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THE

Butterflies

OF

North America

WITH

COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS

/

W. H. EDWARDS

THIRD SERIES.

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

t2:i)e a5iber0iDe ^rejsjs, Cambntige

LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.
1887

Copyright, 18S6, by W. H. Edwards
All rights r^sentfd

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ADVERTISEM

I HAVE concluded to begin a third Volume of the " Butterflies of North
America," and have made such arrangements that at least ten Plates may be
expected to appear in each year. It may be found advisable to give sixty Plates
instead of fifty, as in preceding Volumes, and probably three or four will contain
figures of eggs exclusively, for I desire to make it clear at a glance that a natural
genus is indicated quite as decidedly in the shape and ornamentation of the e^'
as in the imago. The drawings on stone will be made under the supervision of
Mrs. Mary Peart, and the preparatory stages of the species treated will be illus-
trated more fully, if anything, than in Vol. 11.

Some surprise has been expressed that Vol. II. should have been so great an
advance on Vol. I. in the matter of these early stages ; but the explanation is
simple. When Vol. I. was undertaken, in 1868, nothing was known by myself or
any one else, of eggs, larv£e,.or chrysalids, except of the more common butterflies.
As an egg or larva could but rarely be traced back to a particular female, it was
impossible that much knowledge could be gained of the life histories. Scarcely
any advance in this respect had been made, in fact, since the time of Abbot,
about 1800, and I said as much in the Advertisement which appeared with Part I.
Abbot represented nothing but the mature larva and pupa. His larvre, as I have
been told by Mr. Titian Peale, who knew him at Savannah, were brought in by
boys, white and black, and generally what they were was made known when the
butterflies came from chrysalis.

But in 1870 I discovered an infallible way to obtain eggs from the female of
any species of butterfly, namely, by confining her with the growing food-plant.
If the eggs are mature they will be laid. The first experiment was made with
Papilio Ajax, and seasonal tri-morphism established. Three described species of
Papilio then and there resolved into one tri-formed species. The same summ'er,
the seasonal di-morphism of Grapta Interrorjationis was determined ; and soon
after, of Grapta Comma. And from that day to the present I have so obtained
eggs at will, besides receiving others, of many species, from correspondents, got

ADVERTISEMENT.

in the same manner, and have reared larvae without end. In this way, many cases
of polymorphism have been estabhshed, and the position of many doubtful forms
settled. A light has also been thrown on the limits of variation in species. In
every case, I have preserved descriptions of the several stages, and many of them
have been published. Of a large proportion, also, Mr.s. Peart has executed colored
drawings, magnified wlien necessary, and my albums contain nearly one thousand
figures.

In 1868, Coalburgh was inaccessible from the East, except by stage-road across
the Virginian Alleghanies, and the journey to Philadelphia was a matter of four
days; therefore it was next to impossible to get larva> to the artist. Had that state
of things continued, very few larval drawings could have been given in Vol. II.
But the opening of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, in 1870, changed all that.
Now, every part of North America which can be reached by railway — Florida,
Arizona, Southern California, and even Vancouver's Island and British Columbia —
is tributary to these Volumes.

And so, in this Christmas time of 1886, I commend Vol. III. to the good
will of the friends who have made my small audience for so many years.

WM. H. EDWARDS.
Coalburgh, W. Va., December 25, 1886.

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COLIAS I.

COLIAS EURYDICE, 1-4.

Colias Eurydice (Eu-ryd'-i-ce), Boisduval, Ami. Soc. Ent. France, 1852. Edwards, But. N. A., Vol. I., pi. 16,
p. 53. Form. Amorph^, H. Edwards, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1876.

What I supposed was the typical form of Eurydice was figured in Volume I.
Boisduval says : " The yellow (of Ccesonla) is replaced by a vivid orange, and the
fore wings have a violet reflection." It is iinpos.sible to represent in colors
the peculiar reflection. It is also variable, some examples having scarcely any
violet, others an excess, and ray figure was made from one of the last. Mr.
Henry Edwards called attention, in the paper above referred to, to the difference
between the spring and autumn generations of this species, and regarded the
former as the type. " The butterflies of spring make their appearance in April
and May ; the secondaries of the male are wholly bright orange, without any
spots or marks on the margin, except some brown dots to note the termination
of the nervules, while the female is immaculate. The autumn brood, however,
appearing in July and August, have the secondaries of the male with a black
marginal border, and the females have the margins distinctly marked with brown-
ish patches, and rarely with a black sub-median band, composed of clouded
patches, crossing the wing." (Fig. 4.) To the autumnal form Mr. Edwards
gave the name Amorph^. In same paper, mention is made of an example
of Eurydice from Mendocino County, in which the "dog's head" is suffused
with the richest purple.

From Mr. W. G. Wright, at San Bernardino, I have received many examples
of the butterfly, and they are characterized by small size, and absence of any de-
cided violet reflection. Often there is no reflection at all, and the color of the
dog's head varies from a pale to a deep or Indian yellow. From the same lot of
eggs I have bred the larvte to imago, and obtained these varieties. It is this
small form, with yellow primaries, that I call var. Bernardino. The females have
a large, deep brown or brown-black, discal spot on primaries, and often there are

COLIAS I.

traces of sub-marginal spots on same wings ; on the under side the sub-marginal
clusters of scales on both wings are usually conspicuous. (Figs. 1-3.) The pre-
paratory stages of Eiirydlce are thus described : —

Egg. — Fusiform, thick in middle, tapering to a small rounded summit ; the
base flat ; ribbed longitudinally, the number of ribs about eighteen, four or five
of which end at nearly three quarters the distance from base to summit ; they
are low, narrow, of even height and width throughout, the spaces between flat
and crossed by many fine horizontal ridges; the micropyle (Fig. a^) in centre of
a rosette of five hexagons, outside of which is a ring of cells of same shape but
irregular; color yellow-green. (Fig. a.) Duration of this stage about five days.

Young Larva. — Length .1 inch ; cylindrical, thickest on 2 and 3, tapering
sliglitly to 12 ; each segment several times creased, and on the ridges so made
are many black points, each giving a short black hair ; scattered among these
points are black tubercles, some with long black hairs, but most with white
clubbed appendages (Figs. W, ¥) ; on front of 2 is a cross row of the hairs, five
on either side, running from dorsum to base ; on 3 and 4 are four each, also in
front, but from 5 to 12 there are three of the white appendages on the side of
each segment, a subdorsal one on the front ridge, an upper lateral on fourth
ridge, a lower lateral on second ridge, or between second and third ; these form
three longitudinal rows, and the subdorsal extends over 4 ; 13 has three hairs in
triangle on either side, and from 4 to 12, below spiracles, are two hairs each, the
front one always a little below the other ; color dull yellow-green ; feet and legs
same; head rounded, a little depressed at top; on either side of face are seven
rounded tubercles, and two in the triangle, in all sixteen, each with long de-
pres.sed black hair; color of head pale yellow-brown. (Figs, h, 6^.) Duration of
this stage about four days.

After first moult: length .14 inch; rather more tapering, the ridges thickly
set with black points, each with black hair ; among these are small tubercles of
same color, mostly on middle of each ridge and nearly equidistant, with longer
hairs (Fig. c^) ; color yellow-green ; head nearly as before, somewhat broader in
proportion across lower half ; the tubercles and hairs much more numerous than
before ; color pale yellow-green. (Figs, c, c^.) As this stage proceeds a yellowish
basal stripe begins to show itself. To next moult four to five days.

After second moult : length .22 inch : color deep green ; the points and tuber-
cles as in previous stage ; the basal white band distinct ; just over it, on 3 and 4,
on middle of the segment, a black, vitreous, round process, almost a hemisphere ;
head yellow-green, more thickly beset with tubercles than before, mostly small,
but twelve, scattered among the others, are of larger size. (Figs, d, d?, d^.) To
next moult three days.

COLIAS I.

After third moult : length .4 ; same color ; in addition to the black processes
on 3 and 4 is often a similar but much smaller one on each of the succeeding
segments, but they are variable in number ; the band has now an ochreous yellow
discoloration at its lower edge, which deepens as the stage proceeds, becoming
yolk-of-egg color; head as before. (Figs, e, e".) To next moult three days.

After fourth moult : length .6 inch ; orange now appears in the band. To
maturity about three days.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.1 inch ; cylindrical, of nearly even thickness from
3 to 11 ; thickly covered with small black tubercles, each of which gives a very
short, fine black hair; along base from 2 to 13 a narrow white band, through the
lower part of which runs au orange stripe, often macular ; on 3 and 4 each, over
the band, on middle of the segment, is a vitreous, hemispherical process, black,
with purple reflection ; from the centre springs a very small hair, and around
base is a cluster of minute black points (Fig. (f) ; these processes on 3 and 4 are
constant ; often smaller processes of same character are found on part or all the
succeeding segments to 9 or 10, the posterior sometimes greatly reduced ; a
ring of points similar to those about the glassy processes surrounds each hair on
the mature larva (as the artist has endeavored to show in the enlarged segment.
Fig. e'-); color dull green ; under side blue-green; feet and legs same; head
round, slightly depressed at top, much covered with fine black points, each with its
short black hair. (Figs./,/^,/^.) From fourth moult to pupation about six days.

There is some variation in the markings at last two stages ; one larva had a
narrow black band on middle of each segment, including 2 and 13 (as shown in
Fig. h). Another had black beads sprinkled about as follows: on 2, one sub-
dorsal ; on 3, three high on side ; on 4, two high on side ; on 5 and 6, one sub-
dorsal ; on 8 and 10 each a short bar ; in this last example, as occasionally hap-
pened with others, there were black lunate spots beneath the band, such as is
commonly seen in Eury theme and Philodlce.

Another larva had spots from 3 to 11, most with an oblique black dash on
lower side. (Fig. g.)

The larval measurements were taken at or near twelve hours from the egg and
several moults.

CnRYS.\Lis. — Length .8 inch; breadth across mesonotum .19; across abdomen,
.2 inch ; greatest depth .28 inch ; compressed laterally ; the thorax on ventral
side prominent and forming a narrow ridge ; abdomen tapering, conical ; meso-
notum less prominent than in Eurytheme or Philodlce, low, rounded, with a slight
carina, followed by a small excavation ; head case produced to a point, a little
curved upward, with a regular slope on both dorsal and ventral sides, angular
laterally ; color apple-green ; a white stripe often marks the side of abdomen.
(Fig. i.) Duration of this stage nine or ten days.

COLIAS I.

The food plant of Eurydlce is Amorpha Californica. (Fig k.) I have several of
these from Mr. Wright, and they are growing in my garden. I also have received
eggs and larvtB through the mails. The first sent reached me 2d April, 1883. The
larvae began to pass first moult 4th April ; the second, 9th ; third, 12th ; fourth,
15th ; to pupate, 23d ; and the first imago appeared ten days later. Whole
period from laying of egg to imago about 33 days.

On 4th May, 1884, I received larvte of all ages, about seventy. The black
spots over the band varied greatly. All the mature larvae had one each on 3
and 4. Of 37 examples, 23 had no other .spots. One had spots from 3 to 9 ;
another 3 to 10 ; but in both cases none on 5 ; four had spots from 3 to 10, five
from 3 to 11, two from 3 to 12. These larvae were attacked by a fatal disease,
and I lost nearly all. A black speck would appear on middle segments and soon
extend over the body. So pupte. that were at first apparently healthy died in
same manner. Mr. Edwards, in the paper referred to, speaks of losing many
chrysalids from a similar disease. I tried in vain, in 1883, to make the larvae eat
white clover (which several species of Colias will eat, though they may refuse red
clover), but, in 1884, I succeeded, and on this plant the larvae went to pupation.
The habits, at all stages, are similar to those of Eurytheme and Philodice. When
first hatched, they eat furrows in the surface of the leaf ; after first moult, they
eat the leaf ; and they lie extended on the upper side along the mid-rib.

When the plate in Volume I. was published, 1870, little was known of the dis-
tribution of Etirydice. I quoted from Mr. Edwards, that the insect was rare and
local ; that its chief home was in Marion County, about thirty miles from San
Francisco. It is now known to inhabit several counties of California from north
to south. Mr. Henry Edwards writes : " I do not know how far south the spe-
cies may fly, but certainly not as far as San Diego, the many collections I have
seen from the neighborhood of that city containing not a single specimen. It is
however quite probable that it may reach nearly as far. To the north, it is
taken in Mendocino County, but not in Oregon, Nevada, or British Columbia.
The food plant, Amorpha Californica, grows throughout Oregon, and, I think,
even as far as Vancouver's Island, and it is somewhat odd that the range of the
species should stop short, as it apparently does, about half way between San Fran-
cisco and the Oregon line. It is most common in the counties of Napa, Sonoma,
and Mendocino, and never more than fifty or sixty miles from the coast. It fre-
quents the lower ranges rather than the mountains, and I have never seen it in
any part of the Sierra Nevada. I should say that its home is limited to about
400 miles at the utmost from north to south, and about sixty miles inland from
the seaboard. It must tlierefore be regarded as an extremely local species."
The mature larva and chrysalis described by Mr. H. Edwards, in Proc. Cal.

COLIAS I.

Acad. Nat. Sci., June 5, 1876, were much larger than any San Bernardino exam-
ples, the larva measuring 1.45 inch, the chrysalis .95 inch.

The several stages from egg to pupa are closely like other Coliades de.scribed
in these Volumes. There is no generic difference whatever observable in any of
these stages between Eurydive and Phllodice. So far as I am acquainted with the
butterflies, there is no case whore a natural genus does not show its distinctive
characters in the preparatory stages, either in all of them, or part. Hence I have
declined to accept the genus Megonostoma, created by Reakirt, in 1863, to ac-
commodate Ccesonia and Eurydice. There is no more natural genus than Colias,
and it seems to nie cpiite enougli that the differences in the iinagos, which are
trifling at best, should be indicated by Groups, as I have treated them in my Cata-
logues.

Ho

T.SmcUirSSon.lift phila

NITOCRIS 12a'349

ARGYNNIS I.

ARGYNNIS NITOCRIS, 1-4.

Ar/jj/nms Nilocris (Ni-to'-cris) Eilwanls, ^, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, V., p. 15, 1874 ; Mead, Rop. Wheeler
Expedition, v., 751, 1875. 9i Edwards, Can. Ent., XI., p. 82, 1883; J aberr. Nokumis, Strocker, Rep.
Ruffner Expedition, p. 1853, 1878.

Male. — Expands 3 inches.

Allied to Nohomis. Upper side bright fulvous, much obscured from base to
middle of disk, except upon a portion of the cell of primaries; both wings
bordered by two parallel black lines, which, on secondaries, enclose a rather
broad clear fulvous space, on primaries a narrow space cut by the black nervules;
anterior to the.se lines, on primaries, a series of black lanceolate spots, the an-
terior ones connected and touching the inner line ; on secondaries the spots are
lunular, separated, and do not toucli the line ; the extra-discal spots on primaries
are irregular in size and shape, rather sub-quadrate and lanceolate, on second-
aries minute ; the markings to base as in Nokomis, heavy on primaries, light on
secondaries, the discal band on the latter being broken into small, separate, -sub-
lunular spots ; fringes fulvous, on primaries black at tips of the nervules.

Under side of primaries red from base to hind margin, and over whole wing
except a small area near apex, where it is bright ochre-yellow ; a brown patch
on middle of this area ; the black markings repeated ; the upper five sub-
marginal spots enclose silver, and there are three silver spots on the patch.

Secondaries deep ferruginous-brown from base to the outer edge of the second
row of spots, between this and outer row a clear ochre-yellow space ; the hind niar'
gin same color as the disk, with an obscure appearance of fulvous between the
nervules ; all the spots well silvered ; the seven sub-marginal are narrow segments
of circles, and are edged broadly on anterior side by ferruginous-brown ; those
of the second row are rather small, mostly rounded, the one next inner margin
sub-lunate ; the third row consists of three large spots, the outer ones sub-lunate,
the other rounded, and edged on posterior side by black ; all the spots of the
two rows edged heavily on basal side by black ; in cell a round spot, and below

ARGYNNIS I.

cell, an oval, both ringed with black ; a silver patch at base of cell, and another
at base of sub-costal interspace ; shoulder and inner margin lightly silvered.

Body above fulvous, beneath same with many black and gray hairs ; legs
fulvous ; palpi same, buff at the sides ; antennie fuscous above, fulvous below ;
club black, the tip fulvous or ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 3 to 3.25 inches.

Upper side blackish-brown, darker than female JSfohomis, the black markings
from base to middle of disk nearly lost in the dark ground ; the light spots as in
Nokomis, and of a pale yellow color, except the small sub-marginal, which are
whitish ; the light spots of secondaries narrower than in most examples of Noko-
mis, owing to the broad edging of brown upon each nervule; they are also much
dusted brown, particularly on the basal portion.

Under side of primaries deeper red than in the male, the sub-apical area
clearer yellow. Secondaries of a darker brown, dusted ferruginous next base, the
belt of a brighter yellow, divided into spots by the broad edging of the nervules;
the silver spots generally as in the male. (Figs. 5, 6.)

I have not seen a male other than the one in my collection. This was taken
in the White Mountains, northeast Arizona, in 1873, by Lieut. Henshaw, of the
exploring expedition under Lieut. Wheeler.

Several females have been taken in Arizona, Colorado, and Nevada. Probably
the species will be found in abundance in some of the valleys of southwest Colo-
rado, and south Utah.

AMmr^JMM

T.Sm>:liil"S<m,l\th Ptela

LAIS 1 2 o' 3 4 9.

ARGYNNIS 11.

ARGYNNIS LAIS, 1-4.

>4r<7j^nnisZ(iis(La'-is) Edwards, Can. Ent., XV., p. 209, 188.3.

Male. — Expands 2 inches.

Upper side bright red-fulvous, somewhat obscured at base ; both wings bor-
dered by two parallel lines, the spaces between cut by the black nervules ; the
markings as in the allied species, but all slight ; the common discal band broken
into spots, which, on secondaries, are very small ; fringes yellow-white, black at
ends of nervules.

Under side of primaries cinnamon-red, paler next inner angle, the apical area
buff' ; the upper sub-marginal spots enclose silver and there are two or three silver
spots on the sub-apical patch.

Secondaries from base to outer side of the second row of spots dark brown mot-
tling a 3^ellowish ground ; the belt beyond these spots pale yellow ; all the spots
small and well silvered, the outer row sub-crescent, the second row mostly oval.

Body above fulvous, beneath pale fulvous with many graj- hairs ; legs fulvous ;
palpi same, with black hairs at sides ; antennas black above, fulvous below, club
black, ferruginous at tip. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 2.2 inches.

Upper side less bright, the base more obscured ; the markings all heavier ; the
marginal lines more or less confluent on primaries ; the discal band, in many
examples, connected on primaries, but on secondaries as in the male.

Under side as in the male. (Figs. 3, 4.)

This pretty species is found in N. W. Terr., and was discovered by Captain
Gamble Geddes, in 1883, at Edmonton, early in July. It was common and asso-
ciated with Cyhele. In 1884, Captain Geddes took it at Calgarry, in the foot-hills,
flying with Atlantis. Also at Morley, in Kicking-horse Pass, in July and begin-
ning of August, and at Laggan, at the summit of same Pass.

ARGYNNIS II.

Mr. Thomas E. Bean, writing from Laggan, IStli September, 1886, says : " As to
Lais, I can only speak of this region and McLean, 600 miles east of this. Here
Luis appears not to fly at all. At McLean, it is tlie single common species of the
larger Argynnis. It appeared quite freely along the railroad and about the sta-
tion buildings. But its native haunts I found to be among the openings of the
little groves of poplar and willow. I have the idea from the localities Captain
Geddes gives that he took his specimens chiefly on the Red Deer River, and that
is far to the west and north of McLean. Also he called it rai'e, from which I
should consider that he was collecting away from its metropolis. I think that
may be in the region about McLean."

J^>s

"Jyi; 1^ ?{ '^'SM^

'■:i ir" '0^ "

*^

ALiCESTIS ^ 1 2 cT, 3,4, 9,

,, /./yy niariniricd e . Larva. 4 .'' m7( nat. sixe .

h . f,an'a, young ,, f'-

r cl „ ''"''and :<"' III nil I Is „ (/ ChryscUs .

5'^' ,, mature.

ARGYNNIS VI.

ARGYNNIS ALCESTIS, 1-4.

An/i/nnis Alcesli.i, Edw., Tr. Am. Eiit. Sue, V., p. 289. 187«. I<1., Can. Ent., Vol. XII., p. 69. 1879.
Worthington, Can. Ent., Vol. X., p. 37. 1878. French, Butt. East. U. S., p. 158. 1886. Scuddi-r,
Butt. N. E., Vol. III., p. 1802. 1889.

M.\LE. — Expands about 2.8 inches.

Upper side bright fulvous, but sHghtly obscured at base ; hind margins bor-
dered by two parallel lines, the spots on inner side of which, on primaries, are
lunate next apex, elsewhere serrate, on secondaries lunate, small ; other mark-
ings as in Aphrodite; the mesial band, on both wings, broken into separated
spots, which on secondaries are very small ; fringes of primaries alternately fus-
cous and yellowish, in equal parts, of secondaries yellowish, with fuscous at the
tips of the nervules.

Under side of primaries bright cinnamon-red from base to margin, the apical
area of same hue as the hind wing, varying as that varies; the black markings
repeated ; the upper five, and often the sixth, submarginal spots silvered, and
two or three silver spots subapical.

Secondaries of one color from base to margin, either dark chocolate-brown, as
in Idalla, or deep ferruginous-brown, with no mottling on the disk, and therefore
in contrast with the allied species Ai^hrodlte and Clpris ; occasionally, in the
middle of the space between the two outer rows of silver spots is a narrow strip
or a streak which shows a pale subcolor, but washed by the prevailing color of
the wing ; the spots well silvered ; the seven of the outer row sub-triangular,
edged on basal side with darker ferruginous ; the second row has the first three
and fifth and sixth nearly equal, sub-ovate, the fourth small, sub-triangular, the
seventh and eighth sub-lunate, the eighth sometimes wanting, or obsolescent ; in
the third row are five spots, the first sub-rotund, the second and fifth small, long
oval, the third sub-pyriform, large, divided, with a black edging on the basal
side of the outer segment, the fourth rather small, lunate ; all these, as well as
the spots of the second row, heavily edged with black on basal side ; in the cell
are either one or two round spots, and below cell an oval, all ringed black ; a
spot without black at base of cell, and another at base of subcostal interspace ;
also at the origin of costal interspace is an elongated silver spot edged with
black, and frequently the costal margin next base has very little or no silver ;
inner margin lightly silvered.

Body above red-fulvous, brown tinted ; beneath, the thorax buff with fulvous

ARGYNNIS VI.

hairs ; legs reddish buff; palpi buff, fulvous in front and at tip; antennae black,
fulvous beneath ; club black tipped with ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands about 3 inches.

Upper side darker, more red, much more obscured at base ; the marginal lines
heavy and on primaries more or le.ss confluent ; on same wings the submarginal
spots are heavy and rest on the lines ; all the mai'kings and inscriptions heavy,
the mesial band connected ; on secondaries this band is either made of separated
spots, or the posterior half is connected, the rest separated.

Under side of primai'ies fiery red, the apical area as on the hind wing, the
silver spots large ; the sixth spot more or less silvered, and sometimes the sev-
enth partly ; often there is a dash of silver on the basal side of the rounded
spots in the lower three interspaces, and narrow, lanceolate spots of silver are in
the lower subcostal and both discoidal interspaces between the marginal and
discal rows (this excess of silver is very unusual in the genus) ; secondaries, as
described for the male, of either olive or dark I'ed-brown, solid color ; the silver
spots as in male in number and shape, enlarged ; the costal and inner margins
more extensively silvered. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Egg. — Conoidal, truncated, and depressed at top ; in general like A2ihrodite,
but taller than broad, and taller in proportion to the width at base, the sides less
convex (comparing some of the allied species, in Alcestis the breadth is to the
height as 80 to 96, in Aphrodite as 80 to 90, in Cybele as 80 to 80) ; marked by
eighteen prominent, vertical, slightly wavy ribs, about half of which extend from
base to summit, and form around the latter a serrated rim ; the remainder end
irregularly at three foiirths and upwards distance from base to summit, some-
times squarely at one of the cross ridges, but usually curve towards and unite
with the long ribs; the rounded interspaces separated by nearly equidistant
fine cross ridges; color when first laid greenish yellow (Fig. «). Duration of
this stage twenty-five to thirty days.

Young Larva. — Length at twelve hours from the egg .08 inch ; cylindrical,
stoutest anteriorly, tapering backward, the dorsum sloping considerably ; color
brownish green, semitranslucent ; marked by eight longitudinal rows of dark,
sub-triangular, flat, tubei-culous spots, three of which are above the spiracles on
either side, and one below ; these bear small tubercles ; in the iipper, or dorsal,
row two, in the next two rows one, in the lowest row four, each giving out a
long, tapering, clubbed hair ; on front of 2 is a large blackish dorsal spot bearing
three tubercles on either side of the mid-dorsal line, and below it, in line with
the third row, is a small spot with two short hairs ; and near the front, against
the spiracle are two points, each with very short hair; on 3 and 4 the spots of

ARGYNNIS VI.

the three upper rows are in vertical line, but from 5 to 13 they are in triangle,
those of the dorsal row near the fronts of the segments, the next row to the
rear, the third a little in front of the middle ; at the end of 13 is a large spot, or
double spot, with several hairs ; the spots of the infra-stigmatal row are placed
on the middle of the segments, and still lower, in a line along the base of the
legs, are single points, with a fine hair each, but two on 2 ; under side, feet and
legs less brown, more green ; head a little broader than 2, rounded, slightly bi-
lobed, with many hairs; color dark brown (Fig. h). Most of the larvae became
lethargic direct froni the egg, but about ten per cent proceeded to first moult
and farther. The first moult was reached at eighteen days from hatching.

After first moult: length .15 inch; shape of Aphrodite; color yellow-green,
the dorsum mottled with brown, especially about the bases of the spines ; spines
as in the genus, long, tapering, black, beset with short and fine black bristles,
those of the second row rise from either pale j^ellow or greenish tubercles, all
others from black ones ; head sub-cordate, the vertices rounded ; at top of each,
to the front, a little conical process ; color black, the hairs black. To next
moult, in the Fall, five to seven days, in the Spring, fourteen to twenty-three.

After second moult : length .22 inch ; shape as before, color black-brown, the
sides paler than dorsum ; the spines black ; the bases of the dorsal rows pale buff
on outer side, but black on the dorsal side, those of second row black, of third
buff ; the intermediate ones on 3 and 4 yellow ; head shaped as before, black
(Fig. c). To next moult, in the Fall, six days, in the Spring, seven to twelve.

After third moult ; length .3 inch ; color velvety black, with a tint of brown ;
the outer side of ba.ses of dorsal spines now dull yellow; those of second row
have very little yellow, and of third have yellow at base and a little way up the
stem ; color of front head shining black, but the back is yellow (Fig. d). To
next moult, in the Spring, eleven to fourteen days.

After fourth moult : length .5 inch ; color as at last previous stage ; spines
black, both dorsals and those of the second row very slightly reddish yellow at
base ; those of the third row and the intermediate spines of 3 and 4 are all
orange at base and nearly halfway up ; head as before, black in front, orange at
back. At ten days after the moult: length .9 inch; not changed in color, the
spines now deep red (Fig. e). (The length mark on the plate represents the
length at the moult, not at ten days after, when the drawing was made, and should
not have been present). To next and the last moult fourteen and fifteen days.

ARGYNNIS VI.

After fifth moult : length 1 inch ; at from fourteen to twenty days from the
moult was fully grown.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.4 inch at rest; greatest breadth across middle
segment, .3 inch ; cylindrical, of even thickness from 5 to 11, each segment
rounded ; color velvety black ; the spines disposed as in the genus, long, slender,
tapering ; the dorsals on 2 directed forward, but are not longer than the others ;
all are beset with many short black bristles ; those of dorsal rows are greenish
brown at base, except on 3 and 4, where they are dull yellow ; those of second
and third, as well as the intermediate row, are dull yellow at base and halfway
up, the tops black ; under side and prolegs brown, the feet black ; head sub-cor-
date, flattened frontally, the back rounded, the vertices conical, each at top bear-
ing a little process or sharp tuberculation which is turned forward ; on the face,
many fine, short, black hairs ; color black, the back either reddish yellow or dull
yellow, individuals varying (Fig./) . From fifth moult to pupation from twenty-
two to thirty-three days. The length of the several stages depends somewhat
on the state of the weather.

Chrysalis. — Length 1 inch, breadth across mesonotum .33 inch, across
abdomen .3 ; greatest depth .36 inch ; cylindrical, somewhat compressed later-
ally ; general shape of Ajjhrodlte, but more slender ; head case nearly flat at
top, rounded, the curve being almost equal on dorsal and ventral side, a minute
sharp tuberculation at each corner, the sides incurved ; mesonotum prominent
(as in the sub-group), carinated, the sides convex, followed by a deep rounded
excavation ; the wing cases flaring at base, compressed in middle dorsally, ele-
vated ventrally, curving to the abdomen ; this is conical, and shows two rows of
tubercles which correspond to the dorsal tubercles of the larva, and extend to
mesonotum and head case ; a row of small ones on side, and another, more or
less complete, below the spiracles ; the whole surface finely corrugated ; color
red-ljrown, irregularly mottled black, the wing cases black along the nervules, and
with a black patch on disk (Fig. g). Duration of this stage about twenty days.

Alcestis flies in southern Michigan, northern Indiana, and Illinois, in Iowa
and Nebraska. It seems to be limited to a narrow belt of latitude, and is there-
fore vastly more restricted in its range than the allied species Cijheh and Ajikro-
dite, with which it associates. Mr. Worthington, in the paper above cited, says it
is abundant on the prairie west and north of Chicago, in July and August, but
seems to be local, " as examples taken a few miles north, in a timbered region,
are almost uniforndy Ajj/trodite." He adds, " I have been greatly surprised at

ARGYNNIS VI.

the readiness with which a strong Aj^hrodite upon the prairie can be distin-
guished, while on the w'ing, from the surrounding Alcestis, owing mainly to a
slight difference in its manner of flight, which resembles that of Cybele." It may
be distinguished also from the western Aj^hrodite by its intense red color, and
by the hue of its under surface. This is often olivaceous like Idalin, and unlike
any other North American Argynnis, of whatever sub-group, and the color is
solid on secondaries from base to margin, with no subraarginal band or any mot-
tling of yellow on the disk, such as seen in Aphrodite and C'qwis ; at times the
ground color is blackish ferruginous, also solid. In all tlie earlier stages, from egg
to chrysalis, there are distinct differences from Aphrodite.

I have twice bred the larvfe of Alcestis to imago, the eggs having been ob-
tained by confining the females over violet. The first eggs were received 2Gth
September, 1876, from Mr. Thomas E. Bean, then at Galena, Illinois. The larvte
hatched 14th October, and at once went into lethargy. 1 carried them through
the winter, at Coalburgh, but with much loss, not yet having di.scovei-ed the
advantage of a snowbank for hibernating larvae. During January, 1877, they
began to feed, and by 1st February, some had passed their first moult ; on loth,
the second ; on 27th, the third ; on 10th March, the fourth ; 25th March, the
fifth ; and pupation took place 16th April, the imago appearing 7th May.

In 1877, I received another lot of eggs from Mr. Worthington, at Chicago,
which began to hatch 23d September. A second lot received later hatched 1st
October. All the larvte at once went into lethargy, and were kept in as cool a
room as I could give them. Several were alive during January, and some were
feeding in February, but one after the other died, and none reached tlie first
moult.

In 1878, Mr. Worthington sent more eggs, and these were hatching 6th Sep-
tember. Several of the larvfe fed at once, and some were passing their first
moult on 25th September. I never saw that happen with any larvje of the
larger Argynnis in my possession except in this one instance. But as I have
related under Cijhelc, in this Volume, Mr. Siewers had known a larva of that
species to feed and pass its second moult, and had found one wild that was
deemed to have passed its third. On 1st October, some were passing the second
moult, on the 7th of same month, the third moult. I was absent from home two
weeks just after this, and on returning, 5th November, I found but one of these
large larvje living, and it seemed in lethargy. But ten days later it had died.

Of the larvns that hibernated from the egg, two were found to be alive on 5th
February, 1879, and one passed first moult on 11th February, the other 18th.
The oldest passed second moult 4th March; the third, 11th March ; the fourth,
on 25th ; the fifth, 9th April, and pupated 12th May. The other larva I had
sent to Mrs. Peart, and had no record of its changes.

ARGYNNIS VIII.

ARGYNNIS ADIANTE, 1-3.

Argynnis Adiante, Boisduval, Lep. de la C'al., p. 61. 1869.

Male. — Expands from 2.3 to 2.4 inches.

Upper side red-fulvous, lightly dusted with brown at base ; marked and spotted
with black after the usual manner of the group ; hind margins bordered by two
parallel lines, resting on which, on primaries, are small serrated spots ; on
secondaries the corresponding spots are lunate, and most or all fail to reach tlie
lines ; the rounded spots very small on both wings ; the other markings as in
the group, but slight, and on secondaries extremely so, the mesial band being
reduced to little more than a line, often macular; fringes yellowish, fuscous at
the ends of the nervules on both wings.

Under side of primaries pale fulvous over basal area, and along- inner margin,
taking in the basal half of the cell, and half the remainder along and next the
median nervure : on this part of the wing the black markings are repeated,
reduced ; the rest of cell, and a space beyond cell on the subcostal and upper
median interspaces yellow-buff, the apical area pale brown-buff ; the markings
obliterated.

Secondaries have the basal area to the inner side of the second row of spots
pale brown-buff, limited without by a faint brown stripe, corresponding to the
mesial stripe of upper side, the hind margin bordered by same color ; the rest of
the wing — the extra-discal area — pale yellow-buff ; the spots, which in most
species are silvered, are here entirely without silver, yellow-buff in color, faintly
edged with brown on the basal side.

Body above and below concolored with the basal part of the wings ; legs red-
dish ; palpi yellow, with red hairs in front ; antennae fuscous above, ferruginous
below ; club black, tip ferruginous (Figs. 1, 2).

Female. — Expands 2.3 to 2.6 inches.

Both sides as in the male, and the markings similar ; in some examples the

/ ,'

ARGYNNIS VIII.

basal area of primaries beneath is fiery red, in others it is paler, and as in the
male (Fig. 3).

The male ligured on our Plate is the original type of Dr. Boisduval, sent me
by himself, and bearing his label as " type " Adiante. In his description of this
male he says : " The lour wmgs on upper side are of a vivid fulvous with the
black spots disposed nearly as in the neighboring species. . . . The female re-
sembles the male. This beautiful Argynnis was taken in some numbers by M.
Lorquin, on the edges of woods, in the eastern part of California."

Of late years Adiante has not been a very common species in collections, owing
to its local habits, apparently. Professor J. J. Rivers writes me that " it is found
above Los Gatos in the Santa Cruz Mountains. It also occurs at several locali-
ties in the same range, and in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties ; but it does
not appear to be found farther south than about nine miles north of Santa Cruz
city." Apparently Dr. Boisduval was mistaken in the locality.

Dr. Behr writes, March 15, 1890 : " Adiante is found in the Santa Cruz Moun-
tains, near Searsville, extending to Los Gatos Creek and farther south. I do not
know its southern limit. If you strike the right time, it is common near the
sawmill on the upper Los Gatos Creek, and in an hour you may catch several
dozens. It is very constant, and unlike many of the California Argynnides,
develops neither variations, nor aberrations, nor races."

-^4;^■

ADIAN TE , 12 rf, 3, o.
AT OSSA^ 4.50.6.9.

ARGYNNIS VIII.

ARGYNNIS ATOSSA, 4-6.
Argynnls Alossa, new species.

Male. — Expands 2.5 inches.

Upper side briglit yellow-fulvous, the base very lightly dusted brown ; hind
margins of both wings bordered by a single line, and that is the inner one of the
two usually seen in the group, there being no trace of the outer line ; no black
subinarginal spots on either wing, except on primaries, in the lower three inter-
spaces, in each of which is a small spot representing the apex of the usual ser-
ration; nor are there the usual rounded black extra-discal spots, except on the
lower four interspaces of primaries, and of these, the middle pair only are de-
cided black ; the black subapical patch is also wanting ; the discal and cellular
markings on primaries are light, and very much as in Adiante ; on secondaries
the mesial band is reduced to a series of abbreviated narrow bars, widely sepa-
rated ; the S-shaped spot at end of cell is slight ; fringes pale yellow throughout.

Under side of primaries very pale fulvous at base to middle of cell, and in the
P-shaped spot, and the basal part of the median interspaces ; on this area the
black markings are repeated, reduced ; all the rest of the wing, in the cell and
to apex and hind margin, pale yellow-buff, the markings obliterated.

Secondaries wholly pale yellow-buff, the basal area to the inner side of the
second row of spots scarcely darker than the rest ; all the spots faint, and with
no trace of silver, their inner edges slightly dusky.

Body above concolored with the basal part of the wings ; beneath, the thorax
yellow-buff, the abdomen reddish-buff; legs reddish on the fronts, yellow be-
hind ; palpi yellow, the long hairs in front red ; antennte fuscous above, ferru-
ginous beneath; club black, ferruginous at tip (Figs. 4, 5).

Female. — Expands 2.6 inches.

Upper side of same hue as the mal-e, a little paler next apex of primaries, with

ARGYNNIS VIII.

a graj' edge to the costa and around the apex ; the hind margins bordered by a
single line, as in the male, with no diffusion at the nervures : the markino-s of
both wings as in the male.

Under side of primaries deeper fulvous about base ; otherwise as in the male
(Fig. 6).

Something more than twenty years ago I came into possession of a strange
Argynnis, which I was told was North American, but beyond that could get no
information whatever. No one knew where it came from, but it was said to be
surely American. I had never seen anything like it, and believed it must be a
foreign species, but kept it in my collection, hoping one day to learn more
about it. This was the male figured on the Plate. In January last (1890), Mr.
H. K. Burrison, of Boston, Mass., sent me a few Argynnides for name, taken by
him, in 1889, in south California and Arizona, and among them was a female
exactly corresponding to the male spoken of. On asking where it came from,
Mr. Burrison replied as follows: "It was taken at Tehachipe, south California.
I stopped there only a few days, from July 4th to 8th, and this and another female
were found in a little valley about four miles from town, by a small stream. I
saw others, but caught only the two. If I remember rightly, the elevation was
about 4,800 feet. I was in haste to reach Arizona to meet by appointment the
friend with whom I traveled there, and did not have time to examine the tops
of the mountains about Tehachipe, so can say nothing as to the height at which
the species may be found."

I myself have seen but the pair figured, but Mx\ Burrison reported to me the
points of the second female, which agree with those of the one sent me, and now
figured. All three examples are characterized by the peculiar yellow color on
upper side, by the absence of the outer marginal line, and of the usual marginal
and discal black spots.

That so striking a species could have been unnoticed in a region supposed to
be thoroughly explored by lepidopterists, gives reason for the belief that many
species of Argynnis yet undiscovered exist within the United States and Canada.

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h. ChryaaLis.

SATYRODES I.

SATYRODES CANTHUS, 1-5.

Satyrodes Canlhus, Boisduval and Leconte (not Linn.), Lep. de I'Araer., pi. 60. 1833. Westwood-Hewitson,
Gen. Di. Lej)., II., p. 375. 1851. Edwards, Can. Ent., XV., p. 64. 1883. Id., XVII., p. 112. 1885. Fer-
nald, Butt. Miiiiic, p. 70. 1884. French, Butt. East. U. S., p. 232. 1886.

Boisduvallii, Harris, Ins., p. 305, fig. 128. 1862.

Eunjdice, Scuddcr (not Linn.), Butt. N. E., I., p. 193, pi. 1, fig. 10, pi. 11, fig. 5. 1889.

Male. — Expands from 1.6 to 2.2 inches.

Upper side gray-brown, the outer third of both wings hght, but varying much
in individuals; the darker portion of primaries Hmited without by a fuscous dif-
fuse stripe from subcostal to second or third median nervule, bending outward
on the upper median nervule at nearly a right angle ; on secondaries there are
traces, more or less distinct, of a similar stripe, but narrowed ; primaries have an
extra-discal, nearly straight, transverse row of small, round, fuscous spots, usually
four ill number, standing on the two discoidal and the median interspaces ;
sometimes a fifth spot is present on the lower subcostal interspace, out of line
with the rest, turned towards the base ; these spots vary in size, usually the
lower two being largest and equal, the upper two a little smaller and equal ; the
fifth spot minute ; all surrounded by a narrow ring, paler than the ground color ;
but often there is nothing of this ; sometimes the lower spot has a white central
dot ; secondaries have a corresponding row of six spots, sometimes all large, at
others small as the spots of primaries, either without rings, or with decided
rings of brown-yellow, the uppermost spot, which is usually the largest of the
series, always without ring, and the spot next angle always minute ; fringes gray-
brown.

Under side yellow-brown, tlie outer third of each wing paler ; the two areas
separated by a dark brown stripe, which in some examples is sharply serrate
throughout most of its course, sometimes sinuous ; each wing has a similar stripe
covering the arc of cell, and there is a common stripe crossing both cells and the
interspaces; the spots repeated, enlarged, each in a brown-yellow ring, which

SATYRODES I.

itself is surrounded hy a dark ring and a pale halo, and each has a white pupil ;
the anal spot duplex, with double pupil.

