QL
555

S9W563
1903

THE

rflies of Switzerland

aNIi If

Alps of Central Europe.

<.l oiK.I WIIKKLI

Price Ss. net, I nte Heaved 6s.

10

S

THE

§qu)6(D3

Butterflies of Switzerland

AND THE

Alps of Central Europe.

(GEORGE WHEELER, M.A.

Price 5s. net, Interleaved 6s.

LOXLHJS :

ELLIOTT STOCK,
62, Paternoster Eow, E.G.

AuiiKiit, IMH.

INTRODUCTION.

The difficulty I experienced, when beginning to collect buttei-flies
in Switzerland, in finding out what to look for, and when and where
to look, and the discovery that many others were in the same situa-
tion, tirst opened my eyes to the necessity for a book with some such
scope as the present. No work dealing with the Swiss butterflies as
a whole had appeared since Frey's " Lepidopteren der Schweiz " in
IHHO, though Lang's " Butterflies of Europe " was published in 1884,
and 1885 saw the production of the "European JUitterfiies " of Kane,
who has become the " guide, philosopher and friend" of a large and
ever-inci-easing number of British lepidopterists in the Alps and
elsewhere. Moreover, not only had new species been discovered since
that time, but one of the books was in German, another decidedly
expensive and not very portable, and the third, 1 was informed on trying
to obtain a copy, sold out ; and in neither of them was the subject of
variation, so intensely interesting even to the " mere collector," more
than lightly touched on. It was not, however, until much later that
I even contemplaied the possibility of trying to supply the deficiency,
an idea which was first suggested to me after the publication of some
of my papers in the Knt(»ii(il(iijisf\ lltrord, when I found, to my own
great surprise, that my advice was asked, and my opinion consulted,
by entire strangers, even including, during the last two years, some of
the best known lepidopterists of Switzerland. This circumstance,
together with the fact that no one else seemed willing to throw himself
into the breach, must be my excuse for undertaking the task ; and, if
it be a case of " where angels fear to tread," I can only plead that at
least I have not " nis/wd in." Often the inclusion, or even the sup-
pression, of a single line has entailed the close examination of many
specimens, and a most unexpected amount of correspondence.

The original idea was to include Swiss butterflies only, but
Switzerland is so entirely a political rather than a geographical ex-
pression, that it seemed necessary either to enlarge or diminish the
scope of the Avork, and, after much consideration, the whole of the Alps
of Central Europe have been included ; i.e., the Alpes-Maritimes, the
Hautes and Basses Alpes, and Savoie in France : the Alps of N. Italy ;
the Tyrol ; the Styrian, Carinthian and .Tulian Alps, and such small
portions of the S. of Upper and Lower Austria as are alpine. At the
same time the original idea has not been lost sight of ; the whole of
Switzerland is included whether alpine or not (which has involved the
inclusion of the French Jura), anu those species and varieties which
have never been taken in Switzerland are marked with an asterisk ('•'),
for the convenience of those collectors (no insignificant number) who
confine their attentions exclusively to the l)utterflies of that country.
It will also, no doubt, be at once perceived that the localities given
outside Switzerland are both fewer and often less precise than those
within it, especially with regard to the more eastern portion of the
region ; and I must at once admit that I feel myself far less well
ecjuipped for dealing with the latter portion of the subject, both from

INTRODUCTION.

being pei'sonally unacquainted with the country, and from the fact
that^it has been very Httle worked except in the neighbourhood of a
few centres.

The whole subject has been as much condensed as possible, and, to
save space, abbreviations (lists of which are given) are very freely used.
With the same view, descriptions are reduced to a minimum ; the pre-
vailuig colours of each tribe or genus are given, and often a dis-
tinguishing character of the latter; then, under each species, the
synonyms," size, foodplant of the larva when known, and the super-
ficial difference between $ and $ are noted, and one or more
characteristics — as few as possible — given, by which each may be
distinguished from its neighbours. This has been by far the most
exacting portion of the work ; in every difficult case many specimens
have been examined, and, in no instance, have the distinctions been
drawn by reference to books or plates alone, without examination of
the actual insects themselves. It must be farther understood that the
characteristics given are often not those which scientifically diffe-
rentiate one genus, or even one species, from another (these being
often more prominent in some earlier stage), but those which are
easiest of recognition, and consequently the most superficial. In the
same way, secondary sexual distinctions have always been chosen by
preference, and the androconial pockets are generally referred to by
their appearance, aj., "a thickening of the nervures," "a black
line," itc, rather than Ijy their actual structure or function. The
stage at which hybernation takes place is given either under the tribe,
genus, or species. Localities are next mentioned, with dates and
authorities, and 1 have by preference given the most modern instances
that I can find, and have as far as possible taken, when there was any
choice, those which have not been previously published, or which were
scattered through the pages of magazines ; the year has been added
whenever possible, as times of emergence vary greatly with the
season ; the year 1899, for instance, was abnormally forward ; 1898,
and in the mountains 1902, unusually late. Lastly, special attention
has been paid to variation, and under the head of "Directions of
Variation " a good deal of information is often implied concerning the
type, which has enabled me to dispense with a considerable amount
of direct description ; when no localities are added after the various
forms mentioned it is to be understood that they occur with the type.
Variation in size is only mentioned specially when it is pronounced,
as all collectors must be aware that all species differ somewhat in this
respect ; the size given in millimeters after the name of each species
is an average ; this small but important item of information has
involved a great deal of actual measurement, the sizes given in Favre's
" Lepidopteres du Valais," which I had intended using as a basis,
being generally, though by no means always, the largest to which each
species attains, unless in abnormal cases.

With regard to Classification and Nomenclature I hold strong
views, which would take far too much space to state here, though I
fear that certain inklings of them have forced their way out occa-
sionally in notes ; but there are two things which to me are anathema,
to which I must shortly refer. The ffrst of these is the breaking up
of large genera into "genera of convenience." 1 feel most strongly
that the division into genera ought, strictly speaking, to correspond

INTRODUCTION. 111.

with a i)hysioIo^ieal fact, and always with the sm/ir physiolo.s^ical fact,
r/:., the posnibihty of genuine hybridisation. This is, of course,
merely an ideal which can only be reached by an immense amount of
actual experiment, and for which neQ;ative evidence requires to be
cumulative before it can be regarded as havinif much force ; but to
search for characters by which a genus can be split up, simply because
it is large and " unwieldy " (why unwieldy ? who wants to " wield "
it?), or to divide genera by characteristics of varying importance,
is to cut at the root of ail possible development of classification
on scientific lines. The second is the doctrine that the first-
described form of an insect (or of anything else) must be regarded as
the type. It would perhaps be most scientific to regard the most
ancestral form as the type if this Avere possible, but, as in most cases, it
would be impracticable to determine which is the most ances'tral form,
the only possible alternative is to regard as typical the most generally
distributed form (surely in most cases a matter easy enough to deter-
mine), and others as varying from it. I cannot help feeling that
classification and nomenclature, even at the loss of some degree of
fixity, ought to be made subservient to scientific fact, rather than that
such fact should be obscured by a too pedantic adherence to the letter
of the law of priority. With regard to the application of these prin-
ciples to particular cases I am most humbly open to correction, from
the principles themselves I see no reason to deviate.

While on the one hand, as Mr. Tutt and others have pointed out,
no linear arrangement of classification can be really satisfactory, it is
obvious, on the other hand, that both in books and collections no other
is possible, and the problem is to choose the least objectionable, i.e.,
that which least glaringly contradicts scientific facts so far as they are
established. It is, of course, highly improbable tliat any arrangement
chosen would quite commend itself to anyone else, unless to someone
who had published one of his own which was strictly adhered to ; so,
as I have not strictly adhered to any, everyone is likely to find some-
thing to complain of, and, in fact, I have finally adopted the present
one, not because I could not find complaints against it myself, but
because " in the present state of our ignorance " I could find more
against any other. I consulted Mr. Tutt on this matter, and have in
most cases followed his suggestions, but the position which I have
assigned to Nemeobius Lucina, and Libythea Celtis will not, I fear,
meet with his approval. The practice of beginning with the more gen-
eralised forms, though the more logical, has still probably many enemies.

With regard to the actual nomenclature employed, that of the Hes-
periides is the most uncertain ; I feel convinced that some at least of the
generic names will prove to be incorrect, but pending further investiga-
tion, I have applied them in accordance with the use of others more
competent to judge than myself. If it be necessary to ignore Billberg's
generic names in this case, it would appear that Lejitidia should also
give way to Lcptusi^, Hb. ; I have, however, retained Callophri/s, for
which there seems to be no alternative. One or two generic divisions,
e.f/., Drijas from Ariiynnia, and Xomiadcx from Cii/nda, I have retained
unwillingly, and I hope temporarily, but the genus Melampias (as well
as some others not generally adopted), I have felt it necessary to suppress.
Our knowledge of the earlier stages of the (inclusive) genus Krebia, is
far too slight and fragmentary to serve as a basis for subdivision, the

" • INTRODUCTION,

imagines resemble, one another so closely that no superficial difference
will help US, Professor Grote, whileacceptingthedivision, does not defend
it by difference of neuration, and Dr. Chapman's organic researches
would suggest a different subdivision if one were necessary. With
regard to specific names there is little to be said. I have, in accordance
Avith my strongly expressed views on "types," restored Alcris in place
of learns, regarding the latter as a variety (r. note in Im-n), but have
retained the use of Anjus to replace J<iion, though I am by no means
sure of the necessity, and (juite confident of the unwisdom, of so doing.
Is it not much more probable that Linn;eus regarded both as one
species, than that he was unacquainted with the insect to which we have
all, until lately, apphed his name An/us'? and in the former case is
there any necessity for a change of name '? With regard to varietal
names I have only one remark to offer. It would be such a fruitful
source of confusion if the same name might be applied to one species,
and to a variety of another in the same genus (or even the same tribe),
that the practice should never be tolerated, and such names as Kdxsa
yar. Chri/sothniu', and Kpij/hnm var. MclaiujiKs should be considered
inadmissible. Only four changes of any importance from the established
order of things, will, I think, be found, r/-. ; the treatujent of M.
JJerisalemis as a var. of Deioue : the merging of A(ci/<i)u' in Ilt'iniione :
the separation of .S. Conlula from Actira, and of A. Simjilotiia from
JJdia : all, whether generally accepted or not, are the result of careful
study and much discussion and correspondence. The last change has
already been made by Dr. Spuler, and is, I think, justified in loco :
and the second, which is a reversion to the arrangement of Esper and
Frey, has the sujjport, among many others, of such lepidopterists as
Professor IJlachier and Chanoine Favre, notwithstanding the opinion
held by the latter when he published his " Lepidopteres du Valais." As
to .1/. Bcn'saleiisis, my reasons for the change are given under Lhioiir,
and though I find myself in antagonism with so eminent a lepidopterist
as Dr. Chapman, 1 feel compelled to adhere to my view. The
separation of Conhtld, which has long been doubtful, is also treated
in locu.

On two minor points, literary rather than scientific, 1 find myself
at variance with many writers with whom I should greatly prefer to
find myself in accord, but, in neither case, is there any uniformity of
practice. In the first place, it seems to me absurd to adhere to the
original spelling of a name when it is manifestly and admittedly in-
correct, and in such cases 1 have never hesitated to alter it. Why
retain such errors as Coridon and Megera '? Secondly, I have spelt
all specific names with capitals ; even at the cost of some con-
venience in reading, the proper names appear to me to cry aloud
for them, and naturally 1 should have employed them for these
only, but, as in all otbei- languages than our own, capitals are
considered incorrect for (uijn-tiri's of place (<'.//., Si)iiploiiia), a diffi-
culty at once arises which seems most easily solved by capitalising all.
I cannot, however, feel that this does away with all (or even with any)
objection that might be felt to a disagreement between adjectives and
their substantives, and that agreement I have, therefore, maintained ;
but as both the words " varietas " and " aberratio " are fortunately
feminine, 1 have used the feminine form in all cases for varieties and
^aberrations. An apparent exception is (.'unjdvii ab. Cali/donttis, Lowe,

INTRODUCTION', v

!b\Vof'»?""'*%'fr"'' '" '" "'" '■''^"'I'laneo of th. colour to

conra,ement of all kinds ; himself one of the bus est o men he Im^

Mile. Mane Rnhl and many more who have helped me in the imtte;
.nay tind this little .ork „.sef„l, to^remtmL. Thlt' it rL Then S?

VI.

\r,r,RF.YTATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS USED.

Ab., aberration; abundant.

c, common.

clist. ■ char., distinguishing

characteristic.
E., east, eastern.
esp., especially.
ex«., except.
Fam., family,
fd. pit., food plant.

gen., general, generally.

grd., ground.

hyb., hybernatcs, hyber-

natecl.
im., imago.
1., larva,
loc, locality,
mm., millimetres,
nitn., mountain.

N., north, northern.

ov., ovum.

p., pupa.

S., south, southern.

sp., species.

v., very ; vide.

var., variety ; variation.

W., west, western.

wh., which.

Ang., iingle.

el., central.

disc, discoidal.

inn, marg., inner margin,

Parts of the wing, &c.

margl., marginal,
out. marg., outer margin.
un. s., under-side.
up. s., upper-side.

w., wing-
f.w., fore-wing,
h.w., hind- wing.

Colours, &c.

Bl., blue. dk., dark. or., orange,

blk., black. gr., grey. prp., purple,

bin., brown. grd. col., ground colour. wh., white,

brt.,' bright. grn., green. yell., yellow,
col., colour; coloured. It., light.

Months in small Roman figures ; i., .January, Ac; b., beginning, 1st to 10th ; m.
middle, 11th to 20th ; e., end, 21st to end.

NAMES OF AUTHORITIES.

Ag.,

BL,

Bkm.,

Brgstr.,

Brkh.,

Brm.,

Bjsdv.,

Clip.,

Dalm.,

Dnp.,

Esp.,

Fabr.,

Fa v.,

Fis.,

Frr.,

Fssl.,

Ftn.,

Hb.,

Hbst.,

Hg.,

Agassi z.

Blachier.

Buckmaster.

Bergstriisser.

Borkhausen.

Bromilow.

Boisduval.

Chapman.

Dalman.

Duponchel.

I'jsper.

Fabricius.

Favre.

Fison.

Freyer.

Fuessly.

Fountaine.

Hiibner.

Herbst.

Huguenin.

H.-S.,

Herrich-Schiiffer.

Hufn.,

Hufnagel.

L.,

Linnaeus.

Latr.,

Latreille.

Led.,

Lederer.

Lmn.,

Lemann.

11. -D.,

Meyer-Diir.

Obth.,

Oberthrir.

Ochs..

Ochsenheimer.

H.-Brn.,

Puowland-Brown.

Bmhr.,

Kambur.

Ilott.,

Rottembiirg.

ll.-S.,

liiggenbach- Stehlin

Schiff.,

Schiffermiiller.

Spr.,

Speyer.

Stgr.,

Staudinger.

Stph.,

Stephens.

Wh.,

Wheeler.

Wschl.,

WuUschlegel.

ZIl.,

Zeller.

C)ther names, which are shorter, oi' occur less frecjnently. aie wi'itten in lull.

The Butterflies of Switzerland and the
Alps of Central Europe.

Super-Fam. HESPERIIDES.

Dist. Char, great breadth of head, and of space between bases of
antenna>.

Fam. HESPERIIDiE.

Sub-Fam. HESPERIIN.E.

Tribe Hespekiidi.

Genus, Carcharodus, Hh. (Spilothyrns, Dup.).

Dist. Char. Series of 8 spots from costa nr. apex, and 3 separate
spots on disc f.w., wh. appear translucent when held up to
light.

C. Lavaterae, Esp. (Alc;ea>, Falir.) ; ooimii. Fd. ])]t.

Staclnis i-crta ; (?) hyb. 1. full-fed.
(J with, $ without costal fold f.w.
Dist. Char, transparent spots large ; grd. col. np.s. It.; un.s, uni-
colorous wh.

Log. In Switz. only in S.\Y., but there not uncommon. Fusio
vii. /99 {Clt]>.) ; Sepey, vii. 97 ("V*.) ; between Aigle and Sepey,
viii. 2/98 {Jonea) ; in most places between Martigny and Mtirei
(Fav.), mounting up to 5000ft. at Zermatt, and Borisal, where it is
V. ab., esp. from 2nd Refuge to Ganter Bridge, vii. -viii. /97, /98
(IFA.) ; Stalden, vii. 9 91 ; S. Nicholas, vii. 12 99 (/>*/.■;//.); Twann-
berg; St. Blaise; Neuveville (/•'>>'//) ; Veyrier, viii. 10, but v. rare (JU.).

Digne, vi. b. and m. ,99, ab. {H.-llni.) ; vii. /91 {I. inn.) ; Basses
Alpes and Alpes ^laritimes, gen. in dry torrent beds and hot rocky
places, not c. {l'<nvrU) ; Vallon Obscur (Jlrni.) ; l^ourg d' Oisans, viii.
/96; Bourg St. Maurice vii. 9<S; Chavoire, vii. 29,02 {Tntt); iJotzen,
vi. e. ,'01 (Loire); St. ]\lartin-Vesubie, vii. .102 {/li'ntal/) ; C'ogne
valley, viii. '94; Aosta to Courmayeur, viii. (5 9S, v. fine; Bobbie,
viii. /Ol [Tiitt) ; Orta, vi. b. and m. 1900, v. line (Lmrr).

Directions of var. (a.) size. The Alpine specimens are finer and
more clearly marked than those from further S.

C. Althaeae, ///*. {^rnlvaruin var. (A7/.s. ; Geniinn. I.>'(l.);

i-'tOium. Fd. pit. various mallows; byb. I, full-fed,
^ with, 2 ^vithout costal fold f.w.

Z TlIK r.T-TTF.PFT.TF.S OF SWTTZEKLAND

Dist. Char, transparent spots larf>er than C Alcnx, the 2 exterior
on disc with straiglit inn. ediofe : slioht mau\i' tin<je ii)i.s. f.w.
and conspicuous wh. longitudinal streaks at luarg. un.s. h.w.

Loc. Not uncommon in Rhone Valley in 2 broods Y.-vi.,and vii.-
viii. Veytaux, v. 27 97 ; Sepey, kc. (117/.) : Martigny, v. ab. [Far.) ;
nr. Inden, v. ab. (Ktu'<-lit) ; Pont de Nant, vii. 12; Sonzier, vi. 21 ;
Ormont, viii. 15 (/>V.) ; Sion, viii. 11/7G; Zinal, viii. 1/98 (R.-Bni.),
&c. Between the Schwarz and \\'eiss Liitschine (S'/"'.) ; Pilatus
[KiifrJit) ; Lugano, vi. H7 (Jours).

Digne, vi. lP)/99 (//.- />/».) ; nr. Cannes, iii. e. iv. b. 98 (TAy.) ;
Vallon Obscur, &,c. (Hnn.) ; Beaulieu, v. /88 {Jonca) ; Bourg 8t.
Maurice, vii. e. /98 ; Le Lautaret, viii. b. ,'90 ; Bourg d'Aru, viii. m.
/96, the Brevent, viii. 19/02 ; Abries, viii. m. 19ob, worn ; Torre
Pellice, viii. b. /Ol ; Jiobbie, viii. m. /Ol ; Au Pra, viii. m. /Ol
{Tt(tt) ; Certosa di Pesio, damp spots in mtns. (Xorris) ; Susa, vi,
18/02 (f.oin'); Aosta, viii. 98, below Pn' St. Didier, viii. b. ,98
{'ri(tt): ValMalenco, vii. 7, 1900 (/.'.-/;///.) ; Lake of Como, viii.
/9G ; Olgiate, viii. ,95 (Miss Ftn.) ; (lardone, viii., 1, 1900 {Jone>^) ;
Orta, esp. Strona Valley, vi. h.k iii. 1900 (fjnir) ; Botzen {Kan<') ;
Mendel Pass, vii. /95 {Linn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size, occasionally as small as 25mm.

(b.) lightening of grd. col.
Yar. Bsetica, //////'/•. (Marrubii, litnhr. ; Floccifera, /Al.) ; much
lighter, yell.-gr., one or two It. bands h.w. ; smaller than type.

Loc By the old church at Vex, vii. 82. ab. {( 'Itrist) ; nr. Loeche
(Ivnvht).

C. Alcseae, /vs-/). (^lalvanim, Hotf'iiKiiui.^i'iitj ; Malva'. Ilh.)\

:-i0inin. Fd. pit. various mallows ; hyb. I. full-fed.
3 with, 5 without costal fold f.w.
Dist Char, transparent spots v. small ; 2 exterior on disc gen.
crescentic ; tinge of red-brn. up.s.
Log. Less local than the last but gen. singly: 2 broods, iv.-v.,
and vii. -viii. All along the Rhone Valley (Fav.), i'.;/., Branson, v.
15/02; Loeche, vii. e./'99 ; Brig, ix. b./97, worn (117/.); Val d'
Anniviers, vii. HI 97 {n.-Jlni.) ; Mt. V>iivvy, vi. 80/1900 (Bhn.) ;
Cieneva, Veyrier, viii. H (/>/.) ; Weissenburg, nr. the new Baths,
scarce (////.); Burgdorf (M. -!>.); Basle, v.-viii. (CJin'st): Coire,
Piheintbal, and lower ]\iisc)x (Kill ids).

Gresy-sur-Aix, viii. m. 1900; Abries, viii. m. 1900, worn; Bourg
d'Oisans, viii. m. /9() ; St. ^lichel-de-^Iaurienne, viii. b. /97 ; Bourg
St. :\[aurice, vii. e. /98 ('/'////); Digne, vi. 8/99 (J!.- Urn.) ; Alpes
Maritimes, iv.-v. and viii.-ix. [I'direll) ; Certosa di Pesio, damp spots
in mtns., v.c. (.Vnrr/.s) ; Susa, viii. m. ,/96 [Tiitt) ; below Iselle, vii.
7/99 (/;/.///.) ; Pre St. Didier, viii. b. /98 ; Torre Pellice, viii. b. ;
Bobbie, viii. m. 01 ('I'ntt); Gardone, viii. 1/1900 (Jniirs); Brenner,
vii. e. 1900(/;.-/>7«.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) distinctness of markings, esp. dk. ante-

margl. band up.s. f.w.
(b.j more reddish-brn. suffusion.

AND THE ALPS OF CKNTRAT, F.I'ROPK,

8

var. Australis, /<//.. wli. i-^ jiIso smallpr tlian type.
Loc. Alpt-s .Mantinies {lirm,) ; Cannes;, iv. /9H ; Snsa, viii. /OT ;
Aosta. viii. 98 [Tntf).

,Obs.— Mr. Powell took a onrious It. al). in S.E. France, viii. 11/02.]

Genus Hesperia, t\ihy. (Syrichthus, Bsdv.).

Uhs. This is by far the most ditJicult Renus among the butterflies, the same
names havin«>- been in some cases applied to different forms, and each fresh
attempt at elucidation having,' often made matters more confused than before.
This applies specially to the various forms of Alveus and Serratuhe. Moreover,
the sp. resemble one" another in a gen. way so closely, and yet the individuals
vary so greatly in a single sp.. that the difficulty is increased tenfold. In
addition to all this, no two collections seem to agree in their separation of the
sp. and vars., and I am. as yet, far from feeling the comparative certainty in
this genus that I feel, ri<;htly or wrongly, in Krebia and Milita?a. Tuder these
circumstances experience will no doubt discover errors in the following treat-
ment of this genus, and, in particular, it may be said that the localities for the
more obscure and uncertain forms are by no means implicitly to be relied on,
as it is sometimes far fi'om certain to what exact forms they refer. ]
Prevailing col. Blk. or blackish, with wh, spots, gen. more or less

Q-shaped np.s, f.w.
Dist. Char, a brush of hair on hind tibia of J .

3 with, ? without a costal fold f.w. ; also the 3 has and

the 2 has not a tuft of hair at the extremity of the body, and

the ? has gen. a tendency to be less spotted than the 3 , esp.
■ h.w. It will not be necessary to give these details with the

sp.l

*H. Sidae, /vs/^ 80mni. Fd. pit. (and 1.) nnknowii.

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. basal and cl. bands of brt. oi'.

Log. Perhaps hardly within the region in S.E. France, but
not uncommon nr. Hyeres. ,'.<i., v. G, 12, ^^c, /02, in Val Gapean
(Sl<,/,t'r) : I'.ot/.en (Kniif).

Directions of Yar. (a.) tendency to become lighter mi. s. culminat-
ing in :
ab. Onopordi, //. n.

H. Carthami, ////. (Malvas /^v-. ; Tesselliim, (hhs.);

;'.Onnii. Fd. ph. ( iiitaiirt'd, .iltli,(<i ,qlitinaUs, Malra t<ylvist)is.
Dist. Char. un.s. It., with inn. marg. h.w. broadly hghter, gen.

whitish.
Loc. Ab. in places in the Rhone Valley in 2 broods iv.-v. and
vii.-viii. {l-'>ir.) : but at Follaterre v. fine and fresh vi. 12, itc. 02
(U'A.); Sembrancher, ;Martigny, Saillon, Sion, Sierre, Brig, \c.
(Far.); mounts to .jOOOft., ^'.//.," Montana, vii. 11 99, ab. ; Berisal,
vii. '9K; v.e. and fine nr. 2nd Refuge on Simplon Pass, vii. 8/01
(117/.) ; Riftel Alp, vii. 01 (Lnni.); Gadmen {lliittrr); Olten, on the
Schafmatt (/\'««'<7/«); Rienne, St. Blaise (('ouh'n(). Tarasp {Chn'st}, is
the only loc. I can find in the Grisons, but 1 think it must be found
elsewhere.

Tin; ]!rTTi:r,i'].[i:.^ (1f swnj'.EKLANi)

I)i,i>iie, vi. b. ,99 {Il.-l>r)i,) ; vii, /91 (Lnni.) ; Ijeaiivezev, vi.-vii.
(PoircU) ; e. in the mtns. of the Alpes jMaritimes {linn.) ; Certosa
<li Pesio, vii. /92, ab. in damp spots (Xorris); 8nsa, v. ab., vi. 26/99
{li.-IUii.), one, between Aosta and X'ro St. Didier, viii. m. /98 [Tntt) ;
ChiUillon, vi. ,95 {Mhi< Ftn.) ; Orta. v. e., vi. b. 1900 {Ixxv,') ; New
baths of Bormio, vii. m. 1900, v. ab. [11.- Urn.) ; Ijotzen, vi. e. /Ol
[I/tirc) ; Mendel, vii. /95 (Lmn,),

Directions of Yar. (a.) Size: [my smallest S is 2Gmm., my

largest $ 34ram.]
(b.) Size of wh. spots up, s.
yar. Yalesiaca, l^trahrr ; with smaller spots f.w. and none, or
scarcely any, h.w. ; less dusted with gr.

Log. The Valais and S. Tyrol {Suir.) ; Martigny, Fully, Sion,
Sierre, &c., with type (Far.).

[Obs. — According to Frey this would appear to be the form of the 1st brood
in Valais, but I have not met with it. The usual form there from vi. onwards
is V. large, the <? v. grey, and with large spots in both sexes, the c? having
more, and the ? not less than usual on h.w. This is certainly the case every-
where that I have taken it; c.ij., FoUaterre, Montana, '2nd Eefuge on the
Simplon, A'c]

H. Alveus, Hh. ; 28mm. Fd. pit. Jim (■ti<'sj)if()S((,

I'ntentilla fr'Kjida, kc. ; hyb. ov.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. It. cl. band, not projecting inwards, basal
spot not isolated, inn. marg. broadly darkish.

Log. The alpine form according to Frey, but not exclusively
so. Basle, Liestal {(Itrist) ; Engelberg (Frei/) ; Engstlen Alp
(Baker) ; neighbourhood of Geneva, c.;/., the Saleve, v.e. ; Versoix,
viii. 16; Meyrin, vii. 18, Sec. {1>1.) \ c. in the Valais and the
Grisons, *'.//., Montana, vii. 11/99 (ITA.) ; Arpilles, Bovine, Looche-
les-bains, Stalden, &c. {Far.) ; Riftel Alp, vii. /Ol {Lvin.) ;
Campfer, on dry slopes, c. {-fours) ; Dischmathal, vi. 27/01 ;
Brusio, vii. 13/01 (Fis.), &c.

Gen. distributed over the rest of the region ; 2 broods at lower,
1 at higher elevations.

Directions of Yar. (a.) number and size of wh. spots up. s.
var. Onopordi, llmhr. ; with ntimerous large spots, a large form ;
un. s. pale.

Log. Bortel Alp; Mattmark, Saas, vii. 15-2S' {<lr Jmnrr);
Evolena, Davos {It.-S.) ■ the Jura {M.-I).).

Digne, Beauvrzer, vii. -viii. (Poirrll) ; Thorenc, ab. {Millirrr).
var. Cirsii, J!iiil>r. ; with large spots ; of small size; grd. col. nn.
s. red, or brownish-gr.

Log. Basle {( '/in'.st) ; the Bechburg and Saut dii Doubs (I!--^-) ;
Burgdorf, Resi nr. Soleure, vii. and viii.-ix. {M.-lK) ; Varen
(Christ): Biirenfallen Alp, vii. -viii.; Salquenen (/'V/r.) ; Martigny
{W'srhl.).

Digne, viii. ; Alpes JMaritimes (I'dirrll) ; above St. ]Martin
Vc'subie, vii. b. [Ilriiidlh.

Wn THK ALPS OF CKNTRM, i:ri;i)l'H, o

"yar Conyzse, (inrnrc .- i^pots v. wh. ; mi. >^. pale.

LOC. l^i^^nc vii.-viii. (I'oin'U).
var. Fritillum, Trcifsrlihr: with laroer spots up. s. than type, and
much hirger spots un.s. h.w.

Loc. According to Frey the usual form of the plains hut not
exclusively so. Zurich '{Fm/) ; Trift Alp {II.- S.) ; Gadmen
(r//f/.s7) ; ' on the slopes at Weissenburg, not scarce (//'/.);
Morteratsch Glacier, viii. 1/01 (F/s.) ; c. in the Rhone Valley:
Fully, Branson, ]\'artigny, Brig, Sec. {Far.); Sierre (117/.). 2
hroods in the plain vi. and viii. ; 1 in the mtns. {Fre;/).
yar. Carlinse, Ilmhr. ; with v. small spots up. s.

Loc The Gemmi, {Far.) : Loeche-les-Bains, vii. /99 (//<««) ;
Le Lautaret, vii. 30, viii. 5 {Tiitt).

I Obs.— Cirsii, M.-D. is v. differently described. It is said to be as large as
the type, and to be conspicuously dusted with yell. ; spots on up.s. h.w. almost
wanting ; un. s. so It. that it might be taken for Carthami. It is a S. form.
(Frey, Lepidopteren der Schweiz, p. .51, note.) The name has no business to
be applied to this form if it be a var. of Alveus. I am inclined to think it a form
of Carthami.]

H. Serratulae, Ilmhr.: 25mm. Fd. pit. Jim nKnitmin

and I'iitintlUa frif/ida.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. roundish basal wh. spot nr. costa ixulatcd ;
cl. It. band not projecting towards base; inn. marg. un.s. h.w.
darkish.
Loc. Surenen (^7/mf) ; Engstlen Alp {Baker); Monnetier, vi.
2 ; Pont de Nant, vii. {Bl.) ; the Jura, ''.//., St. Georges, vi. e. /02,
c. (H'/f.) ; Branson, Jeur-briilee, from Sierre to Zinal, from Visp
to Zermatt, vii.-viii. {Far.) ; Val d'Herens, I'^erisal, Saasthal
{li.-Brn.); Tiisch, vii. /99 {Ilnsa) ; Andermatt, vii. /8G, v.c.
{Jimrs) ; Rosegg Glacier, viii. 8 01 {Fis.) ; nr. lake at St. Moritz,
vii. e. (Xifli(il'<(in).

Directions of Yar. (a.) Size of spots up. s., gen. small, some-
limes obsolescent, culminating in :
ab. Caeca, /•'/•(•. (with basal spot less isolated), in wh. there are none,
or V. few and small.
Loc I'ontresina, vii. /85 {Litw.) ; Berisal (H'A.) : Engstlen Alp
{liak.-r) ; T.ortel Alp, Zermatt, Trift Alp {Far.).
ab. Tarasoides, 1 1 "fury, with spots up. s. confluent.

H. Cacaliae. Hmhr. : 28mm. Fd. pit. (and 1.) unknown.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. cl. It. band projecting inwards in middle;
liasal spot isolated ; un.s. f.w. v. washed out and indistinct.
Loc Gen. ab. in the high alps from ]\Iartigny to the far side
of the Tyrol, vi.-viii., e.;/., Dranse Valley below Orsieres {Baker) ;
Arpilles ; ]^)Ovine ; Bortel Alp, v. ab. ; by Riffel Alp Hotel, vii.
26/02, V. ab. ; the Grimsel, Sec. {Far.); ab. in Upper Engadine,
vi.-vii. (3//.S-.S l-tn.); often at great elevations {yirhohnn) \ e.a.,
Rosegg Glacier, viii. 9 01 {Fis.); Pontresina, vii. ;8o {Luui.);

b THE BT'TTERFT.IES OF SWITZERLAND

Campfev, c, {Juiu's); gen. from ')500ft. to ToOOft., Weissenhnrp',
about SOOOft., scarce, vii. (/A/.) : En,«>stlen Alp (Jlal.rr).

Chauionix, viii, ,'98 {Miss /•'//;.); scarce in Basses Alps (l\<iiir)\
ill), at Pic (le i'Aigle, Alpes Marituiies {Jliiu.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) amount of wh. spots np. s, f.w., gen. v.

slight ; h.w. ahuost Avithoiit marks,
(b.) depth of grd. col. np. s.

H. Andromedse, IVallriKjirn ; 'iSirnu, Fd. ])lt, (and 1.)

unknown,
Dist. Char. un. s. h.w. It. cl. band projecting inwards as in
("acalia', but on up. s. f.w. 8 short wh. lines under basal part
of Q-mark ; fringe sharply defined.

Loc. Not on the Jura or the ^V. Alps. Dranse Valley, be]o"sv
Orsieres [Baker): Pont de Nant, vii. 12, scarce [l>l.)\ Gemmi,
)ir. the Schwarzbach, vii. /99 [Horn) ; Mattmark (lliitu-r) ; below
Zermatt, vi. (Vihujclcr) ; Povine {Far.) ; Andermatt, vi. fi/HG, c.
and fine {Jones); Maloja, vi. e., one only (}liss l-'tn.) : mtns. round
iiergiin ; Albula Pass, vi. b.-viii. b. {Frfij).

Stelvio ; Franzenhcihe and 1000ft. above {Frcij) ; Certosa di
Pesio, not rare in Val ^laguareis, vi. e. /{)2 ( A'«///7".s) ; Alios, vii.
1;1- 18/99 (Pon-dl).

H. Centaurese, Ihuhr. : 8()mm. Fd. pit. (and 1.)

unknown.
Dist. Char. un. s. h.w. zigzag markings nr. fringe; grd. col. up.
s. browner than last sp.
Loc. Steinenthul, nr. lierisal, vi.-vii. (linl-.ei).

H. Malvae, /.. (Alveolns, ///^): '28mm. Fd. pit.

Fraijaria, llnhiis, I'ltttnitiHa, kc: hyb. 1.
Dist. Char. up.s. wh. spots larger and more conspicuous than in
any other sp. in proportion to size.

Loc (len. distributed over the region, and gen. c, iv.-vi., and
at higher elevations to vii. m., ejj., Stelvio, nr. Trafoi {H.-Bni.) ;
found up to (jjjOOft.

Directions of Yar. (a.) confluence of spots up. s.

ab. Fasciata, Tutt : in which wh. spots h.vf. unite into a cl. band.

ab. Intermedia, Srhihle: in which wh. spots f.w. are confluent

and banded, but not forming a large blotch.
ab. Taras, Ihiistr: in which wh. spots f.w., and sometimes h.w.

also, join into a large wh. patch.

Loc. Anywhere with type ; I'.fi., Veytaux (117/.) ; Berne, v. 7/98
{FU'inynii) ; Weissenburg {If;/.}: Martigny ; Sion ; Sepey ; (iryon
(Far.) ; Aigle, iv. 2H '08 (HV/.) : not uncommon at Monnetier, v.
25, 28: vi. 10 {Bl).

(b.) diminution of wh. un.s. h. w.

\M( TiiK Ai.rs OK ('i;nti;m. ki'hoI'k. I

B,b. Malvoides, I'.lirrs: with un.s. h. w. brownish.

Loc. Alpes Maritiines. vii.-viii. {I'mrcll). [This would .seem to
imply a re<:;ular '2nd brood. 1

Genus, Pyrgus, ///^

Prevailing col. r>ll<. or blacisish with wh. or whitish spots.
Dist. Char, nhsence of brush of hairs on hind tibia in S •
S and ? difl'er otherwise as in Hespei'ia.

*P. Tessellum, IIU. : :>liimi. Fd. pit. (and 1.) uii-

Isuow n.

Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. *2 oblou.i;- wli. spots under the distorted

Q-mark, one below the other, forminj^ a square; 2 distin' t

rows of wh. spots h.w.

Log. Alpes Maritimes, rare (linn.) ; liotzen [Kanr), v. ami v.ii.

Directions of Yar. (a.) ,!<rd. col. up. s. in J sometiuu'S

approaching- lighter grd. col. of ? .
(b.) depth of grd. col. uu. s. h. w.

*P. ProtO, /vs/' : •JSniiu. hW. pit. rkloiin--^ Initirosd.
3 with, $ withhout gr. dusting.
Dist. Char. un.s. li.w. o i-atlier indistinct narrow It. bands, the cl.
the most di.-.tinct ; spots u[n s. and fringe dirty yellowish,
Loc Digne, not above 2000ft. vi.-vii. [I'mrdl).
Directions of Yar. (a.) grd. col. un. s. h.w. varying between

yell.-gr. and red-brn.

^'P. Orbifer, ////. (Knc-rate, /•'/;•.) ; -iTniiii. l''d. pit.

(and 1. 1 unknown.
Dist. Char. un. s. li.w. l«isal wh. spot and cl. band of wh. spots
nnnul .
Loc S. Tyrol, V. and vii. [haiu').
Directions of Yar. (u.i gnl. col. un. >. h.w. varying from yell. -
bin. to olive-grn.

P. Sao, ////. (Sertorius, lloffuutuusctjn) \ •24niiii. I'd.

[)lt. IliiliKs idaiKx and I'dlrriiini xaiiiiiiisnrJia.

Dist. Char, ord wli. space from apex in fringe f.w. much wider

than the others; It. cl. band un. s. h.w. [.rojects towards base

at costa.

Loc ^^"idely -i)rca<l l)ut by no means found everywhere (/'''>■//) ;

in 2 broods, iv.-\i., and vii.-viii. Xr. Uasle, Liestal, the Schafmatt,

i^c. {Christ): Schafi'hausen (/'/•<(////) ; St. Gall, scarce (Tlisvlder) ;

Ziirich, not c. {l-'inj)\ the Jura, r.'j., St. Georges, vi. e. 02, c. (H'/*.);

St. Cergues, vi. 2(5 {Bl.) ; in the Mittelland of Canton Uerne ;

8 THK BUTTERFLIES OB" SWITZEELANO

Obei-haslithal ; hills nr. Burgdorf {Frei/) ; Weissenbuug, v, variable
{H<i.) ; Justisthal (7'7.s.) ; Weggis, viii. /96 {Tiitt) ; Mt. Barry, vi. e.
1900; Rossinieres, vii. 2, 1900; Comballaz, vi. 15/99 {jlkiii.) ;
gen. distributed from Lausanne up the Rhone Valley ; Veytaux
(f(7(.) ; Martigny ; vineyards of Mt. Ravoire; Fully; Sion; Sierre;
Niouc, &c. (Far.) ; Brig, viii. 3/74 {1!.-Bni.) ; rising to over 5000ft.
at Zermatt, vii. /Ol {Lmn.) ; and Berisal, viii. 1/97 {I!.-Jini.) ;
Loeche-les-bains ; St. Nicholas (i^'(»v.) ; Stalden, vii. 9/94 {Jjlniu);
nr. Bergun (Zll.) ; Lower Engadine {Killias) ; Piz Okel nr. Coire
{Carlisrli)\ c. S. of the Alps, tv/., San Stefano, v. 22 {Mai/cy);
Gandria, viii. 14; Mendrisio, viii. 15 02 {Fis.) ; Simplon, vii. 99 ;
Locarno, vi. /99 ; iv. /OO {Tiitt), etc.

Savoie, r.i/., le Coin, v. 11 ; viii. 16; Monnetier, vi. 2 ; viii. 10
{IJl.) ; Gresy-sur-Aix, v. /97 ; viii. m. 1900 ; the Brevent, viii. 18/02 ;
Bourg St. Maurice, vii. /98 ; St. IMichel de Mt^urienne, viii. /97 ;
Larche, vii. e. /1900; Abries, viii. m. 1900 (^'"^0 ; c. at Digne, vi. b.
/99 ; and on the Dourbes, iv. 8/02 {I!.- Jim.); Nice, Cannes, and mtns.
of Alpes IVIaritimes (Jlrm.) ; Cogne, viii. /94 ; Courmayeur, e. vii. /94 ;
Au Pra, m. viii. /Ol ; Cortina, viii. /95 (Tutt); Mendel, vii. /95 {L)iin.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) grd. col. up.s. (ahvays a redder or purpler

blk. than other sp.).
(b.) grd. col. un. s. h.w. v. variable, rich red-
brn., prp.-brn., yell.-brn., or brownish-
grn.
(c.) smaller, with It. un. s.
ab. Eucrate, <>c/is.
Loc. Alpes Maritimes (llnii.).

Genus, Nisoniades, lib.

Prevailing col. darkish brn.

J with, $ without a costal told, f.w. containing lighter scales.

N. Tages, L. : 'i.SniDi. Fd. pit. Lotus nn-Hlcnlntiis,

I niuuilla raria, Ihcris, kt. ; hyb. 1. full-fed.
Dist. Char, a row of v. small wh. spots close to fringe up. and un.
s. f.w. and h.w.
Log. Gen. distributed and c. iv.-v., and vii. -viii. (My earliest
date is Veytaux iii. 29,99): mounts up to about 5500ft. ; not v.c. in
the S.E. alps of France {I'oivell).
Dire'itions of Yar. (a.) distinctness of markings ; sometimes

almost obsolete.
ab. Approximata, Loire (So called because approaching the Greek
var. (uicolor.)
Loc. Aigle, iv. 08 {Sldpcr) ; Susa, vi. e. /02 (Ijurc).

(1 .) col. of lighter cl. band up.s. f.w., brn.,

gr., or slightly reddish,
(c.) extent of inner line of wh. dots up.s.
f.w., varying from a single spot on
costa to a complete series.

AMI TIIK .\1,I'S Ol' CKNTIJAI. KlKOrK. J

Sub-Fam. PAMPHILIN/E.

Tribe Pamphilidi.

Genus, Pamphila, I'ulir.

Prevailing col. or. hin.

Dist. Char. uu. s. h.w. spots lighter than grcl. col.

P. Sylvanus, /•-'s/'. ; o'iniiii. ¥d. pit. Luinln i>ili>s(i,

/■'istiird. I 'ml, \c. ; hyb. 1.
J with, $ without 1)11\. transverse streak up.s. f.w.
Dist. Char. iin. s. h.w. spots yell, and inconspicuous.
Loc. (ten. distributed and c. up to G-jOOft. vi.-viii.
Directions of Yar. (a.) size ; from 2r)-85uiui.

(b.) depth of grd. col. ; specimens from the
mtns. gen. darker.

P. Comma, /.. ; 3 'iH, ? o3min. Fd. i)lt. ('<>n»ulhi

ran'a, and various grasses : hyb. 1.
S with, 2 without blk. transverse streak up.s. f.w.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. spots conspicuous and silvery wli.

Loc. (ien. distributed and c. in the mtns. up to 7500ft. and by
no means uncounuon at lower elevations, vii.-viii.
Directions of Yar. (a.) brighter col. un.s. h.w. culminating in:
ab. Catena, St<ir. ; in wh. they are vivid grn. as also apex f.w.
un.s. ; up.s. darker than type.
Loc. High mtns., r.<i., the bimplon, magniticent examples J and
2 (/'Vs.) ; Saas Fee {l.'.-Hnt.)

(b.) darkening of up.s. grd. col. and markings.

var. (?) Alpina, lUit/i (Entomologist).

Loc. rrnerboden, ix. 4/02 (/•V.s.) ; Pont de xNant, vii. {III.), i^c.
The darker forms, however, are not confined to the mtns. ; 1 have
seen v. dk. specimens from Mendrisio, vii. 2/01 (bix.).

(c.) spots un.s. h.w. yell, instead of wh.
ab. Flava, '/"//. (Still quite distinguishable fro u grd. col.)-

Genus, Thymelicus, llh.
Prevailing col. or.-brn.
Dist. Char, absence of spots un.s. h.w.

T. Actaeon, /v.s//. ; -i:)!!!!!!. I'M. |)lt. UnicJnii'mhum sijl-

cdticKiii, Triticiiiii ri'i>i'iis, 1 . jiiin;irns ; hyb. 1.
S with, 5 without longish blk. streak up.s. f.w.
Dist. Char. up.s. greenish tinge.

Loc. V. local, often coniined to v. snuiU ait as. vii.-viii. ; Veyrier,
vii. 1. {in.} ■ Sierre, and several places in tlie Pfynwald, one or two

10 THK IJUTTERFLIES OF SWITZKULAND

being by the main road, vii. ni. /DO ; Brig, right bank of Rhone,
below the bridge, ix. b. /OH, worn (H'A.) ; Martigny, above Plan
Cerisier ; between Aigle and Sepey ; Arpilles ; Zennatt (I-'ar.).
[This last is considerably above the usual limit. I Basle
(Kncclit) ; St. ]31aise and neighbourhood {ri>iilfni) ; neighbourhood
of St. Gall, but scarce {Taschlcr) ; wide spread around Tarasp
(Killias) ; Weissenburg, up to BBOOt't. (////.).

Between Annecy and Chavoire, v. ab., vii. e. 02 ; Gresy-sur-Aix,

vii. e. /98 (Tiitt) ; Digne, vi. b. /99 {n.-l!ni.) : Alpes Maritimes,

gen. distributed {PmnU) ; Aosta, viii. m. /98 {'J'i(tt).

Directions of Yar. (a.) Amount of marking in J up.s. f.w.;

sometimes unicolorous, sometimes with the or. costal streak

and fan -shaped row of spots as well marked as in the J .

(b.) grd. col. un.s. h.w.; gen. unicolorous, but greener gr.

specimens have an or, anal patch.

T. Lineola, Orhs. (Virgula, lll>.) ; 'iOmni. Fd. pit.

Tn'ticinii, &(.-. ; hyb. ov.

S with, ? without short blk. streak up.s. f.w.
Dist. Char, suffused blk. border up.s., the outer end of the

nervures being gen. conspicuous ; further distinguished from

Action by absence of greenish tinge up.s., and from Flavus

(Thaumas) by absence of grn. from apex f.w. un.s., and of brt.

or. patch at anal ang. h.w. un.s.
Log. ^ • ab. in the meadows and roads in Valais up to more than
-JOOOft. {l-'(ir.). In my experience ab. where it occurs, but local.
Sepey, vii. 97 (IIV*.); the Jura {Frci/) ; scarce in the lowlands,
('.//., Basle ; Berne; Liestal ; St. Gall {7''yr^) ; Weissenburg {/i^/,) ;
Gondo, vii. 17/02 {Fis.) ; c. in the Grisons {Fn'i/); <>././., Pontresina ;
Bad Alveneu; Disentis (Lmu.); Thusis, viii. /95 (Ji/.s.s Ftii.)\
I'.rusio, vii. 13 /Ol (^'V.s.) ; Fusio, vii. /99 ; Guarda, vii. 1900 {('lip-)-
Gresy-sur-Aix, vii. e. /98 ; viii. m. 1900, worn ; Abries, viii., m.
1900 ; Larche, vii. 1900 ; Megeve, viii. /02, v. ab. (Tntt) : Macug-
naga, vii. /96 (J/m Ftn.) ; Digne, vi. /90, vii. /91 (Lnni) ; Alpes
Maritimes, St. Martin Vesubie, and many other places, but rather
local, and not v.c, vi.-vii. (I'oirdl) ; Courmayeur, vii. /94 ; viii. /98
{T.tt).

Directions of Yar. (a.) lighter grd. col. up.s.
ab. Pallida, I'l'tt ; a pale straw-col. ab. found occasionally in l)oth

sexes.
ab. S Semicolon, St<ir. ; wh. has a short blk. streak below the

usual (andi'oconial) one, standing out distinctly on the paler

grd. col. All my S specimens show some slight traces

of this streak. J

(b.) increase in breadth of border, culminating in :
ab. Ludoviciae, Muhillr: wh. has also blk. apex, and inu. marg.

un.s. f.w.
Loc. Haut ^'alais (.i,'/.) ; Simplon {Ttitt).

AND THK AT.l'S OF CKXTRAL KT'ROPE. 11

T. Flavus, iirihiii. ('rbauiiias. /////)/. ; Tjinea, V<ihi:) ;
28niiii. I'M. pit. grasses; Iiyl). 1. (? soinotiine;^ ov.)
(? with. ? without longisli h]l\. sti-eak up.s. f.w.
Dist. Char. nn.s. f.w. ii-i-ppnish tiii.nc at .-ipox:, also on nn.s. h.w.
exc. anal nng.
Loc. gen. distributed and c. up to 4000ft. ; in some places, r.;i.,
Zorniatt, higher, vi.-viii.
Very constant : a largo form at Villach {Lnm.).

Tribe CvcLOPiDf.

Genus, Carterocephalus, Lnl.

Prevailing col. brn. and yell,

Dist. Char. up.s. h.w. yell, spots on brn.

C. Palaemon, PaUan (Paniscns, Fahr. : Brontes, Hh.)',

27mm. ; Fd. pit. Plantain and grasses ; hyb. 1.
Body of $ more pointed than that of S .
Dist. Char. Dk. grd. col. f.w. : with yell. -brn. spots.

Log. Gen. distributed in grassy woods, but v. seldom c. ; v. ra.
vi.-vii. b. ; in the lowlands and bills, and in some places reaching
to the mtns., eji.. Forclaz ; Glacier de Trient, c. {Far.) ; Veytaux,
V. and vi. /98 and iv. 28/99 ; Scpey, vi. e. /97. Ui. Barry, vi. /98
(I[7(.) ; Weissenburg, c. up to SSOOft. (////.); Les Plans, vi. l(i/90
(F/.s.j; Turtmannthal, vi. 20/99 {lilm.)\ Orsiercs (liahrr) ; Col-
lombiere de Fully ; Sierre, &c. (7^ '«/•.) ; Brunnen; Anderniatt, scarce
(J<mes) ; Axenstrasse, v. 17/88 {H utrldnmn) ; nr. Lake of Lucerne :
Fluelathal, vi. 27 ; Dischmathal, vi. 28 ; Flims, vi. 30/01 (F/.s.) ;
Davos {Killhis) ; Maloja, vi. e. /95 (Miss Ftn.).

ValdeLantosque (.l//7//('/v) : Val Anzasca: Susa, vi. e. /02{Loiiy):
Pejo, vii. /95 {Lrnn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) si/e of spots up.s. esp. h.w.. sometimes
almost obsolete.

[Obs.— The 2 specimens mentioned by Fre.y from the Maloja, vii, e. /65 are
of this form, but by no means an extreme case. '

*C. Sylvius, Knoch : 80mni. Fd. pit. grasses ; hyb. 1.

? with much more brn. f. and h.w. than S .
Dist. Char. yell. grd. col, with dk. markings f.w. ; h.w. dk. with

large yell, spots.
Loc ^Itns. of Fenestrella, rare (hanr).

Genus, Heteropterus, huinn-il.

H. Morpheus, I 'all as (Stero])es. Srhifj'. : Aracinthns,

Fahr. : Speculum, Sr/iniiil.} ; SOram. Fd. pit. grasses;
hyb. 1.

2 witli niur-li hu'gcr streak? apex of F.w. up.s. than J .

12 THE lUTTKRFIJES OF SWITZKRI,.\M)

Dist. Char. nn.s. b.Av. 12 large yellowish spots ; (up.s.' dk. brn).

Log. ]5elow (iiornico, and S. side of Mte. Cenere, 1804 (Meismer) ;
Giubiasco, nr. Magadino, vii. /57, not scarce (Tra/iii). I can find
no later dates.

[Obs. — Kane gives vi. e. vii., and observes that it " must be beaten out of
foliaoe in damp glades of woods." Milliere gives " heights of Berthemont," on
\vh. Powell remarks (in lilt.) that he has never taken it there himself, nor has
any collector of his acquaintance. It seems a most unlikely loc.J

Directions of Yar. (a.) decrease in size of spots in ^ up.s. f.w.;
sometimes quite disappearing.

Super Fam. PAPILIONIDES.

Division LYC/ENIDA.

Fam. Lycaenidee.
Tribe Thestoridi.

Genus, Thestor, Hh.

*T. Ballus, l-\il>r. : •28i)im. Fd. ])lt. f^otiis liispidns,
hyb. p.
(J without, 5 with large or. l[)lotch up.s. f.w.
Dist. Char. un.s. f.w. copper, h.w. grn. grd. col.

Loc. Perhaps hardly comes into the region, but Milliere gives
waste land of Vallauris : ab. nr. Hyeres : r.//., Col de Serre, iii. 18 ;
Costebelle, iii. 21 ; Carqueiranne, iii. 29 /02 {Sldjii-r).

Tribe Chrysophanidi.

Genus, Chrysophanus, Hh.

Prevailing col. copper (or brn.), often with more or less prp.
redections ; un.s. with eye-spots : hyb. 1. (exc. Alrifihran).

C. Yirgaurese, />. ; 8()mni. Fd. pit. llnmcr uniosd. II.

acuta, Solidaaa rirf/aiirca.
Brt. or. -copper, c( without, $ with niniierous 1)1 k. spots on disc
f. and h.w.
Dist. Char, interrupted line of wh. dots oi' daslics un.s. h.w.

Loc \'. occasionally in the lower valleys, <.//., Aigle, 1 3,
worn, vii. e. /97 ; Martigny (11//.) ; but gen. ab. in Switz. at the pine
forest zone. esp. in-, streams and in moist places, vii. e. and viii. ;
Jura.

Savoie, t.//., the lirevent, viii. 18/02 : Boui-g 8t. jNIaiirice. vii. e. /98
(2'i(tt); Diiuphiny Alps — St. ^Iichel-de-j\Iaurienne, vii. e., viii. b.
/97; ])Ourg d'Oisans, ^iii. m. ,y(i; Hautes Alpes, c.//., Abries, viii.
m. 1900 {Tiitt) ; llasses Alpes. <'.;/., l^.arcelonette, vii'i. 1900 {Tatt) :
Digne, vii. /91 [Liini.) ; Alpes Maritimes, up to .5000ft. [llrni.):
I'iedmont — Prr St. Didier, viii. b. /98 ; ]5obl)ic. viii. m. 01, c. :
Au Pra, viii. \n. 01 : ('am])iglio. vii. '9.") ('J'lttt): AN'oH'sIkm-l!-. vii. liS
,97 {Liin,.}.

Directions of Yar. (a,.) size: from 2J-o8mm.

(1).) un.s. f.w., distinctness and continuity of
wh. line.

AND THK ALPS OF CENTRAI- KT'ROI'E. 13

(c.) 2 ) wh. line appearing on up.s,

(d.) (? , breailth of blk. border, v. rarely with

three l)li\. spots nr. apex, up.«. f.w.
(e.) 5 , loss of brilliance of (;y(\. col., calniiuiil-

ing in :
var. Zermattensis, Fallou, with grd. col. yell.-brn.

Log. ZiM-uiiitt valley, vii. /Ol (fjnn.) ; Berisal, viii. /98, ab.
(irVf.); Zinal, vii. 81 and viii. /'OS {1!.-Jirn.)\ Sedriin, viii. 27/02
(/'V.s.j ; Canipfer, v. ab. {Jones) ; Saasthal, and JNIaderanerthal
(Kane). Hitherto considered a ? var. but a corresponding <? with
metallic buff grd.-col. was taken at the Ritiel Alp, vi. 28/02, by
Chne. Favre.

[Obs. — On the S. side of the Simplon Pass, e.g., Simplon Village, all the ? s
are of the type, on the N. side, and gen. in the other valleys mentioned, all are
of the var. A transitional form occurs with the var. at Sedriin (i''i.s.).]

Dauphiny Alps — St. Michel-de-Maurienne, vii, e. /97 ; La Grave,
viii. 5-13 /96 ; Bourg d'Aru, viii. ni. ,96 ; Hautes Alpes — Larche, vii.
e. 1900 ; Abries, viii. b. 1900 ; Piedmont — Courmayeur, viii. e. /91 ;
Cogne, viii. 7-12/94 ; Pre St. Didier, viii. b. /98 {Tiitf). [The Cogne
specimens are the nearest to the small and pale specimens from
Zermatt ; those from the otherlocalitiesare riithertransitional ( 'I ntt).]

Directions of Yar. (b.) and (c.) as above.

(f.) np.s. f.w. development of blk. spots into
streaks.
[Obs. — This development is occasionally seen, un.s., in many of the Lvcionidi ;
cf. also C. Hippothoe.]

*C. (Dispar, Hairorth) var. Rutilus, ll'cnirhiinj (Hip))()tli()('.

Hb.) ; 38mm. Fd. pit. .wrrel and bistort.
I*rt. copper red, <? without, $ with row of blk. spots up.s. f.w.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. clear gr. with bluish base.

Log. Certosa di Pesio, round the great springs at Beinette, vii.
29/92 (A'om.s) ; Kane also gives Savoie, and Val Tellina. In these
Iocs., presumably both broods, v.e.-vi. e. and vii. e.-ix. would occur:
further N., in Germany, there is but one, vii.

Directions of Yar. (a.) J , more or less blk. spots out. marg.
up.s. h.w.

(1).) ? , up.s. h.w. more or less covered with
brn.

Qt. Thersamon, Esp. (Xanthc ////.); '23mni. Ft. pit.

Spa rtin in .•icopa riniii .
Brt. or., ^ without, 5 with spots on disc of f.w. up.s. 'r.
ixj'ra (a.)].
Dist. Char. S , brn. shading on up.s. h.w. : J brt. grd. col.,
extending to out. marg. up.s. f.w.
Loc. Piedmont in open woodlands on S. side of Alps; also
Gumpoldskirchen {Kam) ; iv. e.-vi. b., and vii.-ix. b. {Spuln-).
Directions of Yar. (a.) extent to wh. spots of un.s, are visible

abo\e, esp. in 3 •

14 THE RTTTF.HFT.IES of S^^^TZEIiT.,\^■n

(h.) pr\). reflection nr. out. niarg. np.s.

h,w. in (? .
(c.) a slender " tail "' h.w. constitutin.c; :
' var. Omphale, Kluf/.

Log. Val (le Lantostjue. from 32H0-4920t't., replacing type
{Millien).

(Obs.— There seems no reason why this sp. should not occur in Tessin and
the S. of the Grisons.]

C. Hippothoe, /.. (EmTdice, lloit. : Chrvspis. Bdli.) ;

;i2irini. Fil. pit. llnnicr acdosu.
J ruddy copper, 5 ditto with dark spots f.w. ; h.w. hrn. with
copper ante-uiarnl. l)and.
Dist. Char. un.s. f.w. with dull red. -or. el. area, with small
eye-spot^.

Loc. Widely spread, but local; gen. in marshy spots, esp. damp
meadows. Wytaux, vi. b. /97 ; Cavix, vi. STi {Wh.); Villars-siir-
Bex, vii. ;02 (.i/r«.s) ; Loeche-les-bains, Naters, Mayenwand (Far.) ;
between Visp and Zermatt (Tasker); nr. Simplon Village, vi. 26/97
(Postans) ; behind the Hotel Mt. Barry, vi. e. /98, c. (II'A.); same
place, vi. 28-30, 1900, \vovn{Bkw.) ; Miirren, vii. e. 1900, c. (Wh.);
Ober-Weissenburg (////.) ; on the lower slopes of the Jura (Frf!/) ;
e.(i., St. (ieorges, vi. e. 02 (TT7/.) ; St. Cergues, vi. 25 (/>7.) ; rare
in N. Switz. (Kanr) ; apt to disappear when its haunts are drained.

S. Tyrol, vii. /95 [Linn.) ; Savoie, Gi'and Saleve, vi. 24 ; vii. 4 ;
le Reculet, vi. 26 and Monnetier, v. 30 (lU.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) ^ , extent of deep prp. suffusion up. s. h.w.
(b.) more or less conspicuous copper band

in this suffusion, like ? .
(c.) J , copper of f.w. up.s. more or less
invaded by brn., culminating in :
yar. Eurybia, OcA.s. (Eurydice, Hh.) ; ^ has far less prp. ; the blk,
disc, spot up.s. f.w. almost always absent ; 5 only v. slight
tinge of copper ; dull or. cl. area un.s. f.w. v. indistinct both in
^ and $ .

Loc. The usual mtn. form (but at Miirren, even in the Blumen-
thal, only the type is found). In some places both forms fly, e.ff.,
Engelberg, ab. (Daker) ; above Nax {(^hrist) ; so also in the Arve
Valley nr. Chamonix [liakcr) ; above Abries, viii. m. 1900, v. worn
(Tvtt). Much less local than the type and by no means confined to
damp or marshy places : from the Valais to the Stelvio, vii. -viii..
('.//., Simplon road, v. ab. from Ganter Bridge to 5th Eefuge {Wh.) ;
Oberalp, viii. /'95, Andermatt, viii. /95 (Clip.) ; Mattmark and
Saasthal, viii. b., a small form; Arolla up to 7000ft. viii. 25/96,
&c. (R.-Bni.) ; and gen. in the high ^'alaisian valleys ; also in
those of the Grisons; t?.r/., Pontresina, vii, /85 (Lnin.) ; Davos,
viii. 2, 1900; Fusio, vii. 1). 1900; Guarda, vii. e. 1900 {Clip.). Splu-
gen, W. side, vii. 5, 1900 {R.-Jh-n.), kc, &c. Susten, Handeck,

AND THK Ar,PS OV CKNTKAL KUROl'K. 15

Ursei'oiitlial, \.c. [Iuiik]: (rriiusel, Alots-h Glacier (l-'ar.); iUiiii
(likm.), Sec.

The Ih'ovent, viii. in. lH/02 ; Le Lautaiet, vii. e. /9() ; La (irave,
viii. b. /9G; Larche, vii. e. 1900; Abries, viii. b. 1900 ('/';<«); St.
Martin Vesubie (Bnn.) ; Cogne, viii. ni. /94 ; ]3obbie, viii. m. /Ol,
worn {Ti(tt) ; Macugnaga, vii. 16-20, 1900; Campiglio, vii. /95
{Clip-) ; Salzburg and Berchtesgaden, vi. e. 1900 [Lanii).

The extreme form of this var. is named :
ab. $ Nigra, l-'ar. .- v. dk. bm. without a touch of or. ; blk. disc,
spots up.s. f.w. V. distinct.
Log. Mt. Chemin, Martigny (/'«*•.) ; l>erisal {IVJt.).

(d.) tendency of blk. spots un.s. to coalesce,
forming :

ab. Confluens, (ierhard : sometimes on one side only.

(e.) diminution in size ; $ fulvous,
ab. Stieberi, ^ ''//*« /v/ ,■ a N. form, but rei)i)rtod from Engelberg
(/.'(//,■(■/■).
[Obs. — in Mr. Finon's collection are .H specimen^ without iiiarkiiig.s on the
left f.w. un.s. ; a <J of type, and <? and ? var. F.uryhia. Mr. Ijowe describes a
? var. Kuryliui from Engelberf?, vii. 6/01, as beinf; of uniform dk. brn. with a
slight prp. glaze, exc. a brt. or. spot in centre of i.w., throwing into strong
relief the 2 large blk. d>sc. spots ; faint traces of unte-iaargl. row of spots f. and
h.w. ; no or. margl. band h.w., making the \vh. fringe v. conspicuous.]

C. Alciphron, Untt. (Hipponoc. A's//. ,• Lampetii, Hb.) ;

33mm. Fd. pit. l!i(i)u\r acctosa : liyli. ov.
S , copper suffused with [ir[)., of Leu giving a brownish
appearance, 9 brn.
[Obs. — The ? of several sp. of this genus, notably of llcipludii and Doiili^^
(infers extremely from the ^ in >!linpe, as well as col. and marking.s, the J
liaving iin angular outline, csp. h.w.

Dist. Char. un.s. grd. col. f.w. l)rl. copju'r, h.w. jtalr fawn-col.;
darker in ? .

Log. \ • I'arely met with in >Switz. : i'Jngelberg, \ii. {Fn;/} ;
Fiesch (not Viege), vi. e. {Trapp) ; c. at the upper end of the Yal
Bregaglia, vi. e. {liazzi(fhe>),

Certosa di Pcsio, v. c. {Norrh).

DireGtions of Yar. (a.) 3 , diminution in extent of sufiusion.

()l)s. — In Geneva Tniversity Museum h a i specimen from Hyeres with
only a row of prp. spots h.w.

(b.) greatly increased brilliancy of col. up.s.,
esp. in ? , leading through the Grecian var. Melibccus, Sh/r. to:
var. Gordius, 'S/(/:r/' .• brilliant copper with numerous blk. spots,
S witli, $ without metallic prp. suffusion ; 33-37mm.

Log. Immensely more c. in this region than the tyj)e. Linder

the cliffs between ^'crnayaz and Martigny, v. ab., vi. 18-15/02

(Bkiii.) ; vi. 19 01, ,02, &c., till vii. m.; also on the other side of

the Rhone Valley, and on the path up to and beyond la l^atiaz

Tr/(.) ; Fully, Granges, Sierre {Fac.) ; Pfyuwald, vi. 24/99 (ll/.-ui.) ;

IG THE BUTTF:RFI,IES OF SWITZERLANI)

in many of the lateral valleys between Martigny and Brig, cr/,,

Evolena, nr. Ferpocle Glacier ; Niouc and Susillon, in the Val

d'Anniviers ; Haltschieder (Far.) ; St. Nicholas, vii. 17/97 ; vi.

80/98; Saas, vii. 15/9S [Bkiii.) ; v. ab. on the Simplon Pass, esp.

from iind to 4th Refuge, vii. /98 (W/i.) ; Simplon Village, vii. e.

/99 {Ti(tt) ; c. in the S. valleys of Tessin, the Valais, and the Grisons.
Grand Saleve (Fav.) ; not mentioned, however, by Jil. in

his list of captm'es nr. Geneva) ; the Brevent, viii. 18/02 ;

Abries, viii. m., worn out ; Crete de Reychasse up to
7000ft., viii. m. 1900, worn ; Larche, up to 6500ft., vii.
e. 1900; r.arcelonette, viii. m. 1900 (Tutt): Digne, vi. 4/99
{R.-lh-n.); vi. /90, vii. /91 (Luin.); St. JMartiu Vosubie, Val de
Madone, 7000-7500ft., &c. (P>riii.) ; Certosa di Pesio, much scarcer
than the type {Nnrr'aC) ; Courmayeur, vii. 1). /02 [Lntrc) ; Pre St.
Didier, viii. b. /98 (TuU); Varzo {Lowr); Stresa, vi. 10/87 {Joni's):
below Iselle, vii. 7/99 (/)'/(•;/?.) ; Campiglio, vii. /95 {Lvui.); Trafoi,
Meran, &c. (Tutt) ; and gen. in S. and S.E. valleys of the Alps.

