illY. Albumen flesliy or
none. Jiadicle superior. Trees or shrubs with alternate, usually pinnate leaves.
Stipule none. Fluivers usually small, in panicles.

A. Ovaiy-cells l-2-ovul((l. Seeds not winged.

MELlEyE.

Stamens united into a tube. Albumen thin,Jleshij. Cotyledons thin.

* Capsule loculicidalhj b-valved.

JlfXIiOXIA, Tfl't/llt.

Cahjx-lobes 5, almost leafy. Petals adnate to the elongate stamiual tube. Disk
tubular, sheatliing the ovary. Leaves pinnate or pinnately 3-foliolate.

M. (TrRiLEv) PIXNATA, "Wall. S. Pegu llauge.

M. Wallichii and JVeilj/icrriea, Wight.

* *" Fruit a drupe.
Melia, T.innaus.
Calyx 5-6-parted. Petah free. Disk annular. Drupes containing a single
1-5-celIed putamen. Leaves pinnate or decompound.

* Leaves simply pinnate. Ovary i-celled.
M. EXCELSA, Jack. E.T. Mergui (probably cultivated).

Leaflets entire.

*JI. AZADiRACHTA, L. T. Avu and Trome.

Azadiraehta Indicu, A. Juss.

Thon-bor-liha-ma-kha. The ' Neom ' of India.

Leaflets serrate. Drupes small, by abortion 1 -celled and 1 -seeded.

Mason remarks : " It is cultivated by the Burmese for its medicinal qiuilities,
for which it is famous all over India. The bark has been successfully used in India
as a substitute for cinchona : the bitter oil of the fruit is a valuable anthclniintic :
the seeds are used in the destruction of insects, and the leaves, remarks Dr. Wright,
beaten into a pulp and thus externally applied, act as a charm in removing the most
intractable form of psora and other pustular erujitions."

This valuable tn e must not be confounded with the next species, which it much
resembles. Kurz describes the wood as like mahogany, hard, heavy, and close-
grained, durable and taking a good polish. The tree also exudes a gum. It is a
tree highly deserving of being largely planted.

* *■ Leaves twiee pinnate. Ovary and drujyes 5-S-ceUed, some of the cells in fruit
usually empty.

X Drupes about i inch long, oblong or elliptical.

M. AZADiRACHT, L. T. Ava. Trome.

M. sempervirens. S\v.
J/", sambucina, Bl.

Kha-ma-kha. Bead tree.

Leaflets sen-ate ; staminal tube blue or dark lilac, slender, glabrous outside,
about 3 lines long.

The wood of this tree is pale brown, or reddish, rather loose-grained. It is
light, and much used for coarse furniture, but is an inferior wood, though this tree is
often mistaken for the last.

X X Drupes large, 1 inch long or longer. Staminal tube white.
M. BrRMAXrcA, Kz. T. Tropical forests of Martaban.

Tor-kha-ma-kha (Kurz).

yS2 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Drupes twice as largo, almost globosc-oLovoid, u-8-celleil ; staminal tuljc 2 lines
long, wooUy at the summit ; Howers larger, scurvy-tomentosc outside.

CiPADESSA, Bhime.
Cahjx 5-tootlicd. Petals free, short. Disk cupular. Dnipes with 5 homy pyrcnes.

C. BU'ciFF.EA, Miq. E.T. or E.S. var ji Ava, Taong-doung.
Ekehergia Indica, Roxb.

MaUea Mothii, A. Juss.

var. a. Rothii. Leaflets coarsely serrate or sciTatc-toothed.

var. ft. inieyerrima. Leaflets all entire.

TSICBILIE.E.
Bf aniens wiited into a tide, very rarehj free. Orary-ceUs xcHh one or tico, rarely
more ovules. Albumen none. Cotyledons tliiek.

* Disic free, tulular or ojlindrieal. Style mually elongate.

° Leaves pinnate [leaflets 5 or more).

DrsoxTLox, Blume.

Caly.v small, 4- or 5-toothed, opened while in young hud. Petals valvate, free.
Ovary 3-5 celled. Capsule pear-shaped, opening loculieidally. Arilliis none.

X Flowers in panicles.

D. BiNECTAEiFKRUM, Roxh. E.T. Chittagong.
D. macrocarpani, Thwaites.

Calyx, petals and reproductive organs perfectly glabrous.

D. PROCEEm, Hiern. £.T. Tropical forests of Pegu Range aud Tenasserim.

Calyx, petals and staminal tube minutely pubescent.

X X Flowers in spikes or racemes.

D. caulifloeum, Hiern. Tropical forests of South Andaman.

Spikes arising from the trunk or old branches, densely flowered. Leaflets opposite
or nearly so, pale green.

ScHizocHiTOx, Blame.

Caly.v usually campanulate, obscurely 4- rarely 5-toothed, open already in bud.
Petals valvate or imbricate, united for i to nearly i of their length with the toothed
or lobed staminal tube and appearing tubular. Ovary 3-4-celled. Capsule usually
pyiiform, opening loculicidally. Arillus complete or incomplete.

* Flowers almost sessile or very sJiortly and robustly pedicelled.
S. DYsoxYLiFOLius, Hiern. F.T. Upper Tenasserim.

Leaflets quite glabrous. Anthers 6.

S. GRAXDiFLOEFS, Hicru. J^. T. Tropical forests of ilartaban and Tenasserim.
Leaflets softly pubescent beneath. Anthers 6-7.

** Flowers on slender pedicels.
S. PAKicrLATi-s, Hiern. E.T. Tavoy. Also .\va, Taong-doung.

Young parts and panicle and also the under surface of leaves pubescent.

° ° Leaves pinnately Z-foliolate.
SAXDOEicnr, Cavanilles.
Caly.v tubular. I'etals imbricate. Berry globular, indeliiscent.
S. IxDicr.ir, Cav. F.T. Tropical forests of Pegu Range and Tenasserim.

Thyt-to (Kurz) sed ?

MEUACE-E. 583

"Wood (laik biownisli-fircy, luiid and heavy CKurz). The name Thyt-to is, I
believe, applied to a very diHereiit tree, with a lii^ht wood of 35 lbs. weight, and a
palc-rcddish colour somethiun; like Pyengma. Mason says, "The sandorieum tree
bears a fruit the size of au orang;e, oeeasi()nul!y railed the wild niangosteen, to which
it hears some resemblance. It has a fleshy acid jnilp and makes a very good jelly,
hut has a peculiar odour. The natives eat the fruit raw and esteem it excellent."

** Disk none, annular or confluent trith the stamina! tube. Style short or none.
f Anthers included, or almost included in the staminul tube. Seeds arillutc.

Agl.vi.v, I.nureiro.
Petals ,'). Anthers as many. Oeary 1-3-celled. Berry 1-2-celIed, indcliiscent.

* Inflorescence and often also the other parts more or less seal;/, especially while young.
X Leaflets usually in 2 or 1 pair, icith an odd one, nearly glabrous.

A. CniTT.tGoxoA, Miq. E.T. Tropical forests of Chittagong and Arakan.

Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Panicles short and pcdunclcd. Scales of younger
parts pale-coloured.

A. AxDASiAXiA, Hiem. E.T. Tropical forests of the Andamans and Xicohars.

Leaflets in 2 pairs with au odd one. Scales of younger parts palo-eolourcd.
Panicle small, sessile.

A. PANicuLATA, Kz. E.T. Pcgu Eangc and Tenasserira.

Leaflets in 2 pairs with an odd one. Scales of younger parts rusty-brown.
Panicles ample, about as long to halt as long as the leaves, rather long-peduuclcd.

X X Leaflets in 8-.5 pairs, with an odd one, beneath silrery or coppery scaly.
A. AEGENTEA, Bl. E.T. Eastern slopes of Pegu Range. Tlie Kicobars.

Panicle ample, densely silvery or coppery lepidote. Flowers sessile.

*"^ Cali/.t; pedicels, and usually the whole inflorescence rusty puberulous or fumentose
from short stellate hairs.

X Leaflets in G-8 or more j)airs.

A. CRASsixERViA, Kz. E.T. Tenasserim.

Leaflets beneath minutely and indistinctly sealy-tomentoso, glahrcscent, the
lateral nerves all sharply prominent beneath. Panicles, etc., rusty puberulous.
Flowers pedicellcd. Berries tawny velvety.

A. (Euphoria) ExsiiruLATA, Griff. E.'T. Tenasserim.
A. Griffithii, Kz.

Leaflets beneath sparingly fascicled-hairy. Petiole, panicle and nerves beneath
densely rusty tomentose.

X X Leaflets in 1 or 2 jiairs, with an odd one, rarely l-foliolate.

A. OLiGoi'HYi.i.A, Miq. E.T. Tenasserim.

Meliaeea Singapureana, Wall.

Panicles slightly stellately pubescent, soon glabrous. Caly.x and pedicels glabrous.
Net-venation conspicuous.

Kurz adds from the Xicobars.

A. GAXoiio, Jliip Katchall and Great Nicobar.

Amooha, Roxburgh.

Petals 3-5. Anthers twice as many or more than twice as many as petals.
Oeary 3-o-celled. Capsule leathery, opening loculicidally.

584 nURMA. ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODCCTIOXS.

* Pcffils 3. Anthers 6-8.
X F/oircrs srssilr, spiked, the male S2}>l>:es forming large panicles.

A. iioHiTUKA, W. A. I^.T. Tropical forests of Pegu Eange and

Thyt-ni (Kurz'). Tonasserim up to 3000 feet.

Leaflets shortly acurainatc. Fertile spikes simple, many-flowerod. Male flowers
about 4 lines in diameter, the staminal tube entire at the apex. Vood white or reddisli,
heartwood darlier coloured, weight 40 lbs. {fde Gamble), takes a good polish. Seeds
yield an oil. Brandis says Thyt-ni is 80 lbs., but this must be some other wood.

X X Flowers pedicelled. cijmose or racemose-eymose and panicled.
° Male panicles ample, as long to half as long as the leares.
A. sPECTABiLis, Miq. Eangoon {Jide Hiern.).

Leaflets shortly acuminate, thin coriaceous, the nerves prominent on both sides,
the veins and net-venation distinct.

A. cucuLLATA, Eoxb. F.T. Southern Pegu and Tenasserim.

Thyt-ni (Kurz).

Leaflets blunt, smaller, coriaceous, the nerves above hardly visible and impressed,
the veins and net-venation obsolete. Fertile spikes few-flowered. Flowers about
2 lines in diameter, the staminal tube slightly 3-toothcd.

° ° Panicles slender, shorter than or as long as the petiole.
A. LACTESCENS, Kz. E.T. Tropical forests Hills East of Toung-ngoo.

Leaflets green, conspicuously nerved and net-veined on both sides. Flowers long
pedicelled. Panicle very lax, densely lepidote.

** Petals b. Stamens \0.

A. DTSoxYioiDEs, Kz. F.T. Martaban, Yunzalin.

Panicles shorter than the petiole, like the petiole densely lepidote. Leaves
sparingly lepidote beneath.

f f Anthers e.cserted or the filaments upwards free.
Walsura, Eoxburgh.
Petals 5. Berry iudehisoent or follioular-dehisciug along the suture. Seeds arillate.
Sub- genus Eu-walsura.

Berries indehiscent or only very slowly and incompletely dehiscing along tlio
sutures, usually velvety or tomentose.

* Panicles densely pubescent. Young shoots and petioles of young leaves puierulous.

W. TRicnosTEMON-, Miq. Ava. Pegu and Tenasserim.

JF. villosa, "W.A.
Jyo-bo (Gyo-bo, Kz.).

Petals pubescent. Filaments flat, at the very broad base somewhat coherent.
Heartwood dark brownish-red, hard and close-grained, 61 lbs. weiglit.

** Panicles minutely puierulous. Leaves and petioles glabrous.
° Leaves coriaceous or firmly chartaceous.
"W. kobttsta, Eoxb. E.T. Tropical forests of Tenasserim ; rare in Pegu Eange.
Jyo-bo.

Leaves beneath usually white-areolate within the net-venation. Filaments
broadly lanceolate, sprinkled with minute hairs.

MEIJACE^E. 585

W. HTroi.DrrA, Xz. E.T. Tropipiil forests of the Andamans.

Leaflets -uiiiformly gluucous beneath. Fikmicuts linear, densely imbesccnt.
Flowers larger.

° ° Leaves thin chartuccous or almod inemhranoua, the net-venation iticonspicuous.

"W. osYCARrA, Kz. £.T. Troincal forests of the AnJumans.

Leaves acuminate, glaucous beneath. Young fruits acuminate, greyish velvety.

W. pisciiUa, Roxb., apud iracClelland, is included by llason, but not by Kurz,
and it is probably therefore one of the above-mentioned species from Teuasserim.
Roxburgh's species is so named from tlie bark being used to stupify fish. The timber
of Wahura is strong and excellent, being termed ' male jyo,' jyo being that very
strong and admirable wood, Schleiehera trijuga.

Sub-genus Hicyxea, Roxb.

Berries dehiscing along the sutures, usually glabrous.

AV. TRIJUGA, Roxb. var. a Upper Teuasserim. var. fi rare in the tropical

W. quinquejuga, Roxb. forests of the Pegu Tomah, and in the Martaban

Hills, up to 2000 feet elevation.

Glabrous or pubescent. Leaflets in 3-6 pairs. Panicles long-peduncled.

var. n genuina. All parts (also the panicle) quite glabrous, or only the young
shoots slightly pubescent. Leaflets in 3-6 pairs.

var. ji pubcscens. All softer parts, inflorescence, and under surface of leaves,
softly pubescent. Leaflets usually in 4 pairs.

B. Ovary-cells 3- to many-ovuled. Seeds usually winged.

SJriETEyiE.^.
Stamens united into a tube. Albumen present or not. Leaves pinnate.
Carapa, Aublet.
Petals 4 or 5. Orarg-cells with 6-3 ovules. Capnule large, thick coriaceous,
opening loculicidally. Seeds very large, with corky testa, without arillus.

C. MoLuccENSis, Lamk. £.T. Shores of the Andamans. Katchall.

Granatum littoreum, Ruuiph.
Xrjloearpus granatum, Keen.

Pyn-leh-ong.

Leaflets more or less ovate. Flowers 5-morous, about 2 lines across.

C. obovata, B1. E.T. Littoral and tidal forests from Chittagong

Guarea obhmgifolia, GrifF. to Teuasserim and the Andamans.

Wood reddish-brown, not very close-grained, strong. The fruits are used for
tanning, and the tree produces a gum (Kurz). This is an excellent wood, much
used for liouse building. It is easy to work, and looks like a pale and coarse
mahogany. Weight 44 lbs.

SoYMlDA, A. Jussieu.

Petals a. Staminal-tuhe cup-.shaped, 10-lobed, the lobes 2-toothed. Disk rather
broad. Seeds winged at both ends. Albumen none.

S. (Swietenia) feruifuoa, Roxb. T. Prome (?).

Chickrassia, a. Jussieu.

Petals 4 or a. <S)'rt»H'H(?/-<i<J<! cylindrical, 10-crcnate. Bis/c iwnc. Seeds vringcd
below. Albumen none.

C. TAuri.ARis, .\. Juss. var. a rare in the tropical forests of Chittagong,

Yima or Yeng-ma (Kurz). f ^'S"' Teuasserim. and the Andamans. var. ^

frequent in the dry lorests of Promo and Pegu.

586 BURMA, ITS r EOF IE AXD PRODUCTIOSS.

Tar. a genuina. Leaves and panicles glabrous. Capsules greyish, wrinliled.

var. /3 vehitlna, Eocra. All softer parts, as well as the panicle, softly pubescent.
Capsules black, almost smooth.

Kurz describes the wood as light-coloured, and weighing 24 lbs. only ! It would
seem in this and other cases he only follows Brandis, who is certainly wrong as to
weight. Yimmah is a somewhat coarse brown wood weighing 5 3 lbs., and is an excel-
lent wood for common pm-poses.

CEDRELIE^E.

Filaments free, hiKertcd outside of the disk. Values of capsule separating from the
axis. Seeds mant/. Leaces pinnate.

Cedeela, Linnmis.
Petals erect. Stamens 4-6. Bisk raised or thin. Ocarij 5-celled. Capsule
opening septicidally. Seeds winged.

* Seeds winged at both ends. Leaflets entire.

C. TOONA, Roxb. T. Chittagong, Arukan, and rare in Pegu Range.

C. felirifuga, Bl.
C. Teysmanni, Miq.

Calyx minute, the sepals rounded, hardly 1 line long. Leaflets usually on long
slender petioles.

Thyt-kado (scented wood). The ' Toon ' of India.

Wood reddish, weight 34 lbs., Kurz gives 28, but this is too low. It is an
excellent wood for furniture, but given to creaking during changes in the weather
and at night.

C. MULTuroA, Kz. E.T. Rare in Pegu Range West of Toung-ugoo.

Toung-ta-ma.

Calyx large, the sepals 1 h line long, acute. Leaflets usually shortly pctioled.

** Seeds winged onhj leJow.

C. .SEEHATA, Roylc. T. Ava.

C. longifolia, Wall.
Leaflets serrate or serrulate. Calyx minute.

Many species of this Order yield bitter and tonic principles which are useful as
febrifuges, and some are emetic, purgative, or anthelmintic. The main value however
of trees of this Order lies in the excellent timber they supply. Foremost among these
stands Mahogany, Swietniia Mahogoni, which may be regarded as displaying the type
of excellence for a furniture wood, but which some Burmese woods but little kno'mi
or regarded closely approach. Another famous tree held in high esteem for the
sanative properties of its oil and leaves is the Nim (of India), Melia azadirachta, which.
also yields a fine wood. Other excellent timbers are yielded in Bumia by various
species of Carapa, Amoora, TTalsiira and Cedrela, not to mention others of less value.

Order BURSERACE^.
Flowers hermaphrodite, or polygamous, regular. Calyx gamosepalous, or the
sepals distinct, imbricate or valvate. Petals 3-5, usually free, deciduous, valvate, or
imbricate. Stamens twice as numerous as petals, or more (rarely 3-5), equal or
unequal, free. Anthers usually versatile. Bisk usually conspicuous, annular or
cup-shaped. Orary free, 2-5 celled, with 2 (rarely a solitary) usually pendulous
ovules in each cell. Style usually short, with an entire or 2-5-lobed stigma. Brupe
indeliiscent, containing 2-5 nuts, or a longer chartaceous stone, the fruit rarely
capsular, inclosing 2-5 bony nuts. Seeds pendulous. Albumen none. Trees or
shrulis, with pinnate, or rarely 3-1-foliolate leaves, the lower pair of leaflets usually
stipule-Uke. Flowers small in racemes or panicles.

nURSElt.iCE.E. OCIISACE.E. 587

Gakuga, Roxluryk.
Torus broadly tilling tlie ui-ccolate calyx-tubo. Ca?i/x 5-clfi't.
G. piNNATA, Roxb. T. Prom Cliittagong to Tenasseriiii and

Chj-n-y-Ok. the Aiulamans.

Tur. n genuina. Iforc frlabrcscciit ; drupos glabrous.

var. ji mollis, Turez. More pubescent, the drupes densely villous or pubescent.

Kiirz says the bark is used for tanning, and describes the wood as greyisli or
yellowish, and .52 lbs. weight. The seasoned wood however is only 45 lbs. and
reddish. It is coarse in grain and little used.

BriiSERA, Linnaus.
Calyx 4-6-partcd. Stamens 8-12, inserted at the base of tlio annular disk.

B. SERiLVTA, Wall. E.T. Pegu Range and Martaban.
Limonia penfagyna, Roxb.

Thadi (Kurz).

CAKAKiuii, Linnaus.
Cah/x 3- (rarely 2-5)clcft, valvate. Petals 3-5. Stamens 6-10. Drupes ovoid.
more or less 3-angular, with a bony or hard putamen.

* Stipules suhulate, entire, rcry dceidnous.

C. ErrrrTLirir, Kz. E.2'. Tropical forests of South Andaman.
Leaflets serrulate. Disk-glands smooth, G, free, cohering by pairs.

C. Bexgaiense, Roxb. E.T. Rare in the Pegu Range.

Leaflets entire. Disk-lobes 3, haiiy, united into a cup. Wood rather light pale
brown, polishes well. Tree exudes a brittle amber-coloured resin, like Copal (Kurz).

* * Stipules 2-eleft and pectinatehj cut, persistent.

C. CoccrNEO-BRACTEATirM, Kz. E.T. Tropical forests of South Andaman.

Toung buds covered by the crimson velvety bracts ; leaflets entire and serrate.

The Order Burserareo: is chiefly remarkable for the balsamic products of many
trees belonging to it. For example, Myrrh is produced by Bal.samodendron Myrrlia,
an Arabian tree. Balm of Mecca or Gilead, an odoriferous balsam, is produced by
two other Arabian species of Bahamodendron, and Kafal, an odoriferous wood and gum,
by B. opobalsamum and B. kafal. Hence, no doubt, the allusion of Yirgil, " India
niittit ebur, niolles sua thura Saban," and the epithet molles ' ett'eminato ' may have
been applied to tliem from the poet's being aware of their having been ruled over by
a Queen who vis'ited the Court of Solomon. The Indian Olibanum is produced
hj Boswellia thurifera; Ceylon Elemi by Canarium commune; the Elemi of Java by
Burscra gummifera ; and that of Mexico by Elaphrium eleniifcrum. Bdellium by
Bahamodendron Africatium ; the Guggur resin of Seind, by B. mukul; and tlie Gagal
of Bengal, by B. Ro.rharyliii. But various other trees of this Order yield similar
resins, which possess identical properties with the above. The Ceylon Canarium
Zeylanieum yields a resinous oil used for torches; C commune an edible oil from its
seeds, and a terebinthaceous oil possessing tlie properties of Copaivi ; while C. strictum
is the black-dammar tree of Malabar, though the resin is really amber- coloured.

Order 0CnXACEJ2.

Flowers herniajihrodite. Sepals 4-5, free, usually scarious, imbricate. Petals
5 (rarely 4-10), free, deciduous, almost sessile or clawed, imbricate or convolute.
Torus never annular or glandular, eidarged under the fruit. Stamens 4-10 or many,
equal, or une(iual, 1 -sided or declinate. Filaments persistent. Anthers linear, basi-
lixed, dehiscing longitudinally, or bj- tenuiual pores. Ovary central, or exceutricalj

588 BURytA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

l-lO-cclled, terete or lobed, Tritli 1 or 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell, ^fijle
simple, or rarely 2-10-clett at summit. Fruit either 3-10 one-seeded drupes, seated
on the enlargedtorus, or 2-4-lohed, 1-4-soeded, indehiscent, horry-like, or septicidally
capsular, ooiiaceous or woody. Trees or shrubs, with simple, usually serrulate leaves.
Stipules present. Flowers showy, often bright yellow, in panicles or fascicled, rarely
solitary.

OCHMEJE.
Oeanj 2-10 -celled, icith a solitary ovnle in each cell. Albumen none.
OcHXA, Schreher.
Stamens indefinite. Drupes 3 to 10, on the enlarged torus. Corymbs lateral.

* Sti/les free at the summit for nearly a line in length.
0. AxD.iiiAXic.v, Kz. T. The Andamans and Nicobars.

Fruiting sepals erect-conniving. Filaments as long as or longer than the anthers.

** Styles united to the apex.
X Filaments as long as or longer than the anthers.
0. W.iiLicnii, Planch. T. Pegu Range and Tenasserim.

0. oltusa, Wall.
0. lucida, Griff.

To-da-ya (Kurz).

Petals usually 5. Fruiting sepals reflesed.

0. FEUTicuLOSA, Kz. F.S. Pcgu and Martaban.

Petals 5. Fruiting sepals erect-connivent.

X X Filaments almost 4 times shorter than the anthers.

0. SQFAEr.osA, Eoxb. T.
0. lucida, Lamk.

Hsen-weh.

Petals usually 7-8. Fruiting sepals erect-conniving.

GoiirniA, Schreber.

Stamens 10. Drupes 3—5, seated on the enlarged torus. Panicles terminal.

G. SrJiATEAXA, Jack. E.T. Mergui.

Ochna crocea, Giiff.

TETEAilEEISTA.

Flowers 4-mcrous. Stamens 4. Fruit a coriaceous 4-seeded berry.

Mr. Bonnet has a Tctramerista glabra, var. sagittata, based upon Ancistrodadus ?
sngittatus. Wall. Cat. 1055, a plant which I have not seen, and which, on account of
its sagittate-based leaves, cannot be a Tctramerista. He gives Tenasserim as one of the
localities for it (Kurz).

Order SDr.lIlUBE^.

Flowers regular, dirccious or polygamous, rarely hermaphrodite. Calyx gamo-
sepalous, or 3-5-sepalled. Petals 3-5", hypogynous or slightly perigynous, imbricate
or valvate, rarely wanting. Stamens as many or twice as many. Anthers versatile,
the cells opening by longitudinal slits. Di'sk under or round the ovary, various,
rarely wanting. Orary of 3-5 (rarely more or fewer) carpels, either quite distinct
or more or less united into a lobed or rarely entire ovary, with a solitary (rarely
two) ovule in each cell. Styles as many as carpels, free or united at the base with
their stigmas only. Trees or shrubs, with pinnate or simple leaves, seldom gland-
dotted. All the species are intensely bitter.

HLVARUBE.-K. 589

SLVAiiunrE.-i:.

Oianj deeply lobed or the carpels distinet.

* Stamens twice as many as petals.

° Leaves simple.

Samadkiu, Gaertner.

Calyx 3-5-partod. Disk large. Stamens 8-10. Drupe variotisly wiuged.

S. Indica, Gaertn. E.T. U])per Tenasscriin.

Eathai (Kiirz).

Kurz says this tree yields the ' iiit'pa hark ' cif commerce. It is presumahly the
same tree as Mason records as follows, though tlio liahitat differs : " The low grounds
near the sea coast are ornamented with a handsome shrub which is a species of
saraacicra, and bears a ratlier curious flower. Like the quassia of the same tribe, its
leaves are most intensely bitter, and may perhaps possess the virtues of quassia.
Wight says it is cultivated in tlie gardens about Uatavia ; but I have never seen
it out of its native jungles on this coast."

° ° Leaves pinnate.
AiLANTHUs, Desfontaines.
Calyx 5-c\eit. Disk 10-lobcd. Stamens 10. Fruit of 1 to 5 samaras.

* * Stamens as many as petals. Leaves pinnate. Carpels drapaeeous.
° Styles free or cohering at the base only.

A. JIalabaeicus, DC. 2\ Earc along the Khaboung choung.

Eastern Slopes of Pegu llauge.

Leaves unpaired-pinnate, l-2i feet long, glabrous.

Bkucea, Jfiller.
Disk 4-lobed. Stamens glabrous. Flowers cymosc-racemose.

B. Sumateana, Eoxb. E.S. Mcrgui.
Leaflets coarsely crenate-toothed. Drupes about 2 lines long.

B. MOLMs, Wall. S. Upper Tenasserim 3000 to 4000 feet.

Leaflets quite entire. Drupes about 3-4 lines long.

°° Styles connate. Floivers in panicles.

PieitASMA, Blume.

Disk thick. Stamens pilose.

P. Javanica, B1. F. T. Rare on Pegu Eango ; common in Tenasserim

P. Andamatiica, Kz. and the Andamans.

Leaves unpaired-pinnate, 8-9 inches long. Leaflets in 3 ])airs, with an odd one.

EuEYCojiA, Jackson.

Disk none. Stamens glabrous.

E. T.oN'GiFoi.iA, Jack. F.S. Tenasserim and the Andamans.

F. Merguensis, Planch.

Leaves unpaired-pinnate, 2-2i feet long, glabrous.

nCRAMXIEJE.

Ovary entire, 2-5-celled.

Haeklsonia, li. Drown.

Calyx 4-5-cleft. Stamens 4 or 10. Ovary 4-5-ctlled. Leaves pinnate, or
pinuately 1-3-fololiate.

5f*0 BURMA. ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

H. Bexnetii, Bth. T. Promc and tlie Yimzalecu at 2000 feet.

La&iolepis paucijuga, Benu.

Tapu-ben (Kurz).

Leaves unpaired-pinnate, the puberulous rachis winged.

Balanites, Belile.

&epah 5. Stamens 10. Ocanj 5-celled. Leaves bifoliolate.

B. Ro.\BUEoHir, Planch. T. or .5. Ava. var. ji in Prome.

Ximeiiia ^'Egyptiaca, Ro.^b.

var. ft gracilis. Branchlets sk^nder and glabrous or nearly so. Inflorescence
more glabrous than in the normal form and only puberulous, the peduncles and
peilicels all very slender.

Order IIUTACE.E.

F/oirers regular, usually hermaphrodite. Calgx various, gamoscpalous, or the
sepals free. Petals as many as sepals, or twice as many, or rarely more, fi-ee or rarely
cohering, imbricate or valvate. Stamens definite or rarely numerous. Anthers usually
versatile, the cells opening lengthwise. Torus inside the stamens, usually more or less
thickened into a disk. Trees or shrubs, very rarely herbs, all herbaceous parts pellucid-
gland-dotted. Stipules none. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compressed.

Many members of this Order possess aromatic, pungent, and therapeutic properties.
The bark of some species of Toddalia is used as a febrifuge. The limes and citrons
abound in a volatile fi-agrant oil and salts of potash, rendering them of great thera-
peutic value in many diseases. The Bael is esteemed for sherbet, and several species
yield good wood.

A. Fruit separating into 2-5 distinct 2-valved carpels.

ZANTHOX YLIEJE.

Flowers uxualli/ poh/gamous. Disk free, or rarelij u-anting. Sfi/le'i basilar or
ventral, free. Frntt-carpels coriaceous, the endocarp persistent or separating elastically.

X Leaves opposite or nearly so, rarely intermixed with nearly alternate ones. Unarmed.

EvoDiA, Fvrster.

Stamens 4-5. Leaves often compound, rarely 1-foliolate.

E. viTici.N-A, Wall. F.S. Tavoy.

X Panteles small, contracted, usually much shorter than the petioles.
Branchlets 4 cornered and marked with 4 prominent longitudinal lines. Leaves
l-S-foliolate, the leaflets sessile. Stamens shorter than the petals.

E. TEirnYLLA, DC. S. Tenasserim between 3000 and 5000 feet.

F. gracilis, Kz.

Branchlets terete. Leaves 8-foliolate, the leaflets short petioluled, green.

X X Panicles corymbose, spreading, as long or longer than the petiole.

E. lioxBCEGHiAXA, Bth. F.T. Tropical forests of Tenasserim, the

Xanthoxylon triphyllum, Wight. Andamans, and Kamorta.

Branchlets terete, thick. Leaflets shortly petioluled, dark bluish-green.

Mei.icope, Forstcr.
Stamens 8. Leaves often 1- rarely 3-foliolate.
M. Helfeei, Hf. Tenasserim (Heifer).

Quite glabrous. Bark wrinkled. Disk 8-lobcd.

nrrACE.E. 591

X X Leaten all alternate. Often armed.
Zaxtiioxylox, Linnans.
Petals 3-5, rarely uouo. Stamens as many. Leaves often pinnate.

* Cymes axillary, or axillary ami tcrminnl. Branches alternate. Leaves pinnate.
X Rachis of haies ivinyed. Fluwers apetalous.
Z. ACANTnopoDiiM, DC. T. Hills East of Bhamo.

Leaflets 2-3 inches long, glanilular-crenuhitc. Cymes dense, .1-1 inch long.
Fruit-carpels usually by 4-2.

Z. AxDAiiAxicuM, Kz. E.S. Tropical forests of Tcrmokli Island.

Leaflets coarsely creuate, A-1 inch long. Flowers and fruit unknown.

XX Rachis of leaves not ivinyed. Floicers 4-5-petalous.
Z. Hamii.tomaxum, Wall. U.S. Burma {fde HeKer).

Leaflets in 2-3 pairs, glossy on both sides. Cymes axillary.

* * Cymes terminal. Branches opposite.
Z. BUDRr\OA, DC. E T. Tropical forests from Chittagong to Tenasscrira.

Maya-nen (Kurz). Ka-thit-hsu (Mason).
Leaflets glandular-crenate, in 7-1 0 paii-s. Wood heavy, white, elose-graincd (Kurz).

B. Fruit a drupe or berry, rarely a capsule.
TODDALIE^i:.
Flowers usually polygamons. Disk free. Style sinyle. Albumen usually present.

AcEoxYcniA, Forster.
Petals 4. Stamens 8. Drupe or capsule 4-celled. Erect unarmed trees, with
1-3-foliolate leaves.

A. LAruiFoi.iA, Bl. T. Chittagong, Pegu, the Andamans, and Kamortu.

-4. cyminosma, F. Muell.
Cyminosma pedunculata, DC.

All parts glabrous. Leaves 1-foliolate, ratlur sliortly petioled.

ToDDALiA, Jussieu.
Petals 2-5. Stamens as many. Berry 4-7-celled. Climbers, often armed, with
usually 3-foliolate leaves.

T. AsiATicA, L. S.S. Ava and Pegu up to oOOO feet.

T. aculatea, Pers.
Seopulia aculeata, Eoxb.
Kyau-za.

var. n aculeata, Pers. Petioles and often also the midrib beneath hooked-
prickly. Panicles usually smaller and less braiulied.

\aT. ji Jloribunda,'\\-A\. Petioles and midiib of leaves unarmed. Panicles
often more compound.

A URAXTIE.E.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals and stamens free or connate. Style simple. Ovules
1, 2 or more in each cell. Berry often pulpy, icith a coriaceous rind. Albumen none.
X Ovary-cells uith 1 or 2 ovules only.
-)- Style persistent, not jointed at the base.
Gi-TcosMrs, Corrca da Sena.

Calyx 5-parted or toothed. Stamens 10, free. Ovules solitary. Leaves piunately
5-1, or rarely 7-toliolate.

592 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXIJ PRODUCTIOyS.

-| — f- Bti/le jointed at the base, deciduous.

f Leaves pinnate or S-foliolate.

* Ovules 2 in each cell.

° Leaves pinnate or pinnately Z-fuliolate.

\ Cot ijhdons plano-convex, fesliij. I'etals inilricate.

** Anthers Hani, not gland-tipiped.

° Berries ohoval-ohlong to ohlong, leaden Hue.

G. CY.vNoc'ARPA, SprcDg. E.S. Pegu Range.

Tor-shouk.

Petals longer, persistent. Pilanients fl.it, from a narrower base gradually broader
towards the triangular apes. Bark pale-coloured.

var. a genuina. Flowers in pcduncled terminal and axillary panicles.

Tar. fi ci/ntosa {G. tetrapht/lla, AVall.. and G. oxijpliylla. Wall.). Flowers in
short peduuclcd or almost sessile, quite glabrous, or rarely rusty tomentose, cymes
axillary, or axillary and terminal, rarely transformed into panicles.

° ° Berries more or less globular, from u-atery flesh-coloured to crimson.

G. TRIFOLIATA, Sprcng. Ll.S. Chittagong to Tenasserim, the Andamans

and Katchall.

Petals very deciduous. Filaments from a broader base attenuated upwards.
Nerves of leaflets prominent above. liark pale-coloured. Wood heavy, close-grained,
yellowish-white, darkening with exposure (Kurz).

G. (Limonia) AKiiOREA, Eoxb. JE.T. Andamans and Xicobars.

Petals very deciduous, lanceolate, about 3 inches long. Filaments elongate,
filiform. Bark brown.

* * * Anthers ghind-tipped.

G. (Limojtia) rENTAPnYLLA, Retz. E.S. All over Burma.

Petals longer, persistent, about 11 line long. Anthers cordate. Filaments flat,
from a narrower base gradually broader towards the triangular apex. Bark white.

MuEEATA, Linntcus.

Stamens 10, free. Ovary 2-5-celled. 1 or 2 ovules in cacli. Filaments linear-
subulate. Unarmed, the flowers in terminal cymes.

M. EXOTICA, L. E.T. Tropical forests of Pegu, Tenasserim,

Chalcas paniculata, Room. and the Andamans.

Leaflets 3 to 8. Petals nearly A inch long.

"Burmese Boxwood," white, heavy, and close-grained (Kurz).

M. XoENiGir, Spreng. E.T. Chittagong. Pegu Range.

Leaves 4-6-foliolate.

° ° ° Leaves digifatehj ?j-foliolate.
LuvuNGA, LLamilton.
Cah/x cup-shaped. Stamens 8 or 10. Armed or not.

* * Ovules solitary in each cell.

L. (Limonia) scande.vs, Roxb. Cliittagong. Ava (?).

Filaments glabrous, more or less connate.

L. eleutheeandka, Dalz. Tavoy.

L. Tavoyana, Wall.

ni'TACK.F.. ^93

TuirnAsiA, TMureiro.

Calyx o-lobt'd. Stamens G, spiny. Ltaves digitutely 3-foliolatt'. Flowers almost
solitary.

*T. TRii'or.r.^TA, DO. Ji.S. Tonas.scrim (wild ?). Nankowry and KaUhull.

This shrub yields the Lilliputian orangos, often seen in Chinese preserves.

LiJioxiA, Liiiiurus.

Calyx 4- or .5-lobed or parted. Stamens 8-10, armed. Leaven pinnate.

L. AcrmssiMA, L. T. Ava, Taung-doung, and Prouie Hills.

L. crenulata, lioxb.

Thi-paya-za (Kurz).

Leaflets opposite. Inflorescence puber\ilons. Eerries globose, sessile.

Tar. ji jyuhe^renn. Prieklcs on the branehes short, ihe wings of the petiole
narrow, leallets bluntish, the terminal one long but bluutish acuminate, the petioles
and nerves beneath softh' puberulous.

L. ALTKUXAXs, "Wall. -S'. Arakan, Pegu and Tenasserim.

Unarmed shrub. Leaflets alternate. liifloiesceucc glabrous. Berries ovoid.

, f f Leaves \-fiiliolate or simpJe.

1*AKA M ION YA , Wiyllt.

Anthers linear-oblong. Disk elongate. Calyx usually cup-shaped. Climbers,
armed. Berries without pulp.

* Petals about 8 lines luiiy. Calyx laryisJi, eupuhir, broadly lohed.
P. MONOPnvi.LA, Wight. E.S. I^ear Maulmain at 5000 feet.

Style elongate. Calyx and pedicels tomentosc, the latter as long as or a little
longer than the calyx.

P. ORANIIIKI.OIIA, Oliv. T. Tavoy.

Style short. Calyx and pedicels glabrous, the latter 1 inch or thereabouts long.

** Petals 2-4 lines lony. Calyx small, irifli acute lobes.
'^ Merries terete.

P. GuiiFiTiiii. H. f. I^.S.S. Ava, Serpentine mines of the Hookani

Citrus seandens, Grilf. Valley. Pegu {Jide Heifer).

Young shoots more or less ])uberuhius. Style short, hii'sute or villous.

P. (Limonia) citrifoija, Pvo.\b. S.S. Tic>]iical forests of Chittagong, thi'

P. micrantha, Kz. .\ndamans and Nieobars.

Glabrous. Stylo very short, like the ovary glabrous.

° ° Berries S—l-anyular.
P. axoul.vta, Willd. T. Tidal forests of Pt'gu and Tenasserim.

L^imonellus anyulosas, Uumph.
Limonia angulosa, W. A.
P. lungi.ipina, H. f.
Gonvcitrus anyulatas, Kz.

Erect tree, the spines 1-1. V inch long, straight. Calyx glabrous.

This species has got quite an array of synonyms. I attempted to establish
a new genus upon it on account of the angular fruits and absence of pulp, but on
examining the fruits of several other Paramignyas, I find that they also seem to be

VOL. II. 38

694 ■ BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOX&

pulplcss (-P. littoralis, Miq.), wlien dried. Atalanfia miss ion is, Oliv., has curiously
enough retained its place in Alahiittia, althiiui;li habit and generic characters place
it beyond any doubt in Paramifinya, and in habit it approaches very much tlie
above species (Kurz).

C. KoExiGii, Spreng-. Tropical forests of Chittagong and the Pegu

Murraya fwtidissima, T. ct B. liauge, along streams.

Leaflets 10 to 20. Petals about 2 lines long.

CLArsEN.\, Buniiann.
Filaments dilated at the base. Unarmed, the flowers in panicles or racemes.

* Panicle ferminal.
° Ovari/ glabrous.
C. MACRornvLLA, H. f. Bank of tlie Salwecn at Trokla.

Softly villous. Leaves pinnately 5-foliolate. Flowers 4-nierous.
C. (Amtgdalus) ueptaphylla, Pioxb. jS'. Chittagong. Tenasserini {fiJe Heifer).
Pyin-dor-thein (Kurz).

luflorescence and leaves glabrous. Petiole and rachis terete or nearly so.
Leaflets usually 7 (5-9), not, or hardly obliipc. Flowers usually -i- rarely S-mcrous.
C. "WALLTCnir, Oliv. S. Pegu Range and Tenasserim.

Inflorescence and leaves glabrous. Eaehis more or less winged. Leaflets 13-17,
obli(jue. Flowers 5-meroiis.

° ° Oi'ari/ more or less liirsute or pabexcent.

C. EXCAVATA, Burm. £.S. All over Burma.

Leaflets 15-30, oblique. Flowers 5-merous.

*"C. "Wampi, Blanco. F.T. Chittagong (in gardens).

Inflorescence and the tubercled petioles densely and shortly tawny tomcntose.
Leaflets 5-9. Young berries densely fascicled-tomentosc. Flowers 5-merous.

** Panicles or racemes nxillanj.

C. (Amtkia) suffruticosa, Koxb. iS'. Chittagong and Prome.

All parts shortly pilose. Leaflets 5 to 17. Ovary aud the long red bcriies
glabrous. Flowers 4-merous.

\ X Colijlcdvns crumpled, leafy. Petals vakate.

MicEOMELUM, Blume.

Filaments linear-subulate. Unarmed, the fliiwers in terminal corymbs.

M. rujiEscENS, Bl. F.T. All over Burma and the Andamans.

Bcrejera integerrima, Itoxl).

Ta-nyeng-hpo (Kurz).

Petals 1\ lines long. Ovary slightly appressed-pubescent. Young berries
stalked glabrous. Wood heavy, close-grained, yellowish.

M. HinsuTi'M, Oliv. 8. All over Burma.

J/. Zeylanieum, Wight.
Meagre shrub up to 4 feet high. Petals 2 lines loug. Ovary densely tawny
hirsute. Young berries sessile or nearly so, puberulous.

Atalaxtia, Con-ea da Serra.

Anthers ovate or cordate. Dish cup-shaped. Caly.v often irregular. Trees or
shrubs, often armed. Berries with vesicular pulp.

IIUTACILE. o95

X Cahji- irregularly lohed, split to iJie base on one side.

A. jiDxoi'iiYi.i.A, L. E.f^. Ava, Scgain. The Nicobars.

A. Jloribundu, Wight.

A. piiberuld, Mi(|.

Chilocalijx fllipficii.i, Turcz.
Berries the size of a large pea nr small eherry. Wood heavy, hard, and close-
grained, white, or yellowish, resembling 'boxwood,' suitable for turning (Kurz).

A. JiACRoruYLH, L. A'.T. Coasts of Andamans and Tenasscriui.

A. monophyUa, var. macropliijlhi, Oliv.

Berries the size of a wood-ai)])le.

X X Vali/x regiilarhi -l-lul/rd.

A. CATOATA, H. f. Along streams in the Pegu Range.

The Burmese plant is a middling-siz(d tree of elegant appearance, but spiny.
I have not met either with flowers or fruits, and therefore the identLlication must
remain doubtful (Kurz).

X X Ovary-celh irifh numeronn ovules.

-\ Ri>id of herry leiifhery. Leaver \-foliulate.

CiTKiTs, Linnaus.

X Yuuiiy s/iao/s and nerves of leaves beneath pubesetnt or pnberulous. Flowers and
fruits large.

Stamens 20-60, often connate. Trees, usually spiny.

* CiTEUS DEcrMAXA, L. Cultivated.
Shouk-tong-o.

XX All parts glabrous.
° Style very short.

* C. nysTRix, DC. Tropical forests of ^lartaban, the Xicohars,
Shouk-pok. 'I'if^ Siam.

Flowers small. Stamens free. Petioles leafy, and almost as long aud as broad
as the bhulc itself.

°° Style as long as the ovary or much lonyer.
f Petals 8 to 10 lines long.

* C. AUKAXTirir, L. H.T. Occasionally cultivated.

Loaves acuminate or acute, the petiole often winged. Berries globular, without
a knob. Filaments cohering by o-l.

*C. MKDICA, L. U.S.

Shouk-ta-khwa.

Leaves blunt or nearly so, the petiole not winged. Berries olilong to globose,
with a knob, the skin usually thick. Filauients free or polyadelphous.

var. a genulna.

var. fi limonum, Brand.

var. 7 aeida, Roxb.

var. 7 apparently wild iu the Khaboung forests of the Pegu Yomah, west of
Toung-ngoo (Brandis) ; the other varieties only cultivated.

f f I'ltals ;3— 1 lines long.

*C. XORIMS, Lour. E.T. Cultivated all over Burma .and .\va.

Aurantium Sinense, Bumi)h. Wilil on Kamorta and Katchall.

C. mediea, var. limetta, Brandis.

596 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIONS.

Calyx small. Berries globular, sweet or acid, the skin usually thin.

The fruits of this genus are the most wholesome and refreshing which we know,
their therapeutic value depending on the presence of salts of potash, and contain bitter
and aromatic principles, chiefly lodged in the rind. The juice of several varieties of
lime is of immense value both as preventing and curing that formidable disease,
scurvy, which is by no means (as some suppose) confined to the sea-faring classes, and
is accompanied by a defieiency of potash salts in the blood. Lime-juice is also used
by tlie Burmese for the cure of bilious diarrhcca, and in some cases of dysentery
(probably complicated by a scorbutic taint) lime juice is of service. In rheumatism
and rheumatic gout, and the sickness of pregnancy, lime-juice is of great value; and
the rind of both sweet and bitter oranges forms a most wholesome preserve, and yields
an infusion which is a valuable adjunct to other tonics.

Orange-flower water is distilled from the flowers of the Seville orange ( C. com-
munis), which by the same process yield the volatile oil called " Essence of Xeroli,"
and the rind gives the peculiar flavour to Cura^oa. Bergamot is an essence expressed
from the rind of a species of lemon.

f f Jlhnl of hernj icooJi/. Leaves comjioinid ■ Trees.

FicuoN'iA, Currea da Scrra.

Oranj 5-6-cellod. Leaves pinnate.

F. ELEPHAJs'iUM, Corr. Prome.

' Thi ' (though Karz gives ' J/aJiaii '). Yields a gum.

JEgle, Correa da Scrra.

Ovary 8- to many-celled. Leaves trifoliolate.

*^. (Crat.eva) maehelos, L.

Ok-shyt or U-shyt. Baol of Hindustan.

Much cultivated, especially in the Prome district, and said to occur wild in the
forests also : I found the tree in those of the Toukyeghat, east of Toung-ngoo (Kurz).

The ripe fruit is very fragrant, and forms a mucilaginous ' sherbet,' much
esteemed for its mildly astringent properties ; it is however of small medicinal value.

Order GERANIACE^.

Flowers hermaphrodite, regular or irregular. Sepals 5, rarely 4 or 2, free or
connate to the middle, imbricate or rarely valvate. Petals as many or fewer, rarely
none, hy])ogyuous or almost perigynous, variously imbricate. Torus scarcely expanded
into a disk, with glands, alternating with the petals, or without glands, raised in the
centre into a beak, rarelv flat. Stamens as many as the sepals, or 2 or 3 tiiiies as
many ; rarely fewer. Filaments free, or connate in a ring. Anthers 2-celled, the
cells opening lengthwise. Fruit a capsule, dry, and the valves separating from the
axis ; or fleshy and elastically dehiscing ; rarely a cb'upe or berry. Herbs or shrubs,
rarely trees. Flowers various, often thorny.

OXALIUIE^E.
Flowers rei/ular. Sepals imbricate. Glands none. Slii/mas capitate. Ovary-
cells with 2 or mure ovules.

'■•' Capsule dnj or nearhj so, dehiscent. Herbs.
OsALis, Linumts.
Stamens 10. Tr/yw^/c dehiscing loculicidally, the valves cohering with the axis.
Leaves usually digitately eonipoun<l.

OERSyiACE.E. 597

0. coExrcri.ATA, L. In lulibisliy pl:icos all over Burma.

0. pusilta, Salisb.

BioPHYTrsr, De Candulle.

Sf aniens 10. Capsule dehiscing locuiicidally, the valves usually separating from
the a.\is to the base. Leaves pinnate.

* B. (Ox.vLis) SKNSiTivujr, L. In rubbishy places all over Burma.
£. Candolleanum, Wight.

Leaflets nearly straight, in 10-1 1 pairs. Flowers larger. Capsule usually much
shorter than the calyx. Seeds obliijuely transverse-furrowed.

B. ADi.wToiDEs, Wight. Mergui.

Leaflets very une(j^ual at base, iu l'J-2o pairs. Peduncles with a clubbed mass
of bracts at apex.

B. RiMXWARBTir, Walp. On poor soils all over Burma.

Leaflets e(iual, in 10-20 pairs. Flowers smaller. Capsule almost as long as or
a little longer than the sepals, small. Slender herb.

* "-•■ Berry flesluj, indehiscenf. Shrubs or trees.

AvERKuo.v, Linnmus.

Stamens 10, of which 5 are often reduced to staniinodes. Styles distinct. Ovary-
cells many-ovuled. Seeds arillate or jrithout arillus. Trees ■with pinnate leaves.

* A. c.iRAMBOLA, L. E.T. Cultivated.
Soung-yah (' Kamranga ' of India).

Fruits sharply angled. Seed ariUate.

* A. BiLiMBr, L. £.T. Occasionally cultivated.

Fruit bluntish angular. Seed without arillus.

The differences between A. earamhola and A. hilimhi appear to me to be of
generic value (Kurz). These trees produce very sour fruits, which are eaten iu
stews and tarts ; especially the Kamranya.

IIALSAifiyiE.T;.
Flowers regular. Sepals coloured, the posticous spurred. Anthers almost connate.

I.MPATiKXs, Linna.us.
* Leaves all opposite or occasionally trrnutely-whorled.

1. CnrxEXsis, L. Tenasserim.

1. fasciculata. Lam.
/. heterophylla, Wall.
I. setacea, Coleb.

Leaves almost sessile. Flowers rather large, wings obtuse, the spur long and
slender, inflcxcd.

I. EETICUL.A.TA, Wall. Comuioii all over liunna.

E.Kactly as the preceding, but the spur short and intlexod.

Hardly more than a form of tlie preceding. /. toinentosa, Heyne, is stated by
H. f. and Thoms. to grow in I'egu, but the habitat is omitted in II f. Fl. lud. It seems
to be the above species, at any rate the Wallicliian specimens cited belong here (Kurz).

I. crEC^oiDKs, Wall. !Moister forests of Pegu and Tenasserim.

Leaves on long petioles. Flowers rather small, the wings acuminate, the spur
short, incurved.

598 nrilJ/J, ITS PEOPLE AXD PPlODUCTIOXS.

-::■ ic- Zearcs all aUernate.
° Flowers sJwrfli/ racemose, timbellafe or cori/miose at the ends of the Jong peduncles.
I. TAVorANA, Bth. Tenasserim.

Leaves petiolcd. Flowers small, witli a long, straight or curved sj^ur.

°° Peduncles 1- or rarely 2- or 3-flowered, shorter than the leaves.

X Spur usually much shorter than the corolla.

f Flowers 1-2 inches long.

*I. B.a,s\MiNA, L. Cultivated and in rubbishy places

/. Ifalai/ensls, Griff. near villages.

Stem succulent, the thickness of a goose-quill. Leaves narrow, pubescent or
glabrescent, shortly petioled. Spur often very long and slender.

I. Paeishii, H. f. On limestone rocks near ilaulmain.

Stem the thickness of the finger, short. Leaves elliptic or ovate, glabrous,
long-petioled.

f f Flowers small.
I. CAriiLirES, H. f. and Th. On limestone rocks near Maulmain.

Glabrous, slender. Leaves long-petioled, narrow.

X X Spur longer than the corolla.
I. vioLJEFioRA, H. f. Maulmain.

Yeiy slender, glabrous. Capsule puberulous. Flowers rather large.

I. ABGTJTA, H. f.

Htdeocera, Blame.

All petals free. Brupes sa]ipy, indehisceut.

H. (IjirATiExs) N-ATAxs, Villd. Ditches and water-courses in Pegu.

R. trijlora, W. A.

Order MALPIGHIACEiE.

Flowers hermaphrodite, regular or irregular. Calyx usually 5-pai-tite, imliri-
cate, or valvate, one or more of the 5 segments furnished with a large gland, rarely
absent. Petals 5-clawed, or sessile, imbricate. Disk obsolete. Stamens 10 or more,
hypogynous or nearly so. Filaments free, or more or less basally connate. Anthers
2-celled. Fruit a 1-3-winged samara, or capsule, or drupe. Albumen none. Trees
or shruTis with opposite simple leaves. Stipules minute or none. Flowers in axillary
or terminal inflorescences.

MALFIGSI£A!:.

Carpels nerer tcinged, free or united into a fleshy or drupaceous I- to S-celled fruit.
Usually erect shrubs, with opposite leaves and connate stipules.

MALPiunLi, Linnmus.

Calyx 6-10-glandular. Filaments at base glabrous. Ovary eutire, 2-4-celled,
styles terminal and free. Drupes containing 3 or fewer crested nuts.

*!Xr. cocciGEEA, L. S. Chittagong (wild and cultivated as

M. heteranthera, Wight. an ornamental shrub).

jiiRiE.r:.

Samaras 1-3, obliquely accumlent to a short pyramidal torus, or the carpels united

MAIJ'IUIIIACE.E. 590

into a whiffed indehisccnt capsule. IFoudi/ climbers or rarely erect sliruls or trees, the
divides minute or wanting.

* Stamens definite, ttsually 10, all perfect.
° Style 1, rarely 2.
HiPTAGE, Gaertner.
Calyx with a single largo gland adnate to the pedicel. Carpels S-wingcd.
Trees or woody climbers.

M. Bencalensis, L. S.S. Pegu and Teuasserini.

Gaertnera racemosa, Roxb.
Scandcnt diffuse shrub, branched almost from the base. Leaves larger, more
acute and grcyish-gi-een. ISark grey.

H. OBTUsiFOLiA, DC. C. Pegu Range and Khakyen Hills.

A lofty climber, the stem simple, cable-like, up to 100 feet long. Leaves smaller,
broader, often bluish apiculate, glabrous and glossy, dark-green. Bark dark-brown.

H. CAXDicAxs, H. f. T. Dry forests of Prome.

II. arborca, Kz.

Toung-htsu-kha-pan (Kurz).

A small tree. Flowers often pale pink with the usual yellow basal blotch.
Capsule not ridged on top, the wings shorter and broader, obli(juely truncate. Bark
thick and corky, dark-brown. Growth erect, not scandcnt.

H. SuMATEANA, lliq. jS'ankowry.

Identical, Kurz thinks, with II. Jaranica.

°° Styles '-i. Calyx icithout ylands.
AspiDOPTERYs, A. Jiiasieu.
Petals not clawed. Stigmas capitellate. Samaras broadly winged all round.
Woody climbers.

* Gynohase persistent after the fall of the samaras, conical, acute, exscrted,
surrounded by 3 smooth acute disk-lobes.

A. (Hikjea) NTTA.Ns, Roxb. JF.C. Chittagong. Bhamo.

A. lanuginosa, A. Juss.

Leaves tomentosc beneath, acuminate. Ovary hirsute. Xuclcus of samara with
or without a crest.

A. (Hiit-KA) TojiEXTosA, Bl. TT. C. Khakyen Hills and Hills East of Toung-ngoo.

Leaves tomentosc beneath, more or less glabrcsccut, apiculate. Ovary quite
glabrous. Isuclcus of samara with a crest.

** Gi/nobase ahsnit after the fall of the samaras or minute and shorter than the
dish lobes, tlic thick 3-lobed often cnp-shaped disk usually wrinkled.

X Samara nearly as broad as long, with a vertical crest between the wings.
A. coNCAVA, A. Juss. W.C. Tenasscrim.

All parts, also the ovary, quite glabrous. Disk in fruit about 1 line broad.
A. Helfekiana, Kz. Tenasserim.

Leaves puberulous along the nerves beneath. Disk smaller, hardly wrinkled.

X X Samara more than twice as long as broad, not crested.
A. (Tkiopteris) Ixdica, Willd. Ava. Salwcea Yalley.

A. lioxburghiana, A. Juss.
All parts glabrous. Ovary hirsute.

GOO BVR}fA, ITS PEOPLE A.\D PRODUCTIOXS.

A. (Hir.ea) niBsriA, Wall. Ava. Taong-doung. Prome.

All parts liirsute. Ovary glabrous.

** Stamens numerous. Sfi/hs S, consolidated. Calyx minute, tcithout glands.

Plagiopteeon, Griffith.
Capsules indeliiscent, 3-4-wiiiged as in Hiptage. Petals reflexed.
P. suAVEOLEXs, Giilf . W. C. Mergui.

Order ZYGOPHYLLE^.

Flowers hermapln-odite, wliite, red or yellow, rarely blue. Pdals 5-4 (rarely
none), hypogynous, free. JDisk liypogynous, rarely annular. Stamens usually double
tbe number of petals, 2-seriate. Seed usually solitary, rarely 2 or more, pendulous.
Albumen cartilaginous, rarely none.

TEiBrxrs, Linntvus.
Stamens 10. Fruits dry, composed of 5-12 cocci, usually winged or spiny. Herbs
with pinnate leaves.

T. CISTOIDES, L.

Flowers 1-2 inches in diameter, the peduncles as long as or longer than the leaves.

T. LANUGIXOSUS, L.

Flowers J-| inch in diameter, the peduncles shorter than the leaves.

Order COEIAEIE^.
Flowers regular. Petals 5, small, fleshy. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-lobed, of 5
one-ovuled car[)els. Styles 5. Fruit apocarpous. Albumen scanty or none. Shi'ubs.
Leaves simple, opposite, cxstipulate.

CoEiAEiA, Linnaus.

Perianth 5-6-sepalled, imbricate Staminodes 5-6, sepal-like. Stamens 10-12,
exscrted. Filaments fiHform. Anthers large, 2-celled. Urary consisting of o-ii
carpels adnate to a central torus, with a solitary pendulous ovule in each.

C. Xepalensis, Wall. Khakyeu Hills.

Branches 4-corncred, all parts glabrous. Leaves opposite, 3-nerved at the base,
thin, coriaceous.

The affinities of this genus are obscure. Endlicher makes it the type of an
Order, whilst Kurz ranges it in Phytolaccaeeee, fiom which it differs in the petals,
pendulous ovules, fleshy albumen, and straight thick embryo. The leaves and
fruits of species of this genus contain a poisonous crystallizable narcotic principle,
Coriariine, which is dangerous, as the leaves are sometimes used (it is said) to
adulterate Senna. The seeds of C. sarmentosa of New Zealand and C. Nepalensis are
very poisonous, but the juicy fruit is edible. C. myrtifolia and the Chinese C. ruscifolia
are rich in tannin, and yield a black dye, much used by shoemakers.

Order LIXE^.

Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, rarely 4, free, or basally connate,
imbricate. Petals as many, often fugaceous, often twisted imbricate. Stamens 4-5,
alternating with as many staminodes. ITypogynous glands 5, usually adnate to the
staminal ring or obsolete. Fruit usually a capsule, rarely a cbupe. Herbs or shrubs,
rarely trees.

EULIXIE^H:.

Petals twisted. Perfeet stamens as many as petals. Capsule opening septicidally.
Herbs or small shrubs.

llxej:. tiltace.e. 601

Rkinwaudtia, Dum.
Calyx glabrous. S/i/!cs 3 oi' 4. Capsule .'3-4-celli'il.

E. IxDiCA, Dum. Chittagong. " Karcu coiuitry " (Karcn-ui?).

Ji. tripjna, Plancli.
Limtm repens, Don.

F.R YTHROX YLIEJE.

Petah uxuallif imhricali', rarely ticisfed, irifh a basal scale inside. Perfect stamens
twice as many as petals. Fruit a drupe. S/iruhs or trees.

EityTiiKoxYi.ox, Linnftus.
§ Styles free from the base {Erythroxylon).
E. KfXTniANTM, Wall. Martaban Hills up to 7000 feet.

Leaves lanceolate, shortly arinuinate-glaucescent beneath, redicels ^ inch long.

§ Styles united for about i of their length {Siiihia).

E. (Sethia) IxDieuji, DC. Pegu {fde Mason).

£. monogynam, Roxb.

Loaves obovate or oblong, blunt. Puilicels usually 3 lines long, rarely longer.

E. crxEATUM, Jriq. Tenasserim.

E. Burmanieum, Grilf.

Leaves broadly obovate or oblong, retuse. Pedicels short.

Series III. TUALAMIFLOR.T;.

Sepals usually distinct and separate, free from the orary.^ IMnls 1-, 2-, or many-
seriate, hypogynous. Stamens hypngyiious, rarely inserted on a slmrt or hxiy torus, or on
a disk. Ovary superior.

MALVALES.

Flowers rather uregular. Sepals 5, rarely 2 or 4, free or connate, valvate or

imbricate. Petals as many, or more. Stamcin usually many and monadelphous.

Oeary 3- to many- celled, rarely of one carpel. Ocides on the inner angles of the

cells. Shrubs, rarely trees. Leaees alternate, usually stipulate, simple or compound.

Order T1LL\CE,E.

Flowers regular, liernia])hr()dite or unisexual. Sepals 3-5, free or united,
valvate. Stamens numerous, rarely few and dclinite, usually arising from a prolonged
or dilated torus, free, or rarely (]uinquo-adel])hous. Anthers 2-cclled. Ovary free,
2-10-celled, each cell witli few, often ])endulous, or numerous ovules often placed in
2 or more scries. Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with alternate, rarely opposite, simple or
lobed leaves. Flowers usually cymose.

A. Anthers opening by slits.
BROWyLOiriE.^.
Sepals united into a b'-ll-shapcd i-a-cUft calyx. Anthers short, usually globular or
didymous, the cells ultimately confluent at the top.

' Exceptions : Connate sepals occur ill a few orders. The calyx is adnatc to the ovary, or to
a fleshv torus embracing the ovary, in Paionia, Calijeanlhaceic, and in some Anonarete, Niimphacea:,
J'orluliicire, Capparideie, Biriwre, rulijgalea:, Camelliaeew, Vucliysiacecc, 2'ilincire, and Dipterocarpeic.
retalnid sepals occur in apttalous Rnnunciilacete. in Serbeiid'te, Tiliaee(V, and others. The stamens are
manifestly peri^ynous in a Ct-w iJilltniaeeie, Papareraeeic, C'tppttridae, Moringea^, Resedaccie, Violaretv,
Ciirynphrjllea:, I'ortulacue, M.iliactiC, and Sterculiacea:.

602 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

■'•' Till' 5 hmer sfamcns reduced to sfamiimdes.

Beownlowia, Roxlurgh .

Carpels distinct, globular, 2-valved, 1 -seeded. Albumen none. Trees with
stellate or scaly pubescence and simple leaves.

•■" Leares deeply peltate.
B. PELTATA, Btli. S.T. Tcnasserim.

Leaves oblong or rotundate. Ca]3-s velvety.

■'' ••" Leaves not peltate.
B. ELATA, Eoxb. Chittagong to Tenasserim.

Leaves cordate-oblong. Calyx velvety.

B. LANCEOLATA, Btli. Tidal forests of Arakan and Tenasserim.

Leaves lanceolate. Calyx scaly.

Pextace, Hassl-arl.
Fruits 3-5-winged, indcliiscent, by abortion 1 -seeded.
P. Bdkmanica, Kz. E.T. Tropical forests of Pegu Pi.ange and llartaban.

Kurz gives Thyt-ka or Katliyt-ka as the name of this tree, and describes the
^vood as heavy. Now ' Thyk '-ka weighs 37 lbs. only to the cubic foot, and is not a
lieavy wood, whilst ' Kaflnjt^ (= * l((ithit-l;u) is one of the lightest woods known,
being 23 lbs. only.

Beerya, liuxhurgh.
■X- ■» j^iii/jcfg all (inther-learing.
Capsule 3-4-valved, with twice as many wings. Sti/les 1-4, filiform.

B. amontlla, Eoxb. Mixed forests of Pegu and JIartaljan.
var. mollis, "Wall.

Hpet-wun.

The wood is reddish-brown, and something like a rather coarse-grained mahogany.
It weighs 56 lbs., and is excellent for all purposes, and planes and dresses well.

GREJTIF.E.
Sepals distinct. Petals icitli a hasal scale more or less adnate, inserted round the
lose of a more or less raised torus hearing at the top the stamens. Anthers short, the
cells parallel and distinct.

* Fruit dry, winged.

Columbia, Persoou.

Fruit 3-5-celled, separating into as many 2-winged cocci. Trees or shrubs, with
simple often oblique leaves. Flowers small, clustered in terminal panicles.

C. (Geewia) floeibunda, "\Yall. S. Ava, Taong-doung. Toukyagat, East

of Toung-ngoo.

Leaves cordate-oblong. Fruits -J- 1 inch across.

C. Meeguiexsis, Planch. Mcrgui.

Leaves lanceolate. Fruits IJ inch across.

* * Fruit more or less drupaceous, not winged.

° Fruit unarmed, tomoitose to glabrous.

Geewia, Linneeus.

Drupes more or less lobed or globular. Trees or shrubs with sira])le 1-9-nervcd
leaves. Floicers rather small, axillary and lew, in cymes, or in terminal panicles.

Tll.lACE.E. 603

Siib-nicnus MicRocos.

Stigma shortly-toothed. Floivers forming terminal panicles, involucrcd in bud.

* Endacarp of drupcfs Jihrom-icoo(hj.
G. CALornvr.i.A, Kz. E.T. Tropical forests of South Andanians. Kamorta.

Leaves entire, sub-coriaceous, glabrous. Ovary and torus velvety-tomentose.

* * Endacarp of drupei cruslaceou-s or bony.

G. MICROCOS, L. From Chittagong to Tenasserim.

G. uhnifulia, Roxb.

Jfyat-ya.

Leaves thin chartaeeous, glabrous or beneath puberulous, not sinuate. Ovary
and torus glabrous. Wood .51 lbs. (Kurz). This is ])robably the wood known to me
as mi-ai-d, 45 lbs. (well-seasoned), a very pale dirty-reddish colour, a second-class
wood for common uses. The name, however, probably applies to several species.

G. siNUATA, Wall. S. Swamp forests of Pegu and Tenasserim.

Like the last, but flowers and leaves much smaller, and the latter sinuatc-lobed,
probably only a marshy race of the last.

Sub-genus Grewia.

Stigmas dilated and fringed, radiating. Flowers in axilhuy or leaf-opposed
cymes or clusters.

° C'l/mes or clicsfers axillarg.

X Leaven at base 3-nervcd, rarely with an additional lateral one.

f Drupes deeply '2-A-lobed from the top, by abortion sometimes 1-lobed.

G. scAWUDA, Wall. E.S. Tenasserim.

Cymes and sepals shortly rusty-tomentose. Leaves on both surfaces very scabrous
from minute stellate hairs. Drupes deeply 4-lobed.

G. L^ivioATA, Till. E.T. var. a Mixed forests of Pegu and

G. didyma, lloxb. Tenasserim. var. /J in Arakan.

Cymes sprinkled with .stiff hairs, glabrosoent. Sepals greyish or tawny-velvety.

Leaves glabrous, or sprinkled with simple short haii's, rarely puberulous beneath.

Drupes didymous.

var. a glabra. Leaves glabrous, or tufted-hairy in the nene-axils beneath.
var. ji pubescens. Leaves beneath minutely puberulous or densely downy.

f f Drupes entire or only slightly and obtusely lobed at the top.

G. EXCET.SA, \h\. S. Chittagong (fde blasters).

G. salvifolia, Eoxb.

Leaves beneath and young parts greyish velvety. Drupes globular, grey-
pubescent.

G. niusuTA, Yhl. Mixed forests all over Burma.

G. 2>ilosa, Koxb.

Kyet-ta-yaw (Kurz).

Leaves at base 3- or 4-nerved. Cymes rather long-peduncled. Drupes obsolctely
4-lobed, red, sparingly hirsute.

var. a genuina. Leaves green, 3-nerved, sprinkled with short stiff hairs,
var. ft riminea, Wall. Leaves longer and narrower, very long acuminate,
var. 7 helicterifolia, Wall. Leaves acuminate, at base 3- or almost 4-nerv(?d,
thinly hirsute or tomentosc above, beneath clothed with a whitish velvety tomentum.

6(U BURMA. ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

G. nuMiLis, "Wall. <S'. Streams of Pegu and Ava. var. « Ava, Segain Hills ;

var. ji in savannahs, especially along the borders
of swamp forests of the Irrawaddy.

More tomentose. Drupes obsolotely 2-lobed, red, sparingly hirsute.

var. a WalUcliii. Tonicntum more villous, leaves acute.

var. ji rehmjolia, Kurz. Tomentum velvety. Leaves deeply retuso and broader.

The drupes are normally 4-lobed, but by abortion usually 2- rarely 1- or 3-lobed.
The species is hardly more than an extreme form of G. hirsida, Ylil.

G. MicRosTEJiJiA, Wall. <S. Ava and Promc Hills.

Leaves at base 3- or 4-nerved, scabrous. Flowers in short dense sessile clusters.
Stamens 16.

X X Leaves tisualh/ broad, at base 5-7-nerred, thi upper ones often onhj Z-nerxei
or 3- and b-nerved ones mixed.

f Peduncles slender, mi<cJi longer than the petioles.
G. ELASTiCA, Eoyle. T. Mixed forests of Chittagong, Pegu,

G. vestita, Wall. and Martaban.

Pyn-ta-yor (Kurz).

Leaves obliquely lanceolate, while young, greyish or whitish tomentose beneath.

G. TILT^FOLIA, Yhl. T. Ava.

G. AsiATiCA, L. T. Ava (stunted variety).

Leaves broadly obovate or almost rotundate, on both sides sprinkled with stellate
hairs, or pubescent beneath, often scabrous.

f f Peduncles verij short or almost redaced, and the flowers appearing clustered.
G. ABUTiLiFOLiA, Juss. S. \M\ a Pogu. Var. ji uot rare in the mixed forests
Hsen-ma-no-pyin (Kurz). f^'efs of the Pegu Toma var. 7 fri'qucnt in

the low and Eng torests 01 Pegu, and Martaban.

Leaves very variable iu shape, tomentose to pubescent. Drupes from the top
deeply 4- or only by abortion fewer-lobed.

var. 7 sclerophjlloides. A low shrub, 3-4 feet high, more or loss branched,
the younger parts densely rusty-coloured villous. Leaves very variable in shape on
the same branch, the lower ones usually ovate-oblong, up to nearly one foot long, the
upper and uppermost ones gradually smaller and narrower, from ovate to lanceolate,
doubly and sometimes bristly serrate, acuminate, scabrous or thinly pubescent above,
beneath more or less stellate-pubescent or almost tomentose. Bracteoles linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent externally, longer or as long as the flower-buds.
Petals a line long, the lamina acuminate, pubescent outside. Drupes deeply 4-lobed,
often remaining sparingly hii'sute during ripeness. A laterite form.

A very vaiiablc plant, of which I entertained some hope of being able to separate
var. 7 (which is also a common Assam plant) specifically. It resembles in size of
flowers G. sclerophglla, but the deejily 4-lobed drupes at once separate it (Kurz).

G. scLEEOPHTLLA, Wall. Ava and Chittagong {fide Masters).

O. scabrophglla, Eoxb.

Leaves very scabrous and harsh. Drupes the size of a cherry, almost globular.

Tlic fruits of several species of Grewia are pleasant, and make a favourite sherbet,
especially the cultivated G. Asiatica. The leaves also yield fodder for cattle, as
G. Asiatica, G. elastica and G. opposifi/olia, and some an ordinary timber.

°° Fruits pridlg.
TiauMFETTA, Linnicus.
Drupe usually small, globular, iudehiscent or separating into cocci.

riLlACE.E. 60-5

Capstdes indelmcfnf, (jhibular, echinate, the cells usually l-seeded {Lappula).
T. KOTiNDiFOLiA, Lanilc. Ava.

Leaves rotundato, not lobed, blunt, beneath greyisli-tomentoso like tlie sepals.

T. KHOMiioiiiK.v, Jaci[. A comiiion weed in cultivated laiuls and leal'-sbeddiug

I\ ungidata, Lanik. forests all over Euima. Kamorta.

T. Barirnmia, Koxb.
T. cana, lil. Cbittagong [fide Jfasters).

Leaves rotundate, acuminate, often lobeil. The sepals stellate-hairy.

Cap-tides when ripe separating into 3—1 cocci, denscli/ covered hij hii;/ bristles, the
cells usually '2-secdcd [Bartramia).

T. axxtj.\, L. Mixed forests of Ava and Pegu.

Leaves sliglitly hirsute. Capsules and bristles glabrous.

T. rii.osA, Eoth. var. fi common all over Burma, in the mixed

forests and clearings.

var. fi oblonga. Wall. ; T. tomrnlosa, ilast. ; T. octinidra, Gritf. The bristles of
the carpels somewhat shorter and straight or nearly so.

Masters identifies var. ji of this species with 7'. tnmcntosa, Boj. The Mauritian
plant, which for a long time was cultivated in H.B.C., but is now apparently lost, haa
a velvety tomcntum and small globular fruits not larger than those of T. rhomhoidea,
while Masters describes them as being as large as a cherry.

DiCLiDOCAEPUs, Asa Gray.

D. (Trichospermum) J.waxicum, Blume. Tropical forests of Kamorta.
Bixagrctcia Nicobarica, Kz.

tilie.t:.

Sepals distinct. I'ctals uithout a scale at base, inserted directly round the stamens.

■"•■ Capsule opening luculicidally, almost pod-liJce or globular, many-seeded.
CoHcnoRfs, Linnaus.
Stamens all anther-bearing. Capsules pod-like or globular, striate or muricate.

§ Capsules globular or nearly so, more or less muricate.

*C. CAPsuLAUis, L. Cultivated for its fibre all over Burma.

Lower pairs of serratures of leaves produced into five bristles. Capsules 10-sulcatc,
truncate. The fibre is the 'Jute ' of commerce.

§ Capsules more or less elongate or linear, cylindrical or angular, but not winged.
* Capsules \ to '2 inches long or longer. Stamens very numerous.
° Lower pair of serratures of leaves produced into long bristles.

*C. oLiTORius, L. Wild and cultivated for its fibre in Ava and Pegu.

C. decemangularis, Eoxb.

Capsules 2 inches long, 5-celled and o-ribbcd, longitudinally pitted, the partitions
within very distinct.

^ ° Leaves without basal bristles, usually small and blunt.

C. TRii.ocrLARis, L. Burma {fide Mason).

Capsules 2 inches long, sparingly aud minutely tubercled, glabrous, beaked.

C. rRTiCEFOLirs, W.A. Ava.

As preceding, but capsules only about 1 inch long, thinly pilose.

C. TRIDKXS, L. Prome.

C. triloeularis, Burm.

606 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Capsules 1-1 J- incTi lonp;, almost terete, not wriukled, 3-4-celled, 3-4-tootlied at
apex, witliout partitions inside.

* *•" Capsules uhouf h inch h>ig. Stamens b io \0.
C. FAScicrxAEis, Lamk. Plains between the Hlein and Irrawaddy.

Capsules almost terete, tomentose, 3-celled, -svithout partitions inside.

8 CajMuI.es elongate, f/iicJ,-, truncate, Q-aHgled, the alternate angles winged.

C. ACTJTANGTTLTJS, Lauik. DeciJuous forests up to 3000 feet.

C. fuscus, Eoxb.

Stamens 15 to 20. Leaves without bristles. Capsules J-1 inch long, terminating
in 3 simple or 2-cleI't spreading points.

All the species of Corehorus yield a useful fibre, collectively known in the market
as 'jute,' and in great demand for the manufacture of the coarse sacking known as
' (ianiiy,' or ' Tat.' The leaves boiled afford a common vegetable. The plant grows
wild in Burma, and might be probably cultivated with profit for its fibre, for which
the demand is very great, and the selling price about 4 rupees a maund.

B- Anthers opening by apical pores.
SLOAXJE^^.
Anthers linear. Stmninal disk flat or cushion-lilce, the scjials and petals inserted
directlg round the stamens.

EcHiNOCAErus, Bliime.

Sepals 4, imbricate, in 2 scries. Petals 4, gashed, almost imbricate. Dish thick
and broad. Capsule woody, 4-valved, echinate, setose, or velvety.

E. siGUN, Bl. T. Tenasserim Hills (Thoung-ycen).

U. mure.v, Bth.

Leaves entire, tufted-hairy in the nerve-axils beneath. Prickles of fruit strong,
usually thickened at base.

E. STEKCTJLiACEus, Bth. T. Upper Tenasserim between 3000 and 5000 feet.

Leaves crenate-serrato or toothed, at least when young puberulous beneath, the
prickles longer, all thin and subulate.

ELJEOCARPIE^E.
Anthers linear. Petals inserted round the base of a raised torus from the top of
which the stamens spring.

El.eocakpus, Linnmis.
Sepals 4-5. Petals induplicate-valvate, laciniate or rarely entire. Prupes fleshy.
Sub- genus Moxoceeas.
Anthers aristatc. Flowers large, the petals fringed or rarely entire.

"'•■ Petals entire, with a few short teeth at apex or siinjilg fringed, not cut or cleft.
Petioles continuous, not geniculate-incrassate.

° Ltflorcscence and sepals outside almost glabrous.

E. PETioLATUs, Jack. JH.T. Tenasserim.

R Integra, Wall.

E. oralis, !Miq.
All parts glabrous.

° ° Inflorescence and sepals outside sillcg-pubescent.

E. (Monoceras) teicaxthera, Griff. !Mergui.

E. Griffithi, Kz. E.T.
Glabrous. Petals entire, acuminate. Pedicels l-l inch long.

TILIACE.E. 607

E. Variwa, Ham. E.T. Chittasong.

Glabrous. Petals deeply but simply fnn>;ed. rccliccls 3-4 lines long. Differs
from E. prunifolius, Wall., by the silvery silk-hairy iufloroseence and larger flowers.

* * Petals 2-3-cle/f, the lobes jagged or fringed. Anthers glabrous or puberiilaus.
° Petiole geniculate-tliickcncd at apex.
f Injloreseence with long-persistent leafy bracts.
E. HUACTEATDS, Kz. E.T. Tropicul forests of Tenasserim.

All parts, also sepals and iuttorcscencc, glabrous.

f f Bracts of inflorescence small, rery deciduous.
X Ricemes and sepals glabrous or nearly so.
E. SIMPLEX, Kz. (IIS.). Tenasserim.

Evidently nearly allied to E. aristatus, lloxb., Init differing in the shape of the
leaves and the glabrous racemes. The flowers conform to those of the preceding
species. Griffith's specimens from E. Eengal difl'er only by a puberulous inflorescence,
and may also belong here.

X X Racemes and sepals more or less tomen/ose or pubescent.

E. GHAXDiFOLius, Kz. Tropical forests of Pegu and Tenasserim.

Leaves 1-1. V foot long, euneate-acuminato at base, acute. Anthers shorter than
the bristle. Drupes puberulous, the putameu slightly compressed.

E. EUGOsrs, Roxb. E.T. Tropical forests of Pegu and Martaban.

Leaves ^1 foot long, rounded at the narrowed base. Leaves glabrous or nearly
so. Putamen terete.

° ° Petiole continuous, nut gcnicuJate-thickened at apex.

E. (MoNOCEUAs) OKANDiFLORUs, Ilook. Toukyagat district.

Jlonoceras lanceolatum, Hassk.

Glabrous. Putamen long recurved-aculeate.

E. LiTTOiiAi-is, T. and B. Tenasserim.

Putameu lacunose-tubereled. Leaves blunt, very thick coriaceous, glabrous.

What I have from the Botanical Gardens, Buitenzorg, under the name of
Monoceras obtusum, Hassk., belongs to E. rugosus. The Tenasserim plant (with
which Griffith's Xo. 700 is identical) has very thick and obtuse leaves, and is,
in my opinion, a distinct species. 1 have, therefore, retained the MS. name of
Teysm. and Binnend. for the plant.

Sub-genus El.kocari'is.

Anthers blunt, or one valve sharply produced. Flowers small. Petals glabrous.

\ Putamen slightly rimose, or ubsoletely wrinkled. Calyx and pedicels glabrou-i.

E. Fi.oRinuxDfs, Bl. E.T. Tropical forests from Chittagong to

E. serratus, Roxb. Tenasserim. Kamorta.

Leaves glabrous, blistered- .speckled and opaque. Petioles long, thickened at the
summit. Anthers bearded. The species is easily recognized in a dried state by its
peculiar blistered opatiuc leaves.

E. LiNCE^FOLius, Roxl). Tcnasscrim {fide Jfasters).

Leaves glabrous, opaqiu', acuminate. Petiole not gcnieulate-thiekcned.

E. iiyuEopnii.rs, Kz. Swamp forests of Pegii and Tenasserim.

Leaves glabrous, blunt or rounded at apex. Petioles short but slender, not
thickened. Anthers naked. Drupes unknown.

608 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

I loolied for some time upon this species as a variety of H. 2)liotinicBfolius, but
the habitat as well as the structure of the leaves are inconsistent with such a view.
It is nearest to E. lanceafolim, Eoxb., but differs by obtuse or rounded leaves and
beardless anthers (Kurz).

f f Piitamen icrinlded or tulerchd. Cahjj: and jiediceh 2}itherulous.
X Fdioles not genicidate-thiclccncd at apex.

E. GANiTRUs, Eoxb. ChittagoDg.

Ganitrus spharicus, Gaertn.
E. cyanocarpus, Mart.

Leaves and petioles glabrous. Style long, exsertcd. The longer anther-cell
acute. Drupes globular.

E. LACuxosus, "Wall. E.T. Tropical forests of Pegu and Tenasseriui.

Bu-ta-let (Kurz).

Leaves beneath along the nerves and the short petioles densely puberulous.
Style short. Anther-cells equal, blunt. Drupes oblong.

X X Petioles tliielened at summit.

E. WALiJcniT, H. f. E.T. Ava, Pegu Range, and Tcnasserini.

E. Jonyifolixs, Wall.

Leaves beneath and the rather short petioles densely puberulous.

E. EOBUsTus, Eoxb. E.T. Chittagong (Masters), Teuasserim, and

E. Helferi, Kurz. the Andamans.

Leaves and the long petioles glabrous. Drupes oblong.

E. STiprLAEis, Bl. Tropical forests of Pegu and Tenasserim.

All parts densely and shortly pubescent. Drupe globular.

E. cuneatns, Wight, is noted by Masters as growing in Chittagong. Burma, and
Tenasserim. I do not know the species. Possibly the Burmese localities refer to
E. hicunostis, Wall. (Kurz).

E. LEPiosTACHTA, Wall. Tenasscrim (Helf. teste Mast.).

Masters states that the species is very like E. robustus, but that the anthers are
bearded, while in E. rohistus itself he tells us that the anthers are both bearded and
beardless.

E. LrciDTJS, Mast non Eoxb. Chittagong (Griff, teste Mast.).

Masters identifies his specimens with Eoxburgh's plant, which the late Dr.
Anderson had already recognized asEttplorhioceous, and which is C/eidinti Java?/ icum, li\.
I doubt the coiTcctness of tlie habitat given, for the reason tliat Griffith had never
visited Chittagong.

I have not seen E ohlongus:, Gaertn., from Maulmain (Kurz).

The ripe berries of several species of Eiaocaipun are edible, and those which
possess a coarsly wrinkkd stone {E yanitrus) furnish the so-called Bralmiini beads
worn by Hindu religious mendicants. The wood of some species is said to be good ;
but little definite seems known of the timber yielded by the different species. Accord-
ing to Mason, the name of the Salween Eiver (as it is called by Europeans), or Than-
Iwen, is derived from the name of a species of Ekeoearpus {E. Wailicliii), ■\\'hich
grows abundantly on its banks. Other species are called Tor-ma-ji, and Wa-hsG-ben,
and Kurz adds Bu-ta-let.

Order MALVACE^.

Flinrers regular, liermaplirodite or unisexual. Bracteoles 3 or more, free or
combined, often forming a kind of calyx. Sipah .5, valvate, free or connate. Petah
5-twisted, imbricate. Stamens numerous, rarclv definite, atlnate to the base of the

MALVACK.'E. 609

petals. Filaments united into a tube or a column. Anthers oblong or reniform,
ultimately l-celled, tbe cells sinuous or twisted, bursting longitudinally. Ovary
2- or many-celled, with 1 or more ovules in each cell, attached to the inner angle,
entire or lobcd, or of 2-5 or more carpels, whorled round a central axis. Herbs or
shrubs, rarely trees. Flowers axillary or terminal, variously arranged.

A. Carpels whorled iu a single row, not united into a capsule.

MALVIE.'E.
Stat/iuiul column hearing the filaments at the summit. Sti/le-branches as many as
cells to the ovary. Mature carpels separating more or less from the a.ris.

* Ovules solitary, ascending.
X Stigmas linear.

Altu.i:a, Linnccus.

Bracteoles G-9, uuitcd at base. Fruit-axis not longer than the carpels.

*A. nosKA, Cav. Promc. Khakyen Hills in gardens.

A. Coromandeliana, Cav.
A.Jlexuosa, Sims.

Holli-hock.

The word ' holli-hock ' is a curious instance of how the names of plants get
transmogrified. Hock is from the root oi Alcca (the mallow), thus Alc-auc-hauc = 'S.Axik
or Hock. HoLLi is a corruption of Cuiili, from C'aulis, a stalk (whence cauliflower),
and signifies the mallow on a tall stalk I (Prior, Popular Names of British Plants).

Malva, Liunaus.

Bracteoles 3, distinct. Carpels not beaked.

M. VEETICILI.ATA, L. Khakycn Hills.

M. Xeilgherrensis, Wight.

The mallows and hoUi-hocks possess demulcent and laxative properties, and
marsh-mallow lozenges are still an esteemed remedy for bronchial ii'ritatiou. They
were regarded as verj" wholesome herbs bj" tlu; Eomans :

" Aut herba lapathi prata amantis, et gravi
Malv;c salubres corpori."

Horace, Epod. ii. line 57.

X X Stigmas capitate or clavate.
JIalva STRUM, A. Gray..
Bracteoles 1 to 3, distinct, or none. Carpels usually beaked.
M. koderalk, Miq. llubbishy spots at Chittagong and Rangoon.

M. tricuspidatum, A. Gray.

* * Orules solitary suspended.

SiDA, Linnams.

Carpels converging with their points or beaked. Bracteoles none, or very ran 1)"
1 or 2 and bristle-like. Pyen-dor-gna-len (generic).

* Leaves from lanceolate to oblong or obovate-ohlong, on short 2 to -i lines long petioles.

S. CAEPixiFOLiA, L. llubbishy spots all over IJurma. The Isicobars.

S. acuta. Bur. Kecently introduced into the Andamans.

S. lanceolata, lloxb.

Carpels usually 5, leaves more or less green on both sides. Peduncles short, not
or at the very base jointed.

610 BCRMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

S. EHOMBiroLiA, L. Commoii in Icaf-sliedding forests and in cultivation

all over Burma, var. c Tenasserim.

Carpels usually 10, seldom fewer, leaves minutely greyish tomentosc beneath.
Peduncles usually elongate, jointed at about their middle.

var. a Linneana.

var. /i Canarii'usis, Griseb. ; rhotnhoidea, Eoxb. ; rhomhifoUa, Mast.

var. 7 return, Griseb.

var. o acuta. Erect, branched. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed.
Carpels 6-7, stellate pubescent, with 4 long awns.

var. 6 ahiifulia, C'hinensis, microphijUa, lloxb. ; PhiUjjpica, DC.
This plant would yield an excellent fla.xy fibre, and is well deserving cultivation.
It has yellow flowers, grows in the rains, and when planted for fibre, the seeds
should be very thickly sown on good soil.

** Leares cordate or nearhj so, on Q> to \b lines lonj, usualli/ slender, petioles.

° Carpels terminating in 2 long awns.
S. coKTLiFOLU, Wall. Ava. Segain.

Erect, glabrous or nearly so.
S. coRDiFOLiA, L. Deciduous forests in Arakan and Pegu.

S. decagyna, Schum. and Thw.
Erect, densely tomentose.

4 ° ° Carpieh hlant or shortly 2-lobed.

S. GLUTiNosA, Eoxb. Khakycn Hills, Pegu and Tenasserim.

S. Mysurensis, W. A.
Erect. Hairs glandular or viscid. Flowers solitary or several, on short and
rather thick glandular peduncles.

S. nuMiLis, Willd. Eubbishy spots in Ava and Pegu.

Spreading or alm.ost erect, weak. Hairs spreading, not glandular. Flowers
solitary, on long filiform jointed simply haiiy peduncles.

*** Ovules 2 or more, ascending or pendulous, or both.
Abutilon, Gacrtner.
Bracteoles none. Carpels 5-20, without spurious partitions.

Carpels more than 10, nmally about 20.

A. Indicuji, L. Along roads and round villages in Ava and Pegu.

Sida populifolia, Eoxb.
Sida Asiatica, L.

Tha-ma-j5k.

Tomentum close and dense, without spreading hairs. Capsule truncate, the carpel
points very short.

A. GEAVEOLEXs, Eoxb. Uncultivated spots in Pegu.

Tomentum dense, intermixed with long spreading hairs. Capsule at the top
contracted and angular, the carpels not pointed.

** Carpels fewer than 10, usually 5 or 7.

A. roLTAKDEuii, Eoxb. Pegu.

Tomentum of short glandular hairs, mixed with long, simple, spreading ones.

"The Burmese plant differs chiefly in the more glandular pubescence and in
having the carpels constantly by 7, not by 5 " (Kurz).

.V.iLVACE.E. GU

Tlic (lifFiTMit speoics of AbutHon yield by maceration a good fibi-e, fit both for
ropes and jji-obably also jiapiu'. A decoction of tlic plant is umollieut, and possessed
of the same properties as the marsh-mallows of Eiu'opc.

URENIE.E.
Stamiiial column truncate or o-tootked at apex, hearing the anthers or filaments on
the outside. Style-branches twice as many as ovary-cells. Carpels 1-secded.

TJkena, Zinnaus.
Bracteoles 5, cormate at base. Carpels opposite the petals, muricate.

* Capsules longer than the sepals, glochidiate and bristly tomentose.
U. LOBATA, L. Common, in uncultivated places, and

Kat-sae-nai or AVct-kyac-pa-uai (generic). '" li"'f-shedding forests from Chitta-

gong and Ava down to Tenasserim up
to 3000 ft. elevation. The Nicobars.

* * Carpels included in the calyx, smooth or net-veined.
° Petals l.V to nearly 2 inches long, forming a large funnel-shaped corolla.

U. BiorDA, "Wall. Open forests of Pegu, Martaban, and Tenasserim.

Leaves almost rotundate, very scabrous on botb surfaces. Flowers forming dense
leafy terminal heads.

U. spEciosA, "Wall. Mixed forests of Ava and Pegu.

Leaves uudirncath softly tomentose, scabrous above, the lower ones usually
lobed. Flowers in loose spreading terminal racemes.

°° Petals 4 lines long, fanning a rotate corolla. Iniolacre longer than the calyx.

Pavoxia, Caranille-1.

Bracteoles C> or more, usually free, herbaceous or bristle-like. Carpels opposite
the sepals, variously armed or smooth.

B. Fruit a capsule, deliiscent or rarely indehiscent.

*' llractcoles 5-6. Carpels indehiscent.

P. (LEBREToyiA) PKocuMiiENS, Wall. Ava.

/'. glechomifolia, A. llieh.

Flowers yellow. Carpels muricate.

* liracteoles 10 or more. Carpels dehiscent.

P. Zeylamca, Willd. Banks of the Irrawaddv near Ava.

Flowers pink. Carpels unarmed, the margins slightly but sharply produced.

" All the Burmese specimens seen by mo (including P. rosea, "Wall., Cat. 1887,
witli liairv carpels) belong to the above species, none to P. udorata, Willd., for which
Masters gives Buruia as a habitat " (Kurz).

UIIilSCIE.F..

Staminal column truncate or ii-tootlicd at summit, hearing the anthers or f laments
outside or also on the summit itself. Style-branches or ■•<tiymas as many as ovary-cells.

° Style branched at the summit, the branches spreading or radiating. Seeds reniform.

Kydia, Roxburgh.

Flowers polygamous. Bracteoles 3-4, leafy, connate at base, enlarging and
spreading under ihe li'uit. Sepals 5, connate below the miilrib. Petals as many.

612 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

aduate to tlie stamiiial tube. Staminal-tiihe divided about tlie middle into 5 divisions,
each bearing 3 renifoim antlicrs, imperfect in female flowers. Oranj 2-3-celled, with
2 ascending- ovules in each cell. Stijlcs 3, cleft with as many peltate stigmas, imperfect
in male flowers. Trees with palmatinerved loaves. Flowers panicled. Bracteoles
4-G, enlarging in fi'uit. Capsides 2- or 3-valved.

K. cALYcrNA, Eoxb. Mixed forests of Ava and Pegu.

A', //-aterna, Koxb.

Dwa-bok.

" There really may bo two different species in India, tlic one with smaller smooth
seeds, the other with larger furrowed seeds. The indument of the Burmese plants
is much more floccose, the involucre-leaflets broader. Seeds, unripe, appear smooth
and smaller." Wood white, straight-grained, good for house-building (Kurz).

Decascuistia, IVigU ami AninU.

Bracteoles 10. Oi-ary 10-eelled, with a solitary ovule in each.

D. PAEViFLOiiA, Kz. Siamese Province of Kanburi and probably Tenasserim.

Leaves beneath shortly but densely whitish tomentosc. Involucre much shorter
than the calyx, puberulous. Petals about A- inch long.

D. CRAssiuscuLA, Kurz. Prome.

All paits thickly tomentose. Involucre nearly as long as the calyx, densely
toraentose. Petals nearly 2 inches long.

" Very near D. crotonifolia, but differs in its sessile flowers, broader and decurrcnt
leaves, and very .short petioles" (Kurz, J.x\..S.B. ii. 1873, p. 227).

blasters describes but does not name another large-flowered (flowers pink, 4 inches
in diameter) species fiom Paugoou (Kurz).

IIiiiisci's, Liitnaus.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Bnufeules free or more or less connate, several, rarely
reduced to 5 or fewer. C'ali/x 5-lobcd, or toothed or spathaoeous. Petals 5, connate
at base with the staniinal tube. Staminal tube truncate, or 5-toothed at the summit.
Filaments many. Aiifliers 1-celled. Ovary 5-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each
cell. Styles 5, connate at base. Capsule loculicidally 5 or rarely spuriously lO-celled,
velvety, dehiscing. Herbs, shrubs or trees with more or less palmate lobes or
entire leaves. Flowers often showy, in axillary inflorescences.

A. Leaflets of involucre free, sometimes adnato to the calyx, but not connate
with one another, or altogether wanting.

Sub genus Soi, \n'dka.

Involucre wanting. Heibs with small flowers.

H SOLANDRA, L'Hcr. Ava. Taong-doung. Segain.

Flowers white, on long slender pedicels, usually forming terminal racemes.

Sub-genus Hibiscus.

Calyx regular, not .spathaceous, .5-cleft, more or less persistent, surrounded by a
more or less jiersistent involucre, the leaflets of which are either quite free or some-
times adnate to the calyx.

* Capsule rounded, ohtuse or truncate.
° Cajisules truncate, winged.
H. viTiFOLius, L. Rubbishy spots from C'hittagong and

-ZZl truneatus, Poxb. Ava to Pegu.

Velvety-pubescent. Calyx anil involucre tomentose. Flowers large, yellow
with a dark-purj>le eye.

MALVACEyE. 013

'^ ° Ctqi'tuh's routidiil or oltusc, not winged.