Body above color of wings, beneath, the thorax and abdomen yellow-white, or
in the darkest winged examples, brown-yellow ; legs yellow-brown above, whitish
below ; palpi yellow-white with brown hairs in front ; antennae fuscous above,
narrowly ringed yellow or whitish, beneath red-brown ; club fuscous, the top
red-brown. (Figs. 1, 2, var. 5.)

Female. — Expands from 1.7 to 2.4 inches.

In general like the male, but of paler hue ; the spots larger ; on the under
side the inner rings are more yellow, and each series of spots is inclosed by a
pale elongated ring ; but the uppermost spot on secondaries is separated from the
rest and has its own set of rings. (Figs. 3, 4.) Examples from Colorado are
larger than any from New England, and somewhat larger than from Michigan
or Illinois. There is everywhere great variation in the color and markings of
this species, but I have never seen an example, nor is there one recorded, that is
without the rounded spots on upper side.

Egg. — Subglobular, much flattened at base, as broad there as high ; surface
slightly rough, but without definite markings even under a pretty high power;
but increasing this, there are to be seen small shallow cells, and a resemblance to
eggs of the Neonymphte ; color greenish-white. (Fig. «). Duration of this stage
about seven days.

Young Larva. — Length .09 inch ; cylindrical ; segment 2 rounded and some-
what prominent ; fi'om .3 to 11 tapering very gradually, 12 and 13 abruptly, and
ending in two short pointed tails ; color at first yellow-white, in a few hours
changing to pale green ; the upper surface shows six longitudinal rows of low,
conical, black tubercles, each of which gives a short, thick, black bristle, thick-
ened at the end ; on 3 and 4 these are in cross line, on middle of the segment ;
on 2, the tubercles of the upper rows are advanced to front, and behind and be-
tween is an additional tubercle ; that of the lateral row is above the line and in
middle of the segment, and is without bristle, and below, in front of the spiracle,
is a smaller tubercle and hair, and under it a hair without tubercle ; on 4 to 12 the
tubercles are in triangle, as in Neonymphfe ; on 13 is a triangle at the front, two
at base of tail corresponding to the upper rows, and longer than elsewhere ; at
the end of the tail a still longer bristle ; along the base of the body is a row of
short hairs, two on 2 and from 4 to 12, one on 3, 4, springing from tubercles and
longer and tapering, one on 13 ; still another row of very short, tapering hairs

SATYRODES I.

over feet and legs, three on 2, one on 3 to 6 ; two on 7 to 10, one on 11, 12, one
on front of 13, and three over the anal legs; feet and pro-legs green ; head con-
siderably broader than 2, obovoid, truncated, the top depressed, the vertices low,
conical, excavated at summit, and in the cavity a small tubercle and tapering hair
(Fig. b^) ; other tubercles arranged in cross rows, the upper row of two and
largest, the next of six, the next of four, and the lower row of two, those of the
second and third rows next suture without hairs ; other short hairs over man-
dibles ; the surface shallowly indented ; color light browu ; ocelli reddish-brown.
(Figs, b, b\)

At three days from the egg, length .18 inch ; color pale green, showing three
whitish longitudinal lines, one near middle of dorsum, one on the verge of dor-
sum, one on middle of side. As the first moult approaches, the body becomes
broad as the head, vitreous-green, the white lines distinct. (Fig. h^.) Duration
of this stage about eight days.

After first moult : length .26 inch ; slender, slightly thickest in middle seg-
ments ; the tails longer in proportion than at first stage, slender, sub-conical,
pink-tinted, rough with white pointed tubercles and short bristles ; on the trans-
verse ridges of all segments are fine, sharp, white tubercles, each with its short
white hair, or process ; color at first greenish-yellow (Fig. c), later changing to
pale green (Fig. c^) ; on middle of dorsum a dark green stripe free from tuber-
cles, on either edge of this a line of white tubercles ; another line of tubercles,
sub-dorsal, a third along base ; between the last two are two other fine white
lines, and one such between the dorsal and sub-dorsal ; feet and legs green ; head
a little broader than 2, obovoid, the sides more sloping, less rounded, than in
the first stage ; on each vertex a long, tapering process or horn, tuberculated,
brown-tipped, and marked in front by a reddish stripe which is extended down
the side of the face to the ocelli ; surface finely tuberculated ; color of face and
head yellow-green. (Fig. c^.) To next moult six to nine days.

After second moult: length from .34 to .4 inch; same shape; color yellow-
green ; the same tuberculated lines ; head as before, but narrower and higher,
the horns longer and nearer together, striped as before, but the upper part pink ;
color of face pale green. (Figs, d to cP.) To next moult fourteen to eighteen
days.

After third moult : length .55 inch ; shape and color, at first, as at preced-
ing stage ; but a few hours after the moult, in nearly all the examples, the
color changed to brown and buff; at twenty-four hours from the moult, length

SATYRODES I.

.57 inch ; on middle of dorsum a broad brown stripe, on either side of which is a
band of reddish-buff, passing into greenish-buff on the outer side ; on the side
anotlier buff band, tlirough the middle of wliicli runs a brown hue ; the basal
ridge buff ; head and horns as at preceding stage (Figs, e to e *). A few days
later the bufi' larvae became lethargic.

But one of the green larvre proceeded to fourth moult without change of
color. From third to fourth moult, in the Fall, twenty-six days.

After fourth moult, in Fall : length .6 inch ; color green ; but twenty-four
hours after the moult had changed ; color now yellow-buff and red-brown ; the
mid-dorsal stripe pale brown, the bands on either side of it greenish-yellow ; the
side brown, with a dull green line running through it ; head shaped as before,
the face green, stripes reddish-brown. This larva became lethargic a few days
later, but died during the winter.

After hibernation, in Spring : the color gradually changed from buff to green ;
wholly dull green, with a darker mid-dorsal stripe ; a yellow sub-dorsal line from
horn to tip of tail ; two obscure yellow side lines ; along base yellow ; tails green
to tips ; head pale yellow, the stripes brown. Twenty-two days after the end of
hibernation passed fourth moult.

After fourth moult in Spring : length .62 inch ; color pale green, the mid-dorsal
stripe dark green ; tlie dorsal bands yellow-white ; the two lines on side and the
basal stripe same hue ; head emerald-green, the horns reddish, the stripe dark
brown. (Figs.y"to/^ ; /Ms the natural size a few days after the moult.) Dura-
tion of this stage thirty days.

After fifth moult: length one inch; color green, striped with whitish; in
about twelve days was fully grown.

Mature Larva. — Lena-th 1.2 inch; lona:, slender, sea-ments 2 and 12 of
equal diameter, the dorsum arched on middle segments, sloping evenly both ways,
ending in two long tapering tails, which are roughly tuberculated ; each segment
creased transversely so as to make six ridges, the front one, from 3 back, twice
as broad as any other and flattened, the rest a little rounded ; w'hole surface
covered with fine sharp tubercles, each of which gives a fine short hair; color
of body green ; a darker mid-dorsal stripe, and on each side of this a pale green
dorsal band, on the outer edge a yellow-green stripe ; the side covered by a pale
green band through which runs a yellow line ; along base a yellow^ stripe ; feet

SATYRODES I.

and legs pale green ; head obovoid, high, the top narrow, on each vertex a long,
tapering, conical process or horn, tlie two meeting at base ; whole surface rough
with fine tubercles, each with fine, short hair; color yellow-green, the horns
red ; down the front of each horn from near the top, a brown stripe, which
passes alongside of face to the ocelli, tapering to a line. (Figs, (j natural size, g'^
to g* magnified.) The length of the period from last moult to pupation I am
unable to give, but it is probably aboiit ten days.

Chrysalis. — Length .62 inch; bi-eadth across mesonotum .10, across abdo-
men .17 inch; cylindrical, slender; the edges of wing cases prominent; head
case a little produced, beveled transversely to a sharp edge, excavated very lit-
tle at the sides, the top incurved, the corners sharp ; mesonotum prominent, the
anterior side forming almost a right angle with the dorsal side, carinated, the
sides flat and sloping ; color green ; the top of head case and dorsal edges of
wing cases buff, a buff mid-dorsal stripe, and on either side of this another ; also
a faint lateral stripe on abdomen of same color. (Figs, h, h^, magnified.)

Canthus flies in the northern States from Maine to Wisconsin, at least, and
from New Jersey and northern Pennsylvania to Iowa, Nebraska, and Colorado.
In the latter State it has been observed only in the northeastern part. Mr. David
Bruce writes : " It occurs near Estes Park. This region is of about 5,000 feet
elevation, and is well watered by the Big Thompson and Cache la Poudre rivers,
and is full of small lakes and reedy flats where many of the small waterfowl
breed in numbers. In this locality Canthus flies in abundance. The Colorado
examples are of large size, exceeding any eastern ones, the males reaching 2.2
inches in expanse of wing, the females 2.4 inches, but they do not differ in other
respects from their congeners.

Until recently, this species has not been reported in the southern States, or
south of the Ohio River. But, in Psyche, Vol. V., p. 348, May, 1890, IMr. El-
lison A. Smythe, Jr., of Columbia, South Carolina, relates as follows : " While col-
lecting Catocalas, in September, 1889, in a thick swamp, in Clarendon Co., S. C,
near the Santee River, I came to a spot where a ray of sunlight penetrated the
thick foliage far overhead, and there, in the glow, were a great number of Debis
Portlandia, having a game of ' hide and seek ' with one another. I stood watch-
ing their gambols for some time, mitil I thought that one of their number seemed
smaller and otherwise different from the rest ; in a moment he lit close to me,
and I saw to my surprise that it was something entirely different, and at the mo-
ment I could not place it. That was enough, however, and I started to capture

SATYRODES I.

it. But the game was not in my own hands. At the first movement, off he went,
jerking in and out among the cypress Ivnees and live oak buttresses, for some dis-
tance, becoming invisible when he lit. Capture on the wing seemed the only
possible means of securing him, and so oft" I dashed, into tree trunks, splashing
through water, occasionally falling flat in the mud over a concealed root ; but the
last time I fell, my net was over my prize, which proved to be Canthus. After con-
siderable beating about, I started another, whose final capture was effected after
a repetition of my first chase. These were the only two seen, though I hunted
the same swamp for the next day. This capture seemed strange, for that espe-
cial swamp has been a favorite of mine for over eight years, and has been
searched thoroughly by me. It is the only instance, to my knowledge, of the oc-
currence of the species anywhere in the southeastern States."-

On reading this, I wrote Mr. C. Troxlei', Senr., of Louisville, Kentucky, a col-
lector of experience, but the reply came that he had never known Ccmihus to
have been taken in Kentucky. Nevertheless, from the secluded habits of the
species, it may perhaps haunt many a spot in the South.

In British America, the species ranges from Nova Scotia to Hudson's Bay, and
westward nearly to longitude 85°, perhaps farther. Mr. Scudder speaks of a
colony far to the north, at Great Slave Lake. It is said to be not uncommon in
the Adirondacks of New York, but I have never seen it in the Catskills, in the
same State. Mr. Scudder tells us that, in New England, it lives in elevated,
moist meadows, and " is so restricted to them that one may sometimes find it in a
spot but a few acres in extent, and search in vain beyond." Dr. Holland writes :
"I found it very abundant at Saratoga, New York, in the grassy meadows near
the lake. It seemed to hide among the tall drooping tufts of marsh grass, and by
beating these, I succeeded in startling forth a large number of fresh specimens,
male and female."

Mr. Bruce, at Brockport, western New York, says : " Canthus is common near
here, in a genuine bog by the side of the Erie Canal. Another station in this
State is near Syracuse. I never met with it on open, dry places."

Mr. James Fletcher, Ottawa, Canada, says " It is a common species here,
found in many places. I have never taken it before 28th June, nor after August
2d, that I remember. It flies with a slow, drooping flight, very much like that
of Satyrus Nephele. Notwithstanding this, however, it is very difficult to catch,
being quicksighted and wary. It has, when settled, the same habit as Debis
Portlandla, of facing round and watching as you approach. It always flies in
wet meadows, or swamps, and nearly always over water. I got the larvte by
beating beds of Scirpus eriophorum in the beginning of June. They will feed on
any of the coarse Cyperaceae. I have also found the larviB on Carex bromoides.

SATYRODES I.

It seems to be an early feeder ; I have never found larvae feeding in a state of
nature after five o'clock in the niornino-."

Superintendent I. N. Mitchell, of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, writes : " Canthus
occurs here, but my knowledge of its habits is entirely from meeting it in south-
ern Michigan. I have taken many specimens there in two neighboring spots, in
Cass County. One of these is a large meadow on the border of a lake, the
meadow being covered with high grass. In some parts also thickly covered with
trees and shrubs, but in others only partially with clumps of willow and shrubs,
leaving open spaces of grass. It is in this last part that Canthus is most com-
mon, though it flies in all parts, and among the trees. It usually starts out of
the grass near a clump of willow, flies among the bushes, in and out, dodges
around them, where Eurytrls flies through them. Canthus is much more easily
taken than the other species. The second spot referred to is a small marsh,
bordered by an abrupt hill which is wooded with beech and maple. In the marsh
are grasses three or four feet high, willows, tamarack, sumac, and shrubs scat-
tered about. I often started Canthus from the leaves of the beeches on the
edges of the marsh, but never very far from the marsh. They usually made
toward it when disturbed, and often settled near the upper ends of the grass
stems, but low enough below the tops to be well hidden. They often alight on
the trunks, limbs, or leaves of trees or bushes growing in the marsh, and I
have started them out by throwing clods. Occasionally I took them on the
stump of a recently felled maple, attracted by the sweet sap, and then in
company with Graptas and Vanessans."

Professor Edward T. Owen, at Madison, Wisconsin, says : " I take Cantlms in
large numbers in and about our swamps. It is quite rare even a quarter of a
mile from them. The tall swamp grass is its favorite haunt."

Mr. Edward A. Dodge, of Louisiana, western Missouri, writes : " Canthus
was a not uncommon insect in both Illinois and Nebraska. So far as I know
from eighteen years' experience, it was to be found only in grassy and weedy
sloughs, flying weakly, close to the ground, and alighting on the grass stems."

Mr. Worthington writes from Chicago : " Canthus is equally abundant in open
dry woods, dense ridges, or swamps. About the Calumet Lakes, on the wooded
ridges, in swamp land, it is abundant. It also flies in the open oak woods on the
high sand hills further north and east. North of the city, in the wooded lands,
thirty to fifty feet above the lake, it is quite common. I remember the species
distinctly as taken near and north of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where all the land is
high and rolling. From its habit of visiting the prairie morning and evening, I
judge it may breed there ; but a flight in the open in broad day is certain death,
as they are an easy prey to the dragon-flies."

SATYRODES I.

Mr. Fletcher says he received an example of Cantlms fi-ora Rev. W. A.
Biirman, at Griswold, Manitoba, taken "in a shady ravine."

Professor French writes : " My observations are that this species flies in dry
grass lands, and in the edge of low brushy places. I did not find it in swamps at
all. But I never saw it flying except in one locality, in northern Indiana, where
I was staying a few days."

I see no reason why the species should not frequent upland and dry places, or
dry, open woods, as well as wet meadows, though from the testimony it is most
often found near water. But in confinement, the larvae eat lawn grass, and, of
course, could eat any grass in a state of nature, though they seem to have a
preference for coai'ser sorts, and such as grow in wet places.

Mr. Worthington sent me the first eggs I obtained, laid 11th to 13th July,
1879, by females tied in a bag over grass. When they reached me, on 20th,
some were still unhatched. The first moult was passed 27th July, the second, 2d
August, the third, 16tli August ; but at each stage some larvte lagged, so that
the third moult came on at various dates up to 2d September. The color of
all the larviTB was green till after the third moult, when the first which had
passed that moult, in course of twenty-four hours after same, changed to buff
and brown, and on 31st August, these were evidently beginning their hiberna-
tion. But two, which passed third moult latest, went to fourth, one of them
having changed to buff and brown, and passed that moult on 19th September,
the other retaining its original color. This last passed fourth moult, 17th Sep-
tember, and during the day after, had also changed color. I lost all the larvae
of this brood.

On 25th July, 1881, I again received eggs, this time from Mr. W. C.
Gallagher, then at Whitings, Lake County, Indiana, and another lot on 1st
August. From one cause or other, the most efficient being minute spiders in
the sod, I had but three larvaa left on 30th August, all past the third moult.
All changed from green to buff and brown shortly after that moult. One was
sent to Mrs. Peart, in Philadelphia. By 10th September, the other two were in
lethargy, but it was observed that they had moved several times up to 4th
December. One died during the winter, the other I brought into a warm room,
13th February, and placed in the sun. In about fifteen minutes it moved, and
soon after, was feeding-. When brous:ht in, it was much smaller than when it went
into lethargy ; then measuring .6 inch, now less than .4 inch. By 2'3th February,
it had reached .5 inch, and by 2d March, its former length, .6 inch. Early in
March it began to change color, and by 6th inst., had become green again. It
reached .66 before the fourth moult occurred, 24th March. I sent it to Mrs.
Peart, for drawing, and there it passed 5th moult, 25th April ; and continued to
feed, by 7th May becoming full grown. After this, it seemed to be at rest all

SATYRODES I.

the time, and finally died, 2d July, before pupating. So that the egg which
had been laid in middle of July produced a larva which had not pupated 2d of
July the year after.

The larva which was sent Mrs. Peart in the Fall behaved differently, going on
to fourth moult, which it passed 17th October. This lived in lethargy thi'ough
the winter, but escaped before its fifth moult.

The chrysalis figured I received from Mr. Fletcher, 22d August, 1884. Mr.
Fletcher writes, 4th February, 1890 : " I genei'ally feed and get the pupae of a
dozen or so Canthus every spring. All my larvae have been green, not drab.
When the larva is at rest, it lies extended along the leaf, generally beneath the
blade, and also alongside the midrib, the horns of the head and tails in a line
with the body, and it is very hard to detect it when at rest." My observa-
tions are to the same effect, that when at rest, these larvse have their heads
turned down and under, so that the horns are nearly in same plane with the
body, after the manner of larvae of Apatura, also of Neonympha. But when feed-
ing, the tails are elevated. Mrs. Peart has well shown this in figure /^ When
in this position, one extremity in profile is almost the same as the other, and the
dorsum, being elevated in middle segments and sloping equally either way,
makes the beholder uncertain at first view which is the head and which is the
other extremity.

The species Canthus, Portlandla, Gemma, and Areolatus, placed in three
genera, have some points, in the early stages, in common, and in others a curious
interrelationship. The shape of the egg is the same in all ; in Portlandia, the
surface is smooth, even under a high power ; in Canthus, it is smooth, but a high
power brings out reticulations similar to those of the remaining two species,
which are nearly alike. The heads of the young larvae of Portlandla and Can-
thus are ovoidal, truncated, of Areolatus, ovoidal, but approaching a circle in out-
line, in Gemma more decidedly circular ; Canthus has on each vertex a depres-
sion, out of the middle of which rises a low cone ; Portlandia has the cone with-
out the depression ; ^reoto/i<s has an ovoid knob ; while Gemma begins with a
pair of high, divergent, conical horns. At first moult, Portlandia shows a pair
of widely separated, high, conical processes or horns on head; Carithus a pair much
resembling, but coming near together at base ; Gemma long, tapering, divergent
horns ; Areolatus has a low cone on each vertex ; and in each species the pecu-
liar style of process runs through all the larval stages. As to the appendages on
the bodies of the young larvae, Canthus, Gemma, and Areolatus are very nearly
alike, in Portlandia they are everywhere longer. In maturity, Portlandia and
Areolatus are rather stout. Gemma and Canthus quite slender ; and all four have
long, slender, tapering tails. As to the chrysalids, Portlandia and Areolatus are
very much the same shape, while Gemma and Canthus difl'er from them consider-

SATYRODES I.

ably, but less between themselves. In the images, CantJms is midway between
Portlandla and the other two. It has the habit of alighting on trees, like Port-
landla, and according to Mr. Fletcher, of facing about, and watching an ap-
proaching entomologist, also like that other species, but in the others there is
nothing of this. Both Portlandla and Canthus are attracted by sweet fluids, but
I have never observed this in the other two. Canthus has drifted about from
one genus to another in the Catalogues, being of late years classed with Neo-
nymplia. Mr. Scudder has done well to separate it, and give it a distinct genus,
which I have adopted, as it is largely based on the preparatory stages.

Note. — Eukydice is not a North American butterfly, as I will show. A
species of that name was published by LinniBus, 1764, and its name was changed
by him, in 1767, to Canthus, Syst. Nat., 13th edition, p. 768, No. 129. " Alis
integerrimus f uscis : subtus primoribus ocellis quatuor, posticis senis. Papilio
Eurydice, Hab. in Amer, Sept."

Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 486, No. 191, says : " Canthus ; alis integris, supra fus-
cis, immaculatae. P. Eurydice, Linn., Hab. in Amer. Boreali. Alae omnes
supra fuscse, immaculatae," etc. In Ent. Syst., III., -^. 157, he again describes
Canthus, " omnes immaculatge," etc., in same words as before, but gives as syno-
nym, Arganthe, Cramer, pi. 204, fig. C. D., besides Eurydice, Linn. Arrjanthe
is a South American species, without spots on upper side. The mistake in the
habitat was a common occurrence in the earlier days. The insect perhaps was
received from New York or Philadelphia and credited accordingly.

Godart follows Linnoeus and Fabricius, translating their descriptions. The dis-
tinguishing character of Canthus, Linn, and Fab., is that the ujjper side bears
no spots ; it is immaculate.

We first come on our Canthus in Boisduval's Lep. Amer., where it is well
figured. My copy has no text to this and half a dozen other plates, and how
this happened I never knew. But it is to be supposed that the text had been
duly printed when the plate appeared. Dr. Harris first called attention to the
fact that (7fm/7m.s, Linn., was not our species. He says: " This butterfly is figured
in Dr. Boisduval's Hist. des. Lep. de I'Amer., under the name of Canthus, Linn, and
Fab., but as it does not agree with the description of Canthtis, of Linn, or Fab.,
I have thought it entitled to a new name," and he accordingly calls it Bolsdu-
vaU'd. I myself prefer to call it Canthus, Bois., the more, as since Boisduval's
publication, 1833, the species has usually been known, and most often treated of,
by that name. However, if Eurydice, Linn., had been the same species, I would
not at this late day substitute that name for Canthus. A name in use should
never be changed for an obsolete name, and the neglect to observe this common-
sense rule has worked a great deal of mischief.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

CaNTHUS, 1, 2, (J, 3, 4 9 , 5 var. ^.

a Egg.

b Young Larva; //- heail; /;^ jirocess on verte.x; h^ section of siile, segments 7 and 8 ; all masnified.
b* showing the tubercles and processes.

c Larva at 1st moult ; c^ head ; c' side of 7 and S ; all matrnified.
d Larva at 2d moult; rf- head ; d' side of 7.

(' Larva at 3d moult ; e.'' head ; e dorsal view of 7 : e* last segment; all magnified.
f Larva at 4th moult; /'' head ; _/"' dorsal view <if 7 ; all magnified: /'■' larva natural size, near the end

of the stage.
g Mature Larva, natural size ; g- he.ad ; g^ side of 7 and 8 ; g^ dorsal view of 7; the last three. figures

magnified.
h, h^ Chrysalls, somewhat enlarged.

THE

Butterflies

OF

North America

WITH

COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS

W. H. EDWARDS ^^^^^Uff'^.

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THIRD SERIES. -PART II.

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON. MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.

\ 1887

Copyright, 1887, by W. H. Edwards
All rights reserved

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COLIAS II.

COLIAS HARFORDII, 1-9.

CoUas Harforflli, Henry Edwards, ;?, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., February 5th, 1877. (Vol. VIII.)
C. Barbara, id., ?, 1. c. VII., 1877. W. II. Edwards, Papilio, IV. 2, 1884.

Primaries produced capically, the hind margins slightly concave or slightly
convex.

1. Form Harfordii.

Male. — Expands 1.5 to 1.9 inches.

Upper side lemon-yellow, often lemon-chrome, the bases of wings not at all,
or very little, blackened ; the marginal borders of primaries of medium width,
or narrow, black, dusted with yellow atom.s, cut by the yellow nervules nearly
to outer edge, of even width, extending but little way on either costal or inner
margin, the inner edge more or less erose ; discal spot pale yellow in a sub-oval
black ring.

Secondaries have the borders varying in width like the primaries, and ending
at lower median nervule ; discal spot orange, pale to deep ; fringes rose-pink,
yellow at inner angles of primaries and outer angles of secondaries.

Under side pale to deep yellow ; the discal spot of primaries as above ; of
secondaries, small, pearl-white, in a narrow red-brown ring; at base a few pink
scales; no patch at outer angle ; traces of sub-marginal spots, mere points, and
not in complete series, often altogether wanting ; the surface not dusted with
dark scales, but immaculate ; but some examples show a slight dusting, and
some have a few scales at outer angle, suggestive of a patch.

Body above black, with long gray hairs, beneath yellow, the hairs on thorax
tipped with roseate ; collar same ; legs same ; palpi yellow, roseate at tip ; an-
tennaj and club brown-red above, more red below, the club tipped with ferrugi-
nous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Same size.

COLIAS II.

Color delicate lemon-chrome ; the border usually narrow, and of slight texture,
scarcely wider at apex than elsewhere ; but sometimes it is wider and heavier,
with loose scales and points on the inner side, and advanced on costal margin
about as in the male ; in all cases it crosses the wing from margin to margin.

Secondaries either have no border, or there are a few black scales along outer
angle, or small clusters on the anterior nervules ; discal spot either wanting, or
orange, pale to deep. Under side as in the male, slightly dusted. (Figs. 3, 4.)

2. Form Barbara.

Male. — Color of form Harfordii, varying like that, a little black at base ;
the under side much dusted ; the sub-marginal markings varying from mere
points to conspicuous spots, a small patch at outer angle ; the discal spot
often large, usually in a broad ring, or doable ring, and sometimes duplex.
(Figs. 5, 6.)

Female. — Color clear, pale, yellow (originally described as canary-yellow),
the border slight, very narrow, and extending across the wing, but little wider
at apex than elsewhere. Under side thickly dusted, the sub-marginal spots
variable ; the patch and discal spot as in male. (Figs. 7, 8, 9.)

These types run through both sexes ; that is, the Harfordii male, as originally
described, is matched with a female as immaculate as itself, and the Barbara fe-
male, as described, is matched with a male as much dusted and spotted as itself ;
and between the two extremes are intergrades. (Figs. 1 and 5 show the ex-
tremes of color in the males.)

Egg. — Fusiform, thick in middle, tapering to a small rounded summit ; the
base flat ; ribbed longitudinally, the number of ribs being about twenty, four or
five of which end at three quarters and more the distance from base to summit ;
they are low, narrow, and the spaces between are flat, and crossed by many fine
horizontal striae; the micropyle (Fig. a^) is in centre of a rosette of five cells,
hexagons, outside of which is a ring of cells, of same shape but irregular ; all
these roundly excavated ; color yellow-green, in a short time changing to crimson,
as do all Colias eggs. (Fig. a.) Duration of this stage about four days.

Young Larva. — Length .12 inch; cylindrical, a little thickest on 2 and 3;
each segment several times creased, and on the cross-ridges so formed are many
black points, each giving a short, black hair ; scattered among these are long,

COLIAS II.

white, clubbed appendages ; color brown-green ; feet and legs green ; head
rounded, a little depressed at top, thinlj'^ furnished with black tubercles, each
with black hair, longer than the hairs on body ; color yellow-green. Duration of
this stage about four days.

After first moult : length .16 inch ; the ridges thickly set with black points,
each with its short, black hair ; there are also many white processes, which form
five or six longitudinal rows on either side, those on dorsum and down to about
mid-side, broad and thin at top, paddle-shaped, on remainder of side, and on front
ridge of 2, long, tapering, club-shaped ; on 2, longest and more numei'ous, and
directed forward ; head rounded, somewhat depressed at top, with black tuber-
cles and many of the white clubbed processes. (Figs, h b^.) To next moult about
four days.

After second moult: length .28 inch ; color dark green, very much as at pre-
vious stage ; along base a yellow-white stripe ; the white processes more numer-
ous than before, less broad, rather club than paddle-shaped. (Figs, c c'^, c*.)
To next moult about three days.

After third moult : length .4 inch ; color darker green ; the basal stripe wider,
with a yellow stain on middle of each segment ; later a red streak appears on
part or all the segments within this stripe ; the white processes now replaced by
short black hairs from conical tubercles, and around base of each is a ring clus-
ter of black specks. Head as before, lighter than body. (Figs, d d"^.) To ne.xt
moult about three days.

After fourth moult : length .55 inch ; color dark green ; the band white, with
a macular red stripe. (Fig. e, natural size, e^, e^ magnified.) In three days from
the moult the larva reaches maturity.

Mature Larv.v. Length 1.1 inch : cylindrical, thickest from 4 to 8 ; on the
flattened ridges of each segment are many small, black, conical tubercles, each
giving a short fine hair (as d"^ ; the same form of tubercle prevails through the
last two stages, but they are more numerous in the final stage); on dorsum these
hairs are gray, on sides and beneath, white ; color light green ; feet and legs
pale green ; along base, from 2 to 13, a white band through middle of which
runs a red stripe, almost filling it, the ground below the stripe stained yellow ; in
one example, on segments 4 to 10 inclusive, was a small black patch to each
under the band, but in all others there was no trace of this ; head sub-globular,
a little depressed at top ; color green, somewhat lighter than the body, covered
with black tubercles, the same size as on body, with black hairs. (Fig. /, mag-
nified.) From fourth moult to pupation about five days.

COLIAS II.

Chrysalis. — Length .75 inch; greatest breadth .18 inch, depth .2 inch ; com-
pressed laterally, the thorax prominent ; the head case pointed, beak-like, rounded
on the ventral side, less so on dorsal ; mesonotum rounded, rising to a low carina ;
color yellow-green, the abdomen more yellow, and granulated with paler, and
along its side a bright yellow band, through which runs a red or an orange stripe ;
on ventral side, also, a row of small ferruginous spots ; head case on ventral side
at extremity and for a little way down the lateral ridges bright yellow ; on middle
of wing case a blackish dot, and a series of sub-marginal ones, one on each inter-
space. One example, instead of the ventral spots, had a reddish band across
three segments. (Fig. r/.) Duration of this stage nine to eleven days; of the
larval stages about eighteen days ; from laying of egg to the imago about thirty-
one days.

G. Harfordii was described by Mr. Henry Edwards, 1877, from seven males,
no female being mentioned ; and in same paper C. Barbara was described from
two females, the male said to be unknown. A year later, Mr. Edwards says that
he is inclined to think Barbara is the female of Harfordii In 1882 and 1883,
Mr. W. G. Wright, at San Bernardino, several times took Harfordii males in
copulation with Barbara females, as well as with females of their own type, and
became satisfied that the two represented but one species.

In Jul}', 1883, Mr. Wright obtained eggs by confining the females over Astrag-
alus crotalaria. As these females were afterwards sent me, I was able to iden-
tify them all as Barbara. The first lot of eggs, ten in number, were six days in
the mail, and, the heat not having been extreme, all but two had hatched on ar-
rival, 13th. Next day came thirty-one young larvas. I fed these on white
clover, red clover being refused, but many died at every stage to pupation, either
from change of food or climate, so that I got but two butterflies, a female on 6th
August, a male on 8th. The female is the one figured Nos. 3, 4, Harfordii type.
The male was of same type. From the result of this breeding, and Mr. Wright's
observations in the field, it seems to me possible that the species may be sea-
sonally dimorphic, Barbara representing the earliest brood of the butterflies
from hibernating larvfe, Harfordii the later, or midsummer, but not so defi-
nitely as is the case with many species of butterflies. I have in vain endeav-
ored to learn more about this matter by breeding, the distance and the heat
in July making it almost impossible to transmit any eggs which will hatch on
middle of the journey. The larvae are pretty sure to die. Lots of eggs sent in
'84, '85, failed to give me one larva. Mr. Wright got twenty larvae of all sizes
on the food plant, as late as 24th December, 1883, but of course it would have
been of no use to transmit larvae in winter, as I could not feed them.

COLIAS II.

As to the distribution of this species, it is common in the region about San
Bernardino. Mr. Henry Edwards gives Santa Barbara and Santa Clara counties
as localities ; also Kern County.

Writing recently, Mr. Edwards says : " C TIarford'd was taken by me first
near San Francisco, in Contra Costa County, which is as far to the north as I
have ever heard of it. Its home seems to be in the southern part of the State,
or rather from Santa Clara to San Bernardino."

Mr. Edwards also says: "The descriptions of these forms were read before the
Academy, February 5th, 1877, but were only pubhshed in my extra advance
sheets. The Academy stopped its publications with the 7th volume, and are
only now about to renew them. My paper on Colias cannot therefore be re-
ferred to as being in the Proc. of Cal. Acad., though it will appear within a few
months in Vol. 8."

The males of extreme Harfordii type come near the males of C. Interior, as
will be seen by the Plate next following. This is a smaller species, — that is, no
Interior are as large as the largest Harfordii, — with a much rounded apex to
fore wing and a rounded hind margin. The border is wider, and extends far-
ther along costal margin and it is deeply incurved. So that, while there is some
resemblance in this sex there is more divergence. But in the females, the dif-
ferences are emphatic. In Lderlor, the border is apical, as in the PeJidne sub-
group, broad at apex, gradually narrowing on the margin, ending at some dis-
tance above the inner angle. It is a triangular border, in fact, as distinguished
from a marginal border, such as Harfordii presents, and which is characteristic
of other sub-groups in the genus. One species cannot be mistaken for the
other.

So far as relates to the ornamentation of the under side, Barbara is nearest to
the Eurytheme sub-group. So that the species in certain points resembles spe-
cies belonging to two distinct sub-groups, a fact suggestive of the descent of all
from a more or less remote common ancestor.

T SmclairJi Son lull PhiU

CORONIS 1,2 c? 3,4 9

ARGYNNIS IV.

ARGYNNIS CORONIS, 1-4.

Argynni.i Coronis (Co-ro'-nis), Behr, " No. 2," Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., II., 173, 18G-2; Edwards, Proc.
Ent. Soc, Pliil., III., 435, 1864. Juha, Boisduval, Lcp. de la Cal., 60, 18G9; 9 Neradensis, Edw., But. N.
A., I., ])1. .3.% fi.,'s. 3, 4, 1871.

Primaries long, narrow, moderately arched, .slightly concave on hind margin.

Male. — Expands 2.15 to 2.3 inches.

Upper side yellow-fidvous, but varying, many examples reddish ; hind margins
bordered by two parallel lines, which enclose narrow fulvous spaces between the
black nervules ; the sub-marginal lunules narrow, serrate or lunular ; the extra-
discal rounded spots small ; the mesial band rather heavy on pi'imaries, light on
secondaries ; the other markings as in the allied species ; fringes luteous, black
at the ends of the nervLiles.

Under side of primaries pale buff with a red or yellow tint, varying, the base
and the median nervules red-brown, often much diluted ; the sub-apical patch
brown, with three silver spots, the upper four or five spots within the marginal
lunules silvered.

Secondaries yellow brown from base to outer edge of second row of spots,
mottled in shades, the band beyond clear and of the lighter .shade ; the spots
large, well silvered ; the outer row sub-serrate, edged above with red ; the
second row mostly sub-ovate, slightly edged above with black ; the third row so
edged ; a round spot in cell, sometimes duplex, ringed black ; three spots at base
in the several interspaces ; shoulder and inner margin well silvered.

Body above dark fulvous, beneath, the thorax gray-fulvous, the abdomen
yellowish ; legs red, yellowish on inner side ; palpi yellow, ferruginous at tip and
in front; antenna3 black above, ferruginous below; club black, ferruginous at
tip.

Female. — Expands 2.7 to 3 inches.

Same color ; the markings heavier ; the marginal lines confluent on primaries ;
the sub-marginal lunules on same wings enclose paler, often nearly white spots.

ARGYNNIS IV.

Under side red-brown at base, the upper outer part of cell and extra-discal
area to margin jellowish ; silver as in male.

Secondaries buff, mottled with ferruginous-brown, the band narrow, buff, the
spots large, well silvered.

This is the type of Coronls, Behr, but there is a great variation in the species
in the coloration of under side. Examples from Gilroy, California, where Co-
ronis seems to be abundant, are of the type form. From Mt. Shasta, the males
are lighter, rather cinnamon color, the females a pale brown, or often fawn
color over secondaries and apical area of primaries. Examples from Washing-
ton Territory, taken by Mr. Morrison, are nearly like those from Shasta ; sev-
eral from Mt. Judith, Montana, are almost same ; so a male from the North-
west Territory, taken by Captain Gamble Geddes. A male from Nevada, taken
by Morrison, has the under side decidedly yellow, the mottling pale gray, while
a male from Utah, sent me by Mr. B. Neumoegen, has almost no mottling, but is
nearly clear yellow over secondaries and all of primaries, except just at base,
where the red is greatly diluted.

The species has a very extended distribution, ranging from Kern County, Cal-
ifornia, to Washington Territory ; from Utah to Montana and the Northwest Ter-
ritory (Belly Eiver and Crow's Nest). I have not seen it from southern Cali-
fornia, below Kern County, nor from Colorado.

Dr. Behr described Coronls in the paper before referred to as " No. 2," in a
series of descriptions of the Californian Argynnides, not being then (1862) able
to say whether or no the species had been described elsewhere. He says it is
very similar to CaUij)J)e Boisduval, "but differs by the upper side being colored
in tlie usual way of the genus, and not showing the pale lunulas and spots of the
disk like CalVppe, which resembles in this respect more an Euptoieta than a true
Argynnis ; " and in his Latin description, he says of the under side of seconda-
ries, " posticJB subtus fuscse usque ad fasciam macularem intermediam partim
dilutiores." Dr. Behr, about that date, sent me a sheet of colored figures of
eight of the species described by him, and by this I am able to fix the type.
In the paper in Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., 1864, referred to, I gave an abstract
of Dr. Behr's paper, and by his consent the name Coronls was applied to the
"No. 2."

Dr. Boisduval described Juha in 1869 ; and added, "• This species has so close
a connection with CnUlpj^e that it may be but a local variety. The fore wings
above are of a vivid fulvous in both sexes, while in tlie male CaUlppe they are of
a pale blackish-fulvous. The under side does not offer notable differences. Mr.
Lorquin, who has taken a number of examples of Juha, considers it a distinct
species." In Boisduval's Latin description of Juha, he says, " posticse subtus

ARGYNNIS IV.

flavescentes." Now in his description of Call'qype, he says, " posticae subtus
cinereo-fuscae." This does not agree with the color of Juha as given, nor with
what Dr. Behr says of Coronis ("fusca"). But I have the type male of Jtiha,
sent me by Dr. Boisduval, and named and marked " type " in his own hand, and
this is not " flavescens," but the color of Behr's type. However, as I have said
above, the species varies from red-brown to yellow on under side. Callip'pe is
figured in Vol. I., But. N. A., and the differences between these species are really
great, though they belong to the same sub-group, which also includes Liliana
and Semiramis, both figured in the present Volume.

The female figured in Vol. I., Plate 33, as A. JVevadensls is Coronis of a pale-
colored under-side variety. When that Plate was published, 1871, 1 followed the
instructions of Mr. Henry Edwards, who had taken what he supposed to be the
females of JVevadensis, at Virginia City. Later, 1878, Messrs. Mead and Mor-
rison collected in Nevada, and brought back numbers of both Nevadensis and
Coronis. The female of the former is always green. I concluded from the evi-
dence laid before me at that time that A. Meadii, figured in Vol. H., Plate 24,
must be an extreme variation of JVevadensis, in which the green is dark and
lustrous.

ARGYNNIS CALLIPPE.

Argynnis Calllppe, Boisduval ; Edwards, But. N. A., Vol. I., p. 77, pi. 25.

Mr. W. G. Wi'ight, at San Bernardino, says of this species : "Its range, in this
region, is from near the sea level to the altitude of 2500 feet. It is found in the
low valleys, where the hills shut off the winds, and the hot sunshine makes a torrid
temperature. Its season is short, only about five weeks, and I have had no evi-
dence of a second brood. When the males first appear, about 20th May, the bottom
of the valley and adjoining hillsides are green with grass, and gay with flowers of
various plants. These males are restless, alighting on the flowers but for a mo-
ment, and seem incessantly occupied in searching for their mates. Almost always
I have had to take them on the wing. The females appear about 1st June, and
should be searched for among the dead twigs and branches of the small bushes
which dot the hillsides, such being the spots to which they resort to lay their
eggs. Under these bushes, a few violets have grown in early spring, and by
Jime, their dead leaves may be seen. The violets never grow at the bottom of
the valley, and the female never approaches green violets, some bunches of
which are to be found, in June, at a higher elevation. Her instinct leads her to
the dead plants. Among the twigs about these, and upon the rubbish at the
ground, she flutters and crawls, and having found a satisfactory place, pushes her
abdomen down into the rubbish as far as possible and drops an egg. Perhaps
puts another near the first, and then flies to another place. The young larvae
come from the eggs in about twelve days, and must be in lethargic state till the
beginning of the next season. I have never been able to find the larvae in
spring, though I have searched diligently."

In the region about San Bernardino, there are but three species of Argynnis,
namely, Liliana, CaUipj^e, and Setniramis, and the last two have the same habits
in disposing of their eggs. According to Dr. Behr, as stated in Volume I., Callippe
is distributed throughout the State, and is the most common species about San
Francisco, but it is everywhere one-brooded.

