le eli i Ot a a Patewy eee gr pwn tp PE OO RL fx : ee a ade, : pitti LOE SE TITER POLLO Et LOLI EE IIE OE OE eae ae OS ee ETT EO BN ‘bees : om se asian x} : aie 5 : ee ae ik ee SEER ORES hee eee eA op optinge ‘ ; > oe hace gy Fun areee ares : al rea One P y Sl a a pea thas Pi De eof, Se ie Pee aN ate. Res Fee tah they v4 SF ghee ten 5 ae fete a J a ak sae a ee le at - a 6 A tes a ene, K a 1a we leet 6m oe SRP eet RB, Ry ogee CO SER. ¥ > "=? we. reap LP ee YS TE Oey Re see z - 7 SS The High Brown Fritillary (47¢ynnis pA 3 sp 5 Bright fulvous with black spots and veins. The female is not” ; SO bright in tint as the male, and is without the thick patch of _». fC < scales on veins 2 and 3. The series of black spots parallel with the outer margin of the fore wing are normally six in number, but the third is usually small and sometimes absent, whilst the fourth and fifth are often much larger than others of the series. In the corresponding row on the hind wing the first and third spots are sometimes wanting. On the under side the silvery spots are generally as seen in Plate 54, but they are subject to modification, and not infrequently are absent from the tips of the fore wings, and sometimes from the outer margin of the hind wings also. A very rare aberration has the central area of the fore wings black on the upper and under sides ; the hind wings are black above with fulvous lunules on the outer margin, and the silvery spots on the under side are reduced to five, and these are confined to the basal area. In another remarkable form the hind wings above are similar to the last- mentioned variety, but on the under side the silvery spots on the basal half are united and form a large patch, which is divided by the nervures, and there are no silvery spots on the outer ™ Ve, eo ¥'> oe? 88 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. margin. The variety shown on Plate 57 has the under side of the hind wings buff in colour, the markings on the outer margin are reddish-brown with a few silvery scales towards the anal angle, and the basal silvery spots are confluent, agreeing in the latter character with the preceding variety, and also with var. charlotta of the next species. In var. cleodoxa the spots on the under side are yellowish instead of silvery, but the red spots on the outer area are sometimes silver centred; this form is only rarely found in Britain. Possibly some of the reputed British examples of 4. zzobe may have been referable to cleodoxa, but what appears to be more certain is that the actual occurrence of zzode in England is exceedingly doubtful. The egg when newly laid is yellowish-green ; it afterwards turns pink, and then rosy red; during the winter it changes to greyish- or bluish-green. As a rule, the eggs are laid at the end of July, and the caterpillars do not hatch until the following March or early in April. In 1893, however, Mr. Frohawk had a few caterpillars hatch out between the middle of August and September 20, from a number of eggs laid at the end of June. One of these, fed up, pupated on October 13, and the butterfly emerged on November 21. The majority of the eggs remained over to the following spring. According to an observation made by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, the caterpillar is fully formed soon after the egg is laid, but remains within the shell all the winter. The caterpillar, which feeds upon dog-violet, and also the sweet violet, is figured on Plate 53.. The head is pinkish- brown, covered with short greyish bristles. Body black, in- crusted with ochreous grey on the sides, and on the back marked with ochreous grey on the hinder half of each ring ; dorsal line white. The branched spines are pinkish-brown. The chrysalis is deep brown, freckled with paler; points along the back of the body brilliant greenish-golden, as also are the four points on the thorax. The wing-cases are rather a es Greenish Silver-washed Fritillary. Var. valesina, female. G 8o. a) ey S) = Hess > Ss Bake ef = 8 ~ Rap HS ky > N aN zyx o 8 g © ia fel CRS ms N SY 6 30 ky £25.58. THE DARK GREEN FRITILLARY. 89 paler. The foregoing brief description was taken on July to, and the butterfly emerged five days afterwards. Barrett says, “‘ Apparently found in most of the larger woods of the southern counties, from Kent, Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk on the east, to Devonshire, Glamorganshire, and Merionethshire on the west; also in similar situations through the north- western counties and the more sheltered woods of the Midlands to Herefordshire, Shropshire, Derbyshire, and Lincolnshire. Found in several localities in Yorkshire, in the favoured Grange and Silverdale districts of Lancashire, and near Lake Winder- mere in Westmoreland, its extreme northern boundary being reached in Cumberland.” It is widely distributed over Europe, and its range extends into Asia Minor and Amurland. In China and Japan it is represented by various forms, the commonest of which is var. locuples. The Dark Green Fritillary (Arzynnis aglaia). This butterfly is bright fulvous in the male, paler in the female ; the latter sex is blackish towards the base, and has paler spots on the outer margin. The black marking is pretty much as in the previous species, but the male has the black scales (axdroconta) on veins 1 and 2, and these are less conspicuous. The basal two-thirds of the hind wings is greenish on the under side. The silvery spots are arranged in fairly regular series, and there are no silvery centred red spots between the two outer series. The blackish crescents on the outer margin of the fore wings are edged with silver, but this is chiefly towards the tips of the wings. There is some variation in the tone of the ground colour, lighter or darker than normal in both sexes ; the female seems to be the most variable in this respect, and sometimes, especially in the north, examples of this sex are much suffused with ‘ > go THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. blackish or greenish-black. Occasionally the colour is quite pale, as shown in the middle figure on Plate 61, and some- times it 1s clouded with greyish. The black spots are apt to run together, and so form bands and blotches. An example of this kind of aberration is shown on the plate. ‘Var. chartotta differs very little from the type on the upper side, but on the under side of the hind wings the basal silvery spots are united, as shown in the upper reverse side figure on the plate. This variety was known to the entomologist of Haworth’s time as the “ Queen of England Fritillary,” and there is a figure of it in Sowerby’s “ British Miscellany,” which was published in 1806. The egg is elaaiek tien first laid, and a day or two after- wards violet-brown rings appear above the base and the apical half. It is ribbed and finely cross-ribbed, and some of the ribs are continued to the truncate and slightly depressed top. When full grown the caterpillar is shining purplish-grey, thickly mixed with velvety black ; the grey is most in evidence between the rings and along the lower part of the sides. There is a yellow stripe along the middle of the back, and this has a central black line of irregular width ; along the lower part of the sides there is a row of reddish spots, and these are con- nected by a fine yellowish line. The black spines are branched, and, except on the first three rings, which have only two rows, arranged in three rows on each side of the yellow stripe. The head is glossy black, and, like the body, hairy. (Adapted from Buckler.) 3 It feeds in May and June on dog-violet, and has been reared on garden pansy. The chrysalis has the head, thorax, and wing-cases black, very glossy, and marked with pale brownish ; the body is pale brownish, and the points black. Suspended in a tent-like arrangement of leaves. Moorlands, downs, sea-cliffs, and flowery slopes are the kind of situations most to the fancy of this agile butterfly. Itis on BLEU) S97 ai © -apputaf © iG “AABI[dy UMOAg YSI SS XIIW WwW, oor. cE WS eS c eye n Fritillary. Dark Gree aS caterpillar and chrysal. ? t enlarged 22€ AIL Ss Liges, natural | the wing in July and August, and is much more easily seen than caught. However, it is rather fond of perching on the taller kinds of thistles, and is then not difficult to capture, if quietly approached. It is common locally in most of the English and Welsh counties. In Ireland it seems to be chiefly attached to the coast, and is plentiful in some of its localities. In Scotland it occurs in many suitable districts, but Skye is the only one of the isles from which it has been reported. Its dis- tribution extends through Europe and Asia to Amurland, China, and Japan. The Queen of Spain Fritillary (A7eyzns lathonia). In shape and in general appearance this butterfly is not unlike a small example of the Silver-washed Fritillary ; the large silvery, or sometimes pearly, blotches on the under side of the hind wings at once reveal its higher British rank. When flying it has a curious resemblance to the Wall, and sometimes it has been taken when the captor supposed that he was netting a specimen of that plebeian butterfly. The black markings on the upper side vary somewhat in size, and occasionally those on the front area,-or those on the inner area of the fore wings, are more or less confluent ; very rarely the wings are suffused with a steely-blue or bronze colour. The specimens occurring in this country do not, however, exhibit so much variation as has | been observed in this butterfly abroad. I have not seen any of the early stages. The figures of the Gucrollay and the chrysalis (Plate 58) are after Hubner, and the following descriptions of the egg and other stages are adapted from the detailed life-history of the species by Mr. Frohawk, published in the -zZomologist for 1903 :— _“ The egg is one-fortieth of an inch high, of a rather straight- sided conical form, widest at the base, where it is smooth and rounded off at the edge. There are about forty longitudinal THE QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY. OI ~ 92 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. keels, irregularly formed and of different lengths, some not reaching halfway up the side, and others running the entire length from base to crown, where they terminate abruptly, and form a series of triangular peaks round the summit surrounding the granulated micropyle; the spaces between the keels are finely ribbed transversely. When first laid it is of a very pale lemon-yellow colour, inclining to ochreous, appearing almost white in certain lights ; the colour gradually deepens, becoming yellower with a greenish tinge. On the fifth day the crown of the egg assumes a dull grey, finally changing to a lilac-grey.” The female butterfly, when placed in the sunshine, laid about a hundred eggs during the day—August 7. These were mostly placed singly on the leaves or other parts of a plant of heart’s- ease (Viola tricolor), but some were laid on the gauze cover of the cage. All the caterpillars hatched out on August 14. The caterpillar when full grown is velvety black, densely sprinkled with tiny white dots, each bearing a black bristle ; there are six rows of spines, which are of various shades of brown with yellowish bases and shining black bristles ; along the back there are two white streaks on the fore part of each ring, and white warts emitting black bristles on the hind part. The head is amber-coloured above, but black below, and is covered with bristles like the body. The chrysalis has the head, thorax, and wing-cases shining olive-brown ; the body chequered and speckled with olive- brown, ochreous, black, and white. The spiracles are black and conspicuous, and the points on the body are amber-coloured. The thorax and first two body rings have brilliant burnished silver-gilt ornamentation. The butterflies commenced to emerge on September 25, and between that date and the 28th ten came out. Although he succeeded in rearing almost all the caterpillars to the chrysalis, no less than eighty died in this stage, and he states that “‘there is no doubt that the late autumn English climate is 1, 2,3 Pearl-pordered Fritillary vars. 4,5 Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary vars. 6,7 Heath Fritillary vars. TAU oh 1, 2 Silver-washed Fritillary vars. 3 High Brown Fritillary var. THE QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY. 93 quite unsuited for the existence of this species,’ as well as for others that come to us from abroad. Moses Harris, in 1775, gave this butterfly the name “Queen of ' Spain ;” it had been known to English entomologists from 1710 until then as the “ Lesser Silver-spotted Fritillary.” Gamlingay in Cambridgeshire seems to have been the only British locality in which it had been observed until 1795, when Lewin mentions a specimen taken ina Borough (London) garden in August. All the Cambridge specimens had been captured in the month of May. Stephens, writing in 1828 (“ III. Brit. Ent. Haust.,” 1. 37), says— ‘Previously to the year 1818, few cabinets possessed even a single specimen ; and from the very few known instances of its capture (six only, according to Mr. Haworth), there is reason to believe that some of the specimens at that time [1803] placed in collections were foreign ; but in the above remarkable year for the appearance of certain papilionaceous insects, this species occurred simultaneously in several, and very distant, parts, having been taken in August by Mr. Haworth at Halvergate, in Norfolk; by Mr. Vigors in Battersea-fields; by myself at Dover, and, during that and the following month, near Colchester ; Birchwood, Kent; and Hertford in plenty by others. At the latter place I saw several specimens, but was not fortunate enough to secure any.” _ The butterfly has been taken, chiefly odd specimens, in many of the eastern and southern counties, from Norfolk to Dover, and almost always in the autumn. It has also occurred at Scarborough (1868), and at least once in Ireland (1864). The neighbourhood of Dover seems to have always been the most favoured locality, and no less than twenty-five specimens were captured there in 1882. Several examples were also obtained at Dover in 1883, and a single specimen in other parts of Kent in 1884 and 1885. The most recent records are— Brighton, one example in 1892; Clifton, one in July, 1898 ; | H h ll a0 a 5* 94 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. Christchurch, one in August, 1899; Poole, one in 1901. There does not seem to be any authentic record of the caterpillar having been observed in Kent or any other British locality in which the butterfly has been noted. This may possibly be due to its love of concealment. There are two flights of the butterfly in the year, one in the spring and the other in the autumn. Females from the Continent may arrive on our east or south coasts in May, and deposit eggs from which the autumn butter- flies are developed. Some of these might wander farther inland, but eggs would almost certainly be laid on the spot. The fate of the caterpillars from autumnal eggs would depend on the winter ; if mild they, or at least some of them, might manage to get through and attain the butterfly state about May, but their doing so is rather doubtful. The species is widely distributed and often common on the Continent, and its range extends to Persia, Northern Asia, and North Africa. In Eastern Asia it is represented by var. zs@a. The Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Argynnis euphrosyne). Some authors consider the smaller Fritillaries to be generically separable from the larger kinds, and place this and the next species in the genus Arenzthzs, whilst the Queen ef Spain is referred to the genus /ssorza, Hubner. Here, however, they are retained in Avgynuzs. In colour and in the marking of the upper side the Pearl- bordered is very like the High Brown, but, as will be seen from the figures, it 1s much smaller in size, and the ornamenta- tion on the under side is different. There is one silvery spot at the base of the hind wings, a larger one about the middle a ud of the wings, and a row of spots on the outer margin. The Lo MA {42> female is rather larger than the male, and darker at the bases of the wings. : ee eee ee SC ff 94. Fl. 58. Queen of Spain Fritillary. Caterpillar and chrysalis. « aouals “AIBA sll Wy ap hyp? i used) yYavVg THE PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY. 95 Variation on the upper side consists of more or less black suffusion on the basal or general area of the wings, and an in- crease in the size of the black spots, resulting in the formation of bands or patches ; or the black spots may be much reduced in size, and some of them entirely absent. Some of the more striking kinds of aberration, both above and below, are repre- sented on Plate 56, Figs. 1-3,and Plate 65, Figs. 1-4. The usual colour is sometimes replaced by buff, and this may be yellowish or whitish in tint; occasionally white spots appear on the wings. The life-history of this butterfly is depicted on Plate 60. The egg, which is laid in May or June, is whitish-green at first, and afterwards turns brownish. It is distinctly ribbed, and the top is somewhat rounded and hollowed in the centre. The full-grown caterpillar is black, and the numerous minute hairs with which it is clothed give it a velvety appearance. There is a greyish-edged black line down the middle of the back, and the spines on each side of this-are whitish or yellowish, with the tips and the branches black; all the other spines are black. A greyish stripe runs along the lower part of the sides, and this is traversed from the fourth to the last ring by a blackish line. Head black, shining, downy, and slightly notched on the crown. The natural food-plant is dog-violet (Vzola cantina), but the caterpillar will also eat garden pansy, and has been known to nibble a leaf of primrose. It retires for hiberna- tion when quite small, and recommences to feed in March. The chrysalis is brownish, with the raised parts of the thorax and head greyish; the body is paler brown, and the points thereon are blackish. This butterfly seems to be fairly common ‘in woods ne out England and Wales, and it is often abundant in some of the more extensive woodlands, especially in the southern counties. It used to be plentiful in Northumberland and Durham, but has become scarcer in those counties, and in some others in the north of England. It occurs in Scotland, and is not uncommon 96 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. in Sutherlandshire, but Kane does not include it in his Irish catalogue. | Clearings in woods are generally the best places in which to find this pretty little Fritillary ; but it also seems to have a fond- ness for the margins of brooks and rills, where these run through or by the sides of woods. Usually it is on the wing in May or June, but sometimes, in early seasons, it puts in an appearance at the end of April. To entomologists of a bygone age it was known as the “ April Fritillary,” but this name would hardly be a suit- able one for it in the present day. Very rarely a few specimens have been taken in August; and there is at least one record of caterpillars that had ceased feeding in July, in the usual way, and were apparently settled down for hibernation, suddenly arousing from their slumbers, and completing their growth in August. Abroad, the species is distributed throughout Europe, except - the extreme south, and extends into Armenia, Northern Asia Minor, the Altai, and Amurland. It is stated to be double- brooded on the Continent. The Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Argynnis selenc). This butterfly differs from the last one referred to in having a rather deeper colour on the upper side, and heavier black markings on the outer margin of the hind wings. The female is slightly more orange in tint, and has a series of pale spots on the outer margin of each wing. On the under side the red markings are browner in tint, and there are more silvery spots on the hind wings. Variation in colour and marking is similar to that mentioned under the Pearl-bordered. On Plate 66 a white spotted female and a specimen with the hind wings clouded with. black are represented. These are rather uncommon aberrations. The life-history of this species is figured on Plate 62. The egg is at first greenish, then yellowish, and afterwards Fl. 60. HT 96. Pearl-bordered Fritillary. Eve, natural size and enlarged; partly grown caterpillar ; chrvsaits. HT 97. Dark Green Fritillary vars. JUSTE 7 €; 3 female. ALS) THEE D> Oy eae. if THE SMALL PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY. Q7 greyish, and then becoming blackish towards the hollowed top. The ribs seem to be eighteen or twenty in number ; laid in June or July on plants of dog-violet. On emerging from the egg the young caterpillar devours most of the shell. It is then of a pale olive colour with brownish warts, from each of which there is a pale and rather long jointed bristle ; the head is black. The full-grown caterpillar is smoky pink and velvety- looking. There is a brownish line along the middle of the back. The spines are “ochreous in colour, tinged with pink, and beset with fine pointed black bristles.” The upper ones are rather stouter than the others, and the pair on the first ring, the only spines on this ring, are rather more than twice the length of the others, and are directed forward over the head, thus giving the appearance of a pair of horns ; the second © and third rings have each four spines, which are rather: finer than those on the rest of the body, which are arranged in six rows. A pale pinkish stripe runs along the lower part of the body ; just above the feet. Head black and notched on the crown (Buckler). The chrysalis is brown on the thorax and the body ; the wing-cases are more ochreous and marked with black near the edge. There isa black V-mark on the thorax, with a silvery spot on each side, one silvery spot on each side of the head, and other metallic spots on the body near the thorax (Buckler). : On the Continent there are two broods of the butterfly, and specimens are occasionally seen in August in this country ; one of these late examples, taken by Mr. Barker in 1881, is shown on the plate (Fig. 6). Sometimes one or two caterpillars of a brood in confinement will feed up and attain the perfect state in August instead of settling down with their companions for hibernation. The butterfly in June and July frequents similar places to those favoured by the Pearl-bordered, and its distribution in Britain is somewhat similar, although it is a more local species. Sd 98 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. It seems, however, to be commoner in Scotland than the Pearl- bordered, and has been recorded at least once from Ireland. Its range abroad extends farther east, as it is found in Corea. The Heath Fritillary (J/citea athalia). The ground colour of this butterfly, sometimes called the ‘“Pearl-bordered Likeness” or “ May Fritillary,” is brownish- orange, and the markings are black or blackish ; the bases of the wings are clouded with blackish, and the fringes are white checkered with black. . The ground colour varies in tint, and may be pale tawny or deep reddish. The black markings are subject to modification in two directions ; in one leading up to almost complete dis- appearance from the central area, and in the other they are much intensified and greatly obscure the ground colour. Some- times the whole of the wings, with the exception of a series of orange spots on the outer area, are blackish. This form is known as var. navarina. The left-hand figure at the bottom of Plate 68 shows an aberration approaching this form, whilst the right-hand figure comes close to var. corythalia. Specimens with all the wings thinly marked with black, as in the fore wing of the variety last referred to, would be referable to var. odsoleta. According to Barrett, specimens from Essex have the ground colour on the under side of the hind wing much yellower than are the same parts in specimens from Sussex. I have not noticed this, but some Essex examples that I have seen were much darker and more heavily marked with black on the upper side, and especially on the hind wings, than any that I have seen from other parts of England, except, perhaps, a few indi- viduals from North Devonshire. These Essex specimens reminded me very much of JZ. dictynna, a Continental species, with which, it appears, the Heath Fritillary was confounded by some of the old authors. . T0623 Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary. Egg, natural size and enlarged ; caterpillar (after Buckler), and chrysalis. Vo Meyer Queen of Spain Fritillary. 1, 2 HAE? >. A feriele. THE HEATH FRITILLARY. 99 There is a good deal of variation on the under side, but chiefly of a minor character, and most often unconnected with variation on the upper side. The following are more important varieties. Var. ¢essellata, the Straw May Fritillary of Petiver, and figured by him in 1717 and by Stephens in 1827, has the under side of the hind wings entirely straw-coloured with black veins. There are three large squarish yellow spots on the basal area, outlined in black ; a yellow central band, margined and traversed by black lines. On the outer margin there is a series of yellow crescents, outlined in black. ! _ Var. eos of Haworth (the Dark Under-wing Fritillary) is the pyronia of Hiibner and Stephens, and a modification of var. corythalza, Hiibn. On the under side the fore wings are fulvous, and have two black spots in the discal cell, and a black band, intersected by the veins, on the central area. On the hind wings the basal third is fulvous with eight black spots ; the central area is whitish intersected by the black veins. On the yellow-tinged whitish outer area there is a series of black-margined orange crescents ; a row of black lunules precedes a thin black line on the outer margin. | _ The egg is upright, ribbed, and pale whitish-green in colour. As the caterpillar matures the shell becomes greyish. The eggs were laid in a cluster on a leaf of cow-wheat (Melampyrum pratense) as shown in the figure, but failed to hatch. The full-grown caterpillar is black on the back, becoming olive tinged on the sides and olive-brown underneath; the divisions between the rings are olive. The whole of the upper surface, except a line along the middle of the back, is dotted with white, and there are eleven white-tipped orange ‘or yellowish spines on each ring, except the last two and the three nearest the head; the first and the last each have four spines, the third has eight, and the second and the eleventh have each ten spines. The head is black marked with white, and is clothed with short, stiff, black hair or bristles (Buckler). I0o THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. The chrysalis is pale whitish-ochreous, the markings on the wing-cases are black, and those on the other parts are orange and black. Cow-wheat appears to be the chief food of the caterpillar, but it will also eat, and has been found on, foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) and woodsage (Teucrium scorodonia). Plantain is also said to be a food-plant, but Buckler says that his cater- pillars would not eat this. The caterpillars are rather shy in their habits, and, except when the sun is shining brightly, require to be carefully looked for among their food-plant and the dead leaves, etc., around. They hatch from the egg in July, feed for a few weeks, and then hibernate in companies under a web. In April and May they become active again, feed up quickly, and appear as butterflies in June and early July. The species is, unfortunately, becoming scarcer in England than it used to be. It seems quite to have disappeared from some of the districts in which it was formerly common. No doubt in one or two of its old and well-known localities the butterflies, and perhaps the caterpillars also, have been too freely taken, and its natural enemies have probably completed the business. Clearings in woods or heathy borders of woods are the kind of places this species appear to prefer. Its head- quarters in any given locality seems to be changed from time to time, so that the exact spot where it will occur next year cannot be predicted from this year’s observations. The butterfly seems to be unknown in Scotland, and has only been recorded from Killarney in Ireland. In England it is to be found in the counties of Essex, Kent, Surrey, and Devonshire. Its geographical distribution extends through Europe into Asia Minor, East Siberia, and Northern Amurland. In Corea and Japan it is represented by a larger form known as var. niphona. | , Voro/s /0 Shue one 10 Jume G24 at fz “Ren 9 ati Patt, Clas lb Sandrack Cub he. and Gterwud Seize Fy THE GLANVILLE FRITILLARY. IOI Mnsrng om Mex a'ghe Slofese of S! Boniface Aree, The Glanville Fritillary (Meit@a cinxia). This butterfly is bright brownish-orange with black markings, as shown on Plate 71. The under side of the hind wings and the tips of the fore wings are very pale yellowish ; the former with two black-margined brownish-orange bands, and lines of — black dots ; the tip of the fore wing is also dotted and marked with black. The female is slightly paler, and the markings are often blurred. Cee : There is variation in the black markings on the upper side. Sometimes these are enlarged, but more often they are much reduced, and the central one may be completely absent from all the wings. Connected with the suppression of the middle black line above there is usually aberration on the under side of the hind wings also, where the central area is clear of black dots, and the basal area is fulvous, edged and marked with black. Two very remarkable aberrations are represented on lave 65, Migs. 7, 3. The eggs, which are yellowish-white, and sometimes tinged with green, are laid in a cluster on the under side of the tip of a leaf of the narrow-leafed plantain (P/lantago lanceolata). The caterpillars hatch in July and August, and hibernate in com- panies underaweb. The mature caterpillar is black with white dots, and black bristles arising from greenish warts. The red head, which is notched on the crown, and the red. fore legs dis- | tinguish this at once from the caterpillars of the Heath, or the Marsh Fritillary. It feeds in early spring on plantain, but seems to prefer Plantago maritima to P. lanceolata when both ‘are present. The chrysalis is ‘brownish in colour, and is ornamented with orange on the thorax, and with a points and black marks on the body. It may be found in April and early May sus- pended from the lower parts of the stems of the plantain or 102 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. other plants around. Newman states that he found “dozens of the chrysalids in company,” but I have only occasionally met with them, and always singly. Quite early in the eighteenth century this butterfly had only been observed in England in Lincolnshire, where, according to Ray, it was common, and in a wood at Dulwich. Petiver, who mentioned the last-named locality, calls it the “ Dullidge Fritil- lary.” Wilkes in 1773 wrote of it as the “ Plantain Fritillary,” although he gives clover and grass, as well as plantain, as the food of the caterpillar. Moses Harris-in the Aurelian (1779) calls. the butterfly the “‘ Glanville Fritillary,’ and states that it was named after Lady Glanville, who was interested in butter- flies, and whose will was disputed on that ground. This fact will serve to show that entomology as a pursuit was not much in vogue at that time, and that those who collected butterflies, etc., were apt to be regarded by their friends as being—well, just a “ wee bit daft.” Both Wilkes and Harris, it may be remarked, seem to have been acquainted with the caterpillar of this species as well as with that of the Marsh Fritillary, and there seems little reason, therefore, to suspect that they confused the two species. The localities given by the earlier authors appear, however, to suggest that the butterfly they wrote about may have been the Marsh Fritillary ; but there is no direct evidence of this. Stephens in 1827 (“Illustrations of British Entomology,” Haustellata, vol. i. p. 34) wrote— ‘“‘This is a very local species, and is found in meadows by the sides of woods; in Wilkes’. time it was not uncommon in Tottenham wood; recently the places where it has been chiefly observed have been near Ryde and_the Sandrock Hotel, Isle of Wight ; in the latter place in plenty : also at Birchwood, and near Dartford and Dover, and in a wood near Bedford. I believe that it has been found in Yorkshire.” _ There is no doubt that between 1858 and 1863 the butterfly Pearl-bordered Fritillary. lé. 5, © fewa 4, Tee 3) HLQE 1, 2, 3, 4 Pearl-bordered Fritillary vars. 5,6 Marsh Fritillary vars. 7,8 Glanville Fritillary vars. 7 THE MARSH FRITILLARY. 