H. MicEAxrnus, L. Ava. Paglirm-myo.

a. rigidus, L.

Capsules fjlalirous. Flowers white, hardly an iuch in diameter, the petals
reflexed. Seabrous herb.

* H. MCTABiLis, L. Cnltivatcd in gardens.

Capsules hirsute. All parts, also calyx and involucre, densely scurvy tomentose.
Involucre-leaflets 10. Flowers largo, white, then rose-coloured. A large shrub.

H. VENUSTUS, Bl. Upper Tenasserim.

As preceding, but all parts softly tomentose. Involucre and calyx densely
pubescent. Involucre-leaflets in Burm. spec. 7, linear (in Malayan 5, ovate-lanceolate).

*' * Capsules acuminate or acute, not icinged.

X Cahjcine lobes l-S-nerved, without fhiikcncd margins.

\ Leaves densely and softly tomentose.

H. rAXDntiKOEMiri, Burra. Ava. rrome.

II. tubulosus, Cav.

All parts, also calyx and involucre, denscl}" tomentose. Pedicels shorter than the
peduncles. Seeds pubescent.

f f Leaves glohrous or roughish puberulous.
A Annual herbs. Flowers yellow with dark-purple eye.
IT. rKOCKKL-s, Wall. Ava.

Seeds tuberclcd. Leaves glabrous. Stenr and petioles prickly.
H. mvEKSiFOLius, Jacq. Ava.

Seeds smooth. All parts and more especially the cah'x ami involucre very
tuberclcd-hispid.

H. i.rxAUiFOLTUS, "Willd. Ava. Scgain and Taong-doung.

II. pruriens, lloxb.
H. raeemosHs, Lindl.

Seeds smooth. Young parts densely and shortly hispid. Involucre-leaflets
puberulous or almost glabrous.

A A Shrubs. Flowers from purple to rose-ccoloured and white. Leares glabrous,
longer than the 2>etiolcs,

* H. Striacus, L. Cultivated by Karens in Martaban.

H. Storckii, Seem.

Pedicels shorter than the petioles.

H. eosa-sinensis, L. Much cultivated in native gardens.

The Shoe flower. Pedicels elongate, longer than the petioles. The Chinese use
the flowers to dye leather black.

X X Calyeine lobes with a prominent midrib and [especially when in fruit) tcith
thickened, usually indurated borders.

° Inrolucre-leajlets bearing on the back an oblong or linear appendage.
A Appendage of involucre-leaflets leafy, oblong. Flowers pale sulphur with crimson eye.

H. FURCATUs, Roxb. Ava and Banks of the Koladyne in

H. aculeaius, lloxb. {fide Masters). Arakan.

Khoung-yan.

Flowers about 2 lines in diameter, shortly pedunclcd. Stipules lanceolate. Stems
stLff-hairy and usually prickly.

614 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PPiODUCTIOXS.

H. SuRKATTENSis, L. All OTcr Buruia, in the Icaf-sliodding

IT. lideroplnjUus, Griff. forests, and deserted tonngyas, etc.

Flowers about an inch in diameter, on long slender peduncles. Stipules large,
leafy, semilunar. Stems prickly.

H. acithatus, Eoxb., differs chiefly by the much smaller stipules, -which, however,
pass into those of U. Surrattc7isis.

A A Ajjpendagc of invoh(crc-leaJ}cfs linear, rarely icanting.

"'■'H. iiADiATus, Cav. Much cultivated all over Burma from Chittagong

and Ava down to Tenasserim, and often like
wild in deseited toungyas.

var. a. Corolla white or pale-sulphur with a purple eye.
var. ft Lmdleyi {H. Lindleyi, Wall.).

Flowers white or pale-sulphur with a purple eye, or purple, the calyx-lobes
without a gland on the midrib.

° " Incolucre-leaflets entire, tvitliout any appendage.

* H. CANNABrN'us, L. Cultivated in Pegu and Martaban.

Calyx diy, horny in fruit, the lobes prickly ciliate, with a large gland on the
midrib. Seeds glabrous.

*H. SABDAEiFFA, L. Mucli Cultivated all over Burma from Chitta-

Them-brm-khyen-bouug. Eosclle. S°iiS ''i^.'^ -^^'^ '^o^^i^ to Pegu, sometimes

as wild in deserted toungyas.

Calyx fleshy, red, the lobes without prickles, usually a little hairy, but soon
glabrescent. Seeds shortly hispid. This species is cultivated for its red fleshy acid
calicos, which are admirable if chewed raw for quenching thirst, or stewed with sugar.
The jelly prepared from the calicos is not inferior to the best red currant, and the
best substitute for it.

Sub-genus AnELMOscnirs.

Calyx spathaeeous, 5- rarely 3-toothed, deciduous, surrounded by a 5-20-leaved
free, often very deciduous involucre. &eeds glabrous.

X Inroluere-leaflets ilort and small, deeiduons already lefore openiny of the flowers .

*H". FicuLXEUs, L. Cultivated rarely in Pegu in native gardens.

H. prosfratus, Eoxb.
S. strictus, Eoxb.

Flowers rather small, uniform white.

X X Inrohiere-leaflets narrow linear, often numerous and luny. Flowers large,
yellow ivith purple eye.

° Capsules short, h-angled.
f Involucre-leaflets about 10-12.
H. SAGiTTiFOLius, Kz. Ava. Pegu.

Capsules glabrous. Flowers white, hardly an inch in diameter, the petals
reflexed. Scabrous herb.

H. ABELMOscnus, L. Arakan, Pegu, xiva and Tenasserim, Kamorta.

Abelmosehus mosehatus, Moench.

Ba-lu-jva-gyi.

All parts sprcadingly setose. Peduncles as long as or shorter than the capsule,
strong. Flowers 2-3 inches in diameter.

The specifio name of mosehatus was bestowed on this plant from the musky
aromatic odour of its brown seeds, which are named by the Arabs ' Hub-ul-JIashk,'
and are used to perfume powders and unguents. The species abounds in mucilage,
which is used to clarify .sugar.

J/ALVACEyE. 615

t t Itivohicre-lcafiets 15-20.
H. CANCELLATCs, L. Diy forests of Ava and Prome.

Abchnoschus crinitus, Wall.

Stems liirsute. Loa\cs lobcd, tomentose and sprinkled with stiff hairs. Involucre-
leaflots persistent.

° ° Capsule elongate-conical, 1-angular.
*!!. EscuLENTus, L. Cultivated in Burma {fide Mason).

IT. lotigifoUus, "W'illd.

Ba-lu-wa.

Involucre-leaflets 1.3. All parts slip;htly hairy.

This species is cultivated for its pods, which are boiled and eaten as a Tegetahle.
The young- pods arc adajjted for pickling, and the fully ripe seeds, when roasted, are
an excellent substitute I'or coffee, and can be added in lieu of barley to soup.

XXX Inrolucre-leaficfs broad anil leafy, iisualli/ large, 4-6. Flowers yellow with
purple eye. Stems setose.

° Involucre-leaficts 4.

*K. MANiiroT, L. E; rely cultivated in Pegu.

II. pentaphyllus, Roxb.
Leaves almost glabrous. Involucre-leaflets glabrous, tomentose bordered.
H. HOSTiLis, "Wall. Mixed forests of Ava and the Pegu Kange.

Leaves beneath sprinkled with 3-forked short hairs. Involucre-leaflets appressed
pubescent and setose-ciliate.

° ° Involucre-leaflets G.
H. PFXOENS, Eoxh. Northern parts of Pegu Range from 1200 to 2000 feet.

Leaves hirsute. Involucre-leaflets with long stiff hairs.

B. Leaflets of the involucre united up to the middle or at least at the base,
sometimes forming a cup-shaped involucre.

* Trees or erect shrubs. Seeds glabrous. Flowers large, yellow tcith purple eye.
*H. HASTATUS, L. Karely cultivated in gardens.

Leaves deeply 3-lubed.

H. TiLiACia-s, L. Common within the tidal area from Chitfagong to

a. tortuoma, Roxb. Tenasserim, the Andamaus and iS'ieobars.

Then-ben or Thim-ban.

Leaves not divided, entire or ercnulate.

* * Seeds woolly or pubescerd.
j- Woody climbers.
H. scANDEXs, Roxb. /f. ('. Tropical forests of Martaban.

Velvety tomentose, leaves glabrescent above. Inv(duere-leaflets 4-7, velvety.

f f Trees.
H. MACBornYLLUs, Roxb. ET. Chittagong to Tenasserim.

H. rulpinus, Rw<lt.
II. spathaeeus, 151.
H. seiosus, Roxb.

Te-wun.

Tawny setose. Leaves entire, tawny tomentose. Involucre-leaflets 10, hirsute.

G16 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

This is an extremely iisoful genus of plants. The calicos, pods, and leaves
of many species are edible and wholesome, and almost all species yield a long and
strong fibre, excellent for ropes or for making paper. When grown for fibre, the
plants should be cut in flower and at once steeped ; but this process should be more
carefully carried out than is usually done, as steeping vegetable fibre in a tropical
climate greatly impairs its strength and caxises discoloration. The mucilaginous
juice of many species is used in refining sugar, by Asiatics who object to the use
of blood for that purpose. The flowers of H. Eom-sinemis yield a juice which
dyes leather black.

Thespesia, Correa da Serra.

Bradeoles 5-8 or fewer, rarely wanting, deciduous. Calyx truncate, minutely
5-toothed or parted. Corolla convolute. Staminal tube 5-toothed at apex. Ovary
5-4-celled, with few ovules in each cell. Style furrowed, club-shaped, entire, or
5-toothed. Trees or shrubs, with entire or shortly-lobed leaves. Flowers large,
yellow.

T. (Hibiscus) populxea. T. Common in the beacli and tidal forests from

iribiscus popiiliii'oides, Eoxb. Chittagong to Tenasserim and the Andamans.
T. macroj/liylla, Bl. Ava, Bhamo and Sabado. The Nicobars.

All younger parts and unripe capsules covered with rusty-coloured scales. Leaves
glabrous. The occurrence of this salt-loving tree in Ava is unique, and requires
explanation. Brine springs are numerous in Prome and Ava, and may possibly account
for such an exceptional re-appearance of a shore-plant in the interior of Burma.
"Wood brown, strong, durable (Kurz).

T. LAMPAS, Dalz. Mixed forests all over Burma.

JI. fetralociilaris, Koxb.
Amusa Zollinycri, Alef.

All younger parts, and usually the leaves beneath, shortly stellate tomentose.
Unripe capsules densely hirsute. A meagre shrub.

GossYPiuir, Linnaux.

Braeteoles 3, Iciify, cordate. Calyx truncate, or shortly 5-cleft. Staminal eohmm
bearing numerous filaments outside. Ovary 5-celled, with several ovules iu each cell.
Style club-shaped, furrowed, witli doeurrent stigmas. Seeds woolly or glabrous.
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, with lobed, rarely entire, leaves. Flowers large, yellow
or purple. Calyx and capsule usually black-dotted.

* G. HEEBACEUM, L. var. a and /3 much cultivated all over Burma, and often

■^7-j_ seen as wild in deserted toungyas and neglected lands.

Annual. Seeds free, clothed with firmly adhering silky down.

var. a herlaeeum, L. ; G. hirsutum, Koxb. ; G. Barhadense, Wight. Lobes of
leaves acuminate.

var. ji hirsutum, L. ; G. obtusifulium, Roxb. ; G. /lerhaceum, Wight. Leaves
with usually blunt lobes, the upper ones often undivided, with or without a gland on
the midrib beneath. Involucre-leaflets entire or serrate. Capsules wlien ripe green.
Cotton white.

Dr. Mason writes of the cotton grown in Burma: "By far the finest-looking
native cotton I have seen in India is that cultivated by the Bed Karens. The plants
grow more than twice the height of those seen in Toung-ngoo, close bv. It may be
attributed to two causes. Much less rain falls on the table-land inhabited by the Bed
Karens, than in Toung-ngoo, and it is entirely a limestone soil, which Mr. I'iddington
said was the next best soil for the plant.

"Mr. Blundell introduced the ]ilant which produces the Pernambuoo, Peruvian,
Bahia or South Sea Island cotton, and ilajor Macfarquliar raised such a fine article at
Tavoy from it, that the Committee of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of
Calcutta were unwilling to believe it the production of that species. They reported :

.VALWICK.E. 617

'The saniplo sent 1)T Major ITaofarquliar appears to l)c of a quality resembling tlio
Sea Island, but finer and more silky, anil the fibre not so strong, its value is not so
easy to diterniine, but the Committee arc of opinion that it would sell for a high
price. Tiie Peruamliuco cotton, which it is believed is the same as the South Sea
Island cotton, is an inferior staple to that of the N. American Sea Island, and they
have a sample of cotton submitted which in point oi fineness surpasses the genuine Sea
Island cotton of X. America.

" ' This improvement on the general staple of I'enuimbuco cotton might be
reconciled had it been produced at a distance from the Sea, since it has been ascertained,
that this description of cotton deteriorates by proximity to the sea ; whence your
Committee are disposed to think that Major Macf'arquhar has been led into error in
calling it South Sea Island instead of Sea Island.'

" Adnutting that Major Macfarquluir was in error, which it is believed he was
not, the report proves that an article, ' finer and more silky ' than the best American
cotton has been raised in these Provinces. The principal difficulty to the introduction
of this species into general cultivation was, as Mr. lilundell told me, that the trees
did not produce abundantly.

"Sea Island cotton has been raised in the Tenasserira Provinces by amateur
cultivators, but I have never seen any report on the article obtained. ' Bourbou
cotton of Indian growth,' says "Wight, ' has sold in the London markets for the highest
prices going ; ' and, as the Bourbon plant is the original Sea Island acclimatized to
the East, the cultivator would have a stronger probability of success by obtaining his
seed from Bourbon, tlian from America.' Much attention should also be given to the
selection of a proper soil. Analysis has shown that all the lands on which cotton is
grown in India differ widely in their constituent parts from the best cotton lands of
America. The subject is still in its infancy, more extensive analysis being required ;
'but it seems at present,' observes Mr. Piildington, 'that the abundance and fineness
of good cottons depend on the quantity of carbon in the soil, and the soluliliti/ of that
carbon.' If therefore you can obtain a soil approaching the American soils, that is,
containing peaty matter, lignite, and colouring cold water, this will no doubt be the
best ; because it contains carbon, and probably hydrogen combined with it, suitable
for tlic food of the plant. And the next best soil is one containing carbonate of lime."

* G. B.4.KBAUKXSE, L. Rare in gardens in Pegu.

Nu-wa.

Shrubby perennial. Seeds black, free or cohering, devoid of adhering pubescence.

BO MB A CIE.E.

Staminal column divided at summit, or rare!;/ to the base, info numerous filaments or
5 to S staminal bundles, very rarely entire nearly to the summit. Anthers free or variously
cohering. Stigmas free or connate.

* Leaves diyitate. Ilracteoles distinct or none.
BoJiiiAX, Linnmus.

Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or irregularly 3-5-lobed. Staminal column divided
into numerous fihtuu'nts. Ovary 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Style
club-shaped or .shortly 5-lobcd at top. Capsule woody or coriaceous, loculicidally
5-valved, the cells copiously downy inside. Seeds obovoid or globose, enveloped in
the silky down. Albumen thin. Leaf-shedding trees, with digitate leaves. Flowers
large scarlet or white ficshy.

B. Malahauicum, DO. Prom Chittagong to Tenasserim, up to 3000 feet.

Let-pan or Di-du.

Leaflets on a 10 to 12 lines long pefiolule. Staminal bundles consisting of 15 to
20 strong and thick filaments. Young trees have the bark armed with numerous
conical thorns of a sharp and formidable chai'acter.

CIS BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODLX'TIOXS.

E. ixsiGXE, Wall. Ava. Pegu llangc. Andamans.

Leaflets decurrent on the short 2 to 3 linos long petiulule. Staminal bundles
consisting- of 60 or more long filiform filaments.

Kurz ap]ilics the terms Let-pan and Di-du to one tree. The Burmese, if I mistalce
not, regard thim as male and female. The ' cotton trees ' arc noble trees, with grandly
buttressed stems, but the wood is soft and worthless. When a man dies, one of these
trees, if handy, is felled, a log is cut out of the leugth, which is speedily converted
into a solid coifin, the softness of the wood lending itself to that end. The fleshy
calicos of the flowers are cooked and eaten, and the silky down of the seed-capsules is
collected to stuff pillows with. As the fibre is smooth, it will not felt or even twist
into yarn like cotton ; so that its utility is limited to stuffing pillows. The trees
attain their largest size in river plains, where one of these giant trees, 80 to 100 feet
high, with its brightly-coloured flowers, enlivened by the presence and motions of
numerous birds, seeking for nectar and insects in the calices, forms a striking and
interesting object.

Eriodesdeon, De Candolk.

Calyx and ovary as in Bomhax. Staminal ImuUcs 5, inserted at base, each
bearing 2-3 linear anthers.

E. (BoMBAx) pextanhbum, L. Earc (one tree only seen) in the coast forests

£. anfractuosum, DC. of South Andaman. Here and there culti-

vated in Pegu and Tenassorim.

One of those trees that are stated to be very frequent in the Indian jungles, but
I myself have never succeeded in seeing it in a truly wild state, although the loftiness
of tlie tree and the decussate ternation of its branches would render it recognizable
from a long distance (Kui-z).

* Leaves simple, pinninerved, heneafh more or less lepidote. Fruits murieate.

Drmo, Linnaus.

Calyx bell-shaped. Petals 5. Branehes of the staminal bundles bearing several
linear anthers with sinuous anther-cells.

*D. ZriiETHixus, L. E.T. Wild iu Tenasserim, south of 1 1'' X.L.

Du-yin. The Durian.

" The Burmese specimens in Dr. Brandis' herbarium, although destitute of corolla,
do not differ from the Malayan durian, and the calyx is the same in size as well as iu
shape " (Kurz).

The ' durian ' is perhaps more passionately esteemed by those who are in the
habit of consuming it than any fruit in the world. "\Mien the hard prickly coat
begins to gape at the seams, the fruit is in perfection, and the nuts witliin are
seen enveloped in a rich mellow paste, somewhat comparable to a mixture of equal
parts of almond paste, clotted cream, and mashed garlic, the odour being rapiilly
intensified as the fruit ripens more and more. The nuts are also edible when roasted
like chestnuts. The specific name zibetltiniis is said to liave been given it from the
fondness of the civet-cat for it, or perhaps fi'om the abominable odour of the over-
ripe fruit. An unex]ilained circumstance regarding the ' Durian ' is that this name
occurs among the fruits mentioned as found at Delhi by either Purchas or one of the
early Englisli travellers. What is this ' Durian ' ? Was it a mistake of the traveller,
or was the name in Jehangir's time applied to some ludian fruit ? It is absurd to
suppose the Durian was ever introduced or fruited in Northern India.

" Heifer writes in his second report on the resources of Tenasserim : ' This tree
does not grow so far north as Maulmain, some few trees excepted, which arc grown
as a rarity on the island of Beloo. It sphere begins at Tavoy ; large plantations
occur to the E. of Mount Burney, and very fine specimens in the valley of Tauubiaun.
Lower down on the Tenasserim, the trees begin to grow almost spontaneously, and in
hit. If it forms large forests.'

M.\LVACE.E. .^TERCL'LIACEAC. 619

The Order Jfulraci'tc is a lii_u;hly useful oiu? to man. It yields one of the most
delicious fruits kuown, hut whieh is unf'ortuuately very rcstrieted in its gcop:rai)hieal
range [Durian). Tlie Jfiliiscun saldarijf'a (indigenous to tropii'ul Africa) is, on the
other hand, a very widely dill'used plant, yielding a delicious tahlc vegetahlo, whilst
nearly every species of the genus yielil a long and fairly strong fihre ada])ted for the
nfflnufaeturc of rope or sacking ; and the cotton plant, whereon one of the main
industries of Kngland depends, is anotlier meniher of this Order.

Order STEECULIACE.E.

Fhtcers regular, hemiaidirodite or unisexual. Sepals 5, more or less (rarely
wholly) connate. Petals 5 or none. S/amens usually united into a ring, cup, or
tube, many, or rarely few, and free. Antheis 2-celle(l in heads, or in a single ring at
the apex, or dispersed on the outside of the staminal column, with or witliout inter-
vening staminodes. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate simple or palmately-lobed,
or digitate leaves. Stipules present.

STERCULIEJE.
Flowers miisexiial or poli/fldiiioHS. Petals none. Anthers .5-1.5, sessile, surrounding
the stalked orary or in males the top of a shorter or longer eolunin, or shortli/ polyadelphous.
Mature carpels distinct, sessile or stalked.

* Anthers irregularly clustered, numerous. Fruit dehiscent.
Steeculia, Linnmus.
Ovules 2 or more in each cell. Carpels follicular.

f Seeds without icings, 2 or more along the suture of the coriaceous carpels, never
inserted at the base.

* Leaves digitate.

S. Fa:TiDA, L. T. Mixed forests of Pegu Range.

Let-khok or Lck-kliG.

Leaves glabrous. Calyx rather largo, the lobes spreading.

This is probably the species whieh .so unpleasantly obtrudes itself on the
traveller's notice, who incautiously halts near one in flower. The odour exhaled
by the tree in question resembles the sickening smell of the mucus secreted by the
bowels in acute dysenteiy, and once recognized, can never be forgotten. This identity
of odour between a normal vegetable secretion and an abnormal animal one, the result
of disease, is not a little curious.

S. VEKSICOLOR, Wall. Ava on limestone hills near Segain.

Shor-hpyu (Kurz).

Leaves canescent tomentose beneath. Caly.x small, the lobes conniving, short.

* * Leaves palmately lubed or cut. Leaf-shedding trees.

S. ritF.xs, Roxb. Pegu and Tena.sserim.

Carpels den.sely covered with stiff fragile hairs. Flowers small.

S. viLLOSA, Roxb. Pegu. Tenasscrim and Audamans.

Shor-ni.

Cai-pels shortly tomentose from stellate hail's.

S. OEK.\TA, Wall. Pegu Range. Tenasscrim.

Shor-wa.

Carpels densely covered with stiff short hairs, glabresceut. Flowers nearly j inch
in iliameter.

G20 BrR.]fA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

*•'■ * Leaves all entire. Small evergreen trees or meagre shruls.
° Leaves quite glabrous.
X Calyx-lobes not spreading, almost erect or more usually conniving with their tips.

S. LONGiFOLiA, Yciit. E.T. Tenassei'im (?).

S. striatijlora, Mast.

Calyx shortly tubular, striate, tlic lubes tlie length of the tube.

X X Caly.v almost rotate.
S. cocciNEA, Eosb. E.S. Pegu Range. Tcnasserim.

Calyx-lobes from a broader base, linear, very long, and somewhat twisted.

° ° Leaves more or less tomentose or puberulous, at least beneath.
X Flowers more than ^ inch long, in simple brown tomentose racemes.
S. EoxBrRGHii, "^"all. E.T. Chittagong.

All parts glabrous.

S. HuisiGiNOSA, Vent. E.S. Burma (/(/t Masters).

Leaves beneath and petioles softly rusty pubescent. '

X X Flowers in panicles.

S. ANGUSTiFOLiA, Roxb. Teuasserim.

<S. mollis. Wall. Andamans and Nioobars.

Leaves tomentose. Calyx-lobes free and spreading. Flowers long-pedicelled.

var. a angustifolia. Leaves on petioles 8-10 lines long, lanceolate.
var. j3 mollis. Loaves obovate-oblong, on petioles 4-5 lines long, shortly
acuminate, rounded at the narrowed base. Tomentum almost velvety.

S. PAEViFLOEA, Roxb. E.T. Ava and Sylhct.

Leaves beneath minutely stellate-puberulous. Calyx-lobes short and connivent.
Flowers shortly pedicelled. i_8ee Kurz, J.A.S.B., 1876, part ii., p. 120.)

f f Calyx tubular. Seeds without wings. Curpeh eharlaceous and expanded leaf-
lihe, bearing 1 or 2 seeds along the marginal sutures at about i- of their length.

S. coLORATA, Roxb. T. From Cliittagong to Tenasserim and

Wet-shor. Hog's .slide. the Andamans.

Leaves more or less lobed, oecasionally almost entire, glaljrous or puberulous
beneath. Calyx about 8-9 lines long.

S. FULGEXS, Wall. T. Ava. Taong-doung. Tenasserim.

Leaves very lai'ge, much lobed, pubescent beneath. Calyx about 1-lA inch long.

f f f Calyx more or less campanulate. Seeds without wings, solitary, laterally adnate
to the base of fJte boat-shaped ehartaceous or membranous follicles. Scaphium [including
Pterocymhium and CarpopliylUum).
* Follicles produced beloiv at about the middle into an additional blunfish sac-like lobe.

S. CAMPANULATA, Wall. T. Tropical forests of Pegu Range, Martaban,

and the Nicobars.

Leaves more or less tomentose or puberulous beneath. Calyx campanulate, green.

** Follicles not produced into an additional lobe.

S. SCAPHIGERA, Wall. T. Tropical forests of Pegu and Tenasserim.

Scaphium Wallichii, Schott nn(l Endl.

Carpophyllium macropodum, Miij.
Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, glossv- Calvx almost rotate, yellowish.

STERCULIACE.E. ■ G21

t f 1 1 '^('■ds nicmeroux, icuiged aloiiy tlicir iijiprr cud, inclosed in a trood;/ large
follicle [Ptenjijota).

S. ALATA, Koxl). T. From Chittagong to Tonas^orim and the Andaraans.

' Boodh's cocoa-nut' (ifason).

Leaves entLre, glabrous, 5-ncrvcd at base. Follicles as large as the fist.

The genus Sferculia is not a particularly useful one. Several species produce
a gum, having some of the appearance of tragacauth, and the seeds arc edible, and
much relished, when roasted, by the Burmese. The bark of some species yields a
good fibre, but the timber is worthless. In addition to the above, Kurz records two
other species, whii-h he appi^irs not to have seen.

>S. i.iNGi-iFoi.rA, 'Mart. Tavoy (Parish).

S. ExsiFOLiA, Mart. Mergui (Griflilh).

And S. uvrosTicTA, Micj., from Kamorta.

** Anthers 5, in a ring. Carpels indchiscenf.
IIiiRiTiEKA, Alton.

Floicers unisexual. Cah/x 4-7- (usually 5-) cleft. Petals none. Staminal
column slender, bearing a ring of .5 anthers. Anther-cells jiarallel. Ofv/cy-carpels
usually 5, nearly distinct, with a single ovule in each. Style short, with 5 rather
thick stigmas. />-M(^carpels woody, indehiscent, keeled, or almost winged on the
back. Albumen none. Trees, with simple leaves, silvery-scaly beneath. Flowers
small on axillary panicles.

* Carpels glossy or at least smooth, broirn. Leaves shortly petioled.

II. LiTTOUALis, Dry. E.T. Tidal forests and sea shores from Chittagong to

Balanopteris tothila, Gat'rtn. Teuasscrira, the Andamaus, and Nicobars.

Pyn-leh-ka-na-zo.

Leaves usually cordate or rounded at base. Carpels strong-crustaceous, oblicjuely
ovoid, with a sharp keel pointed at the summit.

H. MixoK, Lam. E.T. Same distribution as the last.

U. funcs, Buch.

I'yn-leh-ka-na-zo.

Leaves narrowed at liase. Carpels filu'ous-woody under the thin bladdery e])icarp,
oblicpiely and broadly de])rcssed, the keel at the summit broad and almost wing-like.

Wood dark reddish-brown, strong, tough, and durable, ()(! lbs. to the cubic foot.
Kurz gives the breaking weight of tliis wood at 11 .'i^ lbs., tlie mean of Teak being
given by Kurz at 240 lbs. only. It is one of the toughest and strongest woods known,
and yet but little employed save for firewood. In Calcutta, however, it is used for
carriage shafts from its great toughness and strength.

** Carpels sea-green or grey, rough and corky-tuhercled. Leaves long-j)etioled.
Carpels obliepcely ocoid, keel indistinct, at the extremity produced into a thick narrow
iving-like appendage.

II. 3rACR0i'UVi.LA, Wall. 7,'. 7". Upper Teiuisserim, near Tmkla.

IIFA.ICTERIE.r..
Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals deciduous. Anthers .5-l.j, sessile or on short
Jilaments, situated on the margin of the cup-like dilated summit of the column and usually
alternating tcith staminodes.

Helictekes, Zinnaus.

Anther-cells divaricate or confluent iuto one. Fruit a capsule, sometimes twisted.
Seeds not winged.

622 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

f Carpels spiral!// twisted. Leaves unequal] u serrate [Fipirocarpaa).
H. isoRA, L. <S. Burma {fide Mason).

Thu-iigeli-clie (Kurz).
Calyx about A- inch long, or loDgor.

If Carpels strair/Jit or nearly so {Otidemansia, Miq.).
■'" Cali/xaloiit A ineh long or lunger. Leaves iinequallij serrate or toothed ( Orthocarpaa').

H. TisciDA, Bl. S. Ava. Taong-doung.

Calyx laxly stellate -TvooUy and viscid.
H. (Oudeiiaxsia) hiesdta, Miq. S. Tenasserim.

C;ilyx shortly scurvy tomentose.

* * Cah/.r only 2 or 3 lines long.
° Carpels firmly cohering, forming a densely villous-ecliinafe apiealate or obtuse
capsule. Leaves entire or oltusely serrate, shortly irhitish-tomentose beneath.

H. OBTUSA, "Wall. S. Tenasserim. Kamorta.

Stems tawny tomentose. Leaves sprintled above with stellate hairs, blunt or acute.

°° Carpels loosely cohering, irith tJie pioints all free, shortly hairy eehinate. Leaves
never tchiti.yh pubescent beneath, serrate.

H. oLABEirscuLA, Wall. S. jrixed forests of Arakan, Pegu and

IL. plebeia, Kz. Martaban.

Flowers in short axillary racemes.
H. ELONGATA, "Wall. iS. Ava.

Flowers in elongated slender racemes, much longer than the pubescent leaves.

PTEEOsrEKMrM", Schreber.
Anther-cells parallel. Capsule woody, terete or 5-angular. Seeds winged.

* Capsules distinctly 5-eornered. Leaves large and broad.
° Stipules and braeteoles pinnatifid.

P. ACERiFOLiuM, "Willd. H T. From Chittagong to Tenasserim and

m V (. „.,„ the Andamans.

Toun g-hpet- wun .

Calyx-lobes 3—1 inches long. Style towards the base villous.

"^ ° Stipules. Braeteoles entire.
P. ACEKOiDEs, "W'all. lli.T. Tropical forests in Tenasserim aud

Calyx-lobes U-2 inches long. Style glabrous. the Andamans.
^' Ft. diversi folium, Bl., appears to be an intermediate form between /*^ aceri-
folium and Pt. aeeroides, having the flowers and styles of the former but smaller, and
"the braeteoles of the latter." The wood of both this and the last species is brown,
heavy, and takes a good polish (Kurz).

* * Capsules terete or nearly so.
° Leaves semi-sagittate at base. Stipules pinnatifid.

P. SEiiisAGiTTATUM, Eoxb. T. Froui Chittagong and Ava down to Tenasserim.
Nak-yay-pen or Naj-y-ay (Kurz).

Flowers 3 inches long or longer. Braeteoles large, divided into several many-
cleft and jaggy lobes, forming an involucre.

STERCULIACE.E. G23

° ° Leaees never nenn-xagiftnte, xtaualbj small, entire or shortly lohed. Stipules small,
entiro or '2-o-cleft. Flowers not above 2 inches long.

\ Pedicels much longer than the petioles.

P. LAXcJiFOLirii, Kuxb. E.T. Cliittagong. Tavoy (?).

Leaves greyish or wliitish. tomentosc beneath, aeumiuate. Stipules and bractcolcs
2-3- rarely 5-cleft, Capsules greyish velvety. Wood strong, close-graiued.

f f Pedicels short, about the length of the petioles, or rarely a little longer.

P. cixNAMOMnuir, Kz. E.T. Martaban and Teuasserim.

Loaves entire, acuminate, beneath rusty-coloured (rarely greyish), tomentoso.
Stipules and bracteolcs linear subulate, with a cucullate basal appendage. Capsules
brown, scurvy-tomcntose, glabrcscent. Wood brown, close-grained, perishable (Kurz).

P. .Tavaxhtm, Jungli. E.T. Tenasserira.

P. lllumeanuni, Koith.

Leaves iisually small. Stipul(!s and brarteoles entire, lanceolate. Some trees of
this genus yield a hard and good timber, but of no great importance.

ERIOL^NIE^r..
Flotvers hermaphrodite. Petals deciduous. Anthers numerous on the outside of the
tubular or conical column from the middle to the top. Staminodes none.

ERioLiENA, De Candolle.

Calyx 5-cIeft, valvatc. Petals 5, deciduous, with dilated toracntose claws.
Stamina! column short, bearing on the outside numerous linear-oblong anthers, the
anther-cells parallel. Capsule v^OiAj, 5-valvcd. /SVcrf« winged above. Alhumeni\\\n.
Trees with simple, often lobed leaves. Flowers usually yellow and .showy, solitary, or
on axillary panicles.

E. Candollki, Wall. Ava. Pegu. Martaban.

Dwa-ni.

Heartwood red, tough and ela.stie, 11 lbs. to tlie cubic foot.

BO.MBFA'IE^.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals persistent, Jlat. Anthers 10 to 20, rarely 5, united
into a ikort cup at or near the top of the column, the cells parallel. Staminodes 5 or none.

X Anthers 1.5, rarely 10.

Pentai'ktks, Limueus.

Bracti-oles caducous. Sepals herbaceous. Orii/y-cells with several ovules.
Style simple.

P. rn<ENrcEA, L. Along rice fields in Ava and Pegu.

Eriorhaphe punicea, lliq.

X X Anthers .'5.

!Mii.iiANiA, Fori-hild.

Bracteolcs 3, persistent. Stamens united into a cup, with 5 elongate staminodes.

EERMjyXJE.1:.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals marcescent, flat. Stamens 5, shortly miilcd or
rarely tubular at base only. Staminodes tisually none.

X Ovary 5-celled.
Melochia, Zinnaus.
Capsules almost globular. Seeds wingless. Herbs or under shnibs.
M. coucnoiuFOLLA, L. In forests and cultivation all over Burma.

624 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

YiSEXiA, Houtliojn.

Capsules doeply 5-lobcd. Seeds winged at tlieir extremities. Trees.

V. Inpica, Houtt. Trcipical forests of Pegu and Tenasscrim (rare).

T. umlelhita, Bl. Kamorta and jS^aukowry.

Riedleia velutina, DC.

X X Oianj l-eelled.

Waltheria, Linnaus.

Ctilijx camjianulate. Stuminodes none.

"W. Americana, L. Ava. Segain. Prome.

W. Indiea, L.

HUETTNTLUII^-S.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals eoncare at base, tisuallt/ apjiendaged at to}). Aiithirs
5-15, rarely numerous, hitrorse, tlie f laments touted into a shorter or longer tube, solitary
or ill groups alternating with the staminodes.

° Anthers ly 2-4 alternating with a staminode.

GuAZUMA, Phonier.

Prtah clawed, with a linear 2-cleft blade. Eruit globular, woody tubereled.

* G. TOMEXTOSA, H. B.

An American tree, sometimes seen planted as an avenue-tree.

LEriONTCUiA, Turezaninow.

Petals concave, not clawed. Filaments long, only at base connate, alternating
by 2 with short staminodes, a series of subulate staminodes at the back.

L. GLABRA, Turcz. F.S. Tenasserira.

Outer staminodes 15, the inner staminodes ciliate. Capsule 1 -celled, rugose.

L. (Geewia) heteroclita, Eoxb. F.S. Tropical forests of South Andamans.

Binnendykia triehostylis, Kz.
L. moaeurroides and Grewia acuminata, Bedd.

Outer staminodes 10, the inner not ciliate. Ovary and capsule 3-5-celled and
lobed, the latter minutely tubereled.

"• ° Anthers singly alternating tcitli the staminodes,
Bi'eitxeria, Zi)inaus.

Petals cucullate at the clawed base. Staminodes short and blunt. Capsules
woody, vaiiously armed.

X Peaces cordaie-oblong, entire.
B. aspeea, Colebr. S.S. Pegu. Tenasserim. Andamans.

Capsules large, greyish velvety, covered with strong woody prickles.
B. ECHiXATA, Wall. Pegu.

Leaves elliptical ovate.

X X T^eaees more or less lobed or angular. Capsules the size of a cherry.

B. riLosA, lioxb. S.S. Tropical forests all over Burma.

Tat-tayak-nwch.

Jlore or less roughish stellate-tomentosc. Capsules densely covered with brown
setose flexible bristles.

B. AxDAMAXEXsis, Kz. S.S. Upper Tenasserim and South Andamans.

STERCULIACE^E. Dll'TEliOCAlll'EyK. (J25

Glabrous or almost so. Capsules covered with long stiff smooth bristles.
B. CRKNVL.MA, MacClellaud. Pegu. Tenasserim.

AiiuoiiA, Liniuiua.

A. AN(;rsTA, L. jS'ankuwry.

The Order of SterculiacetB is notable for the alnmdance of mucilage which most
of its members contain, and the fibre of most is strong and good for cordage. The
wood is usuall)' valueless, but Ileritiera and PtcroKpennum are exceptions, the former
affording one of the toughest woods in tlie East. The Cacao bean, fi'om which
Chocolate is made, belongs to this Order.

GUTTIFERALES.
Flmoers regular. Sepals and /'<tals each usually 4 or 5, imliricate in l)ud.
Stcuneiis usually many. Oraiy 3- or many-celled, rarely 2-celled or of 1 carpel.
Placentas ou the inner angles of the cells.

Order Dll'TEUOCAIirEJ^.

Flowers hermaphrodite, regidar. Cahjx-tube free from the ovary or adnate, bell-
shaped and enlarging or small and unchanged, the limb 5-parted or cleft, imbricate
(rari.'h' almost vulvate), all or a few of the lobes enlarged and wing-like, rarely
unaltered under the fruit. Petals .5, twisted, imbricate, free or basally connate.
Stiimens numerous, rarely definite, liypogynous or perigynous. Anthers 2-celled, the
connective often produced, bristly or blunt. Oranj usually superior, 3-celled (rarely
2- or 1 -celled), with usually paired anatrojjous ovules in each cell. Fruit a usually
1- or rarely 2-seeded nut, inclosed or siqiported by the calyx or rarely inferior, the
calyx-wings some or all enlarged, wing-like. Albumen none, or rarely fleshy and
ruminate. Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves. Flowers usually in racemes
or panicles. All the species abound in balsamic products, as camphor and wood oil.

Sub-order ANCISTR 0 CLA DE.F.
Ovary 2-celled, with a single erect ovule. Fruit adnate to the enlarged calyx.

Ancistkocladus, Wullieh.
All the .3 calyx-lobes more or less enlarged. Scandent shrubs.
A. Gkiffithii, Planch. Swamps and muddy river banks

Pan-ben-nweh (Kurz). fro'" I'^'S^' to Tenasserim.

All the 5 lobes of the fruiting calyx equally enlarged, short and coriaceous,
stellately spreading, leaves chartaceous.

A. Walucuii, Planch. Tropical forests of Chittagong,

A. extensiis and A. stellif/erus, 'Wall. Pegu, Tenasserim, Andamans.

Lobes of fruiting calyx unciiual, chartaceous, l-U. inch long. Leaves thicker.

Sub-order DIPTEROCARPEAi.

Ovary 3- rarely 1 -celled, with 2 pendulous ovuhis in each cell. Trees, rarely
erect shrubs.

* Ovary inferior or nearly so, or with a broad base adnate to the calyx-tube. Kufs
therefore for i to J of their lenyth adnate to the enlarged calyx-tube.

AxisopTEKA, Korthal.
Connective terminating in bristle or acute gland, 2 of the 5 calyx-lobes enlarging
into long wings.

VOL. II. •JO

626 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Sub-genus Stnapiea.

Stamens only 15-18, the connective terminated in an acute gland. Sti/le filiform.
Nuts only to about i of their length adnate to the calyx-tube.

A. ODORATA, Griff. T. ^ Tenasserim.

Vatica grtmdijiora, Dyer.

Young shoots covered by a mealy or scuiTy tomentum.

Sub-genus Anisoptera.

Sfnmeiis numerous, the connective produced into a bristle, style thick and ovoid.
Nuts inferior or nearly so.

A. GLABRA, Kz. E.T. Pegu Range and hills East of Toung-ngoo.

Thyt-hud5 (Kurz).

Apparently quite glabrous.

A. OBLONGA, Dyer. Mergui.

Differs from the preceding in the unequally prominent nerves of the calyx-wings.

A. SCAPHUIA, Eoxb. T. Chittagong.

Connective terminated by a short point, mucronate. Leaves oblong, blunt.

** Orari/ free, superior. Nuts free, either inclosed in the enlarged calyx-tube or
exjjosed and the ea!i/.v-tube hard/i/ enlarged.

° Calg.i--tahe in, fruit very enlarged, completelg inclosing the nut.

DirTEROCAKPUS, Guertner.

Cahj.t 5-lobed, with a turbinate or urccolato free tube. Petals somewhat
cohering at base, spreading. Stamens numerous, free or nearly so, the connective
produced into a cuspidate point. Orary free, 3-eelled. Stjile filiform. Nut woody,
1- rarely 2-seeded, free, and inclosed in the enlarged calyx-tube. The caly.r-lolies
enlarged, 3 of them remaining short, the 2 others growing out into long wings.
Leaves entire, or coarsely repand-crenate. Lofty trees.

* Calyx-tube in fruit more or less globular, ovoid or turbinate, without any ribs
or longitudinal wings on its belly.

° Cali/x-tuhe in fruit towards the top produced into 5 compressed hnobs, each situated
between 2 lubes.

D. TUEERCULATus, Roxb. Cliittagong to Tenasserim.

Eng.

Leaves glabrous or puberulous beneath. Stipules pubcrulous.

Tree often with a clean stem 50 feet high and 10 feet in girth. The tree yields
no wood oil, but a clear yellow resin. "Wood brown, 55 lbs. to the cubic foot, works
well and is lasting for indoor work where pmtected from the sun and rain.

Dr. Mason writes : " Tbis is a tree of the wood oil tree tribe, remarkably charac-
teristic of a sandy soil. It abounds on the sandy plains near the sea shore at Mong-
magon, and is e(iually common on a similar soil in the interior. It produces a valuable
timber which is sawn and sold extensively in Toung-ngoo. The Burmese call it en."
Mason adds that "Wallich referred the "f»" to I), grandifiora, MacClelland to alatus,
and Kurz now identifies it with tubereulatns. The deduction seems to me to be that the
Burmese word En or Eng is applied indiiferently to more species than one, and hence
probably the difference of opinion touching the value of Eng timber, one writer having
in view one tree of the name, and other writers quite a difl'crent tree.

° ° Calyx-tube in fruit perfectly terete.
X Leaves glabrous and glossy.

D. L.^vis, Ham. Arakan. Pegu. Tenasserim.

D. turbinatus, Roxb.
I), grandi/lora. Griff.

l)lPTELlUfAlil'E.-E. <>Ti

K;inyin-ni.

Stipules velvety. Fniitiug ealyx smootli ami more or less pruinous.

A magnificent tree witli often a clear stem of 120 feet and a girth up to 25 feet.
Yields a largo quantity of superior wood oil and some brown resin. Wood very
inferior, decaying in a little more than a year if exposed to the weather, but lasting
longer indoors.

D. IIasseltii, B1. Andamans and Teniisscrim.

Stipules glabrous. Pruitiug ealyx sprinkled with minute stellate hairs.

X X Leaves beneath or on loth surfaces various!// hairij.

G. TUKBiN.iTU.s, Gaertn. From Chittagong to Tenasserim.

Leaves acuminate, beneath along with the petioles pubescent. A magnificent
tree fully as tall as I). Ircris, but with a slightly less girth. Yields a wood oil.
Wood pale brown, 55 lbs. to the cubic foot, quality similar to /). tulerculutus.

D. oiiTusiFoi.ius, Teysm. Prome and Martaban.

All softer parts greyish pubescent, the leaves blunt. Size of T). tuherculufus and
quality of wood similar.

D. PLLOsrs, Eoxb. E. T. Tropical forests of Arakan, Mar-

taban, and Tenasserim.
Leaves acuminate, often large. Petioles, young branehlets and stipules strigose
from short tawny brush-like fascicled haiis.

* *■ Calyx-tuhe in fruit /oiif/ifudiimlii/ marlced hi/ 5 ri//s or as manii wii/r/s.
f Wings of fruiting calgx-tuhe hruad [about ludf as broad as the beljg or broader).

D. ALATDS, Roxb.

Kanyin-hpyu.

Calyx greyish-toraentosc, when in fruit sparingly stellate-puberulous. Petioles
long. Leaves greyish pubescent. A magnificent tree with a clear stem of 100 feet,
and 15 feet in girth.

D. GiiiFFiTiiii, Miq. Tropical forests of the Andamans and Tenasserim.

Calyx pruinous, quite glabrous. Petioles only 2-2rV inches long.
A deciduous tree, the same size as the last. Wood yellowish-grey.

f f Wings of the fruiting calgx-tube narrow or reduced to ribs.
° Leaves blunt.

D. IXCANCS, Roxb. Chittagong.

All softer parts greyish-villous. A doubtful species, veiy near to J), alatus.

° ° Leaves acuminate.

D. cosTATUS, Gaertn. Chittagong, Jlartaban, Tenasserim.

D. gonopte)-iis, Turcz.

Branehlets tomentosc, the belly of the calyx narrowly 5-winged and sparingly
hairy.

D. VKsriTis, ^\'all. Tavoy.

If not identical with D. turbinatus, apparently differing by the caly.x-lobcs all
short broadly deltoid (not 2 elongate).

D. scABER, Ham. Southeni Tipperali.

D. AXGCsTiFOLirs, W.A. Chittagong.

D. eostatus, Roxb. (non Gaertn.).

Yields wood oil abundantly (Voigt).

This genus yields resin, wood oil and timber. The oil (known as ' Garjun ' oil
in India) is nearly equ;d to Copaiba in the treatment of disease, for which it is a

628 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOyS.

cheap substitute. Dose, il s-xv tlirice daily. Some utterly preposterous Custom
rules (lid once (if they do not still) stand in the way of the importation of these oils
into England. The tiraher of these trees is of varying excellence, some being poor,
whilst others yield a fairly good wood for indoor work, but they are unsnited to bear ex-
posure to the elements. Speaking of the ' Kanyin,' B. Im-is and (jrnndiflora. Dr. Mason
says: "The common wood oil tree produces a very useful timber, which is sawn
into boards at Tavoy and Mergui, and used in house building. "Where not exposed
to the wet, they answer as well as teak, and are s(dd at half the price ; but they are
not imper^-ious to white ants. The best charcoal is made from this tree and the next.
'I'he Burmese distinguish two species, ni and phiju, or red and white. The most
common species from which the torches are made is called red in the Tenasserim
Provinces, and Martaban."

Pab.vshoeea, Kurz.

Cahjx-tule very short, not enlarging. Stamens 1 2-15, the connective mucromilate.
Oniry free, 3-celled. Sti/Je filiform. Calyx-iuhn in fruit not enlarged, the 5 lobes
valvato, and almost equally wing-like. Xut 1-sceded, free and not in the least
inclosed by the spreading calyx-lobes. Lofty trees, with shining leaves. Flowers
small, whitish, racemose, in dense panicles. The generic character lies in the
(Vstiration of the cali/x and entireli/ exposed nut.

P. STELL.ATA, Dyer. E.T. Tropical forests of Pegu Eange and ilartuban.

Koung-hmu (Kurz).

SnoEE.i, Roxhtirgh.

Cahjx-fuhe very short. Stamens 35-100, the cells unequal, and often a little
pilose at the tips, the connective terminating in a bristle or peuicellate sharp point.
Orary free, 3-celled. Fniitmff eahjx not enlarged, the wing-like 5 lobes erect, veiy
imbricate, and with theii' broad twisted bases closely embracing the nut. Trees with
entire leaves. Flowers small, racemose, in panicles.

* Inflorescence tomentose or relret i/-puhescenf .
X Leares chartaceous, if/ienfiill/jruirn (jlahrous or nearly so.
S. OBTisA, Wall. From Ava to Tenasserim.

Thit-ya.

Shorter calyx-lobes in fruit acuminate. Stamens 20-25.

The wood of the Thit-ya (or Thiyah) is strong and valuable, though coarse and
somewhat hard to work. It precisely resembles its near ally the ' Sal ' of India
{S. rohtista, Roxb.), and weighs 67 lbs. to the cubic foot. Kurz (following Braudis)
says 57 ; but this is far too low for a good specimen, and Balfour (Timber Trees, p. 247)
says 75, which is far too high for a seasoned sample. The tree also furnishes a
white resin.

S. EOBDSTA, Roxb. Ava.

Shorter calyx-lobes in fruit blunt. Stamens about 50.

S. Helfeki, Dyer. Tenasserim.

Incompletely known. Leaves apparently persistent.

X X Leaves very coriaceous, appressed silvery heneath.
* * Inflorescence quite glabrous.
S. (Hopea) floribunda, Wall. Tenasserim.

Calyx quite glabrous.

Pextacme, Be Candolle.

Calyx imbricate, the tube very short. Petals infracted from their middle and
closely twisted round the sexual organs, forming a closed hermispherieal corolla,
perforated only at the top. Stamens 15. Anthers 4-celled, the cells almost equal,

• ■ DlPTEROCMiPE.E. GOO

saccatp at base, tapcrinf; info sulmlatc points, the connective also terminated by
a riffid bristle. Oiar;/ free. Sti/le filifonn. Nut inclosed in the imbricate bases
of the calyx-lobes. Largo trees, with entire leaves. Fruit as in Hhorea.

P. SiAMEXsis, 31 iq. Ava. Prome and Tenasserini.

Enjin. Enjyin.

Kurz says this tree furnishes a rod resin, and describes the wood as " dark brown,"
tongh and durable, and wci^hiiif;- ba lbs. Tliis is an error, as the seasoned wood is a
veiy pale brown, hard, strong, tough and durable, but not easy to work, and weighs
01 lbs. to the cubic foot. It is one of the best woods in the country, but not very
plentiful — and one consequently which should be planted.

Dr. Mason, under the head of Shorca ruhusfa, says, "The Burmese books say
that Ciaudama died in a grove of Engyen-trees, and the I'ali name is f!ia?u or sulci,
the Sanscrit sOl, the name of the Shoreu rohusta. JIuch of the petrified wood found
in the Irrawaddy, the natives say, belongs to this tree, and the Burmese books state
that Gaudama was born under one of them, though others say he was bom under
the Jouciia." Dr. Mason, however, discriminated the points wherein the Burmese
tree differs from the true rohusta, as he adds : " The tree, though not veiy abundant,
is found in both the Tenasserim Provinces and Pegu, but the inflorescence dili'ers
from Roxburgh's description of S/wrea rohusta." The Enjin is a sacred tree with
Buddhists, and not used in consequence by Burmans, save perhaps in sacred buildings.
Dr. Mason also mentions a tree which does not seem to have been identified by Kurz :
" Lard Shorea. On the mountains in the interior is a species of shorea which produces
an oil of the consistence of lard, and has been hence named by the Karens ' the hog's
lard tree.' " Can this he a species of Bassia ? I see no reason why the valuable
Jiassia lat [folia shoidd not flourish, if introduced, in Upi)cr Pegu, and it is an
experiment worth a trial, in localities where the rhi/lhuifhus emhlica (Shah-hpyu)
flourishes, as it would prove a valuable addition to the Ibod supply of the people.

IIopKA, Roxhuryli.
Cahjx-tuhc very short, the lobes imbricate. Staiiirns 15. Anther-valves nearly
equal, the connective teiniinating in a short point, or ])rolongcd into a long bristle.
Ovary Ireo, .'S-cclled. Calijx-tuhe in fruit not enlarged, 2 of the 5 lobes wing-like,
enlarged, the .'! outer ones remaining very short. Kxd embraced by the caly.\-lobcs.
Trees, with entire leaves and racemose flowers, forming axillaiy peduncles.

* Connective terminated hi/ a short point.

H. ODOEATA, Koxb. A'.T. C'hittagong to Tenasserim.

Thyngan.

Calyx greyish-tomcntose. Bluntish leaves acuminate.

Wood brown, " heavy," and close-grained, 64 lbs. to the cubic foot according to
Balfour. Kurz (following Brandis ?) gives 46 lbs., but this could hardly be called
" heavy," and three specimens of Thyn-gan in my possession give respectively 48, 49,
and OO'llis.

* * Connective terminated hi/ a hristle longer than the anther-cells.

H. GiiATissiMA, Wall. Tenasserim.

Calyx greyish-tomcntose. Elowers somewhat larger.

II. OBLoxGiFOLiA, Dyer. Southern Tenasserim.

All parts glabrous. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute, glabrescent. Anthers orbicular,
witli an appendage 4 times their length.

H. GMFFiTHn, Kz. Tenasserim.

Calyx almost glabrous. Floweis very small.

The 'Jfopeas' or Thyn-gans all yield excellent timber, and the Burmese discrimi-
nate several species. 1 have specimens of Tliyn-griri-nct-shwO-do O'llbs., Tliyu-grin-net

630 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

(IT. odornta) 49llis., Thyn-gan-wa 481bs., and Thyn-gati-hypu. They arc toiifjli, strong,
and durable -woods, but the unseasoned timber I have noticed to be liable to be
'' icormed" or attacked by Coleopterous insects, and the trees would therefore benefit
by being water seasoned for a time. For canoes they stand first of any timbers in
Burma.

Vatica, Linnceiis.

C'ah/x-fuhe very short, adnato to the torus, the lobes imbricate. Stamens 15, the
connective produced in a sharp point, shorter than the unequal anther-cells. Ornry
inserted with a broad base, free, 3-celled. Style linear. Capsules free, coriaceous,
iiTegularly dehiscent, or dehiscing from the apex by 6 valves, 1 -seeded. Glabrous trees,
with entire leaves. Flowers fragrant, racemose, in panicles.

y. LANCE^FOLiA, Bl. Chittagong. Burma.

Younger parts moaly-puberulous, soon glabrescent. Capsule the size of a pigeon's
egg supported by five, sub-equal, enlarged, calyx-lobes, shorter than the calyx.

Y. TKiGTNA, Griff. On top of Pator Hill near Mergui at 6000 feet.

Kurz says: "Griffith's description is a very complete and good one, but still I
cannot guess the plant. The ovary-like style would intUcate Anisoptera, but the ovaiy
itself is stated to be superior and free."

Order TEENSTRCEMIACE^.

Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Sejmls 5, rarely 4-7, free or slightly connate,
imbricate. Petals 5, rarely more, free, or basally connate, imbricate or twisted.
Stamens usually numerous, free, often adnate to the base of the petals. Anthers
basifixed or versatile. Fruit a berry or capsule. Albumen none, or scanty, rarely
copious. Stipules none.

TEJiXS TR (EMI A CIE^.
Anfliers hasifixed. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds usually few. Albumen feshy, usually
scanty. Finbryo curved, the cotyledons shorter than the radicle and nearly as broad.

Anneslea, TTallich.
Orary half-immersed in the torus. Fruit inferior.

A, FRAGBAiys, Wall. F.T. The Eng forests of Prome, ifartaban and

Tenasserim up to 2000 feet.

Loaves rather coriaceous, bluntish, the nerves distinct. Peduncles slender.

A. MoxTicoLA, Kz. F.T. Hill forests of Martaban from 5000 to 7000

feet ; also the Khakyen Hills.

Leaves thick coriaceous, acute, nerves obsolete. Possibly a dwarf race of the last.

Teexstkcemia, Linnmis.

Flowers hermaphrodite or dioecious. Sepals and Petals 5, the latter basally
connate. Stamens many. Anthers glabrous. Ovary 2-3-celled, with 2 or rarely
more pendulous ovules in each cell. Style simple or none. Stigma lobed or almost
entire. Seeds few, arillate. Flowers usually 2-bracted at base, axillary. Evergreen
trees, with entire or crenate-serrate leaves.

T. Japonica, Thbg. Maitaban and Tenasserim from 3000 to 7200 feet.

Cleyera gymnanthera, W. A.

Anthers apiculate. Calyx smooth. Berries J- inch tliick.

T. Penangiana, C'hois. Tropical forests of Tenasserim, the

Erythrochiton Wallichianiim, Griff. Andamans, and Kamorta.

Anthers bhmt. Calyx wrinkled. Berry 1-U inch thick.

TERSSTR(EyiIACEJE. 631

Si-ADKNiA, Kurz.

Sepals pcTjiistcnt, scarioiis, imbricate. Petals 5 (rarely 6), coriaceous. Stamens
10 or thereabouts. Fihimriils short, dilated. Anthers bifid at sumiuit, eniarginate at
base, minutely his])i<l on the edges and at the base of back, the cells opening by an
ajiieal pore. Ovary 3-cclled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each. Flowers small, in
dichotumous cymes.

S. cEL.vsTKiFoi.iA, Kz. Hills East of Bhamo.

Adixaxdua, Jack.

Sepals and Petals 5 each, much imbric;ite, the latter basally connate. Stametis
many, often 1-4-adelphous. Anthers pilose. Ovary 3-5-celled, containing numerous
ovules in each cell. Style simple or shortly 3-5-cloft. Berries indeliisccnt, with
many small seeds.

A. TILLOSA, Chois. E.T. Open forests in Pegu and Tinasserim.

Leaves glabrous above, pubescent below.

EcRVA, Thunheryh.
Flowers dioecious. Petals united at base. Anthers glabrous. Ovules many.
Fruit superior.

*" Leaves serrulate.
X Leaf-buds quite glahrous.

E. Japoxica, Thbg. F.T. Martaban and Tcnasserim, between

E. Wightiana, Wight, uon Wall. 4000 and 7000 feet.

E. ylabra, virens, and obovata, Bl.

Toung-let-hpet.

Branchlets marked by decurrent prominent lines.

X X Lcaf-bucls pubescent or hirsute. JJraiichlets terete.

E. Aci-jiiNATA, DC. E.T. Martaban between GOOO and 7200 feet.

Slender pine-like tree. Leaves puberulous beneath, acuminate. Styles united.

E. SEURATA, Bl. E.T. Tropical forests of Martaban up to 2000 feet.

E. hi^ida, Wall. Khakyen Hills, llungoon.

Toung-let-hpet.

A bushy round-headed tree. Leaves membranous, glabrous, bluntly caudate.
Styles free. Wood heavy, red-brown, brittle.

* * Leaves entire or serrulate at apex only.
E. SYMPLOcraA, -E'.-S. Martaban Hills at 7000 feet.

Young shoots oppressed, pilose. Styles united.

SA VRA VJIE^.
Anthers versatile. Fruits usually pulpy, rarely almost dehiscent. Seeds numerous,
small. Albumen copious. Embryo straight, the radicle longer than the cotyledons.

Sauravja, WiUdenow .
Flowers 5-mcrous, usually hermaphrodite. Styles 3-5.

* Calyx densely setose or hispid. Ovary glabrous.

S. ARMATA, Kz. E.T. Khakyen Hills and ? Martaban (.T.A.S.B.

S. cerea. Griff., apud Dyer. ii. 1873, p. 59).

Flowers large, on short thick pedicels, clustered. Leaves spiny- serrate.

G32 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODL'CTIOXS.

* * Calyx smooth. Ocary glabrous.

S. puxiiuANA, Wall. KT. Martaban Hills between 2000 and

3000 feet. Kbakyen Hills.

Leaves pale or tawny niealy-piiberulous beneatb. Peduncles long and slendiT,
scaly. Styles 5.

S. EoxBURGnri, Wall. E.T. Cbittagong and Hills East of Toung-

Ternstrceinia serrata, Eoxb. " ngoo, between 2000 and 6000 feet.

Adult leaves glabrous, except tlic puberulous midrib, roduncles short, scaly
pubendous. Stamens about 50. Flowers lazuli-blue.

S. TEisTTL.i, DC. S. Tenasserim.

Ternstramia hilocuhrh, Roxb.

As preceding, but leaves finely sctoso-serraie. Stamens about 20. Flowers said
to be wbite. Included on the authority of Dyer. Specimens thus named in HBC.
hardly ditfer from the preceding (Kurz).

S. iiACRoiKicuA, Kz. Kbakyen Hills.

All parts except upper side of leaves covered with long tawny or brown spreading
hairs. Peduncles .short but slender, rusty-hirsute.

GORDOXIE.E.

Aiif/ii'rs rersaiile. Fniit indchiscenf or loctiliciiJtil. A/hiimi-ii scarify or none, rarely
cojiioHs. Hinhryo curved or straiylit, the cotyledons larye, the radicle short.

X Fruii a dehiscent capsule.
ScHiMA, Eivdt.

Sepals 5, somewhat uncr|ual. Petals 5, much imbricate. Sfa/ueni numerous,
adnatc to the petal base. Capsule woody, usuall}' round, opening loculicidally in 4-6
valves, leaving a free central axis. Heeds flat, winged. liadiele inflexed, inferior.
Albumen thin. Trees or shrubs, with entire or erenate leaves, and showy white flowers.

X redu)icles usually very short and stout, usually not lonyer than the petioles.

S. Wallichii, DC. T. Cliittagong. Kbakyen Hills.

Gordonia intcgrifolia, Roxb.

Peduncles short and straight (rarely long in Wall. Cat. 1455 fr. Nepal), usually
lenticellate, rather strong, the nerves beneath prominent, the reticulation distinct.
Leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath. Wood compact, brown (Kurz).

S. MOLLIS, Dyer. T. Ava Hills.

Peduncles 1 inch long, lenticellate. Leaves pubescent beneath. The nerves and
net-venation prominent and distinct. A pubescent variety perhaps of the last (Kurz).

S. MONTicoLA, Kz. Nat-toung, Martaban over 6000 feet.

Peduncles thick, lenticellate. Leaves very coriaceous, glossy above, erenate, on
both sides green, the net-venation indistinct, immersed.

Pei-haps a stunted variety of iS. Noronhc, the leaves like those of Pygeum hicidum
(Kurz).

S. NoEoxn^, Ewdt. E.T. Martaban and Tenasserim between

Gordonia infryri/olia, Roxb. 1500 and 4000 feet.

G.Jloribunda, Wall.

Pau-mri.

Peduncles short and straight, suiooth. Flowers larger than in 'S'. crenata.
Leaves glaucescent beneath, often entire, the lateral nerves prominent, the net-
veuation obsolete. Wood light brown.

TERXSTlUJiMIACE.E. (JVTTIFERJE. C33

X X Peduncles elongate, and often slender, much longer than the jjdioles, smooth.
S. CRENATA, Kortll. E.T. I'l'gll. Teiiiissciiui.

S. obhda, Roxb.
IVchmclcs sleniltT, usually more or loss curved. Leaves i^laucous beneath,
usually ercnate-serrate, the nerves an<l net-vouatiuu beneath distinet.

Wood brown, easy to plane and work, 12 lbs. to the cubic foot (Theobald).

S. B.iNCANA, Miq. Martaban and Tenasserim up to 3000 feet.

Peduncles strong, but still slender, 1-1 i inch long. Leaves very coriaceous, on
both sides impressed-reticulatc and almost rugulose, entire or creuate, the lateral
nerves entirely or nearly impressed. Capsules smaller.

Camellia, Zinnaus.

Sepals very uneinial. Outer stameus monadelphous. Seeds few, large, not
winged. Eadicle superior.

* Stamens free, tu-ice as man;/ as the petals.

C. CAUDATA, "Wall. Along streams in the JLataban Hills at about 3500 feet.

Young parts and midrib of the membranous leaves pilose. Flowers nodding on
a line-long scaly peduncle. Filaments villous.

*C. Chixkxsis, L. Cultivated.

C. thea, Lk.
All parts glabrous. Leaves coriac'eous. Peduncles not scaly. Filaments glabrous.

C. DRrriFEEA, Lour. Tenasserim.

C. kissi, Wall.

C simplicifolia, Griff.
Glabrous. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers almost sessile, erect. Filaments glabrous.

X X Fruit (in indehiscent drupe.
rvuENAEiA, Illume.
Sepals une([ual. Seeds large. Cotgledu/is I'oldcd or convolute. Itadiele iuferinr.

X Bracts large, Icafij, dissimilar to the sepals.

P. mospyRiCARrA, Kz. E.T. Martaban Hills over GOOO feet.

Dry leaves yellowish, pubescent beneath.

** Bracts small, similar to but shorter than the sepals.

P. CAMELLiJ!KLORA, Kz. F.'f. Hill forcsts of Jlartabau between

3000 and oOOO fin-t.

Dry leaves yellowish, glabrous. Petioles hardly 2 Hues long, puherulous or
glabrous. Fruits obovate, wa.Ky yellow.

P. sEitRATA, Bl. KT. Tenasserim.

P. attenuala, Seem.

Leaves glabrous, in a dried state liver-coloured. Petioles glabrous, G-8 lines
long. Fruits globular or elliptical, green.

Order GUTTIFKK.E.

Fhtcers regular, dicrcious, polygamous, or herma])hrodite. Sepals 2-6, imbricate.
Petals as many, rarely more, imbricate, or almost twisted. Jlalejluuers : Stamens usually
indefinite, hypogynous. Filaments free, or united into bundles. Anthers various.
Female flouers : Staminodes various. Orarij 1-2 or more celled, with one or more
ovules iu each cell. Stigmas as many as ovary-cells, or variously consolidated, sessile,

634 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

or on a longer or shorter style. Fniit usually an indeliiscent berry, -n-itli a fleshy or
pulpy mesocarp. Seeds large. Albumen none.

Trees or shrubs, often abounding in a yellow juice, with opposite, simple, often
coriaceous leaves. Stipules none.

GARCIXIE.E.
Stigyna sessile, or on a very short and thick style, peltate or radiately hied. Seeds
often arillate.

Gaecinia, Linnaus.

Flowers dicccious or polygamous. Sepals 4, decussate or rarel)' 5-6, imbricate.
Petals 4-5, imbricate. Jlules : Stamens numerous, free, or united in an entire or
lobed fleshy mass, or 4-adelphous round a style-rudiment. Anthers 2, or rarely
4-celled. lemales and Hermaphrodites : Staminodes various, free or connate. Ovary 2-
or more celled, with a solitary ovule in each cell. Stiyma sessile, or on a short
stylo, entire, lobed or radiating. Fruit a 2- or several-celled berry, with a coriaceous
rind. Seeds imbedded in the aiillus-like pulp.

A Flowers 4-meroiis.
X Anthers ohlong or ovate, opening hy longitudinal slits or jiores.

* Stamens of male flowers in 4 liindles under the rudimentary ovary. Berries 4- to
lO-celled, the stigma radiating-loled, smooth or nearly so.

* G. MANGosTANA, L. F.T. Cultivated only in Tenasserira.

Men-gwot. The Mangosteen.

Female flowers with staminodes round the ovary. Berries on a short peduncle.
Stigma radiately-lobed and adnate.

G. coKNEA, L. F.T. Tropical forests of the Southern Pegni Range,

and Tcnasseiim. Eamorta. Kankowry.

Female flowers without staminodes. Berries sessile. Stigma large, peltate,
slightly lobed, sessile.

G. sPEciosA, "W^all. F.T. Tropical forests of Tenasserim and the

Andamans. Katchall. Kankowry.

Flowers on rather long pedicels, nearly 2 inches in diameter. Stigma in male
flowers large, peltate, entire.

* * Stamens in 4 polyandrous handles in a ring round the rudimentary ovary.
Stigma peltate, discoid, rough from icrinJdes or radiating veins. Ovary 2-celled.

G. ANOMALA, PL and Trian. F.T. Forests of Martaban and Toung-ngoo,

from 4000 to 6000.

Peduncle rather long, bearing 2 or rarely 1 leafy bracts.

G. MERGurExsis, "Wight. F.T. Tenasserim.

Leaves long acuminate, the lateral nerves remote, and irregular. Stamina! mass
deeply 4-lobed.

G. ROSTRATA, Bth. and H. f. F.T. Southern Tenasserim.

Leaves blunt caudate, the lateral nerves crowded, very faint and regularly parallel.
Peduncles naked. Flowers in branchiate poor cymes or small panicles.

X X Anthers almost sessile on a column or 4-sided fleshy mass, seldom dividing into
4 somewhat distinct lubes. Stamens in female flowers in a single complete or interrupted
ring. Stigmas tubcrcled or tubercled-wrinkled. Ovary 4-12-celled.
° Stigma in fruit raised on a short thick style.

G. cowA, Roxb. F.T. Chittagong.

G. Roxburgliii, Wight.
Berry convex at top, the style not on a separate nijiple.

CUrTIFEll.E. 63-5

G. Kydia, Roxl). E.T. Tropiciil forosts from C'liittat^onsi to

Toimg-tha-k'h (Kurz). Tenasserim ami the Aiukmaus.

Berry terminated by a nipple-shaped piDtuberance. Anthers 4-celled.

°° Stiff ma ill fruit quite sessile.
f Jfiile and female Jfoicers solitari/ to ternanj.
G. MicBosTicMA, Kz. S. Trojiical forests of Soutli Andaman.

Stigma minute, dot-like, smooth. Anthers 2-eelk-d.

° ° ° Stigma tuhe/rled.

G. LANCE^FOLiA, Roxh. IIT. Chittagong Hills.

Leaves acumiuate or cuspidate, leatliery. Flowers sessile. Anthers 4-cclled.

G. succiFOLiA, Kz. £.T. Swampy forests near the Tsittoung and

G. loniceroides, T. And. Irrawaddy Rivers.

Leaves blunt, succulent. Flowers pcdicelled. Anthers 2-celled.

G. PAXicuLATA, Roxb. T. Chittagong.

Male flowers jianicled, tlie females in terminal spikt'

it's.

XXX ^iiitliers prllafe, open in 1/ h\j a circular slit.

G. KLLirncA, "Wall. E.T. Tropical forests of Pegu, Martabau

G. heterandra, Wall. and Tenasserim up to 3000 feet.

Tha-nat-tor.

Leaves large, coriaceous. Female flowers almost sessile, the stigma small,
veirucose.

A A Flowers 5-meroiis.

G. (XAXTHocnYMrs) ncTORins, Roxb. Tropical forests from Ava and Cliit-

G. lioxburghii, Kz. tagong to Tenasserim.

Mator or Mador.

Pedicels about an inch long. Petals expanded.

G. (XANTHocHYjins) DCLCis, Roxb. E.T. Tropical forests of the Andamans.

Pedicels 3-4 lines long. Petals almost closed, half the size.

Kurz adds from the Nicobars :

G. (Xaxtiiochyjids) jELixEKir, Kz. Tillan-ehoung.

This Order is remarkable as producing one of the finest fruits of the tropics, the
Mangosteen, though the tree will only thrive in the extreme South of Tenasserim,
being indigenous to the -warm and moist climate of the Malayan Peninsula. The
thick and somewhat fleshy case which protects the ball of snowy delicate pulp
■within is very astringent, and exudes yellow globules of a gamboge. All the trees,
indeed, of this genus furnish a yellow gum, but it is only one or two species which
yi(!ld a g>im easily soluble in water. The best gamboge is produced by G. elliptica,
but an inferior article is produced by G. cornea, G. anomala, G. coica, G. Kijdia,
G. succifolia, G. xitnthochymus and G. (Jlebrodendron) morella. Garcinia Cambogia,
Des. non Roxb,, yields a iileasant fruit and a gamboge quite insoluble in water,
and it is the complete solubility of the best gaml)oge that distinguishes it from inferior
.sorts, but it is ]irobablo that, wlien fully investigated, these insohible gamboges will
be found of service in the arts. In small doses Gamboge is a powerful liydragoguo
cathartic, especially valuable in dropsical affections, and it constitutes the active
ingredient of Morrison's Pills.'

' It was an overdose of some quack pills "Wr. Edmund Joues took that cost him his life, and deprived
Rangoon of one of the most enterprising leaders of her mercantile coramuniiy.

636 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PPiODUCTIOXS.

Several species of Gnrcinia yield cdilile fi-uits, and the seeds of G. pwyurfa (and
possibly some other species) yield a vegetable butter, called in India " Kokuni
butter." To obtain tliis the seeds arc dried, poTmde<l, and then boiled in water ; the
oil concreting on the surface when the water cools. Tlie oil is bland and alimentary,
and well adapted for forming ointments in a country where animal fats are objected
to. Tlie timber of the Garcinias is inferior, but Kurz says that G. speciosa yields a
good and durable wood.

OcnnocAHPUs, Thouars.

CaJijx closed in bud, bursting into two valves.

0. (CiLrsicciou) SiAiiENSis. E.T. Prouie Hills. Hare in Maitaban.

Tar-hpi.

CALOPHYLLIEJE.
Sti/le clungate, the stigmtt pdtate or ^-clcff. Seeds uiiliuut an'Hus.

CiLornYLLUM, Limueus.

Floicers polygamous. Sepals and petals together 1-12, imbricate, in 2 or 3 series.
Stamens numerous, free or nearly so. Anthers 2-cened. Orary 1-oelIed, with a single
erect ovule. Style rather long. Stie/ma peltate. Drupe indeliiscent, crustaceous,
1-seeded. Trees with coriaceous parallel-veined leaves. Flowers white, fragrant, in
cymes or panicles.

''' Sepals 4, ofte)! tlic 2 inner ones or all, pelal-lih'. Petals none.
C. SPECTABILE, Willd. E.'P. Trii])ical forests of Tenasseiim and the

C. tetrapetalum, liosb. Audamans.

Pan-ta-kha err ga.

Flowers about 8 lines in diameter, in peduucled or almost sessile umbel-like cymes.

C. AM^KUM, Wall. E.T. Tenasserim.

Flowers small, racemes short and strong, flowers few.

* * Sepals 4. Petals A to%.
C. roLTANTnuM, "Wall. E.T. Martaban Hills East of Touug-ngoo

Leaves at both ends acuminate. "^^ ^000 to 4000 feet.

C. INOPHTLLUM, L. E.T. Within the tideway, Pegu, Tenasserim, Andamaus

C. hitangor, Roxb. and Nicobars. Is often washed by the sea.

' Pong-nyet.'

Leaves rounded or retuse at the apes.

Kurz is decidedly wrong in describing this wood as heavy (03 lbs.). Brandis
gives 39 lbs., and my highest weight for the seasoned wood is 42 lbs. In the opinion
of Drs. Gilson and Cleghorn, the valuable ' poon ' spars arc jiroducod by C. ani/usti-
fuliuni, or some allied species. Kurz (in his Sketch of the Kicobar Vegetation,
J.A.S.B. 1876, Part ii. p. 119) says: "Mr. Jelinek remarks that the Xicohareso build
their canoes of this tree," and adds in a note, " I doubt this, for the Nicobarese
cut the trees for their canoes far in the interior, while C. inophijllum is a shore tree.
The timber of their boats more resembles that of Arfoearpas." Now there is in Burma
a fine lofty tree growing on the hills, and to judge by its wood an Lmpl/i/llam, in good
request for canoes, for which its light tough wood well fits it. The Burmese name
is 'Tar-hpi' or 'Ta-ra-phi,' and the tree that I so understand averages under 40 lbs.
to the cubic foot. The name, however, probably applies to other species, as Brandis
gives its weight as 57 lbs. T//e wood of both ^ Ponej ntjet and ' Tar-hpi' is identical in
appearance, but the former is a tree of squat stunted growth, whereas the ' Tar-hpi '
runs up into magnificent trees with straight stems, fitted to yi(dd the largest spars or
canoes, and its wood is moreover the lighter of the two. ('. anyustij'oliuin, Ilo.\b., is

gvttifer.t:. iiypEiticiyE.E. 637

not inchidcil liy Kurz in liis list, whence I presnnio tliat species docs not occur in
Tenusscrim.

Another enormous tree {Arfocarpus mollis, WiiU.) is also a favourite one for
canoes, and this may be the species to which Kurz alhides ; but that a k)fty InophjUum
is also used, as .Telinek asserts, 1 cjuite believe, though lie may have mistaken the species.

C. Wallicuiani-.m, rianch. et Trian. Tropical forests of Kamorta.

Kavi.a, Widlich.

Ovary 1-celled, witli 1 ovules. Sti/le single, with a -1-clcft stigma.

K. (Mesua) nervosa, Planch, et Trian. E.T. Tenasserini.

Flowers 1-3 in the leaf-axils, and terminal.

K. FLOKrDU.xnA, Wall. £.2'. Troi)ical fori^sfs in hills East of Toung-ugoo

at 2J00 feet.
Flowers in terminal panicles.

Mesua, Linnaus.

Flowers polygamous or hermaphrodite. Si'pals and petals each 4, imbricate.
Sfameiis numerous, free or connate at base. Aiit/iers oblong, 2-celled, dehiscing
vertically. Ovarij 2celled, with two erect ovules in each cell. Utijle long, with a
peltate stigma. Drupe woody, 1- celled, 1— 1-seeded. Trees with rigid coriaceous
almost veinless leaves. Flowers large.

M. FERRKA, L. E.T. Tropical forests from Chittagong to

M. speciosa. Cluiis. Tenasserim and the Andamaus.

If. 2'edunculiita, Wight.

Gan-gor. Ceylon iron-wood. Poached-egg tree.

A handsome ornamental tree, witli fragrant flowers, one of the five flowers do-
scribed as tipping the Hindu Cupid's dai'ts. It is one of the hardest, most imperishable
and valuable woods, averaging over 70 lbs. to the square foot. It is red when fresh,
but seasons to a reddish-brown, and is hard and tough, but cross-grained and difficult
to plane and dress. It is said to grow wild in Tenasserim. .\ specimen before me of
' Toung-gangor,' from Tavoy, would seem, however, to belong to some other species,
though Kurz only gives one sp(>cies (uniting /Wrcw iuul pedioieiilala). It weighs 77 lbs.
to the cubic foot, is a pale yellowish-brown, rather straight in the grain, very hard,
and takes a beautiful polish. It is probably not M. fcrrea, but some other species of
Mesua, and a most valuable timber.

Ordir llYPKRICINEiE.

Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Stamens 5, imlu-icate. Petals 5, hypogynous,
imbricate, often twisted. Sfainois indefinite, hypogynous, free, or united into 3-5
(rarely 1) bundles. Anthers 2-ccllcd, lougitudiiudly dehiscing. Ovary 3-5-celled or
rarely spuriously 1-celled. Styles free. Stiymas usually elub-shaped or capitate.
Fruit a septicidal or loculicidal capsule or an indehiscont berry. Albumen none.
llerbs, shrubs (rarely trees), with opposite simple leaves. Stipules none.

UVPEItlCIE.Ti.
Capsules dehiscing septicidally. Seeds not winged.

lIvrKiticiM, Linnteus.
Flowers 5-merous.

* Sfirubs leith large Jlowers. Ovary b-celled. Capsule 5-ralved.

H. LEScHENAULTn, Cliois. Nat-toung, over 7000 feet.

IT tri/lorum, Bl.
If. ohlonyi/'olium, Hooker.
//. llookerianum, W..V.

638 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

* * Ilerhs with small flowers. Orary Z-celled. Capsules Z-valccd.
H. ELODEOiDEs, C'liois. Uliakycn Hills.

Stems terete. Sepals glandular-ciliate.

* * * Ilerhs. Ovary X-cdled. Flowers small.

n. jAroNicrii, Thbg. Khakyen Hills. Yunzaleen at 2500

feet, and Tenassciim.
Stems 4-angular. Sepals entire.

* H. (Nokysca) CniNENSE, Voigt (M.).

Capsules dehiscing loculicidally or sometimes both and septicidally. Seeds winged.

Ckatoxtlon, Blume.

Sepals and petals 5. Stamens triadelplious, the staminal bundles often alternating
with as many hypogynous glands. Orary 3-celIed, with 4 or more ovules in each
cell. Capsule 3-valved. opening loculicidally. Seeds winged at upper end.

Trees or shrubs with simple dotted leaves. Flowers in axillary cymes or terminal
panicles, rarely solitary.

Sub-genus Tkidesmis, Spach.

Petals furnished at base with a scale.

C. (Teidesjiis) formosdm, Korth. T. Tropical forests of_South Andaman.

All parts glabrous, petals white, entire.

C. riiuNiFLOEA, AYall. T. Ava. Martaban. Tenasserim.

C. prunifolium [Calami lapsu, monente auctore).

Pedicels, sepals, and beneath leaves pubescent. Petals lilac-fringed. T7ood
heavy, but perishable, soon "wormed" (Kurz).
Sub- genus Ancisteolobus, Spach.
Petals without a basal scale.

* Flowers in axillary poor cymes or solitary.

C. poLTANTnu.M, Korth. T. Tenasserim. Andamans.

Leaves thin chartaceous, acute or blunt. Hypogynous glands present or absent.
Wood heavy, brown, fibrous, close-grained (Kurz).

X X Flowers in terminal panicles.
C. NEEiiFOLmr, Kz. T. Mixed forests from Chittagong to Tenasserim.

Bai-bya.

Leaves linear-oblong, usually almost sagittate-produced at base, chartaceous.
Wood heavy, brown, softish.

C. AEBOKEscENs, Bl. F.S. Tonassorim.

Leaves more or less obovate-oblong, coriaceous.
Dr. Mason adds :
^Brathys Japonia, Wight.

Order ELATINEJE.

Sepals 2-5. Petals 2-5, hypogynous, imbricate. Stamens as many as or double
the number of the petals, hypogynous. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules anatropous.

Ovary-cells with several ovules. Albumen none. Perianth complete. Fruit a capsule.

ELATISE.T:. rORTULACE.E. TAMARISCIXEJ-:. 639

Bkkgia, Linnceus.

Sepals -Acnto. Floivers 5-muTou.s. Capsule s\ib-cfastaccous, seplicidal or scptifragal.

B. vERTicrLLiTA, "Willcl. Avu. Pegu.

II. aqiudica, lloxb.

Glabrous. Flowers white, sessile.

B. A515IAXIOIDES, Ixoxl). Pogu and Tenasserim, common in rice fields.

Pubescent or hirsute. Flowers rose-coloureJ, shortly pedicelled.

CARYOPHYLLALES.

Floirers regular. Si'pfds 2 to 5, rarely 6. Petals usually as many. Stamens as
many or twice as many, rarely more, or fewer. Ocarij 1-celled, or imperfectly 2-
to 5-eelled. Placenta central, free, rarely parietal. Eiabryo usually curved and
in a floury albumen.'

Order PORTULACE^.

Flowers liermaphroditc. Corolla none, or petals sometimes coherent at the base,
very fugacious. Stamens hy]iogynous or perig)-nous, eipud, and alternate with the
calyx-lobes, or double, triple or multiple in number. Orarij usually free, rarely
inferior, l-S-celled. Fruit indchiscent, or a pyxidium, or a loculicidal capsule.
Emhryo peripheric, arched or annular, surrounding a floury albumen.

SESVVIE.^.
Oiarij half-inferior, with the petals and stamens perigij)ious.
P. OLEEACEA, L. All Burma, on cultivateil hinds and waste

Mya-byit. Common Purshmo. Pl''ccs. Kamorta and Katchall.

Fruits glabrous. Flowers clustered by 3-5.

P. QTTADRiFiDA, L. Ava, and Pegu in waste places.

P. meridiana, L.

Joints pilose. Flowers solitary.

CALAXDRINIE^E.

*P0KIULACAEIA AFUA, JaCq.

Tamxum, Adanson.
Ovary free. Sepals usually deciduous. Seeds caruncled.
T. crxEii'oLirM, Wind. On Pagodas at Paghan-myo.

Order TAM.VRISCINEvE.

Flowers regular, usually hermajihrodito. Sepals 5, free, imbricate. Petals as
many, free, or slightly connate at base. Stamens 4-10, free, inserted in a small
annular hypogynous disk or united at base. Anthers 2-ccllcd, longitudinally de-
hiscing. Seeds with a sessile or stalked tuft of hairs. Albumen none. Shrubs
or trees with minute scale-like leaves and small flowers.

Ta.marix, Linnaiis.
T. DioicA, lloxb. Ava.

Leaves appressed to the terete almost simple branchlets and branches. Flowers
sessile, rose-coloured, in dense short spikes.

T. GALLICA, L. Tidal savannahs of Pegu.

T. Indica, Willd.

' Exception : Petals connate in some rorlidai-eie and Tamarkcined,

640 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Leaves somewhat spreading on the very short thin and branched branchlets.
Plowers pedicelled, white, in hjose slender terminal or variously lateral racemes.

Tlie wood of the Dimarix makes good fuel, and Tamarix galls are highly
astringent, and cousequeutl}' used both in dyeing and medicine.

Order CAEYOPHYLLE^.

Sepals free or united. Pettih 4-5, hypogynous or sub-perigynous, sometimes
none. Stamens usually twice as many as petals. Annual or perennial herbs with
opposite loaves.

sileniej:.

Calyx gmnosepalons, 4- io b-luled. Petals and stamens hi/poi/i/noits, often raised on
a stalk-like torus. Sti/les distinct from the base. Stipules none.

Gypsophila, Liiniaus.

Cah/x turbinate-tubular or bell-shaped, broadly and almost wingcdly 5-nerved.
Capsule deeply 4-valved. Styles usually 2.

*G. (Saponama) vaccaria, L. South Andaman (introduced).

Sapotiaria perfoliata, Eoxb.

ALSINIE.E.
Sepals free. Stamens i>iserted on an annular dish, rarely perii/ijnous. Stijles free.

Bkachystemma, Bun.
Petals entire. Capsules depressed, 1 -seeded. Sti/lrs 2. Stipules none.
B. CALYCINU3I, Don. Khakyen Hills.

FOLTCARriEJi.
Sepals free. Stamens imerted on an annular disk. Styles united. Stipules scarious.

Drymaria, Willdenow.

Petals lobed. Sepals not keeled. Style very short.

D. coEDATA, Willd. Bhamo, Martaban at 2000 to 2500 feet.

Cerastium eordifulium, Roxb.

BoLYCARPON, Linnieus.

Stpals keeled. Petals entire. Style short.

P. (Pharnaceum) depeessum, L. Chittagong. Arakan. Pegu. Tenas-

P. Laflingiee, Bth. and H. f. serim.

Lafinyia Indica, Retz.

PoLYTA7:r.i;A, Loureiro.

Sepals not keeled, scarious. Petals entire or notched. Style elongate.

P. coRYiiBOSA, Lank. Ava, on limestone at Segain and

P. maryinata, Prsl. Paglia-myo. Prome. Maulmain.

POLYGALALES.
Sepals and Pct^ds 5 each, rarely 4 or 3. Stamens as many, or twice as many as the
petals. OiHiry 2-ceUed, rarely 1- or more-celled. Albumen fleshy, rarely none. Leans
exstipulate. Herbs or shrubs.

Order POLYGALE^.

Flou-ers irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, unequal, the 2 inner ones often
petal-like, imbricate. Petals 5 or ?j, distinct, unequal, the lower ones usually keel-
shaped. Stamens 8 (rarely 4 or 5), hypogynous. Filaments usually united into a

I'OLYGALE.K. 041

slirath. Anihcm opoiiinp; liy tonninal pores or riircly l)_v slits. Orarij free. l-S-cclled,
with one or iiioro uuutropoiis ovules in eaeh eell. Fruit usually a 2-celle(l eapsule,
rarely l-eelled ami iudeliisrent. Fluinirs 3-bnicted, iu racemes, panicles or spikes.

ror.YUALiE.i:.

Seeds albuminoui. rftiih mure or less united into a ffainopelatons corona.

I'oi.viiAi.A, Linnaus.
Stamens 8, uniteil The two inner sepals wiuf^-like.
Sub-genus lii.ia'UAUiiiUM.
The 2 inner sepals (wings) persistent, petaloid or herbaceous.

* Jl'ini/s herbaceous or (jreen, sepnl-lihe, u-ith a narrow hyaline manjin or not, acute.
f IFerhs or perennials, rare/;/ parasites.

P. (ii.oMKUATA, Lour. C'oTunion in Touiig-yas in Marfaban up to -tOOO feet.

Erect, stout, 1 to 2 fe(,'t liigli. Bracts fallen before flowering'. Flowers small,
•white with purple tips. Capsule eiliato.

P. TKi.KiMiioinKs, Willd. I'are in tlie Eng forests of the Western

Slopesof the Pegu llange audKamorta.

Small, a few ini'hes high. Flowers and bracts as in preceding. Capsule
glabrous, not eiliate. Flowers whitish, hut the keel and crest of a beautiful lazuli blue.

P. CnixENSis, L. Pegu.

J', areensis, Willd.

Small. Flowers yellow or orange-yellow, Avitli dull orange tips. Bracts persistent
(luring flowering.

■•■••' jrini/s petal-like and coloured, hi ant and off en mucronate.
° Stems terete.
P. kiuoi'ti;i;a, T)C. Ava and Prome Hills.

Wings about a line long, pubcrulous. ("apsules oblong, puberuloiis, not margined.
P. CEOTAi.Aiiioinrs, Ilam. Dry forests iu Prome.

Wings 3 lines long, puberuhnis. Capsules orbicular, with narrow eiliate margin.

° ° Stems sharply angular.

P. i.i;rTAl.i:A, DC. Open forests of .\va, Prome, Pegu, and Kamorta.

Erect, glabrous. Leaves linear. Mowers small, iu terminal and lateral racenu^s.

Sub-genus SmiKiocAuuiiJi, Zoll.

Cali/.v deciduous. A'eel not crested. Seeds albuminous. Flowers small.

P. Gi.AUCKSCEXs, Wall. Ava. Prome. Tonasserini.

P. /areata, Uoyle.

Capsules not nerved, almost rolunilate, not winged.

P. cAitoiorAitm. K/. Tenasserim.

Capsules strongly nerved, oblong, the membranous borders produced wing-like at
the summit.

Sub-genus CiiAM.F.Bnxi:s, Tournef.

Caly.): deciduous. Keel crested. Albumen none. Flowers rather large. Shrubs.

P. Kakk.n-sh-.m, Kz. Marlaban Hills, 1000 to COCO feet.

Flowers pale-lilac. Koel-ercst 2-lobed, the lobes many cleft. Capsules mem-
branous. Strophiole minute.

VOL. II. 41

643 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXB PPiODUCTIOSS.

P. AKILLATA, Ham. Ava.

Flowers yellow. Keel-crest 2-lobcd, the lobes many-eleft. Capsule coriaceous.
Stnipliiole very large.

Salomonia, Loiireirn.

Stamens 4 or .i. Srpiilx almost equal, petal-like. Stems leafy. Not parasitic.

X Scandnit shruls.
° Leaves on short petioles, cordate or ovate.
S. Caxtoxiensis, Lour. Pegu. Tenasscrim.

Glabrous. Leaves acute. Capsules crested.

S. longiciliata, Kz. Pegu Range, between Pansuay and Myodwin.

Blunt leaves and stems along the wings fringed. Capsules crested.

° ° Leaves sessile.

S. OBLoxGiFOLiA, DC. Tenasscrim.

8. ohovata, Wiglit.
S. aiiffalata, Griff.

Glabrous or nearly so, leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate.

Sub-genus Epiehizaxthes, B1. Pai'asitic, leafless or scaly.

S. (Epirhizanthes) ctlendrica, pi. Tenasserim, on bamboo-trunks between

S. aphi/Ila, Gritf. decayed wood.

S. parasitica, Griff.

SEcrniDACA, Liiinaus.

Stamens 8, united. Fruit a l-celled iudeliiscent samara.

S. i-VArpEXDicTLATA, Hassk. Cbittagong. Arakau. Tenasscrim.

5. Tavoi/ana, Wall.
(S. scandens. Ham.
S. paniculata, Eoxb.

XAXTHOPEYLLIEJE.
Petals and stamens free. Frait (/lobular, indehiscent. Albumen none.

XANTnoPHTLLCM, Ro.ic}nirgh.

Sepals sometimes unequal. Petals 5, free, declinate, the keel-petal boat-shaped.
Stamens 8, free, or partially adnata to the petals. Disk hypogynous, annular. Orari/
1 -celled, or imperfectly 2-cclled, with 2 or more ovules variously attached. Sti/le
elongate. Fruit globular, with a thick rind, often 1-soeded. Albumen none. Trees
or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves. Flowers in racemes or panicles.

* Ovary sessile {i.e. the stalk not exserted from the annular disk).
° Panicle remoteli/ supra-a.villar>j {and terminal).

X. viKENS, Eoxb. E.T. Tropical forests of Cbittagong and Pegu Eange.

Leaves glaucous and rather opaque beneath. Panicles diffuse, glabrous. Calyx
and slender pedicels glabrous. Ovary minutely pubescent, the stigma broadly 2-lobed.

° ° Panicles or racemes tr^dy a.rillarij {and terminal).
X Ovary and style villous. (Leaves glaucescent beneath.)

X. EGLANDULosuM, Gritf. Teuasscrim.

X. Grifthii, H. f. and Th.

Panicles tawny pubcnilous. Pedicels thick, U-2 lines long, puberulous.

POLYUALEJ:. I'ITToSPORE.-K. IUXIXILE. IJ13

X. GLArcrjr, Wall. E.T. Swampy forests of Pegu, iraitaban,

Thyt-lipyu. ii'^ tenasserim.

Eacemes slcndrr, in lax tomontose panicles. IV-dicfls slcndir.

XX Otanj glahrou.1, the dyle slender puheaceiit.

H. FLAVEscE.vs, lloxb. 7v'. T. Swanipy forests of Chittagong and Tcnasserim-

Tliyt-hpyu (Kurz).

Panicle diffuse, greyisli velvety. Fruit glaliroiis. Loaves glossy, drying yellowish
like Si/mploeos. X Jiavencens, as revised in Hf. Ind. FL, is a mixture of species, but it is
iuipo.ssible to clear up the .synonymy so long as the numbers of distributed collections
are not given. X. angustifolium, Wight, 111. 50, t. 23, with simple or almost simple
sub-axillary racemes and a villous stalked ovary, is certainly not identical with l{ox-
burgh's plant ; besides, it is a small tree or rather shrub, while the hitter is a
timber-tree (Kurz).

* •' Orori/ xlwrflij sf diked.

X. .AFFINK, Bonn. E.T. Tenasscrira.

Leaves rather largo. Racemes simiile or in short robust axillary panicles, greyish
velvety. Ovary glabrous, with a very thick villous style.

Order PITTOSPORE.E.

Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous,
imbricate. Torus small. Sfumeiis .5, opposite the sepals. Anthers versatile. Ovary
1 -celled, with 2-5 parietal plaeeutas. or 2-5-celled by the projection of the placentas,
■with many parietal or axile anatropous ovules. Style simple. Fruit capsular or
indehisci'nt, usually many-seeded. Albumen copious. Stipulen lume. 7''A/"'f?-s terminal,
or axillary. Trees or shrubs, with alternate or almost whorled simple leaves.

PiTTOsroKUM, llanh.i.
Capsule -woody, l-ccUed, 2- or rarely 3-valved. Seeds arillato, or imbedded in ])ulp.
P. FERitcGixEUM, Ait. 'I\ Teuasscrim. Kamorta.

PARIETALES.
Stamens many or definite. CWpils connate into a 1-celled ovar.y, with parietal
placentas, rarely spuriously 2- or more-celled by the prolongation of the placentas."

"*' Fiuhryo liirye, in fleshy albumen.

Or<ler BIXINEiR.

Flowers regular, hermaiihrodite or unisexual. Sepals 4-5, rarely 2-C, iniliricate,
free and connate, and bursting irregularly, often deciduous. I'ltals 4-5, or wanting,
imbricate, or twisted in tlie bud, deciduous. Stamens usually hypogynous. Anthers
2-celled, discharging by pores or slits. Ovary 1- rarely several-ceUed, with parietal
am])hitropous or anatropous ovules. Fruit dry or flesh}-, indchiscent, or opening by
valves bearing the seeds in the middle. Seeds usually few, sometimes with an arillus,
or tlie testa pulpy. Albumen copious, fleshy. Trees or .shrubs, with alternate, usually
sim])le, sometimes palmatilobed leaves.