Directions of Yar. (a.) ^ , fullness and brilliancy of prp. suffu-
sion. Gen. not v. brt. in the Rhone Valley, tho' often brilliant on
the Simplon, nr. 2nd Refuge (If'/f.) ; more so on S. slope, and also
larger {Far.) ; v. brt. prp. at Stresa {J())ti's) ; also at Digne
{U.-Bni.) ; almost confined to costa and thorax at Courmayeur
[Lowe) ; poor in col. at Crete de Reychasse {TuU).

(b.) size of spots ; varies greatly, esp. in $ .
Mr. Lowe remarks that at Varzo the markings are all much darker
and thicker than in Martigny specimens (this corresponds with
Mr. Tutt's experience at pjobbie) ; in one of Mr. Lowe's
specimens, a 5 , the whole h.w. is suffused with brn., leaving
only an or. border with conspicuous blk. spots ; this closely
resembles a ? m the Geneva Museum, from Hyeres, marked
Alciphron ; "a fine blk. ?, Val Malenco, vii. 7, 1900"

ab. ? Midas, Luu-e ; has the row of spots outside the centre up.s.
f.w. reduced to dots, the border broad, but opening into a large
spot (or spots) at anal ang. ; the h.w. having an ante-inargl.
band of blk., more or less wedge-shaped dashes, leaving the
whole disc brilliant copper exc. a blk. disc. spot.

Log. Martigny, vi. 1900 {L»in-) ; nr. Vernayaz, vi. 29, 1900
(H7(.). other specimens exist, but so far as I know them, all are
from the foot of the cliffs between Vernayaz and Martigny.

C. Dorilis, ///////. (Circe, Srliiff; Xfintlie, Fnhr. ; Phocas,

liott.) : 2ymm. Fd. pit. (inn'sta, llmnr.r, \:c.
S brn., $ with copper on disc f.w. and out. marg. h.w.; (for
shape r. Alrijiliran),

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. more or less strongly tinted with yell. (c.
\ irtjaiiri'ii).

\\l> rilK \I.PS l)F CKVIK-M, KlIiol'K. 17

Loc. In dry sunny s|i>)ts tlu'oii,i;ii()iil Suit/, and tdsewhfi'c, l)ut
liy no means gen. c. iv.-vi., and viii.-ix. (My earliest date is
\'eytau.\, iii. 17/99). In v. early seasons, such as 1899, there seem
to he 8 hroods, iii. -v., vi.-vii., and viii.-ix., Tjansanne, /9i (Tiitt) ;
Veytaux, not nnconnuon, <•.!/., v. 18/01, \t'. (TI7<.) ; Veyrier, v. 10 ;
vii, 18 : viii. 4 (/>/.) ; the .Fura (/'Vr//) ; between Bex and Chietre,
iv. e. and v. h. ,97, c. (HA.); Follaterres. v. 20/02, worn; Forclan,
V. 2802, good (/>'/>•»/.); les Ormonts, ratlier c, viii. b. /85 {Jmien) \
Fully, Saillon, Sion, Sierre, l)etween \'isp and Stalden, Gondo,
itc. (Fav.) : \'acallo, v. 19; Sagno, vi. H (Maijer) ; Lugano, vi.
/96 ; Locarno, vi. (5 99 (t'/iji.) ; Lucenio, viii. '85 (Lvin.); Weggis,
vi. /96 {Titft): •' \n the plains from Ilasle to the Grisons and
Lugano " {h'riij).

Digue, vi. 12 99 {i!.-llni.); vii. 91 (/-/////.) ; St. Martin Vesubie,
V. c. {linn.); le Coin, v. 28; Divonne, viii. 10 {Bl.) ; Gresy-sur-Aix,
vii. 25/96, just emerging; l'>ourg S. Maurice, vii. e. /91 ; Bourg
d'Oisans, viii. m. /96 {Tutt) ; Lago Maggiore, ix. /98 ; Esino, viii.
/02 (.1//.S.S Fin.) ; Certosa di Pesio, vi. and viii. 92 (Xorris) ; Bobbie,
viii. m. /Ol, fresh ; Val d'Aosta, viii. m. 98, v. ab. ; Pre St.
Didier, viii. b. /98 ; Torre Pellice, vii. e. ()1 {'J'xtt) ; Stresa, vi. b.
'87 {Jonrs) ; Pejo, vii. /95 ; Wolfsberg, vii. 18,97 {fjim.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size: greatly diminishing, culminating in :
ab. Nana, IIA. ; a v. small form, 23mm. and less.

Loc. Aigle, Roche, viii.-ix. (IT//.) ; Caux, viii. e. {Fis.) ; and
doubtless elsewhere in the late brood.

(b.) increase of size, number, and brightness
of or. spots in S , "P-s. sometimes
extending to f.w.
(c.) appearance of a row of small prp. spots
within the or. spots up.s. h.w.
ab. PurpureOpUnctata. Wh. [cf. I'/thms ah. ('<nNhnpi(nctata and
Aiiiphidaiiia^ $ K
Log. Veytaux, v. 01, ^ (H/*.); Les Avants, v. 01, S (Sloper),
2 (Fis.); St. Triphon, v.'9-lO 03 (.S7(V"'') ; les Grangettes, v, 20/03
{Wh.).
Digne, iv. e. /97 (Tntt).

(d.) loss of copper col. in $ and of or. spots
in (? , accompanied by increase of size up to 83mm.
var. Subalpina, >/"-. (Montana, M.-l>.) : wh. is deep, lich brn. v.
dk. up.s. ; S iiiid ? with slight prp. reflections, and without
or. spots up. or un.s.

Loc. The usual mtn. form, but sometimes as low as 2000ft.,
'■.//., (ilion (Slo/irr), vii. -viii.; Pont de Nant, vii. (/>7.) ; Mt. Chemin ;
above FoUaterre ; (irand St. Ik-rnard ; Locche-les-l)ains ; Gemmi ;
Zermatt ; Mayenwand (Far.); above Simplon village, worn ^s
and hue ? s.viii.b. 99, c. {Tutt); Arolla, 7000ft., viii. 25 96; Berisal.
viii. 5 97 : Saas Fee, viii. b. /97 {11.- Urn.) ; Andermatt, viii. /95 ;
Oberalp, viii. 95; Goschenen, vii. /96 {Tntt) ; Engelberg {lUih'r);

is THE BI'lTEKlLlKS OF SVVlXi^ERLAND

Davos, vii. 2, IDOO {Tutt) ; Fusio, vii. 1-12, lUOO {C/i)>.) ; Upper
Engadine, not v. c. : in wood at foot of iSchafberg, vii. {Xichoh(in);
wide spread, but gen. scarce on S. alps (Fn'U).

Larcbe, vii. e. ioOO (Tutt) ; Madone des Fenetres ; Mt. Balme de
la Frema, GBOOft. {Briii.) ; above Certosa di Pesio, vii. m. /92, $ s v.
scarce (.Vor//.s); Val Ferret, above Couruiayeur, vii. e. /94; viii. b. /9H
{Tutt); above Susa ; Yal Malenco, vii. 7, 1900 [ll.-lhn.); Macugnaga
(M.S.S Ftn.) ; Trafoi. vii. ui. 1900 {LI.- Urn.) : Heiligenblut, vii. /97
(Chp.).

(e.) a modification of tbe last.

var. (? & ab.) Brunnea, IIV'. •• large, no prp. reflections; 3 witb
or. spots at anal ang. iin.s. li.w., and sometimes all along out.
marg. li.w., $ varying on up.s. from unicolorous rich dk. bni.
of 3 to dull copper (rarely) on disc f.w. ; h.w. brn. with or.
spots of un.s. h.w. (and occasionally of f.w^) reproduced on
up.s. ; closely resembles dk. form of J lii'pntlun- $ and var.
Kiiri/bia 9 on up.s.
Loc. Miirren. vii. e. and viii. b. 1900, c. (U'A.).

C. Phlasas, /.. : 28iinii, Fd. ]i)lt. Umncx ncctom.

3 with dk. costa up.s. f.w. and narrower copper band h.w.

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. darkish brn., v. slightly spotted, with faint
ante-margl. reddish band.

Log. Widely distributed, but not gen. c. in Switz. exc. S. of the
Alps : I have only met with it in any numbers in 2 places, '■/::,,
JJrig, viii. 81/98, on right bank of Rhone about 500 yds, below the
bridge, and nr. Berisal, vii. in. and viii. 98, on right bank of
(Winter, above the stone bridge. One may meet with it singly
anywhere up to 4000ft. or more, iv.-vii. and viii.-ix. {Frvij). My
earliest date is A'eytauK, 1st week in May ,99. Much commoner
on H. side of Alps, c^/,, h1). at Chiasso {'Ma jiff). Amongst other
[)laces mentioned are Arzier, vii, lb; Veyrier, \iii. IG ; Onex, viii.
(/)/.); Saas Fee, viii. 1, kc. /94: (li.-Jlrn.) : Disentis, vii. /85
{Lmn.}; Davos, vii. 2, 1900 {Sl(,in>r)\ Fusio, vii. 12,98 (^7/;/.).

Bourg 8t. INIaurice, vii. '98 ; Digne, iv. '97 (7'"^0 • vi. /90 ; vii.
,91 {I. mil.) : \. 1() 02 {l;.-I!ni.) : Alpes Maritimes, c. everywhere
{llriii.) : Susa, \i. e. ,02, fairly c. {Loin-) ; viii. m. '97, v. varied
['I'litl): Torre Pellice valley, viii. /Ol ; Aosta, viii. in. ,98 {TiiU) ;
Tyrol, ('.//., Mendel, vii. 9i"> ; Carinthia, r.;i., Wolfsberg, vii. 18/97
{l.imi.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) depth of col. on disc of f.w., and band

of h.w . up.s. leading to :
ab. Intermedia, Tutt .• gid. col. brassy.
ab. Schmidtii, 'rrrlmnl .- grd. col. whitish.

Loc. 1 specimen at Maitigny, viii. IM 01 {S(uiicr).

(b.) copper col. suffused with dk.
ab. Suffusa, luit : culminating in :

AM) TllK ALPS of CKNTKAI. KIlIOl'K. 19

ab. Eleus, I'dhr. : in wh. llic coppei- is entirely suti'used and
h.w. distinctly '' tailed."
Log. a v. frequent form of '2nd brood in S., occasionally also N.
of the S. Alps; r.//., IVn-isal, viii. e. /9S ; Brig, ix. b. /98 (117/.);
Sion, Sierre, Niouc, Visp, Htalden (/•>//-.).

St. ?klichel-de-Maurienne, vii. e. /97 ; Susa, viii. ni. /97 ; Torre
Pellice. vii. e. /Ol (7'/(^/).

(c.) size and number of spots up.s. f.w.
(d.) a series of prp.-bl. spots inside copper
band up.s. h.Av., forming :
ab. Caeruleopunctata, stnr. {rf. Ampliidantas and Ihrilis ab.
I'miiunnjiimctatu).
Log. Esp. in 8.; e.(i., at Chiasso balf the specimens are of this
form {Maijcr) ; Brig, viii. /98 (TIV/.).

(e.) absence of band up.s. h.w., called :
ab. Obsoleta, Tntt.

(f.) band replaced by long radiating wedge-
shaped lines, forming :
ab. Radiata, Tntt.

C. Amphidamas, llxp. (Helle, Hh.) ; 26mm. Fd. pit.

Jlinih'.c aci'tdsa, I'uli/ijoiiiDii binturta.
3 with brilliant prp. reflections, 2 with large prp. spots up.s.
Dist. Char. Brilliancy of the metallic prp.. in connection with
small size.
Log. In Switz. a mtn. sp. : W. slope of the Moleson in marshy
meadows, vi. 25 01 (/.'/.) (too early for this loc. in/02); 1 at Villard-
sur-Clarens, vi. 12 01 (/'V.s.) ; 1 on slope of Rochers de Naye, nr.
('au\, vii. m. /Ol, worn (Linn.) ; 1 in Tinic^re Valley, vi. 25/02
{('/tadtcick) ; 1, worn, at ^■illa^s-sur-C^ryon, vii. /02 [Moss).

Obs. — All these Iocs, are on one chain, and it is therefoie probable that
Amplddamax may be found in suitable, and perhaps less accessible, mai'shy
spots between these points.

Htockhonithal (////.); Bas de Cheville (Miis.'ittcr): 'framelan
(J//.); Hasliberg {Surll) : -lustisthal {Jninrr) ; Pilatus (Wxrhl.) :
esp. on the Kmsigen Alp (' hrist) ; Ober-C-rurnigel (M.-lK).

(Obs. — The specimens from the last loc, acconliuj;- to Frey, are remarkable
for the extreme biilliancy of the metallic prp. in the d . and for the ante-margi.
row of brt. pip. spots on all 4 \vs. cT and ? ; these observations arc certainly
true of the Gurnigel specimens I have seen at Geneva ; those from Tramelan
arc, howcvtr. ecjually magnificent, i

DireGtions of Yar. (a.) Brilliancy and extent of [n-p. suffusion [r.
s,>/,n)).
Obs. — The suffusion of the Tnunclan c? is oi the col. ul A. his, that of the
Gurnigel <? of the col. of .\. H'a.

Tribe Lvt.v.Mhi.

Prevailing col. bl. in 3 , brn. m ? : ^ome 3 s, however, Ijeing
always lirn,, and many ? s souiitiuies bl. : un.s. witli ringed
eye-spots.

20 THK Bt TTKKFMKS OK SWITZKKl.ANl)

hr

Genus, Lycasna, /'//>

L. Areas, ll'>tt. (Krebus, Knock) ; 8-2miii., Fd. pit. clover,

SaiKpii^orha n/rninalis : hyb. 1.
V. dk. sooty brn. S' suffused with dk. bl., 2 unicolorous.
Dist. Char. un.s. with grd. col. dk. umbei- l)ni.

Log. ]''.\ceedinf?ly local, and confined to marshy spots : not
liitherto found in' the Valais. Hevmance, vi. 14, 26; Versoix, vii.
(in.) ; a field behind the Hotel at Mt. Barry, vii. b. /98, ab. (TT7/.) ;
vi. e. 1900, nearly ovei' (/>'/,(».); Weesen Marsh, vii. 8/01 , ab. ; a
mile W. of Attalens, vi. 11/01 ; En Saumont, above Clarens, vii.
1/90, and vi. 12.01 (lux.) ; marshes nr. Biinschen, at about 8000ft.
scarce (//.'/.) : Berne : Leuk {JUmii) ; moors above Einsiedeln
(I'aiil): between Sehiipfen and Aarberg {ll<>flnniharli)\ Aarau [Sndl);
W. of Pontresina ; E. of St. Moritz (Fis.).

Wolfsberg, vii. 16/97, ab. {Limi.) ; Grand Saleve, vii. ; Divonne,
vii. and viii. (!) (7?/.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) diminution of size, culminating in :
ab. Minor, H'it'.cr.

Log. Hiselen. nr. lake of Bienne {liiit:cr).

(b.) distinctness of spots f.w. up.s. S •

L. Euphemus, Hh. (Diomedes, lloft.) ; o2mm. Fd.

pit. Saiuitiisurba, Lotm cnrniculatus, clover; hyb. 1.
Lightish bl., 3 spotted, veined, and bordered, ? spotted and
almost entirely suliused with blk.
Dist. Char. grd. col. un.s. yellowish brn. ; S further distin-
guip.hed from Arion g by size, ? from Alcon ? , and Arion
var. ohscin-a $ by the absence of all spots un.s. f.w. (and gen.
h.w.), outside the cl. row.
Log. Marshes and damp meadows; much the same range in
Switz.. and often the same Iocs, as Areas ; not in the Valais.
Versoix, vii. (/;/.); Mt. Barry, vi. e. /98, ab. (HV/.); same place
and date 1900, worn out {Hkm.) ; Weesen marsh, vii. 8/01, v. large,
36mm. (/'Y.s.) ; Liestal (C7(n,s<) ; Oftringen (UV/^L) ; Ins: and in
the water meadows nr. Aarau {Sndl) ; Berne (-%.'//) ; Bchiipfen,
Aarberg {llotJicnhacli); Neuveville (^'o(//'<'r») ; Tour de Gourze ; Jorat
{LaJiarpe); Miinsterthal {Zll.-lhddcr).

Busa, vii. 24/99 {Il-Bni.) ; Divonne, viii. 10 (!) (7>7.) ; Marcoux,
nr. Digne, vii. {Ihnzel) ; marshy meadows in Alpes Maritimes
{Ih-ni.); Certosa di Pesio, ab. in all the wet meadows by the
Beinette springs, vii. IB, &c., /92 {XorrU) ; Wolfsberg, vii. 18/97,
ab. {[,11111.).

Directions of Yar. (a) brightness of S , depending on extent of
dusting with blk. scales.

(b.) extent of blk. .suH'usion in ? .

L. Alcon, /'wAr. (ArciiS. /vs/*. ; Fit[tli('miis, G'n^/wr/). ;)()iiiiii.
I'M. [)lt. ' 'utisiifi saijlttalis and ( iciiliainnii iniciiiiionaiitlir; liyb. 1.

AM> TllK Vl.l'S OV CKNTi; \l. K r K( >|'K . 21

Darkish lilac-bl., S' without. ? willi hlk. spots auci surt'usioii
ap.s.
Dist. Char. un.s. grd. col. darkish <i;r., srancln hi. at hosr. j J
somewhat closely resembles Arimi var. ()l»inir(i 9 and yet
more closely the df , but the grd. col. un.s. has a browner tint,
and the disc, spots un.s. are smalle)- ;uid more linear; also
(^h.tnira J is larger.]

Log. Local and seldom c, " in openings of woods in fclie lowlands,
and up to nearly 7000ft. in the mtns." {Far.) ; vi. e.-viii. b. Rossi-
nieres, vii. 2 and (5, 1900 {llkm.) ; \'illars-sHr-P>ex, vii. /02, worn
(.1/o.s.s) ; Frenieres, vii. 18 /91 (/'Vn.) ; l>ex, (^hampory, Visperter-
binen, Triftalp, Stalden {Far.); Zermatt, N.W. of Boden Glaciei- ;
W. of Evolena, beyond the stream, vi. 2(5 /97 (/'V.s.) ; Rift'elalp, vii.
/Ol (fjiiiu.) ; Rerisal, vii. m. S)S ; in the gorge leading to the Steinen-
thal and on the Steinenalp, vii. 11 /Ol, c. ; above 5th Refuge, vii.
13 01 (117/.); Simplon Hospice, vii. 25 /02 ; Laquinthal (Far.) ;
Bois de Bay, vi. 26; Versoix, vi. (Bl.) : Basle (C'Ar/.sf) ; Ziirich
(Fret/) ; Schatt'hausen (Trapp) ; St. Gall (Tdachlcr) ; E. of Wengen
(Fis.) ; " dry stony places at foot of .Jura," e.t/., nr. Olten (Wsckl.) ;
8t. Blaise {Coulerii) ; St. Cergues, vi. 25 {Bl.) ; Bienne and Soleure
{Blitzer) ; marshes nr. Biinschen, 3000ft. {tlij.) ; Gadmen {Biitzcr) ;
Bergiin, Stulser-weg, c. {ZIL); Fusio, vii. b. /99 ; Guarda, vii. e.
1900, with broad border {Clip.); Morteratsch Glacier, viii. 1/01
{Fis.) ; Pontresina, vii. /95 {Mhs Ftn.).

The Dole {liakcr) ; le Reculet, vi. 26 {Bl.) ; Beauv€zer : Alios,
vi.-vii. {I'orrell) ; Digne, vi. /99 (A//s.s- Ftn.) ; Torre Pellice, viii. b.
/Ol {Tutt) ; Macugnaga, vii. /99 {Flip.) ; Campiglio, vii. /95 ;
Wolfsberg, vii. m. /97, scarce {Linn.)

Directions of Yar. (a.) diminution in size :
var. Monticola, stt/r.

[Obs. — Stgr., Cat. 1901, p. 90, does not give Switz. as a loc. for the type, but
for this var., which he describes as being mther smaller, Hgliter gr. un.s., with
more bl. at base of h.w.; the dift'erence is not very intelligible, as it is a physical
impossibility for any specimens to have lean bl. at base of h.w. than the Swiss
tntn. ones, unless they are without a vestige of it. Mr. Rowland-Lrown
mentions a specimen taken by him at Mattmark, 7,000ft., corresponding with
Stgr.'s description.]

(b.) diminution of 1»1. in $ culminating in :

ab. 2 Nigra, ll'A. .• in wh. it disappears under the blk. sutt'u-

sion.

Loc. Steinenthal, Sec.

L. Arion, /.. ; lOiniii. I^\l. pit. Tliiiiims srijuilhnn (in
early stages seems to re(piire soiiu- iuiiniiil Food, i'mlunrh) :
hyb. h
Brt. b], witli slight lilac tinge; 2 gen. largei-. and with
larger blk. spots up.s. f.w. than S •
Dist. Chir. spots on up.s. f.w, in conni'ctiun wuh lightish grd.
col. un.s.

22 THE BUTTEKFI^IES OF SWITZERLAND

Log. Wide spread throughout the region, but somewhat local,
vi.-viii. b, [It would require a monograph to give all the Iocs, with
their varying forms ; the following are only examples, and in most
cases neither books nor correspondents give much detail as to size
and markings.] Veytaux, v. 27/97; Caux, vi. /97 ; Sepey, in
many places, large and It., vii. b. /97 ((17/.) ; on most of the slopes
bordering on the Rhone Valley, /'.//., all round Martigny, Mayens de
Sion, Evolena, Val d'xVnniviers, Forest of Aletsch, &c. (Fav.) ; St.
Nicholas, vi. 30-vii. 20/98 ; Binn [Bkm.), &c. Meyrin, vii. 26 ;
Versoix, viii. 18 (/>V.); Miirren, vii. e. 1900, a It. form (Tf7(.) ;
marshes nr. Biinschen, 3000ft. (/7//.) ; Liestal {Kane) ; Jura, «>.//.,
Ht. Cergues, viii. 29 {Bl.) ; San Stefano, vi. 29, v. dk. {jMat/c'r) ;
Pontresina, vii. /84, &c. (Liint.) ; Val Leventina, v. large and brt.
(Trapp) ; Splugen, vii. 5, 1900, ab. {IL-hirn.).

Savoie, cj/., Chavoire, vii. e. /02, worn; Megeve, viii. b. 02 ; The
Brevent, viii. m. /02 ; Gresy-sur-Aix, vii. e. /97 (Tiitt) ; Digne, Eaux
Chaudes, vii. m., ab., v. variable, from brt. It. bl. to var. Obsado
{II.- Bill.) ; \'allon Obscur, St. Martin Vesnbie, Madone des Fenetres
{Brill.) ; Baveno, v. large, vii, /88 {Liim.) ; fjrenner, vii. 27, 1900, v.
dk., approaching ^-»/>.sr»ra (/7.-/.'>-».) ; high up the Eggenthal, not
V. dk., vi. e. 01 {Lour) ; S. Tyrol, vii. /^5 and /97 {Lmi.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : exceptionally only 82mm., some-
times up to 44mm.

(b.) extent of blk. shading over disc, culmi-
nating in :

var. Obscura, r/n-lst, in wh. the blk. almost reaches to the base,

esp. in (? .

[Obs. — This var.. according to (lie ori^'inal de.sciiptoii (Frev, Lepidopteien
cler Schweiz, p. ;-}2, 1880— not 1890, as in Star's Cat.) is not r. siiiall ; tlio' tiie
(? esp. is gen. smaller than the type. j

Log. Gen. in the mtns. Berisul vii.\ iii. 9S(II7/.); Zermatt,
la Forclaz. I'ritnt, Thyon, Turtmannthal, Ij;i(|uinthal,\tc. {Far.):
Hospenthal. vii. /96 i'l'iitt); Silser Sec. vii. 1 9r> (.Um- Ftn.) ;
Fusio, vii. 1-12, 1900, Guarda, vii. e. lilOO {('lii>.)\ Via Mala,
vii. .5, 1900 {II.- Urn.) ; occasionally in the plain, r.ij.. the usual form
at Sierre, vii. /99 (HA.) ; Martigny {Far.).

Digne (//.-/>';■».) ; Alpes Maritimes above 3000ft. {Brm.); Cour-
mayeur, viii. b. /95 {2'titt) ; Val Ferrex, a poor form, vii. b. /Ol {Lour) ;
Pejo, vii. /95 ; Campiglio, vii. /9r) {('/i/i.) ; ViUach ; Sau Alp, Kor
Alp, vii. 97 {L)nu.).

(c.) size and number of spots up.s.
L. lolas, (h-hs. (lolaiis, //A.); 42mii]. Fd. pit. Foluti'a

aiiidrcficcns : hyl). p.

S lilac-bl., ? blackish-brn. with bl. suliusion at base.

Dist. Char, large size : up.s. f.w. unspotted in both sexes.

Log. In Switz. confined to the Rhone Valley l»etween Martigny
and Salquenen ; v. local, and confined to spots -where the fd. pit.
grows ; gen. one }>rood, vi., but in 1901 there were two, as in S.
iocs., at its headquarters at Follaterre ; v. e. {M'schl.) and vii. 26,
several, quite fresh (fT7/.) : same loc. vi. 23, 1900, ab. ; vi. 22 01,

AND THF. M.l'S iiF CKNTHAJ- KT'KOI'i:.

28

1 2 only; vi. 21,02, 1 S , 'I'litc fresh (117/.); vi. 3,02, worn
{lUnii.) ; vi. 29/02, v. worn {Slicliluii) ; Sicrrc, vi. 18/99 (.Wrs. /.«">•) ;
vi. 15, 21, .<:c. (HV/.) ; Sion ; Corin ; Halquenen (/'«r.).

Di,^rne, v. (Po/ir^/) ; vi. b. /99, 1 S (3//.s.s Ftn.) ; vi. /90 (o,n<l
larvjH, vii. '91) {Lddi.) ; liotzen {Kane).

Directions of Yar. in.) size: 82inui. (rarely), to llnim.
(b.) size of spots vui.s.

L. Amanda, SrJniridrr (Tearins. Hsp.) ; 84iiim. Fd. pit.

\'icia cracca.
<? lavender-tinted bl., j brn.

Dist. Char. 3 , col.; ? brn. fringe, lighter at out. edge. [The
un.s., gr. in <? , brn. in $ , may best be distinguished by the
absence of the dist. chars, of other sp. There is no wh.
streak as in P. Damon var. Fcrreti (the only "blue" wh.
resembles the 3 in col.), /'. A'bnetan var. llijipertii, and P.
bhnnedon ; a strongly marked ? might be confused with a
slightly marked P.Jle.vi)< ab. frarini(>i, but AuunuJa has not the
straight row of 4 basal spots un.s. h.w. wh. is found in Ah'.ci^,
noi' has it the slightest wh. sutt'usion inside the peacock eyes.1

Log. \'. local : under the clitts between Vernayaz and Martigny,
but only in, and close to, the uuirshes, v. ab. vi. 24, 1900 (Loire) ;
vi. 19, Sec. /Ol, /02 (T(7(.) ; ft. of Mt. Ravoire, Martigny ; fields
between Martigny and Fully; Vex in the Val d'Herens (Far.);
Tarasp, ab. (Killias); Guarda, vii. 1900 (Chp.).

Annot, vii. 17/99, a few ; St. Martin Vesubie, vi. 28 to vii. 7/99
{Lanij) ; Certosa di Pesio in Val Cravina, vi. b. /92, scarce {Nonis) ;
Monte Viso, Mt. Cenis (Kane): Cortina, vii. 17, 1900 (Pi.-Pni.);
Sarnthal and Eggenthal, vi. e. /Ol (Lowe), (v. infra).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : from 2G-86mm.

(b.) distinctness of peacock eyes un.s., never

V. strong, and often absent on f .w. in 3 .
(c.) amount of or. up.s. ? .
(d.) exiict tintof grd. col. 3 ■
(e.) extent of dk. suffused border up.s. 3 ;

[much richer and darker at Botzen

than in the Rhone Valley [Lowe).]
(f.) distinctness of blk. vcining up.s. 3 ;

(always v. distinct on h.w.).
(g.) occasional margl. row of blk. spots up.s.

h.w. 3 .
(h.) tendency to obsolescence of cl. row of

eye-spots, un.s. f.w. 3 .

[Obs. SpvUer mentions 3 <? s from Modling, in wh. the 2 rows of blk. spots
above the or. un.s. h.w. are coaleicent, forming large spots.]

24 THE BUTTEBFLIES OF SWIT55ERLAND

Genus, Cupido, Sclmtnk.

C. Minima, Fssl. (Alsns, Fcthr.) ; 20mm. Fd. pit.

A>iti(ifialiis ijli/ct/iiliiflltiti, A. cirer, Antlii/llis citbicraiia. ( 'unndlhi
varia, Mclilotit.s, &c. ; byb. 1.
V. (Ik. brn., S with, 5 without, greenish-bl. scales at base.
Dist. Char, un.s, brownish-gr., with eye-spots f.w. in a nearly
straight line, and with the double eye-spot next but one to inn.
marg. h.w. coming outwards towards out. marg.
Loc. Gen. one of the commonest Lycienids; mounts up to about
8000ft. ; from iv. e. to viii. at lower elevations, vii.-viii. at higher ;
in the former case probably 2 broods {Far., Tutt), rather than a
prolonged succession of emergences {Fre;/), as the 1. feeds up v.
rapidly. My earliest date is Veytaux, iv. 3/99 ; extraordinarily ab.
in Jura, e.;/., St. Georges, vi. e. /02.

Directions of Yar. (a.) Increase of size (with increase of green-
ish bl. up.s. (? ).
yar. Montana, /Vv// .- 24-26mm.; eye-spots un.s. often larger.

Loc. Gen. in moderately high Iocs., c//., Simplon (Far.); but a
V. usual form on the slopes above Lavey, (>.(/., v.-vi. /02 (TT7/.).
Le Lautaret, vii. e. /9G (Tntt).

(b.) further increase of size (without iiiait' bl.
in J).
var. Alsoi'des, (jerliani : 26mm. and above.

Loc. In the high mtns., r.//., Simplon Pass; Pierre-a-voir sur
Saxon; Glacier de Trient (/v<r.): Laqiiinthal (7u//:rrh Miirren. viii.
2, &c. (TI7/.).

(c.) loss of col. in J .
ab. Pallida, 'I'i'tt : up.s. pale gr. (v. rare).

((].) tendency to obsolescence of eye-spots
un.s., culminating in :
ab. Obsoleta, Tntt: in wIj. they have nearly, or quite, disappeared.

'C. Lorquinii, U.-S. (Bnddhista. Al}>]ii'i-alii) \ 20mm.

Fd. pit. (and 1.) unknown.
3 deep prp.-bl. (like Srhri(s), 2 brn.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. row of eye-spots in an almost unbroken
line, as the last does not conspicuously approach the border.
3 differs alscj from Schrtis in size, and broader border, and
from Minima in col.
Loc. Alpes "Miiritimes {I Inn.).

C. Sebrus, llsdr. ; 25mm. Fd. pit. (hiohnjcius niuutand,
< h'dhits, and ('dltitca orhiircscois.
J deep brt. ])rp.-bl., $ brn.
Dist. Char. un.s. pale blnish-gi'. with spots on f.w. in nearly
straight line (c. N. Si'iitia/yiin).

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 25

Log. Gen. a scarce sp., but ab. in uuiny places in Rhone Valley,
and found up to GOOOft., iv. e.,v., and vii.-viii. b. (1st brood far the
more ah.) ; v. ab. on road nr. Ht. Triphon station, v. 15/01, and
Martigny, on road to ]5ranson, v. 20/01 ; Lavey, v. 10, &c. /02, c. :
Veytaux, iv. /99, and v. /Ol ; Vernayaz, iv. 30/02 ; Sierre, vii. m.
/99 ; Martigny, vii. 22/99, a few (IFA.) ; viii. 8/01 (Slopcr) ; Saillon
V. ab. ; Sion; Sierre to Brig; Berisal; Simplon; Laquinthal; Zennatt,
&c. {Far.); Schaffhausen (Trapi)); in many places round Geneva,
both in Bwitz. and Savoie ; <'.//., (leneva, iv. 22 ; Veyrier, v. 13, 22 ;
Herraance, v. 29; le Coin, v. 2;{ ; vi. 14; Monnetier, v. 25, 29 ;
vi. 2, 5 ; Bossey, vii. 25 {lU.) ; (the last 3 in Savoie).

Chavoire, vii. e. /02 {Tntt), not uncommon in the Basses Alpes ;
Grenoble, v. b. /97 ; Digne, iv. /97 (Tutt) ; vi. b. /99 {li.-llni.) ; esp.
le I)ois du Kocher Coupe, ab. {Joiws); Col de Rouaine, about 3800ft.,
vii. 9, scarce and rather worn {Pnirdl) ; Ozglosse, Pain de Sucre, &c.
{Kaur) ; above Barcelonette, vii. 3/92 {Xorris); Piedmont {Kane).
Directions of Yar. (a.) occasional bl. suffusion at base of ws.

up.s. ? .

Loc. e.(j., St. Triphon (Fis.); Lavey, v. slight (117*.); v. strongly
marked specimens from the Jura {Atj.).

[Obs. — The Jura " blues" have a marked tendency towards bl. in the ? s.]
(b.) occasional It, col. up.s. <? . [A v.
pale one in Col. Agassiz's collection.]

Genus, Nomiades, HI.

N. Semiargus, Jlott. (Acis, Schif. ; Ai-giolus, Esp.) ;

30mm. Fd. pit. MdihiUt^ <i(ficiiialis, AnthiiUis ndneraria,
Armeria vuhjari^^, &c. : hyb. p.
^ dk. prp., ? brn.
Dist. Char. un.s. brownish gr., with eye-spots of f.w. in a nan/
line.
Loc. Distributed over the whole region ; gen. but not always, c,
sometimes the most ab. of all tiie Lyca-nids; v. vi. vii. in the low-
lands and lower slopes ; vii.-viii. in mtns. : found up to 7500ft.
Directions of Var. (a.) decrease in size, gen. in proportion to

nllitudc, cuhninating in :
var. Montana, Frcij : 25-27miii.; with darker grd. col.

Loc. 'I'lu' highest limits of the sp., <'.//., Blumenthal, above
Miln-en, vii. e. and viii. b. 1900; top of Simplon Pass, viii. m. /97
(li'A.); Gornergrat, Grand St. Bernard (/•'(//•.) ; Dischmathal, vi. 27
/Ol ; Rosegg Glacier, viii. 23/01 (/'V.s.), &c., &c.

Le Lautaret, vii. e. /9G ; Val Veni, viii. /98 {Tntt); Kor Alj), vii.
17 97; Sau Alp. vii. 14/97; Lolling, vii. 9/97 (<'/(/».).

(b.) size of spots un.s.
ab. >Etnaea, Zll. .■ in wh. they are large and snn-ounded with wh.
ab. Caeca, i'uchy. .- in wh. they are obsolete.
ab. Striata, Wh. .- in wh. some are extended into streaks.

;Obs. — I have seen no i of ibis ab.

26 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

(c.) occasional sli.yht bl. surtnsion at base of

ws. ? .
(d.) deepening of gi-d. col. in ^ .
Log. ''.'/., above les Avants. viii. 2/96 (h'.-Ihu.) ; Bisbinno, vi.
12 {Maimi

N. Cyllarus, Jlott. (Damfftas, Hh.) ; 30mm. Yd. ])lt.

AstriKjaliis, Tri folium, AfelUotiis, ( hiohn/chis, (itniista : hyb. 1.
3- brilliant bl., 9 brn. with bi"t. bl. bases.
Dist. Char. un.s. f.w. eye-spots increasing greatly in size from
eosta to below the middle, in connection with bl. or grn. suffu-
sion over greater part of h.w. (c. Mdanops).
Loc. C. in most years from Montreux to Morel, esp. at Lavey
(Wh.) ; Sion and Brig (Fat:) ; iv. e. v.-vi. (My earliest date is
Veytaux, iv. 5/99.) Not gen. found above 3000ft., but mounting
exceptionally considerably higher, when it may be found later; e.f/.,
Splugen, 4700ft., vii. 5, 1900 {JL-Jh-n.). In many places round
Geneva; Veyrier, Chene, Bois de la Batie, Bois de Bay, i^c, v. 6-27
(BL). Not V. c. elsewhere in Switz. ; Locarno, vi. b. /02 (CJip.) ;
San Stefano, v. 22 (Mai/rr); Weissenburg, vi. b., not c. (%.) ;
Jura (Christ); Bergell (Frey); Tarasp (<Virist),

Grenoble, v. 97, v. large; Digne, iv. e. /97 (Tuft): vi. /90
(Lwu.)\ vi. b. 99 (7.'. -/>/•/;.) ; Auribeau, iv. 6/03 (V'//^0 ; Vallon
Obscur, St. Marliu Vesubie {Jinn.); Alassio, iv. m. /03 {'I'mt) ;
Certosa di Pesio, vi. b. /92, c. (AV*;/7'.s) ; Aosta, v. /95, e. fine (Miss
Ftn.); Orta, v. m.-vi. m. 1900, scarce (Lour); Trafoi (Fiyi/).
Directions of Yar. (a.) Size: reaching to 3Bmm. or 31mni., hut

sometimes v. small, culminating in :
ab. Blachieri, Milliiri': sometimes as small as 22mm.; un.s.
eye-spots gen. large (but r. infni.).
Log. Rhone Vallev, &c., e.,i., Lavey, v. 2.S,*1900; v. 10/02;
Veytaux, v. /Ol ; Aigle, v. /6l (Tf//.) ; e. above Saillon [Far.) ;
Troinex, iv. 29 (7>'/.).

Monnetier, vi. 3, 4 (/>/.); St. Martin Vesubie, vi. 6/92 (Bnii.) ;
Susa, vi. 18/02 (J. awe).

(b.) number and size of spots un.s.

ab. Tristis, derhard ; with eye-spots f.w. v. large.

ab. Lugens, Caradja ; almost (sometimes quite) without eye-spots

h.w.; up.s. <? darker in tint, $ v. dk. (rf. ab. Andrmiiiii,

infra).
ab. Dymus, Jlrfh. : without spots un.s. f.w.
ab. Subtus-radiata, <:>l>t/i. : spots of un.s. f.w. and sometimes of

h.w. prolonged into streaks.
Log. Charpi^nv, v. 9, 13/01 (/'Vs.); a magnificent d" with streaks
on all 4 ws. 15ranson, v. 15/02 (IVh.).

jObs. — With leKavcl to the var. hi numher of spots in the band of f.w. un.s.,
I cannot do better than refer to Mr. Lowe's captures at Susa and Certosa di
I'esio, 6 spots bein^ the normal number; 1 <? , an ab. Ithichicvi, with 2, and
these reduced to dots; 5 cT s, 1 ? with 4; ."> j' s, ] ? with 5; :-5 s s witli 6 on ri^hl

A\n THF. AT.PS OF C'F.NTR AT, ET'IiOPF. 27

and 5 on left \v. ; 4 c^ s, 2 9 s with 7 ; one of the i s with 7 ^pots has also " a
small but distinct basal spot on each f.w." (Ent. Eec, xiv., :^;-i;j). I have also
a i with these basal spots, which has 6 spits on the licht wing and 7 on the
left — the reverse of Mr. Lowe's.]

(c.) diminution of bl. in $ up.s., culminatins? in :
ab. ? Andereggii, IVnhl : almost, often quite, without bl. ; lar^e
spots un.s. esp. on h.w.
Loc. So far only in the Valais and the nei.^hbonring parts of
Vaud. Veytaux, iv. e. 97 ; Lavey, v. 24 01 ; v. 10 02 ; Sierre, v.
7 02 ; Sion, v. 22 02 (II'A.) ; Martiyny, Branson, Saillon (/-Vfc.)

(d) col. of un.s. h.w., varying from deep sky-bl. to It. emerald
grn.

N. Melanops, ]'uh\\ ; 25mm. Fcl. pit. ])<>riiruiiiin

cU'cioiibi'Hs.
$ brt. bl., $ blackish-brn. with bl. suffusion.
Dist. Char, row of spots un.s. f.w. greatly increasing in size from
costa to below the middle, h.w. scarcely sprinkled with bl. at
base; further distinguished from ('>/llan(s ab. JUacliicri by a
faint margl. row of lunules un.s. h.w.
Loc. A correspondence with ^Ir. Elwes has elicited the fact that
it was undoubtedly this sp. and not ('i/llarns ab. Bladiicii that he
took nr. Sion in the 2nd week in ]May, /87. These are the only
Swiss specimens known, though the sp. has frequently been looked
for since in the same loc. ; being small and v. local, the exact spot
may have escaped detection, or the insects may have been passed
over as small t'l/Uanis, wh. is ab. nr. Sion.

Digne, iv. 5 02, c. (U.-Jlni.) ; ab., esp. in the Bois du Rocher
Coupe, V. b. 91 (Joiu's); iv. e. /97, perhaps the most ab. " blue "
{Ti(tt). Vallon Obscur, &c. {linn.) ; Cannes, iv. /98 (Tiitt) ; on
thyme, up to about 2500ft. {I'onrll).

Directions of Yar. (a.) extent of bl. up.s. 2 .

(b.) diminution of spots un.s., those on h.w.
being sometimes not ocellated.
[Obs.— This is not ab. Marchandii, B>tdv., as apparently supposed by /.'/•)".,
this ab. being without spots un.s. f.w., and being so far confined to Catalonia.]

Genus, Polyommatus, Lair.

P. Eumedon, Hsp. (Chiron, J!<>lt .■ Antiqua, ///////) ; ;Uinm.

I\l. pit. seeds of Gcranimn mniinininiin and ii. jirati'nsi'.

Brt. dk. brn. S without, ? gen. with or. spots at anal ang.

up.s. h.w.

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. a wh. streak extending from disc, spot almost

to out. marg., more or less wedge-shaped, t/ir jioint of tlir imli/i'

hcimi toiranh the umrif.

Loc. Not gen. c, but mounting up to G000ft..or move, vi.-vii.;

28 THE bllTTERFLIES OF SWITZKHI.ANI)

Veytaux, vi., Sepey, vii. /97 (Tf7/,) ; Vnl d'Anniviers, vii. b. /97 ;
Sierre, vi. 17-24 /93 (n.-Brn.); Arolln,, c. vii. 12, 1900; St.
Nicholas, vi. 30/96 ; vii. 11/98, &c. (L'A•»^) ; Haas, vi. m., Mattmark
See, vii. e. (Jones) ; Berisal, vii. /98, v. ab. (TfVi.) ; and oen. in the
valleys of S. Valais. The Engadine, './/., Pontresina, vii. /95
{Misa Ftii.) ; ft. of the Schafberg, vii. c. (Jnnrs), &c. Dischmathal,
vi. 27/01 (Fis.) ; Fusio, vii. /99 : Guarda, vii. 29-31, 1900 ((%.);
T*renigai-tner woods, nr. Berne (Freij) ; Weissenl)Ui-g, scarce (H//.) ;
.1 lira, <'.//., C basse ral {('oidcni); Neiiveville {Hdtlwuhar/i) ; l>reitbo-
denalp, nr. Meiringen ; Kandersteg {^[.'IK) ; La Vare, above Pont
de Nant, vii. {BL).

Pontarlier {Kane) ; Le Lautaret, vii. e. '96; Abries, viii. ni. 1900
{Ti(tt); Basses Alpes {Kone) \ Alpes Maritinies on all mtns.
{Millieri') \ Cogne, viii. 7-12 /94 ; Courniayeur. vii. e. 94 {Tntt) ;
Macugnaga, vii. /99 (Clip.) ; Susa, vi. 27/99, v. c.*; Cortina, vii. 27,
worn {H.^-Bni.); Campiglio, vii. /95 (Lwii.): Stelvio. vii. 12. 1900
{Pi.-Bm.) ; Val Bigontina, viii. /95 (7'/f/n.
Directions of Yar. (a.) diminution in size of eye-spots un.s.,

culminating in :

ab. Subtus-impunctata, Fitr.: in which they are absent from f.w.

ab. Speveri, Hks^: in which they are altogether absent.

(b.) absence of or. up.s. h.w. J .

(c.) tendency to obsolescence of wh. streak,

un.s. h.w., culminating in :

ab. Fylgia, SjiaHtihern : in which it is obsolete.

[Obs. — This is a var. of the extreme N., but Stgr. says also " ab. ubique " ;
it can only be expected in the highest altitudes reached by the sp. Mr.
Buckmaster, however, notes a c? from Sierre— another instance of the curious
tendency of that locality to produce nitn. forms. Cf. Arion var. Obscura.}

P. Donzelii, Bsdv. ; 26mm. Fd. i)lt. (and 1.) unknown.

^ It. steely bl. broadly dk. bordered, $ brn.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. a wh. streak from the indistinct peacock

eyes to the disc, spot, more or less wedge-shaped, the point of

the iredjie heiny towards the base.
Log. In Switz. only in the Valais and the Engadine, between
4000ft. and 6500ft. (exc. Martigny-Combe, de Bowjeiitunt), vii. -viii.
Ponchette, in Val d'Anniviers ; damp places by the Viege below the
Rit^fel {Fav.) ; by chapel of St. Laurent between Vissoye and Zinal,
viii. 1/97, c. (B.-Brn.); Turtmannthal, viii. 18/91; Lotschenthal,
viii. 9/90 {Fis.) ; Saas Fee, vii. e. /85 (Jones) ; a pine forest in the
Saas Valley, ab. (Far.) ; Berisal, viii. /97, /98, scarce ; Simplon
Village, viii. b. /99, c, vii. 10/01, ab. (Wh.) ; Pontresina, vii, /95 (Miss
Ftn.y, at ft. of Schafberg; Rosegg Valley, vii. (Mrhnlson) \ Sils
Maria; St. Moritz ; Celerina: Raniaden (Fir,/); (Vampfer, scarce
(JoiU's).

Alios; Barcelonette, vii. (Po((v//) ; Glaisolas; Godessart ; Digne;
Mi. Cenis (Kane); Valley of the Borcon (Brni.); Oouruia^eur,
moraine of Glacier de Miage, viii. b. /98 (Tutt) ; Cortina, vii. 21,
1900; Trafoi, vii. 12, 1900 (B.-Bni:).

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE.

29

Directions of Yar. (a.) amount and distinctnefcs of or. spots un.s.
(b.) $ , amount of bl. at base of h.w. up.s.
(always slight).

P. Damon, SV/////'. (Biton, Sulzer) ; 35mm. Fd. pit.

Onohr)irliif< satira : hyb. 1.
cT brt. slightly greenish-bl.. with broad dlw suffused border,
? smaller, brn.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. a long whitish streak, not wedge-shaped,
reaching almost from base to nr. out. marg.
Loc. Not c. in N. Switz. Schaffhausen {Trapp) ; !St. Gall
{T(hchler) ; Zurich (Freij) ; Liestal {Christ) ; Arlesheim (Knecht) ;
nr. Lucerne, viii. e. /99 (Sandford) ; Weggis, vii. /96; Kigi,vii. /96
{2\itt) ; gen. distributed, often c, and sometimes ab. in E. Vaud,
the Valais, the Bernese Oberlund and the Grisons; e.>/., les Avants,
vii. 30/01 (Slnper) ; Aigle to Sepey, vii. /97, and other years, v. ab.
(U7i.) ; viii. 2/9H (Jones) ; throughout the Rhone Valley, c. (Wh.);
Evolena, Inden, Loeche-les-bains, Visp valley up to St. Nicholas,
&c. (Fav.) ; below Berisal, v. c, viii. 20/97, and earlier other years
(Wh.) ; Weissenburg, c. (////.) ; Grindelwald and Miirren, vii. /89
{Lm7i.) ; c. nr. St. Moritz, vii. {NicJiohou) ; Guarda, vii. 1900 ;
Pontresina, vii. 1900 (C/ip.) ; Bad Alveneu, vii. /88 (Lmn.), &c. ; nr.
Geneva, Veyrier, vii. 13 ; Sierne, vii., Monnetier (Savoie), vii. (lU.) ;
not uncommon on the Jura Vaudois (117/.).

Gen. c. in Savoie, Hautes Alpes, and Basses Alpes, e.g., la Clusaz,
viii. 4/02, V. ab. ; Abries, viii. m. 1900, v. ab. (Tntt) ; Digne, vii.
/91 {Lm7i.) ; Bourg d'Oisans, vii. m. /96 ; Bourg d'Aru, viii. m.
/96 ; Bourg S. Maurice, vii. e. /98 ; Petit St. Bernard, viii. b. /98 ;
Barcelonette, viii. m. WOO {Tntt); Barcelonette and Alios, vi. e. /92,
ab. (Xorris) ; local in Alpes INIaritimes. top of r>alme de la Frema,
7300ft. {Brm.) ; Cannes (Lmn.) ; Certosa di Pesio, ab. on damp spots
under Cima Car, and in Val Sestrera, vii. viii. /92 ; Courmayenr,
viii. m. /98 ; Pre St. Didier, viii. m. '98; above Bobbie, viii.
m. /Ol (Tutt).

Directions of Yar. (a.) diminution of size, culminating in :
Yar. Ferreti, For. ; 25mm.-29mm. ; grd. col. of <? a much more
lavender tint, with dk. suffusion sometimes greatly enlarged,
esp. in Val Ferret ; un.s. <? and $ rather less dk., wh. streak
often more sharply defined.
Log. Ab. in the Val Ferret (or Ferrex),esp. at the Grand Ferret
(Far.) ; upper end of Lauterbrunnen valley, viii. 1, 1900 ; Vallorbe,
viii. b. /02 (HVf.) ; Campfer {Jones) ; Sierre, vii. 6/86, aberration,
(BL).

Le Lautaret, vii. e. /96 ; Larche, vii. e. 1900; Cogne, vm. 7-12,
/94 ; Au Pra, viii. m. /Ol {Tntt).

[Obs. — This var. was wrongly described in P'avre's " Lepidopteres du Valais "
as var. Actin, H.S., an error which is corrected in the " Supplement " of 1903.]

(b.) tendency to obsolescence of sjiots, always
small, un.s. h.w.

30 THE BUTTERFLTKS OF SWITZERLAND

'•p. (Adinetns. I^sp.) var. Rippertii, llsdr.; :M)mm. Fd.
pit. (and 1.) unknown.
Dk. brn., J with, $ without nervures of Imsal half and disc,
cell up.s. thickly furred.
Dist. Char. tm.s. clear }'ell.-l)rn., with wh. streak on h.w. ; further
distinguished from Kmncildn, and /'o/^^.s var. Vittata $ by Jirn.
friiKii'.

Loc. V. c. on lavender blossom in some localities round Digne,
vii. /99 (J//.S.S Vtn.), cj/., half-way up the C'oussons, SoOOft., vii.
5 and 6 (JL-llrn.) ; La Bollene, vi. 2192, on lavender, worn
(Jinn.): S. Tyrol (Kaur).

Directions of Yar. (a.) sometimes trace of wh. streak un.s. f.w.

*P. Dolus, Uh. ; 85mm. Fd. pit. sanfoin.

J V. pale bl. (paler than Conjdiu), $ brn.
Dist. Char. S , grd. col., and brn. furring on basal half up.s. f.w.;
5 , concave outline of h.w^ just before anal ang., distinguished
from Adiiivtioi, wh. is the same shape, by smaller size and It.
fringe.
Loc. The Basses Alpes, not occurring higher than about

1600ft. {Pnirrll).

Directions of Yar. (a.) occasional presence of an ill-defined wh.

streak, un.s. h.w.
^'^ab. Yittata, ohtli. : (doubtful whether it occurs outside the

Department of Lozere, wh. is not in the region.)

P. Meleager, l-lsp. (Daphnis, llnisfr.) ; 85mm. Fd. pit.

'J7ii/unis, Origanum, Oiobits n'Kji'r, < huihriichu^.

V. brt. It. sky-bl., 3 with narrow, $ with broad blk. border ;
? has also the nervures broadly suffused with l^lk.
Dist. Char. h.w. a notch nr. anal ang. forming 2 rudimentary

" tails," more marked in $ ,
Loc. Extremely local in Switz. ; only in the Valais between
Martigny and Visp, and at Tarasp, vi. e.-viii. m. ; Pfynwald,
principally nr. Pfyn, vii. 14 and 19/99, good; viii. 14/99, S^ v.
worn, ? s good ; vii. l.S/01 rather worn {Wh.) ; vii. 19-20, 1900,
fresh {llkm.) ; Sierre, vi. e. ('%.70 5 viii. 16/99, 1 3 slightly
worn (II A.) ; Martigny at the Tour de la Batiaz and the surrounding
vineyards, vi. 28/92, and above Plan Cerisier, vii. 5/02; Val
d'Anniviers ; from Hierre to Louche by Salquenen and Varen ;
Visp, Stalden, and Huteggen {l-'ar.); Tarasp, nr. the Kurhaus
{Killias). Its best loc. in the Valais is undoubtedly the Pfynwald,
and in most years the likeliest time the 2nd and Si'd weeks in July.
8t. Michel-de-Maurienne, vii.e. /97 {Tiitt) ; P)eauvezer, vii. {Poirdl) ;
Digne, vi. l.S/99, just emerging {l!.-]int.)\ vii. 11-16/H9, v. c.
{Mrs. Xic/ioll); St. Martin Vesubie ; Vallon Obscur, etc. (/>n/^) ;
Castellane {Poirdl) ; Certosa di Pesio, vii. -viii. /92, not. C. {Xonis);

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPK.

81

above Bobbie, viii. m. /Ol, worn {'rutt) ; Susa, vi. 27/99 {l!.-l>ni.) ;
viii. m. /96, Avorn i'l'ntt) ; Pre St. Didier to Aosta, viii. b. /98, worn
{Ti(tt) ; Botzen, vii. 14/02, not fresh (Lour) ; various places round
Vienna, vii. -viii. (Miss Ftn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) ? , almost complete loss of bl., forming:

ab. 5 Steeveni, TreiUchhc ;

Loc. The usual form in the \'alais : (2 type $ s at iMartigny,
ii «•///.).

Alpes Maritimes, commoner than type {linn.) ; Digne, vii. 2,90,
and 91 {Tmiu.) ; St. ]\lichel-de-Maurienne, vii. e. 9G {Tntt).

P. Corydon, I'oda (Tiphys, /vs/'.); 84nim. Fd. pit.

(Jdionilla, I'iria, Aatrai/cdiis, c^c. : hyb. 1.
S pale silvery bl. with greenish tinge, ? dk. fawn-brn.

Dist. Char. Col. (un.s. f.w. gen. has principal line of eye-spots so
bent inwards beloAV the middle as to form a line with disc,
spot.)

Loc. V. gen. and widely distributed, sometimes in amazing
abundance [c.;/., between Miirren and Gimelwald, viii. i. 1900) ;
mounts up to 7500ft. or more; one brood only vi. (in S.), vii., viii.,
and often ix.

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : from 26mm. to B8mm.
(b.) tint of grd. col.

ab. Calydonius, Loire .• almost the bl. of Melecujcr : up.s. f.w.

with narrow, v. blk. and v. clearly defined border; b.w. margl.

row of strongly marked and isolated blk. spots ; un.s. f.w. blk.

spots V. large, on much darker gi-. grd. col. than type ; h.w.

with much bl. at base, or. eye-spots rather small and pale, grd.

col. rather dingy, without a trace of fawn-col.
Loc. ^lontana, vi. m. /99 {Loirr); Follaterre, vii. 22 99 (IIVA/.).
'•' (?) ab. Hispana, 11.- S. ; lighter, pale spotted marg. ; a transi-
tional form is not uncommon in Switz.
ab. 2 Semibrunnea, Millihc (Semi-syngrapha, Tntt) ; base bl.

to disc, spot f.w. and beyond in h.w.

Loc. Not c, Berisal, viii. '97 (117/.).

Alpes Maritimes {JJnit.) ; Lago di Loppio and Hiva (Jones).

ab. ? Syngrapha, Keferstein (Mariscolore, Gerhard) ; bl. to the
or. border.

Loc. The hottest parts of the region ; v. scarce in Switz. ; 1 at
Branson (l-'ar.) ; Tramelan, 2 superb examples (A;/.).

(c.) extent and distinctness of or. spots up..«.

ab. Aurantia, Intt : $ with distinct margl. or. spots edged

internally with paler.

[Obs. — One cannot, I think, be wron;,' in incliulinj/ here the <? fmni in

which the spots up.s. h.w. are edyeil interiorly with or. ; this tccurs not

32 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

iiit'iequently in Switz. At Esiuo above Varenna about '20 per cent, are of this
form (it/m Ftti.).]

(d.) size of spots and breadth of border up.s.

[Obs. — The forms named in Tutt's "British Butterflies, " pp. 1(16, 167, only
partially apply here. So far as my experience goes, the broad marg. f.w. and
V. distinct and rather large spots h.w. always occur together ; and, similarly,
the narrow border f.w. gen. goes with smaller spots h.w.]

" In the Basses Alpes the blk. of the border has practically disappeared,
leaving in some specimens only faint gr. ocellations, e.g., Digne, vi. /99."
{R.-Brn., in litt.). This form I take to be :

ab. Punctata, Tutt.

(e.) tendency to lighter grd. col. un.s.,
culminating in :
ab. Pallida, 'intt .- " S wh., $ pale ochreous."

(f.) tendency to obsolescence of spots mi.s.
ab. Obsoleta, 'I'utt ,• in wh. the tendency is marked. [I took a 3
at Valiorbe, viii. 10/02, with right h.w. only of this form : —
both f.ws. are ab. Striata.]
ab. Cinnus, Hb. .- spots on h.w. not ocellated.

(g.) tendency of spots un.s. to coalesce.
ab. Striata, 'J'xtt ,• in \\h. they are more or less joined into streaks.
ab. Arcuata, Wcijmcr : in wh. the lowest basal spot f.w. is joined
to the lowest of the cl. row by an arched streak.

P. Bellargus, iloU. (Adonis, lib.) ; 82mm. Fd. pit.

Genista, CoroniUo, Trifuliiint, Hippocn'/iix (•(ni>n<ia : hyb. 1.
3 brilliant sky-bl., 9 bi'ti.
Dist. Char, col., in connection with distinctly chequered fringe.
9 distinguished from Cori/do)! ? by its much darker gr. col.
and fringe-markings. In Switz., at any rate, it is really in-
excusable to confuse thenL Hi/la>i has wh. fringes.

Log. Gen. distributed and often c, esp. in the lowlands and
lower slopes, clearings of woods, &c., v.-vii. and viii.-ix., but
mounting as high as 5000ft. or even 6000ft., e.;/., ab. at Berisal, viii.
/97 (Wh.); Zermatt (For.). Finest in S. Iocs.

Directions of Yar. (a.) tint of grd. col. in S ■ Of the two usual
shades it is suggested (Tutt, British Butterflies, p. 170) that
the type name should be reserved for the more lilac, and the
name

var. Adonis, ///>., be applied to the more brilliant and greener form :
2 other shades are occasionally found :

ab. Pallida, TKtt : paler, nearer in col. to Ali'.ris. and

ab. SufFusa, T>itt .• of a darker, more leaden bl.

(b.) amount of bl. up.s. 2 , culminating in :

ab. 2 Ceronus, {■'■y., wh. has bl. like the S extending to the or,
boi'dev.
Loc Ttie nilerniediale forms are often c, the extreme form is

AND TIIK ALPS OF CKNTRAI- EURORE.

B3

scarce in Switz. Montana, vi. /98 {Lmre) ; Siori-e, viu. e. /99 (H h.) ;
Jura, superb specimens {An.) ; Basle (Kveclit) ; Liestal {Christ) ;
banks of the Sarine nr. Gruyere, viii. 29/97, the predominant form

ttavoie, t'.',., Monnetier, vi. 5 {lU.) ; Basses Alpes, Digne, c.
(Jnne^) ; vi.' /90 {L»m.) ; Alpes Maritimes {Una.) ; bt. Martm
Vesubie, vii. 4/02 {JhmtaU) ; Orta, v.-vi. 1900 {Lowe). Gen.
commoner on S. than N. Alps.

rObs.— There is no ground for applying this name to ab. S Pinirta, the 2
forms often occur in dilTerent Iocs., the other sex being typical.]

(c.) tendency to obsolescence of spots un.s.
[Forms exist with one or both basal spots f.w. missing, parallel to

Alexia abs. Iphis and Jcarivus.]
ab. Cinnides, Stip: : spots on un.s. h.w. without ocellation.

Log. V. scarce: Martigny, Sierre, Zermatt {Far.)

Alpes Maritimes {Brin.) ; Yvoire, vi. 8 {BL).

ab. Obsoleta, Tntt : in wh. many of the spots are obsolete.

[- (?) ab. Krodeli, diUmer: in wh. all but the discoidals are

absent.] , ,, .

(d.) 3 with row of margl. blk. spots up.s. t.w.

ab. Puncta, T>itt : in wh. they are small, but conspicuous.

Log. Warm places ; *'.//., Follatere (HV;.) ; Orta {Lowe), &c.
-ab. Punctifera, Obtk. : with large spots, broader blk. marg., gru.
tint in bl. up.s., brighter un.s.
[Obs.— This form, if it occurs at all in the region, can only be looked for on
the hottest S. slopes.]

(e.) tendency of spots un.s. to coalesce.

ab. Striata, /"".
P. Hylas, Hsp. (Doryliis, lib.; Argester, Bnjstr.) : B'imm.

Fd. pit. Trifnli 11)11, MdilDtux, 'rin/nii(.< nilfiaris, S:c. : hyb. 1.
3 brilliant ,sky-bl., ? brn.
Dist. Char. un.s. broadly sutiused wh. border, esp. f.w. ; fringe wh.
Log. Gen. distributed on limestone, and often locally ab., v.-vi.
and vii. -viii. at lower elevations, vii. -viii. at higher. Basle, scarce
{Christ) ; Zurich {Freij) ; St. Gall {[lasMei) ; gen. distributed on
the Jura {v. infra) ; Mfc. Barry, vi. 29 ; Rossinieres, vu. 2, 1900
{Bkm.); Weissenburg, not uncommon, 2 broods (/^/.) ; Hermance,
vi. 14; Veyrier, vi. 17, and vii. 30; and other places round Geneva
{BL) ;' gen. distributed in and round the Rhone valley : Veytaux ;
Sepey; under the clifis between Vernayaz and Martigny, (!.//., vi.
19/02 ; below Berisal,esp. at the Ganter bridge, viii. {Wh.); Simplon,
vii. e. /99; Guarda, vii. 1900; Fusio, vii. 1900 (' /,/>.) ; Hauderes,
Evolena, Arolla, viii. m. /dd {Tutt) : vii. 15, 1900 (/>'/.»/.); Zinal,
vii. 31/78, v. ab. {B.-Brn.) ; Zermatt, small specimens {Lrey); &c.,
Engelberg {liaker) ; Neuhausen, Interlaken {Liiiu.) ; nr. Thusis, vii.

5, fgOO (k-^''«.); gen. in S. valleys.

Gresy-sur-Aix, viii. m. 1900 {Tutt) ; Chamonix, viii. 93 (.t//vs
Ftn.); Digne, iv. e. /97 {TtUt) ; vi. 90, vii. 91 (/./-///.); \ allou

'Si THK ]!l:ttei?klies ok switzkki.an'O

Obscur; St. Martin Vesubie, not v. c. {I!riii.) ; Abries, viii. m. 1900 ;
Courmayeur, vii. e. /94 ; viii. 17/9H ; Pre St. Didier, viii. b. /98 ;
Susa, viii. m. /97 ; Au Pra, viii. m, /Ol ; Torre Pellice, viii. b. ;
Bobbie, viii. m. /Ol {Tatt) ; Susa, vi. 25 /99, ? s v. fine and
brilliantly marked {11- Jim.) ; Lake Como, vii. /95 ; Olgiate, ix.
'98 (Miss Ftn.); Stelvio (U.-Jlin.) ; S. Tyrol, vii. /9o ; Heiligen-
blut, vii. 24/97 {L)iin.) ; Mcklling, viii. /97 {Mhs Ftn.) ; &c., &c.
Directions of Var. (a.) J , border of blk. spots up.s. h.w.
ab. Nigropunctata, "'/'. •■ blk. spots more or less conspicuous,
blk. marg. sometimes broader.
Loc. Occasionally witli type. The only form at St. Georges,
Jura, vi. e. /02 (H'A.).

(b.) tendency to obsolescence of spots un.s.,

esp. h.w.
(c.) tendency to increase in number of spots
un.s.
(■?) ab. Addenda, Tutt : a name given to certain specimens taken
at Susa, viii. m. 96. At the same time and place were taken
some V. small specimens, wh. were named :
,,ab. Minor, Tntt : a Swiss specimen taken by Mr. Fison measures
only 2Hmm.

(d.) number and size of red spots up.s. J .

(e.) occasional coalescence of spots un.s. f.w.

''■•''■''■' (f.) occasional bl. on 2 up.s., gen. only a

slight powdering at base, but Frey

mentions " a magnificent bl. ? at

Bergiin, viii. /76."

ab. ? Metallica, /V/r. .- v. dk. up.s. with a conspicuous powdering of

metallic bl.-grn., sometimes on f.w. only, sometimes also on

h.w. extending from the base more or less along the nervures.

Log. Mt. Chemin (ir.sr/J.) ; Salquenen ((/<■ 7/m//V'''^"'"0 ' the Jura
(All.) ; Chiasso, vi. 24,94 {Maijer).

P. Escheri, ///>. (Agestor, (ukIhI) ; 08111111. Fd. i)lt.

AatycKjaliis incdiiii^, A. iihutsin'ss/ihiiiiis and riaittui/u; hyb '?

ov. or 1.

, ■ ■ 3 brt. bl. (between Alc.cis and lUilanjiis), 5 brn.

Dist. Char, narrow blk. out.-margl. line continued round apex,

un.s. f.w. : J further distinguished by col. ; only I'/ieirtcs and

A'. < ijllunis resemble it in this respect : also from Ale.ri.^ ah.

Icarinnx by larger size, and ? by or. spots up.s. f.w. being

rectangular rather than wedge-shaped : no basal spot un.s. f.w.

Loc. V. scarce N. of the S. Alps except in Lower Valais : one
pair clcse to Ollon {Wtiid), vi. 20 /Ol (117/.) ; locally ab. in Lower
Valais, vi.-vii., Martigny, Arbaz sur Sion, Sierre, Pfynwald, &c., to
Brig; Yisp to Zermatt and even higher (7' '((r.) ; E\olena, viii. 12 /96

AND THE ALPS Ol' CKNTUAL E|:U()1'K. 35

{lt.-]!nt) ; from 2n(l Rei'uge to Bei-iaal, vii. 7 /Ol, &.C., v. ab. ("'/(.) ;
also on S. side of the Pass (Fav.) ; the Grisons, cj/., Campfer, vii.,
small (Jo«('x), Pontresina, vii. m. 1900, and Tessin {Clip.).

