UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA

BULLETIN No. 30
BIOLOGICAL SERIES No. 1O

The Butterflies of Montana

With Keys for Determination of Species

Morton John Elrod, Ph.D.,

j 9 Professor of Biology, University of Montana, Director of

4 University of Montana Biological Station,

Q

ASSISTED BY FRANCES INEZ MALEY, A.B.

A Nature Study Bulletin, for the use of Teachers,
Students and others who wish to study the Butterflies;
with one colored plate, twelve plates in black and
white, and one hundred and twenty-five figures.

UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA,

Missoula, Montana, U. S. A.

January, 1906-

Entered August 24, 1901, at Missoula, Montana, as second class matter, under
act of Congress July 16, 1894.

UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA

BULLETIN No. 3O
BIOLOGICAL, SEHIES No. 1O

/The Butterflies of Montana

With Keys for Determination of Species
by

Morton John Elrod, Ph.D.,
(\

Professor of Biology, University of Montana, Director of
University of Montana Biological Station,

ASSISTED BY FRANCES INEZ MALEY, A.B.

A Nature Study Bulletin, for the use of Teachers,
Students and others who wish to study the Butterflies;
with one colored plate, twelve plates in black and
white, and one hundred and twenty-five figures.

UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA,

Missoula, Montana, U. S. A.

January, 1906.

Entered August 24, 1901, at Missoula, Montana, as second class matter, under
act of Congress July 16, 1894.

"INDEPENDENT PUBLISHINB i

Copyrighted, 1906, by

"he University of Montani

TO THE BOYS AND GIRLS OF MONTANA, WHO
DELIGHT IN ROAMING THE HILLS OR IN FOLLOW-
ING TH^ BANKS OF THE STREAMS.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. VII

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Oeneas chryxus, Doubleday and Hewitson, showing lower
surface.

Fig. 2. Upper surface of Lemonias chalcedon, Doubleday and Hewit-
son.

Fig. 3. Upper surface of Phyciodes mylitta, Edwards.

Fig. 4. Upper surface of male Chalceria rubidus, Edwards.

Fig. 6. Lower surface of Cercyonis sylvestris, var charon, Edwards.

Fig. 6. Lower surface of Thecla acadica, Edwards.

From water color drawings by Mrs. Edith Ricker.

All figures enlarged about one-third.

Univ. of Mont., Bui. Biol. Series No. 1O.

PLATE I.

2.

6.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. IX

Preface.

In preparing some Nature Study work for teachers it became appar-
ent that teachers have little to work on in this region to enable them
to prepare studies on butterflies. It was really to assist teachers and
others in identifying specimens that this bulletin was prepared. It is
hoped that it will meet the needs of teachers and be of material assistance
to them. The boys and girls of the state have little to assist them in
the study of natural history specimens of the state, since the books which
would be serviceable are either too expensice or too volumnious to handle.
If the study of the butterflies is stimulated in the coming generation the
writer will feel amply repaid.

Full credit for most of the assistance rendered has been given in the
Introduction. Mrs. C. A. Wiley, of Miles City, has very kindly placed at
our disposal a copy of Edwards' Butterflies of North America, with colored
plates. Supt. P. M. Silloway of, Lewistown, has rendered material aid
in collecting specimens at Swan lake. The glossary has been prepared
by Josiah J. Moore, of Anaconda, a student at the University of Montana.
The index nas largely been prepared by my wife.

I offer no apology for making some of the descriptions much longer
than others. Some of these are totally inaccessible to hundreds of those
who will use this work. A lengthy description of a species that will be
difficult of determination will be of great service to the young student.
Where the specific characters are easy of determination and good photo-
graphs are supplied the descriptions are brief.

After the matter was all in type a list of butterflies was received from
Prof. Ezra Allen, of the State Normal at Dillon, which specimens have
been incorporated in the work. The information in this bulletin includes
reference to specimens collected in the eastern end of the state at Miles
City, the central portion at Bozeman, the southern part at Aldridge and
Dillon, the main Rocky Mountain region at Helena, the western slope at
Missoula and Flathead Lake.
Nov. 1, 1905. M. J. E.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. XI

CONTENTS

Page

Key for the Determination of Butterflies 13

Papilionina 13

Papilionidae 13

Parnassiinae 13

Papilioninae 19

Pieridae ; 20

Pierinae 20

Nymphalidae 44

Euploeinae 44

Nymphalinae 50

Agapetinae 105

Lycaenidae 124

Hesperiina 142

Hesperiidae 142

Hesperiinae 143

Pamphilinae 3 50

Bibliography 150

Glossary 163

SUPPEMENTARY ARTICLES.

The Butterfly, Alice Freeman Palmer 1

Montana 6

Collecting and Preserving Specimens 7

Collecting Butterflies at High Altitudes, M. J. Elrod 37

Butterflies and Fairies, Nellie A. Whitney 36

Collecting Butterflies at High Altitudes in the Andes, Whymper 43

The Seasonal Migration of Anosia plexippus, Maurice Ricker 47

Butterflies at Miles City, Montana, C. A. Wiley 66

A Chrysalis, poem, Mary Emily Bradley 83

Eugonia j-album in Western Montana, Morton J. Elrod 93

Mountain Swarming of Vanessa Californica, Hopkins 94

Stridulation in Euvanessa antiopa, A. H. Swinton 97

Butterflies on Chimborazo, Humboldt 104

Collecting Butterflies in Montana, Morton J. Elrod 108

List of Butterflies taken by H. R. Morrison in Dakota and Montana,

1881 118

Exchanges, Holland 123

Butterfly Fancies, Albertine Ward 140

List of Species of Butterflies collected by Campbell Carrington and

William B. Logan, of the Expedition, in 1871, by W. H. Edwards 159

bUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. XIII

List of Plates.

Plate I. Colored, frontispiece, showing Oeneas chryxus, Lemonias chal-
cedon, Phyciodes mylitta, Chalceria rubidus, Cercyonis sylvestris,
and Thecla acadica.

Plate II. Map of Montana, showing places where collections have been
made.

Plate III. MacDougal Peak in the Swan Range, a place where alpine
forms of life have been taken.

Plate IV. The Clouded Sulphurs, genus Burymus, showing different vari-
eties.

Plate V. Genus Melitaea, showing different species.

Plate VI. Genus Basilarchia, the Admirals.

Plate VII. Among the Butterflies at the University of Montana.

Plate VIII. Daphnia Pond, near the Biological Station.

Plate IX. Upper end of Flathead Lake.

Plate X. Oeneas chryxus.

Plate XI. The Blues, showing different species.

Plate XII. Pholisora catullus and Thanaos persius.

Plate XIII. Flowers on MacDougal Peak at G SCO feet elevation.

XIV BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

List of Figures.

Fig. 1. A butterfly net.

Fig. 2. Paper for cyanide bottle.

Fig. 3. Cyanide bottle.

Fig. 4. Paper folded for insects.

Fig. 5. Setting board.

Fig. 6. Pinning forceps.

Fig. 7. Venation of Papilionidae.

Fig. 8. * enation of Hesperiidae.

Fig. 9. Venation of Lycaenidae.

Fig. 10. Venation of Pieridae.

Fig. 11. Venation of Nymphalidae, Argynnis leto.

Fig. 12. Venation of Parnassius.

Fig. 13. Panassius smintheus, var. hermodour. male.

Fig. 14. Parnassius smintheus, var. hermodour, female.

Fig. 15. Parnassius clodius.

Fig. 16. Venation of Papilio.

Fig. 17. Papilio daunus.

Fig. 18. Papilio rutulus.

Fig. 19. Papilio eurymedon.

Fig. 20. Papilio brucei.

Fig. 21. Papilio zolicaon.

Fig. 22. Venation of Neophasia menapia.

Fig. 24. Neophasia menapia.

Fig. 24. Venation of Pontia.

Feb. 25. Pontia protodice.

Feb. 26. Pontia rapae.

Fig. 27. Pontia napi.

Fig. 28. Pontia sisymbri.

Fig. 29. Venation of Synchloe.

Fig. 30. Synchloe ausonides.

Fig. 31. Synchloe sara.

Fig. 31. Synchloe olympia

Fig. 33. Venation of Eurymus.

Fig. 34. Eurymus philodice.

Fig. 35. Eurymus eurytheme, albino.

Fig. 36. Eurymus alexandra.

Fig. 37. Eurymus meadii.

Fig. 38. Venation of Nymphalidae.

Fig. 39. Anosia plexippus.

Fig. 40. Euptoieta claudia.

Fig. 41. Speyeria idalia.

Fig. 42. Argynnis cybele.

BUTTERFLIES 07 MONTANA. XV

Fig. 43. Venation of Argynnis leto.

Fig. 44. Argynnis leto, male.

Fig. 45. Argynnis leto, female.

FJg. 4G. Argynnis aphrodite, var. alcest s, up^cr surface.

Fig. 47. Argynnis aphrodite, var. alcestis, lower surface.

Fig. 48. Argynnis edwardsii.

Fig. 49. Argynnis nevadensis, upper surface.

Fig. 50. Argynnis nevadensis, lower surface.

Fig. 51. Argynnis hesperis.

Fig. 52. Argynnis bremneri.

Fig. 53. Argynnis atlantis.

Fig. 54. Argynnis eurynome.

Fig. 55. Brenthis myrina, lower surface.

Fig. 56. Brenthis myrina, upper surface.

Fig. 57. Brenthis bellona.

Fig. 58. Brenthis helena.

Fig. 59. Lemonias taylori.

Fig. 60. Lemonias nubigena.

Fig. 61. Lemonias whitneyi, upper surface.

Fig. 62. Lemonias whitneyi, lower surface.

Fig. 63. Venation of Phyciodes.

Fig. 64. Phyciodes tharos.

Fig. 65. Phyciodes carlota.

Fig. 66. Phyciodes pratensis.

Fig. 67. Venation of Polygonia.

Fig. 68. Polygonia faunus.

Fig. 69. Polygonia taunus, satyrus and zephyrus.

Fig. 70. Polygonia zephyrus.

Fig. 71. Venation of Eugonia j-album.

Fig. 72. Eugonia j-album.

Fig. 73. Eugonia californica.

Fig. 74. xjuvanessa antiopa, emerging from pupa.

Fig. 75. Euvanessa antiopa.

Fig. 76. Aglais milberti.

Fig. 77. Venation of Vanessa.

Fig. 78. Vanessa atalanta.

Fig. 79. Vanessa cardui.

Fig. 80. Vanessa caryae.

Fig. 80a. Vanessa huntera.

Fig. 81. Basilarchia archippus.

Fig. 82. Venation of Cercyonis.

Fig. 83. Cercyonis olympus, upper surface.

Fig. 84. Cercyonis sylvestris, var. charon.

Fig. 85. Where Leto abounds.

Fig. 86. Venation of Erebia epipsodea.

Fig. 87. Erebia epipsodea upper surface.

Fig. 88. Erebia epipsodea, lower surface.

Fig. 89. Venetian of Coenonympha.

Fig. 90. Coenonympha ochracea, upper surface.

XVI BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Fig. 91. coenonympna ochracea, lower surface

Fig. 92. Cocnonympha haydeni.

Fig. 92a. Oeneas uhleri.

Fig. 92b. Neominois ridingsii.

Fig. 93. Venation of Lycaena melissa.

Fig. 94. Uranotes meiinus, Incisalia eryphon, Thecla saepium.

Fig. 95. Butterflies on the bank of Sinyaleamin lake.

Fig. 96. Venation 01 thecla.

Fig. 97. Inciscalia irus.

Fig. 98. Gaeides editha.

Fig. 99. Venation of Epidemia.

Fig. 100. Epidemia helloides.

Fig. 101. Chaleeria snowi.

Fig. 102. Venation of Hesperiidae.

Fib. 102a. Cyaniris ladon.

Fig. 102b. Everes amyntula and Agriades rustica.

Fig. 103. Epargyreus tityrus.

Fig. 103b. Cocceius pylades.

Fig. 104. Venation of ~celothrix.

Fig. 105. Scelothrix centaurea.

Fig. 106. Scelothrix scriptura.

Fig. 106a. Pyrgus montivaga.

Fig. 107. Pholisora catullus, slightly enlarged.

Fig. 108. Thanaos persius.

Fig. 109. Thanaos persius.

Fig. 110. Thanaos afranius.

Fig. 111. Pamphila palaemon.

Fig. Ilia. Oarisma powesheik.

Fig. 112. Venation of Erynnis.

Fig. 113. Erynnis uncas.

Fig. 114. Erynnis uncas.

Fig. 116. Ochloedes sassacus, upper and lower surfaces of male.

Fig. 117. (Sid cabin at Swan lake.

The Butterfly.

I hold you at last in my hand,

Exquisite child of the air;
Can I ever understand

How you grew to be so fair?

You came to this linden tree

To taste its delicious sweet,
I sitting here in the shadow and shine

Playing around its feet.

Now I hold you fast in my hand,

You marvelous butterfly
Till you help me to understand

The eternal mystery.

From that cr3eping thing in the dust

To this shining bliss in the blue!
God, give me courage to trust

I can break my chrysalis too!

— Alice Freeman Palmer.

Introduction.

The present bulletin is the result of eight years of collecting and
tabulating material. My first butterflies captured in the state were taken
at Miles City in the east and Mount Lo Lo in the west during a recreation
trip in August, 1892. In 1897 I came to the state to live. Every summer
since then to the present time has been spent in the field, and the ac-
cumulated insects have been arranged at the University of Montana,
where they have been worked over at leisure moments.

In the fall of 1900 Miss Frances Inez Maley was given the task of
spreading, arranging and labeling the material, identifying it so far as
possible with the specimens and literature at command. A large portion
of her time for that school year was devoted to the work. The collection
of more than a thousand specimens was spread and arranged in Corn-
stock cases. A large number of the photographs were taken at that time,
others later. Many of the keys and descriptions were prepared by her,
and the results of her careful and painstaking labor were submitted to the
faculty as her graduating thesis for the degree B. A. in June, 1901.

As it was impossible then to correct and verify as must necessarily
be done before printing, it was decided to test the keys and make further
addition to the list by including references to all the collections avail-
able in the state. For several summers the keys have been in the hands
of many persons both at the University in regular work and at the Uni-
versity of Montana Biological Station at Flathead lake. In this way many
errors have been avoided, and the keys have been found to be serviceable
in the hands of beginners. Moreover, by the examniation of other collec-
tions many additions were made, necessitating changes in the keys and
in the text. Many of the discriptions were rewritten.

To avoid confusion it was decided to follow the nomenclature used
by Dyar and others in Bulletin 52, United States National Museum. In
this bulletin many species recorded in other publications are reduced to
synonyms or varieties of other species. After examining so many hun-
dreds of specimens from various parts of the state, at different altitudes,
I feel convinced that the list can be reduced still further without detri-
ment, and without sacrificing. To cite a single illustration. The Wiley
collection has specimens of Argynnis from Miles City, collected in 1893,
and identified by Edwards as A. edwardsi. Specimens from Miles City
sent by myself to Edwards in 1892 were labeled A. nevadensis. When
placed side by side they look exactly alike, and are undoubtedly of the
same species.

Owing to the varying conditions as to heat and cold, moisture and
sunshine, which prevail in the state, many species are subject to great
variation. This makes identification oftentimes difficult, and we have

4 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

often been greatly puzzled. As a result of these great variations, com-
bined with the mistakes one is likely to make in undertaking a task like
this so far from library centers and large collections, we feel that we
have certainly made many errors, of which we are now not aware. We
have at least brought together the material in the state and have brought
it into some kind of order for students of butterflies later to make more
perfect. The task has been all the more difficult because the state con-
tains specimens from the Great Plains region, from the Pacific coast
region, and from the Boreal fauna in the north.

The collections examined and recorded in this bulletin are the follow-
ing: (1) The collection made by the writer, almost entirely in the
museum of the University of Montana, made during the past eight seasons
of collecting. These have been taken mostly in the western end of the
state. The numbers of specimens in the collection has not been deter-
mined, but there are many thousand. (2) George E. Barnes, a graduate
of the University, made a collection of several hundred in the vicinity of
Aldridge, in the southern part of the state near the Park. These were
generously donated by him to the University. (3) E. N. Brandegee, of
Helena, made a collection of several hundred specimens in the vicinity of
Helena in 1902. These he very kindly placed at the disposal of the writer
for examination and study. (4) The late C. A. Wiley, of Miles City, made
an extensive collection of Lepidoptera in eastern Montana during his sev-
eral years of residence in Montana. This collection came to the Uni-
versity entire, and has been gone over carefully. (5) The collection at
the Montana College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at Bozeman, the
work of Professor R. A. Cooley, was very kindly placed at my disposal by
Prof. Cooley. This contains a good series of insects, excellently mounted,
and in some cases from high altitudes. Eugene Coubeaux, of Big Sandy,
made a collection during the summers of 1904 and 1J./05, and very kindly
loaned specimens for examination. He also furtnisaed notes regarding
the abundance of each species. These five collections practically
represent the butterfly collections in the state. They contain specimens
from the extreme east and west, and from the south. The great section
of country tributary to the Missouri river in the northeast is not repre-
sented, nor is the extreme north in the Rocky Mountains. Other authors
have been referred to and quoted freely.

The illustrations are almost entirely original. The colored plate is
the result of the work of Mrs. Edith Ricker, of Burlington, Iowa, who has
spent three summers at the Station at Flathead. Colored drawings were
made from specimens and the colored drawings were made into the
printed plate by the three color process. It is to be regretted that the
expense precluded more generous use of colored plates, instead of the
half tones. Many of the drawings were also made by Mrs. Ricker and her
brother, Lisle W. Brown, now in connection with the Eastman Kodak
Company, including all of the figures of wing venation, except a few made
by Claude Spaulding, laboratory assistant at the University. The photo-
graphs of butterflies were made by Miss Maley, Mr. Spaulding and the
writer. Other photographs used have appropriate credit given with each.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 5

Without the generous aid of these friends, who gave their work cheerfully
and gratuitously, these original illustrations would be lacking.

We are deeply indebted to President Craig, of the University, for the
cordial support he has given us in our efforts to popularize this subject
and make the study available to the younger generation of the state. His
liberal policy has enabled us to use copious illustrations, and any plan
for better results or for increased usefulness of publications has always
met with his hearty favor. •

The pleasure we have found in the preparation of the material for
publication has been ample compensation for the labor. We can wish for
those who peruse it or read it no more enjoyment in its use than has been
ours in gathering the specimens and bringing them together. Every
specimen which we have gathered recalls some scene, whether it be the
jagged sky line of the back bone of the continent as viewed from the
Swan range when we were sweeping in a few Phyciodes, a battered
Eurymus alexandra, or the various species of Argynnids, or the quiet and
peaceful woods adjacent to the laboratory at Flathead lake. Again, as
we pick up Satyrus olympus or Brenthis myrina we are reminded of the
dusky faces on the Flathead reservation and the beautiful Mission valley,
flanked by the majestic Mission mountains. Vanessa californica brings
to us in winter the first breath of spring, as it is our earliest specimen,
coming at Missoula in 1903, February 19. Vanessa J. album carries us
to Swan lake, where the manical call of the loon is answered by the blood
curdling shrief of the puma, while the water lap-laps the bottom of our
boat as we head for the campfire on shore.

Beautiful, dainty, golden laced Lycana melissa carries us to Sin-
yaleamin lake, cradled in the mountains, where we spent such happy and
care free days. Oeneas chryxus takes our memory to Mount Woody,
south of Missoula, which we have ascended a dozen times for butterflies.
Whichever way we turn, whatever insect we pick up, our memory brings
to us days of happiness and pleasure. M. J. ELROD,

University of Montana.

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Montana.

Montana lies between the parallels of 49 degrees and 44 degrees 15
minutes north latitude, and extends from 104 degrees to 116 degrees west
longitude. The form of the state is nearly a parallelogram, being about
540 miles in length with an average width of 275 miles.

The surface of the state is generally mountainous. The main range
of the Rocky mountains, with numerous spurs, traverses the western part
in a direction northwest to southeast; between these are many beautiful
and extensive valleys, which cover nearly three-fourths of its area. The
northeastern fourth is a high, rolling prairie country, covered with nu-
tritious grasses. A considerable portion of the country between the Mis-
souri and Yellowstone rivers is occupied by the Mauvaises Terres.

The average elevation of the surface is about 4,000 feet above the
level of the sea. The elevation of the eastern third of the state is less
than 3,000 feet, while that of the mountains and foothills in the western
part of the state is from 4,000 to 10,000 feet. The highest peak is above
12,000 feet. The surface rises westward at the rate of about eight feet
per mile.

This state has extremes of climate. Many sections of the state ex-
perience severe northern blizzards, others have delightful summers, still
others hot deserts. Lovely lakes lie in the north, dry treeless plains In
the east, almost devoid of vegetation. The western slopes with their
copious rainfall afford a climate moist and warm. To the south are
mountains capped with snow. Between these are many grand canyons.

Bui. Univ. of Mont. Biol. Series No. 10.

Plate II.

Map of Montana, showing geographical areas, and localities where col-
lections have been made.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

Collecting and Preserving Specimens.

In collecting butterflies a net is necessary, and some means of killing
them after capture.

The simplest form of the net, which can be made almost anywhere, is
constructed as follows: A rod of some light stiff material is used as the
handle, not more than five feet in length. Attached to this at its upper

end is a loop or ring made of
metal or some moderately stiff
yet flexible material. Upon
this then should be sewed a
bag of fine netting, preferably
tarlatan, almost thirty inches
deep; the ring should be not
less than a foot in diameter.

Several forms of folding nets
are on the market by dealers
in entomological supplies.
These nets are detachable
from the handle, and will fold
in two or more pieces. They
may thus be tucked in a
pocket or packed in with bag-
gage without injury, to be
drawn out and speedily ad-
justed when necessary.
Handles may also be pur-
chased which fit together in
sections, and are likewise
easily transported and quickly
adjusted. See Fig. 1.

Fig. i. A butterfly net. Nets may be purchased with

silk bags if desired. A silk bag has many advantages. It dries readily
when wet, requiring but a few swishes through the air. It may be swept
through the air with much greater speed than any other net. It does not
snag readily, and has a much longer life.

The specimens collected are killed in some way that shall not muti-
late them. A very convenient way is by means of the cyanide bottle,
which is prepared in the following manner: Take a wide mouthed bottle
holding four or six ounces. Put in the bottle a piece of cyanide of
potassium about three-fourths of an inch square or a table spoonful of

s

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

the pulverized, and water enough to cover the cyanide and then, imme-
diately before there is time for the cyanide to dissolve,
put enough plaster of Paris in the bottle to soak up
the water. Cut a paper as in Fig. 2 to cover the
plaster. The bottle should then be left open in a
shady place for an hour to dry and then securely
corked and labeled "Poison." See Fig. 3.
Specimens placed in the bottle to be killed should

be left ther6 f°f &t leESt a h&lf hOUr> but theV may b6

left in over night without injury.

Another method of killing the insect is to enclose a piece of cotton,
upon which a few drops of chloroform, sulphuric ether or benzene has
been put, with the insect to be killed, in a small bottle or small box.

Still another method of killing is to entangle the insect in the meshes
of the (silk) net, with wings over the back, and give a quick but hard
squeeze on the sides of the thorax. This may do some injury to the insect
by rubbing off some scales, but in the absence of a killing bottle it may
be necessary to kill a specimen or lose it.

Much of the success of the collector will depend upon his skill in the
use of his net. No description of the method
is worth anything besides a very little ex-
perience, and one soon learns to capture with
dextrous turn of the hand, "practice makes
perfect." It is possible to sweep into the net
an insect which is fluttering through the air
and by a turn of the hand to close the bag.
One manner which is preferred by many is
to clap the net over the butterfly and allow
it to rise, and then insert the bottle in the
net and without touching it allow it to drop
into the bottle. If possible the fingers should
never be allowed to come in contact with
the wings.

Papering Specimens — When time and place
do not suffice for the proper preparation of
the butterflies, they may be placed in en-
velopes, until such a time as one is able to
relax and properly mount them. The small
dry envelopes are very good for this. The
insect while in the net usually has its wings
folded back. It may also be dropped into
a triangular envelope made by folding a Fig. 3. Cyanide bottle,

piece of paper as shown in Fig. 4, and a memorandum of the locality and
date of capture is written on the envelope. They may then be packed
in a shallow box, a cigar box being preferable.

When it is desired to pin and spread specimens that have been stored
away they are relaxed. To do this take several large sheets of blotting
paper, wet with water, place the papered butterflies on the sheets, then

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 9

wet two more sheets and place over these. Do this as often as there are
insects to be covered. Let them remain here two or three days, at the
end of which time they can be spread as easily as when fresh. Care must
be taken not to leave the specimens here too long lest they became
mouldy.

In spreading insects, the insect should first of all be pinned, the pin be-
ing thrust perpendicularly through the thorax, leaving about one-fourth of

the pin to view. It should then
be placed upon the setting-board.
Setting-boards are two pieces of
board slanted toward the inside.
Many collectors prefer straight
boards, with a piece of cork be-
neath, and a groove on the upper
surface of sufficient depth to
accommodate the body of the
insect and to permit the wings
to be brought to a level of the
Fig. 4. Folded paper for insects. upper surface of the board.

When the insect has been pinned upon the board the next step is to set
the wings in the position which they are to maintain when the specimen
is thoroughly dry.

In bringing the wings into position, care should be taken to put the
pin behind the strong nervure, on the costal margin of the wing; other-
wise the wings are liable to be torn and disfigured. The rule is to draw
the anterior wing forward in such a manner that the posterior margin of
this wing is at right angle to the axis of the body, the axis being a line
drawn through the head to the extremity of the abdomen. The hind wing
should then be moved forward, its anterior margin lying under the pos-
terior margin of the fore wing. When thus arranged slips of paper
should be drawn over them and securely pinned to keep them in position,
and the pins removed from the wings. Never pin through the wing. Next
the antennae should be adjusted ,and placed parallel with the wings, and
fine pins placed about them to hold them in position. Then if the body
has a tendency to droop it should be raised by placing pins under it on
either side. See Fig. 5.

When insects have been spread the board should be placed where
they will be unmolested and free from dust. They should be left here for
about a week, longer if the insect is very large, at the end of which time
they may be taken off and put in the cabinet.

Labelling — Each specimen should have on the pin below the specimen
a small label, giving the date of capture, if known, and the locality. Labels
should be printed, or written in a fine hand, and preferably with India
ink.

10

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Fig. 5. Settling board,

wing method of pii
for the collection.

ing and spreading insects

Pins — The insect pins are made longer and thinner than ordinary pins.

Pins, pinning forceps, Fig. 6, printed labels, insect boxes and cabinets,
sheet cork or peat, or other entomological suppiles may be had of dealers
in this material. A jappanned steel pin is now on the market which is
much superior to any pins heretofore made in that smaller pins may be
used and still have greater stiffness and strength. For cabinets such
pins are much more desirable, but at the same time are more expensive
than ordinary pins.

Fig. 6. Pinning forceps, for pressing pi

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 11

Venation of the Wings.

The thickened lines in the wings are termed the veins or nerves; and
their arrangement is described as the venation or neuration of the wings.
The thin spaces of the wings which are bounded by the veins are called
cells. When a cell is not completely surrounded by veins it is said to be
open.

The wings of different insects vary greatly in structure, but they are
all more are less triangular in outline; they therefore have three
margins; the costal margin or costa (a b) ; the outer margin b, c, and
the inner margin c. a. The angle at the base of the costal margin and the
outer margin is the apex of the wing; and the angle between the outer
margin and the inner margin is the anal angle.

The principal veins of the wings are, beginning with the one lying
on the costal margin, the costa, the subcosta, the radius, the media, the
cubitus, and the anal veins. The radius media, and cubitus are usually
branched and there may be several anal veins.

In some insects there are the premedia a vein- lying between the
media and radia; and a postmedia lying between the media and the
cubitus.

I Costa V Media VIII)

II Subcosta VI Postmedia IX)

III Radius VII Cubitus X) Anal

IV Premedia et al)

By referring to Figs. 7-12 these veins may easily be studied. As many
of the generic distinctions are based on the venation it is essential that
the student become thoroughly familiar with the locations and numbering
of veins of wings.

12

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OP MONTANA.

V

Fig. 8. Venation of wings,
Hesperilna

Fig. 9. Venation of wings,
Lycaenidae.

Fig. 7. Venation of wings, Papilionidae.

Fig. 10. Venation of wings,
Pieridae.

Fig. 12. Venation of Parnas-
sius.

Fig. ii Venation of wings,
Nymphahdae, Argynnis leto.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 13

Key for Determation of Butterflies.

1. Antennae thread-like with a knob at the extremity. — 2.

2. With the radius of the fore-wings five-branched, Fig. 8, and with all

the branches arising from the discal cell; club of antennae usually
terminated by a recurved hook. The Skippers. Hesperiina, page 142

3. With some of the branches of the radius of the fore-wwings coalesced

beyond the apex of the discal cell, Fig. 7; club of antennae not
terminated by a recurved hook. Butterflies. Papilionina, pagelS
SUPERFAMILY PAPILIONINA.
Key to Families.

1. Cubitus of the fore-wings apparently four-branched, Fig. 7.

Papilionidae. P. 13
Cubitus of the fore-wings apparently three-branched, Fig. 11. — 2.

2. With six well developed legs, although in some species the fore legs

of the male are a little shorter, and the tarsi of these lack one or
both claws; radius of the fore wings, with rare exceptions, only
three or four-branched. To determine the number of branches of
radius, count the two cubital and the three medial branches first;
the branches left between veins V and II belong to the radius. — 3.
With only four well developed legs, the fore legs being unused, much
shorter than the others, and folded on the breast like a tippet (ex-
cept in the female of Hypatus) . Radius of fore wings five-branched,
Fig. 11. Nymphalidae. P. 44

3. Vein V of the fore-wings arising at or near the apex of the discal cell,

Fig. 9, except in Feniseca tarquinius, in which the wings are dark
brown, with a large fulvous spot on each. Lycaenidae. P. 124r
The first branch of media of the fore wings united with the last
branch of the radius for a considerable distance beyond the apex
of the discal cell. Fig. 10. Ground color of the wings white, yellow
or orange. Pieridae. P. 26

FAMILY PAPILONIDAE.
Key to the Subfamilies.

Hind wings with a tail like prolongation; ground color of wings black;
radius of fore wings five-branched; the base of vein VIII of fore
wings preserved as a spur like branch of vein VII, Fig. 7.

Papilioninae. P. 1&

Hind wings without tail like prolongation; ground color of wings white;
radius of fore wings four-branched; vein VIII of fore wings want-
ing, Fig. 12. Parnassiinae. P. 13

SUB-FAMILY PARNASSIINAE.

The Parnassiinae differ from the Papilioninae in lacking the tail-like
prolongation of the hind wings and in that the ground color of the wings

14

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

is white, but resemble them in possessing similar scent organs in the
larval state. They are found only on high mountains or far north.

Key to Genera.

Medium size, diaphanous wings, white or yellow in color, marked with
black spots and round pink or yellow spots margined with black.

Parnassius.

Genus PARNASSIUS, Latrielle.

Butterfly — Medium size, with diaphanous wings, generally white or
yellow in color marked with black spots, and round pink or yellow spots.
The head is relatively small, thickly clothed with hairs. The antennae
are short and straight. The wings have a rounded apex. The upper
radial is lacking.

Early Stages — The egg is turban-shaped. The caterpillars have very
small heads. They are flattened and dark brown or black in color with
light spots.

Key to Species.

Males with very light wings, black reduced to a row of marginal and sub-
marginal lunules, the latter often lacking. Females with the whole
upper surface of primarus smoky black. Antennae with black and
white rings, black knobs. smintheus.

Males with darker wings, a sub-marginal row of white lunules. Females
much like males ,but darker. Antennae black . clodius

THE PARNASSIUS BUTTERFLY.

Parnassius Smintheus, Dbl. and Hew., var Hermodour.
Fig. 14, Female.

Fig. 13, Male;

Fig. 13, Parnassius smintheus, var. hermodour, male.

Butterfly — This beautiful insect is subject to great variations. The
expanse of the wings of the female is 2.25-3.00 in., male 2.00-2.50 in.
The white ground is marked with smoky black to a greater or less ex-
tent. On the wings are yellow or pink spots, varying in size, margined

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

15

with black. There is a marked difference between the females and males,
the latter being much whiter with the smoky black confined to the outer
border of the wings and the inner edge of the hind wings. There is a
black bar in the middle of the discal cell of fore wings, another at the
outer end of the cell, beyond which is a more or less prominent bar with
or without red spots (one or two). The female is much darker, with the
whole upper surface of the primaries usually smoky-black hue, slightly
transparent, the usual bands being lost in the ground color of the wing.
Yellow or pink spots much larger than in the male.

The variety hermodour is much blacker than smintheus. Both are
found in the state. Comparison of specimens from Montana with those
from Pike's Peak show the latter to be much smaller, and lighter. As

Fig. 14, Parnassius smintheus, var. hermodour, female.

the Pike's Peak specimens are from altitude 12,000 feet and Montana
specimens from 3,000 to 7,000 this is to be expected.

These butterflies are truly Alpine, and fly for but a short season of
the year. The lowest altitude at which they have been taken is about
3,000 feet near the Biological Station at Flathead lake. At Missoula
they are rare, and have not been taken below 5,000 feet, and then in
small numbers. They fly lazily but easily. Owing to the fact that they
are usually taken at high altitudes their capture results in much fatigue.
Often they sail gracefully over a cliff when the pursuer is all but ready
for a sweep of the net. In the same locality high eleavtion seems to
result in smaller and blacker specimens, low elevation in larger and
whiter ones.

Distribution — The University collection contains specimnes from
Missoula, Tobacco Root Mountains, Mission Mountains, New Chicago,
Madison Lake, Geyser Basin, Flathead Lake, the Swan Range and the
National Park. It is found at higher elevations throughout the state,
ranging from Colorado to California, Montana to New Mexico. Its north-
ern limit is unknown. According to Edwards it has been taken as far

1C BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

as Loggan, Alberta. Coubeaux has collected it at Sheep Creek near Big
Sandy. He says it is not common in the Highwood and Little Belt
Mountains, and that it seems to be absent from the Bear Paw Mountains.
Food — The caterpillar feeds on Sedum and Saxifraga. The butterfly
is common in the mountains about Helena (Brandegee). Cooley has
collected it at Bozeman.

THE CLODIUS BUTTERFLY.
Parnassius clodius Menetries, Fig. 15.

Fig. 15, Parnassius clodius.

Prof. R. A. Cooley, of the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts
at Bozeman, has sent us two specimens, male and female, of this species,
taken in Gallatin county, where he reports them rather abundant. The
pink and yellow spots are lacking on the primaries in both sexes.

The male has more smoky brown on the outer edge and base of
primaries, with more translucent outer margin. The differences are more
clearly shown by comparison of Figs. 13 to 15.

Distribution — Clodius is found upon the mountains of California. It
is reported from the state by Prof. Cooley as stated. Carrington and
Logan collected it on the expedition in 1871.

Food — The capterpillar feeds on Sedum and Saxifraga.

BUTTERFLIES OF .MONTANA. 17

Collecting: Butterflies at High Altitudes.

My first high altitude collecting was at 11,500 feet at Seven Lakes,
Pike's Peak. It was in August, 1892. Ice formed at night, and all insect
life was quiet. During the warm days butterflies were abundant. For
the first time I saw Parnassius in all its splendor. But to capture it was
difficult. Not being accustomed to the high altitude I was unable to make
vigorous effort, and after a short chase would drop to the ground gasping
for breath. Our camp was in the valley on the bank of one of the "Seven
Lakes," in the home of Parnassius smintheus. They were out by the
thousands. A few miles from camp, toward the main summit, an irriga-
tion or water ditch had the surface of the water covered as far as we
could see in either direction with dead or struggling larvae of smintheus.

Above timber line and up to the line of perpetual snow there is in
summer a profuse growth of Alpine flowers. One who has not seen high
altitude vegetation cannot comprehend the beauty, splendor, and pro-
fusion of high altitude or alpine flowers. They are a sight never to be
forgotten. Above timber line there is in summer a profuse growth. On
sheltered or sunny slopes there is a varied vegetation, the flowers making
a beautiful sight. One of these visions is the most gorgeous I have ever
seen or ever hope to see.

I was caught in a shower of rain, hail, sleet, and snow, and had
hastened to a large rock. By clinging with both hands and feet I was
somewhat protected. After an hour the storm passed, and the sun came
out bright and warm. Sunshine always brings out insects, if they are
about. The storm left a deposit of snow an inch or two in depth over the
surface of the mountain for miles around. Above the snow, showing
their varied colors, were thousands of flowers of different tints, from the
genera Actinella, Allium, Mertensia, Silene, Castilleia, Polygonum, Geum,
Sedum, and Potentilla. Hovering over these flowers were hundreds of
butterflies, displaying their gorgeous colors. It was a rare sight, and a
rare combination of snow, alpine flowers and alpine butterflies. The in-
sects were Parnassius smintheus, Colias ochraeus, Colias meadii, Argyn-
nis eurynome, Phyciodes nycteis, Argynnis helena, and Lycaena rustica.

Such a blending and contrast of colors is rarely seen, and forgetting
everything I stood for a long time drinking it in. This view is indelibly
stamped on my memory. It cannot be forgotten. Soon the mournful
squeak of the pika on the rocks nearby called my attention, as it was the
pika I was after. In a short time the snow had disappeared, and the six
mile walk to camp was cheerfully made.

It has not been my good fortune to climb high mountains. I have
done no collecting above 14,000 feet. Among the Rockies of Montana
my work has been at altitudes below 10,000 feet. My next attempt at

]g BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

collecting at altitudes higher than common was in the National Park, at
an altitude of 8,500 feet. Again I saw Parnassius smintheus, that gor-
geous insect of the alpine realm. I gave chase, and after landing the
prize in the net sank to the ground exhausted and gasping for breath.
In the Mission Mountains of Montana I have had many a happy day
among the peaks at 9,500 feet and lower. This short range has some of
the most beautiful mountain scenery in the world. Many of the insects
taken are recorded in this work. I have collected in the Swan range,
and in the main range of the Rockies, at altitudes up to 10,000 feet. In
northern Montana timber line is 9,500 feet. In Colorado it is about
11,500 or 12,000 feet. These two elevations in the different localities will
probably have about the same flora and fauna, or at least similar condi-
tions. Never have I found insects so abundant as at Seven Lakes on
Pike's Peak, and rarely are they abundant. Quite frequently but a single
specimen is captured, often but a few. For several years we have an-
nually made the ascent of MacDougal Peak in the Swan Range, whose
elevation is approximately 7,600 feet. On these occasions I stay behind
to see that all are going down safely. I always loiter on the summit or
along the long ridge, collecting a few Lycaenas, Argynnids, Pierids, or
Phyciodes. ?

If the butterfly students of Montana will seek healthful exercise,
magnificent view of snow-clad mountain summits and peaceful wooded
valleys, with a catch of few but rare and very choice insects, let them
ascend some high peak in July or August, seek a sunny slope of open
woods and abundant vegetation, and pitch their tents for a week. It will
add years to the latter end of life. M. J. E.

Bui. Univ. of Mont., Biol. Series No. 10.

Plate III.

View of MacDougal Peak, Swan Range, Montana, in August, showing
typical country for Alpine collecting. The summit is about 7,700 feet.
Around the top on sunny days one may always catch an abundance of
insects. Photo by M. J. E.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

19

Fig. 16. Venation of Papilic

SUBFAMILY PAPILIONINAE.

Large species, hind wings tailed. Ground

color of the wings black, usually marked with

yellow, and often with metallic blue or green,

or yellow marked with black. Papilio.

Genus PAPILIO, Linnaeus.

Butterfly — There is great diversity of form
in the wings of this genus. They are large
butterflies, often known as swallow tails. The
wings are ample; the fore wings triangular;
the hind wings concave next to the body, and
usually provided with a tail-like appendage
before the anal angle; outer margin dentate.
See Fig. 16.

Early Stages — The eggs are somewhat glob-
ular, flattened at the base, and smooth. The
caterpillars are cylindrical, fleshy, thicker in
the anterior portion of the body.

There aje about twenty-seven species of this
genus found within the limits of boreal
America.

KEY TO SPECIES OF PAPILIO.

1. Ground color yellow, with black bands. 2.

Ground color black, with whitish yellow or white bands. 3.

2. One tail, rutulus.

Two tails, daunus.

3. One tail; base of fore wings black; an orange lunule with black

ocelli on hind winks, 4.
One tail; but little black at base of fore wing, whiter,

eurymedon.

One tail; base of fore and hind wings broadly black. nitra.

4. Sides of thorax yellow, brucei.

Sides of thorax black, zolicaon.

r>. Row of marginal spots on under side of fore wings blending rutulus

Row or marginal spots on under side of fore wings separate

turnus

20 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OP MONTANA.

THE DAUNUS BUTTERFLY OR SWALLOWTAIL.
Papilio daunus, Boisduval, Fig. 17.