ISIXIE.E.
Petals broad, tuisted in bud, without a scale or basal appendage. Anthers opening
by pores or short slits.

' Exceptions: Carpets free in a few Pupavcrarers and lirwihcra-. Ovary regularly 3- or more-
celled in some Sarracntiacea, Papaicraccir, Capparidtar, and liiximte.

644 nri!)[A. TTS PEOPLE AXD PHriDUCTIOyS.

COCHLOSPERMUM, Kllltth.

Capsule 3-yalved. Seeds cochleate, pilose or woolly. Leaves palraately-lobed.
C. (BoMBAx) GossTPicM, L. T. Deciduous forests of Prome.

"Wood worthless. Tree yields a clear white gum.

BixA, Linnaus.
Capsule 2-valvcd. Seeils straight, glabrous, with a pulpy testa. Leaves simple.
•■■J3. ORELLAXA, L. E.T. ('ultiv;ited all over Burma. Like

Thi-dyn ■wild iu Katcliall and Kamorta.

Sapwood red, heartwood pale-coloured. The orange-red pulpy testa of the seeds
furnish the nrnotto dye or ' terra orellana.' The seeds are steeped in water and well
stirred at intervals till the coloured paste enveloping them is dissolved. The thick
tluid which results is then strained and boiled, during which process the colouring
matter rises to the top, is skimmed off, and boiled down in anotlier 'VTSsel till of a
sufficient consistency to be made into balls of two or three pounds weight. It is
chiefly used to colour cheese and chocolate.

FLACOURTIE.T..
Petals none, or if present oahj small, linhrieate in huil, without scales. Anthers
opening bi/ ralees.

* Petals present.

SeoLOPiA, Selireber.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals 4-6. Stamens indefinite. Seeds fuuicled, testa hard.
S. EoxBrRGHii, C'los. E.'T. Tenas.serim.

Ludia spinosa, Ro.\b.

Drupes almost globular, the size of a small pea. Leaves opaque above. The
older branches armed with long, strong, straight and compound spines.

S. LUCiDA, Wall. E.T. Teuasserim.

Drupes obovoid, the size of a small cherry. Leaves shining on both sides.

X X Petals none.

Flacotrtia, Conimerson.

Flotcers dioecious. Sepals 4-5, scale-like, imbricate in males. Stamens nnmerow^.
Orari/ 2-5-celled. Styles 2-b, free, connate at base. Berry containing 2 to many hard
pyi'enes. Trees or shrubs, often spiny, with simple leaves and small racemose flowers.

* Stiyina simple, subulate {not thicl;ened at apex).

F. SuMATRAXA, Planch. Tenasserim.

Berries the size of a peppercorn. Pyrencs smooth, convex on back.

Ludia fcetida, Roxb., doubtfully referred by Hook. f. to this .species is
Ilomaiium Jatidum, Bth. (Kuiz).

** Sfi/les short or almost n-antiny, tliiehened and truncate at the apex or more or less
bluntish 2-lobed.

° Pyrenes coaqjressed anil quite fat.
F. CATAPUHACTA, Rosb. T. iJixcd Ibrcsts of Pegu and ^Xlartaban.

Ke-yu-weh (Kurz).

Branchlets and leaves glabrous or nearly so. Stem armed with compound
spines. Berries the size of a cherry, containing 5 to 7 pairs of large tubercuhirly
wrinkled seeds.

Tlie wood is rather heavy, brown, and close-grained (Kurz).

ll/.\/Xt\R 045

F. l.vERMis, 110x1). T. 5r:iitaliiin.

llesembles tliu last, but is unarmed.

"^ ° Pi/renes nloioid-3-a»(/iihir icitlt roiaided had;.
X Leaves acuminalc.
F. MOLLIS, H. f. and Th. T. Tcnassciim.

Unarmed. Enuiehlets and leaves tawny pubescent. Flowers iu very sbort
tawny racemes.

X X Lrari's hlunf or nearlt/ so. Brrriex the size of a pea.

F. SAPIDA, Ro.xb. T. Deeidudust'onsts of Prome and Ava.

!N5-yu-weh (Kurz).

Loaves coriaceous, 3 to o inclies long.

F sEmiiiA, Eoxb. .S'. Chittagong.

F. obcordata, Eoxb.

Leaves small (l-H incli long), membranous, .\rnicd witb numerous long spines.

F. ROTrxDiFOLrA, Clos. T. Andamaus.

Unarmed, or only with a few short axillary spines.

The fruit of F. catiiphrada, F. inermis and /'. sapida, and others is eaten cookeil,
being very sour. Tlie young leaves and shoots are also edible, and an infusion of tla?
bark of Calaphracta is a gentle astringent used to check looseness. The wood is hard
and close-grained, but too small for general use.

Xylosma, Fursfer.

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4-5, scale-like, imbricate iu bud. Petals none.
Stamens numerous, the anthers versatile, short. Oranj on an annular disk, 1 -celled,
with 2 or rarely .'3-6 parietal placentas, bearing 2 or a few ovules. Style simple, or
more or less divided. Sfii/i/ias dilated, or rarely peltate. Berry 2-i5-seeded. Flowers
small, clustered.

X. LONGiroi.iiM (?). Frequent on the swampy forests of the Irrawaddy.

Kurz not having seen the flowers or fruit is iu doubt as to the s]iecies.

Flowers diacious. Petals with an adnate teale or basal appendage.

* Calyx aljirst entire, afterwards split tiny variously.

Gyxocaedia, p. Brown.
Flowers dioecious. Caly.r cup-shaped, .")-toothed or rupturing into 3-5 segments.
Petals 5. Males: Stamens wwmQrows. Jl«//if;-s basifixed. Females: Sfaminodes 10-15.
J'laeenfas 5, bearing numerous ovules. Berry large, globular, with hard rind. Trees,
with simple leaves, and largo fascicled flowers.

G. oiioiiATA, IJo.xb. F.T. Tropical forests of Chittagong, Eixngoon,

Martaban, and Tenasserim.

A large tree, witli fruit the size of an orange, filled with numerous seeds imbedded
in pulp. These seeds washed and dried are known in the bazaar as " Chaulmoogra,"
and when beaten up into a paste with a little ghee arc a favourite application in
obstinate cutaneous diseases. The expressed oil is also used as an application to
leprous sores, and both oil and seeds arc administered internally in live grains or five
drop doses for the same complaint and for tape-worm. For rheumatism, stiff joints,
and sprains, llr. Christy recommends the oil should be well rubbed, with the ends
of the fingers, into the parts affected. At bed-time a capsule of 5 drops may be taken,
and the second night two capsules, or a capsule at mid-day ; but the oil must never be

646 nUILVA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOyS.

taken on an empty stomach, or it will produce nausea.' The relief in most cases
is spcerly and permanent. For neuralgia and toothache the oil should be mixed with
camphor and chloroform, and rubbed over the part affected, and a plug of cotton-wool
saturated in the mixture placed in the tooth or ear, as may be required. When
taken internally, the oil improves the appetite, and should be used with a generous
diet. Pure Chaulmugra oil is also an excellent application for mange, cancer, and
open sores, both on men and animals.^ The active principle of the oil has been
separated as Gynocordic acid. The timber is said to be of good quality, but the
ti'ec is less common in Bui'ma than in Silhet.

Ryparia, Bhune.

Flovers dioecious. Cahj.r globular, rupturing into 3-4 segments. Petals 4-.5.
Males: Stamens 4-5. i^//rtwe?i^s united into a tubular column. Females: Staiiihiodes
4-5, subulate or pedicellate. Placentas 1-3, bearing 2 or more OTules. Herri/ 1-2-
seeded, corticate, large. Trees, with simple leaves and small racemose flowers.

R. CJESIA, Bl. -E". T. South Andaman and Kamorta.

X X Sepals alrearli/ distinct in bud.
HrnxocuiPus, Gacrtner.

Floivcrs unisexual. Sepals 4-5, imbidcate. Petals 5-9. Males : Stamens definite
or indefinite. Anthers basifixed. Females: Staminodes 5 or more. Placentas 3-6.
Stiffmas as many, sessile or nearly so, dilated. Berri/ large, gloliular, with a hard
riud. Trees, with simple or serrate leaves, and small racemose flowers.

H. nETEKOPHTiLrs, Bl. F.T. Tropical forests of Pegu Range, Martaban

Taractogenos Blumci, Hassk. and Tenasserim.

Ka-lor-hso.

Sepals 4.

A. CASTAXEus, H. f. and Th. T. King's Island, ilergui Archipelago.

Sepals 5.

The fruit of Uijdnocarjms is the size of an orange, and is used for poisoning fish.
The seeds afford an oil, which is used for dressing ulcers and in cutaneous diseases.

Order YIOLACEiE.

Flowers usually iiTcgular. Sepals 5. Stamens 5. Antliers usually curved,
connective usually <lilated above the cells. Fruit usually a capsule. Fmbryo straight.
Leaves opposite or alternate, stipulate.

violiej:.

Corolla irregular, the lower petal much larger. Herbs or perennials.

Viola, Linnecas.
Sepals produced at base. Lower petal spurred or saccate.

X Stigma o-lubed, terminal.

Y. rEiMniFoiiA, L. Khakyeu Hills. Ponsee.

V. TFaUccrii, Wight.
r. Patrinii, DC."

V. DiFFnsA, Ging. Khakycn Hills. Ponsee.

Stoloniferous. Stipules toothed.

' New Commercial Plants, Xo. 3, Thomas Christy and Co., London.

^ It can be procnrcd from Christy and Co., IS'o, Fenchurch Street, at Is. an ounce, and the
capsules in shilling boxes of 12 in each.

VIOLACE.E. niCSEDACE.E. G47

X X S/i//ma reri/ ohllque or quite lateral.

V. sKKi'Kxs, Wall. Khaliyen Hills.

Stoloniferous. Stipules toothed or finiliiiate.

V. Thomsoxi, Oudeiii. IMaitaban and Tenasserim at 3000 to COOO feet.

The roots of Tiola contain an active principle, Vtolina, possessing emetic powors.
Excellent ' issue peas ' can be made of the roots.

Jo.MDU'.M, J'liiteniit.

Sepals not produced at base, rdals clawed, the lower ones gibbous or saccate
at base.

J. (Vioi.a) srFFRUTicosiM, L. Eangoon.

ALSODKlIE.i:.
Curolla regular or iieart// so. S/irulis or trees.

Alsoiikia, lliouara.

Petals 5, free. Connective produced beyond the anther. Capmle hiruliiidal.

Sub-genus Diortctaxdiu, Hassk.

Stamens exserted, anthers cohering iu a cone.

A. (Vai!ECa) heteeoclita, Roxb. Tinpii;d forcsls of tlie Andamans.

A. Roxhurghii, Wall.

Leaves small. Capsules very small, almost sessile.

Sub-genus Alsodeia.

Stamens included. Anthers free.

X Ovary and style glabrous.
° Flowers in long racemes.

A. LOsr.iEACEJiosA, Kz. Tropical forests of Jfartaban up to LOGO feet.

A. racemosa, H. f. et Th. (non JIart.)

Racemes and calyx puberulous.

" ° Flowers fascieled.

A. Rexralexsis, Wall. Tropical forests of Pegu Range aTid Martaban.

Andamans. The Nicobars.
Pedicels and calyx glabrous.

X X Orary and style pubescent or tomentose.

A. Gkifi'ithii, 11. f. et Th. Xear the Serpentine mines in the Ilookum

Valley. Ava.
Leaves rather large, glabrous or nearly so.

A. MOLLIS, H. f. ct Th. Jlerpni. Teiiasscrim.

Leaves pubescent. Capsule densely pubescent.

** Embryo large, curved, except iti Moringaccfce. Albumen none.

Order RESEDACEiE.

Calyx l-S-partite. Petals generally hypogynous, 4-8 (rarely 2-0). Stamens
.3—10, inserted within a fleshy disk. Carpels usually united into a 1 -celled ovaiy,
J'Vuit a capsule or berry.

* Reseda odoiiata. Cultivated.

Mignonette.

Griflith says this plant is indigenous to Afghanistan.

048 nrnMA. ITS people Axn pnoDL'cTioys.

Order MORIXGACE^.
Sepals and PeUih 5. Slaini'ns 8-10, pcrigynous. Ciq)siile ^^long■Av, 3-valvoil.
Leaves alternate, compound. Trees.

MoitiNGA, Jussien.

*5r. rTF.EToosrERJiA, Gaertn. Cultivated all over Burma.

Uijpcraniliera rnoiingn, Yhl.

Da-tha-lwou.

This tree is called l)y Europeans the Horse-radish-tree, as its roots when scraped
up are an excellent snlistitute for the real horse-radish. It is however cultivated for
tlie use of its pods, wliich are eaten in curries and stews ; and fiom its seeds the oil
of Ben is expressed, which does not turn rancid, and from its not coagulating from
cold, is used by watchmaliers as a lubricant. (Seeds called drum-sticks by Europeans.)

Order CRUCIFER^.
Sepals and Petals 4 eacli. Sfaiiieus 6, 4 longer. Capsule usually spuriously
2-celled or 2- to multi-locellate. Leaves alternate. Herbs, or rarely shrubs.

* Pods elongate or short, dehiseitig along their u'liole length, nut jointed, rarehj
indehiscent at the summit. Septa and ralres equally broad and parallel.

° Cotyledons accumlent.

Nasturtium, Linnaus.
Pods turgid or not. Seeds small, in 2 rows. Flowers usually yellow.
N. Indicfm, L. From Chittagong to Tenasserim on muddy banks

N. Madagasrarieiise, "^it. and rubbishy places near villages.

Sinapis dirarieatu, Roxb.

Pods rather thick, 2 to 5 times longer tlum the pedicels.

N. DiFFusuM, DC. Ava.

Sinapis montiina, "Wall.
S. pusilla, Boxb.

CAEnAMixE, Liiinaus.

Pods narrow, elongate linear, the valves flat and elastic. Seeds in 2 rows.
Flowers usually white.

C. niRSUTA, L. Ava. Bhamo. Martabau.

var. /3 sglnifiea, H. f. et Tli.

° ° Cotyledons longitudinally conduplieate.
Brassica, Linnaus.
Pods elongate. Stigma truncate or 2-lobed. Seeds in a single row.

* B. CAMPESTRis, L. Arakan. Ava. Bhamo.

P. rapa and napus, L.

Sinapes diehotoma, glauca and hrassieata, Boxb.

JIung-la-u-waing or Mung-nyen.

Stem-leaves at base clasping the stem with tlieir auricles.

B. JUNCEA, L. Ava. Bhamo. All over Pegu.

Sinujiis ramosa, Roxb.

S. patens, Roxb.

S. ciineifolia, Roxb.

Stem-leaves petiolcd, not clasping the stem. Flowers yellow.

CliUVlFEIl.E. G49

*B. oi.KRACEA, L. Cultivalcil.

Thara-bur-mung-lri.

Stcra-lcavos basall)- Li-nad and sessile, but not clasping the stem. Petals wliile
or yellowish white, with violet veins.

li. campi'stris embraces the various sorts of ' turnips,' and 11. ahracea the different
varieties of ' cabbage.' The seeds of all species yield a useful oil.

Slason remarks, "I have seen a species of mustard on the banks of the Tenasserim
several days' journey from any human habitation, and which the Karens regarded as
growing spontaneously, but it did not appear to ditt'er from the s])ecies in common
culture on the coast, and the seeds had probably been dropped there by the passing
traveller."

** Po(h uliort, dehiscing al iny their whule length, nut articuhilej the rnlrcs flat, at
right angles to the scptuui.

LEPiDirir, Linnmus.
Pods oblong, notched, 2- rarely -l-scedcd. F/uwi-rs white.
* L. SATIVUM, L. Cultivated only.

Sa-mnng-ui. Garden cress.

*■'■■'* Pod': elungtile, indehi-sernt, not jointed, but contracted (tiid jxtliy icithin letweeii
the seeds. Cotgledons iitcii/nbeiit.

liArnAXCS, Linnmis.
Flowers pale lilac or white with coloured veins.

*E.. SATivns, L. Cultivated and wild (?).

Mung-lu. The Kadish.

The vegetaldes of this family, the cabbage for example, are valuable for their
anti-scorbiitic properties, and the seeds for the oil they yield. Black mu.stard yields
a volatile pungent oil, familiar to all who have mixed mustard. The oil does not,
however, exist ready made, as may be known by the dry mustard powder not
exhaling it till wetted. Cold ivuter dissolves the albuminous principle {mgrosinc)
in the seed, thereby enabling it to combine with the wi/ronie acid, the product
being the volatile acrid principle whose fumes rise so copiously from the mustard
as it is being mixed. Hence mustard .should be always made with cold water,
■which is a more etiective solvent of albumen than hot. Mustard flour to the
extent of two or three tcaspoonfuls in water forms an excellent emetic, especially
in narcotic poisoning, effectually clearing the stonuich, without producing dejiressicm.
A mustard poultice is a well-known ajiplication, but rather messy, and a far more
elegant preparation is sinapine tissue, which is simjily a line jiaper charged with
the vesicating jjrinciple of the seed, and far more cleanlj- and pleasant to use than
the crude article.

To this Order also belongs the plant ' AVoad ' (/w/Z-s tinctoria), which furnished
our remote ancestors with a blue ])igment with which to ornament their bodies.
Another curious plant is the Hose of Jericho' {Anustatica Jlierochuntieo), which
■wlien ripe contracts into a rounded cushion, formed of the pods and branches curled
in on each other. Tliis cushion is curiously susceptible to hygrometric action, and
if placed in water the pods and branches unfold and expand under the influence of
the moisture absorbed. Women in labour sometimes place this plant in water, in
the fanciful hope that simultaneously with its expansion their own delivery may be
accomplished.

' This iLinie is ,ilso applied, according' to Ili'oker, to tlie capsules of Mcscmhnjnnlhcmum ami
Scliiijiiictta lejiitioplit/lla.

650 BURMA, ITfi PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Or.lrr CAPPARIDE.E.

Flowers usually hcrmaplirodite. Sepals 4, free or connate ; valvatc or imbricate,
i-nrely open in the bud. Petals as many, rarely 2 or none, hypogynous or seated on
the disk, imbricate or open in bud. Stamens 4 or more, hypogynous or perigynous,
or at the base of, or on, a long or short gynopliore. Bisk none, or tumid, or lining
the calyx. Ocanj-iule stalked or sessile, 1-4-ccllcd, with numerous amphi-, or
carapylotropous ovules on the 2-4 parietal placentas. Style short, or none. Fruit
a capsule or berry. Seeds angular or uniform. Alhaiiien none. Herbs, shrubs or
trees, often armed with spiny stipules.

CI EOMIE.l-:.
Fill if cajisular, \-ecllc(l, usualh/ pod-like, rareli/ short or (Udyinuas. I'apsnles 4-8-
or iiianij-seeded. Herbs.

X Torus short, the stamens inserted immediateli/ within the sepals and petals.

Cleome, Linnreus.
Torus often produced into an appendage. Stamens 4-6 or more, some of them
often without anthei-s.

C. CnELiiioxiT, L. Prorae road, between Poungday and

the Myit-ma-kha stream.
Plants thinly oppressed, hispid. Petals white or pale rosy. This plant is
probably introduced.

C. TiscosA, L. A weed from Chittagong and Ava to

Polanisia icosandra, W.A. Tenasscrim. The Nicobars.

X X Torus elongated, beiirinr/ the stamens at the top under the orary.
GrNANDRorsrs, De Candolle.
Stamens 6, all perfect. Filaments long.

G. (Cleojie) rEXTArniLLA, L. A wcid from Chittagong and Ava,

to Tenasserira. The Nicobars.

CArPJIlIE.i:.
Fruit herry-like or drupaceous. Shrahs or trees.

* Sepals united at the base into a faiinel- or lill-shaped tvhe, or funning a
spalhaecous calyx.

NlEBDHKiA, De Candolle.

Sepals united at base into a funnel or bcdl-shaped tube. Petals none. Leaves
1-3-foliolate.

N. VARIABILIS, Kz. S. Ava.

Younger parts puberulous, rough. Leaflets coriaceous.

N. SiAMENSis, Kz. E.S. Siamese Province of Radbooree.

Glabrous. Leaflets thin, chartaccous.

•■" Sepals free or only at the very base connate. Petals 4.

C'ArrARis, Linntcus.

Sejials usually 4, rarely 5, in 2 rows, the foremost one usually larger and galeatc.
Stamens usually indefinite, inserted on the short torus, the filaments free, filiform.
Perry more or "less stalked, globular to elongate. Seeds 1 or several, immersed in
pulp, uniform. Shrubs or trees often scandent.

"'•■ Pedicels arisiiiy from nhuve the axils of the leaves in a line one ahove the other
{supra-axillary) ; or rarely axillary and solitary.

CAPPMUDE.-'E. C51

° Gi/iiopJiorc and orarij (flahrous or nearhj so.
f Oiarij ahnod sesnilr, the gijnophore being onJij V to 1 line lung.

C. EoYDsi.EKoi.iA, Tvz. E.S.S. Siaincsc Province of Kinibun'C.

Glabrous. Loaves larp:c, chartaceous. Pedicels 2-3 lines long, the upper
flowers forming terminal racemes (by tlic reduction of leaves).

f f Uiary on a long shn-ler gijnopliore.
X -All parts glalirom.
C. MicEACAXTHA, DC. TJ^. C. Pcgu. Tciiasserim.

Leaves as in preceding, chartaceous, mucli veined, -with a callous point at the
iisuall}" retuse apex.

C. JLEJIBE.OTFOLIA, Kz. S. S. Tropical forests of Pegu Range and

Marlaban.

Leaves acuminate. Unarmed. Pedicels and sepals outside glabrous. Stamens
numerous, petals pilo.sc.

C. oxYi'UYLLA, "Wall, (nou ilii^.). Swampy forests along the Irrawaddy

C. disticha, Kz. S. Prome. Pegu and Martaban.

Thorny. Pedicels glabrous. Sepals woolly along the borders. Stamens 8,
filaments white, anthers blue.

C. iiULTiFLORA, H. f. and Til. 7F. ('. Ava Hills, towards Assam.

Unarmed. Pedicels slightly pubescent and numerous, in a line one above the
other. Stamens 8. Filaments glabrous.

C. viMixEA, H. f. and Th. Tenasscrim {fdc K. f. and Th.).

Unarmed or nearly so. Sepals with tomentose margins.

X X Young ulioots and sepals riis/g or greyish, tomenlose or puhesccnt.

C. HOERin.i, L. SS. Mixed forests of Prome, Pegu, and

C. Zeylanica, lloxb. Martaban.

Na-ma-ni-tanyot.

Loaves chartaceous, ovate, green, while young tawuy or rusty pilose beneath,
flowers usually several together.

C. CEAssiFOLiA, Kz. SS. Mi.xcd forests of Prome.

Leaves green, oboval, while young thinly appressed pubescent, soon quite
glabrous and coriaceous. Petioles .i-J inch long. Flowers several.

C. poLYJioui'iiA, Kz. S.S. Frequent in the Eng Forests of Prome.

Leaves glaucous, rhomboid-ovate to rhoml)oid-linear, acute, while young
minutely greyish puberulous beueath. Petioles only ; to i inch long. Berries
vcrrucose. Flowers solitary.

Kurz remarks of these last three species: " C. horrida, crassifoUa ot polymorpha,
species inter se valdc aflincs, habitu longe distant, et sKpius in eodcm solo sociatim
crescuut."— J.A.S.Ii. II. 187.3, p. 227.

^ Gynophorc and ovary densely tomentose.
C. KI.AVICAXS, Wall. Avrt.

A shrub with the habit of Cadaba Lidica, armed with short spreading thorns.
All younger parts and leaves tomentose or pubescent. Pedicels and sepals densely
tomentose.

* * Pidieels in umbels or eorymbs in the axils of the leaces or on shortened axillary
hranchlels, sometimes collected into terminal or lateral panicles.

G52 BURMA, ITS rEOPLE AXD mODUCTIOXS.

X Cah/.v and jjedlceh denseli/ tomcntone. Orary glahrous.
C. SiAMENsis, Kz. C.S. Siamese Provinces of Eudboorec.

Branches f;labrous. Leaves tliick, membranous, and of a texture like Olax,
glabrous and faintly pubescent below on the nervation.

C. GEANDis, L. T. Deciduous forests of Prome.

C. lisperma, Eoxb.
C. auricnns, Xz. MS.

Hkor-kwa.

All parts tomentose or shortly and densely yellowish pubescent, the hairs not
papillose. Peduncle naked. Wood white, close-grained, lieavy and durable, good for
turning (Kurz).

C. OKHicfLATA, Wall. .S'. Ava.

Apparently as preceding, upper side of leaves papillose. Peduncle 1-lcaved at tip.

C. TRixERViA, H. f. and Th. Tenasserim. Tavoy (Parish).

Tiranches brown-tomentose. Leaves glabrous, 3-pliuerved.

XX Calyx and pedicels (/lahrous. Berry l-seeded.
° Gynophnre very short {in fruit not above h inch), umbels or cori/mb pedimcled.

C. GLAue\, Wall. S. Ava.

Branehlets ]iubescent. Leaves thick coriaceous, glaucous, refuse or blunt.
Umbels axillary, berries 1-2-seeded.

C. Hasseltiana, Miq. S.S. Tropical forests of South Andamans.

C. ambigiM, Kz.

Glabrous. Leaves purplish beneath, acuminate. Umbels in terminal panichs,
berries 1 -seeded.

° ° Gynopliore long and slender.
f Umbels or corymbs peduncled.
C. OLIGAXDRA, Griff. IV. C.

C.fhribunda, Wight.
Glabrous. Leaves green, retuse. Flowers I inch in diameter, the umbels
arranged in terminal panicles. Berries several-seeded.

C. VEKSicoLOE, Griff. Tenasserim.

Glabrous. Petiole puberulous. Flowers 2 inches in diameter.

j- f Umbels sessile or nearly so.
C. SEpr.ABiA, L. Pegu. Andamans.

Loaves green, refuse. Corymbs usually terminal on the branchlets, many-flowered.

Ceat^va, LinneiHs.

Calyx 4-partite, the lobes imbricate and deciduous. Petals 4, long-clawed.
Stamens 8-20, inserted on the border of the torus. Ovary shortly stalked, 1-2-celled,
with as many placentas, bearing numerous ovules in 2 series. Stigma discoid. Berry
with a hard rind. Seeds reniform. Trees or shrubs with digitately 3-5-foliolate
leaves, and flowers usually corymbose.

X Ovary and berry 2-celled.
C. LornosrEHMA, Kz. Tenasserim (?).

Seeds compressed-reniform, spinulosely tubercled on the hack.
C. xarvala. Ham. Tenasserim.

Seeds angular, flat, yellowish, \crj hard.

CM'I'MlinH.K. rM'AVERACE.E. 653

X X Ovanj and herri/ \-celhil. Srifd renifoim or Jielicoiil, liltwk, smooth.
C. Roxnuitniiii, Br. T. B. forests of Tromc imd Upper Tena&serim.

C. reliffiosti, H. f. aud Th.

C. ti ijoliata, lloxb.
Ka-dat.

Berry globular, 1 -celled, roui;liisli, the size of u bullet or wood-apple.
C. iiyouopiiiL.v, Kz. ^'. Swampy forests aloug the Irrawaddy.

Ye-klui-dat (Kurz).
C. ilAcuocAlU'A, Kz., is also recorded from Katehall.

IloYDsi.v, Jioxbiiryh.
Sepah C, imbi-ioate, or almost valvate. Petuh none. Sfumem inserted on (lie
short torus. Ocrtn/ shortly stalked, .•J-celled, with numerous ovules on the 2 placentas.
Vnipe shortly stalked, with a fragile rind, containing a 1 -seeded putameu. Testa
membranous. Scandent shrubs, with simple leaves and small racemose flowers.

II. OBTCSiFOLiA, II. f. ot TL. KS.S. Marshy forests along the Irraw-addy,

Nga-hpyu (Kurz). Tsittoung, aud in Tenasserim.

]{. 1'AKViFi.or. \, Grift. S.S. .Vva.

+ + -|- Einhriju minute, in the lase of ii flesh ij alhiimen.

Order rAPAYERACE.E.
Fluwers regular. Stamens many, free. Ovari/ 1 -celled. I'hieentas parietal.
Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, juice milky.

I'ai'avku, Linnmts.
Capsules opening by short ^alves or pores. Stirjmas \ or more, radiating on a
sessile disk.

* P. SOMNIFEUUJI, L.

Opium, one of the most valuable drugs of the riiarmacopo'ia, is the concrete
juice of tlie unripe capsules. Tlu: most valuable of tiie alkaloids contained in it,
Morphia, is found in greatest (juantity in Turkey opium, whilst Indian opium is
richer than other sorts in Narootiue. It would recpiire many pages to enter on the
various disea.ses this drug is capable of being used with advantage in, but it may bo
remarked that Xarcotine was esteemed by Dr. O'Shaughnessy as second only to (piiuiue
in the treatment of intermittent fever, and superior to it in sonu^ cases when com-
plicated with dys(>ntery.

A groat deal has been written on the harrowing state to which the use of this
drug reduces its victim, which is doubtless as deplorable as that of the confirmed
drunkard, but the special iniquity attaching to the Indian Government as a producer
of opium is by no means eciually clear. In the Kast, opium takes the place of beer
and siiirits, and in either case "the levenue is raised from an article uncjuestionably
deleterious to too many of those who consume it ; but, whereas opium merely injures
the individual who consumes it, reducing him to the condition of a more or less of
harmless ind)ecile, beer aiul spirits, when imnu)derately indulged in, too often convert
their victims into furious aud dangerous beasts, and hll our gaols with homicides and
our hospitals with tbe victims of their alcoholic phrcnsy. Truly the diatribes one hears
of the opium trade afford an excellent modern instance of the Pharisee with a beam
in his own eye turning oculist to his less-afflicted neighbmir, though no one can
question the incalculable benefit which would accrue to the human race from the
disuse of both intoxicating drugs and intoxicating drinks. Some people have supposed
tliat a preparation of opium was the " Nepenthe " of Homer, but it seems more prol)ably
to have been .';omc preparation of hemp, or possibly neither of these drugs. Tlie seeds
of tbe poppy arc eaten wlien boiled, and by expression yield a blaiul edible oil, quite
devoid of any narcotic quality.

G-ji JiUUilA, IT,i PEOPLE ASP I'RODUCTIOXS.

Aegkmoxe, Liimmis.

Capsules opening by short valves. Stif/mas 4-5, radiating from the top of a
depressed style.

*A. Mesicana, L. Domesticated in Ava. Sporadic in Pegu.

EANALES.

Stamens very rarely definite. CatyeU free, or immersed in the torus, very rarely
connate, ilicropyh' usually inferior. Emhrijo minute in a fleshy albumen.

+ Sf'pnh or pefdli 2- or S-scriafe.

Order NYMPH^E^.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3 to many, 1- or many-seriato.
Stamens many, hvpogvnous, or attached to the torus. Carpels fi'ee or connate, or
immersed in a fleshy obcouic torus. Aquatic herbs. Leaves usually floating. Flowers
solitaiy, on scapes.

Sub-order XYMPn.FE.F.
Sepals 4-(). Petals and stamens numerous Carpels confluent with one anotlier
or with the disk into one ovary. Ovules many. Seeds albuminous.

Isy3irn.EA, Neeker.

Sepals, petals, and stamens half superior, inserted on the disk, the latter con-
fluent with the carpels. Nut armed.

N. LOTUS, L. Chittagong. Pegu. Tenasscrim.

Kya-phyu (Mason).

Anthers without appendage.

K". STELLATA, "WilUl. Cluttagong. Pegu and Arakan.

N. cyanea, Roxb.
Kya-nyo (Mason). The blue water-lily.
*X. EUBEA, Roxb. {fide Mason).
Kya-ni.
A species of Xi/nqjliaa occurs in the 'Sicdhars, fde Diedrichsen.

Bahclaya. TTallieli.

Sepals inferior. Petals superior. Carpels immersed in the torus. Not armed.

B. LOXGIFOLIA, "Wall. Pegu. Tenasserira, as far as Mergui,

£. ohlonga (Mason). in running streams.

Kya-ghouug-loung (Mason).

EuETALE, Salisburi/.
Sepals, petals, and stamens superior. Carpels immersed in the torus. Armed
with shai-p thorus.

E. FEKOx, Salisb. Chittagong in swamps.

^nnesleya sjnnosa, Roxb.

Sub-order XFL UJIB OXE.F.

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals and stamens numerous, hypogynous. Carpels sunk in pits
without order in the flat turbinate torus.

SYMVII.EE.E. UERBERIDEA:. ilENISPEUMAfE.K. 655

XEi.riiuo, Adanson.

N. xrcri-ERA, Gaoilu. I'ugu, in stagnant water.

Nelumhium upeciosum, AVilld.

Pa-dung-nia (Mason).

This is a lianilsome plant and nsefiil as fiKid. Tlie seeds are eaten eitlier raw
or cooked, and the long tap root is boiled as a vegetable, and like others of its tribe
is rich in starch. The ])lant is highly symbolical, and held in mystic reverence by
Hindus, with wliom, as wilh the Egyptians, it typifies the fecund powers of nature,
and it is the throne of the gods, who are commonly represented as seated on it.

Older BEKBEllIDE^.

Flotrers regular, hermaphrodite (save in Larilizahalii'te). Sepals G-l. in 2 whorls
or 3, and petaloid. I'e/ah in many, or twice as many, rarely wanting. iS.'iimciis -1-9,
in 2 or 3 series, o]iposite the petals, hypogynous. Anthir-celh opening by a longi-
tudinal slit or by recurved valves. Carpels 1-3 (rarely more), with 2 or several
(rarely 1) ovules in each. Style short. Albumen copious. Shi'ubs or small trees.

I.ARDIZABAIJF.K.
-^ Leaves digitate. Flowers unisexual. Staiions munadclphous. Carpels '.i. Climhtrs.

Parvatia Brun'oxiana, if. f., is stated to come from !Mergui. As uo specimens exist
at Kew from there, Kurz omits it from his Flora of Burma.

BERBERIDIE.E.
-\--\- Fluirers liermaphrodite. Carpel .solilur;/.

Bkrberis, Zinnmts.

Sepals C, with 2 or 3 appressed bracts, imbricate, in 2 sci-ies. Petals as many,
imbricate. Stamens G, free. Anther-eells opening by valves. Ovary 1 -celled, with
a few basal ovules. Fruit a few-seeded berry. Flowers yellow, usually in racemes.

B. (Mahonia) Nepalensis, DC. F.S. Tenasserini.

Ji. Le.se/ienaultii, Wall.

The plants of tliis genus yield a bitter principle, ' Tlerherine,'' a useful tonic in
cases of indigestion and febrifuge. The watery extract, called in India 'Jiusot,' is
esteemed as a valuable febrifuge. The bark is astringent, and some species yield a
yellow dye.

Order ilEXISPEinr.VCE.T:.

Flowers dicccious. Sepals usually 6, rarely 1-1 or 9-12, usually free, in 2-4
series. Petals 6, rarely 1-5 or none, free or connate. JIales : Stamens hypogynous.
Filaments and Anthers free or connate, the latter 2- celled. Ovaries rudimentarj- or
none. Females: Staminodes G or ncme. Ovaries 3, rarely 1 or C-12, with a solitary
or rarely 2 ovules in each. Style terminal or lateral. liipe carpels drupaceous, with
an almost basal and excentrical style-scar. Seeds usually curved or reniforni, tiic
cudocaq) often intruding. Albumen even, or ruminate or none. Cotyledons fleshy or
Icai'y. Herbs or scandent shrubs. Leaves usually palmately nerved, alternate. Stipules
none. Flowers minute.

TJXosroRiE.i:.

Carpels 3, rarely G. Style-scar almost terminal, rarely ventral or almost basal. Seeds
meniscoid or rarely oblong, albuminous. Cotyledons leafy, iisually spreading laterally.

X Petals 6, shorter than the inner sepals. Style-sear almost terminal.
Parab.t;xa, Jliers.
Sepals 6. Filaments connate, the anthers in heads. Seeds meuiscoid.

Go6 nniMA. ITS rEOPLE axd phoductioxs.

p. SAGITTATA, ilicTs. Tropical forests in Pegu llange,

Martuban, Ava, and Chittagoug.

AsriDOCAKYA, Ilnoher,/. and Tlioiiinoti.

Sepals 12. Filaments connate. The anthers sessile round the peltate end of the
column. Seeds ohlong.

A. uviFEUA, II. f. et Th. Ava. Kliakyen Hills. Prome.

TiNosroEA, Miers.

Sepals 6, in 2 series, the inner ones larger. Petals 6, smaller than the sepals.
Males: Stamens 6, iice. Females: (SYffw/wofte 6, club-shaped. OcrtriVs 3, the stigma
forked. Drupes 3-1, flat, with convex back, the style-scar almost terminal. Futamtn
tubercled, dorsally keeled, intruding. Albumen ruminate. Coti/ledons leafy, spreading.
Climbing shrubs, with woody or fleshy fibrous stems. Flowers in racemes or panicles.

X Frupes the size of a pea, the puiamen tubercled.

T. (llEXispEEJirM) T05IEXI0SA, Eoxb. C. Ava.

Young parts, and the blunt leaves beneath, tomentose.

T. Malabaeica, Miers. .S'..S'. Chittagong.

Young parts, and the acuminate leaves beneath, pubescent.

T. (ilExisPEEMUii) vEUErcosA, Eoxb. Arakan. Pegu.

T. crispa, ITiers. C.

All parts glabrous.

X X Fufamen smooth, white.
T. (MExisrEEiiuii) coBDiFOLiA, Willd. C. Chittagong. Ava. Andamans.
All parts glabrous, drupes the size of a pea.

T. (CoccuLrs) jfUDiFLOEA, Griff. S.S. Tropical forests of Pegu Range on East

Hsyn-d5ng-mri-nweh. ^"^e. Martaban and Tenasseiim.

Young leaves and shoots tomentose. Drupes the size of a clieirj. ^ood loosely
fibrous, possibly good for cordage (Kurz).

X X Petals none.
FiBEArEEA, Loureiro.
Sepals 9, the three outer ones small and bract-like. Jfales: Stamens fi. Females:
Staminodes 6. Oraries 3, with 2 ovules in each. Sti'/ma minute, sessile. Drupes 3,
1 -seeded, the style-scar almost terminal. Putamen oblong, with convex back, the
enilocarp hardly intruded. Albumen homy. Cotyledons leafy. 'Woody climbers,
with coriaceous 3-nerved leaves. Flowers in axillaiy panicles.

F. TixcroEiA, Lour. Chittagong. Pegu Eange. Tenasserira.

AxAiiiETA, Colebroolce.

Sepals G, somewhat unequal. Males : Filaments united in a column hearing
numerous sessile anthers, which are -l-lohed and 4-cclled after dehiscence. Females :
Staminodes 9-10. Carpels 3, rarely 4-5, the stigmas almost capitate. Drupes
stalked, the style-scar almost basal. Putamen woody, the hollow endocarp process
intruding into the base. Seeds globular, hollow. Albumen almost ruminate.
Coti/ledons narrow. Woody climbers with large leaves. Flowers in large pendulous
panicles.

A. coccrLus, L. Teuasserim, Kamorta.

A. pnniculata, Colebr.
Menis2>ermum heterocUtuni, Iloxb.

^fEXISPERM^ CE.-F. 657

Tliis is tlie Cucculm Indicus with ■wliicli rascally brewers adulterate their
beer. The berries are very peisonous, and contain ii powerful acro-narcotic principle,
Picroloxin. The berries arc used to poison fish, and a weak decoction to destroy
' ticks ' in sheep. A large importation of this dangerous drug takes place into
Great Britain, which it is to be feaied contributes to poison other animals than
' ticks.'

COCCULIE.E.

Flowers Z-mernm. Ovaries umidly 3. Sfijle-scar almost hisal, rarely aliiioxt
terminal. Seeds horse.ihoe-khaped. Albumen copiom. Embryo slender, the cotyledons
linear or only sliyhlly diltit^d.

TiHACoii.v, Colebrooke.

Sej)als 6, the outer ones small, hanlly imbricate in bud. Petals 6, minute.
Miles: Stiimens 6, free. Females: Carpeh 9-12, the .styles short and subulate.
Drapes stalked (the stalks connate at base), the style-scar near the base. Puiamin
sulcate. Seed hooked. Albumen oily, ruminate. Cotyledons ileshy, appressed.
Mostly climbers with axillary panicles.

T. n.vcKMosA, Colbr. Pegu.

Menispermum polycarpicm, Eo.xb.

LiiiAci.4, Loureiro.
Sepals 6, the inner larger ones valvate or slightly imbricate in hud. Petals 6,
shorter than the sepals, embracing the stamens. Males : Stamens 3-6 or 9, free.
Females : S/aminodes 6. Carpels 3, with short compressed style. Drupes obovate or
renilbrm, the style-scar almost basal. Putamen 3-celled, the 2 lateral cells emjity.
Seed elongate, embracing the intruded endocarp. Alhanien even. Cotyledons elongate,
half-terete, appressed. Woody climbers, with panicled ilowers.

X Sepals 8-12, the S7naller ones imbricate.
L. crspiDATA, H. f. W.E.C. Teuasserim.

X X Sepals .9, thicl;, ralvate in bud.
L. (irr.NisrEEurM) tria>;dua, Eoxb. Piomc. Tenasserim.

L. Amherstiana. Miers.
Stamens 3. Adult leaves glabrous.

L. (Coc'cui.rs) viLLOsA, Grif.

L. lelutiyia, Miers. Tl^C. Tenasserim.

Stamens 6. Branches and leaves beneath tomeutose.
CoccuLus, De Candolle.

Sepals G, the inner larger. Petals 6, shorter than the sepals, entire or bifid.
Males: Stamens 6, fiee, the anthers didymous, or 4-lobed or almost -l-celled. Females:
Staminodes C or cone. Carpels 3, tlie style linear, recurved or reflexcd. Drupe
obovate or globular, laterally compressed, the style- scar almost basal. Putamen
tuberelcd on the back, horseslioe-shai)ed, often perforated at base. Seed curved.
Albumen fleshy. Cotyledons linear, appressed. Usually climbing (rarely erect)
shrubs or lierbs, with panicled flowers.

X Styles simple.
C. GLAUCKscKNS, Bl. TT. C. Tropical forests of r(>gu Bauge, East

C. marcrocarpus, "VV. A. Bide. Martaban and Tenasserim.

Leaves glabrous on very long petioles.
C. (Menispkhmcm) niRstius, L. Tn hedges at Ava. Prome. Pegu.

C. villosus, DC.

Menispermum myosotoides, L.

Leaves more or less pubescent, especially below. Petioles short.

vol.. II. 42

658 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

X X Sfi/h'S hifid.
C. (MENisrEEMUM) TiLLOsus, Roxb. Chittarrong and Ava to Tenassciim up

C. incanus, Colcbr. to 3000 ffct. The Nicobars.

Pericampylus incanus, Miers.

Many plants of this Family are tistd in medicine for the bitter principle they
contain. A decoction of the fresh roots of C. Linnaanm is given for rheumatism, and
is regarded as laxative and sudorific, and the leaves are sometimes made into cunies.
The stems are used to make baskets of, and ropes, and a durable pui-jilish ink is
expressed from the ripe berries (Wight).

CISSAMPEL TDIEJE.

Floirers 3-5-mero>is. Ovaries usually solitar;i. Sfi/Ie-scar usualli/ almost hasul.
Enclocarp dorsidh/ muricate or echinaie. Seeds horseshoe-sliaped. Albumen scanty.
Emhryo linear, the cotyledons appressed.

Stepdanta, Loureiro.

Petals 3-5, shorter than the sepals, rather thick. Staminal column peltate at
summit. Flowers umbellate.

X Flowers with very short 2)cdiccls.
S. HEKNANDiFOLiA, "W'illd. Mixed forests fi-om Ava and Chittagoug

Cissampelos hexnndra, lloxb. to Tenasserim.

X X Flowers with slender piedicels forming loose cymose umlellets.
S. (Cissampelos) glabra, Roxb. Mixed forests in Pegu. Tenasserim.

/S. rotunda, Lour. Andamans.

Cissampelos, Linnaus.

Male flowers: Sepals 4. Petals united in a cup. Female flowers: Sepals and Petals
1-2, the latter entire 2-cleft or -parted. Styles simple. Flowers cymose or racemose.

C. paeeiea, L. Commi n all over Burma up to 3000 feet.

C. caapa, L.
C cOHcohulacea, "Willd.

Cyclea, Arnott.
Male flowers : Sepals connate. Petals more or less connate. Female flowers :
Sepals 2, lateral, free. Petals none. Styles 2-partcd. Flowers panicled.

C. peltata, H. f. ot Th. Ava and Chittagong to Tenasserim.

C. pendulina, Miers. The Mcobars.

PACSYGOXIEA-:.
Floivers nsually 3-merous. Ovaries and carpels usually 3, rarely 9-12. Style-scar
almost basal or ventral. Seed curved, hooked, or iriflexed. Albumen none. Cotyledons
thick and fleshy.

Pachtgone, Miers.

Sepals 6, the inner larger. Petals 6, emliracing the stamens. Males : Stamens 6,
free. Anthers nearly globular, 2-celled. Females : Staminvdes 6. Carpels 3, with
horizontal styles. Prupes reniform, the style-scar nearly basal. Putamen conform
■wrinkled. Seed horseshoe-shaped. Woody climbers with racemose flowers.

X Inflorescence and drupes densely tomentose. Leaves with prominent nervation.

P. DASTCAiiPA, Kz. F.S.S. Upper Tenasserim.

Antitaxis ram flora, Miers.

X X Inflorescence glabrous. Leavex almost polished.
P. ODOEiEEEA, Miers. F.Jr.C. Common in swampy forests in Pegu,

Nn^a-hnvu Martabun and Tenasserim.

MEXISPERMA CE.E. MA G NO LI A CE.E. 659

PvCNiKimKNA, Jliirs.

Flowers (li(rcious. Malen : Sepals G, with 3 braets, tho inner ones larj;o and
orLiciilar. retain (i, small, lobcd. Stamens 9, tho filaments v<iy short, anthers
bursting transversely. Female Jloireis unknown. Drupe broadly oblong. Style-scar
hiteral, the endocarp almost reniform. Shrubs with small fascicled flowers.

P. rLKxiii.ouA, Miers. F.S.S. Ava. Khakycn Hills.

Axrrr.vxis, Miers.

Flowers di(rcions. Ifali's : Sepals 8 in decussate pairs, the outer ones small, the
4 inner ones larger and iuibricate. Petals 2, obovate. Stamens -1, lilaments club-
shaped, anthers 1-celled. opening transversely. /Vhm/cs unknown. /)/•«/>(' 1-3, almost
globose with a ventral style-scar, tho endocarj) crustaccous, almcst rcniform-oblong.

A. CAi.ocAur.v, Kz. F.W.C. Tropical forests of Chittagong. Katchall.

Order MAGNOLIACEiE.

Sepals and Petals very deciduous, arranged in whorls of 3, hypogynous. Stamens
indefinite, hypogynous. Filaments free, or connate. Anthers basifix, cells aduate,
bursting longitudiually. Carpels indefinite, free, or partly cohering in one whorl or
in several on an elongated torus. Sti/tes stigmatic on tho inner face. Ovules 2 or
more, or those of the ventral suture anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit berry-like or
follicle-like carpels, rarely W001I3' or indehiscont, sometimes arranged as a cone. Tho
species of this family arc rich in a bitter aromatic principle chiefly contained in the
bark of the root and stem.

iriXTERIE.K.
Stipules none. Periantli double. Carpels in a single uhorl.

Illicium, Zinnaus.
Sepals 3-G. Petals D or more, in 3 or more series. Stamens indefinite. Filaments
thick. Anthers aduate, iuti'orse. Oearies indefinite, in a single whorl, 1-ovuled.
Style subulate, rcxurvod. Follieles stellately si)reading, hard, compressed. Seeds
compressed. Albumen fleshy. Evergreen aromatic trees or shrubs with simple
pellucid-dotted leaves and small solitary or fascicled flowers.

I. MAJVS, H. f. et Th. Tcnasscrim. Thoung-yeen, at ooOO feet.

Tu.AuiiA, Jussieu.

Sepals 3. Petals (5 or more, in 2 or more rows. Stamens indefinite, in many
series. AntliersYmnnr, introrse. Oraries sessile, indefinite, in spikes or heads, 2-ovuled.
Stigmas deeurrent. Carpels woody, separating from tho woody axis at the ventral
suture. Seeds suspended from a long funiele, the outer testa fleshy. Albumen oily.
Trees or shrubs with simple leaves and convolutely stipuled leaf-buds. Flowers
large, terminal.

I^eares glabrous.

T. (LiKionF.NnnoM) r,ir,iiri:i! V, Roxb. Tenasserim. Merg\ii.

1'. Itubaniana, II. f. et Th.

Leaves downy beneath.
T. Caxdoi.i.ki, BI. Tenasserim. Soutli of Maulmain.

T. mutabilis, I!l.

Magnolia, Linneeus.

Sepals 3. Peta's C-12, in 2-4 whorls. Anthers linear. Carpels sessile, many,
oblong-spicate, 2-ovuled. Ripe carpels coriaceous, persistent and opening dorsally by
a longitudinal slit. Seeds suspended by a tilil'orm t'uuicle, the outer testa fleshy.
Albumen, oily. Ilabit as in Talauma.

660 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

M. spHExocAEPA, Roxb. CliittagoDg. Pegu.

Liriodmdroti grandijlorum, Uosb.

Maxglietia, Bluine.

Petals 6 or more, in 2 or more rows. Anthrrs linear. Carpels sessile, many,
forming an oval or oblong cone, 6- or more-ovnled. llipe carpels almost ■woody,
persistent, free, dehiscing dorsally by a longitudinal slit. Seeds suspended from a
filiform funicle, the outer testa fleshy. Albumen oily. Trees with simple leaves
ami large terminal flowers.

M. iNsiGNis, Bl. Pegu.

MrcHELiA, Linneeus.

Sepals and Petals usually conform, 9 or more, imbricate, in 3 or more rows.
Anthers linear. Carpels stalked, numerous, in spikes, with 8 or more ovules in each,
llipe carpels laxly spiked on the elongate torus, coriaceous, persistent, dehiscing
dorsally by a longitudinal slit. Seeds and albumen as in Manglietia. Flowers large,
solitary, axillary.

M CHA3IPACA, L. Martaban (rare), Tenasserlm, Ava, Bhamo, Prome.

M. aurantiaca, "Wall.

Sa-ga.

This tree, says Mason, is " in flower or fruit a great part of the year, and its
orange blossoms, -which are exquisitely fragrant, arc also used by Burmese maidens
to adorn their long dark hair." The yellow flowers are powerfully scented, and it is
one of the five flowers with which the Hindu God of Spring tips the five shafts of the
God of Love. The bark is bitter and aromatic, and used in intermittent fevers.

Order AXOXACE.E.

Flowers usually monoecious. Sepals 3, free or connate, usually valvate in bud.
Petals 6, hypogynous, in 2 rows, or the inner series wanting. Stamens numerous,
rarely definite, hypogynous, closely packed on the torus. Filaments short or wanting.
Anthers adnate, the cells extrorse or almost lateral, the connective often produced.
Ovaries several, or rarely solitary, free (in Anona connate). Styles short or none,
ovules one or more in each cell. Ripe carpels 1 or more on the torus, sessile, or
stalked, 1- or more-seeded, usually berry-like and indehiscent. Seeds glossy, crusta-
ceous or coriaceous. Albumen dense, ruminate, often divided almost to the axis into
horizontal plates. Embryo small or minute, the cotyledons diverging. Trees or
shrubs, often scandent, with alternate simple and entire leaves. Stipules none.

UVARIE^-E.
Petals in 2 rows, 1 or both rows imbricate in bud. Stamens many, closely ^^rtfZ-fr?.

UvAKiA, Linnaus.

Sepals 3, usually united at the base, valvate in bud. Petals 6, imbricate in 2 rows,
sometimes united at base. Stainenx indefinite, the connective foliaccous or truncate-
dilated and produced beyond the anther-cells. Torus somewhat raised. Oraries many,
with numerous, rarely few, or a single ovule in each. Berries differently shaped,
many or by abortion few to 1-seeded. Scandent, rarely erect shrulis with opposite
leaves and usually conspicuous flowers.

X Otules usually solitary, rarely 2 or 3. Frect shrubs.
TJ. FEEKUGixKA, Ham. F.S. The 'Eng' forests of the Irrawaddy zone,

especially in Prome; also Upper Tenasserim.

TTooker gives V dulcis, Dun., as a Burmese plant, but I suspect it is referable to
this species (Kurz).

AXOXACIC^E. CGI

X X Oncles man I/, rarely f em. Scandent shrubs.
§ Flowers large.
f Carpels on long stalks.
TJ. prni'iiREA, Bl. E.S.S. Jlaitubau. Tcuassorini.

Flowers solitary. All parts tomentose.

U. niusuTA, J;uk. E.S.S. Rare on the Eastern Slope of Pegu Range.

Flowers .'solitary. All parts hirsute.

U. pircnocAi.Y.'w, Miq. E.S.S. Not uncommon on Southern Slopes of

Tha-bwot-nweh. t''c Pegu Range and in Tenasserim.

Flowers 2 or 3 on a peduncle. All parts minutely puberulous.

f f Carpels sessile or on a very short stall;.
§ Flowers large.

U. MAcnopnTLLA, Roxb. F.JJ'.C. Mixed forests of Chittagong. Ava.

Tha-bwGt-nweh. I'^'S"- Tenasserim.

Peduncles 3-5-flowered. Carpels glabrous.

U. BRACTEATA, Roxb. £. JF. C. Teuasseriiu.

Peduncles 1-2-flowerod. Carpels tomentose,

§ § Flowers minute. Berries long -stalked.

TJ. MiCRANTHA, H.f. et Th. F.ir.C. Pegu. Tenasserim. Andamans.

IT. Sumatrana, Kz. Kamorta.

Mason describes the fruit of U. purpurea ( U. grandijlora) as like the Xorth
American ' Pawpaw,' and as commnu in the Tenasserim jungles.

BocAGEA, St.-IIilaire.

Sipals orbicular or ovate, imbricate. Filals 6, imbricate, in 2 series, nearly
equal, concave. Stamens 6-21, imbricate, in 2 or more series, broadly oblong, thick,
flesh}-, the connective produced beyond the dorsal oblong anther-cells. Ovaries 3-6,
with 1 or 2-8 ventral ovules in each. Style short. Stigma obtuse or capitate.
Berries globose, stalked. Trees with shining leaves and small flowers.

B. ELUPTiCA, H. f. ct Th. F.T. Tenasserim.

I'SOXIJl.'E.
Petals vallate in the bud, more or less spreaditig, somewhat unequal, or those of the
inner row small or ivanting, not or little iiarrowed at base.

* Petals spreading from the base.
X Orules many, ventral.

ALPnoNSKA, Hooker, f. and Thomson.

Sepals 3, small, valvate Petals valvate, in 2 scries, larger than the sepals, or
the inner rather smaller. Torus cylindrical or hemispherical. Stamens numerous,
loosely packed, the connective apiculate. Ovaries 1 or more, with 4-8 ventral ovules
in 2 rows in each. Style oblong or depiessod. Berries stalked or nearly sessile. Trees
witli coriaceous leaves. Flowers rather small, in leaf-opposed pedunclcd fascicles.

A. (TJvaria) ventiucosa, Roxb. T. Chittagong. Andamans.

Carpel as long or longer than the stalk.

A. (Uvauia) utea, Roxb. T. Ava.

Stalk of carpels very short.

662 nCRMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Cananga, Jiitrnp/i/im.

Sepals 3, valvate iu bud. Pcfah 6, valvatc, in 2 rows, nearly equal or the
inner smaller. S/amcns indefinite, closely packed, the connective ovate, acute.
Torus slightly convex and somewhat concave in the centre. Ofan'es many, with
numerous ovules in 2 rows. tSfi/Ie narrow oblong. Stigma capitate. Berries
stalked. Seeds imbedded in pulp. A large tree, with rather large solitary or
fascicled flowers.

C. (TTvaria) odobata, Lamk. Martabnn. Tenasserim. Ava.

Uvaria axillaris, Rosb.

Kadat-ngan.

Cr.ATHOSTEiiMA, Griffith.

Sepals 3, connate. Petals 6, valvate, in 2 rows, with fleshy base, the inner ones
rather smaller. Torus flat, with convex margin. Stamens many, linear. Anthers
almost introrse, the connective process obliquely incurved. Ovaries many. Style
cylindrical, notched. Ovules many, in 2 series. liipe carpels turgid, many-seeded.

C. viEiDiFLOETO, Griff. H. Tropical forests of South Andaman.

TJnona, Zinnaus.
Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, valvate in 2 rows, almost equal, or tlie inner ones
smaller or wanting. Stamens numerous, closely packed, cuneate-4-gonous, the con-
nective beyond the anther-cells globular or truncate-dilated. Torus somewhat raised,
flat, or slightly concave. Ocaries numerous, with 2 or more ovules in a single row.
Stjile ovate or oblong, rarely elongate. Berries usually stalked, often moniliform
and elongate, rarely ovoid and continuous. Trees or shrubs, with rather large
solitaiy flowers.

X Petals 6. Berries nccklaee-lilce, constricted befuren the seeds.
j" Petals fflabrous.
TJ. Dpnalii, 'Wall. S.S. Chittagong.

Leaves glabrous, pale below.

f f Petals apiprcsscd, jiulesceut.
TJ. DiscoLoii, Vhl. U.S. Tropical forests of Chittagong, Ava,

Ta-nat-sa (Mason). Tenasserim.

Leaves glabrous, glaucous below. Peduncle 2-4 inches long. Petal 2 inches
long by 1 inch broad.

TJ. DESMOS, Dun. E.S. Pegu. Martaban. Tenasserim. Katchall.

Leaves beneath glaucous, and usually pubescent. Peduncle 4-8 lines long.
Petals 2^ by 1 broad.

TJ. LATIFOLIA, H. f. T. Martaban. Deciduous forests on limestone rocks

along the Ngu-chouug of the Salwcen.

Leaves while young greyish tomentose. Peduncle 4-8 lines long. Petals 1-1^
inches long, oblong.

TJ. STENOPETALA, H. f. T. Teuassorim.

Leaves pale coloured and below pubescent along the nerves.

Iff Outer petals 3, lart/e. Inner ones suppressed.

TJ. LONGiFOLiA, lloxb. £.S. Cluttagoug.

Petioles rather long. Petals 4-G inclies long.

TJ. nAsmiAsmALA, Bl. i:.S. Tropical forests of Ava, Andamans,

Peltical//.v arffentea, Urift". Martaban, Tenasserim.

AXOXACEJS. G63

Loaves almost sessile, cordate at tlie base. Petals nearly 3 imlies long.

var. a Bhimn, H. f. ct. Th.
var. fl Wullichii, II. f. et Th.

I'oi.YALTniA, Blume.
Sepah 3, usually valvato. Pcluh 0, valvate, in 2 rows, but spreading or opened
out long bcfia'e lull sized, nearly equal and flat. Stamens numerous, euncate, the
connective trnucately dilated beyond the anther-cells. I'orus slightly raised, flat, or
slightly concave. Ovaries nunKirous, witli 1 or 2 erect ovules. Style short, oblong,
or capitate. Berries stalked, globose, or oblong, 1 -seeded.

X Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals flat. Ocules solitary, erect.
f Flowers large. Carpels ohloiiy, elonyate, or cylindrical.
P. LATEUiFoi.iA, Bl. T. Tropical forests of Pegu, ifartabau,

P. simiarum, lith. Teuassorim, and tbe Xicobars.

G. spathtilata, T. ct B.

Petals oblong-spatulate. Leaves glabrous, unieolorous.

P. (Uuattekia) Sumatuaxa, Miq. F.S. Tcnasserim.

Petals linear-lanceolate. Leaves glabrous, whitish beneath.

P. (Guattekia) niiida, DC. E.T. Tcnasserim.

Petals ovate, tliick, lusty-velvety beneath.

P. JEN-Kixsir, Bth. et H. f. E.T. Tropical forests of South Andanum,

P. Andamanica, Kz. and adjacent islands.

Carpels elongate, oblong, glabrous Leaves oblong, the nerves pubescent.

f f Flowers small on slender pedicels. Carpels pisiform.

P. (TJvaeia) subeeosa, lloxb. D.T. Upper Tcnasserim.

Leaves blunt, nerves beneath pubescent.

P. (TJvaeia) cichasoides, l{oxb. S.T. Prome.

P. bifaria, Bth.

Leaves acuminate, pubescent beneath.

X X Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals flat. Unties 2, superposed, ascending.

P. DrisiA, Kz. E.S. Tropical forests of Andamans var. u,

and Upper Tcnasserim var. {i.

var. « glahriuscula. Leaves and branchlcts glabrescont.
var. ft Falconeri. Leaves and branchlets pubescent below.

P. cosTATA, IT. f. et Th., is a small tree of Tcnasserim imperfectly known, and
referred by II. f. and Th. to Trivalcaria.

AxAXAGOUEA, St-JTiloire.

Sepah 4, valvate, connate at base. Petals 6, valvatc, nearly equal, in 2 scries.
Torus convex. Stamens indefinite. Anther-cells extrorsc or sub-lateral, the con-
nective with a terminal process. Ovaries few or many. Style variable. Ovules 2,
almost basilar, collateral, ascending. Jiipe carpels deliiscent, tolliele-like, stalked.
Seeds 1 or 2, shining. Shrubs, with small wliite, leaf-opposed flowers.

A. LrzoNENSis, A. Gray. E.S. Pog'i Range. Martaban. Andamans.

A. Zeylanica, H. f. et Th.

CvAiuocALYX, Champion.

Sepals unitiil in a cyathifonn 3-toothed calyx. Petals 6, free, valvate in 2 rows.
concave at base. Stamens numerous, the connective truncate-dilated beyond the
anther-cells. Torus depressed, conical, concave. Carpels stditary, with many ovules

GG4 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

in a doul)le row alonn; the ventral suture. Sfigma large, peltate. Berry ovoid, large.
Small trees, with glabrous leaves, and solitary or clustered flowers.

C. Maetab.lnicus, H. f. et Th. E. T. Mai-taban. Tenasserim.

XYL0PIE.1-:.
Pdah rnlrate, connirent or liardly open, those of the outer row usualh/ thick, not
narrowed at base, and inclosing the 3 inner, smaller or minute ones, or the latter wanting.

* Ovules solitary.
Anona, Linnieus.

Sepals 3, valvate. Petals usually 6, valvate, in 2 series, the outer ones fleshy,
connivent or almost spreading, the inner ones almost conform, but somewhat smaller,
rarely wanting. Stamens numerous, the connective, beyond the anther-cells, ovate.
Torus hemispherical. Ovaries numerous, usually united with a solitary ovule in each.
Style oblong. Berries fleshy, connate into a many-colled oval or globular fiuit.
Trees or shrubs with solitary, terminal, or leaf-opposed flowers. The genus is
indigenous to America.

X Fruit areolafe.
*A. SQUAMOSA, L. Cultivated.

Au-za. Custard apple.
Leaves usually blunt, fruits with prominent convex arches.

* A. KETicuLATA, L. Cultivated.
Bullock's heart.

Leaves acuminate. Arcoles of fruit barely convex.

X X Fruit very huge. All parts glalrous.

* A. MrwcATA, L. Cultivated in Burma and the Xicobars.
Sour sop.

Aktabotrys, R. Brown.

Sepals 3, valvate in bud. Petals 6, valvate in 2 rows, concave at base, tho
flat or terete limb more or less spreading. Stamens numerous, the connective
truncate dilated beyond the anther-cells. Torus plano-convex. Ovaries numerous,
with 2 erect ovules in each, the style ovate, or linear-oblong. Berries variously
shaped. Shrubs with yellow or yellowish-white flowers, solitary or clustered.

§ Petal-limb fattened. Petals oblong laneeolate.
X Flowers rising from hooked peduneles.

A. CRASsiFOLiirs, H. f. et Th. E.JT.C. Tenasserim.

Leaves firmly coriaceous and glabrous. Young parts rusty-tomentose.

A. ODOEATissiMUS, E,. Br. Martaban. Tenasserim. Ava.

A. hamatus, Bl.
Uvaria nucata, Eoxb.
A. Blumei, H. f.
A. infermedius, Hassk.

Leaves thin coriaceous, glabrous.

X X Flowers rising without peduneles from lateral branchlets.
A. KuKzii, H. f. et Th. Eng forests of the Irrawaddy region.

Adult parts all glabrous. Toukya-gat. Martabau.

AXO.VACE^. 0G3

§ § Petal-liml terete or triqiiefroic,JfesJi;/, suhilale or linear.

A . BuRMANicrs, DC. E. W. C. Ava. Pegu. Tenasserim.

Mhopalopetalum miijtorum, (Jriff.

Petals triquetrous. Leaves pubescent below.

A. suAVEor.ENS, Bl. E.Jr.C. Chittagong. Tenasserim.

Petals terete. All parts glabrous.

PorowiA, Endlicher.
Sepals 3, ovate, valvate. Petals G, valvate in 2 series, tlie outer ones sepal-liko,
spreading, tlie inner ones thick, concave, connivcnt, acute or the tips retlexed.
Stamens indefinite or nearly so, cuneate. Anther-coUs dorsal, remote. Ocaries few,
about 6, ovoid. Sti/le oblong or almost clavatc, straight or recurved. Ovules 1-2 on
the ventral suture, rarely 1 and basilar. Carpels berry-like, stalked. Trees with
extra-axillary or leaf-opposed tlowcrs.

P. Helferi, n. f. et Th. Tropical forests of South Andaman and

adjacent islands.

P. PAnviFLOBA, Kz. Tropical forests of Kamorta. Car Xicoliar.

Trice and Track.
Berries 3-1-secdod.

MITSEPSORTE.E.

Petals valrate, the outer ones open, the inner ones erect, connivent or connate at their
tips and often claw-like, narrowed at the base.

* Petals of the inner row shorter or eqtially long.
f Petals not narrowed at tlie base or the claw-like base hruad.

OxrsiiTKA, Bluine.

Sepals 3, valvate, usually united at base. Petals 6, valvate in 2 series, the outer
ones elongated, narrow, the inner smaller and broader, sometimes narrowed at base.
Stamens numerous, linear obloug, the connective truncate. Torus conical or almost
truncate. Ovaries many, with 1 or 2 ascending ovules in eacli. Style obovate.
Berries stalked, 1-seeded. Shrubs or trees wilh usually large solitary flowers.

X Sepals short coriaceous, 2-3 lines long.
0. STEXOPETALA, H. f. ct Th. S. Upper Tenasserim.

Petals from a broad base narrowly linear, nearly 2 inches long, slightly pubescent.
0. MacClei,l.ixdii, H. f. et Th. E.S. Pegu Range.

Petals oblong lanceolate, blunt, very tliick, tawny puborulous.
0. UNON.KKOLiA, U. f. et Th. Tenasserim. Tavoy.

Imperfectly known.

X X Sepals large, membranous, nerved, 7-8 lines lung.
0. (Uvaria) fornicata, Roxb. S.S. Tenasserim and South Andaman.

GoNioTHAi.AMUs, Bhunc.

Sepals 3, usually large, valvate. Petals 6. in 2 rows valvate, the outer ones flat,
the inner ones united in a conical mitre, and at base narrowed into a broad claw.
Stamens numerous, the connective beyond the anther-cells ovate or capitate. Torus
truncate, or exoavato in the centre. Ovaries numerous with 2 superposed ovules in
each. Style oblong or elongated. Berries 1-seeded. Suuill trees or shrubs, with
solitary, axillary, or lateral flowers.

G. SESQrii'KDALls, Wall. E.S. Ava. Ivhakyen Hills. Tenasserim.

Flowers about 9 lines long.

6G6 BUR.VA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOyS.

G. Griffitiiii, H. f. et Th. E.S. Pegu Eango, East side, Martaban, Tc-nasserim.
Flowers about 2 inches long.

Melopokcm, Bum.

Sepals 3, small, united at base, valvate. Petals 6 in 2 rows, valvate, nearly
conform and thick-flcsby, tbe inner ones smaller, or triquetrous upwards. Slnmens
numerous, tbe connective beyond the anther-cells, oblong or truncate. Torus conical.
Oraries numerous, with 2 or more ventral ovules in each. Sti/Ie oblong. Carpels
berry-like, stalked. Shrubs, often scandcnt, with terminal or leaf-opposed flowers.

X Calyx cup-sliaped, Z-loled. Flotcers 4-5 inches long.
M. MACRANTHUM, Kz. E.T. Tropical forests of South Andaman.

X X Cahjx deeply irifid. Flowers small, 1 inch or less.
M. EUBiGiKOSTjji, H. f. et Th. E.S.S. Tropical forests of Chittagong,

Flowers an inch long. Carpels tomentose. Martaban, Tenasserim.

M. SCAXDEXS, Griff. Tenasserim.

M. Griffiihii, H. f. et Th. S.S.
Flowers 3-4 lines long.

M. VEEETJCosuM, H. f. ct Th. W. C. Ava. Khakyen Hills.

Flowers nearly an inch long. Carpels densely verrucosely pubescent.

M. (Uvaria) bicoloe, Roxb. E.S.S. Pegu Range, "Western Slopes. Ava.

Flowers 1 inch long. Cai'pels almost glabrous.

If Petals narrowed into curced not angular free slender cl'iws, the lamina cohering
in a sort of mitre.

MiTEErnoRA, Blame.

Sepals 3, orbicular or ovate. Petals G, in 2 rows, valvate, tbe outer ones free
and spieading, the inner ones clawed and cohering, their blades forming a mitre.
Stamens oblong, cuneate, the connective truncate-capitate. Oraries many, with numy
ovules in each, attached to the suture in 1 or 2 rows. Style oblong. Berries stalked.
Trees or shrubs, with rather conspicuous flowers.

X Flowers small, dicecious, about 3 lines long.
M. (TJvaeia) eeticulata, B1. S.T. Tenasserim.

X X Floicers conspicuous, 1-2 inches in diameter.

M. TOJiEKTosA, II. f. et Th. T. Chittagong. Pegii Range.

Leaves tomentose beneath. Flowers on short and thick pedicels.

M. vand,i;flora, Ez. Cliittagong. Pegu Range. Martaban.

Leaves almost glabrous. Flowers 1 inch in diameter, and on long slender pedicels.

There is a variety, chartacea, with broader leaves, thin papery, and above glaucous.
Wood is light-brown and perishable (Kurz).

Oeophea, Blame.

Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, valvate, in 2 series, the inner ones clawed and
cohering with their tips into a mitre-shaped cap. Stamens 6-12, ovoid, fleshy; the
anther-cells dorsal, large, continuous. Oraries 3-15, with 4 ovules in each. Style
short or none. Berries 1- or few-seeded. Trees or shrubs, with usually small axillary
flowers, solitary, fascicled, or cymose.

* Floirers very small, hardly 2 to 3 lines in diameter.
0. I'oi.TCARPA, A. DO. Tropical forests of the Andamans and

Mehidnrum monospermum, Kurz. the Salween Valley.

Leaves glabrous. Sejials minutely hispid, ciliale. Carpels globular, stalked.

AyoyACA\h: dillexiace.e. 667

0. nuxANDRA, Bl. Tenasseriin.

0. acuntinata, A. DC.

Leaves along the nerves pubescent. Sepals densely pubescent. Carpels elongated,
oblong, sessile.

** Flowers rather large, about an inch in diameter.
0. Katschallica, Kz. Katchall (Nicobars).

'■ It comes nearest to 0. Brandisii " (Kurz).

0. Beamdisii, H. f. et Th. Tropical forests of Tenasseriin.

Leaves rather largo, pubescent beneath.

SACCOrETALUM, BeiDictt.
S HoHSFiELDn, Binn. Katchall.

MELirsA, Lescheuaidt.

Flowers usually dicecious. Sfpals .3, minute, valvato, usually rcflexed. Petals
6, valvate, in 2 series, the outer ones minute and usually conform with the sepals,
the inner ones much longer, erect, connivent, sometimes cohering. Stamens few or
numerous, the connective hardly apiculate. Torus cylindiical. Ovaries numerous,
with 1 or 2, rarely more, ventral ovules in each. Style oblong. Berries globular or
oblong. Trees with solitary or clustered flowers.

X Pedicels 2-4 inches ling.

M. (TJvarta) villosa, Roxb. Ava. I'cgu. Rare in Tenasserim.

M. velutina, H. f. et Th.

Tha-bwot-gyi.

Tomcntoso. Berries tomentose. Shortly stalked.

X X Pedicels short, only C-10 linos long.

M. (Hyat.ostkmiia) Roxburguiana, Wall. T. Chittagong. Tenasserim.
J/. ( Ucaria) dioica, Roxb.
Pheeanthus dioicus, Kz.

Branchlets and leaves beneath rusty-pubescent. Flowers about A an inch long.
Pedicels bracted.

M. TEisiis, Kz. E.T. Ava. Khakyen Hills.

Loaves glabrous. Flowers nearly an inch long. Pedicels bracted.

M. scLEuooATiPA, Kz. T. ilartabau. Tenasserim.

Almost glabrous. Pedicels without bract.

* Sepals ttsualhj 5 or fewer. Petals uni-scriate.

Order DILLEXIACE.E.

Sepals usually 5 (rarely 4 or 6), persistent, imbiicate in asstivation. Petals .'y,
rarely fewer, deciduous. Stamens usually indetlnite and free, rarely variously connate
at base. Anthers adnate, dehiscing by lateral slits or by terminal pores. Gyneceium
free, of 1 or many distinct or coherent carpels. Ovules solitary, or many in each
carpel. Styles distinct, terminated by a single stigma. Ripe carpels cither capsule-
like, and opening along the top edge, or succulent and indehiscent, rarely crustaceous.
Seeds solitary or many, with an arillus. Embryo very small at the base of a fleshy
alliumen. Most species of this Order possess astringent properties. Tlu^ very soabrous
leaves of some are used for polishing wood. The fruits of Dillenia cuvelopud in
the enlarged fle-ihy calyx are eaten eitlier raw or cooked.

068 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

billexiej:.

Filaments equal. Anther-cells parallel. Trees or herbs. '

DiLLENiA, Linnaus.

Sepals and petals 5, spreadinp;. Stamens almost free. Carpels 5-20, arilicring
to the axis and united only by the ventral marjjin. Styles as many, stellately
reflesed. Ovules many, in 2 rows. Fruit indeliiscent, almost berry-Uke, 5 to
many-celled, inclosed in the fleshy calyx. Seeds in pulp, or pulploss without
arillus. Trees with large parallel-nerved leaves. Flowers white or yellow, solitary
or in lax panicles.

X Seeds along the margin hairg. Flou-ers rerg large, white.

D. Indica, L. E.T. Martaban. Tenasserim. Rather rare

JD. speeiosa, Thl)g. in the Pegu Kange.

D. elongata, Mic|.

Tha-lipyu.

X X Seeds smooth. Flowers gellow.
\ Calgx inibescent. Flowers solitarg.
D. puLCHEKKiMA, Kz. Pegu. Martaban.

I5yu or Hpyu.

Peduncles very long, straight. St3les 12.
D. AUBEA, Sm. n.S. Martaban. Tenasserira.

C. ornata, Wall.
Peduncles short and thick. Styles 10.

D. piLosA, lloxb. Andamans. Xicobars.

Peduncles very long and slender. Styles 6.

The insular species may require separation, as Kurz writes of it : ''I formerly
identified this tree with Eoxburgh's, but I now entertain great doubts as to the
correctness of my identification, having ascertained that the insular species is a
Southern form, which is unlikely to extend so far Xorth as Assam" (J.A.S.B. 1870,
Part ii. p. 115).

f f Flowers fascicled.

D. PAKViFLORA, Grifi. Pegu. Tenasserim, to 2000 feet.

Calyx and peduncles densely tomentosc. Styles 5-7.

Iff Calg.t and peduncles glabrous. Flowers fascicled.

D. scABKELLA, Roxb. ChittagoDg.
Peduncles bracted.

D. PENTAGTNA, Roxb. M.S. Pegu, Tcnasscrim to 2000 feet, M.F.
D.florihmda, H. f. and Th.

Zyn-bywon or Zym-byun.

Peduncles without bracts.

Mason calls the trees of this genus the "Magnolias of Burma," but in opposition
to general belief considers the wood to be the reverse of durable. Most authorities
however describe the wood of the Dillenias as strong and good, though rather coarse.
The large fruits the size of a small melon have when ripe a very pleasant smell,
something like that of an apple, but are terribly astringent. Elephants are however
very fond of them, and Mason says they are brought to the bazaars, and are a favourite
fruit with the natives, who put them into their stews or ' messes,' for a Burman
does not cat curry, or any dish containing butter. To the habitual chewers of
' pan ' the rougli asti'ingent flavour is doubtless not so disagreeable as it is to the
palate of a European.

DILLEXIACEJE. RANUNCULACEyE. 669

ACROTEEMA, JltcksOH.

Carpels 3. Stcmlcss licrbs, with radical luaves.

A. cosTATUM, Jack. ilauliuain.

A. Wiglitianum, Wall.

DEI.IMIE.E.
Filametits more or less dilated at apex. Anthers short, the cells diverging, or rarehj
parallel. Woody climbers.

Dklima, Llitnicus.

Sepals o. Petals 2-5. Filaments dilated at the upper end; outer cells much
diverging. Carpel solitaiy, 2-3-ovuled, almost globose, narrowed in a subulate style.
Ripe carpels follicle-like, coriaceous. Seed solitary, with a cup-shaped toothed arillus.
Climbers, with harsh leaves and small jianicled flowers.

D. sARjiExiosA, L. E.JF.C. C'hittngong. Ava. Pegu. Audamans.

Tkteacera, Llnnaus.

Sepals -4-6. Petals as many or fewer. Filaments dilated at apex. Anther-cells
distinct, or more or less diverging. Carpels 3-5, rarely fewer, many-ovuled. Oinlcs
in rows. Jtpe carpels follicle-like, coriaceous, 1-5-seoded. Arillus lacerate.
Climbers, with usually harsh leaves, and small wliite panicled flowers.

T. assa, DC. F. C. Chittagong.

T. trlffi/na, Eoxb.
T. HYGEOPmLA. Swamjis between the Hlcin and Irrawaddy Ivivers.

Order EAXUXCULACE.E.

Floicers hermaphrodite, regular, sometimes irregular and spurred. Sepals 3-5,
often petaloid, deciduous, rarely wanting. Stamens indeiinite. Anthers aduate,
opening by lateral slits, filaments subuhite. Arillus none. Stipules none. Herbs or
shrubs with opposite or alternate leaves. Many of the herbaceous species possess
acrid vesicatory and poisonous properties. A virulent poison is obtained from a species
of Aconttum in the liills Xorth of Ava.

clematidiea:.

Sepals ralrate. Carpels intli hlscent, with a solitary oiule or seed in each. Leaves
opposite. Usually woody climbers.

Clematis, Llnnaus.

No petals, or if any they gradually pass into stamens. Leares without tendrils.
The stems when fresh are often used I'or ropes and are very strong.

X Aclienes simply leaked, without feathery tail. Flowers large.

C. (Tualictuvm) luucrEATA, Roxb. C. Ava.

C. cadmia, liam.

X X Achenes terminating in a feathery tail.
f Leares simple.' All parts glabrous.

C. sMiLAciFoi.iA, Wall. IF.C. Ava. Tcnassorim.

C. subpeitata, Wall.
C. Munroiina, Wight.
C. inversa, Grifl'.

f f Leaves compound.

C. nETOYSARIFOLIA, DO. Tf'.C. PegU (?).

Anthers terminating in a subulate appendage.

670 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODCCTIOXS.

C. GouKiANA, Koxb. C. Ava. Tenasserira.

Leaflets serrate, glabrous, shining.

C. suBUMBELLATA, Kz. W.C. Slartaban. Karcn-ni.

C.forihunda, Kz.

Leaflets entire, tomentose.
■ C. HoTn.i, Kz. S.S. Kbakyen Hills.

Leaflets entire, glabrous.

C. AcrjiiNATA, DC. W.C. Martaban. Toung-ngoo 3000 to 4000

Filaments hairy. Flowers small. f^"*" ^^■»- Kbakyen Hills.

C. BucHANANiANA, DC. W.C. Martaban Hills.

Filaments hairy. Flowers large.

Xaeatelia, Be Candolle.

Petals terete, abruptly separated from the stamens. Leaves 2-foliolate, the petiole
tendril-bearing. Woody climbers of the tropical plains.

*N". (.\tragf.ne) ZErLANicA, L. Fegu. Ava.

N. dasijuveura, Korth.
Leaves tomentose.

*jN'. LAUiUFOLiA, "Wall. Martaban. Tenasserim.

All parts quite glabrous.

EANUNCTLIE.E.

Sepah inihricate. Carpels with a solitary ascending ovule or seed in each. Achenes
indehitccnt. Jlerbs or jyereiinials.

EAxrxcrLus, T.innans.

*R. DTFFusrs, DC. Ava. Bhamo.

£. snb-pinnatus, W.A.
A spreading creeping pubescent annual.
*R. scELEEATUs, L. On mud banks between Prome and Henzadah.

li. Indicus, Roxb.
An erect, glabrous, somewhat succulent annual.

SELlIiBORIi:^^.

Sepals indricafe. Petals small, deformed, or sometimes none. Carpels tnany-seeded,
dehiscent. Usually herbs.

KiGELiA, Linnaus.
Petals small or clawed, never spurred. Carpels more or less connate.

*N SATIVA, L.

N. Iiidica, Roxb.

Sa-mung-net. The small fennel flower, or ' Devil in a bush,' or the 'Kalnnja,'
or 'Kala-jira,' of Indian Bazaars. "The seeds of this plant, which were formerly
used for pepper, are valued by the inhabitants for their carminative properties, but
the plant is rarely seen in cultivation. The Hebrew word which in Isaiah is rendered
'ftehes' designates this plant, but not in Ezekiel, where the original word for
' ftchcs ' signifies ' spelt,' a species of wheat " (Mason).

The seeds are black, triangular, and have been likened to coarse gunpowder.
They are warm and stimulating, and therefore used to mix with unpalatable drugs.

RAXiWCTLACEyE. 671

They are also supposed to stimulate the secretion of milk, and are mixed in curry or
adiiiiriistcred to nursiug mothers with that object, and they enter into the composition
of chutnies.

DKLPniXIUM. •

Petals small, 2-1, the two upper prolonged into a pointed spur.
*D. Ajacis. Cultivated.

Larkspur.

Having now completed the review (so far as the imperfect record in the foregoing
pages deserves the uuine) of the plants and animals of Burma, nothing remains for the
Editor save to close Ids labours with an exi)ression of the strong testimony which, in
his opinion, the contemplation of the works of Xature bears to the presence through-
out of Providential design. Theology has been too much discredited, and rightly, by
the well-meant and sincere, but not the less absurd and misdirected efforts of school-
men, to elucidate the mystery of the unseen and declare the laws and principles of the
universe, in accordance with their own preconceived views of the fitness of things. In
the hands even of a Milton, and as an avowed eflort of the imagination, this tampering
with the impenetrable mystery of being, with the result of making " God the Pather
turn a School divine," is at the present day somewhat of a pitiable spectacle, but
when pressed further, and identified with a dogmatic assertion of spiritual truth,
becomes offensive and (using the phrase in its proper sense) blasphemous — " Who
is this that darkencth counsel by words without knowledge?" Job. xxxviii. 2.

With a wider knowledge of Nature than was possessed by schoolmen of this
class, came a reaction against all confident assertions of the relation of man to the
universe, resulting in that form of ' agnosticism,' which those of the ' old religion '
characterize by a harsher and more opprobrious term. Here the study of Xature
comes in as a corrective, just as the mcdiieval conception of a camel, as it was
presumed to be, stands corrected by our knowledge of a camel, as we find that it
now-a-days is ; and whilst admitting that there are some subjects, which, even in
their physical relations, such, for example, as matter and space, we must admit to
be beyond the grasp of the human mind, yet that same mind, limited as its powers
are in particular directions, nevertheless compels us to admit that uU we see around
us is not the result of blind chance. In the very existence of the creature,
an ' agnostic ' may read in signs not to be misunderstood the antecedent interference
of a Creator, and without attemptiug to fathom what by us is unfathomable, we are
compelled to own that inanimate nature teaches a no less significant lesson than does
the animate world, whereof we ourselves are a part, of the power, glory, and per-
vading presence of the unseen Author of all.

Sol qualis nitoat, quali sit origine natus.

Indicia, assiduo dum redit orbe, facit ;
Per quascumque vagum late jubar extulit eras,

Sedulus Aititiccm prxdicat iUe suum.

Cum modo victrices descondunt Vesperis umbrae,

Exci])it alternam luna diserta vicem ;
Et sua miranti memorans primordia terra;,

Edita quo fundat lumina forte, refert.

lUius irtherium quot servant sidera cursum,

Quot gyri in coulo, noctivagajque faces,
Singula confirmant cantu, qua) singula narrant

Et capit unanimes axis uterque modes.

Psalm xi.\-, W. G. Humphrey, Arundtnes Carm. p. 34-5.

672

APPENDIX A.

PART I. ADDENDA.

1''HE follo-n-ing list of plants is composed mainly of species (communicated to me
by the llev. C. Parish) which, though referred in the Flora Indica to Burma,
are not mentioned by Kurz, in some cases perhaps, from their not being recognized
specifically Ly tliat botanist, in others, from his not being possessed of the store of
materials accu undated at Kew. A few species already enumerated, but again given
for some additional information of habitat or synonymy, are included in brackets,
and for fuller details the reader is referred to Hooker's great work above quoted.

P. 145 (before Potajie:e).

Order APOXOGETE.E.

APONOGETOJT ITXDDLAIUM.

An aquatic stemless herb, with starchy rhizome.
P. 220 (before Baianophoee^).

Order PODOSTEiTACE.!?.

Aquatic herbs, sometimes frondose, often resembling Alya or Mepaticece. One
genus only is Indian.

E UPODOSTEMA CIE^.

Flowers hermaphrodite, tcithout perianth, and inclosed in an invohicre. Ovary
'2-S-celled icith axile placentas, or 1-celled with a central placenta.

HYDEoiiEYUM LICHENOIDES, Kz. Mai'taban.

Leaves very few, scale-like at the base of the pedicels. Pedicels filiform, half
a line long. Capsules globose, a quarter line in diameter, broadly 8-ribbed. Ehizome
broad, lobed and membranous, applied to the earth or rocks, and up to 3 lines in
length. Discovered by the Rev. C. Parish near Maulmain.

Order CERATOPHYLLE-E.

Flowers monoecious, sessile in the axils of the leaves, involucrate, aehlamydeous.
Anthers numerous. Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled. Ovule pendulous, orthotropous.
Albumen none. Aquatic, submerged, branched herbs.

CEEATornrLLUM, Linna:us.
Stamens several. Styles 2. Fruit a nut.

C. PEMERSUM, L.

C. verticillatum, Roxb.

A PP EX nix A. PART I. G73

rii<ic220. Onki- liALAXOPHORE^.

Langsdouffia Ixdica. Hook. Iconcs, I'lautarum, tub. 205 b.
A parasite on roots of trees.

rago221. Order SAiSTALACEiE.

Hf.nslowia Hookeuiaxa. Tenasserim. Maulmain.

Page 280. Order rilOTEACEiE (after Eleagxk.t:).

*UrEVILLKA ROIUSTA.

A tree of Australia with piiiiiatitid foni-likc leaves of a prevailing grey colour.
Mr. I'arish adds: "I introduced it into Jfanlmain, and left two fine specimens at
my departure, one in my compound in cantonments, and the other iu the Luiial-
ground. They must have been JO feet high when I left."

P. 317. Order ACVNTHACEiE.

„ EbERMERIA LErCOIloTKYS.

P. ."il. Order GESXERACE^ (after Ei-iTnEUA).

,, B.EA, sp.

P. 322. Order UTRICULARE.E (Lentibulamacejc).

„ UlEICULAlUA FLEXUOSA, Valll.

P. Zi\. Order CONVOLYULACE^.

„ Ir03ia:A FILICAULIS, Bl.

p. 333. Caltstegia hedeiucea.

p. 344. Order APOCYXE.E.

„ Caiussa sFiNARnr, A. DC.

P. 34o. Ru wor.FiA Peguaxa, Kz.

,, R. MicKOCAiti'A, Hook. f. Upper Burma ("Wallich).

,, OcHUOSIA BoKliO.NICA, timel.

P. 346. IIiNTERiA eoRVMDOsA, Roxb. Tuvoy.

p. 348. (Vai.i.aris IIey.nei).

Kurz says : " The follicles are always solitary." " On the contrary, having had
an immense plant of this species under ni}- eye tor many years, I can testify to their
being as often twiu."^C. Parish.

P. 348. Paramekia roi.y.vEMA, IF. f.

P. 350. MiciiocniTES poi.a'antha, lliip

,, Wrigutea tomextosa, Rocm ct Sehult.

,, SlRorHANTUlS Wam-iciiii, A. DC.

p. 371. Order VACCLXIACE.E.

,, (Agapetes macrostemox, Clarke) = V. sktigera, Don.

A. SALiGXA, Hook. f. jiaulmain, 5000 feet (Lobb).

A. Parishii, Clarke. Xat-toung, (iOOO feet (Parish).

,, A. MACHAxniA, Hook. f. Kala-nia-toung (Lobb).

,, A. iiKAcrEATA, Hook. f. Dauna-toung, 5000 feet (Parish).

,, A. CAMPAXL-L.vrA, Clarke. Xat-toung (Parish).

P. 372. VACCTXirM arpisioides, Hook. f. Xat-toung (Parish.).
,, V. Baxcaxim, iriip Martaban (Kurz).

P. 373. Order ERICACEJE.

Parish records 7?. Veitchianum from lloolee-it at 6000 feet,
and R. Parisuii, Clarke. Moolcc-it.

VOL. II. 43

674

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

574.

P. 375.

579.

Older C.\MPA]Sn[JLACE^.

CoDONOPSis CELEBiCA, Bl. ChittagoDg. Burniii.

Lobelia microcaepa, Clarke. Tenasscrim.

L. TiuALATA, Ilam. Pegu at 5000 feet.

L. pyramidaUs, Wall. Syn. of L Wallichiajn'a.

P.

382.

p.

383.

p.

385.

J»

p.

389.

p.

390.

At 5000 to 6000 feet.

P. 392.

P. 394.

P. 398.

Order COMPOSITE
Wedelia TVallichti, Less.
Artemisia CAEriFOLiA, Ham.

IXVLA EUPATORIOIDES, DC.

GxAPHELIUil PULVINATCM, Dolile.
SPII.ERANTHUS AfEICASUS, L.

Laggera alata, Bchultz.

COSTZA VISCIDULA, "Wall.
C. STRICTA, Willd.

DiCROCEPHALA LATIFOIIA, DC.

Lagenopiiora BiLLARiiiERi, Cass.
Gtihfra angulosa, DC.

G; PSEUDO-CHINA, DC.

Senecio Zeylanicfs. DC.

S. DEXSlFlORrs, "Wall,
var. Pnrhhii.
var. Lohhii.

"Verxonia Helferi, H. f.

V. LOBBII, H. f.

V. CLiTORUM, Less.

V. CIXEREA, L.

V. SOLANIFOLIA, Bontll.

V. Parishii, H. f.

V. SCAXDENS, DC.

Saussueea aefinis, Sprcng.
Ceepis acaitlis, H. f.

,, C. SiLHETENSIS, H. f.

(Included no doubt by Kurz under C. Japoxica. — "W.T.)

P. 402. Prexaxthes Hookeri, Clarice. Martaban Hills (Kurz).

„ Lactuca sAGiTTiEFOLiA, Clarke. Upper Burma.

,, L. POLYCEPIEALA, Clarke.

P. 436. Order "UMBELLIFER^E.

,, PiiirixELLA ixvoLUCRATA, 'R(is.h.= Candti Itoxhurffhianuiii, Benth.

P. 440. Order FICOIDE.^.

,. TuiAXTHEiiA MOXOGTNE, L. = T. obcordutii, Eoxb.

p. 443. Order BEGONIACE^.

,, Begoxia dfx, Clarke. Moolee-it (Parish).

„ B. alceoida, Clarke. Limestone Piocks, Maulraain (Parish).

{B. Cathcartii, H. f.). Ryn. of B. XEJiorniiA, Kz. (Parish).

Limestone Hills, Maulmain (Parish).

Arakan.

Limestone Hills, ]\ranlmain (Parish).

Limestone Hills, Maulmain (Parish).

Maulmain (P.).
Martaban. K. (?).

Trnasserim (Parish).
Nat-toung at GOOO feet (Parish).
Thouug-yeen ut 5000 feet (Lobb).

Hills along the Attaran (Parish).

P. 400.
P. 401.

(B, modestiflora, Kz.)

(B. SURCULIGEEA, Kz).

B. TRicrsriDATA, Clarke.

B. TBiRADiATA, Clarke.

B. Maclmaixexsis, Clarke.

Maulmain (Lobb).

A I'P j:\dix a. part r. bto

p. 443. B. iiAitiiATA, Willi. Burma and Chittagong.

„ B. i.NTKiiiuFor.iA, Dalzell. JIuulmum (rarisli).

,, B. cioNioTis, Clarko. Burma at 3000 to 4000 ft. (Griffitli).

„ B. sANDAi.iFoLiA, Clorkc. Burma (Griffith).

,, B. rAKisini, Clarke. Limestone Hills, !Maulmain (Parish).

„ B. CRE\.\TA, Dryauilcr. Tcnasscriin (UoltV'r).

,, B. DELicATui.A, Palish. Limestone Rocks, MaulniaiH(Parish).

,, B. FiBEOSA, Clarke. Limestone Rocks, Maulmain(Parish3.

P. 44.5. Order CUCURBIT AC E^Tl.

,, Tkicuosaxtiiks palmata, Roxlr.= jr. bracteaia, Kz.

,, T. sirLTiLOBA, Miijuel. Bhamo.

P. 44G. LUFFA ACTTAXliCLA, Roxb.

p. 447. (TnLADiAN'TiiA DUBiA, Bungu).
A Japanese plant. The confusion arose out of a misrepresentation in Bot. Mag. t. .'JIGO.

P. 447. MOMORDICA DALSAMIXA, L.

,, "^'CnRULLrs coLOCY.Nxnis, Schrad. Cultivated.

P. 448. *CucrRBiTA MAXIMA, Dueh. Cultivated.

,, *C. PKPO, DC. Cultivated.

,, Melothria WALLicnrr, Clarke. Prome (Wallich).

P. 449. RnrxcnocARPA fcetida, Schrad. Ava (Wallich).

,, Alsomfira CLAViGEiLV, Hook. f. Tcuasserim (Heifer).

,, Z-VNOXIA IXDICA, L.

p. 450. Order SAMYDACE.E.

,, Casfarfa graveolex.s, Dalz.

,, C. tomenfosa, Roxb. = C. Caxziala, Wall.

„ C. LoBBiANA, Turczaninow. Maulmain (Lohl)).

,, C. KuRzii, Clarke.

p. 456. Ammaxia BUCcrFKRA, L. Burma.

P. 458. Order LYTHRARI.E.

,, SOXSEUATIA ALBA.

P. 4C1. Order MELASTOMACE^E.

,, Otaxthf.ra MoLcccAXA, Bl. Mergui (Griffith).

„ 0. NicoHARKXsis, Teysm. Js'icobars.

,, PnYLLAGATUis ROTUXiiiFOLiA, Bl. Andamans (Heifer).

P. 462. OxYsroRA vaoaxs. Wall. Chittagong (Roxb.).

P. 463. SoxERiLA EKixTA, Jack. Sfaulmain (Lohb).

„ (S. ncTA, Korth.). Mauluiain (Parish), Mcrgui (Griff.).

,, S. xuDiscAi'K, Kurz. ^Icrgui (GritHth), Andamans (Ilelfer).

,, (S. MACULATA, Roxb.) = S. Brai)(Jisia)ui, Kurz.