V. c. in the Hautes Alpes, c.//., Abries, viii. m. 11)00 {Tntt) ; the
Basses Alpes, <'.//., Digne, vi. /90, vii. /91 (Liiiu.) ; Dauphiny Alps,
CI/., La Grave, viii. b. /96 ; Bourg d'Aia, viii. m. /96 ; Bourg
d'Oisans, viii. m. /9G ; Bourg St. Maurice, vii. e. ,'94 (Tntt) ; Ht.
Martin Vesubie, Yallon Obscur, Sec. (Jinn.) ; v. c. in the Italian
Alps, e.ff., Certosa di Pesio {Xarn's) ; Torre Pellice \'alley up to
7000ft.," viii. /Ol {'I'litt); Susa (//.-/>'/■».); Pre St. Didier, viii. b. /98
{'f'litt) ; Courmayeur, vii. b. /02 [Lour) ; Tyrol, e.ij., Botzen (Kane).

Directions of Yar. (a.) border of small blk. spots up.s. h.w. ^ .

ab. Punctulata, HA.

(b.) size and conspicuousness of or. spots
up.s. in ? , esp. at apex f.w.

(c.) tint of grd. col. un.s.

(d.) occasionally spots un.s. prolonged into
dashes {Fis.).

P. Alexis,! HI). ; 80mm. Ftl. pit. J.ohis curnicuhitus,

i'l-atjaria, Genhta, Mcilicai/o, Mclilotiis, Astrai/aliis, Sec: hyl). 1.
J brt. lilac-bl., $ brn. with or. margl. spots.
Dist. Char, extremely narrow blk. out-margi. line not continued
round apex f.w. un.s.

Loc. Gen. distributed, often c, and sometimes ab., though by
no means the commonest "blue" as in England. Found up to
7000ft. or even more, iv.-x., in 2 and often 3 ibroods. My earliest
date is Veytaux, iv. B/99.

Directions of Yar. (a.) tint of grd. col. in j and amount of bl.
in $ .

ab. Pallida, Tutt : J pale lilac-bl., $ bra., shaded all over, exc.

costa, with pale lilac-bl., pale wedge-shaped mark h.w., and

often pale bl. marg. bordering the or. spots.
ab. Clara, Tult : $ brt. bl. approaching Bellargus, $ same col.,

with or. spots esp. f.w. almost obsolete.
[Obs. — This appears to be an ab. of the 1st brood.]

ab. ? Caerulescens, H'A.; ? with col. of typical J only on basal

part of ws.
ab. J Cserulea. h'ttrhs: $ with col. of typical J as far as the or,

spots ; marg. brn.

+ Note. — The utterly unscientific position tliat the first described form must
be regarded as the type, can hardly have a better illustration than is afforded bv
this sp. The ? Icarus, llott., only differs from the g by its border of or. spots
up.s. If it be held, as it certainly should be, that the name Icarus must be
applied to this unusual form, then Hiibner's name, Alexis, must be iestored fcr
the true type, a course wh. would have the further advantage of getting rid of
ab. Iphis, Baumli., and the consequent confusion with ab. Iphis, Mcip. " Literary "
types, as opposed to natural ones, are an unnecessary, if " convenient," means of
putting literature into opposition with science.

36 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND .

ab. $ Icarus, Butt. ; ? col. of typical c? , but with ante-margl.
row of or. spots.

ab. ? Semiclara, Tittt; ? with col. of ab. Clara at bases only.

ab. ? Angulata, Tntt : 5 like ah. Pallida, hut with angulated
row of pale bl. spots just inside or. spots f.w. up.s.

(b.) presence in type ? , and ab. Cicrulca 2
' of wedge-shaped mark and cl. spot up.s. h.w.
(c.) tendency to loss of spots un.s.
ab. Iphis, Meit/eji : with one basal spot only un.s. f.w.
ab. Icarinus, So-iha : wdthout any basal spot un.s. f.w.
ab. Semi-persica, 'fUtt : spots on h.w\ more or less obsolete.
ab. Persica, llirnrrt .• with all exc. the disc, spots obsolete,
f. and h.w.

(d.) tendency of spots un.s. to unite or
lengthen into streaks.

ab. Arcua, l'\ir. ,- in wh. the lowest basal spot, f.w., is united with
the lowest of the cl. row into a long bow-shaped streak.

ab. Striata, Ttitt .- in wh. the spots are more or less united (or
prolonged) into streaks.
[Obs. — These various abs. not having been sufficiently noticed, it is
impossible to say whether all of them occur in Switz. or the central Alpine
region. The ab. Ccerulea, F((i-hs, magnificent examples of wh. are in the
collection of Col. Agassiz at Lausanne, is so strikingly different from the c.
form of the ? with bl. at the base and slightly shaded over the centre of the
ws., that I have ventured to name the latter ab. Ccertdettcois ; this form may
be found wherever the brn. type ? appears. Ab. Arena is to be found in the
Khone Valley, and is c. in the neighbourhood of Aigle and St. Triphon. Ab.
Icarhms may be taken in tlie same Iocs, amongst others, and in vi. /98 was by
far the commonest form at Veytaux ; I have also a splendid ab. Striatti from
the same place. -Tudging from the analogy of other " blues," it would seem
probable tliat in the S. of the region should also occur :

ab. Celina, <>ht/,. .■ ^ with margl. row of blk. spots up.s. h.w.j
P. Eros, Ochs. (Tithonus, Hh.) ; 29mm. Fd. pit.

(and 1.) unknown.
S It. greenish-bl., $ blackish brn. with pale bl. at base.
Dist. Char. col. (between Corydon and Dai)ii>n) in connection with
size ; (un.s. v. like Alexis).

Loc. Principally in the Bernese, Valaisian, and Grisons Alps
from about 4000ft. to 7000ft., vii.-viii. Pont de Nant (Vaiid), vii.
18, 27 (/'/.) ; Glacier de Trient ; Pierre-a-voir ; Diablerets ; Cretes
de Thyon ; Evolena ; Inden ; Loeche-les-bains ; Daubensee; Gorner
Glacier, &c. (Far.) ; Simplon Village, vii. e. /DO {Tntt) ; Siniplon
Pass, nr. 1st gallery, viii. 6/98 ; nr. 5th Refuge, viii. 12,08, ab.,
$ rather later ; vii. 12/01, ^ and $ ; Steinenthal, vii. e. /99, v.
ab. (TJ7(.) ; Haas, vii. .7-16 /98 ; Zermatt, vi. 28/99 (/>/.«?.) ; viii.
9/01 {!Sloper) ; Ritfelalp, vii. /Ol (Linn.) ; upper end of Lauter-
brunnen valley, viii. 1, 1900 (117*.); Little Scheideck {I"is.) ;

AND THE ALPS OF CKNTUAI, KUKOPE. 87

Meivingen {M.-D ) ; rather c. in Upper Engadine, Val Fex, SiC.
(XirliolnDn) ; Pontresina, vii. /95, v. ah. (.1//.s'n Ftn.) ; Guarda, vii.
1900 (C/ip.) ; Campfer, faii-ly c. {Jones).

Abries, viii. ui. IDOt) ; Larche, vii. e. 1900; Le Lautaret,
vii. e. /96 (Tiitt) ; Gap {Kaur) ; Alios, viii. 2/92 {Sorri^) ;
Beauvezer ; Colmars (/'o(/r//) ; Malmorte, \-. ah.; J)i,L,nie; Faillefou ;
J>arcelonette (luaii') ; Alpos Maritimes, iK^t c. {nnn.); Cogne,
viii. 8-12,91 ; Jiohbie and Au Pra, viii. in. /Ol, alx (Ti(tt) ; Certosa
di Pesio, from GOOOft., not c. {Xorris) ; Kor Alp {Lmn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) depth of grd. col. <? , caused by more or

less grn. in the hi.
[Ol)s. - Specimens from the Lauterbrunnen Valley are smaller and bluer
than from the Valais. Cf. Damo)i.]

(h.) amount of hi. on up.s. 2 [tending
towards ah. C'rcrulescens, Obt/i.] .

(c.) tendency to disappearance of hlk. spots
of border un.s., culminating in :

ab. Petrividenda, i\tr. ,- in wh. they are replaced by a wh. hand.

Log. Pierre-a-voir sur Saxon (Far.) ; v. close to this form,
Anzeiudaz {Fis.).

(d.) spots un.s. occasionally lengthened into
streaks.
ab. Subtus-radiata, Oht/i.
Log. Riffel Alp (Far.).

P. Orbitulus, J^nDimi- ; 26111111. Ftl. pit. unknown, tlip
1. having only been discovered just l)efore pupation ; h>b.
(•? ov.) or 1.
3 slate-col., ? slaty-brn.

Dist. Char. col. (<•/. Ihtnulii), in couneetioii with great breadth of
wli. round hlk. spots un.s.

Log. On all the high Alps from OoOOft. to 8000ft., vii.-viii., iu
more or less numbers ; sometimes on moist spots many hundreds
may be seen at a time, >'.(j., Steinenthal, vii. 11/01 {Wh.).

Direotions of Yar. (a.) size of hlk. sjjots un.s.

ab. Subtus-punctis-fortissimis, / V/r. ; m wh. they are v. large.

(b.) tendency to lose hlk. centres of eye-spots

un.s. h.w.
(c.) tendency to develop conspicuously wh.

nervures un.s. f.w.

(d.) tendency to exhibit wh. spots up.s.

ab. Aquilonla, Lon-r : disc, spot up.s. f.w. deep blk., triangular, on

h.w. smaller, rounder and lighter, both surrounded with wh. ;

ante-nuirgl. row of wh. spots f.w. up.s., nuirg. brighter than

grd. col. ; v. faint eyes out. marg. h.w.; uu.s. h.w. clear lawn-

88 THE BUITEKFLIES OE S\VITZEKLA}>;D •

col. ; the smoky markings at marg. obsolete f. and h.w., only
one blk. spot nr. costa f.w.

Loc. Pilatus, vi. 6 /Ol (Loive) ; apparently also the same form
described by Frey (" Lepidopteren der Schweiz," p. 17), as being
found occasionally in the Engadine.

[Obs. — Mr. Lowe has another specimen from Pihitus, typical on up.s., but
like the above un.s. (v. (b.) i^iipra.)]

(e.) breadth of dk. border up.s. in J .

(f.) spots un.s. occasionally elongated into

dashes {Firy).

P. Astrarche, linjstr. (Medon, Esp. ; Agestis, Hb.) ;

2Gmm. Fd. pit. Heliantlteiiium vul(/are, TrifoUiun, &c. ;

hyb. 1.
Brn., 3 greyer than $ u.s.
Dist. Char. col. in connection with size ; no basal spot un.s. f.w. ;
distinguished further from Ale.ris ab. Icnrinits 5 by entire
absence of bl. from base of ws., and from others, c;/., Kioiwdon,
Hijlas 5 , Kaclicri J , by the absence of their dist. chars.

Loc. (ien. considered an ab. as well as a widely distributed sp.,
and found up to an elevation of 7000ft. or more; v.-vi. and viii.-ix.
It appears not to be absent from any district, on rough, flowery
pastures, wastes, and slopes.
Directions of Yar. (a.) tendency of red spots up.s. to disappear,

culminating in :
ab. Allous, Hb. : in wh. they are absent.

Loc. Principally in the warmer Iocs, in Switz. in 2nd brood.
Also in the Basses Alpes {J''av.), and the Alpes Maritimes [Jinn.).

ab. Alpina, Sti/r. .■ also without red spots up.s., but is smaller and
of darker appearance.

(b.) Tint of grd. col. un.s. which in 2nd brood
is often brn., esp. in J .
Yar. Calida, Hcllicr (.Estiva, Sti/r.) ; in wh. the red spots are also
large.

Loc. Chiefly in hot valleys, e.;/., Khone Valley from Martigny
to Brig [l''ar.).

P. Pheretes, Hh.; 28inm. Ftl. pit. (and 1.) uiikiiovvii.

J brilliant bl., $ brn.

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. wh. patches in place of all eye-spots.

Loc. Confined to the high Alps, from about 5;j00ft. to 8000ft. ;
not on the Jura, but v. widely distributed over the mtns. of Berne,
Uri, Unterwalden, Lucerne, Glarus, St. Gall, Appenzell, A'aud, the
Yalais, and the Orisons, vi. e. vii.-viii. (/•'«(■.," Lepidopteres du
A'alais," speaks of it as somewhat scarce and local) ; cf/., Pont de
Nant, vii. 12 {III.) ; Arolla, vii. 11, 12, 1900, not c. ; Saas, vi. e. /91 ;

AND THE AT.PS OF CRNTTiAT. ET'ROPK. 39

vii. 5-15/98 (/;/.;».) ; viii.9/97 (li-llrn.) ; Zermatt, vii. 1.0/99 {Jllnii);
Zinal, viii. 1/98, c. on the Arpitetta path (//.-/*/•».) ; on the Himplon
Pass, not lower than the 5th Refuge, and not c. vii. e. /98, /99
(II7(.) ; nr. Languarcl Falls, vi. e., c. {Xichol><on) ; Pontresina, Silser
See, vii. 95 {Miss l-'tii.) ; Schafberg, vii. 24/01 (/•V.s) ; Fusio, vii.
1900 ; Guarda, vii. 1900; I'^ernina Valley, Heuthal, Yal Tuoi, all v.
al)., vii. 1!)0() ; ()l)eralp, viii. e. /95 (C/iji.) ; Miii-ren, vii. e. 1900, c.
(117/.), (^-c.

Chamonix (y-'rtc.) ; Faillefeu, Larcbe, vii. 1 (7V'»r//); Val Bigon-
tina, viii. 11 95 {Tiitt) ; Cortina, vii. 20-25, 1900, v. ab. ; Brenner,
on the Postalp, 2 s preponderating, vii. 29, 1900 ; Stelvio, vii. 16,
1900 {ll.-]ini) ; Heiligenblut, vii. 24/97 (Lwn.).
Directions of Yar. (a.) Brilliancy of col. J , depending on

presence of lilac tint,
(b.) $ bl. disc, spot up.s. f.w.
ab. ? Caeruleopunctata, UA.

Loc. Pierre-;\-voir, 1 specimen {Far.) ; Miirren, vii. e., viii. b.
1900, about half (K A.).

(c.) tendency to loss of eye-spots f.w. un.s.,
culminating in :
ab. Maloyensis, TH'ihl : in wh. they are absent.

Loc. By no means confined to the Maloja Pass, ej/., Miirren,
vii. e. 1900; Simplon Pass, vii. 12 /Ol (117;.).

P. Baton, nnjsfr. (Amphion, Ksj). : Hylas, Kb.) ;'

22mm. Fd. pit. Thi/miis scypi/lliiin, 'J', nib/an's, ( 'urunilla
raria ; hyb. p. ("? sometimes as 1. full-fed).
3' dull lightish mauve-bl., 5 dull dk. brn. with bl. of ^ at bases.
Dist. Char. Col. and size, in connection with sharply-defined
chequered fringe (r. Orion and lidlartjus).

Loc. Widely distributed, but in Switz. gen. isolated, or only a
few together: so much is this the ease that Iocs, are not likely to
be V. reliable. 2 broods, iv. e. to vi. b., and vii. -viii., rising in the
mtns., later brood only, to more than 7000ft., e.ij., Albula Pass
{Frei/) ; Riftelalp, vii. /Ol {Ljiih.) : Basle {Ivnerltty-, Lostorf ;
Soleure ; the Bechburg ; Aarberg, Sec. {Frci/) ; Gadmen {luitirr) ;
Yernayaz, iv. 30, v. 20/ 02 ; Sierre, vii. m. ; Brig, vii. 24 99, c;
Berisal, viii. /97 (ir/;.);' Simplon, vii. e. /99 {Tiitt); Arolla, vii. 11,
1900; Saas, vii. 5-10/98; St. Nicholas, vii. 1/99, &c. {Ilhm.);
Veyrier, v. 20; Meyrin, vii. 20, .^c. {111.) ; Pontresina, vii. 1900
{Clip.) ; Locarno (7' V.s.), Sec.

Digne, iv. 5 /02 (/.'.-//>•».); vii. 91 {fjini.); Castellane, S:c., iii.,
iv. and vii. {Pmrcll) ; Croda da Lago, viii. m. /95 ; Torre Pellice,
viii. b. /Ol {Tiitt) ; Brenner, vii. 1900, a large form {1!.-Hrn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size ; specimens from Alpes Maritimes,

V. much smaller than Swiss.
(b.) un.s. size of blk. spots, esp. f.w. ; gen.
large.

40 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

(c.) considerable darkening of gvd. col. ^ ,
culminating in :

*Yar. Panoptes, tib. : in wh. the or. spots un.s. are also
obsolete : v. small.

Loc. Cannes ; (Hyeres).

[Obs. — Some collectors well acquainted with these parts assure me that
genuine I'lVioptes is not found there (unless iis an occasional ab.) ; v. small and
dk. forms are c, but not without or. un.s. h.w.]

P. Orion, PaUa.^^ (Telephii, Esp. ; Battiis, Hh.) ; 27mm.

Fd. pit. Si'dniii tch'ji/iiitiii and ^'. album : hyb. p.
5 with broader border than J up.s. ; blk. with bl. on bases ;
broadly chequered fringe.

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. continuous or, band.

Loc. N. of the S. Alps only in a v. restricted part of the Rhone
Valley {v. infra) ; c. S. of the Alps in 2 broods, iv. v. and vi. m. vii.
e.fi., Locarno, iv. b. /99, v. ab., and vii. (CJip.) ; v. : Lugano, iv. 16
/02 ; Val Anzasca, vi., Brusio, vii. e. (Fis.), Ac.

St. Michel-de-Maurienne, vii. e., just out (Tiitt) ; Chiavenna, vii. b.
1900 (R.-Brn.); just above Crevola, vi. 26/96 {PusUim); Orta, v. m.
1900 {Loin^ ; Lake Como, viii. /96 {Miss Ftn.) Pre St. Didier,
viii. b. /98 {Tntt) : Gorge de St. Andre, Nice, vi. 9/91 {linn.) ;
Certosa di Pesio, vii. -viii. /92, c. {NorrU) ; Botzen, vi. e., worn ; vii.
14/02, presumably 1st and 2nd broods (Loire) ; Modling, vii. b. 1900
(Laufi) ; Isonzothal, vi. m. /92, c. on I\Ionte Matajur {Narris).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : from 24mm. -34mm. [Specimens
of 1st brood from S. side of Alps much the smallest.]

(b.) increase of bl. up.s., culminating in :
Yar. Ornata, Sti/r. ,- wh. has a good deal of bl. on disc, f.w., and a
border of bl. -ringed eye-spots, up.s., most conspicuous on h.w.
Loc. S. Alpine Valleys, in 1st brood.

(c.) diminution of bl. on w. bases, culmi-
nating in :
var. (and ab.) Nigra, (fcrhanl .• in wh. the bl. has almost, often
quite, disappeared.
2 much larger and rather browner than ^ .

Loc The usual Valaisian form, though the type is occasionally
found. Only between Vernayaz and the Ganter, and mostly con-
fined to the neighbourhood of Martigny : Branson, at ft. of vine-
yards, V. 14, 1900, fresh ; v. 15/02, rather worn (1I7(.) ; Fully, v. 22
/Ol, between 8.30 a.m. and 9.80 a.m., v. ab. ; S. of Plan Cerisier, vi.
b. /02, 1st brood (Fis.) ; Vernayaz, vi. 26/01, 1 only, worn (Bhu.) ;
Bovernier, Sion, Granges, Sierre, entrance to Visp valley, and
between the 2nd Refuge and Ganter Bridge on the Simplon (Far.) ;
Fusio, vii., 12/1900 (Chp.) ; as ab. San Stefano {."\fai/<'r) ; S. side of
the Simplon [Rdtzcr).

Torre Pellice, viii. b. /Ol ; Bobbie, viii., m. /Ol (Tutt).

AND THK ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 41

P. Optilete, Kiiorh ; '27miH. Kd. pit. V«aiuium vliginosum,

r. nii/rtilliis, V. o.ri/cocctis.
S (Ik. prp.-bl., ? brn.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. a conspicuous metallic bl. spot at anal
ang., bordered on inn. side by brt. or. crescent.
Loc. Gen. distributed on the higher Alps of Unterwalden.
Berne, the Valais, and the Grisons, but seldom c. Moors nr.
Einsiedeln, vii.-viii. {Paul) ; the high alps round Martigny, Bovine,
vii. 25, Grand St. Bernard, Ac. ; above the Mayens de Bion ; the
Gerami; the Grimsel ; the Furka, &c. (V'ac) ; Belalp, vii. 11/94.
one ; between Zermatt and RiftVlalp, vii. 10/99 {Rhu.) \ above
Zinal, at ft. of Durand Glacier, viii. b. /97 (IL-Brn.) ; Simplon
road, above -1th Refuge, vii. e. ; above 5th Refuge, viii. b. /98
(Wh.); Saas Valley, vii. /85, a few, worn {Joiws); Miirren, vii. 24,
1900, 1 S (Tf^/'-) ; Goschenen, vii. /96 (Tntt) ; Engelberg (Kane) ;
Guarda, vii. 1900 (CJip.) ; wood opposite Pontresina. rather c. :
Rosegg and IMorteratsch valleys, usually in peaty places {Nicholson) ;
Morteratsch glacier, viii. 1/01 {Fis.) ; Campfer, on banks of Inn, a
few ; more c. 1000ft. higher {Junes).

Le Lautaret, vii. 30, viii. 5/96; Pre St. Didier, viii. b. /98;
Courmayeur, vii. e. /94 (Tutt) ; S. Tyrol, vii. /95 ; Wolfsberg, vii.
14/97 {Lmn.); Kor Alp, vii. 17/97 [Clip.).

[Obs.— The usual Swiss form is smaller than type and larger than Gyparissus
(? var. Sibirica, Star.).]

Directions of Yar. (a.) diminution of size, culminating in :
ab. (var.) Cyparissus, Hb. about 22mm.

Loc. Occasionally with type, r.>i., top of Simplon Pass, viii. b.
/98 ; Miirren, viii. 11, 1900 {Wh.).

Chamounix ; Larche, Lac de la Madeleine {Kane) : as var. onlym
N. latitudes.

(b.) blk. spots un.s. occasionally replaced by

long dashes.
ab. Subtus-radiata, Fa v.

(c.) occasional traces of additional metallic
spots un.s. h.w.

Genus, Rusticus, Hh. (Plebeius, Kirhij, &c.).

[On the authority of Scudder and Grote, I have suppressed
Plebeius as a generic name, as not having been so used by L.]

Dist. Char. A more or less conspicuous wh. band un.s. h.w. just
within the peacock ey(S.

R. (Zephyrns, FrivahLsLi) var. Lycidas, Trupp. 33mm.

Fd. pit. Astra(jalus e.vocarpus.
$ lilac-bl., ? brn.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. straUjld row of 4 nrly. equal-si/.ed blk. spots
across base.
Loc. Extremely local : Simplon Pass, just above 2nd Refuge,

42 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

ab., and thence to Ganter Bridge, vi. 25/01 (Sloprr), vii. m. /98 ;
vii. 8/01 (n7(.); same date /02 {S/idih}ji), Sec, &,c. ; from Visp
to Stalden, Huteggen, Baltschieder, and Val d'Anniviers, vi.-vii,
(Fiu:) ; St. Nicholas, vii. 18/98 (Loire) ; vii. 19/98 {Jllcm.) ; Folla-
terre, vii. 22/99 {U'schl.) ; Gemmi, 2 $ s {Stau^lcn).

Stresa, meadows nr. lake, vi. b. '87, a few ; x. /99, a ^ and $
smaller, presvimably a 2nd brood (Jones).

Directions of Yar. (a.) up. s. h.w. (?, eye-spots showing or. edges,
(b.) up.s. h.w. 2 , absence of eye-spots,
(c.) iin.s. h.w. tendency of wh. band to be-
come less distinct,
(d.) shade of grd. col. un.s.

R. Argus, /.. (^Egon, Srlu'tf'. ; Argyrotoxiis, Birj.'.tr.) ;

27mm. Fd. pit. TrifuUnut, Genista seoparia, Ononis spinosa,
Colntea arborescens, &c. : hyb. ov.
[Obs. — The confusion wh. always seems to exist between this and the
following sp. has been materially increased by the discovery that the name
Argus, L., by which the latter has been universally known, ought to be applied
to the sp. generally called A-lgon. It is greatly to be regretted that the discovery,
wh. serves no scientific end, was ever made, or that having been made, the
discoverer did not suppress the useless fact. Unfortunately it is but too little
realized that nomenclature is only a means to an end, and that that end is the
illustration, and, so to speak, the condensation of scientiric facts, rather than
a reproduction of the confusion of Babel.]

3 lilac-bl., 2 brn.

Dist. Char. J rather broad suffused blk. border up.s., ? propor-
tionately large eye-spots un.s., esp. f.w., and grd. col. gen.
darker than Arifj/roi/nonhDi 2 , making the wh. band more
conspicuous : some $ s are, however, difficult to distinguish.
[Obs. — The claw on the front tibia of this sp. requires a fairly strong lens to

distinguish it, so does not afford a ready means of identification, though useful as

a final resort. It is, however, a mere prolongation of the upper j)ortion of the

joint, and absurdly inadequate as a (jencric distinction.]

Log. V. gen. distributed over the whole region in woods and
clearings, on roadsides and riverbanks, alpine slopes and pastures
up to the tree-limit : sometimes in endless profusion ; v.-vi. and
vii.-viii. ; in the ratns. vii.-viii. only.

Directions of Yar. (a.) increase of size up to 32mm. (in the
hotter Iocs. ; the largest I have ever seen come from Sierre,
and from the Rhone banks at Bouveret).

(b.) diminution of size, culminating in :

var. Alpina, lleire: not exceeding 23mm., sometimes less; ^
with rather darker grd. col.

Loc. The usual form in the higher mtns., c//., Borisal, vii.-viii.
,98, and vii. b. /02, extremely ab. (HV/.)

(c.) tendency to obsolescence of metallic

spots un.s. h.w,
(d.) tendency towards disappearance of wh.

band un.s. h.w. in 3 .

AND THK ALl'S OF CENTRAL KUKOPE. 13

(e.) un.s. shade of 'j;n\. col.
(f.) $ , amount of or. up.s.
(g.) tendency to develop mai'gl. I'ow of l)lk.
spots up.s. h.w. J .
(var.) ab. Bella, ll.-S.: with liglitci' un.s. (a transitional form is
ab. in the Rhone Valley).

R. Argyrognomon,! Hifisir. (Ar<j,ii^, umloninn ; •iTiiini. to

;-!.")mm. Fd. pit. (ri'itista, Mrlilotiis, Lotus, '['riiodiiin, ('idtitr,i,

iV.c. : hyb. p.

J lilac-bl.. $ brn. with bl. suffusion over a large portion

of ws.
Dist. Char. 3 narrow well-defined blk. border up.s., ? propor-
tionately small eye-spots un.s.
Log. More local than the preceding, but still widely distributed,
often c, sometimes ab., v.-vi. and vii.-viii. ; in mtns., only vii.-viii.
Basle; Liestal (Clnist)\ the .Tura; St. Gall {'irtsridcr) ; Gadmen-
thal {lliitzer): Engelberg (/»rt/,ry) : Coire, scarce (rrt///.sr/() ; I'ontre-
sina, vii. /Si {Luin.) ; c. throughout the Valais, esp. on the banks of
the Khone ; and in the high valleys, <>.(i., in immense numbers at
the Ganter bridge, vii. /98, &c. (IIV*.).

Gen. distributed through the rest of the region.
Directions of Yar. (a.) size : largest gen. in hotter Iocs., Sierre,

Jiranson, and larger still from Mendrisio, viii. 15/02 (/'Vs.).

$B of 27mm. -2Bmm. are usual where ? Ilninura is found.

The smallest constitute :
var. iEgidion, McUsjirr ; 22mm. -2omm. J with rather darker

grd. col. up. and un.s., $ gen. with some bl. up.s.
Log. Gen. the mtn. form, but not to the exclusion of others,
e.KC. the large <? and type 2 , nor is J'](jidion confined (exc. as var.)
to the mtns. ; e.//., liranson, with type not uncommonly. At
Berisal, vii.-viii., it occurs in innuense pi'ofusion, in about equal
numbers with ? Jinimwa and the J of 27mm. (117/.); so also on
the Weissenstein (/''/r//). In the upper Engadine it replaces the
type {Freij), so also at Thusis, viii. /95 (JY/.s-s b'tn.).

(b.) ? , bl. extending over whole ws. exc.
border.
ab. ? Argulus, I'tey : of small size, av. 27mm.

I Xote. — Staudimjer'sme ot tliis name (Cat., litOl, p. 7H), with the brn. ? as
the type, is indefensible. As Dr. Spuier (Die SchmettevUnge Kuiopas, 1902, p. 61 )
has pointed out, Bertintriixiter'x sp. is figured with the bl. ? , and as this is quite a c.
form (I sliould say the connnonestj, it is perfectly permissible to regard it as the
type. (The case of Ale.ii^ is quite different.) Dr. Spuier suggests the name ab. v
Bnmnen for the brn. 5 . The only objection is that the brn. ? is gen. associated
with a smaller and slightly darker j , but as this is not invariably the case, I have,
after nuich consideration," decided to adopt the suggestion, rather than the only
alternative of adding to the already existing confusion by re-naming this sp. In
my own judgment it would be immeasurably better to retain the traditional use of
the names Argm and .Eijon ; it is probable that Linnieus reganled both as one sp.

44 THE BUTi'EKFLIKS OF SWITiiERLAND

Log. Scarce: Branson; Hierre ; Pi'yn, vii. 15/01 (HV/.); on the
road to Alpien above the Simplon Pass, S. side ( Iliit-^cr).

ab. ? Unicolor, Fav. A form of Ari/idus without ante-margl.
blk. spots or or. edging up.s.
Log. Gamsen ; Martigny; Fully (H'srAZ.).

(c.) absence of bl. in $ .
ab. (& var.) Brunnea, Spider. This having been hitherto re-
garded as the type, there is some confusion as to Iocs. It is,
however, the usual form on the Rhone banks between Bouveret
and Martigny Avhere it is replaced by the bl. form, and also in
the mtns., though not exclusively, until replaced by .Kjiidian.
(d.) un.s. h.w. tendency of wh. band to

become less conspicuous,
(e.) depth of grd. col. un.s.
(f.) extent of or. up.s. ? , varying from a
little on h.w. to border f. and h.w.

Genus, Everes, llh.

E. Argiades, rullns (Tiresins, Unit.: Aniyiitcis, Uh.);

29mm. Fd. pit. Tri/hliHin, Mcdicciijo, Lotus cuniicidatiis,
itc. ; hyb. 1.
^ lilac-bl., 9 brn. tinged with bl.

Dist. Char. h.w. a tiny projection or " tail " nr. anal ang. (much
shorter than in 1 AUiijiith's).

Log. \ . local in Switz.: Liestal ; Zilrich (luiitc) ; locally through
the lowlands {Frfi/) ; Lucerne, viii. ab., C'assarate, viii. 14/02, ab.
(/'Vs.); Pinchat, viii.; ^'eyrier, vii. 18, viii. 4; ^'ersoix, viii. 20 ;
Onex, ix. 2 (/;/.).

Much connnoner in the S., r.i/., Gresy-sur-Aix, vii. 2;j,i)(j; viii. m.
lilOO, ab. ; Chavoire, vii. e. /02 {Tiitt); Digne, Eaux Thermales valley,
vi. l/dd {ll,-]>rn.)\ Alpes Maritimes, c. in meadows {linn.); Certosa
di Pesio, a few ? s below Chiusa, J s in a large clover field about a
mile away, viii. 18/92 (A'or/i.s) ; Susa, viii. m. /97 ; Courmayeur,
viii. b. /94 {Tiitt) ; Olgiate, viii. /95 ; Sondrio, viii. /96 [Miss l-'tn.) ;
Lago di Loppio, vii. 81, 1900 {Jom-H) ; Wolfsberg, vii. 17/97 {Linn.).

DireGtions of Yar. (a.) diminution- of size, culminating in :

ab. Polysperchon, lUiistr. .- not more than 20mm.

Log. With type or with var. ('uretas ; usually considered an ab.
of 1st biood, but 1 have taken it in the Pfynwald, vii. 21/99, and
at Branson, \ ii. 19, 1900, as well as vi. 1/02 in the latter loc.

(b.) loss of or. spots un.s. h.w. constituting :

var. Coretas, odi^. 2 entirely brn. up.s.

Log. The only form (exc. ab. I'olysjwrc/uni) that I have ever
found in the Rhone A'alley : the 2 seems v. scarce. Pfvnwald vii.
21/99 ; Martigny, vii. 22/99 ; both sides of Rhone*' bridge at
Bran^.on, on right bank of Rhone, v. 20/01, and vii. 19, 1900 (W'h.).

AND TllK ALl'S OF CKNTKAL EUHOl'K. 45

As ab., Digne, vi. 7/99 {li.-l'.nt.) ; vi. h. 90, c. but worn, all of
this form {Junes); Alpes Maritimes, c in meadows (linn.); Mendel,
vii. '95 (LiiDi.).

[Obs. — This sp. requires even more than ordinary care, being v. fragile.]

Genus, Cyaniris, hnlm.

C. Argiolus, /.. (Acis, l')ihr. : Cleobis, .S'///:r/) : o'iiiiiii.

Fd. pit. Uliamniis fiantiida {l''rc!/), ivy and holly ; byb. [).
1)1, with slight lilac tinge, J with v. narrow, ? with v. broad
blk. marg. up.s. ; broadest in both sex.es at apex f.w.
Dist. Char. Pale milky-bl. grd. col. un.s., with small blk. daslu'S.

Loc. Widely spread, but in Switz. local and seldom c, often
wiih V. restricted tlight. 1 have only seen it in any numbers at
Veytaux, in the vineyards, v. and ix. /97; between Bouveret station
and the Rhone, same dates, and under the cliffs opposite Yernayaz,
v. 2() 02. Weissenburg, v.e., v. c. (W,'/.) ; nr. Sion, v.e., v.c.
(irapii, Far.) ; Lugano, c. {Janes). Other places and dates are :
Goschenen {E.-S.) ; Weissenstein, nr. Soleure {Jan'ji) ; Veyrier, iv.
29; Sierne, v. 12; Arzier, vii. 18 {I'd.); Veytaux, iv. 5/99;
Vernayaz, iv. 22/02 ; ix. 8 02 ; Lavey, v. 29/02 (ITA.) ; Sepey, vii.
/Ol {Liini.) ; Loeche, hr. Sierre {Fac.) ; Monte Generoso, vii. /88
{Lmn.) ; Chiasso (Mai/er) ; Faido, vi. 6/02 {Chp.) ; Sertigthal, and
Val Bregaglia {Killias).

Digne, iv. e. /97 {Tiitt) ; vi. 90, vii. /91 {[.inn.) ; Alpes Mari-
times, e.;/., Vallon Obscur, c. ; St. Martin Vesubie, scarce {Bnn.) ;
the Esterel, iv. b. /08, c. ; Auribeau, iv. b. /03 {Tutt) ; Monnetier,
vi. 4; le Coin, iv. 23, v. 11; Mt. de Sion, vii. 29 : Bossey, v. 28
(/;/.) ; WoKsberg, vii. 19/97 {Limt.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size: 2omm. to 35mm.

(b.) decrease in size of spots un.s., culminat-
ing in :
ab. Parvipuncta, l-'ar/is: a form ol' the summer brood with few
and small spots.

Genus, Lampides, Ifh.

Dist. Char. un.s. streaked with brn. and wh. ; h.w. with slender
" tail."

L. Boeticus, /.. .• ooium. Fd. pit. pods of Coliitea and

other Leiiiiiiii)a>setr : hyb. ov.

S prp.-bl., 2 dk. brn. with brt. bl. on disc.

Dist. Char. un.s. fawn-col. and wh.

Log. In Switz. only isolated specimens exc. in the Rhone
valley, c.//., Basle {l>iekeniiian)i) : Hottingen, viii. 13 and x. 0 79
{Snell) ; Lausanne {Faliaype). Not v. uncommon below Follaterre
(on Coliitea), viii. 18-24/93 {l''ae.) ; viii. 21 99, ab., but mostly rather
worn; viii. 27/01, 1 5, worn {Wh.) \ also St. Triphon, x. 3 '98

46 THE BUTTEKFLIES OF SWITZEKLAND

(Fis.) ; Sierre, viii. 19/99, worn, and viii. 81/99, in good condition
(Wh.) ; Aigle (Taskey) ; Geneva, vii. (/>7.).

Gresy-sur-Aix, viii. 22, 1900 (Tiitt) ; Stresa, x. 18/99, c.
{Jones); above Beaulieu, v. worn, x. 9/02 {IL-Brn.) ; St. Maurice,
Cannes, scarce {Brut.) ; 8an Dalmazzo di Tenda, ix. ,92; Bordig-
hera, v. /92, fairly c. (Norris) ; Susa, viii. m. /97 {Tiitt).

[Obs. — Standi iKjer is mistaken in speakilig of Ilirticus in the Valais as
" advena " ; it is to be found in the same spots every year, and in all stages,
I have taken both 1. and p.]

L. Telicanus, Luikj : 'iihiim. Fd. pit. Lijthniiii sttlictirin,

heather, Sec. ; hyb. ov.
13rn ; c? glazed with lilac, J brt. lilac at base (spots of un.s.
show through).

Dist. Char. un.s. mouse-brn. and whitish.

Loc \. scarce in Switz, : opposite la Croix, Martigny, nr. the
Dranse, x. {W'scld.) ; also larvte ; Trois Torrents, vii. /91 ; also
Cassarate, viii. 14/02 (f V.s.) ; every year in gardens in and round
Geneva, c.;/., Geneva, viii. /80 ; Hermance, vii., Pinchat, vii. {lU.).

Digne, vii. /91 {Linn.); Nice; Vallon Obscur ; Val des Fleurs ;
Valley of Mantegna ; Ht. Martin Vesubie, a few, ii. to x. [Bnn.) ;
Castellane, vii. 17/91 {Nicholson) ; Certosa di Pesio, vii. 18/92 ; c.
. later round the Beinette springs ; San Dalmazzo di Tenda, ix. /92,
v.c. on flowers of Aster anuilus ; Bordighera, c. throughout x.
{Son- is).

Tribe Thecliui.

Genus, Callophrys, Hillhrnj.

C. Rubi, /.. ; 'i.Snnn. b\l. [ilt. Sp. of Hiihiis, (inii^ta,

I iUfininni, kc. ; hyb. p.

3 with, ? without a scaleless-looking o\al iiatch nr. costu,
up.s. f.w.

Dist. Char. Grn. un.s.

Loc. \'. gen. distributed and mostly ab., even at 7000ft., r.ih, c.
at top of Kochers de Naye; lii.-v., in the lowlands, vi.-vii. in the
mtns. My earliest date is Veytaux, iii. 17/99. In Switz. it appears
not to Ije double- brooded.

Directions of Yar. (a.) tendency to disappearance of wh. line
un.s., culminating in :

ab. Immaculata, l-'nrli>i .• wh. is entirely without it.

Loc. Occurs occasionally with type, r.//., Vacallo {Maijcr) ;
Kochers de iSiaye, vi. 1/01 [Wh.).

[Obs. — An ab. with tne bare patches up.s. f.w. ouhreous was tiikeii at
Veyrier by Trot. Blachier, who has another (from Morocco), in which they arc
dk. brn.j

Genus, Laeosopis, Hmhr. (Aurotis, Ihilm.).

AND THE ALPS OK CKNTRAT, KfROPK. 47

L. Roboris, Hsp. (Rvippns, ///>.) ; 8Bmm. Fd. ])lt.

oak.
g' with prp. i-eflcctions over i^reater part of f.w. and half h.w..
? only alont^' inn. luarg. f.w.
Dist. Char. Border of metallic-lilac-edfied peacock eyes on hrn.-
gr. un.s.

Loc. Digne, vi. e. and vii. b. 5)9, v. local and not c. {Miss l-'(n.)\
at Villard it reaches more than 8000ft.; Annot ; Entrevaux, vi.
80/01 {Poii-ell) ; St. Martin Vesubie on high road to Nice, 2 miles
from village in oak copse ott' road {Brm.) ; vii. /Ol, v. ab., <? s until
vii. m., after which ? s became more ab. {Laiuj).

Directions of Yar. (a.) number of prp. spots up.s. h.w. (<? 2 or
3, ? up to 6).

Genus, Zephyrus, l><tlin.

Z. Quercus, L. : 84mm. Fd. pit. oak (and ash) ;

hyb. ov.
S with prp. reflections over all ws., J with deep metallic bl.
on base and inn. marg. f.w.
Dist. Char. Pale gr. un.s. Avith whitish line 'and 1 or. eye-spot h.w.

Loc. Distributed over the region wherever the oak is found, and
not rising higher than its fd. pit. grows ; vii. to viii. m.

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : occasionally as small as 29mm.

(b.) a yell, spot at end of disc, cell up.s. f.w.,
constituting :
ab. Bella, (Tcr/Kinl : a V. rare ab.

(c.) depth of markings un.s.

Z. Betulae, /.. ; 8()mni. Fd. pit. sloe and plum ; hyb. ov.

3 without, ? with brt. or. band up.s. f.w.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. tun wh. lines, the inn. extending only half

across the w.
Loc. Spread over the whole region in the lowlands, rarely
mounting to any considerable height, but c. at Tarasp, 4000ft.
{Killias), and on Monte Generoso, uOOOft. {J<')nh'r), viii.-ix.
Directions of Yar. (a.) g occasionally with 1 large and 2 small

yell, patches up.s. f.w., known as :
ab. Spinosae, (hr/un-d.

Obs.— A V. nue form in which the patches are wh. is named :

ab. Pallida, Tiut. \

(b.) 2 with yell, band, &c., instead of or.

ab. 2 Fisonii, 'I /'• : specimens of wh. have been taken at

Charpigny (/-Vs.).

48 THE BTTTTERFIJES OF SWITZERLAND

Genus, Thecla, Fnhr.

Prevailing col. dk, brn. ; hyb. ov.

Dist. Char. nn.s. wh. line on dk. (in Acan'n deivkhh) brn. grd. col.
^Obs. — This ^enus, even more than the other Therlidi, is v. difficult to take
in good condition and is v. easily spoilt in setting.]

T. W-album, KnorJi : oOmm. Fd. pit, elm (and lime).
<J with, 2 without small oval smooth patch nr. centre of costa
up.s. f.w.

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w\, wh. line makes a clearly defined W nr.
anal ang.

Log. Local, and only at low elevations, but not rare where elms
are found ; vii.-viii. b. ; c. at Berne, in the lime avenues ; Burgdorf
(M.-IK); Basle (li-S.) ; Liestal {Christ); Marly, nr. Fribourg;
Neuveville {Couleru); Uetliberg {H>/.); Zurich {Zll.-Dolder) ; at
Weissenburg the commonest Thecla {H<i.) ; on the E. slope of
Pilatus, viii. b. /Ol (Kci/iics) ; on both roads from Aigle to Sepey,
settling with other Theclas on Scuiihucus ebuliis, vii. 22, fresh, 29,
worn, /97 ; vii. 18, 1900, and viii. b. /Ol (Wh.) ; beyond Sepey, vii.
30/01 (Lnin.) ; Leysin (unusually high), vii. 24 (Jil.) ; Sion (Far.) ;
Sierre, vii. b. /97 {I'listans) ; Geneva, vii., Bois de Veyrier, vii. ;
also on the .Jura at. St. Cergues (BL).

Cannes, Nice, not c. ( Brm.); Certosa di Pesio, not uncommon in Yal
Pari, Val Sestrera, and Val Cavallo, vii. 24, viii. 6 /92 {Xan-is).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size, esp. in $ .

(b.) depth of grd. col. (often, however, depend-
ing on freshness),
(c.) tendency to narrowing of wh. line, culminat-
ing in :
ab. Butlerowi, KnuiUkof/sLi ,• in wh. it is so interrupted as not to
form a W.
Loc. With type, i'.;/., Sepey road, vii. 22/01 (TFA.).

• (d.) with broad wh. line un.s. (at Nice, Cannes,
&c., Brill.).

T. Ilicis, /vs7^ (Lincens, Falir.) ; 8omm. Fd. i)lt. oak,
elm, etc.
J (type) without, 2 with or.-brn. patch on out. half f.w.
Dist. Char, mi s. h.w. thin broken wh. line, and entire aljsence
of bl.

Loc. 2 broods, at any rate in some years. Onex, vi. 21 ;
Veyrier. vi. 24 ; Bois de Bay, vi. 24 ; Meyrin, vii. 20 (III.) ; c. in
Vaud (M.-l>.)\ r.<i. Glion, vii. /Ol {L)ini.) ; Sepey road, vi. e. vii.,
ab. (117/.) ; all round Martigny, Saillon, Sion, Sierre, and mounting
over 4000ft at Evolena (Far.); Brig, ix. b. /98 (Tf//.); Basle
(Knecht) ; Liestal {( 'hrist) ; on the Jura ; scarce at St. Gall and
Zurich [Tfischler) ; Coltura [Bazziyher).

ANP THK AT-PR OF CENTRAL KT'ROPR.

49

Gresy-Rur-Aix, vii. e. /98 ; nr. Chavoire, vii. e. '02 {Tntt) ; Digne,
vi. 4, &c., /99 {H.-Brn.) ; Certosa di Pesio, vi.-vii. 92, on flowers
of \vh. Snhtm (.Yonvs); Botzen, vi. e. /Ol (Lnw,'); ]\Ien(lel Pass,
viii. h. 95 {Tiitf).
Directions of Yar. (a.) size : from 81mm. to 3.5mm.

(b.) enlargement of or. patch, culminating in :
ab. (& var.) Cerri, Hh. ; gen. larger, 3 with small, 9 with v.
large or.-brn. patch.
Loc. Aigle, vii. /97, and /Ol ; Sierre, vi. m. and e. /99 (Wh.) ;
I^tznach, vii. o/Ol (F/.s.).

Digne, vi. 4,\<;c., /99 {B.-JUn.) ; Alpes Maritimes, to the exclu-
sion of type {Ih'iii.) ; P>otzen, vi. e. /Ol {Loire).

(c.) tendency to lose the wh. line un.s., cul-
minating in :
ab. iEsculi, Bh. : in wh. it is wholly wanting on f.w. and occa-
sionally on h.w. also.
Loc. Aigle {Wh.) ; Pfynwald, vii. 9/98 {Bkiii.).
Digne {li.-Brn.) ; Nice, &c. {Brni.) ; Certosa di Pesio, vi.-vii. /92
(Xorn's) ; Susa, vi. 18/02 {Lour) ; Botzen {Ka)ir).

T. Spini, Sriiif. (Lvnceus, Esp.) ; <? 80mm., $ 32mm.

Fd. pit. Pmniis spinosa, hawthorn, buckthorn.
S with, 5 wathont small, oval, bare-looking spot nr. costa,
up.s. f.w.
Dist. Char, large bl. spot anal ang. un.s. h.Av.

Loc Widely spread throughout the region, chiefly at lower
elevations, but inounting up to 4000ft. or more : (vi.) vii. to viii.
m. Basle, Liestal {Christ); Ziirich ; Weissenburg, not c. (77//.) ;
Schatt'hausen i'l'rapp) ; c. on the Jura, <-.//., Vallorbe, viii. 10, itc,
/02(1I'A.); c. in Vaud and Valais, r.r/., Sepey road, vii. /97, and
01; ab. {Wh.) ; Martigny, Sierre, \'aren, Ik-ig, etc. {Far.); Leuk,
vii. 23/99 (TVVi.) ; Stalden, vii. 9/94 {Bkiii.); Zermatt [Punneler);
the Orisons, aj., Alveneu, vii. /85 {Lmn.) ; Tarasp {Kane) ; also nr.
Geneva, Veyrier, vii. 13 (/'/.); Briinnen, viii. /96 ; Monte Salva-
tore, vii. /96 {Tntt).

Gresy-sur-Aix, vii. e. /98 {Tntt) ; Monnetier, vii. 27, &c. {1U.) ;
Chavoire, vii. e. 02, worn ; Bourg St. Maurice, vii. e. 98 ; Abries,
viii. m. 1900 ; Larche to Barcelonette, viii. b. 1900 {Tntt) ; Digne, vi.
4/99, v.c. (/.'.- />n(.) ; vii. /91 (L»'».) ; St. Martin Vosubie ; Valley of
the ^ladone ; Balme de la Frema, 7500ft. (!) {I inn.) ; Courmayeur,
viii. m. /98 ; Pre St. Didier, viii. m. /98 ; Cogne, viii. 7-12/94
{Tntt) ; Certosa di Pesio {Norris) ; Lake Como, vi. /95 (A/m Ftn.) ;
Bormio, the New Baths, vii. 11, 1900 {B.-Brn.) ; Cortina, fairly e.
and fine, vii. m. 1900 {Jones); Falzarego Pass, viii. G 95 {'Inff);
Mendel, vii. /95 ; St. Paul, Carinthia, vii. 17 97 ; Wolfsberg. vii. '97
{Fjiin.) ; Modhng, vii. /97 (A/m Ftu.).

Directions of Var. (a.) number of or. spots anal ang. up.s. h.w.
(b.) $ , large or. spots up.s. f.w., constituting:

iiO THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

"ab. ? Lynceus, Hb. .- which on nn.s. has the or. diniinishefl.
and the bl. spot v. large.

Loc. Digne, vi. 4/99, »te. (fl.-Bm.) ; St. Martin Vesubie, rare
{Brtn.) ; Certosa di Pesio, c. in 2nd brood, vii. e. '92 (Xarris) ;
Bot/.en, vi. e. 01 (Lour).

(c.) broader wh. line nn.s.

Loc. S. of Alpes Maritimes (Unii.].

T. Pruni, L. : 82mm. Fd. pit. blackthorn, oak, &c.

<? with, 5 without indistinct oval patch nr. costa, up.s. f.w\
Dist. Char. nn.s. streak silvery-bl. instead of wh.

Loc. Scarce and local ; vi. m. to viii. b. : Basle; Liestal
(Chrm) ; on the Aargau Jura {IVsclil.) ; St. l^>laise ; Neuveville
{Couleru) ; Aarberg ; Schiipfen {linthenhacli) ; Lausanne ; Orbe
(Laharpc) ; not rare at Schaffhausen (Trapp) ; Zurich, vii. /95
(Lmn.) ; Weissenburg, New Baths, scarce {Hff.) ; Coire (Killias) ;
Choully, vii.; Meyrin, vii. {Bl.) ; Aigle, vii.' b. /97 {IVh.) ; St.
Triphon (Fin.) ; Martigny ; Sierre ; Noes ; Corin {Far.).

Mendel, vii. /95 {Lmn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) number of or. spots up.s. [<? has gen.
2 or ?) on h.w., none on f.w. ; ? :-) to 5 on h.w., 2 or 8 on f.w.l

T. Acaciae, i)ihr. .- -iHmm. Fd. pit, I'mims spliiiisd (gen.

the smallest and worst bushes).
^ without, 5 with small or.-brn. patch up.s. f.w-.
Dist. Char. un.s. lighter grd. col. than other sp. ; wh. line in g
gen. forming no ang. at anal ang. of wing. (The bare patch
in J is also nearer to base ; 5 distinguished from llins j
by much lighter grd. col. up.s. as well as un.)

Loc. Local, and scarce even where it occurs : vii. Lake of
Bienne, Macolin, and Twannberg, in the vineyards {RutJimhach) ;
nr. Oftringen and Aarberg {WscJil.) ; Basle {Ktierht) ; Liestal
{Clirist) : Tramelan {(iiieddt) ; Charpigny {Fu.) ; nr. Sierre, cij.,
Corin, Noes. Niouc {Far.) ; Veyrier. vi.-vii. 5 {BL).

Digne, vi. e. /99 {Miss h'tii.) ; nr. Condamine, vi. 24 ; Barce-
lonette, vii. 1/92 (Xorris) ; Alpes Maritimes, scarce {Bnii.) ; St.
Martin Vesubie, vii. 17 '02 {I'mrdl) ; Susa, vi. 27, 1900 {U.-Iin,.).

Directions of Yar: (a.) number of or. spots up.s. h.w.

Fam. LEMONIID^.
Sub.-Fam. NLMEOBIIN^.
Genus, Nemeobius, .S7/>//.

N. Lucina, /.. ; 28mm. Fd. pit. ])rimrose, also various

sp. of Il)i)in'.r.
S with 6, ? with 4 walking legs. [The It, markings in the

AND THK ALPS OK CKNTRAT, ETJROPK,

51

5 are gen. so much more conspicuous than those of the 3 ,
that the latter gen. appears to he dk. hrn. Mith or.-brn.
macular band?, the former or.-brn. with v. ilk. l»ni.
markings.]
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. 2 bands of \vh. spots, the basal one broken
below the centre.

Loc. Throughout the whole district from Digne to Wolfs-
berg, and from Baale to the Alpes Maritimes, but becoming scarce
in the latter loc, and not rising much above 8000ft., iv.-vi.

[Obs. — It must occasionally be partially double-brooded, as Dr. Christ took
it at Lecco, viii. /79 ; Mr. Tntt at Grcsy-sur-Aix, vii. e. /(t7 ; and :Miss Foun-
taino at Olsiate, ix. /!)3. j

Directions of Yar. (a.) extent of dk. col., esp. h.w., in S , i»
which it sometimes almost obliterates the tawny markings ;
the blk. dots nr. out. marg. sometimes unite into a band.

(b.) suppression of margl. row of blk. dots in
$ , culminating in :
ab. Obsoleta, Tutt .- in which they are all absent f. and h.w.

Division. PAPILIONIDA.
Fam. PAPILIONIDiE.
Tribe Papiuoxtdi.

Genus, Papilio, /.. , liyb. }).

Prevailing col. yell, and blk.

Dist. Char. ;i long " tail " nr. anal. ang. h.w.

P. Podalirius, /.. (Sinoii, l\i<ii) ; irnmn. Fd. pit.

sloe, plum, and other fruit trees.
5 gen. larger than J .
Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. 2 black transverse streaks entirely crossing
cl. )X)rtion.
Loc. Gen. distributed over the whole region in 2 broods, v.-vi.
and vii.-viii. ; exceptionally both earlier and later, found up to
about 4000ft. At Digne, Ist brood, iv. 6/02 ; 2nd brood, vi. 4/99 ;
one at Col di Tenda, x. 7/02, v. worn (IL-nni.).
Directions of Yar. (a.) size : exceptionally from TjOnnn. to

78ram.
(b.) tendency to whitening of grd. col.,
culminating in :
ab. Feisthamelii, I'n/i., with ante-margl. band f.w. and margl.
lunules h.w. or. (but much less so in Swiss than in Spanish
specimens).
Loc Martigny, Fully, both broods (Far.) ; Sierre, viii. e. ,99
(H7(.) ; between Inden and Raron {M.-P.}.

52

THE BrTTERFLIRR OF SWITZERLAND

ab. Zanclaeus, yJL, pale like last, but with abdomen wh. on up.s.
instead of blk.

Loc Martigny to Raron (l'\ir.), 2nd brood only. A transitional
form with body not quite wh, is not uncommon in the same district,
.'.//., Pfyn, vii. 21/99 (W/,.). Gen. ?. .

Crevola (Far.)\ and doubtless other S. valleys of W. Alps; Alpes
Maritimes (Jinn.).

(c.) up.s. h.w. the long blk. streak divided
by brt. or. line, constituting :

ab. Ornata, 117/. ; wh. is v. c. in Rhone Valley.

(d.) an extra blk. streak up.s. f.w. on basal
side of longest streak.

ab. Undecimlineata, FAmer.
*P. Alexanor, E^p.: 64iiim. to 7Gmm. Fd., })lt. .SV-s/V^'

niontanunt, and other UmhellifenF.
? gen. larger than ^ .
Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. (dw blk. streak entirely crossing cl. portion.

Loc. [I-foi'i (Butterflies of Europe) gives Switz., but I can find
no locality, nor hear of any capture.]

Digne, vi. 13, and c. vi. e. and vii., fond of settling on thistles
(Jones) ; above Eaux Thermales (Digne), vi. 18, &c. /99 (IL-ltiii.) ;
St. Martin Vesubie, on the road to Venanson ; Valley of Madone ;
and less c. to La Bollene [Bnii.) ; Castellane, vii. 17/91 (Xirholson);
Beauvezer, Annot, vii. 1-18 {I'mrdl) ; between Alios and St. Andre,
vi. e. /92 {Xonix).

V. constant exc. in size {r. supra).

P. Machaon, /.. ; 7r)i]im. Fd. pit. wild carrot and

other ViidKiliferd'.
5 gen. larger than S •
Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. broad blk. base, thickly sprinkled with
yell.

Loc. Oen distributed and often ab. up to 5000ft., less ab. above,
but found occasionally much higher: iv.-vi., and vii.-viii., <■.//.,
Lugano, iv. 12/96 {H.-llrn.) ; Bex, iv. e. /97 (TF/;.) ; summit of la
Palette, 7180ft., viii. /98 {J»ws); Stelvio, 7G80ft., vii. m. 1900
{I!.- Urn.) ; to]) of Chamossaire, 6940ft., vii. /02 {Moss).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : 58mm. to 88mm. ; spring brood

gen. much the smaller,
(b) increase in depth of colouring, culminat-
ing in :
ab. Burdigalensis, Trimonlct (Aurantiaca, Spr.) ; in wh. grd. col.
approaches or., and anal spot is much less red.

Loc. Valaisian Alps (7'Vm-.) ; nr. Gimelwald, viii. 1/1900 ; Aigle,
viii. 21 1900 (ITA.); Charpigny; the Jura (7^V.s.); Botzen (/\Vf»('),".^'C.

(c.) diminution of colouring :
ab. Flava, Tutt; grd. col. pale primrose.

AND TIIK AT-PS OF CENTRAL ETTROPK,

53

ab. Pallida, 'I'ntt : gnl. col. almost wh.

[Obs.— Both these abs. ave conspicuously wanting in dk. markings un.s.]
(d.) increased heaviness of lilk. markings.
ab. Sphyrus, lll>. (Sahari^^ ohth.: /Estiva, Kinu'v); up.s. blk.
markings broader, itn.s. more rust-col. spots, and larger bl.
ones ; " tails " shorter, size small.
Loc. Arpilles, .Teur-Brulee, vii. (ir.srAi.) ; kc.
ab. Nigrofasciata, llnthki' ; with broad blk. border almost covering
the bl.
Loc. With type, but v. rare ; and as it ha= been obtained by
freezing pupie, only to be expected in the hightest haunts of the sp. :
Zermatt {A(i.).

(e.) or. -red spots in yell, lunules of border

up.s. h.w., esp. nr. costa, constituting :
ab. Rufopunctata, TIV;,

Tribe Thaidi.

Genus, Thai's, Fah:; Fd. pit. ArhuAochta ; hyb. p. •

Prevailing col. yell, and blk. with red spots.

Dist. Char, conspicuous dog-toothing, out. marg. up.s. esp. h.w.

T. Polyxena, ,SV/////'. (Hypennnestra, Saipoli : Hypsipele,

Fahr. : Rumina, Fsji.) ; 60mm.
5 larger than (J .
Dist. Char, not more than 1 red spot up.s. f.w.

Loc Formerly in Tessin (Fsd.). It may be found again, just
■ as L. Ijoeticua was; esp. as it was taken in some numbers by Trapj>,
in the vineyards at Orta, vi. 19/.57. Like all the genus it flies v.
early in the day, and is seldom seen after 2 p.m.
Directions of Yar. (a.) darker colouring.

='^Yar. Cassandra, ///'. (Demnosia, h'rr. : Creusa, Mrinni) ; also
smaller, r)Onnu.
Loc. Digne and Chiiteaufort ; Savoie (/vV(»r) ; \'ence ; Cagnes ;
nr. mouth of Loup; Cannes; on marshy gnl., and flies only a short
time {P,nii.) ; Mouth of the Roja, iv. /92 (Ao/t/.s).

[Obs.— Mr. A. H. .Jones remarks that the emergence of this sp. depends
greatly on the season ; it was fairly c. at Hyeres, v. b. /88, but entirely over
and the larvaj full fed by v. 6/94.]

(b.) red spots replaced by yell, lighter than
gi'd. col.
ab. Meta, :Meigen (Rumina alba, K^p. : Rufescens, olfJi. :
Flavoniaculata, Schililc).

(c.) absence of red spot inn. marg. up.s. f.Av.

*T. (Rumina. /..) var. Medesicaste, lllifin- (Ihiinina. Hh.:
Rumina australis, Fsp.) ; -iSmm.

54 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

$ larger than 3 .
Dist. Char. 8 red spots nr. costa up.s. f.w.

Loc. L'Esterel, iv.-v. (Poivcll) ; (Irasse (Kane) ; [at Hyeres as
early as iii. 18/02 (SlojU'r), as late as v. b. /90 {Jones).]

Digne, iv. 7/02 (A'.-/;ra.) ; v. (Slopcr); vi. 7/99 (IL-nrn.) ; esp.
dry hill-side behind cemetery. [Mr. A. H. Jones found both the
butterfly and the larva in all stages, \\. b. /90, the young 1. on the
un.s. of the leaves and in the tubes of the flowers of .■iristDlorJiia
/mtolochia, the full-fed 1. concealed at the roots.]

Directions of Yar. (a.) presence or absence of red spot nr. inn.

marg. up.s. f.w.
(b.) increase of red on h.w.
"ab. Honoratii, Bsdv. .- in wh. the disc of h.w. up.s. is more or less
covered with red.

Log. So far, from Digne only, in varying numbers, e.tj., 16
taken in /95, only 1 in ,'96 {Tntt).

Tribe Parnassidi.

Genus, Parnassius, Latr.

Prevailing col. wh. with blk. (and gen. red) spots.
Dist. Char. f.w. with transparent out. marg.

I Obs. — The ? , after pairing, possesses a remarkable abdominal sac, the use
of wh. is as yet unknown. J

P. Apollo, /.. ; 75mni. Fd. pit. St'dum telqth'nun and S.

(libit III, rarely Sa.fifraija aizotdes.

3 with V. hairy, $ with nearly smooth abdomen (sac dk. brn.
small and horny).
Dist. Char. grd. col. viilkn wh. ; antennje not annulated ; gen. red
spots h.w. only.
Loc. Scarce i)i the N. plains of Switz., but ab. in the Rhone
Valley, and gen. on the lower slopes and in sunny gullies through-
out the region ; gen. less c. above 5000ft., but rises to 8500ft. at
the Schwarzsee above Zermatt, and is c. at 7000ft. on the Simplon,
and still higher on the Albula. It sometimes emerges as early as
iv. e. {far.), and lasts till ix. m. (i///.), often in good condition,
though there is only one brood. Its most usual time for emergence
is vi. and vii.

Directions of Var. (a.) size : average specimens from the -Jura
are said by h'lir. and M.-D. to be larger than those from the
Alps, but are certainly not larger than those from the neigh-
bourhood of the Rhone Valley. Specially flne above Susa, vi.
. 24/99 {ll.-Brn.) ; large at Abries, vii. m. 1900 {Tiitt) ; v.
small and approaching Ddinx in the Torre Pellice valley, viii.
/Ol {Tiitt). I The largest alpine specimens look small compared
with some of the Spanish examples from the Albarracin
district {( '///*.).]

(b.) size of spots, culminating on the one
hand in ;

AND TUK AM'S oK CKNTKAL EUKOPE. 00

ab. (& var.) Carpathica, l!rl>,(: with v. large costal spots up.s.

f.w. : and
ab. Wiscotti, <>l)th.: with v. large spots up.s. h.w. ; and on the

other hand in :
ab. Novarae. olitli. : wiihout spots u]).s. h.w.

(c.) blk. spots up.s. f.w . joined into a band,
(d.) absence of wh. centres to red spots.
j-Qhs. — Kline (pjiuopean Butterflies, p. -l) would seem to imply that the wh.
pupils are peculiar to the I'yrenees, but it is certainly the usual form ; the other
is scarce. There is a magnificent example with v. large red spots in ISlr.
Fison's collection. I

(e.) col. of red spots, varying from brt. crim-
son through It. rd. and or. to :
ab. Nevadensis, Obtli. : in wh. they are yell.

Log. (Occurs as var. in S. Spain) ; as ab. in the Alps, r./j.,
Weissenburg (////.) ; nr. Basle {lUirchhardt) ; &c.

(f.) presence of a red spot or spots, f.w. con-
. stituting :
var. Pseudonomion, I'/n-ist: wh. has always a red spot, gen.
double, on inn. marg. un.s. f.w. and usually one outside the
disc, cell ; the latter of wh. is gen., the former sometimes
reproduced up.s. The long spot nr. anal ang. up.s. h.w. is also
gen. red ; this sometimes occurs in other forms.
Loc The usual form on the -Jura where it is v. ab.; not yet out,
vi. e. /02 ; but rather worn, thofigh ab., viii. h. ,02 (H/'.) ; found
as an ab. elsew'here ; c.//., Brusio, vii. 17/01 (VVs.j.

(g.) occasionally 2 wh. pupils in cl. spot up.s.

h.w.
(h.) ? , tendency to darken greatly up.s.,
usually dk. in the X'alais, culminating
in :
ab. ? Brittingeri, IHi'l.

Loc. Principally in the E. Alps, but also in the Engadine, the
N'alais, c^c.

[Obs. — A specimen from the Albula Pass has the 2 red spots h.w. united by
a blk. bar. (R.-Brn.).]

[Obs. — A question has been raised as to the specific difference between P.
Apollo and F Deliiis, and the observations of Dr. Chapman on the larvae hardly
seem to have been conclusive. There are not very many places where the 2
forms overlap in any numbers, and when this is the case hybrids are occasionally,
though V. rarely, found, e.fj., between Simplon Village and the Hospice (Christ);
Albula Hospice, a ? , viii. /Hi [Fi-eii] ; others are also mentioned by Freij in the
"Bulletin Ue la Societe Entomoiogi(jue Suisse," vol. vii., p. 'JoO. Naturally
these are in the highest haunts of P. Apollo. The piobability would seem to be
that we have here a sp. almost, but not quite fully evolved; or rather, separated
in most Iocs, but not entirely so in those places wh. are suitable to both forms.
It would seem from the rarity of these hybrids, that even where they occur they
are less successful in passing through the earlier s'ages than the progeny of
either form alone. That they are true hyrids and not meiely inlermediate
forms is to be inferred from the fact that they occur only when the two forms
overlap.

56 THE BUTTERFLIES OK SWITZERLAND

P. Delius, /vs-/^ (Plia^bus, I'nunwr) ; Crimm. Fd. pit.

Saxifrofia arj/ides and Sciniicrriniiii iiioiitajuiiii.
2 with fewer and shorter hairs on body than S ; abdominal
sac brn. and horny.

Dist. Char. grd. coh up.s. creaiinj wh. ; antenna- annulated : gen.
at least one red costal spot up.s. f.w.

Log. Not rare, but local ; found esp. by the side of Alpine
streams. Not in the plains nor on the Jura, also wanting in the
highests Alpine Iocs. : gen. from 4500ft. to 8000ft. ; vii.-viii. On
the heights of Glarus and St. Gall [l-'n-n) : Parpan, vii. /80 ;
Pratigau, vii. /Hi {Tiitt); Pont de Nant, vii. 18/22 {HI.); between the
Diablerets and the Argentine, vii. /02 [Mum) ; all the lateral valleys
to the left of the Fihone between Brig and Martigny ; r.//., Evo-
lena, vii. 11/98 {FLeinyiKj) ; Col Torrent, viii. b. /99 {Tutt) ; Col
des Vaches, Zinal, viii. 1/98, ab. on marshy grd. (li.-Brn.) ; above
5th Refuge on Siraplon Road, vii. 9 and 12/01, ab. (HV/.) ; also
the Gemmi {Far.) ; Oberalp See viii. e. /95 {('Jip.); Anderniatt, vii.
m. /86 {Jom:^) ; gen. in the valleys of the Engadine ; c//., Pon-
tresina, vii. /88, &c. {Lnin.) ; Guarda, vii. 22-31, 1900 ; upper
marshy pastures of Val Tiioi, vii. 1900 {(.'hp.) ; &c, {v. ivfra).