103 was more or less common on parts of the Kentish coast between Folkestone and Sandgate, but it seems to be equally certain that the species has long been absent from that part of England as well as from other localities that have been mentioned, except the Isle of Wight, where it is still to be found. It flies in May and June, and seems to have a preference for the rougher parts of the undercliff ; but I have seen butterflies and caterpillars too on the higher slopes of St. Boniface. Whenever the caterpillars are met with, it will be well to remember that only the full- grown ones should be taken, as the smaller ones do not thrive very well in confinement. A little self-denial in this matter will bring its own reward in the shape of fine specimens for the cabinet, and the pleasant reflection that the useless sacrifice of a number of caterpillars has been avoided. The butterfly is widely spread and generally common on the Continent, and in the Channel Islands it is plentiful in Alderney and Guernsey. Its range extends into Asia Minor, Central Asia, and Siberia. j {i | A The Marsh Fritillary (Melitew aurinia). This species, of which several forms are represented on Plate 73, is subject to considerable variation in depth of colour, and also in size and intensity of the markings, in all localities. The varieties here referred to are more or less characteristic of the countries in which they occur. To mention all the forms, or even those to which varietal names have been given, would occupy more space than is available for the purpose. Reddish-orange or bright tawny, veins black, breaking up the yellow or yellowish transverse bands ; there are three or four transverse black lines, the first and second, counting from the base of the wing, not always distinct ; basal area more or Io} THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. less suffused with black. On the under side the fore wings are fulvous, with faint traces of the upper-side markings ; the hind wings are rather redder, especially on the outer half, and have yellowish markings, comprising some spots towards the base of the wings, a band beyond the middle, a series of black centred spots, and crescents on the outer margin. The above applies more particularly to the form of the butterfly occurring in England and Wales. The Irish form known as preclara has the transverse band straw-coloured, the red colour is more vivid, and the black veins and cross-lines heavier ; the area nearest the base of the wings is often blacker. In a form occurring in Scotland, and known as var. scoféca, the black is still more intense, and the straw-coloured markings are dull in colour. The egg is pale brownish and very glossy. It appears smooth towards the rounded base, but is ribbed from just before the middle to the top. The eggs are laid in batches on leaves of scabious, chiefly the Devil’s bit (Scadzosa succtsa). The full-grown caterpillar is black, with a number of tiny whitish dots, each bearing a short black hair ; short black spines are arranged in nine rows from ring four, the first ring is only hairy, the second and third have each two spines. The head is black, with a groove down the front and short hairs on the sides. The true legs are black, and the false legs and the under parts of the body are dull rust-coloured. The caterpillars hatch from the egg in June or July, and towards the end of | August they construct silken webs, in which they establish themselves for hibernation. Early in March they recommence feeding, and under the influence of much sunshine feed up quickly. Besides wild scabious, they will eat honeysuckle and the garden kinds of Scadéosa. The chrysalis is pale buff, with orange points on the body; the wing-cases are marked with black and orange. The chrysalids are suspended from a silken Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary. ty 3, 4 wale; 6 do. (second brood) ; 7 QO: DATA 205 Je Fale. MG SS SS MK . NS. ff 105. Heath Fritillary. Lele, (Oy 2S caterpillar (after Buckler), and chrvysal. e ? es, natural size and enlarged Eg, THE MARSH FRITILLARY. 105 - web, which is attached to a leaf or drawn-together leaves. The early stages are figured on Plate 7o. Kane (Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland), referring to this species, remarks: “This butterfly has been known to ‘Increase so prodigiously that whole fields and roads became blackened by the moving myriads of larva. An instance of this was observed by the Rev. S. L. Brakey, near Ennis, Co. Clare, where he drove out to see a reported ‘ shower of worms,’ and found as above described, the larvze being so multitudinous in some fields that the black layer of insects seemed to roll in corrugations as the migrating hosts swarmed over each other in search of food. The imagines that resulted from the starved survivors were extremely small and faded in colour.” These caterpillars are destroyed in great numbers by Hymenopterous parasites, chiefly Ap~anfeles, and it is almost certain that a large ‘percentage of those collected will prove to have been stung. : : The butterfly is on the wing in May and June, and seems to affect damp meadows, marshy ground on the sides of hills, and such kind of places. It does not necessarily occur wherever its food-plant is abundant, but scabious is always found to be present in the haunts of the butterfly ; so if we know that the insect occurs in a particular district we should probably get a clue to its exact whereabouts by noting the likely places in that district where the food-plant flourishes. Although it has seemingly disappeared from various English localities where it was formerly common, the butterfly may be: found in many parts of the British Islands, but it is local and does not occur northwards much beyond the Caledonian Canal, Abroad it spreads over Europe to Northern Africa, and its range extends eastward through Asia to Amurland and Corea. The fine butterfly next in order is regarded as a member of. the Danainz by most authors, Although its generic position 106 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. seems to be established, its proper place in the classification of butterflies is still unfixed ; and even the question of its trivial or specific name is not finally settled. According to Kirby, this butterfly is Anosta menifpe, Hiibner, and not the true Papilio plexipfpus of Linneus, nor the P. archifpus of Cramer. American authors; however, consider it to be the Linnean plexippus, and give menifpe Hb. as a synonym. The species is here retained in Danaine, but Holland places it in Euploeinze and Skinner in the Family Lymnadide. The Milkweed Butterfly (Avnosia plexippus). The butterfly figured on Plate 120 is brownish-orange, with black veins and margins on all the wings. White spots are arranged in double rows on the black outer margin of each wing, and there are seven other rather larger white spots on the black apical patch of the fore wings. The male has a patch of black scales, covering the scent pouch, ee to vein 2 on the hind wings. The egg is long, oval in shape, with over twenty low upright ridges and many cross-lines ; is of a pale green colour ; and is laid singly on the food-plant of the caterpillar (various kinds of milkweed, especially the commonest kind, Asclepzas cornuiz), and usually upon the under surface of the upturned apical leaves near the middle. The egg state lasts only about four days (Scudder). The caterpillar has the head smooth and rounded, yellow, conspicuously banded with black. Body cylindrical, tapering a little in front, naked, but with two pairs of long and very slender black thread-like filaments, one pair, the longer, on the second thoracic, the other on the eighth abdominal segment. The body is white, with numerous slender black and yellow, and especially black, transverse stripes, repeated with considerable regularity on each of the segments, so that there are nowhere any broad patches of colour (Scudder). Heath Fritillary. , 6 female. 455 ° b) male oy Q PT 69; HT 107. Glanville Fritillary. Eggs, natural size and enlarged; caterpillar and chrysats. THE MILKWEED BUTTERFLY. 107 The chrysalis is stout and not elongated, largest in the middle of the abdomen ; where it is transversely ridged ; elsewhere it is smooth and rounded, with no striking prominences, but with little conical projections at most of the elevated points, like those which half encircle the body at,the abdominal ridge, all of a golden colour except the latter, which are situated in a tri- coloured band, black in front, nacreous in the middle, and gilt behind (Scudder). According to Dr. Holland, “ the tera is considered to be polygoneutic, that is to say, many broods are produced annually ; and it is believed by writers, that with the advent of cold weather these butterflies migrate to the South [in America], the chrysalids and caterpillars which may be undeveloped at the time of the frosts are destroyed, and that when these insects reappear, as they do every summer in North America, they represent a wave of immigration coming northward from the warmer regions of the Gulf States. It is not believed that any of them hibernate in any stage of their existence. This insect sometimes appears in great swarms on the eastern and southern coasts of New Jersey in late autumn. The swarms pressing southward are arrested by the ocean.” Within quite recent years it seems to have effected a settlement in Australia, “and has thence spread northward and westward, until in its migrations it has reached Java and Sumatra, and long ago took possession of the Philippines. Moving eastward on the lines of travel, it has established a more or less precarious foot- hold for itself in Southern England. .. . It is well established at the Cape Verde Islands, and in a short time we may expect to hear of it as having taken possession of the continent of Africa, in which the family of plants upon which the caterpillars feed is well represented.” : So far as 1s shown by the published ened the actual number of specimens of the Milkweed, or, as it is sometimes called, Monarch butterfly, seen or caught in England between 108 THE PUTTERELIES OF THE BRITISH sii. 1876, in which year it was first observed in this country, and the present time, does not much exceed thirty, and about one- third of these were obtained in September, 1885. In 1876 single specimens were captured at Neath, S. Wales ; Hayward’s Heath and Keymer, Sussex; and Poole, Dorset. In 1896 single specimens were reported as seen at Lymington, Hants, in May; Newlands Corner, Surrey, in July; and the Lizard, Cornwall, in September. The years in which the butterfly has been noticed in Britain are 1876, 1881, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1890, and 1896. It was first observed on the Continent in 1877, when, according to Barrett, a specimen was taken in La Vendée, France. In 1886, when half a dozen were recorded from England, single specimens were obtained in Guernsey, and at Oporto and Gibraltar. “More recently,” Barrett states, “Mr. H. W. Vivian found it, I believe not uncommonly, in the Canaries, and very kindly brought me a specimen.” There seems to be no question that the species is migratory in its habits, but exactly how it reaches this country is not definitely known. Neither is it known whether the species, having arrived, is able to reproduce its kind here. From the fact of its recurrence in England for four years in succession, the possibility of its breeding in this country might be assumed. One objection to any such inference, however, is that it is a many-brooded species, but, with the exception of two records in 1896, all British specimens were captured or seen in August, September, or October, and none seem to have been observed in the earlier months of those years in which the autumnal butterflies were obtained. The Milkweeds (A sclefias) are not indigenous plants, but, as pointed out by the late Mr. J. Jenner Weir, 4. purpurescens and A. tuberosa are hardy in this country. He endeavoured to ascertain whether these plants, or either of them, were grown in any of the gardens in the Cornish locality where four fresh specimens were captured in September, 1885. I do not find Et Ow ; Ff 108. Marsh Fritillary. figes, natural size and enlarged ; caterpillar (after Buckler) and chrysalts. , Glanville Fritillary. I, QA ovale = "3.5, 6, 7) femeasle. 10 Spitinnvur obbanred 41 Serrchrach Kotil /fpt/ [0 Jame 1424. THE MARBLED WHITE. 1O9 that the desired information was furnished. Recently I have ascertained that A. cornutz, which grows to a height of four feet, is used as a border plant in some parts of England. It is commonly known as Swallow-wort, and is esteemed for its fragrant pale purple flowers. We now come to the Satyrinz, which, as regards the number _of species belonging to it, is a very large sub-family. In Great Britain, however, there are but eleven species, and although some of these are rather local, none are really scarce, and most are common. The Marbled White (AZelanargia galatea). Older English names for the butterfly figured on Plate 75 are. “Our Half-mourner” (Petiver, 1717), “The _Marmoris ” (Wilkes), and “‘ The Marmoress” (Harris). The ground colour is white or creamy white, and the markings are black. On the under side the markings are similar in design to those on the upper side, but much fainter: the eye spots, which are not always in evidence above, are well defined below, and especially so on the hind wings. The female is generally whiter and larger than the male, and has the basal half of the costa, or front margin of the fore wing ochreous brown, and the markings on the under side of the hind wings are tinged with the same colour. Variation consists chiefly of increase or decrease in the size of the black markings. At least. one specimen is known in which all the wings are uniform smoky black. This is in the collection of Mr. A. B. Farn, and was captured near Rochester, Kent, in 1871. Between this extreme and specimens with the black markings of typical proportions there are various modifi- cations ; but striking aberrations are rare in this country. Some- times there is entire or partial absence of black pigment. A I IIo THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. remarkable example of this kind of aberration, taken on the cliffs between Dover and Walmer some years ago, is described as of a clear milky-white colour, and has not, either on the upper or under side of the wings, the smallest speck of black. The ground colour is sometimes decidedly yellow, and very occa- sionally brownish. The life-history of this butterfly is figured on Plate 74. The egg is whitish, opaque, with a dark speck on the apex ; base flattened and slightly hollowed ; finely reticulated, but without distinct striations or anything resembling ribs. The eggs are laid in July, and are not attached to anything. The caterpillar when full grown, is whity-brown in colour with brownish lines. The head is brown, tinged with pink, and the tail-like points on the last ring are pink. The head, as well as the body, is clothed with short hair. The chrysalis is also whity-brown with a pinkish tinge, browner speckling on the wing cases, and the body is marked down the back with yellow. Hellins says, “It hibernates when very small, becomes full fed in June, and changes to a pupa without suspending itself in any way, or making a cocoon ; I think it would hide itself, as my examples did ; I found they had got among the thick moss with which I had furnished the bottom of their cage, and apparently made little hollows for themselves by turning round.’ Cock’s-foot grass (Dactylis glomerata) and cat’s-tail grass (Phleum pratense) are given as food-plants, but the cater- pillars in confinement seem to eat any kind of grass that is supplied. The butterfly is found in most of the Midland counties and in nearly all of the Southern ones, but is especially common on the chalk downs of the South-west. It does not occur in Ireland or Scotland, and seems to be absent from the Northern counties of England except Yorkshire. In the last-named county it was supposed to be extinct, but during the past ten Jay Do 3 i I IO: . Milkweed Butterfly. Ege, natural size and enlarged ; caterpillar and chrysalis (after Smith). Marsh Fritillary. Ts 3,055 Os LO W7LLE 2. A /Os 7a i yemrecce. 1,2, 4, 0, 7) 9 English: 8 Welsh 5.3, 5 10 ;st wera THE SMALL MOUNTAIN RINGLET. II! years it has been observed at Sledmere, and near Scarborough and Helmsley. It is also reported to be not uncommon in three localities not far from York. The butterflies usually affect broken ground, rough fields, grassy slopes near woods, or even sunny banks on the edges of cornfields. Occasionally an odd specimen or two may be met with here and there, but as a rule they seem to keep pretty much together, so that when one comes upon a colony of these butterflies, the selection of a series on the spot is quite an easy matter, and can be effected without destroying a single specimen over and above the required number. Abroad, this species is abundant in Central and Southern Europe, and its range extends to Northern Asia Minor and Armenia. The Small Mountain Ringlet (Z7rcbia cpiphron). The typical form of this butterfly, e¢phron, Knock, has the tawny bands unbroken on the fore wings, and almost so on the hind wings ; the black dots on the hind wings of the female are often pupilled with white, and more rarely this is so in the" male also. It has been stated that specimens occur in Perth- shire which exhibit these characters. All the British examples of the Small Mountain Ringlet that I have seen are referable to the form known as casszofe, Fab. (Plate 77). The tawny, _ or orange, bands are rarely so entire on the fore wings as in epiphron, and are generally rather narrower ; and that on the hind wing is broken up into three or four rings. The black dots are usually smaller and without white pupils. The female is somewhat larger and the bands or rings paler. Variation in the markings is extensive. The bands on the fore wings become less and less complete, until they are reduced to aseries of mere rings around the black dots. The black dots decrease in size and in number until they, together with the II2 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. tawny marking, entirely disappear, and a plain blackish-brown insect only remains. This extreme form has been named obsoleta, Tutt. The earliest rings to vanish seem to be the third on the fore wings and the first on the hind wings. Similar modifications occur on the under side also, but there may be aberration on the upper side of a specimen, and not, or at least not in the same way, on the under side. The egg, when first laid, is yellow, changing afterwards to fawn colour with darker markings, especially towards the top. It is laid in July on blades of grass. The larva hatches in about sixteen days. The young caterpillar, before hibernation in October, is greenish, with darker green and yellow lines. Head brownish. Feeds in July and after hibernation on various grasses, among which Poa annua, Festuca ovina, Aira precox,and A. cespitosa have been specified as eaten by caterpillars in confinement. A distinct preference, however, has been shown for mat grass (Nardus stricta), and it has been suggested that this may be the natural food. The full-grown caterpillar appears to be undescribed. The chrysalis is described by Buckler as being “little more than three eighths of an inch in length, rather thick in propor- tion, being less dumpy in form than hyferanthus, but more so than d/andina. The colour of the back of the thorax and wing cases 1s a light green, rather glaucous ; the abdomen a pale drab or dirty whitish ; a dark brown dorsal streak is conspicuous on the thorax, and there is the faintest possible indication of its being continued as a stripe along the abdomen. The eye-, - trunk-, antenna-, and leg-cases are margined with dark brown, and the wing nervures are indicated by the same colours.” As is indicated by its English name, this interesting little butterfly only frequents high ground, and is rarely found below about 1500 feet. All its English localities are in the lake district of Cumberland and Westmoreland. It seems to like Te MND Marbled White. op Eggs enlarged, caterpillar and chrysalis. DUAL QA ai Eh OZ VAG “OUI M PelqteI CASS ory \ BS THE SCOTCH ARGUS. 113 boggy ground, and in such places on Gable Hill, Red Skrees, and at Langdale Pikes, among others, it is not uncommon. Previous to 1809 the species was unknown to occur in Britain, but in June of that year specimens were captured by Mr. T. Stothard on the mountains at Ambleside. Haworth, in 1812, referred to these specimens as from Scotland, but the butterfly was not taken in that country until 1844, when it was discovered by Mr. R. Weaver in Perthshire. It is now known to occur, sometimes in abundance, on Ben Nevis and other adjacent hills, also in suitable spots and the proper elevation around Lochs Rannoch and Vennachar, as well as in the Tay district and Argyleshire. In Ireland it was taken by Mr. E. Birchall, in June, 1854, in _a grassy hollow about halfway up the Westport side of Croagh Patrick. About five years ago Mr. W. F. de Vismes Kane met with the butterfly on Nephin, Mayo, and he mentioned a specimen believed to have been taken on the hilly slopes on the eastern shores of Lake Gill, Sligo. : Abroad the species is found in mountainous parts of South Germany, Switzerland, France, North and Central Italy. The typical form, efzjhrox, is more especially obtained in the Hartz, and Alsatian Mountains, Silesia, Hungary, and Bulgaria. ‘The Scotch Argus (Lrebia aethiops = blandina). The butterfly figured on Plate 77 is deep velvety brown, appearing almost black in very fresh male specimens. There is a broad fulvous band on the outer area, but not reaching either the costa or the inner margin ; it is contracted about the middle, the upper part encloses two white pupilled black spots, and the lower part has one such spot. The hind wings have a narrow fulvous band, usually enclosing three white pupilled black spots. The under side is more distinctly brown and not IIl4 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. velvety, band of fore wings similar to above ; the hind wings have a greyish band beyond the middle, with three small white pupilled black spots on its outer edge ; the basal area is often greyish also. The female is generally less dark and velvety, the bands are rather wider, more orange in colour, and the white pupils of the spots are more conspicuous ; on the under side the alternate dark and pale bands are more striking, and sometimes the grey colour is replaced by ochreous, which seems to constitute the aberration named ochracea, Tutt. The spots on the fore wings, upper side, are often increased to four by the addition of a small one between those previously mentioned. More rarely there is an extra spot above the upper pair, and still less frequently, and in the female sex, an additional pair is found below the usual lower spot, thus making six in all. On the other hand, the only spots in evidence may be the pair in the upper part of the band. The spots on the hind wings range in number from two to five, but occasionally all are absent. The fulvous bands on the fore wings may be reduced to rings around the upper and lower spots respectively, and altogether wanting on the hind wings. Such an aberra- tion would be referable to odsolefa, Tutt, which is considered to be very rare. There are many other modifications, but these mentioned will serve to show the variable character of this local butterfly. : The egg is ochreous white, or bone colour, finely freckled with pale brown or pinkish-brown ; it has a number of ribs, and is also reticulated. The caterpillar in its last skin is pale drab, the warts pale whitish-brown, emitting short tapering bristles ; dorsal stripe blackish-brown, enclosed by two paler drab lines ; subdorsal stripe paler drab, becoming narrow towards the anal point, edged above with a greenish-brown thread, and below with blackish or brownish dashes, that almost form a continuous line ; below this come two thin pale lines, above the lower of \) hs iis Vi if Small Mountain Ringlet. Egg, natural size and enlarged; young caterpillar. I, AO f i14. Scotch Argus. Eges, natural size and enlarged ; caterpillar and chrysalis. Small Mountain Ringlet. t, 4 ales > Jomale (Eneus); 2, =, ©; Seotch Argus. Q te) / male (Scotch). THE SCOTCH ARGUS. 