Fig. 17, Papilio daunus.

butterfly — Expanse 4.00-5.25 inches. Upper surface of wings clear
yellow, costa and outer border of fore wings and posterior border of hind
wings black. The black along the costa is suffused with yellow, eight
spots in the fore and four lunules in the hind wings. The lunule on the
hind wings is orange color. There are four black bands on the fore
wings. The first is continued two-thirds across the hind wings and is
about one-fourth the distance from the base to the outer margin. The
second extends from the costa to a little beyond the median vein; the
third extends from the costa across the discal cell; the fourth from the
costal to the fifth sub-costal venule. The black terminal border of the
hind wings contains blue clouds. It has two tails which are black, edged
on the inside with yellow. The under side is similar to the upper. The
body is black with yellow stripes on each side.

It is the largest of our butterflies, very conspicuous when on the
wing, and eagerly sought by the young entomologist. It is apparently
absent from the treeless eastern end of the state.

Food — The early stages have not been thoroughly studied, but it is

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 21

allied to the other members of the family. The caterpillar feeds on a
great variety of plants.

Distribution — It is found among the eastern valleys of the Rocky
Mountains and descends into Mexico. In Arizona it is quite common. In
Montana it is on the wing by the last of April. It is very similar to the
turn us of the eastern and middle states, but is larger, and with two tails
to the wings. It is rather common in the western end of the state, but
nowhere abundant. Wiley does not report it from the eastern end, ex-
cept to refer a specimen on the wing to either daunus or rutulus. Brande-
gee has taken it at Helena.

THE TURNUS SWALLOW-TAIL.

Papilio turnus, Linnaeus.

Butterfly — Expanse of male, 3.00 to 4.00 inches, 75 to 100 mm.; female,
3.50 to 5.00 inches, 87 to 125 mm. Ihis species very closely resembles
rutulus, or, rather, rutulus very closely resembles turnus. It may be
distinguished by the fact that the marginal spots on the under side of the
fore wings are separate, while in rutulus they join together. The species
is dimorphic in the female sex in the southern portion of the territory it
occupies. At first the black form was regarded as a distinct species,
but it is now known that the black and yellow females are of the same
species. By experiments it is shown that eggs from yellow females
produce black females, and conversely eggs from black females produce
yellow females. The dark or black female does not occur in Canada or
in the country northward and westward. Holland has obtained speci-
mens of a small dwarfed yellow form near Sitka.

Early Stages — The egg is green or bluish green, with occasionally
some reddish spots. The caterpillar feeds on the wild cherry and other
plants.

Distribution — It abounds in the wooded regions in the eastern United
States, often in great numbers, extending from New England to the Gulf
of Mexico. Westward it is found to the Rocky Mountains, extending
northward to Alaska. In the state it has been taken by Carrington and
Logan in 1871, locality not given.

Several specimens of turnus are among Wiley's specimens in his Miles
City collection.

22 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE RUTULUS BUTTERFLY.

Papilio rutulus, Boisduval. Fig. 18.

Fig. 18, Papilio rutulus.

Butterfly — It resembles P. daunus in color and markings, but the
black bands are broader and it has not the two decided tails. The
marginal spots on the under side of the fore wings run together, forming
a continuous band. Expanse, male, 3.50-4.00 inches; female, 3.75-4.25
inches, 94 to 106 mm.

This species also closely resembles P. turnus, and displaces turnus
on the Pacific Coast. It is not uncommon. At Missoula it flies as early
as May 10. At Swan lake it is abundant in June. It is found as high as
6,100 feet at Missoula.

Food — It feeds on alder and willow, which are very abundant along
all Mountain streams.

Distribution — It is a Pacific species. Found throughout the western
part of the state. Not reported at Miles City, except as mentioned under
daunus. Brandegee reports it from Helena. It is fairly common at Boze-
man, according to Cooley.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

THE EURYMEDON BUTTERFLY.
Papilio eurymedon, Boisduval, Fig. 19.

23

Fig 19, Papilio eurymedon.

Butterfly — In the style of its marking it resembles P. daunus, but
the ground color is always pale whitish yellow or white, and the white
marginal spots on the under side of the fore wings continuous as in
P. rutulus. Expanse 3.50 — 4.00, 87 — 100 mm.

In the western part of the state it is the most abundant species,
flying as early as April 30, and taken through May, June and July.

Food — The caterpillar resembles P .turnus, but may be distinguished
by its paler color and the much smaller spots composing the longitudinal
series on the back and sides, and by the different color of the head. It
feeds upon a variety of plants, and is especially partial to Rhamnus
californicus.

Distribution — The species ranges from Mexico to Alaska, eastward to
Colorado. It is abundant in the valleys of the Coast ranges, and is very
common in the canyon of the Frazer river, British Columbia, in June.
Common, though not abundant, around Missoula, and taken in the Mis-
sion mountains and at Swan lake. It has been taken at 6,000 feet at
Helena by Brandegee. At Bozeman it is not very abundant (Cooley).
Wiley has one specimen from Miles City.

24

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

BRUCE'S SWALLOWTAIL.
Papilio brucei, Edwards, Fig. 20.

Fig. 20, Papilio brucei.

Butterfly — Expanse 3.25-3.60 inches. Under surface yellow, with
black borders ,the same as in P. daunus. The base of the wings is black
and it extends in such a way as to make the discal cell appear black with
three yellow bars. It has the yellow spots in the black along the costa.
It has one tail, and black marking on the veins. The last lunule in the
hind wing is orange with a black ocellus. The hind wings have the blue
clouds. The body is black. It is thought to be the result of a union be-
tween P. oregonia and P. bairdi.

Food — The caterpillar feeds on Umbelliferae, and is common on
parsley and parsnips in gardens.

Distribution — In Colorado and adjacent regions P. oregonia meets
with the form bairdi which ranges northward from Arizona. Hybridiza-
tion is thought to have occurred, resulting in the fixed form brucei,
breeding either toward bairdi or oregonia. Oregonia is found in Oregon
and Washington, where bairdi is absent. We formerly captured a speci-
men identified by Edwards as oregonia and another as bairdi near Idaho
Falls, which lends support to the hybridization idea. We have sought for
oregonia in Western Montana, but have found none which could be so
called. Most of our specimens have been taken from Missoula. One was
taken in the Mission mountains. Cooley has specimens from Bozeman,
thought to be zolicaon. Possibly Wiley's zolicaon may be brucei.

BUTTERFLIES

MONTANA.

25

THE ZOLICAON BUTTERFLY.

Papilio Zolicaon, Boisduval, Fig. 21.

Fig. 21, Papilio zolicaon.

Butterfly — Expanse 3.25-3.75 inches. Upper side of primaries black,
marked and spotted with deep yellow; of secondaries yellow from base
nearly two-thirds the distance to margin, beyond black; primaries have
a sub-marginal row of eight spots, and a discal series of eight forming a
band across the entire wing; the first discal spot excavated on the upper
side, sometimes divided into two. Secondaries with a broad black border
which incloses a sub-marginal series of six yellow spots, the first often
wanting; an orange or deep fulvous spot, inclosing a round or oval or
black spot, and edged on the upper side by a blue crescent, the ring
occasionally wanting; the rest of the wing yellow, divided into eight
spots, the cell being one, by the black nervures. Under side nearly as
above, the colors paler.

Food — The caterpillar feeds on the Umbelliferae, fennel, carrot and
celery.

Distribution — Southward from Vancouver's Island to Arizona, east-
ward to Colorado. Reported by Wiley to be rare at Miles City. Collected
by Dr. Hayden in Montana in 1871.

THE NITRA SWALLOWTAIL.
Papilio nitra, Edwards.

Butterfly — This butterfly is very nearly related to zolicaon, but the
black is v/idely spread over the baso of the wings so as to make the yellow
appear like a broad band, and the two yellow bars in the fore wings are
very indistinct.

Holland reports this insect rare in collections, and says it has sprung
from the same original stock as zolicaon and aliaska, the latter being an
offshoot from the Asiatic butterfly. We have not seen the species.

Food — Early stages and food unknown.

Distribution — It occurs in Montana and the portions of British
America adjacent on the north.

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

FAMILY PIERIDAE.

Small or medium sized; hind wings not tailed; white or yellow in
color; with dark marginal markings. Pierinae.

SUB-FAMILY PIERINAE (The Sulphurs and Whites.)
Medium sized or small butterfly, white or yellow in color, with dark
marginal markings. In many genera the sub-costal vein of the fore wing
has five, or even six nervules, and the upper radial is lacking in this
wing. The eggs are spindle shaped, marked with vertical ridges and
cross lines. The caterpillars are cylindrical, generally green in color.
The chrysalids are generally more or less jointed at the head.
Key to Genera.

1. Antennae abruptly terminating in an ovoid club. 2.

Abtennae terminating in an obconic club. 4.

2. Abdomen shorter than the hind wings; color white or very pale

yellow. 3.

3. Underside of hind wings without marks, or marked along the veins;

size, medium. Pontia, P. 27

Underside of hind wings marked with a greenish net-work; small

size. Synchloe, P. 32

4. Hind wings with an orange discal spot, both wings with black border

Eurymus, P. 37

Medium sized; costa black as far as the end of the cell; trans-
parent white wings; apex black with white spots.

Neophasia, P. 2G

Genus NEOPHASIA Behr.

Butterfly — Medium size, white in color. The upper radial is lack-
ing, and the sub-costal is provided with five branches, the first emitted
well before the end of the cell.

Early Stages — The egg is flask shaped. The caterpillar in its mature
form is about an inch long. The body is cylindrical, terminating in two
short anal tails. The color is dark green, with a broad white band on
each side. But one species is known.

Key to Species.

Almost a transparent white, a black border to fore wings, and a
black bar across the discal cell, meeting the. border, menapia.

. THE PINE WHITE.

Neophasia menapia Felder. Figs. 22, 23.

Butterfly — Medium sized; hind wings white with dark veins on the
under side; black and white apex.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

•27

Fig. 23. Neophasia menapia.

Early Stages — Described by Edwards. "The caterpillar infests the
pine trees and firs of the northern Pacific States. The larva lets itself
down by a silken thread, often a hundred feet in length,
and pupates on the ferns and shrubbery at the foot of
the trees. It sometimes works great damage to the pine
woods."

Distribution — It does not seem abundant in the west
end, but has often been seen in the Mission mountains
and about the laboratory at Big Fork high up in the
coniferous trees out of reach of the collector. At Swan
lake it was found rather abundant late in August, 1903.
In Auguist, 1904, about 40 were taken in a half hour,
about half way up the lake. The collecting region at
Swan lake for this species is along the lower half of the
.° lake shore. Very few have been seen around the upper

Neophasia menapia

end.

Genus PONTIA FABRICIUS.

(The Whites). Fig. 23.

Butterfly — White, more or less marked with black, occasionally the
white is tinged with yellow. The outer margin of the primaries is
straight, the outer margin of the secondaries is more or less evenly
rounded. The egg is spindle shaped. The caterpillar is elongate, the
head hemispherical. The chrysalis is attached by the anal extremity, and
held in place by a silk girdle.

Key to Species.

1. Fore wings with a black bar at the end of the cell, and more or less

of a black border, 2,

Fore wings with no black bar at the end of the cell. 3.

2. Markings on under side concentrated in brownish blotches,

protodice.

Markings on under side of hind wings green blotches on the disk,

beckeri.
Markings on under side as rays on either side of the veins,

occidentalism
Veins of fore wings black, spots smaller. sisymbri.

28

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

3. Under side of hind wings plain yellow. No marks along the veins,

rapae.
Under side of hind wings marked along the veins, 4.

4. Black border to both wings, monuste.

No black border to wings, 5.

5. Under side of hind wings pale yellow, with brownish along the veins,

napi.

THE PROTODICE BUTTERFLY, OR SOUTHERN WHITE.

Pontia protodice Bois. and LeConte. Fig. 24.

Summer form, protodice, Bd. and Lee. Expanse of wings from 1.6
to 1.8 inches, 40 to 45 mm.

Male. Upper surface white, fore wings with a broad black dash or
bar across the end of the discal cell, and a sub-marginal row of three
more or less distinct spots, the last almost
or quite touching the hind margin. Traces
of rays run from this row to the outer
edge. Hind wings without spots. Bars
and spots are repeated on the under side.
Veins of hind wings are broadly marked
with greenish yellow sprinkled with brown
seals, and the tips of the fore wings
tinged with greenish yellow.

Female. Color and spots as in male,
but the spots have a tendency to blend,
and the outer margin supports a border
of triangles connecting with the sub-
terminal row of rays. Hind wings with
subterminal zigzag blackish line, outer
portions sending rays to the margin,
where they are somewhat expanded. The
base of both wings are more sprinkled
with dark scales than in the males. Under
side similar to that of the male.

Winter form, vernal is, Edw. Smaller
than summer form, the dark colors more
prominent. Spots of subterminal row of
fore wings more inclined to be connected.
Expanse scarecely 1.6 inches. Body black,
with some white hairs and scales.

Distribution — This insect is usually known as the Southern Cabbage
butterfly, though it is to be found everywhere east of the Rocky moun-
tains. It is injurious in the larval state in the southern states. In the
northern states P. rapae is more common, in many places driving out
protodice. There are several broods during a season.

Wiley has taken it at Miles City; Brandegee has collected it at
Helena; Cooley has it from Bozeman; Douglass collected it in the
Ruby Mountains and Madison Valley; Elrod has taken it at Missoula,
Flathead Lake, and in the Mission Mountains, Coubeaux has it from Big
Sandy. Collected by Coues along the 49th parallel in 1874.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

Fig. 25, Pontia protodice.

Its food consists of cruciferous plants. It is destructive to cabbage.
THE WESTERN WHITE, Pontia occidentalis Reakirt

Butterfly — Size about 1.75 inches, distinguished from P. protodice by
its smaller size and different markings. On the under side of the wings
the dark markings are not concentrated in blotches, but are in broad
longitudinal rays on either side of the veins from the base to the outer
margin. Spots on the upper side much smaller than in protodice, and
fewer. The females are sometimes lemon yellow above.

Early Stages — Similar to those of protodice.

Distribution — It is found from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific.
Wiley has it in his collection from Miles City; Cooley has taken it at
Bozeman; Brandegee at Helena; Douglass at Madison Lakes; Elrod at
Missoula, and on MacDougal Peak. It is likely to be found any place in
the state. Allen has taken it at Dillon. Coues collected it in 1874 along
the 49th parallel.

THE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. Pontia rapae, Linnaeus. Fig. 26.

Fig. 26. Pontia rapae; upper figures show both surfaces of female,
lower figures same for male.

30 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Butterfly — Known as cabbage butterfly; yellowish white, with apex
of fore wings black. Two black spots on fore wings and one on the hind
wings. Underneath, the apex of the fore wings and the entire surface
of the hind wings are pale lemon yellow. In the female two spots on
outer part of fore wings, in male only one.

The larva feeds principally on cabbage. Its color is green like the
cabbage leaf, with a narrow greenish lemon yellow dorsal band. The
body is clothed with very fine short hairs.

Distribution — This common species is an importation from Europe.
It reached Quebec in 1860; how, no one knows, perhaps in cabbage. By
1881 it had spread over the eastern half of the continent, from Hudson
Bay to Southern Texas. In 1886 it had reached Denver, and in 1884 had
reached the head waters of the Missouri. It now possesses the cabbage
fields from the Atlantic to the Pacific, "to the incalculable damage of all
who provide the raw material for sauerkraut." The injury done by the
caterpillar is estimated to amount to hundreds of thousands of dollars.

It is probably to be found all over the state, and has been taken at
almost every place where collections have been made, at Missoula, Miles
City, Bozeman, Helena, University of Montana Biological Station at Flat-
head Lake, Mission Mountains. It does not seem as common as
P. protodice. Allen collected it at Dillon.

THE MUSTARD WHITE.
Pontia napi Linnnaeus. Fig. 27.

1 2

Fig. 27. Pontia napi, No. 1, var.pallida No. 2, van. acadica.
Butterfly — Expanse of wings, about 1.75 inches. In general shape
and appearance it resembles protodice or rapae. General color while,
with grayish vein markings, some with a dusky spot on the wings, or
dusky at the base of the wings. A Protean, cosmopolitan species, ex-
isting in many forms, the result of climatic and local influences, which
has a very wide distribution. The different forms are to be found from
Arctic America as far south as California on the west, and Michigan and
New England on the east. It is mostly represented in the regions farther
to the north. The typical form is found in Europe, rarely in Nortu
America, although Holland has specimens from the Pacific Coast region

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 31

which he says are absolutely indistinguishable from European specimens
in color and markings.

Var. pallida, Scudder. The wings are white above and below, with
small black spot on the fore wing of the female above, and hardly any
trace of dark shading along the veins on the under side; a trace of dark
on the hinder edge and base of fore wings. One specimen taken at Flat-
head Lake, August, 1903. One taken in the big meadows at the upper
end of Swan Lake, August 8, 1904.

Var. acadica, Edwards. The veins of the wings have narrow border
above and below of blackish, more pronounced in the female, base of
wings and sometimes the tips dusky. The under side in both sexes and
the upper side in the female are distinctly yellowish. Specimens from
Montana have been examined as follows: One from Helena (Brandegee)
June 26, 1902; four from Missoula, one April 28, 1900, one June 1, 1900,
one June 12 1899 one October 1897; one from Bozeman (Cooley) ; three
from Miles City (Wiley).

THE CALIFORNIA WHITE.
Pontia sisymbri, Boiduval Fig. 28.

Butterfly — Expanse of male, 1.2 to 1.6 inches, 33 to 40 mm.; female,
1.6 to 2.00, 40 to 50 mm. Upper side of male white with a faint yellow
tint; bases of wings dusted with black; primaries have the costal margin
gray for three-fifths the length from base; the ends of the nervules from
apex to second branch of median covered by
black bars, which diminish gradually in length
down the margin; midway between margin
and cell is a transverse black band, inter-
rupted opposite cell, and running from costa
to upper median interspace; in the arc a
black bar, indented on outer side; secondaries
immaculate; fringes of both wings white;
Fig 28. Pontia Sisymbri. black at the ends of the veins.

Under side same color; the markings repeated, but paler or gray,
the bars along margin of primaries greenish-gray.

Body gray above, thorax white below, abdomen yellowish; legs
white, palpi white with black hairs in front; antennae black above,
whitish beneath; club black, the tip orange,
Female similar to male.

Early Stages — The eggs are long, narrow, conical, the base and top
flattened, depressed; ribbed longitudinally, and crossed by numerous
striae; color when first laid yellow, shortly before the end of the stage
red. Mature larva about .9 inch, 25 mm., color light yellow crossed with
stripes of black. The caterpillar feeds upon the cruciferae.

Distribution — Found in Colorado and the Pacific states. Collected
by Elrod at Missoula.

32 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

BECKER'S WHITE.
Pontia beckeri, Edwards.

Butterfly — Expanse, 2 to 2.2 inches, 51 tc 56 mm. Easily discrim-
inated from all other allied species by the green markings on the under
side of the hind wings, concentrated in broad blotches on the disk; by
these markings the species recalls the species of the genus euchole.

Male. Upper side pure white; base of wings not powdered with
black, as in allied species; at the outer edge of the cell a dense black
subrectangular spot (not reaching the costa), with a central white streak.
Secondaries immaculate.

Under side white; the veins at apex and on upper hind margin
bordered by black scales and suffused with greenish yellow; cellular
spot enlarged, its base broadened and posterior edge excavated.

Secondaries have all the veins and branches yellow; those ter-
minating on hind marg.n edged by broad bands of yellow green reaching
to middle of disk and connected anteriorly; three large spots of same
color about the cell; another large triangular subapical spot on costa;
the veins at base banded with green; all these bands and spots slightly
sprinkled with black scales.

Body above gray, yellowish beneath abdomen, white beneath thorax;
legs white; palpi white, grey on upper side and at tip. Antennae white
above and at base below, beyond brown; club black, tip pale fulvous.

Female. Similar to male, but with larger and more numerous spots;
secondaries with black spots and dark streaks along the veins; under
side with a round black spot in submedian inter-space on primaries, in
addition to discal black spot.

Early Stages — The mature larva is 1.25 inches, 32 mm. long, greenish
white, thickly marbled or sprinkled with gray, and with a very distinct
orange belt between the segments; each segment also has 16 or 18 jet
black tubercles which taper into black bristles; the head is tinged with
yellow. It feeds on cruciferous plants.

Distribution — From Washington to Central California, east to Colo-
rado. Taken in the state by Ccoley at Bozeman, and by Allen at Dillon.

Genus SYNCHLOE, Huber.
(Euchloe-Anthocharis.) Fig. 29.

Butterfly — Small butterflies, white in color, with the apical region of
the primaries dark-brown, marked with spots and bands of yellowish
orange or crimson. On the underside the wings are generally more or
less profusely mottled with green spots and striae.

Egg — Spindle shaped, laterally marked with raised vertical ridges,
between which are fine cross lines.

Caterpillar — In its mature stage, it is relatively long, with the head
small.

Chrysalis — With the head relatively projecting; wing cases com-
pressed.

Key to Species.

1. Orange apex, surrounded by black; lower surface of hind wings com-
plete groen network, sara.
No orange at apex of fore wings, 2.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 33

2. Having the tips of wings marked with gray; a conspicuous bar at the

end of the cell, 3.

3. Under side; apex of fore wings with many green scales; hind

wings with a network of greenish yellow scales. creusa.

Under side; apex of fore wings with a few green scales; hind
wings crossed with several green bands, outer one trifid,

olympia.

Under side; hind wing with three irregular bands, outer one much
forked, ausonides.

THE AUSONIDES ORANGE-TIP.
Synchole ausonides Boisduval. Fig. 30.

Fig. 30. Synchloe aussonides.

Butterfly — Fore wings greenish beneath; hind wings marked with
three irregular green bands, the outer one forking into six or seven
branches toward the outer and inner margins. Expanse ,1.65 to 1.90
inches, 41-48 mm.

Early Stages — Caterpillar pale whitish green, with dark-green longi-
tudinal strips on the side and back. It feeds on cruciferous plants.

Distribution — It ranges from Arizona to Alaska, eastward to Colo-
rado. Brandegee reports it common at Helena. It is one of the most
abundant insects about Mis&oula in the spring, although not so abundant
as sara.

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE SARA ORANGE-TIP.
Synchloe sara, Boisduval, Fig. 31.

Fig. 31. Synchloe sara, upper and lower surfaces.

Butterfly — White with orange tips. There is a black bar dividing
the apical patch. The female is sometimes yellow instead of white. On
the under side the hind wings are marked with dark irregular patches of
greenish brown scales, loosely scattered over the surface, and having a
"mossy" appearance. There are different varieties.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — This species in 'all its forms belongs to the Mountain
States of the Pacific Coast. It is abundant around Missoula, where it
seems to thrive. The mountain slope back of the University is a favorite
field, as it faces the west, catching the warm rays of the sun in spring.
Here dozens may be captured in a short time. It is common around
Helena (Brandegee) and about Bozeman (Cooley).

Var. julia, Edwards, in which the black bar dividing the red apical
patch from the white on the remainder of the wing is broken, or tends
to diminution at its middle, is reported by Brandegee as common at
Helena.

Variety reakertii is smaller than sara, with dark spots at the ends
of the veins of the hind wings. Taken by Brandegee at Mt. Ascension,
near Helena.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 35

THE OLYMPIA ORANGE-TIP.
Synchloe olympia Awards. Fig. 32.

Fig. 2.2. Synchloe olympia.

Butterfly — Expanse, about 1.25 inches. Upper surface white, gray
at base of wings; a large gray patch at the apex of the fore wings, par-
tially replaced by white. Costal margin slightly specked with black; a
black bar at the end of cell. The hind wings have a few black scales
at the outer angle and a small wedge-shaped black spot near the base on
the costa. Under side white. The fore wings have a small gray sub-
apical patch on the costa, nearly covered with green scales, and a faint
greenish patch on the outer margin. Discal spot narrow, lunate, en-
closing a white streak.

Hind wings crossed by bands of yellow-green on a gray ground. The
one near the base is slightly trifid on the costa, the outer one broadly
trifld, but running from the outer margin instead of the costa, the middle
and outer one joined on the median vein. There is also a spot of the
same color between the anterior ends of the second and third.

Body black above, the under side white, the thorax tinged with
greenish yellow.

Early Stages — The caterpillar is striped lengthwise with pale slate
color and bright yellow; feet, legs and head grayish green. The food
plants are the cruciferous species.

Distribution — Found from West Virginia to the Rocky Mountains, and
from Montana southward to Texas. In Montana collected abundantly by
Wiley at Miles City; taken by Cooley at Bozeman, and by Barnes at
Aldridge.

3G BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Butterflies and Fairies.

Lily Mordaunt in "Kenelm Chillingly" had some beliefs that make
her too fanciful for a real character. One of the most conspicuous of these
was her idea about butterflies. She had a green-house inclosed with
wire and covered with vines and draperies, into which she put every
butterfly she could catch. Butterflies to her were not insects, but the
souls of infants who had died unbaptized. If they were taken care of for
a year they turned to fairies. So she fed and tamed her colonies of but-
terflies, releasing them when she believed their year of life completed,,
that they might be free to change into fairies.

NELLIE A. WHITNEY.

Fig. 33. Venation «f Eurymns.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

GENUS EURYMUS, Swainson.
(The Sulphurs.)

Fig. 33.

Butterfly — Medium sized, yellow or orange
in color, with black borders upon the wings.
In many species this border is heavier in the
female than in the male.

Egg — The egg is spindle shaped, thickest at
the middle, tapering at the apex and at the
base, generally attached by an enlarged disk-
like expansion, to the point on which it is
laid. The caterpillar feeds upon Leguminosae
and especially upon the clover.

Distribution — This genus is represented
throughout the temperate regions of both
hemispheres. It also occurs in the cooler por-
tions of South America and along the ranges
of the Andes.

Key to Species.

1. Ground color of wings yellow, no black at
base; underside with a sub-marginal
row of dark points, philodice.

2. Ground color of wings orange, or at least an orange patch in the

middle of fore wings.

Wings orange above and below, eurytheme.

Wings deep orange above, green below meadii.

3. Under side without sub-marginal row of black spots. Apex of fore

wings and the entire surface of hind wings greenish gray, color
generally white, scudderi.

Canary yellow, larger than preceding; ocellus on under side, hinl
wings white, alexandra.

THE COMMON SULPHUR.
Eurymus philodice Godart. Fig. 34.

Fig. 34. Eurymus philodice, left figure, male; right female.

38 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Butterfly — Wings above rather pale greenish yellow, outer borders
black; border of female is broader than in male, and contains a sub-
marginal row of yellow dots; discal spot in the male is elliptical; an-
tennae, costa and fringes roseate; a submarginal row of dots on the under
side, the last three on the fore wings black, the remainder brown with
pink scales. Dimorphic females occur with wings nearly or quite white,
and also a black form. Expanse 1.75, 2.25 inches, 38-57 mm.

Early Stages — The food plant is clover. The eggs are pale yellow,
changing after being laid to crimson. The caterpillar is slender, green,
striped longitudinally with paler green. The chrysalis is pale green.

Distribution — The species ranges from New England to Florida and
westward into the Rocky Mountains. The collection at the University
of Montana contains specimens from Missoula, Fish Creek, McDonald
Lake in the Mission Mountains, Lo Lo Hot Spings, Flathead Lake, Madi-
son Valley, National Park and Mount Lo Lo.

Remarks — It is one of our common butterflies. It shows many varia-
tions in size, coloration and markings. We have despaired of separating
the males of philodice, eurytheme and alexandra, so much are they alike,
and so much do they vary. It would at first seem as though philodice
should not be found west of the range, but specimens from Flathead
Lake are indistinguishable from those in the eastern end of the state;
and if the labels of Montana specimens were exchanged with those col-
lected by Wiley and the writer from Iowa, Michigan, Illinois, and Mis-
souri the difference could not be told. The large series (about 100) of
insects of this species in the University collection shows that the species
in markings and coloration apparently merges into Eurytheme, and it
has often occurred to us that they may possibly overlap.

THE EURYTHEME SULPHUR.
Eurymus eurytheme, Boisduval. Plate IV.

Butterfly — Expanse of wings 2 to 2.35 inches, 50-90 mm. Closely re-
sembling philodice in size, shape and markings, but color orange, of
varying shades, instead of yellow. Male usually orange-yellow, shading
to sulphur yellow on the costa of both wings and on inner margin of hind
wings, base and inner margin sprinkled with black scales; outer border
black, broadest at apex; anterior veins yellow where they cross the
black; width of border about one-fourth the length of wing; discal spot
black on fore wings, orange on hind wings, usually with two spots in
the latter; both wings have roseate reflection; under side yellow,
middle of fore wings tinged with orange; on both wings a sub-terminal
row of dots, the three posterior of fore wings black, the remainder
brownish, also two dots on costa near apex; discal spots repeated, the
anterior black, with a few light scales, posterior gemmate, silvery, an-
nulate with roseate brown or ferruginous; a dash on the costa of the
hind wings near the apex, and a rosy spot at the base.

Female of same general color; border contains a row of yellow spots,
the third from the posterior and on fore wings sub-obsolute; border of
hind wings wider than in male, and with rudiments of yellow spots;
under side similar to that of male.

Bui. Univ. of Mont., Biol. Series No. 10.

Plate IV.

Eurymus eurytheme, 3, under side; 4, upper side of female; 1, upper
side of male; 2, lower side of female, form keewayden; 5, upper side of
male; 6, lower side of female, form meadii; 7, upper side of male; 8,
lower side of female, form ariadne.

BUTTERFLIES OP MONTANA. 39

A white or albino female, Fig. 35, is sometimes found with, all the
markings as in the yellow form, white replacing the yellow. There are
the following seasonal and local variations from the typical form.

Form aridadne, Edwards, Plate IV, emerging from winter chrysalis,
has the fore wings tinged with orange, a spring form. Expanse, 1.75
inch, 45 mm.

Form keewaydin, Edwards, Plate IV. Larger than preceding, more
deeply flushed with orange, a winter form. Expanse, 1.85 inch, 48 mm.

Form eriphyle, Edwards, yellow, not laved with orange, summer form.
Expanse, 2.00 inch, 50 mm.

Albinos have been taken at
Flathead lake on the west side
and at Fish creek east of the
range, with expanse of wings
52-55 mm.

Early Stages — Egg .06 inch
long, narrow, fusform, ribbed
lengthwise, crossed by numer-
ous striae; color buff-white
when deposited, changing to
crimson, then to black; mature
larva from 1.1-1.2 inches, 26-28
mm. in length, dark green, with

F,e/35. Euryn-usenrytheme, albino, fer b&nd Qf ^ ^.^ ^ crim.

son line; chrysalis with anterior part and wing cases dark green, abdo-
men yellow-green; the food plant is clover.

Distribution — The range of eurytheme is very wide. It extends from
the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Canada to the far south, though it is
rare in the south. It has been collected in the state by Elrod at Flathead
Lake, Missoula, Mission mountains, Dodge Mountain at 7,400 feet, and
Mount Lo Lo. Douglass has taken it at * ish Creek, Laurin, Ruby moun-
tains, Tobacco Root range, and Madison valley; Wiley has collected it
at Miles City, Brandegee at Helena and Gold Creek, and Cooley at Boze-
man. It is found in all parts of the state, and will be one of the first
specimens captured by the young entomologist. The reader is referred
to "Remarks" under philodice. Coubeaux says form eriphyle is very
common near Big Sandy. Allen has taken eriphye, ariadne and keeway-
den at Dillon. Coues collected keewayden and eriphyle along the the 49th
parallel in 1874.

40 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE ALEXANDRA SULPHUR.
Eurymus alexandra, Edwards, Fig. 36.

Fig. 36 Eurymus alexandra, female with expanded wings; male
showing unuer side. From specimens taken at Bigfork.

Butterfly — Expanse of wings of females 2-2.3 inches, 50-60 mm.; of
males, 1.75 inches, 45 mm. Male pale canary yellow, the black border
much narrower than in philodice or eurytheme; a fine yellow line
borders the black on outer margin; base of wings, thorax and abdomen
with considerable black; anterior of thorax, antennae and legs roseate;
under side of fore wings much paler than upper, uniform; under side of
hind wings pale greenish gray, sprinkled with black scales; discal cell
of hind wing silver, without rings; black border above showing through
wing from below. Female larger than male, without black border above;
sometimes the apex of fore wings is sprinkled with black, giving indica-
tions of markings; wings paler than in male, sometimes almost white;
discal spot in fore wings black, oval, sometimes with yellow splash in
the middle; on hind wing orange yellow, usually double; under side,
silvery gray, yellow only at the base and on inner margin of the prim-
aries; discal spot of hind wings silvery, with brown margin. Discal spot
of fore wing dark brown with light spot in center; the roseate of the
male repeated on the female, continuing around the outer border of the
wings.

Early Stages — Caterpillar uniformly yellowish-green, with a white
band on each side, broken with orange dashes running through it. The
chrysalis resembles that of philodice, is yellowinsh green, darkest on the

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 41

dorsal side, and adorned with three small red dots on the central side
of the abdomen near the wing cases. The caterpillar eats Astragalus,
Thermopsis and white clover.

Distribution — The species is found in Colorado and the Mountain
region to the north and west of that state. In Montana it has been taken
at the University of Montana Biological Station at Bigfork, in 1903, at
Flathead lake. It is not common, and is rather difficult to catch, as it
keeps to the bushes and does not rest often. Brandegee has collected it
at Alhambra. A single frazzled and battered female was taken by Elrod
on MacDaugal Peak in the Swan range at 6,500 feet August 4, 1903, and
another August 1, 1904.

SCUDDER'S SULPHUR.
Eurymus scudderi, Reakirt.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.80 to 2.00 inches, 45 to 50 mm. Similar to-
alexandra. The male on tae upper side is colored like C. pholidice, but
the black borders are much wider. The fringes are rosy. The female
is generally white — very rarely slightly yellow — with very pale dark bor-
ders, or often without any trace of black on the outer margin of the wings.
On the under side the apex of the fore wings and the entire surface of
the hind wings are greenish gray. The discal spot of the secondaries is
well silvered and margined with pale red.

Early Stages — The larva feeds on the leaves of the huckleberry and
willow. Otherwise it is unknown.

Distribution — The species is found in Montana, Colorado, Utah, and
British Columbia. Wilsey's collection contains one specimen from Miles
City. We have not taken it west of the range.

STRECKER'S SULPHUR.
Eurymus meadii, Edwards, var elis Strecker. Plate IV and Fig. 37.

Fig. 37. Eurymus meadii, var. elis, left hand, female; right hand, male.

Butterfly — Expanse of wings 1.85 inches, 48 mm. Male; deep orange
red above, with wide black border fringed with red; wing veins in both
wings showing through black; black border covering outer third of fore
wings, a little less of hind wings; fore wings black at base, extending to
hinder angle of wings as a widening wash, ending in black scales over the
orange ground; posterior edge of the hind wings with greenish gray

42 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

from 2 to 5 mm. wide, bordered exteriorly by the black border above
showing through; discal spots above deeper orange than ground color;
below, discal spot on fore wings small, dark brown, on hind wings light
silver with red border; legs, antennae, anterior of thorax, hairs of head
and fringe deep rose red; sometimes the outer anterior angle of the fore
wings and the posterior angle of the hind wings above and below
suffused with deep red. Female, similar in general color to male, less
pronounced, and if anything, lighter; discal spot on anterior wings
black, showing through on under side; discal spot on hind wings similar
to male; less black at base of wings, posterior edge of lighter color than
in male; black border not so wide as in male, with dashes of much lighter
orange than ground color; dashes suffused at anterior angle of hind
wing; under side as in male; rose red antennae, thorax, head, legs, and
fringe as in male.

Early Stages — Holland says "closely resembling those of meadii, of
which it may be only a varietal form.

Distribution — It is recorded as inhabiting the lofty peaks of the
Western Cordilleras. It has been taken by Douglass at Fish Creek,
August 16, 1900, and in the Tobacco Root Range July 14, 1900.

Remarks — It differs materially from the meadii in the writer's col-
lection taken at Pike's Peak in 1892. Elis as described above from Mon-
tana is larger in both sexes than meadii, has much less green, and with
decidedly different washings of orange on the borders of the wings of the
female. This female meadii has much more red in the ground color than
in elis. The meadii were taken at 12,000 feet and elis at about 8,000
which would of course make some difference. We have taken neither
meadii nor elis west of the main range.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 43

Collecting Butterflies at High Altitudes in the Andes.

While forming these collections I was led to remark the frequency
with which closely similar forms recurred at similar altitudes, upon
mountains often long distances apart. This was observed in regard to
things living in the soil, as well as in respect to winged insects of roving
habits. It was not unusual to see butterflies, at closely similar altitudes
upon widely separated mountains. This was the case with a Lycaena
that has not been described which was taken at 11-12,500 feet on
Pichincha and thirty-six miles away at 12,000 feet on Colocachi, and was
not seen elsewhere. But, for the most part, butterflies which were taken
at considerable elevations were also found on the connecting, lower
ground. Thus Pieris xanthodice, Lucas, though captured so high as
14,000 and 15,000 feet, was found everywhere in the intervening basins;
and as, even had this not been so, it would need little effort for them to
pass from one mountain to another, and further as they may sometimes
suffer involuntary transportation, no particular stress can be laid upon
such instances of occasional recurrence at similar elevations.

One Butterfly, however, was exceptional in being found upon nearly
all the mountains visited, in numbers, and seemed to be established be-
tween the elevations 12,000 — 16,000 feet. This is described by Messrs.
Goodman & Salvin, at p. 107 of the Supplementary Appendix, as Colias
alticola. It was first obtained near Tortorillas, Chimboraza (13,000 feet),
and was seen in the Vallon de Carrel as high as 16,000 feet. When we
were camped upon Antisana it attracted attention by the great elevation
above the level of the sea at which it was flying (16,000 feet). It was
seen subquently upon all the mountains we visited (except Sara-urcu)
between the elevations of 12-15,000 feet, and was captured at 12,000 feet
on Pichincha, on 13,000 feet on Cayambe, and at 15,000 feet on the
western side of Chimborazo, and was never either taken or seen in the
basins between these mountains.

Whymper in "Travels Amongst the Great Anies of f~e Equator."

44 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Family NYMPHALIDAE.
The Brush-Footed Butterflies.

Fig. 38. Venation of Nymphalidae, Argynnis leto.

The family includes chiefly butterflies of medium or large size; but
a few of the species are small. With a single exception, these butterflies
differ from all others in our fauna, in having the fore legs greatly reduced
in size in both sexes. They cannot be used for walking, but are folded on
the breast like a tippet.

In the venation of the wings all of the branches of the radius of the
fore wings are retained, this vein being five branched. (Fig. 38).

The caterpillars are, in most of the sub-families, provided with horny
or fleshy projections. The chrysalids are usually angular, sometimes
rounded. They always hang head downwards, supported only by the
tail, which is fastened to a button of silk.

Five sub-families are represented in the United States, but three of
the five in Montana. The following key will serve to separate them.

FAMILY NYMPHALIDAE.
Key to Sub-families.

1. With some of the veins greatly swollen at the base

Agapetinae P. 105
with none of the veins of fore wing usually swollen at the base 2.

2. Antennae clothed with scales, at least above, 3.

antennae naked Euploeinae. P. 44

3. Fore wings at least twice as long as broad Heliconinae

Fore wings less than twice as long as broad 4.

4. Papli much longer than thorax Libytheinae

Palpi not as long as the tnorax Nyrnphalinae. P. 50

SUBFAMILY EUPLOEINAE.

Butterfly — Large butterflies; head large, antennae inserted on the
summit, naked. The wings are rounded and somewhat elongated.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

4.-,

Egg — The eggs are ovate, conical, broadly flattened at the base and
slightly truncated at the top.

Caterpillar — On emerging from the chrysalis, the head is not larger
than the body. The body has a few scattered hairs on each segment.
On reaching maturity the head is small, the body large.

Chrysalis — It is re'.atively short and thick, rounded, w.'th v?r;- few
projections.

Key to Genera.

Palpi remote, not extending much beyond the head; discal cell of
hind wings closed ; a black spot on vein of hind wings of male. Anosia

Genus ANOSIA, Hubner.

Butterfly — Large seized, fore wings greatly produced at the apex.
Egg — The egg is ovate conical, ribbed with many cross-lines. The
eggs are pale green in color.

Caterpillar — Cylindrical, fleshy, transversely wrinkled, with long,
slender filaments.

Key to Species.

Color fulvous; veins black plexippus

THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY, Anosia plexippus !_., Fig. 39.

Fig. 39. Anosia plexippus, From water color by Mrs. Edith Ricker.

Butterfly — Expanse of wings 3.75-4.5 in., 9G — 114 m m. Upper sur-
face tawny red or fulvous, with the veins heavily marked with black, a
black terminal border containing two rows of white spots, a complete
and partial row of white or lighter fulvous spots in a black space beyond
the cell of the fore wings. The males have the wings less broadly bor-

46 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

dered with black than the females, and on the first median nervule of the
hind wings there is a black scent-pouch. Body black with white spots.