„ (Sarcopykamis LAXCEOLATA, "^ ii\\.) = S. Xtpalensis, Wall.

,, (AxPLECTRUM eijatiocarptim) — A.. oLArcuM, Triana.

,, Mari-.mia reticul.wa, W. Tenasserira.

P. 464. (Meukcylon i.iEViG.\TPM) = J/. jw<rc/;yf/<r»i(r, Wall.

„ (M. CEL.\sTRixrM, Kz.) = M. OKAXDE, Ritz. var.

P. 466. (M. edvi.e, Roxb.) = J/. umbellatum, Burra.
,, 31. piDielatiiM, Presl. = J/'. scutelltitum, Xand.

„ M. ovatum, Smitli.

„ M. iiETEnorLEtHiM, Bl. Burma (Griffith).

,, jr. GRAXDE, RetZ.

,, *.\L AMi'i.ExicACLE, Roxb. In gardens.

M. IXTF-UMEDICM, Bl.

676 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

P. 466. Order JlYllTACE^.

,. Beceia FKiTTESCBifs, L. Burma (Griffith).

,, Leptosperiicji jAVAXiCTir. Maulmain (Lobb).

P. 450. Order SAllYDACE^.

,, Casearia grateolexs, Dalz.

,, C. TOilEXTOSA, PiOxb.

„ C. EscuLENTA, Euxb. iraulmain (Lobb).

,, C. LonBiANA, Turczaninow. ^Maulmain (Lobb).

,, C. KuKzii, Clarke.

P. 483. Order DEOSEEACEiE.

„ (Deoseea BrEii.i>;xi, YhL).

"Grows abundantly on the sandy flats a littlo way from the sea, between Tavoy
and Heuzai" (Parish).

P. 485. Order ROSACE.E.

,, PAKEKAEirM cosTATriF, lil. and
,, p. Suniafranum, Bunth. aud petrocari/a, Jack.

,, P. Griffithiaxum, Benth. Tenasserim and the Andamans (Heifer).

„ (P. Sumairaxum, Kurz Flora, non Bush)- P. Helfeei, Hook. f.

P. 486. Pyg^uh CAi'iTELLATrji, Hook. f. Tenasserim (Heifer).

P. 487. Eriobotuta latifolia, Hook. f. ilaiilmain (Lobb).

,, E. Bexualensis, Hook. f. Ava (Wallieh), Tenasserim (Heifer).

P. 489. Pa-Drs hexagynts, Eoxb. Khakyen Hills.

„ a. pi/siyhi/Ks.

,, E. BiKMAXicus, Hook. f. Burma (Griffith).

P. 490. (E. flava).

„ a. ellipticus, Smith.

,, DocYxiA IxniCA, Dem. Burma (Kurz).

,, PorRTiii.EA AEGUTA, Dcm. Burma (Griffith).

P. 494. Order LEGUMINOS^.

,, Desmopium oblatum, Baker.

,, D. KoTTLEEi, Baker. Prome (Wallich).

P. 499. LoUEEA TESPERTILIOXIS, DeSV.

,, L. oiicoRPATA, Desv. (Wallieh).

,, L. CAiirAXULATA, Benth. Ava (WuUieh).

Uraria repasda, Wall.

Sjiithia gemixiflora, Eoth. Tavoy.

(Abrus L^viGATrs). Tavoy, sca-shore (Parisli).

Galactia oxyphylla, Benth. Tavoy (Gomez), Amherst (Parish).

YiGXA LUCENs, Baker. Tavoy (Gomez).

Phaseolus calcaeatus, Eoxl).

P. Fuscus, Wall. Prome (Wallich).

P. TELUTixus, Grab.

DOLICHOS CILIATUS, Klein.

Glycine javanica, L.
Atylosia scAnAB-F;oiDEs, Benth.

EltlOSEMA VISCOSA, Bl.

Flejiingia Wallichii, W. et A. Prome (Wallieh).
F. ixvoLrcEATA, Benth.

p

500.

p.

501.

p.

503.

p.

504.

p.

508.

p.

509.

»»

>J

p.

510.

p.

513.

))

p.

514.

p.

515.

p.

530.

p.

537.

It

p.

535.

p.

533.

A/'PL'.VDIX .1. PART I. 677

p. 519. CrOTALAIUA SKMPKItFI.OUKNS, Vcilt.
,, , C. LXCA.XA, L.

P. 520. (P.uiocHETUs COMMUNIS, Hum.). Top of Moolec-it (Parish).

P. 521. IxDicoFKiu coKDiFOLiA, Hcync.

p. 527. Dalbekgia glomkkifloRvV.

p. 529. Derris dalbergioidks, Bukcr.

,, D. ELEGAXS, Bt'Ulll.

,, D. FERRIGIXEA, liollth.

P. 539. Meloxeurim Sumatuaxum, W. et A.

„ PlEROLomiJI IXDICUM, A. llicli.

Cassia abscs, L.

Saraca LonnrAXA, Baker.
S. IRIAXDUA, Baker.

Afzelia Palemhaxii'a, Baker.

Bafhixea tomentosa, L.

„ B. semitrifida, Bo.\b. Tenasserim (Heifer).

„ B. glabrifolia, Baker. Teuasserim (Heifer).

„ B. DivERGEXs, Baker. Burma (Griffith).

,, B. BRACTEATA, GraliaiD.

P. 541. Parkia BiGLA>'Dni.osA, AV. et A.
,, P. KoxiCEGHii, G. Uon.

P. 545. PiTnECOLOBruM bigemixum, Bcnth.
,, Callidura umbeosa, Bcnth.

P. 556. (Dittelasma rarak).

Mr. Parish adds: "I left a fine yoviiig tree ^vhich I raised from seed in my
compound, Maulmaiu cantonments ; it must have been some oO feet liigh wlieu
I left in 1876."

P: 557. Order SAPINDACEJ5.

„ ALLOPITTLLrS Loiilll, Bl.

p. 559. XErnELiuM mctabile. Eharao (Griffith).

P. 561 . JisCELus PANDUANA, Wall. Wayta-maiTug, near the three Pagodas (P ).

P. 5G4. Order AMPELIDiE.

,, YiTIS PALLIDA, "\V. et A.

„ V. IXDICA, L.

„ V. AUEIC0LATA, Roxb.

„ Y. TENUIFOI.IA, "W. et A.

,, PEDATA, Yahl.

P. 670. Order BHAMNACE.E.

,, RHAiiscs NiPALEXsis, Wall. Buriua (Griffith).

P. 572. Order CELASTRINE.E.

„ Celastrus stti.osa, \Yall. Burma (jraeClelland).

„ KiERiMiA puLcnERRiMA, \Yall. Bui'ma (Griffith, llelfer).

P. 574. LoPHOPETAM'-M CEEASTROIDES, Laul.

,, L. FiLiEORME, Lam. Mergui (Griffith).

P. 573. S.u,AciA viMixEA, Wall. Burma (Griffith, Heifer).

P. 574. HiPPOCRATEA OBTCSIFOLIA, Eoxb.

r. 576. Order OLACIXE.E.

„ Ol2X Mergiexsis, Planch. Buriua (Griffith).

678 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

P. 578. GoMPHANDEA CEASsiPES, Mart.

p. 579. Sakcosiioma WALLicnn, Baill.

P. 580. Order CHAILLETIACE^.

,, Challletea LOKGiPETAiA, Turc. Morgui (Heifer).

P. 581. Order MELIACEJ5.

,, ITelia BUBLi, Cass.

p. 583. Aglaia Roxbueghiana, Miq. Eurma (Heifer).

P. 584. Amooea Chittagonga, Hiern.

P. 588. Order OCHNACEiE.

,, OcHNA pniriLA, Ham.

,, 0. BEEViPES, Planch.

P. 589. Order SIMARUBE^.

,, Bamadeba ltjcida, Wall. Burma (Heifer).

P. 591. Order EUTACE^.

,, Zauthoxylon eetsa, DC.

P. 592. MuERAi'A EioxGATA, Alphonsc DC.

p. 595. CiTEUs.

Parish remarlis: "I have gathered wild oranges of good size, hut of an in-
different cliaracter, in the Tenasserim jungle on the Eastern border, but 1 do not
know what species."

P. 597. Order GEEANIACE^.

,, (OxAiis COEKICULATA, L.) A wecd, introduced, jf^/g Parish.

P. 598. (Impatiexs Paeishii and CiECiEoiDEs).

Of both species Parish remarks: "A lovely little plant, abundant during the
rains on the limestone rocks, Maulraain."

P. 599. Order MALPIGHIACE^.

,, HiPTAGE inADABLoiA, Gacrtn.

P. GOO. Order ZYGOPHTLLACE^.

„ TRIBULrS TEEEESTEIS, L.

P. 601. Order LUSTED.

,, (ERrinEOXTLON KuNIHI.iJ^Crjl).

,, var. ? Paeishii. Top of Dauna-toung (Parisli).

P. 604. Order TILIACEJE.

,, Grewia ttmbellata, Piosb.

,, G. multefloka, Juss.

,, G. POLTGAJIA, Rosb.

p. 605. TRrriiFETTA semiteiloba, L.

p. 606. Plagiopteeon feageans, Griff.

P. 008. Eljeocaepds cuxeatus, Wight.

,, E. tubeeculates, Roxb.

,, E. OBLONGUs, Gaertn.

,, E. MoxscEEA, Cav.

P. 609. *Malvasteusi spicatum, A. Gray. Mergui (Griffith).

P. 611. TJeexa sixuata, L.

APPENDIX A. PART I. 679

P. 616. TTr Risers RADiATUs, "Wall.

P. G18. Dnao ir.u-ACCKNsis, Planch. "Wild Duriau.

P. 6:20. Order STERCULIACEJE.

,, StEBCUXIA GUTl'ATA, Roxb.

„ S. STUIATIFLORA, ilasters. Burma (Griflltli).

,, S. RUDrGINOSA, Ycnt.

,, S. CAMPAXULATA, Wall.

p. 621. Heritiicra fojies, Buch.

,, Kleinhovia iiospita, L.

p. 622. Helicteues AXfirsTiEoi.iA, L.

,, H. siucATA, Colebr.

,, PlEROSPERllUlr SCABEEIFOLIUM, Lam.

p. 623. Erioljena quinqueloctji-abis, "VN'ight.

„ Melhania Hamiltoniaxa.

,, MELocniA VELUTiNA, Bcddome.

r. 625. Order DIPTEROCARPE^.

„ AxciSTROCLADUS EXTEXsus, "^'all. Burma (Heifer).

„ A. ATTENUAius, Dyer.

P. 630. "\^ATiCA GEAXDIFLORA, DycT. Burmu ("Wallidi).

,, V. FAGiNKA, Dyer. Burma (Heller).

„ V. Helferi, Dyer. Mergui (Heifer).

P. 633. Order TERjS"STR(EMIACEiE.

,, (ScniJiA CEEXATA, KoTih.)=: Gordoiiid Jfofibioida, "Wall.

P. 635. Gaecixia xANiHocHmus, Hook. f.

P. 636. CALOPUrLLUM EETUSUII, "Wall.

p. 611. Order POLYGALACEiE.

,, PoLYuAXA TEipnYLii, Ham. Ava (Wallicli).

P. 645. Order BIXINEiE.

„ Flacourtia ECKAjr, Zoll. et iloritz. Mergui (Griffith).

,, r. RAMoxTCiir, L'Heritier.

P. 617. Order TIOLACEiE.

„ (Viola serpens, "Wall.). Dauna-touiig, 1-5000 feet (Parish).

P. 651. Order CAPPARIDACE.ai.

,, Capparis texeea, Dalz.

P. 655. Order BERBERIDACEiE.

,, (Bekbeeis Nipalexsis, Sprcngl.)
Parish remarks: "The Flora of British India gives 'Mergui, Griffith,'' but
I venture to think there must be some error here."

P. 659. Order MAGNOLIACEJ-:.

„ Tai.auma unigera, Hook. f. et Th.

P. 664. Order AKOXACE.E.

,, Artahotrvs speciosus, Kurz.

P. 663. PoLYAI.THKIA MAOROPHYLLA, Hook. f. et Til.

P. 665. (PopowiA Helferi, Hook. f. ct Th.) King's Island, "Nrergui (Heifer).

Maulmaiu (Parish).

680 BCIiMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

P. 667. S-VccorKTALUM SCLEEOCARPDM, Hook. f. ct Th. ilartaliiin (W;illicli).
P. 668. Older DILLENIACE^.

,, DiLLEXIA GKAXDIFOLIA, Wall.

ADDITIONAL OllCHIDS.

MiCEOsTTLis TEILOBULATA, Kui'z. Gai'd. Chron. Sept. 23, 1882.

LiPAEis GEOS.SA, K. fil. Gard. Chron. Jan. 27, 1883. Near to L. PACinTus.

BuLBopHTLLTTM cuPEEUM, var. FLATDM, Gard. Cbron. March 11, 1881.

" A variety with light yellow flowers instead of the red ones." The so-called
variety is, from my experience, the prevailing one. I never saw "red" flowers,
though I have seen dull rufous ones. — C.P.

Dendrobium (Pedilonum) Ioxopus, K. fil. Gard. Chron. Dec. 23, 1882.
Dendeobium secundum, var. niveuji. Gard. Chron. June 3, 1882.
Dendrobiuji Dearei, K. fil. Gard. Chron. Sept. 16, 1882. Buiina?
Dendeobium Lubbeesianum, E. fil. Gard. Chron. April 8, 1881.

" In growth like a small D. formosum. The flowers are much like those of
D. cariiiiferum. Sepals and petals yellowish-white, with a white chin. On each
of the lateral divisions of the 3-lobed lip tliere is a cinnabar blotch, and the same
colour is seen at the base of the middle lobe."

Dendeobium DALnorsiANUM, var. Rossianum. Gard. Chron. June 17, 1882.

"A variety described as differing from the normal plant in its shade of yellow
(' nankin '), somewliat shaggier lip and richer markings on the stem-sheath.

"These slight difterences are carefully noted and made the most of by Orchid
growers at home with a view to a new name, and the conscipiently increased sale
of the plant ; but their utter want of value is soon learnt by observers of Orchids
in their native wilds." — C.P.

CcELoorNE BRACHTPTEEA, Pi.fil., ncarto C. LENTiGiNOSA. Gard. Chron. July 2, 1881.
Aeeides EjiERcrr, R. fil. Gard. Chron. Nov. 4, 1882.

Exceedingly close to A. vivens.

THRixPEEirrii Pereleyi, R. fil. Gard. Chron. April 29, 1881. Andamans?

A species with terete leaves.

Vanda Boxallii, var. Cobbiana. Gard. Chron. Dec. 17, 1881.
Vaniia PAKismr, var. MAECorriAXA. Gard. Chron. Juue 12, 1880.

A distinct variety as far as colour is concerned, as the flowers are wholly purple.

Vanda Vipani, R. fil. Gard. Chron. July 29, 1882.

For an account of the fertilization of Orchids consult Darwin's work on that
subject. Le Maout also observes: "In Orchidete, owing to the consistence of their
pollen, extraneous agency is required to ensure fertilization, which, as in Asclcpiadea,
is efl'ected by insects ; and in our hot-houses, where these auxiliaries are wanting, fertili-
zation must be artificially secured. In some species the lip is irritable ; it oscillates
opposite the column (^Megacliniitm'), or turns round it {Culeana); on an insect settling
on the surface of the lip, the latter quickly approaches the column, and presses the
insect against it, which in its eflorts to disengage itself, breaks up and crushes the
pollen-masses, and spreads them over the stigma."

681

APPENDIX A.

PxVRT II.

FIRE BY FllICTIOX (Page 103).

ANOTHER method of ohtaininp; fire from bamboos is thus doscribed by Capt. T.
H. Lcwiii, as ])rai.-tiscd in the Chittagong Hills. "The Tipperahs make use
of an ingenious deviee to obtain fire ; they take a piece of dry bamboo, about a foot
long, split it in half, and on its outer round surface cut a nick or notch, about an
ciglith of an inch broad, circling round the semi-circumference of the bamboo,
shallow towards the edges, but deepening in the centre until a minute slit of about
a line in breadth, pierces the inner surface of the bamboo fire-stick. Then a flexible
strip of bamboo is taken, about li feet long and an eighth of an inch in breadth,
to tit the circling notch or groove in the fire-stick. This slip or band is rubbed -with
fine dry sand, and then passed round the fire-stick, on -n-hich the operator stands,
a foot on cither end. Then the .slip, grasped firmly, an end in each hand, is pulled
steadily back and forth, increasing gradually in pressure and velocity as the smoke
comes. liy the time the fire-band snaps with the friction, there ought to appear
through the slit in the fire-stick some incandescent dust, and this placed, smouklering
as it is, in a nest of dry bamboo shavings, can be gently blown into a flamo." —
Hill Tracts of Chittiujong and the Dwellers therein, Calcutta, 18G9, p. 83.

COCOS N'UCIFER.\. (Page 143).

The native plan of soaking, crushing, and carding the strongly cohering fibre of
the cocos husk (coir), which now occupies weeks and months, and entails severe
manual labour to carry out, will, it can scarcely be doubted, be entirely replaced
in future, or so soon as Europeans devote themselves to its manufacture by the
Ekman (Patent) process or some similar one. A late experiment on this material
is thus described by Mr. Christy :' —

" At the reijuest of ilr. Hindc some husks were put in the cylinder by 5[r.
Ekman, and they yielded in one hour a fibre that could be removed with the hand,
the soft pithy waste disa])pcaring. The fibre when dry was strong and had a good
colour. It is quite a mistake to suppose that the fibre can be simply extracted by
boiling in water." With this result of the ' Ekman ' process before us, who can
doubt the enormous supply of cordage and textile fibres that Burma is capable of
yielding, as numbers of other palms, rattans, and other vegetable i)roducts, which
may be had for the cost of gatlun-iug, treated as the above ' husks ' were, would
yield similar and even superior products ? The Forest Department would do wisely
to purchase the right of using this process in experimenting on Burmese forest-
products and similar materials.

' Xcw Commercial Plants aud Drugs, Xo. 6, p. -yl.

682 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOyS.

DEATH OF KAYKREE (Page 188).

The follo-uing note, communicated by the Eev. C. Parish, points out an ap-
palling danger, wliich may through want of care or foresight overtake the sportsman
or collector in the raukly luxuriant jungles and savannas of Burma.

"Before leaving the subject of Orchids, perliaps I may be allowed to say a few
words on the sad end of my poor old collector — Kaylcrcc by name, and by race a
" Mug," or native of Arraeun.

"He came to me about the year 1859 from Gen. Johnson, in whose service at
Toung-ngoo he developed a taste for observing and collecting wild flowers. "When
Gen. Johnson left Toung-ngoo, Kaykree accompanied him to the, Nilgiris, but, after
a short stay there, he begged permission to be allowed to return to Burma. On his
return ho entered my service, in no very definite capacity at first ; but, as he proved
himself to he extremely intelligent in the recognition of plants, and was evidently
fond of jungle life, I soon found him congenial employment, and he became finally
my botanical collector. I purchased a boat, of which he was to all intents and
purposes the owner, and as he was fond of sport after his fashion, I gave him a gun ;
and it was this last gift which, unhappily, like Nessus' shii-t, proved the cause of
his death.

" He invariably accompanied me in my journeys, whensoever I left home, and
when in the jungles with me, he acted as guide, interpreter, and general factotum.
As, after a while, he became well known in all the villages far and near, I never
found any difficulty in procuring supplies, elephants, and carriers, Burman or Karen.
Altogether he had a veiy happy time of it, spending all the fine seasons in making
longer or shorter jungle trips, going and returning nearly as he pleased, but always
ready to start when I desired him, and to go whithersoever I bade him and however
far. In these journeys, however, he always had a companion, a second man, also
in my service, to help him in paddling the boat and otherwise ; and he farther had
' carte blanche ' fi-om me to enlist any number of additional hands, when he left
the boat, as he might reijuire, either as carriers or for safety.

"In the rainy season he seldom went out, and then not very far, but lounged
about the house, drying my plants, or playing with my children, who were extremely
fond of him.

"He was always keenly alive to the pleasure of any new discovery, and was
proud when he could bring me a plant wliich he thought I had not seen before. On
one occasion he brought me in this way a very pretty new BuJhophjllum, which
I determined at once to call B. Kaykrcei, but, alas for his immortality ! it has dis-
appeared without record. For want of leisure just at the time I allowed the flower
to perish, without drawing or description, and, being a small plant, I suppose it died
when sent to England with other things. At all events I never saw it again. All
I recollect is that it came from the top of Ban-liijeih, near Kaiikarit. I always
intended to have sent him for more, but, before I could do so, his career was suddenly
cut short.

"One day, when he had been but five or six years in my service, and he was
out on one of his excursions, his companion returned in haste alone, and informed
me that ho had left Kaykree in a Karen village, about three days' journey off, badly
burned. I at once sent him back with my head servant, and a supply of cotton and
sweet oil, bidding them make all possible speed ; but, alas ! before they could reach
him, the poor fellow had expired in dreadful agony.

"It appears that he had climlied a tree with his gun to watch for and shoot
a wild pig, and that, while waiting for some Karens to beat the jungle, the grass in
the neighbourhood caught fii-e, and advanced rapidly towards him. The Karens
shouted to him to come down, but, fancying himself safe, and out of the reach of
the flames, he did not do so tiU too late. The fire reached the tree and soon en-
veloped it in flames, thi-ough the midst of which he was at last obliged to let himself
down as he best could, but in so doing was so fearfully scorched that, after lingering
for two or three days, he died. It was always surprising to me that so experienced
a jungle traveller as he was should not have known better! I need not dwell on

M'PESDIX A. PART 11. C83

the grief this terrible aeeident caused us — as \vc were all very fond of him — aud
it was long before we ceased to mourn the loss of as kind and good, true and iaithful
a servant as ever Christian could be."

MUSA PAKADISTACA (Page 204).

As Burma is emphatically a plautain-growiug country, I give tlio following
extract ' for the informatiou of those who may be inclined to try, even on a small
scale, the manufacture of plantain fibre for exportation : —

"The extraction of plantain fibre is accomplished in two ways, the first by
machine-crushing, and the second by fermentation. The tree is cut by a single
stroke of a hatchet or cutlass, six inches above the surface of the ground ; the trunk
is then divided longitudinally into four parts, and the heart is taken out, which is
always left for manure. One man can cut and split 800 trees in a day. If fermen-
tation is decided on, the trees are left upon the ground until the juice and sap are
separated from the fibre, when considerable weight will have been lost, ancl the
labour of transportation much reduced. On the other hand, if the tree is not
subjected to this process, it must be carried to the mill at once, and passed through
the rollers, which are a foot in diameter, and about three feet long. In crushing,
the tender layers arc separated from those which are harder and riper, and the
dilferent kinds passed through the mill lengthwise, the rollers being placed horizon-
tally. The produce is about 4 pounds of fibre to each tree. The stalks of the
branches give the best fibi'e, and a larger quantity as compared with the body of the
tree. One hundred pounds of stalk will give about 15 ])ounds of fibre, not weight,
and when a whole tree furnishes 4 pounds of fibre, one-fourth of the quantity is
deiived from the stalks. One hundred plantain trees can be crushed in twenty
minutes, with one horse, allowing five minutes for I'est.

" After cnishing, the fibre is boiled to separate the gluten and colouring mattir,
carbonate of soda and lime being used as chemical agents.

"To make three tons of fibre a day, it is necessary to have fom- boilers of 800
gallons each, and give five boilings in a day, which amounts to 1G.50 pounds of net
fibre for each boiler or 6600 pounds for the four boilers. They require about 300
pounds of soda and a proportionate amount of quicklime. As the different grades
of fibre are pressed sejjarately, they should also be kept separate in the process of
boiling, the lighter fibres re(|uii-iug about six hours to bleach, while the darkest
require fully eighteen. Levers are arranged to lift the mass from the kettles or
tank when sufficiently boiled, allowing it to tbain into the boiler before it is carried
away to be waslied.

" The washing should be thorough, that no extraneous matter may be left upon
the fibre, and the work is done by machinery, such as is used by paper-makers, or
the arrowroot-makers in the West Indies. After a thorough washing it is hung up
to dry, and when thoroughly dried is ready for baling, hydraulic pressure being used
for tjfic pui-pose."

ORIGIIi OF MYTHS (Page 210, note).

In his preface to ' Zoological llythology,' De Gubernatis thus alludes to the
relationship between many a Christian myth and its pagan ]irototype : — " It is by no
means true that the ancient systems of jfythology have ceased to exi.st ; they have
only been diffused and transfornuHl. The nomen is changed, the numcn remains. The
splendour is diminished because it has lost its celestial reference and significance,

because it has become more earthly ; but its vitality is still enormous Nothing

clings more to the earth, nothing is more vegetative than a superstition. A scientific
truth requires years and sometimes centuries of demonstration before it can obtain for
itself general acceptance, and, rather than suffer martyrdom, its defender will
generally prefer to succumb to the infamous Papal motto ' Laudabiliter se subjccit,'
but an error that is founded upon a sense of the supernatural does not need the

' Xew Commercial I'lants and Drugs, Xo. G, p. 19, C'liristj' aud Co., 153, FcnchMcli Street, London.

684 nuililA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODLX'TIOXS.

electric wires to flash it from heart to heart, and awaken a response in the credulous
world, while tlie ponderous dialectics of an entire army of rationalists will not there-
after suffice to dislodjj;e it."

Space will not permit any more lengthened quotation, but one interesting example
may be given of how imagination and simplicity unite to people the sky witli material
beings instinct with life, the dramatis persona, so to speak, of the great celestial epic,
in which all Mythology has its ultimate root.

" The children of to-day will repeat the experiences of the ancient ones, that is,
our ancestors in the youth of Humanity ; and will enable us to understand certain
illusions which may appear impossible to the perception or even imagination of the
erudite and sceptical modern. I myself, to realize more thoroughly the simplicity of
our ancestors, am obliged to remember that one of the most vivid impressions ever
made on me was received when, a child of scarcely four years of age, I was looking
up into the sky. My family was li\'ing in a remote part of Piedmont ; one autumn,
evening, towards night, one of my elder brothers pointed out to me, over a distant
mountain, a dark cloud of a rather strange shape, saying, ' Look down there, that is
a hungry wolf running after the sheep.' I do not know whether my brother was
then repeating what he had heard the villagers say, or whether that heavenly scene
had pi'escinted itself to his own imagination ; but I well recollect that he convinced
me so entirely of that cloud being really a hungry wolf nmning down the mountains,
that fearing it might in default of sheep overtake me, I instantly took to my heels
and escaped precipitately into the house. The reader will kindly pardon this personal
allusion. I recall and refer to it now, to explain how the credulity which we always
find in children may give us an idea of the credulity of infant nations. When Faitli
was pure, when Science did not exist, such illusions must have been continually
awakening entliusiasm or fear in the breasts of our ingenuous forefathers, who lived in
the open air with their herds of cattle, and stood with earth and sky in constant
relation, and in continual communion. We busy dwellers in gi'eat cities, held back
by a thousand social ties, oppressed by a thousand public or private cares, never
happen to raise our eyes towards the sky, except it be to consult it on the probability
of fine or wet weather ; but evidently this is not sufficient to enable us to compre-
hend the vast and complicated epic poem transacted in the heavens." — Zoological
Mijtholngii, p. xxiv.

As no one passage which space allows me to introduce here can give a full idea
of the mode in which the subject-matter of myths originated in the childhood of our
race, so no attempt can be here made to follow the process of development whereby
the elemental changes furnished matter for the countless mythical creations which the
mind of primeval man so prodigally evolved. A few words, however, may be here
quoted from that interesting and valuable work, " Mythology of the Aryan Nations,"
by the Rev. G. W, Cox, which illustrates two prominent points wliich may not be
known to every reader, i.e. the polymoi-j)hie adaptations, of one and the same idea, and
the disguises and variations it is capable of assuming ; and, secondly, how a pure and
spiritualized fancy or conceit comes in time (as a matter of course it may almost be
said) to degenerate into a gross and sensual symbolism. Speaking of the Yedas, Cox
remarks {Mi/tholog;/ of the Aryan Nations, vol. i. p. .52) :

" In these poems the names of many, perhaps of most, of the Greek gods indicate
natural objects which, if endued with life, have not been reduced to human personality.
In them Daphne is still simply the morning twilight ushering in the splendour of the
new-born sun : the cattle of Helios there, are still the light-coloured clouds, which
the dawn leads out into the fields of the sky. There, the idea of Heracles had not
been separated from the image of the toiling sun, and the glory of the life-giving
Helios had not been transferred to the God of Delos and Pytho. In the Yedas, the
myths of Endymion, of Keplialos, and Prokris, Orpheus and Eurydike are exhibited
in the form of detached mythical phrases, which furnished for eacli their genu. The
analysis may be extended indefinitely, but the conclusion can only be that in the
Vedic language we have the foundation, not only of the glowing legends of Hellas, but
of the dark and sombre mythology of tlie Scandinavian and the Teuton. Both alike
have grown up chiefly from names which have been grouped around the sun ; but the

APPExnix A. I'Airr ii. 685

fonnor has been grounded on tliose expressions wliith describe the recurrence of day
and iiii^bt, the hitter on the great tragedy of alternation of summer and winter.

" Of this vast mass of sohir myths, som(; have emerged into iude])endent k'gends,
others have furnished the groundwork of whole epics, others have remained simply
as floating tales whoso intrinsic beauty the poet has wedded to his verse. Whether
the whole may bo classified in order of priority may be doubtful ; but the strong
presumption would be, that those which have not been systematized into coherent
narratives are the oldest, as not having sufficiently lost their original meaning. At
the least, they exhibit to us the substance of Jfythology in its earliest form. Thus
the legends of Kephalos and Prokris, of Daphne, Xarkissos and Endymion, Lave come
down to us in a less artificial form than that of Herakles, while the myth of Heraklcs
has been arrested at a less advanced stage than that of Zeus and Apollon. But all
alike can be translated back into nnihical expressions, and most of these expressions
are found in the Yedas with their .strict mythical meaning. The man-ellous ex-
uberance of this early language, and the wealth of its synonyms, may well excite
astonishnu'nt as we watch its divergence into such myths as tho.se of Kephalos
and Endymion, Herakles, Daphne, the Pythian and Delian Apollon, Phaethon
and llfcleagros, Memnon and Bellero])h6n.

"That the form of thought which found utterance in mythical language would
lead to the accumulation of a va.st number of names for the same object, we have
already seen ; and so clearly does the mythology of the Aryan nations exhibit the
working of this process, that the task of tracing it through the .several legends
of which it is composed becomes almost a supeiiluous work. It seems impossible
not to see that when the language of Mythology was the ordinaiy speech of daily
life, the night laboured and heaved with the birth of the coming day, and that his
toil and labour is reproduced in the Homeric hymn, in which Leto, the power of
forgetfulness and sleep, gives birth to the lord of light in Delos. His coming was
preceded by the pale twilight, who, in mythical times, drove his cows to their
pasture, but in the < 'dyssey his herds feed at Tainaron or in Thriuakia far away,
where Phaethousa and Lampetie, the bright and gleaming daughters of ICeaira, the

early morning, tend them at the rising and the setting of the sun But the

sun loves not only the clouds, but the dawn who is their leader ; and so the dawn
comes before us as followed by him, and flying from his love, or else returning to it.
The former phrase ('the dawn flies from the sun') is embodied in the legend of
Daphne, who flies from her lover and vanishes away as he seeks to embrace her.
In the talc of Orpheus she appears under the name of Euiydike, as the bride of
the sun, loved by him and returning his love, yet falling a victim to it, for whether
to Daphne or Euiydike, the brightness of his glance is fatal as he rises higher in the

heaven So again the legend of iMeleagros exhibits only the capricious action

of the sun, and the alternations of light and shade are expressed in the sudden
exploits and mood}- sullenness of the hero : but this life is bound up with the torch
of day, the burniug brand, and when its last .spark flickers out, the life of the hero is
ended, ilore commonly, however, he is the mighty one labouiing on, and finally
worn out by an unselfish toil, struggling in his hard task for a being who is not
•worthy of the great and costly sacrifice. So Phoibos Apollon, with his kinsman
Herakles, serves the Trojan Laomedon; and so he dwells as a bondsman in the house of
Admetos. So likewise, as Bellerophontes, be encounters fearful peril at the bidding
of a treacherous host, and dies, like Sarpedon and Jlemnon, in a (juarrel which is
not his own. But nowhere is his unutterable toil and scanty reward brought out
so prominently as in the whole legend, or rather the mass of unconnected legend,
which is gathered round the person of Herakles. Doomed before his birth to be the
slave of a weak and cruel nuister, he strangles while jet in his cradle tlie serj)ents
of the night, which stung to death the fair Eurydike. His toils begin. His limbs
are endued with an irresistible power, and he has a soul which knows no fear. He
may use this ])ower for good or for evil, and his choice for good furnishes the ground-
work for the apologue of Prodikos. Other legends there were, which perverted this
idea ; and in these ho is exhibited under gross, uncouth or repulsive forms. But he
goes upon his way, and is hurried on through many lands. In all he has mighty

686 BCn.VA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODLX'TIOXS.

works to do, ami lie fails iu none. The remembrance of lole may linger in his
memory, but there are others who claim his love in the days of his strength and power,
and it would seem as though he had forgotten the daughter of Euiytos. But his
time draws towards its close : the beautiful maiden, whoso face had gladdened
him long ago, returns to cheer him in tlie evening of his life. Witli her comes the
poisoned robe (the mantle of cloud) which he strives in vain to tear away from
his bleeding limbs. In a deeper and redder stream flows the life-blood, till, after a
convulsive struggle, the strife is closed in the dead silence of night.

"But it is in the case of Herakles that the perfect truth of the old mythical
language gave rise more especially to that apparently strange and per])lexing meaning
which repelled and disgusted even the poets and philosophers of Greece. Pindar
refuses to believe that any God would bo a sensualist or a cannibal : ho might in the
same spirit have rejected the tales which impute something of meanness and cowar-
dice to the brave and high-souled Herakles. For Herakles fights with poisoned
arrows, and leaves them as his bequest to Philoktetes. But the poisoned arrows are
the piercing rays which burn on the tropical noon-day, and they reappear as well in
the poisoned robe of Deianeira, as in that which the Kolchian Medeia professes
to have received from her kinsman Helios.

" A deeper mythical meaning, however, underlies and accounts for the immorality
and licence which was introduced into the transmuted legend of Herakles. The sun
looks down on the earth, and the earth answers to his loving glance by her teeming
and inexhaustible fertility. In every land she yields her special harvest of fruits
and flowers, of com and wine and oil. Her children are countless, but all spring
up under the eye of the sun as he journeys through the wide heaven.

■ " It is easy to see what must be the result when the sun is transmuted into the
human, yet god-like Herakles, and how repulsive that myth must become which,
in its primitive form, only told how

' The sunlight clasps the earth
And the moonbeams kiss the sea.' '

The same explanation removes the mystery of the oven greater degradation to which
the Hellenic mythology reduces Zeus himself, the supreme father of gods and men.
He who should be the very type of all purity and goodness becomes the very
embodiment of headstrong lust and passion, while the holiness of the lord of life
and light is transferred to Apollon, and his virgin sister Athene. The difficulty
is but slight. Zeus, the Vedic Dyaus, is but another form of Ouranos, the veiling
heaven or sky, and again, as in the words of our own poet, who sings how

' Nothing in the world is single,
All things by a law divine
In another's being mingle,'

and how

' The mountains kiss high heaven,'

so Ouranos looked down on Gaia, and brooded over her in his deep, unfailing, life-giving
love. But these are phrases which will not bear translation into the conditions of
human life, without degrading the spiritual god into a being who boasts of his un-
bounded and shameless licence."

The intelligent reader will be amply repaid by studying this interesting subject
at greater lengt:h in the work of Cox and other writers, but the above short extracts
will, I hope, show by wliat process a pure and spiritual idea becomes converted into
an impure and sensuous one. There is one other point also which I will here briefly
refer to as connected with the early mental conceptions of man: "Thus far it is
only on Iranian soil that we have seen the struggle between day and night, the sun
and the darkness, represented as a conflict between moral good and evil, the result

' Shelly, Zoiv's rhihsophtj.

APPEXDIX A. PART II. 687

biinn; a practical, if not a tlieoretical, dualism, in -wliicli the unclean spirit is at
the least as powerful as the righteous being with whom ho is at war. This absolute
partition of the universe between two contending principles was the vciy ground-
work of Iranian belief; but the idea was one which could not fail to striko root in
any congenial soil. To a certain extent it found such a soil in the mind of the
Jewish people, who had become familiar, by whatever means, with the notion of
a being whoso office it was to tempt or try the children of men. The Satan who
discharges this duty is, however, one of the sons of Ood ; and in the Eook of Job
there is no indication of any essential antagonism between them. The position of
Satan in this narrative is, indeed, in strict accordance with the Hebrew philosophy
which regarded God as the author both of good and evil, as the being who hardened
Pharaoh's heart and authorized the lying spirit to go forth and prevail among the
prophets of Abab. But when a portion of the Jewish people was brought into
contact with the fully developed system of Persian dualism, the victoiy of the
Iranian mythology seemed complete. Henceforth the notion of two hierarchies,
the one heaveidy, the other diabolical, took possession of their minds; and the
Satan who ruled over the powers of darkness and exercised a wide dominion as
prince of the air, was confined to a level lower than that of Ahriman, only because
he had once stood among the most brilliant angels in the courts of heaven. At tliis
level he remained a fallen creature, ruling over hosts of malignant demons, who
did his will among mankind, plaguing them with sorrow, disease, and madness,
until the convictions of the first Christian societies magnified him into proportions
if possible more overpowering than those of the Iranian enemy of Ormuzd. The Jew,
chiefly, if not wholly, from the conviction which led him to regard God as the
author both of good "and evil, drew no shai-p distinction between mind and matter
as existing in irreconcilcable antagonism ; and since as a nation they can scarcely
be said to the last to have attained to any definite ideas either of the fact or the
conditions of a life continued after death, Satan could with them obviously have
no definite dominion beyond the bounds of our present existence. He could torture
the bodies, afflict the souls, or darken the minds of men; but of his everlasting
reign over countless multitudes, ruined by his subtle wiles, we find no very defijiito
notion.

" But Christianity, while it rested on a distinct assurance of personal im-
mortality, altogether stronger than any to which tlie most fervent of the Hebrew
prophets had ever attained, took root among nations who had filled all the world
with gods or demons, each with his own special sphere and office. These deities
the Christian teachers dethroned ; but far from attempting to destroy them, they
were careful to insist that they had always been, and must for ever continue to be,
malignant devils;' but uidess their horrible fellowship was speedily to come to an
end, tbey must bo under the rule of some king, and this they found in the Semitic

Satan Hence grew u]), by a process which cannot much excite our wonder,

that severe theology which, known especially as that of Augustine, represented the
Christian Church as an ark floating on a raging sea, open only to those who received
the sacrament of baptism, and shut both here and hereafter to infants dying before
it could be administered. It was incritable tliat under such conditions the image
of Satan should more and more fill the theological horizon for the Jew, whoso
enthusiasm and convictions were sincere. But tliesc conditions were changed with
the conversion of tribes, in whom the thought of one malignant spirit marring and
undoing the work of God had never been awakened ; and although henceforth the
teaching of the priesthood might continue to be as severe as that of Augustine or
Pulgentius, it was met by the passive resistance of men whose superstitions were
less harsh and oppressive. ' Tlie Aryan nations,' says Professor Max .M idler, 'had
no devil. Pluto, though of a sombre character, was a very respectable personage:

' Tlio Cliristiaii missionaries were furtlier conscious that their own thaumaturgy might be called
into question if tliat of the okl cried were treated as mere imposture or illusion. " Die neue Lchre
konnte leichter keinieu und wurzeln weun sie die alte als gehiissi;; und siindlieh, nieht als ahsolut riichtig
scliilderte : die Wander des Christen ei-schcinen dadureli glauhhafter, dass auch dem althergcbrachteu
Heidenthmn etwas iibirnaturliihcs ffelassen wurde."— Ci'imw.

6S8 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOyS.

and Loki, though a mischievous person, was not a fiend. The German goddess, Hel,
too, like Prosei-pine, had seen better days.' It was thus no easy task to imbue them
■with an adequate horror of a being of whose absolute malignity they could form no
clear conception." — Rev. G. W. Cox, Mythology of ihe Aryan Nations, vol. ii. p. 360.

It is lamentable to reflect how deeply imbued modern Christianity is with so
contemptible a leaven as the belief in a personal' and almost omnipotent fiend!
No reasonable man can doubt that the religion of the future must be purged of
this monstrous admixture, meanwhile how many devoted servants of Christ are
wasting their energies in preaching the gospel of everlasting damnation, as it merits
being called, in place of the simple gospel of Love. In years gone by it was perhaps
as possible to believe in a personal Devil, as in a personal Saviour, but we, who
know whence the idea of the Christian devil has been derived, and how in monkish
times Satan eame to be elevated into the position he holds in popular theology, have
not the same excuse, if we fail to lift up our voices in protest at the continued
profanation involved in the prominence vulgarly assigned to the Devil in the religion
of Christ.

AEISTOLOCHIA (Page 229).

An undetermined species is thus alluded to in a note by Eev. C. Parish: — " At
the top of Zwa-ka-bin, the limestone rock, known as ' the Duke of York's nose,'
North of Maulmain, a small species of AristoJocltia is to be found, which may prove to
be new. I have not seen the flower, but the fruit is very remarkable, resembling
when dry and fully expanded and empty (the state in which I found it) a small
inverted parachute."

According to De Gubernatis^ a species of AristuJochia was used as a counter
charm for fumigating the bridegroom, "si guis devotatus defixusque fuerit in suis
nuptiis." These words refer to that very curious superstition which lived down to
past the time of the Tudors, called ' point-tying,' it being supposed that a magical
knot being tied in one of the 'points ' or laces of the bridegroom's dress, prior to the
wedding, wholly prevented him from reciprocating the endearments of his bride
till the charm was removed or destroyed by some more powerful counter-charm.
One such counter-charm quoted from Apuleius (I.e.) was as follows: " Herbfe pedis
leonis frutices numero septem sine radicibus decoque cum aqua, luna decrescente,
lavato eura, ct teipsum qui facis ante limen extra domum prima nocte, et herbam in-
cende Aristolochiam et sutfumigato eum, et redito ad domum, et ne post vos respiciatis,
resolvisti cum." The superstition is a very curious one and laughable, but for the
fact that it has consigned numbers of hapless creatures to the stake, and the dread of
being ' point-tyed ' was a veritable sword of Damocles to many a mediaeval bride-
groom. The practice was, of course, usually believed to originate from the malice of
a discarded mistress or jealous rival, but it might also be done as a joke by some
friend of the luckless bridegroom. Anyhow, if there was the least suspicion of any
such trick having been perpetrated, it was one of the most arduous tasks of the
groomsman to furnish a counter-chanu. A similar superstition is e^'idently alluded
to by Ovid :

" Quid me ludis? ait, Quis te, male sane, jubebat
Invitum nostro ponere membra toro ?
Aut te frajectis Atea renifica lanis

Devuiet, aut alio lassus amore venis."

Ainonon, iii. 7. 77.

' It is liiircUy necessary, of coiu'se, to more th.in simply remark that the tempter or serpent in
Paradise of the Book of Genesis is wholly distinct from tlie Satan of the Book of Job, or the Persian
or Miltonic Satan of the New Testament, "and is (it is well known) simply an allegorical impersonation
of sensual love, an explanation less recondite perhaps than that commonly dilated on to poor Sunday
School children, but claiming nevertheless our consideration from its essential truth. The subject is
doubtless one which does not readily lend itself to a very copious exegesis before a mixed or juvenile
audience, but that is no excuse for the deliberate falsiUcation so much in vogue of the now well under-
stood sense of the original myth.

- Mtjthologie (lis Tlantts, vol. i p. 'iOS.

AI'I'ESDIX A. PAllT 11. ' 689

THE ALLEGORY OF THE FALL OF ADAM (Page 274).

The Semitic legend of the tree of life slioiild be compared with its Aryan
counterpart, wherein the same persona), a tree, a fruit and a dragon, figure, and of
which De Gubcrnatis remarks: "The legends' concerning the tree of the golden
apples or figs, whicli yields honey or ambrosia, guarded by dragons, in which the life,
the fortune, the glory, the strength, and the riches of the hero have their beginning,
are numerous among every people of Aryan origin ; in India and in Persia, in Russia
and in Poland, in Sweden and in Germany, in Greece and in Italy, po])ular myths,
poems, songs, and fairy tales amplify with a great variety of incidents, partly un-
conscious of their i)rimitlve sigiiitication, this strange subject of phallical cosmogony."

On the same page De (jubernatis gives a variation of the legend of the Cross
which he concludes with the following words pregnant with meaning: "To the
continuers of the admirable studies of Strauss and Renan will be reserved the office
of seeking the sense hidden in tliis myth, made poetical by the evangelical morals.
When we shall be able to bring into Semitic studies the same liberty of scientific
criticism, which is conceded to Aryan studies, we shall have a Semitic Mythology;
for the present, faith, a natural sense of repugnance to abandon the beloved super-
stitions of our credulous childhood, and more than all, a less honourable sentiment of
terror for the opinion of the world have restrained men of study from examining
Jewish history and tradition with entire impartiality and severity of judgment.
We do not wish to appear Voltairians, and we prefer to shut our eyes not to see, and
our ears not to hear what history, studied critically and positively, presents to us less
agreeable to our pride as men, and to our vanity as Christians."

Well did James Russell Lowell write :

"I do not fear to follow out the truth,
Albeit along the precipice's edge.
Let us speak plain : there is more force in names
Than most men dream of : and a lie may keep
Its throne a whole age longer, if it skulk
Behind the shield of some fair-seeming name.
Let us call tyrants, tyrants, and maintain
That only freedom comes by grace of God,
And all that comes not by his grace must fall ;
For men in earnest have no tim(i to waste
In patching fig-leaves for the naked truth."

OATHS IX PATRIARCHAL TIMES (Page 274).

Those who would know more of the curious oath imposed by Abraham (Genesis
xxiv. 2), and again by Israel (Genesis xlvii. 29), may refer to Dr. Ginsburg's obser-
vations on oaths in Kitto's Cyclopaedia, or Dr. Inman's work, vol. i. p. 79.

TECTONA GRANDIS (Page 301).

The following arc some of the results arrived at by me with reference to the
experiments in question. So far as I know they are uncontradicted on their merits
to this day.

"Forty-four samples were experimented on. Of this number, six were described
as ungirdled teak, from the Tharrawadi forests. To these must be added three from
Karennec, three from foreign Thoungyecn, and four from Mandalay, all which I
have reason for treating as ungirdled, though it is not stated in the experiments.
Should this bo objected to, yet my general conclusion is not impaired ; since, tliough
the inclusion of these ten samples among the girdled teaks would raise their average
breaking weight from 182 to 192, yet their abstraction from the column of unginlled
teaks would raise their average also from 238 to 241 lbs. breaking weight ; or, to place

' Zoological Mijtiiotfiiji/, vol. ii. p. 110.
TGI,. II. 44

090 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODiX'TIOXS.

it in anotlior light, the average strength of six samples of wigirdhd Tharraicadi
Teak is 241 lbs. ; of girdled Tharruicadi Teak only 184 lbs. ! Yet more, the average
breaking weight of the whole 28 samples of certainly girdled teak experimented
on is only 182 lbs., against the 241 lbs. of ungirdled Tharrawadi teak; and of the
whole 28 samples, not one attains the average of the 6 ungirdled samples ! Of
the 10 samples, which, though not so spcciiied, I treat as ungirdled teak (for a
reason given below),' the average breaking weight is 222 lbs., one specimen
only of the ten falling below the average of the 28 -girdled samples, whilst two
specimens exceed the remarkably high average of ungirdled Tharrawadi teak.

"Assuming therefore that the forty-four samples of teak may be classed as
twenty-eight girdled and sixteen ungirdled, we have an average breaking weight of
182 lbs. for the former, and 229 lbs. for the latter.

"To arrive, however, at perfectly satisfactory results, a little elimination is
desii-able, as specimens rendered unsound by knots or other causes cannot give fair
results, and I accordingly prefer to select from the above experiments only those
wliich are free from any objection of unsoundness in the samples under trial.

"Rejecting then all samples rendered unsound either by knots or other causes,
and all cut ' across grain,' we find fourteen samples of sound girdled ti'ak to give
a lircaking weight of 202 lbs., whilst eleven samples of ungirdled teak give a mean
breaking weight of 238 lbs., a difference of about 1.5 per cent, cateris paribus in strength
in fa-s-our of ungirdled over girdled teak."

These experiments strongly support the view I have all along entertained of
the injurious results of girdling timber, based on personal observation of trees so
killed in clearings, and on the rapid decay of many woods if allowed to remain
' tdieoiiferted,' some of which there is little doubt would yield fairly useful timber
if at once sawn into planks, and thereby allowed at once to season, instead of weltering
for months in their own sap, at a mean temperature of 80° or thereabouts. Other
remarks of mine were nearly as follows :

" Regarding the practice as it now obtains of ' Girdling ' or killing timber (teak)
before felling it, I shall endeavour to show that, whereas no one single good reason
can be advanced in its favour, three valid objections to it can be satisfactorily made
out. The Forest Office rule is — ' T/ie trees will alicai/s be allowed to stand three years
be/ore felling, tchieh is one gear longer than is generally considered to be sujjicient for
seasoning in this climate." From this it may be inferred that the seasoning of the
timber was the main reason for the practice being introduced into Pegu by Dr. J.
McClelland, and continued to the present day by his successors. Now practically no
timber seasons to an appreciable extent till it is felled ; and how should it '? The
fluids circulate in a tree very much as they do in an animal, and the moisture con-
seqticntly remains in the trunk, till by cutting it into logs a ready exit is afforded
lor their transudation ; and it is absurd to suppose that any notable abstraction of sap
from the body of the tree takes place till it is felled. The three years therefore
a tree is allowed to stand under the present system are simply three years wasted,
and something more, as I shall presently show. In standing three years girdled,
a portion of the trunk towards its circumference becomes seasoned, and by the time
the tree is felled and ' logged ' its general gravity is reduced sufficiently for rafting ;
but there can be no question, if the tree were felled at once, without ' girdling '
and converted into logs, that a far more complete seasoning of the whole tree would
take place at an earlier period than is now allowed for felling it, and that con-
sequently the process of gii-dling actually tends to retard the very cud, to accelerate
which it would seem to have originally been devised. This then is my first objection

' fily reason for classing the foregoing ten samples of foreign teak as nngirdlcil is, that the native
methoil of "girdling" (if it can be so called) or killing trees dilfers in toto from the method enforced
by the Forest Department, and consists, as I am informed by Mr. Slyni, hi Jialf tiilliiir/ tinoiigli the
tree as it stands, and driving angnr holes through and throngh the remaining portion. This plan, as
far as regards the abstraction of the sap, ditfers little from cutting the tree down at once, as I arr/iie
shinihl he dune ; anyhow, its superiority over the ridiculous system of "gmlling" in vogue in I'egu
cauuot for a moment be contested.

Al'l'KXDIX A. I'Mir n. 091

to girdlinpr. The soeond involves a more sei-ious question than mere delay, and lies
in the fact of tlio dutciioratiou which the practice causes in the timber of trees so
treated.

" Ifajor llorgan (Kcport 18G1-G2) tells us ilalabar teakwood lias been dis-
continued in JIadras for the use of gun carringo wheels by the Superintendent, as
it irax found brittle; but he had explained to Colonel ifaitland, and shown him tliat
the manufactory must have been supplied with (jirdled teak. Good cross-grained
Malabar teak, JIajor Morgan adds, is superior to any wood for wheels, and the
ffirdliDff of teak, he says, /ins lotir/ aijo been given up, as it >iia/:es the wund brittle and
deprives it of its oil. Major Morgan, of course, is speaking of Jlalabar, but is it
not strange, if girdling has been abandoned for such a reason in Malabar, tliat
it should still flourish unsuspected, and be rigorously enforced in Pegu ! Major
Pearson tlius also writes of girdling : ' With reference to the girdling of teak, it
seems to me that the process tends to a certain extent to make the timber brittle.
This was found to be the case with a nuuiber of trees which were girdled, for some
European timber merchant, in the Boree forest, prior to its being formed into a
Reserve. When those trees were felled by this department, mam/ of them used to
split and splinter in the fall, rendering some portion of the timber ([uite useless,
icherens trees that are felled without being girdled do not seem to be liable to injury of
this hind. The natives of this part of India seem never to have practised the killing
of trees before felling, and yet you find timber cut by them a century ago as sound
as if it had only been cut for a few years.'

"The above extracts go far to establish conclusively the injurious results of
' girdling,' and that the results are not more palpable than they are, is simply due
to the great excellence of teak timber and its capacity of withstanding trying
conditions. It is a matter of certainty that there are numbers of trees which, if
felled and at once converted into planks, would yield an average timber for common
purposes, but which, if ' girdled ' and allowed to stand weltering in their own sap,
would bo rotten before the official term of three years had expired, owing to the fact
that there is no real seasoning whatever, so Icmg as a tree remains standing in the
ground.

" The third objection is a more trivial one, viz. that many trees are girdled in
spots where they cannot be profitably removed, but where they might have been
advantageously preserved for propagation — and few traders would ever think of
felling a tree which they did not think was capable of being removed. I am,
of course, aware of the claim of the Forest Department to select trees for the axe ;
but this right is in no wise bound up with the ([ucstion of girdling, since a broad-
arrow mark impressed by tlie Department would as clearly indicate the trees for
felling as tlie laborious plan of girdling them ; hence I cannot but hope that a dis-
passionate revision of the subject may lead to the abandonment of a pernicious
custom. As for the fact that a broatl-arrow mark might be dishonestly imitated,
there is surely no more difficulty in girdling a tree surreptitiously than in branding
it ; and the same means of detection and i)unishment that succeed in one case would
equally well ap])ly in the other, any ditt'erence, so far as security goes, being in
favour of the broad-arrow brand rersus girdling, as the mere possession of such
a branding hammer would suflice for conviction, wliereas for surreptitious girdling
a 'dab' alone is reciuired, which is in everybody's hands."

AGAXOSMA ACUMINATUM (Pago 349).
J[r. A. L. Hough tells me this makes an excellent ' chutnee.'

ELUMKA Ji.VLSAMIFERA (Page 389).

Dr. Mason remarks: "One of the most abundant weeds throughout Burma is

a species of Blumea, that grows six to eight feet high, with leaves like ' mullen,'

which, when bruised, emit a strong odour of camphor. Many years ago the Tavoycrs

informed me that they were in the habit of making an impure camphor from the

692 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

weed by a very simple process ; but Mr. O'Riley was tbe fii'st to make a good article
from it, and to bring it to public notice. He made more tban a hundred pounds,
and the specimens ■vrhich he sent to Calcutta were reported : ' In its refined form
it is identical in all its properties with Chinese camphor.' The plant is so abundant
that Burma might supply half the world with camphor. Wherever the trees arc
cut down, this weed springs up, and often to the exclusion of almost everything
else ; so that an old clearing looks like a field under cultivation." The apparatus
required for the distillation of camphor is extremely simple, consisting simply of
a capacioiis vessel wherein the material containing the camphor, cut up and mixed
with water, is boiled, and a head, consisting of one or more pots, to receive the
products of distillation, and which, being kept cool by means of wet cloths, receive
the crude camphor deposited during the process of condensation. A redistillation
by dry heat of the crude camphor, produced by the first process, is all that is
reijuired to produce the refined article.

EXTADA SEEDS (Page 540).

The seeds of the Enttida are used for playing the game gohn-nyin-toh-pwe, so
popular and universal in Burma, and which is ec^ually popular, as we learn from
Capt. Lewin,' among the wild tribes of the Chittagong Hills. The game resembles
' nine-pins ' in miniature. The lai'ge flatfish seeds are stuck up on end, and a player
fires at them \\\\\i another seed, projected by drawing back, with a flip, the middle
finger of the right hand. The party bowling over most seeds wins.

PEXTACilE SIAMEXSIS (Page 629).

This is the tree which the Burmese believe to be the one which has been petrified
and scattered so plentifully over many parts of Pegu, and the petrified wood is there-
fore called Enjyn clioulc. They believe when a tree reaches maturity and dies it
becomes petrified, especially if immersed in water, and this nonsense is believed by
many Europeans, and even receives a sort of y(((7«i'-confirmation by the solemn recogni-
tion of it in l)r. Balfour's work,'' who writes : " It is said to harden by exposure to
watei', and even to strike fire with steel after having been kept in water a length of
time." It is to be hoped this passage will be in future editions expunged, and
committed to the limlio wliere similar ciuiosities fiud their last home.

' llill Tracts of Chittagong, p. 40. - liah'our's ' Timber Trees,' vinder Shunu lolusta.

698

APPENDIX A.

TART III.

KOTES OX SOME BUllMESE "WOODS.

IN the following notes are emboilied the observations of the Editor on some of the
woods of Burma, and some vernacular names of trees are given whicli liave not
been recorded by any previous writer.

Many of the woods here recorded, which are little known or esteemed, would
probably prove of value if quickly seasoned by being at once converted into planivs
and stacked under cover for a couple of years in a manner to insure proper ventila-
tion. By felling and converting at once into planks on the spot, the costly
employment of elephants to di-ag the logs is dispensed with, as planks could be
removed on buffaloes or bullocks; but it is to be feared some hampering regulation
or other of the Forest Department may stand in the way of this. How exceedingly
unpractical and piddling some of these rules are is exemplified by that one which
prescribes (or did do so) that all creepers are to be cut with an upward stroke of the
'dab,' a piece of nonsense worthy some bespectacled fogie who had never handled
a dah in bis life !

The figures denote the weight of a cubic foot of the seasoned wood, in all cases
from original experiments.

Bam-bwe .... Careija arhorca, Roxb o.'j

lieddish-brown, close-grained, strong and durable. Adapted for furniture and
house cai-pcntry.

Kurz applies the name to Flanchonia valida, which Gamble also styles Bam-bwe-
ni. This is clearly because its wood resembles that of Caret/a, for a tree confined
to the Andamans can by no possibility possess of right a Burmese name. Of course
Burmese or Indian convicts, if asked, apply the names of Indian or Burmese trees
■with which they are familiar to trees resembling them, in the Andamans; but this
is a misuse of terms, and should be discouraged as leading to confusion.

Ban-a-nen '1''5

A pale-colourcd wood, like English ash ; little known, but deserving of attention
for light work.

Ba-shu Miinusops littoralis 65

A very close-grained wood, of a very dark-brown, the sapwood a pale-brown,
but close-grained and of excellent quality. For strength and durability surpasseil
by few.

This is also called Kap-pa-li, according to Kurz.

Be-bya Craloxyion neriifoUum, Kz 52

A nice-looking rather close-grained wood of a reddish-brown colour, but deficient

694 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

in strength and endurance ; would suit, lio'wcTer, for various uses where it would
not be exposed to the weather.

Kurz describes the wood as " brown, close-grained, rather soft." Gamble calls
it "hard."

Byu-ben .... DiUenia pulclterrima , Kz 66

Wood pale reddish-brown, tine-grained, but rather coarse-looking, reputed to
be strong, but not much used. It splits more easily than any wood I know, and
is therefore of value as a firewood and for faggots. For sleepers, however, it would
have to be hooped at the ends to prevent splitting.

Bwc-zyn .... Bauliinea variegaia 42

Wood a very pale brown, rather coarse, but easy to work. Would probably
prove a fair second-class wood whci-e protected from exposure.

Blia-mor Tctraniliera grandis, Wall 52

Wood a pale yellow, rather close and straight-grnined. A good second-class wood.

In his 1862 catalogue Branilis did not know the tree yielding this wood. In
his Forest Flora, Kurz (who, it must be remembered, was a botanist as well as
more forest officer) identifies the wood as belonging to Tetranthera ; yet Gamble (or
I)r. Brandis, who really dictated the words, I presume) refers the wood to Anotiatea;.
Kow this I consider as hardly justifiable. The wood before Gamble may have
belonged to the Aitonace<e as is suggested, but as he describes it as "olive grej" "
(page 11) it is very nnlikely that it is Blia-mor at all, for Bha-mor is a yellowish
wood comparable with box. At all events, before so completely ignoring the
testimony of Kurz, the authority should at least have been given, on which the
Anonaceous (?) wood, forwarded in 1 867 fiom Burma, was identified as Bha-mor
(Baman) by Gamble, in so summary a fashion.

Bon-me-za .... Albizzia stipiilata, Boiv 28

Colour a lively lirown, grain coarse and open, but a thoroughly good wood for
light carpentry jnirposes, with much of the look of walnut, only much lighter.

Byn-gil JNtnu'lea rofundifolia, Eoxb 37

Wood a very pale yellowish-brown, rather close and easy to work. A good
sccoud-class wood. Gamble gi\es -17 lbs. as the weight of the wood, but this I regard
as ei'roneous for the seasoned wood.

Chin-yok GariKja pinnafa, Roxb 45

Pale reddish-brown. A coarse wood, not much esteemed.

Chonn-douk . . . Payandia multijuga 25

Yellowish-brown, straight-grained and not unlike teak in appearance. Works
easily and seems a good second-class wood for light iudoor work.

The wood described by Gamble (Brandis) from the Audamans seems totally
different from the Pegu tree, the wood of which is certainly not "orange-brown."
As a single specimen only is quoted, I consider it not improbable that the Andaman
wood may have been wi'ongiy identified. Cltoundouh in Pegu is certainly not a " fiue
wood," as Gamble (Brandis) describes it.

Che-ben Semecarpus jjandaratus, Kz

Wood worthless.

Che-thc, see Thayet-thyt-si.

Dwfi-ni Eriohma CandoJIci, Wall 42

Wood pale orange-red, rather coarse, and a fail' second-class wood for liglit
carpentry.

Eng-jyn Poit/icmc Sinmenxis, Miq. ....... 55

Colour liglit brown, grain close and straight, wood strong and lasting. A first-
class w'ood, surpassed by few for general purposes.

APPESDIX A. I'MIT HI. 695

Eui); Diptorocarpus tulcrculatus, lioxb 57

lirowii, pretty closc-jirained mid easily worked. Decays wlicu exposed to tlie
weatlu-r, but for indoor purposes is wortliy of attention from its size and eheapness.
It would probably prove durable enough if fully seasoned first, and painted after-
wards, or tarred if exposed out of doors.

Gyn-di Quercus Amhersdana, Wall 59

Colour when fresh brownish-red, fadiiig to pale reddish-brown. "Wood hard,
strong and durable, but not easy to work from its crooked grain. An excellent
wood for coarse carpentry, and these remarks doubtless apply to more than one
species of Quercus in Burma.

Gan-gor 2Ie>iua ferrea, L 69

lied or brownish-i'od. Wood hard, strong and imperishabh^ ; close, but cross-
grained, and very difhrult to dress. Selected slabs would form handsome furniture,
and for all purposes calling for strength and durability this wood lias few superiors.

Hraani Gardenia erythroclada, Kurz 54

AVood very pale, but hard and close-grained. Is too small in scantling to prove
of use, save perhaps for the manufacture of toys.

Hma-chouk . ... (Botanical name unknown) 51

Brown, with rather a fine and pretty grain. It would serve for ornamental
furniture.

Hnor (Ilnau) . . . Xaudea cordifoUa, Roxb 61

Heartwood browuisli-yellow, sapwood paler and brighter, both close-grained
and excellent for furniture, toys, combs, and the like. The wood dresses easily, and
looks well when finished.

Gamble says this tree has no heartwood. In speaking therefore above of the
heartwood, I mean the inner wood, which is certainly differently coloured from
the outer: call it heartwood or not. I cannot understand the weight of this wood
as given by Gamble, only one of his specimens reaching 50 lbs., whereas mine
weighs ()1 lbs., a picked sample it is true. The name is correctly given by Brandis
' Hnau ' (Catalogue, 18G2), but mis-spelt by Kurz, Ilnan, which is unfortunately
copied by Gamble.

Hpan-ga .... Terminalia tomatella, Kz (M

Heartwood dark brown, sapwood pale yellowish. Hard, strong and durable, tho
sapwood of old trees being scarcely inferior to the heart. An excellent wood for
house carpentry and strong furniture, and procurable of great size, furniture made
of the dark heartwood would be scarcely inferior in look to that made of walnut.

Hpa-la-wa . . . . ( Garcmia spcciona, Jlde Gamble) CO

lleddish-brown, witli a rather fine grain, and probably well suited for furniture.

Hpe-wnn .... Berrya amonUhi, lloxb 50

Ile<ldish-brown, with a fine grain, dresses easily, and is well adapted for
ornamental carpentry, but usually of small scantling. Seasons very slowly, never
seeming thoroughly to get rid inside of a certain amount of moisture.

llpet-than .... Spathodca stlpuhita, Wall. {Jido Brandis) . . 53

Pale brownish-orange, pretty close-grained, dresses easily, and when polished
is a remarkably handsome wood, cnual to mahogany. It is admirably adapted for
furniture and fancy carpentry.

Brandis was no doubt correct in his original reference of Hpet-than to Spathodca,
and Gamble has followed Kurz in his error of applying tho name to Ileterophragma.
Kurz is also in error in applying tho name Jtfalud to the same tree. I judge this
to be the case, as Gamble di'scribes the vroodoi Jleterop/irciffma as "yellowish-white,"
which does not apply to ' Upet-than.'

09(5 BCIUIA, ITS PEOPLE ASP) PliODUCTIOXS.

Hpet-lc-zin .... (Botanical name unknown) 55

Veiy pale brownish. Runs small, but useful for light carpentry.

Htouk-sha .... Vifex leucoxylon, L 38

Pale brown, rather open grain, soft, and easily worked, but deficient in strength
and readily decays. A very inferior wood. Kurz describes it as 'durable.' If so,
it would do well for furniture ; but I believe it to be the reverse.

Jio Schhichera trijwja, Willd 68

Pale browu, very hard, close-gr.dned, and lasting. A handsome wood when
polished, but usually of rather small scantling. Valuable for all purposes demanding
hardness and strength.

Jio-b5 Wahxira viUosa, W.A 61

Heartwood purplish, very hard and strong.

Jok Diosptjrus cordifoUa, Rosb 45

Very pale brownish, and of rather coarse fibre, adapted for ordinary purposes.
No dark heartwood, or only in aged trees. This is of coiu'se the ' Chope-pen '
of Kui'z.

Ka-thyt Enjthrina oralifolia, Roxb 23

A very light open wood, adapted for some of the purposes to which cork is put,
as buoys for nets, etc. Kurz applies tliis name erroneously to Pentace Burmayiica,
Kz., a heavy red wood.

Kam-la (Botanical name unknown) 43

A tree loving salt or brackish water. Very pale brown, grain moderate!}' fine,
and fit for ordinary purposes.

Ka-la-mat . . . '. Conlla fragraniissiina, Kz 47

A fragrant brown wood much prized by tlie Burmese. Kurz identifies it as
above. Gamble, however, applies the name Toung Kalamnt to this species, reserving
(as I understand the reference, Manual, p. 322) the name Kalamat for a species of
Santaliim. I question if Toung kalamat refers to a Cord/a, and think Kurz un-
doubtedly right, and still less likely is it that either apply to a Santaliim.

Kal-o-we .... Cinnamomuin ohtusifoliiim, N.E 42

Very pale brown, grain moderately fine, seems adapted for planking and
ordinary uses.

Ke-u-e (Botanical name unknown) 89

Pale brown, grain fibrous and open, suitable for coarse planking and packing
cases.

Ka-ten (Botanical name unknown) 63

Pale orange-brown, like a pale mahogany, grain close ; works up well, and
when polished is a very handsome wood, and well adapted for ornamental furniture.

Ka-thyt (Botanical name unknown) 42

Reddish-brown, grain rather fine, but a little feathery. A soft, easily-worked
wood, adapted for most purposes for which Cedar is used, but not for pencils.

Ka-sha-we .... (Botanical name unknown) 38

Yellowish-brown, grain rather coarse, but when dressed looks well, and seems
suitable for planking and light carpentry.

Ka-na-zo, or Pyn-le-ka-na-zo Heritiera littoralis, Diy 66

Brownish-red, close-grained, hard and difficult to work, but very strong and
imperishable. It is closely allied to th(^ Bengal ' Siiiidri,' one of the toughest woods
known, and is highly deserving of attention for all purposes demanding strength
and durability. The wood seasons slowly.

APPEXDIX .1. {'ART III. GOT

K;i-nri-zo .... Baccaurea sapida, Muoll

This is an outiri-ly diffcruiit tree, and cultivatt-d in liunnii fur its fruit. Its
timber must not be confounded with the lust, which bears tlie same name.

Kan-y-oung . . . Dlpterocarpus (?) 48

Pale yellowish-brown, grain coarse, but works easily, and is suitable for
plankinp; and common uses.

Kan-y-in .... Dipferocarptis a/a/us, l!oxb

Similar to the last. The timber of Dipterocarpm is only worth attention from
its cheapness and great scantling. It would be more valuable could any chemical
process be devised tor increasing its durability.

Kurz says JD. hen's is A'tonjin-ni, and 1). ala/ii.i, Ktmyin-lipiju.

Kyun-bo .... (Botanical name unknown) 4."

Yellowish brown, dresses easily and resembles teak, but is an inferior wood, fit
only for light work.

Keun-a-lyn . . . Pn'mna toincntom, Willd 4.5

Pale yellowish, of medium grain, dresses easily and deserves attention tor small
articles. .

Kay-zai (Botanical name unknown) 45

Very pule yellowish-brown, close-grained and dresses easily. Seems adapted for
furniture.

Koung-gouk . . . (Botanical name unknown) 43

Pale reddish-brown, close-grained, but an inferior wood, fit only for planking and
common uses.

Kon-tha-bye . . . Eugenia, sp 5'2

Pale purplisli-brown, rather close-grained, but an inferior wood, good only for
planking and packing cases.

Ku-zi (Botanical name unknown) 5'.)

Pale brown, fine-grained, but an inferior wood, fit only for planking.

KG-kG Alhiziia lebbc/c, Bth 42

Bark brown, grain coarse and open, but an excellent furniture wood, being easy
to woik, handsome in appearance, and not heavy.

Kya-nan (Kyat-hnan) C'arapa? 4"

Dark bi-ownish-red, very much resembles n\ahogany. Fine-grained and easy
to dress. An excellent furniture wood, and superior in every way to ' Toon.'

Kyet-mouk . . . HepJielium Jongana, Camb 59

Very pale brown, grain rather coarse and UTcgular. A good second-class wood
for planking and common cariientry.

Kyet-yo Vitex pulescens, Vhl Ol

Yellowish brown, or nankin colour. Hard and close-grained, and a liandsonie
furniture wood, taking a beautiful polish, and lighter in colour than most similar
woods. Gamble gives its weight as 55 lbs. ; but picked samples as above run heavier
even when fully seasoned.

Le-yo (Botanical name unknown) 52

Pale reddish-brown, heartwood very dark. I'iue-grained, but an inferior wood,
useful perhaps for toys and fancy carperitry.

Le-myor .... (Botanical name unknown) 43

Pale reddish-brown, rather coarse in grain, but suitable for planking and common
cai-pcntry.

6.93 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Lal-zfi Zfijrrsfrce/niu tomenfosa,¥res\ 39

Very pale brown, grain rather fine, but fit for planliing and coarse carpentry only.
Ma-da-ma .... (Botanical name unknown) 65

Orange-red, liard, fine and straight-grained, but very fissile. A favourite wood
for kiiile or sword handles, sticks or the like, and posts, being very durable.

Kurz applies this name (incorrectly I think) to two species of Balbergia
(Z*. glauca and ovata).

Mani-ok-kha . . . CaraUia lucida, Koxb 47

Pale orange-yellow, fine-grained, but feathery ; dresses easily, but has no great
strength. It would make a good furniture wood, as it looks well when polished.

Ma-ji Tamarindm LxJica, L 86

Heartwood dark purple. Sapwood pale yellowish. Intensely hard and close-
grained, the heartwood being one of the most impei-ishable woods I know. A
splendid ornamental wood for massive carved furniture, but costly to work, and never
used. No workman could carve it without specially tempered tools. Highly to bo
commended for turnery, blocks, etc., as a substitute for lignum vitie.

Ma-tha-le. (Botanical name unknown.)

Ma-u Sarcocephalus caclamha, iliq. {fide Kurz). ... .37

Light yellow, soft and easily worked, and therefore much used for common
carpentry, but terribly liable to the attacks of xylophagous coleoptera. Having no
specimen of this wood, I follow Brandis, as Kurz is certainly wrong in giving 73 lbs.
as its weiglit.

Ma-u-ka-dun . . . 8arcocephalus cordatm, iliq. {fide Kurz). . . 37

Light yellow, close-grained and easily dressed, and a good wood for light car-
pentry. Selected planks display a pretty dotted or mapled grain.

Mong-theh-Sk . . . (Botanical name unknown) 53

Reddish-brown, fine-grained and easily dressed. Would probably prove a good
second-class furniture wood and adapted for indoor work, not requiring gi'eat strength.

Mi-ai-a Grewia microcos, L 45

Very pale redtlish-brown, fine-grained, and would serve for planking and coarse
carpentry.

'Mi-na-ban. Myct-hna-ban . (Botanical name unknown) 55

Pale, or wliitish, hard and very close-grained. A good wood for ordinary carpentry
purposes, planking, etc., and as a substitute for 'Box.'

This is I beUeve the so-called Martaban lance-wood. Kurz applies the name to
a shrub, Strohilanthesflava.

Myouk-na-doung . . Cassia auricuJafa, L 52

Palo orange-brown, grain coarse, but wood strong and esteemed for rough uses.

Myouk-meng-thwe-ge (Botanical name unknown) 50

The name signifies " T/ie blood-goufs of the monkey king.''''

Pale coloured, rather fine-grained, but little used save for bows and spears, for
which it is highly esteemed. Whence its vernacular name I cannot say.

Myouk-shor . . . Homalium tomentosum, Bth 62

Pale yellowish-brown, close-grained, but little esteemed. It probably decays
rapidly under exposure, but from its abumlance and large scantling is deserving
attention for coarse indoor work, planking, etc.

Gamble says the wood is ' durable,' which requires confirmation.

Myouk-goung . . . (Botanical name unknown) 43

Pale yellowish-brown or yellow, open grain, but an excellent light furniture
wood resembling Toung-hin, and perhaps some species of Arfocarjius.

AITEXDIX A. PART HI. C!)9

Na-blic Odina wodier, Roxb 39

Palp reddisli-bnnvn, grain a little coarse, but a good second-class wood fot
fiirniture and indoor carpLUtry, planking, etc.

i^a-ji Pterospermum lancerrfoliuni, Roxb 41

Palo brown, gi-uin ratber coarse. An inferior wood of small seantliug, niigbt
be used for toys and small domestic articles.

' Ne-u-G Flacourtia cataphrada, Roxb 56

Very pale reddish, with many dark knots (thorns), close-grained, but works
unkindly, and is of small scantling. It might serve for toys or turning.

Ngu or Ngu-gyi . . Cassia Jistidti, L 53

Blown, with a slight orange tint, fine-grained, hard, and imporishablo, but
of small scantling. Good for tool handles and purposes demanding hardness and
durability.

Ngu-shwe .... Cassia rcnigcra, Kurz 51

Wood similar to the last.

Ngan-pc-yok . . . (Botanical name unknown) 52

Bright brown, with a close grain, and often mottled or clouded. Looks very
well when jiolishcd, and is an admirable wood for ornamental furuiture, though
deficient in strength. Might veneer well.

Ong-dc-bo .... (Botanical namo unknown) 35

Pale brownish-yellow, of a rather coarse and open grain, fit only for packing
cases and common purposes.

Ouk-cbyn-za . . . Diosijpros ehretioides, Wall -17

Dark greyish, paler streaked, no black heartwood, grain a little coarse, but
would prove a good furniture wood and useful for planking and common purposes.
The name signifies " Hornbill's food." The tree determined as above was felled by
nij-self and identified by K\irz.

Pa-de (Botanical name unknown) 55

Pale brownish-red, fine-grained and esteemed, I believe, for boxes and small
articles; might answer for some sorts of ornamental carpentry.

Pal-en Casuarina fquisedfulia, Forst 01

Pule reddish-brown, close-grained, hard an<l impi^rishaljle, but difficult to work,
and not a handsome wood. E.xcellent where strength and hardness arc required.

Pan-tha-ga .... (Botanical name unknown) 53

Brownish-red, with an open grain, but rather crooked or feathery. Would
answer well for planking and boxes and common carpentry.

Pa-douk . . . Pterocarpus Indicti^, Wall., and P. macrocarpm, Kz. (il

Red, hard, strong, and imperishable, grain rather crooked, and when so, difficult
to dress, but a fir.st-class wood, unsurpassed for general utility.

Peine Artocarpus inteyrifulia, Willd 53

Pale orange-brown, loose-grained, but dresses easily, and is an excellent furniture
wood.

Pein-e bo .... (Botanical name unknown) 41

Like the last, but a browner wood, would answer the same purposes.

Pyn-dor-thOn . . . (Botanical namo unknown) 58

Pale brownish- red, would answer for planking and common carpentiy.

Pwai-nyet .... CalophyUum inophijUuin, L II

Pale brownish-red, tough, and cross-grained, and well fitted for spais, the

700 BURMA, ITS rEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

celebrated ' Poon'' spars being probably cut from a species of Caloplnjllum, if not
from tbc present tree. Good for coarse carpentry.

Pyeng-ma .... Lagerstramia fios-reyinm, Retz 39

Eeddisli-brown, a coarse-looking wood, but useful for house carpentry and
furniture, dressing easily and being not too heavy, as is so commonly the case with
handsomer woods.

Pyan-an Carapa ohovata, Bl. (?) 46

Dark red, selected planks look as well when polished as mahogany. A first-class
furniture wood, and good for house carpentry and general use.

Kurz applies the name Pyn-le-6ag to both Carapa ohovata and C. Molucccnsis.

Pyn-le-ong .... Carapa Moliiccensis, Lam 44

Similar to the last, and an excellent substitute for mahogany, for furniture and
ornamental carpentry. Is intermediate in looks between mahogany and cedar.

Pyn-le-ka-na-zo, see Ka-na-zo.

Pyn-ga-do .... Xi/lia dulabriformis, Bth 68

Brownish-red, hard, close-grained, strong and imperishable. For strength and
durability has no superior.

Sha Acacia catechu, Willd 69

Brownish-red, hard, strong, and im])erishable. It cbcsscs easily, and, when
polished, looks like mah.ogany. But that it is very fissile and apt to split, it would
for hardness and durability have no superior ; old stumps exposed to the weather
seeming to defy its influence, as though made of iron.

Slui-hpyu. ■ White Sha.' Cicca einhlica, L

Kurz incorrectly calls this tree Ta-sha-jwn. At all events throughout Pegu it
is only known as the ' White Sha.'

The wood is said to be durable under water, and so of use in timbering the
sides of wells and such purposes.

Sham-pai-ok . . . (Botanical name unknown) 42

Eeddish-brown. A second-class wood for coarse carpentry.

Sow-to Wali^ura robusta. Eoxb 57

Pale yellow, rather coarse-grained, but very tough and strong. A coarse but
valuable timber where strength is desired, as for house carpentry, etc. I am not sure
however if the specific name is correctly determined. Balfour gives its vernacular
name as "Joe-boe" (sic), jio-bo, which is Schlcichera triJiKja! Kurz gives "Gyo-pho"
(jio-bo or hpyu? which I do not know). Perhaps both names may be applied to the
same tree, and it is called Sow-yo in Tenasserim. Mason saj's it is a Bulhergia.

Syn-nen-thayet . . Mangifcra nyhaiioa, Eoxb 30

Grey, coarse-grained, and fit only for coarse carpentry and rough boxes. It
resembles mango wood, but is not so strong.

Syt Albizzia proccra, Bth 34

Pale yellowish-brown, open fibrous grain, but dresses easily and takes a good
polish. An excellent wood for furniture, being very light and good-looking.

Swe-dor, or Sowe-do (Botanical name unknown)

A strong, hard wood of Tenasserim, of which I only know the name.
Tar-hpi CaJophijllum itwphi/Uum 35

Pale brownish-red, soft, and easily worked. Excellent for light carpentry, and
resembles cedar in npiiearance.

Te Diospi/ros Burinanlca, Kz 53

Palo greyish-yellow, rather streaky. A strong wood for coarse carpentry, but
of small scantling. The name Te is applied probably to other species of Bioftpijros.

APPK.XDIX A. VAUr III. 70l

Tuu or Tein . . . Xduclea parvifolia,lio-s.h 57

Pale grpyisli-)-fllo\v, ratlicr fine-iiniiiied, ami socms woU littcd for common

carpentry, though rather heavy for I'liniiture.

Tha-hlwin .... Olca dwica, lloxb 39

Pale yellowish-hrowu, fine-p;niine(l, and easy to work. .\ii excellent wood for

furniture and indoor carpentry. This tree gives its name to the 'Sahveeu' lliver,

as it is eoniniouly called.

Tiia-me Avicennia officinalis, L 47

A coarse cross-grained wood, little used except for rice mortars, for whiidi its
interlacing fibres well fit it. It is a tree of the delta and tidal region.

Gamble (Brandis) describes this wood (.Manual, p. 300) as "very brittle,"
■which is singnlarly erroneous, as from the interlacing of its fibres it is one of tho
most difBcult, 1 may say impossibh^ woods to split that grows. On this account
it is selected to make the large mortars wherein rice is husked in a Bunnan's house.

Tha-raein-hpyu . . Gardenia sessifiora, Wall 60

Hard, reddish-white, and close-grained, but brittle. Seems adapted for turning
and fancy work.

Tha-kut-ma . . . Spathodca lihcedei, Wall 35

Very pale reddish-white or grey. Seems a fair timber for indoor use, and being
light might be useful for common furniture.

Tha-noung .... Acacia Sama, Buch 4.'!

Pale orange-i'ed. Wood very coarse, but strong and tough. Would do for
coarse work only.

Tha-le Si/mplocos leiicantha, Kz 39

Pale reddish-brown, straight, and fine-grained, and suitable for furniture and
light carpentry.

Tha-kut-hpyu, or Tha-kwot-lipo Stereonpermum chclonioides, DC.

Than-hlwyn . . . Elaocarpm

Thayct Jftmr/ijcra I/idica, L -12

Grey, or pale greyish-brown, coar.sc and open grain, hut strong and tough, and
suited for coarse carpentry. The wood is said to hold a nail more firmly than any
other. Commonly used for packing cases, but selected planks make very tolerable
furniture.

Thayct-thyt-si. . . Ginfa Tavoyana, Wall 52

I have seen tho nann- C'he-the applied to this wood, but I consider, from the
character of the wood, that Thayet-thyt-si is tlic correct name, as the wood much
resembles MeJanorrliaa (Thytsi). Tho wood is dark red, with a handsome grain, and
in appearance is not inferior to maliogany. It is a first-class furniture and ornamental
wood. Of tho Indian allied .species, G. (ravancorica. Gamble remarks: "The wood
is little used, but its splendid colour and markings should rapidly bring it to notice
as a valuable wood for furniture. It seems to season very well, and works and
polishes admirably."

Thi-dyn (Botanical name unknown) -15

Vciy pale brown. A coarso wood suitable for boxes and common purposes.
Thi-wyn .... Milletiia leucanihi, Kz G3

Dark purplisli-hrown, when fresh, purplish. Hard, cross-grained, very tough
and durable. An excellent wood wliere great strength and durability are sought.

Kurz applies the name Theny-ueng, or Thin-trin, to two distinct trees, e.g.
Pongaiiiia glabra and MiUeitia hucantha. Brandis also refers it to Pongnmia, but
Kurz transfers Brandis' description of the wood of Pongamia to his Ifilletfia huctintlia,
describing the W3od of l\ngamia as white and light. Tho Thi-icgn is certainly a

T02 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

dark -wood, sucli as in the trailo -n-ould pass as a 'rosewood,' and one of the
toughest known ; and I liave here preferred relying on Kurz rather than Brandis,
but the two autliorities are in direct contradiction.

Selected planks of Thi-wyn would make handsome furniture, but would be
veryheavy and very difficult to dress. The wood, however, would probably answer
welljfor turning.

Thi-wyn-pouk-hpyu . {BaJlcrnia '?) 59

Pale yellow, coarse-grained and strong, but seems liable to the attacks of insects.
Useful for I'ough carpentry.

Thy-i-a Shorea obtiisa, "Wall 07

Yellowish-brown ; a handsome close-grained wood, very strong and durable,
resembling in its properties the Sal of India, but darker in colour. It is a first-class
wood, though too heavy for furniture, and not easy to work up. Por house carjieutry
it is rivalled by few woods.

Thym-ma-ji . , . Albizziii odoratisstina, Btli 54

Bich brown, with the Alhizzia grain, dresses easily, and would make veiy hand-
some furniture equal to walnut. An excellent wood for ornamental and general
carpentry,

Thy-myu, or Thyt-myn . Kagcia hracteaf a, "Kz 41

Pale bi'ownish-yellow, close-grained.

Thyn-ga-du . . . Anisoptera ghilra, Kz 40

Pale brown, very coarse and open grain, well fitted for making canoes, but an
inferior wood for carpentry purposes.

Thyn-gan-net . . . Hopea odorata, Roxb 48

Yellowish-brown, close but rather wavy grain, easily worked, strong and durable.
A first-class furniture wood used for general carpentry. The freshly cut wood
darkens rapidly on exposure to the air.

Thyn-gan-wa . . , (Botanical name unknown) 40

Similar to the la.st, but a little paler in colour.

Thyt-ka Ti-iitace Barmanica, Kz 37

lleddish-brown or pale reddish-bi-own. Soft, fine-grained, and easy to work, but
of rather feathery fibre, a good wood for cigar boxes and such purposes as ' cedar ' is
applieil to, but is of no great strength, and unsuitable for outdoor exixisure.

Kurz calls it Pentace Burmanica, but as he describes the wood as "ratlier
heavy," it cannot be the same as known to me by the name, as Tlnji-ha is certainly
not a heavy wood, but the name is probably applied to more woods than one.

Thyt-ka-do {scented loood) Cedrela toona, Roxb 34

Pale reddish-brown, rather coarse-grained, easily worked, and, when freshly cut,
having a delicious scent. This wood is the ' Toon' of India, so largely employed for
furniture, but is subject to the attack of insects, and furniture made of it often
possesses the unpleasant habit of creaking at night, which might, however, be probably-
obviated by varnishing and so rendering it less susceptible of hygrometic changes.

Thyt-lyn-da . . . Hetcroph-agina sxdphurea, Kz

Thyt-pyoung . , , (Botanical name unknown) 48

Pale brownish-yellow, rather fine-grained and easily worked. Seems suitable
for furniture and indoor work.

Thyt-si 3Te!aiiorr/iyia usitata 57

Dark brownish-red, fiuc-grained, and a good substitute for mahogany in ap-
pearance, but more brittle. An excellent wood for furniture and fine carpentry.
Thyt-si-bo 54

APPEXDIX A. I'MIT I If. 703

Hcddisli-Lrown, fino-graiucd, easily ihrssi'il, and takes a good polish. It
resembles Thyt-si, but is not so red aiul uot iiuito so licavy. My speeimen was
obtained in the Bassein district, but I could not discover the tree wbii^^h produred it.

Thyt-so-ay-Ie . . . Schrchera sirieioiiuides, Roxb 47

Kurz recommends this wood as hard and durable, and as not given to warping.
Gamhle says the wood is " durable, works freely, and does not warp or split."

Thyt-to (Botanical name unknown) 35

Very pule reddish-grey, easy to dross and rather close-grained. Seems suitable
for indoor carpentry and ordinary furniture.

Touk-kyau .... Tcrmimilia crenulala, Kutli 70

Dark brown, close-grained, hard and durable. An excellent first-class timber
for all purposes, too heavy perhaps for ordinary furniture, though handsome, and,
allowing for its hardiu-ss, not difficult to work. Gamble says 57 lbs. is its average
weight ; but this is far too low.

Toung-ben .... Artocarpm chaplaxha, Roxb 34

Pale reddish-brown, rather coarse grain, but easily worked, and .suitable for
furniture and general carpentry pui-poscs, where no great strength is required.

Toung-gan-gor . . . (Botanical name unknown) 7.5

Pale yellowish-brown, very close-grained and intensely hard. One of the
strongest, hardest and most durable woods known, and a first-class wood for all
pui-poses calling for strength and dui-ability. It is a very handsome wood as well,
taking a superb polish. I do not think either Kurz or Gamble notice it.

Toung-ka-la-mat . . Cordia fragrantmima, Kz. (?) 47

Brown, rather fine-grained and easily worked, and suitable for furniture and
light carpentry, and a rather handsome wood. See Ka-la-mat.

Touug-ma-ji . . . Ekeocarptm forihunduK, Bl 40

Pale purplish-red, rather fine-graiued and easy to work. Seems suitable I'nr

light cai-jjcntry.

Toung-mhu. (Botanical name unknown).

A large tree used for making canoes. "Wood light and suitable for light carpentry.

Toung-pa-dc . . . (Botanical name unknown) 45

Very pale reddish-brown, coarse and fibrous, fit only for tlie commonest purposes.

Toung-tha-but . . . (Botanical name unknown) 44

Pale yellowish-grey. A rather fine-grained, but an interior wood.

Toung-tha-le . . . Garcinia A'ydia, lloxb 40

Very pale brown, rather fine-graiued and easy to work, and seems adajited for

light carpentry. Kurz says it is very perishable, but this probably is only the case

under exposure to the weather.

Tseit-ki or Tsoit-che . Briedelia rettisa, Spreng 39

Pale brownish or greyish. A somewhat coarse but strong nseful timber fiu-

house carpentry. Its name ' goaVs-dung ' is due to the spotted appearance the ])lanks

display, whcu one of the imbedded dark woody thorns with which the young tree is

armed" is cut through, these thorns in section bearing a fanciful resemblance to a

dried currant, or to goat's dung.

Tseit-ki-hpa-lfin . . BritdeUa, sp 45

Reddish-brown, not much used.

Ye-bi-mii .... (Botanical name unknown) 51

Reddish-brown, fine-grained and works easily. "Well adapted for liglit carpentiy.

704 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Ycm-a-mn .... (Botanical name unknown) 42

Veiy pale buffish-yellow, fine-grained, Tvitli a satin lustre, and something like
bird's-eye maple. A good wood for fancy carpentry.

Te-myaing. (Botanical name unknown).

Pale brown. An inferior wood.

Yen-daik .... Dalheic/ia culirata, Grab 58

Sapwood white and said to be perishable, but deserves trial for indoor work.
IIeart\yood dark brown, or blackish, very hard, tough and imperishable. An ex-
cellent wood where great strength and toughness are desired. The weight of my
specimen is unusually low from excessive seasoning. Gamble gives a more general
average at 69 lbs.

Ten-gat Gardenia coronaria, Ham 53

Pale yellow, hard and brittle, an inferior wood, that might be used for combs

and small wares.

Tcng-bat .... (Botanical name unknown) 50

Pale yellow, fine-grained and dresses well. Might be used as a substitute for

' lox ' for combs and fancy articles.

Yeng-zat .... {Ballergia, sp. ?) 75

Purplish-black, very close-grained, hard, strong and durable. A good substitute
for chony, though more fibrous in grain.

Ti-ma Chikrassia falulaih, Juss 53

Pale reddisli-brown, ratlicr close-grained, and easy to work. An excellent

furniture wood, commonly known as ' Chittagong ' wood.

Yong Anogeissus acuminata, Wall 51

Very pale reddish-yellow, rather fine-gi-ained, but an inferior wood, and I believe

veiy subject to the attacks of insects before it is seasoned. Seems adapted for coarse

carpentry only. Eurz recommends it for indoor use.

Zam-ba-le .... (Botanical name unknown) 42

Pale yellowish-grey. Rather coarse-grained, and fit only for common uses.

Zi-hpyu (Botanical name unknown) 49

Pale reddish, rather fine-grained, but an infcricn' wood. Would do for coarse

work and packing cases.

Zym-byun .... Billcnia i)entagijna, Roxb 46

Pale brown, close-grained, and seems a good wood for general carpentry.

705

ArrENDIX B.

YERXACULAIl NAMES OF BURMESE PLANTS.

Aik-mwe-nwoli Embolia rohiista.

A-kyor Aquillaria aijtillocha.

A -nan luijirtea fragrans.

A-nfui-bo (or lipyu) Cri/pteronia panicuhifa.

A-pang Aclii/ranthes aspera (Balfour).

A-tlux-wa-(li Passijhru.

A-thor-ka Amhenftii nolilis.

A-thor-ka-bo Saraca Indica.

Aii-za Anona squamata anil reticulata.

Ay-ka-yit ILillingtonia horfemis.

Bu-la (or Pa-la) Etettaria cardamomum.

Ba-lu-lct-wa Ifi-ptapleurum venidosum.

Ba-lu-wa Abi'linoschus esculentus.

Ba-lu-wa-gyi A. mosc/iafus.

Bam-bwe Carei/a arhorea.

Bam-bwe-nweh Ancistrocladus Griffithii.

Ba-nior Tetranthera grandia.

Ban-kba Terminalia heUerica.

Ba-sliu Mimusops littoralis.

Ba--n-a-nct Justicia gendarussa.

Be-bya Cratoxylon neriifoUiim (Knrz).

Beh-kyo Clerodendron serralum (Kurz).

Ben Cannabis .satira.

Bct-mwC'-slior I'aritium macro2>hi/lhim.

Bot-ya Tragia iwolucrata.

Bi-zat Spila)tthcs.

Bo-da-thara-na Cmina Indica.

Bok-net Zebra wood of Tavoy.

Bo-mch-za . Albizzia stipulata.

Bor Trevi.iia palmata.

Bor-thi-dyn liuttlera tincturia.

Boiikwa Ilambtisa, s\>.

Bu-di-na Mentha sglvestris.

Bu-f;yi-lipyu Clerodendron viscosum.

Bu-p:yi-ni C. squamatum.

Bu-lisen-swcli Lagenaria vulgaris.

Bu-ta-lct Elaocarpus lacnnosas (Kurz).

Bu-ta-yct Jl'lgiceras corniculata.

Bwe-zyn Bauliinia variegata and Malabarica.

Byin-liscn Antidesma ghtesembilla.

VOL. II. 45

706 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

Bya Cannahis safiea.

Byn-ga Nduclea rotimdifolia.

Byu-bou (or Hpyu) DiUcnia palchcrrima and pentagyna.

Cha-thoung-wa Bnmbusa pohjmorplia.

Cha-ya Mimusops elen(ji.

Che Seniecarpm pimdaratus and albesccm.

Che-ni Btirringtonia acutangicla.

Che-tlia (or da) £. pterucarjM.

Clie-the Tavoy red wood.

Cliok-ben (or Cli5p-bcn). . . . Diospyros monfdim and cord if olid.

Chouu-douk I'/iyinu-Iia intiltijuya.

Choung-ya Colosanfhes Indica.

Chyn-boung-hpyu Jliiiiscuw

Cliyn-douk-nweli-zouk .... T'ifis latlfolia.

Chyn-thya-lek-nweli .... Ilijmcnnpyramin hrachiata.

Chyn y-ok Garuya pinnata.

Chyn-u-we Ahriis preeatorius.

Da-ma-ngeh-nweh Ililhtia exfensa.

Dan Ltucsonia alba.

Dan-da-let Impatieiu bahamina.

Dan-kyweli Cassia tora.

Da-ni Nipafniticans.

Da-noiing Ca/amiia arborcscens.

Dan-yat Synqilocos racemosa.

Da-tha-lwun Morinya pteroupcrma.

Da-woh-hmaing Lunmitzera racrmosa (Tavoy, lla-sou).

Dhe-le-bcn Si/mplncos leucaiitha.

Di-du Bnmbax Malabaricwn.

Dok-ka-tet (lot) Cnnnarus.

Douk-loung ....... JJiilberyia reniformis CMason).

Douk-let Ficiis.

Donk-ta-louk Dalberyia ylaiica.

Douk-ta-loung-nweh . . . . D. sfipnlacea.