In the text concerning CaUijype, in Vol. I., some doubt was expressed as to
what form Dr. Boisduval applied that name, his description not being definite.
But I afterwards received from him the type male (the Callippe of my Plate).

II5

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GEMMA 1. 2 ci, 3 4- 9

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NEONYMPHA I.

NEONYMPHA GEMMA, 1^.

Neonympha Gemma, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett., I., figs. 7, 8, 1818; Boisduval and Lcconte, Lepid.
de I'Amer., pi. 62, 1833; Edwards, Can. Ent., XI., 31, 1879; French., But. of East. U. S., p. 235, 1886.

Male. — Expands 1.25 inch.

Upper side uniform gray-brown ; secondaries have four small black spots on
middle of hind margin, in pairs on the interspaces, often more or less obsolete ;
fringes concolored with the wino;s.

Under side lighter, with a yellowish tint, through which the dark ground
shows in fine streaks, particularly over basal areas ; primaries crossed by three
brown crenated lines, two of which limit the discal band, the other midway
between this and margin, running towards apex ; these discal lines are continued
on secondaries, but are more widely separated, heavier, more irregular, the outer
one projecting a sharp spur on second sub-costal nervule, reddish-brown ; there
is also a trace of a sub-marginal line next anal angle, the margin there reddish-
brown ; on middle of hind margin a large sub-oval patch of red-brown thickly
dusted with yellowish scales, so as almost to conceal the ground, and within this,
next margin, four velvet-black spots in pairs, each bearing an inverted T-shaped
silver mark ; the interspaces to outer angle each with two dashes of silver, and
the second median interspace with an interrupted silver serration, the sub-
median with a dash.

Body above color of wings, beneath, the thorax gray and brown, abdomen yel-
lowish ; legs gray-brown ; palpi same with many black hairs ; antennoe fuscous
above, brown below, ringed with yellowish ; club ferruginous, black on upper
side.

Female. — Expands 1.3 inch. Scarcely differing in any respect from the male.

Egg. — Sub-globular, as high as broad, the base flattened ; surface under a
low power smooth, but under a high one seen to be reticulated throughout in

NEONYMPHA I.

irregular hexagons, the sides of which have broad flanks that occupy nearly all
the interior, leaving but a light point in centre of each ; color yellow-green.
(Fig. a.) Duration of this stage from three to six days, according to the
temperature.

Young Larva. — Length .12 inch; cylindrical, a little thickest in middle,
tapering very gradually to 13, which ends in two conical tails, from the end of
each of which proceeds a long bristle, the space between the tails concave ; color
yellowish-white ; the upper surface presents six rows of low, conical tubercles,
each giving out a short process ; those on upper part club-shaped, slightly thick-
ened at extremity ; low on either side is another row, of same thickness through-
out ; on 2, 3, 4, the upper processes are
nearly in cross line ; on 4 to 12 they are
diffei'ently arranged, each three being in
triangle, the dorsal one lying on front of
the segment, the sub-dorsal at the rear,
the other a little before the middle ; on
13 there are eight, iu two rows of four, the front consisting of the pair of dorsals
and pair of laterals, the hinder row of the dorsals and sub-dorsals, besides a pair
of sub-dorsal long bristles in the rear, and a pair of short ones in the concavity
between the tails ; in the lower row, on each segment from 2 to 13, are two
shorter processes, nearly in horizontal line, the hinder one always a little below
the other ; on 7 to 10 each, and on 13, over the pro-legs, is a pair of very
short hairs, in horizontal line; head one half broader than 2, bi'oad as high,
flattened frontally, a slight angular depression at top ; on each vertex, a coni-
cal, divergent horn, somewhat curved forward, in three sections, each smaller
at the junction than the top of the next below ; at the end a bristle, and another
on the middle, on the inner side ; a few shorter ones scattered over face ; color of
head and horns black-brown. In about two days from the egg the color gradually
changes to pale green, and stripes appear, a white sub-dorsal, and two on mid-side.
(Fig. b, b'^.) Duration of this stage, six days in April, August, and October.

After first movdt : length .18 inch ; nearly the same shape, somewhat thicker
in middle, the dorsum more arched ; the tails longer, more slender, and brown-
tipped ; each segment five times creased, and on the ridges so caused a row of
white tubercles, irregular, conical, each with a short white hair ; color dark
green, marked longitudinally by white ; on mid-dorsum a clear green stripe, and
the ground on either side of it is whitish, owing to the numerous tubercles there ;
on the verge of dorsal area a white stripe, another along base of body, and
between these, on side, are two contiguous white lines ; under side bluish-green.

NEONYMPIIA I.

feet and legs green; head sub-pyriform, truncated, higher and narrower in pro-
portion than before, the horns longer, more tapering, less divergent, slightly
curved forward, about as long as the face ; the space between them not angular,
but concave ; color of head and horns brown, pale on front face, and green-
tinted ; from base of each horn a dark stripe passes down the side of face, and
there is a second such stripe in front. (Figs, c, c^.) Duration of this stage, in
August five days, in October ten, in May seven.

After second moult : length .34 inch ; nearly the same shape, the tails longer;
color pale green, the stripes as before ; head nearly as at second stage, the horns
more divergent ; color of front face deep green, the back of head dull green,
the stripes and horns reddish-brown. (Figs, d, (P.) Duration of this stage, in
August five days, in May eight.

After third moult, in autumn : length .55 inch; same shape ; color soiled white,
greenish on dorsum next head ; the dorsal stripe dark, the sub-dorsal and basal
brown.

At four days from the moult : length .72 inch ; color now drab on dorsum, the
median and sub-dorsal .stripes darker; sides red-brown, the two lines buff; basal
stripe yellow-buff; under this, a broad black-brown stripe the length of body;
tails drab, reddened at tips.

Mature Larva. — Length .96 inch; slender, the dorsum slightly arched;
ending in two long, conical, sharp-pointed tails, which meet at base ; the whole
surface finely and sharply tuberculated, most of the tubercles giving out a short
white hair ; color buff and reddish-gray in bands and stripes ; a narrow gray
mid-dorsal stripe, then a broad buff band to verge of dorsal area, and edged by a
reddish line; next a broad gray lateral band, with a narrow buff stripe below;
the basal stripe yellow-bui¥ ; beneath this a partly obsolete blackish band ; tiiils
drab, red at tips ; feet and legs brown ; head sub-pyriform, truncated, on each
vertex a long, conical, pointed horn, but little divergent, the space between the
two at base concave ; color drab, both back and face ; horns drab behind, black-
brown in front and between ; a broad black-brown stripe down the front face,
and a narrow one on side from base of horn. (Figs, g, natural size, /, /^, /^
magnified.) In August, ten days from third moult to chrysalis.

Mature Larva, in May, from eggs laid in April: color light yellow-green, the
dorsal stripe darker, the sub-dorsal and lateral lines and basal stripe yellow ; tails
pink-tipped ; head sordid greenish-white front and back, the stripes brown, horns
red-brown. From third moult to pupation five and six days. All the larvie,
ten in number, of this April and May brood were green. (Fig. e, magnified.)

NEONYMPHA I.

Chrtsalis. — Length .46 to .52 inch : greatest breadth, at abdomen, .14
inch ; cylindrical, abdomen conical ; head case scarcely produced beyond meso-
notum, narrow, excavated at sides, ending in two sharp, divergent projections,
the depression between angular ; mesonotum prominent, carinated, angular, the
summit i-ounded ; followed by a shallow depression ; wing cases flaring on
dorsal side ; color of abdomen and dorsum from buff larva sordid yellow-buff,
the wing and antennae cases and the projections all more yellow ; the surface
finely streaked brown, irregularly and mostly longitudinally ; from posterior
base of mesonotum to 13 a brown band ; the wing case shows an irregular, wavy,
brown stripe on disk, and a stripe on costal margin ; each nervule ending in a
blackish dot. (Figs, h, h, natural size, h^, magnified.)

From green larvse green chrysalids; blue-tinted, the dorsum and abdomen
streaked with whitish ; wing cases without stripe ; the dorsal edges of wing
cases carmine, and top of head case cream-color. Duration of this stage, in May,
eight days.

The attitude of this larva in suspension is peculiar. From 13 to 5, the body
hangs almost straight, the dorsum incurved ; the anterior segments bent at right
angle, the head turned down on 2. When at rest, in all the later stages, the
larva holds the head bent under, so that the horns are nearly in the dorsal jjlane.
(Fig. d.)

Gemma is quite a common species in certain localities near Coalburgh, W. Va.,
but altogether wanting in others which would seem equally favorable for it. It
is abundant in the grassy streets of a small village, and there are stretches of
road through the woods, or near the creeks, where one is sure to find it during
its season. I have never seen it on the hillsides. It has a slow, tremulous
flight, near the ground, rests frequently, and returns to its haunts.

There are here three annual broods : the butterflies appearing in AjDril and
May, in June and July, about 20th August and through September. The late
larvEe hibernate. They feed on grasses, and eggs are easily obtained by confin-
ing the females over grass set in flower-pot. Eggs laid 21st April gave butterflies
from 2d June. Eggs laid 7th August hatched 11th. The larvae were mature
3d September, and pupated 5th. On 23d August, I got sixteen eggs. Several
of the larvas were placed in alcohol, but the remainder were mature, though in
a lethargic condition, 20th November. I failed to carry these through the
winter. Another female, 30th September, gave two eggs. From these, I raised
one larva, which was lethargic and mature 24th November. This was kept in
the house, and at intervals moved a little and fed ; finally pupated 4th February.
As described above, the larvae of the spring brood have all been green, those of
the later broods brown.

NEONYMPHA I.

Gemma flies in southern West Virginia, and in the same latitude to Illinois ;
is common in the mountains of North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, and in
the northern parts of Georgia, and Alabama. It does not seem to fly far from the
streams. Rev. W. J. Holland writes that it was found in great numbers at the
foot of Bald Mountains, Madison County, N. C, near the French Broad River.
" The whole country here stands on end, and is a mass of piled up rocks and
tilted strata. Here in the gullies and clefts Gemma abounded, in company with
N. Sosybius. I never saw it in the lowlands of the State."

Mr. E. M. Aaron writes: "H. Gemma I took in swampy woods around Mary-
ville, east Tennessee, and at several points in western North Carolina. In fact,
through all the river and creek bottoms of east Tennessee and western North
Carolina it is moderately common. I have received it from the northern parts
of South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. My brother took quantities of it along
the river bottoms of the Gulf coast of Texas, and one specimen at Monterey,
Mexico. When taken on the mountains of Tennessee, it was never at any
altitude, and when far from running water was always badly worn."

NEONYMPHA I.

NEONYMPHA HENSHAWI, 5-8.

Neonympha Henshawi, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, V., 205, 1876.

Male. — Expands 1.5 inch.

Upper side dark brown, often with a russet tint over the extra-discal areas of
both wings ; some examples have an ill-defined patch of russet on the median
interspaces of primaries, and there is visually a russet edging to hind margin of
secondaries next anal angle ; on middle of same margin two small black spots,
not always present ; fringes dark gray.

Under side either brown or russet, thickly dusted with yellow-white scales,
more yellow beyond the discal band of secondaries ; the whole surface finely
streaked and dotted with red-brown ; primaries crossed by three wavy red-brown
lines, two of which enclose the discal band, the other lying nearly midway
between the band and margin, often macular ; some examples have a demi-line
crossing cell to median ; the discal lines are continued across secondaries, the
outer one often projecting roundly on second sub-costal nervule ; a short sinuous
line at anal angle ; on middle of hind margin a large sub-oval patch, the ground
of which is dark brown, sprinkled with whitish scales ; within this, in upper
median and discoidal interspaces, a pair of velvet-black spots, each with an
inverted T-.shaped patch of silver ; in the interspaces towards outer angle a pair
of silver dashes each, and in lower median a silver serration, and a bar in sub-
median.

Body above dark brown, beneath gray-brown ; legs same ; palpi gray with
many black hairs ; antennae blackish, annulated with light ; club black above,
ferruginous at tip and beneath. (Figs. 5, 6.)

Female. — Expands 1.7 inch; russet, brown about the margins; spots on
secondaries as in male. Under side of primaries russet, of secondaries yellow-
brown ; marked hke the male. (Figs. 7, 8.)

NEONYMPHA I.

Egg. — Sub-globular, broader than high, about as 7 to 0, the base flattened ;
wholly covered, when seen under a high power, with a flat network of irregular
hexagons ; a fine rosette about the micropyle. (Figs, i, r.)

This species seems to be common in parts of New Mexico, Arizona, and Colo-
rado. It was first taken by Mr. H. W. Hen.shaw, of the Wheeler Exploring
Expedition, 187i. Mr. Morrison afterwards brought examples from Arizona,
and Mr. B. Neumoegen from Oak Creek Canon, Colorado. In 1881, Mr. Doll
sent me eggs from Arizona, by which I was enabled to get the drawing, but
none of them hatched. The resemblance of Henshmoi to Gemma is close so far
as regards the markings.

THE

Butterflies

OF

North America

WITH

COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS

BY

W. H. EDWARDS

THIRD SEPvIES.-PART III.

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

^l)c JSitemDc 1Bre00, CambriDgc

LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.
1887

Copyright, 1887, by W. II. Edwards
/i// rights nserveii

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BAR. ON I \ 2 d 3 4, 9 VAR . 5 6?

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<■' A/n/iire larva , «■-' natural ■s/.\
/' Chrysalis

MELIT^A I.

MELITiEA BARONI, 1-5.

Melilma Baroni, Henry Edwards, Papilio, I., p. 52, 1882; W. H. Edwards, Can. Ent., XL, p. 129, 1879.

Male. — Expands from 1.5 to 1.8 inch.

Upper side black, spotted with red and pale ochrey-yellow, mostly in common
transverse rows ; the spots of the marginal row red, well separated ; of the second
row yellow, often quite small on primaries, or mere lines ; of the third row, yel-
low on primaries, red on secondaries ; the fourth is bifid on median nervure of
primaries, the two branches running to costa, the outer one partly red, partly
yellow, the inner one yellow ; from median to inner margin either yellow, or yel-
low and red, the outer half each spot being red ; on secondaries the spots of this
row are yellow and large ; from outside arc of cell of primaries to base four bars,
red and yellow alternately ; a yellow patch below the origin of the lower median
nervule ; the basal ai'ea and costal margin much dusted yellow, the shoulder
red ; secondaries have a fifth, but deini-row, from costa to median, red, some-
times wholly wanting, and four yellow spots on basal area, two in cell, one below
cell, one on costal margin ; fringes of both wings yellow, black at the ends of the
nervules.

Under side red, primaries dull, secondaries bright ; both wings have broad mar-
ginal borders ; the yellow spots of second and third rows of primaries repeated,
the former much enlarged ; a large yellow sub-triangular patch on the sub-costal
interspaces ; the yellow spots in and below cell repeated ; secondaries have the
yellow spots of second and fourth rows repeated, enlarged, forming two confluent
bands, the outer one lightly edged black above and below, the other or discal
always edged with black on the basal side, but not always on the marginal side ;
the third row is of red spots, each wholly but lightly edged with yellow, except
on the marginal side ; between the third and discal row is an intermediate nar-
row stripe of red from lower branch of sub-median to upper branch of sub-costal,
and this is often confluent with the yellow discal band ; but sometimes a black

MELIT^A I.

line partly separates them ; in some examples this red stripe is suppressed, or
absorljed by the spots of the third row, and in this case there is a black edge on
marginal side of the discal band ; the basal area red, the four yellow spots re-
peated, all edged with black ; a fifth spot on costal margin ; shoulder and inner
margin yellow.

Body black with long gray hairs on thorax, the collar red ; beneath, thorax
buff, abdomen buff, red laterally ; legs red ; palpi red, yellow at base ; antennse
either annulated red and bnfl', alternately and equally, or red only ; the under
side black ; club black, tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 1.6 to 1.9 inch.

Upper side black, and nearly as in the male ; or there is an excess of red, all
the red spots being much enlarged. Beneath as in male. (Figs. 3, 4, 5.) Many
females have scarcely any black edging to the spots of the second and third rows
on secondaries, and contrast strikingly in this respect with Hubicunda and the
other species of the group. (Fig. 5.)

Egg. — Conoidal, rounded at base and there marked by many shallow indenta-
tions ; the sides ribbed vertically, the ribs about twenty in number, straight, low,
the spaces between a little excavated ; the top truncated, a little depressed ;
color yellow-green. (Fig. a.)

Young Larva. — Length .08 inch ; cylindrical, of nearly even thickness from
2 to 10 ; the segments rounded ; on each segment low conical tubercles, each
of which gives a long tapering hair ; under a high power these hairs are seen to
be thickly set with barbs ; (Fig. b* ;) the tubercles form six longitudinal rows, on
either side one dorsal, one sub-dorsal, one lateral ; on 2 the three are in straight
line on the front, and on rear of same segment is another row of four, two on
either side, and lying between those of front row ; on 3 the row is straight, on
the front ; on 4 the two dorsal tubercles are on front, the others a little behind,
so as to form a curved row ; from 5 to 12 inclusive the two dorsals are in front,
the 1st and 6th a little back, the 2d and 5th either on middle of the segment or
more to the rear ; on 13 are six in front, the 2d and 5th a little back, and l^ehind
these six in two longitudinal rows to extremity ; in general the hairs of an-
terior segments are turned a little forward, those on posterior half back ; below
spiracles is a row of smaller tubercles, Avith shorter hairs, one each on 2, 3, 4, on
the rest two, on 13 three, the hairs all bent down, the hindmost one of each
pair placed a little higher than the other ; color of body greenish-brown ; head
rounded, a little broader than high, a little depressed at suture, the vertices

MELITiEA I.

rounded; color black; on the front are small tubercles and hairs, seven on either
lobe. (Figs, b, b\ b'.)

After first moult : length .15 inch; color greenish and pale brown, mottled ;
body now furnished with seven rows of spines, which are present at each stage
to maturity (as in all species of this genus), one row being dorsal, three lateral
(two above, one below spiracles) ; these spines are long, tapering to a point, and
thinly beset with long tapering black hairs, the one at extremity recurved some-
what ; the dorsals run from 5 to 12, and are yellow ; the first laterals from 3 to
13, black ; the second laterals from 3 to 13, black; (there are four spines on
13, two on front, two on i-ear, and the front ones may be considered to belong
to the first laterals, the other to second;) the lower row from 3 to 11, black;
there are also low rounded yellow tubercles, two on 2, one just above the other,
below the line of the spiracles, with two short hairs ; on 3 and 4 one, in line
with spiracles, with four hairs ; and along base a row, one on 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12,
13, with four liairs ; from 6 to 10 inclusive two with two hairs ; on dorsum of
2 are three small tubercles on either side in front, and one behind, four in all,
each with one long hair turned forward ; head as at first stage, the tubercles
and hairs disposed in same way, with an additional one on either lobe making
eighteen. (Figs, c, c^, c^.)

After second moult : length .22 inch; color black ; all spines black, except of
dorsal row, which are yellow, as before ; in shape as at second stage, but the
hairs are more numerous and the one from apex is straight. (Fig. d.)

After third moult : length, in hibernation and therefore contracted, .3 inch ;
color as before ; the spines more thickly beset with hairs, which are more diver-
gent, and make a dense covering.

Mature Larva, probably after fifth moult. — ^ Length 1 inch; cylindrical;
color velvet-black, dotted on the rear of each segment with white tubercles ;
spines long, tapering, thickly beset with long, tapering, divergent hairs, a
straight one from simimit ; the dorsal row and the row along base yellow, all
others black ; under side smoky-brown ; feet black, pro-legs brown ; head sub-
cordate, the vertices rounded, thickly covered wuth low tubercles, each of which
gives a short black curved hair; color black-brown. (Figs, e, e^, e^.)

Chrysalis. — Length .65 inch ; cylindrical ; head case short, narrow, exca-
vated at sides ; mesonotum moderately prominent, rounded, followed by a shal-

MELIT^A I.

low depression ; abdomen stont, furnished with several rows of sharp, conical,
short tubercles (corresponding to the larval spines) ; the wing cases a little
flaring at base, depressed in middle ; color blue-gray, the whole surface much
marked with black ; wing cases buff, more or less tinted red ; with a black patch
from base almost to hind margin, the nervules within it being orange, a mar-
ginal row of serrated spots, and another submarginal ; head case and mesonotum
largely black ; the tubercles more or less enclosed with black ; behind the dor-
sals are four small spots each, forming with the tubercle a triangle ; similar spots
on sides. But there is much variation in extent of the black markings. (Fig./.)

In 1876, Mr. Oscar T. Baron, then at Mendocino, California, sent me several
mature (or nearly) lax'Vfe of the present species by mail. They were twelve days
out and but one was alive on arrival. From this the drawing given on the Plate,
Fig. e, was made. Several larvae had pupated, but were more or less eaten, and
I suppose the single larva had kept itself alive in that way.

On 16th December, 1878, I received from Mr. Baron, then at Navarro, about
twenty of the same larvoe, in hibernation. Mr. Baron wrote that the eggs were
laid June 29th, in clusters, one large and several small, the former containing
sixty or more eggs, the latter from five to twenty. The larvae hatched 20th
July, or after 21 days. Their first care was to spin a common web, and this was
occupied (of course, with additions, as needed) until the time for hibernation
approached. Then some larvae left the common web and spun for themselves
among the wilted leaves of the food plant. Mr. Baron thought this plant was a
species of Castelleia, but it was not identified. These larvae did not survive the
winter. I was able to get a description of the stage after third moult, and had
to depend on alcoholic specimens for the earlier stages and the egg.

On 18th May, 1879, I received from Mr. Baron several chrysalides which had
come from the same lot of larvse, and from them obtained six butterflies, between
22d and 31st May. One of these was the red variety, female, shown by Figs. 5, 6.

Not much is known of the early stages of the American species of the group
of Melitsea to which Baroni belongs. It is a difficult group to separate, and this
makes it the more important that the preparatory stages of the several species
should be studied.

AIEi'FJHHII^o

HHHc

LILIANA 12.d^3^4. 9-

ARGYNNIS III.

ARGYNNIS LILIANA, 1-4.

Argynins LiUana, Henry Edwards, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI., 1876.
Aberr. Baroni, W. H. Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, IX., 3, 1881.

Male. — Expands 2.2 inches.

Upper side either deep red-fulvous, or pale, varying ; the black markings as in
the allied species, but slight, the spots small ; the mesial band on secondaries con-
tinuous; the fulvous spots on same wings, both marginal and discal, often paler
than the ground color ; fringes on both wings yellowish, black at the ends of the
nervules.

Under side of primaries yellow-buff ; the basal area, and to hind margin below
median, brown, with buff in the median interspaces ; some examples, however,
are red-brown at base, and the nervules are edged red ; the outer half of cell
yellow-buff, the P-shaped spot as the base ; the two or three spots on the sub-
costal brown patch and the five uppermost marginal spots well silvered, the sixth
spot partially so.

Secondaries brown, very little mottled with buff ; the band narrow, brown-
ochre ; the spots large and well silvered ; the sub-marginal triangular, those of
second row, except the small ones, fourth and seventh, oval or sub-oval, narrowly
edged black on basal side ; of third row, the three spots are oval, pyriform, and
crescent, with intermediate dashes of silver in some examples, and a streak on
inner margin, also edged black ; a round spot in cell and three at base ; shoulder
and inner margin well silvered.

Body above covered with red-brown hairs ; below, the thorax with hairs which
are gray at base, yellow to reddish without ; abdomen buff ; legs red and buff ;
palpi yellow at base, red without and at tip ; antennae pale black above, red-
brown below ; club black, tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

ARGYNNIS III.

Female. — Expands 2.35 inches.

Upper side pale fulvous ; the marginal spots of both wings lighter. Under side
as in the male, the basal area and nervules of primaries red. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Aberr. Baroni. The two marginal lines very heavy, and in place of the sub-
marginal lunules a broad band crossing the wing ; the row of round black spots
is represented by a band from costa to upper median nervule, with two round
spots in the median interspaces, the two spots usually found in the next inter-
spaces wanting ; on the under side, the marginal silver spots of primaries are
changed to a solid bar, and the corresponding lunules on secondaries are changed
in same manner ; so the three spots of second row next costa are confluent, mak-
ing one great spot. This fine aberration is in the collection of B. Neumoegen,
Esq.

Egg. — Conoidal, truncated, depressed at summit, marked vertically by twenty-
two or twenty-three ribs, which are as in the other species of the genus ; the
outline of this egg is much as in Eurynome, Vol. II, pi. 23, the base being broad,
the top narrow, and the height not much more than the breadth ; color yellow.
(See Plate V of Argynnis, Fig. a.)

Young Larva. — Length .08 inch; cylindrical, marked as in the genus by
tuberculous patches, with hairs the same in number, but somewhat different from
some other species in the sub-dorsal rows ; there are here two hairs from each
tubercle, but instead of being nearly equal in length, the anterior one is much the
shorter, and inclines toward the head, while the other stands up straight, or leans
a little towards the tail ; color of body light brown ; head as broad as 2, sub-
globose, somewhat pilose ; color black-brown. (Plate V, Fig. &.)

Liliana flies in northern California and Utah. The examples taken by Mr.
Henry Edwards, from which the description was made, were from Napa County.
Mr. 0. T. Baron supplied collectors during the years 1878 to 1880 from Lake
County and elsewhere, and on 12th July mailed me eggs just then laid by a
female confined over violet. The eggs hatched 24th July, or at about 13 days
from the laying, and the larvae at once went into lethargy. Later in the season,
I sent them to Maine for safe-keeping through the winter, but none survived.
(By an oversight the egg and young larva were not figured on the present Plate,
but will be given on Plate V of this series of Argynnis.)

_^0

t^M^

Mi$m

15

EQI-iEIS 1 2 V 3 4 9 5 VAR,<?,

r't A'/./t/

/, It' /.iii-va ii/(tui)f/i

,,' c^ „ ■ pty'fs //i-fiij'

ARGYNNIS IX.

ARGYNNIS EGLEIS, 1-5.

Arf/t/nrris Egleis (Eg-le'-is), Boisduval, Lep. de la Californie, p. 59, 1869.
" No. 5," Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., II., p. 174, 1862.
Montivaga, Edw., Syn., 1872 (not Behr).
9 Mormonia, Bois., 1. c, p. 58.

Male. — Expands 1.8 to 2 inches.

Upper side bright fulvous, a Httle obscured at base ; marked and spotted as in
the alhed species ; double lines along hind margins, the mesial band on second-
aries continuous and all the markings of both wings light; fringes of primaries
alternately fulvous and black, or nearly all black, with a little fulvous in middle
of each interspace, of secondaries, either wholly fulvous, or with black just at
ends of nervules.

Under side of primaries yellow-buff apically, pale red at base and to hind mar-
gin below median, or just at base, and along the median nervules, in which last
case the interspaces are buff ; the black markings repeated ; the sub-marginal
spots either buff altogether, or the upper four and the two on the brown sub-
costal patch are imperfectly silvered.

Secondaries yellow-buff, the belt between the two outer rows of spots clear
colored and immaculate ; the remainder of wins; to base washed with diluted
brown, through which the yellow ground appears more or less clearly ; the sub-
marginal spots narrow, and sometimes well silvered ; the other spots as in the
allied species, but small, never, so far as observed, perfectly silvered, but varying
much in this point ; the spots of second and third rows rather heavily edged with
black on the basal side.

But many examples are reddish-buff on under side, and the brown on second-
aries is darker than in the type.

Body brown above, with long fulvous hairs, buff below ; legs fulvous and buff ;
palpi fulvous ; antenniE black above, fulvous beneath ; club black, tip ferrugi-
nous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

ARGYNNIS IX.

Female. — Expands from 1.8 to 2.1 inches.

Upper side less bright than in the male ; the markings no heavier ; but ex-
amples occur which are darker fulvous, and others which are much obscured
over basal areas, and the fulvous is everywhere washed with brown ; on the
under side the base of primaries is more red than in the male ; in the darker
examples the disk and base of secondaries are more covered with brown or
brown-ferruginous ; and the spots of both wings are silvered, but not so per-
fectly as in many species. (Figs. 3, 4.)

There is much variation, and one of the common varieties is represented by
Fig. 5. In this there is no trace of silver, and the spots are clear yellow-buff,
color of the ground of the wing. I have seen no female of this type.

Egg. — Conoidal, truncated and depressed at top, rounded at bottom ; the
breadth to the height nearly as 8 to 9 ; marked by 18 thin, elevated, vertical ribs,
slightly sinuous or bent, one half of them running from base to summit, the
others but about two thirds the distance, then uniting with the first ; the ends
forming a serrated rim ; between the ribs the rounded depressions are crossed by
many very low horizontal ridges ; color yellow. (Fig. a.)

Young Larva. — Length .06 inch, at 12 hours from egg ; cylindrical, of even
size from 2 to 10, each segment a little rounded ; color greenish-white (changing
in a few days to greenish-brown) ; marked by eight longitudinal rows of dark
tuberculous spots, three being above the spiracles on either side, and one below;
these spots are flat, oval or sub-triangular, and bear one or two small conical
tubercles, from each of which springs a long tapering hair ; under a high power
these hairs are seen to be barbed, and knobbed at the ends ; on dorsum of 2 is a
bar, corresponding to the four dorsal and sub-dorsal spots of other segments, and
on its front are six hairs, on the rear four shorter ones ; the spots of the dorsal
rows are sub-oval, each with two hairs ; of the sub-dorsal rows triangular and
smaller, each with but one hair ; of the third or mid-lateral row sub-oval, on
2, 3, 4 with two hairs, on following segments but one ; the spots of the fourth, or
infra-stigmatal, row are rounded, and except on 2 and 13, each of which has two,
have four divergent hairs ; along base, on 3 to 6, and on 11 to 13, is a line of
tubercles, one to each segment, with shoi't hair, but on 2 in same line is a spot
like those of upper rows, small, with two hairs ; the hairs of the dorsal rows on
the three anterior segments are bent forward, on the middle segments are nearly
upright, on the last four are turned back ; it is almost the same with the sub-
dorsal row, but in the raid-lateral the two hairs on 2, 3, 4 are turned in opposite
ways, and after 4 are bent down ; in the fourth row, the upper two on each spot

ARGYNNIS IX.

from 3 to 9 or 10 are quite divergent and are turned up, and the lower pair, just
as divergent, are bent down ; after 10 all are turned down ; feet and legs color
of body ; head obovoid, bi-lobed, dark brown, shining, much covered with short
hairs. (Figs. I to h\)

After first moult: length .1 inch; color grayish, mottled and specked with
black ; body furnished with six rows of spines (as is the rule in this genus, from
first moult to last) ; these spring from shining black tubercles and are black, stout
at base, tapering to top, and beset by many short black hairs ; head obovoid,
black, with black hairs. The duration of this stage was seventeen days and up-
wards, in February and March.

After second moult: length .16 inch; the tubercles of the lower row dull
orange ; color of body dark gray, mottled with black ; on either side the medio-
dorsal line a gray stripe, and along base a gray band ; head as before. Duration
of this stage 11 days and upwards.

After third moult : length .22 inch ; scarcely different ; the spines of lower
row now yellow nearly to tips. To next moult nine days.

After fourth moult : length .4 inch ; the lower spines yellow as before, and
the dorsals of 2 also yellow ; color of body black-brown mottled with gray-white ;
the gray dorsal lines as before. To next moult 9 days.

After fifth moult : length .6 inch ; in about twelve days reached maturity.

Mature Laeva. — Length 1.2 inch ; cylindrical, thickest in middle segments,
tapering pretty evenly either way ; color gray-brown, mottled and specked ; run-
ning with the dorsal and sub-dorsal spines is a black stripe, edged on either side
by a sordid white line ; between the dorsals a yellowish band cut in middle by
a black line, and specked with brown ; the spines small at base, and rather short
for the size of the body, the bristles very short ; the dorsals dull white, the other
rows dull yellow, and all with black tips ; the dorsals on 2 turned forward, but
not longer than others of the same rows ; feet and legs pale brown ; head sub-
cordate, the vertices being rounded, the front flattened ; color black on front, dull
yellow behind, much covered with black hairs of irregular length. (Figs, c, c^ c''.)

Chrysalis. — Length .8 inch ; shaped as in other members of the genus ;
head case square, transversely rounded, a little depressed at top ; mesonotum

ARGYNNIS IX.

prominent, carinated, followed by a deep excavation ; the tubercles on abdomen
very small, scarcely visible ; color dark brown, mottled in shades, and with more
or less yellow-brown, particularly on the abdomen, on dorsal side of which the
darker shade makes a serrated border to the front of each segment ; the wing
cases dark and glossy. The only chrysalis died before pupation. (Figs, d, cP.)

This species was first described by Dr. H. Behr, without a name, but designated
as " No. 5 " in his paper on the Californian Argynnides, 1862 ; and it is compared
and contrasted with his " No. 4," which later he called Montivaga. Dr. Behr says
that No. 5 is much more common than the other, and " is easily recognized by
the black bordering of the spots of the intermediate fascice (the second and third
rows), their oval, not quadrangular, .shape, and the rounded (lunular) form of
the marginal spots." In 1869, Dr. Boisduval described the species as Egleis,
Dr. Behr not having meanwhile applied a name to it, but included in it, I appre-
hend, the Montivaga, Behr, and certainly the distinct species Irene. He calls
attention to this last as a variety which he had taken to be a species, but says
that after having compared more than a hundred examples he finds that one
runs into another in such a way that they cannot be separated. After eliminat-
ing Montivaga and Irene, there still remains a wide amount of variation be-
tween the forms which yet pass under the name Egleis. One of these is figured
on the Plate (5). Examples from Mt. Bradley, California, are often very dark,
not fulvous but brown, the females well silvered. Mormonia is not distinguish-
able in the original description from Egleis, and in the Latin synopsis of charac-
ters at the head of each description the same words are used for both, except
that for Egleis the spots of the under side are said to be silvered or pale, whereas
in Mormonia they are said to be silvered only. Dr. Boisduval sent me the male
of Egleis and female of Mormonia, and there is no more difference between the
two than would belong to different sexes.

The species is widespread, occupying northern California, and especially
Nevada. It flies also in Utah, near Salt Lake, and in northern Colorado, though
it seems nowhere to be common in this last-named State. Mr. Mead took large
numbers in 1878, at Summit, Nevada, and the same year Mr. Morrison also col-
lected in Nevada. I had the opportunity of examining all the variations in both
collections. Besides the Nevada examples, I have at different times received
many from Mts. Bradley and Shasta, from Mr. Behrens.

Mr. Mead (1878) sent me from Summit several eggs of Egleis, laid on violet
by a female in confinement, and they hatched on or about the 18th August.
The larvte at once went into lethargy, as is the case with all the larger Argynnid
larvoB of the later generation, or all larvae where there is but one annual genera-

ARGYNNIS IX.

tion. I kept them in a cool room till last of January, 1879, when the survivors,
three in number, were brought to a warm room and placed on violet. B}'^ 5tli
February they were seen to be feeding. On 18th February, one passed first
moult, the second moult 5th March, the third 16th, and was that day accidentally
killed. The second larva passed third moult 15th April, the third larva the same
moult 17th April. This hast died before another moult, but the second passed
fourth moult 26th April, the fifth 7th May; suspended 20th and pupated 21st
May ; but died before imago.. The general history is tberefore similar to tliat of
Cyhele, Atlantis, and the other larger species, but unlike that of Myrina and the
species of Group II.

THE

Butterflies

OF

North America

WITH

COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS

BY

W. H. EDWARDS

THIRD SERIES. -PART IV.

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

Cl^c aHibemtJc pvm, Cambnngc

LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.

1887

Copyright, 1887, by W. H. Edwardi
Al/ rights resirvtd

CCENONYMPHA I.

CCENONYMPHA GALACTINUS, 1-9.

Cccnonympha Galaclinus, Boisduval, Aiinales de la Soc. Eiit. Je France, 2d Series, X., 309, 1852; W. II.
Edwards, Can. Ent., XVIII., 201, 1886.

Form California, Westwood-Hewitson, Gen. Diurnal Lep., 398, pi. 67, 1851. Californium, Boisd., 1. c,
X., 3u9, 1852.

Var. Eryngii, Henry Edwards, Pacific Coast Lepidoptera No. 24, Fcb'y, 1877.

Form G.^lactinus.

Male. — Expands 1.2 to 1.4 inch.

Upper side sordid yellow-white, with a dusky shade over secondaries caused by
the dark under surface ; immaculate ; the base more or less obscured by black
scales, but some examples have nothing of this ; fringes long, color of wings.

Under side gray-brown, darkest over basal half of secondaries, the hind mar-
gins of both wings lighter, a yellowish-gray ; the inner margin of primaries either
whitish or tinted brown ; a pale ray crosses the disk beyond cell to lower median
nervule, and on the basal side of this the dark scales are dense and make a sinuous
or crenated edge ; secondaries have a similar ray, angular, interrupted on upper
median interspace, broadest between this and costa ; primaries have near apex a
small black ocellus, in pale ring, with white centre, but often there is merely a
black dot, and sometimes this is wanting ; secondaries have from one to four sub-
marginal ocelli in the median and disco-cellular interspaces, differing in indi-
viduals as to distinctness.

Body above, color of wings, beneath, the thorax is covered witli long dark gray
hairs; legs and palpi dark gray; antennae same above, yellowish below; club
gray, tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 1.45 inch.

As in the male, the under surface rather darker; the ocelli more pronounced,
sometimes a second one in the second median interspace of primaries. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Form California.

CCENONYMPHA I.

Both sexes are lighter colored than Galactinus, nearly white, there being no
dark shade over upper surface, and no black at base ; beneath, the general color
is yellowish, the extra-discal areas being nearly or quite free from black scales;
the basal half of secondaries pale brown, slightly dusted black ; the ocelli same.

(Figs. 5-8.)

Var. Eryngii.

This variety differs from California simply in being of a more yellowish hue
on both surfaces, the basal areas on under side scarcely darker than the rest;
and in tlie absence of ocelli, which is usually total ; some examples, however,
have traces of ocelli, as seen in Figure 9.

Egg. — Conical, truncated, the flat top covered with a low network of irregu-
lar meshes, very fine about the micropyle ; the lower part well rounded, with a
netted and indented surface ; the sides ribbed vertically, the ribs low, narrow, in
number about forty, of which several end at from one third to four fifths the dis-
tance from base ; color yellow-green, with ferruginous specks here and there.
(Fig. a, micropyle a\) Duration of this stage about thirteen days.

Young Lvrva. — Length .1 inch ; from 2 both dorsum and sides slope regularly
to 13, which ends in two .short, conical tails, at the end of each of which is a process
like those on dorsum; color pale yellow-green, the under side less green, more
yellow ; on mid-dorsum a brown line, and on either side three such, one sub-
dorsal, one on middle, less distinct, and a third running with the spiracles ; on
each segment are six white processes, each process from the summit of a conical
brown tubercle, forming six longitudinal rows, three on either side ; those of the
dorsal rows are club-shaped, much thickened at end, of the sub-dorsal rows are
more slender, of lower row, which is just above the spiracles, of equal thickness
throughout ; on 2, 3, 4, the processes are nearly in cross line, but on 4 to 12, they
foi-m a triangle on each segment, the dorsal one being on the front, the sub-dorsal
on the rear, the other on second ridge ; on 2 the j^rocesses of the two upper
rows are on front, and between them on the rear is a third ; in front of the spira-
cle are two, the upper one short, and like the others of the lower row, but the
second one is long and tapers like a hair ; on 13 are fourteen processes, six
being dorsal, three to each row, and four lateral, two to either side ; two at the
ends of the tails, and two in the hollow between the tails; (in Fig 6 one process
on 13 is by oversight omitted ; its place is near front of the segment in the lat-
eral row ;) along the base is a row of very short processes, two on 2, one on 3 and

CCENONYMPHA I.

4, two each from 5 to 12, one on 13 ; also over the pro-legs, 7 to 10, are two hairs
each, but on 13 there are three, besides two clubs ; the processes of the upper
rows are recurved, except on 2, where they turn forward, those of the basal row
bend down and back ; feet and pro-legs yellow-green ; head broader than 2,
rounded, narrowing toward the top, a little depressed ; color carnation ; over the
face a few short clubbed processes, thick like the dorsals. (Figs, b to &".) Dura-
tion of this stage twelve to eighteen days.

After first moult: length .19 inch; stouter; the dorsum less sloping, curving
rapidly from 11 to end ; color yellow-green ; the mid-dorsal stripe dark green, the
three side lines paler, and not very distinct, the upper one edged on its lower
side by whitish-green: the basal ridge yellowish; tails red at end ; surface covered
thickly with low rounded tubercles, each with its short, bent, slightly clubbed
white process ; feet and legs green ; head sub-globose, broader than 2 ; color
dark green ; the face much covered with fine white tubercles with short pro-
cesses. (Figs, c-c^.) Duration of this stage about seven days.

After second moult: length .32 inch; scarcely differing from last previous
stage ; the tubercles finer, much more numerous, rounded, the processes short,
straight, and of uniform thickness. (Figs, d-d^.) To next moult ten days.

After third (and last) moult: length .50 inch; shape as before; color ^-ellow-
gi'een. But soon after the moult some of the lapvaj began to change color, and
within four days had become red and buff.