Early Stages — When first deposited the eggs are white, but in two
or three days turn yellow, just before hatching change to dull gray. Some-
what conical in form, and marked by twenty-five ribs with the same num-
ber of transverse ridges. The young larva is yellowish white, with a
large black head. The mature larva is about 1.75 in., 45 mm. long;
the head yellowish marked by two triangular black stripes. The body is
marked with transverse stripes of black, yellow, and white. It is fur-
nished with black fleshy thread-like appendages.

Chrysalis — About 25 mm. long, pale green, spotted with gold. There
are two or more broods in a season.

Distribution— United States generally. The collection of the U. of
M. contains specimens from Missoula, the Ruby Mountains, and Miles City.
Collected by Coues along the 49th parallel in 1874.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 47

The Seasonal Migration of Anosia Plexippus.

The range of Anosia plexippus is from Patagonia to Hudson Bay.
It has not been found in hibernation and, considering its size and con-
spicuous coloring, it may well be said that it does not pass the winter
North of latitude 31 degrees. A careful study of its range, time of
appearance, and habits, shows unquestionably that there is a seasonal
migration of this very interesting form.

Riley first suggested these movements, when state entomologist of
Missouri, in the following words: "There is a southward migration late
in the growing season, in congregated masses, and a northward disp?r-
sion early in the season, through isolated individuals."

The more evident movement is in the fall, when in the Mississippi
valley and along the Atlantic Coast, the September air seems to be full
of brown butterflies, usually apparently taking advantage of the cooler
winds from the North, though many times bravely beating into the winds
with a very strong flight for a butterfly. The Aster patches growing
along the roadside and in neglected fields seem to be the favorite places
of assembly. At such times a zoology class has no difficulty in provid-
ing themselves with material. In fact an active boy with a net can
catch them by the hundred in one afternoon.

The collecting together of siich numbers was formerly accounted for
by the presence of plenty of food. This alone seams inadequate, since
many fields, equally inviting, will contain a normal population. It seems
likely that a swarm may busy themselves in this way in the fields, await-
ing favorable winds. We must pause to consider the probable absence of
initiative on the part of the insect. It is more likely influenced by the
temperature, the North wind being the cooler, and, for seme reason not
explained, awakening in the insect the dormant instinct of migration.

An instance of the gathering of thousands of Anosia in one tree
and the fact that they remained there with occasicnal short excursicns,
until a change of wind and temperature, was noted in Bu lingtor, lo ^ a,
the last week of September, 1905. The f:ct that these insects alight
on trees in such swarms as to give the'r color to the tree, his been cfcen
recorded. Tnis is not the only evidence of their flocking. There is the
best of authority for stories of southward migration. Some have re-
ported clouds so dense as to at times cast a shadow. Dr. Scudder le-
lates a flight on September 2, in New Hampshire, when the southward
flight of a swarm was observed by himself. He states that they
stretched out in a thin stream that occupied hours in passing. He esti-
mated that in a limited field in front of him, they were passing at the
rate of 1,500 per hour. It is little wonder that they are said to fill a
tree, bending the twigs to breaking with their weight. Granting that
these accounts of large numbers of Anosia in one swarm are exceptional,
we can see that spread over this broad land there must be countless mil-
lions moving southward every autumn. What advantage, if any, is
gained in the association of these insects in swarms, is not easily dis-
cerned.

48 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

The fact of Northward movement in the spring is not so easily estab-
lished. As before stated the Anosia is not reported to have been found
North of latitude 31 degrees in the winter. When Spring opens nsither
the egg, pupa or adult is to be found. The milkweed is a foot high in
Iowa and much good fodder is awaiting the larvae, before the adult makes
its appearance, and lays eggs on the tender unfolding leaves near the tip
of the growing plant. Some say that the appearance is not that of a
tattered "left over," as is usually the case with hibernating species. They
appear as a whole to be a fresher and newer lot; though I have seen
some that looked a good deal the worse for wear rather early in the sea-
son. There seems little doubt, however, that the new arrivals have not
hatched in our region, since there has been no opportunity for larvae
to develop and pupate. It seems more probable that they are the spring
brood from an earlier season in the south. We must not, however, con-
luse them wuh those that disappeared in that direction last fall.

In Southern Iowa it seems probable that the eggs laid by the first
arrivals produce a new brood in July. These in turn produce the brood
that soon after arriving at maturity southward. We seem to have
two broods; while New England and northern climes have one only, and
that one, from the eggs of the first brood hatched in our latitude. The
northward migration is continued to Hudson Bay and north of the range
of the food plant of the larvae; a significant fact, in itself, proving the
migration of the species. The northern boundary of the food plant limits
the adult of other species sharply. This is noticeably the case with
Papilio ajax in southern Iowa, where a species very abundant south of
us is limited by the food plant, the Pawpaw, which disappears near the
40th parallel.

There are several known peculiarities of this insect that especially
fit it for this sort of a life. The well known immunity from molestation
by insectivorous birds, the comparatively long intervals between oviposi-
tion, enable a butterfly of this species to scatter its progeny over a great
territory, since but one egg is laid in a place. The slow northward
movement of the season in spring allows time for additional broods fur-
ther South. The adults that first arrive here in the spring are sup-
posed to be from larvae grown several hundred miles to the southward,
where there may be four or more broods in one season. This north-
ward movement may therefore be considered a sort of a relay race. The
returning hosts contain none of the brood that came northward, since the
life of an insect after final oviposition is usually short and its excuse for
existence has expired.

Granting that the seasonal migration of this butterfly is established,
we may say that this is merely another way in which nature replenishes
the earth after the life destroying frosts of winter, so fatal to insect life.
Hibernation has its advantages, and does not call for so complex an adap-
tation. Why Anosia has this different means of preservation is as much
a puzzle as ever. This illustrates anew a striking observation by Mr.
Frank Springer, the paleontologist, when sepaking of the marvelous,
perfection to which an organism may be brought through a period of
development, only to be apparently discarded and the whole problem
worked out in an entirely different way in succeeding forms. He says

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 49

that "it seems as though Nature delights to show in how many different
ways the same result can be accomplished." In this case, it seems as
though the combination of the striking adaptations of Anosia have made
it second only to the Pieris rapae, or "cabbage butterfly", in numbers
and distribution over the earth.

In recent times this insect has spread to Australia, and from there
to all the East Indies and the Philippines. It is captured in Europe
with increasing frequency, and will doubtless be as successful in the old
world as in the new. It is a harmless species and will not prove as un-
welcome as has the little white pest in this country. We may wish it
success in its efforts to colonize the East, and fear no reports of mis-
behavior to discredit the benefits to be derived from New World ex-
pansion. As a rule we have given them few plants and animals that
have merited their disapproval. The Phylloxera is a notable exception,
since it threatens the vinyards of the Old World. On the other hand
you can hardly name a weed or obnoxious animal in this hemisphere that
iias not been imported to our country. At all events the behavior of
Anosia will be watched in the Old World with a growing interest to see
if it will there develop any new and interesting traits.

MAURICE RICKER.
Burlington, Iowa, September, 1905.

50 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

SUBFAMILY NYMPHALINAE.

The Nymphs.

Butteryfly — The butterflies of this subfamily are mainly of moderate
or large size, though some of the genera contain quite small species. The
antennae are always more or less heavily clothed with scales, and are
usually as long as the abdomen, and in a few cases even longer.

It is impossible to briefly describe these butterflies because they vary
so much. It is the largest of the subfamilies.
Key to Genera.

1. Palpi nearly connivent, porrect 2.

2. Eyes naked 3.

Eyes hairy 13.

3. Club of antennae short, ovoid, usually flattened in dry specimens 4.

Club of antennae obconic or generally terminating in a knob. 12.

4. Outer margin of fore wings sinnous.

4a. Upper surface with eye spots, Euptoieta, P. 51

Upper surface without eye spots, Speyeria, P. 52

Outer margin of fore wings not sinnous 5.

5. Large or medium size; cell in secondaries closed or open 6.

Small cell in secondaries open 10.

G. Color of both wings fulvous, with silver spots 7.

Fore wings fulvous, hind wings black Semnopsyche.

Color of both wings fulvous, without silver spots 9.

7. Two innermost sub-costal nervules arise before or at the end of the

cell 8.

8. Branch to the median vein of the front wings Argynnis, P. 54

No branch 10 the median vein of the front wings 9.

9. Only one sub-costal nervule vein arises before or at the end of the cell

Brenthis, P. G9

10. General color fulvous or black Lemonias, P. 72

General color lulvous, with a prominent black border; no silver
spots on the under side 11.

11. Under side of hind wings brownish or brownish yellow

Phyciodes, P. 78

12. Hind wings not tailed; ground color black, fulvous or mahogany

brown Basilarchia, P. i02

13. A golden or silver spot on under side of hind wings Polygonia, P. 84

No golden or silver spot on under side of hind wings 14.

14. Apex of fore wings somewhat truncate, the angles rounded

Vanessa, P. 98
Apex of fore wings distinctly truncate, the angles sharp 15.

15. Ground color deep fulvous or brown; black bar across the cell of fore

wing; black border or submarginal band Eugonia, P. 90

Ground color maroon brown, out margin yellow, supplemented by a
row of blue spots Euvanessa, P. 96

Ground color brown, submarginal band fulvous Aglais, P. 97

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 51

THE VARIEGATED FRITILLARY, Euptoieta Claudia, Cramer.
Fig. 40.

Fig. 40. Euptoieta claudia, from Miles City, showing upper and lower
surfaces.

Butterfly — Expanse of wings from 1.75 to 2.75 inches, 45-70 mm. Upper
side of both wings fulvous or dull ferruginous, darker toward the base,
crossed by an irregular black median line, which is darker, broader, and
more zigzag on the fore wing than on the hind wing. This line is fol-
lowed outwardly on both wings by a pair of more or less blackish spots.
The outer' margin is black, fringes pale fulvous, checkered with black at
the end of each nervule. At the end of the cell in the fore wing there
are two black lines inclosing paler fulvous spots, and both wings near
the base have some curved black lines.

Under side of fore wings fulvous to the zigzag line, with discal pale
spot. The outer half of the wing is pale, with a little submarginal red-
dish wash below the apex, and a large gray triangle on the costa. A
brown spot near the posterior angle sends a marginal streak toward the
apex.

The hind wings are pale brown in the basal half, streaked with white
along the veins, and with transverse striae of darker brown. Beyond
the middle they are whitish, shading off into the same brown as the base,
with more or less whitish along the margin, the anal portion of the outer
half being nearly as dark as the base, while the costal portion is almost
white. There are about three indistinct marginal ocelli.

Early Stages — The egg is conoidal, depressed at top, flat at base
marked by about twenty longitudinal ribs, half of which reach the sum-
mit. Mature larva is 1.2 inches, 28 mm., cylindrical, of an orange ochre
color, smooth, striped longitudinally with black, which is almost con-
cealed by the white spots that cover it. The chysalis is .8 inch, 21 mm.
long, pearl white, irridescent, marked with dark brown patches and points,
On the abdomen there are four rows of conical tubercles. There are
two or three broods during a season, the last one probably hibernating in
the larval state. It feeds on violet, passion flower, mandrake, Sedum,
Desmodium, and Portulaca.

52 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Distribution — The species has been taken as far north as Long Island
and Connecticut, though it is a rare visitor in New England; ft is quite
common in Virginia and thence southward, and occurs not -infrequently
in southern Illinois and Indiana, ranging westward and southward over
the entire continent to the Isthmus of Panama, and thence extending over
the South American Continent, wherever favorable conditions occur.

In Montana it has been taken by Cooley at Forsyth and in GSllatin
County, and by Wiley at Miles City. At the latter place it is common,
but averaging smaller in size. The species seems to be confined to the
Great Plains region of the state, although later collections may show it
farther west than it seems from present records to be.

THE REGAL FRITILLARY.
Speyeria idalia, Drury. Fig. 41.

Fig. 11. Speyeria idalia, Drury.

Butterfly — Expanse of wings from 2.75 — 3.C inches, 70-90 mm.

Male. Upper surface of fore wings fulvous, black along the costa,
with a black outer border which is a little wider than the costal border;
base and hind margin brown; three black bars in cell, another bar at the
end with an open S united to it enclosing a fulvous spot; beyond the cell
runs a transverse zigzag line, a submarginal row of black dots, and next
the border a row of black crescents. Hind wings black, with violet re-
flections; base of wings washed with fulvous; a black spot in cell, an
irregular row of yellowish spots beyond cell, and a marginal row of ful-
vous spots; fringes alternate spots of black and white. Under side of
fore wings fulvous, white along the costa, a marginal row of silver spots
enclosed in black crescents, and some silver on the costa near the apex;
black of upper side repeated; under side of hind wings yellowish brown,
with twenty-nine silver spots and patches, besides some silver shading.

Female differs from male in being larger, with broader terminal band,
which contains a row of white spots, witn six or more white spots near
the apex, the outer row of spots on the hind wings of same color as the
inner.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 53

Early Stages — Egg conoidal, truncated, rounded at base, marked ver-
tically with eighteen ribs. Larva hatches in about twenty-five days. Larva
at maturity 1.75 in., 45 mm., long, velvety black, banded and striped with
ochre yellow changing to dull orange or red, and furnished with six
rows of fleshy spines, each with several black bristles; head red above
and black beneath. Chysalis an inch long, brown and yellow on ab-
domen, remainder pinkish brown or brown. The larva feeds on violets.

Geographical Distribution— Wiley has collected it at Miles City. It
is not reported from other places, and the Wiley collection has but a
single specimen. It is reported as common from Maine to Nebraska. It is
to be expected the species would be found in the eastern end of the state.
In the eastern states it is rather local, and frequents open spots on the
borders of woodlands. At times it is apparently common, and then for a
succession of seasons is scarce. It flies from the end of June to the be-
ginning of September.

54 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE FRITILLARIES, THE SILVER SPOTS, THE ARGYNNIDS.
Genus Argynnis. Key to Species.

1. Under side of wings with silver spots 2.

Under side of wings without silver spots 6.

2. Basal half of wings fulvous brown, strong colored sub-marginal

band leto, P. 5G

Less than half the wings brown 3.

3. Under side of hind wings with a light sub-marginal band 5.

Under side of hind wings without a light sub-marginal band 4.

4. Under side hind wings brown aphrodite, P. 57

Under side hind wings olive green 9.

5. Under side of hind wings light brown aphrodite, P. 57

Under side hind wings maroon atlantis, P. 63

Under side apex fore wings buff, base pale cinnamon red

electa, P. 63
Under side hind wings apex buff, mottled with green

eurynome, P. 64
Under side hind wings basal two-thirds reddish brown, size large,

cybele, P. 54

Under side hind wings deeply ferruginous bremneri, P. 62

Under side hind wings dark reddish brown rhodope, P. 62

6. Under side of hind wings ferruginous 7.

Under side of hind wings greenish 8.

7. Spots yellowish white hesperis, P. 61

8. Spots dull green, eurynome, var. artonis, P. 65

Spots dull green ,dark at outer edge, eurynome, var. clio, P. 65

9. Under side hind wings olige green

Ground color green, spots large edwardsii, P. 59

uround color yellow and buff nevadensis, P. GO

THE GREAT SPANGLED FRITILLARY.

Argynnis cybele, Fabricius, Fig. 42.

Butterfly — The expanse of wings of specimens in the eastern states.
is from 3 to 4 inches, or 76 to 102 mm. Upper surface fulvous or yel-
lowish brown, more yellowish in the male than in the female. In the cell
of the fore wings five black bars, except in the fourth bent outward in the
lower half, the two outer united above. Beyond the cell are the usual
zigzag black line and the subterminal row of dots, the middle ones of the
fore wings the largest. Just within the outer margin is a termnial
narrow line, and within this, and on the fore wings with their points rest-
ing on this line, is a row of crescents; the fore wings edged with the
same color. The cell of the hind wing with three more or less distinct
bars.

Under side of fore wings pale yellowish brown, the apical space yel-
lowish and enclosing a bright brown costal patch; the lines and dots the
same as above, but near the apex more brown. The apical five or six
of the spaces enclosed within the submarginal crescents are wholly or
partly silver, with three silver patches within this line.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

55

The hind wings have the basal two-thirds reddish brown more or
less mottled with yellow, the outer boundary of this color a row of seven
silver spots. Outer margin brown, fading into yellow at the anal angle,
and within this another row of seven large silver spots rounded within
and edged with brown. Between these two rows is a bright yellow band
without spots.

Fig. 42. Argynnis cybele.

Early Stages — The egg is short, conoidal, ribbed like those of other
species, and honey-yellow. The larva in mature state is 1.8 to 2 inches
long, velvety black, chocolate-brown underneath.
The body has six rows of slender black spines,
generally ornamented with orange red at the
base, and beset with many short black bristles.
The caterpillar is nocturnal, and feeds on violets.
It hibernates immediately on hatching from the
egg, feeding to maturity the following spring.
The chrysalis is dark brown, mottled with
reddish brown or slaty grey.

Distribution — It is from the Atlantic west-
ward to Nebraska. Barber, 1894, reports it from
the northwestern part of Nebraska. It has been
taken at Edmonton, B. C., where it was found
flying with A. la is by Captain Gamble Geddes, in
1883. A single specimen is in the Wiley collec-
tion from Miles City, taken June, 1900. It is a
A4rgyn^rsn!eto1! °f trifle less than three inches expanse, and placed
side by side with specimens from Michigan, Ohio, and Illinois is indis-
tinguishable from them. It has been taken at no other place in the state,
and only the one specimen has been taken at the present writing.

5G

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE LETO BUTTERFLY.
Argynnis leto, Edwards. Figs. 38, 43, 44, 45.

Fig. 44. Argynnis leto, male.

Butterfly — The male on the upper side is a dull fulvous with the
characteristic black markings of the genus; the basal area is darker.
The under side of the fore wings is plae fulvous upon which the mark-
ings of the upper side reappear. Both wings on the under side, are
shaded with brown toward the base; the hind wings are traversed by a
sub-marginal band of light straw yellow. The female is marked as the
male, but the general color is pale straw yellow, and all the darker
markings are deep blackish brown, those at the base of both wings being
broad and running into one another, so that the inner half of the wings
appear to be broadly brownish black. On the under side it is also marked
the same as the male, but with the dark portions blacker and the lighter
portions pale yellow. The marginal row of light spots on the hind wings
appears on the under side as silver crescents; there are three rows of
silver spots on the brown part of the wing. Expanse 2.50 to 3.25 inches,
64 to 83 mm.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — It occurs in California, Oregon and Montana. In Mon-
tana it is found on both sides of the mountains. In the western part it
is abundant about Flathead lake. It is a beautiful insect, demanding
the attention of the collector, frequenting the more open woods, skirting
the bushes by the roadsides, or frequenting the sunny open places in the
woods. It has been taken, in addition to that mentioned, at Mount Lolo,
Missoula, the Mission Mountains, and the Yellowstone Park by Elrod,
at New Chicago by Douglass, at Helena by Brandegee, and at Miles City
by Elrod. A male was collected at Miles City in July, 1893, and a female
in Yellowstone Park in September, 1894, both identified by Edwards. It
is likely to be found in most parts of the state, and will ornnament any

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

57

collection. Allen reports a female nokomis from Dillon. I have not
seen the specimen, but think it may "be leto.

Fig. 45. Argynnis leto, female.

THE APHRODITE FRITILLARY.

Argynnis aphrodite, Fabricius. Figs. 46, 47.

Fig. 46. Argynnis aphrodit8, var alcestis, upper side.

Butterfly — Expanse 2.25 to 3 inches, 57-76 mm. Upper surface of
wings bright reddish fulvous; the basal third of both wings washed with
cinnamon brown. The black markings similar to cybele and leto. The
median zigzag line is often broken. The two lines at the outer margin
of the female are more or less blended, and the two are present on the
hind wings of both sexes. The under side of the fore wings is pale
reddish fulvous, the apical portion and along the costa buff, with pale
brown markings; six marginal and three sub-marginal silver spots. The

58

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

iind wings are cinnamon brown with a narrow sub-marginal band. The
silver spots are more or less edged with black.

Early Stages — The eggs are short, conoidal, honey yellow and ribbed.
The caterpillar has a velvety black spot at the base of each spine, the
chrysalis has the tubercles on the back short, and the basal segments are
partly colored. The caterpillar feeds on violets.

Distribution — It is found in the northern and middle western states.
Taken in the state by Wiley at Miles City, and by Elrod at Missoula.
Cooley has one specimen from near Bozeman at 4,200 feet, July 20. Cou-
beaux reports it common in Bear Paw Mountains.

Var. alcestis, Edwards, Fig. 47, the Ruddy Silver-spot is very much
like aphrodite, but distinguished from it by the fact that the hind wings
are uniformly dark cinnamon brown, without any band of buff on the
outer margin. It is of the same expanse as aphrodite. It is said to
largely replace aphrodite in the western states. Indeed, there is likely
to be difficulty in separating alcestis from the true form of aphrodite.

Fig. 47. Argynnis aphrodite, var. alcestis, lower side.

Alcestis has been taken by Elrod at Missoula and Flathead Lake, by
Douglass in the Madison valley. The latter closely resemble aphrodite
from Miles City. By far the greater number of specimens examined are
aphrodite, and not var, alcestis.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

EDWARDS FRITILLARY.
Argynnis edwardsii Reakirt, Fig. 48.

Fig. 48. Argynnis edwardsii, upper and lower surfaces.

Butterfly — Expanse of wings 2.30-3.00 inches, 55-75 mm. Ground
color pale fulvous, but little obscured with fuscous at base; a heavy
black border at base; at least heavier than in nevadensis; lighter buff
than nevadensis, under side of hind wings with large silver spots, olive
brown color; the olivaceous of the wings encroaches on the marginal
band. It may be known by its large size, by the long and pointed fore
wings, and by the great size of the silver spots that ornament its under
side.

Distribution — According to Holland the species is not uncommon in
Montana and Colorado. In Montana it has been taken by Wiley at Miles
City, Douglass at New Chicago, and Fish Creek. Collected by Coues in
1874 on Chief Mountain.

Remarks — Attention was called In the introduction to specimens
identified by Edwards. One specimen sent by Wiley and another by
Elrod from Miles City in different years were identified respectively as
nevadensis and edwardsii. When placed side by side they are indis-
tinguishable either in size or markings. Larger specimens from low ele-
vation are likely to be called edwardsii, smaller ones from higher eleva-
tion nevadensis. We believe that experiments in breeding will show the
two species to be one.

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE NEVADA FRITILLARY.
Argynnis nevadensis, Edwards, Figs. 49, 50.

Fig. 49. Argynnis nevadensis, upper side.

Butterfly — Expanse of wings, male, 2.50-3.00 inches, 63-75 mm.;
female, 3.00-3.50 inches, 75-88 mm.

The ground color is pale fulvous, but little obscured with fuscous at
the base. The outer margins are heavily bordered with black. The dark
markings of the discal area are not heavy. The fore wings on the under
side are pale buff, the spots well slivered; the hind wings are greenish;
the belt is narrow and clear, and the spots are large and well slivered.
The female is much like the male, but larger and paler. The outer
margin of the fore wings in the female are more heavily marked with
black and marginal spots are light buff in color.

"It is allied to Edwardsii in shape, and forms a sub-group with it.
It is brighter colored, smaller sized, and beneath the ground color is
yellow and buff, mottled in the male with pale olive-green, and in the
female with darker buff" (Edwards).

Distribution — This species is found in the Rocky Mountains of Utah,
Nevada, Montana, and British America. Specimens have been taken
from Tobacco Root range by Douglass; Missoula by Elrod; Swan Range,
7,600 feet, by Elrod; Lolo Hot Springs by Elrod; Mount Ascension near
Helena, by Brandegee; Shields river, 9,000 feet, Gallatin Valley, East
Flathead, Park county, by Cooley. It thus ranges from 3,200 feet to 9,000
feet altitude. Collected by Coues in 1874 at Three Buttes, August 8

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

(11

Fig. 50. Argynnis nevadensis, lower side.

THE HESPERIS FRITILLARY.
Argynnis hesperis, Edwards. Fig. 51.

t-.g. 51. Argynnis hesperis, upper and lower surfaces.

Butterfly — The male on the upper side of the wing? is fulvous, shaded
with dark fuscous for a short distance from the base. The black spots
of the median band are rather broad, and seem to coalesce through dark
markings along the nervules. The under side of the fore wings is pale
ferruginous, tinged with a little buff at the tips. The under side of the
hind wing is dark ferruginous with a narrow buff sub-marginal band.
Ground color of the female is paler than the male. In neither are the
light spots marked with silver; they are opaque, yellowish white. Ex-
panse. 2.25-2.40 inches, 57-61 mm.

Early Stages — The life history remains to be learned.

Distribution — The butterfly is found among the mountains of Colo-
rado and Montana.

G2 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

It has been taken by Elrod in the National Park, at Missoula, in the
Swan Range, and on Mount Lolo near Missoula. Cooley has a specimen
from Bozeman at 4,800 feet. Brandegee collected it near Helena, and
Barnes at Aldridge. Rare in the Bear Paw Mountains, according to Cou-
beaux.

THE RHODOPE SILVER-SPOT, Argynnis rhodope, Edwards.

Butterfly — Expanse, male, 2.20 inches, 55 mm.; female, 2.40 inches,
GO mm. The upper side of the male is bright fulvous, both wings on
the inner half heavily clouded with dark fuscous. The black markings
are very heavy and confluent. The outer border is solid black, very
slightly, if at all, interrupted by a narrow marginal brown line, in this
respect resembling atlantis. On the under side the fore wings are dark
ferruginous, on the outer margin rich dark brown. Between the spots at
the end of the cell and the nervules below the apex are some clear, bright
straw-yellow spots. The upper spots of the marginal series are silvered.
The hind wings are dark reddish-brown, very slightly paler on the line
of the marginal band. The spots are pale straw-yellow, except those of
the marginal series, which are distinctly silvered. The female on the
upper side is of a lighter and brighter red, with the markings dark and
heavy as In the male sex. On the under side the markings in the
female do not differ from those in the male, except that the primaries on
the inner half and at the base are bright pinkish-red (Holland).

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — The insect flies in British Columbia. Coues collected a
single female August 8, 1874, near Three Buttes, Montana. This is the
only record of its capture in the state.

BREMNER'S SILVER-SPOT.
Argynnis bremneri, Edwards. Fig. 52.

Fig. 52. Argynnis bremneri.

Butterfly — Expanse, 2.4 to 2.7 inches, 60 to 70 mm. The male on
the upper side is bright fulvous. The black markings, especially those
about the middle of the wings, are heavy. Both wings at, the base are

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 63

clouded with, fuscous, the under side of a primaries red toward the
base, buff on the apical area; the sub-apical and the upper marginal spots
well silvered; the hind wings with the inner two-thirds more or less
deeply ferruginous, a little mottled with buff, very rarely encroached upon
by the dark color of the inner area, except occasionally near the angle
(Holland).

Early Stages — Undescribed.

Distribution — Found in Oregon, Washington, Montana, southern por-
tions of British Columbia and Vancouver's Island. Specimens in the
University of Montana collection from Flathead lake by Elrod, and from
Tobacco Root Mountains by Douglass. The specimens show the under
side of lighter color than from Vancouver, but with the characteristic
heavy black markings.

THE ELECTA SILVER-SPOT.
Argynnis electa, Edwards.

Butterfly — Expanse, 2.00 to 2.25 inches, 51 to 64 mm. The male is
dull-reddish fulvous on the upper side. The black markings are narrow.
The base of both wings is slightly obscured. On the under side the fore
wings are pale cinnamon-red, mottled on the disk with a little buff. The
sub-marginal band is buff, quite narrow, and often invaded by the ground
color of the inner area. The silvery spots are usually very well marked
and distinct, though in a few instances the silvery color is somewhat
obscured. The female has the black markings a little heavier than the
male; otherwise there is but little difference in the sexes (Holland).

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — Among the mountains of Montana and Colorado. Hol-
land says it is often confounded with atlantis, but is wholly distinct,
smaller in size, the fore wings relatively broader, and the markings not
so dark on the upper surface. We have not taken it.

THE MOUNTAIN SILVER-SPOT.
Argynnis atlantis, Edwards. Fig. 53.

Fig. 53. Argynnis atlantis, upper and lower surfaces.

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Butterfly — Expanse of wings, 2.25-2.50 inches, 55-65 mm. Upper sur-
face fulvous, obscured by brown scales on the fore wings from the second
bar in the cell obliquely to below the median zigzag line on the hind
margin; the two marginal lines so blended that not much of the ground
color is left. Marks as in A. aphrodite. Under side of fore wings reddish
fulvous, costa and apex light buff, the apical patch and outer margin
brown, with the apical silver spots, six marginal, three sub-marginal;
hind wings dark red brown, much mottled with greenish gray or drab,
the sub-marginal band pale yellow, usually pure from margin to margin.
Silver spots as in aphrodite.

This insect resembles aphrodite; it is distinguished from that species
by its smaller size, its somewhat narrower wings, the deeper color of
the base of the wings on the upper side and their darker color on the
under side. The sub-marginal band is pale yellow, narrow, but distinct
and always present.

Early Stages — The egg is conoidal, with twelve to fourteen ribs,
honey yellow. The caterpillars are hatched in the fall and hibernate
without feeding until the following spring.

Caterpillar — The head is dark blackish brown. The body is velvety-
purple above, a little paler on the underside. The usual spines occur on
the body, and are black, grayish at the base. The larva feeds on violets.

Crysalis — Light brown, speckled, except on the abdominal segments,
with black.

Distribution — The species has a wide distribution. It ranges from
Maine to the mountains of western Pennsylvania, thence southward along
the central ridge of the Alleghanies into West Virginia. It is found in
Canada, extending westward into the Rocky Mountains.

In the state it has been taken at Missoula, Mount Lolo, and Flathead
Lake by Elrod, and at Bozeman by Cooley. It does not seem to be repre-
sented *n Wiley's collections. According to Coubeaux it is common in
the Bear Paw Mountains.

THE EURYNOME FRITILLARY.
Argynnis Eurynome, Edwards. Fig. 54.

Fig. 54. Argynnis eurynome.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 65

Butterfly — Expanse, male, 1.70-2.00 inches, 45-50 mm.; female, 2.00
inches, 50 mm. The wings on the upper side of the male are bright yel-
lowish fulvous, but little obscured at the base. The outer margins are
edged by two fine lines which are occasionally confluent. The under
side of the fore wings is pale buff, laved with cinnamon brown at the
base and along the nervules; the spots on the margin and in the apical
area are well silvered. The hind wings on the under side are buff, with
'the basal and discal areas mottled with pale brown or pale olive-green.
The marginal belt is broad and clear buff; all the spots are well silvered.

The female is like the male, but paler, with the dark markings, espe-
cially those of the margin, heavier; the marginal spots inclosed by the
lunules are much paler than the ground-color, and in many specimens
almost white. On the under side the wings in this sex are like those of
the male, but the fore wings are more heavily laved with ciannamon-
brown at the base.

Early Stages — The egg has been figured by Edwards, otherwise we
must say unknown.

Distribution — Common in Colorado, Montana, and British America,
showing much variation. Dyar calls erinna, bischoffi, artonis, clio, arge
and cunninghami varieties of the species. Eurynome has been taken in
the state by Cooley at Bozeman, 4,800 feet, and 9,500 feet; by Elrod in
the Swan Range at 6,500 feet, Flathead at 3,000 feet, and Mount Lolo; by
Douglass in the Tobacco Root Mountains 8,000 feet, Madison valley, Ruby
Mountains; by Brandegee on Mount Ascension and near Helena, and by
Barnes at Aldrich. Coubeaux says it is rather common in the Bear Paw
Mountains. Allen has collected it at Dillon.

Var. Clio, the Clio Fritillary. The spots on the underside are with-
out silver. Otherwise like the type.

Taken by Cooley in Gallatin County at 6,800 feet elevation, and at
Shields river at 6,700 feet. A specimen with very little silver was taken
by BJirod in the Swan range at 6,700. A female taken by Dr. Coues at
Chief Mountain August 21, 1874.

Holland says "The female very closely resembles the female of
artonis, and in fact I am unable to distinguish the types of the two
species by any marks which seem to be satisfactory."

Var. bischoffi, Bischoff's Fritillary, is like the type, but the upper
side is heavily obscured by black, concealing the basal wing markings.
The female has the spots within the lunules pale and almost white. It
is a boreal form.

Taken by Cooley. Three specimens, one from Shields river, 6,700
feet, two from Gallatin county, one at 8,300 and one at 9,400 feet.

Var. artonis, the Artonis Fritillary, may be distinguished "by the
entire absence of silvery scales upon the under side of the hind wings,
and also by the fact that the silver spots on the under side of the hind
wings are not compressed and elongated as much as eurynome, and by
the further fact that all the dark marginal markings of the under side
are obliterated. In the female the dark markings underneath are
heavier. It has been found in Colorado, Nevada, Utah and Arizona. We
have one specimen from the Yellowstone Park.

66 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Butterflies at Miles City, Montana.

A barren country surrounds Miles City, the center of the great graz-
ing territory of eastern Montana, a country of prairie and badlands with
little verdure other than that on the immediate border of the rivers and
in the creek bottoms.

Here a lover of groves and forests must be content with a variety
of trees that might easily be enumerated on his ten fingers, and but few
of even these.

Cottonwoods, broken and scrawny, are the only trees of large size
near the city, but as one penetrates the country to the heads of the
Yellowstone's many tributaries, he meets with ash, elm, box-elder and
willows, all native varieties, and differing somewhat from the same
trees of the eastern states.

In the badlands and in the hilly sections are pines and cedars also,
but the majority of our country is a vast prairie, grass clothed, but bare
of tree or shrub (the ever-present sage-brush excepted) and parched by
the sun from July until winter.

What limited amount of shrubbery does occur is also confined to the
water-courses. We have our native choke-cherry, wild rose, plum, willow,
snowberry, buffaloberry, greasewood and sagebrush, a meagre list in-
deed, when compared to the hundreds of shrubs and brushes abounding
in most eastern localities. All vegetation without it may be grasses, and
wild flowers occur with us, but in the most limited variety. We have no
woods, no swamps, no hedges. What wonder then that the entomologist's
hopes are saddened as he realizes that a corresponding dearth exists
among his favored and busy tribes.

I wonder who can recount the exact number of Papilios he has seen
during three years past? It is my good (?) fortune to have seen just
fourteen during that period. In the season of 1891 I saw but one, it was
one of the Turnus group, probably rutulus or daunus, its rapid flight
however, baffled detection. In May of this year while returning from our
ranch, on horseback, a distance of about one hundred miles, I saw another
of this same group, but was unable to capture it. During this trip, also,
I counted nine zolicoan, only one of which was not in rapid flight across
country; this one, a female, was depositing her eggs on our native wild
parsnips, and I caught her easily, and obtained some twenty eggs, which
I reared on cultivated parsnips in my garden. The only other Papilio
seen this year was one related to zolicaon, but had none of the prominent
show of yellow so characteristic of that species when on the wing. What
it may have been I cannot say.

Finally, two specimens of zolicaon taken on the summit of Signal
Butte, near this city, on May 30, 1892, complete the number. I cite my
experience with the Papilios to give a general idea of the scarcity of
species occurring here.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 67

A few species of Colias, Pieris, Euptoieta, Phyciodes, and Lycaena
occur here, however in sufficient abundance not to be called rare. There
exists an unusually localized distribution among most species here,
which doubtless results from a similar localization of the foodplants,
many of which are to be found only near flowing springs or other sources
of moisture. The Satyrids, Pamphila, and other prairie varieties, how-
ever, may be met with in country of almost any character, as also may
such species as the Argynnids, Pyrameis cardui or Danias archippus.

This season has proven an unusually productive one, and fully twice
the number of butterflies were on the wing this year than appeared in
either 1891 or 1892.

Our climate and soil are so dry that no agriculture is successful
without irrigation, and I attribute this season's productiveness in the
Lepidoptera of this immediate vicinity to systems of artificial irrigation,
which has been successfully operated here only the last two seasons,
and no doubt all insect life so dependent upon vegetation, will steadily
increase as the amount and variety of plant-life is multiplied year by
year by the introduction of agriculture under our irrigation systems
along the Tongue and Yellowstone River bottoms.

In the interest of the readers of the Entomologist News I append a
list of the species of diurnals that I have taken about Miles City during
a three years' residence here:

Papilio zolicaon, rare.

Pieris rapae, common.

Pieris protodice.

Anthrocharis olympia, not rare.

Colias eurytheme, common.

Colias eriphyle, common.

Danias archippus, rare.

Argynnis idalia, one differing a little from eastern species.

Argynnis edwardsii, not common.

Argynnis nevadensis, not common.

Argynnis cypris, rare.

Argynnis sp., one.

Euptoieta claudia, one of the most common (averaging small in size).

Melitaea, three species; not common and local.

Phyciodes tharos, rather common.

Phyciodes carlota, quite common.

Grapta zephyrus, one.

Vannessa antiopa, not common.

Vanessa californica, one.

Vanessa milberti, rare.

Pyrameis cardui, not rare.

Pyrameis ? sp. nov. sp., possibly Hy. Edy. Hybrid caryae et atlanta.

Limenitis weidmeyerii, rare and local.

Limenitis disippus, rare and local.

Coenonympha ochracea, rather common.

Satyrus alope-olympus, rare.

68 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Satyrus oetus, rare.
Satyrus charon, rather common.

Chionobas varuna, several specimens taken at ranch in July, 100
miles east of Miles City.

Thecla niphon, rare and local.

Chrysophanus hypophlaeas, not rare.

Chrysophanus rubidus.

Lycaena melissa, common.

Pamphila, two or three species, all rare.

Pyrgus tessellata, common.

Pyrgus sp., not common.

Pholisora catullus, common.

Eudamus tityrus, one.

Eudamus sp. one.

— C. A. Wiley in Entomological News for February, 1899-

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

F>S- 55. Venation of
Bninthis myrina.

Genus BRENTHIS, Hubner.

Butterfly — Small or medium size; in form and color very much like
Argynnis.

Egg — The eggs are subconical, almost
twice as high as wide, truncated at the top,
and marked with thirteen or fourteen raised
longitudinal ridges connected by a multi-
tude of small cross ridges.

Larva — Smaller and not as dark in color
as the larva of Argynnis. They feed upon
violets.

Chrysalis — It is pendant, about six-tenths
of an inch long, and having two rows of
sharp conical tubercles on the back.
GENUS BRENTHIS.
Key to Species.

1. Basal part of wings not differing from

the rest, 2.

Basal part of wings black, 3.

2. Under side of wings with silver spots;

ocellus at base of hind wings

myrina

3. Under side of wings without silver spots and ocellus; a purplish
ferrugenous color at the apex, bellona.

Cinnamon brown at the apex of fore wings; hind wing crossed by
a yellow band formed of star-like spots; black ocellus at base of
wings, helena.

THE SILVER BORDERED FRITILLARY.

Brenthis myrina, Cramer. Figs. 55, 56.

Butterfly — The upper side of the wings is fulvous; the black mark-
ings are light; the borders heavy. The fore wings on the under side are
yellowish fulvous, ferruginous at the tip, with the marginal spots lightly
silvered. The hind wings are ferruginous, mottled with buff. The spots
are small and well silvered. Expanse male, 1.40 inches; female, 1.70
inches, 43 mm.

Egg — The egg is conoidal, about one-third higher than wide, marked
by seventeen vertical ribs, between which are a number of delicate cross
ribs. It is pale greenish yellow in color.

Caterpillar — In its final stage it is about seven-eighths of an inch long,
dark olive brown, marked with green; the segments being adorned with
fleshy tubercles armed with needle-shaped projections.

Chrysalis — It is brownish yellow, spotted with dark brown spots,
those of the thoracic and first and second abdominal segments having
the luster of mother of pearl.

Distribution — It has a wide range, extending from New England to

70

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Montana, from Nova Scotia to Alaska, and southward along the ridges
of the Alleghanies into Virginia and the mountains of North Carolina.
It has been taken rather abundantly at Crow Creek, Flathead Indian
Reservation; at Missoula; at Rimini, 5,500 feet, near Helena, by
Brandegee. Taken by Barnes at Aldridge.

One day in July, while camped at Crow Creek along the main wagon
road between Selish and Poison Brenthis myrina was found abundantly
in the grassy creek bottoms. Almost invariably they were taken on the
large blue Erigeron macranthus, common in the western part of the
state. The afternoon was warm, and was spent almost entirely in butter-
fly collecting. Nearly all the specimens taken were of this species.

Figs. 55 and 56. Brenthis myrina, upper and lower surfaces

August 8, 1904, an afternoon was spent at the upper end of Swan
Lake after insects. Brenthis myrina was the only common species, rest-
ing occasionally on the blue Erigeron or white Achillea. Several dozen
were secured, the return to camp revealing two deer in the marsh.