2 ius which are the circular black spiracles ; the under parts and the legs are of a somewhat warmer tint of the ground colour of the back. It changed on June 22nd to a pupa, unattached, but placed in an upright position amongst the grass near the ground. The chrysalis has the body ochreous, with a darker stripe down the back, and other lines ; the eye covers are black, and the thorax, antennz cases, and wing covers are dingy, dark purplish-brown. | The above descriptions of caterpillar and chrysalis are adapted from Buckler, whose figures of these stages are also reproduced on the plate. Atra precox, A. cespitosa, and Poa are the grasses that seem to be the food of the caterpillar. Mr. Haggart, of Galashiels, who had exceptional oppor- tunities for observing the habits of this butterfly in its natural home, gives a most interesting account of it in the L£x{o- mologtst for November, 1895. He writes— “The haunt of this species is, almost without exception, the margin of a plantation or wood where the different species of Poa grow abundantly, and always situated in such a position as to receive the first rays of the rising sun. This last-mentioned fact is so plainly evident, that the least observant cannot fail to notice it. The insect is truly sun loving, and no collector need go in search of it with any thought of success if the day be dull. “It is most interesting to observe the extreme sensibility of the insect to shine and shade. A very good day to illustrate this is one when heavy clouds at intervals obscure the sun ; the moment it disappears so also does the butterfly, and no sooner does it shine forth again than, as if by magic, scores of the insect are on the wing. “The under side of the insect bears a marked resemblance to that of a dead leaf, and I have often watched the males being deceived by withered leaves lying among the moss. They 116 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. would flutter down quite close to the leaf, immediately rise with a disappointed air and fly a little further, only to be deceived again and again. “The ova are deposited amongst the Poa grass, and hatch in September. ‘Towards the end of October the larve go down and hibernate throughout the winter and spring, coming up to feed again in May ; they are generally full-fed about the end of June ; and the insect appears in July or August. The larvzare nocturnal feeders, coming up to feed on the grass just about dusk. The method of procuring the larvz is by no means enviable, even to the most ardent entomologist, as in the uncertain light it necessitates crawling on one’s hands and knees amongst the grass, and there is always the risk of grasping those little brown slugs in mistake, which resemble the larvae very much in shape and colour. No artificial light can be used, as the larvee immediately drop down amongst the grass if this is done. The only alternative, therefore, is to use one’s eyes to the best advantage until the darkness makes that impossible. “ They are not difficult to rear in confinement if the larve are kept properly supplied with food.” This butterfly, which as a British species was discovered in the Isle of Arran in 1804, only occurs in the north of England and in Scotland. Its localities in the latter country are Glen Tilt and other valleys in the Perthshire highlands, Strathglass in Inverness, Altyre woods at Forres ; Selkirk, Roxburgh, and various parts of Argyleshire ; around the Lowther Hills, Dum- frieshire ; also in Arran and the Isle of Skye. In most of the places it is plentiful. In England it occurs in the counties of Durham, Westmoreland, Cumberland, Lancashire, and York- shire. _ It is common in Castle Eden Dene, Durham; at Grassington, in Yorkshire ; at Witherslack and Arnside, in Westmoreland ; and at Grange and Silverdale, in Lancashire. Abroad, it is distributed through Central and Southern THE GRAYLING. 17 Europe, and its range extends into Northern Asia Minor, Kurdistan, and Armenia ; the Altai and South Siberia. It may be noted here that £. /zgea was supposed to have been taken in Arran at the same time as £. d/andina, that is in 1804. If this were so, it would seem that the captor must have exterminated the species, for, although the island has often been closely explored, no one has been able to detect the ‘Arran Brown” again. The Grayling (Satyrus semele). On the upper side, this butterfly (Plate 78) is brown, more or less suffused with black, and this is especially noticeable on the outer area of the wings in the male, where it obscures the ochreous or rust-coloured bands, which in the female are almost free from the suffusion. The fore wings have two black spots, the upper one generally, and the lower often, pupilled with white. On the hind wings the bands are clear of blackish suffusion to a greater or lesser extent, and there is one black spot towards the anal angle which may be pupilled with white. Apart from its larger size and brighter bands, the female may be distinguished from the male by the absence of the blackish brand on the disc of the fore wings. On the under side, the fore wings are ochreous, tinged with orange on the basal half or two-thirds ; hind wings are greyish, with darker markings, and an irregular white or whitish band beyond the middle. | Variation is largely confined to the under side of the hind wings, and these wings, as well as the costal edge and the tips of the fore wings, are coloured and marked, in various localities that the butterfly affects, so that the insects may be protected from their enemies when resting. On the upper side of the fore wings an additional spot is wf 118 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. sometimes present below one or other of the usual ones. The bands of the wings are pale ochreous in some examples, and rust-coloured in others ; but it is not unusual for a specimen with ochreous bands on the fore wings to have rust-coloured bands on the hind wings, or ochreous bands with rust-coloured patches on the outer portion ; these patches are most frequently tri- angular in shape, and placed between the veins. Gynandrous specimens also occur, but very rarely. The egg is of a dull creamy tint, ribbed, and with a slight depression on the top. The eggs were laid early in August, on blades and stems of a kind of grass ; also on the leno covering, and the sides of the glass jar in which the female butterfly was enclosed. The caterpillar when full grown “is drab, delicately mottled, with longitudinal stripes broadest along the middle segments, viz. a dorsal stripe of olive-brown, very dark at the beginning of each segment, with a thin edging of brownish-white. Along. the subdorsal region are three stripes, of which the first is composed of a double narrow line of yellowish-brown, the second wider of the mottled ground colour, edged with paler above and with white below ; the third of similar width is of a dark grey-brown, edged above with black. The spiracular stripe is broader and of nearly equal width, pale ochreous-brown, edged with brownish-white both above and below ; the spiracles are black. The head is brown, and the principal stripes of the body are delicately marked with darker brown” (Buckler). The chrysalis is described as “ obtuse, rounded, tumid, and smooth, the abdominal rings scarcely visible, and wholly of a deep red mahogany colour.” It was “in a hollow space a quarter of an inch below the surface, the particles of sand and earth very slightly cohering together, and close to the roots of the grass, yet free from them.” The figures of caterpillar and chrysalis are drawn from those in Buckler’s “ Larve of British Butterflies.” ———— Ee eee Grayling Butterfly. | WiowWes, 1, @ (Chae), 2 lagi): emotes, & Valerie) 8-5, © (Chae ). L119; Wy, in i % Grayling Butterfly. caterpillar and chrysalis (both after Buckler). e , PD ppp ; Ege enlarged F719: THE GRAYLING. 119 The caterpillars hatch in August, hibernate when quite small, and feed up in the spring and early summer. They live upon grasses, such as 7riticum repens, Atra cespitosa, and A. preecox. The butterfly delights in sitting rather than flying about cliffs _and sand-hills, heaths and downs, stony hill-sides, dry fields, and even open woodlands. It is fond of sunning itself on rocks, and by some of the old Aurelians it was called the “ Rock Underwing,” no doubt in reference to the pattern and colour of the under side. It was also known as the “Tunbridge Gray- ling” some two hundred years ago, when it was said to be _“ very rare about London.” It has long since been ascertained to occur in almost every county in England and Wales, as far north as Sutherlandshire in Scotland, and is widely distributed in Ireland. On the chalk downs and cliffs the butterfly has the under side of its hind wings so admirably agreeing in colour and marking with the soil, etc., that although one may watch it settle a few yards ahead, it is not to be seen when one reaches the spot. Whilst we are intent on the search the insect starts up, flies a short distance, and there repeats the disappearing butterfly trick. The same remarks apply to those Graylings that affect peaty or sandy heaths, etc. When the butterfly alights on the ground—and it rarely gets on the wing unless disturbed—it immediately closes its wings, and then allows them to.fall more or less on one side, so that the whole of one hind wing is presented to view. It is said to have a fancy for the resinous sap that oozes from pine trees, and has also been observed to visit the trunks that have been “‘ sugared.” Abroad, it is found commonly throughout the temperate parts of Europe, North Africa, and Northern and Western Asia. I20 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. The Speckled Wood (/avarge egeria). Quite early in the eighteenth century Petiver met with the butterfly shown on Plate 80 at Enfield, so he figured it as the ‘“‘Enfield Eye ” in that curious old book entitled “ Papiliorium Britanniz Icones.” Later on, Wilkes named the butterfly the ‘““Wood Argus,” thus indicating its favourite haunts, as well as a prominent character in its ornamentation. Harris changed the name to the “ Speckled Wood Butterfly,” which seems even more suitable. The general colour is blackish-brown, and the spots are yellowish. The fore wings have one white-pupilled black eye spot towards their tips, and the hind wings have three such eye spots on the outer area. The male has a long oblique patch of blackish scales on the middle of the fore wings, which is, perhaps, more easily detected if the insect is held up to the light. The female is usually slightly larger than the male, the wings rather rounder, and the yellowish spots, are, as a rule, distinctly larger. The typical or southern form of this butterfly has the spots of a tawny colour, but it does not occur in Britain. Our form, in all its modifications, belongs to egerzdes, Staudinger. Occasionally, in the south of England, specimens are found in which the spots are tinged with fulvous ; others have almost white spots. The spots are sometimes much reduced in size in the male, or greatly enlarged in the female. The egg is pale greenish, finely reticulated ; as the caterpillar matures within, the shell becomes less glossy than at first, and the upper part is blackish. , The caterpillar has a green head, which is larger than the first ring of the body (Ist thoracic), covered with short fine whitish hairs, with which are mixed a few dark hairs. The body is rather brighter green, with darker lines, edged with yellowish, along the back and sides; the skin is transversely We) Ser ' String Brood: 1, 2 / 120. Speckled Wood.. male; 3, 5 fenzale. Summer brood: 4,6 male; 7 female. Ponte, JE it rece Speckled Wood. Egg, natural size ana enlarged ; caterpillar and chrysatts. THE SPECKLED WOOD. I2I wrinkled, the rings being subdivided, and the whole of the body is: clothed with fine whitish hair and a few dark hairs arising from warts ; the anal points are whitish and also hairy. It feeds on various grasses, among which are 7rztecum repens and Dactylis glomerata. The chrysalis is pale green, tinged with yellowish or whitish ; the edges of the wing covers are brown, and there are whitish dots on the body. According to Hellins the colour varies, and green chrysalids may be covered all over with very fine smoky freckles. Barrett states that they are occasionally brownish with darker brown lines. Suspended by the cremaster from a silken pad. From eggs laid in early May butterflies were reared at the end of June; and from eggs laid at the end of June butterflies resulted during middle August. Early July eggs produced perfect insects in early September, and from caterpillars fed up in October butterflies were obtained in November. These observations were not all made in the same year. Barrett writes, ‘In the south of Surrey in 1862, the first emer- gence took place in April in abundance, these specimens became worn and disappeared, and a second emergence took place at the end of May, a third at the end of July, and a fourth in Sep- tember ; the next year the first emergence was in the third week in March, and again four broods were observed, but this is not the case every year, three emergences being probably the rule.” Mr. Joy has recorded that of caterpillars, resulting from a pairing induced in captivity, in August, eighty per cent. hibernated as pupze, twenty per cent. as half-fed caterpillars. Butterflies from the winter pupz emerged in May, but the caterpillars that had gone through the winter in that state did not produce butterflies until June. Possibly something of this sort occurs in the open, and we may suppose that the early and late spring butterflies are not separate broods, but early and late emergences of one brood. Butterflies seen on the wing in 122 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. November may be a few individuals that, owing to favourable weather, have emerged from chrysalids which under ordinary conditions would have remained as such during the winter. Shady lanes, rides in woods, as well as the borders of the same, are its favourite haunts. It is not a sun-loving butterfly, but is generally found to frequent places where the sun’s rays are more or less intercepted by a leafy screen. It seems to be more abundant in wet seasons than in dry ones. It is generally distributed throughout England and Wales, but more plentiful in southern and- western counties than in the eastern and northern. In Ireland, Kane says, it is ‘“‘everywhere abundant and double brooded. It is local in Scotland, and rare north of the Caledonian Canal. | Abroad our form of the butterfly egerzdes is found commonly in Central and Northern Europe, except in the extreme north, and in Northern Asia Minor and Armenia. The typical form, egerza proper, occurs in South-Western Europe, North Africa, and Syria. The Wall Butterfly (7ararge megera). The butterfly now under consideration is figured on Plate 82. It is bright fulvous in colour, with blackish-brown veins, margins, and transverse lines. There is one white pupilled — black spot on the fore wings, and four of such spots on the outer area of the hind wings; the fourth, which is generally blind, is placed at the end of the series near the anal angle. The male has a very conspicuous sexual brand on the central area. The under side of the fore wings is paler than above, but the mark- ings are similar, except that the brand is absent and the margins _ are greyer ; the hind wings on the under side are greyish marked with brown and traversed by dark lines ; there is a row of six eyed spots on the outer area; that nearest the anal angle is double. The female has more ample wings, and as the brand WDD Wall Buiterfly. Thy By 5 GWU S By Ay © fCMGUse S123: 1S. caterpillar and chrysal > Wall Butterfly. Eggs, natural size and enlarged IEMs roe THE WALL BUTTERFLY. 123 is absent on the fore wings in this sex, the central black trans- verse lines are more distinct. Variation is chiefly in the size of the eyed spots ; sometimes the apical one of the fore wings has a smaller one attached to its lower margin, or in the interspace (7.e. between the veins) above it or below it; or both extra spots, which are usually without white pupils, may be present. Very rarely the apical spot may Fic. 26. The Wall Butterfly just emerged from the Chrysalis, and with wings distended. _ be almost absent on one fore wing, but well defined on the other. The central transverse lines on the fore wings of the female are sometimes broad, and very occasionally the space between the lines is blackish; blackish-banded male specimens are also i I24 THE. BUTTERFLIES OF THRE BRITISH [seus found in some localities, such as the slopes of Dartmoor, Devon, as mentioned by Barrett. The ground colour varies in tint, darker or lighter than normal, but specimens of a bright golden yellow-brown, straw colour, or whitish are known to occur, although such extreme aberrations are exceptional. The egg is pale green when first laid, and in shape it is almost spherical, but rather higher than broad ; it is finely ribbed and reticulated, but unless examined through a lens it appears to be quite smooth. The caterpillar when full grown is whitish-green, dotted with white. From the larger of these dots on the back arise greyish bristles ; the three lines on the back (dorsal and sub-dorsal) are whitish, edged with dark green; the line on the sides (spiracular) is white, fringed with greyish hairs; anal points green, hairy, extreme tips white: Head larger than the first ring (ist thoracic segment), green dotted with white and hairy, jaws marked with brownish. It feeds on grasses. The chrysalis is green, with yellow-tinted white markings on the edge of the wing covers and ridges ; the spots on the body are yellowish, or sometimes white. Occasionally the chrysalids are blackish, with white or yellow points on the body. There are certainly two broods of this butterfly in the season, and in favourable years there may be three broods. In an ordinary way the first flight is in May and June, and the second flight in July and August. The caterpillars feed on Poa annua, Dactylis glomerata, etc. Those hatched in autumn hibernate more or less completely, and become full grown in early or late spring according to the season. Sometimes, however, they seem to feed during the winter, and assume the chrysalis in March. Probably it is from such precocious caterpillars that the butterflies sometimes seen in April result. The Speckled Wood, it was noted, prefers shady places ; the present butterfly is more partial to sunshine and plenty of it. Meadow Brown. Ea Oy 7 Cueale. > 4 male y 2 2) TUS ee K 125. Meadow brown. Eggs, natural size and enlarged ; caterpillars and chrysalis. THE MEADOW BROWN. 125 _As its English name suggests, it is fond of basking on walls, but it does this also on dry hedge banks, sides of gravel pits, tree-trunks—in fact, wherever it can enjoy the full sunshine. It is not at all shy, and will be pretty sure to introduce itself to the notice of the collector as soon as he enters its domain. - Although it now seems to be absent from certain districts in which it was once abundant, it may still be regarded as a generally common species in England and Wales, and even plentiful, in some years, in the southern, eastern, and western counties ; it appears to be more local in North England. In Scotland it seems fairly distributed, and not scarce in the south ; its range extends to Aberdeenshire. Kane states that it is everywhere abundant throughout Ireland. Abroad it is ‘common throughout Europe, except the extreme north, and extends into North Africa, Asia Minor, and Armenia. The Meadow Brown (£Zfinephele ianira). The female is the jurtzza of Linnzeus, and as he described this sex before the male, under the impression that they were distinct species, the law of priority, we are told, must be observed and the earlier name be adopted. This fuscous-brown butterfly of the meadows is marked, especially in the female, with dull orange. The male, of which sex three specimens are shown (Plate 84, Figs. 1-3), has a broad black sexual brand on the central area of the fore wings, and a white pupilled black spot towards the tips of the wings ; this spot is usually encircled with orange, and there is often more or less of this orange colour below it (Fig. 2 typical). The under side of the fore wings is orange with the costa narrowly, and the outer margin broadly, greyish-brown to match with the colour of the under side of the hind wings. The female is with- out the black brand, and is more ornamented with orange, which generally forms a broad patch on the outer area of the fore K 126 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. wings (Fig. 6), but it is sometimes continued inwards, so that almost the whole of the discal area—that is, nearly all but the margins, appears to be orange (Fig. 7); the hind wings have an indistinct paler band on the outer area, and this is sometimes suffused or clouded with orange. On the under side the pale band is more defined (Fig. 5). The apical spot of fore wings is sometimes double, and a tendency to this variation is shown in Fig. 6, but in the complete form there are two white dots (bi-pupillated). At the other extreme, and generally in the male, the apical spot is entirely absent (var. azommata), or is greatly reduced in size, and is without the white pupil. Spots on the under side are as often absent as present. They may be from one to five in number, and either simply black dots or ringed with orange, as in Fig. 4. Occasionally the orange on the upper side of the female gives place to a pale straw or even whitish colour ; and on the under side to whitish-grey. Not infrequently a greater or lesser area of the wings is “bleached,” and this seems to be due to absence of pigment in the scales on such parts. This bleaching may affect the whole or a portion of one wing only, or it may take the form of symmetrical blotches on each wing. All such abnormal specimens of this, and of other species similarly affected, are certainly of value to those who are interested in teratology, but they seem to be out of place in a collection of butterflies where the aim should be to show the true variation of species rather than “freaks,” which are the result of accident or disease. The egg, laid on a blade of grass as shown (Plate 85), is upright and ribbed; the top is flattened, with an impressed ring thereon. Colour, whitish-green inclining to brownish- yellow as it matures, and marked with purplish-brown. The caterpillar is bright green, clothed with short whitish hairs; there is a darker line down the back, and a diffused white stripe on each side above the reddish spiracles ; the anal points are white. Head rather darker green, hairy. a as F!. 86. : N20: Gatekeeper. Eggs, natural size and enlarged ; caterpillar and chrysalts. is ehisiae? EAs ccaacsvsri Gatekeeper. 3, 4, 5 female. 5) Ty, 2, ©.) 7. Zale THE GATEKEEPER, i277, The chrysalis is pale green, marked with brownish on the wing-covers, the thorax is spotted with blackish, and the points on the body are brownish. Suspended, and with the old skin attached, as shown in the figure. _ From its wide distribution and general abundance, this may be said to be our commonest butterfly. It appears to be always on the wing, in dull weather as well as in sunshine, and, except for a short interval in early August, it is to be seen in hayfields, open places in woods, on grassy slopes, or borders of highways and byways from June to September. _ Although quite fresh specimens are fuscous-brown, the butterfly, after a short time on the wing, loses the dusky tinge and becomes brown. It is, therefore, always desirable to rear specimens for the cabinet from caterpillars. These feed on grasses of various kinds in May, are easily managed, and may be found in most hay meadows at night, when, of course, a lantern will be needed to throw a light on the business of collecting them. The not infrequent occurrence of fresh specimens in the autumn is strong presumptive evidence of at least an occasional second Bees Perhaps, as has been suggested by Mr. R. Adkin, ‘‘a late emergence of Epznephele zanira is the rule rather than the oe ” especially in the warmer parts of the country. The butterfly is found throughout England ee Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, including Isles of Lewis and Orkney. Abroad it occurs in all parts of Europe except the most northern, Asia Minor, Armenia, North Africa, and the Canary Isles. The Gatekeeper (Zfinephele tithonus). Other English names in use at the present time for this butterfly (Plate 87) are “ Small Meadow Brown,” “ Hedge 128 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. Brown,” and “ Large Heath,” but the latter is more often applied to another species which will be referred to later. Petiver called it the “‘ Hedge Eye.” The general colour is brownish-orange, and the margins are fuscous-brown ; there is a black spot towards the tips of the fore wings, and this, as a rule, encloses two white dots ; one or both of these dots sometimes absent in the male. The male differs from the female in its rather smaller size, and in having © a fuscous band on the central area; the latter is broadest towards the inner margin, and in this part are some patches of blackish androconial scales or plumules ; at the upper end of the band there is sometimes a fuscous cloud. Occasionally, one or more small black spots, some with white pupils, are present below the apical one. Four such spots are rare, but specimens with one or with two are not uncommon. There is usually a white-pupilled black spot towards the anal angle of the hind wing, but I have several males and females that are without this spot. Sometimes there are as many as four spots on the hind wings, but this is perhaps exceptional (Plate 113, Fig. 5). On the under side of the hind wings there are often two white dots, sometimes ringed with black, towards the costa, and two or - three other similar dots towards the anal angle; but the number of dots may be reduced to two, one of which is near the costa, or be increased to six. Colour changes, similar to those in the last species, occur, and the orange colour, in both sexes, may be replaced by yellow (var. mznckz, Seebold), or by white (var. albida, Russell, Plate 119, Figs. 6, 7). Such aberrations are very local and rare ; a few have been obtained on chalk hills in South Hampshire. In an extraordinary aberration, taken in Sussex in 1897, the whole of the dark brown colour of margins and band is replaced by pale pinkish-ochreous, but the normal brownish orange remains. Other somewhat similar specimens have been recorded. pe en EL Le THE GATEKEEPER. : 129 The egg (Plate 86) is pale yellowish when first laid, becoming lighter and irregularly blotched with reddish-brown, the upper blotches forming a sort of band round the egg; as the cater- pillar matures the shell assumes a darker tinge, inclining to slaty, and the markings are less distinct. The caterpillar, when full grown, is pale ochreous, clothed with short pale hair, and freckled with brownish ; the line down the back is darker, one on each side is paler, and that above the feet is yellowish. The head is rather darker than the body, marked with brownish, and bristly. According to Hellins, the newly hatched caterpillar is whitish- grey, with rusty yellow lines on the back. In October, after the first moult, it becomes green with a brownish head. In April the body is greenish-grey, and the head pale greenish-brown. At the end of April it moults for the last time, and is then pale ochreous generally, but some caterpillars are darker than this, and some paler with a greenish-grey tinge. ~The chrysalis is whitish-ochreous, with dark brown streaks on the wing-covers and some brownish spots and clouds on the back and sides. Suspended from stem or blade of grass ; the old skin remains attached. The caterpillars feed at night on grasses, such as Poa annua, Triticum repens, and Dactylis glomerata, from September to June. The butterfly is on the wing in July and August. Although these butterflies may be seen, sometimes in consider- able numbers, where the rides are grassy, in woods, they are perhaps more attached to hedgerows. Bramble flowers are their special attraction, but they are not indifferent to the blossoms of the wood sage (Teucrium scorodonia) or of marjoram (Orzganum vulgare). Pretty generally distributed throughout England, it is often exceedingly plentiful in the south and also in South Wales. In ' Scotland the butterfly seems to be common in Kircudbright- shire, but not common in other southern counties up to Argyle 130 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. and Fife. Kane says that in Ireland it is almost confined to the southern counties. Abroad it is found throughout Europe, except the North- East, and its range extends into Northern Asia Minor. The Ringlet (Aphantopus hyperanthus). tw a The sombre-looking butterfly, of which several figures will be found on Plate 89, has been known by its present English name since 1778, the year in which Moses Harris published . “The Aurelian.” The Latin specific name was written hyfer- antus by Linnzeus, but Esper corrected this to hyperanthus. It has, however, been supposed that Linnzeus really intended to have written Ayperanthes (a son of Darius), and this form of the name has been used, but Esper’s emendation is here adopted. All the wings are sooty-brown, the male when quite fresh appearing almost black, and the sexual brand is then difficult to see ; there are one or more black spots with pale rings, and sometimes white pupils, on the fore wings, but these are always more prominent in the female than in the male ; in the latter sex they may be entirely absent. On the under side there are generally two, sometimes three, ocellated spots on the fore wings, and there a are five such spots on PIG? 27. the hind wings, the two ian laaicoolke. nearest the costa being double, and not very in- frequently there is a smaller spot near or attached to the lower edge of the double one. In the matter of size of the spots on the under side there is a wide range of variation, and at one JET, Ringlet. Egg, natural size and enlarged Fl. 88. caterpillar and chrysalids. B) Ringlet. 4, 5, 8 female . b] ,7 male THE RINGLET. 