Mature Larva. — Length .84 inch ; slender, scarcely arched dorsally, of even
height and width from 3 to 7 or 8, then tapering gradually to 13; ending in
two short conical tails, which meet at base and are rough with tuberculations;
color yellow-green, striped longitudinally with yellow, there being two narrow
stripes near together on mid-side, and a heavier and deeper colored basal stripe;
on mid-dorsum a dark green stripe, edged by pale green ; the tails red at tip ;
under side, feet and legs bluish-green ; whole upper surface thickly covered with
fine sub-conical white tubercles, each of which gives a fine short white process ;
these are either tapering, or slightly clubbed, or cylindrical, the effect being to
give a downy coat ; head broader than 2, sub-globose, narrowing toward top, de-
pressed at suture; much covered with fine tubercles and short processes. (Figs,
e-e^.)

Or the body was reddish with a buff tint, the stripes yellow ; the under side

CCENONYMPHA I.

red-brown ; head greenish-yellow, with a tint of brown over face. (Fig. /.)
From third moult to pupation about twelve days. (The larval measurements
were taken at from 12 to 24 hours from the egg or moult.)

Chrysalis. — Length .36 inch; breadth at mesonotum .14, at abdomen .16
inch ; very much as in Satyrus Aloj^e, the ventral side sti'aighter, the abdomen
more swollen, less tapering; cylindrical, stout, the upper end truncated, the
abdomen conical; head-case narrow, ending in a sharp cross ridge which is a little
arched at top, the sides roundly excavated ; mesonotum prominent, arched, the
carina rounded transversely, the sides slightly convex, followed by a shallow
depression ; color — from green larva — yellow-green, over dorsum and abdomen
finely specked with white ; marked by nine black stripes of irregular length ; of
these, there is one on dorsal edge of each wing-case from base to inner angle ; a
curved stripe on middle of same reaching the hind margin ; a short one on hind
margin on ventral side, two parallel short ones on the antennae cases, and a larger
on ventral side between the wings; there is also an imperfectly colored black
stripe on either side of 13 (in the figures this is too black and distinct); top of
head case whitish with a dash of black below on dorsal side.

From buff larva ; color pinkish brown, no decided marks, but the curved wing
stripes appear in a deeper shade of brown. One chrysalis fi-om a buff larva was
green, but the wing cases were buff ; and it was fully striped black. Another,
also from buff larva, was pinkish at first, with three darker stripes on dorsum in
addition to the nine before described, which last were faint brown; the three
were, one on mid-dorsum below the excavation, and one on either side this ; in a
day or two the chrysalis had changed to full green, with the nine distinct stripes
as usual, but the three additional ones had disappeared. Another was wholly
green, with no stripes or traces of them. (Fig. 9.) Duration of this stage eleven
and twelve days.

The two forms Galacthms and California, or Californius, are of one species, as
has been proven by breeding from the egg, Galacthms being the winter, the other
the summer form. And although California, Westwood-Hewitson, has the prece-
dence of one year, yet I call the species Galactinus, because the winter form of
a dimorphic species is regarded as the primary form, the only form when the
species was single-brooded, and the summer form as secondary and derived from
the other.

On 1st May, 1885, I received thirteen eggs laid by Galactinus in confinement,
from Professor J. J. Rivers, at Berkeley, California, and which had been mailed
23d April. They began to hatch 5th May. On 7th May, I received a second

CCENONYMPHA I.

lot of eggs from Professor Rivers. By 11th inst., all had hatched. On ITth
May, the first moult was passed by some of the larvaj, the second on 2 1th May,
the third on 3d June. The first pupation took place 15th June, and the first
butterfly came out 2Gth June. From laying of eggs to imago, G-5 days, the egg
stage having been 1-3, the larval 41, the chrysalis 11. The butterflies were all
of the form California. The larvae fed on any species of lawn grass. The egg
much resembles that of the genus Satyrus in shape, but there are twice as many
ribs as in S. Aloj^e, and the network on summit is much finer. The egg- differs in
all respects from any species of the genus Neonympha with which I am acquainted.
The larva and chrysalis are very like AUype, but the processes at the first larval
stage are widely different from Alope, or other true Satyrus. The arrangement
of the tubercles and processes on the young larva are almost exactly as in Neo-
nympha Gemma, except that in the latter the processes are more of the nature
of hairs. As in Gemma also, there were but three moults, which is excejjtional
with butterflies.

Mr. Henry Edwards writes of Galadinns : " It is almost the earliest butterfly
of the year in California, making its appearance on warm days even in March,
and becomes abundant in April, continuing so throughout May. It is always
found upon grassy plains and meadows, and in the open ; has a slow and rather
irregular flight, alights very often, and is fond of settling upon flowers. If a
storm comes on, or the sky becomes much obscured by clouds, it at once clings to
the stems of grasses or other plants, and folds its wings to rest. It is remarkably
common about the Bay of San Francisco, and I have taken it in the mountains up
to 5000 and GOOD feet. It is certainly found in Nevada, though I never saw it in
that State. I took it in Oregon and Washington Territory, but not on Vancouver's
Island. It seemed there to be replaced by C. Ampelos.'" Professor Rivers says :
" Galactimis affects open places in the vicinity of woods or in the canons, or on
the slopes of the foothills of the Coast Range. It is common at Berkeley at from
two to four hundred feet above the sea-level ; also in Napa and Sonoma Counties,
and is found both in the valleys and on elevated hillsides where there are open
places associated with trees and bushes. Its mode of flight is a short and low up
and down movement, sometimes drifting with the wind, but always making short
stoppages on the lowest herbage. It remains with us here till the latter part of
October." The habits as described are similar to those of the Neonympha).

Kirby catalogues .some two dozen species of this genus, and they are found
throughout the north temperate zone in Europe, Asia, and even in Northern
Africa. In North America there are seven or eight species. The mature larvae
and chrysalids of two species are figured in Buckler's " Larvte of British Butter-
flies," (London, 1886,) and in both cases these stages are closely like those of
Galactinus.

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CHRYSOMELAS 1 2 d, 3 4 9 , VAFi. S o 5 6 7 9 8 9

COLIAS IV.

COLIAS CHRYSOMELAS, 1-9.

CoUas Chrysomelas (Chry-som'-e-las), Henry Edwards, Pacific Coast Lepidoptera, Feb., 1877.

Male. — Expands 2 to 2.4 inches.

Upper side greenish-yellow, not much obscured at base ; the marginal border
of primaries very broad, black, more or less dusted with yellow scales, cut nearly
to the outer edge by the yellow nervules, usually even-edged within, or slightly
erose, but sometimes roughly dentated, curving roundly at the apex, but little
advanced on costal margin, and on inner margin projecting a rather long spur ;
discal spot small, sub-ovate, black.

Secondaries also have a broad border, cut to the outer edge by the two median
nervules ; not dusted yellow ; the discal spot usually wanting, but sometimes
orange, or indicated by a slight orange tint ; fringes of both wings pink, yellow at
inner angle of primaries.

Under side of primaries lemon-yellow, deeper colored along costal margin, and
orange-tinted over apical area, often deeply ; except on inner margin and to
middle of cell, thickly dusted with fine brown scales ; the discal spot repeated, a
slight oval ring with yellow or sometimes pink-tinted interior; costal edge pink;
submarginal patches are sometimes present in the median interspaces, a small
cluster of black scales to each, but oftener there is no trace of these.

Secondaries entirely orange-yellow, thickly dusted ; the discal spot pearl-white,
or perhaps roseate throughout or about the edge, in a red-brown, broad ring ; at
base a small patch of pink ; at outer angle a cluster of brown scales, never large,
often a mere trace ; some examples have submarginal patches in the median
interspaces only. Body covered with greenish-yellow hairs, the collar dull pink ;
under side yellow ; legs pink ; palpi yellow, pink at tip ; antennae and club
brown above, elsewhere pink, except that the end of the club is ferruginous.
(Figs. 1, 2.) Very rarely examples are of a deep yellow, as Fig. 5, and the mar-
ginal borders narrow and as in Fig. 7.

COLIAS IV.

Female. — Expands 2.2 to 2.5 inches.

Either bright yellow, or of the tint of the male, or paler, a whitish yellow ; the
marginal border of primaries broad, of nearly even width except at apex, pale
dusky black, completely inclosing a series of yellow patches that cross the wing ;
discal spot as in the male, occasionally orange.

Secondaries have the border much narrower and limited to upper half the
wing; often represented by a few scales or patches; the discal spot either pale
orange, solid, or an orange ring with pale centre. (Figs. 3, 4, 8.) Fig. 9 repre-
sents a curious variety, in which the border of primaries takes the form of a series
of long triangles, one on each nervule.

So far as at present known, Chrysomelas is limited to Northern California.
Nevada has been thoroughly searched for butterflies, and this species has not been
taken there. The original examples from which Mi-. Edwards made his descrip-
tions were from Napa County. Mr. James Behrens has for several seasons taken
many at Shasta, Shasta County, and at Soda Springs, Siskiyou County.

There is no doubt that Chrysomelas is nearly allied to C. Occidentalis, Scudder,
figured in Vol. I. pi. 18, described on page 57, a species found over N. W. Br.
America, from Vancouver's Island to Lake Saskatchawan, but not in the Rocky
Momitains or at high elevations. The two form a distinct sub-group, differing
from any other in the character of the border of the fore wing in the female. I
have thought Chrysomelas might be a southern form of Occidcntalis, and .so put
it in my Catalogue, 1884. On the other hand, Mr. Henry Edwards has been
familiar with both these forms in tlie field, and is positive that they are distinct
species. At the end of his description he says : " I have no doubt whatever of
the distinctness of this species. It is most nearly allied to C. Occidentalis, Scud.,
the original types of which are now before me. It differs in the extreme width
of the marginal band, equally broad on primaries and secondaries, and always
distinctly cut by the nervules on both wings ; by its much larger size, and by the
paler ground color of the female, with more jironounced marginal border. The
usual absence of the discal spot of primaries is also a strongly marked charactei'."
This was in 1877. Ten years later, June, 1887, Mr. Edwards writes me : "I am
full}^ of the opinion that Chrysomelas is quite distinct from Occiil entails. There
is a difference between the two that cannot be expressed in words, but any one
who has taken the two forms on the wing, as I have, must be of my opinion.
Chrysomelas is from the Coast Range, a different region from the home of Occi-
dentalis. My first specimens of the former were from the foothills of Napa
County. I afterwards got it from Mendocino County, and Mr. Behrens takes it
at Shasta. These localities are part of the siime range of mountains, the Coast

COLIAS IV.

Range. Now Occidenialis is found on Vancouver's near the sea-level, and thence
across the continent at low elevations to western Canada."

I have thought it best, therefore, to give Chrysomelas as a species, for the
judgment of an experienced lepidopterist, familiar with both these butterflies in
life, is of weight. Whether there are two species or two forms of one species
must hereafter be determined by breeding from the egg.

Mr. Scudder described the female of Occidentalis, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
IX., 109, 1862, as white, with a greenish tint, with margins like those of C.
Eurytheme^ Boisd. It is said that three females were under view. This de-
scription does not cover the yellow female, an example of which is figured on
the Plate in Vol. I., but applies to the albino Fig. 5, which I now believe to be
Eurytheme, and quite out of place on that Plate. Dr. Hagen called attention to
this some years ago, and on examination I allow that he was right. Striking out
this albino, the true type of the female is represented by Figure 3. I have never
.seen an albino female Occidentalis or of Chrysomelas.

NAUSICAA 1 2 c^, 3 4 9.

ARGYNNIS X.

ARGYNNIS NAUSICAA, 1-4.

Argynnis Nausicaa (Nau-sic'-a-a), Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, V., 104, 1874 ; id., Papilio, II., G, 1882 ;

Mead, Report, Wlieeler Exped'n, V., 752, 1875.

Male. — Expands 2.5 inches.

Upper side deep red-fulvous, the bases much obscured ; hind margins edged by
two lines almost confluent ; the submarginal spots lunular, separated, the other
markings as in the allied species, light ; the mesial band of secondaries broken,
not continuous ; fringes yellowish in the interspaces, black at the ends of the ner-
vules.

Under side of primaries almost wholly bright red-brown, less red next apex; a
little buff in the middle of the sub-costal interspaces ; the submarginal spots
lanceolate, the lower ones black, those next apex brown, the upper six imperfectly^
silvered ; one or two sub-apical silver patches.

Secondaries dark brown, often ferruginous, mottled with buff ; the band
between the two outer rows of spots narrow, much encroached on by the ground
color, sometimes clear buff, sometimes more or less dusted with lirown scales; all
the spots small and well silvered ; those of the submarginal row narrow, broader
next outer angle, all edged above with brown or ferruginous ; those of the second
row narrow, heavily edged above with black ; the third row consists of three sub-
lunate spots, also edged black ; in the cell one or two often minute spots in black
rings, and three patches at base ; the shoulder and inner margin silvered. Body
dark fulvous, beneath, gray-brown on thorax, the abdomen buff ; legs buff ; palpi
buff" at sides, brown in front and at tip ; antenna3 fuscous above, brown below ;
club back, the tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Same size.

On the upper side the marginal lines are confluent on primaries, and the huiules
are joined to them, the.se latter inclosing pale fulvous spots inclining to white
next apex ; the spots of the mesial band small, mostly lunular. Under side of
primaries deeper red, the buff spaces more extended, and covering the upper

ARGYNNIS X.

outer comer of the cell ; secondaries darker, more mottled, the band more re-
stricted ; the silver spots a little larger. (Figs. 3, 4.)

This species was described from 1 c? 2 9 taken by Mr. Henshaw, member of
Lieut. Wheeler's Expedition, 1874, at Rocky Cailon, Arizona. The late Mr.
Morrison brought a few examples, all males I believe, from Arizona in 1882, but
I know not the exact locality. Up to the present year, 1887, these were the
only ones to be found in collections. It was reserved for Rev. George D. Hulst,
of Brooklyn, New York, to make us better acquainted with the species, and I have
to thank him for the examples figured on the Plate, and for the interesting ac-
count I am able to give of locality and habits. Mr. Hulst writes: "About the
middle of last June (1887), I started on a summer vacation to California and Ari-
zona, going first to California. On the way home I stopped at Prescott, Ariz.,
and thence went twelve miles south to Maple Gulch, in the mountains, at the
head-waters of the Hassayampa River. I reached this place July 1st, and had
eleven days' collecting. It was in the rainy season, and, with one exception, it
rained every day, more or less, while I was there. I took specimens of Argynnis
Nausicaa each day of my stay, mostly males, the first females appearing only the
day before I left.

'•' The country there is extremely broken and mountainous, with the little brooks
at the head of the river running through rocky canons, up the steep sides of
which the mountains rise from 1,000 to 2,000 feet. Along the beds of these brooks,
where the dampness is constant, are found white-stemmed violets, the same or
very nearly related to the eastern Viola Canadensis. Where these were found,
and never at any great distance from them, this butterfly was found ; so that,
probably, the violet is its food-plant. The species was very local, 0Vi]y found in
the bottoms of the canons, at 6,000 to 7,000 feet altitude, and within an area of
not more than one by three miles. And with a single exception all that I saw
Avere on the north side of the divide. That one was on the south, but the condi-
tions were the same, though I did not see the violets. The butterflies were very
quick on the wing, and rarely alighted. The few taken on flowers were on
Asclepias tuberosa. Some were taken on the ground, sipping moisture where the
bright sunlight reached the beds of the streams. Except when alighted they
Avere very difficult to catch, as there are neither roads nor paths in that wild
country ; heavily thorned shrubs were plentiful, and not a square rod of level
surface was to be found."

Mr. Hulst thinks it probable that this species is to be found in central and
southern Arizona, in the mountains Avhere violets grow, but it must be local and
much restricted. It is the most southern species of its genus, and its affinities are
with the Ajjhrodife sub-group.

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THE

Butterflies

OF

North America

WITH

COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS

BY

M

W. H. EDWARDS

THIRD SERIES. -PART

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

'(l\)z iSibemDc l&rcjsjs, CambriDge

LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.

1888

Copyright, 1888, by \V. H. Edwards
A// rights reserved

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RUBICUND A 12 rf, 3 4 9 ,. 5 VAR. <?

MELIT^A 11.

MELIT^A RUBICUNDA, 1-5.
Melitcea Rubicunda, Henry Edwards, Papilio, I., p. 52. 1882.

Male. — Expands 1.7 to 2 inches.

Upper side black, spotted witli deep red and ochrey - yellow, pale or deep,
mostly in common transverse bands ; the spots of the marginal rows small, well-
separated, red ; of the second row, either red or yellow, or the red is partly re-
placed by yellow, always small, often altogether wanting, in which case there is
a broad, black, common band, as shown in Fig. 5 ; of the third row, yellow on
primaries, red on secondaries, the latter large ; the fourth row, on primaries, is
bifid from median nervule to costa, the outer branch and main row usually
wholly red, but sometimes the spots are more or less edged yellow on basal side,
the inner branch yellow ; in cell four transverse bars, red and yellow alternately
from arc to base ; also a yellow bar below cell ; secondaries have a red stripe
from costa to median across end of cell, red, sometimes macular or wanting,
though usually a small spot is left rft outer end of cell ; four yellow spots near
base, three in straight row from costa to sub-median, the fourth outside in cell ;
fringes of primaries mostly black, white or pale yellow in the median interspaces,
of secondaries, a little black at the ends of the nervules, the rest light.

Under side red, of nearly the same shade as above ; the yellow spots repeated
on primaries, enlarged and distinct ; on secondaries all spots are repeated, en-
larged ; the red ones of third row each lightly edged yellow, except on marginal
side; above this is a bit of the black ground, and next a narrow red stripe from
costa to sub-median, separated by a black line from the fourth or discal band of
yellow ; (in many of the allied species this stripe is yellow and is in part con-
fluent with the discal band ;) on the basal area a fifth spot on costa ; shoulder
and inner margin yellow.

Body black, brown above, the collar red ; beneath, the thorax covered with
long yellow hairs, which within are gray, the abdomen red ventrally, on the
sides red ; legs red ; palpi red, yellow at base ; antennae red on upper side, witli
fine rings of black, black below; club black, tip ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2, 5.)

MELIT^A II.

Female. — Expands 2 inches.

Upper side as in the male ; often there is an excess of red, the jellow spots
being mostly replaced by red. On the under side the red spots of third row are
more decidedly edged yellow. (Figs. 3, 4.) Of the preparatory stages of Ruhi-
cunda nothing is yet known. What I described as the larva and chrysalis of
Rubicunda, Can. Ent., xv. 119, 1885, were of another species, M. Taylori, of
Vancouver's Island.

RuBicujfDA was originally described by Mr. Henry Edwards as possibly but a
variety or form of M. Qidno, Behr. Curiously enough, no one, not even Dr.
Behr himself, to-day, knows what M. Quhio is or was intended to be. The
types were lost, and the published description fits no known species or variety.
It certainly was not what Mr. Edwards understood it to be when he compared
both Baronl and Rubicunda with it. He says of the latter, that " red is the
prevailing tint, and the sub-marginal bands of secondaries are simply bands of
red," etc. Since this was written, Rubicunda has been taken in great numbers
by Mr. James Behrens, at Mendocino, California, and I have received from him
many more than a hundred examples. There is much variation among these ;
one type, and that the most common, having nearly all the upper side spots
small, so that a large part of the black surface is exposed. (Fig. 1.) Another,
having the second common row obsolescent, or wanting altogether, so as to
jjresent a conspicuous black band there. (Fig. 5.) In another, the red spots of
third row are very large ; and in another still, red prevails over the marginal
half of each wing, and it was this which Mr. Edwards had in view in making
his description.

Respecting this species, Mr. Behrens says : " My catch of 1884 and 1887 was in
the Comptche District of Mendocino (Comptche, name of old Indian chief). This
district is the highest ridge of the County, all deepest redwood forest. Sequoia
sempervirens, 1600 to 2000 feet above ocean-level, and twenty-five miles inland
from the coast. I caught all the males in the timber flying with Chionobas
Jduna, and they have the same habits as that species, flying high and settling on
the sandy road in the sunshine. It also alights on the leaves of a tan-bark oak,
a small species, growing not much over twenty feet high. There are no visible
flowers in these dense forests, and I am totally at a loss to mention the food-plant
of the larvae. I was all the time on the lookout for it. It must have surprised
you that during six weeks so few females were taken by me, in all less than a
dozen, while I took hundreds of the males. But I did capture three of the
females in an open luicultivated field a few miles away. If you could form an
idea of this mountainous and rough region you would hold me excused for not

MELIT^EA 11.

diving down the precipices on one side the county road, or climbing the heights
on the other, with all the impediments of bramble and underbrush, and that at a
temperature never under 80' Far., all June 100^, and now again in August, 100^
every day. Both Iduna and Ruhicunda females seem to avoid the flight up
from the deep gulch." Mr. Behrens notices that the males adhere tenaciously
to the net, by reason of the strength of the claws or feet, more so than other
Melitseas he was accustomed to take.

No doubt the food-plants of Ruhicunda are same as those of tlie allied species,
Scrophularia, Penstemon, Castelleia, etc., which grow either in the gulches or the
open fields, and there is where the females would congregate.

Mr. Henry Edwards writes : " The home of Rnhlcmida is Mendocino County.
This is in the coast range of mountains, about one hundred miles from San
Francisco, north. It is mostly pine forest, and it would appear that it is not a
rich butterfly country, as this species and Chionobas Iduna are the only things
of importance found there."

On loolving over old letters of Mr. 0. T. Baron, I find several mentions of
Ruhicunda. On 11th May, 1880, he writes from Mendocino: "For the first
time I have the caterpillars of Ruhicimda and Baroni side by side for compari-
son. They resemble each other much, but still if they were mixed up I would
pick either kind out without a single mistake." On November 20th : " Ridri-
cunda I caught in Eden Valley, Mendocino County ; also fifteen miles north of
Ukiah, the county-seat, and on the head waters of the Big River, eighteen miles
west of Ukiah. Eden Valley is about 3000 feet above the level of the sea ; the
other places mentioned have about 1500 feet elevation. I have also raised two
or three specimens of the same insect from caterpillars found on two different
plants, the one, I think, a species of Castelleia, the other I do not know. The
caterpillar is certainly distinct from that of Baroni and feeds on different plants.
I shall be able to give you the whole history in the coming spring, and also
send the larva, pupa, and probably eggs." Unfortunately, I never received any
of these stages, Mr. Baron soon after having left that region.

Mr. Morrison took Ruhicunda on Mt. Hood, Oregon.

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EREBIA I.

EREBIA MAGDALENA, 1-4.

Erebia Magdalena (Mag-da-le'na), Strecker, Bulletin of the Brooklyn Ent. Soc, III. p. 35. 1880.

Male. — Expands about two inches.

Upper side blackisli-brown. glossy, with a tint of purple. Under side nearly as
dark, paler along inner margin of primaries.

Body, color of wings ; legs brown ; palpi black-brown ; antennae black above,
annulated with gray-white, under side gray-white ; club ferruginous above, black
beneath. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Same size.
Paler colored. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Egg. — Ovoidal, the base and top almost equally rounded ; marked by about
forty somewhat sinuous ridges from end to end ; these are highest in the mid-
dle, and decrease gradually either way ; a cross section at the middle would
show the elevations and depressions to be about equal, the tops a little rounded,
the sides sloping, and at the bottom a very narrow flat space ; the micropyle in
a depression, in centre of a rosette of half a dozen concentric rings of small in-
dented cells ; color yellow-brown. (Figs, a, «-.) Duration of this stage, about
twelve days.

Young Larva. — Length .1 inch, shape of E. Fjjijisodea ; thickest anteriorly,
tapering on back and sides to 13, which ends roundly ; marked by three longi-
tudinal rows of dark sub-conical tubercles, each of which gives out a white pro-
cess ; these rows are dorsal, sub-dorsal, and lateral ; on 2 there is an additional
tubercle back of and between the dorsal and sub-dorsal, and another a little be-
low and behind the latter ; and there are two in front and a little above spiracle ;
on 3 and 4 the three are nearly in vertical line, but after 4 to 12 inclusive they
are in triangle, the dorsal on front, the sub-dorsal at rear, and the lateral a little

EREBIA I.

before the middle of the segment ; on 13 are six in two rows made up of the dorsal
and sub-dorsal, which fall nearly into line, a lateral on either side in front, and
six around the end, these last smaller and with shorter processes ; the processes
on 2 are decidedly club-shaped (Fig. c) ; on the other segments to 12 scarcely
clubbed (Fig. c^) ; on the sides of all moderately clubbed, and short (Fig. c^) ; on
13 the four uppermost are cylindrical and long (Fig. c*) ; along base a row of
minute tubercles with short hairs, two to each on 2, 7 to 13, one on each of the
rest ; color at first pink-white, with a brown mid-dorsal stripe, and three brown
lines on the side ; a few days later the dorsum had a green tint ; later the ante-
rior half became greenish, the rest j^ink-white ; under side, feet, and legs paler ;
head a little broader than 2, ob-ovoid, the top a little depressed ; color black-
brown, surface granulated ; marked by a few low tubercles, each giving a white
process. (Figs. 6-6^.) This larva died before a moult.

Vei-y few examples of this Erebia are to be found in collections, and all, so far
as I know, have been taken by that indefatigable lepidopterist, Mr. David Bruce,
of Brockport, New York. Mr. Bruce wrote me, July 15, 1887 : " I have just got
in from the mountains after a hard struggle. The rainy season has commenced
a month earlier than usual, and consequently there is no depending on anything.
I have been on Bullion Mountain, 14,000 feet, for nearly two weeks, have taken
five Magdalena, a good series of C. Bore, also of Semidea. I send you two eggs of
Magdale7ia." These were laid 10th July, and one hatched on 22d. The other
was put in alcohol, that its likeness might be drawn. The larva at first seemed
lethargic, and I tliought it would sleep as the larvte of the genus Satyrus do,
and so pass the winter. But on 26th I noticed that it had eaten of the grass
on which it rested, and had changed color, as small larvae usually do after feed-
ing. On 28th I sent it to Mrs. Peart, at Philadelphia, and learned that it died
there a few days later, and before a moult, attacked by mould.

Later, Mr. Bruce kindly wrote out his observations on this species, thus :
" E. 3Iarjdalena is found in the most uninviting- looking spots it is possible
for a naturalist to explore. Black, barren, detached rocks, that look as if an
immense peak had fallen and split into fragments ; hardly a blade of grass or
a patch of lichen to relieve the utter desolation. Yet even here, animal life
is found in plenty, and fitted for such a dwelling-place. All day long can be
heard the singular ' keek ' of the ' Little Chief ' Hare, Lagomys princeps, and
until the animal is seen, the stranger is puzzled to know if it is the voice of a bird
or an insect, on the earth or in the air ; yet the little ventriloquist is sitting on a
rock probably within a yard of his feet. A loud shrill whistle announces the

EREBIA I.

presence of the large Mountain Marmot, who may be seen on the topmost rock,
keeping a good lookout. A few pairs of the Mountain Linnet or Gray-crowned
Finch are sure to fly from the rocks, where they are breeding, to the nearest
snowbank, and are soon busily engaged searching for seeds that have blown from
below or washed from above. The sun gleams out, and, awakened into activity
by its beams, comes Erebia Magdalma, flitting leisurely, like the rest of its fam-
ily, then suddenly taking an upward flight, it soars around, more like a Limenitis
than an Erebia. Another of same species springs up from the rocks, the usual
skirmishing chase ensues for a few minutes, the sun is again obscured, and the
insects disappear as if by magic, and will not be seen until it is bright again. I
have never found this species but among such broken rocks, varying from 12,000
to nearly 14,000 feet elevation. The females fly to the nearest grasses to deposit
their eggs. They alight on the ground, and crawl into the tuft of grass quite to
the root, and it is difficult to find them, while no amount of beating or brushing
will make them fly out. I saw one drop into a tuft which I could cover with my
hat, and searched for her for ten minutes in vain. It was only by pulling the
tuft entirely in pieces that at last I found her. It was this female that laid the
two eggs in confinement which I sent you. I have never seen the males fly be-
yond the rocks at all. Magdahna when fresh has a beautiful satiny gloss, which
in the males has a purple tint, but they soon become worn and brown and lose
this tint. As far as my experience goes, this is the most difficult to capture of
all our native butterflies, not because of its rapid flight, but from the nature of its
habitat. The collector cannot follow it, and when it is at rest on the black rocks
it is almost invisible. Owing to its habits the species will always be rare in col-
lections. I have met with it from June 28th to July 18th, on the front range
of the Rocky Mountains, Park County, Colorado."

M(i(jd(dena on upper side is exactly like the Arctic-American species, E. Fas-
ciata, Butler, the same size, shape, and color even to the club of antenna. But
Fasciata is conspicuously banded beneath across both wings. Our Coloradau
must have descended from the same stock with Fasciata, if it be not an offshoot
of that species. Usually Erebia Fpijjsodea is distinctly banded beneath, but in-
dividuals are found in Colorado with no more of a band than Magdalena shows.
So far as known by Mr. Bruce this absence of a band in the present species is
constant.

It may be a very long tiine before more is known of the early stages of Mag-
dalena than what I have related. I find it almost impossible to rear larvae of
these high alpine species, and in cases where larvifi have reached maturity they
fail to pupate.

I a.sked Mr. Bruce, if, considering the great elevation at which this species

EREBIA I.

lives, and the frosty nights even during the short period of its alpine summer, it
would require three seasons for the larva from egg to reach imago, the first win-
ter being spent by the larva in its first stage, the second either when mature or
in pupa. He replies: "As to the three year theory, I do not think it is so at
all. You have no idea of the forcing and invigorating influence of the air, and
the effect on everything that has life, both animal and vegetable. You may
leave the barren-looking cold hills for a week and return to find them carpeted
with flowers, in many cases actually pushing through the snow. Where the sun
catches, in early spring, the snow soon melts, and the hibernating larvae feed and
grow rapidly. I can only form my ideas from hibernating Arctian (Heterocera)
larvte ; these hibernate when very small indeed, come out very early, wdll freeze
and thaw as the cold or heat predominates, yet keep growing all the time. I
have no reason to think the diurnals do very differently. I think there is plenty
of time for Erebias to feed up and be out on the wing by the middle of June.
The mountain larva? are all very partial to basking on the stones in the sunshine,
feeding little till the afternoon and evening, but then they feed voraciously.
The temperature gets down to 30° Fahr., or lower, every night during the sum-
mer months ; a thin ice frequently forms on the small lakes in July even. Yet I
believe the grass feeders do not get into a torjjid state after vegetation once
starts, for the soil and stones retain heat where the sun has struck for any length
of time. Yet the air is so cold that moths do not fly by night at all, the Noctuids
and Bombyces, at these elevations, being day-fliers."

EREBIA I.

EREBIA HAYDENII, 5-6.

Erehia Haydenii, Edwards, ^, Hayden's Report, Survey of Montana, 1872, p. 467; id., Trans. Anier.

Ent. Soc, V. p. 19. 1874.

Male. — Expands 1.6 inch.

Upper side blaclvish-brown, immaculate ; under side paler, dusted with gray
scales ; secondaries have a complete series of black-brown ocelli along hind mar-
gin, each ringed with rust-red, and having a small white pupil ; on primaries two
or three black points, the margins edged by a narrow rust-red stripe.

Body, color of wings ; legs yellow-brown ; palpi black-brown ; antennte yellow-
brown, annulated white; club ferruginous. (Figs. 5, G.)

Fejiale, at present unknown.

This species was described fifteen years ago from two much worn and badly dam-
aged males, brought in from Yellowstone Lake by Dr. Hayden's Expedition, and
until recently I had not known of another example in any collection. Nothing
whatever was known of the species except what the dried insects discovered. To
call attention to the species I concluded to figure the male only. After the Plate
was done, I accidentally learned that Prof. S. A. Peabody, of the University of
Illinois, had taken Haydenii in 1887, and he kindly sent me two pretty fresh
males, and gave the following account of their capture : " I send you two males
Haydenii, I have no females. These were taken in the immediate vicinity of
the Falls of the Yellowstone, on the grassy slopes west of the caiion, and at an
altitude of about 8,000 feet, or, say, between 7,700 and 8,000. I see that in the
Trans. Ent. Soc, V. 19, this species is reported at Yellowstone Lake, which is
about 15 miles from the Falls. I did not go there. The altitude of the lake is
not materially different from that of the upper fall. I did not see any females.
I was at the Falls, Aug. 3d and -ith. On 5th, I passed over Washburn Mountain

EREBIA I.

to Yancey's, on horseback. I went to the mountain with a company and a
guide, and could not stop to take insects. From tlie summit I was alone, and on
a pretty good trail, but as I had yet twenty miles to go before nightfall, you
may understand that I did not delay very much. The next day's travel was over
an arid and parched country, and mostly under cold and rainy sky, where nothing
flew. These Erebias were on sunny slopes, covered with the wild flowers of the
country, few of which were known to me. Every other butterfly seemed to be
Argynnis."

Ho

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y

ill

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'■i. - - ■

K.A

PORTLANDIA 1 2 cf, 3 4 9

" /-yy iiiiifini/inj

I. (yir'Uii'i /.IN

f /•" to '/■"' m/r. rnoanilirr/

1" moii/f H(il 61 ,■ »

DEBIS I.

DEBIS PORTLANDIA, 1-4.

Debis Portlandia, Fabricius, Spec. Ins., II, p. 82, 1781 ; Boisduval and Leeonte, Lepid. de I'Amer., p. 226, pi.

58, 1833 ; Morris, Lepid. N. Am., p. 79, 1862; Edwards, Can. Ent., XIV, p. 84, 1882 ; Fernald, But.

of Maine, p. 70, 1884 ; French, But. of East. U. S., p. 29, 1886.
Andromacha, HUbner, Samml. Ex. Schmett., I, 1806-1816 ; Say, Amer. Ent. II, pi. 36, 1825; Morris, 1. c,

p. 78, 1862.

Male. — Expand.s from 1.9 to 2.2 inches.

Upper side yellow-brown, or wood-brown, individuals varying in depth of
color ; the extra-discal area paler, more yellow, variable ; on this a row of four
oval or rounded blind ocelli, sometimes unequal throughout, sometimes the pos-
terior pair very large, equal ; often the spot on lower discoidal interspace want-
ing, or reduced to a point ; these ocelli are of a soft brown hue, and each lies
within a pale yellowish ring which fades into the ground ; on primaries, owing to
the transparency of the wing, the outer edge of the basal area is dark, particu-
larly next costa, and projects in an angle, often double-toothed, on upper median
nervule ; a similar dark edging is sometimes to be seen on secondaries, but usu-
ally there is nothing of this ; secondaries have also a series of five ocelli, unequal,
the middle one often very small, sometimes altogether wanting ; sometimes the
upper pair are very large, equal ; both wings bordered by two fine parallel dark
lines ; fringes brown at the ends of the nervules, gray or whitish in the inter-
spaces.

Under side paler brown, with a slight violet reflection ; the basal areas edged
without by a common dark stripe, sinuous, projecting considerably against both
cells and on inner margin of primaries ; halfway between this and base a similar
stripe, nearly straight, bending upwards on lower median interspace of seconda-
ries and joining the outer stripe on sub-median nervule ; on the arc of each cell
a dark stripe ; the extra-discal area of primaries lighter, of secondaries same as
the basal, with a dull yellow or whitish diffuse band passing entirely round each
series of ocelli ; these have now small white pupils, and each is within a definite

DEBIS I.

3'ellow ring, pale or bright ; on secondaries there is a duplex sixth ocellus next
inner angle, each part very small, elongated.

Body above yellow-brown, beneath 3'ellow-white, the abdomen lightest ; legs
brown-yellow, the tibiae whitish; palpi white within, with long black hairs in
front ; eyes brown-black ; antennte blackish above, ringed with white, red-brown
below ; club black, the tip red-brown. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands from 2 to 2.25 inches.

Very much as the male ; the ocelli varying in same manner, perhaps, however,
never so small as in some males. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Egg. — Semi-ovoid, a little higher than broad, the base slightly rounded and
arched at the middle ; surface smooth ; color greenish-white. (Fig. a.) Dura-
tion of this stage from four to six days.

Young Larva. — Length .13 inch, cylindrical; tapering slightly on both dor-
sum and sides from 2 to 13 ; ending in two short conical tails ; color at first yel-
low, somewhat tinted brown, after two days changing to yellow-green, more
green on dorsum ; on each segment from 3 to 12, above sjiiracles are six conical
tubercles forming as many longitudinal rows, three on either side, a dorsal, sub-
dorsal, and lateral ; on 3 and 4 they are
^^^rl'^~t^^^u^^J^J^-'T^^^~4<:^ nearly in cross line, but from 5 to 12 are
^ '&l^<;4i^^iJ!Ui'i^^i4i^^ ^" triangle, the dorsal one standing on the

front ridge, the sub-dorsal on the rear,

the lateral on the second ridge or a little

->■. '-, s, V ^ ^> ^-;— T'-— '-,^^^-i- before the middle of the segment; from

ilii^'l/ J^ li^^^lL>liJ^^4i!^^r each of these a long, slender, tapering

hair, the end thickened (Fig. ¥) ; on 2
are three tubercles and hairs corresponding to the three rows, though not all in
line with them, and behind and between the upper two an additional one ;
against spiracle, to the front, is a fine hair, and just over it a shorter, coarser
one ; (see cut ; on the Plate, figs, b and ¥ fail to show the sub-dorsal tubercle
on 2 ;) on 13 are twelve tubercles, three on each side in the upper two rows, two
in the lateral row, two at the ends of the tails, and two short hairs in the con-
cavity between the tails; below the line of spiracles is a row of short, coarse
hairs, not thickened at ends, two to each segment, except on 3, 4, 13, which
have but one ; head at first nearly twice as broad as 2, at two days from the
egg one-fourth broader only ; ob-ovoid, truncated, slightly depressed at the
suture ; on each vertex is a small sub-conical protuberance, from the top of

DEBIS I.

which comes a long, tapering hair; a few hairs over the front. (Figs, b to ¥.)
Duration of this .stage, six to eight days.

After first moult : length .26 inch ; the dorsum arched, on 3 and 4 depressed ;
13 ending in two long, tapering tails ; color bright green ; densely covered with
low, sharp, whitish tubercles, which are dispo.sed in longitudinal rows, one of
which edges either side the dark green mid-dorsal stripe, and another lies be-
tween this and the sub-dorsal narrow yellowish stripe, which itself is crowded
with tubercles ; below this stripe there are four somewhat irregular rows, and
then the yellowLsh basal stripe ; each tubercle gives a very short white hair ;
under side, feet, and pro-legs paler green, head higher than before, the sides less
curved, depressed somewhat more ; on each vertex a high, conical process, Avhich,
as well as the whole face and back, is thickly covered with whitish sub-conical
tubercles, each with its short white hair ; color green, the ends of the processes
red. (Figs, c to c^.) Duration of this stage, seven to eight days.

After second moult : length .44 inch ; .shape as at second stage ; tubercu-
lated in same way ; the sub-dorsal and basal stripes as before ; head same, the
processes more red. (Fig. d.) To next moult about nine days, but, like all
stages, the duration depends on the weather.

After third moult : length .52 inch, scarcely different. (Fig. e.) To next
moult, in a single instance, si.x days ; all other larvae hibernated at this stage.

After fourth moult, in spring : length .G inch ; shape nearly as before, the
abdominal segments arched, the others level ; tails long ; color yellow-green ; a
darker mid-dorsal band, a green line next above the yellow sub-dorsal stripe, and
another on mid-side ; the basal stripe yellow ; head narrower at top, the bases of
the processes meeting at the suture ; color green, the ends red. (Figs./ to/''.)
To last moult eleven days ; in one instance sixteen, in another twenty days,
owing to cold weather.

After fifth moult : length 1 inch ; in about ten days the larva was full-grown.

Mature Larva. — Length, <? , 1.2 inch, greatest breadth, on middle segments,
.16 inch ; 9 , 1.4 inch, breadth .17 inch ; cylindrical, .slender, the dorsum arched,
and sloping about equally either way from the middle ; 13 ending in two long,
slender, tapering tails ; color yellow-green ; on mid-dorsum a dark green band,
on the edge of dorsal area a narrow j^ellow stripe to the tail, and on upper .side
of it a dark green line, another such line on mid-side, and a yellow stripe along

DEBIS I.

base ; all the cross-ridges thickly set with fine whitish tubercles, each giving a
very short fine hair ; tails red-tipped ; under side, feet, and legs pale green ;
head ob-ovoid, broad on lower front, narrowing rapidly upwards, well rounded on
front and sides ; on each vertex a long, tapering process, their bases meeting at
the suture ; these processes, as well as the rest of the head, are rough, with large
rounded equal tuberculations, each with its short, stiff v/hite hair ; color yellow-
green, the processes red, all tubercles white ; the ocelli brown, the largest green
with brown rim. (Figs, g-g^-) From fifth moult to pupation about fifteen days.
The position when suspended is shown by Fig. h.

Chrysalis. — Length .6 inch, greatest breadth across both mesonotum and
abdomen .22 inch ; cylindrical, the abdomen conical ; head case short, bevelled on
both sides equally to a rather broad, sharp ridge, with sharp, triangular corners,
at top a -little excavated, the sides roundly excavated ; mesonotum prominent,
angular, the apex rounded, followed by a shallow depression ; wing cases flar-
ing at base, very little constricted in middle ; color delicate green, sometimes
with a bluish tint ; the ventral side of abdomen paler ; the top of head and
dorsal edges of wing cases cream-white ; sui'face smooth, glossy. (Figs, i to i^.)
Duration of this stage in May, thirteen to fourteen days.