Chamonix; Mt. Cenis {Kane); slopes of Mer de Glace, Lavancher,
viii. in. /02 ; Le Lautaret, viii. 5/96; Larche, viii. b. 1900; Abries,
viii. m. 1900 {Tutt) ; above Yinadio, vi. e. /92 {'Sorria) ; Petit St.
Bernard — La Thuile, viii. b. /98 ; Cogne, viii. m. /94 (2'//^^) ;
Madone des Fenetres, vi. 28-vii. 7/99 {Lani/) ; Campiglio, vii.
/95 {Lmn.) ; Stelvio {Fre;/).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size of blk. and red spots.

(b.j spots f.w. joined together, constituting :

ab. ? Herrichii, obt/i.

(c). eye-spots h.w. joined by blk. streak
constituting ;

ab. $ Cardinal, < >bt/i. .- in wh. the eye-spots are also v. large.

(d.) absence of wh. pupils to red spots.

(e.) occasional entire absence of red from f.w.
ab. Inornata, II A.

Log. C. in the Engadine, c;/., Sertigthal (N/o/ycr) ; also Simplon
occasionally, c.//., vii. 9/01 (TlVt.) ; etc.

(f.) occasional absence of red from one or
both spots h.w.
ab. Leonhardi, Fuld : wh. has h.w. only slightly marked.

Log. Upper Engadine [lii'ild) ; not rare in Gadmenthal {Christ) ;
Simplon {lliit-wr).

(g.) increase in number of red spots culmi-
nating in :
ab. 2 Hardwiokii, Kane (Ruhrsi, Christ); wh. has three on outer
costal blotch up.s. f.w. and distinct wh. ante-marg. band, h.w\

AND TUK AL1>S OK CENTKAL KUKOPK. Ot

Loc. Esp. Simplon and the Gemini (Far.) ; I'ont do Nant, vii.
13 (/>7.).

(h.) decrease of col. in red spots, culminating

in :

ab. Aurantiaca, S/ndcr .- in wh. they are replaced hy yell.

Loc. Simplon and (iadmenthal (C/nist).

(i.) darkening of up.s. in $ , culminating in:

ab. 2 Nigrescens, HA..- wh. is greatly darker than type.

Loc Esp. Engadine, <'.//., Languard Alp, nr. Glacier; nr. last
trees E. of ft. of Kosegg Glacier, vii. 10 01 ; Heuthal, viii., 14 01
(Fis.) ; Sertigthal, vii., 22 and 25, 1900 {Slujier) ; nr. top of Furka,
vii. 1 91 (/;.-/.')•».).

P. Mnemosyne, L. : ()Oiiini. Fd. pit. ( 'oriidalis cdru

and ( '. Iiallcri.
? -with smooth shiny body ; abdominal sac wh., large, and
irregular in shape.
Dist. Char, absence of red spots.

Loc. Moist grassy places at moderate heights throughout the
region, exc. the Jura; rarely much under 3000ft. or above 5500ft. ;
vi.-vii. b, ; its lowest loc. appears to be on the mtns. round Wallen-
stadt, at abou<- 1500ft. ; occasionally at ft. of cliffs at Martigny
{Fav., Slope)-, Wh.). In nearly all the side valleys from Vernayaz
to Brig : Salvan ; Forclaz ; Trient ; entrance to the Val d' Herens;
]\Iayens de Sion ; Arolla ; Niouc ; Plaine de la Madeleine ;
Chandolin ; Saasthal ; Alpe Foliette nr. Loeclie-les-bains ; Balt-
schieder Valley (Fav.) ; Berisal, v. ab., vii. b. ,98 ; over before vi.
e. 99; and worn, vii. b. 01, but v. fine on the Steinenalp, vii.
1101 (117*.); Montana, vi. e. /9.S, v. c. {FU'iiii/nn) ; Urbachthal
(M.-l>.) ; Gadmenthal, at about 5000ft. {iliUxer) ; Weissenburg,
Itehind the ruins (/:/.'/.) ; Engelberg, on Engstlen Alp and in Huren-
enthal [Mchmcv) ; \Vasen below Goschenen (U'.sr///.); Weggithal
{!''reif) ; above Einsiedeln, at ft. of My then {I 'cud) ; ^Yiesen
{FAHenrinii) ; Val Tellina {M.-D.).

Digne, vi. /90 (Linn.) ; Certosa di Pesio, v. ab. up to 7000ft., vi.-
vii. 92 (A"o/-r/.s) ; Susa, vi. 23/97 {U.-Jlrn.) ; Lolling, vii. /97 {Lum.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : specimens from Switzerland and
the Basses Alpes are gen. smaller than those from further E.,
but those from the Steinenalp are v. fine,
(b.) size of blk. spots.

(c.) darkening of grd. col. esp. in J , culmi-
nating in :
ab. ? Melaina, Uniiruth (Hartmanni, Standfnss).

(d.) broadening of semi-transparent marg.,
culminating in :
ab. Nubilosa, Cliristn/ili .• in wh. the v. broad marg. contains wh.
spots.

(e.) absence of blk. spot outside disc, cell, h.w.

58 THE BUTTERFLIES OE SWITZERLAND

Fam. PIERID^.
Tribe Aporiidi.

Genus, Aporia, Hl>.
Prevailing col. \\h.

A. Crataegi, /.. ; (35mm. Fd. pit. liavvthoiii, fruit trees,

and at higher altitudes I'mmis /lathis and Cotonca-'^tcr {lutv.) :
hyb. 1.
5> with cl. area f.w. almost transparent.
Dist. Char. Nervures of all ws. strongly marked in hlk., In-owner
in 2 '

Loc \\'idely distributed and gen. ab. over the whole district ; in
the Alps up to 6000ft. or more ; v., vi., vii., viii. according to altitude,
>'.;/., I)e\, V. b. /97 ; Martigny, vi. 4/02; Berisal, vii. b. 01 (HA.) ;
Zinal, vii, 81/9iS ; Rochers de Nave, viii. 4,9G, v. fine and fresh ;
Ferpecle, viii. 14/96 {IL-llni.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) increase of blk. markings.

ab. Suffusa, I'utt : with blk. suffusion on out. mai-g. forming tri-
angular patches.

ab. Marginata, Tntt : further increased to form broad dk. border
(v. rare).

ab. Lunulata, 'latt : with a marked thickening of disc, lunule h.w.
(b.) col. un.s.

ab. Melaina, Jatt .- un.s. h.w. with a thick dusting of blk. scales
between the nervures.

ab. ? Flava, Tntt: un.s. h.w. yell. ; not uncommon in fresh (esp.
bred) specimens.
[Obs. — The ab. Alepicu, Cosmovici, " grey, transparent, completely without

scales," I think we can all make with judiciously rough handling; it is doubtless

not uucoinmon in nature towards the end of the season.]

Tribe Piekidi, hyb. 1.

Genus, Pieris, SclmDiL

Prevailing col. wh., apex f.w. more or less blk.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. without markings, or only along the
nervures.

P. Brassicae, L. : (JOmm. Vd. pit. vurious Cnicii'c.nr.

S without, 5 with, blk. spots, up.s. f.w.

Dist. Char, large size, without markings un.s. li.w.

Loc. Everywhere in the plains and up to 4n00ft., in 2 brood?,
iv.-vi., and vii. -viii. ; above that height one brood only, vii. -viii. My
earliest date is Veytaux, iv. 5/99. The greatest heights I find
recorded are Riiielberg, 84.S0ft. and Fuorcla di Hnrlej, 9055ft.

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 59

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : oO-70mm.

(b.) V. light apex up.s. f.w. in 1st l)i-oo(],
known as:

var. Chariclea, stji/i. .• which has also un.s. h.w, deeper in j>t(L col.,
and powdered, often thickly, with dk. scales ; my most mai'ked
examples are from ^Martigny.

(c.) a spot on f.w. up.s. in J .

ab. Nigronotata. ■idc/inntdtf.

P. Rapae, /-. .• 45nim. Fd. pit. Cnu-lfenr, also
mignonette and other low plants.
2 with blk. dash (in addition to the spots), inn. marg. up.s.
f.w.

Dist. Char, small size, without markings un.s. h.w.

Loc. C. everywhere, from iii. e. to ix. e. in the plains, emergence
taking place later as altitude increases, and only one brood being
found in the mtns. Occasionally met with even up to the snow-
line (Firi/) ; m.y earliest date is Veytaux, iii. 15/9i).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : 87mm. -58mm. ; the smallest are
known as :

ab. Minor, Custa .• 87mm. -B9mm,

(b.) It. apex up.s. f.w. in spring brood :
var. Metra, Stpli. (Similis, Kmulih-otlski .• Debilis, Jl/i/u'rak;/) ; with

spots also It.
ab. Leucotera, StrfamUi : apex without blk., the spots small

and gr.
ab. (var.) Immaculata, ^ '"r/.v/v// (Alba, Srrli,,hl) : (piite wnthout
markings.

(c.) increase of size of Idk. spots, culmi-
nating in :
var. Messanensis, y.U. . a summer form. (The summer brood at
Mai'tigny is v. close to this.)

(d.) un.s. h.w. dull yell, with blk. powdt>ring.
ab. (var.) Mannii, Maifr .• un.s. with blk. spots showing through,
apex lighter yell.
[Obs. — This is described us u suniiiiei' toriii, vi.-vii.. but 1 have taken it at
Vernayaz, iv. 30/02, cf ; and Sierre, v. 7/02, ? . ]

(e.) deeper shade of yell, in $ , culminating in:
ab. ? Novangliae, Vr'((/f/r/ ; a closely approximating form occurs
in Switz., i-.ii., Sepey, v. 2() 0'2 : ^Martigny, vi. 8/02 (h'i.s.).

P. Napi, L. : 45mm. Fd. pit. Cardiunlur /initrnsis and
other low plants, esp. ' "incifcni .
S with not more than 1, J with 2 or 3 dk. spots up.s. f.w.

60 THE BUTTERFLIES Ol' SWITZERLAND

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. nervures broadly suffused with greyish-grn.

Loc. C. everywhere in the plains and alps, and in var, Bri/nnire
up to the snow-line, iii. e.-ix. e.

Directions of Yar. (a.) darkening of the gr. tips and spots up.s.
in 2nd brood, known as :

var. Sabellicse, Stj)Ji. .- ^ has a spot up.s. f.w. ; nervures un.s.
much less strongly marked.

(b.) tendency in 2nd brood to obsolescence of

markings un.s. h.w., culminating in :

ab. Napsese, Ei<p. : in wh. they do not extend beyond centre of

wing, and in extreme cases are represented only by dots at end

of rays on out. marg. ; gen. larger than type.

Loc. Occasionally in many places viii.-ix., ejj., Veytaux, ix., e.
/{)8(ir//.); Martigny ; Sion ; Sierre ; &c. (I^av.).

Abries, ab., viii. m. 1900 {Tutt); St. Martin Vesubie ; Cascade de
Bor^on (Brut.).

(c.) tendency in $ to darken up.s. at high
elevations, culminating in :
var. ? Bryoniae, 0<7/.s. ,• in wh. all the nervures are broadly
suffused with dk. scales, wh. sometimes extend over the whole
wing, grd. col. varies from It. gr. to yell.

Loc. Gen. replaces type above 5000ft., vi.-vii., 1 brood only, but
also found considerably lower. E. Vaudois Alps, <■.</., Rochers de Naye,
vi. b. /Ol, ab., yell. grd. (W/t.): all the alps on S. side of Rhone
Valley from Martigny to Simplon (Far.) ; <?.//., Berisal, vii. m. /98,
gr. grd. (11 A.); Riffelalp, vii. /Ol (Litui.) ; not e. in Bernese
Oberland {Kaiu) ; Gemmi, rare ; but Loeche-les-bains, c. {Fcu\) ;
JNIiirren, viii. b. 1900 (K/;.); Weissenburg (/J//.) ; Triibsee Alp
{Kane) ; c. on the Jura, descending as low as Tramelan, about
3000ft ; Glarus, cfi., Pantenbrucke, vi. 20/02 (Fis.) ; Maloja, vi. e.
/95, V. fresh (Miss Ftn.), ttc, &c.

Piedmont; Savoie ; Jiasses Alps; e.;/., Faillefeu, Larche,
Godessart, itc. (h'anr): St. Martin Vesubie; Cascade do Boreon
{Brill.): Trafoi, vii. 15, 1900, nearly over (/('.-/'';>/.) ; Mendelpass,
vii. e. /95 {Tutt) ; Heiligenblut, vii. e. /97 {Lniu.).

(d.) un.s. h.w., grd. col. and markings vary
extremely ; with us the spring brood
IS far brighter and more distinctly
marked un.s.
(e.) tendency of grd. col. to become yell.,
culminating in :
ab. Sulphurea, Sriioijen : wh. has alj ws. of a clear sulphur col.
Loc. The .Tura {Aij.).

Genus, Pontia, Fabr.

Prevailing col. wh. with blk. at apex.

AND THE AT,PS OV CKNTRAIi KUROPR. ()1

Dist. Char. gi-n. or greenish on un.s. h.w., not onhj alomj tlir
ncrrures.

P. Callidice, /•^7^ ; 43mm. Fd. pit. alpine ('nirifira-.

cT with V. little blk. at apex f.w., ? with wh. -spotted blk.
border f. and h.w. up.s.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. cl. row of arrow-headed primrose spots.

Loc. V. widely distributed iibove 6000ft., and occasionally
lower, <'.;/., Eggen, on the Siinplon, .52/)Oft., and, most curiously, for
several consecutive years on the dyke bordering the Rhone nr.
Branson bridge (Fai:). 6500ft. -HOOOft. is the range of its greatest
abundance. It Hies strongly and rapidly, often over dangerous
ground. All the heights between Martigny and the Simplon (Far.) ;
e.(f., Arolla, up to viii. 28/96 {H.-llm.) ; Steinenalp above Berisal,
viii. m. /98, nearly over ; vii. e. ;99, and vii. 11/01 ; also above the
5th Refuge, vii. 9/01, v. fresh [Wh.) ; Riflfel alp, vii. /Ol {Lmn.) ;
Gornergrat, viii. b. '01 (SZo/x'/-), Sec. Pilatus (Kim-ht) ; ab. on the
heights of Glarns ; the l^ernese Oberland ; from the Gemmi to the
Rhone Glacier (Kane); Oberalp, viii. e. /95 (Chp.) ; c. in the
Engadine, e.r/., Pontresina, vii. /95 {Miss h'f.n.) ; Hchafberg, vii.
24 01, Sec. (kis.): Fusio, vii. 1-12/99; ab. on the Albula Pass,
and at the Bernina Hospice, vii. 1900 (('hp.); Bad Alveneu, vii.-viii.
m (Linn.) ; Jura, :\rt. Suchet, 523oft. (Kane).

Chamonix (Kane) ; The Brevent, viii. m. /02 ; Le Lautaret,
viii. b. /96; above Abries, viii. m. 1900 (Tiitt) ; Alios, Larche, vii.-
viii. (Poirell) ; Mt. Balme de la Frema, St. Martin Vesubie, Madone
des Fenetres, &c. (linn.) ; Certosa di Pesio, c. on Monte Faschia
and the highest green alps, vii. /92 {Narris); Brenner Pass, summit
of Postalp, c. (.Joncx) ; Stelvio, from Franzenhohe to summit, vii.
12/01, ab. (R.-llni.) ; Falzarego Pass, viii. m. /95 {Tutt) ; Mendel,
Campiglio, vii. /95 ; Heiligenblut, vii. 25/97 (Lnin.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size, esp. in ? . [My largest specimen,
from the Schafberg, is 48mm., my smallest, from the Steinen-
alp, 37mm.]

(b.) darkness of markings up. and. un.s. in ? .
[Obs. — Specimens from E. Switz. are sen. finer and better marked than those
from the Valais.]

P. Daplidice, L. : 48mm. Fd. pit. ( 'nicit'cnr, Uescdacrfc,

etc.

<? with slight, ? with broad wh. -spotted blk. border up.s. f.w.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. with much grn. ; a move or less circular
wh. spot in middle of basal grn. patch.

Log. Not gen. distributed in Switz. and rarely ab. From the
lake of Geneva to Martigny, but never in any numbers (Jones) ; on
the railway banks at Sierre, vii.-viii. /97, c. ; a few nr. Berisal, viii.
/97 ; Follaterre, ix. 8/02; ab. nr. Stalden, vi. m. /92 (117/.);
Simplon. vii. e. /99 (Tutt) ; rather ab. on Chippis road nr. Sierre,
vii. 29/98 ; Loeche-les-bains, viii. 27/94 ; Lugano, iv. 2/96, fine
(R.-Brn.) ; in sandy and uncultivate(l places, meadows, vineyards,

62 THE BUTTERFI-IES OF SWITZKRLANn

and lucerne-fields, from Martigny to l>rig, not rare, iv.-v. and vii.-
viii. {Far.) ; Lake of Nenchatel (Sndl) ; St. Gall (Tihchler) ;
Schart'hansen {'rrapp) \ Basle, Liestal {('/irist) ; Zotingen ; Aargau
{Wsclil.) ; according to J-'ici/ not found in the Grisons.

Gresy-sur-Aix, vii. e. 97; viii. m. 1900; Bourg S. Maurice, viii.

b. /98; Abries, viii. in. 1900 (Tiitt) ; Digne, iv. 6/02; vi. 5/99
(11.- lint.); vii. 91 (Liini.) ; Vallon Obscur ; 8t. Martin Yesubie ;
zigzags ascending Mt. Bahne de la Frrma {F>r)ii.) ; Pre St. Didiev,
viii. m. /98 ; Aosta, viii. ni. /94 ; Susa, viii. m. /97 ; Torre Pellice,
vii. e. /Ol {Tiitt) ; Certosa di Pesio, in lower valley, vi. /92 (Aorr/.s).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size: a small form about 33mm., gen.,
but not exclusively, in the spring brood, constitutes :

Yar. and ab. Bellidice, Orhs. (Belemida, Hb.) ; having un.s. much
darker and duller grn., and disc, spot un.s. f.w. sometimes gr.
instead of grn.
Loc. Occasionally with type, e.ii., Sion, iv. 7 {BL) ; Lavey, v.

lG/02; La Batiaz, viii. e. 1900 (Wh.); from Martigny to Loeche

(Far.). Alpes Maritimes (as above) {linn.). Cannes, iii. e. /97;

iv. b. /03 ; Alassio, iv. b. /03 {Tutt).

Tribe Anthocharidi, hyb. p.
Genus, Anthocharis, Bsdv.

Prevailing col. wh. with blk. on f.w. only ; grn. on un.s. h.w.
A. Simplonia, Frr. (Marchand*, Hh.-Gcycr) ; 4'2min.

Fd. pit. Criicifero.
J lai-ger and more strongly marked with blk. than <? .

Dist. Char. disc, spot f.w. up. and un.s. crescentic or angulated with
the hollow towards apex (the edge turned towards base, gen.
nearly straight in $ ). Differs from Felia by its greater size
and absence of silver un.s. h.w. and from var. Ausonia by
being more heavily shaded with blk., esp. at w. -bases up.s., and
by having the much more regular wh. spots at edge of h.w.
un.s. elongated.
Loc. Nr. Trient Glacier; Allee Blanche in Val Ferret; Grand

St. Bernard; Niouc ; Vissoie ; Chandolin ; Loeche-les-bains;

Visperterbincn ; Simplon Hospice; Laquinthal, &c., vi. e., vii.

{Fm\); head of Val d' Anniviers, viii., 1, .tc, /97 {U.-Frn.) ;

Arolla, path to Pas des Chevres, vii. 14/1900, c. but worn; Saas, vi.

21/94 ; vii. 2 and 14/98, c. but worn (Flni).) ; Nicholaithal, vi. m.,

c. but worn; Zmutthal, vii. m. v. fine {Jonrs) ; Tiisch ; Stalden,
vii. /99 {llosa); Rifitelalp, vii. 7/01 {Linn.); Bcrisal, vii. e. /98
(Wh.); Pont de Nant, vii. 10 (/>'Z.) ; nr. Gryon, vii. /02 (il/o.s.s) ;
Setinenthal, viii. 1, 1900 (/•'/.•<.) ; 1, v. worn, reported from Campfer,
ix. 26 i-JoiK's).

Chamonix ; Larche {Far.); St. Martin Yesubie, itc. {Frm.);
Courmayeur, vii. e. /94 {Tiitt) ; Mt. Chetif, vii. 3/02 {Fowe) ; Certosa
di Pesio, vi. 15, &c. {Xorris).

AND TUK Af-l'S Ol' CKNTKAf, KViROPE. 68

Directions of Yar. (;i.) markinu of un.s. less heavy and of

yellowei'-grn.
ivar. Flavidior. HA. (Ausonia, Far.)\ the form of the plain,

,1,'t'n. with bi"t. yell, neivures (hitherto confused with Aiisania);

gen. also slightly larger, reaching 46mm. ; ? with more or less

of dull yell, suffusion up.s. h.w.

Loc. The Rhone Valley, <'.//., Lavey, v. e. /97 ; v. 2702 ; Bierre,
V. 7/02 (H'A.) ; c. some years between Charpigny and J>ex, iv. e. ;
v.; Illgraben, V. (/'V.s.) ; Martigny ; 8aillon ; Sion ; \'isp (/''«r.).

A. Bella, ('nimcr (C'rameri, llullcr); .'VSiuin. I'M. pit.
Kymastntiii and other I 'rKcijrni .
2 un.s. h.w. yellower grn. than S {lumr).
Dist. Char, (type) un.s. h.w. mottled grn. and silver (c. Taiiis
var. Ilellezina).

Loc. ^lonte l>re, iii.-iv. (Kane).

Digne, iv, 6/02 {R.-Brn.) ; Susa, vi. 18/02 {Lour) ; lit.
Vinaigrier; Vallon Obscur ; 8t. Martin N'osubie [Jinn.): La
Bocca, Cannes, vii. m. 91 {Nic/Kilxon) ; Certosa di Pesio, vi. m. ,92

iXnrris).

Directions of Yar. (a.) absence of silver in 2nd brood.

var. Ausonia, llh. : rather larger than type ; differs from

Siiitjilonia {([. v.) by having straight or nearly straight outer

edge to disc, spot, up.s. f.w., and much less blk. marking esp.

at w. -bases and on costa ; un.s. h.w. wh. spots at border

rounded and much more irregular.
[Obs. — The absence of blk. from the costa f.w., up.s., is not a trustworthy
char. ; most of the Spanish specimens I have seen have a good deal : Spuler
figures ^4 i(soHW( with blk. on costa. i

vi.-vii. The 2 broods sometimes overlap.

'A. (Tagis, nil.) var. Bellezina, lisdr. (Px'llidice. //.-S.) ;

2bmm. I'd. pit. Jb< ris jiiiinatK.
2 un.s. h.w. lightly washed A\ith yell, (haiir).
Dist. Char. un.s. li.w. a v. small round blk. disc, spot ; and wh.
spots edged with yell.

t Note. — The examination of a large number of specimens from the \alais,
and a compaiison of them with specimens of Antioiiid from S. France, Spain, Pied-
mont and the Caucasus, has convinced me of what 1 have long suspected, vi~., that
Aii)ioni(i is not found in the Valais. It is also prima facie improbable that if we
have one brood of Beliu, it should take the form of the "ind, as the sanic' intluenees
are brought to bear on the larvie and pupaj of our insect as on the 1st. but not on
the '2ud, brood of liclid in the S. Further, it appears from a note communicated liy
M. deKougemont to Chne. Favre (Lepidoptcrcs du Valais, Supplement, I'.tO;^, p. 2).
that the 1. of Sinq)l(>itia, of wh. he has bred many, differs greatly from that of
Ilclia, and closely resembles that of /'. Daplidice : he describes the p., wh. has no
movable segments, as being also less slender than that of Hclio. and having a
shorter and stouter nose-horn. I have, therefore, followed Dr. Spuler in trcHtiug
siinidoiiia as a separate sp. Mr. Sloper (no doubt amongst many others) has bred
both Iklia from eggs laid by Amvnia, and vice versa, in the regular cycle.

64: THE bUttekfLies of sWitzekland

Log. IMgiie, on the Dourbes, vi. /89, nearly over {Mrs. XiclioU) ;
sparingly at about 8000ft. iv. e. /97 {Tntt).

Genus, Euchloe, Hh.

Prevailing col. wh. or pale yell. ; un.s. h.w. with greenish

marbling.
Dist. Char. S with apex f.w. or.

E. Cardamines, /.. ; 4"iiiiiii. Vd. \)\t. < '(inhniiinr jimtrnsls
and other Crticifntr.
\Vh. : J with, $ without ijroad or. apical blotch f.w.
Dist. Char. mi.s. h.w. marbling of small irregular dashes ex-
tending over whole \v.
Loc. (i<'ii. c. in lowlands imd subalpine region, iii. e.-vi. b., and
mountnig up well above ')()0()ft.. emerging later as altitude increases,
being found as late as viii. b. in the highest Iocs. My earliest date
is V'eytaux, iii. 17 '.)!>. tlu' latest 1 have found recorded is Zinal, viii.
2,1)8 V"'. -/•'•"• I-

Directions of Yar. (a.) size: varies greatly, commonly 87mm.-
45nnn., exceptionally, 8lmm.-4ymm.

(b.) size of disc, spot f.w. : its variation cul-
minates in :
ab. Lasthenia, Milli'<-re: in wh. (dl blk. is absent; un.s. h.w. with
\ . pale greenish-yell, markings.

(c.) diminution of or. tip, culnunating in :
ab. Turritis, Ochs. .- in wh. it only just reaches disc. spot.

Ohs. Tlie V. siiiiill specimens of this ab. ure called ab. Minor, Cvckerrll,
and ab. Hesperidis, Seinilnnji. and are considered l)y the latter to be a separate sp.

(d.) S , 'in.s. f.w. sometimes with yell. grd.
col. exc. inn. nuirg.
ab. Citronea, 1(7*.

Loc. Khone Valley, i^c. ; r.;/., x\igle, v. I). /08 {Sl(,i>cr) ; above
Htalden, v. 16/08 (117*.).

(e.) 5 , sometimes a dull buff suffusion up.s.
h.w., esp. nr. cosia.
[Obs. — In the Geneva Museum is a hermaphrodite, the body appareiitli/ rf , '
the \vs. more like the ? , but with the lower half of tip of left w. or., and an or.
streak on tip of right w. ; the rest of the tips show or. through the wh.j

E. Euphenoides, .S7//;-. (Enpbeno, K^j). : Calleni)henia,

lliitlii) ; HGmuj. 1-'(L pit. liisciifi'lla iliih/ma.
3 with primrose-yell., $ with wh. grd. col. (and a little or.
nr. apex).
Dist. Char. Slight extent of nuirbUng un.s. h.w.

Loc. Monte lU'r (Miiir. Siiri'nt-M ii<t) ; Locarno [S/iiilcr) ; below
Ciondo (' lirist) ; iv.-v. [h'aiir).

AND THK AI-PS OF CP^NTRAr, KtJROPK. B')

Dis^iK", V. 23/01 {Sl,>i>rr) ; vi. /90 {Lmn.} ; vii. 7/1)!). iitarly over
(/.'.- /7r».) ; r.arcelonette, vii. 2/92 (\<>rris) ; Viilloii ()l)scur, Mt.
Vinaigriei", Goi-ge de 8t. Anciro, Cannes (linn.) ; Nice ; St. Martin
Vosubie, v. /98 {Lanrf); above Villat'rauca, v. e. 92 (Snnis) ; Susii.
vi. 23 99, still quite fresh (It.-Jini.). [At Hyeres as eaily ns lii. 27
/02(,S7->/.,.,-).l

Directions of Yar. (a.) size (Alpine specimens lai-^er than nr.
coast, linn.).

Tribe Lkptoshdi.

Genus, Leptosia, lfl>. (Lpuoopliasia, s'//*//. ; lit^ijtidin.,

lUllhrni) ; hyh. p.
Prevailing col. wh.
Dist. Char. I^jxtreme tenuity of abdomen.

L. Sinapis, /.. ; oSiimi. Fd. pit. f.Miis rnniiciiJatns,

lAitlii/nis iiralotsis, Orohiis, \ icia. <kc.
2 with rounder ws. and less blk. at apex than ,j .
Dist. Char, absence of grn. tint up.s. h.w. (r. Diiponrheli).

Log. Gen. distributed throughout the region, in tlie lowlands,
iii. e.-vi., and vii. m.-ix., and up to oOOOft. or more in one brood,
resembling the spring brood of lower levels, v. e.-vii. m.

Directions of Yar. (a.) loss of markings.

Yar. Diniensis, />'«/(-. ,- v, dk. blotch on apex f.w. up.s. but no

markings un.s., exc. that the apical blotch shows through, and

there is often a c. slight cl. gr. band on h.w.
ab. ? Erysimi, lirh-Ji. : quite wh. up. and uu.s.

[Obs.— Thete are both gen. lowland forms of the sunnner brood, but
Krysimi, at any rate, sometimes occm's in the spring. I)inien.<is is the usual
foriu of the summer brood ; Enjsimi is by no means uacommon, e.g., Aigle,
viii.-ix.]

(b.) col. of un.s. h.w. (the type has gr.

markings on yellowish-wh. grd. col.).
ab. Lathyri, Hh. ,• gr. markings on dull greenish grd., only a long

basal streak, and sometimes another beyond it to out. marg.

remaining wh. ; rather small.
Log. A spring form, c. in some years in Vaud, the Valais, and
elsewhere {e.'i., Veytaux, v. /99, where in other years not one is to
be found). Ab. iv. /03, Aigle (Sloper) ; Charpigny {Fis.).
ab. Sartha, IWd : with brt. yell. grd. col. h.w. and apex f.w.

un.s. (a large form).
ab. Subgrisea, St;ir. : no yell, or grn. in grd. col. wh. is almost

covered by the gr. markings.
[Obs.— In the Geneva Museum is a curious specimen deeply smoked in an
angular shape at base, with a whitish line of the same shape nr. marg. of the
dk. suffusion.]

OG

THE bUTTEKKLlES OF SWJTZEKLANt)

*L. Duponcheli, Sujr. (Lathyri, hup.) ; 88111111. Fd. pit.

(and 1.) unknown.
$ somewhat larger than 3 .
Dist. Char. up.s. h.w. with greenish tinge, f.w. with deeper hlk.
apex than Sinapis ; large wh. patch un.a. h.w.
Loc. V. local. Digne, v. 20 02, going over ; vi. b. 99 (1!.-J!ru ) ■
vn. /91 (presumably 2ud hroo<l) (Lnm.) ; behind Beaulieu up to
about ir,00ft., V. 10 {Jnnr.) : Draguignan, ah. {Hahw).
Directions of Yar. (a.) loss of markings.
var. iEstiva, Sf,,,-. .• with yellowish un.s. ; the summer brood.
Loc r.;/., St. Martin ^'esubie ; c. all round Digne, vii. 19-29 91

(.\ ic/lii/snn).

Tribe KnouocEKiDr.

Dist. Char. Short red antenna'.

Genus, Colias, Lmrh ; hvl). 1.

Prevailing col. yell, or or. with blk. border.

C. Phicomone, /vs/^ .- 4-iiiiiii. Fd. pit. sp. of llria.

$ rather It. yell., $ whitish with yell. tint.
Dist. Char. gr. suttusion on f. and h.w.

Loc. V. gen. distributed and often ab. on the Bernese, \'audois
and \aiaisian Alps, fi'om -lOOOft. to HOOOft., and found both higher
and lower. Its lowest loc. appears to be Oberstalden, 2240ft.
(/^Vr//). So far as my experience goes, it ascends higher than
I'aUnw, though it also descends much lower. Above Sepey, about
lOOOft. vii. 19/97 (flV/.); ft. of Argentine, vii. 02 (J/oss) •
Ferpecle, viii. 14,;9G ; Arolla, viii. 21,96; but totally absent from
/inal, viu. /9H (h'.-Ilni.) ; Simplon Pass, 5th Refuge, v. ab. vii. m.-
viii. in. /98; Steinenalp, vii. e. /99 ; Murren, viii. 'b. 1900 (117* ) •
Weissenburg, ab. at about 2650ft. (//./.); Oberalp, viii. e. /95 '
(luarda, vn. 22-31, 1900; Fusio, vii. 1-12/99 (Chp.) ; ab. in the
Fngadine, /■.//., Campfer, Mii. /92 (Jours) ; Pontresina, vii. /95
(Miss Ftn.) ; Urserenthal ; the Albula ; the Furka (Kane), Sec

In the Jura, Mt. d' Or, and Mt. Suchet ; Le Lautaret, vii. e. /96 ;
Larche, vn. e. 1900 ; just above Abries and higher, viii. m. 1900
(Tiitt) ; c. throughout the Basses Alps, Savoie, and Piedmont
(Kane); Alpes Maritiines (/,';•///.); Mont de la Saxe, viii. b /94 •
Cogne, viii. m. /94 ; Au Pra, viii. m. /Ol (Tntt) ; gen. distributed in
the ryrol, r.//., Brenner, v. large, vii. 27/1900 (/.'.-/^'m.); YalBigon-
tma, viii. m. /95 ; Falzarego Pass, viii. m. /95 (Tatt) ; Cainpiglio,
vu. 95 ; Innsbruck, viii. 1/97 ; also Heiligenblut, vii. e. 97
(Liini.). ' '

Directions of Yar. (a.) extent of gr. sufiusion.

(b.) depth of grd. col. 3 and 5 .
[Obs.— Mr. Fison has taken a beautiful and interesting hvbiid Pahnw^
1 Incoviove, a, j . It haa the gr. buHusion of Phhvinone e.xtendini! over all 4

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 67

C. Palaeno, /.. (Philomene, lib. : Lai)ponicM, Sttjr. ;

Werdandi //.-N.) ; 37mm. Fd. pit. I'arciniiini idi()i)wsiiiii.
S brt. datibdil yell., ? nearly wh.
Dist. Char. Extreme smallness of disc, spot, outlined in blk. i.w.,
pale yell. h.w.

Obs.— Great confusion exists in the nomenclature and the descriptions of
the vars. of this sp., and thou^'h 1 have endeavoured to clear it up, I am by no
means certain of the justice of my conclusions. First then, in some authors
Kitri>}>omein\ Ochs., is treated as being the same name (though applied to an
opposite form of var.), as Niiropome, Kap. ; then the suKilhr form of the Swiss
Alps gen. has a uarnurer, not a bruddcr, border than the type, and gen.
resembles the description of Caflisclii, Canidja, exc. in what 1 take to be tlie
special distinction of the latter, viz., the absence of the discoidal spot up. s. f.\y. ;
then again, the majority of the Swiss specimens appear to be identical with
those of N. Europe, as stated by Frey and Ftivre, though contradicted by
Staudhiger, whilst the large N. German form, Ivtiropomc, E^p., is not found with
us. I am inclined to suppose that we must disregard the narrowei- border (so
far as named forms are concerned) and include these specimens for the
present in the type, as they are not at all yellower than others, and so can
hardly come under the form Schildei, St(jr.\

Loc. Confined to high elevations, from 3()00ft. to nearly 8000ft.,
but more usually from 5000ft. to 7000ft. I'lrii, however, remarks
that single specimens are occasionally taken in the lowlands ;
(possibly these may be bred) ; vii.-viii. On most of the heights
from Martigny and the Gemmi to the Stelvio, and on through the
Tyrol, ^(.0. ; <'.//., Arpilles, Bovine, Catogne, and Grand St. Bernard,
nr. Martigny; at the top of the Val d'Anniviers ; Zermatt ; the
(iornergrat; Saas ; Fiesch ; Morel; Aletsch Glacier, Sec. (Fav.) ;
Arolla, vii. 11, 1900, worn ; towards Evolena, vii. 17, 1900 ; Eggis-
horn, vii. 10 98 ; Belalp, vii., 4, /99 {Jikm.) ; Steinenthal ; W. end
of Steinenalp, vii. 11/01, fresh ; vii. e. /99, worn ; top of Simplon
Pass, beyond the Hospice, viii. m. /98, worn ; vii. m. 99, fresh
(Wh.); Furka, Andermatt side, viii. 1/94 {I!.- Urn.); Engelberg
{C/iiist) ; Oberalp, viii. e. /95 ; Davos Platz, viii, 2, 1900; Guarda,
vii. 22-81, 1900; Pontresina, vii. 1-21, 1900 {('lip.); Upper Enga-
dine {Mi^s Ftit.), f.;/., Morteratsch Glacier, c. vii. {Xichohi»i) ; St.
Moritz and Weissenstein {J-'rc)/) ; Dischmathal, vii. 12, 1900 (Slnpcr) ;
Campfer, ab. {J<inrs) ; above Coire (f'/v//) ; Hasli-Scheideck {Kane);
moors above Einsiedeln {I'aid) ; Biinschen at about 8000ft. (//,'/.) ;
on the Jura at Tramelan {(jrKrdat).

Chamonix (/•'«(•.) ; the Montanvers, viii. m. 02 {'rutt)^; nr. Pontar-
lier (Kane) ; Le Lautaret, vii. 80- viii. 5/9G, line but scarce {'I'lUt) ;
Abries viii. m. 1900; Larche, vii., scarce {I'oii-eU); Lac de la
Madeleine (Kane) ; Alpes Maritimes (/>/•///.) ; c.;/., St. Martin
Vesubie, vii. {Powell) ; Mont de la Saxe, vii. e. 94 ; above Pre St.
Didier, viii. m. /98 {Tiitt) ; Brenner, vii. e. 1900, fresh {H.-Uni.) ;
Sulden, vii. 1900 {Lmn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) breadth of border in S .
Yar. (& ab.) o Europomene, <hli.'<. : with broader border, of
smaller size, wn.H. darker.

68 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

Loc. Grimsel ; Mayenwand (ilf.-7).) ; Gros Glockner.

ab. Flavoradiata, Wh. : with narrower border crossed by yell,
uervnres.

Loc. c.'h, Steiuenalp, vii. 29/99 (IfA.) ; Ac.
(b.) col. in ? .

ab. (& Yar.) 2 Herrichi, St;p-. (Werdandi, U.S. .- Philomene,
Dajt.) ; yell. grd. col. varying from pale lemon to the deepest
yell, of J . [In Mr. Fison's collection are '2 2 s of a beautiful
cream col., quite different in tint from the usual yell. 2 ■]

Loc. l)y far the commonest form on the Steinenalp, and the
only one 1 have seen on the Simplon ; Campfer, ab. {Juuen) ; Mor-
teratsch Glacier, rather c. {Nir/iohdn) : as an ab. gen. where type is
found.

(c.) presence or absence of spots in blk.

border of $ , up.s. f.w.
(d.) grd. col. lui.s. h.w.
(e.) absence of disc, spot up.s. f.w.
ab. Caflischi, ' VnY/(/yrt ,• described as also having narrower border
up.s. and greener h.w. un.s.

(f.) disc, spot f.w. occasionally filled in with

blk., up. and un.s.
(g.) disc, spot t\v. un.s. occasionally filled in
with or.

C. Hyale, //. (Piiheno, Ksj).) ; 48mm. Fd. pit. CoroniUa

rarici, \ icia, and other Lciiiniiinvsi'>e.
g brt. primrose yell., $ clear yellowish wh.
Dist, Char. lUk. spotted border, narrowing almost to a point at
anal ang. f.w., and v. slight on h.w. ; distinguished from
I'fdr/'iin var. Ilt'iric/ii by large blk. disc, spot f.w.

Loc. Gen. distributed and c, usually ab., v. -vii. and viii.-xi. m.,
occasionally up to 8000ft. My earhest date is iv. 24/99. The
highest loc. in wh. I have seen it in any numbers is above the 5th
Kefuge on the Simplon Pass, at nearly 7000ft.

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : exceptionally from 35mm. to 52mm.

(b.) depth of grd. col., the brighter and

deeper form of ? culminating in :

ab. + Inversa, Alplth-akij ; in wh. it is of the col. of the S •

[Obs. — The ab. Flu in, Hii^z, seems to be synonymous with this (as <:;iven in
St(irs\ Cataloyae, 1901), as it is only ^ometiines that the yell, spots in border of
f.w. are developed into a band.]

(c.) tendency to disappearance of parts of the
blk. border.
ab. Apicata, Tutt : in wh. band f.w. is reduced to an apical tip.
ab. Obsoleta, Tutt .- in wh. band of h.w. is almost lost.

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE.

G9

(d.) tendency to exaggeration of blk. on h.w.
amounting occasionally to a double row of blk. spots.

(e.) diminution of double disc, spot h.w.
[ab. Unimaculata, Tatt : in \vh. one is obsolete.

ab. Pallida, Tiitt : in wh. it is barely visible.

Obs —In Col. Agassiz' collection are 2 ? s, one with the un.s. h.w. entirely,
and the other partly It. bluish-grn., the latter irregularly streaked with or.; tor
this ab.. which may recur, is proposed the name :

ab. Yiridescens, sioprr.]
• C. Chrysotheme, /•:^7^ .■ 88111111. -4-2iJiiii. Fd. pit. \'irl<(

/lirsiita.
S without, ? with yell, spots in dk. border.
Dist. Char. f.w. up.s. yell, costa, in connection with It. dull or.
grd. col.
Loc. Styria and Carinthia ; Salzburg, vii.-viii. [Kane) ; above
Modling, viii. e. /97, c. (.Um Fin.).
Directions of Yar. (a.) size: {c. mpra).

(b.) up.s. f.w. disc, spot often reddish at out-
line, sometimes outlined only in blk. and tilled in with reddish.

^C. Myrmidone, il^p. ; 8-2mm.-45iniii. Fd. pit. Cijiisu^

hiflDiKs : ( 'istiis.
S without, ? with yell, spots in blk. border.
Dist. Char. f.w. up.s. costa yell, (in 3 ), in connection with red.-
or. grd. col. ; distinguished also from h'.ihiso by narrower blk.
border and in 2 by squarer yell, spots.
Log. St. Paul, Lavantthal, vii. m. /97 {l.nin.} ; Styria (^and N.
Italy), IV. -V. and vii.-viii. {Sjiiih-r).
Directions of Yar. (a.) size : (r. .s///)»v/).

(b.) grd. col. of ? .
ab. I Alba. Stijr. .• almost wh. ; distinguishctl from ab. HclUe, as
type from Kilusa.
[Obs.— It is not unlikely that both the above sp. may have been overlooked
in various Iocs, as Kdiisn, e.g., Chrijuotheme in N.E. and Myrmidone in S.E.
Switz.j

C. Edusa, I'dhr. (Hyale, E>^}>. : Crocpus. l-'omrnnj :
Electra, Larin : Helena, II. -S.): isimii. Fd. pit. clover,
trefoil, Sec.
S without, ? with brt. yell, spots in broad blk. border.
Dist. Char. brt. or. grd. col., deeper than ( hiiisathmir, not so
red as Miinuiihnu .
Loc. \'. gen. distril)uted in the lowlands and often ab. up to
40U0ft., mucii less ab. than U>iaU between 4000ft. and 6000ft., but

70 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

mounting occasionally even above (SOOOft., c;/., on the Riffel-
berg. v.-x.

Directions of Yar. (a.) size: exceptionally fi-om 82mm. to 52mm.

(All.).
(b.) diminution of spots in $ culminating in:

ab. Obsoleta, I'utt : in which they are absent.

[Obs. — Surelj" one would be justified in including under this ab. those <? s
wh. are quite without jell, rays in the border.]

(c.) depth of col. of bordei-.

ab. Brunnea, I utt .- in wh. the blk. is replaced by brn.

(d.) less depth of grd. col., esp. in J .

ab. Helicina, obtli. (Chrysotheme, Stpli. : Aubuissoni, Carailja);
wh. has grd. col. of a paler or.
fObs. — The name Clinjuotheme, Stjih., must be regarded as a nomen pre-
occupatum (v. aiipra), and Auhinsgoni, Caradja (Iris, vi., 1893), must fall before
Helicina, Obth. (Bulletin de la Societie Francaise, 1880), unless the latter is held
to represent a further shade between this ab. and ab. Helice, in wh. case
Caradja's name must hold good.]

This form occurs in both S and 2 •

ab. ? Helice, ///'. (Euiopome, Stph.); "pale lemon or creamy-
yell." (Tiitt).
Log. Like other abs. with the type; e.;/., Sierre, viii. 18/99;

Branson, vii. 19, 1900 ; vii. 8/02 ; Follaterre, vi. 4/02 ; Aigle, viii.

23, 1900 (If'A.); Steinenalp, vii. 9/02 {Sheldon); Weissenburg

Gresy-sur-Aix, vii. m. 1900 {I utt), &c.
ab. ? Pallida, Tutt : " wh. or creamy-wh." [Tutt).

(e.) size and shape of disc, spots f. and h.w.

Genus, Gonopteryx, JjutrJi (Rliodocera, llsdr.).
Prevailing col. yell.
Dist. Char, a small, sharply angled projection in outline of each w .

G. Rhamni, /.. ; 58miii. Yd. pit. Jlluiiinms cuilKirtlcus,

I!. Franipila : in mtns. /.'. I'liinila: hyb. im.

S brt. canary yell., ? greenish wh.

Dist. Char, small or. disc, spot on each w.

Loc C. through the whole region exc. the coast of the Alpes
Maritimes, extending in isolated cases to an altitude of T^^OOft (over
8000ft. on the Stelvio, II.- Urn.) ; according to Finj, in 2 broods, vi.
and viii.-ix ; other authorities give only the lattei-. It is of course
c. in the spring, even at ii. e., and in such excellent condition that
it is difficult (to me almost impossible) to believe that it never
hybernates as a pupa ; that there is a fresh brood earlier than viii.,
admits, in many places, of no doubt, witness the following dates :
Zurich, Lucerne, vii. /85 ; Neuhausen, vii. /89 ; Zermatt, vii. /Ol :
Mendel Pass, vii. /95 ; liaveno, vii. ,88 ; Digne, \\. 90, vii. ,91
{L»m.).

AND TIIK ALPS OK CENTRAL EUROPK. 71

Directions of Yar. (a) tint of nn.s. h.w. both in j and j .

(b.) " inealiness " of texture up.s. f.w. con-
stituting :

' var. Farinosa, s'^//.

Loc. Lac (le ^ladone (I Inn.).

G. Cleopatra, />. ; (Unmi. Fd. ])lt. JIIkiiiiuiis ajpiim .- liyb.

iu]..
S grd. col. brt. yell., ? greenish wh.

Dist. Char. J brt. or. suffusion extending over greater part of f.w.
up.s. ; 5 Distinguished from li/tanini 2 by greater size, and
slight or. blotch at root of w. ('? var. of L'iiainni.)

Loc. Monte Bre (Mine. Siiffrrt-Mirfi) ; below Iselle, and has been
found at Axenstein (Kct)ie). ii.-iv. and vi.-viii.

Digne, vi. /90 ; vii. /91 (Ijiui.) ; iv. r,;02 ; vi. 9/99, 1st and 2nd
broods respectively ; St. Andre, x. 16/02 (1!.-Jlr)i.); Alpes Mari-
times, c, occurs even above Venanson (Jinn.) ; Certosa di Pesio,
vii. /92 (Xorris).

Fam. NYMPHALID^E.
Sub.-Fam. NYMPH ALIN.E.

Tribe Ar(,vnnidi : hyb. 1".

Prevailing col. Tawny or. with blk. spots.

Genus, Dryas, ////.

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. silvery bars.

D. Paphia, L. : (ioDim. Fd. pit. I' laid rduiiia, Unhns

ItldUs^ &C.

2 darker than 3 ; 3 shows a conspicuous thickening of 4
lowest nervures f.w.
Dist. Char. un.s. f.w. grd. col. or. (r. ramloia).

Loc. Everywhere in lower valleys, gen. c, often ab., but seldom
reachmg much above 8500ft. ; vii.-ix. b. (Wears well. I took an
excellent 3 above Montreux, ix. 4/02).

Directions of Yar. (a.) col. of metallic glow un.s. h.w., ranging

from pink to prp.
(b.) depth of grn. grd. col. un.s. h.w.
(c.) depth of grd. col. up.s. $ , culminating in :
ab. 2 Yalesina, /".."-y. . wh. has grd. col. yellowish brn. much
suffused with blk., giving dk. appearance.

Loc. Sporadic : v. uncommon in N. of region, less scarce in H.,
esp. S. valleys of Grisons {h'n'n) ; Tessin {A(i.) ; not v. scarce some
years in the Rhone Valley; e.ij., Aigle in '97 ("A.) : Salvan (/•V.s.) ;

72 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

Visp, viii. b. /98 ; Pfyn, vii. e. /99 (Wh.); c. one year at Stalden
(Frei/) ; Thusis, vii. 95 {Miss Ftn.), &c.

Lower slopes of the Brevent, viii. 18/02 (Tntt) ; Chamonix,
viii. /93 ; above Varenna (Miss Ftn.) ; Baveno, vii. /8H {Ltnn.) ;
Alpes Maritimes (Bnn.) ; Pre St. Didier, viii. m. /98; Torre Pellice
and Bobbie, c, vii. m. /Ol {Tiitt).

(d.) absence of silver nn.s., constituting:

*ab. Immaculata, r«ilirr (Anargyra, Sujr.) ; wh. occurs rarely in
the Alpes Maritimes (llrm.).

D. Pandora, Srhif. (C'ynara, Fain-. ; Maia, Cramer) ;

7omm. Fd. pit. Viola tricolor.
<y has nervures iv. 1 and 2 up.s. f.w. widened.
Dist. Char. un.s. f.w. large cherry -col. patch.

Loc. V. scarce (and accidental) in Switz. Aigle, vii. 6/97
(Lowe) ; Lausanne, viii. 18/99 (Tiitt) ; Fully (Meissner) ; Loeche
(Knecht) ; Fische (Trapp) ; Pfynwald (Paul) ; Niouc (Taskfr) ; said
to be not uncommon at the entrance of the Val Fex, nr. Sils.

Much less scarce S. of the Alps, vi.-ix. b. {Stndi'r) ; Val d'Aosta,
above St. Hemy, on the St. Bernard route at about 5500ft. (!), vi.
25 (Far.) ; Courmayeur, vii. 15/03 (Loire) ; Pre St. Didier, viii. b.
/94, c. ; /98, scarce : Cogne Valley, viii. m. /94 ; Aosta, viii. m. /94
(Tntt) ; Roquebiliere, St. Martin Vesubie, La Bollene, St. Sauveur,
itc, vi. vii. ( Unii.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) grd. col. up.s.: ranging from dk.ochreous

to greenish ochreous.
(b.) diminution of silver un.s., esp. in ^ .
culminating in :
' ab. Paupercula, Itai/iisa .■ in wh. there is none.

Genus, Argynnis, Fahr.

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. large silvery spots.
A. Aglaia, />. .• ASnim. Fd. pit. various Fiolanuv.

J has a sliii/it thickening of the two lowest nervures up.s. h.w.,
$ larger and gen. darker.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. brt. yell, ante-margl. band without spots.

Loc. \ . widely distributed and c, esp. on hill-sides, vii. -viii. ; most
ab. from 2000ft. to 4000ft., ascendmg in some cases, (■.//., on the
Siniplon Pass, even above GOOOft.

Directions of Yar. (a.) reduction in size, culminating in :
ab. Nana, 11'//. .• not more than 48mm. ; not bleached like vai-.
VitJuita, Moorr. but brt.; $ scarcely darker than <? .
Loc. Nr. top of Simplon Pass, viii. m. /97, several (If'/'-)

(b.) shade of grd. col. up.s. [This gives rise
to many abs., viz. :

AND THK ALPS OF CENTRATi EUROPE. 73

ab. S Flavescens, I'l'tt : lighter and Ijriqhter or.

ab. $ Aurea, Vntt .- pale or.-brn.

ab. ? Pallida, Tatt : li<,^hter still, coata and out. nuu'S. pale atraw-

col.J
ab. 5 Suifusa, Tuti -. base, spots and nervures shaded with
fuscous ; grd. col. at costa and a row of spots at out. marg.
whitish ochreous.

(c.) extent of grn. suffusion un.s. b.w.,
sometimes nearly covering yell. band,
(d.) basal area of un.s. h.w. fuscous instead
of grn.
ab. Fusca, Tutt.

[Obs.— A V. remarkable ab. was taken by Rev. A. M. Moss at Villars-sur-
Bex, vii. 26/02, and described and figured in the Ent. Rec, vol. xiv., No. 12,
p. 311 ; up.s. almost entirely blk., also un.s. f.w., the silver mostly replaced by
bronze placed in dk. grn. An ab. in Mr. Fison's collection has a band of large
blk. blotches, just contained by the branches of the nervures.J

A. Adippe, L. ; 58mm. Fd. pit. various violets : hyb.
(at any rate, sometimes) ov.
J with nervures iv. 1 and 2, v. much thickened up.s. f.w.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. deep, golden-yell, ante-raargl. band con-
taining reddish-brn., silver-centred spots.
Log. Everywhere up to about 4000ft. in and about woods, and
often also on slopes and at way-sides, vii.-viii.
Directions of Yar. (a.) size : commonly 52mm. -G5mm.
(b.) tone of grd. col. up.s. 5 .
(c.) dk. band next to margl. silver spots
un.s. h.w.
ab. Yirgata, 'J'ntt. .• the shade of brn. varies ; one in my collection
is deep chocolate ; 1 at Gryon, vii. /02 (Mass).
(d.) diminution of silver un.s.
ab. Intermedia, Tutt : without silver at apex f.w. or l)order h.w.
var. Cleodoxa, (h-hs . without silver at all, exc. tiny centres of
spots in ante-margl. band.
Loc. The usual form S. of the Alps, r.//., Brusio, vii. 13 01
(i''/.s.) ; Chiasso, vi. 24, San Htefano, vii. 7 (Mui/cr).

St. Martin Vesubie, but not c. {Jinn.); Pre St. Didier, viii. m. 9S ;
Torre Pellico Valley, viii. /Ol, ab. {'I'litt).

A. Niobe, L. : 41)mm. Fd. pit. various sp. of violet.

? grd. col. darker than J , wh. has also the 8 nervures above
the lowest up.s. f.w. v. slightly thickened.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. bvf ante-margl. band with v. small red-
brn. silver-centred spots ; has a rather ua^Jiy appearance ; is
gen. noticeably smaller than Adippe.

74 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

Loc. In the forest zone and above the tree limit up to about
7500ft., vii.-viii., hut the type form is not v. c. in Switz. I have
only found it in any numbers at one point on the Simplon, viz., in
the first open field on the path leading from the Ith Refuge to
Wasen, viii. b. /9H, &c. The type form is specially mentioned for
the following Iocs;, but is to be found amongst var. A'/v's in many
others. Niouc, Susillon, Ponchette, Chandolin and Zinal in the
Val d' Anniviers ; Sierre ; Loeche-les-bains ; Stalden ; Laquinthal
{Far.) ; Arolla, viii. m. /99 (Tntt); St. Nicholas, vii. 13/98; Zermatt,
vii. 10/99 {Blnii.)\ Haas Fee, ab. (Jones); Weissenburg (////.) ; Basle
(C/irist) ; in the Aargau Jura (JVscJtl.) ; Engelberg [Baker) ;
Pontresina, vii. (J/m Ftn.) ; Churwalden {ll<i.).

La Faucille on the Jura, viii. 10 {I'd.); above Lac Bourget. vii.
e. /9H ; Megeve, viii. b. /02 : Larche, viii. b. 1900 ; Abries, viii. m.
1900, v. ab. and brt.; Cogne Valley, viii. m. /94 ; Courmayeur, viii.
b. /91, ab. ; above Bobbie, viii. m. ,01 (7»«) ; Mendel Pass, vii.
/95 {Lmn.).

Directions of Var. (a.) tone of grd. col. up.s. $ ; varies greatly,
from yell.-brn. to warm or.-brn. (same range in var. Fris).

(b.) diminution of silver un.s. culminating in :

var. Eris, Mci'ieu (Cleodoxa, A'.s/*.); 52mm. in wh. it is replaced by
yell.

Loc. Far more c. than type ; gen. ab. on the mtns. of the whole
region up to 7500ft., vii.-viii.

(c.) increase of dk. suffusion, c. to some
extent in ? , culminating in :

ab. Pelopia, /''/•/,//. (Niobe, Hb.) ; up.s. almost wholly suffused with
blk., markings of un.s. sharply drawn in blk. ; no silver.

Loc. 1 J in Steinenthal, nr. Berisal, vii. 25/99 (T(7/.) ; 1 nr.
St. Moritz, vii. /84 {XirJinls,nt).

Genus, Issoria, llh.

I. Lathonia, L. : 42i]iii). Fd. ])lt. violets, Onohnicliis,

A Hchnsa ojticliialis .

J larger than J and with rather darker and more extended
basal suffusion.

Dist. Char, great size of silver spots un.s. h.w. and concave out.
marg, f.w.

Loc. One of the most widely distributed butterflies of the region ;
gen. ab. in the plains and lower elevations, and mounting as high as
8500ft. and more ; e.tj., on the St llernard Pass, the Pierre-a-Voir,
and even the Gornergrat, nearly 10000ft. {Far.) ; gen. iv.-vi, and
viii.-ix. My earliest date in Switz. is iii. 15/99, but further S. it
appears much earlier, e.ij., at Cannes, often i. e. {('lii'.). Often
settles on the bare ground.

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : the spring brood is small, the later

A\D THF, ALPS OF CENTRAL ETIROPE. 75

incomparably larger and finer; S of the former often not more
tlian HSmm., ? s of the latter sometimes as much as 50mm.
(b.) confluence of silver spots un.s. h.w.
ab. Yaldensis, Kxp. : in wh. the bli\. spots un.s. f.w. are also
confluent.
[Obs. — I have never seen this ab. nor met with anyone who has, it must, I
think, be v. scarce.]

Genus, Brenthis, Hh.

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. either prp. or silvery patches or both. [In
the case of II crate, wh. has neither, the gen. arrangement of
un.s. h.w. is such as to connect it unmistakably with others of
the genus, such as Selene and Ino.]

B. Euphrosyne, L. : 42mm. Fd. pit. Viola canina, V.

.si/lvatica, Frcuiarici, kc.

? gen. rather larger, and deeper or. than ^ .

Dist. Char. Drick-red spots and suffusion un.s. h.w.

Loc. (ien. distributed and often c. in the lower valleys and
slopes, and by no means rare at 5000ft., e.ij., Berisal, and mounting
occasionally up to 7000ft ; gen. larger and brighter at lower eleva-
tions [e-ii., V. line at Lucens, v. 21, 1900, Fis.), and smaller and
darker at greater altitudes; v.-vi., and viii. at lower, vii.-viii. at
higher elevations ; fairly large and well-coloured at Ferpecle, viii.
m. /99 {'f'litt). My earliest date is Veytaux, iv. 5/99.

Directions of Yar. (a.) exaggeration of blk. spots and suffusion

at base of ws.
(b.) tendency to diminution of margl. row of

silver spots un.s. h.w., culminating in :
ab. Obsoleta, Tntt : in wh. there are none.

B. Selene, SrIiijI'. (Euphrosyne, Jin/str. ; Euphrasia,

Lenin); 37mm. Fd. pit. Viola canina.
? gen. rather larger and slightly more or. than <? .
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. chestnut-brn. spots and suffusion.

Loc. V. local and gen. scarce in Switz., v.-vi. and viii. Where
it occurs in the mtns., up to nearly 0000ft., I feel no doubt there is
only one brood, vii.-viii. Basle {Knecht) ; the Beehburg (JL-S.) ;
Biiren and Soleure (Meissner) ; Berne ; Burgdorf ; Lattrigen,
Meiringen, and the Oberhaslithal as far as Guttannen, and above, c.
in the last two Iocs. (M.-l).); Gadmenthal, nr. the Steine Glacier
{Fretj) ; Rosenlaiii, rather worn, vii. 15/90 (Pritleaiu:) ; nr. Lausanne
(Laharpe) ; on the Curfirsten, and above Amden {Td.^r filer) ; Weesen
Marsh, vii. 5/01 {Fis.) ; Zurich, nr. the Trichterhaus l\lill, v. scarce
(Snell) ; Weissenburg,c. {Il'i.); at the Grangettes, batween Villeueuve
and Bouveret, v. 19, fairly c, J s only ; vi. 7 99, v. ab., J s also ;
banks of the Rhone at Bouveret, vi. 1900 and 01; Revereula/,,

76 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

V. 30/08 (H7(.); Vouvry, Loeche-les-bains, Zermatt and Bt'risal
(h'ar.)\ less scarce in the Grisons, t'.;/., Dischnmthal, vi. 27;
vii. 2/01 ; S. side of Bernina Pass, vii. 9/01 (Fis.) ; nr. St. Moritz,
bat not c. {yirlioUnn) ; Sagno, v. 27 ; San Stephano, vi. 10 {Mai/er) ;
Locarno, iv. m. /03, e. {Tntt) ; Monte Salvatore, vi. b. (Jones).

Digne, vi. /90 ; vii. /91 {Lwn.) ; Torre Pellice, viii. b. /Ol {Tntt) ;
woods nr. Trafoi, vii. m. 1900 (/V.- Ilm.) ; Sondrio, viii. /96(.V/.sn Ftu.);
Campiglio, \ii. m. '95 C'lip.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : sometimes 2nd brood is v. small,

constituting :

ab. Selenia, Fry,

(b.) depth of grd. col. un.s. h.w. " Alpme
examples are lighter, but with darker
red " {Firi/).
(c.) silvery spots un.s. h.w. lengthened into
streaks.
ab. Rinaldus, Ilh^t. .- reported from Bouverer [Fav.).
(d.) darkening of grd. col. up.s.
ab. Thalia, fib. .• darker than type, but without cl. blk. spots ; also

reported from Bouveret (Far.).
[(? ■■'■) ab. Intermedia, Spamiherfj .- blackish brn., with margl. row

of fulvous spots.
(?^'=) ab. Marphisa, Spannhern : almost unicolorous blackish.

These being N. abs. can only be expected in the highest altitudes
reached by the sp.]

*B. Aphirape, HI). ; 87mm. Fd. pit. bistort and marsh
violet.
5 with dull suffusion extending over half w., but not
obliterating the markings.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. hnml margl. row of It. yell, angulated
spots, followed by a row of small spots as in Inn, Daplnw, Sec,
gen. silver-centred, but without prp.
Log. V. local ; in marshy places ; mtns. of Carinthia ; marshy
mtn. meadows of S. P'rance (h'anc).

Directions of Var. (a.) amount of silver on un.s. ; sometimes
none at all, the maximum being silver m cl. and margl. bands,
as well as the row of small eye- spots h.w., and in the centres
of the small spots nr. apex f.w.

' B. Hecate, Hsp. : -iOmm. Fd. i)lt. (and 1.) unknown.
$ larger than J and with greenish -blk. wing-bases.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. 2 v. conspicuous long. It., somewhat wedge-
shaped spots nr. centre of out. marg., the points being towards
the base. [On up.s. a broad dk. marg. followed by 2 nearly

AXn THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 77

parallel vows of dk. spots, f. and h.w. ; col, of un.s. h.w. rusty
brn. and faded buff.)

Log. Mtns. of Alpes ]\Iaritimes, rare {MiUiirc) ; I'.ij., Thorenc,
at about 4000ft., vii. {Foirell) ; Piedmont {Kane) ; mtns. of S. Tyrol
{Spider) ; Isonzothal, a little way up the valley, vi. b. and m. /92
{Xorris).

B. Thore, lll>. : 48iinn. Fd. pit. (and 1.) unknown.

$ gen. lighter than ^ up.s.
Dist. Char, conspicuous dk. suffusion up.s. ; differs from Ino var.
Xiiuileiisis l)y the double band of prp. un.s. h.w., one margl.,
one (incomplete) more cl.

Loc. Local and gen. scarce in Switz., though c. in a few places ;
not reaching far W. or S., found up to about 6000ft., vi.-vii. accord-
ing to altitude. Surenenthal ; Gadmenthal {Riit:er) ; Rosenlaui,
the Oberhaslithal, and the Reichenbach, e. {M.-D.) ; Handeck Fall
{Snell) \ Reussthal, &h. {Kane) ; Seealpthal, scarce (/V//('r-/»//tr>//') ;
in the Pays d'Enhaut, above Chateau d' Oex, between Rossiniere
and Rougemont, and on towards Saanen {M.-P.) ; in the Grisons,
above Flims {C/iriat) ; above Pontresina and Muottas, vii. m. 1900
{('Jij).) ; Roseggthal, 2 only, vii. /9o {Miss Ftn.) ; in a wood nr. the
gorge, vii. {Xichnhon) ; nr. Bergiin, scarce {Zll.) ; Tarasp {Killias) ;
opposite Guarda, 1 only, vii. e. 1900 {('lip.).

Trafoi, vii. 15/1900, fine but scarce {I!. -Bin.) ; the wood sloping
down to the Brenner See, vii. 27, 1900, worn {.Tones) ; Pejo, vii.
/95 ; Lolling, vii. 8/97 {Lmn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) amount of. dk. suffusion up.s.
B. Daphne, Srliitf. (Chloris, AVy^) ; 47mnL Fd. ))lt.

lUtbns idn IIS, U. fniticosHs, »tc.
2 slightly larger and more strongly marked than ^ .
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. prp. suffusion extends to out. marg. on
lower half of w.

Log. In Switz. gen. found only between Lavey and Inden, c.//.,
Lavey, vii. {lU.) ; between Vernayaz and Martigny under the cliffs,
vi. 27, 1900; vi. 19/01 and /02; also under cliffs on opposite side of
valley, vii. 9, 1900; vi. 29/02 (IIV;.) ; between Sierre and Loeche,
vi. 22/97 {I'listaiis); Sion, Niouc, Saillon {Fav.) ; also reported,
doubtfully according to Fret/, from Oftringen, Engelberg (!), Pfiiffers
and Ragatz.

Digne, vi. 14/99 {R.-lim.) ; vii. /91 {Lmn.) ; Entrevaux, vi.-vii.
{Pon-ell); Bourg d'Oisans, viii. /96 ; Bourg d'Aru, viii. m. 96;
Pre St. Didier, viii. b. /98,ab. but worn {Tiitt) ; about a mile below
St. Martin Vesubie, between that place and Venanson ; St. Sauveur
{Hnn.); Certosa di Pesio, v. e., in upper valleys {Xorris); Botzen,
vi. 20 01 ; Sarnthal, vi. 28 01, ab. {Lowe) ; Mendel, vii. ,95 {Lmn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size of blk. spots ; occasionally much

diminished {Fis.).

78 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

(b.) eoiilescence of blk. markings, culminating in :
ab. Conjuncta, Tutt : with large blk. costal blotch, cl. blk. line
united with next row of spots, and margl. united with ante-
margl. row up.s. f.w. ; cl. blk. cloud, and margl. series of
wedge-shaped streaks up.s. h.w.; un.s. f.w. with wide cl. blk.
transverse band : h.w. with inn. half yell, and outer half
reddish-prp. without darker markings.

Loc. Pre St. Didier, viii. m. /98 {Tutt).