131 end of this is var. danceolata, Shipp, and at the other var. obsoleta, Tutt, in which not a trace of any of the spots remains. Specimens with a varying number of white dots, with or without yellow rings, are usually referred to var. avefe, but Fig. 6 on the Plate represents a modification of this variety, known as c@eca. 2 Occasionally, on the under side, there are transverse lines on the outer half of all the wings, and the space between these lines is suffused with whitish. The specimen showing these lines faintly (Fig. 3 on the Plate) is from North Cumberland. The early stages are figured on Plate 88. The egg is yellowish-white at first, but soon turns to a pale brown. As will be seen on comparing the enlarged figure of this egg with those of the two previous species, it is quite different in shape, and is pitted rather than ribbed. The eggs are not attached to anything, but are allowed to fall down among the roots of the grass over which they are deposited. The caterpillar is described by Newman as pale wainscot brown in colour, with a darker line down the back, and the head has three broad, slightly darker but faint, stripes on each cheek. According to others it is ochreous or brownish-grey, with a dark brown line on the back, a pale one with darker edge on the sides, and a whitish stripe above the feet. The chrysalis is ochreous-brown sprinkled with reddish- brown, and marked with brown on the wing-covers. It lies low down ainong the tufts of grass. The figures of caterpillar and chrysalis are from Buckler’s “ Larvz of British Butterflies.” The caterpillars feed upon various grasses, including Pou annua and Dactylis glomerata, growing about damp places in woodland districts. They emerge from the egg in August, feed leisurely until October, when they appear to hibernate. In March they resume feeding, but do not attain full growth until June. The butterflies are on the wing in July and August, and frequent lanes and the outskirts of woods. They usually fly 132 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. along the shady side, but they are not averse to the nectar of the bramble blossom, and I have seen them taking a sip here and there although they were fully exposed to sunshine all the time. 7 Wherever there are suitable haunts the butterfly may be found throughout the greater part of England and Wales. It seems, however, to have disappeared from some districts in Lancashire and Yorkshire where it was formerly common. It is fairly plentiful in most of the southern counties of Scotland, and its range extends north to Aberdeen. In Ireland it 1s abundant in the south and the west, and seems to occur in most suitable places ; also common in certain localities in Donegal and Antrim. Abroad it is distributed through Europe and Northern Asia eastward to Japan. The Large Heath (Cexonympha typhon). The butterfly now to be considered is a most variable one, both as regards colour and marking. Several of the varieties have been named, and in the time of Haworth down to Stephens, and even much later, at least three of these were regarded as distinct species. In the present day, however, it is generally accepted that all the varieties are forms of one species, although two local races are recognized. The typical form is 7yphon, Rottemburg, and polydama (The Marsh Ringlet) of Haworth (Plate 90, Figs. 1, 2, 5, 7-11). The colour rangés from darkish-brown to a pale tawny ; there is an ochreous ringed black spot towards the tips of the fore wings, sometimes another similar spot above the inner angle, and occasionally when both spots are present there is an ochreous spot between them ; the hind wings have from one to three of these spots, but a larger number than three is exceptional. The under side of the fore wings 1s either bright or dull fulvous, and the spots are pretty much as above, but with white pupils, THE LARGE HEATH. 133 and there is a whitish band before them ; the under side of the hind wings is olive brown on the basal two-thirds, covered with pale hair, and the outer third is brownish merging into greyish on the outer margin ; an irregular white or whitish band limits the two areas ; there are six ochreous ringed black spots, with white pupils, but they are always rather small in size. The _ female is much paler than the male. This is the usual form in Northumberland, Cumberland, Yorkshire, and Ireland; it also occurs in Lancashire, West- moreland, and the South of Scotland. Var. philoxenus, Esper. This is davus (Small Ringlet), Haworth, and vothlzebiz, Newman (Plate go, Figs. 3, 4, 6). On the upper side the colour is dark brown in the male and rather paler in the female ; the spots are very distinct, ringed with fulvous ; those on the hind wings are generally three in number, and often five or six ; on the under side, the bands are whiter, and often broader, and the spots are very black, large, and conspicuous. This form is found on some of the mosses in Lancashire and Westmoreland, in Delamere Forest, Cheshire, and in North Shropshire ; but the most characteristic examples of the form are chiefly obtained in the first-named county, from which it was first made known, in 1795, as the ‘* Manchester Argus,” r “Manchester Ringlet.” Var. scotica, Staudinger (lazdzon, Staud., but not of Bork- hausen), Pl. 90, Figs. 1, 2, 4, 58, 3?, 1s the zyfzonx of Haworth, as stated by Newman; the latter author, however, figures it as davus, Fabricius, which is doubtful. The ground colour is pale tawny, sometimes suffused with brownish, greyish on the margin, and broadly so on the outer area of the hind wings; the spots are often absent, and when present are rarely very distinct. The female is much paler than the male. The under side of the hind wings is somewhat similar to that of the typical form, but sometimes the whole area is a 134 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. uniform greyish ; the spots are only rarely at all distinct, and then only one, or perhaps two, on a wing, and not infrequently they are entirely absent. This form occurs in Scotland, especially in Aberdeenshire and Sutherlandshire, also in the Isle of Arran, in the Orkney and Shetland Isles, and in the Outer Hebrides. Kane states that he has met with single’ specimens at “ Killarney, Westmeath, Galway, and Sligo.” In some localities, such as Carlisle, Rotherham, and others in Yorkshire, forms intermediate between the type and var. philoxenus are found; modifications of the type form in the direction of var. scoféca occur in Cumberland, Northumberland, and Co. Leitrim, in Ireland; and forms approaching the type more nearly than var. scoféca are met with in the Glasgow district, and at Pitcaple in Aberdeenshire. The egg is very pale greenish-yellow at first, but the green fades, brownish blotches appear, and some dark markings appear around the upper part a short while before the cater- pillar hatches out. It is finely scored almost from the base to the top, which is depressed, and has a raised boss in the centre, as in the egg of the Small Heath. From some eggs sent to me in July, caterpillars hatched in August. They fed on ordinary meadow grass, and in September were figured, when they were about half an inch in length. Head shallowly notched in front, green, roughened with whitish dots, eyes and jaws brownish. Body green, roughened with white dots, with darker line down the back, and paler, almost white lines along the sides, anal projections reddish (these were greenish when younger). The figure of the full-grown caterpillar 1s after Buckler, who describes it as “of a bright green, with dark bluish-green dorsal line, edged with pale lemon-yellow, the sub-dorsal and spiracular lines are of the same pale yellow, but the sub-dorsal is edged above with dark bluish-green, and between these two lines is an interrupted streak of a darker colour, posteriorly with a slight 1, 6 male, 2 female (Delamere); 7, 9 male, 5 Ta TB 4 Large Heath. emale (Arran); 8 male (.V. Salop); 10 do. (Lreland); 11 do. (Carlisle). “typ tbs yy, FL, Ot. F135. Large Heath. Eggs, natural size and enlarged ; caterpillars and chrysalis. THE LARGE HEATH. 135 tinge of reddish or pink, and the caudal fork is tipped with pink.” : 3 The chrysalis is bright green, with brown streaks on the edges and centre of the wing-covers, and at the tip of the tail, turning dark brown just before the butterfly emerges. (Figure and description after Buckler.) | The eggs are laid in July on blades of grass, and the cater- pillars hatch out in that month and August. The food of the caterpillars is said to be the beaked-rush (Ahyuchospora alba) ; those that I had from Witherslack eggs fed well upon ordinary grass until October, but they died during the winter. After hibernation they recommence feeding, and are full grown in May and June, when they pupate, and the butterflies appear at the end of June and in July. Barrett, writing of the butterfly in all its forms, says, “ Its most southern known locality in England is Chartley Park, Derbyshire, and it is common in all ‘ mosses’ of Lancashire and Cheshire—all moors about Grange, and in Chat Moss, Risley Moss, Rixton Moss, Simondswood, Lindon Moss, and Carrington Moss, as well as at Delamere Forest. In Yorkshire abundant in Thorne Waste, not scarce in Wensleydale, and . found on Cottingham Moor, Hatfield Moors, and elsewhere. Northward it is found in all suitable mosses and moors in Durham, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, but seems to have been exterminated in Northumberland.” In Scotland it appears to be pretty generally distributed, and occurs up to an elevation of some 2000 feet. Kane states that in Ireland it is widely spread throughout, on the bogs and mountains. It is stated to have occurred in North Wales a long time ago, but there are no recent records from that _ country. Abroad it is found in Central and Northern Europe, extending to Lapland, and through Northern Asia to Amurland. In North America it is represented by two forms, which are not quite like any of those occurring elsewhere. 136 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. The Small Heath (Cenonympha pamphilus). To the ancient fathers the male of the butterfly on Plate 92 was known as the “ Selvedged Heath Eye,” and the female was called the ‘“ Golden Heath Eye.” Harris figured it as “ The Small Heath,” or “ Gatekeeper ;” the latter name being now associated with another species, it may be allowed to drop out in the present connection. The wings are pale tawny, with a brownish or greyish-brown border, of variable width, on all the wings, and stronger in the male than the female ; there is a black spot towards the tip of the fore wing. The under side resembles that of the last species in some degree, but the eyed spots of the hind wings are not always prominent, often only white dots, and may be absent altogether (Fig. 9). Variation in this species is extensive, but not striking. The tint of the ground colour may be reddish or yellowish ; occa- sionally brownish or greyish-brown specimens of the male occur, and more rarely purplish-brown examples of the same sex have been found. Females, in all cases paler, and generally larger than the male, are sometimes whitish-ochreous in colour, and, very rarely, yellowish-white. The brown border is also a variable character, and may be very dark and broad (var. lyllus), or reduced to linear proportions. The apical spot on the fore wings may be of fair size and very black, very pale and indistinct (Figs. 8, 12), or entirely absent ; it does not seem to be pupilled with white (as it is on the under side), but sometimes there is a pale speck in the céntre. On the under side of the hind wings there is variation in the width of the central whitish band-like patch, in some specimens with unusually dark ground colour this patch is very broad; in other examples, of normal coloration, the band is complete, and extends to the inner margin. The white dots that normally do duty as ocelli are THE SMALL HEATH. 137 not infrequently set in reddish-brown spots, and then become rather more noticable (Fig. 14). This form is var. ocellata, Tutt. The egg is green at first, afterwards becoming whitish or bone-colour ; later on a brownish irregular ring appears a little above the middle, and there are various brownish freckles. It is finely ribbed, and the top is depressed, forming a hollow with a central boss. Laid in a cluster of four on a blade of grass, but this may have been accidental. Others were de- posited singly on muslin and on fine grass, all in mid-June. The caterpillar is of a clear green colour, “with darker green dorsal stripe, and a spiracular stripe not so dark ; the anal points pink” (Hellins). The chrysalis is of “a delicate pale rather yellowish-green, with a faintly darker green dorsal stripe, the edge of the pro- jecting wing-covers on each side whitish, outlined with a streak of reddish-brown ; the abdomen freckled very delicately with paler green; the tip of the anal point, with a short streak of brownish-red on each side ; the wing-cases faintly marked with darker green nervures ” (Buckler). | The figures of caterpillar and chrysalis on Plate 93 are from Buckler’s “ Larvz of British Butterflies.” Some caterpillars, from eggs laid in May or ae become full- grown in four or five weeks, and appear as butterflies in August, but others do not complete their growth until the following spring. Just exactly what happens in the case of eggs from autumn females does not seem to be very definitely ascertained. It has, however, been stated that caterpillars hatching from eggs laid in August, attain the size of the slow-growing con- tingent from May eggs, and then hibernate. Probably, there- fore, it is these that produce the July butterflies, and if so, the succession of emergencies may be something in this way: May and June butterflies from May and June eggs (twelve months’ cycle), July butterflies from August eggs (eleven months 138 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. cycle), August and September butterflies (partial second brood) from May and June eggs (four months’ cycle). This interesting little butterfly is to be seen almost every- where, but it is perhaps most frequently to be found in grassy places in lanes, on heaths and downs, railway banks, in rough meadows, etc. It occurs on mountains even up to an elevation of 2000 feet. When flying in company with the blues and coppers, all frolicking together over some patch of long grass, the colour combination has an exceedingly pleasing effect. They rest by day, and sleep at night on grass or rushes. A common species throughout England and Wales, Ireland and Scotland, as far north as Nairn, also in the Outer Hebrides. Abroad its distribution extends over Europe to South-West Siberia, Central and North-East Asia, Asia Minor, and North Africa. We now arrive at the Hairstreaks, Coppers, and Blues. These belong to the Lyczenide, a very large family of butterflies which is represented in all parts of the globe. There are eighteen species in Britain, but at least one of these is extinct and another is supposed to be so; two are very rare, and the chances of meeting with either are probably about equal. The Brown Hairstreak (Zeshyrus betule). The butterfly is represented on Plate 94, Figs. 1-3. The male is blackish-brown with a faint greyish tinge, and there is a conspicuous black bar at the end of the discal cell of the fore wing, followed by a pale cloud ; there are two orange marks at the anal angle of the hind wings. The female is blackish-brown, and has the black bar at end of the cell, and an orange band beyond ; there are usually three orange marks on the hind wings at the anal angle, but sometimes there are only two. The under side of the male is ochreous, but that of the female is more orange ; the fore wings have the black bar edged on y : Seotch Large Heath. 1, 2, 5 male; 2, 4 semale. ee Small Heath. OO LO TS aie aaa he ping eet Oa iad . ie , ; SAR ine Ee Ra NI A ee r : as iat sa Fibs, Oe: Small Heath. Eggs, natural size and enlarged ; caterpillar and chrysalis. K 139 THE BROWN HAIRSTREAK. 139 each side with white, and there is a white-edged, brownish triangular streak beyond, the outer margin is tinged with reddish ; on the hind wings there are two white irregular lines and the space between them is brownish, the outer margin is reddish, becoming broadly so towards the anal angle, where there is a black spot. Variation is not of a very striking character. The shade following the black bar at end of the discal cell on the fore wings in the male is sometimes yellowish tinged, not infrequently fairly large, and with two smaller spots below it. More rarely all three spots are distinctly ochreous- yellow (var. sfzzose@, Gerhard). A similar aberration, but with the marks white instead of yellow, has been named fal/ida, Tutt. The orange band in the female varies in width and in length ; occasionally it extends well below vein 2, and into the discal cell within the black bar. I have one specimen in which the band is broken up into three parts, and the upper one of these is but little wider than the same spot in var. s#znos@, the other two being almost exactly of the same size as in that variety. | The life-history is figured on Plate 95—the lower set of figures. : The egg is described by Newman “as a depressed sphere and white,” and he states, “it is attached to the twigs of black- | thorn (Prunus spinosa) in~the autumn, often as late as the end of September or beginning of October ; it 1s not hatched until the spring.” - The caterpillar is bright pale green, and the lines on the back and sides are yellowish, as also are the oblique streaks on the sides and the border of the ridge above the feet. There are some bristles along the ridge on the back and also on that above the feet. It feeds on blackthorn in May and June, and will eat the foliage of almost any kind of plum. I have reared fine specimens from caterpillars which fed on greengage. The chrysalis is pale reddish-brown with a dark line down 140 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. the middle of the back and some pale oblique streaks on each side ; the wing-cases are freckled with darker brown. Barrett, quoting Fenn, says, ‘‘ Suspended by the tail and a silken girth to the stem of the food-plant close to the ground.” Those that I have seen pupated on or under leaves, and so far as I could observe without any girth, and certainly not suspended. - Nearly two hundred years ago the male of this butterfly was known as the Brown Hairstreak, whilst the female was called the Golden Hairstreak. The caterpillar seems to have been observed in quite early times. It has always been a local species, and although it appears to frequent hedgerows occasion- ally, its haunts generally are open grounds in the neighbourhood of woods, where blackthorn or sloe is plentiful. August and September are the months for the butterfly, but it does not seem to be very often observed on the wing, even in places where the caterpillars are known to occur. When seen it is generally high up on, or around, some oak tree. Occasionally, however, it visits the bramble blossoms, and at such times becomes a fairly easy prey. The caterpillar is obtained by beating sloe bushes. Barrett, who seems to have worked out its distribution in England and Wales pretty closely, remarks, “In the eastern counties it has been taken occasionally in Norfolk and Suffolk, more frequently in Essex, where, in Epping Forest, it has been - fairly common ; also in Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, and Northamptonshire, in some plenty. In very few localities in Kent, Sussex, Hants, and Dorset; rarely in Gloucestershire, and possibly Somerset; but found in many Devonshire localities, especially in the sheltered valleys around the Dart- moor range, and in the charmingly wooded districts about Axminster and Sidmouth ; becoming common towards Dart- mouth. It has also been found commonly near Marlborough, Wilts, and plentifully in some parts of North Wales ; apparently rare in South Wales, but certainly existing in some parts of the ~ Brown Hairstreak. 1, male; 2, 3 female. White-letter Hairstreak. 4, 6 wale; 5, 7 female. 8 Send Sirona AR! eee SERVO RY ann Jy {Oe Brown Hairstreak. Zgy exlarged; caterpillar and chrysats. W4AT- a ee ee THE PURPLE HAIRSTREAK. IAI wooded districts skirting Milford Haven. Also recorded from Worcestershire, and Cannock Chase in Staffordshire; and northward in the favoured districts of Grange and Silverdale in North Lancashire, and Witherslack in Westmoreland.” As Surrey is not quoted in the foregoing, it may be mentioned as one of the counties in which the species is found. In Ireland Kane says that it is “abundant in certain localities in Munster ; and in Co. Galway at Claring Bridge, and Oranmore ; Cork ; Killoghrum Wood, Enniscorthy ; Blarney, Killarney.” | It is distributed throughout Central and Northern Europe, except the Polar region, and its range extends through Northern Asia to Amurland, Ussuri, and China. —_——__—— Lg here The Purple Hairstreak (Zephyrus quercus). aluurto The butterfly (figured on Plate 96) has the sexes differently 24/ / 4A ornamented, as in the last species. The male is strongly tinged ~ with purplish-blue, the veins are blackish ; the outer margin of the fore wings are narrowly, and the costa and outer margin of the hind wings are broadly, bordered with black. The female is purplish-black, with two patches of bluish-purple in the discal » cell and space below ; often there is a smaller patch of the same colour between them, the whole forming a large blotch interrupted by the blackish veins. Under side greyish with blackish shaded white lines ; two or three blackish clouds on the outer margin of fore wings above the inner angle ; these are sometimes edged with orange ; a black spot on anal angle of the hind wings, with an orange one above it, and a black- centred orange spot between veins 2 and 3. Variation in this species is exceptional. Anaberration known as della, Gerhard, has a yellowish mark at end of the cell on the upper side of the fore wings, and at least one such variety has been taken in England. Sometimes the blotch on the female is rather blue than purple ; a male specimen with blue streaks on the costa of the fore wings has been recorded, and 3 : ib I42 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. Barrett mentions a gynandrous specimen in which the right side was that of the male. The egg is pale brown tinged with pink, and over this is a whitish network. The caterpillar is reddish-brown and downy ; a black line along the back has a whitish edge, and there are whitish oblique stripes, with blackish edge, on each side of the central line ; the segmental divisions are well marked, and the spiracles are blackish with pale rings. The head, which, when the caterpillar is resting, is hidden within the first body ring, is brownish and glossy, and there is a greyish shield-like mark on the second ring. The chrysalis is red-brown, with darker freckles ; the body is downy, and there are traces of oblique marks thereon. It does not appear to be fastened by the tail, but the cast larval skin remains attached ; there are a few strands of silk around and about the chrysalis, but these are very flimsy, although they hold it in position on the ground or ‘under a leaf. | The eggs are laid in July or August on twigs of oak, but the caterpillars, it is said, do not hatch out until the following spring. In May and early June the caterpillars are full grown, and may be obtained by beating or jarring the branches of oak trees in places where the butterfly is known to occur. They have also been found on sallow. This species frequents oak woods, or the borders thereof, in July and August, and is often more easy to see than to capture, as it has a tantalizing trick of flying around the upper branches of the trees. Occasionally it resorts to lower growing aspens, probably to feast on the honey dew, the secretions of Aphides, with which the leaves are often covered in hot summers. It seems to be pretty generally distributed in all parts of England and Wales, and in Scotland as far north as Ross. In Ireland it appears to be more local, and has only been recorded from the east and south. | It is found in all parts of Europe, except the northern. ——E 142 Purple Hairstreak. 1 wale; 2, 3 female. Black Hairstreak. 4, 6 wale; 5 female. Green Hairstreak. 7 male; 8, 9 /emale. zg zg Z 4 4 Black Hairstreak. Lggs, natural size and enlarged ; ca terpillar and chrysalts. SS = SS SEE SSS Fe Oe L 143. Green Hairstreak. Les, zatural size and enlarged ; caterpillar and chrysatis. THE BLACK HAIRSTREAK.. 143 The Black Hairstreak (Zhecla prunt). This butterfly is figured on Plate 96. In colour it is dark brown or, when quite fresh, brownish-black ; there are some orange marks on the outer margin of the hind wings, and these are most distinct in the female, in which sex there are orange spots on the fore wings also. The male has a pale sexual mark at the end of the cell of the fore wings, but this is less distinct than in the following species. The under side is brown, with a bluish-white interrupted transverse line on each wing, that on the hind wings angled before reaching the inner margin. All the wings have an orange band on the outer margin, but on the fore wings of the male this is often indistinct ; there are some white-edged black spots before it, and, on the hind wings, beyond it also. The eggs are laid in July on the twigs of blackthorn, but the caterpillars do not hatch until the following spring. The egg figured on Plate 97 was reddish-brown and appeared rather shiny. The caterpillar is described as yellowish-green, with a darker green furrow and purplish ridges along the back; the latter are edged with whitish and the divisions between the rings are yellowish. The head is pale brown, The chrysalis, which is attached by the tail and has a silken thread around it, is black, marked on the head and body with yellowish-white. The caterpillars feed on blackthorn (Pruxus shinosa) in a state of nature, but will eat the leaves of damson in confinement. They may be obtained in May, in their particular haunts, by beating sloe bushes with a beating tray, or an inverted open umbrella, held under to intercept the evicted caterpillars, etc. This butterfly was not known as British until 1828, when -a number of specimens were captured at Monkswood in Huntingdonshire. These were sold by the captor as 7. w-album, which was then called the Black Hairstreak. As soon as the mistake was detected, it was given out that the T44 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. specimens had been taken in Yorkshire, but this was only a ruse, as 7. prunz has ‘never occutred in that eommagos seers confined, so far as Britain is concerned, to three or four of the midland counties. “Mr. Herbert Goss, who has found it at Barnwell Wold, and in other wooded districts of Northampton- shire, at intervals, for more than twenty years past, says that it is fond of sitting on the flowers of privet (Lzgustrum), and of Viburnum lantana, in the woods, and sometimes is to be found in numbers. Its time of emergence is very variable, apparently regulated by the lateness of the spring—from June 17th to the first week in July. Reared specimens made their appearance from June 13th to 27th. He writes, ‘It was the greatest possible pleasure to see them walking about the table while I was at breakfast.’ In 1858 it was found commonly at Kettering, and in 1859 at Oundle, and has been recorded at Warboys Wood, Huntingdonshire, and in Buckinghamshire. One specimen was taken at Brandeston, Suffolk, by the Rey. Joseph Green ; and Mr. Allis found it commonly in the Overton Woods and about St. Ives. There is alsoa record in Mon- mouthshire, which may require confirmation. This butterfly does not appear to be losing ground in this country, its fondness for trees and lofty bushes rendering it difficult to capture” (Barrett). “A writer in the Lztomologist for 1874 mentions Linford Woods, in Bucks, as a locality where he had observed several specimens, mostly females, on flowers of privet. It is found throughout the greater part of Eurore and also in Amurland and Corea. The White Letter Hairstreak (7/%ecla w-album). The male of this butterfly (Plate 94) is blackish, with a small whitish sex mark at end of the discal cell of the fore wing ; there is a small orange spot at the anal angle of the hind wings. The THE WHITE LETTER HAIRSTREAK. I45 female agrees in colour with the male, but the tails are longer, and there is no sex mark on the fore wings. The under side is brownish, with a white line on each wing, that on the hind wings forming a W before the inner margin ; the hind wings have a black-edged orange band on the outer margin which 1s finely tapered towards the costa. Captured specimens are usually browner than those that are reared from caterpillars. The species does not exhibit much tendency to variation. The white lines on the under side may be rather broad or very narrow, and that on the hind wings is sometimes so broken up towards the inner margin that the W character disappears ; _when absence of the anal orange spots on the upper side is associated with the broken line, the form is known as dudlerowt. I have several males without the W, and some of these have the orange spot above, whilst others are without it. Barrett refers to a specimen in which there is ‘‘on the under: side an extension of white colour from the white line towards the margin, in the fore wings forming a broad wedge-shaped band, but in the hind wings occupying the whole space from the white line to the orange band.” | The egg has been described as whitish in colour, and in shape something like an orange with a depression on the top. The eggs are laid on twigs of elm in July, and, according to some writers, remain thereon throughout the winter. The caterpillar when full grown is yellowish-green and covered with short hairs ; the ridges on the back are yellowish, and there are oblique whitish streaks on each side of the darker dorsal line. The head is black. When about ready to assume the chrysalis state, the whole body becomes purplish-brown. The chrysalis is brownish, sometimes tinged with purple ; covered with tiny bristles except on the blackish wing cases, and there are two purplish lines on the back. It is attached by the tail, and has a strand or two of silk around it, generally on the under side of a leaf. 146 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. In a state of nature the caterpillar feeds on wych-elm (U/mus montana), but it will eat the leaves of the common elin (Ulmus campestris). It is to be obtained in May and June by beating wych-elms in localities where the butterfly is ‘known to occur. The butterfly is on the wing in July, and usually disports itself around the elm trees, but it is fond of bramble blossoms, and may often be netted when feasting on those flowers. It is a local species, but, as a rule, plentiful enough in its localities. It is rare in Hampshire and Dorsetshire, scarce in Sussex, and not found in many parts of Kent. Ripley, in Surrey, was a well-known locality for it in the early part of the last century, and the caterpillars were found there commonly quite recently. In Essex it is generally common near Maldon. And, according to Barrett, it is “plentiful in various parts of Suffolk; very scarce in Norfolk ; found more or less plentifully in Herts, Hants., Cambs., and Northamptonshire ; very rare in Notting- hamshire ; but again to be found in North Lincolnshire ; and common in several localities near Doncaster, Barnsley, and elsewhere in Yorkshire. This appears to be its northern — limit, and in this respect it contrasts curiously with Zhecla betula |The Brown Hairstreak], since it extends farther north in the east than that species ; yet in the west is recorded no farther than Cheshire and Shropshire, where I found it thirty- five years ago upon Benthall Edge. In Herefordshire it is recorded but rarely ; more commonly in Worcestershire ; also in Derbyshire and Needwood Forest, Staffordshire ; common around Burton-on-Trent and elsewhere in Leicestershire; and in Oxfordshire, Bucks, and Berks. But its metropolis seems to be Wiltshire, where Mr. Perkins has found it around Marl- borough and Savernake in thousands, as well as in Gloucester- shire.” It has also been obtained in Monmouthshire, but its extreme western limit seems to be Weston-super-Mare, Somer- setshire. Abroad it is widely distributed in Europe, except the Large Copper. I, 4, male; 2, 3, 5 fenale. J, Re Large Copper. Caterpillar and chrysatis. Jets (SS). THE GREEN HAIRSTREAK. 