PoRTLANDiA flies throughout the Atlantic States and Mississippi Valley. It is
abundant in the South and West, but how far to the West it flies I am unable to
say. I have received it, however, from Fort Niobrara, Nebraska. It is believed
to be nowhere a common species in New York or New England, and is occa-
sionally taken as far east as Halifax, Nova Scotia. Prof. C. H. Fernald informs
me that at Orono, Maine, the late Mr. Anson Allen used to find it in some
numbers through the summer on a road through a growth of spruce trees. I
learn from Mr. H. H. Lyman, of Montreal, that Mr. E. C. Trenholme, of that
cit}^ has found this species tolerably common on the Western and Little Moun-
tains, above Montreal, on one occasion having " come upon a flock of a dozen,
flitting about near the ground." Mr. Lyman writes that he has received two
specimens taken at East Selkirk, Manitoba, lat. 50° 10', the most northern
locality probably so far noted.

In Say's time, about 1825, Portlandia was known only as southern, and that
author states that it had never been taken so far north as Pennsylvania. Very
likely the species has spread to the north and east during the last sixty years,
as many species of birds are known to have done. Mr. Philip H. Gosse, in
his " Canadian Naturalist," London, 1840, p. 246, speaks of seeing a single

DEBIS I.

example in Canada. The same author, in '• Letters from AUibama," London,
1859, page 122, gives an interesting account of the habits of the species, under
the name of Hipparchia Andromacha, which I copy here. " It is interesting
from its social and gamesome habits. A particular individual will frequent the
foot of a particular tree for many successive days, contrary to the roaming
habit of butterflies in general. Hence he will sally out on any other passing
butterfly, either of his own or of another species, and after performing sundry
circumvolutions, retire to his chosen post of observation again. Occasionally I
have seen another butterfly of the same species, after having had his amicable
tussle, take likewise a stand on a neighboring spot, and after a few minutes' rest,
both would simultaneously rush to the conflict, like knights at a tournament,
and wheel and roll about in the air as before. Then each would return to his
own place with the utmost precision, and presently renew the ' passage of arms,'
with the same result, for very many times in succession." I have myself never
had an opportunity of observing the habits so well described, nor can I hear of
others having done so. But a butterfly restricted to forests in which was no
undergrowth, like the pine forests of the South, would of necessity have the habit
of resting on trees. The late Mr. James Ridings collected butterflies in Georgia,
a few years ago, and informed me on his return that Satyrus PegaJa alighted
on the bark of trees in the pine forests, and returned persistently to the same
spot, and as he compared the habit with that of Portlandia, probably he had
noticed the latter species in the same district. I know of no other of the North
American Satyrinae which do this, unless it be the Chionobas of the Gigas group.
The species is not a common one in the region in which I live, but every year
I see a few individuals flying near the ground about the edge of the wood, or
among the trees and shrubs near my house. They are also to be seen in the
depth of the forest. On one occasion, in June, I visited an unopened coal seam
at least a mile from any clearing, and at five hundred feet elevation above the
creek, where the coal was exposed to view, owing to its being between two
ledges of rock, a little sulphur-tinctured water trickled upon the base rock, and
here were several Portlandia and that rare butterfly, Eudamus Cellns, in a clus-
ter, eagerly sucking. On the way down the creek, the wheel of the wagon
struck a small, decayed, moss-covered stump at the foot of the hill, and quite
a flock of PorUandia, which had been resting on the stump, were flushed. I
caught eight, four of them with one sweep of the net, all males fresh from
chrysalis. Near the same place, several summers ago, Mr. Ridings took a num-
ber of specimens. He told me that this butterfly was infallibly attracted by
any excrementitious matter, and he had only to wait near a spot where such
was to be found to get all the individuals he wanted.

DEBIS I.

Mr. Lewis Ullrich, of Tiffin, Ohio, wrote in August, 1881, that shortly before,
he had taken some hundred and fifty good examples of Portlandia, and rejected
many more as imperfect, in a certain piece of woods near by, and remarked that
the species seemed to be confined to this particular spot, and, so far as he knew,
was not to be found elsewhere in the County. Two or three years later I ap-
plied to Mr. Ullrich for specimens, and learned that the old hunting-ground had
been cleared of undergrowth and cattle turned in, to the utter destruction of
these butterflies.

The larvre, like all the family, eat grasses. I first obtained one egg of Portlan-
dia by confining a female on grass under a net, August 22, 1873, but it failed
to hatch. Several other experiments were unsuccessful, until August 15, 1877,
when I got seven eggs. These hatched on 21st, and on 27th, the larvae began to
pass the first moult; on 3il September, the second moult, on i2th, the third, and
soon after, all became lethargic, and were left in a cool room for the winter. On
February 17, 1878, they were brought into a warm room, and the same day
were seen to be moving. On 26th February, one passed the fourth moult, and
died soon after from injuries received on the way to Philadelphia, for its portrait.
Meanwhile all the rest had died. That is a sample of the bad fortune which often
happens in rearing butterfly larvte, and it has not unfrequently taken me several
years to get at a complete life-history of a species.

On September 5, 1881, I received twelve eggs from Mr. Ullrich. These
began to hatch on 8th ; on 15th the larviB were passing first moult, on 23d, the
second. On 8th October, one passed the third. The moults were irregular,
several days intervening between the passage by the first and last larva of same
stage. On 24th October, one passed the fourth, but died soon after ; the others
were in lethargy by 1st November. Early in February, 1882, these larvae were
brought into the house, and on 24th, were observed to be in motion ; by 1st
March all were feeding. The fourth moult was passed from 16th to 23d March ;
on 31st, one passed the fifth, and the last passed same on 4th April. The first
chrysalis formed 13th April, and this gave imago 29th. Two that passed fifth,
5th April, pupated 20th, and the butterflies came out 4th May.

The hibernating larv;T3, therefore, pass three moults in the fall, and two in
spring ; but it is probable that the number of moidts of a summer brood is but
four, as with some of the allied species.

While the larva is at rest the head is bent under so that the horns are turned
forward, and the back part is in line with dorsum, as seen in Fig. g. When a
moult takes place, as the old face is cast off, the new horns are seen folded down
over the face and flattened, and it is several minutes before they begin to rise
and fill out, and fully ten before they are erect. These organs are not solid, but

DEBIS I.

hollow shells merely. I noticed one larva as it was passing the second moult,
and another at the fourth, and the behavior was the same in both cases. As the
tails were disengaged from the old skin, they stood apart at a right angle for
some time, and in about ten minutes began slowly to approach each other ami
get in line with the body. The first movement of the larva was to turn around
so as to get at and devour the cast skin. In suspension the figure is very differ-
ent from N. Gemma, but is like N. Sosybius, and nearly same as in Satyrus
Alojje. (Fig. h.)

I have taken Portlamlia at Coalburgh, W. Va., as early as 18th May, and
fresh examples in June, July, and August. There must here be at least two
annual generations, possibly three. If three, the first in May, the second middle
of July, the third late in August.

This is the only species of its genus accredited to the Americas, but under the
supposed synonymical name of Lethe, Marshall and De Niceville, in " The Butter-
flies of India," describe thirty-four species, which they divide into four groups,
principally inhabiting the Eastern Himalayas and Assam. Nothing is said of the
early stages of these species, and it remains to be seen from comparison of egg,
larva, and pupa, whether either of the groups or any one of the species is really
congeneric with Debis Portlandia or not. It is highly probable that they are
not, and that Portlandia properly forms a genus by itself.

Say describes the caterpillar briefly as " downy and mucronate behind," —
mucronate, in his glossary, meaning " terminating in a sharp point." Of the
chrysalis he says, '' It is angulated, bi-mueronate on the front ; " which is not a
correct description, as the head case is without points or processes. Boisduval
and Leconte give a fair representation of the chrysalis after Abbot, but the
caterpillar is bad as can well be. The description in the text is drawn from the
figure and not from nature, and it is said that the two points which surmount
the head spring up in the form of ears (s'elevent en form d'oreilles), as indeed
they do in the figure. The same authors copy from Abbot's unpublished figin-es
what perhaps is the Georgia type of the butterfly, large, with very large and
nearly equal ocelli over both wings.

Note. — Since this paper was printed I have received a letter from Mr. L. UMrich, before mentioned, and
to whom I had written to ask if he had observed tlie gamesome habit described by Wr. Gosse. Mr. Ullrich is
an experienced collector of lepidoptera ; he is also Clerk of Seneca County, Ohio, and was so engrossed by
his ofKcial duties that he could find no time for an earlier reply. Hence this note. The letler says : " I do
not recollect of ever seeing I'oythinilia flying antagonistically at other species, but to see them sitting on the
side of a tree or slum]) head downward, the wings closed over the back, was a common occuirence. The
many butterflies I found in 1.S81 — and I took hundreds of them — were all from an area of about one acre in
extent, within a sm.all piece of woods. Here was an open patch on which grew a certain kind of grass, the
food of the caterpillars, and joining it was a half acre of open second-growth of hazel, maple, and other trees,
from fifteen to twenty feet high. When the sun shone clear it was usual to find a score or more of Portlandia

DEBIS I.

about one tree, sitting on the trunk, tlying up and away a few feet, and returning to same tree, apparently
jilaying with each other. At tlie same time the great body of the butterflies seemed content with resting in
the full sunlight on the tops of the leaves.

" Some trees seemed to have more attraction than others. I remember a certain hickory where I could
always find some of the butterflies sitting on the trunk.

" Plenty as Portlandia was there, not one did I ever find outside this acre, not even in the piece of wood in
which it was enclosed, or in any other part of Seneca County."

I also have had a few lines from Mr. Behrens, in which he asserts that the larger Chionobas of the Pacific
coast have no such habit of settling on the trunks of trees, as I had conjectured might be the case from an
expression in one of his old letters.

DEBIS I.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Portlandia, Figs. 1, 2 <J, 3, 4 ?.

a Egg, magnified.

b Young Larva, side view ; h^ back, magnified.

Ifl Iiead ; i* segment 2 ; U" last segment ; ¥' hairs, magnified.

c Larva after 1st moult ; c" head; c° dorsal vievr of one of the middle segments, magnified.

d Larva after 2d moult.

e Larva after 3d moult.

/ Larva after 4th moult ; /^ head ; f^ middle segment ; f* end of 13, magnified.

g Mature Larva after Stli moult, nat. size,

jr^ head of same, magnified.

h Larva suspended for pupation.

Number IV was published in part by a grant from the Elizabeth

Thompson Science Fund.

W. H. EDWARDS.

CoALBURGH, W. Va., May 15, 1888.

THE

Butterflies

OF

North America

WITH

COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS

BY

W. H. EDWARDS

THIRD SERIES. -PART VI.

NOV 3 !

^^,>

'3 '^Q^^

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

^^e EibcmDc i^xtm, CambriDge

LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.
1889

Copyright, 1S89, by W. H. Edwards
All rights reserved

N ITRA . 12 6 . 3 4

PAPILIO I.

PAPILIO NITRA, 1-4.

Papilio Nilra (Xi'-tra), Edwards, Papilio, III., p. 162. 1883.

The sexes alike in color and markincrs.

D

Male. — Expands 3 inches.

Upper side black, spotted and banded with yellow after the manner of the
Asterias gronp ; the sub-marginal spots of primaries rounded next apex, the
rest ovate, of secondaries semicircular, the one next inner margin sub-crescent ;
the common discal band composed of long separated spots, the anterior ones on
primaries lanceolate, the others truncated and not definite on the basal side ; an
oval spot in the subcostal interspace and a crescent bar inside tlie arc of cell ;
on secondaries the band covers about one fourth the cell ; tlie spot at anal angle
yellow, on which is an orange ring about a round black spot ; on the extra-discal
black area loose clusters of black scales entirely across the wing.

Under side pale black, the markings repeated, pale ; the extra-discal area on
secondaries dusted lightly with yellow scales, and above these blue scales about
a rather dense nucleus of same, particularly in the median interspaces ; the anal
ring deep orange-fulvous.

Body black, the wing-covers yellow, the abdomen showing a slight lateral
stripe from base of wing to last segment ; legs and palpi black ; the frontal hairs
black, yellow at the sides; antenna) and club black. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 3.3 inches.

Spotted and banded as in the male, the upper spots of discal band sub-ovate ;
the yellow paler ; under side without orange in the interspaces except the median.
(Figs. 3, 4.)

NiTRA was described from a single pair taken by Wm. M. Courtis, M. E., in
Judith Mountains, Montana, July, 1883. Mr. Courtis wrote me that he saw

PAPILIO I.

several other examples, but took only the two, not supposing the species to be
new or rare. I ventured the conjecture that Nitra would be found in British
America, and this has happened. At different times three examples have been
sent me for examination by Mr. James Fletcher, two of them taken in the Rocky
Mountains, at Canmore. 26th June, 1885, on the summit, in company with
P. ZoUcaon ; and the third, at Regina, N. W. Terr., by Mr. N. H. Cowdry. And
Mr. Fletcher states that a fourth is in the Geddes collection, at the National
Museum, Ottawa.

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LANCEOLATA 12 cT, 3 4 9. , 67./y/,stf/./-,y
GENUTIA 5 cf,

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ANTHOCHARIS I.

ANTHOCHARIS GENUTIA, 5.

Anthocharis Genutia, Fabricius ; Edwards, But. N. A., II., p. 83, pi. 17. 1878.

Egg. — Long, narrow, thicke.st in middle, curving moderately towards the base,
which is broad and flattened, towards summit more rapidly, so that the upper
half is cone-shaped ; the top depressed, the micropyle surrounded by minute
irregularly hexagonal cells ; ribbed vertically, the number of ribs about sixteen,
half of which reach the summit and curve to the depression, the others ending
not much short of summit, the spaces between cro.ssed by numerous fine ridges ;
color yellow-green. (Figs, a to a^.) Duration of this stage about four days.

Young L.\rv.\. — Length .05 inch ; cylindrical, tapering very gradually from 2
to 12, curving roundly on dorsum of 13, ending squarely ; color greenish-yellow ;
running longitudinally are three rows of rounded tubercules on either side, from
each of which proceeds a short straight hair, which tapers from the base, and is
thickened at the end, the end usually covered by a globule of fluid (Fig. 6*) ; the
tubercles are concolored with body, the hairs light ; on 3 and 4 stand in cross
row, sometimes with a little irregularity; after 4 to 12 in triangle, the dorsal
tubercle being on the front of the segment, the sub-dorsal on the rear, and the
lateral a little before the middle ; on 2 the upper two are near together on the
front, and corresponding with the lateral row below is a very small one, and a
hair without tubercle close to and under it ; there is also a third one behind and
between tlie upper two equal to either in size ; on the front of 13, the three
tubercles are in triangle as with the preceding segments, and at the rear is a
cross row of four, the two middle ones being dorsals, the others smaller and
apparently of the lateral rows ; at the extreme end, on either side a small
tubercle ; along base a row of short hairs, two on 2, and from 5 to 12 ; one on
13, and on 3 and 4 one each, from a tubercle ; head a little broader than 2,
sub-globose, depressed at top ; on each lobe three tubercles like those on body

ANTHOCHARIS I.

in triangle, so placed that the bases make a cross row of four on forehead ; a
few smaller ones scattered about ; color pale brown. (Figs- b to 6^.) Duration
of this stage two to three days.

After first moult : length .14 inch ; same shape ; color light-green, or green-
yellow, glossy ; no dorsal or basal stripe ; the tubercles present, but conical -with
broader bases, and disposed as before, the hairs similar but shorter ; the surface
is now thickly covered with little round very pale brown spots, from the centre
of each a minute and very short black hair ; head much as before but broader in
proportion to the height, light brown, a little greenish, tuberculated as before, but
more thickly, one on the front of each lobe much larger than any other ; color
green with a tint of brown. (Figs, c to c^) Duration of this stage two days.

After second moult: length .27 inch ; color yellow-green, glossy ; a yellowish
mid-dorsal band begins to appear indistinctly, and a more distinct band of white
along base ; the tubercles present, with same arrangement, each broader at base
and flattened there, a little more brown than before, the hairs similar but still
shorter ; the rounded spots much as at second stage, not so pale brown ; head as
last described, but much more tuberculated, two on each lobe being now con-
spicuous ; color pale green with two brownish discolorations on front. (Figs.
d to d^.) To next moult two days.

After third moult: length .38 inch ; color dull yellow-green, glossy; a yellow
dorsal band not always clear, except on anterior segments, and a whitish, or yel-
lowish-white basal band ; the tubercles about as at next preceding stage, but
darker, as are the spots ; head still more tuberculated, all being small except the
two mentioned before, and a third one over the ocelli ; color of face pale green,
the sides whitish, a cloudy brown patch on each lobe. (Figs, e to e*.) To next
moult two days.

After fourth moult : length .0 inch ; in three days was full-grown.

Mature Larva. — Length .92 to .95 inch ; cylindrical, slender, the head broad
as 2 ; color dark yellow-green, glossy ; under side, feet and legs lighter ; a yellow
mid-dorsal band from 2 to 13, a broader white band along base ; upper surface
furnished with six longitudinal rows of shining black tubercles, low, conical, the
bases broad and flattened, each giving a short black hair or process, which tapers
slightly and is thickened at end ; on 3 and 4 these tubercles are arranged in
straight cross row, on 2 in cross row, but the middle one on each side is a little

ANTHOCHARIS I.

in advance, and an additional one behind makes a triangle with the upper pair ;
from 5 to front of 13 in triangle, the dorsal tubercle being on front of the seg-
ment, the sub-dorsal on rear, the lateral a little before the middle ; the shield on
13 is black and on it is a large dorsal tubewle on either edge of the band, with
a lesser one behind, besides two minute ones across the band at the end, in all
twelve black tubercles on this segment ; below shield are several white tnbercles
with white processes ; from 3 to 13, on the lower edge of the white band, is a
small black tubercle to each segment ; all the cross ridges are thickly set with
very fine, short black hairs, some of which^ especially on the anterior segments,
come from minute black tubercles, but most rise from a pale black rounded spot,
without tubercle ; the under side whitish, outside feet and legs yellow-green,
above to the band less yellow, more green ; head sub-globose, broad as high, nar-
rowing at top, and a little depressed at suture, broad at base ; color white and
pale green, with a pale black patch on the forehead on either lobe, and one below,
crossing the triangle ; on each upper patch is a triangle of large black tubercles
and on lower one two on either side the suture ; many small white tubercles
cover the face. (Figs./ to/*.) From fourth moult to pupation about five days;
from laying of egg to pupation about nineteen days.

Chrysalis. — Length .72 to .78 inch ; slender, the abdomen long, round, taper-
ing to a point, the head case surmounted by a long tapering process, so that alto-
gether the shape of the two ends is much the same ; in some examples the dorsal
outline is i-egularly arcuated as in Fig. h ; in otliers the mesonotum is slightly
prominent, and the outline is less regular, as at /r; on ventral side the thoracic
segments form a prominent sub-triangular projection, compressed laterally, and
covered by the wing cases ; color generally of a pale yellow-brown, with a reddish
tint, mottled with white and darker brown about mesonotum, the process at head
brown ; the wing cases more or less dotted and streaked black ; on abdomen a
dorsal row of black dots, two to four on a segment, varying ; and a sub-dorsal
row of dots or points. (Figs. U^, 1^, much enlarged, h showing the natural size
in outline.) The chrysalis passes the winter, and the butterfly comes forth the
following spring.

In Volume II. 1878, I gave all the particulars I had been able to learn of this
species. No one was known to have bred it, and nothing was reported of its pre-
paratory stages, except that Mr. Boll, in Texas, had seen the female laying eggs
on Cardamine. Of late years, however, some of the Washington lepidopterists had
become acquainted with the full history, and Mr. Henry F. Schonborn, of that
city, kindly undertook, in 1886, to supply Mrs. Peart with eggs, larva', and food

ANTHOCHARIS I.

plants, and did so, until the full set of drawings was made, sending day after day
one stage or other or the plants. I myself saw none of those larvte, but received
three pupne from Mrs. Peart which had formed about 22d May. From one of
them came a male butterfly 7th March, 1887. The periods of the earlier stages
of one example were thus : larva hatched 27th April ; 1st moult 30th April ; 2d,
ithMay; 3d, 9th; 4th, 12th; pupated 22d ; at Philadelphia. The plant was
Sisymbrium Thaliana, described in Wood as growing among rocks and in sandy
fields from Vermont to Georgia, and westward to Kentucky, with a stem 4'-12'
high.

The present year, 1888, Mr. Schonborn supplied me with eggs and plants, and
I immediately found the same plant abundant close by my house. I believe, at
one time or other, I had confined females Genutia upon every cruciferous plant
in the neighborhood but the right one, and had never obtained an egg. This
butterfly is rare here, however. The eggs are laid on the flower-stalks, and Mr.
Schonborn writes that he has never found more than one egg on a plant, nor
more than one larva. He says : " I never found a larva in open fields, although
the plant grows there in abundance in large patches. I always found them on
isolated plants growing in places sparingly covered by large oaks, hickories,
cedars, and other trees." The young larva feeds on the flowers and buds, and
as these pass away, on the seed pods, usually beginning at the end of the long,
slender pod and eating towards the stem. (See Fig. g.) After the plant has gone
to seed, Mr. Schonborn says it utterly disappears, and the larvae never pupate on
the plants, but go to the trunks of the nearest trees and there change in the
cracks of the bark, or other protected places. The color of the pupa is such that
on an oak it would be almost undistinguishable.

I kept my larvae on growing plants set in a flower-pot and covered by a muslin
bag kept upright by sticks, and one morning chanced on a larva in the act of
pupating, almost done, while another was just about to begin. Both were at-
tached by buttons of white silk and by girdles to the same stick. The second one
at this time was curved from end to end, the head almost touching the stick.
(See cut, 2.) Presently it straightened itself and a creeping movement passed
from tail to head in a way to loosen the skin from the body, the larva convul-
sively throwing itself against the girdle, then to the support (3). These throes
soon burst the skin at top, exposing the head over which the process was bent
down, flattened and small (4). When the cast reached the last segment it was
thrown to the ground by a rapid twisting movement of the pupa, and afterwards
the same continued for nearly a minute, accompanied by a vigorous pushing
downward. This double motion fixed the hooks securely in the button, which
was forced into a cup shape, so that it quite sheathed the end of the segment

ANTHOCHARIS I.

and afforded a firm support (7 magnified). I have not noticed this peculiarity in
the shape of the button in any other species. It woukl be useful, considering
that nearly a year must pass before the butterfly will issue. Immediately after

the skin dropped the thorax was a little prominent (4) — no indication of this
had been given by the larva — and it enlarged almost imperceptibly, while the
dorsum remained arched. This was the attitude up to fifteen minutes. At
twenty the depth of thorax was .14 inch ; the process .1 inch long, .03 wide at
base, partly raised, semi-translucent (being hollow, a thin shell), not yet rounded
(5) ; the abdomen and all the dorsum still retained the larval colors, even to the
yellow band, every tubercle and spot having its corresponding pale black spot
or point ; the wing cases and under side of head and the process dark brown. As
the depth of the thorax increased the girdle was tightened, and the dorsum bent
in; and when at thirty minutes the projection touched the stick the dorsum was
bent in at an angle which fell a segment below the girdle. The pupa had thus as-
sumed its final shape (6), the process meanwhile having straightened, and rounded,
becoming .18 inch long and .06 broad at base. The depth of thorax was now .17
inch. At about twenty-four hours the pupa had assumed its final colors, losing
the resemblance to the larva. Fig. 1 represents the attitude of the larva for a
time before pupation began.

ANTHOCHARIS I.

ANTHOCHARIS LANCEOLATA, 1-4.

AnthocharU Lanceolata, Boisduval, Annates tie !a Soc. Ent. de France, 2me Sen, X. p. 284, 1852; Mead,
Psyche, II. p. 183, 1878. Edwardsii, Behr, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, II. p. 304, 1869.

Male. — Expands 1.4 to 1.8 inch.

Upper side white, the apical and upper marginal nervules of primaries edged
with brown scales; on the arc of cell a sub-oval or crescent black spot ; the bases
of wings dusted blacli ; fringes white, on primari^ brown at ends of nervules.

Under side white, the apical area finely streaked across the interspaces witli
brown ; the discal spot crescent. Secondaries streaked over whole surface with
graj'-brown, green-tinted, most densely on costal area, lightly over the outer third
of wing ; near outer angle an oblique pure white band from costal edge to cell.

Body covered with gray hairs beneath, the thorax white, abdomen yellowish ;
palpi white, the front hairs brown at end ; antennae whitish, club gray-black, yel-
low at tip. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 1.7 to 1.9 inch.

Similar to the male ; the nervules more widely edged brown, forming long ser-
rations from the margin ; across the sub-costal interspaces a loose band of same
color. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Mature Larva. — " Length 1.25 inch ; body rather elongated, tapering some-
what posteriorly from the sixth segment; upper side apple-green, shading off
laterally into pale blue, which is bounded by a distinct bright yellow line just
above the spiracles ; next this line is a slightly broader one of pure white ;
under side and legs apple-green, the former bluish along middle ; each segment
is covered with fine black points arranged in transverse rows" (that is, on the
cross ridges of the segments) ; " on each also are six minute black tubercles,
each with fine black bristle, arranged in triangle ; head rounded, pale green,

ANTHOCHARIS I.

thickly dotted with black." (Mead, Psyche, II. 183, 1878.) The tubercles with-
out doubt are disposed in same way as in Gcnutia, in straight cross rows on 2-4,
in triangle after. Mr. Mead was of the opinion, when the above was written,
that this larva was Lanceolata. He says : " At different times during June, I
found, in the Yo Semite Valley, a few caterpillars which I feel certain are those
of A. Lanceolata." He describes their chrysalids as having " the long palpi
case bent around backward into a sickle shape," and this identifies the species.
No other Californian Anthocharis has that shape of the chrysalis, and 1 believe
the chrysalids of all except one very rare species are now known. Those bred
by Mr. Mead died during the winter, he informs me.

Chrysalis. — Length about one inch; slender, the abdomen tapering to a
point, the head case surmounted by a long tapering process, which in all exam-
ples observed is much recurved ; on ventral side the thoracic segments form a
prominent rounded projection, compressed laterally and covered by the wing
cases; color brownish-yellow, immaculate. (Fig. x.)

Lanceolata flies in the hills of Marin, Sonoma, and other Counties in north-
ern California. Mr. 0. T. Baron found it most abundant in Shasta County. He
also took examples near Summit, July 6, 1888, the elevation being 8000 feet.
At Bear Valley, altitude 4:000 feet, he took a female while ovipositing on Arabis
perfoliata. Mr. Baron tells me that ten years ago he took this species in Men-
docino County early in April, and in Shasta County, at elevation of only 3000
feet, at the end of June, and he believes it to be double-brooded. That is the
more probable, as several other of the Pacific species of this genus are known to
be double-brooded, as Hyantis, Aiisonides, and Meakirtii, Sara being the second
brood of the latter. The late Mr. H. K. Morrison brought examples of Lanceo-
lata from Nevada, and it has appeared in collections from Arizona, but I am
unable to give the localities in either region.

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NEONYMPHA II.

NEONYMPHA AREOLATUS, 1-5.

Neonympha Areohtus, Abbot ami Smith, Insects of Georgia, I. pi. 13, 1797 ; Boisrluval and Leconle,
Lt-pid. de I'Aiiier., pi. 63, 1833; Edwards, Can. Ent., XIV. p. 163, 1882.

Male. — Upper side brown, immaculate; fringes concolored. Under side
paler, with a gray tint ; hind margins edged by a common ferruginous stripe, a
little before which is a second, narrower on primaries, often broader on seconda-
ries ; on the basal areas two such stripes, not always reaching costa of primaries,
nearly parallel, the outer one somewhat sinuous; this outer stripe on secondaries
unites at the angles with the second marginal one, and forms an irregular oval
ring, within wdiich, in each interspace from the upper discoidal to submedian
inclusive, is a sub-oval, mostly long and narrow, dark brown spot in yellow ring,
and dotted with metallic bluish points or minute clusters of scales ; there is much
variation in these spots ; the upper one is small and sometimes wanting, and the
lower one, or fifth, is much smaller than either of the other three. Occasionally
there is a sub-oval ring on primaries also, enclosing one or two small ocelli in the
middle interspaces.

Body above, color of wings ; beneath, the thorax gray-yellow, abdomen gray-
brown ; legs brown ; palpi buff, with dark brown hairs in front and at tips ;
antennfe dark above, buff below, club ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.) Fig. 5 repre-
sents a variety of the male on which the bands of secondaries are diffused.

Female. — Expands 1.7 inch.

Both sides colored and in general banded and spotted as the male, but often
the oval ring on primaries and the small spots are present. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Egg. — Sub-globular, as high as broad, the base flattened; surface under a low
power smooth, but under a high one seen to be reticulated in irregular shallowly
excavated hexagons ; the micropyle in centre of a rosette of minute cells, five-
sided ; color pale yellow-green. (Figs, a, c^,) Duration of tliis stage about six
days.

NEONYMPHA II.

Young Larva. — Length .12 inch; cyUndrical, the thoracic segments equal,
then tapering on dorsum and sides to 13, wliich ends in two sliort conical tails,
from the end of each of which proceeds a long bristle, the space between the
tails angular ; color delicate green ; the upper surface presents six rows of low,
conical black tubercles (Fig. &*), each giving out a short black bristle or process,
thickened at the end ; on 2, 3, 4, these are nearly in cross line, on 4 to 12 in
triangle, the dorsal one on front of the segment, the sub-dorsal at the rear, the
lateral a little before the middle; on 13 there are eight, in two rows of four on
front and rear, besides the pair at ends of tails ; on 2 the cross line is to the front,
and behind and between the upper pair is an additional one ; also in front of
spiracle is a small tubercle, and just below it a fine hair; along base of body is a
row of fine short hairs, two on each segment from 2 to 13 ; feet and pro-legs
green ; head about twice as broad as 2, sub-globose, flattened frontally, a slight
angular depression at top ; on each vertex a low semi-ovoid process, at the top
giving two divergent black hairs; just below vertex is a similar smaller process,
and two others in vertical line at side face, each of these with a single hair;
color black. (Figs, h to ¥'.) Towards the end of the stage the color changes to
decided green and several longitudinal stripes appear ; on either side of the green
mid-dorsal one is a whitish stripe, and others on middle of side, and along base.
(Figs, h, b^.) Duration of this stage about eight days, but depending on the
weather. «

After first moult: length .22 inch; slender, the dorsum slightly arched, the
tails longer, tapering ; color of body green, the tails tinted red ; surface thickly
covered with fine yellow tubercular points, partly arranged in longitudinal rows,
ten in all, one on either side being next the mid-dorsal green stripe, one sub-
dorsal, two on side, one along base, each point giving a fine short whitish hair ;
under side, feet and legs green ; head rather ovoidal, truncated, and depressed at
top ; on each vertex a low compound process, made of a central cone, and othei's
about its base, each with its bristle ; surface of face rough with sharp tubercles
of varying size, each with short bristle ; color of back of head and the front
triangle deep green ; the rest of the front and the processes on vertices red-
brown, with two green patches one on either side the suture ; ocelli emerald-
green. (Figs, c, r.) But some larvae have the head wholly green, the vertex
processes reddish ; one had a brown band across forehead, the rest green; another
had the front face except the triangle brown, the cheeks green. To next moult
about nine days.

After second moult : length .3 inch ; shape as before ; color yellow-green ;
stripes as before ; head as at last previous stage, sometimes wholly green, some-

NEONYMPHA II.

times partly brown ; one example had one cheek brown, the other green. (Figs.
d, (P.) To next moult about seven days.

After third moult : length .7 inch ; color yellow-green. (Figs, e, e".) In all
examples bred by myself this was the closing stage. But Mrs. Peart carried one
larva to fourth moult, the length then .96 inch. (Fig. /.)

Mature Larva (whether after third or fourth moult). — Length 1.1 to 1.3
inch ; slender, the dorsum well arched, the slope either way from middle equal ;
tails slender, conical, divergent ; color yellow-green ; the surface covered with
fine sharp tubercles, most dense in certain longitudinal rows, one of which is on
either side of the mid-dorsal dark green stripe, one sub-dorsal running from head
to end of tail, two on the side, and a broad one along base ; tails reddish ; under
side, feet and legs green ; head obovoidal, truncated, the top depressed angularly;
on each vertex a small conical process about the slope of which are several
minute tubercles, each giving a short bristle ; surface rough with fine green
tubercles among which are scattered a few white ; ocelli emerald-green. (Figs.
g to g*.) The attitude in suspension is that of figure 6, quite unlike that of
N. Gemma, before described.

Chrysalis. — Length <f .48 inch, breadth at both mesonotum and abdomen .18
inch; ? (probably) .54 inch, breadth .2 inch ; cylindrical, abdomen conical ; the
wing cases a little raised on dorsal side ; head case very short, scarcely projecting
beyond mesonotum, bevelled transversely to a sharp edge, roundly excavated at
the sides, the top very little incurved ; mesonotum rounded, carinated, the sides
flat or a little excavated ; color green, the edges of carina, wing cases and top of
head cream color ; surface much covered with dots and small patches of whitish,
not distinct enough to affect the general green hue. Duration of this stage
about ten days, in summer. The late larvse doubtless hibernate when half grown.

Areolatus, so far as at present known, is restricted to the Gulf States, and
part of Tennessee, and to the southern Atlantic States. A few examples have
been taken as far north as Atlantic City, New Jersey. Mr. E. M. Aaron has
found the species among the mountains of east Tennessee, and probably it would
fly in west Noi'th Carolina also. It is difficult to get information about the lo-
calities of butterflies from the southern States, so few persons are interested in
such matters. Its habits are similar to those of its near ally, Gemma. I have
never seen it on the wing.

I have had greater difficulty in bringing larvfe of Areolatus to pupation than
almost any species of the genus I have experimented with. For several years I

NEONYMPHA II.

fed them on lawn grass, which nearly every Satyrid larva in my hands has
eaten readily. The eggs of this species in nature are laid on coarse grasses, and
at last I found that by selecting one such — Dactyloctenium jEgyptiacum — I
did better. The first eggs received came 17th August, 1877, from south Geor-
gia, some twenty, and were hatching on arrival. Part of the larva? got through
two moults, but by 30th September all had died.

In 1881, 1 received three young larvK from Di'. Wittfeld, Indian River, Florida,
but all died before first moult.

In 1882, 30 to 40 eggs came, 12th May, from Mr. J. Elwyn Bates, Florida.
On 29th May, two passed first moult ; on 30th, of four which endeavored to
pass second but one got through, the others dying during the process. By 4th
June, there remained eight larvae in second stage. On 15th, the sole survivor
passed second moult, and I sent it to Mrs. Peart, at Philadelphia. This larva
passed third moult July 3d, the fourth July 15th, and pupated 28th. This
chrysalis died, but was probably female, measuring .54 inch in length against
.48, one which produced a male.

The same year I received from Dr. Wittfeld a dozen larvse in first stage.
These I fed on the coarse grass as before said. The first moult was passed 20th
July, the second 29th, the third 5th August, and two larvae pupated 17th August,
another 20th. The last of these gave a male butterfly 30th August. Dr. Witt-
feld has written me that this species moulted but three times.

Kirby's Catalogue, 1871, calls Areolatus a variety of Phocion, Fabricius. In
the same way N. Gemma is there put as a synonym of Cornelius. Fabr. The
descriptions in both cases are insufficient of themselves to determine what species
were meant, and may be applicable to a dozen as well as to those under view,
and there are no figures to serve as guide. As regards Gemma, I believe it is
generally agreed among lepidopterists to begin the history with Hubner's figures
and name. As to Phocion, as described, it is quite another thing from Areolatus.
In Sp. Ins. 11. p. 138, 1781, the text translated from the Latin reads: "Wings
above fuscous, immaculate ; hind wings beneath with yellow (flavis) stripes and
three oblong ocelli. Habitat " (that is, unknown) ; " fore wings be-
neath fuscous, immaculate ; hind wings with four yellow (flavis) stripes, whereof
the second and third unite at either end, and between them are three much
elongated black spots in yellow (flava) rings, and with many silver (argenteis)
points."

The bands of Phocion are yellow, and the same word is used as for the yellow
rings of the spots; the spots or ocelli are three in number ; the points on the spots

NEONYMPHA II.

are silver ; and the under side of fore wings is immaculate. Whereas in Areo-
latus the bands are ferruginous, while the rings are yellow, the ocelli are five,
the points are metallic blue, and the fore wings are not immaculate, but crossed
by the pair of common ferruginous bands, and ocelli are often present. In the
female thei-e is an increase in the number of bands on fore wing, and ocelli are
present. And whether Phocion came from Asia, Africa, or America, was un-
known. Abbot figured Areolatus ninety-one years ago (1797), and Boisduval
and Leconte again in 183-3. As Areolatus the species has been known to this
day. In any case, very much less than ninety years of possession, especially
when the title begins with an undoubted description or reliable figure, is suffi-
cient against all claimants. To surrender in favor of a doubtful or forgotten
name, accompanied by an inapplicable description, and with no locality, is not
to be thought of. I reject Phocion, therefore, and have no idea that Areolatus
is a variety of what Fabricius had in view, or that one name is a synonym of the
other.

THE BUTTERFLIES

OF THE

EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

IVitk Special Reference to New England.
By SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

HO^ ISSUING IN MONTHLY PARTS. BEGINNING NOVEMBER, 1888.

To be completed in Twelve Parts, each containing eight plates (plain and
colored) and about 144 pages of text.

Subscription price, Five Dollars per Part, payable on issue.

Address

SAMUEL H. SCUDDER,

Cambridge, Mass.

THE

Butterflies

OF

North America

WITH

COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS

BY

W. H. EDWARDS

THIRD SERIES. -PART VII.

m 3 '«ad)-

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

12:1) c lSiter0iDc prcjs^, CambriDge

LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.

1889

Copyright, 1889, by W. II. Edw.\rds
/1/i rights reserved

Mo

? *^-

'fik

ir^

K V

^

f%r.\r^

^ik'

^m^.

R.OSA.12 d,34 9,0 LYMPI A - 5 cf,
P I MA . 6 7 c5, 8 9 9 .

ANTHOCHARIS II.

ANTHOCHARIS ROSA, 1-4.

Anthocharis Rosa, Edwards, Papilio, II, p. 45. 1882.

Male. — Expands 1.2 inch.

Upper side of both wings pure white, the bases pale black ; costal margin of
primaries sometimes immaculate, sometimes much streaked with black ; near
apex a short straight black bar, turned back obliquely, another bar at the end of
upper median nervule ; the apical area between these almost immaculate, a few
scattered black scales only lying near costa ; on the arc a narrow black bar, bent
or a little sinuous.

Secondaries of thinner texture, discovering the markings of under side ;
fringes black at the ends of the two sub-costal nervules, otherwise white, as also
on primaries.

Under side white, with a pink tint over costa of primaries and all of second-
aries anterior to the sub-costal nervure, deepest next base ; the bar on costa
repeated, much reduced, the black scales largely replaced by yellow ; the bar on
hind margin suppressed, but indicated by a patch of yellow; the upper sub-cos-
tal nervules yellow, and at the end of each a black streak running with the edge
of costa ; the discal bar much reduced, paler, and cut by the yellow arc.

Secondaries have three cross bands of luteous-yellow, densely covered with
black scales, with some open spaces or patches showing clearly the yellow
ground ; the anterior band narrow, making a circle about base not always com-
plete ; the second, or discal, sends a short stout branch along median to the
third, and is attenuated on inner margin ; the third has a triple fork on hind
margin, is very narrow in middle, and broad on inner margin ; at outer angle a
wedge-shaped bar ; the nervures and branches on middle of the wing yellow.

Body covered with long light-gray hairs, the abdomen gray-white, beneath, the
thorax with white hairs, at the sides yellow, abdomen white, faintly tinted yel-
low ; legs pinkish, the femora clothed with long white hairs ; palpi white, with

ANTHOCHARIS II.

pale gray hairs at top and sides ; antennse white above, yellowish below ; club
white above, yellow below and at tip. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 1.4 inches.

Color of male on both surfaces, and similarly marked ; between the ends of
the apical bars are black scales in considerable number, suggesting a cross band,
and next apex are more such scales than in male. (Figs. 3, 4.)

EosA was described from 3 s 3 ?, sent me by the late Jacob Boll, and taken
by him on one of his expeditions to the extreme west of Texas, in 1878. He
informed me, in answer to inquiry, that he took several more, and all were of
the same type, particularly having reference to the markings about the apices
of fore wings. The species is very near to Olympia, figured in Vol. II of this
work. In liosa the apical area is immaculate in the male, except for a few
loose scales next costal margin, a little distance from the apex. In the female
there are somewhat more of these scales, and a nebulous connection of the two
marginal bars. (In the Plate, Fig. 3, this last feature is a little too pronounced,
the flecking in the insect being no heavier in this than next the apex.)

The first known examples of Olympia, 1 j 1 5, were taken a,t Coalburgh, W.
Va., April, 1871. The description soon after published in Transactions of the
American Entomological Society, HI, p. 266, mentions " a large gray patch at
apex, partly replaced by white," — that is, a gray patch with one or more in-
terior spots or patches of white. Nothing is said of a definite bar on either
margin. In the insects, which are now before me, the inner edges of the gray
patch are somewhat blacker than the rest, especially next the margins, but there
is nothing of a definite bar. The description in Volume II was rewritten, and
gives the apex as covered by a gray sub-triangular patch, " terminating on either
margin in a small spot of darker color ; " and the figure of the male accompany-
ing shows a pale patch filling the apical area limited on the margins by spots or
clusters of scales of darker color.