One morning during the last week in August, 1903, as I was wading
through the tall wet grass, at the upper end of Swan Lake, just after sun-
rise, a butterfly was rather abundant above the tops of the grass. The
dew was wet and heavy, and no net was at hand. Batting down an insect
with my old hat it proved to be of this species. It may be called common
west of the range.

THE MEADOW FRITILLARY.
Brenthis bellona, Fabricius. Fig. 57.

Fig. 57. Brenthis bellona.

Butterfly — Pale fulvous on the upper side, with the dark markings
on the inner half of the wing narrow, but more or less confluent. The

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

71

dark markings on the outer margin are slighter. On the under side the
fore wings are pale fulvous, spotted with purple at the tip and outer
margin. The hind wings below are ferruginous, mottled with purple.
Expanse, 1.65-1.80 inches, 41-46 mm.

Early Stages — Similar to that of B. myrina, but the caterpillar in its
mature form differs in not having the spines on the second segment of
the body lengthened as in that species. Chrysalis, bluish gray in color,
marked with dark spots.

Distribution — The butterfly is very common in the whole of the
northern United States, as far south as Virginia. It occurs throughout
Quebec, Ontario, and British America, as far west as the foothills of the
Rocky Mountains. In the state taken by Elrod at ivlissoula and at Swan
Lake; by Brandegee at Rimini, near Helena.

THE HELENA FRITILLARY.

Brenthis Helena, Edwards, Fig. 58.

Fig. 58. Brenthis Helena.

Butterfly — The wings on the upper side are fulvous, greatly obscured
by brown at the base of the fore wings and along the inner margin of
the hind wings. The usual markings are light, and the marginal border
is also not so heavily marked as in B. myrina. The fore wings on the
under side are pale fulvous laved with ferruginous at the tip. The hind
wing brightly ferruginous, with small yellow marginal spots and paler
spots inclining to buff on the costal border and at the end of the cell,
about the region of the median nervules.

The female is very much like the male on the upper side, but the
ground color is paler. On the under side the markings are more con-
spicuous. Expanse, 1.40 inches, 35 mm.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution— Helena appears to be a common species in Colorado,
Montana and New Mexico. It is subject to considerable variation, both

72 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

in the intensity of the coloring of the under side of the wings and in the
distinctness of the maculation.

The collection contains two from Missoula and three from Flathead
Lake. Cooley has specimens from near Bozeman June 27, 1900, at 6,800
feet, and July 12, 1900, at 8,000 feet.

THE CHECKER-SPOTS.
Genus Lemonias, Fabricius.

This group includes some of the smaller members of the Nyphalinae.
The color of the wings is sometimes black, with red and yellow spots;
out it is usually fulvous, with the fore wings broadly margined, especially
at the apex, with black, and crossed by many irregular lines of black.
About fifty species occur in this country.

Key to Species.

1. General color black, with a terminal border of red spots; spotted

with red and yellow 2.

General color red or fulvous, very little black 3.

General color brownish black 4.

2. Under side brick red with the yellow repeated, size 1.75 to 2.50 inches,

45-64 mm. chalcedon.

Under side brick red, the yellow wanting cooperi.

Under side with small spots. brucei

Smaller, about 1.50 inches, 38 mm., more red and yellow anicia.
Black above, a row of small, marginal, brick-red spots, size small

taylori.

3. Under side of fore wings fulvous, with a little yellow at the apex;

hind wings with a great deal of yellow whitneyi.
Basal area black hoffmanni.
Under side red, often one row of yellow spots nubigena.
Under side of hind wings heavily and regularly banded with yel-
lowish white spots, possessing pearly luster acastus.

4. Both wings with marginal rows of red spots leanira.

THE CHALCEDON CHECKER-SPOT.

Lemonias chalcedon, Doubleday and Hewitson. Plate IV, Plate I.

Butterfly — Male and female are much alike. The wings are black,
spotted with red and ochreous yellow. On the under side they are brick-
red with the spots of the upper side repeated, and in addition at the base
a number of large and distinct yellow spots. Expanse ma:e, 1.75-2.00
inches, 45-51 mm.; female, 2.50 inches, 64 mm.

Early Stages — The egg is pale yellowish when first laid, pitted at the
base, and ribbed vertically above. The caterpillar is black, with the
bristles projecting on the segments quite long. The chrysalis is pale
gray, blotched with brown. The food plants are Mimulus and Castilleia.

Distribution — It is common in northern California. In Montana is
has been taken abundantly at Missoula. One was captured at Geyser
Basin, National Park.

Bui. Univ. of Mont, Biol. Series No. 10.

Plate V.

Lemonias chalcedon, upper surface 1 and 4; lower surface,
Lemonias anicia, upper surface, 3 and 6; lower surface, 2 and 5.

BUTTERFLIES OP MONTANA.

73

THE ANICIA CHECKER-SPOT.
Lemonias anicia, Doubleday and Hewitson. Plate IV.

Butterfly — Smaller than chalcedon, with a great deal of red on the
basal and discal areas of both wings upon the upper side. Expanse 1.50
inches, 38 mm.

Early Stages — These are unknown.

Distribution — L. anicia is found in Colorado, Montana, Washington,
and British America. The University of Montana collection embraces
specimens from Geyser Basin (13), Missoula (3), Aldridge (1). Coubeaux
calls it tolerably common in the mountains near Big Sandy.

TAYLOR'S CHECKER-SPOT.
Lemonias taylori, Edwards. Fig. 58.

Fig. 58. Lemonias taylori.

Butterfly — Expanse of male, 1.25 to 1.50 inches, 32-38 mm.; female,
1.50 to 1.75 inches, 38-45 mm. Ground color black above; a row of small
marginal brick-red spots, largest at the apex; two rows of small light
yellow or almost quite white spots across fore and hind wings, the outer
row on fore wings sometimes reduced to mere specks; on the hind wing
there is usually a row of brick-red spots between the rows of yellow
spots; within these rows there are about three or four basal yellow spots
no larger than the largest spots in the rows; the cell of the fore wings
has a small basal yellow spot, then a larger red bar sometimes broken,
followed by three yellow dashes making a bar, a large yellow spot, about
the middle of the wing below the cell; costa of fore wings brick red,
heaviest at the base; the under side is brick-red, the spots above re-
peated and much larger; on the fore wings the yellow spots are washed
over by red, and almost lacking on hinder part of wing; legs, palpi, sides
of abdomen brick-red; under side of abdomen same color as yellow spots.
Early Stages — The food is said to be the ribwort plantain (Plantago
lanceolata Linn.)

Distribution — It is reported from Vancouver's Island. Prof. Cooley
has one specimen from Cascade, on the Missouri river, one from Gallatin
County, and one from Missoula; Barnes has several from Aldridge.

BRUCE'S CHECKER-SPOT, Lemonias brucei, Edwards.
Butterfly— Male: Expands from 1.5 to 1.7 inch 38 to 40 mm. Upper
side brown-black, marked with spots of red and yellow in transverse
bands; there are three well-marked varieties, in one of which red pre-

74 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OP MONTANA.

dominates, sometimes almost to the exclusion of yellow; in another red
and yellow, much as in other allied species; on the third much yellow,
very little red; so that the black surface is more exposed than in many
species.

1. The red form. The spots dull; the common marginal row wholly
red, the submarginal row sometimes red on primaries, sometimes red
partly replaced by yellow, and secondaries always red and yellow; the
the third row is red and yellow on primaries, red on secondaries, the
fourth row just the reverse of this; at end of cell on primaries a short
red and yellow band, in the cell four spots, red and yellow alternately,
from the arc, the yellow ones very small; on secondaries, a red stripe
along upper side of cell, two small yellow spots in cell; fringes black at
ends of the nervules, yellow in the interspaces.

2. The spots of the second row red and yellow on primaries, yellow
on secondaries; the two next costa sometimes red on the posterior side;
the yellow spots in cell of primaries large, and a large yellow patch below
cell.

3. Nearly all spots yellow; the marginal red; no other red on second-
aries, or a mere trace of it indicating the spots of the third row, which
are otherwise suppressed; the submarginal row of primaries represented
by a few scales only, as are also the spots in cell.

On the under side all three forms agree; primaries dull red, almost
without black; the marginal spots a deeper red, the next two rows yellow,
the submarginr.1 obsolete on lower half; a yellow p^tcli subapical on costa,
another outside arc of cell ;the two cellular spots yellow, dusted red.

Secondaries have all the spots clearly defined; the marginal row
red, the second row of yellow lunules; the third wholly red; the fourth
yellow, the spots of upper half elongated and cut unequally by a black
line from costa to lower discoidal nervule; beyond to base red, with a
straight row of four confluent spots from costa to sumedian, and a fifth
at end of cell.

Female — Expands 1.7 to 1.8 inch, 40 to 42 mm. Varies as the male,
but some examples still more widely, the yellow spots being very large.
On the under side as in the male, except that some examples have the
red submarginal spots of secondaries slightly edged with yellow; in the
more yellow upper side examples the yellow edging to these spots is
broader, and even sometimes extends along the marginal side.

This small Melitaea has long been known in collections, but till re-
cently I myself have seen few of them, and knew nothing of its localities
or habits. Mr. Bruce, who took great numbers of examples, says: "I
found it only on high mountain tops (in Colorado) ; this was strictly the
rule. These tops are in most cases extensive plains covered with flow-
ers, chiefly yellow compositae, and the Melitaeas in question sit on every
blossom in numbers, and are very sluggish — or rather I may say, they sit
and cling tightly to the flowers to prevent the brisk wind, that is gen-
erally blowing at this elevation, from taking them away. I have never
seen them down the slope lower than a few hundred yards. It is an
abundant species on the Snowy Range at not lower than 12,000 feet, and

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 75

must appear early in June, as many of my specimens taken early in July
are rather worse for wear."

The species comes also from Montana, Washington Ter., and British
America, in the Rocky Mountains. (The above is the original descrip-
tion in Can. Ent.)

THE ACASTUS CHECKER-SPOT.

Lemonias acastus, Edwards.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.50 to 1.60 inches, 38-41 mm. Prevalently ful-
vous upon the upper side, and on the under side of the hind wings heavily
and somewhat regularly banded with yellowish-white spots, possessing
some pearly lustre.

Early Stages — Unknown

Distribution — Nevada, Utah, Montana. We have not taken it.

HOFFMANN'S CHECKER-SPOT.
Lemonias hoffmanni, Behr.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.35 to 1.45 inches, 35 to 37 mm. General style of
marking similar to L. whitneyi, but with the basal area black, and the
black markings toward the outer margin not so heavy, giving it here a
more fulvous appearance. Under side much as in whitneyi, but the
yellow markings are more prominent. Subject to much variation.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — Found in California, Oregon, Nevada, Colorado, Mon-
tana. We have not taken it.

THE LEANIRA CHECKER-SPOT.

Lemonias learnira, Boisduval.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.50 to 1.75 inches, 38 to 45 mm. Ground color
brownish-black, fulvous on the costa, with submerged median, and basal
rows of yellow spots. Both the primaries and secondaries have a mar-
ginal row of red spots, and the former have in addition a sub-marginal
row of such spots. The under side of the primaries is reddish fulvous,
with the markings of the upper side reproduced. The secondaries have
a marginal row of crescents, then a black band inclosing yellow spots,
then a median band of long yellow crescents. The remainder of the
wing to its insertion is black, spotted with yellow.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — Colifornia, Arizona, Nevada, Montana, British America.
We have not taken it, nor is it in any of the collections.

THE CLOUDED CHECKER-SPOT.
Lemonias nubigena Behr. Fig. 60.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.20-1.50 inches, 30-38 mm. Small, characterized
jy the red ground color of the upper side of the wings. The species is
susceptible of great variations. The markings are quite similar to those
of other species, but the size is small. In the variety Wheeled the black
ground-color is greatly reduced and almost wholly obliterated on parts
of the primaries.

Distribution — Found in Nevada. Collected by Cooley at Bozeman

76 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Fig. 60. Lemonias nubigena, from Colorado.

WHITNEY'S CHECKER-SPOT.
Lemonias whitneyi, Behr. Figs. 61 and 62.

Fig. 62. Lemonias whitneyi,

Fig. 61. Lemonias whitneyi. under side-

Butterfly — Fulvous upon the upper side. Prominent yellow bands on
under side of hind wings. The yellow is more prominent in the male than
in the female. Expanse male, 1.50 inches, 38 mm.; female 1.70 inches,
44 mm.

Early Stages — Altogether unknown.

Distribution — It ranges from California into Nevada, north to Mon-
tana.

Taken at Sinyaleamin lake in the Mission Mountains by Elrod; near
Helena by Brandegee; in Bridger canyon and Gallatin county, elevation
7,500 feet by Cooley; Miles City by Wiley.

COOPER'S CHECKER-SPOT, Lemonias cooperi Behr.
Butterfly and Early Stages — This species is very similar to chalcedon,
but the want of the yellowish halo around the lunulae of the brown band
on the under side, is a very positive diagnostic character. The brown
color of the bands also is always of the same somber hue as that of the
under side of the fore wings, and never of the fiery brick red that colors
this fascia on the under side of chalcedon, forming a perceptible contrast
to the somber coloring of the under slds of the fore wings, which is the

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 77

same in chalcedon and cooperi. With all these well marked differences,
the two species look so much alike, that it would have been a long time
before cooperi would have been recognized as a distinct species, if it had
not been for the striking difference of its caterpillar, which was discovered
by Mr. Lorquin near Clear Lake on a species of Scrophularia. This cater-
pillar is much more elongated than that of chalcedon. It is nearly of
the shape and coloration of that of the European artemis, brimstone yel-
low, with a dorsal and a lateral black stripe. We were quite justified in
expecting from such a caterpillar something strikingly different from the
very common type of chalcedon. But to our surprise our chrysalids gave
us a series of crippled butterflies, which could scarcely be distinguished
from chalcedon. Since that time I have received a well developed speci-
men through the kindness of Baron Koels, wno caught it with several
other insects on an excursion to Mount Tamal Pais.

It is pretty certain that cooperi will be found in many other localities,
as it is only its similarity to our most common vernal butterfly, the
chalcedon, that makes it escape our attention."

(The above was kindly copied by M. E. Hyde, Asst. Sec. Calif. Acad.
Sci., from Behr's original description as given in the Proceedings for
1863-68, Vol. 3, p. 90.)

Distribution — Found in Washington, Vancouver's Island, and the Big
Horn Mountains, Montana.

78

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE CRESCENT SPOTS.
Genus PHYCIODES, Doubleday. Fig. 63.

Butterfly — Generally quite small. Their wings on the upper side are
fulvous, or brown, with black margins, spots and lines, and with the
under side of the wings reproducing the spots of the upper side. Of the
spots of the under side of the wings one of the
most characteristic is the pale crescent situated
on the outer margin of the hind wings. In the
neuration of the wings these butterflies are much
like Lemonias.

Eggs — The eggs are always higher than broad,
having a thimble-like appearance.

Caterpillar — The caterpillar is cylindrical,
marked with longitudinal stripes, and adorned
with tubercles. They do not so far as known
weave webs.

Chrysalis— It is pendant, with the head slightly
bifid. The color is generally some shade of pale
gray, spotted with black or brown.
They are found in South and Central America,
the United States and Canada.
GENUS PHYCIODES.

Key to Species.

Broad central band of white or light buff on under side 2.

Central band of under side narrow or wanting, sub-marginal row
of spots small 3.

Sub-marginal row of spots on under side with no more than one

pupiled with white

Upper side of fore wings with fulvous bands
Upper side of fore wings with whitish bands
Fulvous band broad, narrow black border
Fulvous band narrow, deep border
Spots on hind wings above pupiled with black

Hind wings with broad median and narrow sub-marginal whitish bars

mylitta

Phyc

iodes.

carlota.
4.
5.

tharos
pratensis
camillus

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 79

THE PEARL CRESCENT.
Phyciodes tharos, Drury. Fig. 64.

Fig. 64. Phyciodes tharos, slightly reduced.

Butterfly — Expanse, male, 1.25 inches, 32 mm.; female, 1.65 inches,
41 mm. Upper surface reddish fulvous marked with black; two rows
of more or less coalescing circles near the base of the wing, the first
of two circles, the second of four, and an ellipsoid at the end of the cell;
a patch of black beyond the cell on the costa and one on the hind margin,
sometimes the two being connected by a dentate line. The outer border
is broad, black, and through it runs a crenated line' with a yellowish or
fulvous lunule in the middle, in some examples distinct, in others con-
nected with the central color; black dot near the posterior angle.

Hind wings similar to front wings, the median black band narrower;
both light bands are fulvous, and the outer contains a row of black spots.

The under side of fore wings yellowish fulvous, with yellow spots
and four black patches, two on the costa before the apex, one at the
posterior angle, and one on the hind margin.

The under side of hind wings pale buff washed with umber-brown,
the basal half with more or less complete bands of pale spots edged with
brown; the row of black spots same as above; a sub-marginal row of
lunules, the middle large, silvery, the others more or less obscure. The
terminal, costal, and middle brown patches are present in some examples,
the wing being well suffused with brown.

Early Stages — The egg is light greenish yellow. The caterpillar,
which feeds upon various species of aster and allied compositae, is dark
brown after the third moult, its back dotted with yellowish and adorned
with short black bristly spines, which are yellow at the base. The
chrysalis is grayish white, mottled with dark spots and lines.

Distribution — This is one of the many dimorphic species. It ranges
from southern Labrador to Florida, in fact all over North America, north of
Texas and south of the region of Hudson Bay, except the Pacific coast of
California. Found in Montana at Missoula, Fish Creek, Ruby Mountain,
Crow Creek. Brandegee has it in his collection from Gold Creek. Wiley
collected it at Miles City. It is abundant around the Biological laboratory
at Bigfork. It is abundant in the Bear Paw Mountains, according to
Coubeaux. Dr. Elliott Coues collected it at Milk River July 25, 1874, called
by Edwards Marcia, now recognized as a synonym for tharos.

80

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE CARLOTA CRESCENT.
Phyciodes carlota Reakirt. Fig. 65.

Fig. G5. Phyciodes carlota.

Butterfly — Upper surface black; some fulvous spots near the base
of the fore wings; a fulvous band through the middle crossed by the
black veins; a sub-terminal row of whitish dots in the broad black
terminal border; and a white lunule in the middle of the border near the
edge of the wing. In the females there are traces of other white lunules
just within the margin. The hind wings similarly marked, except that
there is a row of black sub-marginal spots circled with fulvous, and the
lunules are faint in the males.

Under side of fore wings fulvous, with three or four not very prom-
inent bars in the cell, a somewhat triangular patch beyond, and a term-
inal brown black border with the sub-terminal row of spots, between
median venules one and two there is a large conical whitish spot, the
base on the double terminal line; this double line running in zigzag to
the apex, and the inner points silvered more broadly towards the apex,
and the inner point sending a white ray to the margin. The same is re-
peated towards the posterior angle, but with less silver.

The hind wings dark brown washed with whitish, more towards the
base, only two yellowish spots in the cell. Near the base is a broken
silvery band, and through the middle a silver band crossed by the brown
veins, the outer margin dentate. The sub-marginal row of black spots
pupilled with white. The margin is similar to that of the fore wings,
save that the large spot is silvery instead of whitish.

Distribution — It is found in the southern and western states, Rocky
mountains, Montana to Arizona. Wiley has many specimens in his col-
lection from Miles City and Sandstone. He bred specimens in 1890. It
is not reported by the other collectors.

THE MYLITTA CRESCENT, Phyciodes Mylitta, Edwards.
Butterfly — Expanse of male, 1.15 inches, female larger. Broadly
bright fulvous on the upper side, the dark markings slight; a narrow band
of dark on outer edge of both pairs of wings, then a sub-marginal row of
crescents, bordered with black; hind wings with a row of small black
spots, a black spot on anterior edge and dark base; fore wings crossed by

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 81

two series of black markings like bands, in addition to the preceding;
bases dark. Under side fulvous, fore wings with some black at posterior
angle; behind this or hind wing, a large light patch; a light patch bor-
dered with dark at middle of outer edge; many light spots on hind wing,
making at least two rows.

Early Stages — The food plant is the thistle. The caterpillar is
black, yellowish below, with a faint twinned yellow dorsal line and faint
lines of the same color on the sides. The spines, which are arranged in
six rows, are black. Those of segments four, five, and six, yellow. The
chrysalis is dull wood-brown.

Distribution — Washington to Arizona, eastward to Colorado. In the
state taken at Helena, July ,2 '03 (1), at Flathead lake, July, '04 (1), and
in Yellowstone Park (1). Allen has collected it at Dillon.

THE MEADOW CRESCENT SPOT.
Phyciodes pratensis Behr. Fig. 66.

Fig. 6G. Phyciodes pratensis.

Butterfly — Expanse, male, 1.15 inches, 30 mm.; female, 1.40 inches,
36 mm. Ground color black or dark brown; in the discal cell of the fore
wing a prominent light bar; between this and base of wing several
smaller light spots; beyond the bar and between it and the light
band a small somewhat triangular fulvous bar; two rows of light fulvous
or yellowish spots crossing the wing, the inner lighter and with larger
spots, the anterior blending to make a broad bar crossed by the dark
nerve lines; a sub-marginal row of lunules, the middle one much larger;
border black, with a fringe of light hairs alternating with dark, making
small light crescents.

Hind wings similar to the fore wings; the inner band is well marked,
broad, crossed by the dark veins of the wing; outer band containing
black spots, giving the appearance of fulvous spots pupilled with black,
anal edge of the wing black, washed with fulvous; sub-marginal row of
light yellow lunules, the third from the anal angle largest; these lunules
sometimes almost lacking; border as in front wings.

Under side of fore wings yellowish fulvous with yellow spots and
black patches; a rectangular black spot on the middle of the hinder
edge; this joins a series of small black lunules and black patches, mak-
ing a bar across the wing, behind which is a wider yellow bar made in
the same manner; in some specimens these are reduced; almost dis-
appearing; but there is always a dark irregular line across the center
of the wing; a sub-terminal double black lunule touching the hinder

S2

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

margin behind the large black spot; a small costal black dot; apex and
base prevailing color of the light bands; a fine brown line a short dis-
tance from the outer edge, semicircular between the veins resembling a
border of lunules.

Under side of hind wings pale buff washed with umber-brown, the
light spots above appearing, usually much lighter than above, even
silvery white, many fine brown lines crossing the wings or enclosing
light spots; the row of black spots same as above; a sub-marginal row
of lunules, the middle one large, silvery, the others more or less obscure,
in good examples edged with brown within and without; border as in
front wings.

Antennae black, ringed with white at the joints, knobs same color as
upper surface; body above dark brown or black, legs color of under sur-
face of wings, under side of abdomen light.

The female has the black markings of the upper side heavier than the
male, and all the spots pale yellow. The markings on the under side are
heavier than in the male sex. In the male the under side is pale fulvous,
spotted with yellow.

Early Stages — Unknown-
Distribution — The range is along the Pacific coast from Oregon to
Arizona. Dyar reports it from the Kootenai district of British Columbia.
Brandegee has two from near Helena, July 6, 1902; one July 2, 1903.
Elrod has one from Flathead lake, July 1904. Several specimens from the
Bear Paw Mountains I take to belong to this species.

THE CAMILLUS CRESCENT.
Phyciodes camillus, Edwards, Fig. 67.

Fig. G7. Phyciodes camillus.

Butterfly — The light spots on the male are paler on the primaries, on
the secondaries brighter fulvous. The dark markings on the under side
are less pronounced. The female is much like the male. Expanse, male,
1.30 inches, 33 mm.; female, 1.50 inches, 38 mm.

Early Stages — Wholly unknown.

Distribution — The species is reported from British Columbia, Mon-
tana, Kansas and Texas. In Montana taken at Sinyaleamin Lake,
Mission Mountains, Missoula, and at Helena (Brandegee). Cooley has
collected it at Bozeman. Collected by Coubeaux at Big Sandy.

BUTTERf "LIES OF MONTANA. 83

A Chrysalis.

My little Maedchen found one day

A curious something in her play,

That was not fruit, nor flower, nor seed;

It was not anything that grew,

Or crept, or climbed, or swam, or flew;

Had neither legs nor wings, indeed;

And yet she was not sure, she said,

Whether it was alive or dead.

She brought it in her tiny hand
To see if I would understand,
And wondered when I made reply,
"You've found a baby butterfly."
"A butterfly is not like this,"
With doubtful look she answered me.
So then I told her what would be
Some day within the chrysalis:

How, slowly, in the dull brown thing
Now still as death, a spotted wing,
And then another, would unfold,
Till from the empty shell would fly
A pretty creature, by and by,
All radiant in blue and gold.

"And will it, truly?" questioned she —
Her laughing lips and eager eyes
All in a sparkle of surprise —
"And shall your little Maedchen see?"
"She shall!" I said. How could I tell
That ere the worm within its shell
Its gauzy, splendid wings had spread,
My little Maedchen would be dead?

Today the butterfly has flown —
She was not here to see it fly, —
And sorrowing I wonder why
The empty shell is mine alone.
Pernaps the secret lies in this:
I too had found a cnrysalis,
And death that robbed me of delight
Was but the radiant creature's flight!

—MARY EMILY BRADLEY.

S4

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

GENUS POLYGONIA, HUBNER.
The Angle-Wings. Fig. 67.

Butterfly — Medium sized or small, characterized by the more or less
deeply excavated inner and outer margins of the fore wings, the tail-like
projection of the hind wings at the extremity of the third median nervule,
the closed cell of the fore wings, and the thick covering of scales on the
upper side of the palpi, while on the sides and tops of the palpi there
are but few scales. They are tawny on the upper side, spotted and
bordered with black; on the under side mimicking the bark of trees and
dead leaves, often with a C-shaped silvery spot on the hind wings. The
insects hibernate in the butterfly form in hollow trees, under bark and
leaves, and like places.

Early Stages — The eggs taller than broad, tapering upward from the
base. The sides are ribbed. They are laid in clusters or in a short
string-like series. The caterpillar is cylindrical, adorned with rows of
branching spines. They feed upon the nettle, elm, hopvine, and other
plants

Fig. 67. Venation of Polygonia.

Key to Species.

Small, under side crossed by a pale gray or white band gracilis.

Under side marked with dark and pale shades, heavy black border

above faunus.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 85

Under side paler, yellowish brown zephyrus.

More decided markings than the last satyrus.

Under side pale purplish gray hylas.

Under side very dark, paler irrorations silenus.

THE FAUN.

Polygonia faunus Edwards. Fig. 68.

Fig. 68. Polygonia faunus.

Butterfly — Upper surface fulvous, dark, the hind wings darker. Next
the apex of the fore wings, the base of both wings, and the inner margin
of hind wings dusky. Border of wings broad and dark brown or black,
in the fore wings dentate at the apex, and bordered within by a series
of sub-obsolete tawny lunules. There are two spots and a bar in the cell,
and a bar at the end, but there are only three round spots between the
cell and the posterior angle, the lowest supplemented by a shade above it.
The spots are very dark or black.

Hind wings with dark ferruginous next the border, shading toward
the middle, a series of paler spots next the border and an irregular roof
of black spots across the middle.

Under side of both wings dark brown on the base, with an irregular
common blackish band across the middle, darkest on its outer edge and
within the abdominal margin, where its outline is obliquely serrated.
Beyond this band the color is pale brown mottled with grayish white,
which is clearest on the fore wings. The whole surface is clouded with
vinous, and more or less crossed by fine abbreviated streaks of brown.
Apex of fore wings yellow-brown, with three small lanceolate ferrugin-
ous spots, the lower enclosing a blue or green point. The outer margin
of both wings, below these, is bordered by a series of confluent blue-black,
sometimes olive-green spots following the outline of the wing. Within
these is another series of rounded spots of the same color. On the disk
of the hind wings is a white G varying in form.

Early Stages — The mature larva is one and a quarter inches long;

86 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

head black, with two branching horns and a few scattered white hairs.
Upper side of joints 2 to 6 brick-red, stripped transversely with blue,
yellow and black, a few white hairs on joint 2. There are four branching
yellow spines, with black tips, on joints 3 and 4, and six on joints 5 and 6.
Joints 7 to 12 are white, with a faintly marked black stripe along the
back, each joint with three transverse yellow bands and two oblique
black spots. These joints have each seven spines, all white except the
one next the lowest, which is brown. Last two joints black, with seven
and four Opines respectively. Sides red, with two black bands, the lowest
spotted with blue.

The chrysalis is grayish brown Head with two bi-forked horns, the
outer point very short; thorax with an elevated keel-like ridge on top,
with a small tubercle on each side

The food plants are gooseberry, currant, willow and birch.

Distribution — It is found from New England south to the Carolinas
and west to the Pacific.

The collection at the University embraces specimens from Missoula,
Sinyaleamin Lake, Flathead Lake, Swan Lake (many).

At Swan lake, August 20, 1903, faunus was abnudant at Bond's cabin,
but was very hard to take. It was flying about the lake shore and around
the cabins of Bond and Groom, forest rangers, in common with Vanessa
J. album, Vanessa californica Polygonia satyrus and P. zephryus.
Although quite abundant comparatively few were taken. Brandegee has
taken it at Helena.

Fig. 69. Polygonia faunus on the left, black satyrus in the middle,
zephyrus on the right, under side of wings.

THE SATYR.

Polygonia satyrus, Edwards. Fig. 69.

Butterfly — Expanse 1.75 to 2.00 inches, 45-51 mm. Tawny or fulvous
above. Wings with dark brown, almost black border. A row of lunules
of lighter color than ground work within the black border. General color
much lighter than faunus. Inside of the lunules is a wash of reddish
brown, almost making a line across both wings, more conspicuous on

BUTTERFLIES OP MONTANA.

87

hind wings. Bases of wings brownish black Under side of wings dark,
with light mottlings and marblings. Apex of fore wings lighter. The
light markings make a band across the wings, the inner margin of
which crosses the middle of the wings. A light patch usually on costa
of fore wings, between light band and base. Wings deeply excised. Legs
and feet light colored. Antennae ribbed below, with black clubs, the
ends of which are of the same color as the upper surface of wings.

There are two forms. One is very dark below, almost black, with a.
white open C like in faunus. The other is much lighter below, the color
being a dark brown, the spot on hind wings forming a G, larger. The
under surface is broken by darker brown patches extending crosswise of
the wings. Above the wings are lighter and the black spots much
smaller.

Early Stages — The caterpillar feeds on the nettle.

Distribution — From Ontario to the Western part of the United States,
It has been collected in the state by Elrod at Missoula, at Sinyaleamin
and Swan lakes; by Cooley at Bozeman, September, 1899; by Brandegee
at Helena.

THE ZEPHYR

Polygonia zephyrus, Edwards. Fig. 70.

Fig. 70. Polygonia zephyrus.

Butterfly — Upper side of wings similar to faunus and satyrus, ful-
vous, marked with yellowish toward the outer margins, the dark mark-
ings upon which are not as heavy as in the other species. Below the
wings are much paler than in faunus or satyrus, reddish brown,, marbled
with darker brown lines; the band across the wings is quite light, the
female with a row of small light yellowish spots pupiled with black.

Distribution — Rocky Mountain region from Colorado to California,
and from Oregon to New Mexico (Holland). Taken in Montana by Cooley

88 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

at Bozeman, by Wiley at Miles City, Brandegee at Helena, and by Elrod
at Missoula. One worn specimen from Bear Paw Mountains belongs to
this species.

THE GRACEFUL ANGLE-WING.
Polygonia gracilis, Grote and Robinson.

Butterfly — A small species, rather heavily marked with dark or
blackish on the upper side. The wings on the under side are very dark,
crossed about the middle by a pale gray or white band, shading off to-
ward the outer margins. This light band serves as a means of easily
identifying the species. Expanse, 1.75 inches, 45 mm.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — The species has been found on White Mountains in
New Hampshire, in Maine, Canada and British America, as far west as
Alaska.

While the species is recorded as having a western distribution it
has not been taken by the writers in the state, nor is it reported in the
other collections.

THE SILENUS ANGLE-WING.
Polygonia oreas. var. silenus, Edwards.

Butterfly — Expanse, 2.2 inches, 56 mm. Primaries moderately in-
cised; slightly dentated; tail long, broad and straight; a prominent
dentation between tail and inner angle, which last is much pronounced.
Upper side deep red-fulvous, clouded with brown-ferruginous next base
of each wing and on disks, and spotted with black, hind margins have
a broad cinnamon border of nearly uniform width, black with a ferrugin-
ous tint; on the inner side a series of separate, pale fulvous spots, yel-
lowish next apex of primaries, irregular in size, lanseolete; primaries
have a large sub-apical ferruginous patch on costal margin, another near
inner angle, a broad black spot from costa covering the arc, two oval
spot in cell placed transversely and sometimes confluent, two others in
first and second median spaces, and a large sub-ovate spot on sub-
median interspace extending partly over the one next above. Secondaries
have the entire costal margin brownish-black, a large irregular black patch
on disk between upper branch of the sub-costal and the median nervure;
a brownish-ferruginous patch at base of the upper median nervules; the
whole extra-discal area suffused with ferruginous, passing imperceptibly
into the marginal border; fringes fuscous, with a very little white in the
emarginations.

Under side mostly in shades of black or black-brown, the entire sur-
face, except where deep black prevails, covered with fine abbreviated
streaks darker than the ground; apex of the primaries faintly tinted with
olivaceous; costal mragin brown, with a few gray scales near apex, a
whitish patch beyond extremity of cell and a smaller one nearer base;
base of primaries brown, of secondaries brown next costa, black towards
abdominal margin; the disks crossed by a common, broad, black band,
very irregular in its exterior outline, on lower part of secondaries merg-
ing into the black basal area, outside the band, on primaries and upper
part of secondaries, grayish-white for a little space, densely streaked,

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 89

and beyond to margin blackish -brown; the extra-discal points nearly or
quite lost on the dark ground; sub-marginal crescents black, obsolescent,
often wanting altogether; in the cell of primaries three elongated,
narrow, deep black spots, two of which lie along the costal nervure, sep-
arated by a very small interval, and each edged by a velvety black line;
the third along median nervure, illy defined without such edging; the
spot on disk of secondaries dead white, bent at right angles; the lower
limb straight, thick abruptly sloping to a point by the cutting away of
its upper side; the upper branch narrower, slightly curved, nearly as
wide at top as elsewhere and ending bluntly; fringes with the white
area more extended than on upper side.

Body above black, covered with ferruginous hairs, below black,
sometimes with a gray shade; legs gray-brown, palpi black at base and
in front, with whitish hairs at sides, ferruginous at top; antennae black
above, fulvous below; club black, fulvous at tip.

Female expands from 2.1 to 2 3 inches. In shape very like the male;
upper side dull yellow-fulvous, the spots large; under side more brown
than black, the extra-discal area to margin pretty uniform in shade, the
ground being dark gray, nearly lost in the denseness of the brown
streaks; sub-marginal points and crescents obsolescent; silver mark of
same shape as in the male, often quite as heavy.

Early Stages — Larva unknown.

Distribution — Found in California, Washington, Vancouver Island,
and Montana. We have not taken it.

90 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE TORTISE SHELLS.
Genus Eugonia Hubner. Fig. 71.

Butterfly — Medium sized insects, wings above generally some shade
of black or brown, marked with red, yellow or orange. The head is
moderately large, eyes hairy, palpi more or less
scaled, prothoracic legs feeble and hairy. The cut
shows the wing venation. The cell of the primaries
may or many not be closed. The cell of the second-
aries is open. The fore wings have the outer margins
more or less deeply excavated between the extremities
of the upper radial and the first median veins, at
which points the wings are rather strongly produced
The hind wings have the outer margin denticulate,
strongly produced at the extremity of the third median
nervule.

Early Stages — The eggs are short, ovoid, broader
at the base, ridged at the summit. They are generally
laid in large clusters upon the twigs of the food plant.
The mature caterpillar is cylindrical, adorned with
long, branching spines in longitudinal rows. It feeds
upon the elm, willow, and poplar. The insects hiber-
nate in the imago form, and are among the first to
appear in the spring.

THE COMPTON TORTISE. Eugonia j. album, Boisduval Leconte.

Fig. 72.

71. Venation of
Eugonia J. album.

Fig. 72. Eugonia j. album.

Butterfly — Expanse of wings, 2.50 to 2.75 in., 64 to 70 mm. Upper sur-
face dull yellowish, dusky at base, washed more or less with rusty brown,
especially on the basal half. Outer border of fore wings dull black with
a double crenate line and two more or less large costal bars — one at the
end of the cell, and the other between the cell and a white sub-apical

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 91

patch; a black spot in the cell with three black spots below the cell, the
one nearest the base of the wing quite large.

The hind wings have a black and brown border a little within the
margin, the yellow outside sprinkled with brown atoms; a large black
space below the costa, beyond which is a whitish patch.

Under side grayish brown, the usual darker band across the middle
which on the hind wings is but little darker than the base; beyond this
greenish white the whole surface finely reticulated with brown lines.
There are the usual three elongate patches edged with dark brown in the
cell of the fore wings. The submarginal row of ashy-blue lunules be-
tween these and the median band. The lunules do not reach the apex
of the fore wings.

Early Stages — The mature larva is two inches, 50 mm. long, head with
black markings on the sides, thickly set with little points and with
short spines; somewhat cordate, the vertices surmounted by two shining
black, thick spines, verticeliated near the tip. The dorsal and subdorsal
rows of spines shining black except at the base, which is reddish, with
long branches, those of the anterior joints more thickly branched than
the others. The super- and sub-stigmatted row reddish tipped with
black.

The chrysallis is one inch long, of a beautiful color, delicately re-
ticulated, with six golden spots on the bac't.

The food-plant is not known, but Prof. Fernald's surmise is that
it may be willow. The butterfly hibernates, the new brood appearing
about the middle of August.

Distribution — It is a northern form, being found in Pennsylvania upon
the summits of the Alleghanies, and thence northward to Labrador on
the east and Alaska on the west. It is always a rather scarce insect,
says Holland. See note accompanying"' the genus. It is occasionally
found at Missoula. Around the biological laboratory at Flathead lake
it is often captured. At Schultz's cabin, which is along Aeneas trail
over the Swan range, it is quite common, but Bond's cabin at Swan lake
is the greatest collecting field in the state, perhaps in the country, for
this species. Hundreds were taken here in two or three days in August.
1903. Wiley has one specimen from Miles City, July 15, 1892.

92 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE CALIFORNIA TORTOISE-SHELL, Eugonia californica, Boisduval.
Fig. 73.

Fig. 73. Eugonia californica.

Butterfly — Similar in general shape and appearance to E. J. album,
but easily distinguished by the following peculiarities.

Color — Deep fulvous, spotted with black and having a black border.
A black bar across the cell. On the underside dark brown, with a light
border. The entire surface marked with fine lines. Expanse 2.00-2.25
inches, 51-&7 mm.

Early Stages— The caterpillar feeds upon Ceanothus.

Distribution — It ranges from Colorado to California and as far north
as Oregon, east to Miles City.

In 1900 californica was quite common up Hell Gate canyon near
Missoula, many having been brought in late in May and early in June.
August 20 it was still abundant at Swan Lake, giving evidence of two
broods. It is not infrequent about Flathead lake, and evidently covers
much unexplored western territory. Wiley reports it at Miles City
In 1903 the earliest butterfly at Missoula was a californica taken Febru-
ary 19.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 93

Eugonia J-Album in Western Montana.

"This insect is generally rare," writes Holland in his Butterfly Book.
In several places in the western part of the state it may be taken in large
numbers. At the upper end of Echo Lake, next to the Swan range, we
have never failed to take it during our annual pilgramages to the summit
of the range, MacDougal mountain. The old submerged cabin in the
lake is a safe refuge. The cabin on the bank, now deserted, offers a
safe retreat from enemies save the human entomologist, who finds here
a great opportunity for capturing a rare specimen.

But it is at Swan Lake that Eugonia J. album flourishes in its splen-
dor, magnificence and abundance. This beautiful little sheet of water
lies cradled between the Swan and Mission ranges. At its upper end,
on the eastern shore, are three cabins. The cabins are along the trail
which leads up the lake, through the Swan river forest above the lake
to the wagon road leading to Ovando, Missoula, and other places. A
clearing of a few acres is around the cabins. Dense woods come to
the clearings on all sides. In August the sun is intensely hot in the
small open patches about the cabins. About these small log huts, seek-
ing the shade of the rude porch or the interior of the stable, Eugonia J.
album was to be had by the dozens. They would alight on the logs of
the buidings, the stumps in the clearing, the fence rails, and the bark of
the living trees. After alighting they remained perfectly quiet, so that
one could carefully adjust the net over them, and with a quick jerk scoop
them into the net. In this way a half dozen were often fluttering in the
net at once. It was practically impossible to capture them on the wing,
so quickly can they dodge and so swiftly do they fly.