Douk-ya-ma Tidpinia Nipalensis.

Douk-yat Photinia.

Doung-kyet-tet Cudrania piibescms.

Doling sap (or sok) Cicsalpinia pulcherriiiia.

Doiing-tsat-pya Callicarpa arhorea.

Du-yin Bitrio dbethinns.

Dii-yin-yaing "Wild durian.

Dwa-bok Kydia calycinn.

Dwa-ni Eriolana CaiidoUei.

Dwut-ta-bat Arhras snpota.

Eing-bi-zat Spilauthes panicahifa.

En-daik, see Ton-daik.

Eng Bipferocarpus fiibcrcuhdiix.

En-gyen Aporosa vmcropliylla (Kiiiz).

Enjin Pcntacme Siamensis.

Gan-gor (or Keu-gor) .... Mesua ferrea.

G5n-nyin-ya Brcynia rhamnoides.

Gung-men Ainomum corymbosfacJiyam.

Gwe Spondias manyifcra..

Gyen-baing Bnsella alba.

Gyong-ma-ok Irdisia humilis and a/icrps.

Gyen-ga Hlollnyo speryula.

Gyiing-sa-ba Triticum safirum.

Gyut-nweli (rnefum cdiilc ixwA paniculare.

Hen-ka-la Spilauthes aniiclla.

APPENDIX B.

707

Hen-k;i-n\veli .
Hkor-kwa .
Hleh-zfi (or Lui-zfi
Hloiig; or Hlung
Hmaiug
Hmaii .
Hman-lipyii
Hman-ni . .
Hnirin-thyn (or th
Ilmau-thoii
Hmi-a-sait (or sek)
Hmo ....
Hmo-a .
Hmyin-wa .
Hnan-ben . .
Hnan or (nuan-mii
Hnan-peh . .
Hncn-hsi . .
Hnot-pyii . .
Hnor . . .
Hnyn-ek . .
Hpa-la . . .
Hpa-lSn . .
Hpa-la-wa .
Ilpa-yong-klia

Hpa-young-ben

Hpet-than . .
Hpot-ya . .
Hpot-ya-gyi .
Hpet-wun (or Hpt
Hpon-ma-thun
Hpoung-ga
Hpwe-to-ma .
Hpyu . . .
Hpyulisen-swe
Hpyu . . .
Hpyu-soimg .
Hsa-nwon .
Hsat-lo-kyoung
Hsat-la-hpyu .
Hsat-thwe-gyi
Hsch-than-l)ya
Hsc-ma-gyi
HsG-than-pay-a )
llsC-diau-bya . )
Hscn-(loug-ma-nweh
IIscn-ka-(lG . .
Hscn-ina-no-pyin (o

no-pyin) .
Ilscn-ncn-thayct
Hspn-ngo-myit
][.sen-tha-hpriii
Hsen-weli . .
Usi . . . .
Hsi-lC' . . .
]Isi-iiii-toiik
llseik-ba-lu

Sin-ma

Amaranihus spinosus.

Capparis graiidis.

Ltii/emtra-m ia torn en fosa.

Ocimiim rillosum.

Lumn itzira racemosa.

Fcronia eh'phantum. Randia. Gardenia.

Ihimlid ulii/inom.

Gardenia eri/ihroelada.

Curcuma Roscoeana.

Sasxafran (Jlason).

Antiaris toxicaria.

Areca catechu.

Greu-ia.

l)eHdrocalam un strict us.

N^auclea cordifulia.

Sesamuin Indicum.

Odina icodier.

Rosa.

3Iusa paradisiaea.

I^auclea cordifolia.

Clerodendron.

Elatcria.

Bauhinea racemosa.

Gareinia speciosa.

Cucurhita maxima.

Allamandra calhartica (ilason).

Theretia nerii/olia (Kiirz).

If('terop/ira(/ma adiuqjlnjlla.

Tragia (Mason).

Laportea crenulata.

Ilerrga amonilla.

Jllumea yrandis.

Saccharum procerum.

Calamus.

Rliizophnra niucronata ami conjugaia.

Lagrnaria vulgaris.

])illenia puieherrima.

Jiruguiera parvijlora.

Curcuma longa.

Com melg n a casp itosa .

randanus odoratissimus.

P. furcafus.

Gelonium hifarium.

J 'angucria spinosa.

Gardenia campanulata.

Handia longispina.

Tinospora nudiflora.

Solanum ferox.

Greu-ia abufilifolia (Kurz).

Jiriedelia stipularis (Kurz).

Jfangi/era sglvatica.

Eleusine Indica.

Fie us regia and Roxhurghii.

Ochna iquarrosa.

Xicotiana tabacum.

Daphne pendula.

Methouiea superla.

Xyetanihes arhor-ii istis.

708 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Hst'ik-eliC Pimcovia ruhii/fnosa.

Hsuik-gyi Bricdelia rctusa.

Hsu Carthamua tinctnrius.

Hsu-kouk Casalpinia panicuhta.

Hsu-ky:in-bo C. sepiaria.

Htaip-kouk-jicn Gualtherin lateriflora (Kurz).

Hta-men-sa-hpyu Gardenia scssiflora.

Hta-men-sa-ni G. turgicla.

Hta-men-tsok-gyi Aejyncia coccinea.

Htan BoransHsflahelliformis.

Htan-myouk-lu Livintonia speciosa.

Htat-ta-ya Calendula officinalis.

Htek-kouk-bcn Gualtheria laterifoUa.

Htoin (or HtCn) \ ^^'!^'(-'''tfY'fJj'' ^^^'')-

_ ' ( iV. cordifoha (Mason).

Htcin-ga-le (or ka-lu) . . . . N. scssifolia.

Hti-ka-yong Mimosa pudica.

Hti-wa ISamlusa regia.

Htouk-kyan Terminalin alata and crenxdata.

Htouk-ma Brepanocarpus reniformis (Kurz).

Htouk-sha Vitex leiwoxylon.

Htouk-sha-ma Tiirpinia pomifera.

Htouk-ta Tacca pinnatifida.

Htouk-yat Putranjiva Roxlurffhii.

Htwa-ni, see Dwa-ni.

Htyn-yu Pinus ];hasi/a.

In-jyn (or In-kyin) Aporosa macrophjlla.

Jio (or Jyo) Schleichera frijaga.

Jio-bo JTalsiira rillosa.

Jio-hpyu W. rohiisfa.

Jok Diospi/ros cordifolia.

Ka-byaing Ceriops Poxliirgliiana.

Ka-diit (or Ka-tat) Crateera Poxbnrghii.

Ka-dat-gnan Canaue/a ndorata.

Ea-du Jllitmea (Kurz).

Ea-dwe-u Dioseorea fascicidata.

Ka-dwot I'^icus hispida.

Kaing-tha-bpo-gyi Si/»iploeos.

Ka-long-lek-tbeh Phijilnnthas columnaris.

Ea-la-mat Cordia fragrant issima.

Ka-la-peli . . . Ciccr nrie'tlnmn.

Ka-la-zoung Opuntia Dillenii.

Ea-la-zoung-let-wa 0. cochinillifera (Mason).

Ea-leng (or Ea-lein) Casalpinia hondiic.

Ea-let Leca staphylea and samhucina.

Ka-let-thaing L. crispa.

Ka-long-lek-theh I'lnjllanthiis columnaris (Eurz).

Ea-lor Cassia oceidentalis.

Ea-lor-bso ITi/dnocarpus heteropliyllus.

Ea-l\va Cerhera odallum.

Ka-ma-kha ]]Ieliii azadiraclit (Mason).

Eam-ba-la Soniicratia apetala.

Ka-mung (or Ea-mon) >

Ka-mung-kyet-la 1

Ka-mung-not | . . . Kampferia.

Ea-mung-ni k

Ea-mung-taing-bya '

Ea-na-zo Baccaurea sapida and parri/lora.

APPENDIX n. 709

Kn-iia-zo . . ' TTc/wV/^-fl! (see ryn-lO-liu-Tia-zo).

Kan-Gk Zbniher barbatum.

Kiin-y-in-liok Diptmocarpus obtusifoUus.

Kaii-y-iu-hpyii 1). alafm.

Kan-y-in-ni 1). hen's.

Kaii-y-in-wit-touiin; D. turbinatus (Gamble).

Ka-nwc'h Si/m/j/iommi laiffuiriilaliim (Kurz).

Ka-iiyot Axparayus aeervsus.

Kan y-oung Diptcrocarpus.

Kan-zor Hiuniu loiH/ifolia.

Ka-pa-li-thyt Mimusops Uttoralis.

Ka-pwot Cofl'ea Arabica.

Ka-byamg Ceriops decumlra (Mason).

Ka-ra-mch Santalum album.

Ka-the Siimadcra Indica.

Ka-thyt-hsu Xant/wxi/Ion budrunga (Mason).

Ka-thyt-kha I'eiitace Bnnnanica.

Kat-se-ne Urena macrociirpa. Sida (Kurz).

Ka-ya Acanthus iUcifolius.

Ka-yor Congea vehitina.

Ka-yor-ka-yo Aglaia rohifulca (Mason).

Ka-yii riuchea Indica.

Ka-zwon liattatas eduUs.

Ken-bwon Acacia rugata.

Ken-khyok-hpyu Plumbago Zeylanica.

Kin-khyok-ui P. rosea.

Kha-boung Sfrychios nux-iomicii.

Khu-boung-ye-gyi S. jwtatorum.

Kha-ma-kha, see Ka-nia-kha

Kha-moung-hpyu j

Kha-moung-ni > Lagerstrcemia.

Kba-moung-tliwe )

Kha-miing Kampfcria galanga (Mason).

Kba-na-kbo Croton (iglium.

Kba-oiig Ficus conghmcrafa (Kurz).

Klia-ong-gyi Clerodcndron infortunatum.

Kba-ya Acanthus tlicifolius (^^ason).

Kha-ya, Kliya-ya or Kha-ya-gong Mimusops elcngi (llason).

Kha-yan, Kliayan-tliyn J

Kba-yan-gywot [ . . . Solanum mclotigena.

Klia-yan-])a-nicli )

Kha-yen-wfi Bambusa.

Kba-yan-niyo-lip6ng Li/copcrsicum esciihntum.

Khoung-htt-'li-wcn Zinziber.

Khoung-yan Jfibiscus rosa-sinoisis.

Khu-tsau JfgmenodictgoH thyrsiflornm.

Khwu-tlouk Kurrimia robusta.

Khwe-la-b\vot-nwch Canavalia luccns.

KhwC'-lG-nweh Jfucuna pntrita.

TTu - i /• rn \ ( Inaa duhis (Kurz).

Khwe-tau-ycn (sec Tan-yon) . . J ,•' „ . i , ir' \
•' ^ •' ' I Anilana robusta (Kurz).

Khwe-tan-yen-ni Cncstis platantha.

Kliwij-touk Connarus speciosa (Mason).

Kbycn-scing Zinziber officinale.

Kliyi-boung Loranthus (generic).

Kliyoung-ya-tii'ii Oroxglum Indicum.

Kio-pan-biii Desmodium lutifolium.

Ku-ko Albizzia lebbck.

710

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE A XL PRODUCTIONS.

Kon-ka-tbyt .
KGng-pyim-mri
Koug-nyin-uwoli
Kong-tha-bye .

Koung-hmu

Koung-khwu .

Koung-yan .

Ku-ku .

Ku-wC'-nwcli (or Kyu-nweli)

Kwe (or Kywe)

Kwe-douk .

KwG-leh-bwot-uwcb

Kwe-tan-y-cu .

Kwon-thoung

Kwon-bong

Kwon-tbe (or Kwan-tbe)

Kwon-lyn-bpyu .

Kwon-lyn-net .

Kwon-y--wot . .

KwGt-ne-nweh

Kya-bet-gyi . .

Kya-goung-loung

Kya-ben-ka-lG-nweh.

Kya-bpyu .

Eya-ni .

K}-a-nyo

Kya-kat-wa

Kya-lo-wa .

Kyan . . .

Kyan-za

Kya-na (or Kyat-bn;

Kya-tbouug-wa

Kya-zu .

Kyeh (or Kya-tb

Kyeb-gyi . .

Kyoh-ni

Kyeing-bok

Kyeing-hpyu .

Kyeing-kba

Kycing-ua-tba

Kycing-ni .

Kyeing-ta-boung

Kyoing-tor . .

Kyeh-tban-ban

Kyet-boung-bpyu

Kyet-hcn-kba .

Kyet-bet-ya .

Kyct-mfi-ok

Kyet-mouk . .

Kyet-mouk-ni .

Kyet-poung-bpyu

Kyet-ta-yor

Kyet-tet . ,

Kyet-tct-nwcli

Kyet-tba-hfU ,

Erytlirina ovalifoJia.

Ltiffersfrce/iiia i/iacrocarpa.

Entada scandens.

Eugenia, sp.
j Parashorea stellata (Kurz) ?
( Anisoptera glabra (Kurz) ?

Capparis auricoma.

Hibiscus f urea f us.

Smilax oral (folia.

Coliibriva pubescens and asiatica.

Spondias mangifera.

Kurrimia rohusta.

Canaralia lucens.

Inga duhis (Kurz).

Millettia atrupurpurca (Kurz).

Areca catechu (Mason).

Draceena angustifolia.
D. atropurpurca.
Piper betel.

Calycopteris Ro.elurghii.
Leea macrophijUa.
Bareluya oblongata.
Ipomeba vitijolia.
Ngmpluea pubescens.
N. rubra.
N. stellata.
Biinibusa arundinaeea.
B. Brandisii.
Sacchartitn offieinarum.
' Castanea tribiiluides and diversifolia (Kurz).
Toddalia aculeata (Kurz).
Xi/locarpus granatum (ilason).
Biimbusa polgniorpJia.
Terminalia chebula (JIason).
Barringtonia racencosa and pterocarpu.
B. speciosa.

B. aeutangula.
Calanms.

C. sp.

C. fascieulaius nm\ gracilis (Kurz).

C. sp.

C. Guruba (Kurz).

C. sp.

C. sp.

Broscra Burmanni.

Aganosnia acuminatum.

Moinordica.

Beckmeria intcrrupta (Mason).

Ardisia Aniherstiana.

Kephclium litchi, longana and hypohuca.

Cncstis plataniha.

Aganosnia acuminatum.

Greu:ia hirsuta.

liandia uliyinosa (Mason).

Coinbretum orale and squamosum.

Aniidesnia paniculata.

APPEXDIX n. 711

Kyct-tlnvon lipyii AUium satium.

Kyt't-thwoii-ni A. copa.

Kyet-lisu Iticinuit communis.

Kyt't-u-wfi Bendrocalamun Brandlxii.

Kyet-yct Celosia cristata.

Kyet-yO Vitex alata, limunifolia, and piibesccns.

Kyi-a Zanonia zel>neria and sarcophylla.

Kyi-boiing or poung- Zo/-rt«</((w (generic).

Kyi-chi-nwch ) r^.. . , 7 • ^t- \

Kyi-ni-nweh ) Vdis laneeoUria i^Mxi).

Kyn-ba-lyn Anfidesma diandnim and menasit.

Kyo-l)cn Vitex pedunculuris (Kurz).

Kyo ka-muug Kampferia.

Kyouk-ban T'itex agnus-cadus.

Kyoukchyu-lonng Begunia sinuata.

Kyouk-lipa-yuiig Iknicana cerifera.

Kyouk-ok-lmeh Jiuphorhia (Mason).

KyouU-pu-cn SplKerococcus lichenoides and Gigartina spinosa.

Kyouk-wa llamlimi, sp.

Kyoung-thyt (or clict) .... Jfezoneio-on cucullatum.

Kyoiiiig-gyct-nweh Pterolohitini ma<ropterum (Kurz).

Kyouug-mi-ku Jiiiddlcia Asiatica.

Kyoimg-sha (or cha) Oroxyltim Indicum.

Kyoimg-touk raijanclia multijiign.

Kyii Arundi) Jfadiigascuriensi-i.

Kyu-na-byn A. Itoxhurghii.

Kyweh (or Ky-wai) Dioscorea damonum.

Kyweh-iaik-thaby-e Eugenia.

Kywfli-tha Jiignonia,

Ky\veh-thaby-e Hageiiia.

Kyweh-thweh jlfgri-ifica (Jfason).

Ky won (or Kyun) I'a tona grandis.

Kywon-a-lyn J'remna tomenfosa.

Kywou-hpyu Gmelina arhorea (Mason).

Kywot-ne-uwch Culgcopleris lluxburghii and nutans.

Lain-bba Bignonia (Mason).

Lam-bo (or Lan-bo) Buc/ianania lafifoUa (Kurz).

La-mu Sonneratia acidu and Oriffitliii.

La-mwot Mangifera fitlida.

La-men Eurycles amboincnsis.

Lan-tbeh JTedic/iium coronarium.

La-nycn-pwcn Cargop/iyllus aromaticus.

Lcb-bweh Terminalia hialata? (Kason).

Leli-lu Olax xcandens.

Leli-jia-douk Ponfedera vaginalis.

Leh-za Lagerstrmnia tomentosa.

Le-lun-bcn E.rcacaria haccata [Mini"/.).

Lc-mo Calamus tigrinus (Kurz).

Len (or Lein) Tirminalia pyrifolia iwA bialala.

Lcng-mor Citrus aurantium.

Le-pa-douk Monochoria vaginalis.

Lcp-pan (or Let-pan) .... Bombax insigne.

Let-btok Alstonia scholaris.

Let-kbok Sterculia alata and fwtida.

Lct-pet-byn Ehrodendron orientale.

Let-tok-gyi Holarrhena antidysenterica (Kurz).

T . i-1 ,, ■ ( n. codaqa (Kurz).

Let-tok-them \ -nz- u- n- ■ rxr \

( H'lg/iiia mo lissima (Kurz).

■12

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

Let-touk

Li-long-bcn
Lyi-nya-slior
Lyn-he .
Lyn-kyor .
Lcn-kyor .
Le-pa-douk
Lwon-bo or hpi
Lu . . .
Lu-leng-kyor
Ma-da-ma .
Ma-dor . .
Mo-gywot or kywot
Ma-ha-lile-gri-lipyu
Ma-lia-hle-gri-ui .
Mri-ha-hle-ga-vra .
Ma-han ....

Ma-lilaing . . .
Ma hnyo-bon . .
Mai-za-li (or Meli-z;
;Ma-ji ....
Ma-ji-bouk . . .
Ma-la-ka . . .
Ma-la-mch .
Ma-k'in-pfii . .
Ma-li ....
Ma-lwa ....
Ma-ni-6k-ka .
Ma-u

Ma-u-ka-dun
Ma-u-let-tan shwG
Ma-ya-nbeiig .
Ma-yo ....
Mch(orMai) . .
Meh-byouiig .
Meh gyi . . .
Meh-keh . . .
Meh-ni ....
Men (or Bon) . .
Min-gu (or Mcn-gwC
Mi-jouiig-nweh .
Min-bo (or Mim-bu)
Min-gu ....
Mi-tha-lcu . . .
Mi-zi (or Mi-zu) .
Mo-dwin-tbe .
!Mo-jio-ban.

Mdk

Mok-tso blan-ma .

Mo-ma-kha

Mo-ma-kha-nweh
!Mrmg-la

Mong-la-ii-waing .
Mong-nyiu .
Mong-taing (or Mun-d:
Mu-daing ....

li)

t)

( Elteocarjms lanceafulius.

\ Holarrhma antidijsenterica (Parish).

Coniiiihium baccatum.

Pariiiuin iiliaceum.

A.corus calamus.

BiUenia parvijlora (Kurz).

Cinnamomum iners (Mason).

Poiitedoria vaginalis (Mason).

Buchnnania latifolia.

Panicum pnspalum.

Cinnamomum Zeyhmicum, ohtmifolium, and inen

Palherr/ia ovuta and glauca.

Garcin ia xan thoelujm us.

Commehjna caspitosa.

Bauliinia acuminata (Mason).

B. purpurea {Mason).

B. tomentosa (Mason).

Feronia elepliantum (Kurz).

Broussonetia pdpxjrij'era.

Gomphrena (jlohosa.

Cassia Siumea.

Tamarindus Indica.

Gardenia sessijlora.

Psidiuni guyava.

Cardiospermum.

jiforus Icevigafa (Kurz).

Jasminum samhac.

Spatliodea stipulata.

Corallia lucida.

Sarcoeephalus cadamba.

SarcocepJialus cordatus.

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius.

Calotropis giganiea xtA procera.

Indigofera finctoria.
, llaba buxifiilia.
, EuelUa indigofera.

Murrai/a exotica.
. Indigofera tinctoria.
. Amomum cardamomuin.

Garcinia mangostana.
. Berris scandens.

Caryota wens.
. Eheagnus arborea (Kurz).
. Ziiiziher barbafum.
. Mirabilis jalapa.
. Drosera Burmanni.
. Sphenocarpus grandijloriis.

Aloe socotrina.
. Besmodium triq^tetrtim.

( Salix tetrasperma.
■ ( Uomanoya riparia (Kurz).

Combretum extensum.

Baphanus sativus.

Brassica rapa.
. Sinapis diehofoma, Chinensis, alba, and nigra.
. Zop/iopetalum Wallichii (Kurz).
. Cycas circinalis, Ramphii, and Siamensis.

APPEXDIX IS. 713

llu-yan Ihrdeum hexaslichon.

Jlyu-liyit (or Myeli-byit) . . I'ortulaca oleracea.

M\-at-lfh Jasminum grand ijlorwn.

l[yat-lc'li-ni (iuamoclit pennatum.

J[yat-ya (or ilyai-ya) .... Grewia micrucos.

Mych-ban-touk lucmpferia rotunda.

llyet-hna-bua (or pan) .... !:<trobil(in(hesJtata.

Jlyciifc-ka, see Myn-ga.

llyeli-peh ArachiK luipo(j(ta.

Myt:h-zu-u\vt'h Vitis. crythrochida.

Mj'c't-yeh (or Jryct wu) . . . Pobjtuvlia hderoelHa.

Myin-elio-tan-yi't Moiiecyhn umhellafum.

Myin-thwa Arcca catechu.

llyiu-wa DindrocalaniuK strictus.

Jlyit-pydi Melasto)na 2[iilubathricum.

ilyi-zu Jlirabi/i.i Jafapa.

^lyn-fi'\. Cynomctra hijuga and ramijlora.

l[yoiik-f;ounf? Artocarpus, sp.

Kyouk-hlC'-gri Uauhinia ornata.

Jlyouli-kha-bat lUmhinia, sp.

Myouk-yCuig-iiyin iJerris sinuata.

llyouk-lqiyu Dioscorea glolosa.

!Myouk-kya I), crispata.

Jlyouk-kycn Flagellaria Indica.

llyouk-lok Artocarpus lacoocha.

Mvoiik-lok gyi i , ,

T,r" , , - J Artocu) pus communis.

Myouk-loung ) ^

Myouk-lok-ngcli Artocarpus, sp.

Myouk-ngo Duahunga Sonneratoides.

Uyouk-ui iJioscorca atropurpurea.

Myowk-o-sliyt Siphonodon celaxtrinus.

Myouk-Sfit Vlniun integrifolius (Kurz).

Jlj-ouk-sbor Jfomalium tomentosum.

Jlyouk-tau-yet ParJ;ia Iciophytla and insignis.

Myouk-zi Zizijphus rugosa.

Kab-hG (or Na-beh) Odina wodier.

Na-bu-nwoh Cumhrctum apetalum,

Na-ji I'teroxpermum scmisagittatum.

Na-lyin-bo Mallotus repandus (Ivurz).

Na-lyn-kyor Cinnamoinum.

Na- ma-ni-tan-}-ct Capparis /wrrida [Kurz).

Nan-lon-kyaiiig (or hmaing) . . Acacia Farnctiana.

Nan-nau Coriundrum sativum.

Nan-ta-yok Altingia exceha.

Na-sba-gyi Crgptulepis Buchanani.

Nat-cho lluliospermum montanum.

Noh-men Euryclcs amboinensis (Mason).

NC-u-weli Flacourtia sapida and cataphracta.

■KT - t ( Pacluiqonc odorifera (Kurz).

° ' • ( Aogdsia obtusijolia (Kurz).

Nga-mouk Laa uquata.

Ng.'i-toh liambuxa, sp.

Ngaya-gyi I'othos giganteus.

Kga-yan-pa-du Cterodcndron nutans.

Nga-yok-koung Pipor nigrum.

Ngugyi Cassia fistula.

Kgu-slnvC' C. renigera.

Kgu-thuing (or tliC-ii) . . . . C. nodosa.

Ngung-myit Chrgsopogon aciculatus.

vol.. II. 46

I

714 BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOiXS.

Nhong (or Nhan-bcn), sec Hnrm

Ni-ba-tse (or Ni-pa-liseh) . . . Jl/orimJa citrifolia (Mason).

Nu-wa Gosxi/pium Barhtidense and arlorcuin.

Nweli-ban GraptopliiiUum horieime.

Nwfh-bouk (or buk) .... radcria lanxujinosn.

■ST . 1 , - ( Thunhergliia laurifolia (Kurz).

\Acaeia popceah {ilASOTi).

Nweli-lmyo Thunhcrfjia (Mason).

■V , , - , t Ipoiiuca hnna-nox (Kurz).

jNweh-ka-zwon-npyu . . . . ) /, ? ,• r> ? 7 •■

'^■^ 1 Calonijction luixbarghti.

Nweh-ni Letfsomia aggregata.

Nweh-hpa-lrm Bauliinca glaiica, Vahlii waAferruginea.

Nweli-sat-nwch Si/mphoreina involucratum.

Nya ^xcjnjnomene pnhulusa.

Nyfi-gyi Muyiiida citrifalia (Mason).

Nyan Desmodium reptans.

Nyor (or Nya) Morinda exserta.

Nyoiing , Ficus (generic). F. indica anil laccifoni.

Nyoung-bor-di F. religiosn.

Is'young-clie-douk F. Benjamina.

Nyoung-cliyn (or cliin) . . . . F. infictoria.

Kyoung-hpyu F. Bnmplili.

Nyonng-kyat F. olitusi/olia.

Kyonng 5ug F. Benjamina.

Nyoung-op (or ok) F. rdusa.

Nyoung-poi-ne F. nervosa.

-TNyoung-tha-bye F. geniculata and exeelsa.

Ok-hwon-nweh Arggreia Zeglanica and harhigera.

0-na-kok-nweh A. papulifoUa.

Ok-neh (or Ujj-neli) Slreihis aspera.

Ong Cocos niicifera.

Oug-dong Tetmnthera laurifolia.

Ong-meli-liypu Clituria ternatea.

0-shyt yEgle marmelos.

Ouk-chyn-za Dioapgros ehretioides.

Oung-meh-lipyu Vlitoria ternatea.

Pa-daing Crinuiii Ilerhertianani and Aaiafieum.

Pa-daing-kyet-thwon .... SqiiiUa Indiea.

Pa-daing-khat-ta I Datura alba.

ra-aamg-hpyu )

Pa-daing-ngo Glohha Caret/ana.

Pa-dat-sa lueiiipferia Candida.

Pa-dong-me Kelmnhiuin spcciosum.

Pa-douk Pterocarpus Indieus and macrocarpus.

Pa-douk-gyi Pontcderia dilatata (Mason).

Pa-ga-nyet-su Pometia tomentosa.

Pa-yor-thein Alpinia nutans.

Pa-gye-tbeing (or Pa-kyeb-tbcn) . Gareinia specivsa (Mason).
Pa-lan, sec Hpa-lan.

Pa-lang toung-weh Cosiiis arggrophyllus.

Pa-Ion C'asuarii/a equiseti/olia.

Pan (or Paik-bsan) Crotalariajuncca.

Pan-bcn-nweli Ancistrocludus Griffitliii.

Pan-klia-tat Tacea pinnatifda.

Prui-niii Schima Noronhtc and Bancana (Kurz).

Pan-na-th5 Lnurus nitida (Mason).

Pan-sa-yeik Lrora coceiiiea (Mason).

Pau-sbit Impatiens halsamina.

APP/JXD/X B.

715

Pfin-ta-p-a . .
Pan-u-hpyu
Pan-you (or yiii)
Pe (or Pell) .
Pe-ek . . .
P.h ....
Poh-lyn-uiywt"
Pch-iiiyit (or Pch-lii
Peli-noimg-ni .
Pch-pa-swon .
Pt'h-yen-khyaiig; .
Peik-khycn (or Pek
Pcing (or Pung) .
Pc'ing-nia-hor-va .
Pcing- neli (or Pai-ne
Pen-bu . . .
Pen-zcing .
Pong-ma-thcing
Pong-nvcit (or Pwoin
PG-sa "...

chy

Pouk ....

Pouk-lipyu .
Pouk-nwoh
Pu-lor-pinan-myouk
Pu-lor-piuan-wa .
Pung-bon .
Pu-zyn-swil
Pwot-ebC-lion (or Pi
Pyen-ilan-iigri-b-n
Pyen-ka-do . .
Py en-ma
Pycn-ma-hpyu
Pyin-dor-tbtin
Pyi-nyouug (or Pyn-
Pyi-zyn ....
Pyn-bu ....
Pyn-bwa . . .
Pyn-leh-htau (or tor

Pyn-lcy-ka-na-zo .

Pyn-lohka-thyt .
Pyn-lob-ka-zwun .
Pyn-lfh-kyoung .
Pvn-loli-ong (or onn;
Pyn-lcli-tbyt-kouk
Pyn-lohtsi
Pyn-lt'li-ku-yin
Pyn-tc-yo . .
Pyn-Z(>ing . .
Pyii-ziing-zi .
Pyor-mou .
Pyoung .
Pyoung-bi .
Pyoung-lO kouk
Pyii (sLC Ilpyu)
Sa-ba

Sa-ba-lcn
Sa-byut .

")

-nye

ot

sb

t)

CahphyUum xpertahile (Kurz).

Jucmpferia Candida.

Andropoffon muricutun (Mason).

( '(injpha umhraculifora.

Citrullun vuh/aris and cucurbita.

Labhih vuh/are.

TrlchonanthcH angiiina.

PsophocarpiiK titrayonolohus (llason).

Canavalia (/htdiatti.

Ci/anopis pnoriilioidcs.

Cdjanus Iiidicus (Mason).

Piper longum.

Colocmia antiquorum.

C. odorata.

Arfocarpm intcgrifolia.

rledranthns aromaticim.

Ocimum villosum (Mason).

Bhimea hahamifera.

CahiplojUam inophylluin .

Mu) HI Indica.

{JE'ichijnomene paludosa (Mason).
1) lit ea f random .

Seahan ia grandifora.

lititea siiperha and p,irriJIora.

Jl/iinihot utiJiiinima.

Ilamhum nana.

Physalis perimana.

Tliea hohea.

Macrocarp us hngifoliits.

Sida (generic).

Xylia xylocarpa.

Lagerstrtem ia Jlos-reginm.

L. calyculata am\ Jloribunda.

Clamena hcptaphylla.

Ficun Bcngalcnsis.

Anfidi'sma yhaesemilla.

Plcctranthm aromaticm.

Jfarania arundinacca.

Scavola luenigii.
( Carapa obovata (Kurz).
( Jlcritiera minor and li/iora!is (Kurz).

IJrythrina Indica (Mason).

Ipomtca pes-caprai.

Clerodendron inerme.

Carapa obovata and moluccemin.

Gyrocarpun Jacqaini.

Ximenta Americana

Grcwia eladica (Kurz).

Ocimum vi/losum.

0. .lau'tam.

Jfii-n glauca.

Sorghum nilgare.

Ziut mays.

Panicum.

Oriza sativa.

A ndropognn esctilmlu i.

Momordica diuica.

716

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Sa-byit ....
Sa-ga ....
Sfi-lipyu . .
Sa-ka-ung . . .
Sa-kwa (ur Sa-kwC-)
Sa-lfit ....
Sa-lat-ni . . .
Sa-lu (or Tsri-lii-beu
Sa-mung-net . .
Sa-mung-ni
Sa-mung-sa-ba

Sa-mwot . .

Sa-my-cik . . .
San-da-ku .
San-k-t-tluli . .
Sa-peh ....
Sat-sha-ben
Sat-ju-yit .

Sat-sha (or Sap-sba)

Se-than-ya . .
Sa-tbe-klnva .
Sun-tliO-kbwa .
SLfi

Sha-bpyu .
Sba-nia
Slian-mth .
Sha-zoiing .
Sha-zoung-gyi
Sha-zoung-lek-hnyo
Sha-zouiig-pya-that
Shor-hpyu .
Shor-htu-pen .
Shoriii ....
Slior--n a . . .
Shouk ....
Shouk-clio (or kliyo^
Shouk-kha .
Shouk-lfiig-mor .
Shouk-piJk .
Sbouk-to-khwa .
Shouk-toug-o (or tuuj
Shyn-byat .
Shyt-ma-tet .
ShwL'-nweh-pan
ShwO-hpC'-dng
SliwC'-lipr'-oug-kha )
8iu-tba-b]ian .
So-ka (Kurz), see A-tli
Soung (or Zoung)
Soung-ga-le
Soung-ya (or Zoung-|
Sow-poiii-nweh .
Su-kouk
Su-kyiu-bo.
Su-pwot-ka-la-nw ell
Su-pwut uweh
Su-yit ....

/

Vifia rinifcra.

Michelia chanipaca and aurantiaca.
Xanthoplnilluiii .
Ficus.

TJl'bera opposififoUa (Kurz).
Cd/picarpioii Ii0.fl>i(ri//iii.
Graptophiilluiii liirido-sdiii/uincuDi.
Licuala peltata.
Nigdla satini.
Lcpiditim sativum.

Pimpinella anisuin and inrohicndiiin.
C'linim carni.
Anethum gravcolens.
A»etkui!i soiva.
Simtalum album.
Ctesalpinia diyi/na.
Jasminum. .lambuc.
Sponia orienfalis.
Nararelia Ceyhinica.
IJa'hmeria UamUtoniana (Kurz).
Sarcufhlamyn piilcherrima (Kurz).
Gclonium viultijlorum.
Ciicum/s satit'Ks.
Citridlus vulgaris.
Acacia cateclia.
Cicca enililica aud macrocarpa.
C aUiizziotiles.
lndi(j<ij\ra tinctori r.
Juipliorhia ncriifulia and nivulia.
E Jacquivifura.
I'J. tiruealla.
E anti(iuoru)i\ .
StercuUa versicolor.
Beihchmiedia lio-tl/uri/Iiiaua (^Kuiz).
Stcrciih'a villosa.
S. ornafa.
Citrus hcrf/amia.
C. liiuctta.
C. ?p.
C. limcffa.
C. hijstrix.
C. iiicdica.
('. (Jecumana.
Bauhiiiia fcrraginca.
Asparaz/us accrosus.
C 'assi/fha Jiliform is.

Cucurhita )iia.cima.

Ficus Hu.rhurfjliii.

L'ruf/uicra pare (flora.

A iicistrolohus cariiea.

Accrrhoa caraiiibola.

Cumhrctum trij'oliatum aud tetragonocarpum.

Ca'salpinia nuga.

C. sepiaria.

Acacia glaucescens.

A. concinna.

A. pennata.

API' EM) IX B.

ri7

Snrch-tan . .
fS\vou-p;i-l\von
Syn-tha-hpuii .
Syt ....
Ta-bwot-t:)"! .
Ta-cluin-s(5 .
Ta-luit (or Tanat)
Ta-kyct . . .
Ta-la-ku-wa .
Ta-la-lipi . .
Ta-li-en-nwe .
Ta-li-te . . .
Ta-ma-youk .
Ta-ma-som<^
Ta-myn-scin-bon
Ta-ma-zok . .
Ta-nat-sfi . .
Ta-noung .

Ta-nyeii

Ta-nycn-ni .
Ta-iiyon-tha-n-kycn
Ta-])ouk-ben .
Ta-pu-bcn .
Ta-sha . . .
Ta-taya-nwch .
Ta-yok sa-gfi .
Ta-yor . .
Ta-yor-nyo-nwi'l
Ta-zin-ban .
Te . . . .
Te-bpyu (or Ta-bpvu)
Te-tha-byG . .
Tein, see Htoin
Teing-nyet .
Tek-Ua-dwoii .
Tha-boik . .
'J ha-bor . . .
Tha-b\v5t . .
Tha-bwot-gyi .

Tha-bwOt-kha

Tha-bwot-kha-nwcli
Tha-bwot-kha-hmwcli
Tha-bwot-inveh .
Tha-bye . . .
Tha-bye-chyn .
Tha-bye-gyi . .
Tha-bye-lipyu
Tha-bve-htAii-shyt
Tha-bvC--khri . .
Tha-byC-ui . .
Tha-bye-poiik . .
Tha-byC-ta-o-kyeli
Tha-byC-tsat-chC- .
Tha-bvC'-tsat-ga-le
Tha-di (or Ta-di) .
Tha-diwr. . . .
Tha-lipaa . .

lliiuhinia monnndra (Kurz).
I'ha'nix dadijUfera (Alasuu).
Ficm Roxburrjhii (Kurz).
Albizzia procera.
Jfi'h'iisa velidinn.
Ilcteropanax fragrans (Kurz).
Ti'dfina HamUtDniana.
Patulanita fa'tidiis aud furcatus.
Gigantochloa auricidata.
Oc/i roca rp us Sia m ens is.
Gijnocardia odorata (Balfour).
Rouroa Hoohurlhoontee (ilasou).
Jlondeletia tinctoria (Mason).

Panicum acariferum.

Olnchidion multilocidare.

Unona discolor.

Ac/will li'iicophtca.

PUkeciihthium ani/ulafiiin and luhatum (Kurz)

Iiijia dii/cis (.^^asun).

Milletfia airopnrpurea (Kurz).

Vidamus, sp. (Mason).

Dalhergia panicidala.

Ilarrisonia llennettii.

EiiMii-a officinalis (Kurz).

Budtnena pilosa (Kurz).

Plumicra ncidi/olia.

Exctvcaria aijallocha.

Go Han ia lepfosfacln/a .

Ilidhoplii/llum anricomum (Parish).

])iusj)i/!-os Jlnrmanica.

Sonncratia Griffithii (Kurz).

Euijenia operculata.

Ctesalpinia sappan.
Cratieva Roxhurghii.
Qaereus velidina (Masou).
I'an dan us furcatus.
Lujj'a penfandra.
Jli'liusa vdutina.
Tridiosanthcs cucumcrina.
Mukia srabrella.

T'UJfafatida.

Ucaria macrop/ii/lla and 2>fi/chocali/x (Kurz).

Eugenia (generic).

E. cerasoides.

E. grandis.

E.jambolana.

E. sp.

E. vcnusfa.

E. oblata am] fruficosa.

E. Zeijhmica.

E. sp.

E. sp.

E. sp.

Bursera serrata.

Crolon polijandra.

Ficus Chittagonga.

718

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Tha-liiiyu-tha-l.ye .
Thaik-Ava . ." . .
Thaik-tu-hmyin-tu-wa
Tha-l<]nva-hmweli
Tlia-kliwa-kliyen
Tlia-kh-n-fi-kyouk-yon ,
Tha-khwa-lat \

Tlia-khwa-mi-joung-ii /
Tlia-khwot-hpyu .
Tha-khwot-ma
Tha-kya-nwcli
Tha-kyet . . .
Tha-15 ....

Tha-lch . .
Tha-ma-jok
Tha-ma-ka .

Tha-ma-ka-iiwtli .

Tha-niG. . . .
Tha-mcn-sa
Tha-mcn-sa-lipyii
Tba-men-sa-ni
Tha-nat . . .
Tha-iiat-kha . .
Tha-nat-tor . .
Tha-na-wa .
Than-ba-ya-shouk
Than-d5 . . .
Tlian-kya-pen (or b(

Than-tbat . . .

Tban-thit . . .

Tban-yit . . .
Tba-ya-pu-'\va

Tba-yct. . . .
Tba-yct-san
Tba-vet-tbi-ni .

Tba-yet-tbyt-si .

Tbe-bpyu . . .

Tbek-e-gyi . .

Tbek-ke-nyen . .

Then (or Thcing)

Tbon-
Tbcn-
Tbon.
Tbcn-
Tlien-
Tbcn-
Then.
Then-
Then.
Then
Then
Then.
Then
Tbet-
Tbet-
Thi

•b5-ma-ji

•ban-cb5-n-bouiig

■bor-ka-ma-kba

-bor-kyet-tsu .

■bor-leb .

■bor-ma-bnyo-ban

-bor-ma-li

■bor-moug-la

•bor-niyouk .

•bor-thi .

-bor-zi-bpyu

•boung (or Thyn

-kbwe

yon-ni . . .

yen-ka-dor .

bouu

Euyenia Mahcccnsis (Kuvz).
Baiiihusd nfjinis and tidda.
Buinlusa, sp.

Ciicuiiiis mdo.

Stereosperimmi chelcnoides.

Spathodea Rhcedei.

Leea aspera.

Pandanus fcetidus.

Pmiica granatiim (Mason).

(Jhims hinciffjlia (Kurz).

Ahutilon Indicmn.

Comlrdum Roxhurgldi.

C. decandrum.

Congea tomentosn.

A. V icenn ia ojfic in u lis.

Gardenia, sp.

G. sessijiora.

G. turgida.

C'ordia mi/xa and grandis.

ITiirrni/a exotica.

Gareinia elliptica.

Bamhusa, sp.

Citrus hergamota

Stereospennum neuranihum.

Chrysophylluin Roxburghii.

Siereos/ieri/ium Jimbriatuin (Kurz).
. Alhizzia lucida (Kurz).

Bignonia crispa (Mason).

Capparis spinosa.

Gigantocliloa ouriculata.

Mangifera Indica.

Swintonia Selewenkii,

Mangifera longipes (Kurz).

Gluta Tavoyana (Kurz).

Billcnia Indica.

Saccharum spontaneum.

Imperata cylindrica.
f Maranta dichotoma (Mason).
[ Calamus erectus (Kurz).

Sophura tomcntosa (Kurz).

Hibiscus suldarijfa.

Melia azadirachta.

Jatropha cureus.

Oossypium Rumphii.

Vinca rosea.

Jasmintim.

Brassica oleracea.

Batatus cduUs.

Carica papaya.

Cicca disticha.

Phomix paludosa and acaidis.

Jasminum.

Croton malvtvfolitim.

' llangoon croton' (Mason).

Feronia ch'phanium.

Ai'j'Lwn/x n.

719

Thi-dyn . .
Tlii-huv-a-zu .
Thi-ho-tlm-yet
Thi-wyn (or Thyn-wyii)
Thi-ya . . .
ThiiiiK-tsyn-prm
Thu-kt^h-ni
Thu-iij;eh-chu .
Thwijii-kliyi'u .
Tlnvon.tii-bat .
Thym-biin (or Theng-ban)

Thyn-ga-dii .

Thyn-gau . .

Thyn-jH'U . .

Tliyt-cliG . .

Thyt-chG . .

Thvt-

ipyu .

Thyt-hsouk-yo
Thyt-hswG-lii .
Tliyt-kri (or khfi)
Thvt-ka-do .
Thvt-khet-lan-th
TliVt-kya . .
Thyt-kyan-bo .
Tliyt-kyouk-nweli
Tbyt-long (or loiingj
Thyt-lyu-(la .
Thyt-ma-ji
Thyt-myii .
Thyt-ui . . .
Thyt-pa-gan .
Thyt-pa-youiig
Thyt-pGk . .
Tliyt-pouk .
Tbyt-sa . '.
Thyt-tsG-n\vong
Thyt-sat . .
Thyt-sGn . .
Thyt-si . . .
Thyt-tan . .
Thyt-to . . .
Tliyt-wa-gji .
Thyt-wyn . .
Tliyt-yrl (or Thi-y
Thyt-yiu (or ya)
Ti-thi" . . .
Tor-bGk . .
Tor-rhyn-boung
Tor-btiin . .
Tor-ka-dat-ngan
Tor-ka-ma-kJui
Tor-kwun .
Tor-kwuii-thi .
Tor-ma-ji .
1'or-niong-tsi .
Tor-pch

liixa orellana.

Limonia acidissima (Kurz).

Anacurdium occidentale.

Putujamia (/labra.

Shorea obfma.

Gardeniajlon'da.

Bignonia.

Helicleres ixora.

Calamun, sp.

Ackrai sapota.

Ifihisciis tiliaceus.

iAnisnptera glabra (Kuvz) ?
Parashorea dellata (Kurz)?
Uopea odurafa.
Phrynium dichofomum.
Cadanca jitvanica.
Sideroxylon tomentosnm .
Sterctdia scaphigera (Kurz).
XanthophijUum Jiaveaccns and glauctcm.
Lngemtncmia, sp. (Mason).
Dalbi'rgia, sp. (Mason).
<SV7( rebcra s ir ietcn to ides.
Poitace liurmanica.
Crdrela toona.
JLdgchium coronariuin.
Quercus (generic).
( 'innanwmum iners.
inihighbeia lifnrtobmiica.
Visoiin monil/furmc.
Ifi'tt'nip/inigma nulph urea.
^■iJbizzia odoratissima.
Ji'agcia bracfeafa and polgsiachija.
Amoora rohituka and cucuUaia.
Jfi/kftia Brandi.iii und pulc/ira.
Karavelia sessifoUa.
Palbergia purpurea.
Tetrameles nudijlora.
1 'arda n thus ch incns is.
Dalbergia nigreseens.
Aporosa villosu/a.
Terminalia beleriea.
Melanorrlum mitata and glabra.
JIgrisfica corficosa (Kurz).
Sundnricum Indieum (Kurz).
Sophora robusta (Jfasou).
IliUettia pendula.
filiorea obfusa.
C'rolon oblong if alius.
Fieus carica (Mason).
Dioxpyros, sp.
Jfibiscus.
Livisfona speciosa.
i'raria, sp.
2f(lia Burmaniea.
Piper ribesoides (Mason).
Areca triandra.
Klaoearpus )Valliehii.
Cassia, sp. (Mason).
IhUcJtos pilosus.

"■20

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE A XT) PRODCCTIOXS.

Tor-pyor
Tor-sa-lat

Tor-sa-peh . .

Tor-shouk .
Tor-ta-kyet
Tor-tha-bye .
Tor-tha-pwot .
Tor-that-hpyu
Tor-tlii-ben .
Tor-thi-dyn .
Tor-ye-nyo-nwfli
Tor-zi-nwch .
Touk-ta . .

Toung-phe-wan

Timng-ka-th}t

Tuung-ka-zor .

Touug-ka-zwon

Toung-ka-zwon-

Toung-khe-yeh

Toung-let-bpet

Toung-meb-sain

Toung-meh-za-li

Toung-Gug

Toung-peing-ncb

Toung-sa-ga .

Toung-su-ka-pan

Toung-ta-ma .

Tuung-ta-niyn

Toung-tba-leb

Toung-tban-gyi

Tsat-tlia-pu

Tsa-tha-khwa

Tseik-cbe .

Tseik-gyi .

Tw5t-ta-bat

Tyn-Tva . .

Tyn-yu. .

U-myn . .

TVa ". . .

Wa-bo . .

"Wa-hpyu-ga-lt

Wa-net . .

Wri-ni . .

Wa-nweh .

"\Va-tha-bp-wot

^\'ri-tbaing .

^Va-tso-ban

Wri-va . .

AVfi yeh .

Web . . .

AVet-cbe-pa-ncl

Wut-kyut-pea

"NVct-sbor .

"VVet-tliTt-cbC- (or kbya)

Wim-u-nwcb . . . .

Yan-ma-bC't (or lila)

Mum rubra.

Judicia dentata (llason).
Tahernmiiontana recurva (Kurz).
Jasmhmm scandens (Kurz).
Ichnocar2)us frufescens (Kurz).
Ghjcosmis cynnocarpa (Kurz).
Pandanus f(£tidas.
Euf/cnia thumra.
Sidcroxtjlon grandifolium .
Albizzia hicida.
ButtJera tindoria.
31(illotns philippineyisis.
Gouania lepfostnclnja.
Zizijphus wnoplin.
Taccii pinnatijida.
' Pteroqjennum acerifuUum (ilason).
^ Maenraxga dcniicuiata and gummijlua (Kurz)
Erythrina stricfa.
IliUfftia glaiicescnis.
Argi/reia capitaia.
A. tilicrfolia.
Fferocarpuii, sp. (Mason).
Euriiajaponica and serrata.
Indigofcra Brunoniana.

Cassia Timoriensis.
Arenga saccJiari/cra.
Artocarpus chaplaslia and rigida.
Mi/n'stica, sp. (Mason).
Hipfage candicans.

Ccdrcia multijuga.
Besmodium pulehellum.

Garcinia Kgdia.

Premna ijifcgrifoUa.

Pandanus odoratissimus (Kurz).

Coccinca grandis.

Pancovia ruhiginosa.

Brlfdelia retusa.

Achras sapota.

CephaJostacJigum pergracile.

PiiiHS Khasga.

Ipomaa xanfliantha.

Generic for Bamboos.

Pendrocalamus Brondisii and giganteus.

Gigantocliloa albociUata.

G. macrostachga.

Bamhusa margnuda.

BinocMoa Mac ChUandii.

PsendostacJiguiii ILelfcri.

Phrgn ium macrostachgum.

Elccocarpus, sp. (Mason).

Bendrocalanms longispatlms.

I), membranaceus.

Amorphophallus campanulatus.
Urcna, sp.

Zollhigeria macrocarpa.

Sterculia colorafa.
Castunea fnbuloides.
Vitis ergthrochda.
Calamus latifuUus.

APPEXDIX n. . 721

Yan-wa-lite-kyen C. paradoxHu.

Ye-c)iyn (or Ye-gain) .... Hiimenocardia Wallukii nndplicatu.

Ye-chyn-yii Dalbergia xpinosa.

Ye-hmy-ok Treiria nudiflvra.

Yc-ka-dat Cratcera hijgrophili.

Ye-ka-tliyt Erythrina lilhospenna.

Ye-kha-ong Ficm cunia.

Ycra-a-ue Gmelina arhorea (Kurz).

Yem-a-ncn ? i < -77

Yt-moiu I Aporom villosa.

Yen-bya Ancisfrolohus mollin.

Yen-ilaik Jhlbcrflia cullrata.

Yen-doung Vith Indica.

Yeng-yG Lumnitzera racemona.

Yen-huoung-uweh Vitis Llniuei.

Yen-linoung-pemg-nwfli . . . V. niiriculata.

Yen-kan Zahicca WuUkhii (Kurz).

Ycn-kan"-eho° j Zahicca eduUs .... Sweet (Jla.son).

Y^'n-kan-chyn Z. cdiilfs Sour (JIason).

Ycn-ma (or Yi-mfi) Cliickrassia velutina and tabularis.

Yen-ye-niyouk-myi Ehretia, sp.

Ye-pa-daing Crinum, sp.

Ye-tha-bye Eugenia opcrculata.

Ye-the-pan Eicu.s glomerata and lanccolata.

Yo-thu-gyi . • Scabania Jltgi/pfica.

Ye-wun Hibi-sriix mucrophijlhis.

Ye-yo Jforiiida a>i'/iisNfo/ia.

Yin-gat (or Ycn-kbat) .... Gardenia obfimifolia and coronaria.

Yin-hnoung-nweh r///s auriculata and vifiginea.

Yo-da-ya Ochtia U^allichii (Kurz).

Yo-ka-dfit Craticva higroplula (Kurz).

Yo-nia-lion-yo iSauropus albicanx.

Yon I'lirynium.

Yong A)/M/cissas aciimiiiafiis.

Yong-ma-di Abe/monchiis e.scidoifaa.

Yue-wun Hibiscus macrophyllian.

Yu-C'-gyi . Ad inanfhcra paconina.

Yu-t'-ngch Ahrus precafurius.

Ywet-kya-byn-pouk Sempervirum tcctorum.

Ywe-ti-tlii Ficus.

Za-llrk-hp^ul •••••• Jf!/n\stica huffi/olia.

„ ( WaUichia canioioidcs.

Za-noung \ nr v

Za-yat Lasia.

7A Zizijphusjujubn.

Zi-lipyu Cicca macrocarpa.

Zi-ya Cumiiium ci/miniim.

Zoung-ga-le Aiieixtrohbus carnea.

Zoung-ka-la Lagerstramia villosa (Kurz).

Zoung-ya Avcrrhoa caranibnla.

Zym-byuu (or by-\vun) . . . . Dillcnia pentagijna.

722

APPENDIX C.

A SHORT GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Acorose.

Aclilamydcous.

Acliene.

Acini.

Acotylodonous.

Acrogens.

Aculeate.

Aculei.

AdDatc.

..S^stivation.

Alate.

Albumen.

Alro.

Altoniatc.

Amphigous.

Anatropous.

Anisogynous.

Anisostemonous.

Aunulus.

Androecium.

Anther.

Antheridium. |
Antlieridia. )

Antherozoa.

Antherozoids

Apiculato.

Apricaijious.

Apetalous.

Apothecia.

Arcliegonia.

Arillus.

Needle-shaped.

A flower which has neither cahjx nor corolla.

A dry indehisccnt fruit, with a single free seed not adhering to

the pericarp, such as in the strawbeny (seeds) and rose.
Small fleshy drupes, as the fruit of the raspberry.
Cryptogamous plants, which produce no cotyledons in germinating.
C'ryi^togams, ■«'hioh grow at the extremity only, as ferns and

mosses.
Pri-kly.
Prickles.
The anther is so, when its cells are confluent witli the connective

throughout their length.
The arrangement of the floral organs in the bud.
"Winged.

A vegetable product, tinged yellow or brown by iodine.
See Papilionaceous.
See Leaf.

Thallogcns, wldch see.
See Ovule.
See Isogynous.

A plant with more or fewer stamens than petals.
In mosses, the separable border of the peristome of the fruit.
The whorl within or above the corolla.
The blade of a stamen containing the pollen.
Microscopic closed sacs, which when ripe open at some point and

discharge a cloud of flattened thread-like bodies, very active,

and the essential elements of fertilization.

The active filamentous bodies discharged from the antheridium.

Ending in a point.

See Fruit.

A flower when it has a mowichlamijcleoiis perianth.

The organs of fructification in Lichens. Composed of sporangia or

sacs containing spores.
Microscopic sacs, open at one end, and containing a vesicle, which

is fertilized by contact with one or more antherozoa.
An accessory development which covers the seed, generally after

fertilization, without adhering to the testa.

APPEXDIX C.

723

Awn. The beard or bristle of grasses.

Bark. Tlio external layer of woody plants, the inner portion of wliich is

known as the lihor or fibrous layer.
Basidia. Hounded cells in Fungi, which terminate in sterigmata, which

snpjjort the spores. Basidia may be either external or
inclosed.
Basifixcd. An atither when attached to the filament by its base.

Bracts. Altered leaves, whence the ilower axes spring.

Calycoid. A dichlaniydeous Hower, when both whorls are green or foliaceous.

Calycule. llracts simnlating an accessory calyx.

Calyx. The outer or lower whorl of ihc flower.

Calyx-tube. The receptacnlar cup enveloping the carpels.

Capsule. A syncarpous fruit.

Carpel. One of the floral leaves constituting the pistil, and on the edges of

which the ovules are developed.
Caryopsis. A dry indchiscent fruit with a single seed adhering to the pericarp,

as rice, wheat, maize, etc.
Catkin. A spica, in which the flowers are incomplete, wanting either

diimcn or pinlil.
Caudex. ' The rliizome of an acrogen when enveloped by fronds. The stem

of a tree-fern.
Cambium. The growing layer, in Exogenous woody plants, interposed between

the bark ami the wood, and which is structurally related to
both, the cambium layer of one year becoming the annual ring
of wood in the next.
Campanulatc. riell-sbaped.

Carpel. A leaf of the central or last whorl of the flower forming the pistil,

and which bears on its edge the ovules.
Cellulose. An insoluble substance, the common basis of the cell-walls, fibres,

vessels, and wood.
Chalaza. The thickened or discoloured part of the seed marking the place

where the nutrient jnices penetrate the internal coat.
Chlorophyll. The vegetable sul)stanee to which the green colour of plants

is due.
Clavate. Club-shaped.

Clinodc. The fructiferous layer on the inner wall of a conccpiadc in Fungi,

analogous to the llginoiium.
Circinato. Curhul round.

Circumsciss. A capsule is so, when it dehisces transversely, as though fitted

with a lid.
Conccptaclo. A closed spore-bearing cavity.

Cone. A. catkin shielded by thick scales, usually woody, but occasionally

membranous, as in the bop.
Conidia. Simple cells in Fungi, probably connected with the reproductive

functi(m.
Cortina. In fungi the membranous veil, extending from the margin of the

pileus, and protecting, when young, the organ of fructification,
as in the common mushroom.
Corolla. The inner wliorl next to the calyx.

Corpusculo. A microscopic cell-like body in either animals or plants.

Corymb. A raceme of which the lower pedicels are so long that the flowers

aro nearly on a level. In the Stock the inflorescence is at
fijst a corymh, changing to a raceme as the primary axis
lengthens.
Cotyledon. The leaf of the emhrrjo.

Culm. The stem of the Gramineai.

Cyme. In a cj'me the primaiy axis terminates in a flower, and the flower-

pedicels are nearly equal in length.

72i

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

cell, which acts as a cell-fjcnu ia

bocoiuinir less distiuct as the cell

trapes to permit the escape of
but soluble in

the
cold

"Diplostemouous.
Disk.

Dissepiments.
Distichous.

Difficious.

Dnrsifiseil.

Drupe.

Duramen.
Elaters.

Cytoblast. The granular nucleus of a

producing a new cell,

devclopes.
Decussate. See Leaf.

Definite infloresence. A cyme.
Dehiscent. Fruits whose ripe pericarp

mature seeds.
Dextrine. A vegetable product, analogous to starch,

water, and not turned blue by iodine.
Di- or Triadelphous. Stamens are so when uniteil into two or three bundles or columns.
Dichlamj'deous. A Hower with a double perianth.
Didynamous. Stamens are so when, of four, two are largest.

Diclinous. A comprehensive term for moncecious, dioecious, and polygamous

flowers.
A plant with more than twice as many stamens as petals.
A tumid ring, which in hypogynous flowers surrounds tlie base of

the ovary, and the thickening round the base of the style.
The septa or partitions of a compound oiari/.
Leaves which spring from alternate nodes, placed on two lines

to right and loft.
A plant on whicli flowers of one sex only grow.
An anther when attached to the filament by its back.
An iudehiscent, usually one-scodeil fruit, with a fleshy mesocarp,

and usually a bony endocarp, as a cherry or peach.
The inner, denser, and more deeply coloured heart-wood.
Filiform appendages to the spores of Eqiiisetaeea, dilated at each

end into a spirally coiled blade, very hygrometic, and which

uncoils when subjected to moisture. iJefore expansion the

elaters are coiled round the spore, their common point of

attachment being on its equator, and the spatulate ends on

its poles.
Embryo. A very young and miniature plant composed of stem, root, bud,

and one or two leaves.
Endocar)"). The inner layer of the pericarp.

Endosmosis. The current of any fluid through a membrane from without, in

optposition to exosmosis, which is a passage of a fluid from

within.
Endosporc. The inner layer of the spore-wali of a Lichen.

Epicarp. The outer layer of the pericarp.

Epigynous. The stamens and eorulla are so when inserted on the pistil itself.

Epispore. The outer layer of the spore-wall of a Lichen.

Epitliallus. The superficial crust of Lichens.

Exalbuminous. Without albumen.
Extrorse. The anther is so called when the sutures are turned towards the

circumference of the flower.
Exosmosis. See iEndosmosis.

Falcate. Curved like a scythe or sickle.

Fasciculate, Fascicled. See Leaf.
Faux. The throat ; a point of junction of the tiihe and free liinh of

a monosepalous calyx.
Fecula. Starch. A vegetable product insoluble in cold water and coloured

blue by iodine. It occurs in the form of grains, which vary

in shape with the species, furnishing thereby valuable evidence

to the analyst and microscopist.
Female. A flower possessing a pistil, but no andnccium.

Fertilization. The etfect produced on the ovules by the deposition of pollen grains

on the stigma.
Filament. The petiole or .stalk of a stamen.

APPEXDIX C.

ror,

Flowor. That part of a plant wliifh shelters the reproductive organs.

Follicle. A dry many-seeded fniit, opening along its ventral suture.

Fovilla. The matter inclosed iu the pollen-grains and the essential clenu iit

in fertilization.
Free. Sfamens are so when completely separated.

Fruit. The fertilized and ripe pistil, inclosing the seeds. It is apocarpous :

1. when its carpels are separate, as in the rose, in which
each carpel is a fruit ; 2. the pistil forais a single carpel, as
in the j)ea, wheat, or apricot. It is mjncariious when its
carpels are united, as in the poppy. The ripe ovary is the
pericarp, and it is composed of three layers, the epicarp,
oidixurp, and mcsocarp or sarcocarp.
The cord uniting the ovuk' to the placenta, the homologue of the

umldlicus in animals.
See Mouopetalons.
Grape sugar ; ditl'ers from eano sugar in containing three more

molecules ot water.
The suh-o])])osite bracts of the fertile flowers of grasses, whereof
the lower and outer is largest, and sheathes the upper, and
is either armed witli an awn or mnticous.
;lumc. Ihc involucre ot the sterile flowers of grasses, composed

of two scaly, opposite bracts.
A vegetable product, present in most seeds, analogous to albumen,
Jibrine, and casein, but devoid of sulphur and phosphorus.
It is obtained by washing flour in water, till the water ceases
to be rendered turbid by the starch.
Olive-green granules present in Lichens, and which distinguish

these from Fungi, in which they are absent.
See Jficro-sporani/ia.

I'hints with naked ovules, as iu Conifers and Cycads.
The pistil.

Sfamens arc so when unitcil for their entire length with the pistil.
The dilated base ot several confluent stylos extending below the

ovaries and surface of the receptacle.
An elongated support to the pistil.
In a head the primary axis is vertically contracted, so as to gain

in thickness what is lost iu length.
Soft, like herbs.

A flowi'r jiossessing both andrccciam and pistil.
That part of the trsta homologous to the 'navel' of animals,

whereby the seed was attached by iififiinicle to the placenta.
The ]>roligerous layer of Fungi.

The stamens and corolla ai'c so when they do not adhere to the
pi.'ilil or calii.v, but to the receptacle below the base of the
pistil.

TTypothallus. See Thallus.

Incomplete. A flower deficient in either cahjx, corolla, andrcecium, or pistil.

Indehiscent. Fruits which liberate their seeds by decaying, as the apple,

or whose pericarp is jiierced by the embryo, as in gi'asscs.
Indefinite infJorescenee. Embraces raceme, cori/mh, umbel, spike, and head.
Indusium. The involucre or pellicle investing the sori of Ferns.

Intlorescence. A ilowering brancli complete.

Introrse. The anther is so called when the sutures are turiud towards the

centre of the flower.
Involucre. Tlie bracts at the base of the umbel.

Isogynous. A flower in which the carpels of the pistil equal the sepals in

nuudjcr ; anisi eiynous when the carpels are fewer; and poli/-
gynous when they are more numerous than the sepals.

Funicle.

Gamopctalous.
Glucose.

Glumellcs.

Glumes, or empty :
Gluten.

Gonidia.

Goniotheca.

Gymnospernis.

Oynceciuui.

Gynandrous.

Gynobase.

Grnophorc.
Head.

Herbaceou.s.

Hcrimiphrodite.

Hilum.

Hynienium.
Hyiwgynous.

726

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Leaf.

Isostemonous. A plant Tvliose stamens eqiial the petaU.

Laciniato. A leaf ■when cut up into numerous acute divisions, called lachute.

Lageniform. Shaped like a flask.

Lanceolate. Leaves are lanceolate when hroadest at the centre and gradually

tapering each Tvay.
A leaf is oppoxite when two spring from the same node or opposite
sides of the stem ; ichorkd or verticilldte, when several proceed
from the same node ; alternate, when but one proceeds from
a node, and the next leaf is on the opposite side of the stem ;
decussate, when in opposite pairs, each pair at right angles to
the next ; sccund, when all start from, or are turned to one
side of the stem ; peltate, when the petiole is not centrall}' or
non-marginally attaclied below.
A follicle which opens along both its ventral and dorsal sutures

into two valves.
See Bark.
Leaves are linear when with nearl)- parallel sides and more than five

times longer than broad.
Minute scales surrounding the reproductive organs of some grasses.
The true germinating spores of Lyeopodiacem, termed also oophoridia

and spherotlieca.
A flower which has an andrxchtm , but no pidil.
The middle layer of the pericaip.
The minute hole whereby the pollen gains access to the ovule and

effects its fertilization.
The goniotheca of Lycnpodiace(e, containing the antheridia.
Monadelphous, Didelphous, etc. Stamens are so termed when united into one or

more clusters.
Monandrous. See Polyandrous.

Monoecious. A plant on which grow both male and female flowers.

Monogynous, Digynous, etc. A flower is so called when the pistil consists of one or

more parts.
Monosepalous. A cali/x whose sepals more or less cohere.

Monopetalous or Gamopetalous. The corolla whose leaves unite to form a single piece.

Legume.

Liber.
Linear.

Lodicules.
Macro-sporangia

Jfale.

Mesocarp.

Microjiyle.

Micro-sporangia.

Muticous.
Mycelium.

Neuter.

Orthotropous.

Obovate.

Opposite.
Oogunia.

Oophoridia.

Ovary.

Ovate.

Ovule.

Unarmed, as the glumelle of a grass unprovided with an awn.

That portion of a fungus from which under favourable conditions
the reproductive organs are developed. It is tenacious of
vitality and can remain dormant for long periods, till stimu-
lated into vigorous growth by light and moisture. It may
exist in a filamentous, membranous, pulpy, or tubercular
form, and is comparable with the sareode of the Protozoa.

A flower devoid ol pistil and a/idrccciiim.

See Ovule.

Leaves are obovate when egg-shaped, with the broader end
towards the apex.

See Leaf.

Globose bodies wherein are developed the reproductive globules
termed oospores.

See Macro-sporangia.

The blade of the caqx"! which protects the ovules.

Leaves are ovate when egg-shaped, with the broader end towards
the base.

Small bodies (eggs) produced on the earpels. An ovule is straight
or orthotropous when it is uniformly developed, and the iniero-
p)ile remains opposite to the hiluiii. Should, however, the
ovule be developed unequally, and the micropyle curve round
in the direction of the hilum, it is tiion termed reversed ana-
tropous. "SVhcn the hilum and chalaza are united, and the

APPESDIX a

"27

Papilionaceous.

Pappus.

Panicle.

Parenchyma

Pcil uncle.

PccUcel.

Peltate.

Perianth.

Pericarp.

Perigynous,

Petaloid.

Phvllode.

Petals.

Petiole.

Pileus.

Pistil.

Placenta.

Pollen.

Polyandrous.

Polygamous.

Polygynoiis.

Polyscpalous.
Prothallus.

Protein.

Putamen.

Pycnidia.

Baceme.

Eachis.

Radical.

Receptacle.

Rejliilar.
Retinacula.

Rhizome.

7nieropyh bent round to them, then the ovule is termed cam-

pylolropous.
A flower wlien composed of 5 petals, of which the upper is next

the axis, and incloses in bud the other 4, whereof the lateral

pair, or alx, inclose the lower, which are often adherent by

their lower margins.
The calyx-limb, when reduced to a tuft of bristles or silUy hairs,

as in the Dundelion.
A compound raceme with branched secondary axes.
The cellular tissue of plants.

The supports of the flowers.

See Leaf.

The single or double whorl surrounding the andracium and putil.

The ripe ovary.

The stamens and corolla arc so when they are inserted on the calyx

above the base of the pistil.
A diclilamydeous flower wlieii lioth whorls are coloured.
A dihited petiole, which may replace the true blade.
Tlie leaves or segments which go to form the corolla.
Tlic stalk of a leaf.
The dilated portion of fungus, bearing beneath it the organs of

fructification in the form of gills, tubes, or processes.
Tlie ovuligerous wliorl within or above the andrcccium.
The fibro-vascular attachment between the ovule and carpel.
The dusty or granular parenchyma contained in the antlier. Tlic

pollen-grains arc tlie receptacles of the Focilla, wliich is the

fertilizing agent.
A flower with more stamens than ten. Mon, di, tri, tetr, pent,

hex, Oct, enne, dec(androus), when the stamens arc 1, 2, o,

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, respectively.
A plant which has hermaphrodite flowers scattered among male or

female ones.
Sec Isogynous.

A calyx whose sepals are wholly separate.
Tlie first stage of cellular development of the spore, on the lower

surface of wliich (prothallus') are further developed the anther-

idia and areheijonia.
The basic constituent of all substances designated albuminous.
The stone or bony endocarp of a succulent fruit, as a peach.
Small conccptacles in Lichens, of obscure origin and function,

perhaps supphmientary to reproduction.
An inflorescence of wliich the nearly equal secondary axes rise

along the primary axis.
The petiole or stalk ; also the axis bearing the inflorescence of

grasses.
Leaves are so called, which spring from the root, and not, as is

usually the case, the stem of a plant.
In Phanerogams the swollen extremity of a branch, wherein the

wliorls of a flower are grouped. In the strawberry it forms

the (so-called) fruit. In Cri/ptot/ams thp, pileus of a mushroom,

or like fungus, being the dihited portion, on the under surface

of whicli tlie reproductive organs are developed.
Wlien the parts of a whorl are e(iual and similar.
Viscous bodies connected with the stamens of Asclepias, which

secrete a viscid fluid wliich cements together the polleii-

masscs of two adjacent anthers.
The root stock or subterranean prolongation of tlic stem.

738

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Euminate.

Eimcinato.
Samai'a.

Sap.

Sap-wooil.

Sarcocarp.

Scape.

Secund.

Seed.

Sepals.
Sessile.

Siliculose.
Siliquose.

Sori.
Spadix.

Spathe.
Spatulate.

Spermatia.
Spermogonia.

Splicrothoca.

Spika.

Sporaugiuni.

Spores.

Squarrosc.
Stamens.
Stain inodes.

Standard or Vex

Starch.

Stem.

Sterigmata.

Sterile.

Stigma.

Stipules.
Stoloniferous.

Stiobilus.

When the albumen of a seed is traversed by septa or folds of the

testa, simulating the folds in the stomach of a ruminant.
A leaf when the points of its laciniee are du'ccted downwards.
A diy one- or two-seeded fi'uit, of which the pericai^p forms a

membranous wing above or round the cell.
The blood of plants. A colourless fluid holding in solution all

materials of plant-growth.
The newest or outer layers of wood in Exogenous trees.
The mcsocai-p.

A leafless peduncle attached to the stem.
See Leaf.
An ovule which has been fertilized by the pollen, and made

capable of germination.
The leaves or segments which go to form the calyx.
With a broad base. A leaf is so called when it is dii'ectly attached

without the intervention of a stalk.
A fruit or pod, whose length is less than three times its breadth.
Pod-shaped, when the fruit or pod is more than three times as

long as broad.
A group of sporangia.
A spike of incomplete flowers, which, when young, is enveloped

in a large bract or spatlie.
A large bract enveloping the young spadix.
Leaves are spatiUate when narrow at the base and broader at

the tip.
See Spermogonia.
The organs of fertilization of Lichens, composed of conccptacles,

immersed in the thallus, containing jointed filaments termed

steriymata, which produces minute corpuscles, or spermatid,

the supposed fertilizing agents.
See Macro-sporangia.

In a spika the flowers are sessile on the primary axis or spike.
An organ or cavity wherein spores are developed, within the

cellular mass constituting the organ.
Minute membranous sacs, full of liquid fi'om which a miniature

plant is produced. They are developed freely within the

sporangium, and never adhere to its walls.
Leaves or bracts, with tips pointed and much spread or recurved.
The leaves or segments of the andreecium.

liudimentary organs, which in female flowers represent ana-
logically the stamens in male flowejs.
ilium. In a papilionaceous flower, the upper petal, which incloses the

four others in bud.
A vegetable product, tinged blue in solution by iodine, and whose

component grains are of different shapes and sizes in dift'erent

species.
That portion of the vegetable axis which grows in an opposite

direction to the root. It may be annual, biennial or perennial,

as it lasts one, two, or many years.
See Spermogonia.
A flower which is neuter.

The apical and spongy termination of the sti/le.
The stalk of a. fungus.

Appendages at the base of a leaf. Also its tendrils.
A stem is so termed when creeping shoots are produced from the

axils of its lower leaves, which give rise to tufts of lca\e3

with corresponding roots to each tuft.
A fir cone.

AI'PEXDIX a

r29

Stropliiolo 1
(Strophiolatc). J
Style.
Subor.
Suil'ruticosc.

Sugar.

Symmetrical.

Syncarpous.
Testa.

Tetradynaraous.
Thallogeus.

ThaUus.

Thcca.

Tigellus.

Tomcntum.

Torus.

Trichogyne.

Tuber.

Umbel.

Umbilicus.
Urccolate.
Urn or Thcca.

Utricle.
Valves.

Vernation.

Verticillate.

Volva.

Whorlod.

Zoospore.

ipr one more

et^ual

Excrescences of the iesta, independent of tha panicle ox micropyle.

The terminal prolongation of a carpel.

A layer of the bark interposed between the epidcrmi-i nn<l the lUier.

Having a persistent stem, but the leaves and twigs renewed

annually.
A vegetable product analogous to starch, but containing

molecule of water.
"Wlien tlie parts of successive -whorls are isometric or

number.
See Fruit.

The external coat of a seed.

Stamens are so, when, of six, four arc large and paired.
Cry])togams, whose growth is at the periphery, as Pungi and

Lichens.
The vegetative apparatus of a Lichen, usually composed of three

layers, the cortical, gonidial, and medullary, and sometimes a

basal one, termed tlie /n/pothnllus.
See Urn.

The canticle or stem of the embryo.
The downy covering of some plants.

Till! part whereon the corolla and andrmcium are inserted.
A tubular organ of fertilization in certain Alt/a {Floridea).
The dilated extremities of underground roots, usually containing

starch.
A raceme with the primary axis reduced to a point, and the

secondary axis ei|ual and radiating. When the secondary

axes bear others, it is called compound.
The hilum.
Pitcher-shaped.
The capsular fruit of mosses (inclosing the sporangium) borne

on a pedicel {neta), usually furnished with cover {operculum);

a central axis {columella) ; the margin {peridome) ; sometimes

cnciicled by a separable border {annulus).
An achenc with a thin and almost membranous ji^cr/cfl/y;.
The segments of the ripe pistil which dehisce to allow the seeds to

escape.
The arrangement of the petals and sepals in bud.
See Leaf.

In fungi the pouch enveloping the young plant.
Sec Leaf.
A spore furnished with vibrating hairs and gifted with motion.

47

730

ERRATA.

A^OL. I.

Page 280, line 21 , for or, read but rather.

A^OL. II.

Page 6, lines 3 and 4 from bottom, for Myoung read I^yoimg.
104, line 16, for ruLcniLiA read pulchklla.
111. Erase line 14.
119, 8 lines from bottom, /or srBULALUs read subuiattjs.

142, lino 40,>r Tan- rend Tor-.

143, lines 3 and 7, for Kwam read Kwon. Kamorta. Kar XicoLar.
221, 8 lines from bottom, insert C. g>t:tocaepa, Kz.
234, line G, for ffgifolium read fagifolium.
269, line 8, for Pyu-moung read Pyi-nyoung.
274. To end of note at bottom, add pure.
290, lines 27 and 31, for B.ISILLE^ and Basilli read BASELLEiE and

Basella.
304. Below Y. puisescexs add V. arhorea, Eosb.
30.5, line 15 from bottom, /or longiplea read longifolia.
33.5, line '27, for CArscoRA read Canscoka.
405, 4 lines from bottom, for paeviflora read parvifolia.
425, 14 lines from bottom /or sessifolia read sessiflora.
601, for Geissaspis reeid GEis.iPsis.

532, line 24 from bottom, for mimusoibes read mimosoedes.
560, line 7, for glabkatus read glabrata.

578, remove Lepionurus and Champeeeia to SAXTALACEiE, p. 221.
605, line 22, for Javanicum read Javaxicus.
627, line 10, /or G. read J).

638, 6 lines from bottom, for Japoxia read Japoxica.

639, line 21, before oleracea insert Poetulaca.
641, line 15, for telephioides read telephoides.
676, Order SAMYDACE^ transfer to page 675.

731

INDEX.

TART I.— GENERA AND SPECIES.

a.

abelmoschus, G14.
abildgaardia, l-2().
abroma, irl'i.
abrotanum, 3S2.
abrus, 503, 676.
absus, 677.
abutilifolia, 604.
abutilou, 610.
acacia, 541.
acanthocoma, ri2.
acanthopodium, 591.
acanthus, 312.
acarifera, 110.
acalypha, 2.">o.
acaulis, 142, 403, 674.
acer, 55.').
aceras, 183, 200.
acerifolium, 622.
aceroides, (i22.
acerosura, 1!)2.
acerosus, 125.
acervata, 1!I4.
achras, :!(il.
achyranthes, 202.
acicularis, 517.
aciculatus, 112.
acida, 458.
acidi.ssima, .593.
acidula, 456.
acinosum, 47.
acniella, 3S0.
acorus, 133.
acoroides, 144, 209.
acranthera, 429.
acriopsis, 1^3.
acrocarpus, 29, .540.
acrocephalus, 297.
acronychia, 591.
acroporium, 52.
acrostichoides, 72, 82.
acrostichum, 75, SO.
acrotrema, i;('>9.
actephila, 232.

acuifera, 201.

aculeata, 294, 306, 538,
56S.

aculeatum, 70, 83.

acuminata, 120, 229, 244,
258, 2i;0, 265, 3119, 321,
343, 479, 500, 505, 533,
551j 576, 631, 670.

acuminatissima, 470.

acuminatissimum, 353.

acuminatum, 307, 337,
349, 372, 480.

acuniinatus, 314, 572.

acuta, 82.

acutata, 45, 52.

acutangula, 446, 473, 675.

acutangulus, (Mtj.

acutiflora, 484.

acutifolia, 347.

acutirameum, 52.

acutirameus, 45.

acutissima, 60.

adonanthera, 540.

adenanthus, 509.

adeuosacme, 429.

adenophylla, 320, -116, 560.

adenosnia, 316

adenostemnia, 395.

adhatoda, 3lo.

adluereiis, 29.

adiantoides, 597.

adiantum, 46, 51, 66, 67,
84.

adinandra 631.

adnascens, 82.

adnata, 21, 84, 384, 564.

adplanata, 48.

adustum, 34.

ad vena, 195.

ajgialiti.s, 370.

ajgiceras, 368.

ffiginetia, 321.

wgle, 5;i6.

ajgyptiacum, 105, 392.

ffiquata, 5(i8.

sequLt'oliuni, 26.

aerides, 178, 189,108,080.
aeriopsis, 2oo.
seruginea, 22, 24.
seruginosa, 21, 205.
ferva, 291.
jeschynanthu.s, 321.
jeschynomene, 5iU.
sesculus, 561, 077.
aestivalis, 120.
afflne, 178, 198, 643.
affinis, 33, 98, 194, 201,

270, 322, 674.
afflatus, 119.
afra, 639.
africanus, 674.
afzelia, 5:15, 077.
agallocha, 254, 281.
aganosma, 349.
agapetes, 673.
agaricus, 31.
agave, 147.
ageratum, 394.
aggregata, 333.
aggregatum, 15(i, 192.
aglaia, 5s3, 677.
aglaonema, 131.
aglaophyllum, 28.
agnus-castus, 3(i4.
agro.stistachys, 242.
agrostophylliun, 164, 196.
ailanthus, 589.
alusliea, 400.
ajacis, 670.
ajuga, 2! 15.
alangium, 432.
alata, 14.5, 172, 197, .304,

389, 402, 470, 517, 532,

621.
alatus, 627.
alba, 167, 189, 196, 290,

294, 300, 379, 459, 520,

675.
albescens, 45, 53, 550.
albicans, 235, 28(i.
albida, 24, 32, 517.
albido-purpiu-eum, 197.

732

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE A±XD PRODUCTIONS.

albidum, 41, 43, 49.

albiflora, 471.

albizzia, 543.

albizzioides, 235.

albo-ciliat-a, 1)9.

albo-lineatiis, 202.

albo-sangiiineum, 158,192

albo-setacea, SG.

album, 221, 223, 308.

alchornea, 247.

alcioorne, 190.

aleurites, 242.

alisma, 144.

allamanda, 344.

allium, 12s.

allomorphia, 4G2.

aUojjhyllus, 557, ti77.

allughas, 207.

alnus, 258.

aloe, 128.

aloides, 42, 46, 54.

aloeoidea, G74.

aloi-folium, 171,197,203.

alopeciu'oides, 45,52,500.
alopecm-um, 188.

alpestris, 489.
alphoiisea, CGI.
alpinia, 207.
alseodaphne, 284.
alsinoides, 332.
alsodeia, G47.
alsomitra, 499, G75.
alsophila, 64, 85.
alstonia, 347.
altemanthera, 291.
alteniiiblia, 34'^.
althasa, G(i9.
altingia, 482.
altissima, 2(i9.
aly.sicarpus, 498.
amfena, 240, 319, 5.30, C3G.
amoenum, 146.
amara, 285.
amaracarpus, 418.
amarantus, 291.
amboinensis, 33, 81, 147,

21 i8.
ambrosiuia, 130.
amentacea, 577.
americaua, 147, 576, 624.
amherstiana, 260, 367,

536.
ammaiiia, 454, (i75.
ammanioides, (139.
amomum, 206.
amoora, 5s3, (:77.
amoiphophallus, 131.
amphidouax, 106.
amphiroa, 3ii.
amplectens, 301, 386.
amplexicaule, 4i:6, 675.
amplexicaulis, 471.
amplum, 21.
ampullaceus, 222.

ampullaceum, 18, 180, 198.

amonilla, i;o2.

amygdalina, 289.

anabaina, 23.

anabaptista, 512.

anabus, 33.

anacardlum, 55(), 551.

anacolosa, 577.

anfectochilus, 202.

anamirta, (i56.

ananassa, 2(i3.

anaphalis, 384.

anastamozans, 272, 352.

anceps, 190, 192, 366.

ancistrocladus, (!25, 679.

anaxogorea, 663.

andamanensis, 197, 624.

andamauensium, 134.

andamania, 583.

andamanica, 99, 102, 22.5,
239, 24S, 357, 364, 366.
411, 417, 578, 588.
andamanicum, 234, 252,

591.
andamanicu.s, 13S.
andersonii, 202.
andrographi.s, 312.
andrograpboides, 311.
andromeda, 373.
andropogon, 111.
aneilema, 124.
aneriuclei.stus, 4G2.
augiopteris, 7.s, 80, 86.
anguillaria, 127.
auguina, 145, 444, 535.
angulata, 593.
angulatum. 15(i, 192, 371.
angulosa, 674.
angu.sta, 51, 473, 625.
augustilblia, 12(;, 184,200,
287, 317, 410, 422, 423,
620.
angustifolius, 627.
angustissima, 430.
ania, 194.
auisochilus, 297.
anisoptera, 625.
annesleya, 630.
annua, 6ti5.
annulata, 269, 370.
annuum, 326.
anodendron, 348.
anogeissus, 478.
anomala, 634.
anomalus, 46, 54.
anona, 664.
anosmodon, 54.
anosporum, 120.
anplectrum, 46.3, 675.
ansatum, 18.
antliemoide.s, 382.
anthelmintica, 398.
anthelniiuticus, 33.
anthistiria, 1 14.

antiari.s, 275.
antidesma, 237.
antidysenterica, 349.
antlu'aceros, 4^<.
anthrophyllum, 434.
anthroi^ophora, 184, 190.
antillarum, 24.
antiquorum, 131, 255.
antitaxis, 659.
antrophyum, 74, 81.
apetala, 459.
apetalum, 476.
aphanocapsa, 24.
apiculata, 196.
apium, 436.
apodytes, 578.
aponogeton, 672.
apophysatum, 27.
aporeticus, 557.
aporoides, 172, 197.
aporosa, 238.
aporum, 191, 192.
appendicula, 182, 183,

2iHi, 203.
appeudiculata, 383, 480.
appendiculatum, 76, 81,

181.
appendiciilatu.s, 32.
applanata, 35.
applanatus, 33.
appressus, 45.
approximata, 412.
apteron, 57o.
aquatica, 107, 291.
aquea, 472.
aquilina, 68, 84.
aquillaiia, 281.
arabica, 418.
arachi.s, 500.
arachne, 105.
arachnites, 199.
arakana, 27.
aralia, 433.
arborea, 280, 302, 305, 39 8

474, 592.
arboreum, 20, 36 1 ,37 3, 486.
arbor tristis, 351.
arborescens, 137, 551, 638.
arbuscula, 83.
arbusculum, 45, 51.
archidium, 48.
arcyna, 34.
ardisia, 366.
areca, 142.
arenarium, 24.
arenga, 141.
areolatu.s, 46, 54.
argemone, 6.54.
argentea, 68, 84, 121, 259,

288, 292, 329, 408, 583.
argostemma, 409.
arguta, 598, 676.
argutus, 47.
argyratus, 240.

ISDEX.

rb3

argyreia, 3.'i3.
argyrophyllus, 2()5.
arsyrostachya, liU).
ariadne, 47.
arietinum, 502.
arillaria, 4!)3.
arillata, 642.
aristata, ID!), 114.
aristatum, 83.
aristolochia, 229.
armata, 4.")3, (131.
aniottiana, 33(J.
aromatica, 3iS!).
aromaticum, 132.
aromaticus, -I'M.
artabotrys, (i()4, ()79.
artemisia, 38 1, 074.
articulata, 162, 19.3.
articiUatiim, 224.
artocarpus, 207.
arum, l:io.
arundina, IGfi, 190.
anmdinacea, !)s, 1 14, 208.
anmdinaria, 97.
arimdo, 10(i.
arvensis, 402.
ascalonicum, 128.
asclepias, 338.
asiatica, 302, 308, 323,
4i7, 43.-), 472, 570, .591,
(ii>4.
asiaticum, 140.
asoclada, 45.
asparagus, 125.
asper, 402.

aspera, 276, 292, 328, 396,
.501, 567, 624.

asperlfolium, 430.

asporum, 306.

aspidioides, 63.

aspidium, 64, 70, 83.

aspidoides, ^5.

aspklocarya, 656.

a.spidopterys, 599.

aspleniifolius, 403.

aspleniuni, 69, 83.

assa, (i(i9.

assamica, 281, 518, 561.

assamicum, 53.

assimilis, 562.

asystasia, 308.

atalantia, 594.

athroisma, 3^5.

atota, 256.

atro-purpurea, 52 1.

atro-purpureum, 191.

atro-viridi.s, 58, 344.

atlenuata, 205, 397.

attcnuatum, 352, 361.

atteuuatus, 679.

atylosia, 513.

aurantoa, .34.

auraiitiacus, 25.

aurautium, 595.

auratum, 68, 84.
aurea, 119, 668.
aureo-uitens, 48.
aureum, 22. 77, 80.
auricans, 495.
auriconium, 154, 191.
auricula-canis, 34.
auricula-judre, 34.
auricularia, 297, 334, 412.
auriculata, 99, 456, 531,

563, (i77.
auriculatuin, 371.
auriculatus, 54, 314.
aurita, 389.
australis, 1 1 1.
avicennia, 298.
avenis, 365.
averrhoa, 597.
axanthes, 408.
axillare, 80.
axillaris, 123, 384.
azadiracht, 5si.
azadirachta, 581.
azima, 354.
azurea, 300.

babylonica, 256.
baccatuin, 254.
baccaurea, 236.
baccifera, 101, 455,

67.5.
baculum, 18.
bnea, 673.

bojobotryoides, 234.
balanites, 59i).
balanopliora, 220.
balanostroblus, 276.
baliospennum, 254.
balsamea, 469.
balsamifera, 389.
balsamina, 598, 675.
bambusa, 97.
bambusifolia, 166, 1
bambusifolium, 192.
baiic.ana, 2(!1, 633.
bancanuin, 231, 673.
bantamcnse, 83.
barbadense. (il7.
barbata, 105, 120,

331, 388, 421, 513

()75.

barbatum, 110, 113

293, 463.
barbatus, 243.
barclaya, 654.
barloria, 313.
baronietz, (i4, 85.
bartramia, 51.
barriiiiitonia, 472
basilla, 290.
basUicuni, 297.

582,

96.

169,
, 565,

, 207,

bassia, 3*^2.
batatas, 332.
batrachospermum, 27.
batratherium, 115.
bauhinea, 532, 677.
beaumontia, 347.
beckia, 676.
begonia, 442, 674.
begoniaefolia, 432.
begoniaefolium, 374.
beilschmiedia, 264.
belangeri, 57.
belerica, 475.
benicasa, 446.
benjamina, 270.
bengalense, 2^^, 587.
bengalensis, 106, 118, 124,

269, 336, 418, 599, 647.
bennetii, 590.
bensonaj, i:t3.
bensoni, 174, 198.
bensoniffi, ion, Ui7, 188,

196.
benthamiaua, 1 33.
berberis, (i55, 679.
berchemia, 570.
bergia, 639.
berkleyi, 680.
berrya, ()02.
betle, 231.
betula, 258.
bialata, 475.
biarticulatiun, 498.
biaurita, M.
bicalyculata, 309.
bicameratum, 192.
biceps, 314.
bicolor, 45, 52, 333, 392,

666.
bidaria, 337.
bidens, 378.
bifaria, 106.
bifarium, 253.
bifida, 322, 408.
biflora, 379, 410.
bifioru.s, 510.
bU'olia, 18.5.
bitbli,ata, 386.
biibrme, 77, 80.
biformis, 52.
bigemiimm, ()77.
bigibbum, 199.
biglaudulosa, 677.
biglandulosus, 182.
bignouia, 320.
bijuga, 535.
bilabiatus, 323.
bilimbi, 597.
bilinguis, 198.
billardieri, 385, 674.
biloba, 190,196.
biloculare, 429.
bincctarifenim, 582.
binoculare, 193.

r34

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

biophytum, 597.

bipinnata, 378.

bipinnatum, SI.

biplicata, 316.

bii:)unctatum, 199.

birmanica, 43.5, 581.

bh-mauicum, 48, 394, 437.

birmanicus, (176.

birmense, 54.

birmensis, 50, 51.

bischoffia, 236.

bispinosa, 427, 454.

bis-striata, 190.

bivalvis, 572.

bixa, 644.

bladhii, 112.

blauda, 2;i7, 397.

blechuoides, 74, 81.

blechuum, 84.

blepharis, 312.

blepharistes, 191.

bletia, 165.

blinkworthia, 333.

blumea, 3s6.

blumei, 167, ISO, 196, 198.

blumeodendron, 248.

blyxa, 210.

bocagea, 601.

boehmeria, 204.

boerhaavia, 294.

boerhaavia?folia, 311, 312.

boltonia, 391.

bombax, 617.

bombycina, 20.

bombycis, 26.

bona-nox, 331.

bonariensis, 306.

boncerosia, 336.

bonduc, 539.

bonnaya, 323.

bootanense, 191.

boottia, 209.

borassus, 140.

borbonica, 673.

borongensis, 50, 51.

bostrychia, 2^.

botryoides, 19.

bouea, 552.

boxallii. 15s, 189, 193, 680.

brachycarpa,5o^i,512,533.

brachyinenium, 51.

brachyphylla, 126.

brachyptera, 188, 680.

brachystachys, 19o, 197.

brachystemma, 640.

brachytome, 428.

bracteata, 207, 217, 291,
300, 323, 348, 396, 444,
461, 507, 514, 51.5, 520,
579, 661, 669, 673, 677.

bracteatus, 607.

bracteolata, 208, 390, 468.

bracteosa, 190.

bragantia, 230.

brainea, 73, 81.
braudlsia, 307.
brandisii, 100, 310, 314,

571, .579, 667.
brandisiana, 261,300. 367,

40O, 420, 443, 403, 524.
brandisianus, 222.
brasOiense, 34.
brassica, 64 S
brassiopsis, 433.
brathys, 638.
braunii, 27.
brevicaudatus, 350.
breviflonim. 346.
brevilblium, 110, 113,327.
brevifolius. 112.
brevipes, 678.
brevis, 24.
breweria, 333.
breynia, 235.
briedelia, 239.
biizoides, 110.
bromheadia, 172, 197.
broussonetia, 275.
brownei, 103.
brownlowia, 602.
brucea, 5S9.
bruguiera. 4'^1.
briuineo-pictus, 33.
brunne.scens, 419.
brunoniana, 19o.
brunoniauum, 21.3, 322,

522, 655.
brunonis, 419.
bryoides, 46.
brymeriaimm, 193.
bryouia, 448.
bryophyUum, 484.
bryopsis, 28.
bryum, 44, 51.
bubalina, 545.
buccosum, 199.
buchanani, 339.
buchanania. 551.
buchanauiana, 670.
bucklandia. 482.
buddleia, 3os.
budrunga, 591.
buettneria, 624.
buitenzorgii, 45, 53.
bulbifemm, 264.
bulbochaete, 27.
bulbophyUum, 154, 188,

190, 202, 680.
bulbosus, 507.
buUata, 85.
bullosa, 23.
bunias, 237.
bm-manica, 20, 197, 208,

250, 359, 467, 552, 556,

602.
burmanicum, 52.
burmanicus. 23, 315, 605.
bui'manni, 109, 483.

bunnannia, 147.
burmensis, 32.
bupleurifolius, 499.
biipleiuum, 436.
bursera, 587.
butea, 504,
buxifolia, 357.

cadamba, 405.
cselogyne, 163, 188, 191.
caemlea, 175, 525.
CEerulescens, 175, 198,464.
cseruleum, 464.
csBsalpinia, 538.
cassia, 543, 646.
csespitosa, 124, 333, 408.
csespitosus, 32.
CEespitosulus, 52.
caespitiilosus, 45.
caesulia, 384.
cainito, 361.
cajanus, 514.
calamaria, 190.
calamicola, 19.
calamus, 133, 137.
calanthe, 165, 190.
calcarata, 508.
calcaratum, 83.
calcaratus, 676.
calceolare, 1«0, 199.
calceolaria, 157, 193.
calcicola, 24.
caleudulacea, 379.
calicostella, 46, 51.
callicai-pa, 305.
caUicoma, 20.
callidura, 677.
callistephus, 392.
caUosa, 200, 272.
calocarpa, 416, 059.
calocarpum, 233.
calocai-pus, 571.
calococcus, 242,
caloneura, 271, 311, 362,

452, 522, 553.
calonyction, 332.
calopiiylla, 200, 267, 344,

603.
calophyllum,185, 6.36,679.
calophyllus, 547.
calosanthes, 320.
calosera, 34.
calostachyus, 100.
calotropis, 338.
calpicarpa, 569.
calpicaipum. 345.
calycina, 105, 316, 349,

39S 414, 429, 518, 612.
calycinum, (i40.
calycopteris, 479.
calyculata, 457, 569.

ISDEX.