Since 1871, Oh/mpia has been taken in all the States lying west of West Vir-
ginia, to Nebraska, and in Colorado. The species seems particularly abundant
at Whiting's, Lake County, Indiana, and I have seen many from that locality.
One of these is represented in Fig. 5, and all the Indiana examples which I have
seen have been near to this, showing a patch of solid pale black with a small
white interior patch next costa in the direction of the base.

In both the descriptions of Olympia spoken of, I mentioned a single male as
being in the Museum of Comparative Anatomy, at Cambridge, Mass., also from
Te.xas, and by Mr. Boll. This was taken at Dallas, and I considered it to be the

ANTHOCIIARIS 11.

same as Olympia. I have recently asked Mr. S. H. Scudder to look at this insect
and compare with the figure of Rosa. He replies : " It is almost precisely like
your Fig. 1, with the sole exception of the position of the dusky flecks at the
extreme tip of the wing, those in Figs. 1 and 3 showing a little bar parallel to the
one within, while these were at the very apex itself."' From which the Dallas
example would seem to be Rosa.

It may be that these are properly but forms of one species, Olympia the
northern, Rosa the southern form. As yet not much is known about either,
and of Rosa nothing but what I have given above. Doubtless they are com-
mon in many localities, but flying at the same time with the white Pierids,
they are unobserved.

ANTHOCHARIS II.

ANTHOCHARIS PIMA, 6-9.
Anthocharis Pima (pee'ma), Edwards, Canadian Entomologist, XX, p. 158. 1888.

Male. — Expands 1.75 inch.

Upper side of both wings yellow, the bases pale black ; primaries have the
ba.sal half of costa white, crossed by irregular black streaks ; the apex edged
white on both margins, and within this is a series of five large, elongated black
spots, almost confluent, filling the interspaces to second median nervule, each
projecting a spur to the margin ; on the arc a broad, rectangular bar, the area
between this and the spots and costal edge intense orange.

Secondaries of thinner texture, discovering the markings of under surface ;
fringes whitish, a few black hairs at the end of each nervule on secondaries, and
many on primaries.

Under side of primaries yellow, the costal margin as above, the apex white,
green-tinted, the lower three black spots of upper side indicated by yellow-
green, and finely dusted black, the bar repeated, the orange also, but paler and
diffused over cell and second median interspace.

Secondaries yellow-white, largely covered by broad patches of yellow-green,
which form four irregular, connected, transverse bands between hind margin and
base above median nervure ; below median to inner margin crossed b}^ stripes of
similar color, unequal, mostly wedge-shaped.

Body covered with long gray hairs, which are yellowish at extremity, the
abdomen yellow-gray ; beneath, the thorax white, abdomen yellow-white ; the
femora white, other joints buff ; palpi white, black at tip, and with black hairs
at sides ; antennte imperfectly annulated white and black above, white below ;
club bl.ick above, orange beneath and at tip. (Figs. 6, 7.)

Female. — Expands 1.7 inch.

Same yellow as male ; the apical spots larger and completely confluent, the

ANTHOCHARIS II.

orange narrower, paler, the bar less rectangular, broadest on sub-costal ; under
side as in the male. (Figs. 8, 9.)

Four examples of this species, 2 s, 2 ?, were taken -early in April, 1888, by
Oscar T Baron, in Arizona, Pima County, on the barren plains between Pontano
and Tucson. It is the only known American Anthocharis m which both sexes
are yellow.

EREBIA II.

EREBIA FASCIATA, 1-3.

Erehia Fasciata, Butler, Catalogue of Satyrids in British Museum, p. 92, pi. 2, Fig. 8. 1868. Edwards,
in Report on the Diurn. Lepi*. collected in Alaska, by E. W. Nelson. Washington, 1887.

Male. — Expands 2.2 inches.

Upper side black, immaculate ; fringes concolored. Under side of primaries
brown, with a tint of ferruginous over cell ; on the extra-discal area a broad
ferruginous transverse band from costa to middle of sub-median interspace, both
edges crenated : on the costal margin the color of this band is less distinct,
rather passing into brown ; the discal area, lying l^etween the baud and the pale
base, takes the shape of a band common with that of secondaries, but very pale ;
apical area dusted gray.

Secondaries have at base from costa to middle of cell an obscure gray space,
the rest of basal area blackish-brown and confluent with a broad discal band of
same color which crosses the entire wing, its outer edge irregularly crenated ;
beyond this a dark gray narrower band, gray scales on brown ground, the outer
edge also irregularly crenated ; the margin bordered by brown, slightly dusted
gray.

Body black-brown throughout ; legs brown ; palpi black-brown ; antennae
bhxck al)ove, gray below ; club black above and (apparently so) on under side.
(Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands from 1.9 to 2.2 inches.

Upper side paler brown, the discal area of primaries dull ferruginous over the
median and half of sub-median interspaces and lower outer part of cell, nearly as
in Discoidalls. Under side of primaries very pale ferruginous, the discal band
distinct, the apical and costal area to cell hoary. Secondaries have the whole
basal area dark cinereous, the discal band blackish, the band beyond whitish-

EREBIA 11.

cinereous, the border brown, the exterior part hoary. Antennoe whitish above,
ferruginous below, club black above, ferruginous below. (Fig. 3.)

Another female, from Kotzebue Sound, shows a narrow dull ferruginous band
above, corresponding to the extra-discal band beneath ; on the under side the
red is nearly lost, a mere tint ; on secondaries the similar band is much nar-
rower than in the male, and the marginal border is proportionately broader, dark
gray except a black stripe along its anterior edge ; antennae as in the other
female.

Mr. Butler described this species from nine examples, giving" Arctic America "
as the locality. lie speaks of the antennae as varying, " black, rarely ferrugi-
nous." As I have said above, the antennoe of the single male examined are
black, of the two females gray and ferruginous. Mr. Butler sent me two of the
Museum examples, by authority of the Trustees, many years ago, and from those
the figures on the Plate have been drawn.

The second female is smaller, and shows some variation from the type. Was
taken by Mr. E. W. Nelson, at Kotzebue Sound, 14 July, 1881, caught, as he
says, in his hat. As Mr. Nelson reports butterflies to have been numerous in
that region, Fasclata is probably a common species there. I have never seen it
in otlier collections. The resemblance of the upper side of the male Fasclata to
Magdalena is evident.

[EljRIE]lE3II^

FAS C I ATA , 12 d, 3 9 .
D I S C O I D ALj I S 45 d,6 9

EREBIA II.

EREBIA DISCOIDALIS, 4-6.

Erehia Discoidalis, Kirby, 5- Fauna Boreali- Americana, IV, p. 298, pi. 3, figs. 2, 3. 1837.

Male. — Expands 1.8 inch.

Upper side dark brown ; primaries have a large castaneous patch, which covers
half the sub-median and all the median interspaces, as well as lower outer part
of cell ; costa next base freckled gray and brown, towards apex two or three
small gray patches ; secondaries immaculate ; fringes gray, on primaries brown
at ends of nervules.

Under side of primaries brown, the castaneous patch repeated ; some examples
have this patch diffused so that nearly the whole wing is red ; over the hind
margin a gray bloom, which becomes strong next apex ; the whole costa mottled
brown and gray-white ; secondaries brown over basal half, mottled and streaked
in light and dark, beyond to margin gray, with many transverse brown streaks
interiorly ; at outer angle a gray-white patch, a smaller one a little nearer base,
another on the inner edge of the gray area in discoidal interspace.

Body brown, the abdomen underneath gray ; the fore legs brown, the femora
of the middle and hinder pair brown, other joints yellow-brown ; palpi brown;
antennae imperfectly annulated red and gray, gray beneath ; club brown, fer-
ruginous below. (Figs. 4, 5.)

Female. — Expands 2 inches.
Similar to the male. (Fig. 6.)

Discoidalis was described by Kirby from Cumberland House, lat. 54°, sev-
eral specimens having been taken. In 1863, I received perhaps twenty ex-
amples from Mrs. Christina Ross, wife of Bernard C. Ross, Hudson Bay Company
agent at Fort Simpson, Mackenzies River, and I do not remember having seen
the species since, though many collections on both the west and east coast of
America have been submitted to me. Mr. James Fletcher tells me that but a
single example has been brought in by the late Canadian Government Expe-
ditions, and that was from Fort Simpson.

TRITONIA, 12 d',34 9

GEIROCHEILUS I.

GEIROCHEILUS TRITONIA, 1-4.

Geirocheilus Trilonia, Edwards, 5i Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, V, p. 18. 1874.

Male. — Expands 2 to 2.3 inches.

Upper side velvety blackish-brown, changing to brown on hind margin of
primaries, vfith. an olivaceous tint at apex ; costal edge of primaries near apex
yellow-white ; beyond disk a transverse row of four small white spots set in the
middle of the discoidal and median interspaces, the lower one smallest and some-
times wanting ; secondaries have a broad dull ferruginous marginal band, run-
ning from outer to inner angle, sometimes ending abruptly at lower sub-costal
nervule ; this band encloses next the margin a series of broad crenations of
darker color, the interior o£ each paler than the edges ; on the basal side of the
band, and a little within, some examples show two or three white points in the
middle interspaces, one to each ; fringes of primaries black at the tips of the
nervules, yellow-white in the interspaces, of secondaries nearly all black, or
brown-black, there being but a few light hairs in each interspace.

Underside smoky-brown; the white spots repeated, enlarged, each forming the
pupil of a large rounded black ocellus ; secondaries have the band repeated, but
the red is brighter and variegated with lilac in nebulous clusters in and next the
nervules mostly, and over the posterior half are scattered yellow scales ; in the
sub-costal interspaces the red is mostly suppressed, and ground is nearly brown ;
on the basal edge of the band, upon clear red spaces, is a row of yellow points
and spots, commencing with a point on the lower sub-costal interspace, and end-
ing at sub-median nervure, just before which are two points. The three spots in
the median interspaces are crescent or V-shaped, varying in individuals ; the
crenations repeated, edged on the basal side by brown, ferruginous elsewhere,
and more or less dusted yellow.

Body black-brown, beneath same, abdomen gray-brown ; legs brown on upper
side, all the joints whitish beneath, the last joint of the front pair entirely white,

GEIROCHEILUS I.

a little dusky on upper side ; palpi whitish, the long hairs in front and at tip
brown ; antennjE brown, grayish towards end, gray below, club yellow. (Figs.
1,2.)

Female. — Expands from 2 to 2.3 inch.

Similar in color and markings to the male. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Tritonia was first made known by Mr. H. VV. Henshaw, of the Wheeler Ex-
pedition, 1873, a few examples having been taken among the White Mountains
of Arizona. Later, I received others from near Prescott, Arizona. Neither Mr.
Morrison nor Mr. Doll, in their collecting trips to that region, fell in with this
species, nor was it seen by Mr. Wright or Mr. Baron. It probably is confined to
special localities. Of its habits I know nothing, but Mr. Baron writes me of the
allied species, G. Pcdrobas, which he took in Mexico, that it flies at an elevation
of 6,000 feet, among pine and oak timber, and a thick growth of coarse grass.
Its habits may be similar to those of Satyrus Pegala, in south Georgia.

These two species constitute the genu.s. I have a pair of Patrobas, sent by
Mr. Baron. It is a considerably larger insect than the other, in general similarly
marked. The white spots are smaller, the crenated marginal band much wider,
occupying fully one half the whole ferruginous area, the ocelli below and their
pupils are larger ; on the fore wings there is a lilaceous sub-ajjical nebula, not
found in the other ; on hind wings the variegated area is narrower, more red,
less lilac, and becomes obsolescent on the upper half or third to costa ; and the
spots of the yellow series are smaller and more regular.

THE BUTTERFLIES

OF THE

EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA,

With Special Reference to New England.
By SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

/1/^iy ISSUING IN MONTHLY PARTS. BEGINNING NOVEMBER, 1888.

To be completed in Twelve Parts, each containing eight plates (plain and
colored) and about 144 pages of text.

Subscription price, Five Dollars per Part, payable on issue.

Address

SAMUEL H. SCUDDER,

Cambridge, Mass.

THE

Butterflies

OF

North America

WITH

COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS

BY

W. H. EDWARDS

THIRD SERIES. -PART VIII.

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

€l)c JSibemDe iarc0)3, Cambripge

LONDON: TRUKNER & CO.
1889

Copyright, i88g, by W. H. Edwards
A/i rights resti-ved

The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U. S. A.
Printed by H. O. Houghton and Company.

FAFIMf

P'l.'f'iNUS, I. 2 6, 3.4 ?,

PAPILIO II.

PAPILIO PILUMNUS, 1-4.

PaplUo Pilumnus, Boisduval, Spec. Gen., I, p. 340. 1836; MeiidtriiSs, Cat. Miis. Petr., II, p. 110, pi. 7,
fig. 2. 1857 ; Meail, Report on Diur. Lep. of Wheeler Expedns,, p. 741. 1875 ; Strecker, Lep., p. V.\,
pi. 2, figs. .3, 4,5. 1873.

Size and general form of Dannies ; secondaries with three tails.

Male. — Expands from 3.8 to 4.25 inches.

Upper side either bright yellow or dark yellow, banded with black much after
the pattern of Dawius, but there is one band less on primaries ; the bands, ex-
cept the marginal, are also much heavier ; costa of primaries black, the space
between the nerves mostly yellow ; a narrow band covers the bases of wings and
the inner margin of secondaries, widening gradually from the median nervure,
and ending squarely a little above the marginal band ; a second proceeds from
costa against the middle of the cell, is broad at first, tapers very gradually on
primaries, rapidly on secondaries, and ends evenly with the inner band, the two
being connected by a narrow stripe ; the third lies on arc of cell, and has a more
or less macular extension to the lower median nervulc ; the fourth is short, and
lies across the subcostal nervules to the discoidal ; hind margins bordered by
a broad band as in Daumis, within which, on primaries, is a narrow stripe of
yellow, divided into spots by the nervules, and near the inner edge a macular line
of yellow scales ; on secondaries are five lunate submarginal yellow spots, the
two posterior ones washed with red-brown ; above the angle the margin is ex-
cised and edged with red-brown ; above this, and also in the next interspace, is a
cluster of metallic blue scales, under which, in the outer interspace, are separated
scales both blue and yellow ; in the second median interspace is a large loose
cluster of yellow, with a few blue at top, and some individuals have small clus-
ters of blue to the costal margin ; some also have a yellow streak or small spot
in the uppermost interspace in this same line ; the exterior tail is long and
narrow, the tip pointed, somewhat convex on the outer side, edged yellow on
that side near tip and on all the inner side, the yellow more or less washed red-

•

PAPILIO 11.

brown ; the other tails are entirel\' Ijlack, rounded at end ; the lengths of the
three are about as 63 ; oO ; 22 ; fringes of primaries yellow, of secondaries same
in the emarginations, the I'est black.

Under side yellow, the black markings repeated, paler ; the subraarginal yel-
low stripe broader, and now a continuous band ; the line of scales more definite ;
the interior of tlie second band yellowish-black through its length ; the spots
on secondaries much enlarged, all washed red-brown ; above each the ground is
dusted yellow, with increasing density towards the top, and the series ends in an
elongated narrow metallic blue spot, above which the clear black ground shows
in a. small lunation ; the yellow on disk next the marginal band in the median
and submedian interspaces washed red-brown.

Body above black, a yellow stripe passing along thorax from head to insertion
of wings ; beneath, thorax yellow ; abdomen yellow, with a ventral black band
and lateral line; legs black ; palpi yellow; antennce and club black. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands 4 to 4.5 inches.

Like the male, the red-brown on upper side darker. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Nothing is known of the early stages of this species, nor of the food plant, but
probably the larvae feed on plum, cherry, and, in general, the same plants as
Daunus.

One or two examples of Pilumnus were brought fi-om New Mexico by the
\Yheeler Expedition of 1871, as Mr. Mead relates. But what the locality was is
forgotten. And the late Mr. H. K. Morri.son took one male in Arizona, in 1882,
on Graham Mountain, as is believed. I know of no other instance in which the
species has been taken within the United States. Its home is in Mexico and Cen-
tral America. Hearing that Professor Edward T. Owen of Madison, Wisconsin,
had seen PUumnus in Mexico and captured many examples, I wrote him for what
information he could give me, and his reply was as follows : " My experience with
Papilio PiLUMivus is limited to the region about Jalapa, in the state of Vera Cruz.
Some years ago, I took several, mainly at the summit of a sharp liill of two or
three hundred feet elevation above the surrounding country. This sunnnit, dur-
ing the months of February and March, was a trysting place for quite a number
of species of butterflies. They seemed possessed with an instinct for mounting,
and on reaching this hill would rise along its slope to the summit. Once there,
they circled about till the end of the entomological day. Most species showed

■

PAPILIO II.

such fondness for the place that they might be rehed on to return even if fright,-
ened off by an unsuccessful stroke of the net ; Piliniinus, however, showed more
discretion, and once missed by the net, took permanent leave. While watching
a beautiful male, as he flitted round the regular course which each species under
such circumstances quickly adopts, it occurred to me to utilize the habit of salu-
tation which prevails tliroughout the butterfly tribe. Accordingly, I took from
my box a battered specimen recently caught, and pinned it through the thorax
to a switch about five feet long, trimmed to the greatest possible inconspicuous-
ness. With this wand I danced my butterfly- up and down, so as to imitate, though
feebly, natural flight, and to prevent too easy discovery of its condition. With
left hand thus occupied, the right grasping the handle of the net, jealously kept
behind me, I watched for a moment when the new-comer's back was turned, and
took position on his beat. As he swung down upon me, the thump of my pul^e
apparently furnished enough appearance of vitalit}' to my decoy ; for he started
rapidly toward it, settling on it before I was ready with the net. The few
seconds, however, necessar}' to demonstrate the sex of the decoy, enabled me to
bag my prize with ease, and without injury to his perfect tails. In this way I
caught seven males that day. After this, 1 kept a damaged specimen on hand,
during the rest of my trip, and I rarely missed a butterfly of that species.

" Later, at Queretaro, I tried the same plan successfully with P. Daunus ; and
later still, in Colorado, I caught Daunus with a Turnus decoy. I intend in future
to carry pasteboard and water colors, with a view to imitating, even if clumsily,
any rare species which I may find especially diflicult to catch. Only males were
taken in this way. The females of all these species are more ea.sy of capture on
account of their heavier flight and mental preoccupations." I spoke of this
mode of taking Papilios to Mr. David Bruce, and he told me he had used paper
decoys with success.

In Papilio IV. p. 100, is a description of what purports to be the mature larva
and chrysalis of PUumnus, but there is some mistake in the matter, the stages as
described belonging to the Palamedes group, and probably to Palamedes itself.
I have seen the identical pupa which was so described, in the collection of Mr.'
Henry Edward.s, and it is of the form and peculiar character of TroUiis. Cer-
tainly the pupa of PUumnus would be of same character as that of Daunus,
Rutulus, and Turnus.

(JM.SH<imsaSoi,sl.illiPlula

CVBELjE VAR GAFIF^EI^TEFIII . 12 J. 3 4 9.

agnified

I ChrtJsaJ is

h .. rna-t{J,r^ .

ARGYNNIS Xf.

ARGYNNIS CYBELE, 1-4.

Argynnis Cybele, Fabricius ; Edw., But. N. Am., I, p. 67, pi. 21. 18G8 ; id., Can. Ent., VI, p. 121. 1874; xii,
p. 141. 1880 ; Scudder, But. N. E., p. 589, pi. 4. 1883. Carpentebii, Edw., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc, V, p.
204. 1876.

Var. Carpexterii.

In Volume I, I gave what information wa,s at that date attainable respecting
the distribution and habits of Cybele. Examples of the species have since come
from Montana, locality unknown, but supposed to be Helena, and from Fort
Niobrara, Nebraska. These are the extreme western limits recorded. Mr.
Scudder states that it has been taken, at the north, in Alberta ; at the east, at
Cape Breton. His map, Plate 21, showing distribution, draws the western line
through middle of Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas ; and the southern line with
the south line of Virginia and Kentucky. But I have seen examples from the
collection of Mr. E. M. Aaron, which were taken at Maryville, east Tennessee.
Mr. Aaron reports Cyhele also from Highlands, Macon County, North Carolina,
the extreme southwest of the State ; also that he has taken it in considerable
numbers at Elizabeth City, at the lower end of the Dismal Swamp. The species
is so far unknown in the Gulf States and Texas.

Mr. Scudder says, p. 559, that in New England Cyhele is scarcely larger than
Aphrodite. Examples from Maine which I have seen are often very small, dark
above, and the under side of hind wings is usually quite dark brown, the
females especially so. Those taken in West Virginia, on the contrary, are large,
with heavy black lines on upper side, and the hind wings beneath are red-
brown. In Nebraska and Montana, the size is about same as at the east, but
the fulvous color is brighter, more red, and the under side is very light, near to
cinnamon-red, — so far as the examples seen by me show.

I described Carpenterii as a distinct species, near to Cyhele, and was influenced
in the determination by the fact that Cyhele was not known to fly within lam-

ARGYNNIS XI.

dreds of miles of New Mexico. Tiie examples, two males, one female, were taken
by Lieut, (now Captain) W. L. Carpenter, U. S. A., in New Mexico, above timber
line. I wrote, in 1887, for further inforuuition, and Captain Carpenter replied :
" The Argynnis Cmyenterii were collected on Taos Peak, about 12,000 to 1.3,000
feet elevation. I saw several others at same time. I had collected the preceding
year, in Colorado, above timber line, without seeing it." On reading this, I
wrote Prof. F. H. Snow, who has collected butterflies extensively and during
several seasons in New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona, to ask if he had ever seen
this butterth", or Cyhele, in those regions. To which he replied that he had not,
but had never been on Taos Peak. I have also inquired of every person I knew
of as having collected among the high peaks of Colorado, Messrs. Bruce, Snow,
Mead, Nash, particularly, but no one had seen the species in that State. Just so
as to Arizona. The case therefore is peculiar. A colony of a stricth' northern
butterfly is evidently imprisoned on the summit of a lofty mountain far to the
southwest. Tn New England and New York, as well as in Virginia, Cyhele does
not fly at even moderate elevations, but in the lowlands ; on the higher ground it
is replaced by Aphrodite. If this colony on Taos Peak could descend, we may be
sure they would do so. That they do not shows that either the climate forbids
or their food plant is wanting. Violets are conunon plants among the mountains
of Colorado and Arizona, and both States are remarkably rich in species and
individuals of Argynnis. The conditions are plainly unfavorable to the spread of
Cyhele to the soutli and southwest, and that it has not done so is the more singu-
lar, inasmuch as the largest and handsomest examples are those found near the
southern limit. Probably it cannot live or perpetuate its kind on the hot sandy
soil of the extreme south, or tlie burning plains of Texas. We may infer that
this colony in New Mexico was cut off from the main body when the climate
was changing, and the species was retreating to the north, after the manner so
graphically described by Messrs. Grote and Scudder in the case of Chionobas
Semidea, a species which was left stranded on the summit of the White Moun-
tains of New Hampshire.

These specimens of Carpentcr'd in coloration as well os size most nearly re-
semble their congeners from the extreme east of New England, and differ widely
from western examples.

DESCRIPTION' OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF CYBELE.

Egg. — Conoidal, truncated, and depressed at top, broad at base, the breadth
equal to the height ; marked by about eighteen prominent, vertical, slightly
wavy ribs, half of which extend from base to summit, and form around the latter
a serrated rim ; the others end irregularly at two thirds to three quarters the

ARGYNNIS XI.

distancefromba.se; the broad, rounded spaces between crossed by nearly equi-
distant low ridges; micropyle in the middle of three rows of small rounded cells,
outside of which are rings of cells of irregular sizes, mostly live-sided ; color
yellow. (Figs, a, a^.)

Young Larva. — Length at 12 hours from egg .07 inch ; cylindrical, stoutest
in middle, the last segments tapering rapidly; color dull green, translucent;
marked by eight longitudinal rows of dark subtriangular tuberculous spots, three
being above the spiracles on either side, and one below ; these spots are flat and
bear small conical tubercles, those of the upper, or dorsal, row two, of the next
two rows, one, of the infrastigmatal row four, and each tubercle gives out a long
tapering clubbed hair; on 2, on either side, is a large spot, corresponding to the
spots of the upper two rows of other segments, and bearing three tubercles and
hairs ; the dorsal spots are near the front of the segment, the subdorsal beyond
the middle to the rear, the lateral a little in front of the middle, and the lowest
row on the middle ; under side, feet and legs green ; head a little broader than 2,
rounded, slightly bi-lobed, with a few hairs from fine tubercles; color black-
brown. (Figs, h to h^.)

After 1st moult: Length .13 inch ; stoutest in middle; color dull green mot-
tled with brown, the latter taking the form of macular longitudinal stripes;
spines disposed as in the genus, tapering, black, rising from black tubercles,
except those of the lateral row, which have yellow tubercles ; each spine ending
in a short black spinule and beset by several others about the sides ; feet black,
pro-legs greenish-brown ; head sub-cordate, the vertices rounded, at^top of each,
on the front side, a little conical black process, the front flattened, and showing
many black hairs; color shining black-brown. (Fig. c.) To next moult eight
to twelve days.

After 2d moult : Length .24 inch ; color chocolate-brown, the lateral spines
pale yellow at base and for one third up ; the upper rows have the bases more
indistinctly yellow and then mostly on the outer sides, the inner being neai'ly or
quite black; spines otherwise shining black, the bi'istles black; head as before;
color shining black. (Fig. d.) The next moult four to nine days, according
to the state of the weather.

After 3d moult : Length .4 inch ; color dark velvety brown ; the spines black ;
all of the laterals yellow at base and for about one third up ; the subdorsals dis-
tinctly yellow at base on the anterior segments, the yellow gradually fading to

ARGYNNIS XI.

the last segments ; the dorsals also distinctly yellow on anterior segments, the
last wholly black ; the dorsal spines on 2 ai'e directed forward, but are no longer
than others ; head as at next previous stage, black in front, but yellow behind ;
all yellow is reddish, or honey-colored.

At this stage there was some variation in individuals in the color of the spines.
One had all yellow at base except the dorsals on 2 and 12, which were black.
(Fig. e.) To next moult five to eight days.

After 4th moult : Length .0 inch ; color velvet-black ; laterals wholly bright
yolk-yellow ; subdorsals same on anterior half, the remainder duller yellow ;
dorsals bright yellow on anterior half, but after 6 less so, and on 9 to 12 black ;
in line with the dorsal spines on segments from 3 to 11 two gray dots; head as
before.

Another larva had all three rows of spines largely reddish-yellow fully half-
way up from base ; the last two pairs of dorsals shading into brown. (Fig./.)
To next moult four to eight days.

After 5th moult : Length 1.1 and 1.2 inch. (Fig. g.) Reached maturity in
six to eight days.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.8 inch at rest, 2 inches in motion ; greatest
breadth at rest .35 inch ; color velvety black, under side chocolate-brown ; be-
tween each jiair of dorsal spines from 3 to 11 two gray dots transverse; the
spines tliroughout slender, beset with short black bristles ; the bases of all spines
reddish-yellow, and for about two thirds up, the rest shining black ; the spines of
2 wholly black, a little recurved, directed forward, but no longer than other dor-
sals; the longest dorsals .14 inch; feet and pro-legs black; head small, .14
inch wide, and equally high, subcordate, the front flattened, finely tuberculated,
the back much rounded, the vertices sub-conic, and each on its anterior side
giving a small black conic process ; the face much covered with black hairs
of irregular length ; color of front dull dark brown, of back reddish-yellow.
Several larvae were as described, others showed much less yellow on the spines ;
the laterals always largely yellow, the subdorsals much less so, the dorsals a
little yellow at base from 3 to 6, after that less and less, changing gradually to
brown, and on 11 to 13 black. In from two to three days after maturit}' the
larvas suspended, and in about twenty-four hours pupated. (Fig. h.)

Cpirysalis. — Length 1.1 inch; breadth at wing-cases .4, of abdomen .36
inch ; cylindrical, a little compressed laterally ; head case prominent, nearly
square at top, the vertices being but very slightly elevated, transversely rounded

ARGYNxNIS XL

to the ridge at summit, the sides bevelled ; mesonotum moderately prominent,
rounded, carinated ; followed by a deep rounded depression ; the wing cases with
prominent conical processes at base, much elevated above surface of body, the
outer edges flaring, the middle part depressed ; on the abdomen two rows of
small tubercles corresponding to the dorsal spines of the larva, and which extend
to the head case ; one row of minute tubercles on each side ; the whole surface
finely corrugated ; color variable, being sometimes glossy dark brown, with a
fine mottling of reddish-orange, not distinct, over wing cases and anterior parts ;
or dark brown mottled with drab, this last prevailing on the wing cases ; or dark
brown mottled with lighter brown, most distinctly light at margins of wing cases,
where they pass down to surface; or almost wholly dead-leaf brown, a little
obscure on wing cases ; the anterior abdominal tubeicles usually black in front,
yellow behind, the posterior tubercles wholly black. (Fig. i.) Duration of this
stage sixteen to twenty days.

In the text to Argynnis Diana, page 147, Volume II, 1876, I gave a general
account of raising larva3 of Cyhele from egg. In the Canadian Entomologist.
XII, p. 143, 1880, I gave farther observations, and related that up to the preced-
ing winter I had always lost most of the larvaj of this species, as well as Diana
and Aphrodite. They died off during the winter, or during the stages in spring,
or in chrysalis, and I had been unable to contrive any successful mode of
carrying the larvee through. But, in fall of 1879, it occurred to me that freez-
ing them solid might be the proper thing, and I sent several larva? of Cyhele
to Professor Fernald, then at Orono, Maine, to be placed in his ice-house. They
were in small paper pill-boxes, the unglazed sides of which afforded foothold.
These were put in a flat tin box and deposited in frozen sawdust under the ice, as
Professor Fernald informed me. Five months later, on 5th March, 1880, I re-
ceived the boxes by mail. The larva? were nearly all alive, and when first seen,
several showed some movement, though only three days from the ice. Others
were lethargic some houi's longer, but next day all had left the boxes and be-
taken themselves to the plants of violet among which I had laid them. They
crawled to the stems and down to the bases in the hollows, and there rested
when not feeding. On 10th March, one was found to have passed the first
moult, several days in advance of any other, and this one continued in advance
to maturity, passing second moult 18th, third 27th, fourth 4th April, fifth Pith,
suspended 23d, pupated 24th April, and gave a female imago 14th May. The
whole period from ice to imago was seventy-three days. The other larvto passed
first moult 19th March, second 29th March to 2d April, third from 4th to 6th

ARGYNNIS XI.

April, fourth 11th to 12th, fifth from 16th to 19th April, and the butterflies came
out from 12th to 27th May. After the first moult I lost no larvie. Before that
there had been some loss, mostly, I thought, from their having been brought to
a warm room too soon after I received them. These imagos were all of large
size, equalling any ever seen here in the field. Coinpaiiiig the stages of these
frozen larvae with others which in previous year I had carried through winter in
a cool room : —

Iced Larv-e. Bkought fkom Cool Room.

Time from removal to 1st moidt, 8 to 18 days .... 44 days and upwards.

" " 1st moult to 2d, 8 to 12 days 17 " " "

" 2d " to 3d, 4 to 9 days 11 " " "

•' 3d " to 4th, 5 to 8 days 12 " " "

" " 4th " to 5th, 4 to 8 days 14 " " «

" 5th " to chrysalis, 9 to 12 days ... 12

" " chrysalis to imago, 16 to 20 days .... 24

Total period, 73 to 86 days 134

u a II

Evidently the freezing served as a tonic, and the larvse subjected to it were
in a healthy condition. Since 1880, I have been in the habit of freezing hiber-
nating larvfe of all species, and have been very successful in rearing them to

nnago.

The early brood of Cyhde appears here about the first of June. In some
seasons they are quite abundant, but in others rare. For twenty years I have
recorded the first appearance. The earliest date for the male has been 19th May,
the latest, 17th June ; the females always a few days later than the male. Soon
after 1st July they are all gone. About 15th August, fresh males appear again,
and then the females, and both are exceedingly plenty in September, the males dis-
appearing about middle of the month, the females, some of them, living till frosts
come in October. Eggs can always be got during September, by confining the
females over violet. In one instance, 219 eggs were laid by a single female.
When several are confined together, the bag and plant and earth are sprinkled
with eggs. It would seem as if there must be two broods of the imago, one in
June, the other in August, but two months do not give sufficient time for eggs to
be laid and larvse to mature and for the pupa stage. The shortest period for the
egg has l)een twelve da^^s, for the larval stages and pupa seventy to eighty.
Of course, the hot weather between June and September might accelerate all
stages, if eggs were laid in June. I never saw a mature egg in any female dis-
sected in June, nor could eggs be obtained in confinement. In June, 1887, the
species was plenty, and I shut up nine females on 29th ; but failed to get an egg.

ARGYNNIS Xr.

and dissection showed no formed eggs, nothing but fatty masses. In 187-i, I en-
deavored to find out liow long after the females of the fall brood appeared, mature
eggs were formed. The first one was seen 16th August. On 20th, I dissected
three, and in all, the eggs were soft and unformed ; on 26th, they were soft, but
had form ; on 3d September, were firmer; on IVth, were fully mature, and a da\
or two after, many were laid. So that nearly a month seemed to be required
for esj^srs to mature. At Coalburgh, all the larvae have gone into lethargv at once
on leaving the egg. But the late Mr. C. G. Siewers, of Newport, Kentucky, a
first-rate observer, with whom I corresponded about the peculiarities of Cyhele,
wrote ine, 30th October, 1877, that two eggs gave two larva?, one of wbicli fed
lip to and past second moult, and had gone to the base of the plant to hibernate.
In 1881, 28th October, he wrote that he found a larva, ten days before, under
rotten wood ; that it was one half inch long (wdiich would make it past third
moult). To see if it would feed, he trimmed a violet stock and laid it by tlie
larva. On 26th, he went again to the woods and found the larva, which had eaten
holes in two leaves and then hidden itself in a crevice so that only its spines
protruded. It may be, therefore, that some larvfe in West Virginia, from eggs
iirst laid, pass three or four stages in the fall, and so begin the next year a month
in advance of the main body of the species. This will account for the early
butterflies. But why June females have not laid eggs is not easy to conjecture.
Mr. Siewers wrote in 1876, that, on 24th June, he took a pair in copulation ;
they separated in tlie net ; he kept the female five days, and till she died, got no
eggs, anil found none in the abdomen. On 25th June ho caught another pair,
which separated after three hours, and the result was the same.

As I have said, females are often to be seen flying late in the f;dl. and until
frosts destroy them. This is long after all males have disappeared. I believe
these females to be barren, or who have not had an opportunity to mate, and so
live much longer than the rest of their sex, for the females of all species of
butterfly die very soon after their eggs are exhausted.

I have rarely .seen a larva of Cyhele in natural state, but on two occasions
found one hibernating at the top of the root of a violet plant which I had dug
up to set in pot for my larvre. Once, in March, I found one on under side a grass
leaf in a bit of sod I had taken up, and it must have spent the winter there.
On 16th May, 1888, a mature larva was found on the under side of a lath
wdiich was Ijdng on the ground. This larva died, but had it pupated, the imago
would have come out about 10th June.

The caterpillars feed on every kind of wild or cultivated violet or pansy, and
the flowers are eaten with avidity. In moulting, the skin bursts below the head,
along 2 to 4, and the three pairs of legs are extricated first, the head being bent

ARGYNNIS XI.

back by the tension of the skin on dorsum, so that the legs are hfted up in the
air, with much strugghng to free the head and to burst the skin along dorsum.
The spines lie flat and back and rise slowly as the skin slips off them, and the
bristles, which are in pencil, separate slowly as they dry. At first every spine is
yellow to base and the head also dull yellow, but all become dark in a few hours.
The June butterflies are particularly fond of asclepias flowers, and may often be
picked off by the finger, seeming besotted with the liquid they feed on, in the
same way as Turnus and other Papilios.

Mr. Scudder says. But. N. E. p. 561, that Cybele is single-brooded in New Eng-
land, appearing the last of June ; that the eggs are laid about middle of August,
and the insects are on the wing till middle of September, or occasionallj- later.

%ij/

<, f'

'S""

Vi\

Geo S Ifairisi S<ms.l.itk Phils

INTERR.OGATIONIS . 1 d. 2 9.

" CHANGED BY COL,D 3 4 cf , 5 9;

" ^-ffS' magnified

b Larva, (yoii.n,gJ ,^

<: Egg, Comma

'/ Larva, (you.nc/J

GRAPTA I.

GRAPTA INTERROGATIONIS, 1-5.

Grapta Fnlerrogalionis, Fabricius.

Form Fabricii, Edw., But. N. A., I, pi. 39, p. 115. 1872 ; Scudder, But. N. E., I, p. 319. 1889.
Form U.MBROSA, Liiitner ; Edw. 1. c, I, pi. 38, p. 111. 1S72; Scudder, 1. c. 1889.

The preparatory stages of this species were but imperfectly described in Vol.
I, and therefore I now give thera fully.

Egg. — Conoidal, the base flattened and rounded ; marked by from eight to
eleven thin vertical ribs, which near the base are low, but from about the middle
begin to rise, increa.sing gradually, and terminate around the rim of the summit
with an incurved slope ; these ribs have their sides scooped in grooves ^^erpen-
dicular to the surface, the grooves enlarging as the rib deepens ; micropyle in
centre of a rosette of six minute pentagonal cells, outside of which are two and
partly three rings of larger cells, irregularly five-sided; color pale green. Dura-
tion of this stage three to four days in summer, in April and May about ten
days, depending on the weather. (Figs, a to a*.) (The egg of Umhrosa, Fig. h.
pi. 38, Vol. I, is not good, nor even of proper shape, though drawn by so excel-
lent an artist as Mr. Konopicky.)

Young Larva. — Length, at 24 hours from egg, .1 inch; cylindrical, even
from 2 to middle, then tapering .slightly to end, the dorsum falling rapidly on
the last segments ; on 2 is an oval chitinous patch on which are eight tubercles,
four on either side the mid-dorsal line, three in front, and one behind and
between the upper pair, each with long, tapering black hair, turned forward
over the head ; on each segment from 3 to 13 are six conical tubercles, forming
as many longitudinal rows, three on either side, a dorsal, sub-dorsal, and lateral ;
on 3 and 4 they are nearly in cross line, the lower one on each and the cor-
responding one on 2 replaced by a pair of minute ones close together, on 2 a
little above the line ; but from 5 to 13 in triangle, the dorsal one standing on
the front ridge, the sub-dorsal on the rear, the lateral a little before the middle

GRAPTA I.

of the segment, all these except the laterals on 2 to 4 with long tapering hairs,
those on front segments turned a little forward, on the middle upright, svfter 6
more or less recurved ; the hairs on 2 to 4 are short, turned down and for-
ward ; on 2 to 13 is a row of minute tubercles running with and behind the spir-
acles except on 2, two to the segment on 2 to 4 and on 13 ; on 2 the pair stand
before and a little above the spiracle, oblique to the line, and the hairs of these
are unequal, the upper one being one third as long as the other, turned down
and forward ; the other hairs of this row are turned down and back ; along base
from 2 to 12 is a row, also minute, two to the segment, the middle ones nearly
in horizontal line, on other segments the hinder one a little elevated, the haii's
short, depressed ; at base of each pro-leg a fine depressed hair, on 13 four such
in line ; on 3 and 4 similar hairs, but from minute tubercles; on 13 a chitinous
sub-oval shield on which are eight tubercles and hairs, two dorsals in front, two
on rear, two at each side, corresponding with the sub-dorsal and lateral rows ;
color of body at first whitish-yellow, semi-translucent ; feet and legs same ; some
examples have the dorsum crossed by brownish patches alternating with the
yellow of the intermediate segments ; as the stage proceeds the color changes to
red-brown with white on dorsum of 4, 6, 8, and 10, individuals varying, how-
ever ; head rounded, very little broader than high, the top depressed slightly ;
color shining black ; furnished with several small black tubercles, in four pretty
regular cross rows; one row near top of four, of which the largest is in front
on the middle of the lobe, the other round the side ; one across middle of eight,
one below this of six, all these minute; and one over mandibles of four, still
small; each tubercle with its short black depressed hair. Duration of this stage
three days in May, two in summer. (Figs. b-¥.)

After 1st moult : Length .14 inch soon after the moult, in 24 hours .20 inch ;
slender, even ; color red-brown, with indistinct whitish lines ; of these, a wavy
line runs with second laterals ; from base of each first lateral is an oblique line
outward to the front of the segment, and from each dorsal are two such lines,
one on either side ; armed with seven rows of spines, one dorsal, and three on
either side, as in the genus; these are short, stout, black, beset near top with
short branches, with some spinules on the sides ; on dorsum of 2 is a transverse
row of four short, simple spines ; as the larva approaches second moult, the bases
of the dorsal and first lateral spines become white or yellow, or reddish-3'ellow,
while the color becomes more red, and the lines become more distinct; legs and
feet dark brown ; head rounded, depressed at top, the vertices a little produced,
each bearing a stout, thick, black process, with conical spine at top, and shorter
ones around the base of this ; color black, with many black hairs. Duration o£
this stage from two to three days.

GRAPTA I.