When the butterflies alighted on the bark of the fir, cottonwood or
birch, upon which they were generally taken, they were almost invisible.
It was interesting to see them remain in the same quiet attitude on the
top rail of a fence or the skinned log in the cabin, where they were very
conspicuous, as on the trunk of a tree where they were invisible. Pro-
tective resemblance was in this species beautifully illustrated, and those
who made the trip to Swan Lake in August, 1903, will not soon forget
how the insects were controlled by instinct.

Other insects were out, and were captured. Eugonia californica was
much less common than E. J. album, while an occasional Polygonia
faunus was picked up. The western admiral was rare. Robberflies were
out in abundance, as were also bees. Two species of flies were captured
which mimic bees, and a dozen species of butterflies were found in
greater or less abundance. Nowhere in Montana have we seen more
butterflies at one place or captured more in one day than at Groom's
cabin at the upper end of Swan Lake, when the species under discussion
was taken in such abundance.

In early August, 1904, another visit was made to the cabins at Swan
Lake. J. Album was in much less abundance, and difficult to take be-

94 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

cause of the great number of baldfaced hornets which seemed to have
possession. Not a Polygonia was seen.

In 1905 album was carce. Its place was taken by the bald-faced
hornet. This latter insect practically prevented butterfly collecting.

MOUNTAIN SWARMING OF VANESSA CALIFORNIA.

During an ascent of Mount Shasta, made in August, 1889, a most in-
teresting occurrence was noted in the flight of countless myriads of but-
terflies (Vanessa californica) at an altitude far above snow-line.

In our early morning climb of August 29, of the above year, we had
left our horses at half past 4 o'clock, at what is known as "Horse Camp,"
at very near snowline, where there were many small snowfields close
about us. Our progress was very slow and tedious, being all of the time
over loose, sliding fragmentary rocks, or the almost smooth, hard-frozen
surface of the icy snow, and which latter did not soften till long after the
sun had swung high enough to shine full upon it. Some little time after
daylight, but long before we could see the sun, as he was hidden from us
by the high crest of a sharp ridge on the southwest aspect of the mountain
(our ascent being made from Sissons, west of the mountain), a few signs
of insect life were seen in the shape of "snow-fleas," two or three large-
winged grasshoppers, and, occasionally at first, a butterfly. The last two
were stiffened by the cold as if they were there from the day previous.
The latter insect increased much in numbers as we ascended, and were
many of them found in among and under the loose stones as well as a
few upon them.

At perhaps half past 9 we came to a point upon which the sun had
long been shining, and here they were flying in the air, the flight being
in a south-easterly direction. From here they seemed to increase very
rapidly in numbers up the remainder of the ascent to well toward the
summit. The latter was reached at 11:20 A. M.; the temperature was
noted at 42 Fah. in the open air. We remained here about a half hour,
then passed down by way of the Hot Sulphur Springs, and then out on
the southerly face of the mountain. We again encountered our beauti-
ful friends at not farther than six or eight hundred feet below the ex-
treme peak, and now in countless numbers, filling the air with their
flashing wings, and all passing in the same direction as observed during
the ascent — towards the southeast. This strange sight continued until
we seemed to pass below them, at an altitude of between 11,000 and 12,000
feet. The fact of its being a continuous flight of these insects across
the mountain in one direction during the warm part of the day — a period
of nearly five hours — is beyond question. That it was in progress one
or more days previous to that upon which I observed it is an easy deduc-
tion from the fact of the numbers of the insects found among the rocks
and stones while yet stiffened by the cold of the night air. How much
longer it may have continued I had no means of knowing.

Where they could have come from, in such vast numbers, and what
brought them to such a high altitude, is of course a matter of pure specu-
lation.

I had no means of preserving specimens of these insects except to

BUTTERFLIES OP MONTANA. 95

place them between the leaves of a notebook; in this way some were
kept for identification. A gentleman whom I met a few days later pro-
nounced the species to be Vanessa milberti, but after presentation of the
account of the flight, with the specimens, before the Biological Society
of Washington it was determined for me by Mr. Howard as Vanessa'
californica. — C. L. Hopkins in Insect Life.

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE MOURNING CLOAK; THE CAMBERWELL BEAUTY, Euvanessa
antiopa. Linnaeus. Fig. 75.

Fig. 75. Euvanessa antiopa, upper and lower surfaces of the wings.

Butterfly — Expanse of wings, 2.5 to 3.5 inches, 64 to 90 mm.
Upper surface rich dark maroon-brown the border yellow sprinkled with
brown, and preceded by a black band containing a row of blue spots. The
costa is mottled with yellow and contains two yellow patches.

Under surface traversed by numerous fine black abbreviated lines,
the outer margin pale buff sprinkled with brown, and preceded by a series
of confluent gray, blue-black-edged lunules.

Early Stages — The female deposits the eggs in a cluster round the
twigs of willow, elms, or poplar near the petiole of a
leaf, upon which the young larvae may feed.
The mature larvae are two inches long, black,
minutely dotted with white which gives them
a grayish look; with a dorsal row of brick-red spots.
KB. Head black, roughened with small black tubercles.

B. The spines on the body are black, rather long, slight-
•& ly branching. There are four on joints 2 and 3, six
^^^tr on Joints 4 and 5, and seven each on joints 6 to 12.
:?& The last joint has two pairs of short spines, one be-

/7 hind the other.

The chrysallis is dark brown or gray, with two
rows of spines along the back of the abdomen, two
on the head in front, three on the edge of the wing-
covers on each side, and a thin prominence on the

Fig. 74. Euvanessa anti
pa, j.,st «merging from middle of the thorax.

the chrysalis.

Distribution — Generally over the North

Temperate Zone. It has

BUTTERFLIES OP MONTANA.

97

been taken at Missoula, McDonald and Sinyaleamin lakes in the Mission
mountains, Flathead lake, and Swan lake. At Missoula antiopa and
milberti are the first signs of spring. Branedgee has collected it at
Helena, Wiley at Miles City. It is a handsome ornament for a col-
lection. Tolerably common in the mountains near Big Sandy. Collected
6y Coues along the 49th parallel in 1874.

Stridulation in Euvanessa Antiopa.

Althougn the sound made by this butterfly without doubt is the ex-
pression of certain emotions, be it of anger or of love, since it is not
made by the emissions of the breath, we cannot, I think, consider it
more than elementary voice, and in the present instance a singularly
erratic development of its elements. It may be that
"In Lorranise ther notis be
Full swetir than in this contre,"

for English entomologists are I believe, generally of opinion that the
sound which butterflies make is caused by their rubbing their wings to-
gether in their ardor. In the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine for Feb-
ruary, 1877, page 208, I find the following notice:

"In 1872, a female antiopa came into my possession in a hibernating
condition, and in that state she would, when disturbed, partially expand
her wings, and at the same times was produced a grating sound, which
seemed to come from the base of the wings. — A. H. Jones, Shrublands,
Eltham."

Let anyone now take a dried specimen of this butterfly from the
cabinet and grasping the fore wing by its front edge rub it backwards
and forwards over the hinder one, so that the bases meet, but being at
the same time careful not to crumible the wings and so produce a false
sound. We will then without fail hear the sweet secrets of antiopa,
which are beautiful and delicate in expression, recalling the trickle of the
brooklet.

I may notice that Vanessa butterflies are renowned and well-known
as stridulators on account of their large size, but that nearly all butter-
flies rub their wings together when under the influence of the emotion
of love, and since it is the result of friction to produce a striated surface,
many of these smaller ones must have organs of sound too fine for human
sense. My own researches have always been circumscribed from a want
of adequate microscopic power. — A. H. Swinton in Insect Life.

MILBERT'S TORTOISE SHELL, Aglais milberti, Godart. Fig. 76.

Fig. 7G. Aglais milberti

98 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Butterfly — Expanse of wings 1.6-2.55 in., 40 to 65 mm. Upper surface
brownish black, with a broad fulvous band between the middle and outer
margin, paler on its inner edge. On the fore wings the pale band con-
tains a black patch on the costa, with a white spot on one or both sides.
There are two fulvous spots in the cell. The border is composed of two
parts, the inner black, the outer a black brown, crenate line on each side
of which it is a little paler. The black on the hind wing supports a
row of violet lunules. Underside dark brown with the usual wavy lines
and spots; the outer half yellowish brown with a submarginal of gray
blue lunules which are black edged.

Larva — The mature larva is a little more than an inch long, with a
black head sprinkled with minute whitish dots, from which spring pale
hairs. The body is nearly black above, with small white dots and pale
hairs, which give it a grayish color. The spines are arranged as in
antiopa, and are black and branching. It has a greenish yellow lateral
line above which is a bro"ken line of brighter orange yellow shade. The
larvae are found on the wild nettle, and there are two broods in a season.
Chrysalis — The chrysalis is .8 of an inch long, 20 mm., slightly angu-
lar, the frontal beaks short, conoidal; thoracis projection forming nearly
a right angle; dorsal spines but little elevated.

Distribution — It ranges from the mountains of West Virginia north-
ward to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, thence westward to the Pacific.
This tortoise-shell butterfly is one of the first harbingers of spring.
Uusually it is the first butterfly seen about Missoula, where it is rather
common. It is usually quite abundant around the biological laboratory
at Flathead Lake, but in the summer of 1903 but very few were seen.
Brandegee has collected it at Helena, and Wiley reports it rare at Miles
City. At Swan Lake it is occasionally seen, probably about the same
in numbers as at Flathead Lake, owing to their close proximity. Cou-
beaux says it is very abundant all over the country about Big Sandy.
Taken by Coues at Chief Mountain, August 22, 1874.

THE LADY BUTTERFLIES, Genus Vanessa, Doubleday. Fig. 77.
Butterfly — Medium-sized insects; the wings on the upper side are
some shade of black or brown, marked with white, red
or orange. Head rather large, eyes hairy, palpi more or
less heavily scaled. The cut shows the venation of the
wings. The outer margin of the wings is dentate. The
wings are not angulate, as in vanessa, but are more
rounded. The ornamentation of the under side tends to
become ocellate, or marked by eye-like spots. Some are
ocellate.

Egg — This is broadly ovoid, being much like the egg
of the genus Vanessa.

Caterpillar — In its mature form it is covered with
spines.
Fig. 77. ~v^iation Chrysalis — It is much like Euvanessa.

of vanessa.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTAMA. 99

Genus VANESSA.

Key to Species.

Ground color black, band on fore wings and outer margin of hind

wings fulvous atalanta

Ground color fulvous. 2.

Five eyespots on underside of hind wings cardui.

Four distinct eyespots on hind wings; black bar across middle of

the cell of the primaries; tawnier ground color than cardui

caryae

Hind wings with two large ocelli underneath huntera

THE RED ADMIRAL. Vanessa atalanta, Linnaeus. Fig. 78.

Fig. 78. Vanessa atalanta.

Butterfly — This butterfly is brown above, with a fulvous band on
the outer margin of the hind wings, containing brown spots. The fore
wings are also crossed by a fulvous band, which begins at the posterior
angle and passes through the cell. There is a white bar beyond the
cell, also a marginal row of about five spots, the fourth from the costa
being the largest. The spots of the upperside reappear on the underside,
but the brown is marbled with gray, blue and green and there is a sub-
marginal row of spots oh the hind wings. Expanse 2.00 to 2:25 inches,
51 to 57 mm.

Early Stages — The eggs are green, barrel shaped. The young larva
is greenish brown, and furnished with ten rows of black curved hairs.
In reaching maturity it passes four moults. The mature larva is 1.3 in.
long, cylindrical enlarged in the middle and of a velvet black color,
sprinkled with fine velvet points. The chrysalis is from .85 to .95 of an
inch long, cylindrical. The dorsal tubercles are gilded. The color is
usually gray. The food plants are nettle and hop.

Distribution — It is found in the United States generally. During the
summer of 1903 it was taken sparingly at the Biological Station at Flat-
head Lake. It has not been seen at Missoula. It is not in the collec-
tions of Wiley, Cooley or Brandegee, and must be very rare in the state.
It is reported by Dyar from the Kootenai country.

100 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE THISTLE BUTTERFLY or THE PAINTED LADY. Vanessa cardui.
Linn. Fig. 79.

Fig. 79. Vanessa cardui.

Butterfly — Pyrameis cardui, or the Painted Lady, has an upper sur-
face of fulvous color, the apical portion of the fore wings being black.
There is a white bar in the apical black portion of the fore wings and a
submarginal row of four white spots; the inner ones being the smaller.
The underside of the fore wings is red except the apical part which is
marked as above. The hind wings have a submarginal row of five black
spots. Both wings have a border, the hind wings having a broken one.
The underside of the hind wing is marbled with brown, gray and white.
The ocelli contain blue. The inner row of the margin is blue or lilac.
Expanse of wing 1.75 to 2.5 inches, 45 to G4 mm.

Early Stages — The mature larva is 1.5 in. long, cylindrical, rather
robust. The general color is a delicate lilac. Between the joints are
two lines of bright yellow. The space between the yellow occupied by
two narrow black lines and one white one. There are seven rows of
tubercles from which arise branching spines. The head is black, stigmata
black with some black spots over the body.

Distribution — Most widely distributed of all known butterflies, being
found in almost all parts of the temperate regions of the earth and in
many tropical lands in both hemispheres. It is double brooded and hiber-
nates in the butterfly state. Found all over Europe, North America,
in Africa, — save in the dense jungles of the Congo. — in South America,
in Australia and in many islands of the sea; at some times scarce and
then at seasons it fairly swarms. (Holland.)

One of these swarms visited Montana in the spring of 1899. During
late May and early June there were hundreds and thousands everywhere
in the western part of the state, noted especially at Missoula and Helena.
So abundant were they that they were noticed by all, and considerable
alarm was felt by some lest there should occur later an outbreak of an
insect pest. Happily this did not occur.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

101

It abounds about the biological laboratory at Flathead lake, and
specimens showing great variation have been captured. Brandegee has
taken it at Helena and Wiley at Miles City. It is abundant in extreme
ends of the state. Cooley reports it abundant at Bozeman. It seems to
be everywhere one of the most common insects. It is known among
entomologists to be the most widely distributed of all butterflies, so far
as present knowledges goes. Its food plants are thistles, (Carduus),
Urtica, (nettle), Onicus, (plumed thistle), and Altheca (marsh mallow).
Coubeaux calls it abundantly around _.ig Sandy. Collected by Coues along
the 4th parrallel in 1874.

THE WEST COAST LADY. Vanessa caryae, Hubner. Fig. 80.

Fig. 80. Vanessa caryae, 4 upper, 5 lower surface.

Butterfly — It is distinguished from P. cardui by absence of the roseate
tint peculiar to that species. It has a complete black bar across the
cell in the primaries. Expanse 2.00 in.

Distribution — It ranges trom Vancouver to Argentina; found as far
east as Utah. Two specimens have been taken at Missoula. As it
has been taken by no one else Missoula is perhaps as far east as it will
be found.

HUNTER'S BUTTERFLY, Vanessa huntera, Fabricius.

Fig.

Vanessa huntera, natural size.

102 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Butterfly — Expanse, 2.00 to 2.25 inches, 50 to 64 mm. Upper surface
fulvous ; a little tawny at base, the apical portion of the fore wings black,
this continued as a border to the posterior angle. The apical black con-
tains an oblique fulvous bar beyond the cell, and the submarginal dots
as in atalanta, the first two blended, and one farther down in the fulvous.
Besides this there are five triangular black marks, two of which are in
the cell. The border of both wings consists of three more or less distinct
lines, the inner on the hind wings in the form of a shade. The apical
portion of the border on the fore wings is washed with lilac; and there
is a gray-blue bar at the anal angle. Hind wings have a submarginal
row of five black spots, the second and fifth pupiled with blue. Costa
black.

The under side of fore wings is red, except the apical portion, which
is marked as above. Hind wings marbled with brownish black and white,
with two large ocelli. By these it is easily distinguished. The outer
border is four black lines, with violet between the two inner.

Early Stages — The mature larva is 1.25 inches, 32 mm, long, the body
velvety black, between the joints four transverse lines of pale yellow alter-
nating with narrow black lines. The food plants are Gnaphalium, Anten-
naria, Artemisia, and allied species.

Distribution — From Nova Scotia to Mexico. In the state it is report-
ed only by Campbell Carrington and William B. Logan, of the Expedition
in 1871, locality not given.

THE MONARCHS, Genus Basilarchia. Scudder.

Butterfly — Head large; the eyes are large and naked; the antennae
moderately long, with a distinct club; palpi compact, stout, produced,
densely scaled. The fore wings are sub-triangular, apex well rounded,
the lower two-thirds of the outer margin slightly excavated. The first
two sub-costal nervules arise before the end of the cell. The hind wings
are rounded, crenulate.

Early Stages — Eggs nearly spherical, the surface pitted with large
hexagonal cells. The mature caterpillar is cylindrical, the second seg-
ment with two prominent rugose club-shaped tubercles; they are strik-
ingly mottled or spotted. Chrysalis suspended by a stout cremaster.
They feed upon the leaves of various species of oak, birch, willow, or
linden. Three species are found in the state, to be separated from each
other by the following key.

Key to species.

1. Ground color fulvous or mahogany archippus

Ground color black. 2.

2. Both wings with broad white bands. 3.

Wings without broad white bands. astyanax.

3. YellowxSh white bar near the end of the cell of the fore wings, apex

and upper margin, of the same, reddish. lorquini

Bar and red color absent, and a submarginal series of white spots
present. wiedemeyeri

Bui. Univ. of Mont., Biol. Series No. 10.

Plate VI.

3

Basilarchia wiedemeyeri; 2, lower surface, 1, upper surface of Basil-
archia lorquina.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.
THE VICEROY, Basilarchia archippus, Cramer.

103

Fig. 81. Basilarchia archippus, From water color drawing by Mrs. Edith
Ricker.

Butterfly — Upper surface fulvous, the lines black; on the fore wings
a dark triangular patch, containing three white spots on the costa beyond
the cell, continued to the posterior angle in a narrow line. A black line
crosses the hind wings about two-thirds of the distance from the base.
Outer border black containing a row of white spots, and there are two
ante-apical white spots; the lower one quite small. Underside similar
to upper, paler fulvous. The fringes are black, spotted with white.

Earley Stages — The larva feeds upon willow, popular, balm of gilead,
aspen, and cottonwood. It is two or three brooded.

Distribution — Found over nearly the whole of the United States as
far west as the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and has been found sparingly
even to the Pacific coast, near our northern boundaries.

B. archippus is injurious to the oak and to the wild plum.

This species mimics the Monarch butterfly Anosia plexippus, so
abundant in the eastern states. The Monarch is sparingly found in the
western part, rather abundant east. The eastern milkweed is gaining
a footing along the railroads, and with it the Monarch is probably on the
Increase. The writer has not taken the Viceroy west of the range, but
Mr. E. N. Brandegee has some specimens from Gold Creek, west of the
range, which he collected and which the writer has seen. Cooley re-
ports it as occasional near Bozeman, while Wiley calls it rare and local
about Miles City. Douglass collected one specimen at Fish Creek. —
Coubeaux has collected it at Big Sandy.

104 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

WIEDEMEYER'S ADMIRAL Basilarchia wiedemeyeri, Edwards.
Plate VII. Fig. 3.

Butterfly — It may be distinguished from B. lerquina by its wings be-
ing crossed with white bars instead of cream ones, and the absence of a
bar at the end of the cell and the yellow apex; it has a submarginal row
of white spots on both wings. Expanse 3.00 inches, 77 mm.

Early Stages — Caterpillar feeds upon cottonwood.

Distribution — The insect is found on the Pacific slope and eastward
to Montana, Nebraska and New Mexico.

We have not yet taken this species west of the Rocky Mountains,
although it is not uncommon east of the range. Brandegee has collected
it at Helena, Cooley at Mystic Lake, and Wiley at Miles City. Douglas
found it at Madison lake and Jasper Mountain. Taken at Big Sandy by
Coubeaux.

LORQUIN'S ADMIRAL, Basilarchia lorquini, Boisduval.
Plate VII, Fig. 1, upper, Fig. 2, lower surface.

Butterfly — Easily distinguished from all the other species of the
genus by the yellowish white bar near the end of the cell of the fore
wings, and the reddish color of the apex and upper margin of the same
wings. Expanse, 2.25-2.75 in., 56 to 62 mm.

Caterpillar — The food plant of the caterpillar is poplar, willow, and
the choke-cherry.

Distribution — This is a western species, quite common in most locali-
ties in the state west of the range. It is not k^iown to occur east of the
range. The University of Montana collection embraces specimens col-
lected by Elrod at various plf.ces in the Mission Mountains, at Flathead
and Swan lakes, at Missoula, and on Mt. Lo Lo.

BUTTER FLIES ON CHIMBORAZO.

"Even butterflies are found at sea at great distances from the coast,
being carried there by the force of the wind when storms come off the
land. In the same involuntary manner insects are transported into the
upper regions of the atmosphere, 16,000 or 19,000 feet above the plains.
The heated crust of the earth occasions an ascending vertical current
of air, by which light bodies are borne upwards.

When Bonplahd, Carlos Montufar and myself reached, on the 23rd
of June, 1802, on the eastern declivity of the Chimborazo the height of
19,286 English feet, we saw winged insects fluttering around us. We
could see that they were Dipteras, but it was impossible to catch the in-
sects The insects were flying at a height of about 18,226 feet

Somewhat lower down, at about 2,600 toises (16,680), also therefore
within the line of perpetual snow, Bonpland had seen yellow butterflies
flying very near the ground. Humboldt in "Aspects of Nature."

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 105

THE WOOD NYMPHS, THE MEADOW-BROWNS. SUBFAMILY
Agapetinae.

The butterflies belonging to this subfamily are for the most part of
medium size, and are generally obscure in color, being of some shade
of brown or gray, though a few species are brightly colored. The mark-
ings consist almost entirely of eyelike spots, dark pupiled in the center
with a point of lighter color, and ringed about with one or more light
circles. They are possessed of a weak flight. Most of them are forest
living insects, though a few inhabit the cold and bleak summits of mount-
ains and grassy patches near the margins of streams in the far North.

The family includes chiefly brown butterflies whose markings consist
almost entirely of eyelike spots. Some of the western species are brightly
colored. The insects are easily recognized by their having some of the
veins of the fore wings greatly swollen at the base.

The larvae are cylindrical, tapering more or less toward each end.
The candal segment is bifurcated, a character that distinguishes them
from all other American butterfly larvae excepting those of some of the
emperors (Chlorippe).

The Chrysalids are rounded; in some cases the transformation takes
place beneath rubbish on the ground without any preparation of cell or
suspension of the body. Nearly fifty species have been described from
America north of Mexico.

Key to Genera.

1. Eyes very hairy 2.
Eyes naked or nearly so 3.

2. Outer margin of hind wings angled Enodia
Outer margin of hind wings evenly rounded Satyrodes

3. Upper surface of fore wings with eye spots 4.
Upper surface of fore wings without eye spots 5.

4. Spots ordered by some shade of red Erebia, P. 113

Spots bordered by some shade of yellow Cercyonis, P. 105

Spots light, color ochreous Coenonympha, P. 114

Spots bordered by white or gray Neominois, P. 121

5. Lower surface of hind wings mottled Oeneis, P. 119

Genus CERCYONIS.
(The Wood Nymphs.)

Key to species.

1. Fore wings with or without a buff band, but with two ocelli alope

No buff bands, fore wings with two occelli on fore wings and one

on hind wings, both showing above sylvestis, var. charon

THE COMMON WOOD NYMPH, Ceryonis alope Fabricus. Fig. 83, 84, 82.

Butterfly— Expanse of wings 1.75 to 2.00 inches, male. Upper surface

blackish brown, darkest over the basal area; outer margin consisting of

two fine parallel lines, a little within which is a black stripe. The fore

106

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Fig. 82. Venation of
cercyonis

wings have a transverse yellow band beyond the cell,
sometimes a little ochraceous, and often more or less
encroached upon by the brown ground. On this
area are two ocelli, round, black, or variable size,
and with or without a central point, which is white
with blue scales. Behind the cell is a blackish indis-
tinct sexual dash in the males. The hind wings have
a small ocellus in a yellow ring near the anal angle
(often wanting).

Underside yellow-brown; the band enlarged and
of a paler color; the ocelli repeated, enlarged; the
marginal lines distinct; the brown area covered with
abbreviated darker streaks, which over the base and
disks form somewhat concentric broken rings, limited
without by a common dark stripe. On the fore wings

it is irregularly sinuous from margin to margin, throwing out a rounded
prominence against the cell, followed by a rounded sinus on the median
interspace. Across the middle of the cell, and below it, a dark stripe;
the extra discal area less streaked. The ocelli vary from none to six,
the full number being most often present, disposed in two groups of
three, the middle one of each group the largest; all black, rounded, in
narrow yellow rings, and with white dots in the center edged by blue,
scales.

Female — This differs from the male in the band being generally

Fig. 83. Cercyonis alope var. nephele, right figure upper surface, left fig-
ure lower surface.

broader, clearer, and well defined on both edges, the ocelli well developed,
with occasionally additional black points on the hind wings corresponding
to the ocelli on the under side. A larger percentage than of the males
have no ocelli on the under side of the hind wings.

The above description applies to typical form alope. Variety
olympus, Edwards, differs from the above as follows: The males are

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

107.

almost black. The ocelli are very small and without wings, but in some
examples there is a faint russet or yellowish tint about them, and perhaps
on the space between them. On the under side the rings are russet or
ochraceous on both wings, and there is a perceptible bronze reflection
on the underside of the hind wings, especially in the males.

This form is said to occur from Illinois to the Rocky Mountains, and
is found abundantly in Montana. However, many specimens with the
broad buff band, as in typical alope are found also, see Fig. 85. Olympus
and nephele are now given as synonyms, so nephele occurs from New Eng-
land to the Rocky Mountains. Five varieties for this species are recog-
nized.

Early Stages — The egg is conical, marked by about eighteen verti-
cal ridges, lemon-yellow in color, hatching in from fourteen to twenty-eight
days. The mature larva is 1.25 inches long, cylindrical, robust, thickest
in the middle, with two sharp, conical, divergent tails; color yellow-green,
head vivid green, Chrysalis is a little more than half an inch long, cylin-
drical. The butterfly emerges in fourteen days. The larva feeds on
meadow-grass, and the butterfly is found mostly in the open fields or open
woods.

Var. nephele — Largest of the forms, with buff bands. Ariana is also
found in Montana. This is a decidedly dwarfed form, and one that is
quite dark. The ocelli are small and well defined.

This species is abundant during July and August around Flathead
Lake. In searching for insects nephele skirts the roadside by the open
woods or undulates through the woods in graceful flight. It becomes so
abundant that catching it becomes tame. The specimens show great
variation; the species is recognized as being exceedingly variable. At
Missoula it is quite common; Brandegee has taken it at Gold Creek, and
Wiley at Miles City. Coubeaux has many specimens from Big Sandy.
Coues collected from boopis at Chief Mountain July 21, 1874, a single spe-
cimen.

THE DARK WOOD NYMPH, Cercyonis sylvestris, var. charon. Edwards.
Fig. 84.

Fig. 84. Carcyonis sylvestris, var. charon.

108 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Butterfly — Expanse of wings, 1.50 to 1.75 inches. The male is dark
in color; the female is paler. There are two eye-spots on the fore
wings in the usual location, indistinct on the upper, distinct on the lower
side of the wings. The under sides of the wings are variable. In the
type they are dark; in other specimens they are paler. They may or
may not have ocelli on the secondaries. Both the fore and hind wings
are abundantly and evenly marked by little striae, and crossed on either
side of the median area by obscure, irregular, transverse dark lines,
either one or both of which may be wanting in some specimens.

Early Stages — The caterpillar is green, cylindrical, tapering before
and behind, marked with longitudinal pale-yellow lines. The chysalis is
green or black, striped with narrow white lines. The larva feeds on
grasses.

Distribution — It is found in the Northwest, ranging from British Col-
umbia as far as Mexico. In Montana it has been taken abundantly by
Wiley at Miles City and Sandstone. Brandegee has taken it at Mt.
Ascension near Helena. Allen has specimens from Dillon. Coues col-
lected it in 1874 at Frenchman's river and Chief Mountain.

BUTTERFLIES OP MONTANA. 109

Collecting Butterflies in Montana.

July 22, 1903, was a hot day. For several days the sun had been
warm. We were camped on the bank of Bigfork or Swan river at its
outlet to Flathead Lake. Our little laboratory, constructed escpecially
for out door work, had been a scene of activity within, but no one could
stand it long in the swamps or woods on account of the mosquitoes. For
two days the little fellows had been especially persistent and villainous.
This was taken to be a sign that they would soon go, as they were starv-
ing. The sun dries up the ponds and they cannot drink nor lay eggs.
Vegetation becomes dry and parched, and does not supply nourishment.
A few hot days, followed by a wind, and it was predicted they would go.
This had come. Donning my coat containing papers, vials, corks, gloves,
and other necessary material, and accompanied by my dog, I started for
butterflies.

Two or three Arygnnids had been seen, which were very much wanted.
Half a dozen other species were on the wing, but all species were doubt-
ful, i. e. could not be named from seeing the specimen flying.

The field sought was the tamarack forest. The beautiful and stately
trees filled the slope of the lake near the laboratory. An occasional
Douglas spruce or yellow pine added to the charm of the tamarck forest
A wagon road wound through the timber, affording a sunny opening in
which the insects love to sport. On either side the tall conifers towered
heavenward. A breeze was blowing. The murmur of the pines as they
swayed gently at their tops was music to the ear. The timber was not
dense. The sun filtered through the leaves and between the treetops,
making alternate patches of light and shade. In the forest, therefore,
it was thought the airy creatures would sport, where the sun's rays were
tempered by the shadow of trees, where the breeze would be less likely
to blow against their delicate wings, and where they would be un-
molested.

The delicate blue bells nodded in the underbrush. Mariposa lilies
were on the wane, but an occasional late one showed its delicate cream
colored perianth here and there. The twin flower was in bloom, making
a carpet where other vegetation was lacking. Service berries were ripe,
the blue-black berries hanging in clusters from every bush. Spiraea was
gorgeous, just coming into full bloom. A fringe of rock maple, dogwood,
spiraea and service berry lined the road, while through the timber they
were scattered in great profusion.

It was a day for birds. The brilliant plumage of the Louisiana tan-
ager flashed in the sunshine as he flew from tree to tree. The call of the
western Phebe was heard on every side. The long-tailed chichadee
cheerily sang from the bushes by the roadside. Upon an old bole a flicker
was calling to his mate, and alternately with his call drumming loudly
on the dead tree. While sitting on a log and drinking in the sweetness
of the bird music mingling with the sighing of the pines the loud call of

110

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

the pileated woodpecker was heard in the distance; for this shy and
handsome bird, the largest of our woodpeckers, is still not uncommon
in the woods of Montana. I could not mention all the birds seen and
heard. One hundred and forty species have been found in this vicin-
ity. On that day the woods were alive with birds, sweet with their
melody and with the odor of flowers. It was a walk of solitude, but I was
by no means alone.

In a thick cluster of service berry my dog flushed a ruffed grouse with
young. The little fellows could fly a little, and would rise into the top of
a little birch or alder and pipe their alarm in great consternation. Their

Fig. 85. Where Leto abounds, near the University of Montana Biological
Station, upper end of Flathead Lake.

somber coats blended beautifully with the surroundings. If one saw a
bird alight it was plainly visible. But when once the eye was turned
elsewhere and returned to the spot the motionless bird blended with the
light and shadow of the forest and with the bark of the trees. Had
the little fellows remained quiet they might have passed unnoticed.
They will learn, if some pot hunter does not kill them too early. The
mother flutters around and makes a great fuss, while the young are
scurrying away to places of safety.

Scarcely had I left the laboratory when a beautiful Eurymus was seen
flying over the bushes by the river bank at the entrance to the forest.
Occasionally the delicate butterfly was seen, and I longed to have it.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. HI

Carefully I followed until the time was favorable for a sweep, when it
was safely landed, much to my delight. Eurymus alexandra is not
abundant here, but is often seen sailing gracefully over the tops of
the dense bushes, out of reach but aggravatingly near. It was a per-
fect specimen, the only one seen or taken during the day.

I started before two. Along the road I went slowly, seeking the
Argynnids. They were out. Such beautiful and dainty creatures they
are. Leto was out in all its glory, but my captures were few. I simply
could not do it. I was too awkward, slow, or something. They would
not rest. Again and again their course would be near me and I would
try, only to fail with an AH, and sigh of regret. Beautiful, dainty, deli-
cate creatures, sporting in tne open forest, flitting from open sunshine
where the resplendent colors show in all their glory to the shadow of
the forest where they may have a little respite. Their gaudy colors
make them conspicuous a long distance off, and their large size makes it
possible to detect them and distinguish them from others. Of the size
of cybele of the east, which was my early delight, it lends a charm to
the forest superior in some respects to that given by music of birds or
odor of flowers. Gorgeous in array, gentle in movements, short of life,
its life nistory unknown, what wonder that it has charm. The day was
too hot for Leto to be in the open. I sought, but in vain. A return to
the forest brought its company. Its flight is rapid and undulating. Rarely
did it rest. Pursuit into the forest beyond the road was impossible be-
cause of brush, fallen logs, stumps and stones. Again and again I made
a desperate sweep for a dark female or a more brilliant male. Thrice
was I successful, but many times did I fail. But one sweep was granted.
With the swish of the net through the air it was off in that peculiar
zigzag course common to most butterflies, the angles of flight and the
lines of flight as sharp and as numerous as the zigzag lines on the wing.
It was not so abundant as formerly, for annually it has been taken near
the laboratory for five seasons.

Other Argynnids were out. Hesperis and one I took to be atlantis,
but which may prove to be different, were on the wing. The time to
take pie is when it is passing. The time to take butterflies is when
they are to be had. There is no more fatal error than to fail to take
specimens because they are plentiful. They may not be so to-morrow.
Every naturalist will no doubt recall irreparable losses because he failed
to take specimens when they were to be had, but delayed for a more
convenint season.

Atlantis was abundant. It is not so large nor so gorgeous as Leto,
but is nevertheless beautiful. The underside of the species captured is
dark buff with a slight submarginal band. It was abundant. It seemed
to be especially fond of resting on Spiraea lucida. It rested often, and
was not difficult to capture. The afternoon's catch resulted in 23 speci-
mens of this and Hesperis. Atlantis was frequently interrupted in its
rest on Spiraea lucida by Phyciodes tharos. Whenever a tharos was near
it would invariably fly to the atlantis on the shrub. They would arise
together and circle about before separating. Frequently the two were
taken together. Tharos was invariably the aggressor. Whether it

112 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

dislikes Atlantis or not was not apparent. It appeared more a curiosity
move, but was not displayed toward the others.

Phyciodes tharos was abundant, and had been several days. Light,
graceful and delicate, it rested airily on the broad white umbels of the
Spiraea, when it would spread its wings to their fullest extent and fan
them gently up and down. Its flight is more graceful and undulating
than that of the Argynnids. It moves more slowly, keeps in the open,
and for that reason was not difficult to capture. It was taken while
waiting for others to appear.

Lycaona meliasa, the orange-margined blue, was less abundant along
the roadside than on former days. It is a delicate little butterfly of
wondrous beauty~in color. It expands only about an inch. The males
are blue-violet above with a delicate fringe or border of white scales
to the wings. The female is dark brown with eye spots on the wing
margins, surrounded by orange, giving the appearance of an orange band.
It is underneath that the gorgeous colors appear. The spots with their
border of gold and dust of silver, on a light grey background, and set out
in contrast to the pure white brush like margin, call for admiration from
all. Along the roadside they slowly flitted, mostly males, but now and
then a female, occasionally seeming to hobnob with tharos, but always
in graceful contrast to the more swiftly moving Argynnids. They were
easy to take, but previously many had been captured.

A single Lorquin's admiral Basilachia lorquina, was captured as it
was being gently wafted along a side road by the breeze.

Down among the red cedars along the rocky lake shore a female Par-
nassius smintheus was resting on a weed. She was royal in her array
of delicate red, creamy white and drab gray. Upon the hilltop one must
usually search for smintheus, for it is an alpine species, among the rocky
summits where grow the sedum and saxifrages. It is rather suprising
to find it at the level of the lake, about 2,900 feet, yet on several previous
occasions it has been seen and captured.

Shortly after four in the afternon the trees were casting longer shad-
ows, and 'already the cool of evening was being felt in the woods. The
sun in the insects' god. When it shines all is life and activity. The
whirr of the bettle's wings is heard, and the bumble bee hums from
flower to flower, flies and gnats fill the air, dragonflies and damselflies
skim the surface of the water, and butterflies disport themselves on airy
wing. But when a passing cloud obscures the sun, or evening approaches,
every form of insect life, except the mosquito and gnats, seems to feel
the depression, and goes to cover. Where or what the cover is, who can
tell? Two hours of brief collecting, and the work of the afternoon was
over. The net result was forty butterflies and two moths, embracing
the following species: Colias alexandra, Argynnis atlantis, abundant;
Argynnis leto, less common; Lycaena melissa, quite common; Phyciodes
tharos, common; Basilarchia lorquina, a single specimen; Parnassius
smintheus, a single specimen; Argynnis hesperis, rare; a small black but-
terfly, of undeterminable species, two specimens; total, forty speci-
mens, eight species.

This was a good day. Many and many a day in Montana has resulted
in a third of this catch. Both species and specimens are lacking in

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 113

numbers as compared with collecting in my boyhood days, when I used
to pick them up on the common or in the clover meadows in much greater
numbers.

The next afternoon I tried again. The sky was obscured by light
fleecy summer clouds, which later thickened for rain. Atlantis was some
place else, and but a few were seen. Leto was very scarce, not one
captured. Melissa was yet in numbers, largely females whereas the
catch of the previous day was largely of males. Tharos was still in evi-
dence. A single Satyrus ofympus was added to the collection. Not a
smintheus was in sight, not an admiral. A male Colias alexandra has-
tened from the road to the bushes and eluded capture. It was a close
day but a poor catch.

The above is typical of good days in Western Montana. Wylie com-
plains bitterly of the scarcity of butterflies in the eastern end. And yet
the chase is not without its charm and its reward. The field is new,
The unknown species lends zest to the search. "It isn't this not that, it
must be something new," is interesting and cheerful to hear. It shows
the speaker is thinking. And the greut state, with its wealth of life,
beckons to the ambitious entomologist who may be the first in his locality,
offering him a rich if not prolific field. To the collector will come a love
for the woods and fields. They will not be places of solitude, for there
he will find friends, and will commune with nature in that manner which
brings the richest reward, when he is alone. He will feel the thrill of joy
at first holding in his grasp a new find, for new they must be for years
yet. His will be the pleasure, perhaps, of finding something new about
some abundant species, for "Unknown" is yet written after many species
herein mentioned. Nay, perhaps his small collection may be the humble
beginning of a larger work, leading to broad fields and to the fascination
which comes to him whose horizon is broad, widening with each day's
work, limited only by physical limitations. Love for the humble little
creatures of the air, love for the beautiful in nature, as revealed in their
rich ornamentations, love for nature itself, with a reaction upon the in-
dividual, making him more appreciative, more happy, and more contented,
will be the final reward of the young collector.

M. J. E.
Bigfork, Mont., July 23, 1903.

114

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Genus EREBIA, Dalman.

"The Alpines."

Key to Species.

Wings dark brown, ocelli pupiled with white and surrounded with
red. epipsodea.

THE COMMON ALPINE, Erebia epipsodea, Butler.

Fig. 86, 87.

Butterfly — The wings are dark brown, almost black, pupiled with
white, and broadly surrounded with red near the outer margin of the
fore wings, and with three or four ocelli on the upper side of the nind
wings. The spots on the upper side reappear on the under side, and in
addition -the hind wings are covered by a
broad, curved, median blackish band.

Early Stages — The caterpillar feeds on
grasses.

Distribution — It ranges from New Mex-
ico (at high elevations) northward to Alas-
ka. It is common on the mountains of
British Columbia. The collection in the
University of Montana contains specimens
from Sinyaleamin lake and McDonald lake
in the Mission Mountains, Flathead Indian
Reservation, the Tobacco Root range, Gey-
ser Basin and Missoula.

It has been collected by Brandegee at
Helena, and reported common. It has
been taken by Cooley at East Flathead in
Park county, at Shields river, Park county,
at elevation 6,400 feet, at Mystic lake, Gal-
latin county, at 6,700 feet, and at Bozeman.

Fig. 86. Venation of Erebia epipsodea

Fig. 88. Erebia epipsodea,
lower surface.

Fig. 87. Erebia epipsodea,
upper side.

This butterfly is one of the early spring insects. The earliest about
Missoula are Aglais milberti and Eugonia californica. Before the hot
days come on Erebia epipsodea seems to be at its best. The last of May
and the first days of June are the times when it is at its best. Its
flight is like Cercyon, and the species is easily recognized by its flight.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

115

Genus COENONYMPHA, Westwood. 1

The Ringlets.