147 extreme north and south-west; its range extends into Asia Minor, and to Amurland and Japan. LThecla spini and T. zlicts, two species of Hairstreak butter- flies belonging to Central and Southern Europe, have been mentioned as occurring in Britain by some of the earlier authors. There is not, however, the slightest reason to suppose that either of them ever occurred eee in this country. oe sig frame dad 77 hey Pe Sis The Green Hairatreal: (Callophrys rubt). pee Varaio A dats, golden tinge above, and green on the under side. The male Of —— has a dark, or, when the plumules are dislodged, pale sexual 1h mark, which is oval in shape, and placed at the upper corner of J “J the discal cell in the fore wings. Occasionally there are some 4 In orange scales at the anal angle of the hind wings, and more 2 rarely, and in the female, at the extremities of veins two and 1424 three also. On the under side of some specimens, chiefly from Northern localities, there is a transverse series of white dots across all the wings ; more often these are confined to the hind wings, and sometimes they are almost or quite absent from all the wings. Now and then the under side of the hind wings is found to be brown in colour, and this change in colour has been ascribed to the action of moisture. The Beary is figured on Plate 97. The egg is greenish, reticulated with ABE or with whitish- green; the reticulation is somewhat rough on the side, but becomes finer towards and on the top, which has the centre hollowed. Laid on the petals of the common furze (Ulex euro- peus), and on leaves of rock-rose (Helianthemum chamecistus). _ The caterpillar feeds in June and July. It is pale green, with a darker line along the back, and yellow oblique stripes on the sides. Among the plants that it has been found upon, or is known to eat, are dyer’s greenweed (Gezzsta tinctorta), needle 148 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. furze (G. anglica), broom (Cytisus scoparius), dwarf furze (Ulex nanus), whortleberry (Vaccinium myrtillus); also the berries of buckthorn (Aamnus), making holes through which the contents of the berry is extracted ; buds of bramble (Rubus), and of dogwood (Cornus sanguinea), are also attacked in a similar way. | The chrysalis is clothed with tiny hairs, and when freshly formed is green in colour, but becomes purplish-brown after a time. It appears to be unattached to anything. I think, _ however, that there are generally a few strands of silk around or about it, but these are so easily broken when the chrysalids are removed that they escape observation. May and June are the months for the butterfly, which occurs in various kinds of situations, such as the outskirts of woods, high hedgerows, hill slopes, and boggy heaths. I once saw it in abundance about the entrance from Lynton to the Valley of Rocks. Its resem- blance on the under side to the leaves on which it perches is as baffling to the collector as is the resting habit of the Gray- ling butterfly previously referred to. It seems to be pretty generally distributed throughout the kingdom, but is rather more local in Ireland than elsewhere, and it has not yet been recorded from the Orkney or Shetland Isles. Its range extends throughout the Palearctic Region. The Large Copper (CZrysophanus dispar). The brilliant butterfly, figured on Plate 99, is of a coppery orange colour. In the male the fore wings have two black dots in the discal cell, the outer one linear, and the outer margin is narrowly blackish ; the hind wings have a linear black mark in the cell, and the outer margin is narrowly edged with blackish and dotted with black. The female is more conspicuously marked with black ; there are two, sometimes three, spots in the cell of the fore wings, and a transverse series of seven THE LARGE COPPER. 149 or eight beyond; the outer margin is broadly bordered with black, and there are generally two spots above the inner angle ; the hind wings have a black spot in the cell, and a series of | black spots beyond, but the whole basal three-fourths of these wings is often deeply suffused with blackish; the outer margin is bordered and spotted with black. The sexes are much alike on the under side, and have reddish-orange fore wings with bluish grey outer margins, and black spots as on the upper side of the female; the hind wings are bluish-grey, powdered with bluish towards the base, and with whitish ringed black spots ; five of these spots are before the linear discal mark, and a series of nine or ten beyond; an orange band on the outer margin has black dots on each edge. Except as regards the size and the shape of the spots, especially in the female, there appears to have been but little variation noted in this species in England. The two fine female specimens figured on the plate have a more or less distinct wedge-shaped black spot in the basal end of the discal cell of the fore wings. Dale mentions that he has an “almost entirely black” example of the female in his collection. | : The var. rz¢¢/us, which is the continental form of our butter- fly, is smaller in size, as a rule, the spots are not so large, and the orange band is always narrower on the under side of the hind wings. It has been averred that some of the British specimens are referable to this form. 7 Newman, writing about 1870, gave the following life-history details :—“* The egg is laid on the leaves of the great water- dock (Rumex hydrolapathum) during the month of August, and the young caterpillars (never, to the best of my belief, observed) _ probably emerge during the following month, and hibernate very early at the base of the petioles. “The caterpillar is full fed in June, and then lies flat on the dock-leaf, rarely moving from place to place, and, when it does / I50 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. so, gliding with a slug-like motion, the legs and claspers being entirely concealed. The head is extremely small, and can be completely withdrawn into the second segment: the body has the dorsal surface convex, the ventral surface flat; the divisions of the segments are distinctly marked, the posterior margin of each slightly overlapping the anterior margin of the next, and the entire caterpillar having very much the appearance of a Chiton ; the sides are slightly dilated, the legs and claspers are seated in closely approximate pairs, nearly on a medio-ventral line. The colour is green, scarcely distinguishable from that of the dock-leaf; there is an obscure medio-dorsal stripe, slightly darker than the disk, and in all probability due to the presence of food in the alimentary canal. The chrysalis is obese, blunt at both extremities, attached by minute hooks at the caudal extremities, and also by a belt round the waist.” Newman adds, “ My acquaintance with the caterpillar and chrysalis was made very many years ago in Mr. Doubleday’s garden at Epping, where the very plant of Rumex hydrolapa- thum, on which the caterpillars fed, is still in existence.” The caterpillar was described by Stephens, in 1828, as some- what hairy, bright green, with innumerable white dots. The same author states that the chrysalis was “first green, then pale ash-coloured, with a-dark dorsal line and two abbreviated white ones on each side, and, lastly, sometimes deep brown.” (he. feure of the caterpillar on Plate 98 is after Westwood, | and that of the chrysalis after Newman (“ Grammar of Ento- mology ”). Although he refers to it as “Azppothoé,” the Large Copper seems to have been known to Lewin (1795), as he states that specimens had been taken in Huntingdonshire. Haworth (1803) mentions its occurrence in the fens of Cambridgeshire, and Stephens, twenty-five years later, wrote :—‘“‘ This splendid insect appears to be confined to the fenny counties of Cambridge and Huntingdon, with the neighbouring ones of Suffolk and F7. 100. Egg, Small Copper. natural size and enlarged ; caterpillars and chrysaiids. L 150. 7. TON. ae TTS Small Copper. 1,2 Typical male; 3 typical female; 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 varieties; 7 var. Schmediz. THE LARGE COPPER. I5! Norfolk, unless the account of its capture in Wales by Hudson be admitted ; but this may probably be the following species [Azppothoé|, which may, moreover, eventually prove synonymous with Ly. dispar. In the first two localities it appears to occur in great profusion, as several hundred specimens have been captured within these last ten years by the London collectors, who have visited Whittlesea and Yaxley Meres, during the month of July, for the sole purpose of obtaining specimens of this insect.” | Dale states that “the latest capture, consisting of five speci- mens, appears to have been made in Holme Fen, by Mr. Stretton either in 1847 or 1848.” There is evidence that floods, which were not uncommon in the home of the Large Copper, were not really injurious to the butterfly, and therefore the occasional submergence of its feeding grounds can hardly have been the cause. of its almost sudden destruction. It seems more probable that its disappearance was due to the draining of the fens, and at least it is significant that the two events were almost coincident. There are records of the butterfly having been taken in various odd localities since it was last seen in fenland, but the latest of those dates back to the year 1865. There seems to be no question that the butterfly is now extinct in England, and, lamentable to relate, the chief locality where we can hope to secure a specimen or two for our collection is in the neighbour- hood of Covent Garden, where the only requirement for the capture will be a well-lined purse. The continental form rzfz/us is found in Germany, France, Northern Italy, South-Eastern Europe (except Greece), . Northern Asia Minor, Armenia, and the Altai. The Asian form auratus occurs in South-Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Corea, Northern China, and Amdo. Four other kinds of “Coppers” have been reported as 152 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. occurring in England: these are Chrysophanus hippothoé and C. virgauree, both of which have even had English names bestowed upon them, to wit, the Purple-edged Copper and the Scarce Copper; C. gordius, and C. eee (ager These are only mentioned to afford an opportunity for saying that there does not appear to be the least reason for con- sidering either of them to be a British butterfly. Kirby, Barrett, and others, however, think it possible that the first two may have inhabited England in ancient times. The Small Copper (CZrysophanus phieas). This little butterfly is very smart, in activity as well as appearance. In colour it is very similar to the last species, but both sexes are spotted with black on the fore wings, the outer series of six spots forming a very irregular row ; the hind wings are black, with a wavy orange-red band on the outer margin. There is considerable variation, and it is, therefore, deemed advisable to give a number of figures representing some of the more striking aberrations. The three figures at the top of Plate 101 depict the normal male and female ; the latter sex is Fig. 3. For the loan of the other specimens (Figs. 4-12) my thanks are due to Mr. E. Sabine, who has a very fine and extensive series of varieties of this butterfly. Other examples of aberration on the under side are shown on Plate 119. Blue spots are sometimes found on the hind wings ; these are placed near the orange-red_band, and occasionally they attain a good size, Specimens much suffused with blackish sometimes occur ; these are referable to var. eZews, which is the usual Summer form in some of the warmer countries abroad. A very rare form is that known as schmzdtzz (Fig. 7), in which the ground colour of the fore wings and the band on the hind wings are silvery white instead of orange or coppery-red. A modification THE SMALJI. COPPER. 153 of this form which is hardly less rare has a creamy tint. Straw- coloured or pale golden specimens are rather more frequently met with. The colour of the hind wings in fresh specimens is sometimes steely-grey, but blackish is the more usual hue ; the band on the outer area, which as a rule agrees in colour with the fore wings, varies in width a good deal, and occasionally is more or less obscured by the blackish ground colour. The arrangement, size, and shape of the black spots, both above and below, are subject to much vagary, sometimes of a very striking kind, as, for example, when the spots of the outer series on the fore wings are united with the discal pair and form a large irregular blotch. A remarkable specimen taken some years ago in the Isle of Wight had a small patch of copper with a black spot in it on the under side. This gave one the idea of a clumsy attempt at patching, but as I happened to take that particular specimen, I know that it had not been tampered with. Gynandrous specimens of this butterfly sometimes occur, but these are very rare. | The egg is of a yellowish-white colour at first, and afterwards becomes greyish; the pattern on the shell, which resembles network, is always whiter. : The caterpillar is green and similar in tint to the leaf of dock or sorrel upon which it feeds. It is clothed with short greyish hair which arises from white dots; the dorsal line is brownish-olive, and the ring divisions, especially along the back, are well defined. Head very small, pale brownish, marked with blackish, drawn into the first ring of the body when resting. The legs and prolegs are tinged with pink, and some- times the body is marked with pink. The chrysalis is pale brown, sometimes tinged with greenish, and freckled with darker brown; there is a dark line along the middle of the thorax and body, the wing cases are streaked with blackish, and the body is dotted with black. Attached by the tail and loose silken threads around the body toa leaf or stem. \ 154 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. There seem to be three broods of this species in most years : the first is on the wing in May, sometimes in April ; the second in July or early August; and the third in early October. It is not a difficult species to rear from the egg, and as varieties appear to be most frequent in the third brood, the eggs should be obtained from females of the second brood. Dockand sorrel (Rumex) are the food-plants of the caterpillar, and these are most useful in a growing condition. The butterfly frequents all kinds of open situations, and is fond of basking upon flowers, more particularly those of the Composite, from which vantage ground it dashes with great alertness at any other small butterfly that may happen to fly that way. Whether these seeming attacks are really due to pugnacity, as has been stated by some writers, or are merely of a sportive character, is not altogether clear. As, however, the meeting of the two butterflies usually results, when both are Small Coppers, in a series of aérial evolutions by the pair, it would seem that there is a good deal of playfulness in the business. After the gambol is over, one butterfly may dart off with the other in hot pursuit, and then both move so rapidly that their course is difficult to follow. If the butterfly inter- cepted happens to be a Blue or a Small Heath, the Copper returns to the flower from which it started, and prepares for another raid when the opportunity offers. It occurs throughout the United Kingdom, but in Scotland it does not extend north- wards beyond the Caledonian Canal. Abroad it is found throughout the Palearctic Region, and is represented in North America by the form Ayfoph/eas. The Long-tailed Blue (Lamfides beticus). The male is purplish-blue suffused with fuscous, especially on all margins except the inner one; there are two velvety black spots encircled with pale blue at the anal angle of the hind Short-tailed Blue. Lggs culareel. LEY WO, Lis4 Long-tailed Blue. Caterpillar and chrysalis (after Mitliéve), °° Gy } tee (gt Tt LOR: Long-tailed Blue. Short-tailed Blue. < . = = mee 1 male; 2, 3 female. 4, 6 male; 5,7 femaze. THE LONG-TAILED BLUE. 155 wings, and a slender black tail, tipped with white, appears to be a continuation of vein 2. The under'side is grey-brown, with numerous white wavy lines and broader streaks ; there is a whitish band on each wing before the outer margin, and black spots as above, but these are ringed with metallic blue. I have not seen any of the early.stages of this butterfly. The caterpillar, which feeds upon the green seeds in pods of the Leguminosz, including the garden pea and the lupine, is figured on Plate 102. It is described as being green or reddish-brown in colour, with a dark stripe on the back, double oblique lines on the sides, and a white line below the yellow spiracles ; head black. The chrysalis is of a red or yellowish colour, and dotted with brown. It has a silken girdle and is said to be attached to a stem, as shown in the figure, but pro- bably it is more often fixed up among the withered leaves of the food-plant. Two of the earliest known British specimens of this butterfly were taken by the late Mr. Neil McArthur on August 4th and 5th, 1859, on the Downs at Brighton ; the third example was captured by Captain de Latour at Christchurch, where it was flying about a plant of the everlasting pea in his garden on August 4th of the same year. Newman. has noted that in that particular year the butterfly was very abundant in the Channel Islands and on the coast of France. No other specimen seems to have been observed in England until 1879, in which year one was taken at Freshwater in the Isle of Wight on August 23rd. In 1880a specimen was captured in a garden near Bognor, Sussex, on September 12th. On October 2nd, 1882, one was obtained at West Bournemouth. Three were netted in 1893, one of these in late August, and one in the third week of September, both in Sussex; the third was taken in Kent (inland) in September. In 1899 a specimen was found at Winchester on September Ist, and one at Deal on the 16th of the same month ; each of these, curiously, was sitting on a window. On August 2nd, 1904, one example was taken in a A756 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. _ garden near Truro, Cornwall. In addition to the above, single specimens have been reported as taken at Brighton, July, 1890, and at Heswell, Cheshire, in 1886 or 1887. It will thus be seen that the occurrence of this butterfly in England is exceedingly infrequent. The species is common in Africa and in Southern Europe ; thence it extends eastward through Asia to China and Japan, and southwards to Australia. It is also found in the Sandwich Islands. It is believed to be migratory in its habits, and it 1s supposed that the occasional specimens that arrive in this country come to us vzé the west coast of Europe. In its proper home there is a succession of broods of the butterfly, and if by chance a few females were to visit this country in the early summer, they most probably would lay eggs, and the caterpillars resulting from these would almost certainly be able to feed up and attain the perfect state here. So far there is no reason to suppose that the caterpillar has ever occurred in England. | The Short-tailed or Bloxworth Blue (Cz:do argiades). The interesting little butterfly represented on Plate 103 was not known to occur in Britain until 1885, when the Rev. O. Pickard Cambridge made the startling announcement that his sons had captured two specimens, a female on August 18th, and a male on August 2oth of that year, the scene of capture being Bloxworth Heath, Dorset. Shortly after this fact was made public the Rev. J. 5S. St. John added a record of two males that he had discovered in a small collection of Lepidoptera made by Dr. Marsh, who stated that he had taken the specimens of C. argiades in 1874, close to a small quarry near Frome. In addition to these a specimen, also recorded by Mr. Cam- bridge, was takenat Bournemouth in August, 1885; one is reported to have been captured at Blackpool, about 1860; and Brown Argus. Egg naturalstzeant enlarged; caterpillarandch rysalts; (a) Ege of Scotch Argus’ enlarged, wetlltletthy JEU, WOv DNS: Silver-studded Blue. Eggs, natural size and enlarged ; caterpillar and chrysalids. C 71. LOS: Silver-studded Blue. 1, 2, 3 wale; 4, = Brown Argus. 10, 12 ale; 7, 8,9 female; 11, 13, 15 male, 16, 17 female (Scotlan2). THE SHORT-TAILED BLUE. 157 one at Wrington, about twelve miles north of Bristol, in 1895 or 1896. : The following details of the early stages are obtained from Mr. Frohawk’s life-history of the species published in the Entomologist for October, 1904. The egg (Plate 102, figured from a photomicrograph by Mr. Tonge) is of a pale greenish- blue, but varies both in the extent of the ground colour and in the structure of the reticulations, which are white, resembling frosted glass. The full-grown caterpillar (August 23rd) measures 2 inch in length. It is of the usual wood-louse shape, with only a very Shallow furrow on the back, bordered on each side by a fringe of spinous bristles, which vary in length ; the whole surface is densely studded with shorter but similarly formed whitish or brownish bristles. The ground colour is pale green, with a darker green stripe along the centre of the back, and fainter green oblique stripes on the sides. The head is black and shining, and is hidden under the first ring when the caterpillar is‘not feeding or moving about. The caterpillars hatched on July 30th, from eggs that were laid in the South of France on July 24th, and were reared on bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), of which they ate the flowers, seeds, and leaves. The chrysalis, which is attached to the food-plant by a silk pad at the tail and a thread round the body, is pale green and very finely reticulated ; the wing-cases are rather whiter green, sprinkled with minute black specks, and the veins are white : there is a blackish line along the centre of the back, but this is only well defined on the head and thorax. The whole surface, except the wings, is sprinkled with slightly curved and moderately long white hairs. The butterfly emerges in about ten to fourteen days, according to temperature. The male is violet-blue with the veins rather darker ; the M 158 THE BUTTERFLIES. OF“ THE BRITISH ISLES: outer margin is narrowly bordered with blackish, and there are some black dots on the outer margin of the hind wings ; the fringes are white, and there is a slender tail on the hind wings. . The female is brownish, tinged with violet towards the base ; the hind wings have black spots on the outer margin, and some of these are inwardly edged with orange ; the tails are slightly longer than those of the male. All the available information concerning the occurrence of this species in England has already been given. No doubt the localities from which specimens were recorded have been closely investigated during the past twenty years, but no further captures of this butterfly have been recorded. This seems to indicate that it is not really indigenous, but that its presence here may possibly have been due to accidental introduction. The spring form, Jolysperchon, is smaller than the specimens occurring in the summer, but so far that form has not been seen in England. : The species is widely distributed over Central and Southern Europe, and its range extends through Northern Asia to Amurland, Corea, and Japan. It is also represented in Northern and Central America by var. comynfas, and has been recorded from Australia. The Silver-studded Blue (Zycena argus = @gon). The male of this butterfly (Plate 105) is purplish-blue with a black border on the outer margins, and sometimes black dots on that of the hind wings. The female is sooty-brown, powdered to a greater or lesser extent with blue scales on the basal area ; there is generally a series of orange marks forming a more or less complete band on the outer margin of the hind wings, and sometimes on the fore wings also. The under side is bluish-grey in the male, and brownish-grey in the female ; the black spots are ringed with white, and on the THE SILVER-STUDDED BLUE. 159 fore wings there is one at the end of the discal cell and a series of seven beyond ; the hind wings have from three to five spots before the discal spot, and a curved series of seven beyond; . there is a black-edged orange band on all the wings, and beyond this on the hind wings there is a series of metallic blue centred spots; hence the English name of the butterfly, given to it by Moses Harris, which is certainly more suitable than Petiver’s “ Lead Argus.” In a general way the male is rather larger than the female, but this is not invariably the case. The colour of the male varies in shade, and very occasionally, perhaps, is of a lilac tint ; the border varies in width, and is sometimes reduced to a mere line. In the female the orange marks may be of a brownish or yellowish tint, and now and then there may be a series of wedge-shaped blue spots above these marks on the hind wings. On the under side there is a good deal of modification of the black spots as regards size and shape, and occasionally there is at least one extra spot on the fore wings placed between the discal spot and the base of the wing ; white markings some- times appear on the fore wings between the outer series of ' black spots and the orange band, and with this there is generally a white band in a similar position on the hind wings. Female specimens with splashes of the male colour on one or more of the wings have been obtained, and, more rarely, examples entirely male on one side and female on the other have been recorded. Frohawk states that the egg both in colour and texture, resembles white porcelain; “all the depths produce a deep purplish-grey shade. The ova are deposited singly, and adhere firmly to the receptacle.” Caterpillars hatched out from eggs, laid the previous summer, on April Ist to 3rd. They were reared on gorse (W/ex europc@us), pupated towards the end of June, and the first butterfly, a male, appeared on July roth. 160 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. The caterpillar figured on Plate 104, when full grown, was reddish-brown, finely dotted with white, and from each dot a tiny hair arose; the stripe on the back and line on the side were black edged with white, head black and shining. This caterpillar was found on the last day of May, crawling on the ground under heather at Oxshott. It was then about half- grown, and was reared on heather, pupated in due course, and produced a female butterfly on July 11th. The chrysalis, of which two figures are given, had a pale brownish and rather shining head ; the body was brown with a darker line on the back; the thorax and wing-cases dull yellowish-green, the former rather glossy. It was placed in an angle formed by a side and the floor of the cage, lying quite flat and secured by silken threads, which, owing to position, I was unable to examine. Some of the caterpillars that Mr. Frohawk reared were pale green with a dark purplish stripe on the back. Another food-plant is bird’s-foot vetch (Oruzthopus perpusillus), The butterfly is on the wing in July and August, and seems to be more often found on sandy heaths than elsewhere... It is especially common, in some years, in the heather-clad districts of Surrey and Hampshire, as well as other counties in England. In Norfolk and Suffolk it is said to be common, but scarce in Gloucestershire and Somersetshire. Its range extends through the greater part of England and Wales, and into Scotland as far as Perthshire. Specimens from the north- west coast of Wales are said to be larger than those from inland localities. As regards Ireland, there is only Birchall’s record, “ The Murrough of Wicklow, and near Rostrevor,” in evidence of the butterfly occurring in that country at all. Abroad, it appears to range pretty well over the whole of Europe, and through Asia eastward to Siberia, Corea, and Japan. THE BROWN ARGUS. 