After 2d moult : Length .24 incli ; color black, the lines as before, with the
addition of one running with lower laterals, more distinct, often macular; spines
as before, but variable in color ; in some examples, all are black except the
dorsals and first laterals on 4, 6, 8, 10, where they are reddish-yellow ; some
have the spines on these rows light, except on 9, 11, and 12 ; usually the second
laterals are black and the lower row is pale yellow ; in all cases the tips are
black ; as the stage proceeds tlie color of body changes to olive-brown, and the
lines become more conspcuous; head as before, much covered with white simple
spines. Duration of this stage from two to three days.

After 3d moult: Length .5 inch; color black, with cream-white lines, quite
macular ; spines very variable ; some examples have every spine of the upper
five rows reddish to reddish-yellow, the lower laterals pale yellow ; some have
the dorsals and first laterals from 3 to 11 red, the rest and all of second laterals
black ; some have the body color vinous instead of black, with no black spines,
the upper rows very red anteriorly, the lower laterals yellow ; the lines yellow ;
head either deep brown red, or decided red in the vinous larvas, the processes
red, with spines both red and black ; the spines on face yellow or white. Dura-
tion of this stage two to three days.

After 4th moult : Length .9 inch. In two to three days is fully grown.

Mature Larva. — Length 1.3 to 1.5 inch; cylindrical, stout; the color verv
variable ; some are dull black with white, yellow, and red tubercles on the cross
ridges, and longitudinal lines and bands of red and yellow ; there being a band
along the basal ridge, a stripe running with second laterals, an oblique line from
base of each first lateral outwards to the front of the segment, and one from
either side of each dorsal also to the front of the segment ; some are very black,
the tubercles yellow, no lines or stripes above the basal ridge ; some are russet,
the lines and stripes obliterated, the tubercles yellow and red ; and there are
intermediate variations ; under side black-brown ; spines long, slender, tapering,
with several spinules at top, one being a continuation of the spine, the others
arranged somewhat irregularly ; these are of about equal length in the several
rows ; others, which are shorter, are found on the sides of the spines, and are
particularly numerous on the upper rows of the anterior segments ; the dorsals
iiave five main spinules, the first laterals six, the second and lower laterals four
and five ; in most examples tlie dorsals and first laterals are red, except on 3,
where they are red with black bases, and on 11 and 12, where they are usually
black, the red being deepest on anterior segments ; the second laterals are some-
times all red, and the lower row is always yellow (but in the varieties of this

GRAPTA I.

larva there is great variation in the color of the spines from deep red to yellow) ;
over the feet from 2 to 10 is a simple red spine ; on 2 is a dorsal row of six
simple black spines; spiracles conspicuous, black in white rings; head obovoid,
rather flattened, deeply cleft, the vertices high, and each bearing a stout and
black process, ending in a long spur, with five others about its base, each hair-
tipped ; the face covered with simple spines and tubercles, some minute ; on each
side below vertex are four long spines, black, the rest are mostly white, each
with hair ; color either deep red-brown or red, about the ocelli a large black
patch. From 4th moult to pupation, five to six days.

Chrysalis. — Length 1 inch, greatest breadth .3 to .32 inch; cylindrical;
head case prolonged, compressed transversely, at each vertex a long conical
process; mesonotum elevated, the carina prominent, thin, nose-like, more rounded
on the anterior side than in Comma, followed by a deep depression ; wing cases
raised, flaring at base, compressed in middle, with a prominent point on the
margin on dorsal side ; on the abdomen three rows of tubercles, those corre-
sponding to the dorsal row of the larva minute, to the first laterals large and
conical, the pair in the middle of the series particularly prominent; those in the
excavation gilded ; color variable, in shades of brown from light yellow to dark,
often clouded with olivaceous or lilac; sometimes a dark green stripe on the side
of abdomen beyond wings. Duration of this stage from seven to eleven days,
accordinsr to the weather.

D

Iktekrogationis is both sexually and seasonally dimorphic. Mr. Scudder,
But. N. E., T, 329, has thus spoken of this peculiarity : " The two forms differ so
greatly and constantly from each other, not only in coloring but in the form of
the wings, and even in the abdominal appendages, that they have been consid-
ered distinct species ; in each form, too, the sexes differ considerably in the
coloration of the under surface of the wings, so that the species includes four
sets of individuals, which may be distinguished quite as readily as a great many
acknowledged species of the best studied faunas." Also, page 317 : " Here is an
insect where there are two very distinct forms in each sex, and in each of which
the sexes are readily distinguished by the coloration of the wings ; they dift'er in
the brightness and variegation of the lower surface of both wings, and the ob-
scurity of the upper surface of the hind pair, . . . not only differ in the mark-
ings of the wings, but also in their form, .and in the structure of the genitalia."

Part 9, Volume I, which contained the two Plates of this species, appeared early
in 1872. I had established the fact of seasonal dimorphism the preceding summer
by raising larvfe of the June and July broods from eggs laid by the form Um-
BROSA, in both cases finding the two forms among the resulting imagos. In the

GRAFT A I.

Canadian Entomologist, X, p. 69, 1878, I gave a statement of farther observa-
tions to tlate, and said that, at Coalburgh, W. Va., there were three broods of
the imago annually in descent from the hibernators, and an effort, more or less
successful, towards a fourth, depending on the temperature in the fall months
and the consequent length of the mild season. That some individuals hiber-
nated, and the females surviving laid their eggs in the last days of April or early
in May. From these eggs came butterflies the last of May or first of June.
That the second laying occurred in June and the butterflies therefrom appeared
early in July ; that the third laying took place the last of July and the butter-
flies appeared in September, some as early as the first, others late in the month.
That females of this brood, which is the third of the year, laid eggs about the
middle of September, and the butterflies from them came out in October. But
that the larvae were now liable to be caught by cold weather and destroyed, or
the food plant was cut off, and so they starved, the result being that few could
reach chrj-salis and imago. And that I was inclined to think that the butterflies
of the third brood did not hibernate, and the continuance of the species here
depended on the few individuals which survived from the earlier imagos of the
fourth brood. In no other way could I account for the scarcity of this species in
spring as compared with G. Comma. There then followed a statement of the
several lots of eggs I had bred from up to end of 1877.

Four years later, in same magazine, XIV, p. 201, 1882, I brought the history
to date, and stated that the hibernating form was Fabricil, but that I had seen
one Umbrosa flying so early in the year that it also must have hibernated.
That on the only occasion on which I had been al)le to get a hibernated female
of Fahricll to lay eggs in confinement, the result was wholly the other form,
Umbrosa. That eggs laid by the females of Umhrosa of the first brood in
descent from the hibernators had produced either a mixed brood or all Umhrosa.
That eggs laid by the females of Umhrosa of the second brood in descent from
the hibernatoi's had also produced a mixed brood, with a greater proportion of
Fabricil than in the preceding brood ; and that eggs laid by Umbrosa of the
third brood, or larvae found late in the year, had in all cases produced Fabricil
only. Also that all the butterflies so far seen late in the year had been of the
form Fabricii.

I now bring the observations spoken of together, and supplement them with
others to end of 1888. As will be seen, the eggs, save in one instance, have
been laid by Umhrosa females. That is because in all these years (since 1870)
I have found no Fabricil females to breed from, while from July to September,
in every year, Umbrosa is in abundance. Nearly all the Fabricii I have seen
have been late in the fall, though the I'esult of breeding in summer shows that
there must be many Fabricii flying.

GRAPTA I.

First Brood : Eggs laid by Fabricii.

1877, 28tli April, obtained eggs from ? Fahrk'd in confinement. Result,
about 4tli June, 21 Umhrosa. This was the only $ Fabricii I have ever
been able to take and breed from. (Where the w^ord " about" is used, a few
days before and after the given date is meant.)

Second Brood.

1871, 4th June, eggs laid by ? Umhrosa in confinement. Result, about 1st
July, 11 Umhrosa, 6 Fabricii.

1869, 5th June, found larvce. Result, about 25th June, 26 Umhrosa.
1873, June, found larvae. Result, last of same month, 19 Umhrosa.

1870, 4th July, found eggs. Result, 10th August, 1 Umhrosa, 2 Fabricii.

1878, 27tli May, obtained eggs from ? Umhrosa in confinement. Result,
about 22d June, 54 chrysalids, from which came 38 Umhrosa, 11 J 27?,
and 16 Fabricii, 14 J 2 ? .

1879, 3d June, eggs from ? Umhrosa in confinement. Result, about 21st
June, 16 pupfe, which were placed on ice. From these came but 3 J 4 ? ,
all Umhrosa.

1879, 20th to 28th July, found eggs and larvae. Result, 65 Umhrosa, 28 J

37 ? , 4 Fabricii, 3 5 1?.
1879, 20th July, eggs from ? Umhrosa in confinement. Result, 21 Umhrosa,

75 14?.
1881, 7th July, found larv«j. Result, 8 Umhrosa, 2 J 6 ? .

1887, 23d June, eggs from ? Umbrosa in confinement. Result, about 13th
July, 41 pup«3, from which 22 Umhrosa, 12 J 1 ? , 9 Fabricii, 8 J 1 ? .

1888, 24th July, eggs of ? Uvihrosa in confinement. Result, about 9tli
August, 10 Umhrosa, 9 J 1 ? .

Fabricii.

That is, 11 Umbrosa to 6

26

19

1

" 2

38

" 16

7

65

" 4

21

8

22

" 9

10

Total, 228 Umbrosa to 37 Fabricii ;

GRAPTA I.

or of the former 86 per cent., of Fuhric'd 14 per cent. Of the eleven broods
six produced Umhrosa only, five both forms.
Third Bkood.

1870, 1st August, found larvae. Result, about 13th September, 6 Umhrosa, If.
Fabi'lcli.

1871, 29th July to 5th August, confined several $ $ Utiihros(.i. Result, iil)()u(
1st September, 63 Umhrosa, 34 Fahricil.

1877, loth August, found larvae. Result, about 22d September, 2 Umhrosa.
9 Fabricii.

1878, 16th August, eggs from ? Umhrosa hi confinement. Result, about lOtli
September, 1 5 Umhrosa, 20 Fahricn, 7 J 13 ? .

1881, 2d and 3d August, found eggs and larvae. Result, about 1st September.

46 Umhrosa, 17 J 28 ? , 6 Fahricil, 5 J 1 ? .
1887, lOth to 1-jth August, found larvae. Result, from 15th to 22d September,

6 Umhrosa, 9 FalnicU.

That is, 0 Ujibkosa to 10 Falskicii.

G3

34

2

i u

9

1

i a

20

46

6

6

9

Total, 124 UiMBROsA to 94 Fabricii ;
or Umhrosa 57 per cent., Fabricii 33 per cent. Every lot produced both
forms.
Fourth Brood.

1872, inth October, found larva^ past third moult. Result, 8th to 18th Decem-
ber, 4 Fahricil.
1879, 1st September, eggs from $ Umhrosa in confinement. Result, to 81 li

October, 25 Fahricil, 10 J 15 ? .
1879, on 19th and 26th September, 2 J Fabricii.
1887, 8th October, from three found larvfB, 3 Fahricil, 2 J 1 ? .
1878, 8th September, found larvaj. "Result, about 3d October, 10 Fabricii,
6$ 4$.

That is. 4 Fabricii.

25

2

3

10

Total, 44 Fabricii, no Umbrosa.

GRAPTA I.

This goes to show, therefore, that in the first brood from the hibernators the
form Umbrosa was produced to the total exclusion of Fabricii. Although this
brood was raised but in one instance, we may conclude with much probability
that the result in sevei'al instances would be the same, inasmuch as where the
species is but two-brooded, the first in descent from the hibernator is Umbrosa,
with very rarely an exception. In the second brood Uvibrosa preponderated
largely, as 86 to 14, and six lots produced that form only, five lots both forms.
In tlie third brood there were fewer Umbrosa, the proportion being as 57 to 4.3,
and every lot, whether raised from eggs or from found larvae, was made up of
both forms. In the fourth brood all were Fabricii.

I think it probable that some few of the later individuals of the third brood
hibernate. This would account for an occasional Umbrosa seen late in the year
or early in tlie spring, and which therefore would be a hibernator. Also it would
preserve the species when the fall is cold and unpropitious for the production of
a fourth brood, as it appai'ently sometimes is. The season of 1888, at Coalburgh,
(luring all September, was cold and wet, and the leaves of Elm and Hackberry
fell early in October, so that no larva of a fourth brood could have reached pupa
on those plants — and in the fall there are no other food plants. If the species is
not extinct the coming spring (1889), it would seem to be becau.se some imagos
of the third brood were able to hibernate.

In Florida there must be at least four full broods of Interrogatlonls, as the
sea.son is much longer at each end than in West Virginia. On 28th September,
1880, I received twenty-five half-grown lurvte from Indian River, sent by Dr.
Win. Wittfeld. These were passing the fourth moult on 8tli October, and be-
tween the 12th and 17th November, 16 Fabricii came out, and no Umbrosa.
(By an oversight, in Can. Ent., XIV, p. 206, this is stated as 25 instead of 10.)

Individuals sometimes occur which are intermediate between the two forms
of this species. One such I have seen from the collection of Mi.ss Morton, and
another I am told is in the collection of Mr. Neumoegen. The shape is of
Fabricii, and the color of under sui'face as well, but the hind wings on upper
surface have the black of Umbrosa.

It is interesting to compare the history of a species like the present in several
localities, especially with the more northern. In the lowlands of New York,
Interrof/atiotiis seems to be three-brooded. Miss Morton says there are three
broods at Newburgh. On June 11, 1886, 15 to 20 larvae, one third grown, were
found. All the butterflies from tliese, coming out from July 7th to 20th, were
Uiiihrosa. This was tlie first brood. All butterflies seen on the wing the last
half of August were Umbrosa, a.m\ Miss Morton considered them to be the second
brood. All seen the last part of September and in October were Fabricii, the
third brood.

GRAPTA I.

Professor Lintner, in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, II, p. 315, 18G9, says of the
species: "During the first week of July, 1861, there were brought to me, at
Schoharie, N. Y., 14 larvas and chrysalids. The larvsB were mature and in a day
or two pupated. The imagines proved to be every one of the 'blaclv variety'
{[/mbroiiu), .3 J 11 $ ." This of cour.se was the first brood. " About tlie middle
of July several other seemingly identical larvie were taken hy me, wliich.
emerging the last of the month, gave the ordinary Interrorjatlonis [Fahrk-U)."
This would be the second brood. '• I collected, on August 10th, two chrysalids
and twenty larva3 from one half inch to nearly full size. During the ensuing two
weeks many additional larvtB were taken by me." etc. As the result, about 110
Infer rogationls {Fahrlc'd) were obtained and not a single Umbrosa. These
would be the third brood. In the same paper, Mr. Lintner speaks of the rarity of
Umbrosa, and says " it seldom falls into the hands of a collector." This was at
Schoharie, in tlie heart of the Hop region, and was written before the seasonal
dimorphism of the species was known, and when the two foru)s were recognized
as distinct species.

Mr. Scudder, But. N. E., I, p. 330, says there are but two broods in New
England. " The eggs laid by the hibernating females produce nearly but not all
Umbrosa, and the eggs of the last brood almost invariably only Fabrlcli.'' And
he gives the experience of Professor Carl Braun, of Bangor, Maine, as decisive.
But the experience of Mr. F. H. Sprague, in eastern Massachusetts, also given,
seems to show that in that State there are three broods. " Mr. Sprague's expe-
rience tells the same story, excepting in 1887, when, he writes me, ' the August
brood was mixed, about evenly divided between the two forms.' He adds that
the later ones, which he looks on as a third brood, were Fubrlcii, though an
Umbrosa was reared the last week of August ; so, too, I bred, about the middle
of October, a single male of the form Umbrosa." Mr. Sprague's observations go
to show that the first brood is Umbrosa, the second mixed, the third I'dhricii.
Mr. Lintner's second brood came out all Fubrlc'd, and Miss Morton's all Umbrosa.
It is mucli to be wished that a series of careful observations of this species, with
breeding from the Qg^, could be made in the region of three broods, as in New
York, for satisfactory comparison with those to the north and the south, the two
and four-brooded rearions.

I wrote Professor Braun for the particulars of the broods raised by him at
Bangor. On the 12th June, 1886, he shut up a female Fabrlclu and by 19th
(keeping the insect alive by feeding it molasses) there were 110 eggs. These
hatched from 27th to 30th June, and the larval stages required 17 days, the
pupal 5. This brings the emergence of the images to middle of July. The
result was Umbrosa, except 2 J Fabricu. This was the first brood in descent.

GRAPTA I.

Professor Braun writes that the same year, by 10th August, he had 24 eggs
laid by Umbrosa, and the butterflies from them came out between the 20th and
25th September, and were all Fahricii. He adds : " Tiiere are only two broods
of this insect in Maine."

As stated, Mr. Scudder had an Umbrosa from pupa in October. Miss Morton
saw a fresh Umbrosa in northeastern New Jersey, 14th October, 1888. I
myself have seen an Umbrosa, at Coalburgh, which had hibernated. But these
are exceptions to the rule that the last brood of the year from Maine to Florida,
in regions where tliere are two, three, and four broods, is Fahricii.

According to Mr. Scudder, Inter rag aiionis is very rare north of the boundary
line of the United States, and then only in Ontario and Quebec, in the latitude
of New England. So that nowhere in its territory is the species represented by
a singjle form.

Wiiere a species is already two-brooded and the length and warmth of the
.season permits a third brood, the original hibernating form would seem to be the
one to lay eggs from which would come the hibernating imagos. In the present
case, Fabricii being the hibernator where there are but two broods, the first in
descent will be Umbrosa, the second Fabricii, this last hibernating. If there
are to be three broods, the Fabricii would seem to be the form to lay eggs, and
these might be expected to produce Umbrosa as the liibernators. If a fourth
brood was reached, Fabricii would be the hibernator as it was at first, when the
species was two-brooded. That is, we should expect the odd broods to be Um-
brosa, the even Fabricii. But it is found that in all latitudes, in New England,
in Virginia, in Florida, the original winter form remains the winter form, and
the middle one of three broods, or the second and third of four broods, are made
up of both forms. These interior broods seem to be interpolated between the
original summer and winter broods. Apparently, the heat of summer disposes
to Umbrosa, while the tendency to alternate produces Fabricii, and the result is
a mixed brood. But late in the season, one tendency overcomes the other, and
the last brood everywhere is Fabricii.

In Vol. I, I gave the food plants as Hop, Elm, Nettle, and Bcehmeria. To
these I add Hackberry, Celtis, of any species, but the preference is for the two
first-named, Hop early in the season, Elm in August and September. I have
near my house a preserve of Elm sprouts which are cut down in July, to be
soon replaced by a fresh growth. It is on the tender terminal leaves of these
that the female prefers to lay her eggs, usually on the under side of the leaf,
either singly or in strings of two to eight. I had supposed the number of ribs

GRAPTA I.

in all eggs laid by one female was the same, but Mrs. Peart found that in a string
I sent her the topmost egg had eleven ribs, while all the rest had but nine, as
shown on the Plate, Fig. a*. The young larvje do not consume their egg shells,
as many species do. They eat holes in the leaf, each for itself, and during the
first two stages feed about the margins of these. During all stages they are
unprotected, except as they lie beneath the leaf. They are not gregarious as a
rule, though doubtless where the species is abundant, and the food plant local,
their numbers may suggest gi-egariousness. But so many as are hatched on the
leaf keep together for two or three stages, then scatter about the plant.

GRAPTA INTERPvOGATIONIS.

ON THE EFFECT OF COLD APPLIED TO THE CHRYSALIDS OF GRAPTA

INTERROGATIONIS.

Interrogationis has proved susceptible to the influence of cold. In Psyche,
Vol. Ill, p. 15, 1880, I related this at length. The same account was given in
the Appendix to Weismann's " Studies in the Theory of Descent," Part I, p. 149,
1880, London. I have thought it well to publish Plates of the species affected,
showing the changes brought about, and the present is the first of the series.
Figs. 1, 2, show the upper sides of the normal male and female. Figs. 3, 4 J 5 ? ,
changed examples. Eggs of form Urnhrosa were obtained from females in con-
finement, June, 1879. As the chr^salids formed, at intervals of from six to
twenty hours after pupation, they wei'e placed in the ice-box. At fourteen
days, all but five were removed, these being left six days longer. Several were
found to be dead at the end of the fourteen days. The temperature most of the
time was about 35° Fahr. (1.7° C), but a little higher each day, as the ice melted,
reaching then 40° to 45° Fahr. (4° to 7° C). From the first lot were obtained
seven perfect butterflies, 3 J 4 ? , from the twenty-day lot five, 4 J 1 ? . All
were form Umhrosa, and nearly all had been changed in one striking particular.
In the normal Umhrosa of both sexes, the fore wings on upper side have, on the
costal margin next inside the broad border of the hind margin, and separated
from it by a considerable space of fulvous, a dark patch which ends a little
below the discoidal nervule ; inside the same border, at inner angle, is a similar
patch, lying on the submedian interspace. Between these two patclies, across
all the median interspaces, the ground is fulvous, but very slightly clouded with
black, often so slightly that it would not be noticed. Now, in all four of the
females exposed to cold for fourteen days, there is present a broad black band
which crosses the entire wing, continuous, of uniform shade, covering the two
patches as well as the intervening clear space, and almost confluent with the
marginal border from end to end, only a streak of obscure fulvous anywhere

GRAPTA INTERROGATIONIS.

separating band and border (Fig. 5). The other 8pots on same wing are not
at all changed.

In the fifth female, the one from chrysalis exposed twenty days, the band is
l^resent, but while it is broad and crosses the space between the patches, it is not
continuous, but includes on its outer side a series of obscure fulvous lunules.
While it may have been changed, there is no certainty of it, because individuals
are sometimes bred or taken having the same peculiarity. One such is figured
in Vol. I (Fig. 3, PI. 39).

In all the males, the patches are diifused, those at the apices almost coalescing
with the borders. In the three from fourteen days' exposure the patches are
connected by a narrow band (Fig. 3). In the four from twenty days this band
is macular but decided (Fig. 4). As in the females, all the change is limited to
the extra-discal area of fore wing. In the females no change was noticed on
under sides. In the males, perhaps none also in the markings, but it was stated
in the first account that the colors of all were intense, with more red than in a
series of natural examples. But the delicate shades are evanescent, and to-day
I do not see the peculiarities I noticed two years ago. For this reason no figure
of the under side is given.

It appeared, therefore, that fourteen days was as effective in producing changes
as a longer period. In fact, the most decided change was found to have taken
place in the females which were exposed the shorter period. Also that cold, in
case of this Grapta, changed certain markings only, and that the females were
most susceptible to the influence.

In 1878, I had put chrysalids of Grapta Comma on ice at from ten minutes to
six hours after j^upation, some therefore being quite soft and none fully hard-
ened, and lost every one of them. This led me to expose the Interrogationls in
1879, at from six to twenty hours from pupation, after hardening had taken
place.

One object I had in view in these experiments was to learn whether exposing
the summer chrysalids would result in producing the winter form of the butter-
fly (Fabricii). But all were Umbrosa.

I should have continued these experiments in subsequent years, but at Coal-
burgh we rarely have ice.

GRAPTA I.

GRAPTA COMMA.

Orapta Comma, Ilarria.

Form Hakuisii, Edw., Can. Ent., V, p. 184. 1873 ; Comma, Edw., But. N. A., I, 101, pi. 36. 1871 ;

id., Can. Ent, XIV, p. 180. 1882; Fernald, But. Maine, p. 52. 1884 ; Frencli, But. Eastern U. S.,

p. 185. 1886 ; Scudder, But. N. E., I, p. 332. 1889.
Form Dryas, Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, III, p. 17. 1870 ; id.. But. N. A., I, p. 101), pi. 37. 1871-

Scudder, 1. c. 1889.

The stages of this species also were imperfectly described in volume I.

Egg. — Conoidal, tlie base flattened and rounded ; marked by from eight to
eleven thin vertical ribs, which near the base are low, but from about the middle
begin to rise, increasing gradually, and terminate about the rim of the summit
with an incurved slope; these have their sides grooved as in Interrogationls ;
the micropyle in centre of a rosette of minute five-sided cells, about which are
two or three rings of larger cells ; color pale green. (Fig. c.) Duration of this
stage, at Coalburgh, W. Va., five days in April, four in July.

Young Larva. — Length, 12 hours from egg, .08 inch ; in shape and clothing
in all respects like Interrogationls, as before described ; color whitish-green ; feet
and legs green; head rounded, the top depressed slightly; color dai-k brown.
(Fig. d.) Duration of this stage, four days in April, two days in July.

After 1st moult : Length .13 inch ; color either brown-black, or black with
whitish lines at the junction of the segments ; the spines short, stout, black, and
set with short divergent bristles ; in the individuals which have white lines, on
segments 4, 6, 8, 10, the spines spring from whitish tubercles, on the other seg-
ments from black ; in the black examples all tubercles are black ; on 2 are
four small spines in cross row on the chitinous band ; a row of small spines over
legs and feet ; feet black, pro-legs olivaceous ; head round, depressed at top, the
vertices a little produced, each bearing a short, thick process with short spines
at top ; color of head and processes dark brown ; many black hairs over face

GRAPTA I.

springing from black tubercles. Duration of tliis stage, three days in April, two
in Au2;ust.

After 2d moult : Length .3 to .33 inch ; same shape ; color dark olive-brown
or black-brown or reddish-brown, individuals varying; the spines longer, and at
one third from the top give off branches ; the posterior end of each segment
after 2 crossed by two or three fine white lines ; in front of the medio-dorsal
row of spines are two oblique divergent whitish bars, and one such bar from base
of each spine in first lateral row on outer side ; the spines vary largely in color,
some larvae having all the spines black, some have the dorsal and first lateral
rows on 5th, 7th, 9th segments white, the rest black ; some have white from
4 to 11 ; some have white on 9 only; on 2 a collar of black simple spines ; head
broader than high, the top rather square, not much depressed, the processes
larger, but similar to preceding stage, crowned with six points, one in middle,
the rest about it ; surface glossy black, with many simple spines, of diiferent
sizes, usually all black, but some examples show a few white among the black ;
each with long hair. To next moult, in May three days, in August two days or
somewhat less.

After 3d moult : Length .38 to .4 inch ; color black, crossed on the posterior
end of each segment with two or three lines or stripes of white, sometimes more
or less macular and varying much in width ; the oblique marks on dorsum as
before, more conspicuous ; a yellow band runs along base in line with lower
lateral spines, and the posterior part of each segment above this band show^s an
oblique bar, and some white spots and points ; the spines as before ; the medio-
dorsal row always white ; those of first lateral row usually white, but sometimes
on 3 are black, or partly black ; some examples have the second lateral row
wholly black, others white, or some of the last spines are parti-colored ; head as
before, the white spines predominating largely. To next moult, in May three
days, in August two days or somewhat less.

After 4th moult : Length .8 inch ; in three days reaches maturity.

Mature Larva. — Length 1 inch ; cylindrical, stout ; the color varies much,
some examples being cream-white, some greenish-white, with almost no mark-
ings, or the markings are obsolescent ; others are velvet-black, the dorsum
crossed by white stripes on the posterior edges of the segments, with two white
divergent bars meeting at a small angle in front of each dorsal spine and run-
ning to the anterior edge of the segment, and with a similar oblique bar from
each spine of the first lateral row on the lower side of it ; along base is a raised

GRAPTA I.

yellow ridge, and from this up to second laterals the ground is crossed by abbre-
viated white stripes or patches, particularly on the last half of the segments ;
above this the side is black ; but individuals vary in the extent of this black
area, and sometimes the same area is vinous-red ; the spiracles black in broad
white rings; at the bases of the second laterals, from 9 to 11 or 7 to 11, is
usually a fulvous or orange patch, varying in extent ; tlie spines long, tapering,
each with from three to five spiuules a little below the summit and one which is
the prolongation of the spine itself; those of the dorsal and upper lateral i-ow
are largest and longest, each with five spinules, besides one or two lower down,
and some very small ones nearer base ; those of second lateral row are of medium
leno-th, with four branches ; and those of the lower row are shortest and have
three and four branches ; in the green and white varieties all the spines and
branches are whitish or yellow, in the black, the spines are yellow, mostly black-
tipped, but those of first lateral row are sometimes black to their bases, those of
second row sometimes wholly, sometimes but partly black ; 2 has a collar of six
simple spines, and two others are on each side ; under side either greenlsli or
brown-yellow ; head rather square, higher than broad, with high vertices ; in
tlie light examples the color of head is dull pink, in the dark ones black, shining,
sometimes with a forked whitish stripe down front ; on each vertex a short, stout
process, cylindrical, compressed in the middle, broad at the top, crowned by five
equal, blunt-tipped spines around a sixth in the middle ; each with hair ; these
processes are black in the black larvas, and in the light ones either red or red
with black tops ; face and whole head thickly covered with simple white spines of
variable length, all white, except that sometimes there are one or tAvo of the
longer ones on^ side face below the vertex which are black, or black and white ;
along back of head and down the sides is a row of these spines close set. From
fourth moult to pupation five days.

Chrysalis. — Length .8 to .9 inch ; greatest breadth .24 to .26 inch ; cylin-
drical ; head case high, compressed transversely ; at each vertex a long, conical
process; the mesonotum elevated, the carina very prominent, thin, nose-like,
followed by a deep excavation ; wing cases raised, flaring at base, compressed in
middle, with a point on the margin ; on the abdomen three rows of tubercles,
those corresponding to the doi'sal row of the larva small, to the first laterals
large and conical, the pair in the middle of the series particularly prominent, and
those in the excavation silvered, gilded, or bronzed, varying ; color variable,
many examples being dark brown, with lighter or with yellow-brown, and much
reticulated with dark lines ; others are dead-leaf brown ; others are light, up to
dead-white, shaded slightly with yellow-brown, with a bronze lustre over the wing
cases and anterior dorsal parts. Duration of this stage about seven days.

GRAPTA I.

The two forms of this species were figured and described in Volume I as
distinct. In Canadian Entomologist, V, p. 184, 1873, I gave the result of
breeding larva? from eggs laid by a female Dry as, at Coalburgh, the same year.
Among the imagos both Comma and Drt/as appeared, and seasonal dimorphism
was established. In Vol. VI, p. 157, 1874, I showed that eggs laid by Comma,
later called form Harrisii, produced Dryas. So that either form produced both
forms. In Vol. X, p. 69, 1878, 1 gave a statement of all observations to date, and
said that at Coalburgh there were three broods of the butterfly annually, and
the individuals of the third hibernated. That the hibernating females deposited
their eggs last of April or early in May, and the first brood of the butterflies
came from chrysalis about 1st June ; but should the weather be cold during
May, then from middle to last of Jime. That the second laying of eggs took
place in July, between loth and 30th, and the butterflies from these appeared
last of August or early in September. That the third laying of eggs occurred
in September, and the butterflies from them came out in October. That, so far
as appeared from breeding, or from observations in the field running through
many years, the last laying of eggs produced Harrisii only, and that the series
l)egan in the spring with eggs laid by females of that form exclusively. That
the result of the eggs laid by these hibernating Harrisii had in all cases been
Dryas, with a single exception, when a male Harrisii appeared. That the next
brood of the season, the eggs having been laid by Dryas, had sometimes con-
sisted wholly of Dryas, but in others of both forms, Harrisii considerably out-
numbering Dryas. That the third brood, eggs laid by Dryas, had given Harrisii
only and closed the season.

In same magazine, XIV, p. 189, 1882, I brought the history down to date.
It appeared that in different years there Avas variation of at least a month in the
laying of eggs by the hibernating females, depending largely on the state of
the weather, and consequently nearly or quite a month's difference in the ap-
pearance of the first brood of the butterflies of the year.

I now bring together all these observations, with others to end of 1887.

First Brood : Eggs laid by Harrisii.

1869, 18th June, from chrysalis came 1 J Harrisii.

1871. Between 10th and 18th May, found larvce. Result, from 20th May to
2d June, 7 Dryas.

1873, 20th May, found larvfe. Result, about 20th June, 4 Dryas.

1874, 10th May, obtained eggs from female in confinement. Result, about
27th June, 34 Dryas.

GRAPTA I.

1875, 14th May, obtained eggs as last described. Result, about 18th June,
19 Dry as.

1882, 17th April, obtained eggs, etc. Result, about 22d May, 12 Dryas.
1886, 16th May, found larvae. Result, 1st June, 2 Dryas.
That is, 78 Dryas to 1 Hakrisii.
Second Brood : Eggs laid by Dryas.

1870, July, found larvte. Result, 2 Dryas.

1873, 30th July, obtained eggs from female in confinement. Result, about 1st
September, 6 Dryas, about 50 Harrisii.

1876, 29th July, obtained eggs, etc. Result, about 14th August, 5 Dryas.
1886, 25th July, came from chrysalis, from found larva?, 2 Harrisii, 1 Dryas.
That is, 14 Dryas, 52 Harrisii.

Third Brood : Eggs may have been laid by either form.

1870, last of September, found 70 larvae. Result, in October, all Harrisii.

The butterflies of the first brood then have come from chrysalis from 20th
May to 18th June, in different years. Of the second brood, from 25th July to
2d September ; of the third, about middle of October.

The caterpillars vary much, as shown on the Plates in Volume I, some being
very black at maturity, others greenish-white. But the color does not indicate
the form of the imago. From one lot of larvte in June came 19 Dryas, though
eleven of the larva? were black, eight white.

Comparing the behavior of the species with what is in New England ; accord-
ing to Mr. Scudder, the first brood comes from chrysalis at the end of June and
to middle of July, the second from about 25th August to last of September.
This may be regarded as the history in northern New England. In the Catskills
of New York, at Hunter, elevation about 2000 feet, I have found two broods,
from about 20th August, all the individuals seen being Harrisii, in midsummer
Dryas. In the lowlands of New York, I think there are three broods, but no
one seems to have carefully observed about this. Mr. Lintner, at Schoharie, took
both forms 24th July, wdien, if there were but two annual broods, only Dryas
should have been flying.

The winter form Harrisii is found as far to the north as Fort Simpson, Mac-
kenzie River, whence I formerly received several examples (as stated in Vol. I),
in a large collection of butterflies made during one or two seasons by Mrs. Ross.
As no Dryas appeared, it is to be presumed that this form did not fly there, and
that the species was one-brooded only. And, according to Mr. James Fletcher,
the recent collections made under the auspices of the Canadian Government

GRAPTA I.

oive evidence in the same direction.^ It appears also that in Maine, at least in
the interior and beyond, only Ilarrtsu is fonnd. Professor Brami tells me that
neither he nor any collector known to him in the vicinity of Bangor has ever
taken or seen Dryas, though Harrisii is not uncommon. And he did not rec-
ognize examples of Dryan which I sent him. Professor Fernald, in his Butter-
flies of Maine, speaks of the species as two-brooded, but he writes that he is not
now certain of that, and has himself never known a Dryas to have been taken
in Maine.

In Vol. I, I gave the food plants as Hop, Nettle, and false Nettle (Boehraeria).
To this I add Elm and cultivated Gooseberry, on which last plant I saw a female
lay an egg, 14th April, 1886. According to Mr. Scudder, Professor Packard also
gives Currant and Bassvvood (Tilia). But at Coalburgh the eggs are almost
always laid on Flop and Boehmeria, and either singly or in small clusters, more
or less of them in strings of from two to half a dozen or more (on one occasion,
a female confined in a bag over Hop laid forty-eight eggs, nearly all in strings,
one of nine, two of eight, one of seven, and others of less number), standing at
right anQ;les to the surface of the leaf. The under side of the terminal, tender
leaves is selected, but on Hop, the stem also. The newly hatched larva eats a
hole in the substance of the leaf, and during the first stage feeds about this. For
the first two stages it is exposed just as the larva of Inter rogationls is, but at the
second moult behaves differently from that species, which makes no shelter for
itself at any time. In August, 1882, I watched three larvtB of Comma to learn
at exactly what stage they began to protect themselves, placing them as soon as
hatched on a plant of Boehmeria set in flower-pot and in my room. Very shortly
after the second moult they had got to the bases of the third pair of leaves from
the top, two on one leaf, one on the other, and were engaged in drawing the
edges of the leaves, next base, down with silk spun. To effect this, they had
bitten off the principal rib on either side the mid-rib, very near the edge of the
leaf, and had also cut across to the edge. This leaf naturally curves the other
way, so that the caterpillars were working at a disadvantage on the convex
side. But notwithstanding this, they had, in course of an hour, bent down the
edges and bound them together for one half inch from base. Next morning all

1 Mr. Scuddur, But. N. E. p. 338, makes this re- received a few butterflies from Rupert House, three or

mark respecting the occurrence of Comma on Mac- four Machaon-AUaska, and one Chionobas Calais, car-

kenzie River : " In the north, Eilwards records it from ried overland by Mr. Drexler in his note-book, and

Fort Simpson, IMackonzie River, which is too far in from no other quarter in northern British America,

advance of its ordinary range to be probable ; as he The Comma came from Mackenzie River. Mr. Bernard

had butterflies from the fort of the same name on C. Ross afterwards told me, when in New York, that

Albany River, and JennerWeir reports it from Moose the summer at Fort Simpson was hot, even if short.

Factory near there, the more southern fort is the prob- and that melons had ripened within the walls of the

able locality meant." To this I would say that I once fort.

GRAPTA I.

were resting under their completed awnings, two under one, as at first, and had
fed off the tip end of the leaf. I had to transfer them to a larger plant, and the
next day found two under one leaf, which had been brought together during the
night. The third larva was on the upper side of its leaf and had closed that
next base. Later, this larva had drawn down the top of the plant and was con-
cealed very much after the manner of the larva of P. Atalanta, which uses this
same plant. Here it passed the fourth moult. By which it appears that these
larvJB can adapt themselves to circumstances. I noticed that at the older stages
the ribs were not bitten, nor were the edges of the leaf cut, the larva being able
to draw down the edges and sides without that aid. When lying under the
shelter they are at the inmost part, and are curled up much like figure 6. I
have occasionally found two larva3 under one tent on Hop. So far as I know,
pupation does not take place under the tent, but the larva seeks a suitable and
protected place at a distance.

The nearest ally of Comma is G. Satyrus, figured with its larva in Vol. I,
pi. 40, a species common in the Pacific States to the Rocky Mountains, and
which has occasionally been taken as far to the east as Montreal, Canada. An ex-
ample has also been taken in the Adirondacks of New York, by Mr. W. W. Hill.
I received a large number of chrysalids of Satyrus, perhaps fifty, from Mr. H. K.
Morrison, sent from Olympia, W. T., and not one gave imago. Each was filled
with multitudes of dipterous larvJB. If this pest is found elsewhere as at
Olympia, it would seem that the Grapta has a severe struggle for existence.
Satyrus, like Comma, is seasonally as well as sexually dimorphic, the second
form being Marsyas, figured in Vol. H, pi. 34. The larva? much resemble those
of Comma and protect themselves in precisely the same manner. These are the
only American species of the genus known to have this peculiar habit.

I placed twenty-six chrysalids of Comma, at from ten minutes to six hours
from pupation, on ice, and kept them at a low temperature for eighteen and
twenty days. All were killed, and since then, for want of ice, I have been
unable to repeat the experiment. Perhaps better results would have been
obtained had the pupae been from twelve to twenty-four hours old.

THE BUTTERFLIES

OF THE

EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

With Special Reference to New England.
By SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

HO\Ki ISSUING IN MONTHLY PARTS. BEGINNING NOVEMBER. 1888.

To be completed in Twelve Parts, each containing eight plates (plain and
colored) and about 144 pages of text.

Subscription price, Five Dollars per Part, payable vn issue.

Address

SAMUEL H. SCUDDER,

Cambridge, Mass.

Part VIII. is published in part by a grant from the Elizabeth Thompson

Science Fund.

W. H. EDWARDS.

COALBURGH, W. Va., / Jiiiic, i88g.

THE

Butterflies

or

North America

WITH

COLORED DRAWINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS

BY

W: H. EDWARDS

THIRD SERIES. -PART IX.

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

^]^e JSibemnc pxm, CambriDge

LONDON: TRUBNER & CO.
1890

Copyright, 1890, by W. H. Edwards
AU rights reserved

The RiTeisicle Press, Cambiidg-e, Massachusetts, U. S. A.
Printed by H. 0. Houghton and Conniany.

':a^KrFf]i

w.

\

M

NEVADENSIS 1 2 9, HALCYONE 3 4 9.
APHRODITE .

£i7q magnified

(I a •

h -f/. i.afva , t/ie aiih/ ■ilin/f.-:
h Chfif.sab-s

ARGYNNIS V.

ARGYNNIS NEVADENSIS, 1, 2.

Argtjnnis Necadensis, Edwards, $ (not 9 ), But. N. A., Vol. I, p. 93, pi. 33. 1871 ; Geddes, Can. Ent., Vol.

XIX, p. -l-i-l. 1887.

Female. — Expiiiids from 2.2 to about 2.6 inches.

Upper side pale yellow -fulvoiLs, often very light; the submarginal spots
paler than the ground, as are often the spots on secondaries which correspond
to the second silvered row beneath.

Under side of primaries as in the male, but often quite red at base and along
inner margin ; the apical area and hind margin, and all of secondaries, mottled
with pale olive - green on yellow ground ; the silver spots large. (Figs. 1, 2.)

At the time the Plate in Volume I was published, 1871, scarcely anything
was known of this species, beyond the fact that Mr. Henry Edwards had taken
a few examples in Nevada, about Virginia City and Lake Washoe. The female
figured was sent by him as belonging to the male, but was afterwards found to
be of A. Coronls, which is ilhistrated in both sexes in the present Volume.