Small Butterflies. The costal, median and sub-median veins are all
strongly swollen, as may be seen in figure 89. The palpi are very heavily
clothed with hairs, the last joint quite long and porrect. The antennae
are short, delicate, gradually but distinctly club-;
bed. The eyes are naked. Both wings on the
outer margin are evenly rounded.

This genus is distributed throughout the tem-
perate regions both of the old and new world,
and includes in our fauna a number of forms, the
most of which are peculiar to the Pacific coast.
They are very variable as to the number of spots
and ocelli, and vary greatly in the color of the
under side. It is no infrequent thing to find the
ocelli and spots differing on the two sides of
the same insect.

Key to species.

Upper side bright glossy ochre-yellow; no mark-
ings above save by the transparency of the
wings ochracea

Upper side fuscous, immaculate; under side a
shade paler, much irrorated with gray scales.

haydeni

Fig. 89. Venation of Co«no-
nympha.

Upper side pale ochre-yellow, immaculate

elko
Upper side ochrey-brown, lighter in the disk of all wings.

tiphon, var. laidon

THE OCHRE RINGLET. Coenonympha ochracea, Edwards. Figs. 90
and 91.

Figs. 90 and 91, upper and lower surfaces of Coenonympha ochracea.

the hind margin; abdominal margin and base dark gray; near the hind
margin and parallel to it is a series of six black dots, sometimes obsolete,
usually with white pupil and broad yellow iris; near the base two irregu-
lar pale brown spots, and midway between the base and hind margin a
sinuous interrupted ray of same color, extending nearly across the wing.
Female like the male.

Early Stages — Unknown.

116 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Distribution — Ochracea has a wide range, from Lake Winnipeg in
British Columbia to Kansas and west to California.

This dainty little insect is abundant about Missoula in early spring.
In May and early June it sports along the open hillsides, being most
abundant in mountain gullies where moisture lingers, or along the banks
of streams.

The university collection embraces specimens from McDonald lake
in the Mission Mountains, Missoula, New Chicago, the Tobacco Root
range, and the Ruby Mountains. It is common about Helena according
to Brandegee. Wiley has it in his collection from Miles City, and Cooley
has collected it at Forsyth and Bozeman. Coubeaux reports it moder-
ately common in Bear Paw Mountains. Coues collected it along the 49th
parallel in 1874.

Remarks: — Dr. Henry Skinner, in his revision of the American species
of the genus Coenonumpha. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXVI, says of this
species: "That is quite a variable species. The upper side differs
very much in different specimens in regard to the distinctness with which
the spots below show through on the upper side. The color of this spe-
cies, in conjunction with the distinct ocellus on the premaries below, serve
to distinguish it from all others." He calls C. brenda Edwards a synonym
of C. ochracea, and says it is only a much spotted ochracea. "If we give
names to all the variations of ochracea we would have six names for
the species."

THE RINGLESS RINGLET. Coenonympha elko, Edwards.

Butterfly, IvTaTe — Expanse, .95 to 1.00 inch, 25 mm.

Upper side pale ochre-yellow, immaculate; fringes concolored. Up-
per side of primaries nearly same ochre-yellow over basal area and part
of disk, limited without by a slightly sinuous and crenated edge of deeper
color, much as in the allied species; outside this, slightly ochraceous next
the inner angle, but yellow-buff over apical area. The secondaries have
the basal area uniform grey-brown, the outline distinct and in strong con-
trast with the remainder of the wing which is yellow-buff. Very slightly
gray; the outline is irregularly crenated, with a deep sinus on the upper
sub-costal interspace, and another on the lower disco-cellular interspace.

Female — Expands 1.00 to 1.02 inches. Upper side like the male.
Beneath, the area just outside the crenated edging on disk of primaries
is yellow for a little distance, then tinted ochraceous to the margin, in
one example a minute black dot in the disco-cellular interspace with white
center, in another no dot; secondaries as in male, basal area one shade
of gray, with distinct crenated outline, and beyond a yellow or buff ground
to the margin, very little dusted with gray.

Distribution — It occurs in Vancouver's Island, Washington, Oregon,
Nevada, Montana, Utah and Idaho.

Remarks: — Very much like ochracea, but it is distinguished from
others by the absence of ocelli on both wings, above and below. Accord-
ing to Edwards ampelos and elko are same. He has found two speci-
mens with spots on the secondaries.

THE PLAIN RINGLET, Coenonymph tiphon, var. laidon, Borkh.

Butterfly — This Butterfly was described by Edwards as C. inornata
Dr. Buckell called attention to its resemblance to the European form.
His view is confirmed by Dr. Skinner in his recent paper previously re-
ferred to. The following is Edwards' description of inornata, and there-
fore of laidon.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

117

Male — Expanse, 1.40 inch, 35 mm. Upper side ochrey-brown, lighter
in the disk of all wings; costal margin of primaries and abdominal margins
of secondaries grayish, no spots above or below; fringe gray, crossed by
darker lines. Under side: primaries same color as above, from base
to beyond the middle, then a transverse sinuous ray of paler color, and be,-
yond this to hind margin grayish; sometimes this ray disappears, the basal
color extending nearly to the apex; secondaries gray, with a slight gray-
ish tinge, darker from base to middle, and this shade separated from the
paler margin by a transverse tortuous interrupted ray, the course of
which is parallel to the hind margin.

Female — Wholly dull ochrey-yellow, marked as in the male.

Dr. Skinner adds: "This species is readily distinguished by its rich
dark color, being the darkest of all the spscies except haydeni. Like-
all the other species it has ocelli. Mr. Edwards' specimens were evi-
dently devoid of ocelli, as he says 'No spots above or below.' "

Distribution — The species occurs in Montana, Minnesota, British Am-
erica and Newfoundland. Examinations show the collections to have/
one from Mount Lo Lo by Elrod and one from Miles City by Wiley. Col-
lected by Coues in the mountains along the northern border in 1874.

HAYDEN'S RINGLET, Coer,ony<r.pha h:yde:ii, Edviaris. Fig 92.

Fig. 92. Coenonympha haydeni.

Butterfly, Male — Upper side entirely of a bright glossy ochre-yellow,
without any spot or mark, except what is caused by the transparency of
the wings; base of both wings dark grey; abdominal margin of secon-
daries pale gray ; fringe pale gray, crossed by a darker line. Under side.
Primaries same color as above; costal margin, apex and base grayish;
near the apex a round, sometimes a rounded-oblong, black spot with
white pupil and pale yellow iris; this is preceded by an abbreviated, pale
yellow, transverse ray. Secondaries light reddish brown, grayish along

Butterfly, Male — Expanse, 1.60 inches, 40 mm. Upper side fuscous,
immaculate; under side a shade paler, much irrorated with gray scales;
primaries immaculate; secondaries have a complete series of black ocelli
along the hind margin, one in each interspace; each ocellus narrowly
ringed with ochraceous, and having a minute white pupil.

The female is like the male in markings, but in color quite different,
as it is light yellowish-brown.

Distribution — The species has been found in Montana, Idaho, Colo-
rado and Wyoming. The University of Montana has but one specimen
at present writing, collected by Douglas in the Tobacco Root range.
Cooley has taken it at Mystic lake, 6,700 feet elevation, in Bridger canyon,
along Shield's River, at East Flathead in Park county, and at Bozeman.

118 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

List of Butterflies taken by H. R. Morrison in Dakota and Montana,
1881.

1. Papilio zolicaon, Bois.

2. Pontia (Pieris) protodice, Bois.

3. Eurymus (Colias) philodice, Godart.

4. Eurymus (Colias) eurytheme, form keewaydin, Edw.

5. Argynnis cybele, Fab.

6. Argynnis aphrodite, Fab.

7. Argynnis nevadensis, Edw.

8. Argynnis Edwardsii, Reak.

9. Brenthis (Argynnis) myrina, Cram

10. Euptoieta Claudia, Cram.

11. Lemonias (Melitea) acastus, Edw.

12. Phyciodes carlota, Reak.

13. Phyciodes tharos, Drury.

14. Basilarchia (Limenitis) wiedemeyerii, Edw.

15. Pasilarchia (Limenitis) disippus, Godt.

16. Coenonympha tiphon, var. laidon Bork (inornata Edw.)

17. Cercyonis (Satyrus) alope, var. nephele, Kirby.

(nephele, var. olympus, Edw.)

18. Cercyonis (Satyrus) meadii, Edw.

19. Cercyonis (Satyrus) sylvestris, var. Charon, Edw, (charon).

20. Cercyonis (Satyrus) sylvestris, Edw.

21. Oeneas (Chionobas) varuna, Edw.

22. Uranotes (Thecla) melinus (humuli).

23. Thecla liparops, Bois & Le Conte, (strigosa, Harr).

24. Thecla acadica, Edw.

25. Mitoura (Thecla) damon, Cramer, (smilacis, Bois).
2G. Gaeides (Chrysophanus) dione, Scudder.

27. Epidemia (Chrysophanus) helloides, Bois.

28. Chalcsria (Chrysophanus) rubidus, Edw.

29. Cupido (Lycaena) saepiolus, Bois.

30. Rusticus shasta Eaw., (Lycaena lupini, Bois.)

31. Rusticus (Lycaena) melissa, Edw.

32. Rusticus (Lycaena) acmon, West. — Doub.

33. Cyaniris (Lycaena) ladon, Cramer (pseudargiolus, Bois.)

34. Cyaniris (Lycaena) ladon (pseudargiolus), form violacea, Edw.

35. Everes (Lycaena) comyntas, Godt.

36. Pholisora (Ancyloxypha) lena, Edw.

37. Oarisma (Thymelicus) poweschiek, Parker.

38. Erynnis (Pamphila) pawnee, Dodge.

39. Erynnis (Pamphila) uncas, Edw.

40. Limochroes (Pamphila) manataaqua, Scudder (cernes, Harris.)

41. Euphyes (Pamphila) vestries, Bois, var. metacomet, Harr. (meta-

comet, Harr.)

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 119

42. Phycanassa (Pamphila) vitellus, Fab. (delaware, Edw.)

43. Ambliscirtes vialis, Edw.

44. Pyrgus montivaga, Reak. (tesselata, Scud.)

45. Scelothrix (Pprgus) scriptura, Bois.

46. Thanaos perseus, Scudder.

This list of 46 species is given by W. H. Edwards in the Canadian
Entomologist, Vol. XIV, p. 6, 1882. As here given the nomenclature used
in this work has been used. Where the names used by Edwards are dif-
ferent from those used in this book they follow immediately and without
commas, in parentheses. Where parentheses do not occur the Edwards
names and names used by us are the same.

From this list it is impossible to tell which specimens were collected
in Montana and which in Dakota. The species which are not included
in this work are Nos. 20, 25, 26, 41, 42, and 43. Whether these are to be
included in the lost from Montana is yet to be determined.

Genus OENEAS HUEBNER.

The Arctics.

Butterfly — The antennae are short, the eyes of moderate size; The
front full, protuberant; the palpi slender; the fore wing somewhat pro-
duced at the tip; with the outer margins rounded and the hind margins
slightly, if at all, sinuated. The nervules of the fore wings are slightly
dilated toward the base; the hind wings are elongated, oval, and the outer
margins evenly rounded. The color of these butterflies is some shade
of brown; the outer margin is generally lighter than the base of .the
wing, and is marked with black spots, sometimes pupiled with white. The
wings are generally marbled and mottled on the under side, and some-
times crossed on the middle of the hind wings by a broad band of darker
color. The fringes are brown, checkered with white. The eggs are
ovate, spherical, marked with sculptured ridges. The caterpillars are
pale green or brown, marked by darker stripes upon the back and on the
sides. The chrysalids are stout, very slightly angulated, and are formed,
so far as we know, unattached under stones and at the roots of grasses.

The genus contains insects belonging to the Arctic fauna, which are
formed in the far north or dwell upon the lofty mountain summits where
the season is short. Of the large number of species formerly recognized
but seven are retained, the others being placed as snb-species or varieties.
At the present time but two are recorded from the state, although we
should expect nevadensis, and possibly macounii.

Key to species.

Dark brown color, covering basal and median areas; a broad band of
lighter shade on outer margin; under side mottled with white and
brown. chryxus

Smaller, lighter in color; under side mottled with brown and black

varuna

120 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE CHRYXUS BUTTERFLY. Oeneas chryxus, Westwood. Plate X.
also Plate 1.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.75 to 2.25 inches, 44 to 57 mm. Light brown
above, usually with darker color on the basal and median areas of both
fore and hind wings, leaving a broad band of lighter color. A narrow dark
brown or brownish black outer margin on both pairs of wings. Outer
edges fringed with dashes or crescents. Edge of costa usually mottled.
Wings on under side beautifully mottled with white and dark brown, a
heavier band of almost black crossing both wings near the center, making
an acute angle toward outer edge near the middle of fore wing. One to
several eye spots, some pupiled with white, which show above as dark
brown or black. The plate shows some of the variations of the species.

Distribution — The insect is found over a wide territory, from Hudson
Bay and British Columbia to Colorado, the light colored variety invalida
in Nevada and California. It has been taken in the state by Cooley in
Gallatin county at 9,400 feet, and at Missoula; by Brandegee at Rimini
near Helena arid at Cascade on the Missouri river; Douglas collected it
in the Tobacco Root range; Elrod has specimens from Missoula, from
Mount Lo Lo, from Geyser Basin in the Yellowstone Park, and from the
Swan range. The species is alpine. It has not been taken below 5,000
feet at Missoula, and above this is quite common. It has frequently been
seen in the Swan range above 6,000 feet.

Fig. 92A. Oeneas uhleri, var. varuna; lower surface on left, upper surface
on right; natural size.

THE VARUNA ARCTIT.. Oeneas uhleri Reakirt, var. varuna, Edwards.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.50 to 1.75 inches, 38 to 45 mm. The butterfly
is among the smallest of the Oeneas group. It is light tan colored above,
with a narrow dark grown border on both wings. Edges with light fringe,
broken by the brown. On the under surface the wings are mottled with
brown, strongly marked with blackish blotches or shades. Usually sev-
eral (two to five) eye spots, black, mostly pupiled with white, which show
through as black.

Early Stages— Fully described by Edwards in Volume III of his great
work "The Butterflies of North America." Eggs chalk-white, conical,
truncated, ribbed. Mature larva .90 to .94 inches long, stout, thickest
at the middle, a lateral band and several stripes of black, the intervening
bands solid green. Under side, feet and legs, green, with a tint of
brown. Chrysalis about .50 inch long, greenish yellow, wing cases

Bui. Univ. of Mont., Biol. Series No. 10.

Plate X,

Oenas chryxus, showing various forms of wing coloration. Nc. 3 is lower
surface.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 121

with a shade of brown, head and abdomen witli still more brown. Larval
period, eleven to twenty days, pupal period about eleven days.

Distribution — It is found in the prairie lands of North Dakota, and the
parts of Montana and Canada adjacent. It is not uncommon about Cal-
gary. Wiley has collected many specimens around Miles City, and in
1894 sent eggs to Edwards to be hatched. Cooley has collected it at
Bozeman. Taken by Coubeaux in Bear Paw Mountains.

Genus NEOMINOIS, Scudder.
RIDINGS SATYR, Neominois ridingsii, Edwards.

Fig. 92B. Neominois ridingsii, natural size.

Butterfly — Expanse, Male, 1.6 to 1.8 inches, Female, 1.8 to 2 inches.

Upper side dusky gray-brown, pale over the basal areas, beyond to
margin dark; a common extra-discal series of buff spots, on primaries
separated in the lower discoidal interspace; the four above this con-
fluent, their outer extremities lanceolate, and being on the upper dis-
coidal interspace a white pupiled black ocellus; the fifth spot is long,
oval, narrower than the interspace — the upper median; the sixth is sub-
oval, broad, and carries a second ocellus, usually equal to, but sometimes
a little smaller than the other; the next two spots are sometimes com-
pletely confluent, and are about half the length of the sixth; on second-
aries the spots from a continuous band of nearly even width, the upper
three more or less incised on the basal side; the outer ends serrate, or
partly lanceolate; a small black patch near the outer edge of the spot
in lower median interspace; occasionally a minute pupiled ocellus is
present on the lower sub-costal interspace of primaries, outside the line
of the principal ocelli; fringes fuscous, yellowish at the tip of the ner-
vules.

Under side paler; the cell of primaries and the basal and marginal
areas of both wings covered with fine abbreviated dark streaks; the
spots and ocelli of primaries repeated; the buff band of secondaries rarely
clearly repeated, but the position of the outer edge of it is indicated
by a black serrated line; the marginal inscriptions usually extend across
this line well toward the mesial band; this band is closely as in the
allied genus Oeneas, light within ,dark near and along both edges; the
elbow without rectangular on the lower discoidal interspace, with equal
serrations from the angle to costa (though sometimes the lower two are
much prolonged, acuminate) ; on the basal side a small angular sinus
on the sub-costal nervure, and a large rectangular, or sometimes rounded,
projection on the median.

122 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Body dusky gray-brown; beneath light and concolored with the wings;
femora light grey, the tibiae red-brown; palpi whitish, with many black
frontal hairs; antennae fuscous above, cretaceous below; club red-brown
beneath and at the tip.

The female is very much like the male; some individuals have a small
ocellus on the upper median interspace.

A late form is a little larger, than the other, paler colored, especially
beneath, where the inscriptions are faint and the space which on the
upper side is occupied by the buff band is scarcely outlined; the mesial
band but a shade darker than the basal area.

The above lengthy description is taken irom Edwards. The species
was reported after the manuscript for this work was completed and the
cuts made.

Early Stages — The egg is sub-conic, base and top flattened, marked
by nineteen and twenty vertical ribs; color chalk-white. The mature
larva is about an inch in length, covered thickly with small pointed
tubercles of irregular sizes, each bearing a rather long, clubbed and ap-
pressed whitish process; color reddish buff, the sides pale green; mid-
dorsal stripe pale black; feet and legs gray-green. The chrysalis is
about a half inch in length, cylindrical; color red-brown, darkest an-
teriorly, the divisions of the abdomen green ; wing cases green, around the
margin brown. Pupation takes place under the ground.

Distribution — It is reported from tne Mountain states of the Pacific
coast. In Montana it has been collected by Cooley at Bozeman and by
Coubeaux at Big Sandy.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 123

EXCHANGES.

One of the best ways of adding to a collection is by the method
known as exchanging. A collector in one part of the country may find
species which are rare, or altogether unknown, in another part of the
country. By a system of exchanges with other collectors he is able to
supply the gaps which may exist in his collection. No one, however,
cares to effect exchanges with collectors who are earless or slovenly in
the preparation of their specimens, or inaccurate in naming them. A
collector who contemplates making an exchange should, as the first step,
prepare double lists, in one of which he gives the names and the number
of specimens of either sex of the butterflies which he is able to offer in
exchange; in the other he sets forth the things which he desires to
obtain. The first list is said to be a list of "offerta"; the second is a
list of "desiderata." As an illustration of the manner in which sud»i
lists may be conveniently arranged, I give the following:
Offerta.

Papilio turnus — Male three; female four. Dimorphic var. glaucus,
male six. Colias alexandra, male four; female six.
Desiderata.

Papilio nitra, female.

Papilio brevicauda, orange-spotted var.

The collector who receives these lists of offerta and disiderata will
be able to decide what his correspondent has which he desires, and what
there may be in his own collection which the correspondent wishes that
he can offer in exchange ; and the process of exchange is thus immediately
facilitated.

Persons who exchange insects with others should always be ex-
tremely careful as to the manner of packing the specimens. Too much
care cannot be taken in preventing damage to specimens in transit.

Holland, in "The Butterfly Book."

124 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Family LYCAENIDAE.
The Gossamar-winged Butterflies, the Blues and Coppers. Fig. 93.

Fig. 93. Venation of Rusticus melissa.

The family includes butterflies of small size and delicate structure.
They are easily distinguished from the skippers. The body is slender,
the wings delicate and often brigntly colored, and the club of the an-
tennae straight. The antennae are nearly always ringed with white, and
a conspicuous rim of white scales encircles the eyes. The radius of the
fore wings is three or four branched.

'The blues can be distinguished from the metal-marks by the absence
of the costal and humeral veins of the hind wings.

In the female the front legs are like the other legs, in the male they
are shorter, without tarsal claws, and with the tarsi more or less aborted.

The caterpillars are slug-like. The body is short and broad, the legs
and prolegs are short and small, allowing the body to be closely pressed
to the object upon which the insect is moving — in fact some of the species
glide rather than creep. Some of the species are remarkable for having
honey-tubes which can be pushed out from the seventh and eighth ab-
dominal segments, and through which honey-dew is excreted for the use
of ants.

The chrysalids are short, broad, ovate, without angulations. They
are attached by the candal end, by a loop passing over the body near its
middle.

There are three well marked groups, which have been distinguished as
the hair-streaks, the coppers, and the blues.
Key to Species.

1. Radius of the front wings four branched, wings blue or copper color 7.
Radius of the fore wings only three branched, under side of wings

with hair like streaks 2.

2. Hind wings wuh a long, slender, tail-like prolongation

Hind wings with only a short projection if any 6.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 125

3. Upper surface of wings conspicuously marked with blue scales
Upper surface of wings with but few if any blue scales 4.

4. Lower surface of hind wings bright green marked with brown and

white Mitoura P.

Lower surface of hind wings not green 5.

5. Lower surface of wings with a narrow white-edged bar at end of dis-

cal cell Thecla, P. 127

Without bar at end of discal cell Uranotus, P. 126

6. Under side of hind wings without a row of orange spots

Incisalia, P. 130

Under side of hind wings with a row of orange spots Stryman, P. 131
Under side of hind wings pale fawn, with a row of red spots

Erora, P. 131
Under side of hind wings green Callophrys, P. 130

7. Color above orange red with a coppery luster, or brown with a cop-
pery tinge, in each case spotted with black 8.
Color above blue or bluish black 10.

8. Hind wings with a broad orange-red band on the outer margin ex-
tending from the anal angle nearly to the apex 9.
Hind wings with a sinuous submarginal orange line beginning at the

anal angle and fading out near the middle of the outer margin

Epidemia, P. 133

9. Fore wings fulvous, hind wings brown Heodes, P. 134
Both wings brown Gaeides, P. 133
Wings under side front wings orange hind wings gray Chalceria, P. 134
\v ings under side front wings orange hind wings gray Chrysophanus

10. Hind wings with a slender tail like prolongation Everes, P. 139
Hind wings without tails 11-

11. Under side fore and hind wings similar 13.

12. Under side of secondaries pale gray with white spots Agriades, P. 136
Under side gray, with spots pupiled with black Cupido, P. 135

13. Hind wings with golden or orange spots Rusticus, P. 137

Hind wings without golden or orange spots

14. Lower surface of wings slate brown Nomiades, P. 136

Lower surface of wings pale ash gray Cyaniris, P. 138

126

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE GRAY HAIR-STREAK or MELINUS BUTTERFLY, Uranotes melinus
Figs. 94, 1, and 2.

Fig. 94. Uranotes melinus; 1, upper; 2, lower side; 3, Incisalia eryphon;
4, Thecla saepium.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.10 to 1.20 inches, 28 to 30 mm. This butterfly is
easily recognized by its slaty upper surface, adorned by a large black spot,
crowned with crimson, between tne origin of the two tails of the second-
aries. Along the outer margin is a series of more or less distinct pale
blue spots. An orange spot at the anal angle: Two slender tails. Under
side gray, two black lines crossing both wings, the inner on the hind
wings forming a W. The other spots repeated on the under side.

Early Stages — The larvae are "green, downy caterpillars," feeding on
the common hop vine.

Distribution — Found all over temperate North America, ranging
southward into Mexico, at suitable elevations. It has not been found
abundantly in the state. Three specimens have been taken at Mis-
soula. It has been taken at the University of Montana Biological Station
at Flathead lake, but is not plentiful. Wiley has one specimen from
Miles City.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

127

Fig. 95. Lycaena on the banks of Sinyaleamin Lake, Mission Mountains,
Mountains.

Genus THECLA. Fig. 96.
Key to Species.

Fig. 96. Venation of Thecla.

Lower surface of wings with a narrow white-edged bar at the end of
the discal cell acadica

Lower surface of wings crossed just outside of the middle by a row of
small, dark, blue-edged spots, which form an almost continuous line

calanus

The spots of the extra mesial row of the lower surface of the wings
wide and discontinuous liparops

Lines of spots on the lawer surface narrowly denned externally by
white saepium

THE HEDGE-ROW HAIR-STREAK, Thecla saepium Boisduval, Fig. 94.

Butterfly — Exanse, 1.20 inches, 30 mm.

Upper side quite uniformly reddish brown, paler on the under
side; a narrow submarginal and an irregular median transverse band,

128 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

narrowly defined externally by white; a well defined black spot at the
anal angle of the secondaries.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — Found throughout the Pacific states, in Montana and
Colorado. Holland thinks it identical with chalcis. Takea in the state
at Missoula (4).

THE STREAKED HAIR-STREAK, or LIPOROPS BUTTERFLY.
Thecla liparops, Boisduval and LeConte.

Butterfly — Dark brown on upper side, grayish below. The lines on
the underside are arranged in pairs, and very narrow. The spots at the
anal angle are obscure and blackish. Expanse, 1.15 inches, 29 mm.

Early Stages — Almost entirely unknown.

Food — The caterpillar feeds on a variety of "plants, oaks, willows, the
wild plum and the Ericaceae.

Distribution — It ranges through the northern Atlantic States and
Quebec to Colorado and Montana, but it is nowhere common. We have
not taken it.

THE BANDED HAIR-STREAKED, Thecla calanus. Hubner.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.2 inches, 30 mm.

The upper surface of the wings is dark brown or blackish brown
There is sometimes an orange spot at the anal angle. The under side is
blackish slate brown, nearly' as dark as the uppsr surface; there is 3
dark bar edged with bluish white at the end of the discal cell of both
wings, and just outside of the middle a row of small, dark, blue-edged
spots, which form an almost continuous line; and a subrnarginal series
of crescents, edged within with white.

Early Stages — The caterpillar is 1.5 inches in length, slug-shaped,
bright grass green or purple brown in color, marked with lighter and
darker lines running lengthwise of the body. The food plants are oak,
hickory and butternut.

Distribution — East of ths Rocky Mountains.

THE ACADIAN HAIR-STREAK, Thecla acadica, Edwards. Plate I.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.5 inches, 38 mm. The upper surface of the
wings is of a uniform blackish slate brown; costal edge of fore wings,
especially near the base, tawny. Anal angle of the hind wings with a.
submarginal, orange, lunate spot, which is indistinctly continued to the
inner border of the wing. The under surface is pearl gray; on each,
wing at the end of the discal cell there is a dark bar edged with white;
beyond this a bent row of roundish black spots encircled with white; and
beyond this a submarginal row of black lunules edged within with white,
and followed without by orange spots. The orange spots of the front
wings are inconspicuous; but on the hind wings they increase in sizze
toward the anal angle, except that one is largely covered by a blue patch.

Early Stages — Caterpillar; Length about one-half inch; slug-shaped;
the brown head is very small; the body is almost oval in outline and
grass green in color. Two yellowish stripes along the side include a
row of oblique short stripes of the same color. The food plant is the
willow.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

129

Distribution — From New England west to Montana and Vancouver.
South to Los Angeles. Taken in Nevada and Arizona. In Montana
taken occasionally at Flathead lake. It is scarce.
Genus INCISALIA, the Elfins.

Butterfly — The hind wings have only a short projection, if any, at
the anal angle. The under side of hind wings without a row of
orange spots. Dark brownish butterflies, with the fringe of the hind
wings a scalloped outline. No prominent tail like prolongations of the
wings. In the outer third of the inner margin of the hind wings there
is a deep rounded excision, producing a conspicuous lobe at the anal
angle. Discal spot present in the fore wings of the males, usually in-
conspicuous. Under surface almost as dark as the upper, especially on
the basal half, which is separated from the outer half by a wavy line.
Key to Species.

A large rusty brown space in the middle of each wing of the female,
but near the anal angle of the male niphon

The inner of the two dark bands on the outer third oi the wing not
sharply angulated below the third median nervule eryphon

Outer half of the lower surface of the hind wings uniform rust red

augustus

Outer half of lower surface of hind wings sprinkled with pale lilac

irus
THE HOARY ELFIN, Incisalia irus Godart. Fig. 97.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.10 inches, 23 mm. Grayish brown on the.
upper side; wings below are of the same color, paler on ahe outer
margins, and darker toward the base; the outer half of the lower surface
of the hind wings sprinkled, especially near the margin, with pale lilac
scales, giving it a hoary bloom.

Early Stages — The caterpillar is said to feed on the plum.

Distribution — The species is rather rare, but has been found from the
Atlantic to the Pacific in latitude of New England. In the state it has
been taken on Mount Ascension, near Helena (one), by Brandegee; at
Winscott (one), 6,000 feet (near Helena), by Brandegee; at Miles City
(one) by Wiley.

Fig. 97. Incisala irus.

THE BANDED ELFIN, Incisalia niphon Huebner.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1. 10 inches, 28 mm. Upper side dark blackish

brown, a large rusty brown space in the middle of each wing of the

female, but only near the anal angle of the male; a distinct whit<0 or

whitish edging near the base of the under side of the hind wings, limit-

130 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Ing a darker band that occupies the outer two-thirds of the basal half of
the wing; males with a small, oval, sub-costal sex mark. The under
side is light brown, sprinkled with white scales so as to be hoary. Fore
wings with a brown bar at the end of the cell, edged outside with white;
a brown spot farther toward the base. Beyond the cell a somewhat zig-
zag white line, beyond this a submarginal row of dark brown lunate spots.
There are no tails, but three prominent teeth or angles to each hind wing.
There are white fringes to both wings.

Early Stages — The larva is green and pubescent, longitudinal stripes
on the back, the middle one pale yellow, the other two white. The head
is brown. The chrysalis is grayish, with four rows of small spots, of
which the two middle are black, the others ferruginous. The food plant
is the pine.

Distribution — From the Atlantic westward to the Rocky Mountains.
In Montana it has been taken at Miles City by Wiley, and at Bozeman
by Cooley. So far as we know at present it has not been taken west of
Bozeman.
THE ERYPHON HAIR-STREAK, Incisalia eryphon Boisduval. Fig. 94.

Butterfly — Closely resembles niphon, both on the upper and under
side of the wings, but easily distinguished by the fact that on the under
side of the fore wings the inner of the two dark bands on the outer third
of the wing is not sharply angulatel below the third median nervule, and
is in general parallel with the sub-marginal line.

Early Stages — These have not been described.

Distribution — A Pacific coast species that has travelled across the
^mountains eastward as far as Miles City, Montana, where it has been
collected by Wiley. Cooley has collected it at Bozeman and Brandegee
at Mount Ascension near Helena, east of the range. We have collected it
Missoula and at Lo Lo Hot Springs.

THE BROWN ELFIN or AUGUSTUS BUTTERFLY, Incisalia augustus

Kirby.

Butterfly — Expanse, .90 inch, 23 mm. Brown on the upper side, paler
on the under side. The fore wings are marked below by a straight
incomplete median band, and the hind winks by an irregular curved
median band or line. back of these lines toward the base both wings
are darker brown. The outer half of the lower surface of the hind wings
a pretty uniform rust red, darkest near the margin.

Early Stages — The caterpillar is "carmine red," covered with very
short hair, each segment involute above, with double foveae. The chrys-
alis is pitchy brown, covered with very short bristly hair, the wing cases
paler. Holland says the food plant is unknown. Fiske thinks from ac-
tions the food plant is the blueberry.

Distribution — The species is found in New England and northward
and westward into the British Possessions. It is a boreal species. Elrod
has taken it at Missoula, Cooley at Bozeman at 5.400 feet, May 31. 1900.

Genus CALLOPHRYS, Billberg.

THE GREEN WHITE-SPOTTER HAIR-STREAK, Callophrys dumetorum
Boisduval.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.10 inches, 27 mm. Dark fawn-color above,
sometimes tinged externally with reddish. On the under side both wings

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 131

are green, the primaries having a short straight band of white spots on
the outer third, and the secondaries a small white spot on the costa be-
yond the middle, and two or three conspicuous white spots near the anal
angle.

Early Stages — We know practically nothing of these.

Distribution— The Rocky Mountains and California.

Genus ERORA Scudder.
THE EARLY HAIR-STREAK, Erora laeta. Edwards.

Butterfly— Expanse, .75 inch. The wings are brown, glossed with
bright blue above; on the under side pale fawn, with a band of pale red
spots on both wings about the middle, and a few similar spots on the
outer and inner margins of the hind wings.

Early Stages — Unknown, save that the egg has been described by
Scudder. .

Distribution — Dyar gives it as Montana and Colorado. Holland says
It has been taken in Arizona. It is rare in collections. We have not
taken it.

Genus STRYMON.6Hubner.
THE CORAL HAIR-STREAK, Strymon titus Fabricius.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.30 inches. 32 mm. Upper surface dark brown,
with or without an outer marginal row of orange spots or an indistinct
oiange band; males with discal stigma. Under surface soft slaty brown,
sometimes tinged with violaceous; outer half of wings crossed by a
series of black spots, encircled or bordered without with white; between
these spots and outer margin is a series of small black lunules, bordered
within with white and followed without oy a corresponding series of coral
red or orange spots, indistinct or wanting on the fore wings, prominent
on the hind wings.

Early Stages — The caterpillar when full grown is sevent-enths of an
inch long, elliptical in shape, heavy, very small, bilobed, and shining,
with a streak of dull white across the front above the mandibles. Body
above dull green, with a yellowish tint especially on the anterior joints,
and thickly covered with very short brown hairs. A dark green dorsal
line from joint two to four; a patch of dull pink on anterior joints. On
the posterior joints is a much larger rosy patch, extending from the
posterior of joint nine to the end of the body. Posterior part of the body
suddenly flattened, side acutely sloped. The chrysalis is .45 inch long,
glossy pale brown, with many small dark brown dots, and thickly cov-
ered with very short brown hairs, too fine to be seen without a lens.
The larva feeds on the wild cherry and plum.

Distribution — It occurs from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from Maine
to ueorgia. At the present time a single specimen has been taken iln
the state, at Missoula. It is therefore quite rare. Coubeaux has a spe-
cimen collected at Big Sandy. Coues collected a single specimen in 1874
among the mountains of our northern border, called by Edwards Thecla
mopsus.

132

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Genus GAEIDES, Scudder.
EDITH'S COPPER, Goeides editha Mead. Fig.

Fig. 98. Gaides editha.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.25 to 1.35 inches (31 to 34 mm.) Male fuscous
above, narrowly edged with black along the outer margin, and with black
discal bar; the usual spots show through very faintly on the upper side.
Hind wings fuscous, with similar black edge, and within this a row of
four or five black spots near the anal angle. The two nearest this angle
are surrounded by an irregular ochraceous line. Under side of fore wings
gray inclining to fuscous, cinereous on the disc, with the black spots as
allied species. Hind wings below gray-fuscous clouded with white. A
rather broad band of gray-fuscous occupies the outer margin; this band
is crenated inwardly and cut by a fulvous line which begins on the
abdominal margin, extends out on the submedian and last branch of
median nervules, thus leaving a white, black pupiled half.ocellus at anal
angle, a large gray-fuscous crescent in the next interspace, and next to
this a white, black-pupiled ocellus; in this respect the present species
resembles Xanthoides and differs from Dione, which has much more ful-
vous. At the inner edge of the gray-fuscous band the white clouding is
condensed into a continuous line of broad lunules, and at the inner border
of this is the row of spots always fouund in this genus; these spots are
quite large, pale gray-fuscous, edged with black and surrounded by white;
the discal bar is usually confluent with the dot within the cell, so as to
form an irregular horse-shoe mark.

Fringes of all the wings composed of scales of two lengths, the upper
and shorter set being nearly black, the lower ones white; sometimes the
black scales are a little longer in certain places, thus making the fringe
seem white cut with black.

The last branch of median nervule of hind wings prolonged into a very
slight tooth; this is more distinct in the female ,being there about as in
Xanthoides, male.

The female differs from the male in always having at least a small
fulvous or ochraceous cloud upon the disc of fore wing, and a similarly
colored streak at the outer angle. The cloud upon the disc is some-
times so extended as to cover half the surface of the wing. The spots of
lower surface are rather distinctly shown above. In the middle of second-
aries there is often an iroration of fulvous scales and a distinct scalloped
fulvous line along the outer margin, enclosing a black crescent, or double
dot near anal angle and smaller dots above.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 133

Under side like the male, but brighter, and with markings more dis-
tinct; a fulvous tint is also seen at outer angle of primaries.

This pretty little species may be distinguished from Xanthoides, its
nearest ally, by its smaller size, the much more convex outer margins
and more rounded outer angle of primaries, the blunter tooth of second-
aries, the white clouding below and the large size of all the spots. (The
above is a copy of the original description.)

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — The species is recorded from Montana and Nevada. In
the state it has been taken at Bozeman (2) by Cooley, and in the Swan
Range, at 7,000 feet, near the Biological Station.

THE uREAT COPPER, Gaides xanthoides, Boisduval.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.50 to l.CO inches.

The species is easily recognized by its size, which is the largest of
the group in North America, and by its creamy-white under surface, spot-
ted with distinct small black spo's, in large part reproducing the spots
of the upper side.

Distribution — The species is reported from California and Montana.
In the state -t has been taken by Brandegee at Helena (1), and by Wiley
at Miles City (2).

Genus EPIDEMIA Scudder. Fig. 99.

Fig. 99. Venation of Epidemia.
THE PURPLISH COPPER, Epidemia hellioides Boisduval. Fig. 100.

Butterfly — The male has the fore wings broadly shot with irridescent
purple. The female has the fore wings of fulvous, with a broad black
border. On the under side, the fore wings are pale fulvous, the hind
wings a tan color, with a marginal row of brick red crescents. The usual
black spots are found on both wings. Expanse, 1.15 to 1.30 inches,
29 to 32 mm.

Early Stages — These are practically unknown.

Distribution — The University of Montana collection has over a hun-
dred specimens taken at Missoula, Flathead Indian Reservation, and Uni-

134

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

versity of Montana Biological Station by Elrod, by Douglas at Fish Creek
in Sweet Grass County. It was abundant at the Biological Station at
Bigfork in 1903, and in August, 1904. Cooley has many specimens from
Bozeman, and Wiley collected many at Miles City. Brandegee has it in
his collection from Helena. It has been taken by Coubeaux in the Little
Belt and Bear Paw Mountains.

Fig. 100. Epidemia helloides, left figure male, right, female.

REAKIRT'S COPPER, Epidemia mariposa Reakirt.
Butterfly — Small, with a broad dusky band on the wind wing of
the male, and on the fore wing of the female. The male is purplish
red above, the female bright red with the usual spots. On the under
side the fore wings are pale red, the hind wings clear ashen grey, with
the markings. Expanse, 1.10 inches, 28 mm.
Early Stages — Undescribed.

Distribution — The species ranges from British Columbia into northern
California, Montana and Colorado. We have taken it in the Yellowstone
National Park.

Genus HEODES, Dalman.

The Coppers.

THE AMERICAN COPPER, Heodes hypophleas Boisduval.
Butterfly — Expanse, 1 inch, 25 mm. Upper surface of fore wings
shining fulvous with a blackish brown border, narrow on the costa and
hind margin. Beyond the cell is a row of prominent black spots. Hind
wings blackish brown, and a terminal fulvous band, not reaching the apex,
containing four black spots on the edge; at the end of the cell a black
bar. Under side of fore wings fulvous, paler than above; the apex and
whole of hind wings grey.

Early Stages— Eggs nearly round, a little flattended at the apex.
They are pale green overlaid with a white notwork. The larva is
elliptical, dull rosy-red, with a yellowish tint on the under side. The
body is downy. The chrysalis is attached by the end of the abdomen.

Distribution — Found in northern, midd!e, and western states. Not
rare at Miles City (Wiley). We have not taken it.
Genus CHALCERIA Scudder.

Key to Species.

Under side of fore wings same color as upper, spots repeated snowi
Under side shining white rubidus

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

135

SNOW'S COPPER, chalceria snowi, Edwarts. Fig. 101.

Fig. 101. Chalceria snowi.

Butterfly— Expanse, 1.15 to 1.25 inches, 28 to 31 mm. A medium-
sized species, easily recognized by the even, rather black border on-
both wings on the upper side, and the dirty-gray co'or of the hind wings
on the under side. The color above is red, brighter than rubidus, black
border to both wings, dark at base. A row of black s;ots across each
wing about one-third the distance from the apex to the base. Two black
spots in the discal cell of the front wing, a larger spot at the outer end of
the cell.

Under side of fore wing same color as upper, tne spots repeated. An-
tennae black, tipped with reddish fulvous; palpi, legs and body clothed
with white hair.

Early Stages— Unknown.

Distribution — It is found in Co'orado at high e'evat ois, and is re-
ported from Alberta and British Columbia. Only one specimen in the
collections examined, taken by Cooley in Gallatin county, July 12, 1902,
at 9,400 feet.