"35

calymperes, 44, 50.
calympeioideum, 44, 50.
calyptratus, 435.
calystegia, 673.
camarotis, 182, 199.
camellia, (533.
camellireflora, 633.
campanulata. 331, 425, '

41»!», (\-l\\ (>73, 676, 679.
campaimlatum, 371.
campaimlatus, 131.
campaiium»a, 374.
campestris, 31, 648.
campylium, 53.
campylopus, 49.
cana. 5'J4, .">27.
canaliciilatum, 11,5.
canarium, 5s7.
canauga, 6(;2.
canavalia. 510.
cancellatus, 615.
canceolatum, 253.
candicaiis, 591).
Candida, 20 1:, 523.
candidum, 197.
candidus, 25.
candoUeana, 285, 4S1.
candollei, 511, 623, <;59.
canescens,44,49, 304, 374,

556, 5(iO.
canna. 209.
cannabinus, 614.
cannabis, 2(;2.
cansjera, 577.
cantouiensis, 348, 042.
canum, 297.
canziala, 450, 675.
capensis, 370.
capillacea, 52.
capillaceus, 45.
capillaris, 343, 428.
capUlipes. 190, 192, 598.
capillus-veneris, 67, 84.
capitata, 333, 516, 578.
capitatus, 119. 297, 314.
capitellata, 365, 411, 464.
capitellatum, 676.
capitulata, 147.
cappa, 383.
capparis, (!50, 679.
capronatus, 32.
capsicum, 326.
capsularis, 605.
carallia, 481.
carallunia, 336.
carambola, .597.
carandas, 344.
carapa, 5S5.
cardamine, G48.
cardamomum, 206, 207.
cardiocarpa, 641.
cardiopteris, 580.
cardiospermiim, 560.
careya, 473.

careyana, 209.
careyanum, 154, 191.
carex, 118.
carica, 452.
carinata, 200.
carinatus, 337.
carissa, 344, 673.
carnosa, 298, 334, 336.
caniosum, 321.
camosus, 297.
carota, 438.
carpacanthus, 27.
carpinifolia, ()09.
carpinus, 259.
carthamus, 31)8.
caruifolia, 674.
carum, 43R.
caryophylloides, 481.
caryota, 141.
caryotoides, 141.
casearia, 450, 675.
caseariKfolia, 253.
cassia, 283, 5.30, 677.
ca.ssytha, 2S8.
castanea, 259.
castaneocarpus, 253.
castaneus, 64(i.
casuarina. 257.
catappa, 475.
catapliracta, 644.
catechu, 143, 542.
catenella, 29.
cathartica, 344.
caudata, 58, 356, 526, 595,

633.
caudatum. 45, 53, 84, 12S,

283, 287.
caud.atus, 241, 350, 378.
caudicans, 296, 515.
caudil'ormis, 81.
caulescens, 5S.
caulifloia. 535.
cauliflorum, 582.
causcora, 335.
cedrela, 5^6.
celastrifolia, 631.
cela.stiiuum, 465.
celastrinus, 573.
celastroides, 677.
celastrus, 572, 677.
celebica, 674.
celosia, 292.
celtis, 278.
centipeda, 382.
centotheca, 103.
centranthera, 322.
centrostachys, 291.
cepa, 12\
cephaclis, 415.
cephalandra, 447.
cephalaiithus, 414.
cephalostacliyum, 100.
cephalostigma, 374.
ceplialotis, 120, 498.

cerasoides, 469, 663.
cerasiforme, 465.
ceratina. 35.
ceratochilus, 182.
ceratodon, 49.
ceratophyllum, 672.
ceratopteris, 69, 84.
cerbera. 345.
ceicocoma, 349.
cerifera, 446.
ceriops, 480.
ceniua, 462.
ceruuum, 57.
ceropegia, 336.
cliaslophora, 19.
chserophylla, 85.
chaetaria, 106.
chsetocarpus, 253.
chaitomorpha, 20.
chaLUetia, 580, 678.
clialybea, 24.
chamselocladon, 132.
chamajrops, l.iO.
champaca, 6(l().
champerica, 221.
champereya, 578.
championi, 172, 197.
chantiausia, 27.
chaplasha, 267.
chappar, 515.
chara, 55.
charautia, 446.
chartacea, 358.
chasalia, 417.
chavica, 231.
chebula, 475.
cheilanthes, 67, 84.
cheilosa, 253.
cheirostylis, 201.
cheleuoides, 318.
chelidonii, (;50.
chicki'assia. 585.
chiloscyphus, 47.
cMnense, 144, 293, 478,

638.
chinensis, 104, 105, 118,

119, 146, 392, 394, 396,

399, 460, 518, 597, 633,

641.
chionachne, 107.
chionanthus, 353.
chionostomum, 52.
chirita, 321.

chittagonga, 273, 583, 678.
chlorantha, 201.
chloianlhus, 230.
clilorinus, 25.
chloris, 105.
clilorostachya, .312.
choetomitriiun, 55.
choudrococcus, 29.
cbouemorpha, 349.
clirocococcus, 24.
chroolepus, 19.

736

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

chiysanthemum, 3S0.
chiysocai-pa. i71.
chrysocaulon, 57.
chrysocrepis, 192.
chrysopbyllmn, 3G1.
chrysopogon, 112.
chrysotoxou, 156, 192.
chthonoblastiis, 23.
cibotium, (33.
cicca, 235.
cicer, 502,
cichorium, 401.
ciciitariiim, 82.
ciliata, 100, 114, 31.5, 501.
ciliaUim, 193.
cinerea, SOii, 4G9, G74.
ciuereum, 22.
cinereo-fuscus, 33.
cinnabarinum, 309.
cinnabarinus, 33.
cinnamomea, 278.
cinnamomeum, 623.
cinnamomum, 282.
cipadessa, 582.
cii'caeoides, 597, 678.
circinalis. 54, 211, 513.
cii-cumscissus, 570.
cirrhopetalum, 191.
cissampelos, 658.
cistoides, COO.
citrifolia, 422, 593.
citrina, 475.
citrinum, 34, 197.
citrullus, 447, 675.
citrus, 59.5, 678.
cladium, 119.
cladouia. 35.
cladophora, 2i).
clausena, 594.
claviflora, 468.
clavata, 27.
clavatum, 57.
clavigera, 675.
clayoxylon, 249.
cleidion, 24-<.
cleisostoma, 182, 199, 203.
clelstanthus, 240.
clematis, 669.
cleome, 650.
clerodendron, 302.
clitoria, 503.
clivoium, 674.
clcsteriuin, 18.
clypearia, 545.
cnemidia, 201.
enesmone, 250.
cnestis. 547.
enicus, 399.
coadunatus, 32.
coalitus, 47.
coarctatum, 352.
coccigera, 598.
coccinea, 177. 198, 204,
350, 420, 567, 620.

coccineo-bracteatum,5S7.
coccineum. 233.
coccineus, 223.
coccocarpia, 35.
cocculus, 656.
cochillinLfera, 441.
cochin-chiaense, 445.
cochin-chiiiensis, 270,447,

523.
cochleare, 189.
cochlospermum, G44.
cocos, 143.
codiseum, 252.
codiola, 20.
codonopsis, 374, 674.
coelachne, 104.
ccelodiscus, 248.
coelogyne, 630.
coetsa, 297.
coflfea, 418.
coix, l(.i7.
colebrookia, 296.
colebrookianum, 431.
colocasia, 131.
colocynthis. 675.
colouum, loO.
colorata, 620.
colquhoimia, 295.
cohibrina, 570.
Columbia, C02.
columnaris, 234.
combretum. 476.
commelinsefolia, 201.
commelyna, 124.
commune, 32.
communis, 124, 251, 309,

520, 677.
commutata, 545.
commutatum, 109.
comosa, 8G, 205.
compactLflora, 418, 5G7.
compactiflorum, 10 1.
complauata, 20, 120.
composita, 511.
compositiun, 100.
compressa. 20, 97.
compressifolium, 53.
compressLfolius, 45.
compsopogon, 19.
concava, 5!.i9.
concavula, 47.
concinnum, 496.
concentricum, 35.
concolor, 187,104, 202, 287.
condensata, 27.
condylo-bulbon, 190.
conferta, 280, 501.
conferva, 20.
confervoides, 29.
conforme, 81.
conformis, 49.
congesta, 515.
conjugata, 4so.
ooDJugatum, 82, 110.

conjugatus, 112.
counarus, 546.
counata. 416.
conocephalus, 266.
conoidea, 472.
consimile, 418.
con.spersa, 513.
constrictus, 184, 200, 415.
contaminans, 86.
continuus, 31.
contorta, 20.
contortus, 113.
contracta, 468.
convallaria, 195.
convaUarioides, 194.
conyza, 390, 674.
conyzoides, 395.
corchorus, 605.
corchorifolia, 623.
cordata, 7,5, 81, 205, 209,

230, 264, 444, 564, 640.
cordatum, 45, 52.
cordatus, 405.
cordia. 328.
cordifolia, 82, 323, 405,

430, 435, 452, 461, 499.

610, 656,677.
cordyline, 127.
coriacea, 290, 330.
coriaceum, M.
coriandrum, 438.
coriaria, 600.
cornea, 634.
comeus, 54.

corniculata, 368, 597, 678.
coniu-cervi, 173, 197.
cornus, 433.
coronans, 73.
coronaria, 321, 425.
coronarium, 207, 381, 412.
coronatum, 44, 51.
corticosa, 290.
corticum, 34.
corumbium, 254.
corylifolia, 52o, 610.
corymbosa, 2ol, 408, 413,

420, 640, 673.
corymbostachyum, 207.
coiymbosum. 109.
corymbosus, 97.
corypha, 139.
coryzoides, 395.
cosmos, 378.

costata, 142, 412, 564,663.
co.statum, 76, 81, 478, 669,

676.
costatus, 627.
costus, 205.
cotoides, 440.
cottonia, 172, 107.
cotula, 382.
cowa. 634.
crabro, 169. 106.
craspidopliyllus, 54.

rXDEX.

r37

crassa, 21. SSo.
crassans. 52.
crassil'olia, 'AMi. (Jjl.
crassil'olium, 198.
crassifolius, 664.
crassinervia, .583.
cras.smocle, 15;), H!.'?, 188,

193.
crassipes, 3-2. 5T7, 678.
crassissima, 393.
crassiuscula, 6 1 2.
cratiegifolius, 314.
cratiBgoicles. 356.
cratffiva. 652.
cratoxylon. 638.
crenata, 6.!3, 675. 679.
crenulata, 263, 336, 476,

625.
crenulatum, 308.
crepidatum, 194.
crepis, 4(il, 674.
crepusculum, 25.
cretaceum, 194.
crinita, 460, 5(i».
crinitum, 52, 295.
crinuni, 146.

crispa, 321, 347, 368, 567.
crispata. 48, 145.
crispatulum, 385.
crispatulus. 45, 52.
crispum, 198.
crispus, 314.
cristata. 292, 313, 501.
cristatum, 122.
criticus, 1(H).
crocatus, 54.
crotalaria. 517, 677.
crotalarioides, 641.
crotoii. 240.

crumeuatum.155,192, 202.
Crustacea, 323.
crus-galli, 109.
crypteronia, 457.
cryptocarpus, 50.
cryptocarya, 284.
crytochilus. Kin, 194.
cryptolepis. 3:'.9.
cryptostachya. 118.
crystallina, 440.
csystallinum, 193.
cucullata, 58, 584.
cucullatum, 43, 49, 539.
cucumis, 447.
cucumerina. 444.
cucurbita, 148, 675.
cudrania, 268.
cultrata, 85, 183, 200, 528.
cuminum, 4:}8.
cuminghii, 71.
cumingii, 527.
cumulatum, 193.
cuneata. 2^^. 425.
cuneatum, 601.
cuneatus, 608, 678.

ouneLfolia, 336, 421.
cuneifolium, 639.
cuuia, 273.
cupania, 559.
cupanioides, 561.
cuprea. 201.
cupreum. 191, 680.
curassavica, 338.
curcas. 252.
curculigo, 146.
curciiligoides, 202, 203.
curcuma, 205.
curreyi, 33.
curvata. 427, 461.
curvatirameum, 55.
curvatum, l(i9.
curviflora, 417.
curvilblia, :i82.
curvifolium, 180, 198.
curvirostris, 45.
cu.scuta, 329.
cuspidata, 278, 657.
cuspidatum.41,46,81, 192.
cyamopsis. 52o.
cyaneus. 25.
cyauocarpa, 41.5, 592.
cyanocai-pum, 463.
cyanotis. 123.
cyathiforrae, 34.
cyathocalyx, 663.
cyathocline. 391.
cyathophoi-um, 4(;. 51.
cyathcstemma, 662.
cyathula. 292.
cycas, 211.
cyclea, 658.
cyclodon, 374.
cyclostemon, 238.
cycnoches, 195.
cylindrica, 44, .50. 1 14,446.
cyliudrospermum, 22.
cylindrotiiecium, 54.
cylista, 5 [4.
cjTiiaria, 295.
cymbidium, 166, 171, 189,

197. 2U3.
cymbil'olia. 46.
cymbit'olium. 51.
cyniinum, 4.S8.
cymodocea, 144.
cymosa, 470, 575.
cymosus. l.Hl.
cjnioctonum, 3;i9.
cynometra. 535.
cynoniorium, 220.
cyuosuroides, 104.
cynthus. 34.
cyperoides, 45, 53.
cypeius, 121.
cypripedium, 187, 189,

202.
cyrtandra, 321.
cyrtopera. 170. 197.
cystacaiithus, 316.

cystopteris, 85.
cytisoides, 520.

d.

dacrydium, 216.
dactylon, 104.
dactylotwuium, 1 0.5.
dsedalacanthus, 313.
d;edalia, 33.
dsemonum, 34, 14.5.
dsemonorops. 138.
dalbergia, 527, 677.
dalechampia, 250.
dalhousianum, 157, 193,

680.
daltoni, 233.
damascena, 488.
danura. 557.
daphne, 281.
daphnephyUopsis, 573.
daphnidium. 287.
daphniphyllum. 575.
darefeforme, 72, 82.
dasyanthum, 451.
dasycalyx. 240.
dasycarpa. 311, 425, 653.
dasymaschala. 662.
dasyphylla, 195, 360.
dasypogon, 35.
dasypus, 194.
dasysperma, 315.
dasystylum, 233.
dasystachyum. 478.
datura, 32().
daucus, 438.
davallia, (iS, 85.
dawsoniana, 197.
dawsonianus, 202.
dayanum. 190.
dearei, 680.
debile, 56.
dcbilis, 57.
decandra, 439, 480.
decandrum. 281.
decapetalum. 432.
decaschi.stia, 6 1 2.
decaspermum, 467.
decimina, 21.
decipiens. 243.
decolorata. 55 .
decora, loo. 493.
decorticata. 35.
decumana, 595.
decurrens, 82, 85.
decussata. 310.
decussatura, 352.
deeringia, 292.
delicatula, 675.
dolima, (U;:*.
delphinium. 670.
deltoidea. ."iDO, -149,
demersum, 672.

4S

738

BURMA, ITS rEOriE AND PRODUCTIONS.

dendrobium,155, 188, 191,

202.
dendrocalamus, 90.
dendrochilum, 162, 19.5.
denisoniana, 174, 198.
densiflora, 141, 359, .514.
densiflorum, 192, 199.
densifloras, 393, 674.
den.suin, 50.
dentata, 331, 354.
deuteUa, 409.
dentelloides, 45.5.
denticulata, 247, 331.
deiiticulatum, 85, 199.
depressum, 640.
derris, 529, G77.
descendens, 32.
desmodium, 494, 67G.
desmos, 6<j2.
devouianum, 193.
diacalpe, 63, 85.
diauder, 106.
diaudrum, 238.
diantha, 321.
diarrhena, 104.
diatrype, 35.
dichondra, 329.
dichotoma, 62, 86, 208,

295, .501.
dicksonia. 63, 85.
diclidocarpus, 605 .
dicliptera, 309.
dicoma, 400.
dicrana. 47.
dicranella, 49.
dicranodontium, 49.
dicranum, 43, 49.
dicrocephala, (i74.
dictyopterou, 54.
didyma, 123.
didymochlsena, 70, 83.
didymodon, 43.
didymogyne, 264.
didymum, 423.
difforme, 82, 178, 198.
diflfusa, 264, 310, 335, 34 4,

387, 646.
diffusum, 497, 648.
diifusus, 670.
digera, 291.

digitata, 3.5, 78, 80, 201.
digyna, 539.
dilatata, 125.
dilatatum, 81.
dilleuia, 668, 680.
dilleuii, 441.
dilutus, 122.
dimeria, 114.
dinochloa, 102.
dioclea, 511.
dioica, 354, 447, 639.
dioscorea, 144.
diospyricarpa, 633.
diospyros, 358.

diphtheriticus, 26.
diphylla, 12i), 534.
diphyllum, 5(H).
diplospora, 427.
diptostromium, 20.
dipsacus, 404.
dipterocarpus, 626.
dischema, 2(i7.
discliidea, 336.
discoidea, 28.
discolor, 33, 194, 202, 296,

307, 564, 662.
distachyum, li>9.
distans, 122.
disticha, 129, 236.
distichaceum. 53.
distichophyllum, 57.
dittelasma. 556, 677.
divaricata, 29, 346, 386,

391.
divaricatum, 130.
divaricatiis, 53.
divergens, 45, 52,417,677.
diversifolia, 259, 421.
diversifolius, 54, 613.
dixanthum, 194.
docyuia, 676.
dodecadenia, 287.
dodonsea. 555.
dolichoides. 507.
doliclios, 509, 676.
doliohim. 51.
doniauum, 372.
dopatriiim. 323.
dorstenia, 275.
dracKiia, 126.
draconis. 193.
dracontomelum, 553.
dracunculus, 381.
drepanocai-pus, 526.
drepano-hypnum, 55.
drimycarpus, 549.
drosera, 483, 676.
drupifera, 633.
drymoda, 155.
drymodes, 191.
drymaria, 640.
drymoglossum, 74, 81.
duabanga, 458.
dubia, 447, 487, 518, C63,

675, 678.
dulcis, 312, 322, 545, 635.
diimasia, 504.
diimoutia, 29.
dumortiera, 48.
dumo.sus, 29.
dunalii, 662.
diuibaria, 513.
dm-io. 6 IS, 679.
dux, 674.
dysophylla, 297.
dysoxylifolius, 582.
dysoxyloides, 584.
dysoxylon, 582.

e.

ebermaiera, 316.
ebermeria. 673.
ebracteatus, 312.
ebumeum, 172, 193.
ecdysanthera, 348.
echinata, 446, 624.
echinocarpus, 606.
ecbioides, 312.
eclipta, 379.
ectropothecium, 53.
edule, 212, 466, 579, 67.5.
edulis, 332, 343, 423.
eglaudulosum, 239, 642.
ehretla, 328.
ehretioides, 358.
elfeagnil'olia, 398.
elaeagnus, 280.
elseocarpus, 606, 678.
elastica, 269, 604.
elata. 205, 6 i2.
elatostemma, 263.
elatum, 216.

elegans, 34, 85, 97, 14C,
205, 206, 208, 295, 315,
333, 335, 411, 465, 529,
544, 552.
elegantula, 104.
elegantuJum, 52.
elengi, 363.

elephantopus, 395.

elephantum, 596.

elettaria, 2o7.

eleu.sine, 1(X5.

eleutheraudra. 592.

eleutheropetalus, 223.

ellipanthus, 547.

eUiiJsosporum, 23.

elliptica, 81. 126, 289, 522,
530, 635, 661.

ellipticum, 50, 434.

ellipticus, 53.

elodeoides, 638.

eloiigata, 21, 194, 202, 295,
534, 622, 678.

elongatum, 19.

elongatus, 311.

emblica, 235.

embryopteris, 358.

emercii, 680.

emilia, .'i93.

endecaphylla, 521.

engelhardtia, 227.

eniialus, 209.

enhydra, 379.

enueaphylla, 521.

eusilblia, 66, 8.5, 126, 621.

en.sifoliuni, 124, 146.

ensilbnne, 83.

ensiforniis. 190, 510.

entada, 5J0.

enteromoipha, 20.

INDEX.

739

entodon, r>X
entosthodou, 44, 50.
epaltes, 3S6.
epicrauthes, 155, 11)1.
epigynium, MTi.
epigynum, 349.
epiphylloides, 255.
epithema, :vi\.
equisetifolia, 257.
equi.setum, 56.
eragrostis, KB, 120, 121.
eranthemiun, ;i08.
erecta, 380, 075.
erectum, S3,
erectus, 137.
eria, IGO, iss, 104, 202.
eriachne, 104.
ericoides, 41).
erigeron, 3;) 3.
eriuaceuni, 181, 199.
erinaceus, 45, 53.
erinus. 323.
eriobotrya, 4S7, (wf!.
eriocarpoides, 249.
eriocaulon, 122.
eriodendrou, 618.
eriotena, C23, 079.
eriopliorus, 399.
eriopsidobulon, 104.
erioptera. 041.
eriosema, 510, 070.
erosa, 52.
erosum, 43, 49.
erraticiis, 45, 53.
erubescens, 409.
erycibe, 3:iO.
erythrina. 505.
erythrocarpa, 221.
erythrocephalum, 34.
erythrochis, 185.
erythroclada, 425, 503.
erythrojietalum, 577.
erythrophyllura, 140.
erythroxylon, Ciil, 078.
escharoicles, 35.
esculenta, 301, 502, 070.
esculeutum, 83, 325, 338.
esculentus, 112, 015.
etairia, 2(i2, 203.
ethulia, 395.
eu-astruin, IS.
eu-chiysanthcmum, 38ii.
eudiandra. 285.
eugenia, 408.
eugeniue, 35.
eugenisefolia, 306.
eulophia. 170, i!io.
eulophotura. 192,
eumorpha, 201.
eupahis, 144.
eupatoiioides. 074.
eupatoriuru, 394.
euphorbia. 255.
euphylla, 270.

euphyllum, 587.
eurojix'a, 435.
eurya. 031.
eiu'yale, 054.
eurycles, 147.
eurycoma, 589.
evecta, 78, 80, 80.
evoidia, 590.
evolvulus, 332.
evonymusi, 571.
excsecaria, 254.
exjecuin, 335.
exaltata, 82, 90, 420.
exaristatum, 372.
excavata, 594.
excelsa, 84, 271, 279, 405,

482, 581, 603.
excurrens, 110.
exigua, 20.
exiiis, 32.
expausa. 20S.
exsertum, 49, 85,
ex.stipulata, 583,
extensa, 525.
extensum, 83, 339, 352,

478.
extensiis, OiO.
extinctoria, 101, 195.
elsholtzia, 297.

faginea, 079.
fagrcea, 3:!4.
falcata, 312.
falcatum, 54, 83.
falcoueri, 193, 200, 314.
fariuosa, 07, 84.
tarmeri, 158, 192,
farraeri aureo-flavimi,192
famesiana, 542,
fascicularis, 0(l6,
I'aseiculata, 97, 123, 145,

312, 321, 427, 545.
fasciculatus, 137.
fastiglata, 29.
fastigiatus, 44, 50.
fastuosa, 320.
febril'uga, 585.
feci, :i;J.

fenestrata, 200.
feroiiia, 596.
feiox, 127, 325, 489, 654.
ferrea, 284, 037.
ferruginea, 120, 400, 515,

517, 534, 542, 000, 677.
ferrugineuni, 540, 043,
fibraurea, 656,
fibro.sa, 075.
ficulneus, 014,
ficu.s, 208,

filicaulis, 322, 504, 073.
lllicula, 85.

filiforme. 44, 51, 110, 182,

199, 077.
filitormis, 288, 331, 517,
filo.sa, 209.
filix-mas, 83.
fimbriata, 52, 196, 315, 320,

:'.:!0.
flBibriatum, 157, 193, 318,

574.
fimbristylis, 120,
flndlayauum, 159, 193.
flulay.soiiia, 339.
fi.ssidens, 40, 54,
fissuin, 83,
fistula, 530.
fistulosa, 273, 388,
flabellata, 45, 47, 58, 201,
flabelliformis, 33, 140, 201,
flabellulata, 84.
flabellulatum, 84,
flaccida, 19.">, 290, 31.5,
flaccidLfolium, 314.
flaccidissima. 443.
flaccidum, 3(t, 8:i, 293, 384.
flaccidus, 43, 50.
flacoiutia, 044, 679,
flagellaria, 123,
flagellifenini, 80.
flageUilbniiis, 35.
flava, 311, 314, 323, 490,

670.
flavescens, 101, 190, 333,

424, 57.3, 043.
flavicans, 359, 051.
flavidum. 51.
flavum. 19. 201.
flavu.s, 33.
fleniingia, 515, 070.
flexili.s, 512.

flexuosa, 47, 48, 198, 673.
flexucsum. Ho, 497,
flocculo.sus, 241,
floribuiula, 194, 323, 305,

45S. 540,570, 002, 0.37.
floribuudum. 497, 574.
floribuudus, 007.
floiida, 35.
florideus, 32.
flos-aqu;e, 23.
floscopa. 123.
flos-regiiuu, 458,
fluctuaus, 379,
fluitan,s, 110.
fceiiiculaceuni, 381.
focniculum, 437.
fcttida. 414, 451, 553, 619,

075.
foetid issima, 315.
foetidum, 431, 451,
fcctidus, 134,
foliacea, 34, 528,
foines, 079.
foliosa, 202, 287.
foutauimi, 20,

r40

BURMA, IT8 PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

formicanim, 416.
forinosa, 471.
formosum, 156, 193, 373,

638.
forinosu.s, 222.
fornicata, 665.
fragai'ia, 490.
fragile, 21.
fragilis, 67, 84, 309.
fragilissima, 30.
fragrans, 194, 199, 289,

30.3, 317, 33j, 339, 434,

630, 678.
fragrantissima, 028.
fraseri, 27.
fraxinil'olius. 540.
freyciuetia, 135.
frondosa, 504.
fnillania, 48.
framentaceum, 109.
fnite.sceus, 349, 676.
fruticaus, 143.
fruticosa, 47, 234, 250, 2G8,

284, 457, 469, 526.
fruticosvim, 433.
fraticulosa, 588.
fruticulosum, 237.
frutigera, 271.
fugacissima, 20.
fugax, 192.
fugifoliivm, 234.
fuireua, 119.
fiilgens, 620.
fulva, 129.
fulvum, 22.
fulvus, 2.5.
fumago, 35.
fimalis, 33.
fiinaria, 42, 44, 50.
fuuiculare, 212.
funiculosa, 569.
funkii, 20.
fmxata, 29.
fui-catus, 134, 613.
fiircigera, 26.
fuifm'osus, 32.
fucescen.s, 45, 52, 114, 163,

195, 574.
fusca, 120, 195, 513.
fuscl)3es, 34.
fuscum. 22, 115.
fuscus, 24, 676.
fuscidula. 560.
fuscinervis, 54.
fusco-atrum, 19.
fulvo-niteus, 55.
fytchianum, 160, 193.

gaeotrichia, 22.
galactia, 5(i4. 676.
galanga, 206.

galaxaura, 26.
galearia, 253.
galeola, 18.5, 201.
galium. 430.
gallegoides, 522.
gallica, 639.
gaugetica, 50, 331.
gaugeticiim. 496.
gangeticus, 291.
ganitnis, 608.
gango, 583.
garcinia, 634, 679.
garcinifolius, 572.
garckea, 43, 49.
gardenia, 424.
gardueria, 325, 624.
gardneri, 82.

gardneriauum, 41, 43, 89.
garuga, 587.
gastrochilus, 208.
gaiiltheria, 372.
gaultheriasfolia, 575.
gebanga, 139.
geissaspis, 501.
gelatinosum, 33.
gelesmium, 335.
gelouioides, 580.
geloiiium, 253.
gemiiiLflora, 676.
gemmatum, 34.
gendanissa, 310.
geniculata, 114, 201, 270.
geniosporiim, 297.
gentiana, 335.
geodorum, 170, 197.
georchis, 202.
gerbera, 40] .
gli£e.sembilla, 237.
gibbosa, 274.
gibbosum, 264.
gibbosus, 546.
gigantea, 107, 132, 174,

197, 220, 248, 338, 506,

567, 579.
giganteum, 82, 100, 170,

19S.
gigantocliloa, 99.
gigartina, 29.
ginalloa, 225.
gironniera, 279.
gisekia, 293, 440.
glaber, 112, 571.
glabra, 63, 86, 96, 127, 145,

329, 412, 423, 428, 549,

551, 569, 624, 626, 658.
glabrata, 407, 450, 560.
glabrifolia, 238, 677.
glabriuscula, 622.
glabriusculu.s, 249.
glabrum, 293, 429, 539.
glabratus, 32.
glaeocapsa, 21.
glaudulifera, 252, 348.
glandulosa, 387.

glaudulosus, 315.
glauca, 204, 209, 240, 286,

317, 528, 531, 534, 652.
■glaucescens, 63, 314, 330,

383, 525, 641, 657.
glauciim, 109, 207, 434,

643, 675.
glaucifolium, 234.
glaucina, 420.
glaiiciuiim, 54.
glaiicocarpum, 53.
glaucocarpus, 45.
glaucum, 675.
gleichenia, 62, 86.
globba, 208.
globosa, 145, 291, .335.
globosus, 222, 337.
globularia, 284.
globulosa, 120.
glochidion, 233.
glomerata, 120, 273, 330,

4.0O, 641.
glomeratus, 314.
glomeriflora, 427, 527, 544,

677.
glomerulata, 407.
glossocarya, 3(H).
glossophyllum, 52.
gluta, 552.
glutinosa, 294, 610.
glycine, 513, 676.
glycosniis, 591.
gmelina. 302.
gnaphalium, 3S4, 674.
gnemon, 212.
gnetum, 212.
godayam, 575.
gomeziaua, 268.
gomphaudra, 678.
gomphia, 588.
gomphogyne, 449.
gomphostemma, 295.
gomplirena, 291.
gongosira, 19.
gougroceras, 30.
gouiothalamu.s, 665.
goniotis, 675.
gouocaryum, 578.
gonostegia, 265.
gonyanthes, 148.
gonystylus, 281.
gooderyoides, 200.
gossypium, 616, 644.
gouauia, 570.
goughii, 49.
gouriana, 670.
gracile, 22, 27.50, 104, 191.
gracilescens, 83.
gracilipes, 423.
graciliflora, 347.
gracUis, 43, 138, 142, 317,

374, 408, 410, 578.
gracillima. 119.
grahamii, 503, 504, 523.

IXDEX.

711

graminea, 11)7.
gramiiiilblia, 1!).5.
graminifolius, 134.
grammatophylliun, 177,

IDS.
granatiim, 4.")l).
grandiflora, 287, .'51 1, 326,

347, 458, i>ii, 573, 5!)3,

679.
grandiflorum, 353.
grandiflorus, 313, 5^^2,607.
granditblia 31(). 307, 3U8.
grandifoliuni, 3iJl.
grandilblius. (;u7.
graude. 4US, 675.
graudibracteata, 444.
giandinia, 33.
graudis. 139, 284, 285,301,

328, 448, 471, 501, 510,

546, 652.
grandulosa, 487.
grangea, 3!)1.
grauiilare. 23.
granulans, ;i6.
granulosa, 24, 33.
granulosus, 24.
graphiola, 35.
graptophyUum, 309.
grata, 468.
grateloupii, 24, 29.
gratissima, 400, 029.
gratiosissinium, 193.
gratum, 303.
grimmia, 44, 49.
graveolens, 436, 446, 610,

075.
gregaria, 190.
grevillea, 073.
grevillei, 70. 83.
grevvia, 002, 078.
grillithiana, 85, 100, 128,

190, 275, 284, 315, 30.),

560, 578.
grifflthianum, 191, 349,

40.5, 558, 379. 670.
griffithii,82, 101, 126. 191,

199, 202, 221, 350, 375,

393, 459, 462, 4()7, 54(i,

549, 571, 577, 593, 025,

627, 6:;9, 647, 666.
grona, 504.
grossum, 299.
guazuma, 624.
guerpiuja, 34.
guettarda, 424.
guiauense, 27.
guidonia. 450.
gunisauthus, 358.
guruba, 138.
guyauensis, 3.5.
guyava, 168.
gymnadenia. 184, 200.
gymnema, 337.
gjrmnogongrus, 28.

gyninogramme, 7.3, 81.
gymnopetaluin, 445.
gymuophyllum, 46, 54.
gymnopitys, i>i>.
gyuinopogon, 346.
gymnorhiza, 481.
gymuostachyum, 311.
gynandropsis, 650.
gyiiooardia, 645.
gynochtodes, 422.
gyuolroches, 481.
gyuura, 392, 674.
gypsopliila, 640.
gyrans, 494.
gyrocarpus, 4S0.
gyroides, 494.

habenaria, 185, 200.

L;umaria, 202.

halicacabum, 560,

halimeda, 28.

halopliila, 1 14.

halymenia, 29.

hamiltouiana, 264, 301,
679.

hamiltonianuni, 81, 591.

hamiltouii, 278.

hamosa, 321, 500.

hampeana, 54.

hapaline, 133.

haplauthoides, 314.

haplaiithus, 311.

hardingiana, 164, 196.

harpuUia, 500.

harri.sonia, 589.

harveyana. 50.

ha.sp.an, 121.

hasseltiana, 652,

hasseltii, 627.

lia.stalus, 615.

liudychium, 207.

hedyoti.s, 4(i9.

hedysarifolia, 069.

hedysaroidcs, 494.

hellbri, 101, 184, 200,22.5,
244, 252, 204, 314, 317,
421, 402, 547, 549, 550,
560, 565, 590, 628, 665,
674, 670, 679.

helferiana, 126, 307, 416,
580, 599.

helferianus, 138.

helicia, 279.

helicteres, 021. 679.

heliotropium. 327.

helmintliostachys, 79, 80.

ht'lopu.s, 109.

helvolum. 110.

hemartliria, 97.

hemerocallis, 1 29.

hemicyclia, 239.

hemidesmus, 340.
hemigraphis, 315.
hemlgyrosa, 556.
hemionitideum, 82.
hemionitis, 75, 81.
hemiorchis, 208.
hemipilia, 18.% i?00.
henslowia, 221. 673.
henzaianum, 8."i.
heptaphylla, 331, 594.
heptapleurum. 434.
licracleum, 437.
herbacea, 410, 41.5.
hcrbaccum, 124, 616.
herbertianum, 140.
herltiera, 021, 079.
hermoceras, 30.
hemaudia, 288.
hemandifolia, 058.
herpe.stis, 323.
herpeticum, 579.
heterantha, 221.
heteranthum, 252.
heterocarpum, 83, 193,

494.
heteroclita. 107. 114,444,

624, 647.
heteromorpha, 84.
heteropauax, 434.
lieterophragma, 320.
heteroiDhylla, 132, 272,

304, 338, 544.
hexastlcha. 142.
heterophyllum, 445, 49S.
heterophyllu.s. 550, 646.
heteropleurum. 675.
heteropogou, 113.
heterosperma. 499.
heterothrix, 23.
hewitia. 333.
hexagonia. 33.
hexagynus, 670.
liexaudra, 6(i7.
hexastichon. 96.
lieyneaua, 436.
hcynei. 348. (;73.
hibiscus, 612, 679.
hieracium, 401.
hildenbrandtia, 27.
himalayana, 52.
hinialayen.se, 575.
hincksianum, 189.
hinneola, 34.
hippocratia, 574, 677.
hiptage, 599, 678.
hirsuta. 322, 323, 344, 512,

521, 548, 600, 603, 622,

618, 061.
hirsutulus, 249.
hirsutiun, 316, 352, 429.

594.
hirsutus, 6.')7.
hirta. 265, -271.
hirtella, 47.

■42

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

hirtipes, 83.

liii-tum, 83.

hirtiis, 385.

hispida, 273,322,331,413,

462.
hi-spidulum, 110.
lii-spidum, 413.
hodg.sonia, 444.
holaiThena, 349.
holigama, 5.50.
liolmskioldia, 3i 0.
hologlossa, 194.
holomitrium, 43, 49.
holophylla, 2."i5.
holo-sclerus, 33.
holosericea, 505.
holostemma, 339.
homalia, 52.
homalium, 450.
hoinalonema, 132.
homomalla, 51.
homonoya, 251.
hookeri, 19, 20, 336, 674.
liookeriana, 348, 448, 523,

580, 673.
hopea, C29.
hordeum, 96.
horrida, 424, 651.
horsfieldii, 359, 667.
hortense, 3ii9.
horteusis, 320.
hospita, 67!).
hostilis, 615.
hotliaj, 402, 670.
lioutteauum, 461.
houttuyiiia, 230.
hoya, 33n.
humicola, 22.
liumile, 46, 54, 85.
humilis, KH, 109, 317, 367,

6(14, 610.
hunteria, 346, 673.
liyalina, 312.
hydnocarpus, 646.
hydnophytum, 416.
hydnum, 33.
hydra, 185, 201.
liydrobryum, 672.
hydrocera, 598.
hydrocoleum, 23.
hydrocotyle, 435.
liydi'olea, 334.
hydrophyllacea, 431.
hygrometica, 42.
hygrometiica, 44, 50.
hygropliila, 316, 425, 653,

669.
hygropliiloides, 311.
hygrophilus, 007.
hygroryza, l(i9.
hymenocardia, 249.
hymenodictyon, 407.
hymenophylla, 65, 85.
hymeuophyllum, 65, 85.

hyinenopogon, 407.

381, 38.5, 582, 601,

610,

hymenopyramis, 3or

.

648, 677.

hymenostylium, 44,

50.

indicus. 24, 106, 144

385,

hyopliila, 50.

514, 528.

hypericum, 637.

indlgofera, 521, 677.

hypheothrix, 24.

indurata. 44, 50.

hypnea, 29.

inerme, 302.

hypniim, 44, 55.

inermis, 260, 456, 645.

hypobathram, 428.

iners, 283.

hyijocroea, 35.

infectoria, 270.

hypoblastus, 32.

inflexum, 53.

hypogsea, 500.

inflexiLs, 45.

hypoglaucus, 222.

infortunatum, 303.

hypoglossum, 28.

infimdibuium, 156, 193.

hyiJoleuca, 458, 583.

inga, 545.

hypoleucum, 384, 434, 559.

inguinans, 32.

Lypoleucus, 138.

inophyllum, 636.

hypolytnim, 119.

insectifer, 199.

hyposticta, 621.

insigne, 254, 618.

hypoxylon, 35.

insignis, 73, 81, 135,

230,

hyptis, 298.

270, 311, 541, .548,

660.

hy.stilx, 106, 199,

302,

integi-ifolia, 267, 279

445,

595.

487, 675.
integrlfolium, 263.
intermedia, 27, 321.

i.

intermedium, 189,

675.
intermedins, 34.

321,

ichuocarpus, 349.

ichnopoda, 272.

inteiniptum, 44, 50,

110.

igneum, 319.

intestinalis, 20.

ilex, 575.

intricata, 28.

iliclfolia, 276.

iutricatum, 44, 50.

ilicifolius, 27, 312.

iutricatus, 21, 29.

illicium. 659.

intsia, 543.

Uligera, 480.

intybus, 401.

imbricata, 162, 195,

202,

inula, 3S3, 674.

576.

iuunctnm, 283.

imbricatus, 314.

Lauudatiim, 24.

Lmmersa, 85.

investe, 54.

impatieu.s, 697, 678.

investis, 46.

imperata, 114.

involucellata, 534.

impex. 33.

involucrata, 250, 436, 488,

inaequalis. 20.

674.

inappendiculata, 642.

involucratum, 299.

iiicana, 677.

involucratus, 222.

incanus, 627.

involuta, 81.

incertus, 33.

involvens, 57.

iBcisa, 268, 297.

iodes, 579.

inconspicuum, 34.

ionopus, 6S0.

incurva, 296.

ipomoea, 331, 67.3.

incurvus, 297.

ii-ia, 121.

incurvTim, 192.

irias, 190.

indica, 20, 23, 44, 51,

10.5,

iridescens, 312.

123. 127, 128, 131,

183,

ii-idifolia, 190.

200, 209, 248, 254,

259,

uioides, 73, 82.

265, 269, 284, 292,

306,

UTeguIaris, 21, 32.

320, 321, 364, 38.3,

390,

irya. 289.

392. 419, 448, 457,

479,

isachne. 111.

483, 487, 488, 490,

501,

ischsemum, 113.

506, 536, 537, 553,

574,

ischnopoda, 272.

589, 599, 601, 624,

668,

isocalpe, 52.

673. 675, 676, 677.

isodei-ma, 20.

indicuin, 23, 48, 110,

276,

isolepis, 120.

307, 320, 325, 327,

374,

isolobiim, 555.

INDEX.

743

isopterygiuin, r)3.
isora, G22.
ixora, 418.

jackiana, 500.

jackianum, 2i)9.

jaquini, 480.

jalapa, :>y4.

jambolaua, 470.

jambos, 472.

jamesianum, 19.3.

jauia, i\).

japonica, 401, 431, 487,
;■")(;:{. 630, (i:!!, (i38.

japonicum, 83, G38.

jasininum. 3,51.

jatropha, 2.51.

javanica, 20, 43, 49, 74,'
77, 80,81, 191,200, 232,
230, 237, 247, 250, 259,
291, 350, 374, 435, 4«2,
472,-548, 577, 589, (576.

javaiiicum, 52, 85, 109,
2 18, 434, 623, 676.

javanicus, 571, 578, 605.

jelinekii, 42>, 635.

jenkinsii, 663,

jiiinga, 514.

jonidium, 647.

joufra. 241.

jovis-pluvii, l!iO.

jugalis, 21.

juglandilblium, 81.

juglans, 226.

jujuba, 569.

julaceiim, 53.

julil'omiis, 45.

jumcutosuni, 1H9.

juncea, 147, 323, 519, 648.

junceum, 323.

juncoides, 119.

juucus, 12.5.

juiigeiniannia, 4 7.

junipeiina, 47.

ju.s.siea, 453.

justicia, 3u9.

k.

kaki, 360.
kalanchoe, 484.
kani.stchadalis, 35.
kauJelia, 481.
kareneusium, 31.5, 398,

497, 641.
kasya. 213.
katschallica, 667.
kayea, 637,
khasiana, 49, 110, 339,

548.

khasyanum, 190.

kibara, 290.

kleinhovla, 679.

knoxia, 113.

kajinpferia, 200.

koenigii, 107,376, 592,594,

korthalsia, 137.

korthalsiana, 420.

kunthianum, 601, 678.

kun-ii, 102.

kmriniia, 572, 677.

kiirzlana, 22, 23, 35, 422,
47.5.

kurzianum, 22, 2.3, 49, 51.

kurziauus, 32.

kurzii, 18, 19, 21, 23, 27,
3.3, 49, a(\ 202, 359, 397,
39S, 471, 518, 664,675.

kydia, 611, 635,

kylliiigia, 121.

labialis, 512.
lablab, 510.
labrosa, 188.
laburniiblium, 497.
laccitera, 269.
lacera, 387.
laceridens, 52.
lacertifera. 201.
lachnocladium. 34.
lachryma, Ui7.
laciniata, 3^7, 442, 484.
laclniatum, 385.
laciuiosa, 137, 448.
lactescens, 584.
lactuca, 402, r>74.
lactucoefolia, 387.
lacuna, 336.
lacunosu.s, 603.
la;ta, 5(i7.
lajtuni, 253.
tevicaulis, 415.
lajvigata, 35, 270,406,603.
lasvigatum, 34, 464, 555,

675.
liEvigatus, 503, 076.
lievis, 48, 118, 134, 147,

328, (;26.
lagenaria, 44.5.
lageniferum. 19.
lagenophora, ()74.
lagerstroemia, 457.
laggera, 674.
lagopoides. 5(X).
lagopus, 500.
lakoocha. 268.
lamellatum. 192.
lamioides, 31.5.
Iain pas, 616.
lamponga. 271.
lauata, 194, 291, 565.

lanatum, 199.
lancaifolium, 623.
lanceoefolia, 1 27, 260, 360,

471, 4 M, 630, 635.
lanceffifolius, 607.
lanceifolius, 314.
lanceolaria, 309, 562,
lanceolarium, 233.
lanceolata, 238, 273, 283,

308, 317, 346, 463, 602,

675.
lanceolatiun, 51, 80, 109,

115, 570.
lanceolatus, 510.
lancifolia. 279. 280, 552.
lancilblium, 374.
laudsboroiighii, 27.
langsdorfia, 673.
lautana. 30(;.
lanuginosa, 66, 84, 414.
lanuginosus, 600.
laportea, 263.
lappacea, 103, 260.
lappaceum, 558.
lappaceu.s, 249.
larpentaj, 189.
lasia, 132.
lasianthus, 41.5.
lasiobotrys, 317.
lasiocarpa, 489.
lasiochilum, 191.
lasioglossum, 193.
laskea. 46.
latebrosa, 85.
lateriflora, 118,
laterifolia, 663.
lathyrus, 502.
latifolia, 113, 216, 451,

5Hi, 527, 551, 565, 56(i,

662, (i74, 676.
latifoliura, 83, 119, 337,

497.
latilblius, 138, 540.
latissima, 35.
latteri, 213.
laiirencia, 28.
laurifolia, 28.5, 317, 591,

670.
laurifolium, 352.
laurifolius, 339.
lamina, :i4.3.
lavcndula, 298.
lawsouia, 456.
laxa, 119.
laxiflora, 551.
laxum, 57, 181, 199.
lebbek. 544.
Icea, 51)6.
lehmanni, 81.
leiantlia, 286, 422, 431.
leiocarpa. 504, 509.
leioearpum, 239.
leiogyna, 525.
leiophylla, 287, 541.

744

BCB-VA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

eiostachya, 356.
eiostylum, 233.
ejeuuia, 48.
emania, 20.
einiia, 130.
einuiscatum, 190.
eiitiginosa, 19.5.
entinus, 32.
en.s, 5112.
eonotis, 29(5.
eominis, 29f).
eopardimim, 199.
ejiidagathis, 312.
epidium, 049.
epidosa, 271.
epidozia, 47.
eiiionurus. 221, 578.
episauthes, 556.
epistemon, 333.
eprieurii, 28.
ejjtalea, 641.
eptantha, 468.
eptocliloa, 105.
eptohyinenium, 53.
eptonychia, 624.
eptopoda, 50.
eptospermum, 676.
eptostachya, 570, 603.
eptothrix, 24.
eptotrichiun, 43.
eram, \?A.

eschenaultii, 125, 637.
espedeza, 493.
essertlana, 560.
ettsomia, 333.
eucantha, 356.
eiicas, 296.
eucobotrys, 673.
eucobryum, 4:>, 49.
eucocarpum, 2."0.
eucoloma, 4.3, 49.
eucomeris, 400.
eucophlcea, 512.
eucopogon, 37o.
eucopyrus, 236.
eucoxylon. 305.
eucymmrea, 474.
euzeanum, 82.
euzites. 32.
evicaudatum. 323.
ichenoides, 29, 672.
icuala. 140.
ignicola, 45, 53.
igustrina, 407.
iliifera, 659.
imacia, 657.

imatodes, 166, 188, 196.
imbatum, 191.
imnophila, 323.
imodoi-um. 167.
imonia, 59.3.
imoniacea, 554.
imonifolia, 3U4.
imosum, 23.

linaria, 323.
lindenbergia, 323.
lindera, 2iS6.
lindleyana, 261.
lindleyanum, 191.
lindsaya, 66, 84.
lineare, 82.
linearifolia, 126. 369.
linearis, 312, 462.
lineata. M, 515.
lingua, 82.
linguifolia, 621.
lingulatus, 33.
linifolia, 331, 518, 621.
linifolius, 332.
linoides, 410.
linostoma, 281.
linsia, 172, 189, 197.
liparis, 153, 190, 202, 680.
lipeocercis, 11.5.
lipocarpha, 121.
litchi. 55 s.

lithosperma, 118, 505.
litsjea. 287.
littorale, 574.
littoralis, 3('3, 3J7, 545,

.557, 606, 621.
littoreus, 479.
litiiiflorum, 194.
livistona, 139.
lobata, 20, 444, 580, 611.
lobatum, 34.
lobatus, 33.
lobbiana, 85, 675, 677.
lobbii, 165, 178, 190, 196,

19\ 319, 574, 674, 677.
lobelia, 37.5, 674.
lobelioides, 369.
lomaria, 84.
longa, 205.
longana, 559.
longiaristata, 118.
longicaudatu.s, 350.
longiciliata, 642.
longicollis, 51.
longiflora, 427.
longiflorus. 208, 22.3.
longifolia, 68, 84, 197,242,

266, 285, 290, 408, 421,

429, 550, 572, 573, 5s9,

620. 654, 662.
longifolium, bi, 122, 249,

25l', 645.
longipes, 82. 140, 190, 249,

553.
longipetiolata, .552.
longipetiolatum, 249.
longipiiiuula, 84.
longiplea, 305.
longiracemosa, 647.
longispathus, 100.
longispina, 426.
longissima, 62, 86.
longissimnm, 81, 83.

longum, 231.
lonicera, 431.
lophatherum, 104.
lophopetalum, 574, 670.
lophosperma, 652.
loranthus, 222.
lorifolium, 146.
loriforme, 199.
lotus, 654.
lourea, 499. 676.
lowianum, 171, 197.
lowii, 173, 197.
loxotis, 321.
lubbersianum, 188, 680.
lucens, 510, 676.
luce.scens, 183, 200.
lucida, 201, 278, 336, 348,
356, 362, 481, 544, 644.
lucidum, 295.
lucidus, 33, 415, 608.
lucidula. 302.
lucinerve. 43.
hiculia, 406.
ludens. 69, 81, 84.
ludwigia, 4.53.
lufla, 445, 675.
lumnitzera. 479.
lunarifolius, 6i3.
luuatus, 508.
lunifeiiim, 199.
luuulata. 70, 83.
lunulatum, (;7, 84.
lutea. 50S, 661.
luteo-album, 384.
liiteo-fusca, 21.
luteola, 190, 508.
luteoluni. 193.
lutescen.s, 23, 54, 252.
lutens, 25.
lubunga, 592.
luzonensis, 663.
lycioides, 333
lycoperdon, 34.
lycopersicuni. 325.
lyctfpodium. 56.
lyngbei, 23.
lyngbya, 23.
lygodium, 78, 80.
lyrata, ;'.9I.
lysimachia, 369.

m.

maba, 357.
macaranga. 247.
macliiliis, 284.-
macclellandii, 102, 316,

655.
niacrsi, 192.
macrantea. 643.
macranthum, 190, 574,

61)6.
macrobulbon, 197.

IXDEX.

15

macrocarpa, 235, 458, 471,
■187, iMii, 5G1, Gr)3.

niacrocarpum, 140.

macrocarpus, 45. 53, 529.

macromitrium, 44, 50.

niacropaiiax, 434.

macropetala, 580.

macrophyUa, 238, 242,
264, 284, 267, 301, 30.'),
347, 349, 389, 422, 429,
518, 52.5, 560, 570, 575,
594, :^\):>, 621, 661.

macrophyllum, 83, 238.

macrophyllus, 313, 354,
615.

macropoda, 139, 273.

macropodum, 213.

macropterum, 539.

inacrosiphou,3 1 6,4 19,445.

macrosporam, 22, 295.

macrostachva, 99, 137,
173, 223, 231, 473, 534.

macrostachyum, 20S.

macrostemon, 371, 673.

macrostomum, 54.

macrotricha, 632.

maculata, 2<il, 463, 675.

madagascariensis, 100,
204.

maderaspatana, 391, 568.

maderaspatanu.s, 448.

nifesa, 364.

magnolia, 659.

maingayi, 546, 569.

major, 369.

majus, 575, 659.

majuscula, 21, 23.

malabarica, 264, 296, 533,
(i56.

malabariciun, 616.

malabaricus, 589.

malabathricum, 461.

malaccensis, 207,282, 472,
679.

malaisia, 277.

malaxis, 153, 190.

malayanu.s, 370.

malleifera, 202.

mallotus, 24.3.

malpighia, 593.

malva, 609.

malvastrum. 609, 678.

manghas, 345.

mangifera, 552, 553.

mangif'enim, 553.

manglietia, 660.

mangostana, 634.

manihot, 251, 615.

manisuris, 96.

maoutia, 266.

maranta, 208.

maraiitina, 208.

marasmius, 32.

marcidulum, 55.

marginalis, 21.
marginata. 20, 98, 206.
marginatnlus, 50.
marginatum, 3.5, 349.
margiuatus, 33.
marginellus, 121.
mariscus, 119.
maritinia, 121.
marlea. 432.
marmelos, 590.
marmoratum, 188.
marsdenia, 337.
marshalli, 189.
martabanica, 286,343,442,

4-^6.
martabanicum, 237.
martabauicus, 6 ''4.
martini, 112.
martinicensis, 296.
mastigobryum, 47.
mastigothrix, 22.
maulmainensis, 674.
maxima, 075.
mayodendron, 319.
may.s, lii7.
mecopu.s, 4;i9.
medica, 5!)5.
medioaginea, 519.
medicum, 34.
medium. 45, 52.
megablastum, 55.
megaptera, 442.
meiothecium, 52.
meirax, 16o, 194.
melaleuca, 466.
melanorrhoea, 549.
melanthesopsis. 234.
melastoma, 461.
melljania, 623, 079.
melia, 581, 678.
melicope, 590.
moliosnia, 554.
meli.s.soefolium, 295.
melilotus, 520.
melo, 447.
melocanna, 101.
melocliia, 623, 679.
melodorum, (i66.
meloneurum, 677.
melongena, 325.
melothria. 448, (575.
membranacea. 248, 368.
membranaceum, 82.
membranaceus, ino.
membranifolia. 340, 051.
memhranitolium, S3, 203.
memecylilblia. 420.
memecylon, 404, 675.
menasu, 237.
meneghi,anum, 23.
meniscium, 74, 81.
mentha, 297.
merguense, 191.
merguensis, 195, 034, 677.

merguiensis, 317, 357,407,

602.
mesocarpus, 21.
mespilifolia, 261.
mesua, o:',7.
meteorium, 45, 51.
metel, 32(j.
methonica, 127.
mexioana, 654.
mezoueurum, 539.
miclielia. <;60.
micrantha, 348, 651, 601.
micranthum, 199, 563.
micranthus, 613.
microcalyx, 360.
microcarpa, 230, 347, 413,

673, 074.
microcarpiim, 45, 52.
microcarpus, 314, 558.
microchites, 673.
microcladiiim, 53.
micrococcus, 25.
microchloa, 105.
microcos, (iO.3.
microcystis, 21.
microcystum, 26.
microglochia, 55.
microglossa, 390.
microdesmis, 25.3.
microdonta, 47.
micromelum, 594.
micropeltis, 35.
microphylla, 488.
microphyllum, 495.
microphyllus, 200.
microrhynchus, 403.
microstacliya, 238.
microstachyus, 313.
microstemma, 604.
microstigma, ()35.
microstylis, 153, 189, 202,

(isO.
microtropis, 572.
mikania, 394.
mildea, 54.
miliacea, 120.
miliaceum, 110.
miliusa, 6(;7.
millettia, 524.
millingtonia, 320.
niimo.sa, 5 11.
miniosoides, 539.
mimusoides, 532.
mimusops, 362.
miniatum, 371.
minima, si, 514.
minor, 24, 621.
minuta. 382.
minutiflora, 248.
minutiflorum, 451.
minutiflorus, 353.
miuutus. 54.
minutissima, 20.
miqueliauus, 2S1.

49

"40

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

mirabilis, 204.
mitis, 27(J, o2fi.
mitragyne, 343.
mitreola, 343.
mitrephora, 666.
mixta, 300.
mniadelphus, 46.
milium, 46, 51.
modecca, 452.
modestiflora, 443, 074.
modestus, 33.
mcestus, 121.
molineria, 147.
molle, 51, 83, 250, 337.
mollicula, 51.
mollis, 40, 202, 278, 300,

358, 350, 512, 513, 589,

632, 04.5, 647.
mollissima, 296, 350, 364.
mollissimum, 45, 52.
mollugo, 440.
moluccana, 242, 489, 675.
moluccensis, 50, 585.
molybd^a, 35.
momordica, 446, 075.
monandra, 533.
monilLfer, 408.
moniliforme, 27, 154, 100,

224.
momiieria, 323.
monocephala, 121.
monochilus, 187, 201.
monochoria, 124.
mouoclea, 48.
monoicum, 224.
monolophus, 205, 208.
monomeria, lOS, 190.
mouopetala, 285.
mouophylla, 593, 595.
moiiospeiTna, 506, 526,

572.
mouostacliya, 120.
mouscera, 67S.
monsonise, 291.
moutana, 253, 359, 556.
montaniim, 109, 254.
montanus, 112, 313, 354,

558, 572.
monticola, 410, 525, 630,

032.
moorcroftii, 44, 50.
morinda, 422, 648.
morindopsis, 4i8.
morocarpus, 266.
moi-us, 270.
moschata, 448.
moschatum, 157, 103.
moschosma, 297.
mougeotii, 34.
moulmeinense, 373.
moulmelnensis, 202.
mucronata, 480.
mucuna, 506.
mukia, 448.

miiltifida, 252.
multiflora, 309, 455, 051,

075.
multiflorum, 102, 253.
multijuga, 320, 586.
multiloba, 075.
multiloculare, 233.
multipartitum, 2s.
multipartitus, 29.
mungos, 408.
munja, 115.
munronia, 581.
murale, 22.
muricata, 291, 664.
muricatus, 112, 244.
miUTaya, 592, 678.
musa, 204.
muscicola, 19.\
musciformis, 29.
muscoide.s, 85.
muscosa, 364.
mussaeuda, 428.
mutabile, 677.
mutabilis, 35, 306, 01.3.
mutica, 114.
muticum, 113.
myopomm, 307.
myosotis. 111.
myosui'us, 190.
myriactis, 391.
myrianthus, 240.
myrica, 258.
myriocarpa, 470.
myriogyne, 3^2.
myrioueuron, 420.
myriophylla, 5 13.
myi-iopteron, 340.
myristica, 280.
myristicsefolia, 286.
myristicrefonnis, 195.
myrsLae, 304.
myrtil'olia, 427, 470.
myrtillus, 300.
mysureusi-s, 209.
myurus, 90, 110.
myxa, 328.
myxopyi'iun, 354.

n.

nageia, 216.
nagi, 258.
najas, 143.
nana, 08, 518.
naravelia, 070.
narvala, 052.
nasturtium, 048.
nasutum, 100.
natans, 5 41, 508.
natsiatopsis, 577.
natsiatum, 570.
nattoungensis, 53.
nauclea, 405.

naucleiflora, 419.
naucleoides, 414.
neckera, 45, 52.
nectria, 35.
neesiana, 287.
neesii, 315.
neglectum, 212.
negundo, 305.
nelsonia, 317.
nelumbo, 655.
nematosum, 52.
nemophila, 442, 074.
nemorale, 53.
nepalense, 233.
nepalensis, 258, 392, 461,

555, 000, 655.
nepenthes, 230.
nephelium, 558, 667.
nephrodium, 70, 82.
nephrolepis, 70, 82.
neptunia, 541.
neriifolia, 255, 344, 306,

519.
neriifolium, 038.
neriilonnis, 71, 82.
nerium, 349.

nervosa, 272, 278, 287, 637.
neuracanthus, 313.
neuranthum, 318.
neuropeltis, 332.
nicobarensis, 4( 3, 075.
nicobarica, 143, 417, 452,

574.
nicotiana, 326.
nidulans, 499.
nidus-avis. 09, 83.
niebuhria, 050.
nigella, 670.
nigrescens, 81, 527.
nigricans, 421.
nigro-ciliata, 99.
nigrum, 231.
nipa, 143.
nipaleuse, 44, 50, 51, 53,

077, ( "9.
nipalensis, 4.5, 47, 48.
niniri, 234.
nitella, 55.
nitida, 21, 286, 6f;3.
nitidum, 83, 248, 413.
nivea, 443, 5o7, 514.
niveum, 188, 555.
uivulia, 255.
nobilis, 53(), 595.
uodatum, 150, 193.
nodiflora, 378.
nodosa, 530.
nodosum, 110.
nomaphila, 310.
normale, 82, S3, 203, 461.
noronhse, 032.
noronhianum, 558.
nostoc, 23.
notonia, 393.

ISDEX.

747

novarroB, 2fi3.
nucifera, 143, Cw.
nuculauea, 2bU.
nuda, 270.
nudicaule, 7!), 80.
uudicaulis, 3:35.
nudiflora, 24:!, 441, CSO.
nudiscape, G7o.
nuga, :37.'), .538.
nummularia, 33G.
nutans, lii:3, 12(t, 207, 2!)fi,

303, 420, 429, 471), 5;j;).
nux- vomica. 342.
nummulariKfoIia, ;! 1 7.
nummulariaifoliuiu, 73,

82.
nyctanthes, 351.
nymphaea, G54.

O.

obcordata, 430, 070.
obcordatum, 490.
oberonia, l.")4.
obesa, 101, 194.
oblata, 470.
oblatum, 49.5.
obliquivalvis, 1 1 3.
oblonga, 307, 383, 43:3,

620.
oblongata, 26.
oblongifolia, 235, G29, G42.
obiongifolius, 241.
oblongum, 154, 190, 295,

49.5.
oblongiis, 608, G78.
obovata, 230, 237, 335,

339, 302, 409, 58.5, 531.
obscura, 331.
obscurum, 72, 82.
obtecta, 562.
obtusa, 28, 182, 199, 317,

622, 628.
obtusa ta, 166.
obtusatus, 3!)3.
obtusifolia. 209, 425, 510,

.599, 0."i3, 677.
obtusifolium, 57, 283.
obtusifolius, 6^7.
occidentale, 2i', 551.
occidentalis,
occlusa, 470.
ochna, 588, (i78.
ochracea, 24, 195.
ochrobryum, 49.
ochrocarpus, 030.
ochrosia, :!4.5, G73.
ochrophylla, 32.
oclithocharis, 462.
ociraum, i97.
octandra, 45G.
octoblepharum, 41, 43, 49.
odallam, 345.

odcnlalandioides, 343.

odina, 54^*.

odora, 131.

odorata. 3O0, G26, 629, 645,

0 17, 002.
odoratissima, 337, 544.
odoratissimum, 191.
odoratissimus, 134, 064.
odoratum, i-'i.
odoril'era, 658.
odorum, ;i50.
oeceoclades, 198.
oedogouia, 27.
oenanthe, 437.
oenoplia, 509.
officinale, 207.
officinalis, 296, 298, 305.
officinaruni, 1 1 5.
olax, 57(i, 677.
olea, 354.
oleandra, 71, 82.
oleifolia, 359.
oleracea, 039, 640.
oleraceus, 291, 402.
oligandra, 652.
oligantha, 409.
oligophylla, 583.
oligospira, 55.
olitorius, 605.
olivacea, 190.
olivaceum, 22.
onusta, 19, 269.
onychium, 68, 84.
operculata, 409.
ophioglossum, 79, 80.
ophiorhiza, 408.
ophiorrhizoides, 346.
ophiurus, 96.
opilia, 577.
oijpositifolia, 14.5,255,296,

427, "i52.
oppressura, 53.
opuntia, 29, 441.
opuntiiB, 28.
orania. 14:$.
orbicularis, 382.
orbiculata, 322, 336, 652.
orchioides, 146.
orellana. 644.
oroocnide, 265.
oreophilum, 434.
onentale, 50, 84, 224.
orientali.s, 277, 278, 379.
oiniocarpum, 502.
omata, 194, 205, 534, 6i9.
omatum. 140.
ornithogaluni, 128.
oropetium, 97.
oro])hia, 666.
oroxylum, 320.
orthomniura, 51.
orthosiphon, 297.
orthothecius, 45, .53.
oryza, 107.

oryzetonim. 24.

osbeckia, 400.

oscillaria, 24.

osniunda, 77, 80.

ostodes, 252.

ostrea. 34.

otanthera, 461, 463, 675.

otochilus, 162.

ovale. 470.

ovalLfolia, 127, 373, 505,

525.
ovalLfolium. 109, 191,224.
ovalifolius, 349.
ovalis, 120, 144, 196.
ovata, 240, 296, ;i25, 329,

3:i2, 528.
ovatum, 132. 46.5.
osalis, 596, 678.
oxycarpa, 585.
oxymitra, 665.
oxyodonta, 3-6.
oxypbylla, 513, 562, 651,

070.
oxyphyllum, 199.
oxyspora. 401, 075.
oxystophyllum, 191.

p.

pachycarpa, 525.

pachyglossum, 192.

pachygone, 0"i8.

pachynema, 2"^.

pachyphylla, 120, 471.

pachypus, 190.

pachyrrhizus, 507.

paederia, 414.

paleacea, 44:!.

palembanica, 077.

palembanicus, 353.

palisoti, 32.

pallcscens, 33.

pallida, 23, 199, 337, 677.

pallide-flavens, 1('>2, 195.

pallidum, 83, 100.

pallidus, 297.

palmata, 3:5, 433, 434.

palmatuni, 81.

palmella, 21.

palpebra;, 192.

paludosa, 140, 142.

palustiis, 172, 51 1.

panamonja, 280.

panax, 4:;:$.

pancovia, .557.

pandanus, 133.

panduratum. 207.

panduratus, 550.

panduriformis, 61:!.

paniala, 4< 9.

paniculata, 124, 252, 308,
3:50, 332, 304, 366, 380,
411, 4.57, 409, 515, 516,

748

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

525, 527, 548, 583, 592,
635.

paniculatum,199,303,340,
34N, 374, 467.

paniculatus, 243,297,310,
54H, 572, 582.

panicum, 109.

parmea, 194.

l^apaver, 653.

papaya, 452.

papillata, 46, 51.

papillosum, 199.

papillosus, 54.

papyi'ifera, 276.

papyrinum, 24, 34.

parabaena, 655.

paradoxa, 190.

paradoxuni, 34.

l^aradoxus, 138.

parallela, 85, 567.

paralleloneui-a, 362.

parameria, 348, (j73.

paramignya, 593.

paranephelium, 559.

parashorea, 62s.

parasiticus, 22, 321, 407.

parastemon, 485.

parcum, 192.

pardantlius, 146.

pardocheilum, 207.

pareira, 658.

parietinus, 22.

pariuarium, 485, 670.

IJarishia, 548.

pariskiana, 436.

parishii, 32, 33, 44, 45, 50,
52, 66, 70, 83, 84, 160,
164, 171, 173, 174, IN.5,
18S 193, 195, 196, 197,
IHS, 199, 200, 201, -M-l,
206, 308, 311, 31.3, 316,
335, 59«, 673, 674, 675,
67S, 680.

parkia, 541, 677.

parkinsonia, 538.

paiTuelia, 35.

parochetus, 520.

parsonsia, 348.

parthenoxylon, 283.

parvatia, 655.

parviilora, 175, 198, 205,
206, 2:17, 315, 32;}, 336,
381, 405, 421, 424, 453,
457, 481, 493, 505, 612,
620, 665, 668.

parviflomm, 191.

parvifolia, 47, 424, 577.

pai-vifolium, 85.

parvuliflora, 443.

pamilum, 22.

pashia, 487.

paspalum, 110.

imssiflora, 451.

patens, 234.

patula, 380.
paucicostata. 130.
pauciflora, 123.
pauciflonim, 281, 405.
pavetta, 422.
pavettsefolia, 428.
pavonia, 611.
pavonina, 540.
payanelia, 320.
payena, 362.
pectinata, 211, 309.
pedata. 69, 84 , 85, 563, 677.
pedicellata, 356.
pedilauthes, 256.
peduncularis, 268, SCO.
pedunculata, 274.
pegophyllum, 49.
pegiiana, 22, 27. 673.
peguanum, 22, 192.
peguanus, 33.
peguensis, 385, 400.
pellacens, 84.
pellionia, 264.
pellucida, 84.
pelorioides, 200.
peltata, 140, 288, 483, C02,

658.
peltophorum, 540.
peltophoi-us. 96.
pemphis, 4."6.
penanglana, 630.
penangianum, 72, 82.
penangianus, 57(S.
pendula. 281, 473, 524.
pendulum, 79, 80.
penecillium, 190.
penuata, 543.
pennatula, 52.
peiuiatum, 332.
pennatus, 121.
penstemon, 323.
pentace, 602.
pentacme, <i28.
peutagona, 4^9, 564.
pentagyna, 61:8.
pentandra, 455.
pentandnim, 299, 618.
pentandrus, 223.
pentanura. 3:'i9.
pentajDetalus, 223.
pentapetes, 623.
pantaphragma, 374.
pentaphyUa, 592, 650.
peploides, 455.
perennis, 32.
perfoliatum, 293, 327.
perforatum. 97.
pergracile, loo.
pergularia, 337.
perilla, 297.
peristrophe. 309.
peristylus, 184, 200.
perotis, 113.
perpusllla, 195.

perpusillus, 54.
persica, 4^6.
persicjefolia, 422.
persimile, 4^6.
persimOis, 238.
personii, 33.
pertusus, 112.
peruviana, 325.
peruviauum, 327.
pescaproe, 331.
pes-tigridis, 331.
petaloides, 331.
petiolata, 205.
petiolatus, 606.
petroselinum, 436.
peucedanum, 437.
peziza, 34.

phaius, 166, 167, 196.
phalsenopsis, 173, 197.
phallus, 34.

pharmaceoides, 293, 440.
phascoides. 43, 49.
phaselina, 35.
phaseoloides, 512.
phaseolus, 5iif-, (i76.
phaylopsis, 315.
phlegmaria. 57.
phlogacanthus, 311.
phoebe, 2h3.
phcenicea, 207, 623.
phcenicis, 35.
phoenix, 142.
pholidota, 162, 202.
phormidium, 24.
phragmites, 106.
phrynium, 208.
phycoseris, 20.
IDliyllagathis, 675.
phyUanthus, 234.
phyUocyclu.s, 33.5.
phymatodes, 81.
physalis, 325.
physcomitrium, 50.
physiotium, 47.
phytocrene, 579.
picipes, 33.
picrasma, 589.
picta, lb3, 191, 463.
pictorius, 635.
pictuni, 190.
picturatum. 191.
pierardii, 156, 193.
pUeiiormis, 35.
pilosa, 103, 378, 406, 507,

514, 60.5, 624, 668.
pilosedoides, fcl.
piloselloides, 74. 401.
pUosulus, 52, 358.
pilosum, 476.
pilosus, 121, (527.
pilulil'era. 2.-)6.
pimpinella, 436, 674.
pinanga. 142.
pinetorum, 51, 493.

IMIEX.

749

pinnata, 85, 4S1, 5S0,

5.S1.
pinnatififla, \\V2. 117, 31)0.
pimiatifidum, BO.
pinsitus, ;«.
piuus, 213.
piper, 231.
piperilolia, .134.
pipturus, i*\:>.
pisilbrmis. ID.
pisoiiia, 2:11.
pistia, 130.
pisum, .303.
pithecolobium, flTT.
pittosporum, i;4:!.
plagiochila, 47.
plagiopteron, (J(iO.
planicaule, 1G4, ll)(;.
planifolia, 18.5.
planll'olius, ."i4.
plantaginea, 12.5, 414.
plantago, 301).
platantha, r)47.
platanthera, 184. 2oO.
platycerium, 77, 80.
platyglossa, 197.
platyhypnura, 5.5.
platyiieura, 4U1, .5.52.
platyphylla, r)73.
platypus, 83.
plebeium, 293, 4f!4.
plectocomia, 137.
plectranthus, 297.
plectronia, 423,
pleione, 102.
pleniflora, 6.59.
pleurococcus, 21.
pleuiotwnium, 18.
pleiirothallis, 195.
plicata, 2(;, 189, 2l).5, 249.
pllcatuin, 110.
plicatus, 4.5, 53.
pluchea, 389.
plumbago, 370.
plumieria, .347.
plumosa, 103.
picta, 500.
podocarpa, 120, 513.
podocarpum, 49(3.
podocarpus, 216.
podochilus, 183, 200.
podosira, 18.
pcecilophyllum. 49.
pogonatum, 42. 46, .54.
pogouia, 186, 201.
pogostemon, 297.
poinciana, 538.
polita, 565.
pollia, 123.
polyacantha, 127.
polyalthia. 663, 679.
polyandrum, 610.
polyantha, 2'<6, 362, (i73.
polyanthos, 85.

polyanthuni,192,461,636,

638.
polycarpa, 356, ,5:j3, eiJG.
polycarpa'a, 64o.
polycarpon, (iio.
polycarpum, 498.
polycephala,367, 402, 405,

674.
polyclados, 20.
polyg.ala, 611, 679.
polygania, 328, 678.
polygamus, 291.
polygonata, 3S3.
polygonum, 292.
polygramma, 33.
polymoipha, 35, 98, 651.
polymorphum, 82.
polyuoma, 673.
polyueura, 416.
polyosma, 4 •^3.
polypetala, 472.
polyphr.\gmon, 121.
polyphylia, 522.
polypodioides, 83.
polypodium, 71, 81.
polyporus, 32.
polyrhiza, 47.
polysiphonia, 28.
poly.sperma, 316, 426.
polystachya,l 14, 261 , 565.
poly.stachyum, 80, 297.
polystachyus, 121.
polytridea, 313.
pometia, 559.
pomileia, 272, 555.
pomlformis, 268.
pongamia, 526.
pougalium. 374.
popowia, 665, 679.
populilbli.a, 248.
populnea. 616.
poiaua, 332.
poronia, 35.
porolrichum, 52.
porrecta, 195.
porrum, 128.
portulaca, 639.
poitulacaria, 639.
portulaca.strum, 439.
potamogeton, 144.
potatorum, 342.
potentilla, 490.
pothos, 132.
pott.sia, 348.
pourthhta, 676.
pouzolzia, 265.
pracox. 163, 19.5, 469.
pra;molIis, 45, 52.
prooruptum, 47.
pratense, 146.
pratia, 375.
precatorius, 503.
])remna. 301.
preiiauthes, 402, 674.

prenantholdea, 393.

picslii, 8:'..

primulilolia, 646.

piimuliua, 197.

l^riniodes. 573.

prioiiophylhim, 54.

priouotiichum, 55.

proboscidiale, 44.

jiroceia, 338, 475, 544.

proceium, 11.5, 146, 582.

procerus. 613.

procridilblia, 264, 442.

procumbens, 310, 378, 61 1.

prodigiosus, 25.

profundifolia. 51.

prolil'era. 195, 443.

prolileram. 82.

prolixum, 83.

promensis, 197, 201.

pi-ostrata, 292, 315, 454,
516, 517.

pruincscciis, 543.

pruiiiflora, (>38.

prunu.s, 4S6.

prurita, 507.

p.seudo-china, 674.

pseudarthria, 491.

pseudostachyum, 101.

psidium, 467.

psOocarpasa, 378.

psilotum. 56, 58.

psittacoglossum, 191).

psophocarpus, 511.

psoralea, 520.

p.soralioides, 521.

psyche, 197.

psychotria, 416.

pteranthum, 335.

pteris, 68, 84.

ptemandra, 4(!4.

pterocarpa, 473.

pterocarpus, 528.

pterocauli.s, 315.

pterocaulon, 385.

pterodonta, 38:).

pterogouium, 53.

pteroides, 83.

pterolobium, 539.

pteropoda, 400.

pteropodus, 132.

pteropu.s, 81.

pterospermum, 622, 679.

pterygosperma, 648.

ptyeauthu.s, 48.

ptychocalyx, 661.

puberulum, 82, 23,3, 577.

pubescens, 58, 16.5, 196,
2(2. 239, 268, 283, 304,
418, 42:i, .570, 594.

pubinervis, 525.

pudica, 541.

puddum, 486.

pueraria, 511.

pillchella,,50, 104, 1 11, 186,

7S0

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

194, 201, 338, 498, 522,

545.
pulcherrima, 114, 255, 265,

425, 538, 6(i8, 677.
pulchemmum, 287.
pulcherrimus, 208, 311.
pulchra, 524.
pulchnim, 4f)5.
pulicaiia, 383.
pulvenilentus, 223.
pulvinata, 1!)4.
pulvLnatum, fl74.
pumila, 195, 532, 567, 678.
pumilis, 191.
pumiJum, 192. 372.
punctata, 104, 321. 372.
puncticulatvim, 238.
pimctiilatiun, 55, 82, 465.
pimduana, 032, 677.
puuchianum, 394.
pungens, 114, 615.
puuica, 459.
purpurascens, 23, 53.
purpurea, 182, 190, 199,

523, 527, .5.33, 661.
pnr|3uricaulis, 312.
pusilla, 33.
pusillum, 34, 85.
pu.sillus. 29.
putranjiva, 239.
puya, 266.
pycnarrhena, 059.
pycnospora, 493.
pycuostachyum, 192.
pygseum, 670.
pygeum, 486.
pygmfea, 19, 200, 4.i5.
pygmfeum, 192.
pygmasus, 28, 122.
pyrenaria, 633.
pyrethnim, 381.
pyrifolia, 476, 489.
pyrifolium, 478.
pyriforniis, 34.
pyrrhobrya, 279.
pyn-hocarpa, 273, 360.
pyrus, 487.
pyxidifenun, 85.

quadrangulare, 478.
quadrangtilaris, 235, 451,

564.
quadriaurita, 84.
quadrifarua, 310, 315.
quadrifarium, 295.
quadrifida, 639.
quadrifolia, 297,
quamoclit, 332.
quercifolium, 7.3, 82.
quercu.s, 2G0,
quiniua, 21.

quiBquefolia, 519,
quinquelocularis, 679,
quisquaUis, 479.

racemosa, 235, 302, 322,
332, 3.35, 356, 428, 473,
479, 533, 549, 657,

radermachera, 319,

radians, 19, 121,

radiatum, 191,

radiatus, 509, 614, 679.

radicans, 30, 271,

radicata, .''18.

rafflesia, 228,

ramentacea, 272, 364.

ramiflora, 358, 535, 517,

ramiflorum, 559.

ramontcM, 079.

ramosa, 34.

ramosis.sima, 323, 410.

ramosum, 199.

randia, 420.

rangia, 3(i9.

rangoouensis, 285.

rangoonicum, 19.

ranunculus, 070.

raphanus, 049.

raphisteimna, 338.

rapifomie, 130,

rarak, .'■)50, 677,

ratzeburgia, 114.

rauwolfia, 345, 673.

ravenala, 2(4.

recedens, 83, 99,

rectifolia, 45.

reotlnervis, 255.

recursiva, 132, 346, 418,

recurvatum, 496.

reduplicata, 200.

reflexa. 511,

reflesulum, 55,

regia. 226, 273, 538.

reichenbachiana, 163, 195.

reidioides, 254.

reinwardtii, 43, 49, 597,
601.

religiosa, 271, 351.

remirea, 121.

remotus, 314.

renanthera, 177, 198.

reniforme, 495.

renilbnuis, 444, 499, 526.

renigera, 530.

repanda, 676.

repandus, 213.

repens, lo9, 316, 329,40,9,
453, 508, 504,

repleta, 48,

reptans, 495.

resectum, 83,

reseda, 407,

resinifera, 425.
reticulata, 236, 597, 661,

660, 675.
reticulatum, 53, 191.
retroflexum, 494,
retsa, 678,

retusa, 240, 270, 519, .535.
retusum, 679.
revoluta, 211.
revolutum, 128, 192,
rliabdia, 329.
rhagTOthecium, 53.
rhaninifolia, 260.
rliamnoides, 235.
rhamnus, 677,
rhaphidorliynchum, 52,
rheedei, 189,319.418,677.
rhinacantlius, 309,
rhizociinium, 20.
rhizogonium, 46, 51.
rhizogonoidea, 61,
rhizophora, 480,
rhizophorse, 22.
rhodamuia, 467,
rhododendrifolia, 270.
rhododendron, 373, (i7.3,
rhodojiterygium, 193.
rhombifolia, Old.
rhomboidea, 605.
rhopalocarpus, 223.
rhus, 548.

rhynchocarpa, 448, 675,
rhynchoglossum, 321,
rhynclionema, 21,
rliyncliophorum, 46, 51.
rhynchosia, 5 1 1.
rhyncliospermuin, 391.
rhyncliospora, US.
rhynchostegium, 54.
rhyucophyllum, 73, 82.
rhypopliila, 20.
ribes, 273, 365,
ribesioides, 231,
ricinoides, 243,
ricinus, 250.
rigida, 103, 195, 207, 300,

413, 611.
rigidissimum, 49,
rigidum, 85, 146.
rimosa, 284.
ringens, 194.
riparia, 251, 309, 389.
rivulare, 23,
rivularia, 22,
rivularis. 28, 296,
robusta, 29, 200, 279, 354,

305, 493, 529, 568, 572,

584, 628,
robusti-pinnatum, 55,
robustus, 241, 6u8,
rohituka, 584,-
rosa, 488,
rossefolia, 490,
rosa-sinensis, 01.3,

INDEX.

751

roscoeana, 20"), aofi.
rosea. lG(i, !!)(!, 345, 370,

;i7(;, 5:i4, coi).
rosella, 419.
roseola, 27.

roseum, 44, 51, 297, 314.
rostrata, 201, 34U, 448,

4 CO, 034.
rostratum, r)2, 82.
rostratus, 4.j.
rothboellia, 96.
rothii, 27.
• rottlera, 244.
rottleri, 076.
rottleriauum, 352.
rotunda. 2n6.
rotundata. 52.
rotuudilblia, 400,455, 605,

045, 075.
rotundus, 122.
rourea, 54.5.
roydsia, 053.
roydsiaefolia, 651.
royleana. 384.
roylei, 371.
roxburghiana, 104, 2-^4,

51)0, 007, 078.
roxburghiauus, 112, 213,

436.
roxburghii, 55, 100, 125,

174, 198, 210, 238, 239,

259, 273, 332, 333, 345,

361, 396, 442, 476, 573,

590, 620, 032, 644, 053,

077.
rozia, 55.
rubella, 145, 305.
rubens. 44, 470.
ruber, 558.
rubescens, 20 fi, 559.
rubia, 430.
rubicundus, 297.
rubidus, 33.

rubiginosa, 5,57. 020, 079.
rubiginosura, 000.
rubra, 204, 568, 654.
rubrum, 325.
rubus, 489, (i76.
niderale, 009.
ruellia, 315.
rufa, 84.

rugicuspidatum, 52.
rugicuspidatus, 45.
rufescens, 207, 314, 514.
rufllabre, 190, 191.
ruftsetum, 54.
rufo-lanosa, 28.
rugata, 542.
nigosa, 35, 247, 570.
rugosum, 355, 499, 607.
rugosula, 420.
rugosum. 113.
ruk.im, 079.
ruiuphil, 211, 270.

russelia, 323.
rutilans, 34, 199.
ryparia, 046.

sabia, 554.
saccharatuin, 1 15.
saccharifera. 141.
saccharum, 115.
saccolabium, 179, 189,

198.
saccopetalum, 067, 680.
sagenioides, 83.
sageretia, 570.
sagittaifolia, 074.
sagittata, 125, 656.
sagittil'olius, 014.
sajor-caju. 32.
salacia. 573, ()77.
salicifolia, 124, 279, 310,

474.
salicina, 35.
saligna, 073.
salix. 250.
salubrLs, 31.5.
salvia, 296.
salvinia, 58.
samadera, 589, 678.
samara, 305.
sambac, 352.
sambucina. 301, 507.
sambucus, 431.
sancta. 24.
sanctum, 298.
sandalifolia, 07-5.
sandoricum, 582.
sanguinale, 109.
sanguinea. 300, 568.
sanguineus, 33.
sanicula. 43.").
santalura. 221.
sapida, 237, 045.
sapientum, 204.
sapindus, 557.
sapota, 3(il.
sapotoides, 300.
sappan, 538.
saprosma, 417.
sara, 1 1 5.
.saraoa, 5:i7, 077.
sarcanthus, 180, 182, 189,

199.
sarcocephalus, 404.
sarcochlamys, 265.
sarcolobus, 337.
sarcophylla. 499.
sarcopyramis, 463, 075.
sarcosperma, 301.
sarcostigma, 579, 678.
sargassum, 26.
sarmentosa, 111, 417, 669.
sarmcutosum, U)9.

sativa, 107, 20.3, 262, 437,
5<i2, 070.

sativum, 96, 128, 438, 503,
049.

sativus, 447, 502, 649.

sauloma, 4.5.

sauran.ja, 031.

sauropus, 2:!5.

saussurea, 399, 074.

saxatile, 23,

saxatilis, 393.

.saxophilum, 53.

scaber. 313, 314.395, 627.

scaberifolium, 079.

scabra, 323, 407, 412,413.

scabrella, 272, 608.

scabrida. 603.

scabrilingua, 193,

scabriusculum, 51, 55.

sca;vola, 370.

scalari-s, 21.

scalpe, 490.

scaudens, 80,81, 112,114,
132, 135, 213, 2.50, 272,
281, 291, 302, 352, 391,
397, 411, 529, 540, 576,
577, 592, 015, 600, 074.

scaphigera, 137, 620.

scapiiula, 020.

scarabseoides, 513.

scariola, 402.

scariosa. 164, 190, 514.

sceleratus, 670.

schsenoides, 120.

schilleriana, 102, 103,19.5.

schima, i'32, 079.

schi.stomitrium. 41, 43.

schizachyrium. 113.

schizipa. 7-', 80.

schizochiton, 582.

schizogonium, 19.

scliizophyllum, 32.

schizosiphon. 22.

schizo.stachyoides, 101.

schleichera, 550.

schlichii, 451.

scholaris, 347.

schomburgkii, 208.

schrebera, 353.

schultesii. 3.35.

schwenckii, 549.

scilla, 128.

scindapsus, 132.

scirpus, 119.

scitula, 20.

scleria, 118.

sclerocarpa, 007.

sclerocarpum. 680.

sclerocarpus, 572.

scleromitriou, 412.

sclerophylla, 004.

scolopia, 044.

scoparia, 322.

scottianuni, 55.

752

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

scrobiciilatum, ll(t.
scniposus, 33.
scuiTula, 223.
scutata, 443.
scutatum. 27.
Scutellaria, 29f).
scutellatum, 465.
scutia, 57(1.
scuticosa. 524.
scymoides, 297.
scyphiphora, 431.
scyphopetalum, 559.
scytale. 34.
scytonema, 22.
secuiida, 407, 463.
secimduni, 193, 680.
securidaca, 642.
securinega, 237.
selagineOa, 57.
selenocai-pa, 50.
seligiiea, 397.
selinum, 437.
semecarpus, 550.
semecarpifolia, 286.
semialata, 516.
semicordata, 562.
semicordatum, S3.
semidecandras, 546.
semierectus, 5()9.
semilibera, 201.
semilibenim, 44, 50.
semipinnata, 69, f<4.
semipinnatiiida, 390.
semisagittatum, 622.
semiserrata, 261, 364.
semitriflda, 677.
semitriloba, 678.
semperflorens, 677.
semperviviim, 484.
sendtuera, 47.
senecio, 393, 674.
senecioides. 390.
senile, 158, 198.
senuoides, 502.
sensitiva, 501.
sensiti\'um, 597.
sepiaria, 331, 539, 625, G45.
septicus, 26.
sequax, 497.
sericans, 515.
sericea, 493, 519, 525.
serpens, 647.
serpentina, 345.
seiTa, 191.
serrata, 115, 329, 586, 587,

G31, 633.
serratifolia, 302.
serratum, 43, 3(i3.
serratus, 557.
serralata, 366, 562.
sernilatum, 318, 355.
sesamoides, 184, 200.
sesamum, 307.
sesban, 522.

sesbania, 522.
sesquiijedalis, 665.
sessiflora, 255, 420, 518.
sessifolia, 389, 405, 406,

425.
sessiliflora, 365.
sessUifnictus, 4(16.
sessOis, 27, 291.
se.suvium, 439.
setacea. W5.
setaceum, 122.
setaceus, 202.
setifera, 254.
setigeram, 83.
setosa, 85, 333.
shorea, 628.
shnteria, 504.
siamea, 531.
siamensis, 211, 223, 281,

427, 629, 636, 650, 652.
sicaria, 194.
sicyobulbon, 191.
sida, 60!».
sideroxylon, 361.
siegesbeckia, 379.
sigiin, 6(16.
silhetana, 242.
silhetense, 401.
silhetensis, 674.
simiai-um, 204.
simillimum, 191.
simonsii. 315.
simplex, 131, 312, 607.
simplicifolia, 554.
simpliciuscula, 455.
sinensis, 508.
singularis, 427.
sinuata, 392, 442, 529, 603,

078.
sinuosum, 73, 82.
siphonanthus, 3o3.
siphonodon, 572.
su-ocoleum, 23.
su'osiplion, 22.
skinneria, 333.
sladenia, GH).
smilacifolia, 317, 669.
smilacifolium, 354.
smilax, 127.
smithia, 501, 567.
smytliea, 569.
sobolifera, 141.
sobolifeiiim, 84.
socotiina, 128.
soja, 513.

solandra, 326, 612.
solanifolia, 674.
solanum, 324.
solenostigma, 278.
solida, 85.
solomonia, 642.
somniferum, 653.
sonchifolia, 393.
souchus, 402.

sonerila. 462, 67.5.
soneriloides, 409.
sonneratia, 458, 675.
sophora, 493.
sorbifolium, 75, 81.
sorghum, 115.
sowa, 437.
soymida, 585.
sparsum, 45, 52, 83.
spathium, 144.
spatliodea, 319.
spathoglottis, 1 64,1 89,1 96.
spathoidea, 321.
spatulsefolia, 201.
spatulata, 190.
speciosa, 139, 423,424, 611,

634.
speciosum, 193, 332.
speciftsus, 2(15, 679.
spectabDe, 636.
spectabilis, 332, 317, 421,

584.
spelancas, 85.
spergula, 440.
spergulacea, 411.
spermacoce, 413.
sphacelaria, 26.
sphagnoides, 47.
spliagnum, 41, 46, 54.
sphaeranthus, 385, 674.
sphoeria, 35.
spliKrica, 474.
sphoerococcus, 29.
sphserogjmum, 234.
sphegidoglossum, 192.
sphenocarpa, 660.
sphenoclea, 374.
spicata, 126, 208, 227, 201,

356, 679.
spicatum, 77, 80, 678.
spilanthes, 380.
spinarum, 673.
spinella, 29.
spinellosa, 386.
spinifex, 111.
spiniforme, 46, 51.
spinosa, 29, 99, 310, 423.
spinosus, 291, 526.
spinulosus, 29.
spiradiclis. 408.
spii'ale, 325.
spiralis. 348.
spirogyra, 21.
splendens, 296.
splitgerberi, 33.
spodiopogon, 113.
spondias, 553.
spouia. 277.
sporobolus, 106.
squalida, 170, 197.
squammatum, 303.
squamosa, 664.
squamosum, 478.
squarrosa, 120, 588.

IXDEX.

753

squarrosum, 4"), 57, 207.
squarrosus. 111.
stachytarpheta, 30G.
stagnalis, ii.
staus, 318.
staurospermum. il.
stellata, 62S, ()J4.
stellatum, 346.
steniona, 128.
stemomu'us, .578.
stenobulbon, 191.
stenocarpus, 49.
stenoglossa, 190.
stenolobium, 318.
stenopetala, 54(5, 602, 605.
stenophylla, 313.
stenophyllus, 240.
steuosepalum, 191.
stenostachya, 200.
stephania, (;58.
stercorarius, 415.
steroulia, 619. 079.
sterciiliaceus. 006.
stereodon, 45.
stereophyllum, 53.
stereospermum, 318.
stereum, .'U.
stictohpyllus, 54(i.
stigeoclinium, 19.
stigmosum, 82.
stilbum, 34.
stilllnum, 21.
stipulacea, 527.
stlpularis, 24(i, 415, 008.
stipulata, 319, 543.
stocksii, 517.
stolouifera. 437.
stolonilerum, 295.
straminea, 331.
stramineus, 297.
stratiotes, 130.
streblus, 276.
strepeiis, 20.
streptocaulon, 339.
striata, 331, 520.
striatiflora, 079.
striatum, 23.
striatus, 48.
stricta, 19, 105, .300, 413,

420, 440, 402, 500, 511,

516, 074.
strictum, 109, 428.
strictus, 100, 404.
striga, 322.

strigosa, 35, 85, 290, 306.
strigosum, 429.
striolatum, IS.
strobilauthes, 313.
strobilifcra, 515.
strobilii'erum, 297.
strobilina, 205, 312.
strobiliuuin. 295.
strombosia, 577.
strongyle, 192.

strophaiithus. 350, 073.
stniinarium. 377.
strychnos, 312.
stylidium, 376.
stylo.sa. ("7.
styracilblius, 499.
styrax, 355.
suavoolens, 206, 298, 318,

600, 06.5.
suavissimum, ISS.
subadimca, 28.
subsequa, 21.
suba^qualis, 279.
subangulata, 447.
subauriculatum, 82.
subcapitata, 347.
subclav'atum, 22.
subcoarctata, 49.
subcordata, 328.
subcremilatu-s, 54.
subdarifl'a, 614.
subdigitatum, 72, 82.
suberosa, 321, 452, 500,

603.
sub-flaccida, 315.
subfruticosus, 313.
subglandulosum, 352.
subglobosus, 222.
subintegerrima. 52.
subloevissima, 51.
subleiophyllum, 55.
sublimata, 35.
sublutemn, 49.
sublyratus, 241.
submarina, 27.
.suborbiculare, 35.
subpallidum. 53.
subpanduritbrmis, 550.
sulipeifoliata. 443.
subpyrilbraiis, 272.
subquinqueuervia, 570.
subracemo.sus, 551.
subieflexum, 49.
subrotuuda. 455.
subiugulo.sa, 52,
subsalsa, 21.
subscandens, 233.
subsessile, 239.
subsotacea, 20.
siib.spatluilatu.s, 54.
subspicata, 512.
substipulaceum, 495.
subtilis, 19.
subtili.ssiuia, 23, 24.
subtiineivium, 466.
subtriphylliira, 82.
subiilata, 271.
subulatuin, 43, 49.
subulatus, 1 19.
siibulo.sus, 43.
subunibellata. 670.
subuninervis, 313.
subvagans. 54.
succifolia, 635.

succifolium, 309.
succuleuta. 376.
sufl'ruticosa, 453, 591.
sutfraticosum, 647.
suftulta, .504.
sulcata, 329, 355.
sulcatum, 44, 50.
sulphuratum, 283.
sulphurea, 320.
sulphureus, 378.
.suma. 542.
suraatrana, 239, 485, 560,

5SS, 589, .599, 641, 063.
sumatranum, 677.
sumatrensis, 1 18.
sumbavia, 242.
sundaica, 490.
sundauum, 432.
simipia, 164, 196.
superba, 127, 204, 505.
superflciale, 82.
supina, 120.
surcularis, 52.
surculigera, 443, 674.
surrattensis, 614.
susannae, 1^4, 2uO.
swieteiiioides, 353.
swintonia, 549.
sylvatica. 265, 260, 553.
sylvaticum. 83.
sylvestris, 142, 221, 297,

578.
symblepharis, 49.
symphorema, 299.
symphyllia, 242.
symphyodon, 53.
symploca, 23.
symplociiblia, 416.
symplocina. 631.
symplocos, 355.
syuechococcus, 24.
synedrella, 378.
syuhyraenium, 48.
.syriacus. 013.
syrmaticum, 83.
syrrhopodon, 44, 50.

t.

tabacina, 35.
tabacura, 320.
taberuasmontana, 340.
tabularis, 5S5.
tacca. 147.

toeniophyllum, 191, 203.
ticnitis, 74, 81.
tagetes. 380.
tagetirtora, 380.
talauma. 059, 679.
taliuum, 0:!9.
tamarindifolia, 528.
tamarindus, 535.
tamarix, 039.