[Obs.— In Col. Agassiz's collection is a specimen from the Tyrol, with the
blk. spots up.s. h.w. prolonged into dashes.]

B. Ino, liott. (Dictynna, ///>.) ; 40mm. Fd. pit. Sp'nwa

anoiciis, S. ulinan'a, Saunidsorha officinalis, Jliibiis, Urtica, &c.
2 darker than S , and dk. border line un.s. more distinct.

Dist. Char. prp. sutt'usion un.s. h.w. v. slight, and confined to
outer cl. band, also distinguished from l>ai>li)it; by its much
smaller size.

Loc. Wanting in the Basle district, and gen. scarce in the N.
lowlands of Switz., but otherwise gen. distributed throughout the
region, though sometimes rather local, reaching above oOOOft., vi.-
vii. The whole length of the Jura, e.;/., Tramelan {Gnklat) ; St.
Georges, vi. 80/02 {\Vh.) ; St. Cergues, vi. 26 ; vii. 20 {Bl.) ; Rhone
Valley, e.;/., between Villeneuve and Bouveret {Fis.) ; Lavey, vi. b.
/97 (Tf7(.) ; and up most of the lateral valleys, e.ff., Pont de Nant,
vii. 24 (7>'/.) ; Villars-sur-Bex, vii. /02 (Mrm) ; Zinal, viii. 5/02, c.
{ri.-Brn.) ; Turtmannthal, ab. (Far.) ; &c. Mt. Barry, vi. 29, 1900,
fresh {llkiii.) ; gen. distributed in the Grisons, <'.//., Pontresina, vii.
/95 {Miss Ftn.) ; Davos, viii. 2, 1900 ; woods opposite Guarda, vii.
e. 1900, c. {('h)^.) ; Campfer {.Jnnrs) ; Val Bevers, vii., rather c.
{SirJiolson) ; J^ergiin and Poschiavo {Fn'n).

St. Michel-de-Maurienne, vii. e., worn {Tutt) ; Godessart, vii. 3/92
c. (.Vo>r/.s) ; gen. a poor form in the Basses Alpes {Kaw) ; Alpes
Maritimes {'llrm.); Pre St. Didier, viii. b. /98 ; Courmayeur, viii.
b. /98; Val Ferrex, viii. b. /98 [Tutt) ; Tyrol, f.//., Campiglio, vii.
/95 {Lmn.) ; Salzburg, vi. e. 1900 {Lan<i) ; Carinthia, r.ij., LiUling,
vii. 8/97 {T.mu.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) tendency to darker up.s., culminating in:
Yar. Zinalensis, Far. : with v. dk. appearance f. and h.w., the
basal half of h.w. entirely blackish.

Loc. Gn the left bank of the Naviganza, nearly opposite Zinal,
viii. 1802, still fresh {J''(ir.) ; considered rather a local race than
an ab.

B. Amathusia, Hxf. (Titania, llh.) ; 4r)mm. Fd. pit.

I'iold iiiiraliilis, Fnli/iimtinii historta, &c.
'^ rather larger than J , and with rather more jironounced
markings un.s.

AND THE ALPK 01' CENTRAL ElltOPE. 79

Dist. Char, i-oddi.sh-prp. of li.w. with conspicuous dog-toothing

at oui. niai'g.

Loc. A mtn. species, but to be found aluiost e\ei'\ where within its
range, wh. is pnictically the tir region, through the whole alpine
area ; also in some Iocs, at lower elevations, c//., Lauterbrunnen,
about 2G00ft. In many places it is ab., esp. in meadows; vii.-viii.
At Susa, vi. 20 9i), the ? s were lighter, and both sexes larger than
in Switz. {I!.- Hill.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) un.s. h.w., prp. sometimes replaced by

brick-red, almost the col. of h'.n^ihni-
sii)ic un.s.
(b.) tendency to increase of blk. up.s., culmi-
nating in :

ab. Nigrofasciata, /•"'■. . with broad el. blk. band f.w.

Loc. Hitherto only reported f.iom Mt. Chemin, nr. Martigny,

vii. {l-'(ir.).

B. Dia, /.. ; o^iiim. Fd. pit. violets.

$ gen. slightly larger and slightly lighter than <? .

Dist. Char, sharpness of apical ang. h.w. in connection with lan/e
blk. spots up.s.

Loc. One of the most widely distributed and often one of the
commonest of the tribe, in the lowlands, and up to about 3000ft.,
gen. in 2 broods, iv.-v. and vii.-ix., but in forward seasons in 3
broods ; c.<i., I took freshly emerged specimens in the same field at
Veytaux, iii., vi., and ix. /OD. Mr. Rowland-Brown took it at Digne,
iv. 6, fresh, and x. 16, nearly over, 02 ; Mr. Lemann having taken
it there, vi. /90, and vii. 1)1, wh. seems to point to 3 broods in that
loc.

Directions of Yar. (a.) occasional tendency to blk. suft'usion up.s.
(b.) occasionally v. large spots up.s. (/'V.s.).
(c.) depth of prp. colouring un.s. h.w. v.
variable.

B. Pales, Sriiif. .- 85mm. Fd. pit. violet ])\ preference,

but will eat almost anything.
$ with larger and deeper blk. markings than S ; un.s. gen.
paler.
Dist. Char, sharpness of apical ang. h.w., in connection with xinoll
blk. markings, up.s.

Loc. Type not on the Jura, but otherwise gen. distributed over
the heights of the region, often c. and not infrequently ab. from
i^jOOft. to about lOOOOtt. The type, however, seldom occurs below
7000ft., but is to be found on almost all the heights from the Bernese
Oberland to iStyria, on the E., and the Alpes Maritimes on the S.,
vii.-viii.

80 THK BUTTEKI'XIE!^ OF SWIT/EKLAND

Directions of Yar. [By far the most variable of the tribe ; all the
var;^. are larger than the type.]

(a.) gradual predominance of yell, over red-
prp. un.s., culminating in :

var. Isis, ///'. (Altaica, (initmu) ; wh. has also up.s. dusted with
blackish.

Log. Not scarce on the bushy slopes of the higher Valaisian
Alps, ('.<!.. the Forclaz, Val Ferret, Val d'Anniviers, Eiffel,
Schwarzsee, Simplon, kc. {h'ar.) ; Campfer [J(mr^), dx.

Le Lautaret (Tiitt) ; Alpes Maritimes [linn.), kc.

ab. 2 Napaea, }ll>.: an ab. of 7.s/.s- $ , having up.s. shot with a dull
purplish tint.

Loc. With Isis, f.;/., at head of Val d'Anniviers, viii. 1/97
{li.-llni.); Simplon, 6th Eefuge ; Val de Bagnes (jf'Vs.) ; Davos,
viii. 1, 1900 {Slojirr) ; Pcmtresma, vii. /84 (Lvin.), &c.

Mont de la Saxe, viii. b. /91 ; Lauzon Valley, viii. m. /94; ;
Cogne, viii. m. /94 ; Falzarego Pass, viii. b, /95 {Tntt) ; Mendel,
vii, /95 (Linn.), kc.

[Obs. — "A V. fine almost blk. ■? , vii. 28, 11)00, Brennei' " (Jl.-ISrn.), is
probably to be rel'en-ed to tbis ab., or the next.]

ab. ? Cinctata, l-'ar. : a further ab. of Isis, less shot with prp. but
with a broad band of united blk. spots across f. and h.w. up.s.,
narrowed nr. centre f.w. by an or. streak wh. runs into it ;
outside wh. is a row of large blk. spots, failing only at costa of
each w.

Loc. This magnificent form is so far only known from Barmaz,
Dent du Midi, vii'. 81/02 {Fis.)

(b.) un.s. f.w. with conspicuous blk. spots
(wanting in type).

var. Arsilache, l-^sp. (Inducta, Sjiatiiibern) ; wh. has also rounder
ws. than type.

Loc. At lower elevations than type, cf/., Tramelan, on the Jura
{(iiirdat) ; the Vaitdois Alps {Laharpe) ; Biinschen, ab, {it<i.)
moors at Einsiedeln, c. {I 'cud); between Eggiswyl and Rothenbach,
at about 2200ft. (M.-D.) ; round little lakes below Campfer and St.
Moritz {■Iniu's), kc.

Tribe Melit.eidi : hyb. 1.

Genus, MelitaBa, r<ihr.

This genus, some of the sp. of wh. are not easy to distinguish,
divides itself naturally into 8 groups. In the 1st the colouring and
markings of up.s., exc. suffusion at base, are reproduced in a more or
less washed-out form on un.s. The nervures and transverse lines are
blk., the interstices being filled, in the form of bands, with or.-red
and yell.

AND TIIK ALPS Ol' CENTRAL EUKOl'K. 81

M. Cynthia, Ifh. (Trivia, /vs/'.) ; S 8H111111., ? 42mm.

Fd. pit. L'lantaijii, Vhla, kc. ; 1. sometimes byb. twice.
3 with yell, replaced by wh. up.s., ? with yell, and red
closely approximating, up.s.
Dist. Char. up.s. h.w. ante-margl. red band spotted blk., having
its inn. edge, as well as the nervures, much suffused with blk.
Loc. Not on the Jura, but otherwise gen. distributed, often c,
and sometimes extremely ab. at v. high elevations throughout the
region, esp. on rocky slopes ; rarely, if ever, below 5500ft., and
gen. between the tree-limit and the snow-line: vii.-viii.
Directions of Yar. (a.) lightening of the yell. up.s. in ? (above
the Simplon sometimes tending towards the wh. of the 3 , as
in Idtoia ; at other places, c//., Saas-im-Grund (F/.s.), tending
towards Anrinia).

(b.) clearness and whiteness of margl. row of
spots in 3 , sometimes reddish, and
sometimes obsolescent on f. or h.w.,
or both,
(c.) un.s. h.w. absence of the row of blk,
dots in ante-margl. band.

-M. Maturna, L. (Cynthia, Esp.; Mysia, Hh.); 40mm.

Fd. pit. Scabinsa Incida, Flantaf/t), &c.
2 considerably larger and somewhat more brightly marked
than 3 .
Dist. Char. up.s. h.w. red ante-marg. band unspotted (un.s. more
distinctly marked than Ci/nthia and Aurinia.)
Log. V. local, but not scarce in its few haunts in this region.
The type is not found m Switz. or the S.W. of the region, and
perhaps even those of the Tyrol are hardly typical. Pejo, vii. /Do
{Lwn.) ; Arapezzo {Far.) ; Salzburg, vi. e. {Lamj).
Directions of Yar. (a.) loss of brilliancy of red and yell., lead-
ing to :
Yar. Wolfensbergeri, Freij : the form found in Switz. and the
S.W.
Loc. Vald'AnniviersfromNiouc to Vissoyc,vi.-vii. {Mmnct, Far.,
&c.) ; Zinal {de Huuijeuinnt) ; Saas, vii. m. /85 {Stamlm) ; Dischma-
thal, vi. 27, and vii. 2/01, ab. ; S. side of Bernina Pass, vii. 9/01
(Fis.); Val Rosegg, at about GGOOft. (M.-D.); Maloja, vii. /8o
{Liiin.) ; Sils Maria (/''/v/y) ; Lagalp, below Languard (Sara^) ; Lower
Mi SOX {Killias).

Fenestrella (Kaitr) ; St. Martin Vcsubie (Far.) ; Mts. of Modane,
Savoie (Kane).

[Obs. — Among the specimens taken by Mr. Fison in the Engadine in I'lOl, is
a most remarkable S , in wh. the middle left leg is replaced by a tiny wing,
having the appearance of the inn. marg. of a h.w. with the fringe, al)out 8mm.
in length and 2mm. in breadth. It is quite detached from the noruial wing,

82

THE liUTTEKFLIES OF SWITZEKLAND

wh. is perfect without it. It is the more curious, as the leg is a true limb, wh.
the wing-structures, correctly speaking, are not.]

M. Aurinia, Rotf. (Artemis, Hh. ; Maturna, Ksp.) ; 40mm.

F(l. pit. scabious, plantain, Sec.
$ larger, and with broader and lighter markings than J ,
Dist. Char, up.s. h.w. red ante-margl. band distinctly spotted with
bik., the blk. nervures being v. clear and well defined.

Log. Gen. in marshy spots, but sometimes in v. dry places, v.
m. and vi. ; distributed over the whole region in the lowlands and
often up to 4000ft., above wh. a break occurs, var. Meropc not
appearing below 5500ft., or thereabouts. As Fny, who speaks of it
as being found all over Switz., adds that he has never taken it, I
give a few Iocs : Veyrier, v. 17.-22; Hermance, vi. 14 (HI.) ; Caux,
VI. /97; Lavey, v. 27, &c. /02 ; Brig, v. 16 03, v. brt. (Tf'A.) ; Jeur-
Brulee, abo\e Fully, v. ab. {Far.) ; Bisbinno, vi. 3 {Mai/cr) ; Weis-
senburg, v. c. (77//.) ; the Jura {Fyci/) ; Mt. Barry, vi. 28, 1900,
nearly over (/.'/.///.) : Brunnen, swampy grd. by lake, v. 18/88, v. ab.
{Hiitchiiinnv) ; and, as a contrast, v. ab. on the dry N. side of
Charpigny (7'V.s.).

At Digue, iv. e. /'97, v. ab., mostly var. Artciiiis, but some var.
Proline ialia (Tiitt).

Directions of Var.

[Obs. — This is a most variable sp., being rarely e.ractli/ similar in any 2
district;: ; and although certain forms are v. distinct, yet intermediate forms
exist between the type and vars., and between the vars. themselves, exc. in the
case of Merope, wh. is so isolated that it is doubtful whether it has not obtained
specific rank : (even the specimens bred by the Eev. .T. S. St. John do not
necessarily tell against this \iew, though they go far towards establishing the
phylogeny of Merop"). The different forms are rather vars. than abs., as they
are mostly local races, found, however, as abs. in Iocs, in wh. other forms
predominate.]

(a.) size : esp. a great diminution at high
altitudes, forming :

var. Merope, Pninncr : 82-36mm., col. much washed out, and blk.

nervures much suffused.

|Obs. — Merope varies greatly in amount of suffusion, and the depth of
colouring up.s.]

Log. In more or less numbers in marshy places on nearly all
the high Alps from 5500ft. almost to the snowline, vii.-viii., <v/.,
Pont de Nant, vii. 18 {III.) ; Arolla, Pas de Chevres path, vii. 13,
itc, 1900, rather worn (Jlkiii.) ; Riftelalp, ab. [Postanfi) ; Simplon
Pass, vii. 10/01 ; vii. 28/99, not c, v. dk. with yellowish wash (IT//.) ;
Upper Engadine, v. ab., esp. Alp Laret, nr. St. Moritz, vii. {Nic/kiI-
mn) ; Guarda, vii. 22-31, 1900 ; Fusio, vii. 1-12 /99 ; Pontresina,
vii. 1-21, 1900 ; Heuthal and Val Tuoi, vii. m. 1900, v. ab. (C7//>.) ; &c.

Le Lautaret, viii. b. /96 {Tiitt) ; Larche {Poirell) ; Alpes Mari-
times (Brill.) ; Pejo, vii ./95 ; Campigho, vii. /95 ; Heiligenblut, vii.
25/97 {Lvm.).

(b.) closer a])proximation of tint in the red
and yell., leading to :

AM) THl; ALPS OF CKNTKAL EUKOl'E. 83

var. Artemis, I'ahi.: witli ahuust uniform fulvous grd. col. and

\vell-(lo\ eloped blk. markings.
var. Signifera, Kane : with reddish fulvous grd. col., l)ut slight

straw-col. in out. bund f.w.
var. Ochrea, 'I'mt : with grd. col. uniform ochreous : no red.
var. Brunnea, I'i'tt .■ with uniform brn. grd. col. resembling that
of Cinxia.

(c.) a gen. paling of both tints, the red
becoming yellower, the yell, more
ochreous.
var. Provincialis, Hsdr. .- in wh. the dk. markings are also
lighter and less conspicuous.

Loc. In Switz. only as ab. ; (rlion, 1 2 (^'/"/«'v) ; 1 2 (/'V.s.).
The usual form at low elevations in the Alpes Maritimes ; liasses
Alpes {Powell) ; cj/., Hospitalet (Kane) ; Digne, vi. /90 {Lmn.).

var. Iberica, oht/i. (Desfontainii, limbr. : Desfontainesi, /y.-S'. ;
]3eckeri, /.c/.j; in wh. the fulvous tint yet further predominates.

Loc. Mt. Vinaigrier; Nice; !St. Martin Vesubie {Hnii., identi-
fied by Stf/r.).

(d.) conspicuous brightening of red and yell.,
approaching towards Matimia.
Yar. Orientalis, II. -S. (Pr^clara, Kane).

Loc. By no means uncommon in Switz. esp. round the head
of the Lake of Geneva ; Glion ; Caux ; banks of the Khone at
]3ouveret (rr/(.) ; ab. at Jeur-Brulee (Far.) ; Champery, vi. 2,02;
Le Prese, vii. 12/01 {Fi.s.).

(e.) cl. pale band undivided at costa :
ab. Yirgata, Tutt.

In the 2nd group the un.s. h.w. is divided into 5 fairly regular
bands of alternate yell, and or.-brn., more or less outlined in blk.,
the inner deep-coloured band enclosing, or nearly enclosing, a yell,
spot, grd. col. of up.s. gen. nearly unicolorous, though in I'ho'hc
showing, in some forms v. clearly, the bands of the 1st group.

M. Phoebe, hnorh (Corythallia, I'^sp.) ; 44iiim. L\[. pit.

Centaurea scabioxa, ('. jaa'ci, I'lantai/o lanccolata, Ac.
2 gen. larger than J" .
Dist. Char. up.s. grd. col. reddish or., a cl. band on each w. and
inn. l)and f.w. and a spot nr. base of h.w. being somewhat
lighter.

Loc. Widely distributed, but not found everywhere, c.i/., wantino-
in the Berne, Zurich and St. Gall districts [Fren); but found in the
N. at Schatfhausen {Trapji); and Basle {Kane); gen. c. in the S,
Cantons, both in the lowlands and alps up to 5000ft., and in the
Engadin as high as O-jOOft. : c.//., .Tura (/•><'//) ; Versoix, viii. IG, and
other places nr, Geneva {Bl.) ; Lea Avants, viii. 2/20 {U.-Urn.) ;

84 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

Rhone Valley and lateral valleys, <>.//., Hierre, vi. 2i [llktii.), &c. ;
Yisp, vi. 80/02 {SJwldoii) ; Berisal, v. c, esp. from 2nd Refuge to
Ganter Bridge, vii. /98, &c. (IT//.); c. in the Grisons, c.//., Hilser
See, vii. 1/95 (Miss l-'tn.); Pontresina, vii. m. 1900; nr. Guarda,
vii. e. /Ol {C/i/i.}, etc. ; Locarno, iv. m. /03 {Tiitt) ; Lugano (Hi/.).

Gresy-sur-Aix, vii. e. /97 ; Bourg St. Maurice, vii. e. /94 ; Petit
St. Bernard, vii. e. /94; La Grave, viii. m. /96; Larche, vii. e.
1900 ; Abries, viii. m. 1900, ab. (Ttitt) ; Digne, vi. /90, vii. 91 {Lwu.) ;
St. Martin ^'c'subie, &c. (Unn.) ; Pre St. Didier, viii. b. 98 ; Cour-
mayeur, viii. m. /98 ; Torre Pellice, viii. 2/01, v. ab. ; Susa, just
appearing, viii. 19/97 (Tiitt) ; Olgiate, v. /93, and viii. /95, here
apparently double-brooded {Miss ]''tn.) ; Val Malenco, vii. 7,1900;
Campiglio, vii. 95 [fjiiin.) ; Mendel Pass, vii. e. /95 [Tntt) ; kc.

Directions of Yar. (a.) size, tendency to become noticeably

smaller, culminating in :

ab. Minor, Frey : 38mm. and less.

(b.) a V. marked lightening of the pale bands
giving a much more variegated appear-
ance, known as :

yar. Occitanica, Stijr.

Loc. The warmer parts, esp. \'aren, and the S. side of the
Simplon, where specimens are much finer than those of Granada :
also nr. the Ganter Bridge {Far.) ; Pfynwald, vi. 24 ; St. Nicholas,
vii. 20/98 {JJkiii.).

(c.) a marked lightening of the darker
portions, and obsolescence of blk.
up.s., esp. at bases f. and h.w. and
centre of f.w., some of the blk. being
replaced by brownish.
ab. (in S.E. Europe var.) ^theria, ErcrsDimui.

Loc. Martigny, vi. 19,02 (H'A.) ; Bad Alveneu, vii. /84 {L)iru.).

(d.) number and size of blk. spots un.s. f.w.,

esp. the last, wh. is sometimes a thick

sq., sometimes consists of 2 curved

lines placed horizontally back to back.

M. Cinxia, /.. (Delia, Ihili. : Pilosella, Esp.) ; 3 oGmm.

$ 40mm. Fd. pit. I'lantUijo lancivlata, &c.
5 decidedly larger than 3' .
Dist. Char. up.s. grd. col. unicolorous or.-brn.; h.w. up. and un.s.
with ante-margl. row of small blk. spots.

Loc. V. gen. distributed and often c. in the lowlands and lower
mtn. slopes, up to about 3500ft., occasionally much higher, v. -vii.

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : gen. becoming smaller at higher

elevations.
[Obs. — Mr. Lowe mentions one on Mt. Crammont nr. the snow, vii. 7/02, so
small that it was taken, before capture, for Parthcnie var. Varia.\

(b.) increase or decrease of blk. markings.

AND TIIK AI,1'S Ol'' CENTRAL KUKOl'E.

85

ab. Suffusa, lutt: in wli. the blk. encroaches on tlic yrd. col.

ab. Obsoleta, I'litt : in wh. the blk. is partially obsolete, and move
of tlie <^i'(l. col. appears.

ab. 2 Pallida, Tntt : in wh. the blk. also encroaches, and the grd.

col. is much paler.
■'var. Diniensis, ll '//..• in wh. the ante-margl. row of blk. spots

up.s. h.w. is absent.
Log. Digne, r.//., v. 20/02 (Sldprr).

M. Trivia, Srhiti'. (Ii)liigenia, /vsy;.) ; o()niin. Yd. pit.

mullein.
5 without yell, spots on abdomen.
Dist. Char, broad blk. marg. ('ndoiiinii or.-brn. lunules; further
distinguished from Didyma, wh. it otherwise resembles, by its
duller col. and hlk. lu'rcinrx.
Log. Botzen, iv.-v. and vi.-vii. (Sjiulcr) ; mtns. of Piedmont {Kane).
Directions of Yar. (a.) increase in size.
{■' ?) var. Fascelis, A'.sy/. ,■ wh. is also a brighter chestnut-brn.
Log. (?) Pas de Suze (Kane).

M. Didyma, <h-lis. (Cinxia, l-jsp.) ; 4-2nim. Fd. pit.

Plantat/o, L'entaurea, Linaria vidyaris, A;c.
J grd. col. of all ws. alike, ? with grd. col. f.w. lighter than

h.w. (in type a lighter shade of same col.).
Dist. Char. up.s. h.w. grd. col. brt. or.-red (j looks almost
scarlet on the wing), nervures net blk. (though dk. in some
forms of $ ).

Log. Gen. distributed and often ab., but wanting in some few
districts, i'.'j., the Emmenthal and Burgdorf (^J.-]>.) ; in 2 broods
{J' reij] at lower elevations, vi. and viii., certainly only one at higher
altitudes, vii.-viii., gen. up to 6500ft.; a v. small ^ not far from the
snow on Mt. Crammont, vii. 7 02 (Lmre).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : considerable (my smallest S is

32mm., my largest $ 48mm.)
(b.) grd. col. esp. in ? , forming several vars.
(in Switz',, exc. Alpina, abs.).
Yar. Alpina, >^/^. .■ up.s. f.w. with greenish tinge, h.w. deep red-
brn. ; S v. slightly spotted.

Log. By no means confined to the mtns. notwithstanding the
name, though found there commonly, <'.//., Berisal, vii.-viii., ab.;
but also between Aigle and Sepey (W/i.) ; between Sierre and
Vissoye {Far.) ; at Sierre itself and in the Pfynwald the type is
more usual ; Martigny ; Naters ; the Jura nr. Basle, &c. (l-'ac.) ;
Pontresina, \n. 0") (.l//.s.s Ftn.), (tc.

Larche, vii. e. lUOO ; Abries, viii. b. 1000 [Tntt).

86 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

Yar. Meridionalis, S^/r. .- S grd. col. v. bit. red, $ f.w. greyish
and h.w., oxc. for dk. suffusion, tinted greenish.

Log. In hot places with type: e.i/., c. some years in the vine-
yards beyond la Butiaz ; Sion ; 8ierre ; Sec. {I''ar.).

var. Graeca, St<ir. : 3 with broad blk border, 5 of greenish-gr.
tint ; mi.s. h.w. in :^ r. ric/i s/iailcs.

Log. Scarce : gen. in hot places only : \'ineyards of Martigny
{l-'ar.) ; Vevey, viii. 80/01 {h'ci/ncs).

var. OGcidentalis, st(ir. .- 3 and $ much paler.

Log. Scarce : La Batiaz (far.); Pfynwald, 1 5 , vii. /DD (117*.).

Olgiate, viii. /98, with whole up.s. rich cream-col. (J//.s.s Ftn.) ;
Alpes Maritimes [Brii).). [The small local race on the DolomiteS;
vii. m., with lighter, yellower, f.w. (/.'.- /i*/i.), should probably be
referred to this var.]

[Obs. — A V. curious and beiiutiful ab. was taken close to the Hotel at St.
Nicholas, vii. 23, 1900, by Mr. Buckniaster : up.s. f.w. gid. col. yell, brn., with
border of blk. wedges, and ante-niargl. line of blk. dots, much blk. at base,
extending along two-fifths of costa, and one-third of inn. marg., containing 2
yell, spots in the upper and 2 in the lower part : h.w. deeper in col. with border
of blk. wedges, cl. line of blk. dashes, and large blk. blotch fiom nr. base,
following but not touching inn. marg. ; un.s. f.w. few and small blk. spots:
h.w. pale yell, with ante-margl. line of short blk. dashes, base or. edged with
blk., rather broadly internally, narrowly externally ; out. marg. f. and h.w.
un.s. dashed with blk.]

The 3rd group consists of those sp. in wh. the It. cl. band un.s.
h.w. is preceded exteriorly by a band usually containing at its out.
edge a row, or part of a row of or. -brn. or yell. -brn. crescentic spots,
and at its inn. edge a succession of narrow mottled spots, wh. are
often more or less repeated at the basal edge of cl. It. band : grd.
col. up.s. nearly unicolorous, though the lighter bands are sometimes
clearly indicated, esp. in I'art/iou'e 5 . The sp. of this group are
by far the most diffcult to determine, though by no means so diffi-
cult as is usually supposed, if a number of specimens can be com-
pared, exc. in the case of certain extreme abs.

Intermediate between the 2nd and 3rd groups is :

M. Deione, Hh. : 40min. Fd. pit. Lliiarla dioiisjicUcu.sIh

and /.. ndi/aris.
2 less unicolorous up.s. and lighter un.s. than S ■

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. almost like group 2, but with some traces
of the band characteristic of group 3 ; spot enclosed in inn. or.
band more or less triangular, with apex resting on lowest of It.
basal spots ; un.s., and often up.s., f.w. with a >■ -shaped blk.
mark nr. inn. marg.

Log. I)igne, vi. 10/91), c. at privet by the side of rivulets (//.-
Ilrn.) ; v., vi. and viii. {Poirdl) ; Certosa di Pesio, nr. Beinette, vii.
18/92 [Norris) ; St. Martin Vesubie, a tew, vii. b. /99 {Lamj).

AND THE AT.PS OF CENTRAT^ EUROPE. 87

Directions of Yar. (a.) j^rd. col. darker and duller.

var. Berisalensis, h'av. (false lierisali, Itnld). The Swiss form.

lOb.s. — After mueli correspondence, and the examination of many specimens,
I am fully assured that this is the Swiss form of .1/. Dciniii', as M. Piingeler
supposes : the un.s. is identical, the up.s. differs from that of Deione (from la
Valette) only in being darker in grd. col. and having the blk. markings more
pronounced. It is beyond my comprehension how anyone can regard either
Di'ione or Berisaleiiai^ as a form of Athalhi, the un.s. alone would preclude such
a designation. I fail to see even a superficial resemblance, and the life-histories
have nothing in common beyond what is common to the whole genus. Further,
the 2 broods of Bcrixalcndx come out, one before, and the other after, the one
brood of Athalia in the Rhone Valley. On the other hand, besides the close
similarity of markings, the broods of Deione and Btiriimlcnds both feed on
Linaria, both are regularly double-brooded, appear at approximately the same
time, and in both the earlier brood is noticeably the larger ; both, again, are
singularly constant in their special characteristics. The difference between the
Spanish and S. French specimens of Deione seems to point in the same
direction, the Spanish form being as much lighter as the Swiss is darker than
the French.]

Loc. Hitherto only from Martigny (Tour de la Batiaz through
the vineyards to Plan Cerisier), and Saillon ; v. e. to vi. e.,and viii.
m. to ix. m. ; e.ij., ^lartigny, v. 28/01, ab. (Fis.); vi. 14/02; vi.
25/01, rather worn; vi'ii. 27, 1900; ix. 1/99 (Wh.), &c., &c. ;
reported also from the vineyards at Varen, vii. 8/02 {Sliddon, identi-
fied by Clip.).

[Obs. — This loc. is a v. likely one, the date, though rather late, by no means
impossible, hut specimens intermediate between this and Athnlia are mentioned,
which makes one pause before fully endorsing this loc. My correspondence on
the subject, and the arrangement of various collections, have made me v. doubt-
ful whether half a dozen collectors exist, outside the Iiabitiiex of the Rhone
Valley, who really know Berit^alensis when they see it, still less when they do
not.]

Directions of Yar. (a.) 2 v. suffused specimens, becoming almost

blk. (ir.sc//7.).

(b.) 2 specimens with the >- mark divided

thus : X; (^'V.s.).

[Obs. — The name Berisaloisis is a complete misnomer, it being an open
secret that the original type specimens came from Martigny, whence the captor
went direct to Berisal, his captures from the 2 places becoming mixed. It has
never been taken at Berisal, and it may be safely predicted that it never will be.
It is V. likely that specimens from the Simplon Pass purporting to be Bcriau-
lenxiK are responsible for much of the confusion through which it has been sup-
posed to be a var. of Athalia.]

M. Asteria, /'//•. (Asterie, II. -S.) ; 80mm. Fd. pit.

unknown.
9 lighter than $ .
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. a single dk. margl. lino (the other sp. have
a double one).

Log. Only at high elevations in the E. Swiss and Tyrolean Alps
and Piedmont, vii. -viii. On the Calanda {Wredan-) ; above Coire
{Krii'dihaiinwr); above Churwalden {llii.)\ on the Gurgaletsch above
Parpan {('adi-'«-/i) \ Davos, viii. 2, 1900 ; Pontresina, vii. 1-21, 1900 ;
Guarda, vii. 22-81, 1900; Heuthal, vii. m. and Val Tuoi, vii. e.
1900 {Clip.); at the top of the Albula Pass {Frey) ; reported also

88 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

from between Zermatt and the Gornerorat {(Tiienrc) : considering
its Piedmont haunts this is quite a likely loc, and I have myself
taken S specimens on the Simplon, vii. m. /Ol.

Larche, vii. e. 1900 ; Abries, viii. m, 1900 ; Pre St. Didier,
summits of the Crammont and Mt. de la Saxe, vii. b. /98 (Tiitt) ;
Jh-enner on the Postalp, vii. 28, 1900, <? s worn, $ s fine {E.-Ihn.).

[Obp. — " An insect v. inconspicuous on the wing, and with a ' bee-like '
mghf' (h'.Jini.).]

Directions of Yar. (a.) some specimens slightly more trans-
parent-looking.

[Obs.- — Frey observes that this sp. is rich in vars. ; I have only once taken it,
but all that I have seen in collections are singularly constant, and all those of
my correspondents to whom I have addressed special enquiries on the subject
bear this out from their own experience.]

M. Aurelia, XivkcH (Parthenie, Hhst. ; Athalia minor,

Esj). : Athalia, Hh.) ; 32mm. Fd. pit. Mdainjti/niut and
plantain.
$ lighter in markings than ^ .
Dist. Char, small size, together with breadth of blk. markings
giving a chequered appearance.

Loc. Apparently confined in Switz. to the Valais, the Grisons
and Tessin, mostly at low elevations, but rising in places to nearly
6000ft. ; local in Valais, but found in many places : Visp, on an
open bank about a mile along the Brig road, vi. 16 99, c. ; Ehone
meadows at Sion, v. 20, 1900 (il'A.); Berisal, viii. 2/97 {J I.- Urn.) ; vine-
yards at Martigny ; Mt. Chemin ; Fully ; Sierre ; Cran ; Tnrtmann ;
Visperterbinen ; Stalden ; Forest of Fiesch ; Belalp ; ]^)ortelalp ;
Biirenfallenalp ; vi.-vii. {Far.) ; Bergiin in a few meadows only,
vii. 11, iVc, /89 (Hi'ihl); Maloja, vii. H8 {Tjiin.) ; Monte Bre, viii.
18/02, dk. specimens (Fis.).

Susa, vi. 24 99 {U.-llrn) ; Val Solda, viii. 20/02 {Fin.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) lighter grd. col. and narrower blk.

markings.
var. Rliaetica, h'rey.

[Obs. — As lUuftica is sometimes spoken of as a darker form, I give the
original description translated from Frey's " Lepidopteren der Hchweiz," p. 30 :
" smaller, lighter red-brn., less dull, with narrower blk. markings, the ? not
rarely with v. It. brn. rows of spots."]

Loc. Coire, v. c. {('ajUsch) ; vii. 8/01 (/'V.v.) ; occasionally among
the Visp specimens (H'A.).

(b.) general darkening of appearance un.s.
Yar. Britomartis, AKsinann (? Veronicjp, J torfmcistcr : ? Aphjpa,
Frr.).
[Assmann's original description is as follows : " Melittea alls
integris, ferrugineis, nigro-reticulatis, posticis subtus flavidis, fasciis
tribus cinnamoneis, maculisque duabus sub-albicantibus, linea nigra
ante marginem exteriorem fiavura vel cinnamoneum." This is not
a V. enlightening description, but Itif/il, who had the opportunity of

AND THK AT.PS OF CENTRAL ErROPE. 89

examining a specimen identified by Assinauu himself, remarks that
he should have taken it for Part/ioiit' by its up.s., but that on the
un.s. it showed in the out. dk. band of the h.w. the blk. spots
peculiar to Dicti/nna. This at once puts out of the question
Spnli'r\ description in the Schmetterlinge Europas, 1903, " border,
bases, and cross-lines broader and blacker, the palpi darker, and
the 8 red-brn. bands un-s. h.w. standing out more strongly."
Assinauu considered Jiritniiiavtis to be a distinct species. ; lii'ihl
considers that if it is not, it is probably a hybrid between Partheme
and JHctyuna, and not in any case a var. of Aiirdia: the hybrid
theory was a favourite one with Viiild, and in this group is possibly
far more often correct than one is apt to imagine. The following
Iocs, refer to the var. as described by Assinauu ; Mr. Fison's specimens
from Monte Bre and Val Solda would come under this head according-
to Spider and others.]

Loc. In the Valais as an ab. only ; Sion ; Sierre ; Naters ;
Laquinthal (Fav.).

M. Parthenie, ndli. (Parthenoides, Kefn'sfnu) ; SOmrn.

Fd. pit. plantain, scabious, &c.
2 lighter and less unicolorous than j , with whitish bands

un.s. h.w.
Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. cl. and ante-margl. bands v. slightly
divided by narrow blk. line often broken in middle ; cl. band
of h.w. in J conspicuously broad, and scarcely, if at all,
interrupted in the centre with blk. (This soinrtinirs occurs in
At/ialia.) Un.s. h.w. with dk. band nr. base gen. lighter and
narrower than in Athalia : further distinguished from the
latter by the palpi, wh. are golden-brn. above, with a dark line
below ; $ grd. col. much less unicolorous than Atlialia J ,
and distinguished from Deivne var. lien'sal/'usis $ , which it
closely resembles above, by un.s.

Loc. Swarms in many parts of the Rhone Valley, esp. in 1st
brood, vi.-vii. m. ; less ab. in the 2nd, viii.-ix; Veytaux, Aigle,
Charpigny, Bex, &c. (HV;.) ; LaBiitiaz, Charrat, Fully, Mt. Chemin,
Sierre, Salqvxenen, the Pfynwald, Loeche-les-Bains, Visp, Stalden,
&c. (Far.); also Veyrier, vi. 17; viii. 26; Versoix, viii. IH, &c.
(///.) ; Liestal, Engelberg, Meirengen, Interlaken, Brienz, &c.
(/•'m/); Oberhasli (.!/.-/>.); Gmlmcn, \. c. {Ii<it:t'r) ; Weissenburg,
V. c. in both broods (////.) ; the Jura, c.//., St. Georges, v. brt. (H7i.) ;
large at Basle, Zurich, and in the Grisons, and v. brt ; small and v.
bright in Tessin {P'rei/} ; San Martino (Mayer), &c.

St. Martin Yesubie, Thorenc, Berthemont, &c. {Jinn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) diminution of size at greater altitudes,

culminating in :
var. Yaria, M.-J>. ,■ down to 2Hmm. or even less ; <J v. brt., $
often with slight greenish tinge.

00 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

Loc. Gen. at high elevations : Evolena, Val d'Anniviers, Kalt-
berg, the Eiffel, Belalp, Rossbodenthal, Sec. (Fav.) ; Berisal, viii.
1/97 {li.-Bni.) ; c. in the Engadine, up to 7500ft. or more {Frcij) ;
Bernina Haus, vii. 18/01, c. {Fis) ; Heathal, vii. 1900 ((%.), &c'.

Trafoi, scarce {Freij) ; Mt. Crammont, vii. 7/02 (Lonr) ; Crete de
Reychasse {Tiitf) ; at high elevations in the Alpes Maritimes (F>nn.).

(b.) amount of blk. up.s.
[Obs. — Mr. Fison has one entirely suffused with blk. exc. border.]

(c.) amount of variegation up.s. in 5 .
(d.) depth of colouring un.s.

M. Athalia, Jiott. (Maturna, Hl>.) ; 8()inm. Fd. pit.

Mdaiiijij/riDii pratcnsc, }f, tnjlvaticion, (Jentaurt>a, Vlantaiju, itc.
5 gen. larger, and with lighter un.s. than 3 .

Dist. Char. cl. and and ante-margi. band up.s. f.w. more or less
heavily divided by blk. ; up.s. h.w. with cl. band often suffused,
almost always interrupted in centre with blk. (r. Parthenie)
and with or.-brn. spot nr. base ; un.s. h.w. inn. dk. band gen.
broader at costa than in Parthenw, Aardia, or Dirti/una :
further distinguished from Partliouc and Aiirelia by the palpi
wh. are dk. brn. above.

Loc. Throughout the whole region, vi. -vii. -viii., rising as high
as 6500 metres or more ; not, in my experience, so c. in tlie Rhone
Valley as Partlteu'w. I Hi Id observes that the specimens emerging
vi. are smaller, and those emerging viii. larger, than the average.
He also remarks that the brighter the colouring the rounder the
outline of the w. ; that the specimens from the mtns. of Lower
Austria have v. small blk. spots un.s. h.w. ; and that those from
moorlands are gen. darker than the average. Occasionally, in very
hot years, a few small specimens, a pai'tial 2nd brood, appear i\.

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : the mtn. specimens are gen. small

but brt. {i;>i/d).
(b.) increase of blk.

ab. Navarina, sdi/i^-Lduiichauips : with blk. suffusion over all avs.,
leaving ante-margl. row of or.-brn. spots.

ab. Aphaea, Hh. .• with 2 bands of or. spots up.s., the margl.

lunules and cl. spot un.s. h.w. filled with blk. and a row of

large blk. spots un.s. f.w.
[Obs. — In Mr. Fison's collection is a specimen approaching this ab. with inn.
edge of ante-margl. band suffused with blk., whole centre of w. It. yell, with
band of large suffused blk. spots.]

ab. Caucasica, Nf//r. .• f.w. normal, h.w. much suffused with blk.

(c.) decrease of blk.

ab. Corythalia, Ub. (Samonica, Riesen) ; all blk. markings absent
from centre of f.w. up.s.; h.w. much suffused with blk., leaving
a single row of or. spots.

AND TIIK Vl.l'S OK CKNTK \l, I'.T l;( il'K. ill

ab. Obsoleta, Tutt .- wilh conspicuously decreased l)lk. iuii,rl\iiiL!;s f.

:iiid li.w.
ab. Hertha, 'JurHsrl : witli lont^; Mk. streaks un.s. f.w. but lessblk.

up.s. t'.w.
ab. Yirgata, f'ntl : witti el. ot. l);nid f. and li.w. lenii^tlicnod into

sM'caks.
var. Helvetica. Iliilil : with ci. or. liand lentil kmuhI out on h.w.

only (as in /'arf/n'iiic) ; un.s. h.w. with ohloiii;-. hlk. -boi-dered

yell, spot nr. i-oot, and ck band sihcry-wh. in ,/ ;is well as $ .
Log. l>ei-<i;iin and Stalla [linhh.

(d.) t^reater \ ;ii-ie<i;it ion of 9 up.s.
ab. Leucippe, '^clmiiiliT : in wh. the oul. and :}rd row of spots are

much lii>'hter.

[Obs. — Specimens from Coire are dk.. sciiuc from Le I'rese dniker still, ap-
proiichiiifx Dirti/inut in eol. {Fis.).]

M. Dictynna, l-^sp. (Coiytbiilia, ////.) ; :>7uiin. Fd. pit.

I i'r(i)iir<t. Mi'/diii/ii/niiii. Siiirad. lalcndiKi. I'lantaiin laufcolata,
kc.
? with more and lighter markings than 3 .
Dist. Char. v. large proportion of blk. on up.s. esp. h.w.. looking
as if it were the grd. col., also dk. ante-margl. band un.s. h.w.
interrupted nr. costa on out. side, and containing v. dk. spot.s
on the unintei'rupted portion.

Loc. Gen. distributed in Switz. in the plains and at lower
elevations, and mounting to ()000ft. or more, v. e. and vi.
Remarkably fine specimens on the left bank of the ilhone at
Uouveret. Gen. distributed, also, in the rest of the region, but
apparently not extending to the Basses Alpes or Alpes Maritimes.

Directions of Yar. (a.) size: my smallest (?, from Vald'Anniviers,

is 32mm.; my largest ? .from Bouveret,
40mm.

(b.) amount and depth of or.-brn. up.s., esp.
in 5> .

(c.) depth of colouring un.s., esp. h.w.

Tribe V.\nessidi ; hyb. im. (exc. Ijcvana).

Genus, Arachnia (false Araschnia), lib.

A. Levana, L. : 8()inni. Fd. pit. nettle ; hyb. p.

9 larger than J" , with rather lighter grd. col.
Dist. Char. Conspicuous It. veining un.s. with transverse lin(>s on
basal half, giving a cobweb appearance (hence the name).

[Obs. — The sensonal dimorphism in this sp. is so marked and extniordiiiarv
that nothing is left in conunon but the character above mentioned and the
vliv'htlv alluded shai)e of the \v. In the 1st lirood, iv.'\\. the j^i'd. col. up.s. is or.

92 THK Bl'TTERFUKS OF SWITZERLAND

as in P. C-album, with dk. brn. markings; in the '2nd (and later) broods, vii.-
viii. (and ix.), known as

var. Prorsa, L. : the grd. col. is blk., with wh. broken bands and
or. ante-margh lines. An intermediate form, v. scarce in
nature, but readily obtained by keeping September chrysalids
at an artificial heat during the winter (Far.), is called :

ab. Porima, (h-hs. ; more nearly resembhng Prnrm, but with wh.
replaced by tawny, and the band on h.w. almost always divided.

Log. V. local ; c. round Basle, e.;/., Liestal (Christ) ; the
Bechburg (IL-S.) ; c. in the Bernese Mittelland ; Schiipfen ; Burg-
dorf ; Berne (J/f/////) ; throughout Oberaargau ; Lenzburg (TF.s<7(^.) ;
Glarus {Heei) ; Kupfernaseruns above Fil/.bach, vi. 19/02 ; Thalalp,
vi. 20, Ac. /02 ; [jerana (Fis.) ; v. scarce in the Grisons ; Tavanasa
(}3ri'uf(/i'r) : Ragatz [FAsenriiuj) ; also in the Valais, at the ft. of Mt.
Chemin ; nr. Sierre, esp. in the Pfynwald {Far.) ; in W. Switz. at
Lucens, v. 1/8H {Hutchinson) ; also Moudon and Payerne (Fm/) ;
(entirely absent from the Cantons of Schatfhausen, Thurgau, St.
Gall, and Ziirich ; also from the Rhone Valley up to Martigny, and
from the district bordering on the Lake of Geneva).

The Tyrol; also Wolfsberg, vii. 15/97; Prorsa {Lmn.); Berchtes-
gaden, vi. e. 1900 {Laufi).

Directions of Yar, (a.) size of the dk. brn. markings in Lcrana.
(b.) size and continuity of the wh. band in

Prorsa.
(c.) number and extent of thin or. ante-
raarg. lines in Prorsa.

Genus, Pyrameis, lib.

Dist. Char, a triple wh. spot from centre of costa, and ante-
margl. wh. spots from nr. apex half down f.w.

P. Cardui, /.. .- ooium. Fd. pit. thistles.

Dist. Char. gi'd. col. un.s. f.w. cherry col.

Log. IV) 1)H found everywhere, in many years ab., up to 8000ft.;
the principal brood emerges in late summer, but the insect is to be
seen on brt. days during most of the year.

Directions of Yar. (a.) blk. markings confluent up.s.
ab. Elymi, Hmhr. .- in which the wh. spots are reduced to small
streaks.

(b.) absence of blk. spots up.s. f.w. except
apical half.
ab. Inornata, liramson: in which the wh. spots are also larger
(both abs. scarce).

P. Atalanta, L. ; 5r)iiiiii. Fd. pit. nettle.

Dist. Char. Scarlet band across f.w. and border h.w. up.s.

ANlJ THK ALPS Of CKNTKAL KIKOPK. 98

Loc. V, gen. distributed, but not often mounting v. high,
though occasionally to the tree limit: vii. till hybernation, and in
spring, but not gen. re-appearing till v.ra.

Directions of Yar. (a.) division of red. band up.s. f.w.

ab. Fracta, 'rntt .- the dk. grd. col. being developed along cl.
nervure.

(b.) a y^Qii. diminution of markings.

ab. Klemensiewiczi, Schillc : red band f.w. shortened at both
ends, large costal spot reduced to small wh. dot, red band h.AV.
shorter, narrower, and without blk. spots.

Genus, Euvanessa, Scuddcr.

E. Antiopa, /.. ; 70mm. Fd. pit. willows, poplars, &c.

? larger than ^ .

Dist. Char. Deep chocolate grd. col. with It. border.

Log. Throughout the region, though seldom v. ab.; flying up to
6000ft. or more; viii.-ix., and after hybernation, iv.-vi., often in
excellent condition.

Directions of Yar. (a.) yell, border after hyb. becomes lighter,

gen. almost wh., and the bl. spots
become more prp.
(b.) enlargement of yell, border.

ab. Lintneri, Fitch .- in wh. the bl. spots are consequently reduced.

ab. HygiaBa, Heijdcnicich ,- in wh. they are entirely lost.

Genus, Vanessa, Fahr.

Y. lo, L. ; 55mm. Fd. pit. nettle.

Dist. Char, a large eye-spot on each w. up.s. those on f.w.
gorgeously coloured.

Loc. Gen. c. throughout the region, mounting occasionally up
to some 8000ft. {e.;/.. the heights above the Blumenthal, Miirren,
viii. 8, 1900, V. fresh) ; vii.-ix., and, after hybernating, all spring.

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : [the so-called ab. loides, Ochs.,

is merely the result of half-starved

larvie] .

(b.) loss of eye-spots.

ab. Exoculata, Wi'i/uh-r : with eye-spots h.w. obsolete.

ab. Belisarius, (Hitli.: with all eye-spots obsolete. a,nd blk. spoti;

f.w. confluent.

ab. Fischeri, Staiiilfnss: in which eye-spots f.w. are disintegrated.

showing a resemblance to the wh. spots of I'liraitwis.

[Obs. — The last always, the 2 former usually, are obtained by i'efri{^eratiii^'
pupi¥, but Fav. (Supplement tci the " Jjcpidopteres du Valais,' 1903, p. 5) says
that these '1 occur here and there with the type.]

5)4 THE KrTTKKFJJES OF SWI XZIORLAN])

(c.) col. of the })rp. in eye-spots esp. h.w.,

varying from heliotrope to bl.
(d.) occasional appearance of a bl. spot below
eye-spot, h.w. up.s.
ab. Cyanosticta, Rainidr .- spot varies greatly in size.

Genus, Aglais, lib.

A. Urticae, />. ; 4cSmiii. Fd. ])lt. nettle.

Dist. Char, nn.s. f.w^ grd. col. of large portion, starting from
e\t. half of inn. vnarg., of a buff tone, only slightly marked
with brn.

Loc. One of the commonest as well as most widely distributed
of butterflies throughout the region: found in numbers up to 7500ft.
and occasionally much higher : 2 or 3 broods, vi., viii., and some-
times \. ; but the insect may be seen on warm days throughout the
year.

Directions of Yar, (a.) tint of grd. col. up.s. ; more or less or.

in the red.
(b.) distinctness of cl. band un.s. h.w.
(c.) traces of blk. cI. band up.s. f.w.. culmi-
nating in :
var. (& ab.) Polaris, >V///-. .• in wh. blk. spot of inn. marg. is
joined to middle costal spot.

(d.) obsolescence of the 2 cl. hJk. s[)ot9
up.s. f.w.
var. (& ab.) Turcica, s/<// . .■ in wliich they are absent, as is

iilsd the inn. nini'gl. spot : i^id. col. deeper.
var. (& ab.) Ichnusa, Hom-I/I .- ^i-d. col. still deeper, cl. spots

;il)sent, inn. iii;u-<.':l. spot sdii/rtiuns nhsent aJso.
ab. Ichnusoi'des, '<rl;is l.ainir/nnn/,^ : cl. spots absent, costal blk.

spots ciuiHuent ; lui.s. ibii-kcr.
ab. Atrebatensis, Z^'//-. .- like ihc last, but with h.w. up.s. entirely

suffused with blk.

Genus, Eugonia, Hl>.

Prevailing col. or.-lwn. with blk. S))ots. and bl. spots in border.

E. Polychloros, /.. .■ (Ulinm. hW. pit. elm and sallow.

2 larger than J .

Dist. Char, absence of ir/i. spot nr. apex on costa f.w. up.s. ; In/.s
dk. brn.

Loc. V. widely distributed, but seldom ab., and somewhai
uncertain iii appearing ; vii.-viii., and, after hybernation, all through
the spring ; in plains and lower valleys.

AM> TIIK .\l,l'S OF CK.NTKAJ, KUUUI'K. 0^

Directions of Yar. (a.) si/e: oOiiiiii.-Goiiiiu.

(1).) coak'sccnce of l)ll<. s|)i)is iip.s. I'.w.

ab. Testudo, /'.v- (i'yn'bonu'laiiui, ///'.) : which has also grd. col.
f.w . much lii>'hfcer, and h.w. daikcr than typo : a luagniticent,
l)ut scarce fonii.

E. Xanthomelas, Z^/*. ; (Khiiiii. Fd. pit. willow.

Dist. Char. \ . hkc r<ilt/chl(>n>s, but with whitish spot on costa
nr. apex np.s. f.w. : /("//.s j/ell.

Loc. \'. scarce. i''ormerly taken at Wiuterthur [Jlonlor/) ;
valleys of the K. \\\}^ {Sindcr) ; vii. to ix., and, aftei- hybernation,
in the spring.

Genus, Poiygonia, lll>.

Prevailing col. brownish-or. with v. dk. brn. (or blk.) markings.
Dist. Char. \ . jagged out. marg. f. and h.w.

P. L-album, /-'.s/;. (Y-albuiii. i\thr. : Vjin-alhnin. \irr-

ril/r) ; GOmm. Fd. pit. aspen, willow, Ac.
Dist. Char. wh. spot on costa nr. apex both f. and h.w. (up.s.
closely approaches Kununia, and the outline of the ws. is not
so jagged as in other sp., but un.s. is that of Poli/i/onia).
Loc. Doubtful whether found in region. Switz. is given in
some authors, but I can find no more exact loc. and no evidence.
Possibly in the valleys of the E. Alps, vi.-viii. {Spiiler).

"P. Egea, Cramer (Triangulum, Luihr. : Vuu-album, Esp. :

V-album, llr/.li.) : -tomm. Fd. pit. elm, nettle, llihr.s, Luni-
crra, ( '(n'l/liis.
? gen. lai'ger than ^ .
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. consjjicuous wh. mark (iiiiilid ; further
distinguished from C-uIIikiii by smaller spots up.s., and less
jagged outline.

Loc. v.-vi. and \iii.-i\.. also early spring after hybernation:
only in 8. of the region. Digne, iv. m. /97 {Tutt) ; vi. lG/99, v.
tine (/.'.-/>»■».) ; vii. /91 (Linn.): Cannes, ii. 27, hyb. {<'/i/i.); well
distributed over ]>asses Alpes and Alpes ^laritimes, but not v. c,
(I'oiirll) : N'allon Obscur, St. Martin- \'esubie, Sec. {linn.); Final-
marina, V. 92, c. {Xnrris) : Susa. \iii. m. 97 (7'^/^) : vi. 24/99, c.
in vineyards: Cortina, vii. HO, 1900 (I!.- Ilm.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) darkening of coloration :
■var. J-album, /■->/'. (L-album. ///;.; Autumnahs. ■^(r/aiidli) :
wh. is also smaller and with more augulated outline.
Loc. The ordinary form of the later brood, r.;/., Alpes Mari-
times, Jjeaulieu, .^c. {linn.); between Puget-Theniers and St.
Andre, x. 9 and IG. (piite fresh {Jl,- Urn.).

96 THE BUTTEKKI.JES OV SA\ ITZERLANl)

(b.) shade of grd. col. and conspicuousness
of markings un.s.
[These vary in a way exactly parallel with C-alhum, q. v.]

P. C-album, L, ; 44iiiiii. Fd. pit. currant, nettle, elm,

poplar, &c.
5 gen. larger than $ .
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. conspicuous wh. mark, rounded ; gen. like
aC.
Loc. Everywhere in the region in woods, gardens and road-
sides, often ab. ; v. e., vi.; and vii., viii.-x., also in early spring after
hybernation ; not gen. above 4000ft., but in Val Pellice at 8000ft.
{Tittt).

Directions of Yar. (a.) lighter grd. col. up.s.
var. (& ab.) Hutchinsonii, Iwbwn (Pallida, Tutt); gen. in summer
brood.

(b.) tendency of dk. markings up.s. to form
a cl. band culminating in :
ab. F-albura, /'.'^7'. ; wh. has also the C-mark converted more or
less into an P.

(c.) darkening of border up.s., culminating
in :
ab. Reichenstettensis, Ituld: with pale grd. col. ; 2 basal spots
up.s. f.w. in place of blk. blotch ; v. broad border, esp. on inn.
marg. ; ;i,nd h.w. all dk. exc. base and nr. fringe.

(d.) shape of wh. mark un.s. ; sometimes
resembles a G, sometimes an 0, some-
times a small i inverted, occasionally,
in (? , reduced to a mere line, forming:
ab. Iota-album, Nt'inilumi.

(e.) grd. col. and markmgs nii.s. ; the more
or less unifonxi dk. un.s. is regarded
as the type, the shade of which varies
considerably ; there are also 2 main
divisions of the variegated form:
ab. Pallidior, Pctofina : with It. grd. col.

ab. Yariegata, Tutt .• witli ilk. grd. col., i.he grn. being often
prominent.

[^Obs. — The above give only the main t'ornis of the un.s., wh. varies ahnos^t
(Midlessly ; such variation being independent of sex. and to a great extent also of
time of emergence : it hns. however, been observed thsit the hybernatiug speci-
mens are gen. more iiiiifoiin in colour, this jirobalily being useful for conceal-
ment in the wintet.

Tribe Nymphm.idi.

Gei'iUs, Limenitis, I'alr. : livl). 1.

VNl) THK ALPS OF CKNTRAL EUROPK. 97

Prevailing col. blk. (or v. d\<. l)rn.) with wh. spots ii.nd haiuls.

L. Populi, L. ; 68111111. h\\. pit. [)oi)l;irs.

Almost blk., S with uiiri-ow, 9 with l)ro;ul wh. band np.s.
h.w.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. out. mai-g. It. greeuish-bl. baud divided by
blk. Hues.

Loc. Basle and Liestal, scarce (/''m/) ; Canton Aargan, c.//.,
Bremgarten, Lonzburg, Gysulatlnh, Sec. {WsifU.) ; commoner in
the " Mittellaud " of Canton Berne, e.i/., Jiurgdorf, Schiipfen,
Berne, Aarberg (M.-P.) ; Avidely distributed, but v. scarce in E.
Vaud (r. infra) ; Gryon, vii. /02, much worn (Moss) ; not quite so
scarce in the forests of the Valais; i^.;)., Forclaz, vii. 18/01 (Sloper);
St. Leonard, Granges, Sierre, &c. (Fav.) ; not rare at Rossinieres
(Tasker) ; in the cantons of Schaffhausen, St. Gall {Tiisr/der) ;
Thurgau {Enifstcr), and Glarus, t'.;/., Mollis (Herr) ; in the Grisons,
Coire, Trins, Tiefenkasten {Killias) ; ,Le Prese, at side of lake, vii.
12-15/01, mostly worn (Fis.) ; in the Jura at St. Cergues, vi. 26,
and vii. (Bl.) : Versoix [Jnllien).

N. Savoie, f.//., Sauverny, nr. Divonne (Ucrcrdin) ; les Voirons
{Vor/t) : the Tyrol, ('.(/., Sarnthal, vi. 21/01, strongly tinged with
bl. approaching col. of Camilla (Loire).

[Obs. — The j- gen. rests on the grd. up to 10 a.m., the ? rarely descends
before 4 p.m.]

Directions of Yar. (a.) tendency towards loss of wh., culminat-
ing in :

ab. Tremulae, F!sp. ,• in wh. little is left but the apical spots ; grd.
col. deep suuff-brn.
[Obs. — A transitional form with the wh. v. narrow and much suffused with

brn.. and the grd. col. brn. without a trace of bl.-blk., is the ordinary one in E.

Vaud, at any rate at the lower elevations : Veytaux, \i. lH/i)7 [Uli.) ; Aigle, vi.

24/98, and vi. 2.5, 11)00 (/.()?(?£') ; Tiniere Valley, vi. •21H)2 (Cliadwkk) ; a mile

beyond Sepey, vii. 2(i/01 ([.vai.) ; etc.]

L. Camilla, Srhijf. (Lncilla, Ksji.) ; <? ^Oniiii., 2 54iiiiii.

h\L pit. honeysuckle.
Dist. Char. un.s. li.w. out. marg. 1 row of blk. spots between 2
rows of Indian red, on dk. leaden grd. col.

Loc. Throughout the whole region, but not found everywhere,
occasionally plentiful, but often in small numbers only ; in and on
the outskirts of woods. Basle, scarce, 1 sp. x. m.l {('hri>it) ;
Oensingen, on the Bechburg (/.'.-S'.) ; in the cantons of Schaft-
hausen (7>fl/y/') ; Aargau (H'scA?.) : 'Vhnvgiux {SKltberiffr) : and St.
Gall {TdsvhU'i) ; Berne; Schiipfen; Burgdorf (M.-I).); Gadmen

t Note. — The fact, wh. has always seemed probable, that Ctimilla is at
least partially double-brooded, is now placed beyond doubt. Mr. Sloper reared a
number of larvte from the 1st brood at Glion in 1901, some in captivity, some
placed out of doors on the fd. pit. Although those in captivity were removed to
Zermatt, they emerged in August, and, on returning to (ilion in September, at
least one empty pupa-case was found on the plant on which he had placed the
other larvse on leaving for Zermatt.

!)"< THE JUTTElil'I.IKS (IK SU ITZKKJ.AxND

(luitzei) ; entnince to the Klouthal {l''rci/) ; Weissenburg, up to ix.
(/i//.) ; the Jura, e.(j., Sorvilier (Hg.) ; 8t. Blaise (Conlerii) ; St.
Cergues, vi. 26 (Bl.) ; nr. Geneva, Veyi-ier, viii,, Onex, viii. 18
{BL); gen. distributed in Vaud and the Valais, e.g., Lausanne,
vii. /85, not uncommon in gardens {Jones) ; les Avants, viii. 5/96
{R.-Jirn.) ; Veytaux, vi. 8/99 ; Aigle and Sepey, ab., vi. e., and vii.,
1900, &c., Sierre, vii. and ix. 6/99 (Wh.) ; Pfyn, vi. 29/97
(Postam) ; Martigny ; Fully; Sion ; Varen ; above Greugiols, ab.,
&c. (Fav.) ; the Orisons {KilUas) ; r.;/., Bad Alveneu, vii. /85
{Lnm.) ; Pontresina, viii. b. /Ol {<'/ip.), and found singly as high as
Bergiin, 4500ft. (Frey).

Savoie, c.;/., nr. Geneva, Yvoire, vi. 2 ; Bossey, viii. 2, 3, 24 ;
Mornex, viii. b. (/>/.); ]5ourg St. Maurice, viii. b. /98 ; Bourg
d'Oisans. viii. m. /96 ; Barcelonette, viii. b. 1900; Gresy-sur-Aix,
viii. m. 1900, small {Tutt) ; Digne, vi. 4/99, ab. {li.-Brn.) ; vii.
/91 {Lni.n.) \ Vallon Obscur, kc. {Urni.); Susa, viii. m. /97 :
Courmayeur, viii. b. /94 ; Pre St.- Didier, viii. m. /98 {Tutt) ;
Certosa di Pesio, along the river, not uncommon {Xorris) ; Cortina,
Tre Croce, vii. 2H, 1900 (U.-Brn.) ; Mendel, vii. /95 {Lmn.).

Directions of Var. (a.) diuunution of wh., leading to :

ab. + Pythonissa, Milllhr (? found in nature).

L. Sibylla, /.. (C'cimilla, /v'.sy>.); 3 -IcSiiim.. 9 54miii.

^'d. pit. honeysuckle.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. out. marg. 2 rows of blk. spots on or. grd.

Loc. Stated ])y 7''/vv/ to be found <;en. in the same Iocs, as
( (Diiil/d. but to be commoner, though not mounting so high. In the
\';i,lais, howcxci'. it is even scarcer than ('aiiiilla, though ab. at
Aigii'. cuu rgiiig \i. c. a little later than the other sp., and never
(l()uble-l)i-()()<le(l ; wi. (icue\;i it is taken at Sierne, vi., and Meyrin,
vii., but is not uoieil tVom tiie Iocs, given foi' ('aiiiilla {Bl.) ; in the
\'iilais I tiiid only o places mentioned, ri:., ft. of Mt. Chemin :
l-'uUy \l-'(ir.): and I'fyn. \i. 2] 97 ( I 'ostaiis) : in addition to the
Iocs. Hieutioue<l tor <'((iiiiliii, exc. Bergii.n. are gixen Uetliberg, vii.
/84 (Lijiii.), and woods nr. the Burgenstock, vii. 18/98, J s rather
worn, 5 s fresh {I'ridcdH.i-).

Certosa di Pesio, vii. and viii. b. 92, scarce [Xarris) ; neighbour-
hood of Vienna, vii. 97 {Miss Ffn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) diminution of wb.

ab. Angustata, Sf,ir. .■ Avith narrower wh. band.

ab. Staenotaenia, Hninatli : with baud broken into separate spots.

ab. Nigrina, \\'<'!iiii,r : which is without the wh. band.

Genus, Neptis, i-'aUr.

Prevailing col. l»lk., with wh. spots and bands.
Dist. Char, sliort broad wings.

N. Lucilla, t'dhr. : oOiijin. |^\1. pit. Sjtini'ii sdlirilulld :
byb. 1.

ANI> THK ALl'S OK CKNTi; \1. KCKOl'K. 99

T larger than J .
Dist. Char. h.w. up. and un.s. with only one \vh. band.

Log. Hedges and copses in the S. and S.E. (not in the S.W.) of
the region, vi.-vii. Locarno, vi. b. /M7, a few {Janes) ; Lugano,
viii. b. (Meisstier) ; Monte Bre (Miih'. Snjfcrl-Micii).

Susa, vi. 26/99, just emerging (H.-Bni.) ; Torre Pellice, to right
of river, vii. /Ol ('/'////) ; Crcvola (/iVVf^c/) ; nr. the Inn at H. Jean,
above Iselle {dc lloiKjetnont) ; liaveno, vii. /8H {Linn.) ; Stresa, in
choslnut wood, vi. b. /87 {Joiws) ; Tyrol, ^'.//., 2 miles up the
Eggenthal, vi. 22/01 {Loire); Styria {Kane); Carinthiji, e.<i., Wolfs-
berg, vii. 18/97 {Liim.) ; Mfxlling, vi. e. 1900 {Lamj) ; bred vi. /97
from larvje found the previous month in the park at Schonbriinn,
Vienna {Miss h'tn.).

Fam. APATURIDiE.
Tribe Chakax.kidi.

Genus, Charaxes, (h-ltx.

C. Jasius, L. (Jjisoii. />. .• Hhea. llh.)\ TOiiiin. Fd.

})lt. Arbutus uneilii : hyb. 1.

2 larger than <? .

Dist. Char. 2 long tails nr. anal ang. h.w. ; grd. col. deep brn.

Log. Only in S. of the Alpes Maritimes, Nice, Cannes, &c.
{Brin.) ; v. and viii.-ix.

Directions of Yar. (a.) size: ()2mm.-78mm.

(b.) number and size of bl., spots up.s. h.w.;
sometimes almost obsolete, sometimes
large, and reaching almost to disc,
cell.

(c.) body of 2 , es)). in 2nd brood, somelnues
brick-i-ed.

(d.) inn. or. band up.s. f.w.. in l^sl brood,
sometimes much enlarged and
lengthened, reaching to h.w.

(e.) shape of w. diiferingin the 2 broods, in
the 1st brood the ang. nr. lower end
of outer marg. f.w. is much more
prominent than in the 2nd, and the
" tails " of h.w. incline towards each
other, in the 2nd brood they are
nearly parallel, and rather slighter
and longer.
1 am indebted to Mr. Powell tor all my information on the \aria-
tion of this sp.j

Tribe Ai'\ri i;ii>i.

Genus, Apatura, l-'nhr. : livli. I.

100 THE BUTTEKKl.ll'.S OK SWITZEKLAND

Prevailing col. blk.-brn., with wh. spots and bands.
A. Ilia, ScJuff'. (Iris, Esp.) ; s- 5r)mm., $ 68mm. Fd.

pit. willows and poplars.
<? with, 2 without, brilliant prp. reflections.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. pinkish, wedge-shaped band from costa,
not gen. v. conspicuous, and without external edging.