161 The Brown Argus (Lycena astrarche). Fore wings blackish or sooty-brown with a black discal spot, and a row of reddish-orange spots on the outer margin of all the wings; the fringes are white, sometimes with blackish interruptions. The under side is greyish or greyish-brown, and the black spots are distinctly ringed with white. On the fore wing there are seven of these spots, one at the end of the cell, and the others in an irregular series beyond; the last in this series is sometimes double, or it may be absent. On the hind wings the spots comprise a series of four preceding the white discal mark, and a series of seven beyond ; the second spot in this series is placed directly under the first, forming a colon-like mark, and this character will help to distinguish the Brown Argus from the blackish or brown females of the next species. : ~The female has larger orange markings, and the outline of the fore wings is rather rounder on the outer margin, otherwise the sexes are very similar. : The orange spots referred to in the male are sometimes absent towards the tips of the fore wings, and in this respect lead up to the form known as the Durham Argus (var. salmacis, Stephens), which is blackish above and ochreous- brown below ; the black spots on the under side are much smaller then in typical specimens, and some may be absent altogether. The male has a black discal spot, and the female a white one, on the upper side of the fore wings ; the hind wings have a red or orange band on both surfaces. Sometimes the male also has a white spot on the fore wings. Specimens with the orange spots on upper side almost entirely absent are referable to var. allous. Artaxerxes is the form occurring in Scotland, and is known as the “Scotch White Spot.” Both sexes have a conspicuous 162 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. white discal spot on the fore wings, and the spots on the under side are white, and rarely centred with black. In var. guadrz- puncta, Tutt, all four wings have a white discal spot above. Occasionally an odd specimen with white discal spots is found in the south. Figures of the butterfly will be found on Plate 105, and of its life-history on Plate 104; the upper egg is that from a typical female, and the lower one was laid by a female artaxerxes. The egg, which is whitish, with a faint greyish tinge, is laid on the upper side of a young leaf of the rock-rose (Helianthemum chamecistus). The caterpillar has a black shining head ; the body is green with whitish hairs, a pinkish line along the. back, a whitish one bordered with pinkish along the sides ; the green colour becomes dingy as the caterpillar matures. The chrysalis is obscure yellowish-green, the front of the thorax is edged with pinkish, and there are bands of the same colour on the back and sides of the body; the thorax and the wing-cases are rather glossy. Held in position by a few silken threads between leaves of the food-plant. The ordinary form of the butterfly is on the wing in May and June, and again in August. It is widely distributed throughout the southern half of England, and also in Wales. Although chiefly associated with rock-rose, especially in chalky districts, it occurs too among stork’s-bill (Zvod¢um cicu¢artum), upon which plant the caterpillar also feeds, in sandy places inland as well as on the coast. — Caterpillars from the first flight of butterflies may be found in July, and those from the second flight hibernate and feed up in April. The butterfly has a marked liking for roosting on the flower- stems of long grasses, and quite a number may often be found resting together towards sundown, or on dull days, in sheltered hollows. Sometimes several specimens of this species and of the Common Blue may be found on the same perch. It is t. WOSe MH. VOD. Common Blue. . 1, 2, 7, 10, 12 72ale; 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13 female. Lees a Z sates Va Ya Lp o, Wl tip! Dp be worm”, y, eo AL 163. Common Blue. Eggs, natural size and enlarged F, TOT: caterpillars and chrysalids. . > ne x pen RSE EEE NA IRS EIEN, THE COMMON BLUE. 163 rather less frequently seen in the Midland counties, but it is more or less common in some parts of Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and Lancashire. The intermediate form, sa/maczs and its modifications, 1s found in the neighbourhood of Richmond, Yorks, and thence northward to the Scottish border. Var. artaxerxes occurs in Scotland from Roxburgh to Aberdeenshire on the east, and from Dumfries to the Clyde on the west. Kane records four specimens from Co. Galway, and these are all that are known of the species from Ireland. This form, together with the var. sa/maczs, are not found any- where outside the United Kingdom, and, it may be added, the latter appears to be getting scarce—at least, in some of its old haunts in Durham. The species is distributed throughout the Palzearctic Region, except the Polar parts. The Common Blue (Zycena jcarus). The male is blue, with either a tinge of violet or mauve in its composition. Sometimes, though rarely, it assumes the brighter shade of the Adonis Blue. All the wings are very narrowly edged with black on the outer margins ; the veins are generally), pale, shining blue, sometimes becoming blackish towards the | outer margins, and occasionally continued into the fringes, but | not to their tips. The female is most often brown, with some blue scales on the basal area of all the wings ; there is a black discal spot on the fore wings, and a series of orange crescents before a row of black spots on the outer margin; the hind wings have an outer marginal row of black spots, edged outwardly with white and inwardly with orange. On Plate 106, Fig. 1 represents a typical male, and Fig. 3 a typical female, whilst the normal under sides of the sexes are i 164 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. shown in Figs.1oand 11. The size of this butterfly ranges from one inch and a half to three-quarters of an inch. The large specimens at the bottom of the plate are from Scotland. | Scotch and Irish males often have some black spots on the outer margin of the hind wings, as in Fig. 2, but this is from Ventnor in the Isle of Wight. The female is sometimes of a uniform brown coloration, devoid of blue scales, and, with the exception of slight traces of orange on the outer margin of the hind wings, entirely without marking. On the other hand, this sex 1s sometimes almost as blue as the male in colour (var. cerulea), but the discal spot, outer marginal borders, and Orange markings are present. Occasionally the orange spots give place to yellow ones. The discal spot on the fore wings may be encircled with bluish-white scales, and now and then this spot on all the wings is surrounded very distinctly with bluish-white. I have seen the latter form from Durham and Ireland only, but it probably occurs in other parts of the kingdom. Quite a number of gynandrous specimens of this species have been recorded, some of them being male on the right side and female on the left, in others the reverse was the case. On the under side the male is greyish and the female brownish, consequently the white rings around the black spots show up more distinctly in the latter sex. A not uncommon )\ Nn aberration is without spots between the discal spot and the base | : | || of the fore wing ; this is known as zcarzmus. Another form that ‘ occurs fairly often has the lower basal spot united with the last spot of the outer series, as in Fig. 9, this is ab. avcua, anda modification, with the junction bar-lke instead of arched, has been named melanotoxva. Very rarely the whole of the under side, except the outer margins, is free of spots (Plate 119). =| specimen exhibiting aberration in this direction is shown on Plate 118, Fig. 6, whilst Figs. 1 and 3 show modifications of what is known as the streaked form. ak Will Copse, Te beh frelel, HC, (aalk a tras fuk Sfrterm om @ te On B. thy wmnder Sicke barre Silumy whic Wek Alack purvinrse on & Pr ONE : seit = heb enkal § Kno § Oth _ awirs biel taculan meal ge tothe tro tintal Shale, & Ke Sfeols om ary tha -_ ! THE COMMON BLUE. 165 I am indebted to Mr. E. Sabine, of Erith, for the loan of all the fine aberrations of the Blues figured on Plate 118. On Plate 107 will be found figures of the early stages. The egg, which is usually laid on the upper side of a terminal leaf of bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) or on rest-harrow (Ononts spinosa), is whitish-green: in colour, netted with glossy white. : The caterpillar is green, covered with short brownish hairs, with which are mixed some longer ones; it is wrinkled on the side, ridged on the back, and the line along the middle of the back is darker. Head black and glossy. The chrysalis is green, with the head, wing-cases, and some- times the hinder parts of the body, tinged with buff; thorax brighter green, rather shiny ; a darker line down the centre of the body. The plants mentioned, and davecialy rest-harrow, are known to be the food of the caterpillar, but eggs have also been found, in Scotland, on red clover, plantain, burnet saxifrage, and yarrow. The caterpillars are to be found, after hibernation, in April, and a second brood in June and July. Those ee on rest-harrow seem to prefer the blossom. This caterpillar is stated to form a cocoon, but the only approach to any such structure made by the seven individuals I had under observation was in the case of two caterpillars that pupated among leaves of Lotus, which were drawn together by the slenderest of threads. Four effected the change at the bottom of the cage and seemed to be quite free, one had climbed to the leno top of the cage and there spun a silken carpet under itself, which drew the leno together, and so formed a shallow cave in which the chrysalis rested. In every case the cast skin was attached to the tail, and so remained after the butterflies emerged. _ The butterfly is to be found almost everywhere in the country, and its distribution extends throughout the United Kingdom, 4 166 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. except, perhaps, the Shetland Isles. There appears to be only one flight in the north of Scotland and Ireland, and this occurs in June and July. In England there are two broods, and in some years probably three in the southern counties. It maybe 4/ ) seen on the wing, in greater or lesser numbers, all through the | | season from May to September. | | Abroad, the range extends over the whole of Europe to North Africa, and through Western and Northern Asia to Amurland and China. ~The Common Blue, as well as the Chalk Hill and the Adonis Blues, are to be found, often commonly and sometimes in large numbers, in their favourite haunts. Each of them is subject to a considerable range of variation on the under side, and this seems to be of a similar character in all. Very striking aberrations are, perhaps, not often obtained, but still many modifications are to be found, and the possibility of a really good thing turning up, induces one to give attention to the business of overhauling these butterflies. A very good method of conducting this kind of work is to first ascertain the places where they chiefly congregate, and then to visit there on dull days or late in the afternoon, when the butterflies are asleep or, at all events, resting. They can then be easily examined as they sit on the long grass stems, etc. (Plate 27), but only the under sides can be viewed in this way. So to avoid passing over a good upper-side variety, it will be needful to take each specimen between the finger and thumb of the right hand, seizing the closed wings gently, but firmly, near their base, and then quickly secure the thorax from underneath with thumb and index finger of the left hand, when the upper as well as the under side becomes available for inspection. There is no reason whatever to damage the insects in any way, and those that are not required may be set free again none the worse for their short detention. Work against the wind, and to avoid a second interview, turn rejected specimens to the rear. PI. 108. M166. Chalkhill Blue. Ege enlarged ; caterpillar and chrysalis. [09. Chalkhill Blue. : : 5 5ysOs Fos: bay Bo peste T5250; TO W2ale. Bs; THE CHALK HILL BLUE. | 167 The Chalk Hill Blue (Lycena corydon). Although this butterfly (Plate 109) is, in England, fairly constant in the matter of colour, and, as regards the male especially, differences in tint are noticeable when series from various localities are ranged side by side. Silvery-blue perhaps best expresses the general colour of the male on the upper surface, sometimes very pale, and sometimes faintly tinged with greenish. The blackish border on the outer margin of the fore wings varies in width and in intensity ; often there are indications of eyed spots on this margin, and occasionally these spots are quite distinct, although the whitish rings are not always clearly outlined. The black border on the outer margin of the hind wings is often narrow and external to a series of white-edged black spots, but sometimes it is broad and obscures the spots; orange markings rarely appear on this margin, but such aberrations have been taken on the Dorset coast. The fringes are white chequered with blackish on the fore wings, but with seeming continuation of the veins through those of the hind wings. The female is sooty-brown above, ‘with a black discal spot on the fore wings, and sometimes on the hind wings also, and these spots may be ringed with blue or bluish-white ; the outer marginal borders are hardly darker, and those on the fore wings are limited by a wavy pale line, which may be faintly or strongly marked with orange, but orange marking on these wings is rather the exception than the rule ; on the outer margin of the hind wings there are some black spots, edged outwardly with white and inwardly with orange. The fringes are white chequered with brown, and those of the fore wings are tinged with brown. There are generally some blue scales at the base of the fore wings and over a larger portion of the basal area of the hind wings, but occasionally the | whole discal area of the hind wings (Fig. 7, Plate 117), or of all 168 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. the wings, var. syngrapha (Fig. 8, Plate 117), is of the male colour. The former is from Eastbourne and the latter from Wiltshire. They are rather uncommon varieties, but inter- mediate forms are more often met with in the same localties as well as in other parts of England where the species occurs. On the coast of Dorsetshire a very unusual form occurs. The border of the outer margin is white instead of the usual black or blackish ; the inner limit of this border is, on the fore wings, defined by a dusky shade, and the black nervules break up the border into six spots ; on the hind wings four or five of the white spots are centred with black dots. The female has a similar border, but on the hind wings it is inwardly edged with orange. It has been named var. fow/erz, and I have seen one example of this form without black dots in the marginal white spots of the hind wings. On the under side variation is on somewhat similar lines to that adverted to in the last species. On Plate 109, Fig. 8 represents the typical under side of the male, and Fig. 7 that of the female. It will be noticed that the male is greyer than the female. Some of the ordinary aberra- tions are shown on the same plate, and some rarer ones will be found on Plate 118, and of these Fig. 12, if without the basal spot on the fore wings, would represent var. /ucrefia. For figures of the early stages see Plate 108; that of the caterpillar is after Buckler. The egg is flat on the top, with a slightly darker pit in the centre (the micropyle) ; the sides are rounded, netted, and studded, and the colour whitish-green. The above short description was taken from one of a few eggs of this butterfly sent me in August last by Mr. Ovenden, and the same egg has been figured. Mr. Frohawk has described the egg more fully in the. Entomologist for 1900. With reference to the egg-laying of the butterfly he writes: “On August 13th, 1900, I watched several females in the act of depositing, on various stems of the usual stunted herbage to be found growing on chalk downs. THE CHALK HILL BLUE. 169 They frequently crawled among the plants for a distance ot about a couple of feet, occasionally curving the abdomen down- wards among the small plant-stems and grasses, and here and there depositing an egg. I therefore dug up portions of the turf, potted it, and placed a couple of females on each lot; they deposited ova on the 14th and 15th, on the stems of various plants ; a few were laid upon the brown dead trefoil leaves, as well as on the living leaves; but the site generally chosen is the intermingled stems of both plants and grasses. Another female, placed upon a similar pot of plants, deposited about fifty ova on September toth, nearly all being placed upon the stems, and a few upon the under side of the leaves of os rose ; in all cases the eggs are deposited singly.” The caterpillars do not hatch out until the following spring. According to Buckler and Hellins, the only difference between the caterpillar of this butterfly and that of the next species, Adonis, is that the latter “has its ground colour deeper green, with the hairs or bristles black, while Corydon has the ground colour of a lighter, brighter green (a green with more yellow in its composition), and the hairs light brown.” The butterfly is common and often abundant in July and August, chiefly the latter month, on chalk downs in Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex; it is also found in the Newmarket district of Cambridgeshire anne on one chalk hill in Norfolk, according to Barrett, who adds : ‘‘ on _ the oolite as well as the chalk in Wilts, Dorset, Gloucestershire, and Somerset ; and on limestone at Grange and Silverdale in North Lancashire, in Lincolnshire, Westmoreland, and Cumber- land. It has also been taken in ye Hants, Cornwall, and in one locality in Glamorganshire. Cerra Mr. Sydney Webb has stated that a saat edi occurs piety regularly in a valley about two miles east of Dover, but that it only appears to be found at odd times in other parts of England. Abroad, the species is found in Central Europe, also in the Pyrenees, Aragonia, and the Balkan Peninsula. [Eo Farl$Aburnr , Bala Tanehig lh. L Stuclrs, ad fret hall ff. Sips 1920 about 4 ptr. gee 170 THE hel Neal OF THE BRITISH HL ISLES. ye oruhunth ‘Raa. a hat Yh ( haji Adonis Pine (Lycena relticae The butterfly on Plate 110 is the Clifden Blue of Moses Harris (1775), so named because it was said to have been first observed at Clifden in Bucks. The male is of a beautiful bright blue colour, but as in the same sex of the previous two species, it is not quite constant in tint. In some specimens we find a distinct mauve shade, and in others, but more rarely, the blue colour is tinged with greenish (Plate 118, Fig. 11): the veins |, __ become distinctly black on the outer margins, and appear to run 1 | through the white fringes on all the wings. Often there are © ' black dots on the outer margin of the hind wings. The female is dark brown, sometimes slaty-black, with orange spots or crescents on the outer margins ; these are often only faintly in evidence on the fore wings, and sometimes this is the case on the hind wings also ; there is a black discal spot on the fore wings, and the fringes of all the wings are white chequered with black. The bases of the wings are powdered with blue, but this is more noticeable on the hind wings. On the under side the fore wings of the male are greyish, and the hind wings greyish-brown ; all the wings of the female are brownish, with a faint grey tinge in some specimens; the ornamentation is very similar to that of the Common Blue. The two figures on Plate 110, showing specimens with the wings “closed, represent typical male and female, and the other fig ures of under sides on this plate exhibit minor aberrations from typical lines ; examples of the more extreme variations will be found on Plate 118, where also are figured some uncommon aberrations in the colour / . of the male on the upper side. There is often a tendency in the female to assume the colour of the male, and this is usually seen on the hind wings, but occasionally on the fore wings also. In the extreme form of this phase of variation, var. cerozus, the whole of the upper surface, THE ADONIS BLUE. 171 with the exception of the orange-spotted borders, is almost as blue as that of the male. This is a parallel aberration to that of the Chalk Hill Blue known as syzgrapha, but it seems to be somewhat rarer in this country. Figures of the early stages will be found on Plate 111. The egg is greenish-white, becoming rather greener in tint towards the top, which is depressed ; the netting is whitish and shining, and somewhat rougher on the sides than towards and on the top. Buckler describes the full-grown caterpillar as deep, full green in colour, covered with tiny black speckles, bearing little black bristles, which are longest on the dorsal humps and on the yellow-edged ridge above the spiracles ; on the top of each of the eight pairs of dorsal humps is a deep bright yellow longi- tudinal dash, somewhat wider behind than in front ; these dashes form in effect two yellow stripes interrupted by the deeply sunk segmental divisions ; the line along the back is darker than the ground colour, and the spiracles are black. The head is dark brown, and there are two yellow dots on the first ring of the body near the head. The chrysalis, when first formed, is greenish-brown a the wing-cases greenish, the whole inernanl becomes ochreous ; the thorax and wing-cases are rather glossy, and the body slightly hairy. Buckler states that some of his caterpillars buried themselves about half an inch deep in the loose soil, and formed a weak sort of cocoon ; others, not having been supphed with soil that could be so easily penetrated, retired under the stems of their food-plants, and in angles formed by the branching stems spun a few weak threads to keep themselves in place. The food-plant is the horseshoe vetch (Azppocrepis comosa). From eggs laid in August, the caterpillars appear to hatch towards the end of September, but do not feed up until the spring. Butterflies from these caterpillars are on the wing E72 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. between the middle of May and the middle of June, thus occupying about nine months in passing through the various stages from egg to perfect insect. From eggs laid in May and June the butterflies appear in August and | September. Although it is found in similar kinds of situations to those affected by the last species, and sometimes on the same grounds, it is more local, and almost confined to the counties of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. It is, however, rather common at Ventnor and in some other parts of the Isle of Wight, and is found near Winchester. Barrett states that it 1s abundant at Corfe Castle, Dorset, and gives as localities for the butterfly Wotton-under-Edge,- and near Bristol, near Torquay, Sidmouth, and Seaton. Its range abroad extends through Central and Southern Europe, to Armenia, Northern Asia Minor, and Western Kurdistan. It is also found in North-West Africa, where the males are greenish- blue with conspicuous black spots on the outer margins of the hind wings; this is the var. puzctifera. The Holly Blue (Cyaniris argiolus). About the beginning of the eighteenth century this butterfly (Plate 113) was known as the “Blue Speckt,” but Harris, in 1775, changed the name to the “Azure Blue.” The male isa pretty lilac-tinged blue, with a narrow black edging on the outer margin of the fore wings, often only in evidence towards the tip, and a narrow black line on the outer margin of the hind wings. The white fringes of the fore wings are distinctly marked with black at the ends of the veins. The female is of the same shade of blue, or sometimes much paler (var. clara, Tutt), with a broad blackish border on the outer margin of the fore wings extending along the front margin to about the middle ; this border varies in width and seems to be wider in summer specimens than in those of the earlier flight ; the discal mark on the fore wings is black, but this is sometimes very - Adonis Blue. BS Oy Ge By WOh UL WILL: Ve ee ie Adonis Blue. Eges, natural size and enlarged ; caterpillars and chrysatis. * THE HOLLY BLUE. 173 faint ; there is a series of black dots on the outer margin of the wings. Although the colour of the upper side is somewhat like that of the Common Blue, it should not be confused with that species, as the under side is very different both as regards the colour, which is bluish-white, and the arrangement of the black spots. On the outer margins of the wings in some specimens there are more or less distinct traces of blackish crescents. There is no considerable variation in this species, but the spots on the under side are subject to slight modification in the matters of size and shape; the borders also vary in width, and in the female the blue area is thus sometimes much restricted. A gynandrous specimen has been recorded, in which the right side is male. The egg (Plate 112) is described as whitish or bluish-green in colour. The full-grown caterpillar has a blackish head, the body is bright yellowish-green with paler lines; eight rings from and including the second are crested with two ridges of humps, between which lies the sunk dorsal space; the whole skin of the body is velvety, with its surface thickly covered with yellowish warty granules, each bearing a minute bristly white hair. Sometimes the humps and the middle of the back are marked with rose-pink. : | The chrysalis is pale brownish-ochreous with a thin blackish-— brown line on the back of the brown freckled thorax; the body is marked with rather blotchy arrow-head dashes, and some larger dark brown blotches; the wing-cases are pale greyish freckled and outlined with brown, their surface is smooth and rather more glistening than the other parts, which are thickly studded with fine, short, brownish bristles. (Adapted from Buckler.) The following is a brief summary of a paper by Mr. R. Adkin N 174 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. (Proc. S. Lond. Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1896), in which he gives a most interesting account of the earlier stages of the second brood of this species. At the time when the butterflies of the second brood are on the wing, the flower-buds of the ivy (Hedera helix) are still young, and form compact heads. The butterfly, having selected one of these heads, settles upon its top, closes her wings over her back, and bending her abdomen down and round under- neath the buds, affixes an egg to the under side of one of the slender single bud-stalks. In about a week the eggs hatch. The young larva which in colour matches the buds very closely, rests on the bud-stalk With its anterior segments, which com - pletely cover its head, pressed closely against the bud, and looks so exactly like a slight swelling of the upper part of the stalk as to make detection a matter of great difficulty, even with the aid of a fairly powerful lens. The larva is very sluggish in its habits, seldom leaving the head of the buds on which it is hatched, so long as sufficient food remains for its nourishment, or occasionally when about to change its skin. It appears to feed only at night, and its manner of feeding, which is the same throughout its life, is to eat a round hole through the outer shell of a bud, and pressing its head forward through it to clear out the soft inside of the bud. In from four to six weeks it is full- fed ; it then quits the buds, and attaches itself by slender threads to a leaf, and in a few days becomes a pupa, in which state it passes the winter. Normally the eggs of the spring butterflies are laid on the under side of the calyces of flower-buds of holly (//ex). The caterpillars feed on the flower-buds and also on the young green berries. They are full grown in about a month, change to chrysalids, and the butterflies emerge in July and August. Among other pabula that have been mentioned are the flowers - of dogwood (Corsus sanguinea), berry-bearing alder (Rhamnus Jrangula), and spindle (Evonymus europeus). JPY, a RN aa, Holly Blue. Eges enlarged ; caterpillar and chrysalis. Holly Blue. I, 2, 6 male: 3, 4, 7 female (spring); 5 male; 8, 9 female (siz: THE HOLLY BLUE. 175 In confinement the caterpillars will eat young leaves of holly and probably of ivy also, but where flower-buds are available they prefer them and ignore the tender leaves. The Rev. Gilbert Raynor, on May 18, 1901, observed a female deposit an egg on an unopened flower-bud of rhododen- dron in his garden ; and he also mentions that he beat a number of the caterpillars of all sizes from holly during the first week of July in the same year. oe Mr. Dennis reported that on October 9, 1902, all stages of the species were to be found at Earl’s Colne, Essex. Butterflies of the first flight are usually to be seen in April and May, and of the second, which is perhaps only partial and may not be represented at all, in July and August. Specimens have been observed as early as the last week of March, and, as adverted to above, as late as October. For a few years in succession the species may become increasingly numerous, and then suddenly become quite scarce for a year or two. Most probably this is the result of favourable or unfavourable weather conditions. The taller hollies, where these grow in gardens, open woody places, on hillsides, or even in hedgerows, are frequented by these butterflies in the spring ; and the ivy-clad walls, etc., are - their haunts in the summer. The species is widely distributed, and often common, over the whole of the south of England and Wales. North of the Midlands, as well as in Ireland, it is more local, and occurs, I believe, only in the first brood. Possibly in the South of Ireland there may be a second brood. Barrett states that there is no rehable record for Scotland. Abroad, its range extends throughout Europe and Northern Asia, except the Polar Regions, to China and Japan. It also occurs in North Africa. f; d ; : f / f ff Ad ? / f tM {6 4. OLDRL f | 5 6 Ob hd arene 1) } Ari , , Af Prof 176 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. The Small Blue (Zizera minima). The butterfly on Plate 115 is sometimes referred to as the “Bedford Blue” and also as the “ Little Blue.” Both sexes are blackish, or sooty-brown ; the male is pow- dered, more or less, with silvery-blue scales. The under side is greyish-white with a tinge of blue at the base of each wing, but chiefly on the hind pair; the spots are black encircled with white. As will be seen on turning to the plate, there is varia- tion in size. Fig. 5 represents a giant race occurring in some localities, and the particular specimen depicted was taken, with many others, on the coast near Lymington, Hants ; it seems to be referable to var. a/sozdes, Gerhard. Variation on the under side is usually in the direction of complete absence of spots, but Mr. Joy has recorded a specimen with the spots on the hind wings extended into streaks of considerable but varying length. Figures of the early stages will be found on Plate 114. The egg is pale greenish in colour, netted with whitish ; it is laid in June on the calyx of a flower-bud, generally low down, of the kidney-vetch (Azthyllzs vulneraria). According to Buckler, caterpillars hatched on June 21 from eggs laid between the 16th and 18th of that month, and at once commenced to feed on the flowers of the kidney-vetch, and made their way to the seed, for which they evinced a marked preference. When full grown, the caterpillar is brownish, sometimes tinged with pink. The fine bristles are dark brown ; there is a darker line along the middle of the back, and a line of dark marks on each side. The head is black and shining. The chrysalis is described by Buckler as “ dirty whitish-grey, approaching to drab, palest on the back of the abdomen, greyish on the head and thorax, both of which are marked with a black dorsal stripe, which is a little interrupted ; on either Ms WVdle Small Blue. Eggs, natural size and enlarged; caterpillar and chrysalids. Small Blue. 1 sale; 2, 3 femaie; Mazarine Blue. Q, 11 male; 10,1 A, S565 TEMAS ee male vUarTrs. THE MAZARINE BLUE. 177 side is a subdorsal row of short slanting black dashes. The- pale ground colour is sprinkled with some very minute black specks. The head, thorax, and abdomen are hairy with bristly whitish hairs.” Although the caterpillars feed up rather quickly and are full grown and apparently ready to assume the © chrysalis state, they do not effect the change until the following . May or June. } | _ The butterfly emerges in about three weeks, so it will be seen that this species continues the caterpillar existence for something over ten months. On the Continent there are two broods of the butterfly, and in England there appears to be a partial second flight in some years, as, for instance, in 1901, when captures in August were re- ported from Herts, Kent, Surrey, and Wilts. Its haunts are warm and sunny grassy hollows and slopes, and it is often common in such places on the chalk hills in the south, from the end of May to the end of June. According to Barrett it is scarce in the Eastern Counties ; widely distributed but local in the Mid- land and Western Counties, even to Devon, and in Wales, where chalk or limestone is found ; also in extremely restricted - localities in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumberland, and Durham, and in various places in Scotland, extending as far north as Aberdeen. In Ireland it is much more plentiful, especially on the limestone of the west and on the coast hills near Belfast, and even frequents the sandhills of the Dublin coast. It is widely spread over Europe, except the Polar parts, and, apparently, the south of Portugal and Spain; its range extends eastward to Amurland, Mongolia, and China. The Mazarine Blue (WVomiades semiargus). The male is dull purplish-blue, narrowly bordered with black- ish on the outer margin; the female is dark brown. On the underside both sexes are pale greyish-brown, with a bluish 178 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. tinge at the base ; there is a black discal spot and a series of — black spots beyond, all ringed with white. The egg is described as being white 1 in colour and small, and round in shape. The caterpillar is of a dingy yellowish-green, with darker lines on the back and sides ; there are fine hairs on the body, and the head and spiracles are dark brown (Ruhl). It feeds in July and August on the flowers and seeds of thrift (Armerta vulgaris), kidney-vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria), and melilot (AZelzlotus officenalis). The chrysalis is rather oval in shape, pale olive-green in colour when first formed, in September, but olive-brown later ; it is attached by the tail to a stalk of the food-plant and has a silken girdle (Ruhl). This butterfly (Plate 115) is the cyzzox of Lewin, who, writing in 1795, considered it very rare. In 1828 Stephens refers to it as scarce and local, “found in chalky districts in Norfolk, Cambridge, Yorkshire, and Dorsetshire ; also near Brockenhurst and Ames- bury, Hants ; and on Windlesham Heath, Surrey, towards the end of May and of July.” Newman (1871) adds Warwickshire, Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, Monmouthshire, Glamorgan- shire, Somersetshire, and Lincolnshire. Curtis gives Leicester- shire and Worcestershire. Itseems to have been fairly common, and even plentiful in some years around Glanville’s Wotton, Dorset, but has not been seen in that district since 1841; at Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucester, it was not uncommon up to 1858; as late as 1864 it occurred at Epworth, North Lincoln- shire. Probably the latest captures in Britain were the specimens taken in Glamorganshire in the years 1874-77. -77._ Tutt mentions that the She haneriy oe was taken near Cuxton in Kent, some thirty- five years ago, but it has not since been seen in that locality. Occurs in.May and June and again in July and August over the greater part of Europe; its range extends to Asia Minor, and eastward to Siberia, Mongolia, and Amurland. chrysalis. ES Large Blue. Lgg, natural size and enlarged fl. ¥16. y yj y) ys MO. , 4, 6 female. 253 . , I, 5 male Large Blue. Chalkhill Blue vars. a. “rap « S ~ VAM. SHH. aoe 8 . ’ m2ale L é rd / THE LARGE BLUE. 179 The Large Blue (Vomiades arion). The butterfly on Plate 117, Figs. 1-6, is the largest “ Blue” found in this country. All the wings on the upper side are deep blue, and their outer margins are bordered with blackish ; the discal spot, and a row of spots beyond, are black; the hind wings have a row of black dots on the outer margin, and sometimes, and especially in the female, there is a series of black dots just beyond the central area ; the fringes are white. The under side is greyish tinged with blue towards the base of each wing, but covering nearly the whole of the basal third of the hind pair ; the spots are black ringed or edged with white; on the fore wings there are two in the discal cell and a row of six beyond ; on the hind wings there are four or five before the discal spot, and a series of seven beyond; all the wings have a double marginal series, and some black dots at the ends of the nervules. Sometimes the wings have a purplish tinge, and this is more usually so in Gloucestershire specimens. The chief variation is in the number and the size of the spots ; these are occasionally only faintly in evidence, but more rarely perhaps those beyond the discal spot on the fore wings are of large size and bar or wedge-like in shape; the smaller cell-spot is often absent. A dwarf form is stated to occur at times in all localities. The complete life-history of this species has yet to be ascer- tained ; no one seems to be acquainted with the caterpillar after hibernation. Pretty much all that is known of the early stages has been worked out by Mr. Frohawk, who has published some very interesting accounts of his observations in the Entomologist for 1899 and 1903, and from these the following details have been obtained. . The egg (Plate 116) is bluish-white in colour, and is laid singly among the buds of wild thyme (Zhymus serpyllum). Caterpillars hatched on July 10 from eggs received the 180 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. previous day ; they were placed upon thyme blossoms and. soon commenced to feed, one being observed to eat its way into the base of the calyx so that the forepart of the caterpillar was hidden. In its colouring and downy covering the caterpillar so closely resembles the flower-buds of the thyme that it is very difficult to detect. After the third moult (July 26) the colour is a uniform, dull, ochreous-pink ; there are four rows of long curved hairs, each row composed of a single hair on each ring from the fourth to the ninth inclusive ; the first three rings have each a set of three subdorsal hairs, those on the first ring curving forwards ; the bases of the hairs resemble glass-like pedestals with fluted sides. The head is ochreous with dark brown mark- ingsin front. Thecaterpillar at this stage develops an aversion to thyme or any other plant offered to it, and seems to be anxious to hide itself in the ground. The chrysalis, which is figured on Plate 116 (after Frohawk), is ochreous when first formed, but becomes darker gradually ; the wing-cases, however, remain of the original colour, but their hind margins darken. From a chrysalis found on July 12 the butterfly emerged on July 16. There is some evidence in favour of the supposition that this caterpillar is in some way dependent upon ants for nourish- ment after the third moult, if not before, but what the exact requirement may be is not known. Probably the circum- stances connected with the discovery of the chrysalis in 1905 by Messrs. Frohawk & Rayward may afford a valuable clue to the direction in which their future investigation will have to be conducted. We may hope, therefore, that the mystery that has so long hung over the last stages of the caterpillar will be solved before very long. Lewin (1795) and Donovan (1796) both refer to this as a rare English butterfly. The former states that it is on the wing in July, and is found on high chalky lands in different parts of the kingdom, having been taken on the cliffs in the THE LARGE BLUE. 181 neighbourhood of Dover, Marlborough Downs, the hills near Bath, and near Clifden in Bucks. Stephens, in 1828, wrote of it as “‘an insect of great rarity.” He mentioned the localities given by the older authors, and added that it had been taken in the Mouse’s Pasture, near Bedford, in rocky situations in North Wales, and had been plentiful near Winchester. : } Newman (1871) wrote, “Its ‘metropolis,’ if I may borrow an expression from the revered fathers of British entomology, is in South Devon ; it has occurred in some abundance in Somerset- shire, and on the Cotswold Hills in Gloucestershire ; from Gloucestershire we ascend to a Midland county, Northampton- shire, in which county (at Barnwell Wold) a considerable number have been taken.” One specimen was reported from Charmouth in Dorsetshire, and the butterfly has also been recorded from Herefordshire, but these are matters of ancient history. At the present time the species is only to be found in limited numbers in the Cotswolds; it seems to have become -much rarer than formerly in its South Devon locality, ze. Bolt- head, near Plymouth ; one never hears of it now from Clovelly, in North Devon, where, according to Dale, it was once reported to be abundant. In 1891-Messrs. Waterhouse obtained a fine series of specimens in West Cornwall, and since that time the district has been annually visited by an increasing number of entomologists. Judging from the “big bags” that are made each year it would seem that the butterfly has a very strong and widely distributed settlement in those parts. Abroad it is distributed throughout Europe, except the Polar and the south-western parts, and is also found in Armenia, Bithynia, and South Siberia. Our next species belongs to the Nemeobiine, a sub-family of Lemoniide = Erycinide. Only one member of the family is known to occur in Europe ; this is Neweodius lucina. 182 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. As the fore legs of the male butterfly are aborted, and are therefore useless for walking, the species would seem to come near the Nymphalidz, in which the fore legs of the butterflies, in both sexes, are reduced. In its early stages, however, the species seems to be most nearly related to the Lycznidz. E54 Wing many alisurat ab Mill lifes Tite fet Biya, a se The Duke of Burgundy Fritillary (Memeobius lucina). Tt mice ah This butterfly is figured on Plate 120. The male is black, rE with three transverse tawny bands on the fore wings; these are crossed by the black veins, and so form series of irregular spots. Those on the outer margin have black centres; on the : “Fl hind wings there are three or four tawny spots on the disc, (gh and a series of black centred tawny spots on the outer area. vols The female is similar to the male, but the tawny markings are ak wider, so that the fore wings appear to be of this colour, with rd a black patch at the base, two black irregular lines, and a ; fr / a of series of black spots on the outer margin. On the under side | of the hind wings there are two transverse series of whitish * wi; spots, and a series of black spots on the outer margin. The riya wings of this sex are always broader than those of the male, and the apex of the fore wings is not so distinctly pointed. Variation is not usually of a very pronounced character, and in a general way it consists mainly in a greater or lesser amount of black in the male, and this more particularly on the hind wings, and an increase in the tawny colour in the female ; in the latter sex, outer marginal black spots are sometimes‘absent from all the wings. Barrett mentions two extreme aberrations. In one, a female, the usually dark spaces, bands, and veins are of an exceedingly pale brown, suffused with fulvous, so as to be comparatively indistinct; another example, a male, has the basal area of the fore wings pale, and the first transverse dark band absent. The eggs of this species are to be found at the end of May ee 1,3 Common Blue vars., zzale; 6 do. female. 5, 8. 11 Adonis Blue vars., male; 4, 7, do. female. 9, 1o Chalkhill Blue vars., /ewale; 12 do. male. ces | iS J.per tee’ Ss ecimenm © al BD Lakrn by A mee a pee 5.1922 eee ee 3 Small Copper vars.; 4 Adonis Blue var. % : iceraten Blue vee 6,7, 8 Gatekeeper vars. THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY. 183 on the under sides of the leaves of the cowslip (Primula vers), sometimes as many as ten on one leaf, but as a rule there will only be one or two on a plant. When laid, the egg is very glassy in appearance, but it gradually turns toa pinkish- grey ; and when the caterpillar is “formed inside, the ‘shell becomes. transparent, and its occupant can be clearly seen. It eats a considerable portion of the shell in making its exit therefrom, and afterwards consumes the remainder of the shell. When in its last skin the caterpillar is brown, covered with short whitish hair, among which are some longer dark brown or blackish hairs ; the lines on the back and sides are blackish, and there are black dots on the front part of each segment or ring. Head, honey brown, notched on the crown; eyes and jaws, brownish. It feeds from June to August on cowslip, but will also eat primrose (Primula vulgaris), and hides among dead and withered leaves beneath the food-plant (Plate 121), The chrysalis is pale whity-brown, hairy above, with black dots; head and the upper edge of the wing-cases streaked with black. : Occasionally a few butterflies emerge in August, but they usually remain in the chrysalis until May or June. © This is a woodland species, and prefers the sunny but sheltered nooks and glades, but also resorts to the broader rides and pathways. Flowers do not seem to have any strong attraction for it, but it may often be seen sitting on the foliage of a bush or sapling tree. It appears to be pretty widely dis- tributed, although to a certain extent local, throughout the southern half of England, but seems to have almost or quite disappeared from the counties of Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, and Essex. Dumfries is the only locality in Scotland from which it has been reported. Its distribution abroad is limited to Central Europe, Den- mark, Livonia, Southern Sweden, Central Spain North Italy, and the Balkans. 184 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. Now follow the Skippers (Hesperiidz), of which kind of butterfly we have eight species in England. Of these the first two belong to the aie and the others to the Pamphiline. ee tes Pamme-g Woth Palen 4 min Hill fen Ti hehifretd The asthe kipper (Hesperia malve). Ms rite Be The wings of the butterfly figured on Plate 122 are blackish, Alle ornamented with numerous white spots, which are more or less 2° square in shape, on the fore wings. The fringes are chequered black and white. The male differs from the female in having the front edge of the fore wings folded towards the base, and these wings have scattered greyish scales on the basal area; the central series of spots on the hind wings are also more in evidence, and not infrequently unite and become band-like. Variation consists in modification of the markings, chiefly in a tendency of the spots to run together, culminating in var. Zaras, Bergstr., in which the white spots of the fore wings are confluent and form a large blotch. This variety was figured by Petiver in 1717, but was not named by Bergstrasser until 1780. Haworth described it as Zavatere@, and Newman figured it under the same name. On a small plant of Alpine strawberry, sent by the Rev. Gilbert Raynor, were three eggs of this butterfly. These were pale green in colour, ribbed, and delicately netted with cross- lines. On June 26, three caterpillars were noticed on the upper side of the leaves, each on a separate leaf, and under cover of a few coarse silken threads. They were pale steely-grey, with black heads, and plates on the first and last segments of the body. As the supply of strawberry foliage was failing, the cater- pillars were given bramble on July 21, and the next day each was found enclosed in a sort of envelope formed of a bramble leaf. They were then seemingly in their last skin, whitish-green in colour, and covered with short whitish hair ; (que PI, T2Cr NV 184. Duke of Burgundy Fritillary. 1, 2, 4 sale; 3, 5s female. Milkweed Butterfly. 6 male. é ee SY” wa NOY’ a a ie a SY TEI We N 185. Duke of Burgundy Fritillary. Egg enlarged; caterpillar and chrysalis. THE GRIZZLED SKIPPER. 185 a whitish edged dark olive-brown line along the back, and similar lines on the sides; between the rings the colour was pale ochreous. The date of pupation was not noted, but on September 9, one of the spun-together bramble leaves was opened, and a chrysalis found within.“ This was pale brown, with dark brown or blackish marks along the back and sides ; the head and back were covered with dense pale reddish-brown bristles; the wing, leg, and antennze cases were greenish, smooth, and shaded with brownish. Between the head and first ring of the body above there was a deep-furrow, with a black-centred white spot on each side of it (Plate 123). Besides the plants adverted to above, the caterpillars will eat raspberry (Auédus zdeus) and cinquefoil (Potentilla fra- gariasirum and P. reptans), The butterfly is pretty generally distributed in Great Britain, but does not seem to be common in Ireland, as Kane only men- tions two examples, from Killarney. It is found in May and June on chalk downs and other hillsides, especially in the hollows and ‘sheltered nooks, also in and around woods, and in rough fields. On dull days and at night it may be found sitting, with the wings erect over the back, on various seed-heads, etc. The species is double brooded on the Continent, and occa- sionally a few butterflies will appear in August, but such -emergences depend on a combination of favourable circum- stances. In very forward seasons it has been seen on the wing during the last week in April. | Its range extends over Europe and into Northern Asia. As Barrett refers to the capture in Norfolk (May or June, 1860) of several specimens of the Central and South European species, A. alveus, Hiib., it may be well to mention it here, if only for the purpose of quoting his remarks thereon. After detailing the facts connected with the occurrence, he states, . “Tt seems undesirable now to introduce the species to a place 186 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES, in the British list, but rather to record the captures in question as specimens accidentally introduced with plants, or else the result of a very exceptional act of migration.” a goth’ Pardnert,, Ruger Yall iy buyin, Key h: aes . The Dingy Skipper (7Zzanaos tages) axe 3 (qt | 22.52 Fe The wings are fuscous, with darker fuscous transverse bands gpd on the middle third of the fore wings ; the space between these od . is sometimes, and in both sexes, whitish; there are some whitish spots on the outer band, usually towards the costa, but occasionally on the middle also, and a series of white points on the outer margin of all the wings. The hind wings have a whitish discal dot and a band beyond the middle, which is almost parallel with the outer margin. The male has a well- marked fold on the costa (Plate 122). The egg is whitish-green when freshly laid ; it afterwards changes in colour to orange. The caterpillar is yellowish- green with a darker line along the back and a paler line on each side ; the spiracles are red and edged with whitish. The head is pale brown, striped and marked with purplish-black. The body, together with the head, is covered with a short whitish pile. It feeds on bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) from June until August, when it hibernates. I have not seen the chrysalis, but it has been described as dark green with the body tinged with rosy red. The butterfly is on the wing in May and June; in some seasons it has been seen as early as the end of April. Very occasionally, perhaps, there is a partial second flight in August. It has been reported as plentiful at Lyme Regis in August. I took one or two specimens about the middle of August, 1903, in the New Forest district, and in the same month of 1905 one of two caterpillars sent to me by Dr. Chapman pupated in August, and the butterfly emerged some time in the autumn, as I found it dead in the box early in October. Both the EeU22. N 18 Grizzled Skipper. 1, 2, 7 male; 4, 5,8 female; 3 var. male; 6 do. female. Dingy Skipper. 9, 10, 12 male; 11, 13, 14 female. Dingy Skipper. Eggs, natural size and enlarged; caterpillar and its shelter. ~ WN SS — is Ps FN | N 187. Grizzled Skipper. Eggs, natural size and enlarged; caterpillar and shelter; chrysalis in coccon. THE SMALL SKIPPER. 187 caterpillars had spun together sprays of the food-plant as shown in the figure, Plate 123. One was removed for its portrait to be taken, and it was supposed that the other bundle contained a caterpillar also, and was not examined. | The butterfly affects open places in, or the edges of, woods in chalky districts,also the slopes of chalk downs and other hillsides, as well as railway banks and even rough fields. It evidently delights in sunshine, and may often be seen basking on a stone or the bare earth. When at rest at night or on dull days it sits on a dead seed-head or grass glume, with the wings closed down over its back like a noctuid moth, and is then difficult to detect until the eye becomes accustomed to its appearance. Itis widely distributed in Great Britain, but it is more at home on chalk and limestone than elsewhere. In such localities as the fens of Norfolk and Cambridge it is scarce, and seems to have a rather limited distribution in Ireland, in which country Galway is its headquarters, according to Kane. | Abroad, it is found throughout Europe, and its range extends to Western Asia. The Small Skipper (4dopea thaumas). All the wings are brownish-orange, with the veins darker and becoming black towards the outer margins, especially on the fore wings. The male has a black sexual mark (Plate 125). Except that the colour varies in the direction of a pale golden _ tint there is little in the way of aberration in this butterfly. At least one gynandrous specimen has been recorded. The following descriptions of the early stages (Plate 124), as well as the figures of the caterpillar and the chrysalis, are from Buckler’s ‘‘ Larve of British Butterflies ” :— The egg “is of a long oval figure, half as long again as wide, the shell glistening, devoid of ribs or reticulation ; at first white, then turning dull yellowish, and at last paler again, with the 188 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES, | dark head of the caterpillar showing through. The young caterpillar eats part of the empty egg-shell.” The full-grown caterpillar is of a delicate light green, the stripe along the back is rather bluish-green, with paler green central and side lines; the spiracles are flesh-coloured, and below these there is a somewhat creamy-white stripe. The head is deeper green than the body, and roughened with minute points. It feeds in June on Holcus lanatus, Brachy- podium sylvaticum, and probably other kinds of soft grasses, and its assimilation, both in colour and texture, with the blades of grass is remarkable. Before changing to the chrysalis it encloses itself within two or sometimes three leaves of the grass, joined together longitudinally by lacing or spinning with white silk, the edges more or less close to each other, and becomes completely hidden. The chrysalis is secured in. the silken chamber, head upward, by an oblique cincture behind the thorax, and the anal tip fastened by a fan-like spread of fine hooks at the extremity fixed in the silk. The colour is similar to that of the caterpillar, and the lines are fairly in evidence. Caterpillars that spun up on June 18 to 23 produced butterflies on July 15 and 16. Hellins states that eggs were laid in a row in a folded blade of grass about July 29, and that the caterpillars hatched out on August 12. According to Hawes, the caterpillar of this species does not hatch from the egg until the following spring. Although it does not seem to be very plentiful in fenlands, this butterfly certainly has a partiality for damp places, whether in the rides, or on the sides of woods, on hill slopes, or waste ground. Wherever there is a fairly large growth of the taller soft grasses that the caterpillars feed upon, there the butterfly may be found in July and August throughout the greater part of England and Wales. Reported from the Edinburgh district in Scotland ; and in Ireland from Powerscourt and near Cork. Small Skipper. Caterpillar and chrysalis Essex Skipper. Eggs, natural size and enlarged; caterpillar. Lulworth Skipper. Liggs enlarged ; caterpillar and chrysalis. lV 188. | F125. O 159. Small Skipper. 1, 3 male; 2, 4 feiiale. Essex Skipper. 5, 7 ae; 6, 8 female. | Lulworth Skipper. 09, 11 #a@/e; 10, 12 female. THE ESSEX SKIPPER. 