754

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

tanarius, 248.
taukervilliae, 1G7.
tapeinodon, 5li.
tapii'ia, 548.
tavoyana, 284, 409, 552,

59S.
tavoyense, 44, 53.
taxithelium, 53.
taxoides, 277.
taylori, 43, 49.
tayloria, 44, 51.
tectona, 300.
tectoram, 484.
telephioides, 641.
tenacissiina, 337.
tenasserimica, 50.
tenella, .^S, 1C3.
teuellum, 27.
tenellus, 11.3.
tenera, 4G2, G79.
tenerifrons, 82.
tenerum, 43, 49, 83.
teuuicaulis, 509.
tenuiflora, 312, 504.
tenuifolia, 84, 85, 323, 563,

677.
tenuifolium, 83.
tenuifolius, 297.
temiifrons, 71.
tenue, 19, 436.
tenuis, 33, 45, 5.3, 138, 524.
tenuissima, 28.
tenuissimum, 19, 20.
tenuispiua, 29.
tephrosia, 523.
teramnus, 512.
teres, 17G, 198, 199, 203,

296, 396, 496.
teretifolia, 484.
teretifolium, 181, 199.
terminale, 192.
terminalia, 474.
terminalis, 127, 280.
teniatea, 503.
ternatum, 418.
terniflora, 354.
teniifolia, 126.
ternstroemia, G30.
terrestris, G78.
tesselata, 118, 19.5.
tetracantha, 354.
tetracera, 669.
tetracoccus, 243.
tetragona, 4G9, 519.
tetragonocarpum, 476.
tetragonolobus, 511.
letragouostachyu.s, 313.
tetragonus, 313.
tetrameles, 441.
tetramerista, 588.
tetrandra, 278, 418, 423.
tetrandi-uni, 412.
tetranthera, 285.
tetraptera, 525.

tetraspenna, 256.

teuciium, 295.

teysmanni, 563.

thadablota, 678.

thalictroides, 69, 84.

tlieoostele. 172, 197.

theezans, 570.

thelasis, 183, 200.

thelephora, 33.

thespesia, 616.

the.spis, 391.

thevetia, 344.

thladiantha, 447, 67.5.

tliomseiim, 97.

thomsoni, 261, 269, 528,
647.

thouarea. 111.

tlirixspermum, 182, 199,
6S0.

thuidium, 54.

thumra, 4 70.

thuubergia. 317.

thimbergiiefolia, 577.

thuubergiana, 431.

thimia, 167, 189, 196.

thyridium, 50.

thyridostachyum, 97.

thyrsiflora, 53(>.

thyrsifloruin, 4()7.

thyrslflorus, 311.

thy.ssanoL'eua, lli).

tiglium, 241.

tigrinum, 171, 197.

tigrinus, 13S.

tiliaceus, G15.

tiliacora, 657.

tiliajfolia, 247, 333, G04.

tilisefolium, 497.

timorensis, 277, 531.

tinctoria, 244, 337, 350,
407, 521, 523, 656.

tinctorius, 399.

tingens, 337.

tincspora, 656.

tipulifera, 200.

tirucaUi, 255.

tithonia, 380.

tithymaloides, 256.

todcialia, 591.

tokbrai, 248.

tomeutella, 475.

tomentosa, 26, 83, 230,
239, 285, 293, 299, 301,
317, 351, .361, 4(X), 414,
419, 422, 432, 4.50, 4.58,
493, 557, 559, 56.5, 578,
580, 599, 624, 656, 666,
673, 677.

tomeutosum, 22, 110, 339.

tomentosus, 547.

tooua. 586.

topophacea, 50.

toposia, 358.

tora, 532.

torenia, 323.
tortile, 15S 192.
tortilla, 44, 50.
tortuosa, 277, 537, 573.
torvum, 324.
tounifortia, 329.
toxicaria, 275.
toxocarpus, 339.
trabecula, 18.
trachyacron, 54.
trachycarjjus, 45, 53.
trachylophyllum, 53.
trachy]5odon, 54.
trachypus, 45, 52.
tragia, 250.
trametes, 33.
tranquebariensis, 20.
tran.sparens, 156, 193.
trapa, 454.
trapeziformis, 84.
trema, 278.
trematodon, 43, 49.
tremella, 34.
tremellodon, 33.
trevesia, 434.
trewia, 242.
trialata. 674.
triaudra, 143, 657, 677.
triangiilata, 376.
triangulatus, 394.
tiianthema, 439, 674.
tribuloides, 260.
tribulus, 30, 518, 600.
tricanthera, 606.
triceps, 121.
tricliia, 34.
trichocoma, 34.
trichodesma, 327.
trichoglottis, 137, 197.
tricholepis, 398.
tricliomanes, 85.
tricliomitriiim, 51.
trichopelona, 53.
trichophylla, 51.
trichosautha, 201.
trichosanthes, 444, 675.
tricliostemon, 584.
tricuspidata, 674.
tricuspis, 482.
tridax, 377.
tridens, 47, 605.
trideiitata, 331.
trifidiim, 81.
triflora, 147. 486.
triflorum, 495.
trifolia, 563.
trifoliata, 521, 592, 593.
trifoliatum, 476.
trigona, 375.
trigonostemon, 252.
trigonum, Ho.
trigyna, 630.
trijuga, 556, 585.
triloba, 271.

IXDB.V.

755

triloba ta, 452.
trilobatura, l;30, 324.
trilobulata, 202, GSO.
trilobus, .")()!).
trilociilaris, 605.
trilophota, 188.
trinervia, 410, 4C7, 652.
triuervis, 1!)G.
trinerviitm, IID.
triuervius, ."(i:).
tripartita, 84.
tripliasia, am.
triphylla, .V.)v, 67i).
tripiiyllum, ni.
tripu<liau.s. 191.
triquetra, 27.
triquetruin, .")C, 58, 497.
triradiata, (I74.
trispicatus, 112.
tristania, 4C7.
triste, 191.
tristis. 291, 471, G07.
tristyla, ()32.
trita, .">2l.
triticum, 90.
triumfetta, 004, 078.
tropica, 21.
tropicus, 1 i 2.
tropidia, 202, 203.
truncata, 19.5. 374.
truncatum, 82, 122.
tuberculata, 562.
tuberculatus, 020, 678.
tuberculosa, 19.
tuberosa, 511.
tuberosum, 32.5, 517.
tulda. 98.
tunbridgiense, 85.
turpetlium, 331.
tupidantlius, 435.
turbinaria. 27.
turbinatus, 627.
turgida, 425, 510.
tuniera, 499.
turpinia, 55 4.
tylopiiora, 337, 417.
typhina, 22o.
typliula, 34.

U.

udum, 33.
uliginosa. 420, 529.
uliginosum, 1 lo.
ulmilolia, 412, 499.
ulmus, 279.
ulothrix, 19.
umbellata, 120, 410, 448,

402, 078.
umbellatum, 404, 498.
umbellatus, 121.
umbellifera, 294.
umbraculifera, 139.

unibrina, 34.
unibriiuim, 19.
unibrinus, 33.
umbro.sa. 077.
unibctochilus, 187.
uncaria, 4(i6.
uncilbliola, 52.
uncitblius, 45.
uiu-iiuitum, 43, 49.
uiuliflorum. 124.
uiululata, 18. 300.
undulatum. 072.
uiiguiculatum. 299.
uuiflora, 102, 103, 19,5,429.
unifolium. 4ii9.
uuiglandulo.sa, 272.
unioloides, 103.
miitum, 8.3.
unona, 002.
unonaefolia, 665.
upluda, 1 14.
uraria, 4!)9, 676.
uroeola 348.
ureao, 25.
urena, Oil, 078.
urens, 141, 619.
uroclada, 52.
urophylium, 72.
urophyllum, 82, 429.
uropliyllus, 485.
urticsefolia, 300. 323, 379.
urticrefolium, 303.
urticKfolius, 005.
usitata. 549.
u.snia. 35.
ustulata. 195.
utilissima. 251 .
utricularia. 321, 07.3.
utriculosa. 20.
uvaria. (;0(t.
uvLfora, 056.

vaccaria, 640.
vaccinse, 25.
vacciniuni, 371, 073.
vagans, 075.
vagiiiali.s, 124, 499.
vaginata, 58.
vahlii, 53 1.
valida, 474.
vallaris, 348, 073.
vanda, 173, 189, 197, 202,

203, OSO.
vanda-flora, 666.
vandcllia, 323.
vangueria, 423.
vanilla, 185, 201, 203.
vareca. 450.
variabile, 80.
variabilis, 35, 650.
variaus, 84.

variegata, 3G0, 533.
variegatum, 252, 571.
variiflexum, 55.
variolosa, 428.
variolosum, 82.
varium, 22, 44, 50.
varuna. Oo7.
vasculosa, 272, 311.
vatica, 030, 079.
vauciieria, 27.
vaucherii, 21.
velutina, 201, 261, .300,

317. 319, 443, 528, 079.
velutinosum, 237.
velutinuni, 237.
velutinus, 42, 265, 676.
ventilago, 508.
ventricosa, 310, 001.
venulosa, 434.
venusta, 470.
venustus, 613.
veratrifolia, 166.
verbascifolium, 324.
verbena, 3ii5.
verbenaefolia, 323.
vernonia, 395, 074.
veronicKfolia, 323, 391.
verrucosa, 519, 573, (;.".0.
verrucosum, 50, 000.
versicolor, 33, 145, 019,

652.
verticellata, 105, 297, 442,

609, 639.
verticillatiun,371.391,4C9.
vesicatum, 27.
vespertiliouis, 076.
vestita, 105, 195, 190, ,304,

30.5, 501.
vestitum, 498.
ve.stitus, 027.
vexillata, 508.
viburnoido.s, 301.
viburmun, 431.
vicia, 502.
vicoa, 383.
vidua, 201.
vicllardi. 22, 28.
vigna, 507, 076.
villebrimnea, 265.
villosa, 227, 238, 28.3, 302,

36S, 408, 421, 458, 501,

540, 019, 031, 657, 667.
villosula. 9S, 238.
villosum, 19, 188, 202, 297,

303.
villosus, ()58.
viminea, 259, 265, 329, 65 1 ,

077.
vinca, 34.5,
viola, 640, 679.
violacea, 24, 522.
violaceo-lividum, 34.
violacouni, 115.
violuiflora, 598.

'56

BUR if A, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODCCTIOXS.

_ violaefolia, 463.
' violascens, 22, 25.

vipani, ISO, 680,

virens, SO, 178, 198, 3C8,
642.

virgata, 311.

virgatum, loi, .355.

viricle, 295.

viridiflora, 337. 417.

viridiflorum, 662.

vlridifusca, 196.

viridis, 24, 291.

viridissima, 417, 554.

viridula, 24.

vLrosa, 131, 510.

viscida, 494, 622.

viscidula, 391, 674.

viscosa, 34, 521, 555, 650,
676.

viscosum, 81, 303, 395.

viscum, 223.

visenia, 624.

vitex, 304.

viticina, 590.

vitifolia, 331.

vltifolius, 612.

vitiginea, 564.

vitis, .'.61, 677.

vittaria, 74, 81.

vittata, 45.

vittatum, 52.

volkamericefolia, 397.

volubilis,312,332, 390,527.

vomitoria, 337.

vulgaris, 21, 99, 11.5, 121,
382, 445, 447, 509.

"W.

wahlenbergia, 374.
wallichia, 141.
wallichiana, 84, 119, 136,
343, 375, 546.

wallichlanum, 122, 637.

wallichianus, 266.

waUicliii, 44,-50,58,77,80,
148, 190, 241, 249, 253,
338, 339, 340, 349, 367,
391, .394. 411, 415, 422,
428, 429, 454, 478, 483,
511, 512, 564, 574, 57.5,
588, 594, 60S, 62.5, 632,
673, 674, 675, 676, 678.

waltheria, 624.

wampi, 594.

wardianum, 188.

wattakaka, 337.

webera. 427.

webersefolia, 419.

wedelia, 379, 674.

wendlandia, 407.

wencUandorum, 199.

wightiana, 120, 197, 386.

wightianuni, 198.

wightii, 26, 43, 44, 45, 49,
51, 53, 173, 197, 278.

williamsoni, 181, 182, 199.

willughbeia, 343.

wimbeiieyi, 304.

wincliia, 344.

wodier, 548.

woodfordia, 457.

wrightia, 3J0, 673.

xanthantha, 331,
xanthioides, 207.
xanthium, 377.
xanthochymus, 679.
xanthophlebia, 1G7, 196.
xanthoplilebium, 193.
xanthophyllum, 642.
xanthopus. 32.
xerophyllaceus, 33.
xerospermum, 558.

xestophyllum, 559.
ximenia, 576.
xylaria, 35.
xylia, 541.
xylocarpa, 541.
xylophyUum, 190.
xylosma, 645.
xyris, 123.

yom:B. 141, 331.
yomaheuse, 53.

Z.

zalacca. 136.

zanonia, 499.

zanthoxylon, 591, 678.

zea, 107.

zedoaria, 206.

zehneria, 448, 499.

zenimbet, 207.

zeylanica, 79, 80, 103, 276,
296, 317, 333, 334, 351,
370, 374, 375, 468, 611,
670,

zeylanicum, 149, 283.

zibethinus, 618.

zinziber, 207.

zijjjjelianus, 46.

zizj'folia, 577.

zizyphus. 569.

zollmgeria, 561.

zoUingerianum, 82.

zonaria, 27.

zonata, 33.

zomia, 500.

zosterEeforme, 82.

zoysia, 114.

zygnema, 21.

INDEX.

PART II.— SYXONYMS.

allrcviata, 396.
abelmosckus, 614, 615.
ahKinthifvIia, 390.
ahjssinica, 310, 312.
acumpe, 198.
acanthus, 312.
acicularis, 112.
acid a, 59.5.
ac/;eri»(/fe, 421.
acmcUa, 380.
actephila, 255.
actinodaphne, 287.
aculcata, 523, 591.
acideatux, 613.
acuminata, 317,347, 397,

624, 667.
acuminatum, 301, 473.
acuminatus, 570.
acuta, 609.
acutangulum, 544.
acutidenn, 455.
adamhea, 457, 458.
adenolrpis, 378.
adhatoda, 310.
adinacan th us, 314.
(vgafirophila, 20.
agijptiaca, 440, 522, 590.
ai/i/ptiacum, 109, 115.
(Bchmandra, 448.
aerides, 175, 199.
(^ruginosus, 29. ,
anchijtiomene, 523.
(TjffHC, 110.

fljff«(«, 375, 421, 430.
africanus, 446.
agahna, 434.
aganope, 530.
agapctes, 371, 372.
agathis, 216.

ffyrt//, 522.
ageratum, 395.
aggrianthus, 194.
agnota, 472.
agrestis, 374.
agrostis, 110.
ahsoca, 537.
s/rt/«, 411, 472.
ff/ffi'ia, 509.
fl/irt, 326, 420, 450.
albcns, 569.
albescens, 489.
alhictins, 550.
alhiflora, 374.
alhikkia, 119.
alhuliitea, 534.
ahcdfolia, 489.
ahiifuUa, 610.
alsine, 4 10.
alternifolia, 479.
altissima, 201.
ahjxia, 346.
amabilis, 103.
amana, 420.
amaneUa, 456.
iimara, 446.

(imbigua, 401, 417, 652.
amhoinensis, 277.
ameletia, 455.
amherstianum, 657.
ammannia, 455.
ampelopsis, 563.
amplcctens, 314.
ainplexicaulis, 386.
amggdalus, 486, 594.
amgria, 594.
anugallidifolia, 386.
ancixfrolobus, 638.
andamanensis, 442.

andamanica, 285, 589,
663.

andersonii, 397.

andriipogon, 112, 113.

aneilema, 124.

anelhum, 436, 437.

anfractuosum, 618.

fl«w, 160, 194.

(?w(7, 521.

anisomeles, 296.

anisoptera, 626.

anguina, 506.

aiigidata, 571, 605, 642.

angulatum, 544.

angtilatus, 507, 593.

anguhisa, 519, 593.

angulosus, 393, 593.

angaria, 447.

ani/Mstifvlia, 194, 316,
317, 393, 453, 456,
463, 472, 555, 567.

anqustissima, 532.

angiistum, 110.

annesleya, 654.

antarcticus, 120.

antheJia, 47.

antidgsenterica, 351.

antitaxis, 658.

aperula, 286, 287.

apctala, 455.

aphglla, 642.

apium, 436.

ap/otaxis, 399.

aporum, 155, 191, 202.

appcndicula, 196.

appcndiculatum, 199.

apteuxis, 464.

rtjDK«, 33.

aguatica, 639.

758

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIOXS.

aquatimm, 395.

aralia, -434.

arborea, 30i, 522, 510,

599.
arhoresccns, 531.
arcca, 141.
arenaria, 386.
arenicoJa, 111.
argcntea, 521, G62.
arffttta, 410.
aristata, 114.
arjiina, 476.
nniiata, 260.
armoiiacn, 194, 486.
arnica, 401.
nniiitiianum, 110.
aromatica, 206.
arti-iiiisia, 382, 391.
artliiiisiafolia, 378.
articularis, 413.
arundo, 106.
anriisis, 120, 503, 641.
aryfera, 560.
asiaiica, 369, 610.
as/)f;-r7, 296, 411, 490,

501.
asperum, 396.
as-im-ffens, 316.
asferacantlia, 316.
asteri'oides, 392.
attcnuata, 354, 356, 633.
affoiiiatits, 558.
atheilema, 315.
afrofiene, 670.
atrafiuii, 83.
auranliaca, 660.
(lurai)tiacus, 514.
auraidium, 595.
aurea, 103.
aureum, 193.
auricans, 652.
auricoma, 532.
auricomnm, 495.
aiiriciila/a, 383.
aiiricidatum, 497.
««/ //ff, 383.
ncana, 413.
aranum, 316.
avmxis, 515.
axillaris, 662.
axilliflurus, 427.
azadirachla, 581.
azauza, 616.
haccntum, 326.
lactcridiitm, 25.
hnltrnopteris, 621.
humhnsd, 102.
hainl/itsmides, 101.

haneann, 551.
landhuca, 420.
harhadense, 616.
barhala, 107, 196, 348,

518.
harbula, 50.
Inrbulata, 414.
larlerioides, 313, 354.
lartramia, 605.
bassia, 362.
batatas, 145.
batavicuin. 111.
bazzamia, 47.
bcffiniifulia, 375.
beiir/aleiisis, 446, 487,

510.
benjamini. 111.
bcrgera, 594.
bernliardia, 58.
bialata, 517.
i/Vo/o;-, 223.
hifaria, 663.
i/'/'W/w, 113.
J;/o?-a, 379.
bignonia, 320.
biloculare, 442.
bilocularis, 632.
bindaal, 446.
bimiendijlcia, 624.
bisetosa, 506.
bispcrma, 652.
bifangor, 636.
bi.ragrewia, 605.
blac/nri'llia, 450, 451.
^/(/^r/fr, 420.
blandula, 397.
llt'pharidiiim, 641.
blumea, 392.

blitmeana, 398, 420, 564.
blutiicanuiii, 434, 622.
*/«»i«, 113, 366, 646,

663, 664.
bombax, 644.
brachiafa, 379.
brachypoda, 410.
brachi/ptcrum, 529.
bractcata, 422, 408.
brnctcatus, 415.
Irandisiana, bb'2, 675.
brassicata, 648.
breveforum, 192.
brecirostris, 377.
J/-ooZ:«/, 198.
bromiei, 114, 520.
broicniana, 556.
brunonis, 376, 400.
bryonia, 448.
backi-anicla, 548.

buddleioides, 223.
bulbosus, 122.
buUerianum, 193.
buplcurifolium, 499.
burmanica, 434.
burmanicurn, 601.
burmanni, 453.
burmanninna, 410, 555.
burmensis, 52.
butama, 314.
butonica, 472, 473.
caapa, 658.
cachi'iniriana, 501.
cactus, 440.
cadmia, 669.
casalpinaria, 538.
ccBsalpinia, 640.
Cfcsia, 543.
caspttosa, 518.
<;«;«?;., 514.
cajapvti, 467.
calanthe, 194.
calcaratum, 383.
calceolus, 158, 193.
calimeris, 392.
callostylis, 194.
calop/iylla, 417.
Crt/w, 378, 380.
calycine, 513.
calycinum, 484.
cahjsaccion, 636.
campanula, 374.
campanularia, 425.
caniptoclada, 51.
canipylocarpa, 563.
canipylodes, 394.
CflWf?, 605.
canariensis, 610.
canielaria, 480.
Candida, 30, 533.
candolleanum, 597.
cancsccns, 121, 317, 543.
cannahina, 523.
cannabiniim, 394.
canthium, 423, 424.
cantoniinse, 122.
cantoniensis, 392.
capcnsis, 124.
capitatum, 494.
capitulifora, 412.
caprcolata, 562.
cardiosperma, 382.
cardum, 399.
careya, 473.
carinata, 425.
carpophylliitni, 620.
carjiojiiigon, 506, 507.
cascaria, 450.

IXDEX.

759

casparea, 4'12.
catechu, 542.
catechtioides, 512.
cathcartii, 671.
catjmui, 508.
caftu-pici)i>ia, 410.
caudiculatum, llo.
ceanothus, 570.
centipeda, 382.
cephalostigma, 374.
cerasijlora, 471.
cerasijhlia, 482.
cerastmm, (540.
cerasus, 48G.
ceratophonis, 3C2.
ceratontemma, 371.
cerbcm, 344, 345.
ccrbcrafoUn , 419.
cwef/, 631.
cerifera, 564.
eermtum, 200.
chaillf'tia, 579.
chdinabuxus, 641.
champifini, 314.
chara-fulia, 430.
c/iff/e, 447.
chavanni'sia, 348.
chinense, 110, 381, 517.
chinensin, 119', 383, 538,

610.
chilocahjx, 595.
chondiospermiim, 354.
chrysanthenmm, 392.
chrijwcoma, 396.
chryxodmm, 77, 80.
cicatrisiriatux, 447.
«7/ar('s, 118, 312.
ciliata, 313.
ciliatus, 402.
ciliosiim, 293.
cineraria, 394.
cinerascens, 387.
cinerca, 467, 521, 525.
cinnamometorum, 120.
cirrhopetalum, 191.
cirsium, 399.
eissus, 562, 563, 564.
cissampelos, 658.
citndlux, 447.
C(7;«.s, 593.
c/«(r, 506.
clavatum, 156.
cleome, 650.
cletjera, 630.
cliffortioides, 293.
climacandra, 367.
coadunata, 82.
cobbiana, 680.

coerinra, 370, 420, 448,

479, 523.
cocconeum, 473.
eoecu/m, 656, 657.
codaga, 349.
codonopxi.i, 374.
cceloglossum, 200, 201.
coeridea, 412, 519, 521.
w/a-, 107.
collinum, 496.
combrefum, 477.
commersiana, 447.
commersonii, 423.
communis, 120.
cumosa, 270.
compressum, 124, 192.
concinna, 542.
cuncinnum, 191.
concolor, 407.
confer la, 467.
confcrtum, 384.
confervoides, 28.
con fin is, 481.
con/ii.sum, 384.
congenifulia, 487.
congesta, 344.
cotigedum, 498.
conjugatum, 73.
conocarpus, 479.
conomon, 447.
contractum., 110.
cnnvohulucea, 658.
toHysff, 380,387,389,390,

392, 398.
cnrddta, 374.
cordafum, 394, 464.
cordifolia, 270, 317.
cordifoUum, 395, 640.
coreopsis, 378.
coromandeliana, 573, 609.
coronaiis, 82.
coronaria, 340.
curymbosa, 390, 410.
coryzadenia, 480.
cosmiiisa, 520.
costnta, 425.
costatum, 82, 110.
costafus, 627.
cotyledon, 484.
crassircticulatum, 53.
cratara, 596.
crenata, 368.
crenulata, 368, 593.
crenulafum, 308.
«/«;Vrt, 310.
crinilus, 615.
cm/M, 346, 656.
crocea, 588.

crustaeeus, 19.
cryptut/ieea, 455.
CHCumiit, 446, 448.
cucurbita, 446, 447.
cudranus, 268.
cumingii, 82.
cuueatum, 392.
ctoieifolia, 550, 648.
cunningliamii, 382.
cupreum, 193.
cuspidata, 397.
cuspidaftim, 192.
cyanea, 654.
cyanociirpum, 075.
cyanocarpus, 008.
cyanopis, 395, 396.
cyanospermum, 514.
cygnisetum, 54.
cylindrica, 408.
cyllndrocarpus, 539.
cylindrostachya, 258, 385.
cylindrostachyum , 3 8 5 .
cymhidium, 190, 199.
cyminosma, 591.
cymosa, 471, 503.
cyperinuK, 121.
cyrtuliypnum, 54.
cytisus, 514.
dii/bergaria, 527.
diitbergia, 520, 527.
dalbergiuides, 528.
dam mar a, 216.
dusylobum, 497.
dasyoneura, 670.
dasyphi/lla, 547.
daralliuldes, 72, 82.
(/('**, 124.'
c^ci/Y/s, 512, 521.
dcbregensia, 266.
decagyna, 610.
decandrum, 477.
decaneuron, 390, 397.
dccastrophia, 577.
decemangularis, 605.
deccmangulala, 481.
decipiens, 421.
decurrens, 8 1 .
di'hisccns, 374.
deliciosus, 447.
demissum, 473.
dendrobium,\ 95,198,498.
rfcwsa, 368.

</cHS(/or(7, 389, 414, 127.
(/(■/•/•(>, 528.
desmanihus, 541.
desmodium, 500, 512.
diandrum, 124.
diacicarpium, 432.

760

BUn.VA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

dicah/x, 35G.
dichotoma, 58, 313, 348,

455, 6-18.
dic/iutoiHHin, 224.
dichoioinus, 350.
dichrocephala, 382.
dicranohlasta, 5 1 .
dicranum, 49.
didamnoides, 440.
dicti/opteris, 7 1 .
didictijon, 49.
didijma, 603.
didijmonorum, 83.
diexint/ia, 511.
<?//«««, 410, 454, 568.
dijfumm, 496.
diijitaria, 109.
d'iijitata, 434.
dilidatum, 197.
d'divaria, 312.
dimetia, 411.
dimidiata, 296, 532.
diiwchloa, 99.
dioica, 555, 067.
dioicus, 667.
dionjctandra, 647.
diospi/ri/olia, 570.
diospyros, 358.
diploclinium, 442.
diplocos, 276.
diplostemon, 456.
dipteracantlius, 316.
dincolur, 377, 572.
discospermiim, 427.
disfaus, 374.
dislicha, 141, 651.
ditliijrocaiytis, 124.
diraricata, 648.
dicergens, 396.
dirersifolia, 406.
djirinya, 544.
dulabrifurm is, 541.
dolichos, 508, 510, 511,

513, 514, 521.
domestica, 472.
doniana, 390.
diipatrioidcs, Zlb.
duronicitm, 383.
doxomma, 473.
drifosiphon. 22.
dri/naria, 73.
dahium, 497.
dtichmsaingia, 505.
duehemca, 490.
dudaim, 447.
diihaldea, 383.
dunhiiria, 513.
di/so/ubium, 510.

ebe>iu$, 357.
eburneum, 197.
ecali/cidata, 393.
eecreinantkus, 559.
ecdysanthera, 348.
echinata, 267.
<?c/(«Vfs, 347, 348, 349.
edgewortliianus, 314.
edule, 557.
edulis, 137.
f/««rt, 400.
effusum, 293.
cgcnolfia, 76.
ekehergia, 582.
^7ff/a,*139, 435, 544.
elatum, 395.
clliptica, 476.
eUipticam, 434.
ellipticus, 595, 676.
clongata, 416, 455, 668.
emaculafd, 463.
emarginata, 528.
emhelia, 365, 366.
embnjogonia, 477.
e?)ibri/oj)t('ris, 358.
end i via, 401.
enneaphylhan, 539.
ensifulia, 146.
ensiformis, 510.
entada, 540.
entodon, 53.
epigynium, 372.
epipacfls, 201.
epirhizanthi's, 642.
epithinia, 431.
erantliemum, 308, 313.
^;w^rt, 379, 416, 440.
erigeron, 390.
eriocarpum, 83.
eriopdala, 481.
eriophora, 383.
eriorlmplie, 623.
enibesccns, 421.
erythracanthun, .317.
erythrochiton, 630.
eryfhrorchis, 201.
eri/thro.ipcrma, 510.
esculentd, 348.
«ter(ff, 201.
eu-cym b idium, 171.
eu-dt'smodium, 495.
eugcnia, 467.
euloba, 349.
euhphia, 197.
ejyjrttov'MW, 394,396,398.
euphoria, 557, 559.
euphrobosris, 200.
euthudun, 348.

evonymus, 572.

ewyckia, 464.

exaUata, 453.

excclsa, 534.

excacaria, 254.

excisa, 389.

exiinius, 559.

exfensus, 625.
fabaformis, 521.
fagonia, 351.
fahatum, 390.
falcatm, 223.
falcilobum, 83.
fah-oneri, 259, 663.
/«//fl.r, 402.
fascicularis, 112.
fasciculata, 597.
fastigiatum, 395.
febrifuga, 586.
feiiestralis, 24.
fencstrata, 519.
fergusoiiia, 412.
/«-o.r, 260.
ferruginea, 356, 527.
ferruginescens, 569.
fliculme, 110.
filiforme, 195.
filipes, 110.
fimbristylis, 120.
finlaymni, 126.
fistula, 530.
fistuhsus, 447.
fiaccida, 393.
jiaccidus, 54.
/«iff., 194, 314, 390.
fiavcola, 197.
fiavidmn, 110.
flavum, 680.
/ac?(.s, 514, 528.
fiexaosa, 609.
fiexuosus, 112, 447.
fioribanda, 355, 427, 453,
457, 479, 573, 591,
595, 632, 652, 068,
670, 679.
floribundum, 464.
fiorida, 531.
Jlaminea, 547.
/a-</(7r?, 446, 644.
fmtidissima, 475, 594.
foliosa, 390.
fontinalis, 402.
formosum, 478.
fragarioides, 490.
fragraiis, 368, 427.
fraterna, 612.
fraxinifolium, 83.
fndcscens, 326.

IXDEX.

rci

fruticosa, 345, 453, 531.
fitdiculoaa, 454.
J'ttcus, 29.
fuliyinosa, 195.
funes, G21.
/iisca, 411.
fuscits, COO.
gaertnera, 599.
galedupa, 52(5, 529.
galega, 523, 524.
galioides, 411.
gahimpifa, 278.
gamosepalum, 191.
gangeli'cHu, 508.
garciniafolia, 365.
gardenia, 427.
gardneri, 470.
gaslonia, 434.
gendarmm, 310.
getiiculatum, 1 13.
geophila, 415.
gersenii, 540.
getonia, 479.
gUjantea, 200.
gigantcum, 119.
glalcr, 403.
^/rti/-a, 63, 364, 457, 458,

476, 526, 631.
glahruta, 113, 368, 381.
glabrescens, 569.
glair i/ulia, 534.
glahrior, 564.
glabriuscula, 663.
gladiafa, 510.
glauca, 564, 643.
glechom (folia, 611.
glinus, 440.
ghimaceum, 499.
glutinifcra, 358.
glatinosa, 425.
glycine, 509, 510, 512.
gonioptcris, 72, 70.
gnnitrus, 608.
gonocitrus, 593.
goiiopteriis, 027.
goodgera, 202.
gordonia, 632, 679.
gourreephul , -190.
graciliJloriM, 223.
gracilis, 453, 539, 590.
grahamiana, 441.
grahamii, 550.
graminicola, 410.
granadilla, 451.
granatum, 585.
grande, 465.
grandiflora, 196, 317,420,

463,519, 620.

grandijlorum, 321, 355,

600.
gramlix, 208, 389.
granulatus, 54.
gratissima, 346.
grcenia, 408.
^;-e«-(a, 602, 603, 624.
griffithia, 427.
gritlUhiana, 66, 114, 456,

534.
grijfUhianwn, 192, 431,

'451.
griffithii, 348, 478, 583,

006, 642, 666.
grislea, 457.
grossum, 326.
grumilea, 416, 417.
guarea, 585.
guatteria, 663.
guildiidina, 539.
guilelmi ivaldemarii, 345.
gijmnanthera, 630.
gymnopeinlum, 447.
gymnnpleris, 80.
gymnuKphmra, 63.
gijnopachys, 427.
ggnura, 393.
habenaria, 200.
hankei, 119.
hamulus, 664.
/(««i i )«;i7rtH K»! , 191.
hamiltoniana, 356.
hamiltonii, 57.
hamulosa, 580.
haplaHthiis, 312.
haplostylis, 119.
harrini, 317.
hasscUii, 190.
hayncana, 523.
hederaeea, 446.
hedyosmum, 193.
hedyolifulia, 310.
hedyotis, 412, 413.
hcdymrum, 493, 491, 495,

496', 497, 498, 499,

501, 515.
/((■//■(>/•(■, 608.
heliclerifolia, 603.
heligme, 348.
heluncJta, 379.
helospora, 424.
hemiap/icrica, 382.
henshallii, 193.
hcnslowia, 457.
herhaceum, 616.
hcrniarioides, 293.
heterandra, 035.
heteranthera, 598.

heterocarpa, 525.
heterochtuin, 650.
heterophylla, 359, 597.
heterophyllum, 495.
heterophyllm, 014.
hexacentris, 317.
hexagona, 489.
hexandra, 658.
kexandrus, 511.
hexapetalum, 432.
kexastachyus, 122.
hibiscus, 616.
himalayana, 562, 503.
/i('«r/.s7/, 394.
hi/iyl-ilia, 379.
hippocrates, 571.
/«//vM, 599, 000.
///«»(■(?, 313, 316, 391.
hirsHtum, 415, 610.
/i/;7(?, 508, 508.
;(/V;«.9, 113.
hispidissima, 501 .
hispidula, 408.
hispidum, 124, 392.
hisutsua, 392.
hollyarna, 550.
holulepis, 398.
hooker i, 83.
hookerianum, 637.
/(OjWCff, 239, 628.
hordeiformis, 113.
hormosiphon, 23.
horsjieldiana, 350, 379.
horsfieldianus, 350.
homfieldii, 407, 447, 405,

478, 490, 500, 513,

530, 535.
humifusa, 386.
hunteria, 344.
huttneriana, 195.
hydroly thrum, 454.
hymenolepin, 77, 80.
Iiymenophylla, 386.
hypaphorus, 505.
hijperanthera, 648.
hypholoma, 32.
hypnum, 53.
hypoxis, 140.
hyptianthcra, 428.
hyssopifolia, 290.
icosandra, 650.
idolatrica, 445.
iynea, 547.
illiccbroides, 293.
imbricata, 5()1.
imbricatum, 57.
impatiens, 598.
inaquilaterum, 377.

50

762

BURMA, ITS rEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

incana, 316.
incanus, (io8.
inchjta, 473.
incotispicua, 577.
Mica, 43, 269, 306, 363,

445, 446, 447, 448,

472, 489, 526, 570,

581, 582, 624, 639,

640, 670.
indicum, 377, 381, 520.
indicus, 49, 440, 670.
indigofera, 314.
inermis, 404.
innocua, 275.
insularis, 379.
integerrima, 481, 594.
integra, 606.
integrifolia, 302, 392,

571, 632.
intermedium, 122, 66 4.
inversa, 669.
invohicrata, 516.
involucratum, 399.
iodoncura, 412.
ischcenwides, 109.
ischmmum, 113.
iso»andra, 362.
isopetala, 533.
ixeris, 402.
jacliiana. 464.
jaclcii, 408.
jamlom, 468, 470, 471,

472.
japonica, 114, 391.
javanica, 317, 435, 528,

580.
javanicum, 384, 398, 432,

514.
Javanicus, 112.
jenkinsia, 80.
Jenkinsii, 565.
Johnia, 573.
jonesia, 535, 537.
j'ordoni, 392.
Juliana, 201.
jtdianum, 22.
juncemn, 493.
juncifurmis, 120.
justii-ia, 308, 309, 311,

312, 313.
kalanchoe, 484.
kn 11 ilia, 481.
knrcnsiui/i, 223, 487.
knrivia, 448.
A«/-y!Y/, 106.
ketnia, 458.
khasiyana, 85.
kiesera, 523.

A'/ss/, 633.
kleiniana, 490.
kamigi, 531.
kwnigii, 103, 114.
ka:ringa, 544.
kopsia, 345.
Zwff, 110.
kroicee, 529.
>5-h«/Am', 376.
kurzii, 518.
laeera, 387.
laciniata, 313.
laflingia, 640.
laflingice, 640.
la:tum, 352.
lavigata, 121.
?«i'M, 317.
lagenaritim, 501.
lagerstramia, 458.
laggera, 390.
lagopoides, 500.
lamarckii, 432.
lampongam, 465.
lanceaifolia, 523.
lanceolaria, 380, 562.
lanceolata, 609.
lanceolatiim, 607.
lanceolattis, 316.
lancifoUa, 477.
lanuginosa, 400, 599.
lapsanoides, 387.
lasiobema, 535.
lasiocaipum, 497.
lasiohpis, 590.
latifolia, 110, 194, 573.
latifoUum, 496.
laiirifoUum, 464.
laurinum, 555.
laxiflora, 396, 551.
laxiflorum, 490.
leersia, 109.
leiocarpa, 446.
Icntiginosa, 368.
lepidocarpa, 471. .
lepidocoma, 516.
Icpidotum, 478.
leptocoma, 391.
leptohi/menium, 53.
liptonium, 578.
leptodachya, 382.
leptotrichum, 49.
leschenauUii, 424, 655.
leucantha, 378, 520, 524.
leucocarpa, 374, 563.
leucospcrma, 510.
leucopyreiio/:, 416
lichenoides, 29.
lignosus, 510.

limodolum, 197.
limonellus, 593.
limonia, 587, 592, 593.
limonum, 595.
lindleyana, 194.
I in d ley i, 614.
linearijulia, 386.
linearis, 456, 460.
lineata, 412.
linifulia, 296.
linnai, 564.
linoceroides, 354.
linoeiera, 354.
linuin, 601.
lippaya, 409.
liriodendron, 659, 660.
lifforalis, 474.
lifforeum, 585.
lolatum, 544.
lolhiana, 375, 483, 579.
/oM//, 674.
lobelia, 375.
lodiculare, 1 1 3.
/o«(7/ra((//s,397,404,413.
longicollis, 461.
lo/igiflora, 113, 479.
longifolia, 316, 379, 389,

550, 586.
longifulius, 608, 615.
longifolium, 122.
longipedunculatus, 511.
longipes, 453.
longispina, 593.
loniccroides, 635.
loranihifolia, 216.
lorifurme, 82.
lucida, 365, 425, 477.
lucidulum, 423.
luciduiji, 465.
lucid us, 570.
^!<rfert, 644.
?«««<(?, 483.
lap in us, 521.
lurida, 417.
hdescens, 404.
luxurians, 518.
lycopiidium, 57.
lyraia, 401.
hjthroides, 453.
macclellandia, 450.
macrcei, 113, 297.
macrocarpa, 349, 368,

414, 476.
macrocarpum, 424, 582.
hiacrocarpus, 657.
macrop/iylla. 127, 412,

421, 504, 616.
iitaeroplylluin, 540.

IXDEX.

763

macropodiim, 620.
macrorkita, 480.
maadatiis, 520.
madagascarienne, 648.
muderdspafensix, 312.
viadraspafana, .569.
madurense, 39.5.
magiiijicum, 473.
7na/ionia, 655.
mnjm, 3(58.
malabarica, 412.
malacnphijUus, 113.
malayana, 431, 490.
tnaldi/ensis, 598.
mallea, 582.
maUolus, 244, 248.
mainmea, 472.
mangle, 480.
manilhnum, 464.
niarchantioides, 194.
marcottiana, 680.
marcreiffhtia, 357.
viarginata, 040.
»(«;■ /« MS- r «• /(//*■, 448.
mariscus, 121.
martabanica, 260.
masonanthus, 133.
niassonfana, 213.
maitgium, 459, 481.
mauritiana, 401.
>«ffx, 509.
maxima, 110.
medico, 595.
medicagineiis, 513.
melanocarpa, 518.
melanopus, 83.
melanospenna, 503.
mtdastoina, 460, 462.
meliacea, 583.
melica, 110.
mdocanna, 101.
mehdoruiii, 66().
menispermiim, 056, 057,

658.
mcnthoidcK. 297.
meoschium, 113.
mephitidea, 415.
merguiensis, 589.
meridiana, 639.
merkusii, 2 1 3.
mesopua, 32, 33.
mespilus, 4S7.
mesua, 637.
metabuloK, 412.
meyenidnum, 1 13.
meyenii, 119.
vicyera, 384.
meyerianus, 124.

micrantka, 371, 544, 593.
microcarpa, 455.
microcephala, 542.
niicrocephaliis, 385.
microcos, 603.
microphylla, 543, 610.
miciopferyx, 506.
microsperma, 540.
microspluera, 25.
niicrosjwron, 26.
microzyina, 26.
miliare, 110, 111.
mimoxa, 540, 541, 542,

543, 544, 545.
niimusoidex, 532.
miniattim, 198.
minima, 382.
minimum, 326.
minor, 146.
minus, 368.
miquclianum, 293.
mixerum, 122.
moacurroidex, 624.
»('j///.?,349,385,563,587,

602, 620.
mollissima, 310, 534.
molluccana, 475, 489.
moUugo, 440.
momordica, 445, 446, 447,

448.
monadelpha, 448.
monander, 120.
monas, 'lb.
monenfeles, 385.
mont'tia, 354.
monilifurmis, 201.
monoceras, 606, ()07.
monngynum, 60 1 .
monomer ia, 196.
moHophylla, 595.
monosperinum, 666.
montana, 354, 419, 4:'>5,

517, 555, 556, 648.
monfanum, 555.
mordecca, 444.
moringa, 648.
maris id, 119.
mosc/idius, 614.
mucronntum, 495.
miie/leri, 467.
multicaule, 385.
muliiceps, 384.
multijhra, 396, 422, 572.
muUiJlorum, 352, 497.
mumlulea, 524.
mttngo, 509.
munjixta, 430.
munroana, 669.

mnralis, 309.
murex, 606.
murieata, 446, 562.
muricia, 447.
murrdya, 594.
musxanda, 429.
mutdbilis, 659.
myoxotoides, 657.
myrabolanus, 475.
tnyriocep/idia, 389.
myriophylla, 532.
myrsine, 366.
myrtinux, 570.
myrfus, 470.
myxorensix, 490.
mysurensis. 010.
ridge/i, 467.
«((«», 455.
nanus, 509.
napeed, 509.
napifolia, 401.
napus, 648.
ndxufd, 309.
natdns, 541.
nauilea, 414.
neckera, 51, 52, 53.
neilgkerrenxis, 357, 563,

609.
neilgherried, 581.
tieli-tdli, 501.
nelifrix, 467.
yielumbium, 655.
nemdtopyxis, 454.
nepalense, 110, 461.
nepalensis, 106, 313, 435,

675.
nerium, 350.
neriifolium, 303.
nervosa, 494.
nervosum, 313.
neuxfanthus, 511.
nieobdrica, 605.
nilidcum, 385.
niphobolus, ~2, 73.
«/(!('(/3, 389.
n/iVrt, 306, 399.
niveus, 133.
nodiflora, 412.
nodijiorum, 394.
nori/scd, 638.
notho-miUcttid, 524.
notoniana, 487.
nueatd, 664.
««rfrt, 313.
nugaria, 538.
nummularifulius, 499.
nutans, 365, 389, 572.
obcordata, 645.

764

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

oil at n, 633.

ob/iqua, 371.

ohliquus, 121.

ob!oiif/a, 348, 383, 461,

605, 6.54.
oh!o»t//foIia, 141.
oblo/ii/i/olium, 678, 585,

637'.
obhngifolius, 221.
ohovata, 316, 367, 631,

642.
obovutum, 397.
obtccfits, 223.
ohtma, 531, 576, 588.
obfusifolium, 6 1 6.
occidental is, 493.
ochna, 588.
ochroleucum, 502.
octandra, 605.
octandrum, 456.
odorala, 346.
odoratissima, 28-1.
odaratum, 198.
a'dicoUuvi, 54.
oldenlandia, 410, 411.
oleracea, 380, 511.
oleoupciina, 539.
oUffocarpa, 442.
olif/ocephida, 386.
ojthimemii!, 109.
ophioxijloidi's, 417.
oppositifolia, 345.
orbictdare, 1 10.
orbicularis, 382.
orchis, 201.
oriental is, 216, 384.
oriffanoides, 309.
ori.rense, 130, 381.
orixensis, 402.
or/ia/a, 668.

ornithocephaloclilna, 111.
osmosperinus, 309.
otochilus, 195.
o/<///s, 567.
oudemansia, 622.
oval/folia, 401, 411.
oralis, 606.
ci'rtf'ff, 194, 414.
ovafum, 675.
oxylosum, 81.
oxyphylla, 543, 566, 592.
oxt/stophyllum, 202.
oxytenanthera, 99.
pachyderma, 464, 675.
pachystoma, 196.
jxcderia, 416, 418.
pah'inbanicum, 471.
pallescens, 467.

pallidum, 197.
pulpebra, 158.
paludosa, 379, 523.
paludosum, 109.
^rt«r7.r, 433, 434.
panyatiiim, 374.
paiiicoides, 109.
panicalata, 46-1, 538, 642,

656.
paniculatus, 348.
2)anici<m, 104.
papaya, 452.
paradisiaca, 204.
parasitica, 642.
paratropia, 434.
parietosa, 481.
parishii, 65, 76, 81, 674.
parviflora, 309, 440, 533.
parvijiorum, 486.
parvifolia, 302.
parvifolium, 495.
pastinaca, 437.
i^(7toM, 494, 648.
patrinii, 646.
patula, 113.
paucijiiya, 590.
panciuerria, 344.
paretta, 419, 420, 421.
pedicellaris, 569.
pcdilonum, 080.
pedunealaris, 405.
peduneulata, 591, 637.
^lei/uensis, 397.
pelticalyx, 662.
pendulina, 658.
pendiihan, 496.
ptentayona, 120.
pentayyna, 587.
pcntayynum, 440.
pentaiidra, 348,446,479,

555.
2)eiitaphylla, 440, 524.
pentaphyllus, 350, 615.
pe>itaptera,A~io, 476,478.
peplis, 455.
j!)<yo, 446.
pere/niis, 453.
perfoliata, 640.
pericampylus, 658.
2)eristyloides, 200.
pen/wllis, 364.
perrottetii, 293.
pertenuis, 122.
2)et(doma, 479.
petiuhtris, 551.
2n'tiolatiis, 124.
petiila, 446.
petrocarya, 670.

petunga, 428.

2>linnera, 534.

2ncro])ldiija, 354.

j9/rfrt, 365, 417, 522.

pileostigma, 533.

j»(7osrt, 296, 448, 603.

pilosissima, 517.

2)i)iifolia, 410.

pniriata, 484, 528, 553,
507.

2}iiJtolepis, 121.

piriyaia, 474.

pithecvlubiion, 544, 545.

planchonia, 474.

platantliern, 200.

2dafyhypnuin, 53.

jilatyphyllum, 478.

plebeia, 622.

plectocolia, 47.

pleivgyne, 382.

pleione, 195.

plena, 541.

pleurolobiam, 494.

pleuro2)teris, 500.

2)learopus, 33.

plicata, 201.

pilocaria, 30.

plwmdmus, 314.

j»off, 103, 104.

pogonia, 201.

joo);//V, 317.

poinciana, 538.

poivrea, 477.

polanisia, 650.

polyandra, 362.

polyantha, 573.

poli/arthra, 529.

polybotrya, 317.
2)olycarpum, 494, 657.
2>oh/cephala, 391, 399,

435.
2)1)1 ycrplxdos, 385.
pohjcliilus, 173.
2Jnlygama, 467.
puli/yonoides, 291, 309,

410.
polyinorpha, 104.
pohjiiliyllas, 556.
polypodiuides, 85.
polysticta, 368.
pulythyrsa, 530.
2>omiJ'erttin, 468.
2iongumia, 524, 525, 530.
poosia, 401.
piopulifolia, 610.
2)opuUfi)lium, h~1.
populnea, 482.
piipidneoides, 616.

J.\DEX.

rco

poromcm, 82.
pofamochloa, 109.
2)heanthm, 667.
phaius, 196.
pharmacewH, 410.
phascolua, 508, 510.
phei/opteris, 72.
phUippica, 610.
philippinouia, 211.
pliilhjrea, 354.
jililumoides, 316.
pholidofa, 195.
2)Jir<i(imicoma, 48.
phijUunthus, 234, 235,

236.
phyllodium, 498.
phyllomatia, 514.
phymatodes, 73.
physalifolia, 396.
pramorsum, 199.
prasinum, 465.
jirenuiacm, 431.
prenanthcs, 401, 403.
prensans, 543.
procris, 264.
jBrocKwJfw,?, 323,401,519.
prolifera, 127, 390.
pronifoUum, 57.
propinqua, 420.
propinquum, 83.
prodrata, 440, 532.
prostratus, 614.
proioeoecm, 19, 21, 24.
protractile, 53.
prunifoUum, 038.
prurii'iis, 507, 613.
psallinta, 31.
psaralcoides, 509.
pneudo-cnjan, 514.
pseiido-aippa, 383.
psetulo-gyroidcs, 494.
pseudo-triohosantlu'K, 4 15.
pseudo-triquetrum, 498.
psilobium, 428.
psychotria, 417.
pterocarya, 485.
pteroyonium, 52, 53.
pteroluma, 497.
pubertila, 421, 595.
pubescens, 109, 349,352,

353, 392, 390, 457,

473, 539.
pubijlora, 392.
puliMla, 194, 199, 460.
ptdchcllus, 503.
pidchra, 167, 190.
puhiiensis, 508.
pulvertthim, 553.

pxnctatum, 675.
pioic/atiis, 1 12.
pimduana, 397.
punicca, 623.
ptirpuraiicens, 83, 533.
purpurea, 390, 430.
purpureum, 193, 494.
2)urK(etha, 540.
^;«.v/7/rt, 454, 597, 648.
pyompteron, 53
pyyinaa, 386.
j(»//-rt «( idali.1, 674.
2>yrff/iruiit, 38 1 .
jiyriferum, 408.
pyrifoUa, 390.
jiyrraiithus, 479.
pysifolius, 676.
quadrivaJvi-s, 316.
quercus, 200.
quinqiianyulare, 497.
quinquangularis, 1 20.
quinquauyulatuiti, 497.
quiiiqurjturuiti, 352.
quiiiquijuga, 585.
rabauiana, 659.
racemoKU, 358, 391, 411,

489, 534, 599, 647.
raci'inosus, 613.
radicans, 110, 121, 316.
rayeniana, 120.
ramijtora, 658.
ramijlorum, 161, 466.
ramiyeru/!i, 384.
ramona, 395, 410, 048.
rampoutan, 558.
n/«f//(7, 427, 428.
rff/jrt, 648.
recurvum, 197, 423.
reyinm, 458.
reyium, 361.
reinu-ardtianum, 384 .
reliyiosa, 653.
reniforme, 315, 495.
reniformis, 415.
rennelia, 423.
rcpanda, 390, 391, 564.
repens, 379, 520, 601.
reticulata, 475.
retrofracta, 312.
rituxa, 610.
retusifolia, 604.
rc/j/^ 109.
'rhamnus, 570.
r/iap/ii.i, 112.
W«W,'(', 348, 473, 481.
r/(/:o/)/w(T,368,48(),481.
r/iizopliylla, 484.
rhoduneurum, 193.

rhoiiihifvlia, 530, 610.
rhomhotdea, 610.
rhapalopetaluin, 065.
rliyiiiantliera, 461.
rhyncltosioides, 513, 516.
rliynchospcrrna, 349.
riedleia, 624.
rv//(/rt, 194, 356, 127.
riyidus, 612.
riyiiiphyUa, 396.
rniyens, 315.
rirale, 395.
robinia, 520.
roctliboelliana, 120.
roelhboellii, 120.
roiididetia, 412.
rostellaria, 310.
rodrata, 1 14.
rodratus, 509.
rotala, 454, 455.
rothiana, 419.
roi'////, 124, 582.
ruttleri, 512.
rotflerianux, 309.
rotunda, 658.
rotund [folia, 317, 370.
rotundifolium, 432, 478.
rotuudifullus, 510.
rourea, 547.
roxburg/iiana, 455, 480,

599.
mrAw-7/((V,231, 293,317,

377, 381, 415, 505,

634, 635, 647.
rubiyiiiosa, 356.
rubioides, 411.
rubra, 473.

rwW(?, 312, 314, 315.
?•«/«, 124.
ruyosa, 408.
ruyoxum, 395.
rumphii, 268, 540.
runcinata, 387, 401.
russeliana, 382.
saccolabium, 198.
sayittata, 393.
sayofia, 494.
saltiana, 520.
salrifoUa, 603.
salnodora, 383.
sumbucina, 581.
sap id a, 258.
sapindufi, 556.
saponaria, 640.
naico-itachys, 473.
sarmeiitoxa, 310.
seahra, 413.
scabrella, 448

736

DURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIONS.

scalrophijlla. 604.
scandens, 312, 379, 391,
424, 430, 511, .534,
593, 642.
scaphium, 620.
scapiijera, 411.
scariihaoides, 514.
schisfomitriion, 49.
schkuii, 83.
sclimidelia, 557.
schinidii, 382.
schisma, 47.
scirpoides, 1 1 9.
scirpws, 120.
scopolia, 591.
gcotanfhus, 445.
scutclliitiim, 675.
sojlalia, 558.
securinega, 236.
sedgwickia, 482.
seemanni, 132.
scgetum, 113.
iellotcia, 455.
sdoides, 114.
semecarpus, 550.
Beiiiialata, 548.
semicorduta, 563.
sem/dccumbi'iis, 11.5.
semeiocardium, 64 1 .
sempervirens, 581.
senegalensis, 446.
senna, 530, 531, 532.
Bensitiva, 501, 532.
sericea, 523.
sm-nto, 392, 632.
serratus, 607.
serrulafa, 319.
serndattim, 110.
sessilis, 564.
Sf/rtcra, 120, 597.

setaiia, 109.

sethia, 601.

Sf'fosHS, 615.

«/i/«, 457.

s/r/ff., 610.

sideroxylon, 301.

eilhetense, 396.

silhdensis, 400.

simiarum, 663.

simora, 539.

simplex, 310.

simplicifolia, 566, 633.

simpliciusculum, 104.

sinapis, 648.

sinense, 595.

singapureana, 583.

sinuatmn, 497.

sirisid, 514.

sissoa, 527.
smithia, 501.
smUhiiina, 543.
solaiincen, 348, 367.
sonchifoUa, 387.
so>!>ieratiuides, 458.
sophora, 532.
spathaceus, 615.
spdthodea, 319.
gpatholulus, 505.
spatfiulata, 663.
spat/iula/uin, 374.
spdthiilatns, 54.
speciosa, 406, 472, 531,

637, 668.
speciosum. 198, 655.
sped ah He, 83.
spedahilis, 467.
spermacoce, 412.
spliaricus, 608.
spharidiopluira, 52 1 .
spha-rocarpa, 555.
splia:rocarpuin, ^11.
spharonorpluva, 382.
spicata, 408.
spicatns, 385.
spiuidem, 380.
spinosa, 456, 644, 654.
spinulosa, 523.
spiralis, 450.
spiro-sfghiM, 423.
sponia, 278.
squarrosa, 389, 396.
stagninuin, 109.
staphijla'a, b(il .
stauroggnc, 317.
stellata, 194
stelligcrns, 625.
stenotropis, 506.
stereodon, 52, 53.
sternutatoria, 382.
steudeliana, 118.
stipulaccum, 495.
stipularis, 375.
stizolobium, 506.
storckii, 613.
strangulatum, 496.
stravadiam, 473.
streptodiqina, 561.
^^r/rt^fl, 312, 391, 401,

440.
striatiflora, 020.
«<nVi!rt, 391, 410, 518. .
s<r?c</, 313.
sfricfuiii, 385.
sf rid IIS, 121, 614.
sfroplinifgles, 509.
slylocoryiie, 427.

stylosa, 480.
stgruin, 432.
suavis, 425.
subaqualis, 278.
suiamjilcdans, 484.
subineisa, 375.
sublyratiuii, 392.
suhorata, 551.
svbpdiata, 669.
siibpinnatiis, 670.
subracemosa, 375.
siibseandens, 576.
subsessilis, 396.
siibteres, 192.
siibtriflora, 467.
subvelutina, 419.
succidora, 275.
succosum, 53.
sticculenta, 375.
suffnificosa, 531.
sumatrana, 310, 364, 505,

531, 601.
siimatranum, 676.
stimatrensis, 413.
simdra, 542.
simdaica, 378.
S!fa( fziaiia, 453.
swiefenia, 585.
sglratiea, 486, 648.
sylvcsire, 553.

sympJiOsipiion, 22.

synapfea, 626.

syndesmis, bb'2.

symiema, 316.

«y«(v/('.s, 393.

syriiigafoliiim, 352.

syrrhopodoii, 49.

syzigium, 468, 470.

taccada, 376.

taradogenos, 646.

tavoyana, 592, 642.

tayloria, 43.

taxotrophis, 276.

telanthera, 291.

telephioides, 409.

telfairiana, 532.

fe»f//«, 386, 448, 532.

teneUiim, 113, 376.

<«icr, 312.

tenericaule, 83.

tenuicHspis, 470.

teniiiflorus, 122.

ienuijolia, 114, 519.

tenuirodris, 44.

tenuis, 24.

feniiispica, 121.

tcniiissima, 103.

tephrosia, 526.

I.XDEX.

767

teres, 113.
teretifolia, 19 J.
terminalia, 477.
ierminnns, 8;5.
tern (folia, 301, IGl, -171.
ternstrwmia, 632.
testacenm, 175.
tetrogonohbus, 511.
tetrayonus, 120.
tetralucularis, C 1 G.
tetrandra, 414.
tetrapefalum, 630.
tetraphylla, 592.
teijxmanni, 586.
thalictrum, 069.
</j<;(7, 633.
thevetia, 344.
tfiibaudia, 371, 372.
tliinoderma, 24.
thiinberffiana, 401.
thijrsoidea, 317.
thyrsomitrium, 49.
tiliafolia, 570.
timorensis, 571.
tinctorium, 464.
tjangkorreh, 102.
toddalioides, 470.
tomenlosa, 120, 425. 432,

457, 476, 605, 675.
tong-dong, 113.
toroides, 532.
<or<rt, 543.
tortuosus, 615.
^o/A/7rt, 621.
trachgluba, 501.
tranquebaricus, 508.
trembhja, 461.
trialata, 375.
triandra, 533, 535.
trichandra, 376.
trichocarpa, 408.
trichocauhn, 494.
tricJioinanes, 65.
tn'chop/iorii, 386.
trichosanthes, 444.
trichospermum, 321.
tricfiosfomum, 50.
trichosfi/lis, 624.
tricmpidatiim, 609.
tridismin, 638.
triflora, 598.
trijlorum, 495, 637.
trifolia, 304.
tri/oliala, 480, 053.
trifuUatuin, 436, 516.

trifolidtuH, 521.
trifolium, 520.
trigona, 375.
triggna, 601, 669.
trilocularis, 605.
trinervis, 464.
trinervium, 119.
triopferis, 599.
trionfeum, 415.
tripartitum, 381.
triphjUa, 410.
triphgllum, 590.
trisetorum, 191.
#;vW«, 197.
trivalvaria, 603.
trivialis, 112.
truncatum, 374.
tnmcatus, 612.
trgphera, 440.
tithrculata, 562.
tuberosa, 82.
tubiflitra, 445.
ttihidaris, 412.
tuhiilosm, 013.
timgurrut, 259.
turbinatus, 626.
turrrra, 581.
uligino.sa, 455, 529.
nhnifnlia, 314, 603.
vmbelliita, 367, 624.
umbrllatum, 423, 498,

675.
uncinata, 522.
vncinellus, 393.
unduhta, 80, 316, 417.
undulafus, 124.
unijlora, 510.
nnijlorum, 192, 665.
vruria, 496.
urceolatun, 54.
nroch/oa, 109.
urophglla, 526.
tirtica, 265.
«////,?, 507.
utilissmm, 447.
uiaria, 661, 662, 663,

664, 665, 660, 667.
iflyrtw.?, 394, 397.
valonia, 28.
vanda, 199.
van'abilix, 428.
rarians, 484.
variegata, 371.
variegatum, 371.
variolosa, 487.

(0^/^, 626.
veitchianum, 373.
velutina, 278, 534, 586,

624, 657, 667.
velutinus, 510, 564.
miosff, 316, 412.
verbesina, 378, 379.
vcrnonioidcs, 389.
verrucosa, 364.
verticilhita, 103, 557.
verticillatum, 672.
verticiUatiis, 103.
vesicatoria, 455.
vcstita, 604.
f///oA«, 344,365, 396, 453,

479, 504, 557, 584.
riUosiis, 657.
viminca, 603.
vinctpjlora, 345.
r/o/fl, 647.
r/miv, 76, 387, 631.
viridiflorum, 561.
viridifusca, 1 94.
fiscidum, 385.
viscosa, 103.
folubile, 394.
rohibilis, 530.
vulgaris, 445, 452, 472.
rulpiiiiis, 615.
walker i, 646.
wal/ichiaiia, 81, 402.
walliohianum, 630.
ivallichii, 119, 349, 350,

378,389,428,499,578,

581, 604, 620, 663.
weissia, 44, 50.
icollastonia, 379.
wight iana, 470, 631.
wightianum, 175, 669.
wi(/litianas, 402.
(^•/(//(^N, 196,277,362,481.
xanthochymtts, 635.
xanthoxglon, bob, 590.
ximenia, 590.
xylocarpus, 585.
young ia, 401.
zanonia, 449.
zeurine, 201.
zeylanira, 270, 460, 473,

481, 651, 663.
zeylanicuin, 321, 594.
zoUingeri, 197, 616.
zollinijeriana, 310, 391,

522, 535.
ZKffrt, 447.

768

GENERAL INDEX TO VOLUMES I. IL

A.

Abbot, Capt., mentioned, i.

345.
Abraham, P. S., paper on

moUusks referred to, i. 141.
Abraham, the oath of, ii. 274:,

689.
Abrus seeds, used as weights,

ii. 503.
Abyssinian remedy for tape-
worm, ii. 246.
Abyssinian War (1S68), the

indirect cause of, ii. 485.
Acantbacete, ii. 308-317.
Aconite poison, ii. 669.
Acotyledonous or Flowerless

Plants, ii. 15 et seq.
Acrogens, ii. 36 el scq., 92.
Actinolite, i. 13.
Adam, allegorv of the fall of,

ii. 689.
Adam, in the Legend of the

Cross, ii. 218.
Adam, fall of, the account of,

not to be understo(jd in a

literal sense, ii. 274.
Adams, II. and A., tlieir

' Genera of Recent Mol-

lusca,' quoted, i. 123 ct seq.
Adjutants, C. T. Bingham

on, i. 346.
Adonis, the rose sprung from

the blood of, ii. 488.
Afi'ican elephant, i. 447.
African rhinoceros, i. 452.
Agar Agar, an edible sea-
weed, ii. 30.
Agassiz, quoted, i. 4 74.
Agates, i. 13.
Agave, its uses, ii. 147.
Agnosticism, ii. 671.
Ahmedabad, whence the name

of Amadavat or Avaduvat,

i. 383.
Ahriman, ii. 687.
Air-breathing fishes, i. 185.
Air-plants, ii. 148.
Alab:i.ster, Oriental, i. 14.
Alga;, or the Algal AUiance,

ii. 16.

Algales, ii. 15 et seq.

Alismacc:r, ii. 144.

AUan-myo, adventure with an
elephant at, i. 449.

Alligator pear, ii. 288.

All-spice, ii. 474.

Almond, ii. 485.

Alumina, native, i. 11.

Aluminate of Magnesium, i. 1 2.

Aluminum, Silicate of, i. 14.

AmarantaeeiE, ii. 290.

Amber, i. 15.

Ambergris, i. 445.

Amentacea?, economic pro-
ducts of, ii. 528.

Amentales, ii. 256 et srq.

American beef, some, i. 341.

American calumba root, ii.
334.

American water weed, ii. 210.

American wild ipecacuanha,
ii. 338.

Amethyst, i. 13; Pliny's ac-
coimt of the means re(|uired
to produce a dve resembling,
i. 145.

Amherstia, ii. 491 ; discovery
of, ii. 536.

Ampelidetc, ii. S61-5GS.

Amphibia, i. 288.

Amphibole, i. 13.

AnacardiaceoD, ii. 547 : use-
ful products of, ii. 553.

Andaman pig, i. 454.

Andamans, cliraate of, i. 480.

Andamans, flora of. i. 480.

Andamans, inhabitants of, i.
479 et seq.

Andaman Islands, Catalogue
of Orcliids gathered in tlie,
ii. 202.

Andamanese : chastity of ^
brotherly love of — their
racial affinities, i. 482 ;
their manners and customs
— burial ceremonies — food
— habitations, i. 483 ; pot-
tery— savage races, i. 484.

Anderson, Dr. J., quoted, i.
171, 290: erroneous asser-
tion of, i. 292 ; on the

BkuUs of turtles, i. 339 ;
errors regarding Trionices,
i. 340; on mammalia,!. 413;
on shrews, i. 439 ; infeli-
citous attempt to correct
Dr. Jerdon, i. 464 ; on
monkeys, i. 476.

Anderson, Dr. Thomas, che-
mical experiments on Ka-
mala, quoted, ii. 245, 246 ;
his arrangement of the
Acauthace.T, ii. 308.

Angiosperm.s, ii. 219.

Aniseed, ii. 439.

Anomales, ii. 203 et seq.

Anonacea;, ii. 660-667.

Ant-cow, i. 38.

Ant lion, i. 48.

Ant thrushes, i. 363.

Ants, i. 46, 116.

Ants "milking" aphides, i.
37.

Anthropoid apes and man,
comparisons between, i.
478.

Antidotes to snake poison =
" Bosh," i. 316.

Anti-fat, a quack medicine, ii.
31.

Antimony, sulphide of, i. 10.

Apetalous Plants, ii. 219 el
seq.

Aphides, i. 37.

Apocynea>, ii. 342 ; the use-
ful products of, ii. 351.

ApoUon, the Pythian and
Delian, ii. 685.

ApoUonius Ehodius, quota-
tion from, ii. 217.

Apples, cognate senses of the
words for, ii. 485.

Apricot, ii. 485.

Aquatic fern, ii. 69.

Aquatic snakes, i. 304.

Arachnida, i. 33.

Arakan earth-oil, i. 1 5.

Arakan mountains, adventure
with elephants in, i. 448.

Arales, ii. 129.

Araliacea;, economic value of,
ii. 433.

/x /}/■:. v.

7C>0

Arfjo, the first ship, ii. 216.
Ar^'oimutic vo_va",'e, De

GuhtTuatis' remarks on the,

ii. 217.
Arjjonauts. i. 182.
Arsrus pheasants, i. 389 ;

habits of, i. 3'JO.
Arhar, a substitute for peas,

ii. 491, .514.
Aristolocliia, medicinal vir-
tues of, ii 229 ; u.sed for

a curious purpose, ii. CSS.
Aristoloi-lii.w. ii. 229.
Ariun, Krishna's address to,

li. 340.
Armstrou!^, mentioned,!. 34.5.
Arnotto dye, how made, ii.

644.
AroideiP, ii. 130.
Arragonite, i. 14.
Arrow-heads in tlie Anda-

mans. i. 481.
Arrowroot, ii. 20C ; origin of

the name, ii. 209.
Arsenides, i. 10.
Artemis, the goddess of the

moon, ii. 3S1.
Artichokes, ii. 403.
Asbestos, i. 13.
Ascaris, the reproduction of,

i. 22.
Asc'epiadea', ii. 33(5 : (quali-
ties of the order, ii. 310.
Asparagene, ii. 12.').
Assaftctida, ii. 439.
Asterace:o, ii. 377.
Asterale.s, ii. 376.
Asthma, remedies for, ii. 326,

327.
Asurales, ii. 227.
Atkinson, W. S., mentioned,

i .51 ; referred to, i. 112.
Atlas moth, i. 88.
Atropine, medicinal uses of,

ii. 327.
Attar of roses, costliness of,

ii. 488.
Attaran, the hot -springs of,

i. 7.
Atures, the extinct tribe of,

i. 410.
Augite, i. 13.
Augustus, a Roman kitchen

garden in the days of, ii.

438.
Auks, i. 398.

Australian parrakeet-s, i. 408.
Avens, ii, 48.5.
Avifauna of the TTimalyas,

Tcnasserim and Burma

compared, i. 37G.
Avocado, ii. 288.

B.

Baber, the Moghul Emperor,
liunted Khinoceros sondai-
cus, i. 4.51.

Baboons, i. 475.

Baol, ii. 590 ; trait of the, ii.
.596.

Bahia cotton, ii. 616.

Balanophore:c, ii. 220.

Balas rubies, i. 11.

Balder, or Baldur, the son of
Odin, myth of, ii. 224.

Balfour, ' Cyclopa-dia of In-
dia,' ijuoted and referred to,
in both lohinies passim ; a
cluster of mistakes in, i.
402.

Balfour, 'Forest Trees.'quoted,
ii. 140 ; ' Timber Trees,' re-
ferred to, ii. 692.

Ball, v., mentioned, 341 ;
his ' Jungle Life in India,'
quoted, i. 482.

Balm, ii. 295.

Balm of (iilead, ii. 587.

Balm of Mecca, ii. 587.

Balsam of Copaiba, ii. 491.

Bamboo, economic uses of,
ii. 102.

B.amboo forest on fire, ii. 101.

Bamboo fruit, ii. 101.

Bamboo rats, habits of, i.422.

Bamboos, ii. 97 ff f^eq.

Banana, ii. 203, 204.

Bimdicoot, a species of rat, i.
418.

Bang, a narcotic, ii. 2G3.

lian-rheea, ii 266.

Ban-sem, ii. 491.

Banting, the, i. 460.

Barackpore Zoological Oar-
dens, unpleasant episode at,
i. 473.

Barbe, Rev. Mr., mentioned,
i. 345.

Barbet-s, i. 349.

liaring-Gould, S., ' Curious
Myths of the Middle Ages,'
(juotatiou from, ii. 217-9.

Barking deer, i. 459.

Barley, ii. 90.

Barn owls, i. 406.

Barnacle goose, i. 24.

'• Ban'isal guns," myst<~rious
sounds so called, i. 491.

Bartlctt, A. I)., paper on
a curious phenomenon in
hornbills, i. 351 ; on tlu^
birth of a rhinoceros in
London, i. 453.

Basalt, i. 5.

Basil thyme, ii. 29,5.

Basille;e, esteemed as vege-
tables, 290.

Basking shark, further re-
marks on the. i. 490.

Bastard fennel, ii. 439.

Bastard satfron, ii. 399.

Bastian, I'roi., referred to, i.
490.

Bat«man, Mr., mentioned, ii.
160.

Batrachia, remarks ou the
generic and specific dif-
lereuccs of, i. 498.

Batrachia. i. 289; Boulen-
gcr's (.'atalogue of, i. 497.

Bats, i. 423 it seq. ; dentition
of i. 424 el scq. ; singular
instance of voracity in, i.
425: their nocturnal feasts,
i. 431.

Bats, para.sitcs on i. 48.

Bally .Malve, a breeding sta-
tion of birds, i. 389.

Bay.as, i. 3S3.

Bdellium, ii. 587.

Be.ad tree, ii. 581.

Beans, and the mythology
connected with tiieiu, ii.
491 ; in connection with
fortune telling, ii. 492.

Bear spider, i. 35.

Bears, i. 462 ; instances of
their attacking men, i. 463;
two young ones, fed on
women's milk, ihid.

Beavan, ('apt. K. C. , his paper
on the Thamen ipioted,
i. 456-458 ; on wild goats,
i. 459 ; collection of birds
referred to, i. 502.

Bebcerine, an alkaloid, ii. 288.

Bee, the, and its symbolism,
i. 120.

Bee lice. i. 48.

Beech, ii. 258.

Beef-wood, ii. 257.

Beer, preparing barley for, ii.
96.

DKff, i. 115; dislike fire, i.
452.

Bees, parasites ou, i. 111.

Begouiacciu, ii. 442.

Being, thoughts touching Ihe
mvsterv of, three thousand
years ago, ii. 340-1.

Bekti, i. 188.

Belirium, curious custom in,
ii. 227.

Bellew, II. \V., ' Afghanistan
and its I'eople,' referred to,
ii. 439, 565.

Bengal Club, in Calcutta,
caution as to the turtle
soup, i. 344.

Bengal mungoose. i. 4 69.

Bengal sage, ii. 295.

Bennett, Dr G., on the mode
of capturing the pearly
nautilus, quoted, i. 179.

Bennett, IIou. T. K.. referred
to, i. 181.

Benson, Colonel, and the Or-
chid, ii. 156; he rediscovers
an Orchid, ii. 159; men-
tioned, ii. 163, 167.

Bentham's ' Notes on Or-
chide;c,' quoted, ii. 152 tl
sfq.

Benzoin, ii. 2SS, 357.

Berberidea'. ii. 654.

Bcrbcrine, ii. 655.

Berdmore, Major, examina-
tion of gold scut bv him to

770

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIOXS.

Calcutta, i. 9 ; mcationctl,
i. 345 ; and the Hama-
dryad, i. 310; error of, as
tfl the dammar pine, ii.
216.

Berfjamot, ii. 596.

Beryl, i. 14.

Betel leaf used in chewing
pun. ii. 231.

Betel-nut pahn, ii. 143.

Betel vine, cultivation of, ii.
231.

Betuline, ii. 258.

Bhangar, i. 4.

Bliimraj , Blyth's remarks on,
i. 379.

Bhutni, Indian name for
IffNis faliius, i. 489.

Bh\Ti, the peregrine falcon,
i'. 403.

Bignoniaceie, ii. 317-321.

Bilberries, ii. 372.

Bimana, i. 479.

Binary Compounds, i. H.

Bingham, C. T., mentioned,
i. 345.

Binoxide of Tin, i. 12.

Binturong, i. 409.

Bion, quoted, ii. 488.

Birch, ii. 258.

Birch-camphor, ii. 258.

Birdlime, ii. 224.

Bird's eye chillies, ii. 326.

Birds of Burma, authorities
quoted from, i. 345 it seq.

Birds of prey, i. 402.

Bisulphide of Iron, i. 10.

Bitter aloes, ii. 129, 147, 282.

Bixinea;, 643-646.

Black dammar-tree, ii. 587.

Black leopards, i. 472.

Black Oxide of Manganese, i.
13.

Black pepper, ii. 231.

Black pomfret, i. 220.

Black mck-cod. i. 206.

Black tigers, i. 472.

Black-varnish ti-ee, ii. 549.

Blanford and Medlicott's
' Geology of India,' i. 1.

Blennies, characters of, i. 233.

Blessed thistle, ii. 403.

Blind crustacean, i. 26.

Blind snakes, myths concern-
ing, i. 297.

Blister fly, i. 110.

Blood rain, ii. 25.

Bloodsucker, i. 334.

Blue birds, i. 308.

Blue bungarus. i. 322.

Blue dye exti'acted from Poly-
gonum, ii. 292.

Blue thrush-tits, i. 375.

Blue Vauda, ii. 176.

Blue water-lily, ii. 654.

Blue-winged teal, i. 400.

Blimdell,Mr.,introduces cotton
into Burma, ii. 616.

Blyth, E.. ' f)n the Mammals
and Birdsof Burma,' quoted,

i. 88, et passim ; his state-
ments not to be lightly set
aside, i. 399 ; our indebted-
ness to, for knowledge of the
mammalia of Bumia, i. 411.

Boatswain birds, i. 401.

Bob-tailed thrushes, i. 363.

Bocas Islands, where Canon
Kingsley heard his musical
fish,"i. 4"93.

Bombadier beetles, i. lit;
disagreeable encounter with
one, ibid.

Bombay ducts, i. 260.

Bonaparte, Prince, referred
to, i. 397.

Bonitos, i. 221.

Boodh's cocoa-nut, ii. 621.

Boraginenc, ii. 327 ; mcili-
cinal plants, ii. 329.

Bornean iron wood, ii. 289.

" Bosh," i. 130, 316.

Botanical authorities, ii. 308.

Botany and Zoology, their
twin relationship, ii. 1.

Bots, i. 48.

Boulenger, G. A., his ' Cata-
logue of Batrachia Salien-
tia ' mentioned, i. 289 ;
quoted, i. 497.

Bourbon cotton, ii. 417.

Bourne, Vincent, his ' Crea-
tiim,' quoted, i. 130; ii. 1.

Brachelytrous beetles, i. 113.

Braehiopods, i. 124.

Bracken, in Burma, ii. 4.

Brahminy heads, ii. 008.

Braminy duck, i. 399.

Brandis, quoted, as to the
economic value of timbers,
etc., ii. 99 tt passim.

Brandis, Dr., his list of
Biu'mese woods, ii. 3.

Brazil gooseberry, ii. 325.

Brazil wood, ii. 491.

Bridgewater Treatise, error in,
regarding snails, i. 168.

Brine springs, i. 6 ; ii. 616.

Brittle stars, i. 19.

Brittleworts, ii. 18.

Broad beans, ii. 491.

Broadbills, i. 354.

Bromeliacea;, ii. 203.

Bronze implements, i. 505.

Broome, C. E., mentioned,
ii. 91.

Brucine, a poison, ii. 343.

Bryony, ii. 449.

Buccinum,the source of Tyrian
purple, i. 145.

Buchanan, Dr., an early col-
lector of Burmese plants,
ii. 2 ; derivation of fapsi
milch, i. 211; quoted, i.
257, 278.

Buckwheat, ii. 292.

Buddhism, charming trait of,
i. 309.

Buddhist doctrine, a pleasing
trait of, i. 463.

Buddhist notions of the origin
of fire-flies, i. 115.

Buddhist legends of the Crea-
tion, i. 511.

Buddhist traditions of the
dance of the Devas, ii. 506.

Buddhists, yellow dye used by
the, ii. 351.

Buffaloes, characteristics of,
i. 461 ; general ignorance
and amusing instances of
mistakes concerning, i.
462.

Bug-powder, how puffed, ii.
502.

Bugs, i. 40, 41.

Buist, Dr., on sharks, i. 284.

Bulbuls, i. 308.

Bull frog, i. 290.

BuU, ^Y., an orchid grower,
ii. 167.

BuUet wood, ii. 363.

Bullock's heart, ii. 664.

Bumble bees, i. 122.

Buntings, i. 383, 384.

Bunyan, referred to, ii. 262.

Burachang, a fish, curious
belief relating to, i. 237.

Burgess's suggestion as to
bayas, i. 383.

Burial ceremonies of the
Andamanese, i. 483.

Eumianuiacea^ ii. 147.

Burmese Avifauna, i. 376.

Burmese boxwood, ii. 592.

Burmese cheroots, ii. 328.

Burmese custom in canoe
building, ii. 217-

Burmese Forests, ii. 5 ei scj.

Burmese houses built of bam-
boos, ii. 102.

Bunnese legend of the Spirit-
Fire, i. 486.

Bunnese nightingale, i. 371.

Burmese Orchids, Enumera-
tion of, ii. 189 et scq.

Birrmese palm swift, i. 357.

Burmese priests straining at
gnats, i. 49.

Burmese Shikarree, a, his
observations on Thamen,
quoted, i. 458.

Burmese superstition regard-
ing the pangolin, i. 412;
with reijard to elephants, i.
447.

Burmese superstitions, i.
504-5.

Burney, locality given by, for
platina, i. 9.

Burrowing crabs, i. 26.

Burseracea:, ii. 586 ; balsamic
products of, ii. 587.

Bush bulbuls, i. 308.

Bustard quail, i. 391.

Bustards, i. 392.

Butea, vivid eft'ect produced
by the flowers of, ii. 505.

Butler, Capt, A. E., on the
egg of Dromas, i. 394.

INDEX.

Ill

Butler's list of Fulgora, i. 39.
Butter fish, i. 256.
Butterflies, i. .50.
ButterHy coUectin;?, Vincent

Bourne on, i. 51.
Butt.rtiy Orchis, ii. 185.
Bjer plum, ii 5Ci).
Byron's ' Bride of AbyJos, '

quoted, ii. 214,

C.

Cabbage, ii. 649.
Cacao bean, ii. 625.
Cachalots, uncertain temper

of, i. 445.
Cacteae, ii. 440.
Cactus, a.s a heil?p tree — the
Cacticide epidemic at Ma-
dras, ii. 441.
Caddis, i. 48.
Cain represented in Ilell, ii.

218.
Cajoput oil, ii. 467.
Calabar bean, ii. 491.
Calamea;, ii. 136.
Calcareous Spar, i. 14.
Calcite, i. 14.
Calcium Carbonate, i. 14.
Calcitmi Fluoride, i. 11.
Caliban's dislike for apes, i.

478.
Calcutta, Ai;rictdtural and
Ilorticultural Society of,
Ec])ort by, on cotton,
quoted, ii. 617.
Calycillono, ii. 431.
Cambridge, Kev. 0. P., re-
marks on Epeirids, i. 34.
Cameos, shells u.sod for, i. 149.
Campanales, ii. 373.
Campauulacea;, ii. 373 ; for-
merly used as medicinal
plants, ii. 375.
Canipliire, confusion in the

identification of, ii. 45G.
Camphor, ii. 283, 288, 625 ;

manufactin-e of, ii. G92.
Camphor-wood, ii. 2S3.
Cancer, remedy for, ii. 646.
CanidiP, i. 465.
Cannabincte, economic uses

of, ii. 262.
Cannaccoc, economic products

of, ii. 209.
Cannibalism, suj;;;ested reason
why it is becoming extinct,
i. 483.
Canoes, timber used for, ii.

630, 636.
CaTilor, Dr., quoted,!. 442; de-
scription of IIelarctos,i.462.
Caoutchouk. trees yielding,

ii. 269, 340.
Cape gooseberry, ii. 325.
Capparide:x>, ii. 650-653.

Caprifoliacetc, ii. 430.
Capri foliales, ii. 401 et seq.
Carbolic acid, its effects in

changing the colours of

various birds, i. 374.
Carbon, i. 10.
Cardamoms, ii. 207.
(/ardoon artichoke, ii. 403.
Carey, Felix, the missionary,

an earlycoUectorof Bui'mcsc

plants, ii. 2.
Carnelian, i. 13.
Carnivora, i. 462 ct seq.
Carpenter, quoted, i. 131.
Carpenter bees, i. 122.
Carpet snake, i. 306.
Carr.ageen moss, ii. 36.
Carriers, genera of shell-fish

so called, i 158.
Carrots, ii. 439.
Carthamino, a dye produced

from saftlower, ii. 399.
raryophyllales, ii. 639 et seq.
Caryophyllea?, ii. 640.
Cashew-nut tree, ii. 551.
Cassava, ii. 232, 251.
Cassiterite, i. 12.
Castor-oil plant, as a medi-
cine, ii. 251 ; a ta.stele.is oil

prepared, from, by the

natives, ibid.
Casuarina recommended as an

ornamental tree, ii. 257.
Catupliracta, the fruits and

bark of, ii. 6J5.
Caterpillar, a poisonous, i. 78.
Caterpillar metamnrphosis, a

peculiar instance of i. 93.
Cat fishes, i. 184, 250.
Cattle heron, i. 398.
Catullus, quoted, i. 115; ii.

436 ; comparison of the

vino to matrimony by, ii.

.566.
Cela.strales, ii. 561 et srq.
Celastrine;c, ii. 571-574.
Celery, ii. 439.
Celti(ke, ii. 277.
Celts found iu the And;imans,

i. 484.
Celts in Burma, the material

they are made from, i. 501.
Centipedes, i. 32.
Cephalopoda, i. 179.
Ceramiacen, ii. 28.
Cereals, ii. 95 et seq.
Ceres, cla.ssical allusions to,

quoted, ii. 1 16-7.
Ccrvida-, i. 456.
Cestoid worms, i. 20.
Ceylon cow-plant, ii. 340.
Ceylon elemi, ii. 587.
Ceylon iron-wood, ii. 637.
Ceylon lemoa-gra.ss oil, ii. 112.
Ceylon moss, ii. 30.
Ch.ailletiacew, ii. 580.
Ch.ah'opyritc, i. 10.
Characea', ii. 55.
Charas. ii. 262.
Chatterers, i. 368.

Chaulmoogra oil. a new
remedy for various com-
plaints, ii. 645.

Cheese, bow coloured, ii. 64 1.

Cheese mite, i. 33.

Chelonia, i. 335 et seq.

Chenopodiales, ii. 290.

Clienu's ' Manuel de Conchy-
liologic,' mentioned, i. 123
et srq.

Cherries, ii. 485.

Chervil, ii. 439.

Chestnut, ii. 258.

Chicorv, ii. 403.

Chillies, ii. 326.

Chimney swallow, i. 356.

China creeper, ii. 333.

China-gra.ss cloth, ii. 263.

China silkworm, i. 81.

Chinese date tree, ii. 360.

Chinese epicures, i. 357.

Chinese, extravagant medical
idea of the, i. 453.

Chinese honey -suckle, ii.
479.

Chinese preserves, ii. 593.

Chinese tallow-tree, ii. 254.

Chiretta, ii. 334.

Chiroptera, i. 423 et seq.

Chittagong wood, ii. 704.

Chloranthacea;, virtues of, ii.
230.

Chlorine Compounds, i. 1 1 .

Chocolat*^ ii. 625 ; how
coloured, ii. 644.

Chondrodite, i. 14.

Chowmook, fishing adventure
at, i. 312.

Christian ideas intermixed
with the pantheism of the
' Mahabharata,' ii. 341.

Christy & Co., ' New Com-
mercial Plants and Drugs,'
ii. 352, 353,470,477, 64.5,
681, 683.

Chrysophanic acid, ii. 491.

Chunda bora, Bengal name
for Iliis-sel's viper, i. 312.

Chutnee, ii. 438 ; an excel-
lent, ii. 691.

Cicad;c, as musicians, i. 38,
40 ; as food, i. 40 ; their
musical a|)paratusdescribed,
i. 40.

Cichoriacea\ ii. 401.

Cinchoneic, ii. 404.

Cinn.amon, ii. 283, 288.

Cirripedes, i. 23.

Citnis, value of ihc genus, ii.
590.

Civet cat. fondness of the, tor
the durian, ii. 618.

Civet of commerce, i. 467.

Claudian, quoted, i. 145, 478 ;
ii. 217.

Cleanliness in pigs, the value
of, enforced, i. 22.

Clearings, deserted, ii. 14.

Cleghorn, Dr., quoteil, ii. Ill
ct pasaim.

772

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOX!?.

Climate, death sometimes im-
justly put down to, i. 344.

Climate, great contrast of, in
contip:uous places, ii. 4.

Climbing fish, i. 228.

C'live, Lady, said to have in-
troduced Bryophylluni into
India, ii. 4&4.

Clouded tiger-cat, i. 472.

Clouded yellow butterfly, i. 50.

Clover, ij. 491.

Cloves, ii. 474.

Club mosses, ii. .56. ■

Cobbold, Dr., quoted, i. 20-1
et passim.

Cobra, i. 322 ; adventures
with a, i. 312.

Cobra monil. i. 312.

Cobra, the bite of a, the only
cure for leprosy, ii. 340.

Cocculus Indicus, ii. 6.57.

Coccus rersns Cactus, the
battle of, ii. 441.

Cochineal insect, i. 36.

Cockatoos, i. 408.

Cockroaches, i. 44.

Cockscomb oysters, i. 126.

Cockscombs, ii. 292.

Cockup fish, i. 188.

Cocoa-nut crab, i. 27.

Cocoa-nut palm, ii. 143.

Cod-liver oil, spurious substi-
tute for, i. 186.

Coffee, ii. 430 ; substitutes
for, ii. 209, 61.5.

Coir, manufacture of, ii. 681.

Coleoptera, i. 107 it seij.

Collingwood, Dr., spiders from
Labuan, i. 34.

ColhTium, i. 10.

Colocynth, ii. 449.

Colouration of bats, Dobson's
remarks on, quoted, i. 436.

Colt's-foot, ii. 403.

Columbus, referred to, i. 221.

Combretaceffi, ii. 474-480.

Commelynales, ii. 123.

Commelyneio, ii. 123.

Common artichoke, ii. 403.

Common barnacles, i. 24.

Common Burmese bear, i.462.

Common civet-eat, i. 467.

Common crane, i. 394.

Common English brake, ii. fiS.

Common paddy bird, i. 398.

Common paradoxure, i. 468.

Common potato, ii. 325.

Common purslane, ii. 639.

Common Salt, i. 11.

Common silkworm, i. 81.

Common snails, i. 172.

Common teal, i. 399.

Common vervain, ii. 305.

Common wild cat, i. 473.

Composita?, ii. 376 ; a huge,
but not important order of
plants, ii. 403.

Conchology, i. 123 et scq,

' Conchologia Iconiea,' re-
ferred to, i. 120 et se(j.

Concretionary Iron Ore, i. 12.

Confervaceie, ii. 18.

Congers, i. 280.

Coniferous Forests, ii. 8.

Coniferae, economic import-
ance of the order, ii. 213.

Connaraceae, ii.o45; economic
v.alueof, ii. .547.

Convolvulacea;, ii. 330-333.

Coots, i. 396.

Copaivi, ii. 587.

Copal, ii. 491.

Copper and bronze imple-
ments found in Burma,
Mr. Ball on, i. 505.

Copper celts, i. 505.

Copper Pyrites, i. 10.

Copper-smith, a bird so called,
i. 3.50.

Copper, Sulphantimonitc of,
i. 11.

Copper, Sulphide of, i. 10.

Coriarieoe, ii. 600.

Coriander, origin of the name,
ii. 438.

Cork, ii. 258.

Cormorants, i. 398, 402.

Com flour trrsiis Rice flour,
ii. 108.

Corn flower, ii. 403.

'Cornacea;, ii. 432.

Corundum, i. 11.

Cosmogonical Edda, quoted,
ii. 225.

Costum of the ancients, ii.
20.5.

Cotj'ledonous Plants, ii. 95
et seq.

Cotton in Burma, report on,
ii. 616-17 ; suitability of
soil for, ii. 617.

Cotton trees, uses to which
they are put, ii. 618.

Coughs, remedy for relieving,
ii'.' 295.

Country almonds, ii. 47.5.

Country French beans, ii.oOS.

Cowitch, ii. 507.

Cowries, i. 152.

Cows, bad dietary for, i. 341.

Cowslip creeper, ii. 337.

Cox, Rev. G. W., 'Mythology
of the Aryan Nations,'
quoted, ii. 116, 224, 281-7.

Crab-eating monkey, i. 477.

Crab mungoose, i. 469.

Crab plovers, i. 393.

Crag martin, i. 357.

Cranberries, ii. 372.

Cranes, i. 394.

Crassulaceoe, ii. 484.

Craufurd, ambassador to Ava,
ii. 2.

Craufurd and Balcarres, the
Karl of, his 'Argo ' quoted,
ii. 216.

Crawfish, sea and river, i. 2.5.

Creation, quotation from Vin-
cent Bourne on the, i. 130.

Creek oyster, i. 126.

Creepers, i 362.

Crested cockscomb, ii. 292.

Cretaceous Group of rocks, i.

3.
Crickets, i. 45.
Crocodiles, i. 335 ; their flesh

esteemed, ibid.
Cross, the, a sacred sign long

before the time of Christ,

ii. 219.
Cross, Legend of the, ii. 217,

689.
Cross, Mr., his remarks on

rats quoted, i. 417.
Crow, unprovoked attack by

a, on Judge Norman, i. 502.
Grown of o.ak-leaves as a

s\-mbol, ii. 117.
Crowned partridges, i. 390.
CruciferoiE, ii. 648 ; chief

members of the order, ii.

649.
Cruise io the Andamans and

Nicobars, i. 480.
Crusaders, a plant used by

the, ii. 220.
Crustacea, \.2Z et seq.
Cr\-ptosams, ii. 15 et seq.
Crystal Worts, ii. 48.
Cuckoo spit, i. 38.
Cuckoos, i. 358.
Cucumbers, ii. 449.
Cucurbitacea', ii. 443; a fruit-
yielding order, ii. 449.
Cumin, ii. 438 ; superstitious

connected ivith, ii. 439.
Cura(;oa, ii. 596.
Curare of South America, ii.

343.
Curaru, the arrow poison, ii.

561.
Curlews, i. 394 ; good eating,

i. 395.
Curries, an ingredient of, ii.

296.
Curtius, Ernest, his poem on

the Aturian parrot, i. 410.
Cuscutea;, ii. 329.
Cushing, Mr., his mistake in

killing a viper, i. 312.
Cushing, Mrs , presence of

mind of, i. 312.
Cust.ird apple, ii. 664.
CvcadeiB, economic products

'of, ii. 210.
CvperaceiE, ii. 117 ; products

'of, ii. 122.
Cyperaceous plants, uses of,

ii. 122.
Cypress plant, held in high

esteem by the Greeks, Arabs

and Turks, ii. 466.
Cypress, why chosen for a

funereal tree, ii. 214.
Cypripedium, remarkable fer-
tilizing apparatus of, ii.

187.
CjTripidne, i. 116.
Cysticercus, i. 21.
Cysticine, ii. 403.

ISDEX.

773

D.

Daddy lonff leg^s, i. 49.

Dal, its indiKcstibility, ii. 'Ml.

Dammar boe, its {ngeiiioii.-i
nest dcscribfd, i. 121.

Dammer piue, descriticd, ii.
216.

Damp Hill Forests, ii. 8.

Dampicr and Commersou, re-
ferred to, i. 221.

Dandelion, ii. 403.

Daplinales, ii. 2S0 et srq.

Darjiling, an unreliable
" habitat," i. 51.

Darters, i. 402.

Darwin, E., quoted, ii. 04,
149, 150, ISO.

Darwinian doctrine, uunar-
runted sneer at the, i. 129.

Dasee silkworm, i. 81.

Date sugar, ii. 142.

Datiscaceae, ii. 441.

Daturia, an alkali, ii. 32G.

Davis, J., i. 457, 458.

Davis's "rain-killer," in-
gredient of, ii. 320.

Davison, mentioned, i. 315
H passim.

Day, Dr., his ' Report on
fish,' and ' Fishes of In-
dia,' quoted, i. 83 cl pas-
sim.

Day. Surgeon, on the manni'rs
of the Audamanese, i. 483.

Dayal, i. 371.

Deadly nightshade, ii. 326.

Deeanoda; i. ISO.

Deeiduous, or Leaf-shedding
Forest.s, ii. 9.

Degenerate taste acquired by
swine and cattle in India,
ii. 247.

De (Jubeniatis, Angelo,
' Mvtliologie des Plantes,'
quoted, ii. 108 ft passim.

Deluge, the, historically dis-
credited, ii. 262.

Demeter, Uymn to, quoted,
ii. 116.

Deo-dhan, ii. 115.

Deo-mooga silkworm, i. 81.

Derby, the late Lord, his
translation of a memorable
Homeric pas.sage, i. 119.

De Uoepstorif, i. 345.

Derbyshire Spar, i. 11.

Devil-in-a-bush, ii. 670.

Devil, the, his collateral an-
cestors, and varied reputa-
tion, ii. 687-8.

Dcvils-gnts, ii. 329.

Devil's pepper, ii. 326.

Dhanchi hemp, ii. 523.

Dhobie nuts, li. 550.

Diatomace;r, ii. 18.

Dichoudrea', ii. 320.

Dicotyledons, ii. 210 ct seq.
Diedrichsen, 'List of Js'icobar

I'lants,' mentioned, ii. 144.
DIuitaline, the bitter princi-
ple, ii. 324.
Dilleniaceic, 667-669 ; pro-
perties of, ii. 667.
Dioscorales, ii. 144.
Dioscoreie, ii. 144.
Diphtheria, a liniment for, ii.

.■i53.
Dippers, i. 363.
Dipsaceie, ii. 404
Dipterocarpete, ii. 623 630 ;

balsamic prodm'tsof, ii. 025.
Discillora-, ii. 547.
Distant, W. L., list of hem-

iptera, i. 36.
Dobson, Dr., on various

Natural History questions,

i. 393, tt passim.
llod.lers, ii. 329.
Dodona and its oak, ii. 216.
Do gaz, a net for catching

birds, i. 404.
Dog-rose, ii. 485.
Dog's-bane, ii. 340.
Dog's-tooth grass, ii. 105.
Domestic bees not kept iu

liurma, i. 119.
Domestic goats, i. 400.
Dorian, or Durian, compared

with the mango, ii. 553 ;

the most esteemed fruit iu

the world, ii. 618.
Dorsal, delinition of meaning,

in Cephaloi)ods, i. 180.
Dorylida\ i. 117.
Dove-hawk, i. 403.
Doves, i. 388.
Downes, E. T., i. 93.
Dragouflv, i. 47.
Dragcm's 'blood, ii. 125, 139,

491.
Drayton, M., ' Poly-Olbion,'

referred to, ii. 570.
Dream, effect of a, i. 488.
Dreams, physiology of. i. 487.
Dnmias, egg of, i. 394.
Drongo shrikes, i. 378.
Drongos, i. 371.
Drop- wort, ii. 485.
I)roseracea\ ii. 483.
Druids, their reverence for the

mistletoe, ii. 221.
Drum, or Drummer fi.sh, de-
scription of, ii. 494.
Drum-sticks, seeds so callid,

ii. 648.
Dry Forest-s, ii. 10.
Dry Hill Forests, ii. 8.
Drvden's 'Virgil,' quoted, ii.

i5'>.
Dub grass, ii. 104.
Ducks, i. 399.
Duck-weed, ii. 130.
Dudaiin, the mandrake of

8cri])tiire, ii. 204.
Dull', Lieut. .\., aceouut of

the Spirit-Fire, i. 486.