Loc. In Switz. gen. distributed in the cantons of Basle,
Aargau, Ziiricli. Berne, NeuchiUel, Thurgau, St. Gall, Glarus,
Vaud, but only in the lower parts, scarcely rising above 3000ft.
(Frey) ; v. ab. in the beech forests of Jura {Katie) ; in E. Vaud and
the Valais it is scarce, but found occasionally, e.f/., Charpigny (Bis.) ;
Aigle, vii. 5/01; Martigny, vii. li)00 (TCA.) ; Sion ; St. Leonard ;
Granges ; above Turtmann (Far.) ; Pfyn, the W. side, vi. 21/97
(Postam) ; the E. side, vii. 19/99 ; vii. 13/01, not v. fresh, c. (117,,.) ;
nr. Geneva, Versoix, Veyrier, vii. (/>'/.) ; Locarno (/'Vs.)'; Monte
Bre {C/irit<t) ; the lower Misox (IVreddir).

[Obs. — In tbe Valais and E. Vaud the type is the usual form, elsewhere in
Swifcz., esp. on the Jura vnr. Clytic is more c]

Aix-les-Bains, vii. e. /9H [I'litt) ; Digne, vi. /90 {Nichohu>i) ; Alpes
Maritinies, and J^)asses Alpes along streams, the type, and vars.
Cb/tie and h!os [Poivell) ; as high as St. Martin Vesubie {Brm.) ;
Certosa di Pesio, var. Clytic, viii. /92, c. (Nnrrh) ; Susa, viii. m.
/97 (Tiitt); vi. 26/99, some fresh, mostly much worn (R.-Brn.) ;
Olgiate, viii. and ix. /95, and /98 {Mixs F^tn.) ; Meran, /80 {Tutt).
These dates point almost conclusively to a 2nd brood in the S.

Directions of Var. (a.) loss of wh., culminating in:
ab. Iliades, Mitis .- in which the wh. bands are almost unrepre-
sented (v. scarce).

(b.) increase of tawny col. (in type, only

round eye-spots and at anal ang. h.w.).

ab. (& var.) Clytie. .'v/</>/'. (Astasia. Ilh.) : in which it takes the

place of wh.
ab. (& var.) Eos, llossi (Dilutior, Styr. .• Budensis, Fuchs) ; in

which it invades the whole surface of the ws., esp. in $ .
ab. Astasioides, Styr. .- a tawny form corresponding to ab. Iliades
(,i. sii}>i((), v. scarce.

(c.) absence of eye-spot at anal ang. h.w.
ab. Metis, Fn-.

Loc. Alpes Maritimes {linn.) ; Certosa di Pesio, below San
Bartolomeo, viii. 30/92 {Ni)rris).

[Obs. — The ? , like that of Irit<, seldtun descends from the trees till towards
4 p.m. ; the cT principally before 10 a.m., but may be found at other times on
damp places in roads, or resting on any kind of garbage, though not to the
same extent as the cT Iris.]

A. Iris, L. ; c? OOmm., $ (iHiiim. Fd. pit. salloM\

S with. 9 without deep prp. reflet ions.

AND THE ALPS OF CKNTRAL EUROPK. 101

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. lar^c wedge-shaped wh. laud from costa,
edged externally with chocolate col.

Loc. Gen. distributed in the same cantons as Ilia {q.v.), and
also Schaffhansen ; much commoner in E. Vaud, e.;/., ab. between
Aigle and Sepey, vii. 5/01, &c. (Wh.) ; and in the Orisons, Coire,
Pnltigau, the Ehine ^'alIey (KiUias) ; sometimes at great heights,
('.(/., top of the Rochers de Naye (f'/.s.), &c. ; emerges later than
///(/, vii.-viii., e.;/., Villeneuve, viii. 9/01 {Wh.) ; sometimes,
however, rather earlier, even at considerable elevations, c.//., Jaman,
vi. 24/01 (Slopcr) ; ab. in the forests of the Jura up to 2800ft.
{Kane).

Alpes Maritimes (/>/-H^.) ; Val Scsia {Kane); Certosa di Pesio, a
few in lower valley, vi. '92 {Xorris) ; \'i]lach and Wolfsberg, vii. /97
{Lull}.).

Directions of Yar. [ii.) tendency of wh. to diminish, culmi-
nating in :
ab. lole, Seliiff. (Beroe, Fabr.) ; in which only the apical spots
remain.

Loc. With type but v. scarce ; Berne {Mehsner) ; Burgdorf
{M.-D.) ; Liestal {Christ) ; Alpes Maritimes {Brm.), &c.

Fam. LIBYTHEIDiE.
Genus, Libythea, Fahr.

Prevailing col. brn. with or. blotches.

L. Celtis, L(iir]i(nli)uj {Fsd.) ; 4(>min. Fd. pit. (\7//.s
auatralis ; hyb. im.
9 rather larger than S •
Dist. Char. A projecting ang. on out. marg. f.w., h.w. concave on
costa, and again at upper |)art of out. marg.

Loc. In Switz. confined to the S. From the village of Simplon
down to (and beyond) the frontier to half an hour above Crevola ;
at the village vii. /97 {I'iiiuieler), but v. rarely so high up the Pass;
Lugano, iv. 10/02, mostly worn (/'V.s,) ; C'lnasso, vi. 26/92 {Alai/er) ;
Roveredo, entrance to Misox Valley (////.); Brusio, vii. 18 /Ol,
some V. fresh {Fis.).

Digne, vi. /90, vii. /91 {Nie/udsou); Cannes, iv. e. /98 {Tutt) ; vii.
{Pouell) ; Thorenc, vii. {Powell), Certosa di Pesio, vii. /92, two or
three only {Norria) ; Crevola, vi. 3/99, fresh; v. 20, 1900, torn to
shreds; Val Anzasca, vi. 12 and 15. 1900, fresh; Sarntbal and
Eggenthal. vi. e. /Ol, ab. : \ii. 1 1 02. a few {Loire): Mendel, vii.
/9B {Liiiit.) ; Husa, vi. 1>S 01, worn (Loire) ; vi. 26, c. on the Sta.
Maria road, and also on the left bank of the Doria under the Mt.
Cenis road {L'.-}>ni.) : viii. ni. 96 {Tuff): nr. Sondrio. viii. 9().
not c. {Miss Ftn.).

A])parently enieigcs vi. vii.. continue-; (Ui the wing through viii.,
;in(! after hybernation jip] eai> i\. \. and into vi., almost, if not
quite, ov<-rlHp])im; the new bvofMl.

102 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZEKI-AN I)

Fam. SATYRIDiE.
Sub.-Fam. SATYRIN^.
Tribe Parargidi.
Genus, Pararge, llh. : liyh. 1.

Dist. Char. up.s. h.w., a sn-irs- of eye-spots following out. inarg.

P. Moera, L. (Adiasta. Ihiji.: Hvgtei, MabiUf): 48mm.

I'M. |)ll. I '"(I (ininiK. (ilijiurlii ilnitmis. Hoidtinn uniriiiitiii.
? li,L'liU'i- and hfigliU'i- tliJiii J .
Dist. Char. nn.s. h.w. ^i-d. col. //. Krownish-gr.

Loc. (it'll, (listrihiited and usixidly ab. on walls, rocks. Sec,

thi'ouglioiit ihe region, though apparently wanting in certain flatter

parts of N. Switz.. './/.. Zurich (Frcj/) ; 2 broods in the plains, v. e.

vi., and vii.-ix. Imt in the S. appearing iv. ; in the mtns. 1 brood,

vi. e — viii.

Directions of Var. (a.) si/e : a v. diminutive form about tlie size
of rithninis ,^ at the top of the Htelvio, vii. 13, 1900; a rather
larger, l)ut still v. small form at Cortina, vii. 20, 1900 (11.- I'>nt.).
(i).) diminutioji of fulvous up.s. :

ab. Obscura, Tntt: rather below average size; narrow fulvous
ring round apical eye-spot and v. slight traces of 2 fulvous
patches below, attendant apical eye- spots v. small, f.w. ; narrow
fulvous marg. to eye-spots h.w.

Log. Aix-les-Bains, v. b. 97 C'/^i.).

ab. Monotonia, sdiild,': m wh. it has almost, or entirely,
disajipeared {? J only).

(c.) increase of fulvous up.s., culminating in :

ab. (& var.) Adrasta, ///'. (Miera, /'.'.s//.) ; in wh. it is well-
developed in J . ;Mi(l sn If uses most of f.w. in ? .
, Obs. — This is a foiiii of the "ind lirood and is foiuid with type in iranii

places (not gen. in " cold and elevated localities "" as stated by Lung, though in

the Alpes Maritimes it is taken at St. Martin Vesubie, and Boreon (Powell).

Digne, vi. e., and vii. nil were of this \ar. \MUx Ft)).). Every intermediate

form may be found.]

(d.) number of eye-spots up.s. h.w. (2-4, with

traces of a 5th).
(e.) eye-spot up.s. f.w.
(i.) a large apical eye-spot with one wh. pupil, with indications

of a small eye-spot al)ove.
(ii.) a 2nd wh. pupil to large eye, with or without a small one

abo\e, conspicuous or ill-delined.
(iii.) this 2iid wh. pupil hecouiuig almost detached, with the blk.
round it. fi-oiu the large oiu' : and (iv.) :

ab. Triops, /'/"/'> ; a huge apical eye with 2 pupils, a well defined
small one above, and another large single-pupilled eye in the
interiiGural space below, as in Mcijnra ab. Albert L

\NI) I'lIK ALPS OF CKNTKXr. KT'ROPK.

108

Loc A scai'ce ali. ol' 'Znd hrooil. with typi^ in wanner Iocs.; <;.//.,
Ai.iil.-. viii. ('. 11)00 (11//.).

P. Hiera, r<ihr. : Almm. V(]. pit. Frsium and oth^r

t^'rasses.
? lighter and brighter than S •
Dist. Char. nn.s. h.w. dh: greyish-brn, (gen. with small It. patch

on costa).

Loc. In a few places in the lowlands; ft. of the Uetliberg
{h'rt'n); the Glarns Valley (///rr) ; but more usually in the lower
Alps and in some places up to GOOOft. The Rigi [Siidl) ; Oberhasli
(Kaiif); Thalalp ; Kupfernaseruns above Filzbach, vi. 19/02 (F/.s.) ;
Weissenburg, fairly c. between 3000ft. and HoOOft., large and It.
{IJlf.) ; the Jura, e.;/., St. Georges, vi. e. 102, v. large and dk.,
getting worn (1I7(.) ; Gruyere on the right bank of the Sarine, viii.
30/97 (H.-lim.) ; on most of the mtns. on both sides of the Rhone
Valley, e.;/., Rochers de Naye, Dent de Morcles (Fis.) ; on the latter
at about 2500ft., V. 7/88, V. fresh {Flutchinson) ; nr. the Forclaz,
esp. on the road leading to the Trient glacier : Niouc, Susillon,
Ponchette, Chandolin, in the Val d'Anniviers ; Loeche-les-bains ;
Zermatt ; Gondo, itc. (Far.); Berisal, ab., small and dk., over by
vi. m. /99. but less worn vii. 9/01 (T17(.) ; Weissenstein in the
Grisons {Zll.) ; Maloya, vii. /88 (Linn.).

In Savoie nr. Geneva, le Coin, v. 23 and 27; Monnetier, vi. 5
(Bl.) : Arve Valley (Bakn-) ; Gertosa di Pesio and Val Arpi, vi. and
viii. e. /92 (a few) (Norn's) ; Larche (Kdiw) ; Val Anzasca, vi. 7/87
{Joiu'.-i); Salzburg, vi. e. 1900 (Imiu/); Mendel, vii. /95 {Linn.);
Modling, V. /97 {Mhx h'tn.) : Isonzotlial, vi. m. /92 {Norris).

[Obs. -Gen. 2 broods, v.b.-vi.,- aiul viii.. but sometimes only 1, t'.f/., Berisal,
where the 1st brood is e.. but I hiive never seen a sin^fle specimen of a 2nd
brood, though 1 have often hunted them in August.]

Directions of Yar. (a.) size: 38nmi.-45mra.

(b.) brightness of grd. col. up.s.
(c.) eye-spots up.s. f.w. ; same range of var.
as Mtnn {<i.r.}, exc. that the double wh. pupil in an entirely
xmbroken blk. spot is unusual, and that there is frequently
(<'.;/., in the .lura specimens) an indication of the extra eye
in the interneural space next below the large eye-spot. This
culminates in :
ab. Trinoculata, H7'. ; in wh. it is well developed.

(d.) depth of grd. col. uu.s. h.w. (the eye-
spots are less conspicuous on dk, grd.).
(e) number of eye-spots up.s. h.w. (3-5).

P. Megaera, /,. (Xiphia, llsdr.) ; 42iiiiii. l^^l. jjH. Hor-

deiuii iiuirinuiii and other grasses.
S with, ? without dk. brn. bar up.s. f.w. slanting inwards
from centre of w . lowartls inn. marg.

104 THK BrTTKltKLIK-; OK S\V1T/KK1,\\D

Dist. Char. up.s. grd. col. brt. or.-brn.

Log. Gen. distributed, and c, but scarcely to be seen above 4500ft. ;
on walls, rocks, road-sides, Ac; iv. e-vi., and vii.-x. ; I'.fi.. nv. Digne,
X. 18/02, V. fresh {Ii,-Ilnt.) ; perhaps a 8rd brood.

Directions of Yar. (a.) subsidiary eye-spots up.s. f.w.

(i.) often a small one above the large one, and nearer apex :
(ii.) rarely another small one below and outside ; sometimes

attached to the large one :
(iii.) an indication of a spot in the next interneural space, cul-
minating in :

ab. Alberti, Hedlich ; in which it is well developed and wh.-
pupilled.

Log. In the warmer Iocs, with type, but gen. scarce in Switz.
Martigny, v. e. /Ol {Slopcr); vi. m. /OB (IF/t.) ; above Branson;
Saillon {Fav.) ; Sierre, v. m. /03 {Sloper) ; Charpigny, v. 15/01, &c.,
and transitional forms (i'V.s.) ; a fairly well-marked form c. in $ ,
scarce in 3 , Aigle, and elsewhere in Rhone Valley, v. m. to vi. m.
/03 (Wh.).

By no means scarce in S.-W. corner of the region, ej/., iv. 15, 18,
21, &e., <? and $ (Sloper).

(b.) darkening of up.s.
ab. Mediolugens, Fur/is ,- a scarce ab., with cl. area of f.w. blk.
ab. (in W. Asia, var.) Transcaspica, St(jr. ; in wh. the base, inn.
marg. and v. broad out. margl. border f.w., and almost the
whole h.w. are dk. brn.
Log. Losone, nr. Locarno, iv. 25/02, a magnificent ^ (Fis.).

(c.) lighter and greyer grd. col. un.s., cul-
minating in :
ab. (in S.-E, Europe, var.) Lyssa, Bs(iv.; [a transitional form
closely approximating is not scarce in the hotter parts of the
Rhone valley in the 2nd brood, esp. at Salquenen and Varen
(M.-D.).]

(d.) number of eye-spots up.s. h.w.; nor-
mally 4, exceptionally 3-7.

*P. Egeria, L. (Meone, Esp.); 40mm. "Fd. pit.

Tritiriiiii rcpcii.^, Pun pratensis, &c.
2 rather lighter and with larger spots than <? .
Dist. Char. up.s. dk. grd. col. with fulvous or ochreous spots.

Log. Distributed throughout the region in one or other form,
and c, in woods and copses, but not gen. above 3000ft. The type,
deep brn. grd. col. and brt. fulvous markings, is only found in the
S. of the region, Basses Alpes, Alpes Maritimes, and on the S.
slopes of the more central Alps ; Val di Vedro (Fav.), &c.

[Obs. — This is one of the earHest and latest of the butterflies that do not
hyberuate as imago. It has ;'. or even 4 broods, and emerges in the S. as
early as iii. b. (e.fi., iii. 4/02, Sloper), and sometimes as late as xi. (Talt).']

AND THE ALPS OF CRNTRAL EUROPE. 105

Directions of Yar. (a.) depth, of col. up.s., gradually paling in

spots, deepening in grd. col.
yar. Intermedia, Tntt : " fuscons brn. with pale fulvous markings."

Log. The usual form in the warmer parts of the Valais ; also on
the E. slopes of the Jura, &c.

[Obs. — This according to Frey is var. Meone, Enp ; if this is correct Inter-
tnfdia nmst fall before Meone.]

Yar. Egerides, Stgr. ; dk. fuscous with pale yell, markings.

Loc. The usual form in the less warm part of the region. It
must, however, be understood that every intermediate shade exists,
and that no hard and fast line can be drawn.

ab. Pallida, Tntt .• with whitish markings.

(b.) number of eye-spots un.s. h.w. ; 8-6,

gen. 4 or 5.
(c.) extent of prp. sufl'usion un.s. h.w,
[This is gen. in proportion to the col.
up.s., there being most in type, and
least, often none, in Etfcrides.]
[Obs. — In Mr. Fison's colleetion is a specimen, from Lueens, with no It.
spots on basal half of f.w. and no It. band on. h.w.]

P. Achine, Scopoll (Deianini, L.) ; 50mm. Fd. pit.

Lolhim pcreniit', Poa annua, and other grasses.
Up.s. f.w., It. mark from nr. centre of costa more marked in $

than in <? .
Dist. Char, series of large eye-spots on f. and h.w. up. and un.s.,
unpupilled on up.s., those on un.s. h.w. placed in a conspicuous
wh. band.

Loc. Local, and preferring damp, shady woods, vi. e. and vii.
Neighbourhood of i')asle, c;/., Liestal, Tfl'enthal, &c. {(.'hrut) ; the
Bechburg (R.-S.) ; Canton of Aargau {Mcusiur) ; Schaffhausen
(Tiapp) ; Uetliberg, vii. 13/85, &c. (Lnin.) ; Canton of St. Gall, but
scarce {Tdachlfr) ; Glarus (Heer) ; Lungern ; Aarberg ; Worb ; Lake
of Bienne {M.-D.) ; Lattrigen, vi. /'^O (Tntt) ; Neuveville {(U)nlern) ;
the pine woods of the Dole, ab. {} hiker) ; Bois de Veyrier, vi. 24;
Bois de Bay, vi. 24 and 26 ; Hermance, vi. 25 ; Onex, vii. 11 {BL.);
Veytaux, vi. 13/97 and /99, scarce; Aigle, vii. /Ol, ab. {Wh.);
thence to Sepey, vii. 2/98 {Jonca) ; Bex ; Martigny (Fav.).

Mendel, vii. /95 (Lnm.) ; Pejo, vii. /y5 (Chp.) ; Berchtesgaden, vi.
27, 1900 (Law/).

Directions of Yar. (a.) un.s. h.w. presence or absence of a small

eye-spot immediately above the 3rd
from anal ang.
(b.) number of eye-spots un.s. f.w. containing
wh. pupils.
[In all examples I have seen the lowest is pupilled and the next
blind : the others vary.j

TOO THE HTTTKKFI-II'^S Ol' S\\ ITZK.HI.ANf)

Tribe Satykioi.

Genus, Satyrus, L((tr. Fd. pit. i^'msses : liyl). 1.
Prevailing col. v. dk. hrn.

S. Hermione, L. (Hermione major, E.sp.) ; 70mm.
$ with much more conspicuous band up.s. than J .
Dist. Char. Unintemipted band extending across f. and h.w. up.s.

Loc. [I have given the Iocs, as I find them i-ecorded for
Hermione and Aleyone respectively, but with regard to the Swiss
forms, esp. those of the Jura, Vaud, and the Valais. r. infra.]
Basle; Liestal {(Virist); Schafl'hausen, c. [Trapp) ; Oherutzwyl
(T(hcliler) ; the P)echburg {Il.-S.) ; Aargau (Wschl.) ; the Jura, e.t/..
nr. Basle (C/irist); above Neuchatel, viii. 26, v. worn {Il.-Ilni.) :
Vallorbe, viii. <), itc. /02, rather worn (W/i.) ; St. Cergues, vii. 20
(Bl.) ; throughout Vaud and the Valais, e.f/., Lausanne (J/.-/>.) ;
above Montreux, viii. .5/{)6 {R.-Brn.) ; Aigle, and thence to Sepey,
V. ab., vi. e.-viii. m. (HV/.) ; Martigny, vi. 14/01 {Sloper) ; all along
the Rhone Valley and the lateral valleys {Far.) ; on the Simplon
Road up to the 4th Refuge (its exti-eme altitude, I think), vii. m.
/98, V. ab., usually v. worn by viii. m. (T17/.) ; in the Orisons only
in the 3 S. Valleys, Misox, Bergell, and Poschiavo (Frey) ; Lugano
(-R.--S.) ; San Stefano, vi. 29 {Mayer).

M.t. de Sion, nr. Geneva, vii. 20 {Bl.) ; kc. ; throughout the S.
alpiuH valleys of France, N. Italy, the Tyrol, &c.

Directions of Yar. (a.) decrease in size, culminating in :
var. Alcyone, Nr/////. (Hermione, Ih-k/i..- Hermione minor. A'.s/*.) ;
i55mni.-r)8m)n.
[Obs. — After much correspondence and the comparison of many specimens
from various Iocs. I feel convinced, esp. as there is nothing v. distinctive in the
earlier stages, that Alcyone is merely the extreme form in one direction of the
same sp. of wh. Herviioiw from the Riviera is the other extreme. It would
be easy to form a series in wh. each insect would scarcely differ from those on
each side of it, but the extremes of wh. should be the most pronounced forms
of Hermione and Alcyone. In districts where both are found, as on the
Riviera, they are distinct enough, aiid the separation into 2 sj^- niay be almost
complete, Uermiove inhabiting the lowlands, Alcyone also the higher grd.;
ifen/ijojie resting on tree irunks, Alcyone on rocks; the It. band of Alcyone,
up.s., being narrower and more suffused than in Hennione, &c., but in Vaud
and the Valais, the specimens are intermediate in size, markings and habitat,
and on one side of the Aigle valley rest chiefly on trees, on the other side on
rocks. None of the usual distinctions hold good in the average Swiss speci-
mens. To take a few links in the chain the following are representative : —
(i.) Hermione from the Riviera; (ii.) Hermione from S. Grisons ; (iii.) Her-
mione, so-called, from the .lura; (iv.) Hermione, so-called, from the Rhone
Valley ; (v.) Alcyone from the Riviera ; (vi.) Alcyone from Saxony. Frey
treats both as one sp.]

Log. The Bechburg {B.-S.) ; Veyrier, vii. 13 ; viii. 3 and 24
{Bl.) : singly throughout the Rhone Valley {Far.) ; i.e., specimens
wh. more nearly approach typical Aleyone: nr. Fiesch, 2/95:
Berisal, vii. 80/97, &c. [H.-Bm.).

Bourg St. Maurice, viii. b. /98 ; St. Michel-de-]\laurienne, vii. e.
/97 ; Bourg d'Oisjms. viii. m. /96'; Bourg d'Aru. viii. m. 96; Ij:i
Grave, viii. li. 96; hclow Alirirs, viii. <). T.KIO {Tntt): Alpes

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 107

Maritimes, from sea level to oOOOft. (Ponrll) ; above Bobbie, viii.
m. 01 {Ti(tt)\ Stelvio, below Spondinig, vii. 17/02 {IL-Jtrn.);
i\I(')illing and JJadeii nr. Vienna, viii. /97 {Miss Ftn.).

(b.) greater or less amount of smoky suf-
fusion over it. band in S •

(c.) greater or less amount of mottling on It.
band un.s. h.w. ; sometimes, esp. in
I Icniiiinic from the S., almost
obliterating the band.

(d.) greater or less amount of mottling on
base, un.s. h.Av.

(o.) frequently a 2nd spot on It. band f.w.
up. and un.s. <? , as in ? .

S. Circe, Fahr. (Proserpina, Srlilff.) ; 70mm.

5 larger than 3 .

Dist. Char. wh. band up.s. f.w. and h.w., broken on f.w. l)elow
apical spot.

Log. In Switz., only in the W. and in the S. of the Grisons ;
vii. m., viii. ; in the Canton of Berne, between the Oberland and
the Jura, c. at Aarberg, Hchilpfen, Burgdorf {Fre;/) ; Berne
(Mcis^ncr) ; the Bechburg (R.-S.) ; Basle, scarce {Christ) ; St.
Ijeatenberg {Snell) ; St. Blaise, &c. {Coideni) ; v. scarce in Vaud
and the Valais ; St. Cergues, viii. 4. (LV.); Glion, vii. 8/01 (Sloper);
Mt. Pelerin, viii. 80/01 {Keynes) ; c. in the neighbourhood of Vevey
and Montreux, vii. -viii., /Ol, though not seen in the district for
many years previously, and scarce since ; between Aigle and Sepey ;
between Visp and Zermatt {Talker) ; Versoix, viii. {lU.).

Much commoner further S. ; Digne, vii. /99 (J//s.s h'tn.) ; Anuot,
vii. 17/99, V. c. {Lan;/) ; Vallon Obscur, St. Martin Vesubie, Sec.
{llrin.) ; La Bocca, Cannes, vii. 13-16/91, c. (Xic/iolsoji) ; Certosadi
Pesio, among chestnut trees above Chiusa, vii. viii. /92 (Xorris) ;
Val Muerta, x. 9/02 (IL-Bni.) ; Baden, nr. ^'ic!nna, viii. 97
(J//.S.S h'fn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) diminished breadth of wli. band up.s.,

esp. f.w., culminating in :

(" ■?) ab. Silenus, Star. ,- which has no wh. bands.

(b.) a 2nd spot just below centre of band f.w.

*S. Statilinus, HhI'h. (Faiinu, Suhcr ; Araclmc, /'/.s/^) :

iGinm.
$ with more traces of It. band up.s., esp. f.w., than S •

Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. 2 eye-spots with 2 wh. spots between them ;
un.s. h.w. dk. edge of basal half not jutting in long sharp ang.
into lighter band.
Log. Mtns. of Alpes Maritimes, vii. -viii. [I'mvell) ; Certosa di

108 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

Pesio, at and above Chiusa, viii. 14. &c. /92 (Xorris) ; Botzen, vii.
18, 1900 {n.-Hnt.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) increase of size :

Yar. Allionia, l''abr. (Fauna, Hb.: Fauna var., E^p. : var. Martiani,
H.-S.) ; 51mm., and witii base un.s. gr. instead of brn.

Log. In Switz. only from Martigny to Brig (or a mile or two on
each side) ; v. ab. at Follaterre and the Tour de la Batiaz, r.(/., viii.
21, ix. 1/99 ; viii. 27, 1900 ; also Sierre, viii. 18/99 ; Brig, ix. 7/98
(Tf7i.), &c. ; also at Lugano {H(j.).

Susa, viii. m. /97 ; Aosta, viii. m. /94 {Tiitt) ; in the lower parts
of the Alpes Maritimes (I'oirdl).

(b.) absence of pupils in the eye-spots ; in
both on f.w. up.s., and in the lower
one on un.s. S , and in the latter on
both sides in $ ; also in the small one
at anal ang. h.w. on both sides, <?
and ? ; v. usually.

(c.) up.s. h.w. wh. spots (1-4), forming ante-
margl. row above eye-spot at anal
ang. (as in Fidia).

(d.) traces of same wh. spots un.s.

(e.) amount of mottling un.s. h.w. ; some-
times almost unicolorous in 'i (as in
Fatna).

(f.) amount of angulation in dk. cl. line,
sometimes approaching Fidia.

(g.) amount of yell, band in J , f. and h.w.
up.s. and f.w. un.s.
[Obs.^This insect in the Ehone Valley varies so much in detail, and
approaches so closely to Fidia and Fatua, that I feel some doubt whether all
are not local races of the same sp.]

*S. Fidia, L. ; 56mm.

2 larger than 3^ , and with more conspicuous markings.

Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. with 2 eye-spots, and 2 wh. spots between
them ; un.s. h.w. with dk. cl. line jutting in the middle into
the It. band in a long sharp ang.

Log. Digne, vii. m. /98, not c. and difficult to obtain (B.-Brn.) ;
Levens ; St. Martin Vesubie (I'owell) ; Spondinig, viii. 18, 1900
{E.-Brn.)

Direotions of Var. (a.) diminution in size, culminating in :

ah. MontiGOla, Thicrrij-Miei/ ; wh. is also darker.

*S. Actaea, Esp.; 48mm.

5 with a 2nd eye-spot up.s. f.w. and traces of a band.

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 109

Dist. Char, one wh. -centred apical spot in <? , on v. dk. uni-
colorous grd. (j r. sii/ira).

Log. Digne, vii. /99 {li.-IU-n.) ; fairly c. in dry places on lime-
stone in the Basses Alpes and Alpes Maritimes, vi.-vii., Thorenc, &c.
(Powell) ; Susa, vi. 27/99, just emerging (R.-Brn.) ; Campiglio,
vii. /95 ; Innsbruck, vii. /97 (Lmn.).

[Obs. — I agree with Mr. Nicholson that the fact that Cordula is c. rather
earlier in the season, on the same banks at Digne on wh. Acttpa is.ab. vii. e., is
conclusive as to their being 2 distinct sp. ; I have therefore treated them as
such.]

S. Cordula, Fdhr. (Hippodice, Hh.) ; 52mm.

5 with distinct lighter band, up.s., esp. f.w.
Dist. Char, at least 2 wh. -centred eye-spots up.s. f.w. in t? , and
3 or more in 2 , on v. dk. grd.

Log. Gen. c. and often ab. in the Ehone Valley from Aigle to
Brig, and thence in small numbers to the Rhone Glacier, also in
the S. side valleys from the Val d'Herens to the Simplon and at
Loeche-les-bains [Far.) ;. v. ab. on the road from Aigle to Sepey, vii.
and viii. /Ol, &c., the S s. with 4 wh. spots at the lower elevations,
and 2 higher up ; Giornico and Cresciano {Trapp) ; Brusio (Cajlisc/i).

Bourg St. Maurice, vii. e. /98 ; St. Michel-de-Maurienne, vii. e.
/97 ; La Grave, viii. m. /96 ; Bourg d'Oisans, viii. m. /96 ; Larche
to Barcelonette, viii. b. 1900 ; Abries, viii. m. 1900 (Ttitt) ; Digne,
vii. /99, c. (R.-Brn.) ; St. Martin Vesubie, &c. (linn.) ; Annot,
Thorenc (Poirdl) ; Pre St. Didier, viii. b. /98 ; Cogne Valley, viii.
8/94 ; Susa, viii. in. /97 (Tiitt) ; Orta, vi. m. 1900; Botzen. vi. e.
/Ol (Lnar).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : 4Smm.-58mm.

(b.) number of eye-spots up.s. f.w\ ; 2-4,
rarely 3, in <? , occasionally a 5th
minute one nearer apex ; 4 in 2 ,
sometimes forming a band.

(c.) depth of grd. col. esp. in J , varying
from nearly blk. to sooty-brii.

(d.) extent and depth of col. of band up.s.
in 5 , varying from dull or.-brn. to
pale ochreous, sometimes scarcely
visible, sometimes forming a con-
spicuous band f. and h.w., the ex-
treme form being :
ab. ? Poeas, JII>. : wh. is also lighter un.s.

(e.) eye-spots (or blk. dots) h.w., gen. 1 up.s.,
2 un.s. in <? ; 2 up. and un.s. in $ ;
but sometimes absent, and in $
sometimes 3 up.s.

(f.) more or less distinctness in band un.s.
h.w.

110

THE BUTTERFIJKS OF SWITZERLAND

(g.) lightening of col. nn.s. h.w., culmi-
nating in :

ab. Bryce, Ub. -. in Avh. they are whitish and ahiiost unicolorous.

Loc. Not uncommon at r>ourg d'Oisans, viii. m. /96 [Tutt).

Genus, Enodia, Hh.

E. Dryas, Smjxdl (Phit>dra, L. ; Briseis, Ef^p. ; Athene,
Brkh.) ; 52mm. Fd. pit. grasses ; hyb. 1.
$ lighter and with more conspicuous eye- spots than ^ ; gen.
larger.
Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. 2 blk. eye-spots with prp. centres on dk.
brn. grd. col.

Log. Basle ; Ziirich, nr. the Trichtenshaus Mill [Sndl) ; Goldau
(ZlL-TJolder) ; round St. Gall and in the Toggenburg {Tiisi-Jdcr) ; nr.
the Lake of Thun, e.;/., Gunten ; Aarberg and Worb {J^'n't/) ; the
Jura {Jihjiii), e.f/., St. Blaise and Neuveville (Frey) ; Weissenburg,
in marshes {U'j.) ; Sierne, viii. 3 ; Versoix, viii. 18 (Bl.) ; Aigle, v.
ab., viii. m.-e., 1900; between Chillon and Villeneuve, viii. /Ol, ab.
(WIi.) ; the Rhone Valley, from Martigny to Fiesch (Fav.) ; c'jj., the
Pfynwald, viii. b. /99, ab. (TI7/.) ; Lucerne, viii. /95 {Tutt); the
Grisons {Killias), e.(/., Thusis {Nichohon) ; Bad Alveneu, vii. /85
(Lvm.) ; San Stefano, viii. 7 (Mayer).

Chavoire, vii. e. /02 ; Gresy-sur-Aix, viii. e., 1900, v. ab. ;
above Lac Bourget, viii. e. /94, v. ab., but not fully out, vii. 25/96
(Tutt) ; Digne ; St. Martin Vesubie (Poirdl) ; Venanson, v. ab. on
Nice road, 58 kilometres from Nice (Bnii.) ; Lago di Loppio, vii.
31, 1900, v. c, but worn (Jones).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size: v. variable. [My smallest is 47mm.,

my largest 62mm., both J s.]
(b.) depth of grd. col. up.s., esp. in ^ .
(c.) col. of un.s. h.w. esp. in ? , in wh. it

varies from dk. to golden brn.
(d.) loss of distinctness in markings un.s.
h.w., culminating in :
ab. (in Asia var.) Sibirica, Styr. : in wh. they are unicolorous,
<? and ? .

Tribe Hipparchudi.

Genus, Hipparchia, Fdln-.

Prevailing col. brn. Fd. pit. grasses ; hyb. 1.
Dist. Char, a broken macular band f.w. and h.w. up.s. ; yen. 2
eye-spots f.w. and 1 h.w.

H. Briseis, L. (lanthe major, Esp. ; lanthe minor,

Brh-h.) ; 52mm.

AND THE ALPS OF CENTKAL EUKOPE. Ill

Dist. Char, band whitish ; un.s. h.w. 2 dk. blotches nv. base.

Log. Tn Switz., chietly on the Jura, e.f/., nr. Basle {Christ) ; the
Dechburg (B.-S.) ; Bienne {M.-D.) ; Bozingen {Ik'nU'li) ; St.
Cergues, viii. /29 (/>7.) ; v. scarce in the Valais ; Mt. Ravoire, vii.
m. /02 [Wschl.) ; Naters (Fav.) ; c. round Geneva, c.//., Veyrier, viii.
8 (m.); YaXBvegaglvA (Mnuidbir).

C. in Savoie, <■.;/., Annocy (^'Vs.) ; Gresy-sur-Aix, viii. e. /94 ; vii.
25/90, just appearing, viii. 19, 1900, e. {Tiitt) ; Monnetier, viii. 10,
V. large ; Bossey, viii. 3 ; le Coin, viii. 16 ; Mornex, viii. 24 and 31
(Bl.) ; Barcelonette, viii. b. 1900, small (Tittt) ; c. at Digne in dry
stony places, esp. towards the Dourbes, vii. 19-29/91 {Xicholson) ; vii.
11-lG 89 (Mrn. Xic/ioU) ; &c. ; almost everywhere on dry rocky grd.
in the Alpes Maritimes, vii. viii. (Boiirll); Spondinig, vii. 17/02
(I!.- Bin.) ; Modhng, viii. /97 {Miss Ftn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) increase of size, culminating in :
ab. Major, obth. .• with broader It. band, esp. h.w.
(b.) col. of band up.s.
ab. Pirata, Ksp. .- with smoky reddish-yell. band.
Loc. The French Alps.

H. Semele, L. ; 50min.

2 larger, and with far more conspicuous and lighter markings
up.s. f.w. than J •
Dist. Char, up.s., band ochreous (often indistinct in ^ , esp. f.w.);
un.s. h.w. dk. cl. line much waved and angulated (often form-
ing a profile).

Log. Basle ; Aarberg ; Burgdorf {Frcji) ; St. Ciall, scarce
{Tiisr/iler); Hiitten ; Goldan {ZIL- Bolder); Zurich {Brci/); Veyrier,
&c., vii., c. {BL) ; c. on the Jura, also in the cantons of Vaud, the
Valais and the Grisons, exc. in the upper Engadine and the upper
part of the Yal Bregaglia ; Chiasso, vi. e.-vii. b. {Mai/er) ; Guarda,
vii. e. 1900 {Cfip.) ; found up to GOOOft., vi. e.-ix., according to
latitude and elevation.

Gen. distributed through the rest of the region, «'.//., Gresy-sur-
Aix, viii. m. 1900; St. Michel-de-Maurienne, vii. e. /97 ; Petit St.
Bernard, vii. e. /94 ; La Grave, viii. m. /95 ; Abries, &c., viii. m.
1900, 3 s V. dk. ; La Thuile, viii. b. 98 ; Pre St. Didier, viii. b. /98 ;
Bobbie, viii. m. /Ol ; Susa, viii. m. /96, un.s. h.w., j with wh.
band, $ covered with gr. marbling (7'»?f) ; Digne, vi. /90 ; vii. /91
{Linn.) ; Alpes Maritimes {Bnii.) ; Cadenabbia, vii. ;84 {Lmn.) ;
the Tyrol, c.ij. Mendel, vii. /95 {Lmn.), Campiglio, vii. m. /95

{( 'lip.), SiC.

Directions of Yar. (a.) col. of band.

ab. S Suffusa, Tutt; in wh, the band is scarcely visible f.w., and

consists of 4 or. spots h.w.
var. Aristaeus, Jionelli (Semele, Hb.); with large reddish-or. band,

of large size.
Loc. The more usual form of the S. ; not uncommon as ab. in

112 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

the Valais ; the move usual form at Berisal, vii. /98, but not viii.
/97. The form of the ? only at Susa, viii. m. /96 (Tutt), &c.

ab. Pallidor, TkU : with pale straw-col. band.

[Obs.— The name was originally {British Butteffliex, p. 300) applied to the ?
only, but the s of the el. Jura, and some other place; has a broad pale band
f. and h.w., and to this I have ventured to extend the name.] Vallorbe, viii. b.
/02 {Wh.)\ Obergurnigel {Freij).

(b.) distinctness of It. band un.s. h.w.

(c.) eye-spots, up.s. f.w.
ab. 3 Caeca, Tntt ,• in wh. they are unpupilled.
ab. Addenda, 'iutt .- in wh. extra spots appear in the band.

H. Arethusa, E>ip. ; 44mm.

? rather larger and with more pronounced band than 3 .
Dist. Char. up.s. band tawny ; un.s. h.w. dk. cl. line not angulated
in the middle.

Loc. Reported from Val d' Anniviers {Mcnnet).

Gresy-sur-Aix, viii. m. /97 ; above Lac Bourget, on rough grd.,
viii. 22, 1900, ab. {Tutt) ; Digne, vii. /91 {Lmn.) ; on dry hills
Basses Alpes and Alpes Maritimes, vii. -viii. b. ; Castellane, &c.
(Powell) ; 8usa, viii. m. /97 (Tutt) ; S. Tyrol {Spider).

Directions of Yar. (a.) col. of band up.s.
ab. Obsoleta, Ti /(. ; with band scarcely visible.
''Var. Erythia, Hb.: with tawny band redder and more pronounced.
■ var. Boabdil, Umbr. .- band and grd. col. darker ; larger ; v. dis-
tinctly marked fringe.
Log. Susa {Kane) ; Gresy-sur-Aix {Tutt).

(b.) distinctness of It. cl. band un.s. h.w.,
culminating in :
' var. Dentata, Stijr. : with wh. neuration and band, and blackish
dentate line between band and out. marg.

Loc. A V. usual form in S. France; Grosy-sur-Aix, viii. m. /97;
between Barcelonette and Prunieres, viii. b. 1900 {'J'utt) ; Digne
{Pou-ell) ; Alpes Maritimes {IJrin.).

Sub-Fam. EPINEPHILINtE.
Tribe Epinephilidi.

Genus, Epinephile, HJ>.

Prevailing col. brn. and tawny-or. Fd. pit. grasses : hyb. 1.
Dist. Char, borders of all ws. dk. brn. ; gen. followed, at least on
f.w. by or. (v. slightly represented in Jurtina S and LycaanS ).

E. Jurtina, L. (Janira, L. : Pami)liilus, ///////. ; Hyper-

anthus, Wilkes; MyrtiUus, lumrrmii ; Lemur, Sc/irank) ;
•15mm.

AXD THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 113

Dk. bra., (? without, $ with conspicuous or.-brn. patch up.s.

f.w.

Dist. Char. f.w. up. and un.s. blk. apical spot with one wh.pupiL

Log. Gen. ab. in meadows, grassy road-sides, open woods, c^c,

mounting to about -lOOOft., and somewhat higher in the S. Alps ;

vi.-viii. e.

Directions of Yar. (a.) col. of up.s.

ab. 3 Suffusa, 7'/'^^ .• without trace of or. even round eye-spot.
ab. $ Fallens, 'r/iin-rii-Micij : or. rephiced l)y pale yell.
ab. Semi-alba, Jlniaml .- the dk. col. giving place to pale whitish

brn.
ab. Brigitta, LjinKjh .- an extreme form of above, in wh. all the ws.

are of the pale tint, with reddish base and inn, marg.
var. HispuUa, Uh. : with more or. f.w. 3 , and with or. disc
f.w. and with a partial or. band h.w. $ ; larger than type.
Log. The regular form in the S. ; an intermediate form occurs
in the Valais and other hot Iocs., becoming var. Hispnlla in the
S. Orisons.

(b.) col. of un.s. h.w. 2 . At Aigle it has
a range of col. in the It. band (wh. is
normally ochreous), corresponding
with that of E. JEthiojm :
ab. $ Grisea, Tatt ; with gr. band.

ab. $ Yiolacea, WJi. : with band strongly tinted with heliotrope,
(c.) number of blk. dots un.s. h.w., 0-5 ;
normally 2 ; sometimes developed into
ocellated spots, a/., Gimel, vi. 27/03
(IFA.).
(d.) sometimes a small spot f.w., esp. un.s.,
attached below apical spot, occasionally
showing a 2nd wh. pupil,
(e.) occasional traces of additional eye-spots
f.w. :
ab. Erymanthea, P^sp. (Addenda, Mnidcij) ; v. rare.

E. Lycaon, lloti. (Eudoni, E>ii>.\ ; 88111m.

Dk. yell. -brn. ; J without, ? with conspicuous or.-brn. disc
and lighter ante-raargl. band f.w.
Dist. Char. f.w. up. and un.s. apical eye uninipillcd.

Loc St. Gall {Tlhfldcr) ; Schaffhausen {Trap})) : Lostorf, scarce
[Strldih-liiilioff) \ Jura, Bienne and Neuveville {M.-l>.) ; v. c. in
the warmer parts of the \'alais from Martigny and I'ollaterre to
Huteggen and Berisal, vii.-viii. (Fav.) ; <?.//., Sierre, vii. /99 ;
Berisal, vii. 13 01; viii. m. /97, (? s worn, 2 s still good (HV;.) ;
Saas, vii. e. jbo, c. (Juries) ; St. Nicholas, vii. 23, 1900 {Hhm.) ;

114 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

Hepey road, above Aigle, vii. ni. /Ol (HA.) ; lower Engadin, Zernetz
(Schcnl,) ; ]^ergell {KUlia^i).

Bossey, vii. 25 ; viii. 2-15 (Bl.) ', Gresy-sur-Aix, viii. m. 1900 ;
Boui'g St. Maurice, vii. e. /94 ; St. Michel-de-Maurienne, vii. e. /97 ;
Bourg d'Oisans, viii. m. /96 ; Larche, vii. e. 1900 ; Barcelonette,
viii. b. 1900 ; Abries, viii. m. 1900 (Tiitt) ; Digne, vii. /91 (Lvm.) ;
c. in mtns. of Basses Alpes, and- Alpes Maritimes, but not occur-
ring nr. coast, v.-viii., e.g., Beauvezer, Alios {Ptiirell) ; Courmayeur,
viii. 5/94 ; Pre St. Didier, viii. b. /98 ; Cogne Valley, viii. m. /94 ;
Bobbie, viii. m. /Ol, v. scarce (Tittt) ; Macugnaga, vii. m. 1900
(Chju); Certosa di Pesio, vii. 30, /92, v. ab., 2800ft.-4500ft.
[Norn's) ; Tyrol, Mendel, &c., vii. /95 &c., (Liiin.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) up.s. shade of grd. col., and extent of

traces of or.-brn. in ^ .

(b.) up.s. f.w., shade of or.-brn. on disc, ? ,
making It. band more or less conspicu-
ous.

(c.) S' , f.w. up. and un.s., presence of a 2nd

unpupilled spot towards anal ang., as

in ? .

[Obs. — In Mr. Fison's collection is a d with 3 spots f.w., and anotlier with
2 spots in yell, patches; also a ¥ with f.w. and band of h.w. pale yell.]

E. Tithonus, L. (Amaryllis, I>/i//. ; Hevne, Hh.; Phaedra,

Ksp.) ; 38mm.
3" -with, 5 without, dk. brown patch across or.- brn. disc f.w.
up.s.

Dist. Char. f.w. double-pupilled apical eye-spot, iji connection
with absence of wh. (exc. dots), un.s. h.w.

Log. Gen. v. local in Switz., though ab. in the few places where
it occurs. Basle (r/u7'.s^) ; Wyl (/v/.sc^rj;;//) ; Schiipfen and Aarberg
(Freii); Lucerne (TI'.srAi.); on the Jura nr. Neuchatel (Sndl); round
Geneva, v. c, Bernex, vii. ; Meyrin, vii. 26; Versoix, viii.-ix., &c.
{1>1.) ; Les Avants, viii. 5/96 [R.-Brn.) ; Charpigny, vii. m. /Ol ;
viii. m. 1900, ab. ; Aigle, same dates, v. scarce (HV*.); Val
Leventina [Trapp) ; the Misox valley, e.g., Roveredo {H(j.).

Gen. c. S. of the Alps, and from Geneva to the Alpes Maritimes,
but not beyond v. moderate heights.

Directions of Yar. (a.) extra eye-spots up.s. (and un.s.) f.w.

ab. Excessa, Tntt .• " 2, 3 or 4 extra spots, usually small and
blind, somcijimes larger and ocellated."

(b.) occasionally in J , apical eye v. small
and unpupilled.

ab. Caeca, Tutt.

(c.) number of wh. points un.s. h.w. ; 0-6

gen. 3 or 4.
(d.) lighter grd. col. up.s., culminating in :

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE.

115

ab. Mincki, Sccbohl : in wh. the band is yt41.

(e.) darkening of up.s, ; v. rarely the l^ase of
f.w. is dk. brn. and the It. band h.w.
obsolescent.

E. Ida, Esp. ; 40mni.

(T with, 2 without dk. brn. patch across disc, up.s. f.w.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. It. cl. band narrow and /(//. ; brn. aiKh'oco-
nial patch in <^ up.s. f.w. much divided up by or. nervuros.

Log. Locarno, viii. (////.).

Nice, Val des Fleurs ; \'allon Obscur ; Cannes, Sec. (linn.); nr.
Grasse, on the road to Castellane, vii. 16/91 (XicJuiLsiDi) ; Iselle ; S.
slopes of the Tyrolese x\lps {Kaiw).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : J s occasionally v. small {Pomdl).
(b.) un.s. h.w. intensity of col. and markings.

*E. Pasiphae, /vsy;. (Bathseba, Godart) ; 40mm.

$ with basal half up.s. f.w. or.-brn. ; dk. brn. in S .
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. broadish wh. band, coming out towards
border between the 2 costal and the 3 anal eye-spots.
Log. Only in the S. part of the Alpes Maritimes ; not a mtn. sp.
Directions of Yar. (a.) occasionally the eye-spot nr. apex f.w.

up.s. has only one pupil.
(b.) a 1th spot up.s. h.w., scarce {Powell).
[Obs. — In Col. Agassiz's collection are several specimens, from Angers, with
the or. replaced by yell., almost of a lemon col.]

'■'ab. Flava, H7t. ; this form may possibly occur also within our
range in the Alpes Maritimes.

Tribe Ccenonymphidi.

Genus, Aphantopus, WnUciKirot.

A. Hyperanthus, L. (Polymeda, Scoiioli) ; 42mm. Fd.

pit. i'oa, Milliiiiii, &c. : hyb. 1.
3 V. dk., 5 rather lighter, sooty-brn.
Dist. Char, un.s., series of yell. -ringed eye-spots, normally 3 f.w.,
5 h.w., with no other markings.

Log. Gen. distributed and c, often ab. ; but not usually
above 3500ft. ; vi.-vii. and sometimes viii.

Directions of Yar. (a.) great diminution of size, culminating in :
ab. Minor, l-'iulm; <y 17mm., $ 20mm; J un.s. ohve-gr., ?
yellowish olive.

(b.) loss of eye-spots un.s.
ab. Arete, MilUirc : with wh. centres and yell, rings.
ab. Caeca, Fachs ,- with wh. points only.

116 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

ab. Obsoleta, Tutt : with no trace of eye-spots.

(c.) number of eye-spots un.s. ; f.w. 0-3,

h.w. 4-6.
(d.) arrangement of eye-spots un.s.
ab. Vidua, Midler : f.w. 'A, h.w. 5 (no spots up.s.).
ab. Octoculata, Gnw : f.w. 4, h.w. 4 (no spots up.s.).

(e.) shape of eye-spots.
ab. Lanceolata, Shiiip .• in wh. they are elongated and somewhat
wedge-shaped.

(f.) presence or absence of eye-spots up.s. 3

(always present in $ ).
(g.) V. rarely, traces of transverse lines un.s.
h.w. {Tiitt).

Genus, Coenonympha, Hh.

Prevailing col. dk. brn. and It. or dk. tawny : hyb. 1.

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w., a series of ante-margl. eye-spots, some-
times difficult to distinguish, preceded by, or enclosed in a It.
band, represented in many sp. only by one or two patches ; sp.
of small size.

C. (Edipus, Fahr. (Geticus, Esp.; Pylarge, ///>.); 35mm.

Fd. pit. Poa, L'arex, Iris j^fieiulacorus.
5 with broader metallic line un.s. h.w. and more conspicuous
eye-spots un.s. f.w. than J .
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. It. band, containing eye-spots, yell., broad,
and reaching to marg. ; up.s. dk. brn.

Log. Said to have been found on a moor at Diibendorf, nr.
Ziirich, between 1820 and /30, by Bremi (? was it Hero).

S. side of Simplon nr. Domod'Ossola (Far.); Cadenabbia on grassy
slopes at back of vineyards, vii. /88, fairly c. (Limi.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) tint of grd. col. up.s.

(b.) number and size of eye-spots ; v. variable.

C. Hero, L. ; 30mm. Fd. pit. Ehjinm Kuropdus, itc.
$ lighter than 3 , and eye-spots up.s. more conspicuous.

Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. It. band narrow, wh., and irregular; up.s.

dk. brn.
Log. Bonfol {Kintili;/) : nr. Muhlen [Miiller] ; vi.-vii. v. scarce.
Directions of Yar. (a.) number of eye-spots,
(i.) often a 3rd up.s. f.w. in J .
(li.) up.s. h.w. 2-4 ; gen. 3 in <? , 4 in J .
(iii.) altogether absent, constituting :
('? '■'■') ab. Aretioides, Fologne -. rare.

AND THK ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 117

C. Iphis, Schlf. : fUiiiin. h\\. pit. grasses, esp. Ih-nrJiii-

jKldillW.

? f.w. up.s. much lighter than ^ .
Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. slightly (in $ much) lighter than elk. brn.
h.w. ; un.s. h.w. It. band represented by 2 trit. patches.

Log. Schaffhausen (Trapp) ; the Bechburg {It.-S.) ; Aargau
(WsM.) ; the Jura, nr. Basle {('hrut) ; Twann and Preles {liothen-
hach) ; St. Georges, vi. 80/02 (II7t.) ; St. Cergues, vi. 26 {lU.) ; not
uncommon in Vaud, e.t/., Veytaux, v. 26/97 ; vi. 10/01; Villeneuve;
Caux, vi. e. /03, ab. (iVa.) ; Aigle, vi. 16, 1900 (/>7,-(//.) ; c. in the
Valais ; in the Rhone Valley, e.;/., under the clift's between Vernayaz
and Martigny; Fully; Saillon ; Sion ; Sierre ; Loeche ; Visp ;
Brig (Far.) ; and in some places in the mtns., e.;/., Montana, vii.
11/99 (Tr/(.) ; Z^rmatt (Far.); the Furka, viii. 1/94 (/.'.- Z>'m.) ;
Pont de Nant, vii. 20 (lU.) ; Weissenburg, behind the Old Baths,
not c. (f/'/.) ; the Moleson {Laharpe) ; Mt. Barry, vi. 29, 1900
(Ukni.) ; Pfatfers {Z II. -Bolder) ; Tarasp, c, and Val Bregaglia
{Fiazziiiher).

Le Lautaret, vii. e. /96 ; La Grave, ,viii. m. /96 ; above Lansle-
bourg, viii, b. /97 ; Larche, viii. b. 1900 ; Abries, viii. m. 1900
(Tiitt); Alios, vii. -viii. {Foirell); Barcelonette, vii. /92 [Nurru); St.
Martin Vesubie nr. top of Mt. Balme de la Frema (Brin.); mtns. of
Carinthia, 5000ft.-6000ft. vii., c. (L/mi.); Ivor Alp, vii. /97; Lolling,
vii. 9/97 {Chp.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) shade of grd. col. up.s. f.w., esp. in g .
(b.) size of wh. patches un.s. h.w. sometimes

V. small, sometimes almost confluent.
(c.) obsolescence of eye-spots un.s, h.w.,
leading to :
ab. Anaxagoras, Assmuss ,- in wh. there are 5 v. small ones and no

metallic line.
ab. Carpathica, llonmr.ahi: in wh. they are nearly (or quite)
obsolete.

. (d.) eye-spots on up.s. h.w.

C. Arcania, L. ; o3mm. Fd. pit. grasses, esp. }fi'Iica

ciliata.
? f.w. up.s. rather lighter than g .
Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. or. brn. with dk. border ; un.s. h.w. con-
spicuous broad wh. band, preceding eye-spots, exc. costal spot.
Loc. The type mainly at low elevations, probably not above
8000ft. ; slopes of the Jura, nr. Basle {Chrut) ; the Bechburg
{It.-S.) ; Neuveville {Couleru) ; Canton St. Gall, Rorshach ;
Oberutzwyl ; Degersheim ; Bernek {TiiHclder) ; Weissenburg, not
scarce (/7//.) ; Berne, vii. 7 98 (f'/s.) ; Veytaux, v. 26/97, vi. 6/01,
&c. (H'A.j; Glion, vii. 29/01 {Sloper) ; Lausanne, c. (J7.-i>.) ;
Veyrier, vi. 17 and 21 ; Hermancc, vi. 25 {JU.) ; c. in the Valais

118 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

on bushy slopes ; neighbourhood of Martigny ; Sion ; Loeche ;
Visp ; Brig, &c. {Far.); in the Grisons, Malans {Ain.stein) ; Misox
(Wrednw) ; Val Bregaglia {Bazur/her) ; Pontresina, vii. /84 (Lmn.) ;
Locarno, vi. m. /87 (Joncx).

The Dole (Baker) ; Bossey, vii. 25, c. (lU.) ; Gresy-sur-Aix, vii.
25/96 ; Bourg d'Aru, viii. m. /96 {rntt) ; Digne, vi. /90, vii. /91
{L))in.); St. Martin Vesubie ; Castellane ; Thorenc, vi.-vii. (PofiWZ);
Susa, vi. 18/02 [Loire) ; Pre St. Didier, viii. b. /98 ; Courmayeur,
vii. b. /91 ; Bobbie, viii. b. /Ol, over {Tiitt); Chiavenna, vii. 6, 1900 ;
Cortina, vii., 1900 {IL-lUii.) ; Botzen, vi. e. /Ol [Lowe); Mendel
Pass, viii. 1/95 [Tutt), &c.

[Obs. — There must be a partia' "ind brood in the S. as it is noted from tlie
Col di Tenda, x. 7/02 [R.-Bn,.].-]

Directions of Yar. (a.) narrowing of wh. band un.s. h.w.

Yar. Insubrica, liatzcr .- gen. rather larger than type, with broad

dk. border, and 2 or 3 eye-spots showing on up.s. h.w. ; costal

spot un.s. h.w. placed as in type.

Log. Laquinthal [L\u\) ; Brusio, vii. 12, 18/01 (Fis.) ; Crevola
[Ilxtzn-) ; Bisbinno, vii. 12/92 [Mai/er).

Yar. Darwiniana, Sti/r. : smaller than type ; wh. band un.s. h.w.
of more uniform breadth, more or less enclosing costal spot ;
V. variable.

Log. V. c. and gen. distributed over the high Alpes from
Chamonix to Cortina [IL-Brn.) ; in swarms on the Simplon, vii.
11/01, &c. [Wh.) ; in some places as low as 2000ft., ejf., Glion, vi.
b. /99, &c. (TTV,.).

ab. Philea, Lrr. : smaller and approximating more closely to
Satyriun, esp. eye-spots un.s. h.w.

Log. Often with Danriuiana at high elevations ; also with
Satijrion, e.;/., Pont de Nant, vii. 4 and 20 (BL).

(b.) darkening of grd. col. up.s. f.w., cul-
minating in :
ab. ObsGUra, TliiJd : in wh. it is entirely suffused with dk. brn.
Log. Zermatt ; Mayenwand [Far.).

(c.) disappearance of apical spot un.s. f.w.
ab. Obsoleta, Tntt.

Log. Orta, esp. Sacro Monte, vi. b. 1900 [Loire) ; &c.

C. Satyrion, Esp. (Philea, Hh.) ? var. of Anuoiin, or

perhaps of Ijihis] ; 30mm. Fd. pit. grasses.
$ up.s., esp. f.w., lighter than <? .
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. conspicuous regular wh. band cnntainiiu/
series of small eye-spots.

Log. V. widely spread over the Alps, commonest from 6000ft.
to 7000ft., but found higher, and sometimes as low as 2400ft., e.i/.,
Gimel, vi. 27/03, c. (TfV;.) ; vii. -viii. Throughout Switz. ; the
Tyrol ; Piedmont ; Savoie ; and at Godessart, Basses Alpes.

AND THE AT.PS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 119

Directions of Yar. (a.) <? , darkening of grd. col. up.s. f.w.,

culminating in :
Yar. Unicolor, il'A. ; in wh, all ws. are of a uniform dk. brn. with
greenish Hnt ; 28mm.

Log. The Engadine ; e.;/., Schaf berg, vii. 24/01 (/"/s.); Campfcr,
C. {Jones).

(b.) absence of border (sometimes v. distinct),

up.s. f.w.
(c.) breadth of band un.s. h.w.
(d.) reduction in size of eye-spots, un.s. h.w.,
culminating in :
ab. Caeca, Wh., in wh. they are absent.
Loc. Les Plans, above Bex (lU.).

*C. Dorus, Esp. (Dorion, Hh.) ; 32mm. Fd. pit.

? up.s., esp. f.w., lighter than S ', ? also larger.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. series of eye-spots, not including costal
spot, in wh. the 2nd from the top is much nearer out. marg.
than those on each side of it.

Loc. The S.E. part of the region ; Digne, vi. e. /90 {Jones) ;
vii. /91 {Lmn.) ; Barcelonette, viii. b. 1900 {Tiitt) ; between Barce-
lonette and Prunieres, vi. 25/92, c. {Xorris) ; almost everywhere in
dry places in Basses Alpes, Alpes Maritimes, and Var, vi.-vii. ; as
fine in mtns. as at low elevations {Powell).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size of eye-spots.

(b.) un.s. rather lighter in the mtns. {Poirell).

C. Pamphilus, L. (Menalcas, Poda ; Nephele, lluj'ii.) ;

28mm. Fd. pit. Cijnoaurus cristata, Foa.
$ paler and with less marked border than ^ .
Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. and h.w. of same shade of brt. yell. -brn.,
un.s. It. band or patches tinged with yell.

Loc. Distributed over the whole region and gen. ab. ; found up to
about 6500ft. ; 1, 2, or 3 broods according to altitude ; in lowlands
from iii. e. to ix., in mtns. vi.-viii. My earliest date is Veytaux,
iii. 27/99.

Directions of Yar. (a.) distinctness of apical spot f.w.
ab. Bipupillata, (^'osmorici : in wh. it is large and (esp. un.s.) dis-
tinctly double-pupilled.
ab. Obsoleta, Tutt ,- in wh. it is absent.

(b.) increase of distinctness of dk. border.
var. (& ab.) Lyllus, J^^p. .• in wh. there is a distinct dk. border f.

and h.w.
[Obs. — It would seem that this is the characteristic of Esper's Lyllus, and
that the form gen. so called really belongs to — ]

120 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

"ab. (& Yar.) Marginata, Bi'thl : larger, with broader border,
un.s. lighter with margl. row of metallic bl. spots.

Log. Only in the hottest parts of the region, as ab. ; transitional
forms not uncommon in hot seasons.

(c.) loss of markings un.s. h.w., culminating
in :
ab. Unicolor, Tidt : in wh. it is entirely reddish-brn.

(d.) a distinct row of eye-spots un.s. h.w.
ab. Ocellata, Tutt ,- (the type has only traces of this).

(e.) loss in depth of grd. col. up.s. culmina-
ting in :
ab. Pallida, Tntt: pale yellowish-tawny, with pale gr. out. marg.

C. Typhon (Tiphon) Itott. (Davus, Fahr.y, 35mm. Fd. pit.

L'arc.v, Fcatuca, liliynconpora, ErinpJumim.
? up.s. f.w. rather lighter than <? .
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. It. band represented by 2 or more patches
of dirti/ ir/i. : 2nd eye-spot from anal ang. the largest, exc.
sometimes the costal spot ; further distinguished from Iphis by
lighter up.s., and from PawphiUm by absence of gr. border up.s.

Log. Confined to marshy places, and v. local. Schatfhausen,
only on the " Scharrensumpf " [Trajqi); Zurich on the Katzensee
(Frei/) ; Utznach, vii. 5/01 ; Weesen marsh, vii. 8/01, rather worn
(F/.s.) ; Gais and Weissbad (Pei/cr-LnJiof) ; Lake of Hallwyl
(Tr.sr/(^.); Berne {Mcissjwr); Schiipfen and Val Travers (llothenhac/i);
Glsivus (Heer) ; Weissenburg marshes, not uncommon (/:///); Gimel-
sur-Rolle, a sloping marshy field on the left of the road to St.
Georges, vii. 1/02, fresh and ab. (W/i.) ; Leuk (M.-B.) ; Mt. Barry,
vi. 30, 1900 (Bkiii.) ; Brunnen, vi. 6/86 (Jones); Ragatz {AmsU'i)i) ;
Splugen, below Andeer, vii. 5, 1900 [H.-Brn.).

Osterwitz, Carinthia, vii. /97 {Lvin.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) darker grd. col., and more and larger

eye-spots, culminating in :
Yar. Philoxenus, Bsp. (Rothliebii, H.-S.) ; un.s. also dk. red.-brn.,
with ante-margl. band of eye-spots ; up.s. 0-5 f.w., 1-6 h.w.

(b.) paler grd. col., fewer and smaller eye-
spots, culminating in :
Yar. Laidion, Jhhh. .• not gen. mndi lighter than type, but up.s.
ocellation reduced to small dots, gen. 1 on f.w. and 1 on h.w. ;
un.s. basal area h.w. much darker than border, as in type, but
with only traces of eye-spots ; gen. 1 apical eye-spot f.w.
ab. Isis, Thnnhenj: the extreme form as to paleness of col.
ab. Obsoleta, Tutt ,• the extreme form as to absence of ocellation,
there being only one dot, h.w.
[Obs. — Unfortunately v. little information is forthcoming as to the different

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 121

forms in vai'ious localities ; the Utznach and Weesen specimens are, however,
more or less typical, a few verging towards rhilo.ieiiu.'i ; those from Giniel are
much nearer to lAiidion : the Brunnen specimen is reported as Latdion, and
that from the Splugen as /.si-s-.]

Sub-Fam. EREBIINiE.

Tribe (Eneidi.

Genus, (Eneis, //A. (Chionobas, Ihdv.).

GE. Aello, lib. (Noma, Rh.; Glacialis, Srhnmk) ; 52mm.
Fd. pit. grasses ; hyb. 1.
^ dk., rather washed-out brn., with tawny ante-margl. band ;
$ rather washed-out tawny.
Dist. Char. Conspicuous wh. veinin": and small transverse streaks
on dk, h.w. un.s.

Loc. Gen. at high elevations, from 5500ft. to 8000ft., but occa-
sionally in plains, e.</., at ft. of Mt. D'Autan (Far.), &c. ; in N.
Switz. only reported from the Schiifler in Appenzell (Tiischlcr), and
Pilatus (Knecht) ; gen. distributed in the Bernese Oberland and the
mtns. of Vaud, the Valais, and the Grisons ; e.//., the Brienzer
Rothhorn and Miinnlichen (Fis.) ; Engstlen and Tannen Alps
{Baker) ; S. side of Rochers de Naye {Fin.) ; Glacier de Trient ;
Bovine ; Arpilles ; Grand St. Bernard ; Gemmi ; Grimsel ;
Laquinthal, &c. {Far.) ; Arolla, vii. 11, 1900 ; Turtmannthal, vi.
20/99 {llhiiu); Zinal, viii. 1/98, worn {R.-Brn.) ; Simplon Pass, 4th
Refuge, vii. m. /98, c. {Wli.) ; Steinenthal, vii. b. /02 {Sheldon) ;
Maloya, vi. ; Pontresina, vii. /95, worn {Miss Ftn.) ; Campfer,
rather c., just below tree-limit {J<j)ies), &c.

Eastwards to the extremity of the region ; e.i/., Brenner, Postalp,
vii. 28, 1900, worn {B.-Brn.) ; Campiglio and Pejo, vii. /95 ; Heili-
genblut, vii. 25/97 {Linn.) ; also to the S.W. ; Le Reculet in the
Jura, vii. 24 {Bl.) ; St. Remy {Baker) ; St. Martin Vesubie, vi. e.,
vii. b. {Foirell) ; Pepiori ; Balme de la Frema ; Madone des
Fenetres {Brni.).

[Obs. — The little fiction that this sp. occm's only every two years, alter-
nately in the Bernese Oberland and the Valais (such a convenient arrangement
for collectors !) is disproved by the above dates ; it is, however, very likely thiit
in cold seasons and at great elevations the 1. hybernates twice.]

Directions of Yar. (a.) depth of grd. col. and consequent dis-
tinctness of band, up.s. ^ .
(b.) number of spots : (gen. 2 f.w. and 1
h.w., but sometimes only 1 f.w., and
often 2 h.w. ; frequently on up.s. h.w.
traces of 2 more).

Genus, Erebia, I)<iliii.

Prevailing col. dk. (gen. v, dk.) brn., usually with red-brn. or
or. -brn. bands or spots, gen. containing pupilled or unpupilled
eye-spots.