189 The Essex Skipper (4dopca lineola). This butterfly is very like the Small Skipper, but may be separated from it, in both sexes, by the black under sides of the knobs of the antennz. The black. sexual mark in the male is finer, shorter, and much less oblique (Plate 125). The egg (Plate 124) is pale greenish-yellow, oval in shape, flattened above and below ; the top is slightly depressed. The eggs are deposited in July or August, in dried grass seed-heads and inside the sheath of a leaf, and the caterpillars, according to Hawes, do not hatch until April. The caterpillar is green, with the incisions between the rings yellowish ; there is a darker green stripe on the back, and the lines on the sides are yellow. The head is pale brown and striped with darker brown. It feeds from April to June on coarse grasses, such as 7rztécum repens. When full grown “ it spins together the stems of the grass low down, with a network of white silk for pupation ” (Hawes). The chrysalis is described as being long, yellowish-green in colour, and es the dark dorsal stripe seen in the caterpillar. No doubt this butterfly has been with us all the time, but it appears to have escaped detection until the year 1888, when Mr. Hawes, in July of that year, met with it in Essex. He, however, did not then consider the three specimens that he had taken with A. ¢Aaumas anything more than queer varieties of that species, and it was not until January, 1890, that the fact of A. lineola being British was published. Since that time this Skipper has been found in a great many parts of Essex, but chiefly along the coast, and in such localities as Ben- fleet, Canvey, Dovercourt, Shoeburyness, Southend, etc. At Hadleigh it is often very abundant. Other localities are Sheerness, Cliffe, and Gravesend, in Kent. It has also been reported from near Sudbury, and from Harwich, and Chappel ! O 190 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. in Suffolk ; from Ashton Wold in Northamptonshire. In 1898 five specimens, identified by the’ Rev. Gilbert Raynor, were taken near Bedford. Barrett, who mentions Wicken Fen and Burwell among other localities, says that it has a “ partiality for the embankments which protect the cultivated land from the inroad of the high tides which flood the salt marshes. ° Here it flits about, or sits on the coarse seaside grasses or on blossoms of thistle, or Lotus corniculatus, indicating rather sluggish habits, yet flying swiftly when disturbed. Further inland it seems to frequent chalky hillsides and marshes.” It is on the wing in July and August. The species is found in all parts of the Palzarctic Region except the most northern and the Canary Isles. The Lulworth Skipper (Adofca acteon). Compared with the other two species on Plate 125, the coloration of this butterfly is somewhat dingy ; it is, however, enlivened, especially in the female, by a short dash and a curved series of orange spots in the uppet half of the fore wings. The male has a black sexual mark which is very similar to that of the Small Skipper. There seems to be very little to note in variation, except that the orange markings referred to are subject to modification, and in the male may be altogether absent. An example taken at Swanage, in 1903, had the wings on the left side male, and those on the right side female. The egg, figured, from a photograph, on Plate 124, is whitish, faintly tinged with yellowish. The mature caterpillar is pale greyish, or yellowish, green, with the dorsal vessel darker, and edged with a slender pale yellow line on either side, and enclosing a pale longitudinal line along its middle. A narrow yellowish line runs above on the side and a broader one below. The two dorsal lines are THE LULWORTH SKIPPER. 19g! prolonged as far as the middle of the head, and run to the end of the flat anal shield, which is narrowly edged with pale yellow. The head is greenish with two yellowish limes: ‘Dhe two snow-white patches on the under side of the ninth and tenth rings of the body are conspicuous as in “neola, sylvanus, and comma. This white substance is spread out at the tail end of the caterpillar of act@on, when it has formed its chrysalis case (Zeller). : Buckler, referring to four caterpillars found on Brachypodium sylvaticum, June 11, states that they completed their growth on a diet of 772ticum repens. They ate out wedge-shaped portions from the sides of the grass blades, and when they had finished their repast, they crawled down to the middle of the blade, and there spun a coating of white silk from one side to the other, causing the two edges of the blade to draw together a little, and then in the silk-lined hollow they rested until hunger obliged them to ascend the blade again for another meal. About June 23 they had ceased to feed, and were begin- ning to fasten themselves within more closely constructed retreats, formed where two blades of grass obliquely crossed each other. The colour of the chrysalis is similar to that of the caterpillar, and the lines are faintly traceable. The butter- flles appeared July 14 to 18, emerging at night, and ready for flight in the morning. : This insect received its English name in 1832, when it was first discovered in this country at Lulworth Cove, in Dorsetshire. It has since been found: to occur at Durdle Cove, and. the Burning Cliff, Weymouth, and the latter locality appears to be its most eastern limit. Its. range extends westward along the coast of Dorsetshire and Devonshire to Sidmouth, Seaton, and Torquay ; and there are records of its having been observed in Cornwall. According to Mr. E. R. Bankes, as quoted by Barrett, this butterfly is not confined to the coast line in Dorset; but is to be found in two or three spots along the chalk rangé 192 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. of the Purbeck Hills, at a distance of four or five miles from the sea. He also states that the species is only single brooded, that the best time for it is from the beginning of July to the © middle of August, and that the food-plant of the caterpillar is Brachypodium pinnatum. The blossoms of rest-harrow (Oxonis arvensis) are said to be the particular vanity of the butterfly, and it is seldom found visiting any other flower. Abroad the species is not especially attached to the sea-coast, but occurs inland throughout Central and Southern Europe, its range extending to Asia Minor and Syria, and also to North-West Africa. The Large Skipper (Awgiades sylvanus). The male has the discal area of the fore wings bright fulvous, and the outer area broadly brown ; the sexual mark is black ; the hind wings are tinged with fulvous on the disc, and have brighter fulvous spots. The female is brown with a fulvous discal wedge on the fore wings, and an angulate series of fulvous spots beyond ; hind wings as in the male, but spots rather more defined. In some examples of this sex the spots on the fore wings are confluent, and the discal area is then fulvous as in the male (Plate 126). The egg is whitish or greenish-white, and is laid on a blade of grass. Hellins states that from eggs laid about July 1 the caterpillars hatched on July 13; they chose cocks-foot grass (Dactylis glomerata) for food, and rested in the middle of a blade, fastening its edges across with five or six distinct little ropes of white silk. The young caterpillar figured on Plate 127 was on Septem- ber 11 about half an inch in length, and had been removed from the grass tube, also shown, to be figured ; the head was then pale brown, bordered and lined with purplish brown ; the body was darkish green, paler on the last ring, and with darker THE SILVER-SPOTTED SKIPPER. 193 lines on the back and sides. After hibernation (the figure of this stage of the caterpillar is from Buckler), in May, the caterpillar is about one inch long, pale green in colour ; the skin is thickly covered with very short dark brown bristles, “the head dirty white with a dark brown stripe down the outer edge of each lobe, the neck whitish-green” (Hellins). The chrysalis was formed in the grass cocoon shown with it. The general colour was brown with the wing-cases darker, and a darker suffusion on the back. The egg-laying of this butterfly has been observed by Mr. Ullyett, who states that the female, having selected a suitable grass-stem, deposits eggs in a line in a sheath formed by the leaf round the stem. The caterpillars hibernate in tubes of | grass, and feed up in the spring. This butterfly has been supposed to be double brooded, but there does not seem to be any direct evidence that this is so. It is on the wing in grassy places on the slopes of downs and other hillsides, also in rides, and on the margins of woods, from early June until well into July, and sometimes even later in the year. It is found in most of our English counties, and also im Scotland, south of the Forth. In ‘Ireland it is not uncommon in a meadow in Lord Kenmare’s demesne, Killarney, _ and has been recorded from the Morrough of Wicklow. Abroad its distribution extends through Europe and Northern Asia to China and Japan, and also to North Africa. The Silver-spotted Skipper (Augiades comma). This butterfly is very similar on the upper side to the Large Skipper, but the spots, especially those nearest the front edge of the fore wings, are yellower. On the under side the greenish tinge of the ground colour, and the silvery spots, make the identification quite easy. -The black sex mark in the male is very similar to that of the last species (Plate 126). 1Q4 THE BUTTERFLIES GF THE' BRITISH tauee The males vary a little in the width of the marginal border, and in some females there is almost as much fulvous on the discal area of the wings as in the male ; in the darkest females the spots always appear paler than in fulvous specimens. On the under side the ground colour is sometimes olive-brown rather than green. The following account of the life-history of this pistes is adapted from Mr. Frohawk’s article on the subject published in the Extomologist for 1901 :— In August, whilst watching some of the butterflies on the wing over a patch of chalky ground covered with a short dense growth of various grasses, etc., he noted a female hovering close over the plants. Presently it settled on a tuft of hair grass (Aira cespitosa), and after walking over and among it a little time, she curved her abdomen down, and deposited a single egg on one of the fine hair-like blades, or, rather, spines, and close by, within an inch, another egg was found. Afterwards some plants of this grass were potted up, and some females placed on them. These deposited a large number of eggs upon the grass-stems and blades. The egg when newly laid is pearl white with the slightest yellowish-green tinge, which very gradually turns deeper in colour, assuming a pale straw-yellow on the sixth day, and so it remains until January, when it becomes paler. The caterpillar hatches out at the end of March or early in April. It does not eat the empty egg-shell, but directly after leaving the egg it starts spinning the fine grass together into a somewhat dense cluster an inch or two above the ground. In this compact shelter the larva lives and feeds upon the grass surrounding it, remaining almost always completely hidden. Sometimes as many as three or four live together. When full grown and about one hundred days old, the caterpillar is of a dull olive-green colour, with a black collar on the first ring, and the entjre surface densely sprinkled with minute shining black \ PI. 126. Large Skipper. 1, 3 wale; 2, 4 female. . Silver-Spotted Skipper. 5,7 male; 6, 8 female. ; ; Chequered Skipper. 9, 10 wale; 11 /emate. Large Skipper. Egg, natural size and enlarged ; caterpillars, chrysalis and cocoon. Silver-spotted Skipper. Lge, natural size and enlarged; caterpillar. Ya Ae O 195. Chequered Skipper. Eee enlarged and caterpillar. THE CHEQUERED SKIPPER. 195 warts, each emitting a tiny amber-coloured spine with a cleft knobbed apex. The head is blackish marked with ochreous lines. It still resides in a tube of grass spun closely together, and feeds on any other kind of grass that happens to be inter- woven withthe Azra. Just before pupation the caterpillar often crawls restlessly about, but in some instances it does not leave its place of feeding, and spins a strong, coarse network cocoon among the grass close to the ground, weaving the gnawed loose pieces of grass with the fine stems and blades, and therein _ pupates during the latter part of July. The chrysalis is secured in the cocoon by hooks at the tail. and by hooked bristles on the head ; the head and thorax are pale olive mottled with blackish ; the body olive, spotted with dark olive, and inclining to yellow on the ventral surface; below each spiracle is a short longitudinal mark ; the spiracles are amber-brown. The butterfly is to be found in August on most of our chalk hills, but has not been recorded from either Scotland or Ireland. | It is a very quick flyer and difficult to capture when on the wing, but it is fond of sitting on low-growing thistles, and is then sometimes easy to take. Abroad it occurs throughout Europe and Northern Asia to China and Japan. The Chequered Skipper (Carterocephalus palemon). The well-defined yellow or orange spots on the blackish- brown ground colour distinguish this butterfly from all other British Skippers. The variation is only of a minor kind, and chiefly in the direction of an increase or a decrease in the number and the size of the spots. Occasionally those on the central area of the fore wings are much enlarged and more or less confluent ; 196 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. and the spots on the outer margin of the hind wings are some. times very small or entirely absent. The following particulars of the early stages are abstracted from Mr. Frohawk’s life-history of the species (E2tomologist, 1892) :— Living females received in June were placed on a growing plant of brome grass (Bromus asper), and a few eggs were deposited, some upon the blades of grass, others upon the gauze-covered glass jar in which the plant was placed; they were laid singly, firmly adhering to whatever laid upon. The first lot of eggs were deposited on June 14. The egg has a pearly appearance, being whitish or yellowish-white in colour. Ten days after the egg is deposited the young caterpillar emerges by eating away the crown. Soon after hatching out the young caterpillar makes a little tubular dwelling, drawing together the edges of the grass-blade by spinning about three or four stout cords of silk, which quickly contract, causing the edges to draw together, and sometimes to overlap, forming a compact short tube; generally before spinning it nibbles off the extreme edge of the blade where the silk is afterwards attached. It feeds upon the blade both above and below its abode, devouring so much that frequently only the midrib of the blade remains, and the tube only just long enough to conceal it; it then shifts its quarters, and prepares a new home. On October 3, when one hundred and one days old, the caterpillar was pale primrose-yellow, and the stripes of a slightly darker hue, the white lateral line showing clearly, and spiracles brownish ; the head pale buff with a faint lilac tinge, with a black patch above the mouth and brownish at the sides. In the previous stage the caterpillar was whitish-green with a rather dark green line along the middle of the back, this line bordered on each side by. an almost white, very fine line, followed by alternate darker and lighter lines, the lightest being extremely fine; ‘then a subdorsal darker green line, THE CHEQUERED SKIPPER, | 197 bordered laterally by a conspicuous whitish line, which is again bordered below by a paler and indistinct green line, and a very faint spiracular whitish stripe, on which the spiracles are placed ; they are white, outlined by a dark but indistinct ring ; the under surface is whitish-green.” About the middle of October the hibernaculum was formed by spinning two blades of grass together at the edges, so making a tube, in which the caterpillar remained during the winter. On March 21 it left its retreat, but did not seem to feed, and generally remained quiet, lying along a grass-blade. On April 3 “it had drawn together with silk six blades of grass at the ends, forming a tent-like structure, and along the surface of one of the broadest a little carpet of silk was spun, upon which it rested with its head uppermost ; a silk cord also encircled its body round the fourth segment.” It assumed the chrysalis state on April 8, and had then passed two hundred and eighty-nine days in the caterpillar condition. The chrysalis measures five-eighths of an inch in length, is fairly cylindrical, but tapering to the tail. “Dorsal view: the head is pointed in front in the form of a short conical beak ; the eyes are rather prominent ; the thorax is swollen in the middle, the widest part, and then gradually tapers towards the last segment, which is elongated and flattened. Lateral view: the beak is slightly upturned, the thorax convexed, and the segment next the thorax is rather swollen in the middle, so forming a rather decided depression at the base of the thorax, where the silken cord passes round; the body gradually tapering to the last segment, which terminates in a long compressed curved process _ furnished with long hooks; the wing-cases extend down two- thirds its length, and only very little, if at all, swollen; the antennz and legs are but feebly modelled ; the tongue is well defined, it is dusky at the base, blending into black at the apex; the colour is of a very pale primrose-yellow, shading into pearly grey, and semi-transparent on the head, wings, and 195 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES. flap ; a dark medio-dorsal line commences at the base of the beak, and passes down the entire length, gradually fading off in the anal extremity; it is blackest on the head and first abdominal segment, and palest on the thorax, where it is light brown; there are two rust-red subdorsal lines, which run parallel from the base of the antennz to the last segment; another similar line, united along the inner margin of the wing, passes over two spiracles, and then runs parallel with the sub- dorsal lines. .. . The antenne and wings are faintly outlined with dusky brown. In general appearance and colouring the pupa closely resembles a piece of dead withered grass.” A female butterfly emerged on May 20, the transformation from egg to perfect insect thus occupying about eleven months. This local butterfly is on the wing in June ; sometimes it is seen in the latter part of May, and, more rarely perhaps, in July. This species appears to have been first noticed as an in- habitant of Britain in 1798, in which year specimens were taken in Clapham Park Wood, Bedfordshire, by Dr. Abbott, who, four years later, also reported the butterfly from White Wood, Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire. In 1823 it was found to occur at Castor Hanglands, near Peterborough ; and in 1841 Doubleday met with it, in Jarge numbers, in Monk’s Wood, Huntingdon- shire. Among other localities from which it has been reported are Ropsley Wood, near Grantham, Notts, and Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire. In its special localities, which, at the present time, are chiefly the larger woods in Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, and Buckinghamshire, it frequents the flowers of ground ivy (WVepeta glechoma) and of the bugle (Ajuga reptans). Abroad it is locally common in various parts of Central Europe ; also occurs in Finland, Central and Northern Russia, Dalmatia, Piedmont, and in Labrador, and other parts of North America. A CLASSIFIED MIS iy OF Lis BRITISH BUPVE REIS 2 apilionidz. Vanessa polychloros PAPILIONINE | Eugonia polychloros Papilio machaon Vanessa urticee PIERINAL Aslais urtice Aporia crateegi Pieris brassicze age | Rapes i Nap 5, daplidice Pontia daplidice Euchloe cardamines Leucophasia sinapis Leptidia sinaprs @olia: hyale Leurymus kirbyt Colias edusa Leurymus hyale Gonepteryx rhamni Colias rhamnzi. Nymphalide. APATURINZE Apatura iris NYMPHALINE Limenitis sibylla Limenttis camilla Polygonia c-album Grapta c-album Vanessa 10 5 antiopa Luvanessa antiopa Pyrameis cardui ene atalanta Argynnis paphia ss adippe y aglaia a lathonia <5 euphrosyne Brenthis euphrosyne Argynnis selene Brenthts selene Melitzea athalia ao CMa bs aurinia DANAIN Ae Anosia plexippus SATYRIN AL Melanargia galatea Erebia epiphron Melampias epiphron Krebia sethiops 200 CLASSIFIED LIST OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. Satyrus semele Flipparchia semele Pararge egeria 5 megera Satyrus megaera Epinephele ianira LEpinephele jurtina Epinephele tithonus Aphantopus hyperanthus flipparchia hyperanthus Enodia hyperanthus Coenonympha typhon Cenonympha tiphon Coenonympha pamphilus Lycenide. LYCAININAL _ Zephyrus betulze Thecla betule Zephyrus quercus Thecla quercus Thecla pruni »» Wwealbum © Callophrys rubi | Thecla rubt ~~ Chrysophanus dispar Polyommatus dispar Lycena dispar * Chrysophanus phlzas Polyommatus phleas Lycena phleas ‘<~ Lampides beeticus Lycena beticus ~~ Cupido argiades Lycena argiades Lyczena argus Lycena @20n Plebeius argus * Lyceena astrarche Lycena agestis e Lyczena icarus Plebeius alexis Polyommatus icarus ® Lyceena corydon Polyommatus corydon Lyczena bellargus Lycena adonis Polyommatus thetis © Cyaniris argiolus Zizera minima Lycena minima “= Nomiades semiargus Lycena acis >» semiargus Nomiades arion Polyommatus arion Lycena arion Lemoniide. NEMEOBIIN 42 Nemeobius lucina Hesperiidae. HESPERIINZ Hesperia malvz Thanaos tages Nisoniades tages PAMPHILIN/® Adopzea thaumas" 55° eo ex s5 ~ actzeon Augiades comma Erynnis comma Augiades sylvanus Carterocephalus palzemon Pamphila palemon INDEX. * Species so marked in this Index are reputed British. —*oo—— ADONIS BLUE, 170. /Vates 110, III, 119 | Adopea actgon, 190, Plates 124, 12 “ lineola, 189, Plates 124, 125; thau- mas, 187, Plates 124, 125 Ammonia jar, 19 Androconia, 14 Angles of wings, 12. Fig. 9 Anosia menippe, 108 ; plexippus, 106, Plates: 72, 120 Antenne, 4,9 Apatura tris, a Plates 28,20; 31 ; var. zole, 57, Llate 31 A phantopus hyperanthus, 130, Plates 88, 89 ; var. arete, 131 3 var. céca, 131, late 89; var. J/anceolata, 131 ; var. obsoleta, 131 Afporia crategi, 32. Plates 4, 5 Argynnis adippe, 37, Plates 53, 54, 573 var. cleodoxa, 88 ; var. locuples, 89; aglaia, 80, Plates 55, 59, OL; var. charlotta, 90 ; euphrosyne, 94, Plates 56, 64, 65; lathonia, 91, Plates, 58, 63 ; niobe,* $4, Poles 50,6 51, - 52, 57 5 var walesina, 84, Plates 52, 57 ; selene, 96, Plates 56, 62, 66 Armature, 2 ** Arran Brown,” 117 Augiades comma, 193, Plates 126, 127; sylvanus, 192, Plates 126, 127 BATH White, 41. Benzine, 28 Plates 12, 14 88 ; paphia, Black Hairstreak, 143. Plates 96, 97 Black-veined White, 32. lates 3, 4 Bloxworth Blue, 156, Plates 102, 103 Board for Flat-setting, 22. Figs. 15-17 Brace and Band Modes of Setting, 24.) Wig. 20 Brimstone, 54. Plates 25, 26 . Brown Argus, 161. lates 104, 105 55 Hiairstreak, 138. lates 94,95. GCAELOPHER VS: rubz, 147.) Plates. 96, 97 Camberwell Beauty, 73. lates qt, 42, 43 Carterocephalus palemon, 195. Plates 126, 127 Caterpillar stage, 2 Chalk Hill Blue, 127. 109, 117 Chequered Skipper, 195. 12 Chloroform Bottle, 19 Chorion, I Chrysalis, 6 Chrysophanus dispar, 148, Plates 98, 99 3 var. rutilus, 149 ; cerce,* 152 ; doris, V5 2y: vordius,* 152; hippo- (oe) U2 2 Dhi@as. VS2,. Rates FOO; 1Ol) /ULOry war. cleus, « 152); var. Schmidtiz, 152, Plate 101 ; var. | hypophleus, 154.3 virgauree,* 152 Classification, x Clouded Yellow, 51. Clubs of Antenne, 9. Plates 108, Plates 126, Plates, 22,23, 24 Fig. 7 202 Cenonympha pamphilus, 136, Plates G2, O25 wat. Wiss 520 ” An. ocellata, 137, Plate 92; typhon, 132, Plates 90, 91, 92; var. davus, 133 ; var. latdion, 133; var. philoxenus, 1335 WAL. Golnicin, - 132 2? “var SCOLICA, 133 Colas edusa, 51, Plates 22, 23, 24; var. helice, 52, Plate 24; hyale, 48, Plates 20, 21 Collecting, 16 Comma, the, 62. Common Blue, 163. 118, 119 Compound Eye, 9 Cremaster, 6.4 ip. 5, Cupido argiades, 156, Plates 102, 103 ; var. comyntas, 158; var. polysper- chon, 158 Cyanide Bottle, 19 Cyaniris argiolus,172. Plates 112, 113 Fides 32, 35 Flates 106, 107, DARK Green Fritillary, 89. Plates 55» 59, O1 Dehiscence, 7 Dimorphism, vill Dingy Skipper, 186. Plates 122, 123 Drying House, 26 Duke of Burgundy, 182. Plates 120, 121 ECDYSIS, 5 Egg-stage, I Emergence of a Butterfly, 7 Epinephele tanirva, 125, Plates 84, 85 ; jurtina, 125; tithonus, 127, Plates 86, 87, 1193; var. albida, 128, Plate IQ; var. mincki, 128 LpCba ethiaps, 0 83; Plates 76,0973.) var. obsoleta, 1143 var. ochracea, 114; bdéandina, 1133; epiphron, III 5 var. casstope, 111, Flates 76, 77 3 var. obsoleta, 112 ; ligea,* 117 Essex Skipper, 189. lates 124, 125 Luchloé cardamines, 43, Plates 15, 17 ; var. hesperidis, 44 Eyes or Ocelli, 4 INDEX, FALSE legs of caterpillar, 4. F ig. 2A Feelers, 4, 9 Peet, 3 GATEKEEPER, 127. 87, 119 Glanville Fritillary, rot. 69; 71 GONEPTERYVX rhamni, 54. Plates 25-27 Grayling, 117. Green Hairstreak, 147. Plates 86, Plates 65, Plates 78, 79 Llates 96, 97 Green-veined White, 38. J/ates Tro, 13, 14 Grizzled Skipper, 184. ates 122, 123 Gynandromorphism, viii HEAD of Butterfly, 8, Fig. 6; of Caterpillar, 4, Fig. 3 Heath Fritillary, 98. Plates 67, 68 Hermaphrodite, viii fTesperia alveus,* 185; malva, 184, Plates 122, 123; var. lavatera, 184; var. /avas, 184 Heterocera, vii High Brown Fritillary, $87. 535 54; 57 Holly Blue, 172. Horns, 9 Plates Plates 112, 113 INSTAR, 5 KILLING, 18 Kite net, 7. Fig. 13 LABIUM, 4 Labrum, 4 Lampides beticus, 154. Plates 102, 103 Large Blue, 179. lates 116, 117 », Copper, 148. lates 98, 99 55 Heath, 132. Plates 90, 91, 92 Skipper, 192. lates 126, 127 33 INDEX, Large Tortoise-shell, 65. Plazes 34, 36 Pee yyitive,. 24. -/ares.5.10,.0 Leucophasia sinapis, 46, Plates 16, 18, IQ 3 var. dinzensis, 40 5 Var. erySiM?, 46 ; var. lathyrz, 46 \ Lamenme shylla, 59, Plates 30,~ 31; 225 Wal. 279772, 59, /late. 31 Lingua, 4 Long-tailed Blue, 154. Plates 102, 103 Lulworth Skipper, 190. lates 124, 125 Lycena adonis, 1703; @gon, 158; QFoUS, 350, Plates, “104, 105 3 as- warche 101, Plates 1O4, 105.3 var. ariakerxes, 1GY53 var. Salmacis, 161; var. guadripuncta, 162; bel- ares, 170, Plates 110, 111, 119; var. ceronus, 1703; corydon, 167, wVOies iOS, «1O9,° 117, 118"; var. fowleri, 1683; var. lucretia, 168; var. syngrapha, 168, Plate 118; 1carus, 103, Fates 106, 107, 118, 11Q ; var. arcua, 164; var. cerulea, 164; var. zcarinus, 1643 var. me- lanotoxa, 164 Mandibles, 4, 10 : Marbled White, 109. lates 74, 75 Margins of Wings, 12. Fig. 9 Marsh Fritillary, 103. Plates 65, 70, (is ate ) Marsh Ringlet, 132 Maxille, 4, 10 Mazarine Blue, 177. Plate 115 Meadow Brown, 125. lates 84, 85 AMlelanargia galatea, 109. lates 74, 75 Melitea athalia, 98; Plates 67, 68; var. corythalia, 983 var. cos, 99;— var. mavarina, 98; var. iphon, 100 ; var. obsoleta, 983; var. py'ro- WiteerOO > var.. tessellata, 99.5 aurinig, 103; Plates, 65,70, 73; var. preclara, 1043 var. scotica, 104 ; cinxia, 101, Plates 65, 69, 71 Micropyles, 1 203 Milkweed Butterfly, 106. 120 : Monarch Butterfly, 107 Mould and Mites, 28 Moulting, 5 Pigtes 72, NAP HT TIAWINE, 27, 25 Nemeobius lucina, 182. Plates 120, P20 _ Nervures and Nervules, 13 Nets, 16 Nomenclature, x LNomiades arion, 179, Plates 116, 117; semtargus, 177, Plate 115 : OCELLI, 4 Orange-tip, 43. lates 15, 17 PAINTED Lady,.78. Plates 44, 45, 49 Pale Clouded Yellow, 48. Plates 20, 21 Palpi,. 5; 10 Papilio machaon, 29. Flates 1, 2 Pararge egeria, 1203; var. egerides, 120; “Plates, 80; 31 3 mesera,, 122, Plates $2, 83x. Peacock, 70:.. Plazes, 30, A0;,.41 Pearl-bordered Fritillary, 94. Plates 60, 64, 65 INGE OF OSSLCR, 2h,. Lidies 5. G. OC > var. chariclea, 34, Plate 6; dapli- dice, AN, flats. 12, lA apr, 3S,; Plates 10, 13, 143 var. dryoni@, 40 ; Var 100d, 205, val. 70pac,, 20 ; var. orzentis, 41 ; var. sabellice, 39 ; Var. apd, 20, Plates 7,5, U1 3 var. metra, 37 3 var. novanglta, 37 Pinning, 20; Pinning stage, 21, Fig. 14 Pes. 2 F Plumules, 14 Polygonia c-album, 62, Plates 32, 35; var. hutchinsont, 63, Plate 35 Proboscis, 4, 9 Prolegs, 2 Purple Emperor, 56. Plates 28, 29, 31 204 Purple Hairstreak, 141. 97 Plates 96, Pyrameis atalanta, 81, Plates 46-49 ; var. klemenstewiczi, 82; cardut, 78, Plates 44, 45, 49; huntera,* 81 ; wirginiensis,* 81 QUEEN of Spain, 91. Plates 58, 63 REARING from the Egg, 28 Red Admiral, 81. Plates 46-49 Rhopalocera, vil Ringlet, 130. Plates 88, 89 SADDLES, 24. Fig. 18 Satyrus semele, 117. Plates 78, 79 Scales, 12, Fis. ro Scotch Argus, 113. lates 76, 77 Seasonable Dimorphism, viii Segments, 2 Setting, Methods of, 22-24 Sexual Dimorphism, viii Silver-studded Blue, 158. Plates 104, fe) Silver-washed Fritillary, 84. Plates 50, 51 Small Blue, 176. Plates 114, 115 sg Oopper, 152. £ates 100, ‘161, 119 5 death, 136-' : Plazes 92, 07 3. Mountain Ringlet, 111. 2fazes 795.77 », Pearl-bordered Fritillary, 96. : Plates 56, 62, 66 is skipper, LO7. Af lates 124, 125 » Tortoise-shell, 68. Plates 37, 38 White, 36. Plates Ty 5 1k Speckled ae 120. lates 80, 81 INDEX. Spinnerets, 4 Spiracle, 3 Stadium, 5 Subsegments, 3 Swallow-tail, 29. Plates 1, 2 THANAOS tages, 186. Plazes 122, 123 Thecla tlicis, spini,* 147 ; pruni, 143, Plates 66,97 ; w-album, 144, Plates 94, 95; var. butlerowi, 145 Thoracic legs, 2 diaches:, 2 Tubercles, 2 VANESSA antiopa, 73, Plates 41, 42, 43; var. hygi@a, 733 var. lintneri, 73; 20, 70, Plates 39, 40, 41; var. beltsaria, 71, Plate 41; var. cyanosticta, 71; fpolychloros, 65, Plates 34, 363; var. restudo, 66; urtice, 68, Plates 37, 38; var. ladakensis, 69 ; var. polaris, 69 Venation, 12. Fig. 9 WALL, The, 122. Plates 82, 83 White Admiral, 59. Plates 30, 31, 33 White-letter Hairstreak, 144. Plates 94; 95 Wings, 11. Fig. 9 Wood White, 46. lates 16, 18, 19 ZEPHYRUS betule, 138. Plates 94, 95 ; var. pallida, 139 ; Var. spinosa, 139; guercus, 141, Plates 96, 97 ; var. della, 141 Zizera minima, 176. Plates 114, 115 THE END. Yy fy Yfy yj Yj Y _ YY yyy Yy _ Ubtysyeeeen y Uy Cis Z yy Yih Yyy iibhj44 EEEECEEE_E|{BDBEBVu ORR iy NSTITUTION LIBRAR Mon 00670 64 —Ci | 3 9088