Remarks — The species is named in honor of Chancellor Snow, of the
Universitly of Kansas and occurs at high elevations. It is a beautiful
and delicate little creature, worthy of the effort necessary to capture it.
THE RUDDY COPPER, Chalceria rubidus, Behr. Plate I.

Butterfly — Rather largs species; the ma?e on the upperside is pale
lustrous red, with a narrow black marginal band and uniformly con-
spicuous white fringes. The upperside of the female is a little 1'ghter
in the ground color; on the underside the wings are shining white, tine
secondaries immaculate. Expanse, 1.30-1.50 inches.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — The species is found in Oregon, Nevada and Montana.
Wiley records it as rare at Miles City. Brandegee has one specimen
from Gold Creek and Cooley one from Bozeman. Coubeaux has one
specimen taken at Livingston. Dr. Elliott Coues took a single specimen
near Three Buttes, August -8, 1874. Edwards says Dr. Haydeh sent him
occasional specimens from Montana. It seems to be everywhere rare.
Genus CUPIDO, Schrank.

THE LYCAEA BLUE, Cupido lycaea, Edwards, Plate XI, 1 and 2.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.25 to 1.40 in., 31 to 35 mm. The adult male is
pale blue above, the margins pale dusky. The black marks do not show
through. The female is dusky, the wings shot with blue at their bases.

136 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OP MONTANA.

On the underside the wings are whitish. There is a row of black spots
on the fore wings and a oar at the ends of the cell. The hind wing has
also a row, but not so large.

Early Stages — These await description.

. Distribution — The butterfly is found in the region of the Rocky
Mountains, from New Mexico to Montana. The University of Montana
•collection has many specimens, collected as follows: at Madison Lakes by
Douglas, at New Chicago by Fred D. Smith and Douglas, at Missoula by
Elrod, and at Sinyaleamin Lake in the Mission Mountains by Elrod. At
Sinyaleamin lake large flocks assembled about camp on the lake bank.
Cooley has two from Bozeman, one from 5,800 feet altitude. Coubeaux
reports it rather common in the mountains near Big Sandy.

THE GREENISH BLUE, Cupido saepiolus, Boisduval. Plate XI.

Butterfly — The male on the upperside has the wings blue, shot in
certain lights with brilliant green. .uie female on the same side is
dusky, with greenish blue scales at the bases of the wings and often with
reddish markings on the outer margin of the hinds wings. On the under-
side, the wings are gray or pale wood-brown with greenish blue at their
base and a profusion of small spots margined with white. Expanse, .95-
1.10 in.

Early Stages — These have not been studied.

Distribution — The species ranges from British Columbia to Colorado.

$n western Montana this is a very common species. On the moun-
tain slopes by the University it abounds in early spring, collecting in con-
siderable numbers by the damp places. Along the roadside in the moun-
tain canyons it is a conspicuous figure. It is found throughout the Mis-
sion Mountains and around the Biological Station at Flathead lake.

Genus NOMIADES Hubner.
THE SILVERY BLUE, Nominades lygdamas Doubleday.

Butterfly — Expanse, .85 to 1.10 inches, 21 to 27 mm. Upper side
of wings of male pale silvery blue, narrowly edged with black; the wings
of the female above darker blue, dusky on the borders, with a dark spot
at the end of the cell of the primaries. Under side of wings pale
chocolate brown, with a submarignal band of black spots, margined with
white, on both wings, as well as a spot at the end of the cells, and one
or two on the costa of the secondaries.

Early Stages — These are unknown.

Distribution — Found in the South Atlantic states, Colorado, California,
New Mexico, and in the Kootenai district of British Columbia. In the
state collected by Brandegee at Helena, one male, and by Cooley at
Bozeman, two males.

Genus AGRIADES Hubner.
THE RUSTIC BLUE, Agriades rustica, Edwards. Fig. 102B.

Butterfly— Expanse, .90 to 1.00 inches, 23 to 25 mm. Male bright
blue above, female darker. Under side pale-gray on the secondaries, with
white spots; primaries with a row of black spots, and a discal black spot
bordered with white.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Bui. Univ. of Mont., Biol. Series No. 10.

Plate XI.

1, Cupido lycaea, male; 2, under side of same; 3, Cupido saepiolus
male; 4, under side of same; 9, female of same; 8, under side of female
of same; 7, Rusticus melissa, male, upper side; 6, under side of same;
5, upper side of female.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

137

Distribution — Found in Colorado, Montana and British America. In
the state taken at Bozeman by Cooley, one specimen, and at Bear Paw
Mountains by Coubeaux.

Genus RUSTICUS Hubner.

Key to Species.

Orange red or pinkish band on the hind wings acmon

Dark crescents of the under side showing as spots on the upper side

glaucon

Male with narrow black marginal line and white fringes melissa

Male with wings colored dirty gray below, with black spots shasta

THE ACMON BLUE, Rusticus acmon Doubleday and Hewiston.

Butterfly — Male blue; female brown. It may be distinguished by the
broad orange-red or pinkish band on the hind wings, marked by small
black spots. On the underside it is marked much like L. melissa. Ex-
panse, .90-1.10 in.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — It is found from Arizona to Washington and Montana.

The University of Montana collection contains two specimens from
the Yellowstone National Park. Brandegee has it in his collection from
Helena.

THE COLORADO BLUE, Rusticus glaucon, Edwards.

Butterfly — Purplish blue, having the dark crscents of the underside
showing as spots on the upper side. The female has a band of orange
spots on the margins of the secondaries. Expanse 1.00 inch, 25 mm.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — It ranges from Washington to California and eastward
to Colorado, where it is juite common in the mountain valleys. The Uni-
versity of Montana collection contains 3 specimens ; 1 from Missoula, and
2 from Geyser Basin.

THE ORANGE-MARGINAL BLUE, Rusticus melissa, Edwards.
Plate XI, 5, 6 and 7, and Fig 102.

Fig. 102. Rusticus melissa, male, upper and lower surfaces.
Butterfly — The male on the upperside is pale blue, with a narrow
black marginal line and white fringes. The female is brown or lilac-
gray, with a series of orange red crescents on the margins of both wings.

irS BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

On the underside the wings are stone-gray, with the usual spots, and on
the secondaries the orange colored marginal spots are oblong, tipped in-
wardly with black and outwardly by a series of metallic green macula-
tions. Expanse, .90-1.15 in.

Early Stages — Very little known.

Distribution — It is found from Kansas to Arizona, and northward to
Montana. The University of Montana collection contains specimens from
the Mission Mountains, Flathead Indian Reservation, Missoula, New Chi-
cago (Smith). It is reported as common at Miles City (Wiley). It is
abundant around the University of Montana Biological Station at Flat-
head Lake. Taken by Couzeaux in the Bear Pow Mountains. Allen has
it from Dillon. Coues collected a number of specimens from a number
of localities along our northern border in 1874.

THE SHASTA BLUE, Rusticus shasta, Edwards. <

Butterfly — The male is blue; the female brown. On the underside
the wings are a dirty gray, with black spots, and in addition, on the
hind wings, there are a number of small marginal spots, surmounted by
metllic colored bluish green scales. Expanse, 1.00 inch.

Early Stages — These have not been described.

Distribution — It is found in Montana and Nevada. It is also reported
from northern California and Oregon.

There are two specimens from Martinsdale in the University of
Montana collection.

Genus CYANIRIS Dahlman.
THE COMMON BLUE or SPRING AZURE, Cyaniris ladon, Cramer.

Fig. 102A. Cyaniris ladon, slightly reduced.

Butterfly — Expanse of wings, 9 inch to 1.4 inches, 23-25 mm. The
species is subject to great variation. In general terms, the upper side
of the wings of the male is a deep azure-blue with a delicate terminal
black line. Fringes black on the apical part of the wings, but white
barred with black on the rest of the fore wings and on the hind wings.

The fore wings of the female have a broad blackish outer border,
in some examples extending along the costa. The hind wings have a
blackish costa, and a row of dark spots along the outer margin. The
ground color is usually a lighter blue on the females than on the males.

The under side is a very pale silvery gray, with a silky lustre, and
there are the following pale brown markings: a row of spots along the
outer margin, each preceded by a crescent; a curved row of alongate spots
across the disk of the fore wings; and several small spots on the basal
part of the hind wings.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 13£

The butterfly exhibits a very complicated polymorphism, both sea-
sonal and sexual; nine forms are now recognized by entomologists. The
form occurring in Montana is C. ladon ladon.

Early Stages— Length, two-fifths of an inch, slug shaped, dark brown,
head. Body white with a dusky line down the back and a greenish,
tinge along the sides.

Food — The larvae feed on dogwood, actinomeris, black snake-root,,
sumac, spiraea and many other plants.

Distribution — Its distribution is very wide, extending from Alaska
south to Arizona, east to the Gulf of Mexico, and north to the St. Law-
rence. Coubeaux reports it abundant around Big Sandy.

THE WESTERN TAILED BLUE, Everes amyntula Boisduval.

Fig. 102B. Everes amyntula, the two right hand figures, and Agriades-
rustica, left hand figure.

Butterfly — "Closely resembling L. comyntas, of which," says Hol-
land, "It may be only a slightly modified western form. Until the test •
of breeding has been applied we cannot be sure of this."

Description of comyntas — Expanse of wings from .7 to 1 inch, 18 to 25
mm. Hind wings with one thread-like tail. The males are dark violet-blue-
above, with a narrow blackish outer border. Along the outer margin of
the hind wings are several black spots, and usually one or two orange
crescents. The female are blackish brown, some specimens with bluish
at the base. The black spots of the hind wings are often obscure.

Underside whitisn gray; both wings with a double row of .spots along
the outer margin, the inner row crescents; between this and the cells
a fow of black spots circled with white, the row on the hind wings broken
twice. Tuere is also a bar at the end of each cell, and on the hind wings
a spot in the cell, and one above. Near the anal angle are two or three
orange crescents, enclosing each a black spot with a circle of silver scales.

Amyntula differs from the above as follows: The males are lighter
blue above, the dark border much reduced. The black spots prevail,,
reduced, but the orange crescent has reduced to a black spot. The fe-
males are brownish black with a trace of coppery brown, the primaries
with a large wash of blue over the posterior portion. The black spots
are larger than in the male.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution— It ranges from the eastern foothills of the Rocky Moun-
tains to the Pacific in British America and the northern tier of western
states. There are seven specimens in the University of Montaan collec-
tion from Sinyaleamin lake in the Mission Mountains. Coubeaux collect-
ed it in tne Bear Paw Mountains.

140 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Butterfly Fancies.

Bits of fancy on the wing

In tne sunbeam hovering,
Nimbly on the breezy air,

Can you be withount a care,

Thronging butterflies y

Once a caterpillar shroud,
Now in brightest winged crowd,

Life's intangible mysteries,
Unimprisoned fantasies,

Gauzy butterflies.

Better than the rival woods,
All of Nature's varied moods, —

Tints OA dark anu light, portraying
As with Nature's artist playing,
Dancing butterflies.

Whitness caught from mountain-crown,
Softest greys and sombre brown,
Brushed with dust of finest sift,

Streaked with blue, a storm-cloud rift,
Gleaming butterflies.

Vieing with the veering Wind

In thy wooing unconfined,
Near all flowers thy list'ning ear,

Trembling like a fluttering fear,
Vagrant butterflies.

Fanning blushes of the roses,
Ever changing are thy poses,
Couriers fleet of fairy news

Whisp'ring of the Coming dews,
Cunning butterflies.

Skimming perfumed meadow lots,
Ye are Nature's sweetest tho'ts,

Fit to flit with soul of child,
Fairies fed with honey wild,
Golden Butterflies.

Hither, thither, in delight,

Circling round in rythmic flight,

If we had but keener ear,

Could we more of music hear,
Lyric butterflies?

Golden links in summer's chain,
Tell me all my heart would fain;
Give to me thy revelations,
Incarnate imaginations,

Fleeting butterflies.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 141

Sleeping in a rose's breast,

By her paling petals prest,
Fainting as her heart throb's cease,
While the wails of winds increase,
Dying butterflies.

— ALBERTINE WARD.
University of Montana, June 1, 1905.

142 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE SKIPPERS, SUPERFAMILY HESPERIINA.

Some authors consider the skippers to constitute a superfamily dis-
tinct from the butterflies. They are called skippers on account of their
peculiar mode of flight. They are day-fliers, like butterflies, darting
suddenly from place to place. When at rest most species hold the wings
erect in a vertical position like butterflies; in some the fore wings are so
held, the hind wings being extended horizontally. The antennae are
thread-like, and enlarged toward the tip; but in most cases the extreme
tip is pointed and recurved, forming a hook. The abdomen is usually
stout, resembling that of a moth rather than that of a butterfly. Skippers
are most easily distinguished by the peculiar venation of the fore wings,
see Fig. 102, the radius being five-branched, and all the branches arising
from the discal cell (R. — M. of Comstock).

There are two families of skippers, the Megathymidae or GIANT
SKIPPERS, and the Hesperiidae or Common Skippers. The former is
not reported from the state, and hence not included in this list.

THE COMMON SKIPPERS. Family Hesperiidae. Fig. 102.

The figures following represent the family. The larvae have large
heads and strongly constricted necks. They usually live concealed in a
folded leaf or in a nest made of several leaves fastened together. The
pupae are rounded, not angular, resembling those of moths more than
those of butterflies. The pupa state is passed in a slight cocoon, which
is generally composed of leaves fastened together with silk and thinly
lined with the same substance.

Fig. 102. Venation of Hesperiidae.
Key to Subfamilies.

Antennae usually ending with a finely pointed terminal crook, occasionally

without crook and ending bluntly; males usually with a brand on

the fore wings, never with a costal fold. Skippers with a brand

and their allies Pamphilinae, P. 150

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 143

Antennae usually with a long club which is bent at a considerable dis-
tance from the tip; males almost invariably with a costal fold,
never with a brand. Skippers with a costal fold and their allies

Hesperiinae, P. 143
Subfamily Hesperiinae.

In this subfamily are included the larger of the common skippers, as
well as some that are of smaller size. Most of the species are dark
brown, marked with white or translucent, angular spots. The antennae
usually have a long club, which is bent at a considerable distance from
the tip. The venation is shown in Fig. 102. The most distinctive feature
is exhibited by the males alone, but is lacking in some species. This
consists in a fold in the fore wing near the costal margin, which forms a
a long, slit-like pocket, containing a sort of silky down. This is a accent
organ. Tubular scales, the androconia, open into it. This pocket is
difficult to see when the pocket is closed.

Key to Genera.

1. Fore wings with a broad, bright yellow band near the middle " 2.
Fore wings not crossed by a broad, bright yellow band 3.

2. With a large silvery-white spot in the center of the lower side of th&

hind wings Epargyreus, P. 14S

3. Upper surface of wings black or brown, with a few white spots on

the fore wings or with none, hind wings not checkered with white 4.
Both fore and hind wings checkered with many white spots 9.

4. Club of antennae hooked; anal angle of hind wings slightly pro-

longed Cocceius, P. 144

Club of antennae sickle-shaped ; anal angle of hinds wings rounded 8.
Club of antennae thickened at the end, which is obtuse and bare 5.

5. No costal fold in the male Hesperopsis, P.
A costal fold in the male 6-

G. A pair of long lobes covering a bare hollow at base of addomen of male

Scelothrix, P.

These lobes short or absent 7.

7. Hind tibiae with a hair pencil Heliopetes

Hind tibiae without a hair pencil Pyrgus, P.

8 Fore wings entire, with a costal fold in the male; costal fold short,

less than half the margin Pholisora, P.

Costal fold of the male long; over half the margin 10.

9. The white spots in the band just beyond the middle of the fore wings

much broader than high Pyrgus, P.

The white spots in the band just beyond the middle of the fore wings

but little if any broader than high Scelothrix, P.

10. Third joint of palpi moderate, less than twice as long as wide

Thanaos

Genus EPARGYREUS.
Key to Species.

1. Hind wings more or less produced or tailed at the anal angle
Hind wings produced not tailed

2. Under side of hind wings with a silver band in the middle tityrus

14-1 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

THE SILVER-SPOTTED SKIPPER, Epargyreus tityrus, Fabricius.
Fig. 103.

Fig. 103. Epargyreus tityrus, upper (left) and lower (right) surfaces.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.75 to 2.00 inches, 43 to 50 mm. Upper surface
dark brown. The fore wings are crossed by an oblique yellow band of
four large, spots, from the middle of the costa to near the posterior
angle, where it ends in a rounded spot. Beyond there is a narrow spot
in the first median interspace extending from vein to vein. Fringes gray
and brown at the edge of veins. Underside aboue the same, but this
hind wings have a conspicuous silvery white band in the middle, nearly
reaching the cosa; palpi brown, slightly yellowish beneath.

Early Stages — The egg is nearly globular, flattened at the base, with
fifteen ridges from the base to apex. Color white, with a bright red
spot at apex. The young larva is orange; head short, a few scattered
over the body. It feeds upon the common locust, rose, acacia, wistaria,
and a species of wild bean.

Distribution — It is found quite generally over the entire United
States, more abundantly eastward. In Montana it has been taken by
Wiley at Miles City, by Brandegee near Helena, and by Elrod at Flat-
head lake.

Genus COCCEIUS.
THE NORTHERN DUSKY-WING, Cocceius pylades, Scudder.

Fig. 103A. Cocceius pylades, slightly reduced.

BUTTERFLIES OP MONTANA.

145

Butterfly— Expanse, 1:60 inches, 40 mm. Brown above, darker at
base of wings and anal angle; the white spots on the fore wings are mere
points, the number and size varying. On the under side the wings are
dark brown, shading into hoary-gray on the outer margins. The hind
wings are crossed by an irregular basal, median, and post-median brown
bands of darker spots, shaded with deeper brown internally. The trans-
lucent spots of the upper side reappear on the lower side of the fore
wings.

Early Stages — The larva feeds on clover and other plants.

Distribution — The insect is found throughout the United States and
Canada, but is not yet reported from the central masses of the Rocky
Mountain region (Holland). Dyar gives it in his list. We have not
taken it in the state. Wiley's collection contains one specimen from
Miles City, June, 1893; Coubeaux has two specimens from near Big
Sandy, 1904.

Genus SCELOTHRIX.

THE GRIZZLED SKIPPER, Scelothrix centaurea, Rambur.
Fig. 104.

Fig. 104. Venation of Scelothrix.

Fig. 105. Scelothrix Centaurea.

Butterfly — Expanse, about 1.25 inches, 31 mm. Upper surface black,
tinged with brown, sprinkled somewhat with white scales over the basal
half. There is a bar of white in the end of the cell of the fore wings,
a less distinct spot of the same below the middle of the cell, and a sub-
terminal row of white spots. There are first three spots in the sub-costal

146 BULLETIN UNIX ERSITY OF MONTANA.

interspaces three-fourths of the distance from the base to the apex; two
spots beyond the cell, the upper half way from the third spot to the
margin; spot five inline with the first three; and an oblique row of four
more, — two in the median interspaces and the other two in the medio-
submedian interspace, one next to each vein. Besides this, the cross
vein at the end of the cell has some white scales. In addition to these,
there are five white spots on the costal edge.

The hind wings have two obscure rows of white spots, the first cross-
ing the end of the cell, the spot on the cell being the most distinct; the
second sub-terminal, consisting of a series of inter-venular, somewhat
sagittate spots. Fringes white, cut with black at the ends of the veins.

Under side a little paler than the upper, sprinkled over with white
scales so as to be grayish brown. The spots of the fore wings are re-
peated, but enlarged and coalescing. The hind wings have three dis-
tinct bands of white, one near the base which does not show on the
upper side, consisting of three patches united; the middle one enlarged
and blended; the sub-terminal one not much more prominent than on
the upper surface.

Body black above, with gray hairs, the scales and hairs below white;
antennae annulate with black and white; top of club ferruginous.

Distribution — From the Atlantic coast in New York, West Virginia
and North Carolina westward to Colorado, north to Montana. In Mon-
tana it has been taken by Elrod at Sinyaleamin lake in the Mission
mountains (two) ; Brandegee has one in his collection from Presto Pass,
near Helena; Cooley has one from Shields river at elevation of 9,000
feet. These two last are small and quite dark, but have the character-
istic markings of the species.

THE SMALL CHECKERED SKIPPER, Scelothrix scriptura, Boisduval.
Fig. 106.

Fig. 106. Scelothrix scriptura.

Butterfly — Small, expanse .85 inch, 21 mm. The hind wings on the
upper side are about entirely dark gray, the only white being a spot or
two at the end of the cell. The fore wings above marked somewhat as iu
centaurea. On the under side the fore wings are blackish toward the
base, with the costa, the apex, and the outer margin narrowly whitish.
The hind wings below are pale, with an incomplete median band of white
spots and broad white fringes, which are not checkered with darker color
as in the preceding species.

Early Stages — These are unknown.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

147

Distribution — We have not seen it in the state, nor is it in any of the
•collections we have examined. It is reported from California, Arizona
and Montana.

Genus HELIOPETES Billberg, Helopetes syrichtus, Fabricius.
This species is reported by Edwards among the specimens collected
"by Cafrlrigton and Logan in 1871.

Genus PYRGUS.

THE CHECKERED SKIPPER, Pyrgus montivaga Reakirt, or Hesperia
tessellata, Scudder. Fig. 106a.

Fig. 10GA. Pyrgus montivaga.

Butterfly — Expanse, about 1.20 inches, 30 mm. Male: Upper sur-
face black, the basal third and hind margin of fore wings overlaid with
white hairs, as also the inner, part of the hind wings. The outer two-
thirds of fore wings contain about thirty white spots arranged somewhat
in four irregular transverse rows; and five more on the costal edge. The
hinds wings have about eighteen spots, arranged in three rows, the spots
of the inner row the largest, the middle ones crescent, the outer ones
points. Fringes white, with black at the ends of the veins.

Under side of fore wings yellowish white along the costa and the
outer margin, the spots of the upper surface repeated, but more or less
blended, the space between the spots brownish black. Hind wings white,
faintly yellowish; a spot near the base, two irregular transverse bands,
and a marginal row of lunules are brownish, these corresponding to the
spaces between the rows of white above.

Female — Darker, owing to the spots being smaller, the marginal row
of points sub-obsolete. Under side also darker.

Distribution— From Pennsylvania to the Gulf of Mexico, from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. In the state it has been taken by Barnes at
Aldridge (one) ; by Elrod at Flathead lake (one) and at Swan lake (one) ;
Wiley has many specimens in his collection from Miles City; Coubeaux
has collected it in the Bear Paw Mountains. Collected by Coues along
the northern border in 1874.

Genus HESPEROPSIS.
THE LENA SKIPPER, Hesperopsis lena, Edward.

Butterfly — Expanse, male, 1.1 inches, 28 mm., female 1.15 inches, 30
mm. Upper side dark brown, glossy; primaries have three small white
spots, with traces of a fourth, in an oblique bar from costa, at four-fifths
the distance from base to apex; a small spot in cell near outer end; and
three minute spots in median and submedian interspaces, two being in
the latter, these about three-fifths the distance from base to hind margin.
Secondaries immaculate. Fringes concolored.

148 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Under side of primaries dark brown, grayish at base and over apical
area, more particularly when seen obliquely. Secondaries gray-brown,
caused by a uniform sprinkling of whitish scales over the brown surface;
without spots except a transverse abbreviated white dash on middle of
disk.

Female — Color of the male; the white spots conspicuous, forming a
dlscal row quite across primaries; a large spot in cell, and a small one
in submedian interspace near base. Under side of both wings as in the
male, except that the three costal spots of discal row are repeated, and
the spot in cell, but all are reduced.

From one male and one female taken in Montana by Mr. Morrison,
1881. In all four examples were taken.

We have not tken it, nor have we seen any specimens we could refer
to the species. Dyar says he has not seen any certainly determined
specimens.

Genus PHOLISORA, Scudder.

The Sooty-wing, Pholisora catullus (Phol-i-so'ra ca-tul'lus) Fabricius...
Plate XII, and Fig. 107.

Fig. 107. Pholisora catullus, silghtly enlarged.

Butterfly — Expanse, .80 to 1.15 inches. Brownish black on both sides
of the wings, with a faint marginal series and a conspicuous submarginal
series of light spots on the primaries. In the male on the upper side, and
in addition to these, in the female, a faint marginal series on the sec-
ondaries. On the under side only the upper spots of the submar-
ginal series of the primaries reappear. The body and head are
black above, the head with three longitudinal white stripes, the ends
of the palpi hairs the same color; the palpi and head white beneath, the
body blacfl. Fringes concolorous with the wings.

Early Stages — The larva feeds on Monarda, Chenopodium, Ambrosia,
and others. It forms a case for itself by folding the leaf along the mid-
rib and stitching the edge together with a few threads of silk. It lies
concealed during the day and feeds at night.

Distribution — It is found over the whole of temperate North America.
At Missoula, in the state, it has been taken abundantly. Wiley has in
his collection one specimen taken June 7, 1891, another June, 1893, both
from Miles City; Coubeaux calls it rather common around Big Sandy.

Brandegee has one specimen from Mt. Ascension, near Helena, June
29, 1902.

Bui. Univ. of Mont., Biol. Series No. 10.

Plate XII

Pholisora catullus, 1, 2, upper and lower sides.
Thanaos persius, 3, 5 upper side, 4 under side.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 149

Genus THANAOS, Boisduval.

Butterfly — Antennae have a moderately large club, curved, bluntly
pointed. The palpi are porrect, the third joint almost, concealed in the
hair of second. All dark in color.

PERSIUS' DUSKY-WING, Thanaos persius, Scudder.

Fig. 108. Thanaos persius, from Helena. Fig. 109. Thanaos persius.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.2 to 1.4 inches, 30 to 35 mm. Upper surface
dark brown with a row of small white spots before the apex of the fore-
wings, and a single one posterior to these. On the fore wings there is a
transverse pale band just beyond the middle of the wings, but this band
is not as well defined as in T. lucilius, which is found in the eastern part
of the United States. Hind wings more of a reddish brown than the
fore wings, with two rows of indistinct ochraceous spots near the outer
margin, and a spot at the end of the cell in typical specimens.

Underside of the females grayish brown, the apical portion of the fore
wings gray; the white hyaline spots are repeated, and both wings have
two marginal rows of whitish spots. The males are darker than the
females.

The species is subject to great variation, some specimens being light
and others dark in color. Holland says "There is scarcely any positive
clue to the specific identity of the insect except that which is derived
from the study of the genital armature of the male, which is a micr-
scopic research capable of being performed only by an expert in such
matters."

Early Stages — The caterpillar feeds on willow and poplar.

Distribution — From New England across to the Pacific, southward as
well. In the state it has been taken by Elrod at Missoula and in the Mis-
sion Mountains; by Douglas and Smith at New Chicago; by Cooley at
Bozeman, by Brandegee at Helena, and by Coubeaux at Big Sandy.

150 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

AFRANIUS' DUSKY-WING, Thanaos afranius, Lintner.

Fig. 110. Thanaos afranius.

Butterfly — The hind wings on the upper side in the male are almost
solid black, the fringes paler. On the underside there is a double row of
light spots along the margin of the hind wing in both sexes. On the
upper side the female is generally lighter in color than the male.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — Common in Arizona. Given in Dyar's list. We have
not taken it. One specimen from Bozeman, one from Helena, and one
from unknown locality we have referred to this species.
Subfamily PAMPHILINAE.

In this subfamily is included the greater number of our smaller
skippers; however, some of the species are larger in size than many of the
Hesperiinae. All of our tawny skippers belong to this subfamily, as
well as some black or dark-brown species. The antennae usually have
a stout club, with a short recurved tip; sometimes this tip is wanting.
Fig. 112 shows plainly the venation. In the majority of our species the
males can be recognized by the brand; this is a conspicuous dark patch
crossing the disk of the fore wings obliquely. This brand is a compli-
cated organ, composed of tubular scales, the androconia, that are the out-
lets of scent glands, and of other scales of various shapes; the brand is
wanting in some species.

The Pamphilinae are difficult to study, owing to the slight differences
in allied species. Either sex, moreover, resembles the same sex of other
species much more closely than it does the opposite sex of the same
species; and the difficulty is further augmented from the fact that in
several species there are two distinct forms of females which differ from
each other more than either does from the females of certain other
species. These species have three forms, one male and two female.
Key to Genera.

1. Antennae with the point of the club absent; end obtuse 2.
Antennae with the point of the club present; end sharp 4.

2. Fore wings of male with a linear stigma.

Fore wings of male without a linear stigma 3.

3 Under surface of hind wings with silvery whites pots Pamphila

Under surface of hind wings without silvery white spots Oarisma
4. Antennae with the point of the club short, less than width of club 5.

Antennae with point of club long, equal to or greater than the middle
of club 9.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

151

10.

Antennae in length twice the width of thorax
Antennae short, equal to the width of thorax.
Male stigma with modified scales below
Male stigma without modified scales below
Stigma apparently continuous
A small black area below stigma
An obscure, weak fulvous area below stigma
Mid tibiae with long distinct spines
Mid tibiae not, or very feebly spined
Male with a stigma

Genus PAMPHILA. Fabricius.
THE ARCTIC SKIPPER, Pamphila palaeman, Pallas.

7.

Ochlodes
8.

Thymelicus
Erynnis

10.
Limochroes.

Fig. 111.

Fig. ill. Pamphila palaemon.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.10 inches, 27 mm. This butterfly is wholly
unlike any other species, and is easily recognized from other skippers of
our fauna. The figure shows the markings. The upper side of the
wings is dark brown conspicuously marked with yellow spots. The fore
wings of the male lack the brand; the spots on the lower side of the hind
wings are silvery white.

Early Stages — The caterpillar feeds on grasses.

Distribution — The insect ranges from southern Labrador as far south
as the White Mountains and the Adirondacks, thence westward, follow-
ing a line north of the Great Lakes to Vancouver's Island and Alaska.
It ranges southward along the summits of the mountains as far as South-
ern California. Taken in the state by Cooley near Bozeman. One
taken at i< lathead lake.

Genus OARISMA, Scudder.
THE POWESHEIK SKIPPER, Oarisma powesheik.

Fig. 111A. Oarisma powesheik.

152 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.2 inches, 30 mm. The club of the antennae
lacks the terminal hook. The upper surface of both fore and hind wings
is dark brown; the costal margin of the fore wings to near the apex is
dull yellow; the fore wings of the male lack the brand. On the under
side the fore wings are black, edged on the costa and outer margin for a
short distance below the apex with light fulvous. The veins and nervules
of the hind wings are white, standing forth conspicuously upon the darker
ground color.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — It occurs in Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Dakota, and Mon-
tana. In the state it has been collected by Coubeaux near Big Sandy,
1904; by Cooley at Bozeman, July 18, 19ul, and by Wiley at Miles Citv
(7), three July 4, 18y2, two June 2, 1893, and two June 17, 1899.

THE GARITA SKIPPER, Oarisma garita, Reakirt, may be expected
in Montana. It is light fulvous on the upper side, with the costa of the
hind wing somewhat broadly marked with leaden grap; on the under side
the fore wings are brighter fulvous, with the inner margin lined with
dark gray. The hind wings are paler fulvous, inclining to gray, with
the inner margin brignt fulvous. Expanse, .75 to 1.00 inch, 19 to 25 mm.
Genus ERYNNIS, Schrank.

Butterfly — The antennae are short, less than half the length of the
costa; the club is robust, with a terminal crook. There is a discal
stigma on the fore wings of the male. The egg is somewhate spherical.
The caterpillar feeds upon grasses. The chrysalis is elongated and
cylindrical.

Fig. 112. Venation of Erynnis.

THE UNKAS SKIPPER, erynnis unkas, Edwards. Figs. 113, 114.
Butterfly — Expanse, 1.35 to 1.6 inches, 34 to 40 mm.
Female — Upper surface fuscous, the base and posterior part of the
fore wings, and a broad band through the hind wings from the base out,
washed with dusky fulvous. The fore wings have a sub-terminal broken
row of spots, all whitish but the last, which is yellowish, also a small
spot at the end of the cell; the two between the branches of the median

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 153

vein with the outer angles much extended. Hind wings with the sub-
terminal spots of the under side showing through a little.

Under side fuscous gray, sprinkled with pale yellow scales. The
spots on the upper surface of the fore wings are repeated, white in color,
those of the sub-terminal row blended into three groups, the lower widen-

Fig. 113. Erynnis uncas.

Fig. 114. Erynnis uncas.

ened posteriorly, so as to suffuse most of the posterior angle area. The
hind wings have two very much bent white bands, the outer not reaching
the inner margin.

Male — Upper surface fulvous, the hinder portion washed with yellow,
a row of five yellow spots in the outer fulvous field. Stig-ma very
oblique, narrow, jet-black, contracted in the middle.

Hind wings washed with yellow, inclining to fulvous in the central
part; fringes white, fuscous at base. Under side as in the female.

On the under side of this species the wings are beautifully marked,
the spots reappearing from the upper as pearly white ones on greenish
gray brown.

Early Stages — These are unknown.

Distribution — It ranges from Delaware westward to Colorado and Mon-
lana. In the state it has been taken by Elrod at McDonald Lake in the
Mission Mountains (1), at Missoula (2), at the Biological Station at Flat-
head Lake abundantly, and also in the Park at Mid-geyser basin (2).
Cooley has collected it at several places in the vicinity of Bozeman. Allen
has collected in at Dillon.

THE COMMA SKIPPER, Erynnis comma, Linnaeus.

Butterfly — The following is taken from Scudder's description of
Pamphila nevada. which Dyar gives a synonym for Colorado, which is the
form taken in Montana.

154 BULLETIN UNH/ERSITY OF MONTANA.

"The males differ from all the other species of this genus in the clear-
ness of the upper surface of the wings; occasionally the wings are some-
what suffused with dusky, but usually the hind wings have but a narrow
edging of blackish, broadened, naturally, along the costal border; and
the fore wings, instead of having a distinctly limited bordering, as is
common to a greater or less extent in most species, have the wing gradu-
ally more and more suffused with a warm bud dusky tint toward the tip,
as is not unfrequently the case in P. comma. Sometimes the mesial belt
of the under surface is isible above, but occasionally, at least, it is wholly
absent. The female scarcely differs, upon the upper surface, from the
females of P. comma, except in almost uniformly having the small
subapical spots, both those near the costal, and those near the outer
border, paler than the others, or nearly white, as occasionally happens in
the females of P. comma. Beneath, the mesial white band of the hind
wings is more irregular and scattered than in P. comma. In the male it
is usually broken up into four patches, connected, by their angles only,
into a continuous angular belt; three of these patches, of nearly equal
size, but the middle one usually the largest, lie in a straight line parallel
to the longer axis of the wing, situated one each in the subcostal and sub-
costo median interspaces, as far from the outer border as the second
patch; the medio-submedian spot further removed from the border than
the rest; the ground color of the wing is a greenish griseous, and the
spots are narrowly edged exteriorly and interiorly with blackish. The
markings of the female are similar, excepting that they are usually a
little larger and more obviously continuous.often sending out on the ex-
terior border little shoots of white along the nervules."

This species with its many varieties is found in Europe, America and
Asia. In the Canadian Entomologist of 1883, Vol. XV, is an interesting
discussion by Dr. A. Speyer and W. H. Edwards relative to the compari-
son of specimens from different localities.

There are the following varieties recognized in Dyar's list, Bulletin
52, U. S. Nat. Mus.; oregonia, Columbia, Colorado, idaho, nevada, assini-
boia, laurentina, manitoboides, juba, viridis, manitoba. In his later
revision of the group, Journal N. Y. Entomological Society, September,
1905, he thinks three or four names will suffice. Laurentina Lyman, Colo-
rado Scudder equals manitoba Scudder equals nevada Scudder, Columbia
Scudder, idaho Edwards equals assiniboia Lyman he refers to the syno-
nym of comma.

The varieties are distinguished about as follows:

Hind wings below dark brown, spots moderate laurentina

Hind wings below green, spots often reduced Colorado

Hind wings below grayish green, the spots often small and tending to

form a straight row; smaller than the other forms Columbia

Hind wings below light yellow or greenish idaho

Distribution — This is a European species, found in Northern United
States, the Pacific States, and in the Rocky Mountain States. Dr. Coues
collected the variety Colorado along the northern border in 1874. It has
been taken by Barnes at Aldridge, and by Brandegee at Helena.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 155

THE PAWNEE SKIPPER, Erynnis pawnee, Dodge.

Male expanse, 1.45 inches, 36 mm. Primaries above fulvous. Sub-
costal, submedian and subdorsal veins black at the base. Stigma black
and conspicuous, followed by a dusky shade. A small black line at the
extremity of the disk is preceded by a yellowish white or semi-transparent
spot in the disk; a similar spot, triangular in shape, appears between
the first and second median veinTets at their divarcation, and two others
between the sixth and seventh subcostal veinlets. The outer margin is
broadly bordered with brown, which is finely powdered with fulvous scales
toward the apex.

Two nearly square fulvous spots between the last subcostal and first
median veinlets, separate an oval brown patch that lies at the extrem-
ity of the disk, from the border. Costal edge blackish. Fringe white,
dusky toward the apex.

Secondaries fulvous, bordered with brown; broadly and darkest along
the anterior edge, narrowly on the outer edge, where it appears as cunei-
form spots between the veinlets, and broadly along the innner edge, where
it is sprinkled with fulvous. Most of the veins on both wings are black.
Underside of both wings yellow. Primaries black at base, having a black
line corresponding to the stigma.

Inner margin brown, preceded by a large whitish patch. Five pale
whitish spots near the apex, another in the disk, and one between the
first and second median veinlets. Fringe white at the anal angle, brown
tipped with white at the apex. Secondaries have a whitish spot in the
disk, and are crossed by a nearly straight row of small whitish spots.
Head and thorax greenish yellow. Body black. Abdomen, breast and
palpi yellowish white. Antennae black and yellow above, white tipped
with chestnut below. The spots on the under side of secondaries some-
times obsolete.

Female, light brown above, with a slight purplish reflection. Pri-
maries sprinkled with fulvous scales near the base and inner edge.
There is a large, square, wKite spot in the disk, and an unequal, curved
row of nine white spots extend from the costa — beginning about two-tenths
of an inch from the apex — to the submedian vein. The first three spots
are narrow and equal, the fourth and fifth are small and square and lie
nearest the outer edge of the wing, the sixth is large and triangular, the
seventh largest and square, the eighth and ninth are irregular in shape
and partly fulvous.

Secondaries darkest along the anterior margin. A curved row of
five whitish yellow spots, of which the second and third are longest,
crosses the wing beyond the disk, and in the disk is a small yellow spot.
A yellow streak precedes the last median veinlet, run to the outer margin.
Fringe of all the kings white. Below, on the primaries, the same white
spots appear as above, except that th eeighth and ninth are merged in a
large whitish patch situated as in the male. A brown patch covers part
of the base and inner margin, and extends to the center of the wing. On
the secondaries three small white spots appear near the apex. The
ground color of both wings is yellowish white, most deeply tinged with
fulvous near the costal border of the primaries. Fringes white. Head,

15C BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

thorax and body brown above. Abdomen and palpi white. Antennae
black above, whitish tipped with red l^elow. This species was taken at
Glencoe, Nebraska, upon high rolling prairie, from the first to the middle
of September.

The above is the original description, copied from Canadian Ento-
mologist, Vol. VI, No. 3.

Distribution — The Western plains, Utah and Nebraska,, according to
Dyar. Given in "List of Butterflies taken by H. K. Morrison in Dakota
and Montana, 1881," in Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIV, 1882. We
cannot tell from this list whether it was taken on the plains of Dakota or
Montana.

THE WOODLAND SKIPPER, Thymencus sylvanoides, Boisduval.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.25 to 1.34 inches, 31 to 34 mm.

Male, upper side fulvous, darker at outer edge; a black stigma, large;
several (three) light spots near outer angle, beyond stigma. Female,
upper side with less fulvous, the wings prevalently fuscus, and the red
color reduced to a spot at the end of the cell; a median band of fulvous
spots on both wings. On the under side in both sexes the wings are
quite pale gray, with the costa near the base and the cell of the primaries
reddish. The primaries at the base near the inner margin are blac. The
spots on the under side reappear, but are pale and faint. This is to be
expected in the state, but we nave not seen the species among the col-
lections.

Early Stages — Unknown.

Distribution — The species ranges along the Pacific coast from British
Columbia to California, and eastward to Colorado.
Genus OCHLODES, Scudder.
THE INDIAN SKIPPER, Ochlodes sassacus Harris. Fig. 115.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.2 to 1.4 inches, 30 to 35 mm.

Male — Upper surface fulvous, dark brown or balck through the discal
cell and along the border, the base dusky. A black, oblique stigma or
sex-mark below the cell.

Under side pale fulvous, the posterior part fuscus; the five sub-
terminal spots of the upper surface repeated, a spot at the end of the cell,
a large triangular patch, with dentate outline, all yellowish white. The
hind wings have a sub-terminal band of six whitish spots across the
anterior two-third of the wing, and a spot at the end of the cell.