122 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

2 gen. with lighter markings and often with more eye- spots
than ^ .
[Obs. — The ? in most cases comes out, or, at any rate, shows itself, con-
siderably later than the cT ; the former is gen. to be found among flowers or
grass, the latter has a predilection for roads and rocks.]

The following remarks include the genus Melampias, lib., for the
erection of wh. no adequate excuse appears to me to exist (v. intro-
duction).

This genus is in many cases v. local, and in all has more or less
definite limits of altitude ; these I have endeavoured to tabulate,
the figures, in English ft., being mostly founded on those given by
Frey (who uses Parisian, not Enghsh, ft.), but altered in many
cases in accordance with subsequent experience. It must be under-
stood that " plain " does not mean sea-level, but the general valley
level of the districts in wh. the sp. occur, and of course the figures
are only approximate. Epistygne, plain to 4000ft.; Medusa, plain
to 4500ft. ; ^Ethiops and Stygne, plain to 5500ft. ; Ligea, plain to
4500ft., and with var. Adyte to 6000ft. or more ; Evias, plain to
7000ft.; Neoridas, 2000ft. to 6000ft.; Ceto, 2700ft. to 5500ft;
Nerine, 3300ffc. to 5000ft.; (Eme, 8000ft. to 6000ft. (but at Gliou
at 2000ft.); Euryale, 3000ft. to 6500ft. ; Scipio, 3000ft. to 7500ft. ;
Manto, 4000ft. to 6500ft. ; Goante, 4000ft. to 7000ft. ; Melampus,
4500ft. to 6500ft. (exceptionally 3500ft. to 8000ft.) ; Pharte,
Eriphyle, and Tyndarus, 4500ft. to 6500ft. ; Christi, 4500ft. to
7000ft. ; Mnestra, 5000ft. to 8000ft. ; Arete, 5500ft. to 6000ft.
(LvDi.) ; Pronoe, 5500ft. to 6500ft. ; Epiphron vars., 6000ft. to
8000ft. (exceptionally 4500ft. to 9000ft.) ; Lappona and Gorge,
5500ft. to 9000ft. ; Flavofasciata, 7000ft. to 8000ft. ; Alec"to,
7000ft. to about 10000ft.

*E. Epiphron, KnocJi (Egea, Biih. ; lanthe, ///>.) ;
28mm, -34mm. Ed. pit. Aira jn-fecox, and A. caHpitom.
5 with more distinct markings than S •
Dist. Char, a slight ang. in h.w. about half-way down out. marg.

Log. Not on the Jura, but in one form or other distributed over
the high Alps of the whole region. Unfortunately, in many,
indeed in most cases, the special forms from different localities are
not mentioned in books, letters, or lists, and in many collections the
Iocs, of the specimens are not attached ; hence a great difficulty
arises in giving, what is most desirable, the exact habitat of the
different vars. Speaking roughly, it may be said that the type is
only reported from above Certosa di Pesio, vi.-vii. {Morris) ; that
var. Yalesiana is to be found on the S. slopes of the Valaisian alps,
the Mayenwand, the Pierre-;\-voir, and the Simplon ; that var.
CanHinpe is the more usual form on the S. French, Piedmontese and
Valaisian alps, and round Engelberg ; vars. Xdainiis and MnciiKm
in the iJernese Oberland, the Grisons and the Tyrol ; though
Nda)iu(s is to be found as an ab. throughout the region; ab.
Obmleta appears to come chiefly from the Grisons : vii. and viii. are the
usual months of appearance, according to altitude, but also vi. in
theS.

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 123

The type has the hand continuous, with larfre eye-spots, pupilled

in 5? .
Directions of Yar. (a.) decrease in size and distinctness of

markings.
var. Yalesiana, M.-D.; 34mm.; a large form with continuous

band and hxrge spots.
var. Cassiope, habr. .• band continuous on f.w. ; but on h.w. only

8 or 4 blk. dots in fulvous rings.
var. (& ab.) Nelamus, Thdv. (Bernensis, M.-D.); band reduced on

f.w. and obsolescent on h.w., blk. dot^ almost (or quite) absent.
var. Mnemon, IJaworth : band broken up mto rings ; gen. 4 f.w.,

2 h.w.

ab. Obsoleta, Tutt : bands and spots alike obsolete.
[Obs. — Many intermediate forms occur.]

(b.) great variation in number and size of
spots.

E. Melampus, FssL ; 32mm. Fcl. pit. Poo (iimiui, &c.

? with longer and narrower ws. than S' , markings gen. more
pronounced and yellower.
Dist. Char. blk. unpupilled spots in red-brn. macular band f.w.,
and rings h.w., up.s. and un.s., in connection with small size
{v. EriphijU).

Log. One of the most widely distributed and ab. of the mtn.
Knbias ; in the fir zone, and in high pastures and meadows
throughout the region ; vii.-viii. according to elevation and latitude.
Occasionally found considerably lower than its normal range, c//.,
as low as 3300ft. at Weissenburg (%.); Brusio, vii. 12/01 (/'V.s.).'
Directions of Yar. (a.) tendency to stronger marking, culmina-
ting in :

ab. Sudetica, Stiir. .- wh. has also somewhat lighter and yellower

spots.

Log. Priitigau {Zll.-Doldcr).

(b.) diminution in size of reddish patches and

blk. spots,
(c.) number of blk. spots (the normal number

is: up.s. f.w. 4, h.w. 2, the lowest

spot on f.w. and the top one on h.w.

being without blk. ; un.s. f.w. 2, h.w.

3 or 4).

[Obs.— An example taken at Eanda by Frey with a wh. spot on each w.
up.s. is recorded as :

ab. Randae, P'or.

E. Flavofasciata, Hcniic : 80mm. Fd. pit. (and 1.) un-
known.

124 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

2 with larger spot than <? .
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. bi-oad ante-margl. band yell, with blk.
spots.
[Obs. — This sp., the smallest Krchia, closely resembles some forms of
Epiphron on up.s., but without ang. in h.w.]

Log. Val Maggia, " grassy slopes above Fusio, in close asso-
ciation with the outcrop of a wh. rock of dolomitic composition,"
vii. 1-12/99 {Clq,.) ; Alpe Pianascio, vii. 12-13/99 {Midh'r) ; Bern-
hardin Pass, vi. /96, 1 ^ {Maa;/) ; 2 places nr. Pontresina, viz.,
Schafberg, above 1st restaurant, vii. 24/01 ; and Tscherva Glacier,
behind restaurant, 1 ^ , \u. 10/01 (Fis.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) un.s. h.w., breadth, regularity and depth

of col. of yell. band.
[Obs. — The Tscherva Glacier specimen has a slightly broken band, with v.
irregular inn. edge.]

(b.) number of spots f.w. up. and un.s. (nor-
mally 5).

[Obs. — I have a specimen from the Alpe Pianascio with 4 on up.s. and 6 on
un.s.]

*E. Arete, Fair.; 3'imiii. Fd. pit. ? Aim ccuspitosa (not

successfully reared).
c? with dk., $ with yell.-gr. h.w. un.s.
Dist. Char, ante-margl. row of tiny wh. spots un.s. h.w., just
visible on up.s.

Loc. Styrian and Carinthian Alps, e.;/., Stelzing, vii. 11/97, v.
local, on Sau Alp, but not on Kor Alp {Lvm.) ; Salzburg, vii.-viii.
{Spider).

Directions of Yar. (a.) increase in size of wh. spots, esp. in 5 ,

culminating in :
^' ab. ? Albofasciata, llofncr : in wh, they are confluent.

E. Eriphyle, Frr. (Tristis, H.-S.) ; 83mm. Fd. pit.

grasses (J-'ar.).
5 with eye-spots, esp. up.s. f.w. more marked than in ^ .
Dist. Char, reddish-brn. (in J yell.-brn.) markings up. and un.s.,
f. and h.w. ; but the 2nd ftpot from casta Ji.ir., csji. un.s., iiotice-
ahlji nearest the base. Differs also from Melavijnis in absence of
blk. dots in the spots of h.w., and from F/iarte in having gen.
blk. dots in the 2nd and 8rd red brn. patches in S" f-w., and in
more in 5 .

Loc. V. local, and gen. scarce, occurring in Central and E.
Switz., in the Styrian and Carinthian Alps, and again in S. Pied-
mont; vi. e. to viii. The Niesen {■Jiiijui) \ Kandersteg and the
Gemmi, small and dk. (Ilothenbaeh) ; ft. of the Furka, to right of
Rhone Glacier ; Maycnwand ; Grimsel ; Alpes de Lens [Far.) ;
Triibseealp, vii. m. /Ol {Loire) ; Devil's P)ridge {Freij) ; from the

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 125

Bernhardin Pass to the Hinterrhcinthal {Uathenhacli) ; Dischmathal,
vi. 27, and vii. 2/01 (7'7.s'.) ; Sertigthal and Fluclathal, viii. /82
{11. -S.) ; Fliniserstein {('aflisc/i) ; below the village of Siniplon {Jutr.).
Innsbi-uck, viii. 1/97 ; St. Anton, viii. 4/97 {Clip-) ;. Stelzing, vii.
11/97 ; Sau Alp and Ivor Alp, vii. m. /97 {Lnin.) ; Certosa di
Pesio, V. ab. at head of Val Avpi, in Val Marguareis, and under the
summit of Monte Costa Eossa, vii. 11, &c., /92 (Norn's).

Directions of Yar. (a.) increase in amount of red-brn. up.s.

ab. Intermedia, Freij : in wh. the spots are larger.

(b.) loss of blk. dots f.w.
ab. Impunctata, Hnfner -, wh. has also v. large red-brn. spots up.s.

(c.) lighter border and reddish suffusion
un.s. f.w'.

E. Pharte, Hh.; 37mm. Fd. pit. grasses (Z^'^/r.).

3 with dk., 5 with yellowish un.s.
Dist. Char. (Mow/ or n-eili/c-s/iaped red-brn. (in ? yell.-brn.) spots
up.s. f.w. ; none of the spots, up. or un.s., f. or h.w., con-
taining blk. points.

Log. Wide-spread, but somewhat local, and not gen. c. ; vii. -viii.
Obergurnigel (Meissncr) ; Kandersteg, vii. 9/91 (Rosa) ; both sides
of the Gemmi, on the N. at the entrance to the Gasterthal, and on
the slopes of the Kienthal ; the Grimsel, above the Handeck falls,
&c. (M.-D.) ; Gadmenthal {Riitzer) ; Little Scheideck {Fih.) ; the
Surenen {Christ) ; Trixbseealp, vii. m. /Ol {Lowe) ; Pilatus {Paul) ;
Miihlebachalp, above Engi ; Kalfeuseralp {Eisenriwi) ; about a
mile down the Gsteig side of the Col de Pillon, viii. b. /98 {Jones) ;
the Diablerets {t'is.) ; la Vare, above Pont de Nant, vii. 11 {lU.) ;
Dent du Midi, viii. 6/02 {Fls.) ; Glacier de Trient ; Forcluz ; Arolla;
Alpes de Lens ; above Obergesteln ; between Berisal and the
Simplon Pass ; Rossbodenalp, &c. (Far.); Flimserstein {Caflisc/i) ;
Dischmathal, viii. 2/01 {Fis.) ■ Maloja, vii. /88 {Lnm.) : FlneUithal
{B.-S.) ; Val Tuoi, vii. m. 1900 {C/ip.).

Le Lautaret, vii. 30, viii. 5/96 {Tutt) ; Cortina, woods about Tre
Croce, vii. 23, 1900, not c. {R.-lh-n.); Stelvio, Eppelshoim ; Inns-
bruck, viii. 1/97; Ivor Alp; St. Anton, vii. m. /97 {Linn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) diminution in size and number of spots,

esp. f.w., culminating in :
ab. Phartina, sv_'/r. .• in wh. they sometimes scarcely appear.

Loc. Dent du Midi, viii. 6 02 {Fis.); Trilbseealp, vii. m. /Ol,
not nncomraon ; Gemmi {Loire); Val Tuoi, vii. m. 1900; Fnsio,
vii. b. /99 (^ ■/(//.), etc.

(b.) increase in conspicuousness of red-brn.,
culminating in :
'■'var. (& ab.) Fasciata, Spider : in which they become a band
(ahvays, however, divided by the dk. nervures), red-brn. in J ,
yell.-brn. in $ .

126 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

Loc. Styrian and Carinthian Alps {Spider) ; some specimens
from the Triibseealp approach this form closely.
Guarda, vii, 22-31, 1900 ; Fusio, vii. b. /99.

E. Christi, Fuitzer ; 32mm.-38mm. Fd. pit. (and 1.)

unknown.
2 up.s. f.w. band lighter and less broken than in <? .
Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. band containing eye-spots (unpupilled)
follows curve of w. ; un.s. h.w. cl. band inconspicuous, but
with out. edge always distinguishable ; differs, further, from
Epiphron and vars. by absence of ang. in h.w. ; from Mnctitra
by band of f.w. being much nearer to out. marg. ; l^y band
un.s. f.w. being ahvays distinguishable from cl. suffusion (wh.
in C/tristi does not exist on up.s.), and gen. by the ante-marg.
blk. spots un.s. h.w^ ; from MelcDiipas and Kriphijlc, by absence
of all rust col. or yell. un.s. h.w.

Loc. Laquinthal, and thence occasionally to Simplon Hospice
((Fav.) ; 1st half of July {Fav., Fis., Obth., &c.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) relative length and breadth of f.w.,

always more or less long and narrow,
(b.) col. of band, wh. varies from rich red-
brn. to rich yell.-brn.

(c.) number of spots f.w., 2-4.
[Obs. — So far as I know no specimen has yet been taken without eye-spots
f.w., but I should expect this ab. to occur, as they are sometimes v. inconspicu-
ous.]

(d.) conspicuonsness of spots h.w., esp. up.s.

(e.) visibility of cl. band un.s. h.w. {i: supra).
[Obs.^In spite of criticisms to the conti'ary, there is really no doubt of this
being a good species. It resembles to some extent 4 others (v. supra), but, though
itself a variable sp., it has always characteristics wh. do not disappear, and wh.
render it distinguishable from any other. I have never found any great difticulty
in identifying specimens, and in every case my judgment has been independently
corroborated by Chne. Favre, who has had much experience of the sp. There is
nothing impossible, nor, indeed, contrary to what might naturally be expected in
this local genus, in the limitation, so far as is at present known, of its range ; it
is not so very much more restricted than Flavofasciata, Zapateri, or even Arete,
Hcipio, Neoridas, &c., and may very likely yet be found in other neighbouring,
or perhaps more distant, localities.]

E. Mnestra, Hh. ; o5mm. Fd. pit. grasses [Fav.).

$ with just visible ante-margl. band un.s. h.w., wh. in ^ is
unicolorous.
Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. broad red-brn. band, almost equidistant
throughout from out. marg.; gen. suffused on inn. edge, some-
times almost to base of w., and continued more or less on h.w.
(The squarest of the smaller Frebias.)

Loc. La Vare, above Pont de Nant, vii. 11 (Bl.) ; mtns. round
Martigny, Arpilles, Bovine, Trient, Alpe-de-Fully, Pierre-a-voir ;

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUUOPE. 127

also above Mayeiis du Sion ; Evolena; Val d'Aniiiviers ; Loccbc-
les-bains, &c. (Fav.) ; Ferpecle, viii. m. /99 ; Col du Torrent,
viii. b. /99 {Tiitt) \ Arolla, vii. 11-16, 1900; Riffelalp, vii. 10/99
(Bhn.) ; 8aasthal, vii. /9-1 {Miss p'tn.) ; Findelen, v. small (7'V.s.) ;
Steinenalp, vii. 3/99; Simplon Village, vii. 10/01 ; viii. 3/99 (TfVt.) ;
Laquinthal, vii. 30/99 {Cfi}>.) ; Belalp {Dnitcli) ; the Grimsel, nr.
the Aar Glacier {Mcissun-) ; Meienthal {W'scJd.) ; Furka, vii. /89
(Lmn.); Mayenwand {J-'rci/) ; the Grisons, (•.</., Rosegg Glacier, viii.
8 01 (Fis.) ; Pontresina, vii. /95 {Miss Ftn.) ; Maloja, vii. /88
{Liini.); Davos, viii. 2, 1900; Guarda, vii. 22-31, 1900; above
Fusio, vii. b. /99 {('lip.), &c.

Alps round Chamonix, c. {M('iss)icr) ; the Brevent, viii. 18/02
Le Lautaret, viii. b. /9G {I'litt) ; Alios ; Colmars ; Beauvezer ; St
Martin Vesubie {I'oicdl) ; top of Stelvio Pass, vii. 12, 1900 {ii.-Uni.)
Petit St. Bernard, viii. b. 98; The Grammont, viii. b. /94 {Tutt)
Pejo, vii. /95 (/.»/».).

Directions of Yar. (a.) presence or absence of 2 apical eye- spots,

up.s. f.w.

(b.) presence or absence of wh. pupils to
these eyes when existing.

(c.) extent of red-brn. suffusion up.s. f.w.

E. Alecto, Hb. ; 48mm. Fcl. pit. grasses {Fa\:.).

2 h.w. up.s. and un.s. slightly less unicolorous than in <? ; in
type 2 v. small apical eye-spots up.s. f.w.
Dist. Char, large size, in connection with dk., nearly unicolorous,
■ h.w.

Log. Distributed over all the highest Alps of the region, in one
form or other, the type (as given above) being the usual form E. of
Switz., the form without eye-spots, Glacialis, being more usual in
Switz, and to the W., though in many places both occur together;
vii. -viii. : Mr. Rowland-Brown remarks that on the Swiss side of the
Stelvio he found only Glacialis, on the Austrian side only Alecto,
viii. 4/97. Laharpe, as quoted by Frcy, was mistaken in supposing
the sp. to be absent from the Vaudois Alps ; c.//., Dent de Morcles,
vii. 10 ; Grand Ma-veran, vii. 21 ; Alecto, Glacialis and Pluto {111.).
]\Ir. Norris observes tbat, at Godessart, Alecto and PVuto were
attracted by his blk. net, and that he thus took a good series. Mr.
Buckmaster took Glacialis on the moraine of the Allaliu Glacier as
early as vi. 21/94. In Switz. it does not usually occur in large
numbers, but in some localities further E. in the Alps, ejj., the E.
side of the Stelvio it is ab. Mr. Rowland-Brown speaks of the E.
Stelvio specimens as much larger than the Swiss, but Mr. Fison has
taken v. large ones with fine blk. grd. col. on the Piz Languard, viii,
5/01.
Directions of Yar. (a.) absolute disappearance of mahogany

suffusion.
ab. ? Persephone, Esp. ,• the apical eye-spots remaining.

[? Is this the supposed E. Melas from Campiglio taken by Mrs.
Nicholl in /90, and afterwards vii. 25/92 by Mr. Ehves, and in vii.

128 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

/95 by Mr. Lemaim and Dr. Chapman, the latter of whom afterwards
wrote {Knto)iiolo(jut, xxxiv., 17) that these specimens had been proved
by Calberla to be Glacialis.]

(b.) disappearance of apical eyes in ? , with
increase of mahogany suflusion in both
sexes.
var. Glacialis, E^p. (Alecto, Frr.) ; wb. has the suffusion broad
but inconspicuous.

Loc. The more usual form in Switz., and the W. and S.-W.
alps; occurring also in the E. Alps; ('.(/., Heiligenblut, vii. 25/97
(L»///.).

(c.) tendency of all markings to disappear,
culminating in :

ab. 3 Pluto, /'-sy. (Alecto, Jjsdr. : Duponcheli, ('/yf/(.) ; almost blk.
up. and un.s.

Loc. More c. in the W. than in the E. of the region ; Brienzer
Eothhorn, vii. 16/92 ; Anthemoz on the Dent du Midi, vii. 29/02
(i'V.s.) ; Gornergrat, viii. 10/01 [Sloju'r) ; &c.

On the Dourbes, Digne, vii. 11-16/89 (3/y.s. Xirli»ll) ; nr. Certosa
di Pesio, on Monte Faschia, 7000ft. to 8000ft., and at Gias del
Ortiga [Norris) ; &c.

E. Manto, Esp. (Pyrrlia, Fahr.) ; 40mm. Fd. pit.

grasses {P\u\).
S with mahogany or dull fulvous, $ with ochreous-yell. spots
un.s. h.w.
Dist. Char. ? , col. of spots un.s. h.w., J 2 small unpupilled
apical eye-spots up.s. f.w. in connection with more or less
oblong blotches un.s. h.w., the largest being nr. costa ; differs
from I'hartc by having blk. spots on the red-brn. patches up.s.
f.w., and from (/ctti var. ohsviira by absence of wh. pupils in
these spots.

Loc. Gen. distributed over the Bernese, Vaudois and Valaisian
Alps, though gen. in small numbers in the latter canton ; e.ij.,
Weissenburg, v. ab. (////.); Miirren, vii. 24-viii. 12, 1900 (TTX) ;
Diablerets, c. and v. fine, viii. /85 (Jones) ; Tour d'Ai, viii. 7/97
{Timalcij) ; Caux, vii. /Ol (Lvm.) ; Val d'Anniviers, Ponchette to
Chandolin ; Loeche-les-bains ; Riffelalp ; Simplon, &c. (/''or.) ;
Engelberg, on wooded slopes (Christ); Pilatus (['aiil) ; Alps of
Appenzell (Tiischler), and 8t. Gall (Hisoirhifi) ; Oberalp, viii. 26/95
(rA^y.) ; scarce in the Grisons ; Engadine, in the valley, and Alp
Tschitta above Bergiin (Zll.).

Brenner on the top of the pass, and on Postalp, vii. 27, 1900,
V. c. (li.-Brn.) ; Innsbruck, viii. 1/97 (Lnin.) ; St. Anton, viii. 4/97
(Chp.) ; reported from the Basses Alpes by MiUierc and Jknncl.

Directions of Yar. (a.) tendency to diminish in size, culmi-
nating in :

AND THK ALPS OF CENTKAL EUROPK.

129

var. Pyrrhula, /'Vc// .- 82ium. : with spots and eyes obsolescent.

Log. Only in the highest haunts of the sp., <■.//., on the Albula
Pass, high above the tree limit, vii.-viii. often c. (/''/v//) ; Gurga-
letsch, above Parpan {Caflisc/i). [A transitional form not quite so
small and with better marked spots and eyes is found at somewhat
lower elevations, c.'/., Davos (Frn/) ; Milnnlichen, W. of top.vii. 2i,
1900; Dent du Midi, viii. G/02 ;' Mythen, viii. 25/02, rather worn
(/'Y.S.).]

(b.) spots of un.s. becoming lighter in 3 ■
ab. Bubastis, Meimier (Pyrrha Maccabfeus, /•>*-.) ; in wh. they
arc whitish ; $ with chequered fringe.
Log. The Schinberg in Aargau {ll.-S.) ; Gadmen {Zll.-Dnldci) ;
Pilatus (Wschl.) ; Engelberg {ChrU) ; Loeche-les-Bains {Meissncr) ;
Glacier de Trient (ir.srAL).

(c.) tendency of spots, esp. un.s. h.w., to
diminish in size and number, culmi-
nating in :
ab. Csecilla, ///*. ; in wh. they have almost disappeared on up.s.,
and only show traces of the largest on un.s. h.w. (enough,
however, to distinguish from (Enie ab. Lit(iens).
Log. Miirren, vii. 24, &c., 1900 {Wh.); Sefinenthal; Mann-
lichen ; Dent du Midi {hu.) ; Engelberg (Christ) ; on the Joch Pass
(ZIL-Lhlder) ; Gadmen {RiiUer) ; Guarda, vii. 1900 (C7(/).).
Brenner Pass, vii. 27, 1900 {li-Urn.).

E. Ceto, HI). ; 40mm. Fd. pit. Poa (iiuiaa, &q.

? macular band lighter and more conspicuous than in <? .
Dist. Char, ante-margl. band of brt. brn. spots, alniond -shaped ^
with blk. centres, f. and h.w., up. and un.s. (c. Mcdnm).
Log. Local, and in Switz. chiefly in the Yalais and the Grisons ;
possibly, however, it may be overlooked, as its flight is confined to
the 1st fortnight or 3 weeks of July. Outside the 2 Cantons named,
I find : Dent de Corjeon, Fribourg {Kcuw) ; les Ormonts, Vaud
(M.-D.) ; Fusio, Tessin, vii. b. /99 {rhp.) ; Kandersteg, Berne, vii.
■J/97 {i'ostans) ; in many Iocs, in the Yalais, and when found gen.
ab.; Mt. Ravoire ; Arpilles ; from Martigny Combe to the Forclaz ;
Bovine ; Fully ; Sembrancher ; Grand St. Bernard ; nr. Levron on
the Alpe du Lens ; Evolena ; Inden ; Loeche-les-bains, &c. (Far.) ;
Turtmannthal, vi. 20, St. Nicholas and Zermatt, vi. 29/99 (ninn.);
the Rifiel, vii. /Ol {Linn.); Ganterthal, vii. b. /Ol, v. ab. {Wh.);
Zinal, viii. b. /98, v. worn {ll.-lhn.), &c. ; in the Grisons, the
Schafberg, vii. /88 {Liini.); Promontogno, vi. /95 {Mhs Ftn.);
above Yicosoprano, and at Samaden {Meni/elbir) ; Ardetz and
Tarasp {Killia.s) ; Fusio, vii. 1-12/99 {Chj>.).

The Brevent,'viii. 18/02 ; Le Lautaret, vii. e. /96 {Tntt) ; Seyne ;
Alios {Puirell) ; Ozglosse, Malmorte, &c. {Kane); St. Martin Vesubie
{Poirell); Certosa di Pesio, v. c. {Xorris) ; Susa, vi. 24/99, v. fine
(n.-Brn.); Courmayeur, vii. b. 02 (Loire); Chiesa,vii. 9, 1900, worn
(li.-Brn.) ; Macugnaga, vii. /96 (Miss Ftn.) ; Trafoi, vii. 14, 1900,

130 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

V. ab. {R.-Urn.) ; Mendel, vii. /05 {Luin.); Campigiio, vii. m. /95 ;

Pejo, vii. e. /95 {<-'lip.)-

Directions of Yar. (a.) decrease in number and size of spots,

culminating in :
Yar. Obscura, Tiiit^cr : in wh. they are v. small, even in ? .

Log. Glacier de Trient ; Val de Bagnes ; Laquinthal (Fav.) ;
just below Simplon Village, vii. 10/01, v. ab. (irA.).

Le Lautaret, viii. 1/96 (Tatt) ; Macugnaga [Far.).
ab. Caradjae, Carlisdi : in wh. the spots have almost (or quite)
disappeared, and wh. is also smaller.
Log. In the highest parts of the range of the sp.

(b.) tendency to lighter col. of spots, culmi-
nating in :
'•'ab. Phorcys, Frr. .- in wh. they are whitish with brn. centres.

Log. St. Martin Vesubie ; Balme de la Frema ; Madone ;
Berthemont, scarce (JSiin.).

E. Medusa, Fahr. (Ligea, Esp. ; Medea, Biili.) ; 42mm.

Fd. pit. Panicum samiuinale, &c. {Fai\).
Brt. rich brn.; ? rather larger, and grd. col. un.s. considerably
lighter than <? .

Dist. Char, band of deep yell. -brn. spots, most of Avh. bear wh.-
pupilled eyes, f. and h.w., up. and un.s. Differs from J'lthiups
in absence of bands un.s. h.w. ; from Ceto in the spots, esp.
un.s. h.w., being wh.-pupilled in more or less circular rings
instead of being unpupilled in almond-shaped dashes.

Log. Gen. distributed throughout Switz. in the lowlands and
hills, v.-vi., in the mtns., vi.-vii., but rarely in any considerable
numbers exc. at moderate altitudes, and much commoner in N. than
in 8. Switz. ; ab. however, at Caux, v. e. and vi. /97 {Wh.) ; dis-
tinctly scarce in the Valais, though found throughout the canton.

Susa, vi. 24/99 {R.-Brn.) ; Lolling, vii. 9/97, worn {('hp.) ;
Stelzing, vii. 11/97, worn (Liiui.) ; (reported from high mtns. of
the Basses Alpes and Alpes Maritimes, but doubtful).

DireGtions of Yar. (a.) decrease in number and size of eye-spots,

culminating in :
Yar. Hippomedusa, <k/ix. (Subalpina, Giiiiiiiiju'iibcrii); wh. is also
smaller, and ni ^ has the brn. blotches v. small.

Log. Basle and Liestal {(ytrist); the crests and high grass slopes
of the Jura, f.//., Weissenstein, v. c. (Ji.-7>.) ; the Bechburg, v. c.
(R.-S.); (lower down, c.;/., at St. Georges, specimens do not greatly
differ from the type (H'/(.) ; between Lauterbrunnen and Wengen ;
Nairs and the Gurgaletsch {Cafiinch); Tarasp (kajic) ; Fusio, vii.
1-12/99 {Chp.).

The Stelvio, but net reaching to Franzenhohe (Firij) ; Stelzing
(^L)nn.).

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 131

ab. ? Procopiani, llnnintzaki : an extreme form in wh. the eye-
spots are unpupilled.

(b.) increase in size and number of eye-spots,
culminating in :

var. Psodea, Ilh. (Eumenius, /'>/•.) ; wh. has the band lighter, and
nearly (often quite) continuous.

Log. Usually an E. form ; reported from E. Switz. and also
(most curiously) from Pontarlier (Kane).

Macugnaga, not scarce (Itat^cr) ; Styria (Kane).

[Obs. — The usual range in number of eye-spots is : tf , up.s. f.w. 3-5, h.w.
3-4; un.s. f.w. '6-5, h.w. 3-6; ? , up.s. f.w. 4-6, h.w. 4-5; un.s. f.w. 4-5, h.w.
4-6.]

E. (Erne, Hh. ; 89inm. Fcl. pit. grasses [Fav.).

S V. dk. brn., J lighter and eye-spots more distinct.

Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. 2 v. small, wh.-pupilled, blk. apical eye-
spots, in small, dk., red-brn. patches ; 3 on up.s. h.w. in rings
of same col. (in $ gen. 4, and often an extra one on f.w.) ;
differs frona Pitho in absence of bands un.s. h.w. ; from Medusa
in red-brn. patches being dk. and inconspicuous ; from Ceto,
var. Obscura, in the patches being red-hrin., and not almond-
shaped ; from Manto in the eye-spots un.s. being pupilled, and
being placed in much smaller and rather darker patches ; from
Sti/;ine var. Valesiaca, in the absence of the long mahogany
patch un.s. f.w.

Log. Local ; above Einsiedeln ; in the upper Sihlthal (Knecht) ;
Bryschalp in the Weggithal {Frey) ; Triibseealp and Surenen
{(Jhrisit) ; Gadmenthal {lliUzer) ; Weissenburg, large and It. (//'/.) ;
Mt. Barry, vi. 29, 1900 ; Rossinieres, vii. 5, lS)QO\l',hw.) ; Miihle-
bachalp, above Engi [Freij) ; gen. distributed in the Bernese Alps ;
(>.>!., Gurnigel, v. ab. {'M.-lK) ; Miirren, vii.e., viii. b. 1900, c. (HV;.) ;
Kandersteg, and the Gemmi, not uncommon, vii. /99 {Rom) ; not
uncommon in the Vaudois Alps ; eji., Pont de Nant, vii. 11 [III.) ;
Caux, vi. m. /97 ; Glion, vi. b. /99 (TIV*.); not c. in the Valais,
Anzeindaz, Col de Cheville ; Laquinthal {Fav.) ; Dent du Midi, v.
small, viii. 6/02 {Fls.).

Le Reculet, vi. 21 and 26 {III.) ; Cortina, vii. 1900, not c. {Junes).

Directions of Yar. (a.) tendency to disappearance of eye-spots,

culminating in :

Yar. Lugens, SUjr. : in wh. they have totally disappeared.

Log. Miirren, vii. e., viii. b., 1900 (TCA.) ; Triimletenthal, vii.
10/01 {Fis.) ; Einsiedeln {Frey) ; Glacier de Trient {Fac).

(b.) tendency to increase in size of red-brn.
blotches containing eye-spots, culmi-
nating in :

Yar. Spodia, Stijr. (Psodea, Frr.) ; wh. is also of greater size;

132 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

eye-spots still small, but in more conspicuous blotches than
Medusa var. Hippoinedusa.

Loc. Gemmi and Laquinthal {Far.).

Gen. the form of the E. Alps, Austria, Styria and Carinthia ;
i'.</., Pejo, and Mendel Pass, vii. /95 [Lvm.).

E. Stygne, nrZ/.s. (Pirene, Hh.); 42mm. Fd. pit. grasses

{[■•or.).
2 lighter, with eye-spots more conspicuous than 3 .
Dist. Char. un.s. f.w. more or less wedge-shaped mahogany (in $
more fulvous) patch with 2 wh.-pupilled eyes.

Loc. The whole length of the Jura, with conspicuous bands and
eye-spots {Frcij) ; c.//., Vallorbe, vii. 2/03 (117;.) ; Pilatus and the ft.
of the Mythen {Paul) ; Engelberg {Chrint); Pontde Nant, vii. {lU.) ;
the lower alps of cantons Berne, Unterwalden, Glarus, Appenzell,
St. Gall, and the Valais {Freij) ; sometimes in the plain, e.ij.,
under the cliffs at Martigny towards Vernayaz, vi, 27/02 {Sheldon);
same date 1900, worn, vi. m. /03, fresh (TI7(.) ; Brunnen, vi. b. /97,
a few {Junes) ; later at higher elevations, ('.//., Arolla, vii. 11, 1900
{liliiii.) ; Saas, viii. b. /97 {U.-lJrn.) ; in the Grisons at Churwalden
{H(i.) ; Bergiin {Zll.) ; Splugen road above Thusis, vii. 5, 1900
{E'.-Bim.).

La Flegere, viii. b. /97, a few {Jones) ; The Brevent, viii. 18/02;
Petit St. Bernard, viii. b. /98 ; La Gaave, viii. b. /96 ; Larche, viii.
b. 1900; Abries, viii. m. 1900 {Tutt); Digne, vii. /91 {Lwn.); mtns.
of Basses Alpes, vii., <? s v. dk. with 3 or 4 eye-spots un.s. h.w.
{Powell); Crissolo, viii. b. /Ol {Tutt); Via Mala, vii. 5,1900; Susa,
vi. 21/99, large, with large eye-spots; Bormio and Trafoi {ll.-Brn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) tendency to obsolescence of mahogany

patches containing the eye-spots, f.w.
and h.w. up.s. culminating in :

var. Yalesiaca, Klires .- in wh. they are v. slight, the eye-spots

also, but not the pupils, being smaller.
Loc. Murren, vii. e. 1900 {Wh.); Dent du Midi, viii. 6/02 {Fis.);
Simplon {Fav.).

An intermediate form is known as :
Yar. Pyrena'ica, lUihl .- with less mahogany col. than type but

more than Valesiaea.

Loc. The usual form in the Alpes Maritimes {Jlnu.); probably
the form at Zinal {U.-Urn.).

(b.) number of eye-spots ; ? has gen. a small
one above the double one at apex up.s.
f.w. ; those on un.s. h.w. are often
scarcely visible.
ab. $ Aboculata, Fav. : without spots f.w. up. and un.s. ; h.w.
with 2 blk. dots in place of eye-spots.
Loc. Plateau de Trient, nr. le Peuty {Fav.).

[Obs. — In Mr. Fison's collection is a specimen with the apical eye-sj)ot con
taining 3 wh. pupils.]

AND THE ALl'S OF CENTRAL EUROPE. 133

E. Evias, (iodarf (J:)0ii(41ii, Hh.) ; 44111111. Yd. pit.

grasses (Far.).
2 lighter grd. col. iind bands up. and iin.s., f. and h.w.
Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. long apical eye-spot with 3 wh. pupils :
differs from (7or//t' var. Triopi'.s, by its far greater size; from
l-'.pistijiinc {ij. c), by col. of band f.w.

Log. In Switz. only in the S. cantons, the Valais, the Orisons,
and Tessin : v.-vii. b. according to altitude. On all the slopes
round Martigny, from the foot of the cliffs to the Forclaz, and on
the other side of the Rhone Valley ; Saillon ; Sion ; Heremence ;
Evolena ; Niouc, Susillon and Chandolin in the Val d'Anniviers ;
Iniltschieder Valley ; Oamsen ; Brig ; Morel ; Fiesch ; Grengiols,
&c. (Far.) ; Pfynwald, vi. 2i/98 ; Saas Valley towards Almagell,
vi. 24/91 (L'/.-w.) ; Berisal, vii. b. /Ol, c, but worn (KV/.) ; Zermatt,
vii. /Ol (Lmn.) ; Tiefenkasten {('ajlheh) ; nr. St. Moritz, vii. /84, c.
{Xic/iohon) ; Davos (//.-.S.) ; Monte Generoso (Kauc).

Digne, iv. 20/97 {TkU) ; v. 22/02 (Slopcr) ; nearly over vi. 5/99
{ll.-Jlrn.) ; Cascade de Boreon ; St. Martin Vesubie ; Madone des
Fenetres, &c. (Brm.) ; Certosa di Pesio from 2800ft. to 6000ft., vi.-
vii. /92 {Xorris) ; Courmayeur, vii. b. /02 (Lowe) ; nr. Aosta, v. /95
{Miss Ftn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) depth of grd. col. up.s.

(b.) number of eye-spots : sometimes the
spot below the triple eye-spot is
absent, or represented by a dot ; some-
times the lower one is also reduced to
a dot ; sometimes a 5th, pupilled on
un.s., appears nr. costa of h.w. in 3 ,
and in $ there are sometimes as
many as 6 pupilled spots on each w.
up.s. (counting the triple spot as 8).
(c.) distinctness of bands un.s. h.w.

*E. Nerine, Fir. (Goante, H.-S.) ; 48mm. Fd. pit. (and

1.) unknown.
5 un.s. lighter than ^ .
Dist. Char, oblique position of apical eyes, and deep grd. col. f.w.
contrasting strongly with band, in connection Avith definite
ante-margl. band un.s. h.w. (c. Scij>iu).

Log. The E. part of the region only (vi.), vii.-viii. Kiva, on
lake of Garda, from 500ft. to 5000ft. (Klires) ; Lago di Loppio,
vii. 31, 1900, c. (Jones) ; a mtn. stream above Esino, viii. /02, v. ab.
(Miss Ftn.); Cortina district — Croda di Lago, viii. 7-14/95; Sora-
piss, viii. 12/95 ; Val Bigontina, viii. 6/95 (Tntt) ; Mendel Pass,
vii. e. /95, ab. {Lmn.) ; Isozonthal, nr. Tolmein, vi. 12/92 {Xoni.s).
Direotions of Yar. (a.) tendency to loss of brt. colouring, culmi-

natino' in :

134 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

"var. Reichlini, H.-S. (Styx, Frr.) ; larger, duller, bands un.s.
f.w. and h.w. less conspicuous, and without eye-spots un.s. h.w.

Loc. S. Tyrol, ('.//., Stelvio, New Baths of Bormio, vii. 11, 1900,
ab. [H.-llrn.).

An intermediate form between FwuhUni and the type exists.
var. (? ab.) Stelviana, Curo (1871), (Italica, Fm/, 1880.)

Loc. The Swiss form : an hour behind Zernetz, at Champlong
{('nm) ; nr. Cierfs [Zll.-lJoldcr) ; in the Val da Fraele and Val
Muranza {/AL- Voider) ; Monte Grigna, above Lecco (Christ).

(b.) diminution of size, together with in-
creased darkness of col.
var. Morula, S/n-. : with un.s. f.w. unicolorous, but somewhat
lighter well-defined band un.s. h.w.
Loc. High meadows in S. Tyrol ; Grodner Joch ; Seisseralp
[Kane).

[Obs. — In the Museum at Sion are 2 specimens identified by Standfuss as
this var., wh. were taken on the Gemmi by M. Paul.]

*E. Scipio, Bsdv.; 42mm. Fd. pit. (and 1.) unknown.
3 with dk., $ with It., h.w. un.s.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. nearly unicolorous in connection with It.
chestnut disc un.s. f.w., and large wh.-pupilled apical eye-spot
f.w. up. and un.s.
Loc Basses Alpes, vii. m., viii. ; Digne, the Dourbes, vii. /91
(L)/;n.) ; Draix ; Beauvezer ; Seyne ; Alios {Powell) ; Larche, viii.
1-4, 1900 {'rittt) ; Barcelonette ; Ozglosse ; Malmorte (A'«»<').

Directions of Yar. (a.) presence of eye-spots, 2 or 3, up.s. h.w.

(b.) occasional presence of eye-spots un.s.
h.w. in ^ .

(c.) presence or absence of blk. dots repre-
senting eye-spots un.s. h.w. in J .

(d.) un.s. h.w. cl. band occasionally just
visible.

E. Euryale, Esp. ; 40mm. Fd. pit. a great variety of

grasses {Far.).
[Obs. — The number of contiicting descriptions of Euryale and Adi/te,
including those which make Adyte a var. of Euryale, and those which make
Euryale and its vars. to be vars. of Liyea, and the way in which most of these
descriptions fail to fit in with facts, are positively distracting. On the whole,
the preponderance of opinion seems to be in favour of regarding Euryale as a
distinct sp., though I am not sure that this is correct. The whole matter
requires further investigation, and the arrangement here adopted is merely
tentative.]

J with niuch more conspicuous It. ante-margi. band un.s. h.w.
than cJ .
Dist. Char. It. ante-margl. band, or traces of it, un.s. h.w., with
a tooth cutting deeply into the middle of the dk. centre.

AND THE ALPS OF CENTRAL, EUROPE. 135

Log. Gen. ab. in the Jura and the Alps, vii.-viii., extending in
the S. to the Alpes Maritimes, and in the E. to the Styrian and
Carinthian Alps.

Directions of Yar. (a.) entire absence of wh. pupils in eye-spots,
(b.) diminution of red-brn. band up.s., culmi-
nating in :
ab. Ocellaris, Sti/r. ,• in wh, it is reduced to small patches.

Log. Canton Glarus {Christ) ; Larche, viii. b. 1900, as ab.
(Tutt); Heiligenblut, with type, vii. 28/97, c. (Lmn.)

(c.) obsolescence of blk. spots on red. band,
culminating in :
ab. Euryalo'ides, TeiviHtrom : in wh. they are almost extinct
up.s. f.w.
Loo. Toblach, viii. 4/95 ; Cortina district — Croda di Lago, viii. 5-

15 /95; Cristallo, viii. 8/95 ; Falzarego Pass, viii. 6/95; Val Bigon-
tina, viii. 11/95 {Tutt) ; Heiligenblut, vii. 24/97 {Chp.).

(d.) presence or absence of eye-spots un.s. h.w.
(e.) distinctness of lighter ante-margl. band
un.s. h.w. in $ ; gen. v. inconspicuous,
exc. the " tooth."
(f.) col. of It. ante-margl. band in 5 un.s.
h.w., gen. whitish, but sometimes
yell., forming :
ab. ? Ochracea, I(7t. ; Dr. Spuler speaks of this as if it were a
V. scarce form ; on the Simplon it is the usual one.
(g.) un.s. dusted with wh.
ab. Philomela, Eap. : wh. is without eye-spots un.s. h.w.

Log. Gurnigel, ab. at about 4500ft. {J'rci/).

[Obs, — Frey mentions a fine hermaphrodite, left side c? , right ? , wh. he
took on the Maloja, vii. /65.]

E. Ligea, L. (Alexis, Esp.) ; 47mm. Fd. pit. MiUimii,
Ac.
$ with much more conspicuous series of eye-spots un.s. h.w.
than (? .
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. a wh. curved wedge about middle of eosta
(v. conspicuous on dk. grd. col.) often continued as a broken
band more or less across the w.

Log. Distributed throughout Switz. and Savoie at low elevations
but commoner in the N. than the S. In some places it is to be
found at over 5000ft., e.;/., Miirren, vii. e. viii. b. 1900(117/.); in the
lowlands it emerges vi. m.

Less c. and more local S. of Switz., Bourg d' Oisans, viii. m. /9G;

Abries, viii. m. 1900 (r/(«); Digne ; St. Martin Y esxihie {Poivell) ;

Pre St. Didier, viii. b. /98 {Tutt); Certosa di Pesio, not uncommon,

136 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

vii. m., &c. (Norris); Trafoi, scarce (Fretj) ; Croda di Lago, viii. 9-
18/95 ; Sorapiss, viii. 10/95 (Ttitt).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size and number of eye-spots,
(b.) extent of wh. band un.s. h.w.
(c.) conspicuousness of It. band containing

eye-spots, un.s. h.w.
(d.) breadth of red-brn. band up.s. esp. h.w.
The diminution of all these characters, exc. sometimes the 3rd,
culminates in :
Yar. Adyte, Hb. .- the small mtn. form, in wh. the eye-spots are
often unpupilled up.s. on f.w. ; always exc. at anal on h.w.

Log. Gen. distributed over the higher alps, but not, as a rule,
so c. as FAiriialc, vii. -viii.

[Obs. — The confusion existing with regard to these 2 sp. make Iocs, unreliable
but both are widely distributed, and gen. occur together.]

E. ^thiops, Eq>. (Medea, Hh. ; Blandina, Fahr.) ;

44mm. Fd. pit. Pua annua, IktctnUs f/louwrata. Ai/mtii^
canina.
$ lighter than <? , esp. un.s. ; band up.s, f.w. red-brn. in J ,
or.-brn. in J .
Dist. Char, broad bands un.s. h.w. in connection Avith conspicu-
ous eye-spots up.s. ; differs also from Pnmoc in having chestnut
band un.s. f.w. well defined interiorly.

Loc. Probably the commonest and most widely spread Erchia,
both in latitude and altitude ; vii. e.-ix. m. Throughout the region,
exc. possibly the 8. French Alps. It is reported as c. from Thorenc
and Taulanne by Millnrc, and also from St. Martin Vesubie ; and
though some doubts have been expressed on the subject, it seems
unlikely to be incorrect, esp. as it is certainly to be taken on the E.
slopes of the 8. Alps ; Certosa di Pesio, viii. /92 (A'o/t/.s),

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : 38mm. (Jura), 50mm. (Aigle).

(b.) size, distinctness, and number of eye-
spots. The form of the 3- in wh. the
band up.s. h.w. becomes obsolete is
called :
ab. Obsoleta, Tutt. The other forms are unnamed. They are :
(J , up.s. f.w. 2-5, gen. 3 or 4 ; h.w. 0-5, gen. 3 ; un.s. f.w. 3-5,
gen. 3 ; h.w. 2-5, gen. 3 ; 5 up.s. f.w. 3-G, gen. 3 or 4 ; h.w.
3-61 , gen. 3 or 4 ; un.s. f.w. 3-5, gen. 3 ; h.w. 3-5, gen. 3 or 4.
The spots un.s. h.w. are often v. indistinct.
ab. Insequalis, Moudci/ : in wh. the number of spots on right and
left ws. is different.

t Note. In the only specimen I possess with G spots up.s. h.w. the top spot
is red-brn., wh.-pupilled, but without any blk. ring. It was taken at Aigle.

AND THE ALPS OF CKNTRAL EUROPE. 137

(c.) tendency of band up.s. to break iip into
rings, forming- :

ab. <? Nigra, Monshu .- the grd, col. being v. dk.

[Obs. — Oiia suspects this to be a duplication of .Ktlii(i}»^,]
ab. $ Pallida, Moiislcij : the grd. col. being lighter and greyer.

(d.) tendency to become lighter in band up.s.
2 , culminating in :
ab. ? Flavescens, J'Ktt : in wh. it is pale yellowish.

(e.) distinctness of bands un.s. h.w. Speci-
mens from hot Iocs, such as Aigle
(TI7(.) ; Susa {'J'litt) ; Certosa di Pesio
(Xorrh), have the bands strikingly
developed in the ? but less so in the
^ ; specimens from the Jura (Vallorbe),
though small, have the bands v.
strongly developed even in the S -
On the other hand the bands are
almost obsolete in specimens from the
highest mtn. Iocs., constituting:
ab. Stricta, Mondcu : wh. has also the band un.s. f.w. indistinct,
and the spots v. small.
Log. Berisal, Zermatt, Miirren, etc. (117;.).

(f.) tint of grd. col. un.s. h.w., wh. varies
immensely even in the dk. bands ;
the normal tint of the It. bands is
gr., this, however, is often replaced
by other cols., esp. in $ .
ab. Leucotaenia, .s7//j-. (Neoridas, 7'V/-.) ; bands almost wh.
ab. Ochracea, Tutt ; bands ochreous yell.; a v. common form in ? .
ab. Yiolacea, HVi. .- bands various shades of heliotrope, c. in a
darkish shade in <? , and a pale shade in ? , e.'j., at Aigle, and
sometimes in the Jura in a pale shade in 3- also.

*E. Neoridas, Bsdi\ ; 40mm. Fd. pit. Voa (iiihiki,

I'cuucum f<an/iuinale,
5 lighter than <? , esp. un.s. h.w., and with larger and more
conspicuous eye-spots.
Dist. Char, curiously truncated appearance of f.w. (otherwise not
unlike .FAliiojis).
Log. Dauphine Alps — Sassenage, viii. 21/95 ; La Grave, viii. b.
/95 ; Bourg d'Oisans, viii. m. /95 ; Bourg d'Aru, viii. m. /95 {Tntt) ;
throughout the Hautes Alpes, Basses Alpes, and Alpes Maritiraes,
from about 2000ft., vii. e. and viii., gen. ab. {Poirell) ; Larche, viii.
b. 1900 ; Barcelonette, viii. b. 1900 ; Abries, viii. m. 1900 ; Pied-
mont—Susa, viii. 5-17/97 (Tutt).

138 THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND

Directions of Yar. (a.) occasional extra eye-spot betv/een the

twin apical spot and that nr. anal,
ang. up.s. f.w.
(b.) conspicuousness of eye-spots up.s. h.w. ;
sometimes almost absent.
[Obs. — Specimens from Digne are larger, lighter, and rather less strongly
marked than those from mtns. (Powell).]

*E. Pronoe, Esp. (Arachne, Hh.) ; 42mm. Fd. pit. ro((,
&c.
V. elk. brn.,with 2 wh.-pupilled apical eye-spots, and one small
one nr. anal. ang. in chestnut band, up.s. f.w. ; ? un.s., esp.
h.w., lighter than ^ , and with yell, tint in It. bands f. and
h.w.

Dist. Char, a purplish tinge nr. apex f.w. and all over h.w. un.s.
in J ; on costa, nr, apex f. and h.w., and on nervures h.w.
in 2 .

Log. The E. form, Austrian and Styrian Alps (reported also
from Mt. Cenis, Kane). [Specimens taken by Mr. Fison at the
Fiesch Glacier approach v. closely to the type.] vii. e. and viii.

Directions of Yar. (a.) number of eye-spots up.s. h.w. ; 3 or 4,

occasionally more in 5 .
(b.) un.s. f.w. presence or absence of 3rd spot,
(c.) depth of grd. col. un.s. h.w. and conse-
quent conspicuousness, or the reverse,
of bands,
(d.) tendency to disappearance of eye- spots
and bands, culminating in :
var. Pitlio, Tlh. .• gen. with 2 inconspicuous apical eyes up.s. f.w.

Log. Gen. distributed over the higher Alps of cantons St. Gall,
Appenzell, Berne, Vaud, the Valais, and the Grisons (Frei/) ; c;/.,
Weissenburg, v. c. (H;/.) ; Miirren, vii. /89 {Lwn.) ; Rochers de
Naye, ix. 7, 1900 ; Steinenalp, vii. e. /99, and above 5th Refuge on
the Simplon Road, viii. m. /98 {Wh.); Pont de Nant, vii. 27, and
viii. 1 [Bl.) ; road S.W. of Chalet Richard, above les Plans, viii.
10/91, ab. {Fh.) ; Pilatus {Kane) ; .tc.

Dole and S.-W. Jura (Krej/) ; Toblach, viii. 2/95 ; Cortina district
Sorapiss, viii, 12/95 ; Croda di Lago (with more typical forms),
viii. 5-13/95 ; Nouvallo, viii. 7/95 ; Falzarego Pass, viii. 6/95 {Tittt) ;
Cortina, vii. 1900 (Jones) ; the Stelvio, vii. e., and Brenner, vii.
27, 1900, V. ab. (R.-lirn.) ; Campiglio, vii. /95 {Lwn.).

[Obs. — There is a marked difference between specimens from the Simplon
and from the llochers de Naye ; the <? s from the Simplon have much more
distinct patches up.s. f.w., and sometimes traces of them on h.w. ; bands f.
and h.w. un.s. v. marked, and 2 wh.-pupilled apical eyes un.s. f.w. with often a
3rd unpupilled : those from the Rochers de Naye have far less conspicuous bands
un.s., and are often without apical eye-spots, or only one, up. and un.s.; the
bands and eye-spots of ? s are, however, v. distinct.]

AND THE ALPS OF CEXTRAL ET'ROPE. 189

E. Epistygne, Hh. (Stygne, Fir.) ; 42mni. Fd. pit. (and

1.) unknown.
2 lighter than <? .
Dist. Char. ocliiynnK band, and small costal blotch nr. base.

Log. The S.E. Alps of France. Hautes Alpes {Kane) : Digne,
iv. e. 97, worn ; had been ab. on the Donrbes iv. b. (Tntt) ; iii. 20
94:, and a few worn specimens v, b. (Joitex) ; Montagne de St.
Vincent, iv. ,98, c. {Lang) ; iv. 7/02, scarce (U.-lirn.) ; between vi.
9, and vii. 2/89 (.17/-.s. Xicholl). Alpes Maritimes, Thorenc, v.
{Powell); above Grasse, iii. m. '97, but not out at that time in
1900 and 01 {Clip.); iv. 5 03 {Tiitt); above Draguignan, iii. 80/08
{limtall).

[Obs. — This is not the only record for July ; there must, at any rate in some
years, be a partial '2n(l biood ; this with an insect of such early emergence is
only to be expected.]

Directions of Yar. (a.) 2 or 8 pupils to apical eye-spot.

(b.) number and distinctness of other eye-
spots,
(c.) more or less marked bands un.s. h.w.

E. Goante, E>ip. (Sc.va, llh.) ; 44mm. Fd. pit. grasses

{Far.).
2 lighter than <? , esp. un.s. h.w. in which the markings are
brn. the nervnres wh.
Dist. Char. nn.s. h.w. dk. mottled basal half, gen. followed by
lighter edging towards out. marg. ; distinguished from Gori/i'
by greater size and by It. band un.s. f.w. being more con-
spicuous.

Log. The Alps of cantons Berne, Glarus, St. Gall, Appenzell,
the Valais and the Grisons, vii.-viii. ; <'.</., Adelboden, viii. 10, 1900
(i^V.s.) ; Milrren, vii. /89 {l.inn.) ; Weissenburg, fairly c. (//'/•) ;
Forclaz, viii. 19/01 {SlojH'r) ; Arolla, vii. 11, 1900; St. Nicholas,
vii. 1, 1900 {Illcni.) ; Gornergrat, viii. lOOl {Slopcr) ; Berisal, viii.
/97 ; vii. /98, &c., v. c. (117/.); below Simplon village, v. c. ;
viii. b. /99 {Tiitt); Oberalp, viii. 26/95; Fusio, viii. 12 99 {<'l'p.)-
Pontresina, vii., Thusis, viii. /95 {Miss Ft)i.).

Chamonix, viii. e. /Ol {Sloper); Megeve, viii. b. /02; The Brevent,
viii. m. /02 ; Bourgd'Oisans, viii. m. /96 ; above Lanslebourg, viii.
b. /97 ('/'»«) ; in the Basses Alpes ; Draix, Beauvezer, Seyne,
Alios, Faillefeu, vii. e., viii. {Poircll) ; Certosa di Pesio, v. ab. on
the Passo Babane, and in the Val ^larguareis, viii. 92 {Xonis) ;
Courmayeur, viii. b. /94 ; Val Veni, viii.m. 9H ; Cogne, viii. b. /94 ;
Bobbie, viii. m. /Ol ; An Pra, viii. e. 01, small (Tntt); Stelvio,
from below Trafoi to Gomagoi, vii. 1900; l^)r('nner. vii. 27, 1900
{II.- Urn.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) size : from 87nnn.-r)0mm.

(b.) conspicuousness of band un.s. f.w.
(c.) occasional extra eye-spot both above and
below the normal 8 np.s. h.w.

140 THE I'.rTTKRKLlES OV SWITZKRLANP

((].) aiuount and clearness of markings un.s,

h.w.
(e.) numl)er and clearness of eye-spots un.s.

h.w. ; 8-5 ; <;en. 4..

[Obs. — The un.s. h.w. is v. variable; in some <f s ahnost unicolorous ; in
some with v. pronounced It. band : in some ? s with v. brn. sheen on out.
marg., and v. broad wh. band ; in some the eye-spots are v. distinct, in others
ahnost invisible.]

E. Gorge, r.sj,, .- 8()inin. Fd. pit. grasses (Fdv.).

5 slightly larger and rather lighter than J , esp. nn.s. h.w.,
wh. is also rather more marked.

Dist. Char. nn.s. h.w. mottled v. dk. brn. or blk, with cl, band
{v. Goante).

Log. In Switz. with the same range as Goante, but at higher
elevations and coming rather further W., c//., Grand Moneran, vii.
11 {]jI.)\ above Engelberg {Christ); Arpilles ; Bovine; Glacier-
de-Trient; above Fully ; and other heights round JMartigny ; between
Loeche-les-bains and the Gemmi ; iVIayenwand ; Aletsch Glacier;
Bortelalp, etc. (Far.) ; Arolla, vii. m. 1900 (n/,-iii.) ; top of Yal
d'Anniviers, viii. b. 01 ; Saasthal, viii. b. /97 (L'.-Jlni.) ; Simplon
Pass, above 5th Refuge, vii. 18 01 (KV*.) ; the Furka and the Faul-
horn, vii. ,'89 (Ltini.) ; Fluelathal, vi. 28/01 (Fis.) ; Andermatt,
viii. 19/95 ; Guarda, vii. e., 1900; Pontresina, vii. 7-21, 1900 (( '/ij>.);
nr. Rernina Hospice, vii. 9/01 (Fis.) ; Heuthal, c. {XicJiobn)!).

P^xtending to extreme S. of region outside Switz., r.i/., Le
Lautaret, vii. e.viii. b. 96 ; Crete de Reychasse and Pointe de Lauze,
viii. m. 1900 {'l'i(tt); Certosa di Pesio, vii. /92, c. {Xnrris) ; St.
^lartin Vesubie; Faillefeu, iVc. vi.-viii. (Po/rr//) ; The Grammont,
viii. b. /91; Cortina district — Nouvallo (Nuovalo), viii. 18 '95: Croda
di Lago, viii. 9/95 ; Falzarego Pass, viii. 6/95 (7'///^ ^ Campiglio,
vii. m. 96 {('Ji/>-)-

Directions of Var. (a.) tint and conspicuousness of markings

nn.s. h.w.

(h.) tendency to disappearance of eye-spots
up.s. f.w., culminating in :
ab. Erinnys, /•.'•■</'..• in wh. men the apical eyes have almost (or
quite) disappeared.

Loc. Gen., but not exclusively, in the W. part of the region,
with type ; high above 5th Refuge on the Simplon, viii. 5/99, rather
worn (Wh.); Rossboden Pass, Saas side, viii. 7/97 (H.-Brii.):
Rosegg Glacier, viii. 8 01 (Fis.) ; Andermatt, viii. e. /95 ; Guarda,
vii. e. 1900, a few (r/,//.) ; Gornergrat vii. 10/95 (/'V.s-.j; viii. 10 01
(Sloprr).

Basses Alpes and Alpes ^Maritimes (I'mrdl) ; The Grammont,
viii. b. /94 ; Croda di Lago, viii. 9/95 ; Falzarego Pass, viii. 6 95
(Tutt).

[Obs. —In intermediate forms the eye-spots below the apical, and the 2nd
apical spot are wanting. |

AND THK ALPS OF (KNTRAL KTIROPR. 141

(c.) elongation of apical spot, in whifh is a
8r(l wh. pupil.

var. (& ab.) Triopes, ^'j/"'-> '" wh. the other eye-spots f. and h.w.
are gen. more conspicuous also.

Loc. The usual form of the 1''. part of the region ; Piz Lan-
guard and Alp (iriim, vii. ni. 1900 (< '/i/i.) ; Campfer, just above tree
limit, ab. (Jones) ; Pontresina, vii. /9r) (,'l//.s.s- Ftii.) ; Rosegg
Glacier, viii. 9; Bernina Pass, viii. 30/01 ; Fluelathal, vi. 2H/01
(Fis.). In the last the type was much more usual.

Stelvio from top to Franzenh()he, v. c, vii. 12, 1900 ; I'renner,
vii. 2M, 1900 (i:.-llni.) ; Campiglio, vii. 95 (Linn.) ; Sec.

E. Tyndarus, l-^s/i. .- 82min. Fd. ))lt. ovasses.

? lighter than J , gen. with un.s. h.w. much more con-
spicuously marked.

Dist. Char. np.s. v. strongly marked with metallic sheen of grn.
and prp. [This occurs also to some extent in other sp., ».//.,
La/i/Kiiia, (idnic, Alccto, but not nearly so conspicuously.]

Loc. Absent from the Jura, but otherwise c. throughout the
region from the Alpes ]\Iaritimes (I'dircU), and Certosa di I'esio
{Xonis) to Heiligenblut in Carinthia (fjim.) : often v. ab ; vii. -viii.

Directions of Yar. (a.) tendency of the 2 small apical eyes to

lose the pupils, and
(b.) to disappear, culminating in :
ab. Caecodromus, (hinire .- wh. is entirely without.

Loc. Zermatt ; Thion-snr-8ion (C/irist) ; Berisal, vii. 99 (117/.) ;
Arolla, viii. m. /99 (Tiitt) ; Oberalp, viii. 25/95 (Chp.)
'Slant de la Saxe, viii. b. ,94 ; Penegal, viii. 1/95 {'J'nft).

(c.) tendency of apical eyes to become
larger and more conspicuous, cul-
minating in :
var. (& ab.) Dromus, II. -S. (Pyrenaica, JJi'i/jk) ; wh. has also an
ante-margl. row of Avh.-pupilled eye-spots in dk. mahogany
rings up.s. h.w. ; it is larger than the type.

Loc. Clitt's at the Rochers des Vents above Gryon {Kmclit) ;
the (iemmi (Lowe); Pierre- :\- voir, Grand St. Bernard, Gi-iind
Ferrex, Gornergrat (Far.) ; in these Iocs, as an ab. ; Miirren. viii.
b. 1900, here the only form (Wh.).

Le Lautaret, viii. b. /96; Mont de la Saxe, viii. b. 94 ; ^'al
Veni, viii. m. /98 ; An Pra, viii. m. /Ol ('/'///<) ; Heiligenblut, vii.
24/97 (('lti>-) ; St. Martin Vesubie (linn.).

i^Obs. — In Switz. the chestnut niiirkinf^s are not s;o Int. iis in the Spanish
specimens. |

var. Caucasica, /-"/. ; with a :-5rd small eye-spot up.s. f.w. in ^ ;

li.w. ]ik(> Ih-iiiinis.

142

THE BT'TTERKLIKS OF SWITZERLAND

Log. Mt. Buet (HUt^er).

[Ohs.-^I have a ? from Miirren with a Bid spot up.s. f.w.]

(d.) distinctness of markings un.s. h.w.
[Obs. — Var. DromH.-< ? often has un.s. h.w. almost nnicolorous It. ri., only
dmted with yell.-brn.]

E. Lappona, Ksp. (Manto, Fahr.) ; 41miii. Fd. pit.

grasses (Far.).
2 rather smaller than ^ , and It. band up.s. f.w. more con-
spicuous.

Dist. Char. up.s. f.w. i blk. dots on inconspicuous lighter band ;
grd. col. un.s. h.w. gr.

Log. Like Ti/ndartts absent from the .Jura, but otherwise dis-
tributed over all the higher alps, though not gen. nearly so ab. as
Ti/iulants : it is reported from all parts of the region from the Alpes
jNlaritimes, vi. e. and vii. {Powell) ; and Certosa di Pesio, vii.
{Xarris) ; to Stelzing vii. 11, and Heiligenblut, vii. 25 {Jjiin.); vi.
to viii., according to altitude, >'.;/., Kochers de Naye, vi. 8, 1900;
Simplon Pass, vii. m. /98 ; above Wasen, viii. b. /98 (TT'A.).

Directions of Yar. (a.) tendencyofdk. transverse lines un.s. h.w.

to obsolescence, culminating in ;
ab. Pollux, K.y). : which is without them.

Log. Roehers de Naye, vi. 3, 1900, the usual form (Wh.) ;
Rossinieres, summit of Mt. Cray, vii. 6, 1900 (Bkni.) ; Anthemoz,
Dent du Midi, vii. 29/02 (Fis.), &c.

Basses Alpes and Alpes Maritimes {I'mrell) ; S. Tyrol, vii. /95
(Linn.).

[Obs. — On the other hand the=e dk. transverse lines sometimes include a
darker band. In Mr. Fison's collection in a female wh. he took on the Grimsel,
with V. dk. cl. band un.s. h.w.]

(b.) tendency to lose in addition the darker

transverse lines up.s. f.w., culminating

in :

ab. Sthennyo, (IrasJin .• wh. has only the blk. dots in chestnut

rings.

(c.) Loss of the blk. dots, v. frequent on un.s.
h.w., and culminating in :
ab. Caeca, F^ir. .- in wh. they are absent f. and h.w., up. and
un.s.

Loc. Corno de Sorrebois {^\'s(■/ll.) ; v. scarce.

Sub-Fam. MELANARGIIN/E.

Genus, Melanargia, Miifim (Arge, iioiihu jminrciijiaiiDit,
III.).

Prevailing col. l)lk. and wh. marbling; hyb. .

AM) THK ALPS OF CKNTIIAL KUlUJl'K.

148

M.Galatea, /.. (Lciu-oiuclanus, Foun-fiiij) \ ITiinu. Fd.

pll. I'lilidiiii 1 1 rate use, and uth(3r gi'asses.
? iip.s. whiter, un.s. yellower than 3 •
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w. cl. band tilled in with dl\. col.; eye-spots
up.b. f.w. (piite inconspicuous.

Log. Ab. in one or other of its forms throughout the whole
region in the lowlands and on the lower slopes, and mounting in
some places to a height of 6000ft. ; v. ui.-viii., but in N. Switz.
not appearing before vi. m. In many Iocs, it does not reach above
8500ft.

Directions of Yar. (a.) decrease in amount of blk. up.s.

(i.) apex f.w., sometimes allowing the blk. apical spot to show

conspicuously,
(ii.) out. marg. h.w., sometimes allowing the eye-spots to show
distinctly.

(b.) entire absence of eye-spots.

ab. Galene, ' >c/is. (Stgr., Cat., 1901, gives it without loc, implying
•' anywhere with type." I have never come across it.)
(c.) increase of blk. up.s.
Yar. Galaxaera, /vs;*. .• wh. spots in border much decreased in size.

Loc. A v. usual form in the hotter parts of Switz., the Rhone
Valley, Tessin, and the S. of the Grisons.

Yar. Procida, Hhst.: still more blk.; the other blk. markings
encroaching on the wh. as well as the border.

Loc. In Switz. only as an occasional ab., c//., Lugano, v. 25/96
(Fis.), but replacing the type in the Basses Alpes and Alpes Mari-
times; also found in the Tyrol, «'.//., Botzen, vi. e. /Ol [Lowe).