Dugong, the flesh of, good for

eating, i. 446.
Dugout-s, ii. 140.
Duke of York's uo.se, a hill

so called, ii. 67, 688.
Duncan, Capt., on Andaman

houses, i. 483.
Dimchi hemp, ii. 523.
Dune Forests, ii. 13.
Dung beetle, i. 33.
Ihiug-rolling beetles, i. 112.
Dunuy palm, ii. 143.
Dusky cockatoos, i. 408.
Dusky-leaf monkey, i. 479.
Dutch rush, ii. 56.
Dwarf beau, ii. 333.
Dye Uom Riittiera, ii. 244.
Dysentery, remedy for, li. 338.

Eagles, i. 404.

Eagle owls, eggs of, i. 406.

Eagle-wood, ii. 281.

Earth-oil, i. 14.

Earth-soap, i. 14.

Earth-worms, i. 23.

Earwigs, i. 45.

East Indian arrowroot, ii. 206.

Eau de Cologne, ii. 295.

Ebenace*, products of, ii. 357.

Ebeualcs, ii. 355.

Ebony, ii. 357, 3G0.

Eclieneis, curious use to which
it is put, i. 221.

Ecliinoderms, i. 19.

Eden's whale, i. 445.

Edible ant, i. 117.

Edible bird's nest, i. 357 ; ii.
31.

Edible ftmgi, ii. 91.

Edible seaweeds, ii. 30.

Edible shell fish, i. 123.

Kdinltuxjh Jitfiew, on A. 0.
Hume, i. 502.

Eels, i. 280.

Egg-plant, ii. 325.

Egvi>t, sacred bird of, i. 398.

"Egyptian bath-sponge," ii.
446.

Ekman's process of preparing
fibre, ii. 681.

Ela'agnea', ii. 280.

Elatinea>, ii. 638-9.

Elder, ii. 431.

Elephantiasis, medicinal re-
medy for, ii. 57.

Elephant-foot yam, ii. 146.

Elepliant grass, ii. 115.

Eleph.ints treated of: differ-
ences between the Indian
and African species — periods
of gestation — diseases — a
source of income — liunuese
superstition regarding —
dangers of tracking, i. 4 17 ;
modes of treatment, i. 418 ;

774

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIONS.

sensitive skin, i. 449 ; must
season, i. 449-50 ; liead-
eoveiing, i. 451.

Eleusinian Mysteries, ii. 116.

Eaianuel, Mr., quoted, i. 11.

Eng or Lat<?rite Forests, ii. 9.

Eiig, differing identilicatiuus
of species of, ii. 6J6.

Englisii cliolera, a case traced
to eating fish, i. 186.

English Government, its
apathy in promoting re-
search, i. 479.

English monse, i. 420.

Entada, a gigantic creeper,
eagerly sought for as food,
ii. 540 ; the seeds used for
a popular pastime, ii. 092.

Entomology, i. 36 et seq.

Epacridea?, ii. 370.

Epicures, their uncleanly taste
illustrated, i. 204.

Epigynous plants, ii. 3 73 ci seq.

Epiphyte, ii. 148.

Eqinsetace:e, ii. 55, 93.

Ergot of rye, ii. 90.

Eria silk ni'oth, i. 80.

Ericace:c, ii. 372 ; properties
of, ii. 373.

Ericales, ii. 370.

Eriocaulonea', ii. 122.

Eschalotte, ii. 128.

Essence of Neroli, ii. 596.

Eugenia, qualities of, ii. 472.

Eulahes, i. 386.

Euphorbiaceai, economic pro-
ducts of, ii. 232.

Euphorbiales, ii. 232 ct seq.

Euphorbium, a substitute in
India for savine, as a
purgative, ii. 256.

"Evangelicals," their low
estimate of "good works"
deprecated, ii. 341.

Eve, Karen legend of her being
seduced by a python, i. 3U8.

Evergreen Forests, ii 5.

Evil spirits, antidote to,ii.4S5.

Experiments on snake bites, i.
324.

Eye-bright, ii. 323.

Ezekiel, referred to, ii. 070.

P.

Fabre, ^I., on the evolution
of .Sitaris, i. 110.

Fairy blue birds, i. 371.

Faith, as a religious duty, ii.
341.

Falcon tribe, Burmese name
for the, i. 402 : Godwin-
Austen on, i. 403.

Falconry, i. 403.

Falcons," liabits of, i. 403.

False limpels, i. 170.

False scorpions, i. 33.

Fan palm, its economic value,
ii. 140.

Fantails, i. 381.

Fayrer, Dr., quotations from
his ' Thauatophidia ' con-
cerning snake bite, i. 324-
326.

Feast of the E.taltation of the
Cross, ii. 219.

Fedden, Mr., quoted, i. 9.

Felida^, i. 470.

Fennel, ii. 439.

Fennel flower, ii. 670.

Ferns, ii. 58 ct seq. ; cata-
logue of, ii. SO et seq.

Fertility, a symbol of, ii.449.

Ficoidales, ii. 439.

Ficoidea', ii. 439.

Field mouse, i. 419.

Fieldcn, Capt., mentioned, i.
345; identification of a
heron, i. 398; quoted, i. 403
et passim.

Fig-leaf, substitute for, in the
Andamans, i. 481-2.

Fig-leaves, as a covering, ii.
274.

Fig-tree, ii. 204.

Fig-trees, ii. 208 ; vernacular
names for, ii. 274 ; legends
and allegories connected
with, ibid. ; wood chosen
for making idols, and classi-
cal allusions to, ii. 275.

Fijians' liking for the nauti-
lus, i. 179.

Filicales, ii. 93.

Filices, ii. 58 et seq.

Finches, i. 383, 385.

Findlay, .Tames, discoverer of
an orchid, ii. 109.

Finlayson, Capt., referred to,
i. 421.

Finncr whale, i. 445.

Finsch, Dr., castigated by Mr.
Hume, i. 409 ; his work
' Die Papageien,' referred
to, i. 503.

Fire, the process of producing,
by friction, described, ii.
103; anothermethod,ii.OSl.

Fire-eating rhinoceros, i. 452.

Fire-flies, i. Ill, 114; de-
scription of a group of, i.
115; attracted to a shrub,
ii. 368.

Fire tiger, i. 473.

Fish as a food supply, i. 183.

Fish, inability of some persons
to eat, i. 186.

Fish insect, i. 36.

Fish, legend of men being
transformed into, i. 237.

Fish, Ust of, i. 188 ct seq.

Fish oil, i. 186.

Fish, plants or fruits used for
poisoning, ii. 380, 543, 646,
657.

Fish, reasons why sometimes
unfit for food, i. 187.

Fish, remarkable mode of
hatching their ova, i. 252.

Fish, variability of colour in,
i. 230.

Fishermen, liable to a peculiar
accident, i. 239.

Fisher monkey, i. 477.

Fishes, respiration of, i. 184.

Fishing hooks made from the
roots of a tree, ii. 258.

Fishing owl, i. 406.

Fishing tackle, ii. 357.

Fishing tiger-cat, i. 472.

Fitches of Isaiah, ii. 670.

Flagellariea;, ii. 123.

Flat fish, i. 248.

Flax, ii. 129.

Flea, i. 50.

Flour made from a species of
Cijeaeleee, ii. 211.

Flower beetles, i. 112.

Flower-peckers, i. 375.

Flowering Plants, ii. 95 et seq.

Flowering plants, numbers of,
awaitingdiscovery in liurma,
ii. 187.

Flowerless Plants, ii. 15 et seq.

Fluor Spar, i. 11.

Fluorine Compounds, i. 11.

Fluorite, i. 11.

Flycatchers, i. 381.

Flving fox, i. 423 ; cleanly
habits of, i. 424.

Flying lemur, i. 444.

Fodder, ii. 105.

Fa'tid til of the Canaries, ii.
288.

Folia Malabathri, an ingredi-
ent in cookery, ii. 288.

Folk-lore, vanishing, ii. 262.

Fool's parsley, ii. 439.

Foraminifera, i. 16.

Forest Department, its rules
concerning the girdling of
teak, sinalvzed and contro-
verted, ii.' 689-691 ; non-
sensical rule of the, ii. 693.

Forest fly, i. 48.

Forest Officers of Burma, ii. 3.

Fowl's-bone. ii. 304.

Fox, the, of the English Bible,
probably the jackal, i. 46 i.

Fox-brush Aerifies, the, ii. 1 78.

Fox-glove, ii. 321, 324.

Freckles, cure for, ii. 453.

French beans, ii. 491.

Freshwater crabs, i. 29.

Freshwater "polypus," i. 17.

Fresh-water shark, i. 259.

Frog hopper, i. 38.

Frogs, i. 289.

Frugivorous bats, i. 423.

FucaceiE, ii. 26.

Fungales, ii. 89.

Fungi, ii. 31 et seq.

Fytche, Col., referred to, ii.
100, 536.

Gad flies, i. 49.

IXDEX.

I to

Gadn-iill, i. 399.

Ga^ul resin, ii. 587.

Galani^a, ii. 2iS8.

Galangal, ii. 20G.

Galena, i. 10.

Gallinac(?ous birds, i. 389.

Gallinulcs, i. 396.

Galls, ii. 2.58.

Gamboge, ii. 63.3.

Ganimic, J., on a peculiar

species of wooapecker,

quoted, i. 384.
Ganges, sacred water of tlie,

ii. 298.
Gannets, i. 401.
Ganny, ii. COG.
Gapes, i. 22.
Garden cress, ii. 649.
Garden pea, ii. 503.
Garjun oil, ii. 627.
Garland (lower, ii. 207.
Garlic, ii. 128.
Garnet, i. 14.
Gasteropoda, i. 139.
Gauduma, legends of, ii. 629.
Gayal aud Gour, lilanford's

account of tbo diiferences

between tbe, i. 461.
Gecko, in tbe Syriac version

of tiie Bible, i. 3 )1.
Geckos, i. 329 ; tbeir pugna-
city, i. 331.
Geese, i. 399.
Gentiales, ii. 334.
Gentian, ii. 334.
Gentiauea;, properties of, ii.

334.
Gentianine, ii. 334.
Geography of the Andani.Tns

and Xicobars, i. 4S0.
Geology, i. 1.
' Geology of India,' by Midli-

cott and lilauford, i. 1.
GcrauLacea", ii. .590-7.
Geraniales, ii. .580 ft seq.
Gesenius, quoted, ii. 204.
Gesneracea;, ii. 321.
Giant clam, i. 131.
Gibbons, i. 474 ; the en,- of,

given in musical notation,

1. 47-5 ; cruel to deprive

them of liberty, ibid.
Gid, i. 21.
Gicr, connected with the Pali

gk:u, i. 402.
Gilson, Dr., ii. 636.
Ginger, ii. 208.
Giusburg, Dr., ii. 689.
Ginseng, ii. 433.
Girasolo, ii. 403.
Girdling timber, objections

agiiinst, ii. 690.
Gladstone, W. E., translation

of the Iliad quoted, i. 117.
Glass-rope sponge, i. 1 7.
Globe artichoke, ii. 227.
Glow.W4irra, i. 111.
Glueinuni, Silicate of, i. 14.
Gluniales, ii. 9.5.
Gymnosperms, ii. 210.

Gnathites, i. 24.

Gnats, straining at, i. 49.

Gnetaceie, ii. 211.

Gnetum, structure of, ii. 212.

Goa beans, ii. 511.

Goa powder, ii. 491.

Goat.s, i. 4-59.

Goat's (lung, a wood so called,
ii. 240, 547, 703.

Godwin- Austen, II.G., (|Uoted
and referred to, i. 174.

Godwit.s, i. 394.

Gohnnyiu-toh-pwe, ii. 692.

Gold, i. 8 ; principal localities
f(U- working, i. 9.

Golden apples, or figs, legends
of the, li. 6S9.

Golden-backed fern, ii. 68.

Golden eye, strange habit of
the, i. 399.

Golden Hies, i. 116.

Golden vulture, the eagle oc-
casionally so called, i. 404.

Golgotha, Adam's sepidchre
on, ii. 218.

Gong-ringer, i. 350.

Good and evil, the conflict
between, ii. 686-7.

" Good works," ii. 341.

Goose barnacles, i. 24.

Gordon, Dr. C A., experience
of Kamala, ii. 246 ; on the
unclean food of cattle and
pigs in India, ii. 247.

Gould, Dr.. of Boston, F.R.A.,
miutioned, i. 123, 171.

Gour, th,-, i. 460.

Gourds, ii. 449.

Gout, remedy for, ii. 467.

Gower, ('apt., ii. 165.

Grains of Paradise, ii. 208.

(iram, ii. 491, 502.

Graniinea', ii. 96 ; extreme
importance and economic
uses of, quotations respect-
ing, ii. 16-17.

Grauatea', ii. 459.

Granit<>,i. 6.

Gia])ts, and the grape vine,
ii. 5()5.

Graphite, i. 10.

Grass od, ii. 133.

Gray, Dr., i. 341 ct passim.

Great basking shark, i. 281,
496.

Great burnet, ii. 485.

Greater thatching grass, ii.
115.

Grebes, i. 398, 400.

Greek mytlndogv, ii. 684.

Green bidbuls, i'. 3G8, 369.

Green doves, i. 387.

Green pigeons, i 387.

(ireeu vipers, i. 322.

Green viper bhxidsucker, i. 333.

Greenbeart timber, ii. 288.

Grcenshank, i. 395.

CJreenstone, i. 5.

Grev-bearded spider-hunter,
i.'361.

Grey civet-cat, i. 466.

Grey Copper Ore, i. 11.

Grey pomlret, i. 220.

Grillith, Dr., his collection of
Burmese plants, ii. 2.

Grinmi, ((uoted, ii. G87.

Gromwell, ii. 329.

Grote, A., numtioned, i. 51.

Ground doves, i. 389.

Groimd frogs, i. 291.

Ground ivy, ii. 295.

Grouud lizards, i. 327.

Ground nuts, ii. 491.

Ground rattan, ii. 111.

Grunts, a species of tisb pro-
ducing musical sounds, i.
494.

Guano of bats collected by
Chinamen, i 426.

Guarana, ii. 561.

Guava, ii. 474.

Guggur resin, ii. 587.

Guinea grass, ii, 109.

Guiuca worm, i. 22.

Gulls, i. 398, 400.

Gum Arabic, ii. 491.

Gum kino, ii. 491.

Gum u.sed in calico printing,
ii. 457.

Giinlher, Dr., quoted, i. 18

Gut, tishermeu's, i. 79.

Gutt-ai)ercha, ii. 363.

Guttilene, ii. 633-637; pro-
ducts of the order, ii. 635.

Guttifeniles, ii. 62-5 ct scq.

Gyiiin.istics, ))eculiar feat of,
in a huttcrlly, i, 97.

Gymnosperms, ii. 210 et seq.

Gynocardic acid, ii. 646.

Gypsum, i. 14.

n.

Ila'matite, i. 12.

Halite, i. U.

Hamadrvad, i. 309; adven-
tures with. i. 310.

Hainamilidiie, ii. 482.

Hamilton, Buchanan, referred
to, i. ;i87 el paxsim.

IlamnuT-headed sharks,!. 285.

Hammer oy,st«fr, i. 127.

Hanbury, Daniel, paper on
lUitl/ii-ii aud Kamala,
quoted, ii. 244-247.

Ilance, Dr., ii. 135.

Ilanley, Sylvanus, i. 123; i.
134.'

Harding, Mr., ii. 165.

Hardwicke, on size of baudi-
coot.s, i. 418.

Ilari mung, ii. 491.

Hanule.ss snakes, i. 297.

Harrison, Capt., ii. 536.

Harvest bug, i. 33.

Harvev, Kev. M., i. 181.

Hawk'.s-bi!l turtle, i. 341.

Hawthorn, ii. 485.

776

BUR-VA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PPiODUCTIOXS.

Hazel-nut, ii. 2-58.

Ht-alth, ettect of a fish diet

oa, i. 1S7.
Ilfl, ii. 6S8.
Heifer, Dr., hi.s description of

the hot-springs ot Attaran,

i. 7; meutioued and (juoted,

i. 3i5 ct passim.
Helix, Godwin - Austen on,

i. 174.
Helmets, i. 149.
Hemlock, ii. 439.
Hemp, values of, ii. 262-3.
Hen hawk, i. 404.
Henna, ii. 459.
Hepaticeffi, ii. 92.
Hepatic complaints, recipe

worth knowing for, ii. 4U3.
Heriticra, an extraordinarily

tough wood, ii. G21, 62.3.
Hermit crabs, i. 12.5 ; Hume's

amusing account of, i. 27.
Herons, i. 394; habits of,i. 397.
Heron's dung shell, i. 1 71 , 1 76.
Herpesddas, i. 469.
Herpetology, i. 288 et seq.
Herrings, i. 187.
Hessian fly, i. 60.
Hey.sham, Col., C|Uoted, i.447.
Hiawatha, the legend of, re-

fen'ed to, i. 117.
Hibiscus, economic products

of the genus, ii. 616.
Hiern, referred to, ii. 556-8.
Hill Eng Forests, ii. 10.
Hill Forests, ii. 8.
Hill maiuas, power of mimic-

ing the human voice, i. 379.
Hill tits, i. 375.
Hill wagtails, i. 374.
HiLsa, i. 187, 276.
Himalayan Avifauna, i. 376.
Hinde, Mr., referred to,ii.681 .
Hodgson, on Cuon, i. 465.
Hog deer, modes of hunting,

i!'456.
Hog's lard tree, ii. 629.
Hog's slide, ii. 620.
Holland, Major, on Pipe

fishes, i. 281.
HoUihock, ii. 609.
Holly, ii. 576.
Holm oak, ii. 576.
Holothuria, i. 20.
Holy hasil, ii. 298.
Holy Family, legend of the,

ii. 215.
Homer, quoted, i. 117, 119,

120, 285, 490; ii. 78, 14 7,

275, 381, 488.
Honey-buzzard, i. 405.
Honey -suckers, i. 361.
Honevsuckle, ii. 431.
Hooker, Sir J. D., Editor of

Le JIaout and Decaisne's

' Descriptive and Analytical

Botany,' quoted, ii. 1, tt

passim.
Horace, (luoted. ii. 214. 275,

305, 306, 381, 439, 576.

Horehonnd, ii. 295.

Horubill in the Zoological
Gardens, London, i. 352.

Hornbills, i. 350 ; remarkable
mode of supplying food to
the female by the male, i.
351; food of, ii. 342, C99.

Hornblende, i. 13.

Horned owls, i. 406.

Hornets, i. 118.

Horny corals, i. 18.

Horse-cat, i. 466.

Horse-radish-tree, ii. 64S.

Horsfield, T., and F. Moore,
' Catalogue of Lepidop-
terous Insects, i. 51, 88.

Horsley, referred to, ii. 381.

Hot-springs, in various loca-
lities, described, i. 7, 8.

Hough, A., i. 426, 476.

House leek, ii. 484.

House lizard, i. 331.

House martins, i. 356.

House mouse of India, i. 419.

House rat, i. 419.

House sparrow, i. 384.

Hab-ul-mashk, ii. 614.

Humble bee, a parasite of
the, i. 22.

Hume, A. 0., Editor of 'Stray
Feathers,' quoted, i. 27 et
passim; details of the in-
habitants of the Andamans
and Nicobars. i. 479 et siy.

Hnmfray, Mr..i. 483; ii. 348.

Humphrey, W. G., 'Arun-
dines,' quoted, ii. 671.

Humming-birds, i. 361.

Hungary water, ii. 295.

Hutton, Capt., quoted, i. 79,
427.

Hydrales, ii. 209 ef seq.

Hydrocarbon Conipounds,i. 14.

Hvdrocharidea>, ii. 209.

Hydroleacea\ ii. 334.

Hydrous Calcium Sidphate,
i. 14.

Hydrous Oxide of Iron, i. 12.

Hypericinete, ii. 637-8.

Hypogynous plants, ii. 294 el
ser/.

Hyssop, ii. 295.

Ibises, i. 398.

Iceland moss, ii. 35.

Ichneumonida', i. 110.

Ichthyology, i. 183 et scj.

Ignis fatuus, i. 488.

liicinea\ ii 575-576.

Imperial pigeon, i. 387 ; ad-
vantage taken of its pecu-
liarity in feeding, i. 388.

Imphee, ii. 115.

India-rubber, ii. 351.

Indian black bear, i. 4C3.

IniHan buft'alo, i. 461.

Indian coel, i. 359.

liidian corn, ii. 107.

Indian crow, unfriendly trait
of the, i. 387 ; Jcrdou's
remarks on, ihid.

Indian edible turtle, i. 344.

Indian elephant, i. 447 ; an-
cestry of the, i. 130.

Indian fibres, ii. 262.

Indian loggerhead, i. 3)3.

Indian oaks, compared with
European, ii. 258.

Indian olibanum, ii. 587.

Indian opium, ii. 653.

ImHan otter, i. 464.

Indian palm switt, i. 357.

Indi.in privet, ii. 456.

Indian raven, i. 387.

Indian ronjual, i. 445.

Indian rusa horns, i. 456.

Indian spotted deer, i. 456.

Indian wild dog, i. 465.

Indigo, ii. 491, 522.

Ink bag, i. 181.

Inman's 'Ancient Faiths,"
quoted, i. 120; ii. 214.

Insectivorous bats i. 426.

Insects, i. 36 et seq.

Intoxication, alleged remedy
for, ii. 526.

Intoxicants, comparison of
opium and .alcohol, ii. 653.

Intrusive Rocks, i. 5.

Involute, definition of mean-
ing, in Cephalopods, i. 180.

Iodine, ii. 31.

Ipecacuanha, and its substi-
tutes, ii. 338, 426, 430.

Iridosmine, i. 10.

Iron, Bisulphide of, i. 10.

Iron, Hydrous Oxide of, i. 1 2.

Iron Ore, Concretionary i. 12.

Iron, Protosesquioxide of, i.
12.

Iron Pyrites, i. 10.

Iron Sesquioxide of, i. 12.

Iron, Sulphide of, i. 10.

Ironwood of Pegu, ii. 541.

Isabclline brown, i. 304.

Isaiah, refeiTcd to, ii. 670.

Isinglass, i. 186.

Isinghass-producing fish, i. 186,
212 et scq_.

Issue peas, ii. 647.

Italian legend of the Holy
Family, ii. 215.

Itch, the', i. 33.

lulus (Millipedes), i. 32.

Ivy, ii. 373, 433.

J.

Jackal, i. 460.

Jack tree, fruit and other

products of the, ii. 267.
Jack-tree fig, ii. 272.

TXDEX.

Jacko, an Andaniaii cliiif,

burial of, i. iWi.
Jade, i. 13.
Jala hasti, i. 44G.
Jalap, ii. 294, 330.
Jambo, ii. 474.
Jasmineic, ii. 351-3.34.
Jasmine, native names for —

delicious fragrance of — two

methods of making a per-

fiune from, ii. 3.33.
Javan elemi, ii. oS7.
Jelinek, Mr., on Xicobar

canoes, ii. G36.
Jenny, tho monkey in the

London Zoological Gardens,

referred to, i. 477.
Jerdon, referred to and ([noted,

ii. ISy el passim.
Jerusalem artichokes, origin of

the name, ii. 403.
Jesns Christ, wood for the

Crucifixion of, ii. 21i)
Jewish idea of Satau, ii. 087.
Jiujouk, i. 125.
Jol), quoted, ii. 671.
Job's tears, ii. 107.
Job's tempter, ii. 687.
Johnson, Ueneral, his magpie,

i. 502 ; the former master

of Kaykree, ii. 0.S2.
Johnston, Dr., quoted, i. 179.
Johnstone, Mr., on the oc-
currence of platina, i. 9.
Jone-s, Edmund, of Itangoon,

cause of his death, ii. 03.5.
Jones, Sir W., quoted, ii. 149,

173, 298.
Jorce silkworm, i. 81.
Jotakas, i. 355.
Juglandacea;, ii. 226.
Junceie, ii. 125.
Jute of commerce, ii. COS ;

might be cultivated with

profit, ii. 606.
Juvenal, quoted, i. 187, 237;

ii. 91, 129, 237, 257.

K.

Kafal, ii. 587.

Kala-jira, ii. 670.

Krdu mung, ii. 491.

Kalonja, ii. 670.

Knmaia, the native name for a
dye produced from Rotlhra,
ii. 244 ; description of —
chemical treatment of —
used as a dye for silk —
as an anthelmintic, ii. 245 ;
cases quoted in which it
was used as an effectual
remedy for tapeworm, ii.
245-247; doses recom-
mended by Dr. C. Mackiu-
non — further medical e.\-
perience of, ii. 246, 247.

Kamranga, of India, ii 597.

Ka-oung, the Bghais in, and
diseased elephants, i. 447.

Kapilapodi, a combined Sans-
krit and Tamil word for
"pollen of a flower," ii.244.

Karen belief in a fabidons
animal, i. 463.

Karen bill of fare, i. 297.

Karen legend, i. 308.

Karen mode of catching
lizards, i. 327.

Karen myth, regarding the
barking deer and the tiger,
i. 459.

Karen potato, ii. 145.

Karen women, ear ornament
of, ii. 532.

Karens, their judicious treat-
ment of elephants, i. 447-48.

Karens, remarks on their
habits, ii. 537.

Karg, Persian name of the
rhinoceros, i. 452.

Kasur of India, ii. 491, 502.

Katcchu, ii. 491.

Kuth, ii. 491.

Kaup, on skulls of owls, i. 407.

Kaykree, a valuable servant
o'f the Rev. C. P.arish, ac-
count of his habits, and
appalling death, ii. 682.

Kay-mab-hpvoo, route to, i.
13.

Kavu lakka of commerce, ii.
527.

Kent. Saville, quoted, i. 17.

Kesari-dal of India, ii. 502.

Kesora, synouvni of ruiuuiga,
ii. 244.

Khudir, i. 4.

Ki<lncy worm, i. 22.

King, C, referred to, i. 93.

King crabs, i. 24.

King-crow, i. 359, 378.

Kingfishers breeding in ants'
nests, i. 353.

Kiugsley, Canon, account of
musical fi.sh, i. 493.

Kittens, the right way of
destroying, ii. 343.

Kitto's Cyclop.'edia, referred
to, ii. 204 et passim.

Kiwach, ii. 507.

Kjokkenmbddings of the An-
damans, i. 484.

Kokum butter, ii. 036.

Kooth, ii. 205.

Kothanaiong, the Amhcrstias
at, ii. 536.

Ko-tsay-ko-gewn, remarkable
orchid found near, ii. 185.

Kousso, failed to expel tai)e-
worm. ii. '245; asaremedv,
ii. 485.

Krait smike, i. 311, 322.

Krishna's addresses to Arjnn,
ii. 340-1.

Kulthi, ii. 491.

Knrz, Sulpiz, his ' Forest
Flora of British I3unua,'

and other contributions, ii.
3 ft passim ; botanical re-
marks and reports on timber
trees, ([noted, ii. QOetpmsim ;
his tribute to Dr. Ma.son, ii.
133 ; ' Catalogue of Ordiids

fatliered in the Andaman
slands,' ii. 202.
Kusa grass, Li. 104.
Kyaii, Burmese name for the
rhinocercs, i. 453.

L.

Labiatce, herb-yielding Order

of plants, ii. 295.
Lac, ii. 505.
Lac insect, i. 37.
Ladies' slipper oyster, i. 125.
Lady-birds, i. 107.
Lady's mantle, ii. 485.
Lady's-smock, ii. 484.
Laniavek's arrangement of

shells, i. 123.
Lamellibrancbs, i. 124.
Lamellicoru beetles, i. 112.
Lamellirostres, i. 398.
Lamiales, ii. 294.
Land crabs, i. 29.
Land Shells, i. 159 et scq.
Laudes, a curious custom iu

the, ii. 227.
Lapps, a plant used by the,

to thicken milk, ii. 322.
Lapwings, i. 393.
Lard Shorea, ii. 629.
Large bamboo rat, i. 421.
Large black scpiirrel, i. 412.
Large white yam, ii. 145.
I.jirger mouse deer, i. 455.
Larks, i. 383, 385.
Larkspur, ii. 671.
Laterite Forests, ii. 9.
Latrines, the outfalls of, not

producive of lisb tit for

eating, i. 187.
Latter,' Capt., discoverer of

a species of pine, ii. 213.
Laughing thrushes, i. 367 ;

Davison's description of the

hideous row they make, and

their dancing powers, ibiti.
Laurales, ii. 282.
Laurel, put to base uses, ii.

280.
Laurineffi, ii. 282 ; commercial

importance of the order,

ii. 288.
Lavender, ii. 295.
Lavcr, a medicinal seawec^l,

u. 31.
Lawson, referred to, ii. 563-4 ;

commended, for expunging

shadowy species from the

' Flora of India,' ii. 567.
' Lay of Vafthmdni,' quoted,

ii. 225.
Layard's suggestion, as to

bayas, i. 383.

51

778

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Lea, the American cniicho-
logist, quoted, i. 129.

Lead, Sulphide of, i. 10.

Leaf-nosed hat, i. 428.

Leaf-shedding Forests, ii. 9.

Lccheuquana hee, ii. 561.

Leeches, i. 23.

Leek, ii. 128.

Legendary lore, ii. 3S1.

Legends, considerations on,
ii. 2.57.

Legends of the Oak, ii. 261.

Leguniinosne,ii. 490-.54.5; the
second most important order
of plants — enumeration of
its chief memhers, ii. 491.

Le Maout et Decaisne, their
' Descriptive and Analytical
Botany,' referred to, ii. 1
et passim.

Lemnacefe, ii. 130.

Lemon-grass oil, ii. 112.

Lemuria, i. 474.

Lentils, i. 491, 502.

Leopard, story of a, i. 472.

Leopard-cat, i. 473.

Leprosy, erroneously attribu-
ted to a tish diet, i. 187;
remedies for, ii. 340, 64-5.

Leslie's translation of Xorden-
skiijld's ' Voyage of the
Vega,' quoted, i. 48.5.

Lesser-eared owls, i. 407.

Lesser hemlock, ii. 439.

Lesser one-horned rhinoceros,
i. 451.

Lesserwild I!unnesebull,i4.60.

Lesser yellow-eared spider-
hunter, i. 361.

Lewin, Capt. H. T., 'Hill
Tracts,' etc., quoted, ii. 681.

Lice, i. 43.

Lichens, ii. 35, 91.

Lign-aloes, ii. 281 ; etj-mo-
logy of native name, ii. 282.

Lignum vita', ii. 549.

Liliales, ii. 125 et seq.

Lilies, ii. 129.

Liliputian oranges, ii. 593.

Lime juice, ii. 596.

Limonite, i. 12.

Limpets, i. 171.

Lindley's ' Genera and Species
of Orchidaceous Plants,'
and other botanical works,
quoted, ii. 150 et passim.

Linea>, ii. 600-1.

Liquorice, ii. 491.

Litchi, a fruit, ii. 558, 561.

Little owl, as a decoy, i. 407.

Littoral Forests, ii. 5.

Liver tluke of sheep, i. 20.

Livers of sharks, weights of,
i. 186, '284.

Liverworts, ii. 46.

Livingstone, the African tra-
veller, his observations of
hornbills quoted, 351.

Lizar<ls, esteemed for food, i.
327.

Loadstone, native, i. 12.
Lobeleae, ii. 373 ; now fallen

into disuse as medicinal

plants, ii. 376.
Lobsters, i. 25.
Lockhart's ' Wedding of the

Cid,' quoted, ii. 108.
Locusts, i. 45.
Logwood, ii 491.
Long-armed apes, i. 475.
Long-haired pig-tailed mon-
key, ii. 476.
Long-nosed gharial, i. 335.
Long pepper, ii. 23 1 .
Long-tailed doves, i. 388.
Long-tailed monkeys, i. 478.
Longan, a fruit, ii. 561.
Longicom beetles, i. 108.
Looping snails, i. 163.
Loquat, ii. 485, 487.
Loranthacete, ii. 221.
Lords and Ladies, ii. 132.
Loreal shield, the, in snakes,

an absolute proof of their

harmlessness, i. 323.
Lories, i. 408, 409.
Lovage, ii. 439.
Love-apples, ii. 205.
Love-charms, made from the

heads of hornbills, i. 351.
Low, Mr., his supplementary

list of Orchids, ii. 188, 503.
Low Forests, ii. 10.
Lower Mixed Forests, ii. 12.
Lubbock, Sir J., quotatiou

from, on the evolution of

the Sitaris beetle, i. 110.
Lucem, ii. 491.
Lucretius, quoted, i. 487.
Luddoo, a native confection,

i. 457.
Ludiuna, a disease in horses,

ii. 87.
Luiia, use to which the fruit

of, is put, ii. 446.
Lump fish, possessed of a

poison organ, i. 188.
Lung-wort, ii. 329.
Lupines, ii. 491.
Lutinos, Jerdon's remarks on,

i. 3.50.
LycopodiaceiB, ii. 56, 93.
Lycopods, ii. 56, 93.
Lyell, Sir Charles, quotation

from, ii. 17.
Lythrariea^, ii. 454-459.

M.

Macaws, i. 408.

Mace, ii. 289.

Macfarquhar, Maj., a superior
cotton grown by, ii. 016.

Mackinnon, Dr. C. treats
tapeworm successfully with
Kamala, ii. 245.

McLcod, Major, his descrip-
tion of hot-springs, i. 7.

MacMaster, Col., remarks on

the Pegn tree shrew, i. 441.
Madagascar mackerel, i. 218.
Madder-dye, ii. 430.
Madrasi silkworm, i. 81.
Madura turbans, ii. 410.
Maggots, i. 48.
Magnesium, Aluniinate of, i.

12.
Magnet, the, i. 12.
Magnetite, i. 12.
Magnoliacete, bitter principle

in, ii. 659.
Magpie, account of a, i. 502.
Magpie, the common Indian,

i. 386.
' Mahubharata,' quotations

from the, ii. 340-1.
Mahogany, ii. 586.
Mahommedan patients, how

not to offend their reUgious

scruples, ii. 256.
Maiden-hair fern, ii. 67.
Maigre, a species of fisli, i.

494.
Mainwaring, Col. G. B., dis-
coverer of a newt, i. 289.
Majun, a confection, ii. 263.
Malabar teakwood, ii. 691.
Malarious fever, tobacco a pre-
ventive in, ii. 326.
Mallows, properties of, and

Horace's lines on, ii. 609.
Malpighiace*, ii. 698- 600.
Malvacea>, ii. 608-619 ; chief

members, ii. 619.
Malvales, ii. 601 et seq.
Mammalia, i. 411 et stq.
Manchineel, used to poison

arrows, ii. 209.
Mandragora, ii. 204,
Mandrakes, ii. 204.
Manganese, ii. 13.
Mange in dogs, i. 33 ; remedy

for, ii. 646.
Mango fruit, its universality,

ii. 653.
Mangoe fish, i. 211.
Mangosteen, ii. 634, 635.
Mangrove-swamp prawn, i. 26.
Manihot, ii. 251.
Manilla hemp, ii. 203, 204.
Manna, i. 37.
Mantida?, i. 44.
Marble wood, ii. 359.
Marbled tiger-cat, i. 473.
Marcasite, i. 10.
Marco Polo and Polar Bears,

i. 485.
Marigold, derivation of,ii.403.
Marine monsters, i. 181.
Marine turtles, i. 343.
Marjoram, ii. 295.
Marking ink, ii. 550.
Marsiliaceae, ii. 58, 93.
Martaban camphor-wood, ii.

283.
Marti.il, quoted, ii. 91, 275.
Mary Mng.hilene, ii. 381.
Masked reJuvius, i. 4 1 .

l.YDEX.

779

Jfason's snow-whito flower,
ii. 133.

Itason, Mrs. E. H. B., her
verses ou Anilierstia, ii. 536.

Mastic, ii. doi.

Jla-sur-ka-dal, ii. 502.

Mats made from Maranta, ii.
208.

Mattah,liot-sprin!rsnear, i. 7.

Matthew, A. L.,"ii. 224.

Maiilraain group of rocks, i. 2.

Mauz, Arabic name of tlio
plautaiu, ii. 204.

Matiza, Pali name of the
plantain, ii. 204.

Max Muller, Prof., ii. G87.

May fly, i. 47.

Mayanoung: district, adven-
tures with elephants in, i.
447, 450.

Mayo, Lord, a tree named in
honour of, ii. 319.

Maj-jjures, a parrot liviujr in,
i. 410.

Mead-wort, ii. 4S5.

Meadow-sweet, ii. 485.

Meat, how it can be rendered
tender, ii. 452.

Medicinal remedies, ii. 90, 93,
112, 125, 127, 131, 20'i,
211, 229, 241, 241-247,
251, 256, 263, 295, 298,
299, 319, 323, 326, 329,
338, 340, 34.3, 345, 351,
371, 426, 453, 4G7, 481,
485, 503, 507, 532, 549,
551, 590, 596, 027, 644,
645, 646, 647, 649, 653,
058.

Medlars, ii. 485.

Medlicott and Blanford's
' Geolo'jy of India,' i. 1.

Medu.s;c, i. 18.

Megaderma, predaceous habits
of, i. 430.

Merapodes, habits of, i. 392.

Meianthace.'c, ii. 127.

Melastomacea;, ii. 459-460.

Meldola, R , mentiomd, f: 51.

Meliacea;, ii. 580 ; main value
of the order, ii. 586.

Melilot, ii. 491.

Melodeon of the Cicad;e, i. 40.

Melons, ii. 449.

Menilled, or spotted snmnur
coat of deer, i- 456.

Menispemiacea?, ii. 655-659.

Mergui group of rocks, i. 2.

Merriam. Madame, i. 114.

Metamorphic Rocks, i. 1.

Mexican elemi, ii. 587.

Mhor, or great basking shark,
how captured, i. 284, 496.

Mice, varion.s species de-
scribed, i. 417-420.

Mignonette, ii. C47.

Millipedes, i. 32.

Milne-Edward.", .\., i. 455.

Milton. (|Uciied, i. 445: re-
ferred to, ii. 671.

Mimicry, rare powers of, of
the lihinuij, i. 379.

Mincopie, the, fully described,
i. 479 ; racial atliuitics of,
i. 482.

Mineralogy, i. 8.

Miniveti, i. 380.

Mint, ii. 297.

Jliraeles, suggested origin of
some, i. 4S8.

Mistletoe,etymologyof, ii.224.

Mites, marine, freshwater and
terrestrial, i. 33.

Mit'liun, the, i. 461.

Mixed Forests, ii. 11.

Moelia coffee, what some
undergoes, i. 388.

Mocha stones, i. 13.

Mr.ht, ii. 491.

Mo-jio, or thunderbolt, re-
garded by the Burmese as
of great value, i. 504.

Mole cricket, i. 45.

Mollusca, i. 124 €t srq.

Monboddo, liord, his theory
of the disappearance of t^ils,
illustrated, i. 476.

Mduimiaeea.', ii. 290.

Monkey pea, i. 24.

M(mkey-tiger, i. 469.

Moukey's concubine, i. 474.

Monkeys, various species of,
fully described, i. 474 ;
euricms habit of some, i. 476.

Monoehlamydea.', ii.219f< scq.

Monocotyledons, ii. 95 ct seq.

Monopetalous plants, ii. 294.

Montgomery, Mr., i. 471.

Monyplics, Scotch term for
inner stomach, i. 454.

M(«)n daisy, ii. 381.

Moon, goddess of the, ii. 381.

Moore, F., Cat;Uogues of
Lepidopterous Insects of
Bengal, of the Andanums
ami Xicolnirs, and of Upper
Tenas.serim, i. 51 el seq.

More^i', a fruit-yielding order
of trees, ii. 266-277.

Morel, ii. 90.

Morgan, M.ajor, remarks on
teak, ii. 691.

Moringacea', ii. 648.

Morphia, ii. 6.53.

Morrison's Pills, the active
ingredient of, ii. 635.

Mosipiitoes, i. 49.

' Mo.ss' agates, i. 13.

Mosses, ii. 36 et suj.; Systc-
niatic List of Burmese, ii.
43 et seq.

Moths, i. 52.

Mouchez, Capt., i. 181.

Mound-building birds, i. 392.

Mouutain ash, ii. 485.

Mountain barbel, a fish some-
times deleterious, i. 186.

Mountain hemlock, ii. 439.

Mouse deer, comparison of
dillerenees of, i. 455.

Mueil:ii.nnous plants, ii. 375.

Mud fishes, i. 222.

Mud volcanoes, i. 6.

Mugilis, Juvinal on, i. 237.

Mullen, ii. 691.

MuUer, Dr. S., on offensive
odour emitted by bats, i.439.

Mullets, i. 204.

Mung, ii. 491.

Mungoose, i. 469 ; reasons
why he may sustain and
survive snake bite, ii. 408.

Murie, Dr., paper on a enrioiLS
phenomenon in horubilis,
i. 351 ; quoted, i. 465.

Musace;e, economical import-
ance of, ii. 203.

Muscales, ii. 36, 92 et seq.

Muscardine. ii. 90.

Musci, ii. 92.

Muscovy duck, i. 399.

Mushrooms, English, in
Burma ii. 31, 91.

Musical lish, i. 214 ; the Rev.
C. Parish's narnitive of, i.
492 ; Kingsley's story of, i.
493 ; a natural cause sug-
gested as the origin of tlio
phenomenon, i. 494 ; Dr.
Giinther's remarks on, i.
494 ; Sir Emer.son Tenncnt's
accoimt of, i. 494 ; "W. C.
P.'s" account of, i. 495.

Musk rat, i. 440.

Mussels, i. 128.

Must elephants, their improper
treatment, i. 449 ; tin ir
proper treatment, i. 450.

MiLstard, found in a remote
place — oil in — how to mix
— as an emetic— poultice,
ii. 649.

Mustelid®, i. 464.

Mycelium = fungus spawn, ii.
227.

Mynahs, i. 385.

Myri.sticacea;, ii. 289.

Myrob.alans, varieties of, ii.
476 ; method of extracting
tannin from, ibid.

Myroporinea^ ii. i07.

Myrosine, the albuminous
principle in niu.stard, ii. 649.

Myrrh, ii. 587.

Myrsinese, ii. 36.3-368.

Myrtace.T, ii. 466-474.

Mvrtales. ii. 453.

Myth of Ii.aldur, ii. 224.

Myths relatin;; to the soul and
the butterily, i. 50 ; the
philosophy of, i. 487 ;
question relating to the
origin of, ii. 217; origin
of, ii. 083 ; quotations from
De Gubematisand the Rev.
W. G. Cox on, ii. 683-688.

N.

Xageia, a sj)ecies of, reganlid

as sacred, ii. 216.
Xaindea;, ii. 143.
Is'aked-gilled gastcropods, i.

140.
Naphtha, i. 14.
Kaphlhageneous bi'ds, i. 7.

TSO

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE ASD PRODUCTIOSS.

Narcissales, ii. 146.
Narcotme, ii. 653.
Nasturtium, ii. 6-iS.
Isatire Alumina, i. 11.
Kative descriptions of won-
drous animals, i. 411.
Native elements, i. 8.
Native Loadstone, i. 12.
Native testimony not utterly

untnistworthy, i. 506.
Nut-mee, or the Spirit- Fire,

i. 486.
Natron, i. 14.

Nat-toung, distinction be-
tween the two places so

named, ii. 571.
Nature, the study of, ii. 671-
Navel-wort, ii. 484.
Necklace hidbophyllum,ii.l54.
Necklace snake, i. 312.
Nectarine, ii. 485.
Neem-tree, ii. 581, 586.
Negritos, race whence the Min-

copies have sprung, i. 482.
Nelumbo, a useful plant, held

in mystic reverence, ii. 655.
Nematodes, i. 22,
Nemertes, i. 20.
Nepenthales, ii. 230.
Nepenthe of Homer, ii. 653.
Nerium, or oleander, ii. 350.
Nether world, s])irits of the,

propitiated by black beans,

ii. 491.
Neuralrria, remedies for, ii.

327,'646.
Nevill, G. and H., quoted and

mentioned, i. 123 et seq.
Niceville, Lionel de, quoted

and mentioned, \. b\ et seq.
Nicholson, Dr., account of the

teeth of snakes, quoted, i.

314 ; his method for killing

snakes, i. 315 ; quoted and

mentioned, i. 326 et seq.
Nicobar canoes, ii. 636.
Nicobar ground doves, i. 389.
Niepa bark, its bitter qualities,

ii. 589.
Nightjar, difference of opinion

regarding the note of, i. 355,
Ninepins, the game of, in the

Chittagong Hills, ii. 692.
Ninety-nine Islands, ii. 185.
Nipal spinach, ii. 291.
Nipal wolverine, i. 465.
Nistry silkworm, i. 81.
Nocturnal moths, plan for

catching, i. 107.
Noddy, i. 401.
Non-poisonous snakes, how

distinguished, i. 322.
Nordenskiiild, Baron, ' Voyage

of the Vega,' quoted, i. 485.
Norman, Judge, attacked by

a kite, i. 502.
North American Sea Island

cotton, ii. 417.
Nudibranchs, picturesque de-
scription of, i. 140-1.

Nummulitcs, i. 16.
Nummulitic Group, i. 3.
Nuptial flight of the queen-
bee, i. 1 19.
Nut-hatch, i. 377.
Nutmeg, ii. 289.
Nux-vomica, ii. 342.
Nyctagine:c, ii. 293.
Nymphweu', ii. 654-5.

0.

Oak of Dodona, 216-217.

Oaks, ii. 258 ; legends relating
to, u. 261.

Gates, E., mentioned and
quoted, i. 345 et passim.

Oaths, bincbng, ii. 298.

Oaths in patriarclial times, ii.
274, 689.

Ochnacea, ii. 587-8.

Octopoda, i. 181.

Ocypodes, i. 30.

Odontophore, i. 124.

Oil,aveffetableconcrete.ii.363.

Oil beetle, i. 110.

Oil of ben, ii. 648.

Oil sardine, i. 275.

Olacales, ii. 574 et seq.

01aciuea>, ii. 576-o8(».

Oldham, Dr., on gold for-
warded to Calcutta by
Major Berdniore, i. 9 ;
mentioned, i. 310.

Old man, ii. 403.

Oleanders, ii. 344.

Onagrarea>, ii. 453.

Onion, ii. 128 ; Juvenal's
lines on the, ii. 129 ; part
taken in religion, ii. 129.

Onion of Asbalon, ii. 128.

Onyx, i. 13.

Open Forests, ii. 9.

Ophiocephali, i. 237.

Ophioglosseae, ii. 94.

Ophthalmia, remedy for, ii.
206.

Opium, remarks on, ii. 653.

Orange-flower water, ii. 596.

Oranges, ii. 678.

Orchidaceae, ii. 148.

Orchidales, ii. 153.

Orchids, Burmese, ii. 148 ft
seq. ; ii. 189 ct seq. ; of the
Andamans, ii. 202 ; Addi-
tional, ii. 680 ; fertilization
of, ii. 680.

Oriental woodpecker, i. 347.

Orientals, dyeing their own
skin and nails, and also the
manes and tails of their
horses, ii. 456.

O'Biley. Mr., mentioned, i.
209, 345.

O'Eilevite, i. 10.

Ormuzi ii. 687.

Ornithology, i. 345 et seq. ;
list of authorities, papers,
and books on, ibie/.

Orobanchea;, ii. 321.

Orris root, ii. 147.

Orthoptera, i. 43.

Ortolan, i. 385.

O'Shaughnessy, Dr., direc
tions for preparing seaweed,
ii. 30 ; referred to, ii. 653.

Osmunda, derivation of, ii. 77.

Otaheity cane, ii. 115.

Otters, 1. 464.

Ovid, on Echeneis, quoted, i.
221 ; describing Ceres as
first teaching the cultivation
of com, ii. 116; quoted,
ii. 209, 491, 688.

Owen, Prof., quoted, i. 80.

Owls, habits of. i. 406.

Oxygen Compounds, i. 11.

Oysters, i. 124.

Oyster catchers, i. 393.

Faddy bird, i. 39S.

I'addy-eater, i. 196.

Fai, hot springs at, i. 7 ;
analysis of the water, i. 8.

Fainted snipe, i. 394.

Fahis of Intlia, ii. 505.

Falma-Christi, ii. 251.

Falmales. ii. 135.

Palms, economic uses, i. 136.

I'alouk, hot-springs at, i. 7.

Fan, ii. 207 ; chewing, a harm-
less luxury, ii. 231.

Fandane;e, ii. 133.

Pandanus, uses of, ii. 135.

Pangolin, i. 412.

Pantheism of the Mahabha-
rata, ii. 340.

Papaveracese, ii. 653-4.

Papaw, juice of. good for
rendering meat tender, ii.
352 ; power of dissolving
living tissues, ii. 353 ; Sir
J. D. Hooker on, ii. 452.

Papayotin, its peculiar pro-
perty, ii. 452.

Paper, plants yielding, ii.
276, 281.

Paradise flycatcher, i. 381.

Paradoxures, horrible stench
emitted from, i. 468.

Paraguay tea, ii. 576.

Paralysis, caused by unwhole-
some food, ii. 503 ; induced
by a species of pidse, ii. 509.

Farietales, ii. 643 et s(q.

Parish, Rev. C, remarks on
the habitat of crabs, i.
30-1 ; account of Pgai-
nwet, i. 121 ; quoted, i.
146 ; his account of musical
fishes, i. 214, 492-3; on
the botany of Burma, ii. 3
et passim ; liis account of
Burmese Orchids, ii. 148 et
srq. ; his ' Enumeration of
Burmese Orchids systemati-

TXDEX.

781

cally arranged,' ii. 189 et
seq. ; his discovery at Ta- ok
of a species of Knfflrsia, ii.
228; discoverj'of awildAin-
herstia, full account of, ii.
537 ; account of Kaykrce,
ii. GS2.

Tarra-beike, ii. 276.

Panakeets, conflicting ac-
counts of beaks of, i. lO'.i.

Tarrot, i. 50-t.

I'arrot lislies, at some seasons
unlit for food, i. 187.

rarrots, tuotli of, i. -lOS ; age
of, i. 410.

Parsley, ii. 439.

Parsnip, ii. 439.

Parthenogenesis, instances of,
i. 38 ; ii. 484.

Partridges, i. 391.

Pascoe, F. P., his ' Zoological
Classification,' i. 16 et jms.

Paste eels, i. 22.

Passiflorales, ii. 441.

Patchouly, ii. 295, 297.

Pawpaw, American, ii. 601.

Peai^, ii. 48.").

Peacock-brains, i. 403.

Peacocks, their antipatliy to
tigers, i. 389 ; their " cry
supposed to herald rain, (/«(/.

Pea-fowl, i. 389.

Pea nieasle, i. 21.

Pearl oyster, i. 127.

Pearly nautilus, mode of
capturing, i. 179.

Pears, ii. 48.5.

Pearson, Dr., i. 345.

Pearson, Major, remarks on
teak, ii. 691.

Peckolt, Dr., discoverer of
papayotin, ii. 452.

Peepul, parasitism <if tlii>, ii.
149.

Pegu hare, dentition of, i. 422.

Pegu ironwood, ii. 541.

Pegu tree shrews, anecdotes of
the tameuess and death of
two, 441 ; specific distinc-
tions, i. 442.

Pelicans, i. 398.

Penibertim, Dr., on the action
of gum kino, ii. 529.

Penguins, i. 398.

Pennyroyal, ii. 295.

Pentastoma, i. 35.

Peppermint, ii. 295.

Peregrine falcon, i. 403.

Perigynous plants, ii. 294 et scj.

Periwinkles, i. 155.

Pernambuco cotton, ii. 616.

Personak's, ii. 307.

Penivian cotton, ii. 616.

Petersburgh hemp, ii. 262.

Petrels, ii. 398, 400.

Petrifie<i wood, ii. 692.

Petroleum, i. 6, 14.

Phfenogams, ii. 95.

Phallic symbolism, and the
fig-tree, ii. 274.

Pharisee, modem instance of
a, ii. 653.

PhasmidiC, i. 44.

Phayre, .Sir A., dedication to,
i. xxi ; as the first syste-
matic collector of birds in
liunua, i. 345 ; 476.

Pheasauts, i. 389.

Philtres, ii. 204-5.

Phosphoric fish, i. 215.

Phryuid;e, i. 35.

Phvsaline, ii. 325.

Phytolaccea-, ii. 293.

Picrotoxiu, ii. 657.

Piddington, Mr., on the best
soil for cotton, ii. 616.

Pig bear, i. 462.

Pig rat, i. 418.

Pigeons, i. 387, 388.

Pigeon's blood, a ruhv tint,
1. 11.

Pigmy falcons, i. 403.

Pig-tailed baboon, i. 476.

Pigs, dentition of, i. 454.

Pike whale, i. 445.

Pilcher plants, ii. 230.

Pill-rollers, i. 112.

Pilot fish, i. 219.

Pimento pepper, ii. 474.

Pinang lawyer, ii. 140.

Pine-apple, ii. 203.

Pine Forests, ii. 9.

Pine-cones, significance of, ii.
214.

Pines, ii. 213; DeGubernatis
on, ii, 214.

Pintail, i. 400.

I'ipe-clay as a head-coveriug
lor elephants, i. 451

Pipe fishes, i. 281.

Piperacea% ii. 230.

Piperales, ii. 230 et seq.

Pisces, i. 188 et seq.

Pissabed, ii. 403.

Pistachio-nut, ii. 554.

Pitre, M., (pioted, ii. 215.

Pittas, i. 363.

Pittosporea;, ii. 6-13.

Pit-vipers, i. 313.

Plantaginea^ ii. 369.

Plantain, ii. 203 ; discussion
on the name, ii. 204.

Plantain fibre, manufacture
of, ii. 683.

Plant lice, i. 37.

Platina button, analysis of , i. 9.

Platinum, i. 9.

Pliiiv on the manufacture of
'I'vrian purple, i. 144.

Ph)vers, i. 392.

Plum, a species of, ii. 280.

Plumbagine;T, ii. 369.

I'lumbago, the roots of, pur-
pose ito which they are ap-
plied, ii. 370.

Plumbeous redstart, i. 372.

Poached-egg tree, ii. 637.

Pochanls, i. 399, 400.

Point-t)-ing, superstition con-
cerning, ii. 688.

Poison apparatus of snakes
explained, i. 314.

Poisoning of animals, ii. 343.

Poisonous fish, i. 186, 223,
274, 282.

Poisonous plants as food in
times of scarcity, ii. 145.

Poisonous snakes distin-
guished, i. 322; few in
number, i. 323.

Polar bears, i. 485.

Polemoniales, ii. 327.

Policemen auts, i. 116.

Pohsalales, ii. 640 et seq.

Polygalere. ii. 640-643.

Polvgoneje, a useful order of
nlants, ii. 292.

Polj'petalous plants, ii. 431
et stq.

Polypoda, i. 179.

Polyzoa, i. 23 et seq.

Pomesranate, ii. 459.

Pomfrets, i. 220.

Pongamia, oil of, ii. 520.

Pontederales, ii. 124.

Pontederiace.T!, ii. 124.

Poon, ii. 700.

Poou spars, dispute as to the
tree used for, ii. 636.

Pope, quotation from, i. 16 ;
' Homer,' quoted, i. 120,
285, 496 ; ii. 78 ; ' Essay
on Man,' quoted, ii. 145.

Pope's blessing, attitude in,
very ancient, ii. 492.

Poppy, ii. 653.

Porcupines, dentition of ,i.422 ;
not yet sutKciently discrimi-
nated, i. 424.

Pork tape-worm, i. 21.

Portugal, a savant of, unduly
disparaged, i. 501.

Portulace;e, ii. 639.

Posthumus, Ilorace's Ode to,
quoted, ii. 214.

Potamales, ii. 14 3.

Potamea', ii. 144.

Potato, ii. 325.

Pottery in the Andamans, i.
484.

Poultry, i. 389.

Power possessed by some snails
of dissolving parts of their
shells, i. 167.

Pras of India, ii. 505.

Pratincoles, i. 392.

Prawns, i. 25.

Prehensile t.ale, the only pla-
cental mammal in the old
world with a, i. 469.

Priapus, images of, ii. 275.

Pricklv pear, i. 36.

Priniulacea-, ii. 368.

Wmulales, ii. 363.

Prince of trees, ii. 217.

Prionodon, described, i. 467.

Prior, R., ' Popular Names of
British Plants,' quoted, ii.
67 et passim ; on the deriva-
tion of hoUi-hock, ii. 609.

783

BURMA, ITS PEOriE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Pristulte, i. 497.

I'rome, a must elephant at,

i. 419.
Propcrtius, quoted, ii. '20.5.
Proscolex, i. 21.
Protoplasm, i. 16.
Protosesqiiioxide of Iron,i. 12.
Protozoa, i. 16.
Proridential design, remarks

on, ii, 671.
Pnissic acid, ii. 330.
Psilomelane, i. 13.
Psora, cure for, ii. 319.
Psoriasias,lininient for, ii. 3.33.
Pteropoda, i. 139.
Ptolemy's soldier who killed a

cat, i. 312.
Pufl'-baUs, ii. 91.
Puff fishes, i. 187.
Puffiu, i. 394.
Puffta fish, i. 256.
Pugiu's ' Glossary of Eeclesi-

astical Ornaments,' referred

to, ii. 459.
Pulses, diverse properties of

various species of, ii. 509.
Pumpkins, ii. 449.
I'uneli's verses on sea animals,

i. 489-90.
Purchas, the traveller, ii. 618.
Pure ideas, perversion of,

illustrated, ii. C85-6.
Purgative, a good, ii. 241.
Purslane, ii. 639.
Putrliuk, ii. 205.
Pwai-nget, described, i. 121,
Pvoung'^ i. 460,
Pyriteri. 10,
l'3Tuphoriis, ii, 103,
PjTO-xene, i. 13,
Pythagoras, rejected beans as

food, ii. 491,
Pytho, ii. 684.
Python, i. 308 ; Karen legend

conceniing the, ibid. ; es-
teemed as food, ibid. ; killed

by pigs, i, 454.

Q.

Ouadnmiana, i, 474.

Quails, i. 391.

Quaker tlirushes, i. 359.

Quartz, i. 13.

Quatrefages, M. de, riews on

the racial affinities of the

Mincopies, i. 482,
Queen of Orchidaceous plants,

the, ii. 177.
Quernales, ii, 225 et seq.
Quinine, ii, 288,

R.

Rabenhorst, Dr, L,, ii. 25 seq.
Radish, ii, 649,
Raltlesia, a species of, found
at Ta-ok, ii, 228.

Eafflesiacea;, ii, 227,
'Raff of lanthina, i, 179.
Rails, i, 392, 396,
Rainey, J,, on " Banisal

guns," i, 494,
Rajmalial Hills, Ii/nis fatuns

in. i. 489,
Rambutan fruit, ii, 556, 561,
Eampion, ii. 375,
Ramsay, Lieut, "\V., rcfened

to, i, 345, 393,
Ranales, ii. 654 et seq.
Randia as a substitute for

ipecacuanha, ii. 426.
Ranges of hills crossing

Burma, i. 1.
Rangoon creeper, ii. 479.
Rangoon earth oil, i. 14.
Ranunculaceie, ii. 009-671.
Raptores, i. 406,
Raspberry, ii. 485.
Rat birds, i. 367.
Rat snake, i. 301.
Eats, theii' antipathy to snakes,

i. 301 : destruction caused

by, i. 417.
Rattans, ii. 137.
Razor ash,i, 136,
Recent Deposits, i. 4.
Red coral, i. 19.
Red-crested pochard, i, 400.
Red cmTant jelly, substitute

for, ii. 614.
Red jasmine, ii, 333,
Red jowar,ii, 115,
Red monkey, i, 478.
Red mullet, i. 204,
Red shrikes, i, 380,
Red snow, ii. 86.
Red-whiskered bulbul, i, 369.
Reem, Hebrew name of the

rhinoceros, i. 452.
Regur, i. 5,
Reichenbach, Prof. H, G.,

tribute paid to, ii. 152;

papers on Orchids, quoted,

ii. 152 etseq.
Reindeer moss, ii, 35,
Religions, relationshipbetween

dead and living, ii, 219,
Religion and Trade, proverb

applicable to each, ii. 502.
Religiotis symbols, ignorance

regarding, and neglect of

priests to impart knowledge

concerning, ii. 492.
ReligioiLs sjnnbolism, ii. 129.
Renaii, referred to, ii. 689.
Reptilia, i. 297 ; flesh of, as

food, i. 297.
Republican swallows, i. 356.
ResedacefE, ii. 647.
Resin, ti-ees producing, 626,

627, 628.
Restiales, ii. 122.
Revivalists, their tub-tlmmp-

ing reprehended, ii. 506.
Revolutelv, definition of, i.

180.
Rhamnaccre, ii. 568-571.

Rheea grass, cultivation of,
and fibre produced from,
ii. 365.

Rhesus monkey, i. 476, 478.

Rheumatism, remedies for, ii.
327, 4G7, 551, 645, 658.

Rhinoceroses, Blyth's remarks
on, quoted, i. 451.

Rbinolophida), i. 426.

Rliizogens, ii. 227.

Rhizuphore*, ii. 480-481.

Ehizopods, i. 16.

Rhododendrons, ii. 373.

Rhubarb, ii. 292.

Rice, ii. 107; methods of
cultivation, ii. lOS; legends
and superstitions connected
with, ibii.

Rice flour v. Corn flour, ii. 103.

Rice paper, ii. 433.

Ridley, S. 0., acknowledg-
ment to, i. 490.

Ringworm, cure for, ii. 532.

Eissoids, i, 159,

Eobber crab, adventure with,
i, 28-9,

Rock oyster, i. 120.

Rocks, Metamorphic, i. 1 .

Rodents, i, 412,

Roepstorif, F, A, de, men-
tioned, i,51 ; quoted i. 484.

Rohde, G., mentioned, ii. 110.

Roman Catholic mythology,
ii. 381.

Room, the dye called, ii. 314.

Eosace;E, ii' 485-490; the
chief members of this order
enumerated, ii. 485.

Eosales, ii. 482 et seq.

Eose, the, ii. 485 ; the old
poetic fancy of the birth
of, ii. 488.

Eose-apple, ii. 474.

Rose beetles, i. 112.

Rose of Jericho, curious super-
stition in corme.xion witli
the, ii. 649.

Eoselle, fruit of the, ii. 614.

Eosemary, ii. 295.

Eosenmiiller, quoted, ii. 456.

Eose-tangles, ii. 28.

Eosewood, a substitute for, ii.
525.

Eottler, Rev. Dr., ii. 244.

Eottlera, a valuable mediciual
plant, description of, ii. 214.

Eottleriue, a substance c.\-
ti'acted from K.amala ii. 2 1 5.

Rouge, bow made, ii. 399.

Rowan, ii. 485.

Roxburgh, Dr., quoted, i. 80;
his ' ]?lora Indica,' ii. 2 seq.

Roxbiirghiacea', ii. 125.

Royal falcon, i. 403.

Royle, Dr., mentioned, ii 133;
experiments onhemp.ii. 262.

Eubiacea;, ii, 404; an import-
ant order of plants, ii, 430.

Eubies, their value, i. 11.

Ruddy shieldiake, i. 399.

rXDEX.

783

Ruminants, stomachs of, i 451.

Kunipliius, quaint piety of,
ii. 145.

Eusot, ii. 655.

Eus.<iiU, A. E., mentioned, i.
51 ; ([uoted, i. 190.

Russell's viper, i. 322.

Rust, ii. 90.

Rut.ice.-c, ii. 590-596 ; pro-
perties of, ii. 590.

Rutland Island tribe of .\nda-
manese, i. 4S1 ; their good
qualities, i. 482.

S.

S.aba, Queen of, ii. 5S7.

Sabiacea?, ii. 554.

S.able fish, i. 276.

Sacred tree of the Buddhists,

ii. 629.
Safflower, ii. 399.
Saffron, ii. 147.
' Saffron - robed ' Dawn of

Homer, ii. 147.
Sage, ii. 29.').
Sago, ii. 139, 211.
Sal, of India, ii. 628.
Salad burnet, ii. 485.
Salt, common, i. 11.
Salt, economic considerations

on, i. 2S0.
Salt, employed in catching

shell fish, 'i. 136.
Salvimea>, ii. 93.
Sahveen Uivcr, origin of the

name, ii. 608.
Sambhur deer, i. 456.
Samphire, ii. 439.
Sanivdace;c, ii. 450.
Sand martins, i. 356.
Sandal-wood, ii. 307.
Sandoricum tree, fruit of the,
- ii. 583.
Sandpipers, i. 394.
Sautalacc:e. ii. 220.
Santales, ii. 220 et seq.
Santalum, economic products

of, ii. 221.
Sapindacese, ii. 554 ; useful

])roducts of, 561.
Sapindales, ii. 547 el seq.
Sapindus, a wood, ii. 240.
S.apotace.'c, 300 ; products of,

363.
Sappan-wood, ii. 491, 538.
Sapphire, i. 11.
Sarcode, i. 16.
Sardine, i. 275, 276.
Sardonyx, i. 13.
Sarsaparilla, ii. 127, 340.
Siissafras, ii. 287, 288.
Satan, the Aryan and Iranian

eouceptiou of, ii. 687.
Saurureai, ii. 2.30.
Savage races in the Andamans,

i. 484.
Savamiahs, ii. 14.

Saviour, the idea of an in-
carnate, in the ' Mahabha-
rata," ii. 341.

Savory, ii. 295.

Saw-lisli, the oil produced
from, substituted for '* cod-
liver oil," i. 186; the fish
described, i. 286.

Saxifrageic, ii. 483.

Scale mosses, ii. 47.

Scaly ant-eater, i. 412.

Scammony, ii. 330.

Scandinavian legends, origin
of, ii. 084.

Scandinavian mythology, ii.
225.

Scarlet dye, valuable, ii. 410.

Scarlet ninner, ii. 491.

Scent tvciiM sight, in vultures,
i. 402.

Scented wood, ii. 586.

Schlegel, referred to, i. 397.

Schultens, his abortive at-
tempt to reduce the plan-
tains to order, ii. 204.

Selater, Dr., i. 482.

Scolex, i. 21.

Sconibers, i. 220.

Scopoli, mentioned, i. 374.

Scorpion fish, i. 185.

Scorpions, i. 33, 152.

Screech owls, i. 406.

Screw pine, ii. 134.

Serophul.arineie, ii. 322-324.

Scurvy, remedy for, ii. 596.

Scylla, Homer's description of,
probably borrowed from
some mariner's yam of au
octopus, i. 285.

Scythian rhubarb, ii. 292.

Sea anemones, i. IS, 489.

Sea cucumbers, i. 20.

Sea eagle, habits of, i. 401.

Sea eggs, i. 19.

Sea Island cottim, ii. GI7.

Sea lilies, i. 19.

Sea mantis, i. 25.

Sea pancakes, i. 19.

Sea pink, ii. 111.

Sea plovers, i. 393.

Sea snakes, i. 316.

Sea urchins, i. 19.

Sea weeds, scarcity of, on
Burmese co.ists, li. 16.

Sea worms, i. 23.

Sea wracks, ii. 26.

Seer fishes, i. 221.

Selung boats, ii. 136.

Senna, ii. 532.

Sensitive plaut, the, ii. 541.

Serpent of Genesis, ii. 274 ;
falsification concerning the,
deprecatctl, ii. 688.

Seq)entine, 1. 5.

Si'same.T, ii. 307.

Sesamum, and Hindu cere-
monies, ii. 307.

Sesbania, economic products
of, ii. 523.

Sesquio.\ide of Iron, i. 12.

Seth, the son of Adam, in the

Legendof the Cro.s.s, ii. 217.
' Seven brothers,' a family of

birtls so called, i. 367.
Seville orange, ii. 596.
Shahin falcon, i. 403.
Shallot, ii. 128.
Sharaa of India, i. 371.
Shau vegetable black dye, ii.

357.
Sharks, i. 284.
Sharks' fins, value of, i. 284.
Sharks' flesh considered nu-
tritious, i. 203.
Sharks, the oil produced from,

substituted for " cod liver

oil," i. 186.
Shea butter, ii. 363.
Sheba, the Queen of, ii. 218.
Shell-eaters, i. 398.
Shell lac, i. 37.
Shelly marine worms, i. 23.
Sheriff, Dr. M., on a substi-

tate for ipecacuanha, u.

338; quoted, ii. 343; on

Randia in dysentery, ii.

426.
Shieldrakes, i. 399.
Ship-worm, i. 139.
Shoe Hower, the, ii. 613.
' Shola ' hats. ii. 502.
Short-winged thrushes, i. 308.
Showers of fish, explanation

regarding, i. 185.
Shrews, species described and

their dentition, i. 339-341.
Shrikes, i. 380.
Shrimps, i. 25.
Shrubby bamboos, ii. 97.
Signatures, the doctrine of, ii.

329, 381.
Silica, i. 13.
Silicate of Aluminum and

Glucinum, i. 14.
Silk, early knowleilge of, in

China. 80 : little known to

the ancients, ibid.
Silkworms, i. 52.
Silk-yielding moths, i. 79.
SiluToid fishes, i. 184.
Silver, i. 10.

Silver-backed fern, ii. 08.
Silver fern, ii. 59.
Silver flower, ii. 156.
Silver pheasjint, i. 390.
Silver stone, i. 12.
Silvery-leaf monkey, i. 479.
Simariibea;, ii. 588-590.
Sinapine tissue a ple.asantor

application than a mustani

poultice, ii. 649.
Singhara of India, !is a food

supply, ii. 454.
Sirens, the, perhaps traceable

to musical fish, i. 495.
Sitaris, evolution of, i. 110.
Sitsyahn shales, i. 4.
Siwiilik Group of rocks, i. 3.
Skeat, W. W., quoted, ii. 224.
Skimmer, a bird, i. 401.

78i

BCIIMA, ITS PEOPLE AXD PRODUCTIOXS.

Skin diseases, remedies for,
ii. 323, 340.

Skij) jacks, i. 111.

Skirrets, ii. 439.

Skua gulls, i. 400.

Skylark of India, i. 385.

Sloe, ii. 48.').

Slow loris, i. 474.

Slugs, i. 161

Slym, Mr., ou native mode of
girdling timber, ii. BOO.

Small-clawed otter, i. 464.

Smaller mouse-deer, i. 455.

Smilace;c, ii. 127.

Smith, E. E., i. 123.

Smith, Capt. L., his collection
of beetles, i. 114.

Smut, ii. 90.

Snails, sounds produced bv, i.
171 ; slug-like. i. 174. "

Snake birds, i. 402.

Snake bite and its antidotes,
i. 310 ; treatment for, i.
323-326 ; Ivicholson on, i.
326 ; inadequacy of a sup-
posed cure tor, ii. 408.

Snake charmers, i. 309.

Snake-head fish, i. 237.

Snake-nut, ii. 554.

Snake poison, there is no anti-
dote to, i. 316.

Snakes, i. 297 at siq. ; native
superstition concerning, i.
298 ; their poison apparatus
explained, i. 314 ; mode of
killing, i. 315; means of
distinguishing between poi-
sonous and non-poisonous,
i. 322.

Snapdragon, ii. 323.

Snapping turtles, i. 339.

Snipes, i. 394.

Soapstone, ii. 5.

Soap-worts, ii. 561.

Sodium Carbonate, i. 14.

Sodium Chloride, i. 11.

Soft crabs, i. 25.

Sott tm-tles, i. 339 ; character
of, summed up, i. 343.

Soja, ii. 513.

Solanales, ii. 324.

Solanca", ii. 324 ; value of the
order, ii. 326.

Solauine, narcotic principle of
the potato, ii. 327.

Solid- hilled hombill, i. 351.

Solomon, buUding the Temple,
ii. 218; his Court, ii. 587.

Soma j nice of the Vedas ii.340.

Sona niung, ii. 491.

Sounerat, mentioned, i. 374.

Soor fish, 213-14.

Sound-producing fish, i. 186.

Sour sop, ii. 664.

South Andaman Island, i.481.

South Sea Islandcotton,ii.616.

Southern booby, i. 401.

Sow bug, i. 24.

Sowerby's ' Thesaurus Con-
chyUorum,' i. 123.

Sow thistles, ii. 403.

Soy, or Soya, Japanese,ii. 513.

Spanish fly, i. 109.

Spanish moss, ii. 36.

Sparrows, i. 383.

Spatbodea, as food, ii. 319.

Spear grass, ii. 112.

Speannint, ii. 295.

Species, the difficulty of de-
ciding where one enils and
another begins, i. 130.

Specific distinctions, nicety as
to, i. 370, 384; animad-
verted on, 391, 395, 407.

Specular iron, i. 12.

Sperm whales, i. 445.

Spermaceti, i. 445.

Sphagna, ii. 92.

Spicer, Mr., referred to, i. 493.

Spider claws, i. 152.

"Spider" of Proy. xxx. 28 =
" Gecko," i. 331.

Spider-shaped tick, infesting
the flying-fox bat, i. 424.

Spiders, i. 33 ; their peculiar
marital habits, i. 35.

Spinach, ii. 291.

Spindle strombs, i. 152.

Spined eels, i. 184, 235.

Spinel, i. 12.

Spirit-Fire, Duff's accouut of
the, i. 486.

Sponges, i. 17.

Spoonbills, i. 398.

Sportsmen pestered by laugh-
ing thrushes, i. 307.

Sprains, remedy for, ii 645.

Spring beetles, i. 111.

SpuiTed geese, i. 399.

Squids, i. 181.

Squills, i. 25.

Squirrel, instanceof ' mimicry '
in a species of, i. 442.

Squirrels, i. 412 ; an inherent
tendency of, i. 413; various
species fully described, i.
412-417.

St. Margaret, ii. 381.

St. Mary, ii. 381.

St. Michel's day, curious
custom ou, ii. 227.

Staggers, i. 21.

Stalactite, i. 14.

Stalagmite, i. 14.

Stalked barnacles, i. 24.

Star-apple, ii. 361.

Star-fish, i. 19.

Starch, ii. 206.

Starlings, i. 385.

Stephenson, the engineer, re-
ferred to, i. 121.

Sterculia, a particularly ott'cn-
sive smelling species of,
ii. 619 ; products of the
genus, ii. 621.

Sterculiacefp, ii. 619; pro-
ducts of, ii. 625.

Stevenson, Capt. J. F., his
description of hot-springs
near the Pai Eiver, i. 7.

Stibnite, i. 10.
Stiltshanks, ii. 396.
Stinging ant.s, i. 118.
Stinging nettles, ii. 266.
Stink-wood of South Africa,

ii. 288.
Stints, i. 394.
Stoliczka, Dr. Ferdinand,

quoted, mentioned, and re-
ferred to, i. 28 et passim.
Stone implements found in

Burma, i. 504.
Stoneehats, i. 382.
Stonecrops, ii. 484.
Stone plovers, i. 392.
Stony corals, i. 18.
Storax, ii. 357.
Storks, i. 394, 397.
Strauss, referred to, ii. 689.
Strawberry, ii. 485, 490.
Stridulatory apparatus iu

IIypsina>, i. 86.
Striped-squirrel snake, i. 301.
Strombs, i. 152.
Strychnine, the use of, in de-
stroying animals, ii. 342.
Strychnos-eaters, ii. 342.
Sti-ychnos-tree, ii. 342.
Stumpy-tailed monkey, its tail

described, i. 4 75.
Stylideic, ii. 376.
Styrace;c, ii. 355 : economic

products of, ii. 357.
Subzi, a beverage, ii. 263.
Sucking fish, i. 221.
Sugar, ii. 115.
Sugar-cane, ii. 115.
Suicide, fish used as a means

of, i. 187.
Sulphantiraonite of copper,

i. 11.
Sulphide of Antimony, i.

10.
Sulphide of Copper and Iron,

i. 10.
Sulphide of Lead, i. 10.
Sumatran rhinoceros, i. 4"i3 ;

liartlett's remarks on the

birth of one, iiiil.
Sun-bear, i. 462.
Sun birds, i. 360.
Sunflower, erroneous notion

of the, ii. 403.
Sun-god, the, ii. 224.
Sun hemp, ii. 491, 519.
Sim raisins, ii. 303.
Sun, the, reason why male in

hot and female iu cold

countries, ii. 225.
Superstition, curious instance

of, ii. 688.
Surma, i. 10.
Suvananadi, old name of the

Irrawaddy, i. 8.
Suvana-thumi, the old name

of Pegu, i. 8.
Swallows, i. 356.
Swallow shrikes, i. 380.
Swamp Forests, ii. 0.
Sweet basil, ii. 295.

IXDEX.

785

Sweet cane of the Scriptures,

ii. 133.
Sweet Cicely, ii. 439.
Sweet potiito, ii. 330.
Sweet wood of Jamaica, ii.2SS.
Swifts, i. 3.57.
Swiiihoe, Mr., i. 394.
Sword beans, ii. 491, 510.
Sword-fishes, i. 214.
Symbolism of the soma ]ilant,

ii. 340 ; of the fruit of the

pomegranate, ii. 459.
Symes, Colonel, amba.ssador

to Ava, ii. 2.

Tahasheer, ii. 102.

Tabooed subject of relisjious

symbolism, ii. 492.
Taccacea;, ii. 147.
Taccales, ii. 147.
Tail-less arboreal apes, i. 474.
Tailor birds, i. 372.
Tul palm of liengal (not a

pun), i. 383, 502.
Talpidic, i. 439.
Tamarind lish, i. 188, 221.
Tamariscinea!, ii. 639-40.
Tamarix galls, ii. 640.
Tannin, mode of extracting,

ii. 47G.
Ta-ok Pass, discovery of a

new Rafflesia at, ii. 228.
Tape-worm, i. 21 ; remedies

for, ii. 245-247, 353, 645.
Tapioca, ii. 251.
Tapirs, dentition of, i. 453 ;

habits of, i. 454.
Tapsi mach, a fish, derivation

of the name, i. 211.
Tarragon, ii. 409.
Tartarian Lamb, ii. 64.
Tat, sacking so called, ii. 606.
Tattooing, amongst the Auda-

manese, i. 483.
Tavoy potato, ii. 145.
Tavoy River, the locality

where the Rev. C. Parish

heard bis musical fish,i. 493.
Tavoy red wood, ii. 552.
Taylor, on the respiration of

Ainphipnouit, i 277.
Taylor, W., ' Historic Siin-ey

of German Poetry," ii. 225.
Tea, ii. 633 ; substitutes lor,

ii. 457, 570.
Teak, experiments on forty -

four samples of, ii. 689.
Teal, i. 399.
Teasel, ii. 404.
Tectibranchiate mollusks, de-

eription of, i. 140.
Tej pat of Indian bazaars, ii.

288.
Teleological argnments, not

to be absolutely depended

on, i. 106; to oe received

with caution, i. 174.

Telinga potato, ii. 131.

Tellens, mode of catching for
food, i. 135.

Tenasserini Avifauna, i. 376.

Tcnasserim caoutchouc creep-
er, ii. 349.

Tcnasserim, proper ortho-
graphy of, i. 50S ; ii. 139.

Tcnasserim River, adventure
with a .snake on the, i. 310.

Tcnasserim sole, i. 249.

Tennent, Sir Y,., description
of musical lish, i. 494.

Ternary Compounds, i. 13.

Terns, "i. 400, 401.

Ternstrcemiacea), ii. 630-633.

Terra orellana, ii. 644.

Terrapins of America, i. 336.

Tetanus, a remedy for, ii.
263.

Tetrahedrite, i. 11.

Teutonic legends, ii. 684.

Thalamitlone, ii. 001 et scq.

Thallogens, ii. 15 et seq., 86.

Thamen. or Faiioliu, full de-
scription of, i. 456 ; formerly
more abiuidant, i. 458.

Thatchmg grass, ii. 114.

Thatch rat, i. 419.

Thatung, derivation of, i. 8.

Theophrastus, i. 238.

Thelyphonida', i. 35.

Thinsadaw pagoda, tame fish
at,M. 252.

Tliomson, Sir C. 'Wyville, i.
17 ; his 'Depths of the Sea,'
quoted, i. 129.

Thomson, Dr., ii. 502.

Thorn-apple, ii. 326.

Thorny bamboos, ii. 98.

Thoroii, M. de, his com|)arison
ot musical lish, i. 493.

Thracian rlinharb. ii. 292.

Thread-worm, i. 22.

Three I'ajoilas, diseovcrv of
an orchid at, ii. 181, 188.

Three-striped paradoxure, i.
468.

Thrushes, i. 363.

Thugs, narcotics iLsed by, ii.
326.

Tliunder-holt of the Burmese,
i. 501.

Thwaites, Mr., spiders from
{;eylon, i. 34 ; tpioted, men-
tioned, and referred to, i.
110 (■< seq.

Thyme, ii, 295.

Tbvmeiieacea;, product.s of, ii.
280.

Tie polonga, Ceylon name of
Russell's viper, i. 312.

Tickell, on lish, (pioted, i. 1 96
et scq. : figure of a rare
turtle, i. 344 ; remarks on
water-hens quotod, i. 396 ;
states that an adjutant he
shot disgorged the head of
a child, i. 397 ; account of
flying foxes quoted, i. 423.

Ticks, in sheep, and other
animals, ii. 657.

Tiger beetles, 114 ; aptness of
the name, ibid.

Tiger, the, measurements, etc.
— usually kills its own prey
(an exception to this rule
quoted) — diffusion of —
usual food of — attack by
one on a pony — occasionally
attacks elephants, i. 4 70;
danger of robbing one —
traps for catching — when
most dangerous — the two
races of, i. 471 ; unpleasant
rencontre with one, men-
tioned as a warning, i. 473.

Tigers, method of catching
with birdlime, ii. 224.

Tiliacea;, ii. 601-608.

Timber, girdling of, Cuu-
demned, ii. 090.

Tin, Hinoxide of, i. 12.

Tinstone, i. 12.

Titmice, i. 377.

Toad-llax, ii. 323.

Toads, i. 296 ; sad end of a
tame toad, ibid. ; Giinther's
rentarks on, ibid.

Tobacco, ii. 326.

Toddy, palm, ii. 140.

Todies, i. 354.

Tomato, ii. 325.

Tom cats, habit of, i. 473.

Toon of India, ii. 586, 702.

Tooth-ache, remedv for,ii.046.

Torpedo fish, i. 187, 286.

Tortoise beetles, i. 108.

Tortoise-shell turtle, i. 344.

Toucans, i. 349.

Toung-ong palm, its economic
uses, ii. 141.

Tourmaline, i. 14.

Trachyte, i. 6.

Tragaeanth, ii. 491 ; a gum
resembling, ii. 211.

Trap, i. 5.

Traveller's tree. ii. 201.

Tree Fern, ii. 59.

Tree frogs, i. 294, 497.

Tree galanga, ii. 288.

Tree lizard, i. 331.

Tree of life, Semitic legend of
the, ii. 689.

Tree pipit, i. 3"5.

Tree shrew, i. 441.

Tremenheere, ('apt., on the
oeeurrence of tin, i. 12.

Tremeuheerite, i. 13.

Tremolito, i. 13.

Triassic Group of rocks, i 2.

Triineresurus, fascinated by a
light, i. 314.

Tripe de Roche, ii. 35.

Tripoli, tlie, of liilin, in l!o-
hemia, origin of, ii. 17.

Tritons, i. 142.

Troehla, on the Salween, ii.
636 ; whcie Am/ierslia, was
first discovered, ii. 313.

786

BURMA, ITS PEOPLE AND PRODUCTIONS.

Trogons, i. 354.

Tropical Forests, ii. 6.

Truf Wagtails, i. 374.

Tnirtlfs, ii. 90 ; Juvenal and
Martial on, ii. 91.

Tnimpc't-sliaijetl shells, i. 170.

Tulips, i. 129.

Tulsi leaf, ii. 298.

Tunnies, i. 221.

Turkey opium, ii. 653.

Turmeric, ii. 205.

Tunieracea?, ii. 449,

Turnip fly, i. 43.

Turnips, ii. G49.

Tui-nsole, the dye, ii. 232.

Turnstones, i. 393.

Tmtles at Cliowmook, i. 342.

Turtle soup at the Bengal
Club, Calcutta, ii. 344. '

Turtles, mode of catching, i.
221 : their world-wide ce-
lebrity as food, i. 336 ; Dr.
Gray's remarks on, i. 341 ;
difficulty of killing, i. 342 ;
best method of killing, i.
343 ; advisability of cooks
being able to distinguish be-
tween good and bad, i. 344.

' Turtle's tail,' i. 280.

' Turtle's stomach,' i. 240.

Tiisseh silk moth, i. 80.

Tusser silk, i. 79.

Tsittoung whale, measure-
meuts of, i. 445.

Tween, Mr., his analysis of
the water of the I'ai, i. 8.

Twilight owls, i. 407.

Two-headed snake, i. 297.

Tjiidall, Prof., i. 490.

Tyrian puqile, i. 144.

Tytler, mentioned, i. 315.

ir.

ITlcers, di-essings for, ii. 334,

646.
riraaceiiB, ii. 279.
Tiubrlhiles, ii. 432.
Umbi'llilerea!, ii. 435 ; the

valuable plants of the order,

ii. 439.
Unarmed bamboos, ii. 98.
Unicorn of the English Bible,

its sjmonym in the Latin

Vulgate, i. 451.
Unio, distribution of, i. 129.
Upas tree, ii. 275.
Upper Mi.xed Forests, ii. 11.
Ursidte, i. 462.
Urtlcales, ii. 262.
Urticea', a fibre - producing

order of plants, ii. 263-266.
Utriculareie, ii. 321.

Vaccine lymph, ii. 25.
Vacciniaceai, ii. 371.
Vallisneria, remarkable fertili-
zation of, ii. 210.

Van Beneden, i. 21, et srq.
Van Oort, the artist, and the

offensive bat, i. 439.
Vanilla-pod growing, experi-
ments in, ii. 186.
Vayasa, author of the ' Maha-

bharata,' ii. 341.
Vedas, Cox's remarks on the,

ii. 684.
Vedas. soma juice of the,ii 340.
Vegetable brimstone, ii. 67.
Vegetable butters, ii. 363, 636.
Vegetable emetic, ii. 343.
Veitch, H., quoted, ii. 189.
Veitch, Messrs., the Orchid

growers, referred to,ii. 166.
Velain, M., mentioned, i. 181.
Ventral, definition of meaning

in Cephalopoda, i. 180.
Venus Hower-basket, i. 17.
Venus fly-trap, ii. 483.
Venus navels, i. 168.
Verbena, anciently held in

high esteem, ii. 305.
Verbenacese, ii. 298-306.
Vertcbrata, i. 183 et svq.
Vervain, ii. 305.
Vespertilio, preyed on by

Megaderma, i. 430.
Vetches, ii. 491.
Vicious fish, i. 232.
Victoria Institute, question for

examination by the, i. 483.
Vine, quotations from the

classics on the, ii. 666.
Vinegar eels, i. 22.
Violacea', ii. 646-7.
Violet fluid, ejected from

Aph/sia, i. 140.
Violet snails, i. 179.
Violina, an emetic, ii. 647.
Viperine snakes, i. 312.
Vipers, i. 312.
Viper's bugloss, ii. 329.
Virgil, on Asilas, i. 49; on

silk, i. 80 ; on bees, i. 12(J ;

quoted, 296 ; on homage

paid to Ceres, ii. H7 ;

quoted, ii. 152, 306, 438;

on the cultivation of the

vine, ii. 666 ; quoted. 587.
Vitex, entombed by a I'ccpul,

ii. 149.
Viverridaj, i. 466.
Voii^ht, quoted, ii. 204.
Volcanoes and Mud Volcanoes,

ii. 6.
Von Ilucglin, discovers the

^^^i^ of Ttromas, i. 391.
Voracity of fish, i. 239.
Vultures, meful birds, i. 402;

the controversy as to their

powers of sight and scent,

ibid.

W.

■Wad, i. 13.
AVaders, i. 392.

Walden, Viscount, mentioned
and quoted, i. 345 et srq.

Walker, H., 'Catalogue of
Assam Mammalia,' i. 421.

Walking corals, i. 490.

Walking fishes, i. 184, 228.

Walking leaf insects, i. 44.

Walking stick insects, i. 44.

Wallace, on the habits of the
flying lemur, i. 344 ; views
on the racial affinities of
the Mincopies, i. 482.

Wallich, Dr., his catalogue
of Burmese plants, ii. 2 ;
on Amberstia, ii. 536.

Walnut, derivation cf the
name, and curious tales
connected with, ii. 226.

Warblers, i. 371.

"Warburg's drops," the
active ingredient of, ii. 288.

Ward, Swinburne, on baskiug
sharks, i. 496.

War-clubs, the wood they
were made from, ii. 258.

Waring, E. J., 'Manual of
Therapeutics,' quoted, ii.
206 ; purgative prescrip-
tions, ii. 241, 256, 326
€t sf-g.

Watchmakers' oil, ii. 648.

Water-beetles, i. 113.

Water-boatman, i. 40.

Water-breathing fishes, i. 185.

Water-centipede, i. 25.

Water-cockroach, i. 41.

Water-cress, ii. 484.

Water-elephant, i. 446.

AVater-frogs, i. 289.

Water-hemlock, ii. 439.

'Water-hen,' a species of
Sepm.i. 181; Col. Tickell's
remarks on, i. 396.

Water, means of clarifying,
ii. 342.

Water monkey, i. 181.

Water-nut, a valuable source
of food, ii. 354.

Water, obtained from trees,
ii. 579.

Water ouzels, i. 363.

Water parsnips, ii. 439.

AVater skipper, i. 41.

Watering-pot shell, i. 138.

Wasps, i. 118.

Wax, ii. 258.

AVeasel, the, of Leviticus,
a mole, i. 465.

AVcasels, i. 464.

AVcddings, rice at, ii. 1118.

AVeeping crinura, ii. 208.

AA'ci'piug-Avillow, legends of
the, ii. 257.

Weevils, i. 109.

AVest Indian arrowroot, ii. 206.

Westwood, 0., quoted, men-
tioned and referred to, i. 50
et seq.\ on Buprestis, i.
114; estimate of the num-
bers of bees, i. 121.

ISDEX.

787

■WTialc?, measurements of, i.

■140.
Wheat, ii. 96.
AVhfi'l iuiimalcules, i. 23.
Wliimbrel, i. .')S).').
Whistling teal, i. 399.
AV'hite aut^i, their remarkal)Ie

nrc'hitectural capabilities, i.

46.
White-bellied rnt, Masnu's

remarks on tlie i. 417.
Whito-browial gibbon, i. 474.
White cockseonib, ii. 292.
White, Br., qnoteil, ii. 241.
White-eared paradoxure, i.

469.
White-eyed duck, i. 400.
AVhite-handed gibbon, i. 474.
White gourd, a present for

new-married couples ii. 449.
White pepper, ii. 231.
White pomfret, i. 220.
White-rumped munia, i. 381.
White ' Shah,' ii. 236, 700.
Wliite teak, ii. 302.
Whiting, tish, i. 214. 223.
Whiting as a head-covering

for elephants, i. 4.51.
Whortleberries, ii. 372.
Wight, Dr., ' Icone-s,' quoted

or mentioned, 110 ct srq.
Wild bees, method 4if taking

their honey, i. 120.
Wild buffalo, its pedigree, i.

129; 401.
Wild eats, i. 472, 473.
Wild dog, i. 4C.') ; Hodgson's

remarks on wild dogs kept

in conlinement, ihid.
AVild elephant, i. 447.
AVild "oats, i. 459.
Wild nogs, killing a python,

i. 4.54.
Wild mangosteen, ii. .583.
Wild nutnieg, seeds of the,

used for plauting after pass-

ing through a pigeon, i.
388.

Wild yam, ii. 145.

Will of tbeWisp phenomenon,
i. 488; description of, 489.

Willow, C'liristian legends
relating to, ii. 256.

Wilmer, Capt., quoted, i. 124.

Wilson, I'rof., II. II., on the
native names for RottUra,
ii. 211.

Wind-ball, ii. 111.

Window oyster, i. 125.

Winter green, ii. 373.

Witches ill Kurope, i. 488.

Wizards in I3unua, i. 488.

Woad, ii. 619.

Wolt's-bane, ii. 340.

Women, a weakness in, ii.
399.

Woodcock of the sea, i. 204.

Woodford, Dr., slain by a
tiger, i. 471.

Wood ibises, i. 398.

Wood- JIasou, G. J., his list of
Burmese Crustacea, ((noted
or referred to, i. 25 ct scq.

Wood lou.se, i. 24.

Wood oil, ii. 625, 627.

Wood oil tree, ii. 628.

Woodpecker, regarded as a
binl of ill omen, i. 501.

Woodpi'ckers, i. 346 ; differ-
ent species going about in
troops, i. 347 ; a species of,
breeding in ants' uests, i.
348.

Wood pigeons, i. 388.

Wood, various specimens of,
noted, with their weight per
enl)ie foot, together witli
Kur7.,Brandis,and (Jamble's
remarks, ii. 217 tt seq\ 693-
701.

Woodward's ' JIamial of the
JloUusca,' mentioned, i. 123.

Woolly blights, i. 38.
Wormwood, curiousetymology

of, ii. 382.
Worms in the Kuman body,

horrible effects of, i. 21.
Worsley's Homer, i. 120.
Wrens, i. 362.

X.

Syrideoe, ii. 123.

Y.

Tarns, ii. 145.

Yankee notion of a smart boat,

i. 239.
Yeast plant, ii. 90.
Yellow dyes, ii. 351, 357.
Yellow oleander, ii. 344.
Yengyaing, the plain of, the

home of the Thamen, i. 457.
Yucca, ii. 129.
Yule, Col., adventure with a

Hamadryad, i. 310.
Yuuzaleeu, discovery of a wild

Amhtrsdu in the valley of

the, ii. 537.

Zebra wood, ii. 517.
Zinzibeiaci;e, 205 ; economic

products of, ii. 208.
Zollinger, H., a genus of

plants named in honour of,

ii. 501.
Zoology and Botany, their

twin relationship, ii. I.
Zuleika's tomb, ii. 214.
Zwiigaheii, wild goat shot at,

measurements of, i. 459.
Zygophyllea;, ii. 600.

i:xD OF vol.. II.

STl PHKN AUSTIN AND SONS

i

PRINTERS, HERTFORD.

XOTES ASD MEMOIlAXD.i.

NOTES AXD MEMORAXDA.

SOTES AXD ME.UORAXDA.

IV

SOTES AND ilEMORAXDA.

NOTES AND MEMORANDA.

VI NOTES AXD MEMORANDA.

NOTES AND JIEMORANDA. vn

Viu NOTES AND MEMORANDA.

NOTES -I.V/) MEMORAXDA.

NOTES AND MEMORANDA.

XOTES AND irEHORAXDA.

xn J^^OTES AND MEMORANDA.

NOTES A. YD MEMORANDA.

NOTES AND MEMORANDA.

yOT£S AXn MEMORANDA. xv

xvi NOTES AND MEMORANDA.

NOTES AND MEMORANDA.

NOTES AND MEMORANDA.

NOTES AXD Mi^MUllANDA.

XX NOTES AND MEMORANDA.

NOTES AXD ilEMORAXDA.

sxn NOTES AXD ilEMORANDA.

NOTES AND MEMORANDA. xxm

XOTES AXn MEilORAXDA.

SOTES AXD MEilORAXDA.

XXV

XXVI NOTES AND MEMORANDA.

SOTES AXD MEMORAXDA. sxvu

xxvni ^^OTES AND MEilORAXDA.

:^OTES AXD .VEMORANDA. xxix

XXX ■ NOTES AND MEMORANDA.

XOTES AXD JfEJIORAXDA. xxxi

xxxn NOTES AND MEMORANDA.

A^OTA'S AXD MEMORANDA. xxxiii

xxxiv AZOTES AND MEMORAXDA.

NOTES AND MEMORANDA. xxxv

XXX VI yOTES ASD J/EilORAXDA.

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