Fig. 115. Ochloedes sassacus, female on left, male on right.

BUTTERFLIES OP MONTANA. 157

Fig. 116. Ochloedes sassacus, upper and lower surfaces of male.

Female — This is larger, the fulvous ground color paler, the outer mar-
ginal shades darker, and the discal stigma is replaced by a dark brown
shade. The fore wings have a row of eight yellow spots, and two elongate
spots, more or less distinct, in the outer part of the cell.

On the under side the spots of the fore wings are repeated, pale, the
lower of the outer row broadly expanded.

Body brown above, with grayish hairs, lighter beneath.

Early Stages — The caterpillar feeds on grasses.

Distribution — From New England to Florida, westward to Colorado
and Montana. In Montana collected by Elrod at Missoula (9), at Mc-
Donald Lake in the Mission Mountains (3), and in numbers of the Uni-
versity of Montana iological Station. Douglas and Smith collected it at
Wiles Hot Springs (14).

Genus LIMOCH ROES. Scudder.

The antennae are about half as long as the costa; the club is robust,
elongate, with a very short terminal crook; the palpi have the third joint
erect, short, bluntly conical. The male has a linear discal stigma on the
upper side of the fore wing. The egg is hemispherical, somewhat flat-
tened on the top. The larvae feed on grasses, and construct a tube-like
nest of delicate films of silk between the blades.

THE CROSS-LINE SKIPPER, Limochroes manataaqua, Scudder.

Butterfly — Expanse, 1.00 to 1.20 inches, 25 to 33 mm.

In the male the wings are dark brown marked and tinged with yellow;
the brand is very slender and nearly straight; outside of it there is a
patch of brown scales, which makes it appear wider than it is; between
the brand and the costal margin the wing is heavily covered with yellow
scales, and the transverse row of spots beyond the middle of the wing is
more or less distinct; the hind wings are tinged with yellow, sometimess
the transverse row of spots is faintly indicated.

In the female the wings are dark brown above with a transverse row
of whitish spots beyond the middle of the fore wing; hind wings without
spots.

Distribution— The species is reported to have a general distribution
over the United States. It has been collected by Cooley at Bozeman.

158 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Fig. 117. Old cabin at Swan Lake, where Vanessa j. album, the
Compton tortoise shell butterfly, was taken in great numbers.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 159

List of Species of Butterflies Collected by Campbell Carrington and
William B. Logan, of the Expedition, in 1871.

±iy W. H. Edwards.
Papilio rutulus, Boisduval. — Junction.

turnus. Linn. — Montana.
Parnassius smintheus, Doubleday. — Junction; Yellowstone.

clodius, Menetus. — Montana.

Pieris protodice, Bois. (Printed Pinis protodin.) — Several localities.
Anthocaris ausanoides, Bois. — Hot Springs.
Colias eurytheme (printed enegthenu), Bois. — Hot Springs.
philodice (printed philodin), Godart. — Hot Springs.
alexandra, Edwards. — Yellowstone,
astraea, Edwards. — Colorado.
Argynnis edwardsii, Reakirt. — Junction,
montivaga, Behr. — Junction,
meadii, Edwards. — Colorado,
myrina, Cramer. — Colorado.

Melieta (spelled Meletaea) hofmanii, Beahr. — Junction.
Phyciodes tharos, Boisd.
Grapta satyrus, Edwards. — Hot Springs.
Pyrameis huntera Drury. — Montana.
Vanessa antiopa, Linn. — Montana.

milberti (spelled melbertii), Godart. — Bozeman City.
Coenonympha ochraces, Edwards. — Virgink. City.
Erebia rhodia, Edwards. — Yellowstone.

haydenii, Edwards, new species. — Yellowstone.
Satyrus nephele, Kirby. — Yellowstone.

silvestris, Edwards.— Virginia City,
sthenele, Bois.— Virginia City.

Chrysophanus rubidus, Edwards. — Stinking Creek, (Mont).
Lycaena anna, Edwards. — Pleasant Valley.

acmon, Bois. — Meadow River. (Mont.)
Pyrgus syrichtus, Fab. — Montana.
Herpena comma, Linn. — Virginia City.

In addition to the above were several specimens, especially of Lycae-
nidae, that were too much injured for recognition.

W. H. EDWARDS,

January, 1872. Coalburgh, West Virginia.

EREBIA HAYDENII, Edwards, New species.
Male: expanse, 1.6 inches.

Upper side fuscous, immaculate; under side a shade paler, much
irrogated with gray scales; primaries immaculate; secondaries have a
complete series of black ocelli along the edge of hind margin, one on

160 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

each interspace; each ocellus narrowly ringed with ochraceous, and
having minute white pupil.

The above is copied from "Preliminary Report of the United States
Geological Survey of Montana and Portions of Adjacent Territories: Be-
ing a Fifth Annual Report of Progress. By F. V. Hayden." This is the
report for 18 <1, printed in 1872.

BUTTERFLIES OP MONTANA. 161

Literature Used in Connection With This Study.

Barber,' H. G., a List of Nebraska Butterflies. Proc. Nebr. Acad. Sci.,
Vol. IV, pp. 16-22, 1894.

Behr, H. Proceedings, Calif. Acad. Sci., Vol. 3, 1863-68, description of
Lemonias (Melitea) cooperi.

Comstock, John Henry and Anna Botsford. How to Know the Butter-
flies. 1904. Appleton's.

Dodge, G. M. Hesperia pawnee, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. VI, No. 3,
1874.

Dyar, Harrison G., A Review of the Hesperidae of the United States.
Journal N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1905, Vol. XIII, No. 3, pp. 111-142.

Dyar, Harrison G. A List of North American Lepidoptera and Key to
the Literature of this Order of Insects. Bui. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 52.
1902.

Dyar, Harrison G. The Lepidoptera of the Kootenai District of British
Columbia. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. XXVII, pp. 779-938, 1904.

Dyar, Harrison G. Lepidoptera of the Harriman Alaskan Expedition,
Alaska, Vol. III. Doubleday, Page & Co., 1904.

Edwards, William H. The Butterflies of North America, three olumes,
quarto, with nearly one hundred and fifty colored plates. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co. Last volume issued in 1897.

Edwards, W. H. List of Species of Butterflies Collected by Campbell
Carrington and William Logan, of the Expedition, in 1871. "Prelimi-
nary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Montana and
Portion of Adjacent Territories. Being a Fifth Annual Repor of
Progress. By F. V. Hayden," 1871, printed in 1872.

Edwards, W. H. Description of two New Species of North American
Butterflies, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIV, 1882, pp. 2-6.

Edwards, W. H. On the Lepidoptera collected by Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S.
A., in Montana, during 1874.

Edwards, W. H. Notes on Dr. A. Speyer's paper relative to Hesperiidae.
Can. Ent. Vol. XV, No. 8, pp. 147-151, 1883.

Edwards, W. H. Descriptions of two new species of Meliteas belonging to
North America. Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XX, pp. 81-84, 1888.

Edwards, W. H. Notes on Danais Archippus. Canadian Entomologist,
Vol. XX, pp. 84-86, 1888.

Elrod, Morton J. A Biological Reconnoiscance in the Vicinity of Flat-
head Lake. Bui. Univ. of Mont, Biol. Series No. 3, pp. 89-182, pi.
XVII-XLVI.

Elwes, Henry J. A Revision of the Genus Argynnis, Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 189, Part IV, pp. 535-575.

1G2 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Elwes, Henry J. Notes on the Genus Erebia. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond..
1889, Part II, pp. 317-342.

Elwes, Henry John. A Revision of the Genus Erebia. Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1898, Part II, pp. 169-207.

Field W. L. W. Problems in the Genus Basilarchia. Psyche, Vol. XI,
Numoer 1, pp. 1-6, three plates.

Fiske, William F. An Annotated Catalogue of the Butterflies of New
Hampshire. N. H. Col. Ag. Ex. Sta., Technical Bulletin No. 1, 1901.

French, G. H. Butterflies of the Eastern United States, 1896, Lippincott.

Harris, W. H. Insects Injurious to Vegetation., 1862

Holland, J. G. The Butterfly Book, 1898.

Mead, Theodore L. Description of two new California Butterflies, Cana-
dian Entomologist, Vol. X, pp. 196-199, 1878.

Scudder, Samuel H. Historical Sketch of the Generic Names Proposed
for Butterflies; a Contribution to Systematic Nomenclature. Pro-
ceedings of the Aemircan Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, 1875,
N. S. Vol. II, pp. 91-294.

Scudder, Samuel H. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural History,
Volume ii, 1875, pp.

Scudder, Samuel H. Butterflies of the Eastern United States.

Scudder, Samuel H. The species of the Lepidopterous Genus Pamphila.
Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II, Part III, Number IV, pp. 341-354,
2 plates, 1874.

Skinner, Henry. A Synonymic Catalogue of the North Ameican Rhopa-
locera. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 1898.

Skinner, Henry. Revision of the American Species of the Genus Coeno
nympha. Transactions American Entomological Society, Vol. XXVI,
1900, pp. 299-310, one colored plate.

Speyer, Dr. A. Remarks on the Hesperiidae sent to me by Mr. W. H.
Edwards. Can. Ent Vol. XV, No. 8, pp. 141-147, 1883.

Strecker, Hermann. Butterflies and moths of North America, with col-
ored plate. Reading, Pa., 1878.

Snyder, Arthur J. The ^rgynnids of North America. Reprinted from
Occasional Memoirs of the Chicago Entomological Society, Vol. I,
No. 1, 1900.

Wiley C. A. Butterflies at Miles City, Montana. Entomological News,
' Feb. 1894, pp. 36-37.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 1C3

Glossary.

Abbreviated, as applied in Biology, shorter than the ordinary type.

Abdomen, the posterior part of the body.

Aborted, imperfectly developed; redimentary.

Aciculate, needle-shaped, more slender than subulate.

Acuminate, terminating in a long tapering point.

Albino, an animal or plant exhibiting an abnormal deficiency of coloring

matter.
Alpine, as applied in Biology, inhabiting a mountain region above the

limits of forest growth.

Anal, pertaining to the posterior part of the body.
Anal angle, the inner or posterior angle of the hind wings, next to the

body.

Angulate, having angles.
Annulate, furnished with colored rings.

Antennae, two articulated organs of sensation, situated on the head.
Anterior margin, the front margin if the wing; the costa.
Apex, that part of the wing which is farther from the body; the angle be-
tween the costa and the outer margin.
Ashen or ashy, ash-colored.
Aureus, golden yellow.
Basal, relating to the base.

Base, as applied to a wing, that part which is joined to the body.
Bifid, cleft.
Bipupillate, applied to an ocellate spot having two pupils or dots within

it of a different color from the rest of the spot.
Body, the three parts of an insect, head, thorax, abdomen.
Boreal, pertaining to the north.
Bronze, the color of old brass.
Buff, a brownish-yellow color.
Capillary, hair-like; long and slender, like a hair.

Carinate, keeled ; having a longitudinal prominence like the keel of a boat.
Caterpillar, the larva.
Cavdate, tailed: — generally applied to the posterior wings of Lepidoptera

to indicate tail-like projections.
Cell, usually in Lepidoptera the space between the subcostal and median

veins; the discal cell.

Chitine, the hard part on the outside of insects.
Chrysalis, the third stage of the insect, counting the egg one.
Ciliate, fringed.
Clavate, club-shaped.
Coalesce, to grow together or unite.
Collar, scales back of the head, forming more or less of a ring; the neck.

164 BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OP MONTANA.

Concolorous, of the same color, as the body agreeing in color with the
wings.

Confluent, running into each other.

Coniferous, cone-bearing.

oonnivent, conveying or approaching.

Conoidal, tending to a conical form.

Contiguous, touching; placed so near as a touch.

Convergent, approaching each other towards the tip.

Cordate, heart-shaped.

Corrugated, wrinkled.

Costa, the thickened anterior part of the wing from the base to the apex.

Cremaster, the anal hooks of the chrysalis, which fasten into silk to hold
the chrysalis in place.

Crenate, scalloped.

Cretaceous, chalky.

Cruciferous, pertaining to the Cruciferae or mustard family of plants.

Cubitus, the second longitudianl vein of the fore wing.

Cuneiform, wedge, shaped.

Cupreous, coppery; the color of copper.

Dentate, toothed.

Diaphanous, semi-transparent, clear.

Dichotomous, forked; dividing by pairs.

Diffuse, spreading.

Dimorphous, two-formed: — applied to a species existing in two forms
having different colors or markings.

Discoidal, disk-shaped.

Disk, the surface within the margin, — usually between the end of the
cell and the outer margin.

Diurnal, as applied to Lepidoptera, active during the day.

Divergent, tending in different directions.

Dorsal, of the back.

Dorsum, the back or upper surface.

Echinate, set with prickles.

Edematous, dull translucent white.

Edge, the margin.

Egg, the first stage of an insect.

Ellipsoid, pertaining to a solid every plane of which is an ellipse or circle.

Elliptical, in the form an ellipse.

Emarginate, notched.

Entire, the margin smooth, or without teeth.

Entomology, the branch of zoology that treats of insects.

Epysillate,applied to an ocellate spot included in a colored ring, but desti-
tute of a pupil or central dot.

Excision, a cutting off or out.

Eyes, the organs of sight, composed of numerous hexagonal facets.

Fasciated, banded.

Fauna, the animal distribution of an era, or of a stated period.

Fawn-color, light yellowish brown.

Ferruginous, of the color of iron-rust.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 1G5

Filiform, thread- shaped.

Foveae, shallow rounded depressions or pits.

Frontal, pertaining or relating to the front.

Fuliginous, sooty; soot-colored.

Fulvous, orange-yellow.

Fuscous, dark brown with slight mixture of gray.

Fusiform, spindle-shaped.

Geminate, situated in pairs.

Gemmate having buds.

Generic, pertaining to a genus.

Genus, an assemblage of species "which correspond in particular characters

Globular, like a round ball.

Glutinous, slimy, viscid.

Granulated, covered with small grains.

Gregarious, living in society, or many feeding together.

Habital, a suuation or locality frequented by insects.

Head, the anterior part of the body.

Hibernaculum, a case of web and leaves in which larvae or pupae hiber-
nate, or a cocoon of silk.

Hibernate, to pass through or survive the winter.

Hind margin, that part of the fore wings which is included between the
base and the posterior angle'.

Hirsute, rough with strong hairs.

Hoary, covered with a fine white silvery substance or pubescence.

Humeral, the vein in the humerus.

Humerus, the anterior base of the wing.

Hyaline, transparent; vitreous.

Hybrid, an animal or plant produced from the mixture of different breeds,
species or genera.

Imago, the perfect or adult insect.

Imbricated, tiled; placed one over another, like shingles on the roof of a
house.

Immaculate, without spots.

Incanous, hoary.

Inconspicuous, not readily discernible.

Inner margin, that margin of the hind wings which extends from the base
to the anal angle; by some authors used to denote the posterior or
hind margin of the fore wings.

Inscriptions, markings.

Involute, coiled specially as certain antennae.

Iridescence, a many colored appearance.

Iris, of an ocellate wing spot, is a circle that surrounds the principal spot.

Irrorate, sprinkled.

Joints or Articulations, the divisions of thebody or segments of the larva;
the divisions of the pupa, more particularly the abdomen; the divi-
sions of the antennae.

Labial palpi, articulated filaments, one on each side of the labium.

Labium, the lower tip.

ICG BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Labrum, the upper tip.

Lanceolate, lance or spear shaped.

Larva, the second stage of an insect, counting the egg the first.

Lateral, situated on the side.

Laved or washed, covered with scales of a color different from the ground

color, but not quite obscuring the latter.
Lenticular, lens-shaped.
Lepidoptera, an odler of insects having four wings covered with minute

imbricated scales; butterflies and moths.
Lethargic, becoming torpid or inactive.
Linear, narrow and of nearly uniform width.
Lineated, streaked or marked with lines.
Livid, dark gray, verging towards violet.
Longitudinal, the direction of the longest diameter.
Lunate, crescent-shaped; formed like a new moon.
Lunule, a crescent-shaped marking.
Lurid, of a dirty brown color.
Lustrous, shining.
Maculate, or maculated, spotted.
Mandibles ,the upper jaws.
Margin, the edge of wing, or along tae edge.

Maxillae, the lower jaws, placed between the upper :'aws and the lower lip.
Median, middle.

Mesial, middle, as a band or stripes across the middle portion of the wing.
Mesothorax, that division of the thorax to which the middle pair of legs
-e attached.

are attached.
Metamorphoses, transformations.

are attached.

Moult, or Molt, shedding or casting off the larva ski'n.
Nebulous, clouded.
Nervule, a small nerve or nervure.
Nervures, divisions of the nerves or veins of a wing.
Neuration, or Venation, the arrengement of the veins of the wings.
Niger, black a little tinged with gray.
Obconic. inversely conic.
Obcordate, inversely heart-shaped.

Oblong, the transverse diameter much shorter than the longitudinal.
Obviate, inversely egg-shaped.
Obsolescent, growing obsolete.
Obsolete, indistinct.
Occiput, the hinder part of the head.

Ocelli, eye-like spots on the wings of Lepidoptera; single eyes of insects.
Ochreous, yellow with a slight tinge of brown.
Olivaceous, olive-green.
Opaque, having no luster, dull.
Orbicular, round.
Order, the subdivision of a class.
Oval, broadly elliptical.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 1G7

Ovate, egg-shaped.

Overlaid, heavily sprinkled with scales of a different color from the ground

color; clouded; overcast.
Palpi, in butterflies, the three jointed organs beneath the head between

which the tongue is coiled like a watch-spring.
Perianth, as applied in Botany are the floral leaves that inclose the young

sporophylls.

Petiole, of a leaf, the stalk-like portion that bears the blade.
Piceous, pitchy; the color of pitch.
Pika, a tailless hare found in the Rocky Mountains.
Pile, very minute, short hairs.
Pileated, crested; cap-shaped.
Pilous, having long, sparse hairs.
Polymorphous, applied to a species existing in several different forms a?

to color, markings, or size.
Porrect, straight out.
Posterior angle, the angle formed by the outer margin and the posterior

or hind margin of the fore wing.
Posterior margin, that portion of the fore wings which is opposite the

costa.

Postmedia vein, a vein lying between the media and cubitus.
Premedia vein, a vein lying between the media and radia.
Primaries, the fore wings of Lepidoptera.
Proboscis, the tongue or sucking organ.
Pronotum, the anterior part of me covering of the thorax, the covering of

the thorax.
Prothorax, the first division of the thorax, to which the first pair of legs

are attached.
Protuberant, bulging.

Pruinous, hoary; covered with a whitish powder.
Pubescent, coated with fine hair or down.
Punctured, marked with small empressed dots.

Pupa, the third stage of an insect, country the egg the first; the chrysalis.
Pupate, to assume the pupa form.
Pupil, of an ocellus, the central point.
Quadrangular, having four angles.
Quadrate, square, or nearly square.
Radius, a vein of the wing; the subcostal.
Remote, separate; not near together.
Reniform, kidney-shaped.
Reticulate, resembling net-work.

Retractile, capable of being exserted or drawn in at pleasure.
Retuse, ending in an obtuse sinus.
Ribs, ridges on eggs from the base to the apex.
Roseate, of a rose color.
Rosevs, rose color.
Rufous, reddish.
Rugose or Rugous, wrinkled.
Russet, reddish or yellowish brown.

168 BULLETIN UNiVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Sagittate, arrow-shaped.

Sanguineous, of the color of arterial blood.

Scabrous, rough, with projecting points.

Scales, the dust or imbricated pieces covering the wings.

Secondaries, the hind wings of Lepidoptera.

Segment, a ring or division of the body.

Sericeous, silky.

Serrate, saw-toothed.

Sessile, connected with the part to which it is attached without the in-
tervention of a peduncle or stalk.

Seta, a bristle.

Sinuate, indented.

Sinuous, curving, winding or folding.

Sinus, an indention of execution.

Sparse, scattered.

Species, an assemblage of individuals possessed of permanent charac-
teristics of size, color, and ornamentation, by which they may be dis-
tinguished from other forms, and which breed true to their type.

Spinous, armed with spines.

Spiracle, breathing-holes on the side of the body; the stigmata.

Sporophylls, as applied to Botany, leaves which produce only spores.

Sprinkled, marked with thinly-scattered scales of another color than the
ground color.

Stigmata (singular Stigma), the breathing-holes on the sides of the body;
also, sometimes, spots on a wing.

Stigmated, resembling stigmata.

Striae, lines; transverse elevated lines on eggs.

Striate, marked with lines.

Stridulator, a locust, grasshopper, or other insect that makes a musical or
shrill sound by rubbing together specially hardened parts of the body.

Subapical, situated below the apex.

Subcosta, the subcostal vein, situated behind and near the costal vein of
an insects wing.

Submarginal, applied to a space or line within the margin.

Subocellate, applied to an ocellus without a pupil.

Suffused, blurred with a color other than the usual one.

Sulphureous, bright yellow; the color of sulphur.

Tail, the terminal segment of the abdomen; an appendage at the posterior
part of the hind wings.

Tarsi, the feet.

Tawny, dull yellowish brown.

Terminal, at the extremity

Testaceous, tile or brick color.

Thorax, that part of the body which is back of the head.

Tibia, that part of the leg which is next to the foot.

Tippet, one or two scale-like appendages of the pronotum of Lepidoptera.

Tongue, the sucking-tube of Lepidoptera.

Tosidity, a lethargic state of hibernation.

Translucent, semi-transparent.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA. 16ft

Transverse, crosswise.

Trochanter, an appendage at the base of the thigh.

Trophi, the mouth parts.

Truncate, cut square off.

Tubercle, a small swelling or prominence.

Undulating, vibrating; wavy.

Umbel, as applied to Botany, a flower-cluster in which a number of the

same length spring from the same point, thus radiating like the stays

of an umbrella.
Variation, a deviation in function or structure from the usual form, but not

breeding true to type.

Veins and Venules, the frame work of tne wings.
Venation, see neration.
Venter, the lower part of the body.
Ventricose, distended.

Verticillated, arranged in a circle around an axis.
Villi, soft hairs.
Violaceous, violet color.

Vitellinus, yellow with a slight tinge of red.
Vita, a longitudinal colored line.
Washed, see laved.

BUTTERFLIES OF MONTANA.

171

INDEX

Acadia, 30, 31, 128.

Acadican hair-streak, the, 128.

Acastus checker-spot, 75.

Acmon, 159.

Actinella, 17.

Admiral, red, 99; Wiedemeyers, 104.

Airanius, 150.

Agapetinae, 44, 105.

Aglais, 50, 97; milberti, 67, 97, 159.

Agriades, 136.

Alcestis, 57, 58.

Aldridge, Mont., 4.

Alexandra. 40, 159.

Allium, 17.

Alope, 106.

Alpines, the, 113.

Andes, collecting butterflies in the, 43.

Amyntula, 189.

Anicia, 73.

Anoisa, 45; plexippus, 45, 67.

Anosia plexippus, migration of, 47.

Anthocaris, 32.

Antiopa, 96, 159.

Aphrodite, 54, 57, 58.

Archippus, 103.

Arge, 65.

Artonys, 54, 65.

Ariadue, 39.

Argynnis, 3, 5, 50, 54.

Argynnis aphrodite, 57, 58; atlantis,
63; bremneri, 62; cybele, 54; cy-
pris, 67; edwardsii, 3, 5*9, 67, 159;
electa, 63; eurynome, 17, 64; hes-
peris, 61; lais, 54; leto, 44, 56;
meadii, 159; montivaga, 159; neva-
densis, 3, 60, 61, 67; rhodope, 62.

Astragalus, 47.

Atalanta, 99.

Atlantis, 63.

Arctics, the, 119.

Arctic skipper, 151.

American coppers, 134.

Astraea, 159.

Augustus. 130.

Ausonides, 33, 159.

Banded hair-streak, the, 128.

Barnes, Geo. E., 4.

Barber, H. G., iol.

Basilarchia, 50, 102; disippus, 67; ar-
chippus, 103; lorquina, 104; wiede-
meerii, 67, 104.

Beckeri, 27, 31.

Becker's white, 32.

Behr, H., 161.

Big Sandy, Mont., 4.

Bischoffi, 65.

Bluebell, 108.

Blues, the, 124.

Bottle, for killing, 7.

Brandegee, E. N., 4.

Breir.neri, 54, 62.

Brown. Lisle W., 4.

Brenthis, 50, 69.

Brenthis, helena, 17, 69, 71; bellona,

69, 10; myrina, 5, 69, 70, 149.
Bruce's Swallowtail, 24.
Bruce's checkerspot, 73.
Butterflies^on' Chimborazo, 104.
Butterfly Facuies, 140.
Cabbage butterfly, 29.
Camberwell beauty, the, 96.
California tortoise shell, 92.
California white, 31.
Camillus crescent, 82.
California, 92, 94.
Carlota crescent, 80.
Castilleia, 17.
Cardui, 100.
Caryae, 101.
Catullus, 68, 148.
Cercyonis, 105; alope, 106; charon, 71;

oetus, 71; sthenele, 159.
Callophrys dumetorum, 130.
Centaurea, 145.

Chalceria cupidus, 135; snowi, 135.
Checkered skipper, 147.
ChecKer spots, 72.
Chief mountain, 98.
Chimborazo, 43, 104.
Chionobas varuna, 71.
Chrysophanus hypophleus, 71.
Chyxus butterfly, 120.
Claudia, 51, 67.
Clio, 54, 65.

Clouded checkerspot, 75.
Colias alticola, 43.

Collecting Butterflies in Montana, 108.
Collecting insects, 7.
Colorado blue, the, 137.
Coenonympha, 114; haydeni, 116, elko.

115; ochracea, 67, 14, 159; tiphon,

116.

L'ompton tortoise, 90.
Cooley, Prof. R. A., 4.
Cooper's checker spot, 76.
Coral hair streak 131.

172

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Coubeaux, Eugene, 4.

Coppers, the, 124, 134.

Craig, Pres. O. J., 5.

Crossline skipper, 157.

Cupido, 135; lycaea, 135; saepiolus,

136.

Cunninghami, 65.
Cyanide bottle, 7.
Cyaniris ladon, 138.
Cybele, 54, 57.
Danais archippus, 67.
Dark wood-nymph, 107.
Daunus butterfly, 20, 66.
Desraodium, 51.
Dodge, G. M., 161.
Dumetorum, 130.
Dusky-wing, 149.
Dyar, H. G., 161.
Early hair streak, the, 131.
Edwards, W. H., 2, 119, 161.
Edwardsii, 54, 59, 149.
Edwards' Fritillary, 59.
Edith's copper, 132.
Electa, 54, 63.
Elrod, M. J., 161.
Ellis, 41, 42.
Elko, 115.

Elwes, H. J., 161, 162.
Epargyreus, 143, tityrus, 144.
Erynnis, 151, 152; assiniboia, 155;

comma, 154; Colorado, 155; lauren-

tina, 155; nevada, 155; Columbia,

155; pawnee.
Elfins, the, 129.
Eryphon hair streak, 130.
Epidemia, 133; helloides, 133; mari-

posa, 134.
Erora, laeta, 131.

Erebia, 113; epipsodea, 13; rhodia, 159.
Euvanessa, 50, 67, 96, 159.
Euvanessa antiopa, stridulation in, 97.
Erigeron macranthus, 70.
Eriphyle, 39.
Erinna, 65.
Eugonia, 50.
Eugonia j-album, 90, 93; californica,

92.

Euchloe, 32, 67.
Euploeinae, 44.
Euptoieta, 50, 51, 67.
Eurymedon Swallowtail, 23.
Eurynome, 54, 64.
Eurymus; alexandra, 5, 37, 38, 40, 159;

eurytheme, 37, 38, 40, 67, 159;

ariadne, 39, astraea, 159; eriphyle,

38, 67; elis, 41, 42; keewayden, 38;

meadii, 17, 37, 41, 42; ochracea,

17; philodice, 37, 38, 40, 159;

scudderi, 37, 41.
Eurytheme, 38, 40, 67, 159.
Everes amyntula, 139.

Exchanges, 123.

Faun, the, 85.

Faunus, 85.

Field, W. L. W., 162.

Fiske, Wm. F., 162.

French, G. H., 162.

Fritillaries, the, 54.

Gaeides, 132; editha, 132; xanthoides,

133.

Garita, 152.

Geddes, Capt. Gamble, 59.
Geum, 17.

Giant skippers, 142.
Glossary, 162.

Gossamer winged butterflies, 124.
Great copper, the, 133.
Graceful anglewing, the, 88.
Gracilis, 88.
Grapta zephyrus, 67.
Great Spangled Fritillary, 54.
Gray Hair-Streak, the, 126.
Green white-spotted hair streak, 130
Greenish blue, 136.
Harris, »,. H., 162.
Hayden, F. V., 160.
Hayden's ringlet, 116, 159.
Hadge-row hair-streak, 127.
Helena fritillary, 71.
Heodes ,134; hypophleas, 134.
Heliconinae, 44.
Heliopetes syrichtus, 146.
Hesperis, 59, 61.
Hesperis Fritillary, 61.
Hesperiina,.superfajnily, 13, 142.
Hesperiidae, 142.
Hesperia tesselata, 147.
Hesperopsis lena, 147.
Hoary elfin, the, 129.
Hoffmanns checker spot, 75, 159.
Holland, W. J., 123, 162.
Humooldt, 104.
Huntera, 101, 15y.
Hyde, M. E., 77.
la alia, 54.
Incisalia, 129; irus, 129; niphon, 129;

eryphon, 130; augustus, 130.
Indian skipper, 156.
Irus, 129.
j-album, 90, 93.
Keewayden, 39.
Labelling insects, 9.
Lady butterflies, 98.
Laidon, 116.

Leanira checker spot, 75.
Laeta, 131.
Lemonias, 50, 72; chalcedon, 72; ani-

cia, 72, 73; brucei, 72, 73; cooperi,

72, 76; hoffmannii, 72, 75, 159;

leanira, 72, 75; nubigena, 72, 75;

taylori,,.^, 73; whitneyi, 72, 76.
Leto, 44, 54, 56, 57.

BUTTERFLIES OP MONTANA.

173

Leto butterfly, the, 56.

Ladon, 138.

Lena skipper, 147.

Libytheinae, 44.

Limochroes, 151, 157; manataaqua,

157.

Liparops, 128.
List of Butterflies taken by H. R.

Morrison, .118.
Lorquina, 104.
Louisiana tanager, 108.
Lycaea blue, the, 135.
Lycaenidae, 13, 124.
Lgdanus, 136.
McDougal Peak, 18, 93.
Maley, Frances Inez, 4. •
Mariposa lily, 108.
Mariposa, 134.
Mead, Theodore L., 162.
Meadow browns, 105.
Meadii, 41, 42, 140.
Mertensia, 17.
Meadow fritillary, 70.
Meadow crescent, 81.
Melinus butterfly, the, 126.
Melissa, 124, 137.

Migration of Anosia plexippus, 48.
Milberti, 97, 159.
Milbert's tortoise shell, 97, 159.
Miles City, 3.
Mission Mountains, 18, 93.
Monarch butterfly, 45, 102.
Mount Lo Lo, 3.
Mountain swarming of Vanessa cali-

fornica, 94.
Monuste, 27.
Montana College of Agricutlure and

Mechanic Arts, 4.
Montivaga, 147, 149.
Mountain silver spot, 63.
Mount Shasta, 94.
Mourning cloak, the, 96.
Musta,-d white, 30.
Mylitta crescent, 80.
Myrina, 69, 149.
Napi, 27, 30.

Neominois ridingaii, 121.
Neophasia, 26, 27; menapia 26, 27.
Nephele, 106, 159.
Net ,how to make, 7.
Nevadonsis. 54, 60.
Nevada Fritillary, 60.
Nitra swallowtail, 25.
Niphon, 129.

Nomiades, 136; lygdanus, 136.
Northern duskywing, 194.
Nub:gona, l.<
Nymphalidae, 13, 44.
Nymphalinae, 44, 50.
Nyn«phs/ the, 50.

Occidentalis, 27, 29.

Ochracea, 114, 159.

Ochre ringlet, 114.

Oeneas, 119; chryxus, 5, 120; uhleri,
120.

Ochlodes, 150, 156; sassacus, 156.

Oarisma, 150, 151; powesheik, 151;
garita, 152.

Olympia, 35.

Orange margined blue, the, 137.

Oiange tip, 33.

Pallida, 30, 31.

Painted Lady, 100.

Papering specimens, 8.

Pamphila, 150; palaemon, 150.

Pamphilinae, 150.

Papilio, 19; bairdii, 24; brucei, 19, 24;
daunus, 19, 20, 22; eurymedon, 19,
23; nitra, ly, 2C; oregonia, 24;
turnus, 19, 21, 22, 159; rutulus, 19,
2, 159; zolicaon, 19, 24, 25, 67.

Papilionidae, 13.

Papilionina, superfamily, 13.

Papilioninae, sub-family, 19.

Parnassiinae, 13.

Parnassius, 14, 159; clodius, 14, 16,
159; smintheus, 14, 15, 17, 18.

Pearl crescent, 79.

Persius, dusky-wing, 149.

Pawnee skipper, 155.

Philodice, 37, 159.

Pholison catullus, 148.

Phyciodes, 5. 50, 78; tharos, 67, 78, 79,
159; mylitta, 78, 80; nycteis, car-
lota, 67, 78 ,80; pratensis, 78, 81;
camillus, 78, 82.

Pieridae, 13, 26.

Pierinae, 26.

Pike's Peak, 18.

Pinning forceps, 10.

Pins, 10.

Pieris Xanthoides, 43.

Pine white, 26.

Pinchincha, 26.

Pileated woodpecker, 109.

Plexippus, 45.

Polygonia, 50.

Polygonum, 17.

Polygonia, 84, 94; gracilis, 84, 87;
faunus, 85; hylas, 85; silenus, 85;
pratensis, 81; zephyeus, 67, 85, 87.

Pontia, 26, 27; beckeri, 27, 32; mon-
uste, 27; napi, 27, 30; occidentalis,
27, 29; protodice, 27, 28, 67, 159;
rapae, 27, 29, 65; sisymbri, 27, 31.

Potassium cyanide, 7.

Potentilla, 17.

Portulaca, 51.

Portulaca, 51.

Poweshiek skipper, 151.

174

BULLETIN UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA.

Pratensis, 81.

Protodice butterfly, 28.

Purplish copper, the, 133.

Pylades, 144.

Pyrameis cardui, 67.

Pyrgus, monticaga, 147; syrictus, 159.

Rapae, 27, 29.

Reakirt's copper, 134.

Red admiral, 99.

Regal fritillary 4.

Rhodia, 159.

Rhodope, 54, 62.

Rhamnus, 23.

Ricker, Edith, 4.

Ricker, Maurice, 49.

Riding's satye, 121.

Ringlets, the, 114.

Ringless ringlet, the, 115.

Rubidus, 135, 159.

Ruddy copper, the, 135.

Rustier 136.

Rusticus, 136; melissa, 124, 137; glau-

con, 137; shasta, 138.
Ruffed grouse, 109.
Rutulus swallow-tail, 66.
Sara, 34.

Satyr, the, 86; Ridings', 121.
Satyrus, 159; olympus, 5.
Sassacus, 156.
Saepium, 127.
Scelothrix, i*5; centaurea, 145; scrip-

tura, 146.

Scudder, S. H., 162.
Scudder's sulphur, 41.
Scudderi, 41.
Sedum, 17, 51.
Semnopsyche, 50.
Setting board, 10.
Scriptura, 146.
Shasta blue, the, 138.
Shasta, Mt, 94.
Silene, 17.
Silver spots, 54.
Silver-bordered fritillary, 69.
Silvery blue, 136.
Sisymbri, 27, 31.
Skippers, the, .142.
Silver spotted skipper, 144.
Skinner, Henry, 162.
Snyder, A. J., 162.
Small checkered skipper, 146.
Sooty-wing, the, 148.
Speyer, Dr. A., 162.
Southern white, 28.
Snow's copper, 135.
Spring azure, 138.
Strymon titus, 131.
Spaulding, T. C., 4.
Speyeria, 52, 67.

Sthenele, 159.

Spreading insects, 9.

Striduation in Euvanessa antiopa, 97.

Strecker, Hermann, 162.

Streckers sulphur, 41.

Sulphur, the common, 37.

Sulphur, alexandus, 40.

Sulphurs, the, 26, 37.

Swan Range, 4, 18, 93.

Swan Lake, 93.

Sylvestris, 105, 159.

Synchloe, 26, 32; sara, 32; ansonides,

33; sara, 34; olympia, 35.
Syrichtus, 146, 159.
Swinton, A. H., 97.
Taylor's ciiecker-spot, 73.
Thanaos, 149; persius, 149; afranius,

150.

Tnymelicus, 151.
Tessellata, 71, 147.
Thaj?02,7 79, 159.
Thermopsis, 41.
Thistle butterfly, 160.
Tiphon, 116.
Tityrus, 68, 144.
Tortoise shell, Milbert's, 97.
Thecla ,127; acadica, 128; calanus,

128; saepium, 127; liparops, 128.
Turnus, 66, 21.
Turnus swallowtail 21, 66.
University of Montana Biological Sta-
tion, 2, 15.
Uhleri, 120.
Uncas, 153.
Uranotes mlinus, 126.
Uranotes melinus, 126.
Vanessa, 50, 98, 99; atalanta, 99; cali-

fornica, 5, 67, 94; cardui, 100;

caryae, 101; huntera, 101, 159;

j-album, 5.

Variegated Fritillary, 51.
Varuna, 120.

Venation of i-ie wings, 10.
Viceroy, the, 103.
Ward, Albertine, 141.
West Coast Lady, 101.
Western white, 29.
western tailed blue, 139.
Whitney's checker spot, 76.
Whites, the, 26, 27.
Whymper in the Andes, 43.
Wiley, C. A., 34, 112.
Wiedemeyer's admiral.
Wiedemeyeri ,104.
Wiley, C. A., 162.
vVbod-nymphs, 105.
Woody, Mt., 6.
Zephyr, the, 87.
Zephyrus, 87.
Zo.icaon butterfly, 35, 66.

ERRATA.

Page 3, seventh line from the bottom, read edwarasii for edwardsi.

Page 5, sixth line from bottom, read Lycaena for lycana.

Page 14, for Fig. 13, read Fig. 14.

Page 15, for Fig. 14, read Fig. 13.

Page 66, eleventh line from the bottom, read zolicaon for zolicoan.

Page 97, third line from top, for Branedgee read Brandegee.

Page 111, seventh line from bottom, for Spiraea read Spiraea.

Page 112, tenth line from bottom, for Lycaona read Lycaena.

Page 112, twenty-third line from bottom for Basilachia read Basilarchia.

Page 112, fifth line from bottom, for sminthcus read smintheus.

Page 140, first line of fourth stanza, for whitness read whiteness.

Page 143. In the key, after Hesperopsis read P. 147; after Scelothrix read

P. 145; after Heliopetes read P. 147; after Pyrgus read P. 147; after

Pholisora read P. 148; after Thanaos read P. 149.
Page 151. In the key, after Ochlodes read P. 156; after Thymelicus read

P. 156; after Erynnis read P. 152; after Limochroes read P. 157.
Page 156. After THE WOODLAND SKIPPER read Thymelicus.
Page 159. Seventh generic name from top, read Melitaea for Melieta.

ssi

THE LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

Santa Barbara

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW.

Series 9482

UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY

AA 001294691 9

Volume I. Bulletins of the University of Montana, Biological Series.

No. 1. Summer Birds of Flathead Lake, by P. M. Silloway. 84 pp.,
Plates I— XVI.

No. 2. Announcement of the Fourth Annual Session of the University
of Montana Biological Station. 4 pp.

No. 3. A Biological Reconnaissance in the Vicinity of Flathead Lake,
by Morton J. Elrod. Pp. 89—182, plates XVIII— XLVI, figs. 1—3.

No. 4. Announcement of the Fifth Annual Session of the University
of Montana Biological Station. Pp. 183—190, 4 ills.

No. 5. Lectures Delivered at the University of Montana Biological
Station during the Session of 1902. Pp. 191—288, plates XLVII— LII, figs.
4—31.

No. 6. Additional Notes to Summer Birds of Flathead Lake, by
Perley Milton Silloway, with Introduction by Morton J. Elrod. Pp. 289 —
308, plates LIII— LVII.

No. 7. Lichens and Mosses of Montana, a list, by Wilson P. Harris
and Carolyn W. Harris. Pp. 309-331. Plates LVIII— LXIV.

No. 8. Announcement of the Sixth Annual Session of the University
of Montana Biological Station. Pp. 332-343.

No. 9. Announcement of the Seventh Annual Session of the Univer-
sity of Montana Biological Station. Pp. 343-355.

Volume II.

No. 10. The Butterflies of Montana, by Morton J. Elrod, M.A., Ph.D.,
assisted by Frances Inez Maley, B.A. Pp. 1-174, one colored and thirteen
black and white plates, and twenty-five figures.