Nevadensis proves to be a widespread species. Mr. H. K. Morri.son brought
great numbers of it from Nevada, Wyoming, and Montana ; I received ex-
amples from the boundary line, Montana, by Dr. Coues ; also from Douglass
County, Washington, and from Utah ; and Captain Gamble Geddes also reports
it at Calgarry, N. W. Territory.

ARGYNNIS y.

ARGYNNIS HALCYONE, 3, 4.

Argynnh Halcijone, Edwards, ^, But. N. A., Vol. I, p. 83, pi. 28. 1869.

Female. — Expands from 3 to o.25 inches.

Closely like the male in color and markings, as described ; but some examples
are of a deep brown-red. The silver spots are large. Those of the second row
round or broad oval mostly. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Halcvone was described twenty years ago from two examples of the male
sent me by the late B. D. Walsh, which had been taken somewhere in Colorado
by Dr. Velie. It was many years before I saw another, on Mr. Morrison's return
from a collecting trip in southern Colorado. From him I had a few specimens,
mostly females. Some years a2;o, Mr. E. A. Dodo;e sent me a mtile taken in
the same State, but with no note of locality. And in 1886, Mr. David Bruce
sent a male from Golden. The species is still a very rare one in collections, but
I think somcwiiere in the south or southwest of Colorado and the adjacent parts
of Utah and Arizona it will some day be found in abundance.

ARGYNNIS V.

ARGYNNIS APHRODITE, a-h.

Argijnnis Aphrodite, Fabricius ; Edwards, But. N. A., Vol. I, p. 71, pi. 22. ISCS; id., Can. Ent, Vol. VI.
p. 121. 1874 ; Fernald, But. Maine, p. 39. 1884 ; French, But. East. U. .S., p. 157. 1886 ; Seud<ler, Bui.
N. E., p. 563, pi. 4, figs. 1, 2. 1889.

Both sexes of Aphrodite are figured in Volume I. The preparatory stages
have never been described or figured, with the exception of tlie egg, young larva
and chrysalis, in But. N. E. 1 now give the complete history.

Egg. — Conoidal, truncated and depressed at top ; in general like Cyhelc, but
narrower at base, or higher in proportion to the width ; marked by about
eighteen prominent, vertical, slightly wavy ribs, part of which extend from base
to summit and form about the latter a serrated rim, the others ending irregu-
larl}- at three fourths or more the distance from base ; the rounded spaces
between the ribs crossed by nearly equi-distant fine ridges ; micropyle in the
centre of seven minute five-sided cells, about which are two or three rows of
larger cells, irregular, but mostly five-sided. (Figs, a, a".) Duration of this stage
15 to 22 days.

Young Larva. — Length, at twelve hours from the evg, .06 inch ; cylindri-
cal, somewhat stoutest in middle ; color dull green, semi-translucent; marked by
eight longitudinal rows of dark, sub-triangular, flat, tuberculous spots, three of
which are above the spiracles on either side and one below ; these bear small
tubercles, in the upper or dorsal row two, in the next two rows one, in the
lowest row four, each giving out a long, tapering, clubbed hair ; on front of 2
is a large dorsal spot, sometimes divided into two, bearing three tubercles on
either side the mid-dorsal line ; on the two following segments the three spots
are nearly in vertical row; on 5 to 1-3 those of upper row are near the fronts of
the segments, of the next row to the rear, of the third row a little in front of
the middle ; color yellow-green ; under side, feet and legs, more green ; head a
little broader than 2, rounded, flattened frontally, a little bilobed, with many long

ARGYNNIS V.

hairs; color black-brown. (Figs, b, b'.) The larva hibernates at this stage,
direct from the egg.

After first moult : length, at twelve hours, .14 inch; shape of Cyhele ; color
gray-green, mottled with olive-green and brown ; spines as in the genus, black
from greenish bases, each ending in a short black spinule, and with several others
about the sides ; under side more green ; feet black, pro-legs brown-green ; head
sub-cordate, the vertices rounded ; at top of each, to the front, a little conical
process ; furnished with many black hairs ; color shining black-brown, (i'ig. c.)
To next moult seven to ten days.

After second moult : length, at twelve hours, .2 inch, color dark greenish-
brown, mottled in shades ; the spines black, and also the bases, except that the
upper row have a little yellow on the outer side, the lower row, and those of
middle row on 3 and 4, a little yellow all round ; under side brown-green ; head
shaped as before, shining black. (Fig- d.) Duration of this stage five to eight
days.

After third moult : length, .36 inch ; color dark brown, the spines black; those
of lower row and the anterior two of middle row, dull reddish-yellow at base, the
rest of both rows very slightly tinted same ; head as at previous stage, black,
with many long hairs. (Fig. e.) To next moult six or seven days.

After fourth moult: length, .55 inch; color dull black; all spines black, the
lower row dull yellow at base ; head as before, but dull black over front, reddish-
yellow behind. (Fig. /.) To next moult about six days.

After fifth moult : length one inch. Reached maturity in about seven days.

Mature Larva. — Length, at rest, 1.6 inch, in motion, 1.9 inch; cylindrical,
slenderer than Ci/bele, somewhat thickest in middle segments, each segment well
rounded ; color blackish-brown, -with a velvet black patch about base of each spine,
making six longitudinal macular velvety bands ; the spines of dorsal rows on
2 no longer than others, a little turned forward ; all spines .slender, beset with
black bristles ; the bases of lower row dull reddish-yellow, the others black, but
those on anterior segments greenish; under side dark brown; feet black, pro-legs
brown ; head small, as broail as high ; svd)-cordate, the front flattened, the back
much rounded, the vertices sub-conic, each on its anterior side bearing a small
conical process ; the face much covered with black hairs of irregular lengths ;

ARGYNNIS V.

color of front dull black, of back reddish-yellow. (Fig. g.) In five or .six days
from maturity the larva suspends, and in from tliirty-six to sixty hours pupates.
Time from fifth moult to pupation twelve to fourteen days.

Chrysalis. — Length one inch, breadth at wing cases .35, at abdomen .32
inch; greatest depth .4 inch ; cyliiKh-ical, a little compressed laterally; shape of
Cyhele, rather more slender, the head case a little narrower; head case, and
antenn.'B and tongue cases, shining brown-black, the first of these a little mottled
with brown-yellow ; the wing cases light yellow-brown, crossed by very many
fine dark brown streaks, and with a patch of same color near shoulder, another
on disk, and a large, broad patch near to and along hind margin ; abdomen gray
and brown in transverse bands ; on dorsiun the gray area is serrated, the points
reaching the front of each segment ; on sides and beneath the brown and gray
areas are about equal, the gray in rear. (Fig. h.) Duration of this stage seven-
teen to twenty clays.

Another chrysalis was olive-brown, the anterior parts much covered with dark
brown dashes; the wing ca.ses pink-tinted, and dark next hind margin, the whole
finely reticulated with dark brown streaks; the anterior part of each abdominal
segment black, in a cross band, the posterior edges irregular, rather erose than
serrated.

In the text to Argynnis Diana, Vol. II, p. 147, 1876, I gave a general account
of raising Iarva3 of Aphrodite. I have since then several times bred the species
from eggs obtained at Coalburgh, W. Va., carrying the larvae through the winter
in a refrigerating house. In all cases they went into lethargy direct from the
egg-
In 1888, 1 obtained eggs from a female confined over violet, on 23d September.
These hatched 15th October, and the larvas were sent to Clifton Springs, New
York, whence I received two survivors, 16th April, 1889. These were placed at
once on a plant, set in flower-pot, and covered by a muslin bag. One was seen
no more, but the other fed and passed its first moult 24th April; the second,
1st May; the third on 6th, the fourth on 12th, the fifth on 18th; suspended
30th, and pupated 2d June. The im.ago came forth 19th June, a female, after
seventeen days in pupa. The only peculiarity I noticed in this larva was, that
when about to pupate, it made for itself a tent of the leaves of the plant by
weaving them loosely together, so low down that when in suspension it would
nearly touch the ground. Not knowing what was going on, I pulled one leaf
off and the larva fell. The same afternoon it had fixed itself under another leaf,

ARGYNNIS V.

five inches above ground, .and with no attempt to bring other leaves about it.
There it pupated. It may be that tlie making of a tent for pupation is the usual
habit of the species in natural state, and it may also be a habit of the genus.
But in confinement I have not before observed it in any species. Usually my
Argynnis larva? have suspended from the sides or top of the bag.

Since the Plate of this species was given in Vol. I, 1868, much has been
learned of its distribution. It is not common in the Kanawha Valley, West Vir-
ginia, where Cijhele is abundant. I never have seen it in June, when many
Cyhele are flying, but every year I see a few examples in September. To the
eastward of my home, some fifty miles, among the mountains, elevation 2000
feet and more, I have reason to think it is couimon enough, and perhaps re-
places Ctjhele ; for some years ago. Professor Julius E. Meyer brought several
Aphrodite and no Cijhele from a day's collecting in Fayette County. Probably it
is found in the mountains all the way to southern North Carolina. Mr. E. M.
Aaron has taken it at Asheville, and has received it fi-om Macon County, in same
State. He has taken it, he tells me, in various parts of middle and eastern
Tennessee, and knows of its having; been taken in northern Alabama. How far
to the westward it flies is uncertain, because it has been confounded by myself,
Mr. T. L. Mead, and others, with Arg. Cijiris, Edw., a nearly allied species that
abounds in the Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Arizona, through Colo-
rado and Montana into British America ; and with another, A. Alcestis, Edw.,
which inhabits Illinois and beyond, to Nebraska. It tiierefore happens, from the
confusing three species together, tliat the western limits of Aphrodite are as
yet undetermined. In Papilio, Vol. Ill, p. 161, 1883, I gave Judith Mountains,
Montana, as a locality, but I had Cipris in view. So I think it possible that
Ciprls was tlie species taken by Captain Geddes, at Edmonton, Alberta, and
by Professor Dawson, at Woody Mount, Assiniboia. Aphrodite is stated by Mr.
Scudder to be common in parts of Ontario, and in Quebec, along the lower
St. Lawrence ; also in Nova Scotia ; but is wholly absent from the White
Mountain region of New Hampshire, being replaced there by Argynnis Atlantis.

2.

PEGALA 12cf, 349, 5 9 VAR.
A L O P E VAR 6 7 o', 8 9 .

SATYRUS I.

SATYRUS PEGALA, 1-5: 8.

Sa/i/rtis Pegala (pe-ga'l.i), Fabi-ic-ius, Syst. Ent., p. 494. 1775. Eilwanls, Proc. Ent. Soc, Phil., Vol. VI,

p. 195. 1866; id., Can. Ent, Vol. XI r, p. 5. 1880.
Alnpc.J var., Boisduval and Li'conlu, Lcp. (li> rAiniT., pi. 228, p. 59. 1833.
Form Pic(;.\lk, J. H. Smith, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, Vol. VI, p. 128. 1884.

Male. — ExpancLs from 2.4 to nearly 3 inches.

Upper side dark brown ; hind margins bordered by two fine darker parallel
lines, a little within wliich is a stripe of same color ; primaries have an extra-
discal deep ochre-yellow transverse band, broadest anteriorly, incised on basal
side at the npper median nervule ; on this is a single black ocellns, lying across
the discoidal interspaces, with a small central cluster of blue scales, a few of
which are often replaced hy white ; occasionally there is a black dot, or even a
small blind spot, suggesting a second ocellus, in middle of second median inter-
space.

Secondaries have a black ocellus on second median interspace, in yellow ring,
with small white, or blue and white, pupil ; fringes of both wings concolored.

Under side yellow-brown, with a gray tint, most decided on apical area of
primaries and beyond disk of secondaries; the i)and repeated, paler; the ocellus
repeated, a little enlarged, the cluster of scales enlarged, often elongated into a
blue nebulous streak, having, in the end toward base, a solid nucleus of white ;
the marginal lines and stripe conspicuous ; the brown area covered densely with
abbreviated dark streaks, Avhich over bases and disks form somewhat concentric
broken rings, limited without by a common dark stripe; this on primaries edges
the band, on secondaries is irregularly sinuous, throwing out a rounded projec-
tion against cell, followed by a rounded sinus on second median interspace ; the
ocelli are si.v. in two groups of three, each on a patch of clear dark brown, one
across the lower subcostal and discoidal interspaces, the other across the median;
these are either round or oval, individuals varying, the middle one of each group

SATYRUS I.

largest ; each in yellow ring, and with blue or blue and white pupils, the clusters
varying sometimes as described on primaries.

Body concolored with wings; logs and palpi dark brown; antennce brown,
finely annulated with white; club ferruginous. (Figs. 1, 2.)

Female. — Expands about three inches.

Upper side color of male; the baud broader; the ocellus sometimes large,
with large central cluster; some examples have an additional spot, like some
males, and occasionally there is a second ocellus quite as large as the first, and
as conspicuously pupilled. Under side more gray, sometimes very light on sec-
ondaries ; there is also a trace of a brown stripe on same wings near base, par-
ticularly across cell. (Figs. 3, 4, vars. 5, 8.')

This species varies in respect to the ocelli of both surfaces. In my paper
referred to, in the Canadian Entomologist, I stated that I had before me twenty-
nine examples, being all I had in my own collection, or could borrow from cor-
respondents. Of these, twenty-one were males, eight females. Of the males,
fourteen had one ocellus on fore wing, two had an ocellus and a small black
spot, six had the ocellus and a mere point. Beneath, seventeen had six ocelli on
hind wing, three had five, and one had five on one wing and six on the other.
All had the ocellus on upper side of hind wing.

Of the females, five had one ocellus only ; one had one and a small spot, while
two, one of which is figured on the Plate (5), had two large, equal, and conspic-
uou.sly pupilled ocelli. On under side, six had six ocelli, one had five, and
one had five on one wing and six on the other. " The uniformity of these char-
acters — the ocellus at inner angle always present, and the number of small
ocelli, which are scarcely ever less than six and never less than five — in so
many examples brought from various quarters, contrasts strikingly with the
great variability of Alope and Neplide in the same points " (p. 54).

One of the two-eyed examples seems to have been figured hy Boisduval and
Leconte, after Abbot, for Alope. Dr. Boisduval says in the text that lie regards
Pegala as a one-eyed variety of Alope. In my copy of the work, the larva is
represented as having the dorsum green, the side white, divided longitudinally
by a narrow gray band. This white may hnve originally been colored yellow,
as Mr. Smith says his copy of the book shows ^yellow, with green over the gray
band. But all this is quite unlike Alope, and its co-form Nep)liele, as may be

' Fig. 8, on the Plate, represents a fo;e wing of Pegala, variet}-, from Florida, and the reading at bottom is
incorrect.

SATYRUS r.

seen on referring to Volume II, Plate 41, Fig. h. The whole surface here is
green, except a narrow stripe of yellow along base, and a subdorsal faint yellow
line. The larva of Alope, form Oli/nijnis, Plate 42, Fig. a, is green, but has the
subdorsal line developed into a stripe as conspicuous as the basal. The chrysalis
of Boisduval's plate has two ocellar prominences, much as in Neonvmpha
Gemma, while the head case of Alojje is truncated and rounded, with no pro-
jections.

I have tried in vain for years to obtain eggs of Pcyafa, in order to become
acquainted with all the preparatory stages. Until we know to the contrar}^, 1
suppose the coloring of the larva and the shape of the chrysalis, as given by
Abbot, must be regarded as correct. Though I only know of these by Bois-
duval's figures spoken of.

I was informed by that veteran lepidopterist, the late Mr. James Ridings of
Philadelphia, who collected one season in Georgia, after I became acquainted
with him, that, in its habits, Pecjalu differed considerably from Aloj)e, flying in
the pine forests and alighting on the bark of trees. When disturbed, it would
fly about for a whUe, and eventually I'eturn to the same spot. It seemed to him
to resemble Debis Poiilandia in habits rather than Alope.

Mr. William H. Ashmead, when a resident of Jacksonville, Florida, wrote me :
" Pegala is quite common in hummocks, along fences, and in the outskirts of
forest, from about the middle of July to October. When chased they fly high
and alight on the side of a tree, and are seldom seen in open fields." (Alope and
Nephele fly slowly and low, and I have never heard of their alighting on trees.)
Dr. A. W. Chapman wrote from Appalachicola : •' Perjala is or was common in
the open pine woods back of this city. It seemed to like a hot, sandy exposure,
but I never saw one in my garden or in the fields. They always alight on the
naked bodies of the pines, with head up, down, or sideways."

This species seems to be very nearly restricted to the southern part of the
Gulf States. It has been taken in a single instance by Mr. T. L. Mead, in middle
Florida, at Oviedo, Orange County. He sent me a male caught in his peach
orchard, the present j'ear (1889); and writes as follows : " The only examples
seen were the one sent you and one other. I saw them in the orchard on the
fallen fruit. When disturbed, and at other times, they hid in the den.se foliage of
the orange trees. In company with them were some Limenitis Eros and an
Apatura." So far as I know, Per/ala has not before been taken much to the
south of Jacksonville. How far to the northward, along the coast, it flies, I am
not advised. I formeidy received examples from St. Simon's Island, Georgia.

What I spoke of as " a diminutive Pegala (as if from a starved caterpillar) "
in Can. Ent. XII, 52, sent me by Professor Lewis R. Gibbes, of Charleston, S.

SATYRUS I.

Carolina, I now believe to have been a variety of Alope. Rev. Dr. John G.
Morri.s told nie, in 1880, tliat he had never known Pegala to have been taken
along tlie coast of Virginia or Maryland. At the same time, Professor C. V. Eiley
made inquiries of lepidopterists in Washington, and all agreed that the species
was unknown there. A similar inquiry made the present season received a
similar reply. I could not hear that it was found in middle and northern
Georgia or in north Mississippi, on corresponding with collectors. And the late
Messrs. Boll and Belfrage, long resident in Texas, and professional collectors,
could give me no information about Pe<jala, though Mr. Belfrage said that Alope
was common where he lived, in Bosque County. Mr. Heiligbi'odt, at Bastrop,
said that, at times, Alope had been common, but he did not know Pegala. But,
on the other hand, Mr. Otto Meske, of Albany, N. Y., wrote that, in 1876, he
received a single Pegala from Bastrop, the only one he ever saw from Texas.
This may have been a one-eyed Alope, for occasionally an Alo2)e with but one
ocellus is taken in the Northern States.

But, on the other hand, Mr. William H. Ashmead writes me that he saw two
examples of Pegala, the present season, at Alum Springs, Rockbridge County,
Virginia, " one of which aliyhted on the side of an oak tree not four feet from
me, and I had a most excellent opportunity for seeing it. It astonished me to
see this species so far north, and I pointed it out to my little daughter, who
was walking with me at the time, and said : ' See, there is a beautiful butterfly,
like what we have in Florida.' " The locality is about 150 miles southwest of
Washington, among the mountains. It is almost impossible to get information
about butterflies, at the present day, in any of the Southern States, except
Florida and Texas. Fifteen and even ten years ago, there were several persons,
in different States, to whom I could apply for information. Now I do not know
of one. The late H. K. Morrison lived among the mountains of North Carolina,
and year after year made collections of butterflies for sale, but I have never
heard that he took Pegala anywhere, certainly, in his own State. I have no
idea that this species is found from Alum Springs .southward, or that its presence
in the locality mentioned is other than accidental.

What, then, is the form which has been taken somewhat abundantly in certain
parts of New Jersey ; by Mr. E. M. Aaron, at Mt. Holly, in 1882, by Mr. J. B.
Smith, " in the pine barrens," 188.3, and by Dr. Henry Skinner, at Cape May,
1889? It is small (Figs. 6, 7), the size of Alope-3IarUhna, and looks like that
form. But many examples have but one ocellus ; others have one and a point in
place of the second. Dr. Skinner Avrites that there are all sorts of intergrades
up to undoubted Alop)e, and they fly together. He has sent me a male, on which
the band is yellow, not ochraceous. On fore wing there is a single ocellus, and on

SATYRUS I.

under side of hind wing there is also but a single ocellus. The absence of more
or less of these ocelli on hind wing is a peculiarity of Alope, but not of Pajala.
In the former, a large percentage of individuals have but one, two, and three
ocelli, and many indeed none at all. 1, regard these New Jer.sey examples as
strictly variations of Alope. If the whole group, in North America, has sprung
from Perjala, as I consider probable, these cases of single ocellus appearing at
the east, in the territory of Alope, or, at the west, in that of Arinne, are owing
to reversion. But I have sjaokeu of this matter at length in Volume II, and need
say no more here.

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EREBIA III.

EREBIA EPIPSODEA, 1-7.

Erebia Epipsodea, Butler, CataIo;;ue of SatyridiE of British Museum, p. SO, pi. 2, fig. 9. 1808 ; Mead, Re-
port Wheeler Expedition, Vol. V, p. 776. 1871.
IVimlia, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. Ill, p. 273. 1871.
Var. Brucei, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc, London, 1889, Part II, p. 326.

Male. — Expands 1.6 to 1.9 inch.

Upper side dark velvety-brown ; primaries have a submarginal patch of bright
red-fulvous, broad on the lower subcostal and discoidal, narrow on the median,
interspace.^, containing from two to four black ocelli, one being in each of the dis-
coidal interspaces, one in the second median, and if there be a fourth, it is in the
upper median ; the third and fourth, one or both, are usually mere dots ; some-
times the larger of these ocelli are pupilled with white, but often all are blind.

Secondaries have a submarginal row of fulvous patches, four or less, some-
times immaculate, at others with a central black dot in one or more of them;
but sometimes with pupilled ocelli as large as the lower one on primaries.
Frin2;es concolored.

Under side of primaries dark brown, often with a faint tint of fulvous over the
disk ; the patch repeated, the spots also, the upper pair, one or both, usually
enlarged.

Secondaries brown, with broad discal band of darker hue, the inner edge
of same irregularly sinuous, the outer sinuous, partly crenate ; the basal and
marginal areas paler, with a sprinkling of gray-white scales, as shown in the
figure of the female, 4 ; in many examples the entire wing is nearly of one
shade, and the markings are ob.solescent as in Fig. 2 ; the spots of upper side
repeated, each within a slight ring of fulvous.

Body brown-black; palpi same ; fore legs same, the others gray-buff; antennae
brown above, gray-white below ; club brown above and below, the sides and tip
fulvous. (Figs. 1, 2, 5.)

EREBIA III.

Female. — Expands 1.8 to 2 inches.

Similar to the male in color and markings, except that the ocelli are enlarged,
and are often very conspicuous (Fig. 5); the tint of fulvous of under side is
often a decided color ; occasional e.xamples show five ocelli on primaries, the
fifth being in submedian interspace ; in one under view, the upper pair and the
fourth spot are large, the third is small, and the fifth is of half the diameter of
the third, and all five have white pupils. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Var. Brucei. This differs from the type in having no ocelli on either wing ;
and the under side of secondaries of nearly uniform shade, with little or no trace
of a band. But in some examples which show no ocelli on upper side of pri-
maries, there are black points on one or both surfaces, in the disGoidal inter-
spaces. (Figs. 6, 7.)

Egg. — Sub-ovoidal, a little flattened at base, the top depressed and a little
convex; broadest just above base, narrowing towards summit; about one fifth
higher than broad ; marked by about thirty-five vertical, somewhat sinuous,
ridges, most of which extend from base to the rim of summit, but a few from
base one third to one half up, or from summit as far down, and join tlie main
ridges ; these are high, narrow at top and flattened or rounded, the sides sloping,
a little incurved, the bottom of the depression rounded ; the micropyle is in the
centre of a rosette of several concentric rinti's of minute cells ; color chalk-
white. (Figs, a, «-. ) Duration of this stage about twelve days. The egg resem-
bles that of McKjdalena in sculpture, but is less regularly ovoidal, and the base
is flattened.

Young Larva. — Length, at twenty-four hours from the egg, .11 inch; thick-
est anteriorly, tapering very gradually on back and sides to 7 or 8, then more
rapidly, the dorsum arching to 13, which ends bluntly, without tails; furnislied

with three rows of blackish, sub-conical
tubercles, each of which gives a white
process ; these rows are dorsal, sub-
dorsal, and lateral ; on 2 tliere is an ad-
ditional tubercle back of and between
'i^\\ ^jj^-j^- '^'■\l-'\'^'\l^^y^V<h:^c:__ those of two upper rows, and another a
p-^*! J-ri^>i-J-l-J-4".|r^^i^ little below and behind the lateral; and

there are two in front, in vertical line,
a little above the spiracle ; on 3 and 4
the three tubercles are nearly in vertical line, but from 5 to 12 they are in tri-
angle, the dorsal one in front, the sub-dorsal at rear, the lateral a little before

EREBIA III.

the middle of the segment; on 13 are two rows with six tubercles, made from
the dorsal and sub-dorsal, which here come nearly into line, a lateral on either
side, in front, and six around the end, jirojecting horizontally (Figs. J/, h'^);
the interior four small, with somewhat shorter processes ; the processes on 2
are thickly clubbed (Fig. Jy'), on the following segments to 12 are lono-er and
scarcely clubbed (Fig. ¥), on 13 cylindrical, and still longer (Fig. h') ; alono-
base a row of- minute tubercles witli short hairs, two to each segment on 2 and 5
to 13, one on each of the rest ; color greenish-white, with a mid-dorsal brown
line, and three similar equidistant lateral lines, the space between the second
and third specked with black or dark brown; under side, feet and legs paler;
head a little broader than 2, subglolnilnr ; covered with shallow pits, marked by
a few low subconical tubercles, blackish, each with light hair. (Fig. h ; cro.ss
section, middle segments, Ir.) Duration of this stage six to seven days.

After first moult: length, at twelve hours, .2 inch ; nearl}^ same shape, thick-
est at 2, tapering gradually to 11, tlien rapidly, curving roundly to extremity,
13 ending in two short conical tails (Fig. c'') ; the tubercles similar to tiiose at
first stage, but much more numerous, bent, arranged irregularly in both horizon-
tal and cross lines, those on 2 decidedly, on segments to 12 slightly, club-shaped
(Fig. c*), on 13 nearly cylindrical, gradu.ally tliickening towards end {c'') ; color
greenish-yellow, as are also the under side, feet and legs ; a mid-dorsal blackish-
brown stripe, on the side three narrow, equidistant, brown stripes ; the basal ridge
yellowish, and under it a brown line ; head as before, subglobular, pitted, with
many fine tubercles, and short processes and hairs ; color green-yellow. ,'Fig.s.
c, c^, section of side and dorsum, segment 7.) To next moult about ten days.

After second moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .28 inch ; shape as before,
tails as before ; the tubercles and processes much more numerous ; color green-
ish-yellow ; a mid-dorsal heavy brown stripe, three light ones on side, equidis-
tant ; the basal ridge more yellow, and beneath it another brown stripe ; under
side, feet and legs pale green; head as before, yellow-green. (Fig. d; cP, cross
section.)

After third moult : length, at twenty-four hours, .38 inch ; scarcely differs
from the last preceding .stage, the tubercles still more numerous, bent close to
the bod}'. (Fig. e, section of side of segment 7 ; e^, across dorsum of same.)

Some weeks after the moult, one of the larvaj having reached the length of .6
and two of about .5 inch, they became lethargic, and were taken to Clifton
Springs, New York, and placed in the refrigerating house there, the temperature

EREBIA III.

of which is supposed to be about 40° Far., the year round. I received them
again 5th April following, two alive and healthy. During the night of 14th-
15th April, one passed a moult.

At fourth moult: length, twelve hours after, .65 inch; color over dorsal area
brownish-green, the sides pale brown-yellow ; the mid-dorsal band intense black ;
a pale black, almost faded out, sub-dorsal line, a stripe of pale black on middle
of .side ; the basal ridge more yellow, and imder it a macular black line ; gradu-
ally, as the stage progressed, the brown passed away, and by the sixth day from
the moult, the body was decidedly green, as shown in Fig. /I At about twelve
days from fourth moult, the larva was fully grown.

Mature Lauva. — Length one inch; body stout, thickest in middle, arched
dorsally, the last segments curving rapidly ; 1-3 ends in two short bluntly
rounded sub-conical tails (Fig. y^), the S2:)ace between nearly a right angle;
whole surface densely covered with fine, .sharp, conical tubercles, each giving a
short tapering process (Fig.y^) or hair; color a delicate yellow-green, the under
■side more green, as are also the pro-legs; the legs brown-yellow; the mid-dorsal
band narrow, widest on middle segments ; high on the side, a rather indistinct
yellowish stripe ; the basal ridge greenish ; head sub-globose, covered with shal-
low brown pits (the lithographic artist has represented the face in/^ as if cov-
ered with raised tubercles, and the mistake was not noticed in time to correct it) ;
color pale yellow-brown, the ocelli black. (Fig./, side view as in/"). Fi'om
fourth moult to pupation about seventeen days.

Chrysalis. — Length .48 inch; breadth across mesonotum .16, across abdo-
men, .18 inch; cylindrical, abdomen stout, conical, the ventral outline nearly as
much curved as the dorsal, ending in a short spur, wliich is furnished at and
near the bluntly rounded tip with a few verj' short, straight bristles (Figs, g^,
(f, g'') ; head ca.se .short, projecting little beyond base of mesonotum, but pro-
duced on ventral side considei'ably, so that the ventral outline from summit to
middle of wing cases is much excavated (the entire ventral outline, from sum-
mit to cremaster forms a double curve) ; the top narrow, a little convex, the sides
notched ; mesonotum low, scarcely at all carinated, rounded both ways, followed
by a shallow excavation ; color whitey-brown, much specked with brown-yellow,
especially on dorsal side ; the head case and mesonotum marked by abbreviated
brown streaks, the most conspicuous of wliich are three converging on the
carina and sides of mesonotum ; the antenntB and tongue cases also indicated by
black lines ; the wing cases have eleven or twelve black longitudinal streaks.

EREBIA III.

reacliing the hind margins; the abdomen crossed by brown lines at the junctions
of the segments, and dotted longitudinally with black in dorsal and lateral lines,
two dots to the segment. (Figs, rj, (f, (f, enlarged.) Din-iitioii of this stage ten
days.

Epipsodea was first known to me by examples taken by Mr. T. L. Mead, in
Colorado, 1871. He says, in Report of the Wlieeler Expedition: " This species
inhal)its the mountains of Colorado below timber line. Specimens were brought
from Fairplay by the Expedition. It begins to appear about the first week in
June, is common by the middle of that month, and remains luitil the last of
July."

Several examples were received in 1883, by Mr. William M. Courtis, from
Judith Mountains, Montana, at about 4,000 feet elevation, in Jul}-. From Mr.
Ernest Stevenson, at Walla- Walla, southeast Washington, came some unusually
large specimens, late in June, 1885 ; others from Spokane Falls, in east Wash-
ington, by Dr. W. J. Holland. I have also received this species from St. Michaels
and Nushagak, Alaska; and have received eggs from Mr. Thomas E. Bean, at
Laggan, Alberta. On the other hand, I have not seen Epipsodea from south
Colorado, or New Mexico, or Arizona, or Utah, nor from the Sierra Nevada range
anywhere. So far as appears, it is confined to the Rocky Mountains from middle
Colorado northward to the Arctic sea, but flies over the lowlands in its northern-
most range, and may there have a wide distribution. Many examples from
Colorado are small, the wings expanding less than any seen from Alaska ; and
the laro-est have come from Washintrton. Throuohout its territory the two
principal varieties seem to be found, the banded and not lianded.

Mr. Butler described the species from two individuals ■• from Rocky Moun-
tains," but the locality was not stated.

Mr. Bruce writes : " I first met with Ejvpsodea in Platte Canon, Colorado, at
about 9,000 feet elevation. It frequents damp and boggy places where the gra.ss
grows i-ank and coarse. In such situations, up to nearly 12,500 feet, I found it
rather common. In one place, at the highest altitude named, a small stream of
muddy water from a mine had been conveyed in wooden troughs which emptied
into a basin-like depression ; in this place, being always moist, the grass and
flowers grew luxuriantly, and many species of butterflies were in profusion.
Ep'qysodea was plenty, and in almost all the examples I captured here, the ocelli
on upper wings were absent. Many had none on lower wings, others .showed
black points more or less minute.

" This variety, which Mr. Elwes has called E. Brucei, I see, is probably pecul-
iar to these hiu-h stations, where T have found it during three seasons, for, in the

o

EREBIA III.

valley below, there was a narrow, boggy tract, more than a mile long, where
Eplpsodea was plentiful; but I found none of the variety spoken of. The only
variation there was marked by the absence of the band on under side hind wings,
and this was confined to few individuals.

" Ep'ipsodea has a rather quick, jerky flight. It is not very readily captured,
for, although it never appears to be in a great hurry, it flies close to the ground,
and is always just ahead, dodging under every bush, and around every grassy
hummock, as if in earnest search of something. It takes long flights without
going far away, and seldom alights on flowers. Directly the sun is obscured, it
dives in the grass, like almost all the mountain diurnals. All the Erebias, as
well as the alpine species of Chiouobas, ' play possum,' and pretend to be lifeless
when captured, and will lie in or under the net, or on one's hand, some moments
in that condition. I have found Ep'ipsodea from June 9th to the end of August,
in the front Kange, in Colorado ; at the latter date it was badly worn."

Mr. Elwes says, Tr. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1889, Part II, p. 334: "I have a sin-
gle specimen, and Mr. Godman has a similar one, collected by Bruce in Cashier
Valley, Summit County, Colorado, at 12,000 feet, which are considered by Bruce
and W. H. Edwards to be a variety of Epipsodea, though it is so different from
it that, had I more specimens, I should be inclined to consider it a diflerent
species, more especially as Ejjipsodea does not appear to extend to such great
elevations, or to vary much ; though its range of altitude is very great. I liave
taken it in Idaho at about 2,000 feet elevation, and in the Yellowstone Park at
5,000 to 6,000 feet, and have it from Colorado, taken by Bruce, as high as 9,500
feet. The specimens above mentioned are somewhat smaller, and with rounder
wings, than the average of Epipsodea, but are best marked by the entire ab-
sence of ocelli on either wing or on either surface, and the partial disappearance
of the red band." In the Synopsis of same paper, page 326, Mr. Elwes puts this
under the species name as " ? Var. Brucei."

Mr. Bean writes : " At Laggan, E/jlpsodea is moderately common in June and
early July, frequenting open, grassy flats of the Bow River vallej^, at an altitude
of about 5,000 feet. It is, in my experience, rarely found on the mountains, but
I took a single male, the past season, on a mountain ridge, at 7,800 feet, or about
500 feet above the tree line. This specimen does not dift'er fi"om those of the
valley, 3,000 feet below. The form you mention {Brucei), which partly lacks
the eye spots, I do not find.

" Epipsodea occurred at McLean, altitude 1,900 feet, in 1884, though not so
common as it is at Laggan, and the localities were open grassy flats."

The eggs sent me by Mr. Bruce, in 1888, were laid by a female of this var.
Brucei, not wholly destitute of spots, there being two or three black points on

EREBIA III.

fore wings, as in Fig. 6. The outcome was a single male, true type Uj/qjsodea,
scarcely banded beneath, out of chrysalis 12th May, 1888. This is shown on
the Plate, Fig. 1. The eggs were laid 8th July and hatched 2Uth. On 2oth,
there were seven young larvoe. The first one passed first moult 27th July, the
second moult 4th August, the third moult 28tli August. The others lingered
in their stages, but by 15th September, five had passed third moult. They were
at all times kept out of doors, and cool weather now coming on they ceased
feeding gradually. On 29th October, I found but three larva', all in lethargy,
two of the five having disappeared. In November, 1 took them to Clifton
Springs, as before stated. On 5th April, 1888, I received them again, two alive
and wide awake as I opened the box. These w'ere at once placed on grass, and
in five minutes thereafter were feeding. On 15th April, one pas.sed its fourth
moult, the other on 17th. On 30th April, 1 noticed that one was bringing
together leaves of the grass and forming a sort of loose C3'linder. It was in the
middle of a pretty dense tuft, the leaves of which were three to four inches long.
On one of these the larva rested, holding by its prologs, and was spinning a few
threads and drawiui^ the leaves down and about it. Before night the inclosure
was complete. Nearly a score of leaves were held, mainly by threads at top
and bottom, that is, above and below the larva, making a pretty close covering,
but open by spaces so that most of the side, and the head, were exposed to view.
The larva rested head up, back arched. Mr. Scudder, in But. N. E., has well
characterized this structure as " an imperfect cocoon." Pupation took place on
the night of lst-2d May. Some hours after, when the chrysalis had hardened,
I cut away the leaves one by one. There were fifteen of them, and the pupa
rested upright, its lower end one and a half inch above ground, in an angle
formed \>y three leaves. As I cut one of these, it turned over and fell, showing
itself to be unattached. In fact, the cremaster was found to be furnished with
but sti-aight bristles, very short (Fig. g'"), and there were no hooks by which
attachment could be had. As before stated, a male of the typical form came
from this chrysalis on 12th May.

I had received young larvaj of this species from Mr. Bean, at Laggan, 25th
July, ISSG, they having hatched e7i route. I lost all Init one of these. It passed
first moult 2d August, the second moult 10th August, and soon after became
lethargic. I kept it at Coalburgh, and brought it into the house middle of Janu-
ary, 1887, apparently healthy. But a month later it unaccountably disappeared.

Mr. Bruce had also sent eggs from Colorado which reached me 28th July,
1886. From these, five larvae reached second moult, and went into hibernation,
and died during the winter. Fi-om the behavior of the different lots of larvsB, it
appears that hibernation may take place at either second or third moult.

s

EREBIA III.

This, therefore, is the complete history of an Erebia from egg to imago, and,
so far as I know, the first such that has ever been pubhshed of one of the genus.
To get drawings of the several stages, it was necessary to send them to Mrs.
Peart, at Philadelphia, through the mails, some five hundred miles, with risk of
loss or damage. Indeed, the second larva was in Philadelphia in its last stage,
and being returned to me, imperfectly pupated on the waj-, and died.

The genus Erebia comprises many sjjecies, nearly all of which are European
and Asiatic. Dr. Staudinger, in 1871, enumerated forty-eight, many of them
boreal, others alpine, the latter found as fur to the south as the Pyrenees, Alps.
Caucasus, and Himalayas. Great Britain is credited with three species, and, in
Buckler's Larvaj of British Butterflies, Vol.1, on Plate VI, are figured the mature
larva and pupa of one of these, E. BluncUna, and the young larva of another, E.
Cassiope. In the text, Mr. Buckler relates that he raised the larva of Blandina
from the egg, obtaining pupa and imago ; and a brief description of the several
stages is given, that of the larval being imperfect, as nothing is said of the sev-
eral moults. Nor is it told how the larva pupated. Nevertheless, the plate rep-
resents the pupa I'esting nearly upright on a tuft of grass, but not at all inclosed.
It looks very much like the pupa of Epipsodea. So an incomjalete description is
given of the stages of Cassiojje, but how pupation took place is not told, nor is
there a figure to show. The young larva as figured has forked tails, and there-
fore, I apprehend, it must have been drawn after the first moult.

In North America are eight or nine species, three at least of which are said to
be old world, namely, Tyndarus, Dlscoidalls, and Disci. One species heretofore
erroneously credited to North America, on the authority of Doubleday, E.
Vesagus, belongs to the Andes, in South America.

The group is a very interesting one, and together with Chionobas, and some
others, embraces those members of the Rhopalocera, or Diurnals, which are near-
est the Heterocera, or Moths, allied to them in important characters in each of
the four stages. The resemblances of the larvte and pupfB are j^articularly strik-
ing. The latter are destitute of cremastral hooks in Erebia, in Cliionobas, even
of bristles, and pupation takes place, sometimes on the bare ground, sometimes in
or on the sod, in one case, as we have seen, in an imperfect cocoon ; sometimes in
a real cocoon beneath the surface of the ground ; or the larva goes into the
ground and pupates naked, in a cavity made by the movements of its body, after
the manner of nearly all the Sphingida3. Before this Volume closes, I propose
to illustrate these phases, in several species, and to make it plain that in the ar-
rangement of the Diurnals the Satyrinse are naturally at the bottom of the sei^ies,
instead of at the top, where some recent systematists have, without sufficient
ground, placed them.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Epipsodea, 1, 2 <?, 3, 4 9, 5 (J ; var. Brucei, G, 7 ^.

a Egg ; a" micropyle, magiiilied.

h Young Larva ; Ir dorsum of two segments, magnified.

W 12th and 13th segment, side view ; b* dorsum of 13.

h^ process of 2d segment, V same of middle segment.

V same of 13.

c section of segment 7, after 1st moult, side; c^ dorsum.

c' dorsal view of 13 ; c* process of dorsum, middle segment ; c^ of 13.

d Larva at 2d moult, magnified ; d- section of middle segment across dorsum ; rf' side view of
13 ; d^ process on dorsum, middle segment.

e section of segment 7 after 3d moult, side ; e" dorsum ; c'' process on dorsum, middle segment.

f' Larva at six days after 4th moult, magnified.

/ Mature Larva, natural size ; /^ head ; /* dorsal view of 13 ; f^ side view same ; /° tuber-
cle and process of dorsum.

g Chrysalis, as formed in tuft of grass, a little enlarged; g",<f same, considerably enlarged;
g^ cremaster, side view ; ^r^ same, under side ; g'' processes on cremaster.

Note. — Since the foregoing paper was printed, I have seen the Canadian Entomologist for
December, 1889, and learn therefrom (Vol. XXI, p. 238) that Dr. Henry Skiuuer has received
examples of Epipsodea caught in Assiniboa, about 325 miles west of Winnipeg ; and with them
one of the var. Brccei, mentioned as var. sine-ocellata.

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