(d.) col. of un.s.
ab. 2 Flava, Ixlt .• with brt. or. -yell. grd. col.

ab. Leucomelas, /■-•v. .■ wh. grd. col., and markings only slightly
darker.

(e.) blk., even of antenn;u, replaced by rich
tawny -brn.
ab. Fulvata, Loire: with grd. col. warm primrose-yell.; un.s.
lighter.

Loc. Martigny, vi. 25, 1900 (Loire) ; in this specimen the It.
and dk. are disposed much as in I'roeiila.

M. Lachesis, llh. ; 5'2iiim.

Dist. Char. h.w. with single blk. line along fringe, in connection
with absence of blk. at bases up.s. exc. along inn. marg. f.w.

Loc. Reported from Bex in the llaUetin de la Societe Kntomo'
luijiijue !Si(i>i>ie, vol. ix., no. 2.

Hi tHE i!lITTERFLIEJ> OF SWITZERLAXl)

I Obs. — Two specimens were taken by }>[. Jioiel, one of wh. 1 have seen. It
is untloubtedly Ijacliesis : M. Borel's collection consists only of a few eases of
insects taken by himself in the neighbonrhootl of Bex, so that there is no possi-
bility of mistake iis to loe. He has frequently searched the same spot since,
but in vain. His own view is that the specimens had been bred in captivity,
and had either escaped or been set free.j

*M. (Tapygiji, Ciirllll); var. Cleanthe, Hstlr.: lighter

than type ; 5Hmm. Fd. pit. Laniarhia ainca, and various
grasses.
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w., cl. band outlined in v. dk. col.
Loc. Dif^ne, viii. c. {Mrs. Xir/inll).

M. Syllius, Uhst. (rsyclie, lfJ>. ; Arge occitanica, /vs/).):

52niiu. Fd. pit. llraclu/jiDiiiiiui jiiitiiatKiii.
5 slightly larger than J .
Dist. Char. un.s. h.w., nervure.s, and deep margl. dog-toothing,
yell.-brn.

Loc. Alpes Maritimes. A'illefranche, Ciorge of 8t. Andre, ke.
{linn.): S. side of Simplon Pass {h'aiic) ; v.-vi. [At Hyeres as
early as iv. 29/02 {Sloper).]

Directions of Yar. (a.) number of eye-spots h.Av. ; normally 5.
• ab. Ixora, lisilr. .• is entirely without.

Sometimes a small spot appears in the usually empty interneural
space al)ove the H lower eye-spots, up.s. or un.s. or both. In
'•'ab. Sexoculata, SIojut: this is replaced on un.s. by a large eye-
spot.

[Obs. — 'Sh. Fison possesses one of 2 specimens wh. purport to liave been
taken at Chateau d'Oex. After making; such enquiries as were possible, it
seems that the only possible alternative was that they were received from
Greece. If this is correct, Chateau d'Oex is probably the less unlikely loc, but
the evidence is quite insufficient to admit it to the Swiss list.]

EiaiATA.

I'M^e '"i, line 14, for " Militaca " read " Mclilaca."

I'aj^e y, line 20, delete "Entomologist."

I'af^-e 12, line 3, for "I can find no later date " read " nr. Locarno

IO-A{Fh.).
I'age l.-i, line 27, for " Weineburj^ " read '• ^Vern(■bel■^■.''
I'a^^e 20, line 12, for " Leuk " read '■ Lenk."
TaKe 54, line 2'J, for " hvi). 1." read " livli. p."
J'age 72, line 1(5, foi- " I'isriic" read •• Ficscli."
I'af^e 87, line ]:i, for ■' 1)1(mm1> '■ rea<l " larva-. ""
rage 120, line 27, for •• Leuk ' read '• Lenk.'

ADDENDU^f.

I'agc 54, lino I'Jj add '' hyb. ov. containing developed 1."

INDEX.

145

CATALUCl'E AND INDEX OF SPECIES, VARIETIES AND
AJ5EKKAT10NS.

HESPERIIDES.

HKSPEKIID.K.

Hksi'KUIix.k.
H i;si'i:i;ii:ii.
Carcharodus, Hb.
Liivatern!, Esp. . .

AlthiBie, Hb

(■((»•. Bntica,Knibr.
Alcffiie, Esp.
*«•((/■. Austmlis, ZU.
Hesperia, Fabr.
'Sichu, Esp.

*«';. Onopordi, H.-S. ..
Carthaiui, Hb.

(•"(•. Valesiaca, Strecker

Alveus, Hb

car. Onopoidi, Itiubr.
car. Cirsii, Kmbr.
*car. Conyz*, Gueiiee
vac. Fritilluin, Treitschke
car. CarliiiiE, Kmbr. . .
Senatulffi, Kiubr.
ah. Cffica, Fir.
al). Tarasoides, Hofner
Cacalite, Embr. . .
AndromediE, Wallengien
Ceataiue'E, Knibr.
Malva3, L. . .

ah. Fasciata, Tutt
al). Intermedia, Schilde
((/'. Taras, Brgstr.
*iib. Malvoides, Elwes
Pyrgus, Hb.
*Tes8ellum, Hb. . .
*rroto, Esp.

*Orbifer, Hb

Sao, Hb

"ah. Eucrate, Oclis.
Nisoniades, Hb.
Tages, L. . .

rt^^ Approxiniala, Lowe

P.VMl-HILIN.i:.

l'.\Mi'nii.ii>i.
Pamphila, Fabr.
iSylvanus, Esp. . .
Comma, L.

ah. Catena, Stgr.
car. (?) Alpina, Bath . .
ah. Flava, Tutt
Thymelicus, Hb.
Acttbon, Esp.
Lineola, Ochs.
ah. Pallida, Tutt
ah. s Semicolon, Stgr.
ah. Ludoviciie, Mabille
Flavus, Briinn. . .
Cm i.Di'ii'i.

Carterocephalus, Led.
Palaimon, Pallas . • . •

•)

10
10
10
10

11

U

*Syl\ ius, Kuofli . .
Heteropterus, Dunieril
Morpheus, Pallas

PAPILIONIDES.

lvc.i;n'ii)a.

IjYi.kxid.k.
Lyc.knin.k.
Tni'isi'oiuiii.
Thestor, Hli.
*Ballus, Fabr.

CHUVSOPHAXIIpI

Chrysophanus, Hb.

Yirgaureu!, L.

car. Zermattensis, Fallou
(Uispar, Haworth)

*car. Rutilus, Werneberg'
Thersamon, Esp.

*var. Omphale, Klug . .
*Hippotho(', L.

car. Eurybia, Ochs. . .

a\). ? Nigra, Fa\ .

ah. Contlueus, Gerhard

ah. Stieberi, Gerhard . .
Alciphron, Kott. . .

car. Gordius, Sulzer . .

((/). ? Midas, Lowe (n. ab.)
Dorilis, Hufa.

ah. Nana, \Vh. (n. ab.)

tih. Purpureopunclata, Wh.

car. Subalpina, Spr. ..

(■(((■. Brunnea, Wh.
Phheas, L.

((/;. Intermedia, Tutt . .

ah. Schmidtii, Gerhard

((/*. Sutt'usa, Tutt

aJ). Eieus, Fabr.

ah. Cieruleopunctata, Stgr.

((h. Obsoleta, Tutt

ah. Kadiata, Tutt
Amphidamas, Esp.
LYca;NiDi.
Lycaena, Fabr.
Areas, Kott.

ah. Minor, Kiitzer
Euphemus, Hb. . .
Alcon, Fabr.

car. Monticoia, Stgr. . .

ah. ? Nigra, Wh. (n. ab.)
Arion, L. . .

car. Obscura, Christ ..
lolas, Ochs.
Amanda, Schneider
Cupido, Schrank
Alinima, Fssl.

car. Montana, Frey . .

car. Alsoides, Gerhard

ab. Pallida, Tutt

ah, Obsoleta, Tutt

r.\(;i:.
. 11

11

12

VI
13

i:{
l:s
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
16
10
17
17
17
1>S
IH
18
\H
IS

I'.l
];»
1'.)

V.}

■20
'20
-.0
20
•21
21
21
22
22
23

21
24
24
24

24

146

IXDKX.

*Li)rquiiiii, H.-S.
Selirus, Jjsdv. .,
Nomiades, Hb.

SemiaigLis, Eott

var. Montana, P'ley
(il>. .Ktntea, Zll. [[

(il>. Ca;ca, Fuchs
iih. Striata, Wh. (n. ab )
Cvllams, Eott. . . . .

"''. Blaehieii. Millieie '
ah. Tristis, Geihaid . .
(ih. Luo-ens, Caradja . .
"/'. Dynius, Bikh.
ctli. Subtus-radiata, Olith.
«/'. ¥ Andere^Kii, linhl
Molanops, Jisdv. . .
Polyommatus, Lati .
Euraedon, Esp.

all. Subtus-impunctata, Fav
ah. Speveri, Husz
ah. FylKia, Spano-berK
Douzelii, Bsdv.
Damon, Schiff. . .
rar. Feneti, Fav.
(Adnietus, Esp.)

*vur. Eippeitii, Bsdv.
*Dolus, Hb.
*{? ah. Vittata, Obth.)
Meleager, Esp.

ah ¥ Steeveni, Tieitschke .'
Corydon, Poda . .

ah. Calydonius, Lowe (n ab")
''.^ah. Hisi)ana, H.-S.) .. '/.

? •Semibrunnea, Mil]i(Ve'
? Synn-rapha, Keferstein
Auiantia, Tiitt . .
Punctata, Tutt .
Pallida, Tutt
Cinnus, Hb.
Striata, Tutt .[

ah. Arcuata, Weynier . .
Bellargus, Rott. . .
var. Adonis, Hb.
((''. Pallida, Tutt
ah. Suffusa, Tutt
ah. ? Ceronus, Esp. . .'
al). Cinnides, Stgr.
ah. Obsoleta,' TuU
{ah. Krodeli, Gilhner)
"''. Puncta, Tutt
*ah. Punctifera, Obth
ah. Striata, Tutt
Hylas, Esp.

ah. Nigropunetata. Wli Oi
ab.) . . . . ^ ■

i*'?)ah. Addenda, Tutt ..
ah. Minor, Tutt • "
ah. ? Metallica, Fav.' '
Escheri, Hb.

ah Punctulata," Wh. (n'.ab.)'"
Alexis, Hb. .. ..

('/'. Pallida, Tutt
ah. Clara, Tutt

ah. ? Casrulescens, Wli dV
'Ah.) .. .. ^ ■

(h.
ah.
(th.
ah.
ah.
ah.
ah.

ah. ? Caerulea, Fuchs
ah. ? Icarus, Rott. . .
«&• ? Semiclara, Tutt
ab. ? Angulata, Tutt
ah. Iphis, Meigen
ah. Icarinus, Scriba ." .*
ah. Semipersica, Tutt
ah. Persica, Bienert . .
ah. Arena, Faw
ah. Striata, Tutt
*{:' ah. Celina, Obth.)
Eros, Ochs.

ah. Petrividenda, Fav.
ah. Subtus-radiata, Obth.
Urbitulus, Prunner

'f''. Subtus-punctis-foiVissimiV,
rav. . .

ah. Aquilonia, Lowe (ii. ab')'
Astrarche, Brgstr.

ah. Allous, Hb.

"''■ Alpina, St^r.

i-ar. Calida, Bellier
Plieretes, Hb.

"/'• ? Cajruleopunctata, Wh.

(n. ab.)
ah. Maloyensis, Kiihl ."

Baton, Brgstr

*var. Panoptes, Hb
Orion, Pallas .. [] [[

rar. Ornata, Stgr.
rar. (and ab.) Nigra, Gerhard"
Optilete, Knoch . .
ah. Cyparissus, Hb.
ah. Subtus-radiata, Fav.
Rusticus, Hb.
(Zephyrns, Frivaldski)

rar. Lycidas, Trapp ..
Argus, L. . .

var. Alpina, Berce
"''. Bella, H.-S.
Argvrognomon, Brgstr. .. [\

rar. .Egidion, Meissner
ah. ? Argulus, Frey
"h. ? Unicolor, Fav.

'■"'; ('^»fl ('!'■) ? Brunne'a',
Spuler

Everes, Hb.

Ar-iades, Pallas . .

ah. Polysperchon, Brgstr.
^""■- Coretas, Ochs. ..
Cyaniris, Dalni.
Argiolus, L.

ah. Parvipunctata, Fuchs
Lampides, Hb.
Bi'ticus, L.

Telicanus, Lang '*

Thkcijdi.

Callophrys, Billberg
Eubi, L. .. ..

ah. Immaculata, Fuchs'
Laeosopis, Pnibr.
*lioboris, Esp.

Zephyrus, Dalm.

Quercus, L.
ah. Bella, Gerhard ." ."

v\v,i:.

. m

. 36

. m

. 36
. 36
36
36
36
36
36
36
37
37
37

37
37

38
38

38
38
38

S'.)

s:>

3'.»
40
40
40
40
41
41
41

42
42
42
43
43
43
43
44

44

44
44
44

45
4.5

4.5
46

INDEX.

Ii7

Betuliu, L.

(ih. J SpinosiK, Gerhard
(?«/;. Pallida, Tutt)

nh. ? Fisonii, Wh. (n. ,ib.)
Thecla, I'ahr.
\V iilhnni, Knoch

lib. Biitlerowi, Kroulikort'ski
Ilicis, Esp.

vur. (and aJi.) Cerri, Hb.

ah. .KscLili, Hb.
Spini, Schirt'.

*a}). ? Lynceiis, Hb. . .
Pruni, L. . .
A(a(ia\ Fabr.

LEMONIIDiE.

NK.MFOBHN.F.
Nemeobius, Stph.
Lucina, L.

all. Obsoleta, Tutt

PAPILIONIDA.

PAPILIOXID.F.

pAi'iiJONir>r.
Papilio, L.

Podalirius, L.

ah. Feisthamelii, Dup.
all. /anclseus, Zll.
ab. Ornata, Wh. (n. ab.)
ab. Undecimlineata, Einier .
*Alexanor, Esp. . .
Machaon, L.

ah. Burdigalensis. Trinioule
ah. Flava, Tutt
ab. Pallida, Tutt
ab. Sphyrus, Hb.
aJi. Nigrofasciata, Kothke
ah. Kufopunctata, Wh. (n. ab.)
Thaioi.
Thais, Fabr.

Pdlyxena, Schiff.
*(■(//•. Cassandra, Hb. ..
*ab. Meta, Meigen
(Rumiiia, L.)
'car. Medesicaste, Illiger
*(j/^ Honoratii, Bsdv. ..
Paknassiii'I.
Parnassius, Latr.
Apollo, L.

ah. Carpathica, Rebel
aJ>. Wiskotti, Obth. . .
al). Novarae, Obth.
a}). Nevadensis, Obth.
var. Pseudonomion, Christ
ah. ? Brittingeri, Piebel
Delias, Esp.

ah. ? Herrichii, Obth.
ab. ? Cardinal, Obth.
ah. Inornata, Wh. (n. ab.)
ah. Leonhardi, Kiihl
ah. ? Hardwickii, Kane
ah. Aurantiaea, Spuler
<ih. ? Nigrescens, Wh. (n. ab.
Mnemosyne, L. . .

ah. ? Melaina, Honralh
ah. Kubilosa, Christoph

A(ii:.
47
47
47
47

4H
4.S
4S
411
41 1
4'.»
50
50
50

50
51

51
51
52

52
52
52
52
58
53
53
53

53
53
53

53
54

54
55
55

5C)
5(i
5li

m

5b
5f)
57
57
57
57
57

PIERID.E.

Aporiidi.
Aporia, HI).
Crata3gi, L.

rt^. Suft'usa, Tutt
((/;. Marginata, Tutt . .
ah. Lunulata, Tutt
(lb. Melaina, Tutt
ah. ? Flava, Tutt
(ah. Alepica, Cosmovlci)

PlERIDI.

Pieris, Schrank
BrassieiE, L.

var. Chariclea, Stph. . .
Rapse, L. . .

al). Minor, Costa

var. Metra, Stph.

ah. Leucotera, Stefanelli

ah. Immaculata, Cockcrell

var. Messanensis, Zll.

ah. Mannii, Mayer
(■? ah. ? Novangliffi, Scudder)
Napi, L

var. SabelUcse, Stph. . .

ah. Napaeae, Esp.

var. ? Bryoniae, Ochs.

ah. Sulphurea, Schoyen
Pontia, Fabr.
Callidice, Esp.
Daplidce, L.

var. (and ah.) Bellidice, Och
Anthoch^kidi.
Anthocharis, Bsdv.
Simplonia, Frr. . .

vur. Flavidior, Wh. (n. var.)
Bella, Cramer

i'(/c. Ausonia, Hb.
(Tagis, Hb.)
*var. Bellezina, Bsdv. . .
Euchloe, Hb.

Cardamines, L. . .

((/(. Lasthenia, Milliere

aJ). Turritis, Ochs.

ah. Citronea, Wh. (n. al).) ..
Euphenoides, Stgr.

LeI'IOSIIDI.

Leptosia, Hb.

Sinapis, L.

var. Diniensis, Bsdv. .,
ah. ? Erysimi, Brkh.
ah. Lathyri, Hb.
ab. Sartha, Riihl
ab. Subgrisea, Stgr. . .

Duponcheli, Stgr.
var. .Estiva, Stgr.

RlliiDOCERIliI.

Colias« Leach
Phicomone, Esp.
Palaeno, L.

var. (and ah.) Europomene,

Ochs

all. Plavoradiata, Wh. (n. ab.)
(//'. (and var.) Herrichi, Stgr..
«/y. Catiischi, Caradja
Hyale, L

5H
58
58
58
58
58

58
5!)
.")'.»
5!)
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
60
60
60
60

61
61
62

62
62
63
63

63

64
64
(i4
64
64

65
65
65
65
65
65
66
66

66
67

67

68
68
68

6a

148

INDEX.

(ill. ? Iiiveisa, Alpheiak^
ah. Apicata, Tutt
a^. Obsoleta, Tutt
(lb. Uiiimaculata, Tutt
ab. Pallitla, Tutt
(ah. Viridescens, Sloper, n. ab
*Chrysotheme, Esp.
*Myrmidone, Esp.

(lb. ? Alba, Htgr.
Edusa, Fabr.

(lb. Obsoleta, Tutt
(lb. Bruniiea, Tutt
lib. Helecina, Obth. . .
ah. ? Helice, Hb.
(il,. -i Pallida, Tutt ..
Gonopteryx, Leach
Ivhamni, L.

*(•((/■. Farinosa, Stgr. ..
Cleopatra, L.

NYMPHALID;E.

NYMPHALIN.E.

Ar<;ynnii'I.
Dryas, Hb.

Paphia, L.

(lb. ? Valesina, Esp. . .

{(lb.) Imniaculata, Eellier
I'audoia, ScliilT. . .
*(ib. Paupercula, Kagusa
Argynnis, Fabi.
Aglaia, L.. .

(ih. Nana, \Vh. (n. ab.)

((/). rf Flavescens, Tutt

ab. ? Auvea, Tutt

ab. ? Pallida, Tutt . .

ab. ? Suffusa, Tutt . .

ah. Fusca, Tutt
Adippe, L.

ab. Virgata, Tutt

ab. Intermedia, Tutt . .

(•'(/•. Cleodoxa, Ochs. ..
Kiobe, L. . .

var. Eris, Meigen

ab. Pelopia, Brkh.
Issoria, Hb.
Latbonia, L.

(//'. Valdensis, Esp. . .
Brenthis, Hb.

Euphrosyne. L. . .

ab. Obsoleta, Tutt
tSelene, Schiff.

ab. Selenia. Fri'.

ab. liinaldus, Hbst. . .

ab. Thalia, Hb.
(? ab. Intermedia, Spitn^^berg)
('.' ab. Marphisa, Spiuigberg)
*Aphirape, Hb.
* Hecate, Esp.

Thore, Hb

Daphne, SchilL . .

*((/;. Conjuncta, Tutt ..
luo, Piott. . .

/■((/•. Zinalen.sis, Fa\'. ..
Aniathusia, Esp.

ub. NigrofHsciata, Fav,

rA(;i:.

I'AGK.

. 6H

Dia, L

. 79

. m

Pales, Schiff

. 70

. (J8

var. Isis, Hb. . .

. 80

. (;;i

ah. ? Napsea, Hb.

. 80

. (;'.i

ab. ? Cinctata, Fav. . .

. 80

) C'.l

(•«r. Arsilache, Esp. .,

. 80

. ()'.»

Melh.kidi.

. 61)

Melitaea, Fabr.

. <;9

Cynthia, Hb.

. 81

. (•>;»

Maturna, L.

. 81

. 70

var. Wolfensbergeri, Frey

. 81

. 70

Aurinia, Kott.

. 82

. 70

var. Merope, Prunner..

. 82

. 70

(•((/■. Artemis, Fabr. ..

. 83

. 70

var. Signifera, Kane . .

. 83

var. Ochrea, Tutt

. 83

. 70

var. Brunnea, Tutt . .

. 83

. 71

var. Provincialis, Bsdv.

. 83

. 71

var. Iberica, Obth. . .

. 83

var. Orientalis, H.-S.

. 83

ah. Virgata, Tutt

. 83

Phitbe, Knoch

. H3

((//. Minor, Frey

. 84

/■((/■. Occitanica, Stgr. . .

. 84

. 71

ab. .Etheria, Eversmann

. 84

. 71

Cinxia, L.. .

. 84

. 72

ab. Sutt'usa, Tutt

. 8.",

. 72

ab. Olisoleta, Tutt

. 85

. 72

al). S Pallida, Tutt

. 8.5

*var. Diniensis, Wh. ..

. 85

. 72

*Trivia, Schiti'.

. 85

. 72

■?*r((c. Faseelis, Esp.

. 85

. 73

Didyma, Ochs. . .

. 85

. 7:5

vai-. Alpina, Stgr.

. 85

. 73

car. Meridionalis, Stgr.

. 86

. 73

var. Gra?ca, Stgr.

. 86

. 73

var. Occidentalis, Stgr.

. 8f;

. 73

Deione, Hb. . . . .

. 86

. 73

var. Berisalensis, Fav.

. 87

. 73

Asteria, Frr.

. 87

73

Am-elia, Nickerl

. 88

. 73

vai\ lihd'tica, Frey

. 88

. 74

rar. Britomartis, Assmann .

. 8IS

. 74

I'arthenie, Brkh.. .

. Hit

(■(((■. Varia, M.-D.

. H<)

. 74

Athalia, Pott

. !)0

. 7-5

ab. Navarina, Selys-Lun^

champs

. ',(0

7')

ab. Apha3a, Hb.

. 90

. 75

((6. Caucasica, Stgr. ..

. 90

7")

ab. Corythalia, Hb. . .

, 90

. 71 i

all. Obsoleta, Tutt

. 91

. Hi

((?;. Hertha, Quensel ..

. 91

. 7H

ab. Virgata, Tutt

. 91

. 71;

/■((/•. Helvetica, Biihl . .

. 91

Hi

ab. Leucippe, Schneider

. 91

. 71;

Dictynna, Esp. . .

. 91

7H

Vankssidi.

77

Arachnia, Hb.

77

Levana, L.

. 91

7s

(■(((■. Prorsa, L. . .

. 92

7.S

al). Porinia, Ochs.

. 92

7s

Pyrameis, Hb.

78

Cardui, L.. .

. 92

7U

ab, Eiynii, IJnibr,

. 92

119

(ih. Iiiornala, lUaiuson .. '.f2

Atalantii, L '.t2

ah. Fractrt, Tiitt . . - . '.»:!

fill. Klemensiewiczi, Scliille . . Ho
Euvanessa, Scudder

Aiitiopa, L. . . . . . . '.'•)

(//>. Lintneri, Fitch .. .. lt;'>

ah. Hygiffia, Heydenreich
Vanessa, Fabr.

lo. L '.i;^

iih. Exoculata, Weviiier . . '.t3

,(/). Belisarius, Obth 93

(f(/j. Fischeri, Staiidfuss) .. 118

iih. Cyanostiuta, liaynor . . 114
Aglais, Hb.

I rticffi, L. . . . . . . Ij4

ah. Polaris, Stgr 1»4

((/*. Turcica, Stgr. . . . . 1*4

all. Ichnusa, Bonelli . . . . 1)4

ah. Ichnusoides, Sclys-Long-

champs . . . . . . 114

ah. Atrebatensis, Bsdv. . . Il4
Eugonia, Hb.

I'olyehloros, L 114

(//*. Testudo, Esp. .. .. Ho

Xautliomelas, Esp. .. .. Ito

Polygonia, Hb.

*E-album, Esp. . . . . . . Ho

*Kgea, Cramer . . . . . . Ho

*i;«r. .J-album, Esp. .. .. Do

C-album, L 9<)

ah. (and JVM.) Hutchiiisonii,

liobsou . . . . . . hi;

ah. F-album, I'Jsp. . . . . HO

ah. Keicbenstettensis, lliihl . . H6

ah. Iota-album, Newnham . . H(i

ah. Pallidior, Petagna . . Hfi

ah. Variegata, Tutt . . . . H6

XymI'Hai.idi.
Limenitis, Fabr.

I'opuli. L. . . . . . . . . H7

ah. Treiiiuliu, Esp. . . . . H7

Camilla, Scliiff. . . . . . . H7

{ah. ? Pythonissa, Milliore) .. HS

Sibylla, L. Hs

ah. Angustata, Stgr. . . . . Hs

ah. Stsenotaenia, Honrath . . HS

ah. Nigrina, Weymer . . . . Its
Neptis, Fabr.

Eucilla, Fabr H8

APATURIDiE.

Chai; \\.i;ti)I.
Charaxes, Ochs.

•lasius. I '.)<)

ApaTT1!!1>I.

Apatura, I'abr.

Ilia, Schirt' 100

ah. Iliades, Mills .. .. 100

car. (and ah.) Clytie, Scliiff. . . lOO

car. (and «/'.) Eos, Kossi .. loo

f(^. .\stasioTdes, Stgr. .. loo

ah. Metis, Frr lOfi

Iris, L 100

ab. lole, Schilf 101

LIBYTHEIDiE.
Libythea, Fabr.

Celtis, Laicliarliug .. .. 101

SATYRIDiE.

SATVHIN i;.

I'\RAU(.II'I.

Pararge, Hli.
Mmra. li.

all. ()l)scura, Tutt
(//'. Monotonia, Sehildc
(•(//■. (and ((//.) Adrasta. Hb.
((7). Triops, Fuchs
Hiera, Fabr.

ah. Trinoculata, Wh. (ii. a
Megsera, L.

ah. Alberti, Kedlich . .
{ah. Mediolugens, Fuchs)
ah. Transcaspica, Stgr.
ah. Lyssa, Bsdv.
*Egeria, L.

(■((;■. Intermedia, Tutt. .
var. Egerides, Stgr. ..
ah. Pallida, Tutt
Achine, Scopoli . .
Satykidi.
Satyrus, Latr.
Hermione, L.

(•((/•. Alcyone, Schiff. . .
Circe, Fabr.
(*'?)'(^. Silenus, Stgr,
*Statilinus, Hufn,. .

var. Allionia, Fabr. . .
""Fidia, L. . .

*ali. Monticola, Thierry-Mieg
*ActBea, Esp.
Cordula, Fabr.
ah. ? P(eas, Hb.

«//. Brvce, Hb

Enodia, Hb.
Dryas, Scopuli
((/;. Sibirica, Stgr.

Hll'l'AKCHIIDI.

Hipparchia, Fabr.

iJriseis, L.
ah. Major, Obth. . .
*ab. Pirata, Esp.
Semele, L.

ah. 0 Sufl'usa, Tutt

vav. Arislieus, Bonelli. .

ah. Pallida, Tutt

ah. i CiKca, Tutt

ah. Addenda, Tutt
Arethusa, Esp.

ah. Obsoleta, Wh. |n. ab.)

var. Erythia. Hb.

var. Boabdil, Ilmbr. . .

(•(()•. Dentata, Stgr.

EPINEPHILIN^,

l-'.riM;i"Hii.iiii.

Epinephile, Hb.

•lurtiiia, L. . . . . ..112

ah i Sut'fuaa, Tutt . . .. IIH

ah. ? Pallens, Thierry-Mieg . . ll.H

150

INDEX.

ah. Semi-alba, Bruand

i'A(w;.

. . iia

fib. Brigitti, Ljungh . .

. . 113

var. Hispulla, Hb.

.. 113

uh. ? Grisea, Tutt

. . 113

ah. ? Violacea, Wh. (n. ab.)

.. 113

ab. Erymanthea, Esp.

. . 113

Lyeaon, Eott.

.. 113

Tithonus, L.

.. 114

()/'. Excessa, Tutt

.. 114

ah. Cffica, Tutt..

. . 114

ah. Mincki, Seebold . .

. . 11.5

Ida, Esp. . .

. . 11.5

*Pasiphae, Esp. . .

. . llo

*{(ih. Flava, Wh. ii. ab.)

.. 11.5

ClKNOXY.MPHIDI.

Aphantopus, Wallengren

Hyperanthus, L. . .

. 1L5

ah. Minor, Fuchs

. 115

ah. Ai-ete, Millieie

. 115

ab. Caeca, Fuchs

. 115

ah. Obsoleta, Tutt

. 11(3

ah. Vidua, Muller

. IIH

ab. Octoculata, Goze . .

. iir,

ah. Laiiceolata, iShipp

. IKi

Coenonympha, Hb.

(Edipus, Faljr. . .

. IIH

Hero, L. . .

. 11(5

(?*)ab. Aretioides, Fologne

. 116

Iphis, Schiff.

. 117

ah. Anaxagoras, Assinuss

. 117

ab. Carpathica, Hoimuzaki

. 117

Arcania, L.

. 117

var. lusubrica, Riitzev

. 118

var. Darwiniaiia, Stgr.

. ILS

ab. Philea, Frr.

. 118

ab. Obscura, Kiihl

. lis

ab. Obsoleta, Tutt

. 118

Satyrion, Esp.

. 118

(■((/•. Uiiicolor, Wh. (ii. var.).

. 119

ah. Caeca, Wh. (n. ab.)

. llil

Dorus, Esp.

. IIH

PamphiUis, L. . .

. nil

ab. Bipupillata, Cosmo vici .

. ll'.t

all. Obsoleta, Tutt

. ll'.»

ah. (and var.) Lyllus, Esp. .

. ii;»

*a1). Marginata, Ruhl . .

. 120

ab. Unicolor, Tutt

. 120

ab. Ocellata, Tutt

. 120

ah. Pallida, Tutt

. 120

Typhon, Eott.

. 120

var. Philoxenus, Esp.

. 120

ca/'. Laidion, Brkh. .,

. 120

a/;. Isis, Thunberg

. 120

ab. Obsoleta, Tutt

. 120

EREBIINvC.

(I'lxKIM.

(Eneis, Hb.

Aello, Hb.
Erebia, Dalm.
*Epiphron, Enoch

var. Valesiana, M.-D.
car. Cassiope, Fabr. ..
vnr. (and ah.) Nehunus,
var. Mnemon, Haworth
ab. Obsoleta, Tutt

Bsdv.

121

122
123
123
123
123
123

I'AdJC.

Mehimpus, Fssl 123

ab. Sudetlca, Stgr. . . . . 123

ab. Randas, Fav. . . . . 123

Flavofasciata, Heyne . . . . 123

*Arete, Fabr. . . . . . . 124

*ah. ? Albofasciata, Hot'ner. . 124
Eriphyle, Frr. . . . . . . 124

ah. Intermedia, Frey . . 125

al). Impunctata, HiUner . . 125

Pharte, Hb 125

ah. Phartina, Stgr. . . . . 125

*var. (and ah.) Fasciata, Spuler 125

Christi, Riitzer . . . . . . 126

Mnestra, Hb 126

Alecto, Hb 127

ub. ? Persephone, Esp. . . 127
(•((/•. Glacialis, Esp. . . . . 128

ah. i Pluto, Esp 128

Manto, Esp. . . . . . . 128

var. Pyrrhula, Frey . . . . 129

ail. Bubastis, Meissner . . 129

ah. Caicilia, Hb 129

Ceto, Hb 129

car. Ob.scm-a, Ratzer .. .. l.SO

(('^. Caradjse, Cariisch . . .. 130

*ah. Phorcys, Frr 130

Medusa, Fabr. . . . . . . 130

var. Hippomedusa, Ochs. . . 130
ah. ? Procopiani, Hormuzaki 131
(•(((•. Psodea, Hb. .. .. 131

(i:me, Hb. 181

var. Lugens, Stgr. . . . . 131

rar. Spodia, Stgr. . . . . 131

Stygne, Ochs. . . . . . . 132

i«/-. Valesiaca, Elwes .. 132

r«r. Pyrenaica, Riihl . . .. 132

ab. ? Aboculata, Fav. .. 132

Evias, Godart 133

*Nerine, Frr. .. .. .. 133

*(•(((■. Reichlini, H.-S. .. .. 134

(•«/■. Stelviana, Curo .. .. 134

*(■.')/•(((•. Morula, Spr 134

*Scipio, Bsdv. .. .. .. 134

Euryale, Esp. . . . . . . 134

ah. Ocellaris, Stgr. . . . . 135

aJ). Euryaloides, Tengstrcim 135
((//. ? Ochracea, Wh. (n. ab.) 135
(/'*. Philomela, Esp. . . . . 135

Ligea, L. . . . . . . . . 135

var. Adyte, Hb 136

-Ethiops, Esp 136

ah. Obsoleta, Tutt .. .. 136

ah. Intequalis, Mousley . . 136

ab. i Nigra. Mousley . . 137

all. ? Pallida, Mousley . . 137

ab. ? Flavescens, Tutt . . 137

ah. Stricta, Mousley . . . . 137

«6. Leucotffinia, Stgr. .. 137

«/>. Ochracea, Tutt .. ..137

ab. Violacea, Wh. (n. ab.) .. 137

Neoridas, Bsdv 137

Pronoe, Esp. . . . . . . 138

rar. Pitho, Hb. .. ..138

Epistygne, Hb. .. .. •.. 138

Goante, Esp. . . . . . . 139

INDEX.

151

PAGK.

PACE,

.. 140

Gixlatea, L.

.. 142

.. 140

ah. Galena, Ochs.

.. 14;{

Spr. .. 141

nir. Galaxiera, Esp. ..

.. 148

.. 141

rar. Proeida, Hbst. . .

.. 143

ee . . 141

(lb. ¥ Flava, Tutt

.. 143

.. 141

«^. Leucomelas, Esp. . .

.. 143

.. 141

ah. Fulvata, Lowe (n. ab.

.. 143

.. 142

(Laehesis, Hb.) . .

.. 143

.. 142

(lapygia, Cyrilli)

.. 142

*var. Cleanthe, Bsdv. . .

.. 144

.. 142

*Syllius, Hbst

.. 143

"ah. Ixora, Bsdv.

.. 144

*ah. Sexoculata, Sloper (n.

ab.) 144

Gorge, Esp.

ah. Erinnys, Esp.
var. (and ab.) Triopes, Spr,
Tyndavus, Esp. . .

ah. CiPcodromns, Gnenee
var. Dromns, H.-S. . ,
rar. Caueasica, Tjed. .
T^appona, Esp.
ab. I'ollux, Esp.
ah. Sthennyo, Gvaslin
lib. Cnjca, Fav.
MELANARGIINJE.
Melanargia, Meigen

GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF LOCALITIES.

The following index does not profess in any way to replace
" Baedecker," which is essential, but will, it is hoped, serve two
purposes ; 1st that of giving a general idea of the geographical position
of most of the localities mentioned under the different species, and
2ndly by means of the page references, that of a guide to the scarcer
insects of a given locality, and to the insect or insects for which a
locality (of otherwise merely ordinary interest) is worth a visit.

The following abbreviations are used : A. Mar., Alpes Maritimes
(Fr. French ; It. Italian); B.A., Basses Alpes ; B. Ob., Bernese Ober-
land ; Car., Carinthia ; H.A., Hautes Alpes; Pdm., Piedmont ; Riv.,
Riviera (Fr. French, It. Italian); Sav., Savoie ; Switz., Switzerland;
Tyr., Tyrol (Aus., Austrian : It., Italian) ; also Ctn., Canton ; Gl.
Glacier; L., Lake ; Mt., Mountain ; P., Pass ; R., River; V., Valley;
and btwn., between ; nr. near ; opp. opposite.

PAftlC.

Aaran, Ctn. Aargan, N.W. Switz.

20 (bis)
Aarberg, Ctn. Berne, E. of Bienne
20 (bis), 39, .50 (bis), 97, 10-5,

107, 110, 111, 114
Aar Gl., above Grimsel P., B. Ob. 127
Abries, H. A., nr. Italian frontier 2
(bis), 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, l.j, l(i,
28, 29, 34, 3-5, 37, 49, -54, 56,
CO. 61, 62, 66, C)?, 74, 84, 85,
88, 106, 109, 111, 114, 117,

132, 135, 137

Adelboden, B. Ob 139

AigJe, Ctn. Vaud, Rhone V. 1, 6, 8,
10, 12, 26. 29, 36, 46, 48, 49
(bis), .50, .52, 64,65, 70, 71, 72,
85, 89. 97, 98 (bis), 100, 101,
lO;^, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109,

110, 113, 114 (bis), 117, 137

Aix-les-bains, Sav 100, 102

Alassio, It. Riv 2(5, 62

AlbulaP., from Thnsis to Samaden,

Grisons, 6, 39, -54, -55, 61, 66. 87, 129
Aletsch Gl., and forest, above Brig,

to N. of Rhone V. 15, 22. 67, 140
Allalin GL, above Saastlial .. 127

Allee Blanche, Val Ferret, S. side,

Sav 62

Alios, B. A. 6, 21. 28. 29, 37, -52,

61, 114, 117, 127, 129, 134, 139
Almagell, nr. head of Saasthal . . 133
Alpe Pianascio, above Val Maggia,

Ticino . . . . . . . . 124

Alpes de Lens, above Saxon, Rhone

V 124. 129

Alpe Tschitta, W. of Albula P. . . 128
Alp Griim, Bernina P. . . . . 141

Alpien, above Simplon P.. S. Side 44
Alp Laret, nr. St. Moritz, Engadine 82
Amden, above the Walensee, toN.,

Ctn. St. Gall 7-5

Ampezzo Alps, It. Tyr., N.E. of the

Dolomites . . . . . . 81

Andermatt, Ctn. Uri, St. Gotthard

P. 5, 6, 11, 14. 17, .56, 140 (bis)
Annecy, Savoie . . . . 10, 111

Annot, in S.E. of B. A. 23, 47, -52,

1()7, 109
Anthemoz. on the Dent du Midi,

above Rhone V. . . 128, 142

Anzeindaz, btwn. the Ai'gentine

and the Diablerets . . 37, 131
Aosta, Pdm., below Grand St. Ber-
nard P. 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 17, 18,

26, 31, 62, 72, 108, 133
Arbaz, above Sion, Rhone V . . 34

152

INDEX.

PACtK.

Ardetz, Upper Engadine . . . . 129
Argentine, Mt., between the Grcand

Mipveran and the Diablerets 56, 06
Arlesheim, nr. Basle . . . . 29

AroJla, Val d' Herens, above Evo-

lena 14. 17. 28. 33, 38, 39, 57,

01, 02, 06, 67, 74. 82, 121, 125,

127, 132. 139, 140. 141
Arpilles, Mt., Martigny 4, 5, 10, 53,

67, 121, 126, 129, 140
Arpitetta, Mt., above Zinal, Val d'

Anniviers . . . . . . 39

Arve v., nr. Chamonix, Sav. 14, 103
Arzier, on the Vaudois .hua 18, 45
Attalens, Ctn. Fiibomg, above

Vevey . . . . . . . . 20

An Pra, Pdm., high in Pellice V. 2.

8, 12, 29, 34, 37, 60. 139, 141
Aui'ibeau, Var, nr. Cannes 26, 45

Axenstein, above Brunnen, L. of

Lucerne . . . . . . 71

Axenstrasse, road on E. bank of L.

ofUri 11

Bad Alveneu, Albula P., N. side 10,

29, 49, 01, 84, 98, 110

Baden, nr. Vienna . . . . 107 (bis)

Baltschieder V., to N. of Ehone V.,

opp. Visp . . 16, 42, 57, 133

Barcelonette, B. A., in the Ubaye
V. 12. 16. 25, 28, 29, 37, 49,
50, (;5, 98, 109, 111, 112, 114,

117, 119, 134, 137

Biirenfallenalp, Simplon P. 4. 8S

Basle, N.W. Switz. 2, 4 (bis), 7, 10
(bis), 21, 33 (bis), 39, 43, 45,
48 (bis). 49, 50 (bis), 55, 02,
74, 75, 83, 85. 89, 92, 97 (bis),
106, 107, 110, 111 (bis), 114,

117 (liis). 130

Baveno. L. Maggiore, N.E. Pdm.

22, 70, 72, 9'.l

Beaulieu, Fr. Eiv. . . 2, 46, 66, 95

Beauvezer, B. A. 4 (bis), 21. 30, 37,

52, 114, 127, 134. 139

Bechburg, N. Jura 4, 39, 75, 92. 97,

105, 106(bis), 107, 111, 117 (bisi, 130

Beinette, S.W. Pdm., below Certosa

diPesio.. .. 13.20,46, 86

Belalp, to N. of Rhone V., opp.

Brig . . . . 41, 67, 90, 127

Berchtesgaden, Bavarian High-
lands, S. of Salzbm-g 15, 92. 105

Bergell, r. Val Bregaglia

Bergiin, Albula P., N. side 6, 8, 21,

34, 77, 78, 88. 91. 98, 132

Berisal, Simplon P.. N. sidel, 3, 5
(bis), 8, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21,
22, 25, 28 (bis), 29, 31, 32, 33,
35, 39, 42, 43, 57, 58, 60, 61,
62, 75, 76, 84, 85, 88, 90, 103,
106, 112, 113, 133. 137. 139. 141

BernardineP..froniHinterrheinthal,
Cirisons, to Jjellinzona, Ticino

124, 125

Berne, Switz. 6, 10, 20 (bis), 48,
75, 92, 97, 101, 107, 117, 120
Bernek. N.E. cornerof Ctn. St. Gall 117
Bernex, Sav., on the Dent d'Oche,

above L. of Geneva . . . . 114

Bernina Hospice, at top of Bernina
P., from Pontresina to Tirano
(Italy) 39, 61, 76, 81, 90, 140, 141
Berthemont, A. Mar. (Fr.) 12, 89, 130
Bex, Vaud, Ehone V.17, 21, 52, 58,

63, 89, 105, 143
Bienne, Ctn. Berne, at foot of Jura

3, 21, 50, 105, 111, 113
Binn, E. of upper Ehone V. 15, 22
Bisbinno, W. bank of L. Como 26,

82, 118
Blumenthal, above Miirren, B. Ob. 25
Bobbie, W. Pdm., in Pellice V. 1, 2

(bis), 12, 15, 16, 17, 29, 31, 34,
37, 40, 72, 74, 107, 111, 114,

118, 134
Boden GL, above Zermatt . . 21

Bois de Batie, nr. Geneva . . . . 26

Bois de Bay, nr. Geneva 21, 26,

48, 105
Bonfol, N.W. corner of Switz. . . 116
}>ordighera. It. Eiv. . . 46 (bis)

Boreon R., A. Mar. (Fr.) 60 (bis),

102, 133
Bormio, Val Tellina, It. Tyr. 4, 49, 134
Bortelalp, above Berisal, Simplon

P 4, 5 (bis), 140

Bossey, nr. Geneva 25, 45. 98, 111,

114, 118
Botzen, W. Tyrol, N. of the Dolo-
mites 1,2, 3, 4, 7, 23, 31, 35,
40, 49 (3 times), 50, 52. 77, 85,

108, 109, 118, 143
Bourget, nr. Chamberv. Sav. 74,

110, 112
Bourg d'Aru, Isere, nr. Bourg d'
Oisans 2, 13, 29, 35, 77, 106,

118. 137
Bourg d'Oisans, E. of department
of Isere, France 1, 2, 12, 17,
29, 35, 77, 98. 106, 109, 110,

114, 135, 137, 139
Bourg St Maurice, E. Sav. 1, 2

(bis), 8, 12, 17, 18. 29, 35, 49,

62. 84, 98, 106, 109, 114
Bouveret, S.E. corner of L. of
Geneva 42, 45, 75, 76 (bis|, 78,

83. 91
Bovernier. nr. Martignv, ft. of Gd.

St. Bernard P. . . ' . . . . 40

Bovine, Mt.. above JNIartigny 4, 5.

6, 41, 67, 121, 126. 129, 140
Bozingen, at foot of Jura, nr.

Bienne. . . . . . . . . Ill

Branson, Ehone V., opp. Martigny

2, 5 (bis), 25, 26, 27, 31, 40,

43, 44 (bis), 61, 70, 104
Bremgarten, Ctn.Aaigau, N. Switz. 97
Brenner P.. W. Tvr., S. from

Innsbruck 2, 22, 39 (bis), 61,

INDEX.

1.-3

VMiV..

66. 67, 77. ^0, S«. 121, 12s,

12'.l, l;J8, i:{!l, 141
Bn'vent, Mt., nr. Cliaiaonix, Sav.

2, K. 12, lo, 16,22, 61, 72, 127,

129. 1:52
Brienzer Rothhorn, Mt., N. of L.of

Biienz .. .. 89, 121, 12H

Brif;-. Rhone V., ft. of the Shiiplon

P. 2, 3, .5, 8, 10, 18, 19 (bis),

25, 26, 34, 38, 39, 48, 49, 62.

82, lOo, 109, 117, 118, 133
Brunnen, Ctn. Schwvz, on L. of

Lucerne li, 40, 82, 120. 132

Brusio, S. of Po-chiavo V., S. side

of Beinina P. 4, 10, 40, 55, 73,

101, 109, 118, 123
Biinschen, above Weissenburg, B.

Ob. . . 20, 21, 22, 67, 80

Biiven, Bernese Seeland, nr. L. of

Bienne . . . . . . . . 75

Bnrgdorf, Bernese Mittelland 2, 4,

8, 48, 75, 85, 92, 97, 101, 107, 111
Burgenstock, Mt., nr. L. of Lucerne 98

Cadenabbia, W. bank of L. Como

111.

Cagnes, S. of A. :\rar. (Fr.). on the

Loup

Calanda, Mt.. \Y. of Coire, Grisonp

Campfer. T'pper Engadine4, 6, 13.

2.S, 29, 35, 37, 41, 62, 66, 67,

68, 78, 80 (bis), 119, 121,

Campiglio, S.W. Tyr. 12, 15, 16,

21, 22, 28, .56, 61, 66, 76, 78,

S2, 84, 109, 111, 121. 127, 1.30,

138, 140,

Cannes, Fr. Riv. 2, .3, 8, 27, 29, 40,

48 (bis), 53, 62, 65, 74, 95, 99,

101,

Castellane, in S.E. of B. A. 30, 39,

46, 52, 112,

Cassarate, E. of Lugano .. 44.

Catogne. Mt. above Martigny, to S.E.

Caux. above Montreux, L. of

Geneva 14, 19, 22, 82, 83, 117.

128, 130,

Celerina, Fpper Engadine. .

Certosa di Pesio, S.W, Piedmont 2

(bisi, 4, 6, 13, 15, Ki, 17, 18,

20, 23, 26, 29, 30, 35, 37, 40,

44, 46, 48, 49 (3 times). 50, 57,

61, 62 (bis), 63, 71, 77, 86, 9S

(l)is), 100 (bis), 101 Ibis), 103,

107 (bis), 114, 122, 125, Pis,

129, 133, 1.35. 136, 137, 139,

140, 141,

Chamossaire, Mt.. above Aigle . .

Chanionix, Sav., foot of Mt. Blane

6. 33, 39, 41, 56, (H, 62, 67, 72,

118,

Champery,' in Val d'llliez, S. of

Rhone V., opp. Aigle . . 21,

Chandolin, above Val d'.\nniviers

57. 62, 74, 103, 12S,

Charrat, Rhone V

116

53

87

141

141

115

118
46)
67

131

28

142

139

83

133

S9

Charpigny, Rhone V., between

Aigb' and Bex 26, 47, 50, 52,

63, 65, 82, 89, 100, 104, 114
Chasseral, Mt., .hna, above L. of

Bienne . .
Chateau d' Oex, Ctn. Berne, V. of

the Sarine . . . . 77,

Chateaufort, B..\. ..
Chatillon, Val d'Aosta, Pdni.
Chavoire, nr. Annecv. Sav. 1, 10,
22, 25, 44, 49 (bis),
Chene, nr. Geneva . .
Chiasso, Tieino, S. point of Switz.

18. 19, 34, 45, 73. 191, 111
Chiavenna, foot of Val Bregaglia,

Lombardy . . . . 40,

Chietre, btwn. Bex and St. Maurice,

Rhone V

Chillon, on N.E. bank of L. of

Geneva . .
Chippis, opp. Sierre, Rhone V.
Cliiusa, below Certosa di Pesio,

28

144

53

4

110
26

118
17

110

61

Pdm

Choully, nr. Geneva
Churwalden, Grisons, S.

44, 107, 108
. . 50
of Coire
74, 87, 132
Cierfs, Munsterfhal, S.E. Grisons 134
Cima Car, above Certosa di Pesio 29
Cogne v., Pdm., W. side of V;il d'
Aostal, 8, 13, 15,28, 29, 37. 49,
•56, 66, 72, 74, 80, 109, 114, 139
Coire. N. Grisons 2, 43, 50, 67, 87,

88, 91, 97, 101
Col deChevilie; S. of theDiablerets,

Vaud 131

Col de Pillon, N. of Diablerets, Ctn.

Berne . . . . . . . . 125

Col de Rouaine, B. A. . . . . 25

Col des Vaches, Zinal, Val d'An-

niviers . . . . . . . . 56

Col di Tenda, A. Mar., It.. 51, 118
Col du Torrent, btwn. Evolena and

Vissoye . . . . . . .56, 127

Colmars, in E. of B. A. . . 37, 127
Coltura, Val Bregaglia, Grisons . . 48
Comballaz, btwn. Sepey an<l

Chateau d'Oex . . . . 8

Como, N.W. of J,omhardy 2. 34, 40, 49
Condamine, B.A. . . . . . . 56

Corin, above Siei're, Rhone V. 23,

50, (bis)
Corne de Sorrebois, Val d' Anni viers 142
Cortina, N. Venetia, It. Tvr. 8, 23,
28 (bis), 39. 49. 95, "98, 102.
118 (bis), 125. 131, 1.33. 135.

13S, 140

Conrmayeur, Pdm., E. slopes of

Mt.' Blanc 1, 8, 10, 13, 16, 22,

2K (his), 29, 34, 35. 41, 44. 49,

62, 72, 74, 78. 84, 98, 114, 118,

129, 133. 139
Cran, above Saxon, Rhone V. . . S8
Cresciano, Val Leventina, Tieino. . 109
Cretes de Revchasse, above Abries,

H. A. '. 16, 90, 140

154

INDEX.

Crevola, Pdm., S. side of Simplon

P. .. 40, 52, 99, 101, 118

Cristallo, Mtn. in It. Tyrol . . 135

Croda di Lago, Mtn. in It. Tyr. 39,

133, 135, 1.36, 138, 140 (bis)

Curfirsten, Mt., above N. of Walen-

see, Ctn. St. Gall . . . . 75

Daubensee, top of Gemmi P. . . 36

Davos, N. Grisons 4, 11, 14, 18

(bis), 67, 78, 80, 87, 127, 129, 133

Degersheim, Ctn. St. Gall.. .. 117

Dent de Coijeon, Ctn. Fribourg, nr.

Chateau d'Oex . . . . 129

Dent de Morcles, Mt. Vaud, above

EhoneV 103, 127

Dent du Midi, Rhone V. above St.
Maurice 80, 125 (bis), 129 (bis),

131, 132

Devil'sBridge, St Gotthard., P btwn.
Giischenen and Andermatt . . 124

Diablerets, Mt. N.W. Valais36, -56,

125, 128

Digne, centre of B.A. 1, 2 (bis), 4
(3 times), 5, 7, 8, 10 (bis), 12,
16, 17 (bis), IK, 21, 22 (bis), 23,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 (bis), 31,
33 (bis), 35, 37, 39, 44, 45 (bis),
46, 47, 49 (4 times), -50 (bis),
51, 52, .53, .54 (bis), 57, 62, 63,
64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 76, 77, 79,
82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 95, 98, 100,
101, 102, 107, 108, 109 (bis),
110, 111 (bis). 112 (bis), 114,
lis, 119, 128, 132, 133, 134,

135, 13H, 139, 142, 144

Dischmathal, to S.E. of Davos 4,

11,25, 28, 67, 76, 81, 125 (bis)

Disentis, in W. of Grisons 10, 18

Divonne, Sav., btwn. L. of Geneva

and .Jura .. ..17, 20 (bis)

Dole, Mt., S. .Jura 21, 105. lis, 13s

Dolomites, Mts., S Tyrol . . . . S6

Domo d'Ossola, Pdm., S. side of

Simplon P. . . . . . . 116

Dourbes, Mt., nr. Digne. 8, 64, 111,

128, 134, 139

Draix, B.A 134, 139

Drance V., btwn. Martigny and

Orsieres.. .. .. 5, t>

Durand Gl., at head of Val de

Bagnes, to S.E. of ^lartigny. 41

Eggen, Simplon P., S. side .. 61

Eggenthal, Tyr., S.E. of Botzen

22, 23, 99, 101
Eggishorn, to N. of Rhone V. above

Fiesch . . . . . . . . 67

Eggiswyl, nr. head of Emmenthal 80
Einsiedeln, Ctn. Schwyz 20, 40,

.57, 67, 80, 131
Emmenthal, Bernese Mittelland,

S.E. of Bur-dorf . . . . 85

Emsigenalp, S.E. part of Pilatu.': 19
Engelberg, Ctn. Unterwalden, S.

of L. of Lucerne 4, 14, 15 (bis),

17, 33, 41, 43, .57, 67, 74, 77,
89, 122, 128, 129 (bis), 132, 140
Engi,inSernfthal, Ctn. Glarusl25, 131
Engstlenalp. Ctn. Unterwalden,

S.W. of Engelberg 4, 5 (bis),

6, 57, 121
En Saumont, above Clarens, Mon-

treux 20

Entrevaux, in S.E. of B. A. 47, 77
Epplesheim, on Stelvio P. . . 125

Esino, above Varenna, E. bank of

L. of Como .. ..17, 32, 133
Esterel, Mt., W. of Cannes, Fr.

Riv 45, 54

Evolena, Val d'Herens, to S. of

Rhone V., opp. Sion 4, 16, 21,

22, 29. .33, 34, 36, 48, 56, 67,

90, 127, 129, 133

Faido, on S. side of St. Gotthard P. 45
Failiefeu, B. A. 37, 39, 60, 139, 140
Falzarego P., S. Tyr. 49, 61, 66,

80, 135 138, 140 (bis)
Faulhorn, Mt., B. Ob., above

Grindelwald . . . . . . 140

Fenestrella, W. Pdm., S. of Susa 11, 81
Ferpecle, Val d'Herens, above

Evolena ..16,-58, 66, 75, 127

Fiesch, Upper Rhone V. 15, 67, 72,

106, 110, 133, 138
Filzbach, above the S.W. of the

Walenpee .. .. 92, 103

Finalmarina, It. Riv. . . . . 95

Findelen, above Zerniatt . . . . 127

Flims, Grisons, W. of Coire 11, 77
Flimserstein, Mt., N. of Flims 125 (bis)
Fluela P., through the Fluelathal,

from Davos toSiis, Grisonsll,

125 (bis), 140, 141
Foliette, Mt., nr. Loeche-les-bains,

Gennni . . . . . . 57

Follaterre, Mt., Rhone V., opp. Ver-

nayaz and Martigny 3, 17 (bis),

22, 31, 33, 42, 45, 61, 70, 108, 113
Forclaz, above Martigny on the P.

to Cbamonix 11, 22, 57, sO,

97, 103, 125, 129, 133, 139
Franzenhohe, Stelvio P., Aus. Tyr.,

N. side 6, 61, 141

Freniere, above Bex . . . . 21

Fully, N. side of Rhone V., N.E. of

Martigny 4, 5, 8, 11, 15, 17,

23, 40, 44, 51, 72, 88, 89, 98

(bis), 117, 126, 129, 140
Fuorcla di Surlej. S.E. of Surlej.

Upper Engadine . . . . 58

Furka, P. from N.E. Valaisto Ctn.

Uri41,57,66,67, 117, 124, 127, 140
Fu.^io, nr. head of Val Maggia,
Ticino 1, 10, 14, 18 (bis), 21,
22. 28, 33, 39, 40, 61, 66, 82,
124, 126, 127, 129 (bis), 1.30, 139

Gadmen, off Haslithal toE.3, 5, 21,

INDEX.

155

PACK.

39, 43, 5G, 57 (bis), 75, 77, 89,

97, 125, 129 (bis), 131
Gais, Ctn. Appenzell . . . . 120

Gamsen, Rhone V. between Visp

and Brig . . . . 44, 133

Gandi-ia, on L. of Lugano, Ticino 8
Ganter, R., on the Simplon P., N.

side 1, 40,42, 43, 84 (bis), 129

Gap, chief town of H.A. . . . . 37

Gardone, on W. bank of L. of

Garda 2 (bis)

Gasterthal, off N. side of the

Gemmi to E 125

Gemmi, P. from Spiez on L. of

Thun, to Loeche, Rhone V. o,

6, 17, 41, 42, 5iJ, 57, 00, 61,

121, 125 (bis), 131, 132, 134,

140, 141
Geneva, S.W. Switz. 2, 4, 25, 26,

40 (bis), 48
Gias del Ortiga, above Certosa di

Pesio 128

Giinel, Jura Vaudois, above Rolle

113, 118, 120
Gimelwald, below Murren, B. Ob.

31, 52
Giornico, Ticino, Val Leventina

12, 109
Giubiasco, S. Ticino. below Bellin-

zona . . . . . . . . 12

Glacier de Miage, S. side of Mt.

Blanc, Pdm 28

Glaisolas, B. A 28

Glion, above Montreux 17, 48, 83

(bis), 107, 117, 118, 131
Godessart, B.A. 28, 60, 7H, 118, 127
Goldau, S. of L. of Zug . . 110, 111
Gomagoi, on the Slelvio, Austrian

side 139

Gondo, on the Simplon, S. side,

Valai? . . . . 10, 17, 04, 103

Gorge de St. Andre, A. Mar. (Fr.)

40, 05, 144
Gornergrat, above Zermatt 25, 36,

61, 67, 74, 88, 128, 139, 140, 141
G(")schenen, Ctn. Uri, on the St.

Gotthard P., N. side . .17, 41, 45
Gr.md Ferrex, at the head of the

Yal Ferrex, Valais . . 29, 141
Grand Md'veran, Mt., Vaud, above

Bex 127, 140

Grand St. Bernard, P. from

Martigny, Rhone V. to Aosta,

Pdm. 17, 25, 41, 62, 07, 74,

121, 129, 141
Granges, nr. Sierre, Rhone V. 15,

40, 97, 100
Grangettes, farms nr. Villeneuve, at

head of L. of Geneva . . 17, 75
Grasse, A. Mar. (Fr.), above Cannes

54, 115, 139
Grengiol s, Upper Rhone V , en trance

to Binnthal . . . . 98, 133

Gresy, above L. Bouvget, Sav. 2, 8,

10 (bis), 17, 22, 33, 44, 40, 49

P.\OE.

(bis), 51, 62, 70, 84, 98, 110,

111 (bis) 112 (bis), 114, 118
Grimsel, P. from liiicnz to Rhone

Gl. 5, 15, 41, 08, 121, 124,

125, 142
Grindelwald, B. Ob., at head of

Liitschinthal 29

Grcklner .Toch, S. Aus. Tyr., at

head of Grcidnerthal . . . . 134

Gros Gloekner, Mt., E. Tyr. . . 68
Gruyere, Ctn. Fribourg, in Sarine

V 33, 103

Gryon, above Bex, Rhone V. 0, 62,

73, 97
Guarda, Lower Engadine, entrance

to Val Tuoi 10, 14, 21, 22, 23,

28, 29, 33, 37, 39, 41, .56, 66,

67, 77, 78, 82, 84, 87. Ill, 126,

127, 129, 140 (bis)
Gumpoldskirehen, S. of Vienna . . 13
Gunten, on N. bank of L. of Thun 110
Gurgaletsch, Mt., S.E. of Coire 87,

129, 130
Gurnigel, Bernese Mittelland, nr.

L. of Thun . . . . 131, 135

Guttannen, in the Oberhaslithal . . 75
Gysulafluh, Mt., N.E. of Aarau . . 97

Hallwyl, btwn. Lucerne and

Lenzburg (Aargau) . . . . 120

Hauderes, above Evolena . . . . 33

Hasliberg, above the Haslithal, the

N. side of the Grimsel P. . . 19
Hasli Scheideck, Mtn., S.W. of

Haslithal 67

Handeck, in the Haslithal 14, 77, 125
Heiligenblut, in N.W. corner of

Car. 18, 34, 39, 60, 01, 66, 82,
121, 12-!, 135 (bis), 141 (bis), 142
Heremence, off the Rhone V., opp.

Sion 133

Hermance, nr. Geneva, on E. bank

of L. 20, 25, 33, 46, 82, 105, 117
Heuthal (Val del Fain), to N.E. of

Bernina P., N. side 39, 57, 82,

87, 90, 140
Hinterheinthal, Grisons, S.W.

from Thusis 125

Hospenthal, on the St. Gotthard P. 22

Hospitalet, B.A 83

Hottingen, nr. Ziirich . . . . 45

Hutteggen (Huteck), Saasthai 30,

42, 113
Hiitten, S. of L. of Ziirich . . Ill

Iffenthal, N. Jura, nr. Basle . . 105
Illgraben, S. of Rhone V., opp.

Loeche . . . . . . . . 03

Inden, on S. side of Gemmi. below

L-;('che-les-bains 2, 29, 36, 51,

77, 129
Innsbruck, in the Inn V., N. Tyr.

66, 109, 125 (bis), 128
Ins, btwn. Lakes of Bienne and

Neuchatel 20

166

INDKX.

PAOK.

Interlaken, btwn. Lakes of Thun

and Biien^ . , . . 3'i, 89

Iselle, Simplon P., S. side, Pdm.2,

16, 71, 99, 115
Isonzothal, Julian Alps, Carniola

40, 77, 1(J3

Jaman, Mt., above Montreux .. 101
Jeui'-Brulee, above Branson, Rhone

V 5, 53, 82, 83

Joch P., S. of Engelberg .. .. 129
Jorat, Mt., N. of Lausanne . . 20

Jura, Mts., W. boundary of Switz.

4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 17, 21, 22,
24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33 (bis), 34,
4S, 48, 49, 50, 52, 55, 60 (bis),
66, 74, 78, 82, 83, 85, 89, 98,
100, 101, 106, 111, 112, 113,

117, 132, 137, 138
Justisthal, N. of L. of Thun 8, 19

Kalfeuser (Calfeisen) Alps, Ctn.

Glarus, S. of Ragatz . . . . 125

Kaltberg, in the Turtmannthal,

5. of Rhone V. . . . . 90
Kandersteg, B. Ob., N. side of the

Gemmi . . 28, 124, 125, 129, 131
Katzensee, Ctn. Zurich, N.W. of

L 120

Kienthal, S. of Lake of Thun . . 125

Klonthal, in W. of Ctn. Glarus . . 98
Kor Alp, borders of Styria and Car.

22, 25, 37, 41, 117, 125 (bis)
Kupfernaseruns, above Filzbach,

S. of Walensee . . 92, 103

La Batiaz, tower, E. of Martigny

15, 30, 62, 86 (bis), 87, 89, 108
La Bocca, Cannes, Fr. Riv. 63, 107
La Bollene, A. Mar. (Fr.). .30, 52, 72
Lac de la Madeleine, nr. Larehe,

B. A 41, 67

La Clusaz, Sav., between Thones

and Megeve, below the Col d'

Aravis . . . . . . . . 29

La Faucille, Jura, Sav., N.E. of

Geneva . . . . . . . . 74

La Flegere, Mt., nr. Chamonix,

Sav. . . . . . . . . 132

Lagalp, E. of Bernina P., near top,

N. side . . . . . . . . 81

Lago di Garda, N.E. Lombardy . . 133
Lago di Loppio, N.E. of Lago di

Garda .. .. 31, 44, 110, 133

Lago Maggiore, Ticino and Pdm. . . 17
La Grave, Dauphine, 13, 15, 35,

84, 106, 109, 111, 117, 137
Languard, R. and V., E. of Pon-

tresina . . . . . . 39^ 57

Lanslebourg, at foot of Mt. Cenis',

French side .. .. II7, 130

La Pallette, above the Col de Pillon',

B. Ob 52

Laquinthal, to S. of Simplon P., S.

side 21, 22, 24, 25, 62, 74, 89,
118, 121, 126, 127, 130, 131, 1.S2

Larehe, N.E. of B. A., nr. Italian
frontier 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18,
29, 37, 39, 41, 49, 56, 6U, 61,
62, 66, 67, 74. 82, 84, 85, 88,
193, 109, 114, 117, 132, ] 34, 135, 137

Lattrigen 75, 105

Lausanne, on N. bank of L. of
Geneva 8, 17, 45, 50, 72, 75,

98, 106, 117

Lauterbrunnen, B. Ob., S. of Inter-
laken . . . . 29, 36, 79, 130

LauzonV., in Graian Alps, nr. Cogne 80

Lavancher, nr. Chamonix, Sav. . . 56

La Vare, above Bex, Rhone V. 28,

125, 126

Lavey, Vaud, Rhone V., between
Bex and St. Maurice 24, 25,
26 (bis), 27, 45, 62, 63, 77, 78, 82

Lecco, on S.E. of L. of Como,

Lombardy . . . . . . 51

Le Coin, at N.W. of the Grand

Saleve, Sav. 8, 17, 25, 45. 103, 111

Le Lautaret, in Dauphine Alps 2,
5, 15, 24, 25, 28, 29, 37, 41,
56, 61, 66, 67, 80, 82, 117,

125, 127, 129, 130, 140, 141

Lenk, Simmenthal, B. Ob. (mis-
printed Leuk) . . . . 20, 120

Lenzburg, Ctn. Aargau . . 92, 97

Le Peuty, nr. the Glacier de Trient,

above Martigny . . . . 132

Le Prese, S. side of Bernina P.,

PoschiavoV 83,91, 97

Le Reculet, S.E, Jura, Sav., nr.

Geneva . . . . 14, 21, 121, 131

Les Avants, above Montreux, L. of

Geneva . . 17, 26, 29, 83, 98, 114

Les Plans, above Bex, Rhone V. 11,

119, 138

Les Voirons, Mt., Sav., E. of

Geneva . . . . . . . . 97

Levens, A. Mar. (Fr.) in the

Vesubie V. . . . . . . 108

Leysin, above Aigle, Rhone V. . . 48

Liestal, S.E. of Basle 4, 7, 10, 20,
22, 29, 33, 43, 44, 48 (bis), 49,
.50 (bis), 62, 89, 92, 97, 101,

105, 106, 130

Locarno, at head of L. Maggiore,
Ticino 8, 17, 26, 39, 40, 64,

76, 84, 99, 100, 115, 118

Loeche (Leuk), Rhone V., btwn.
Sierre and Visp 2 (bis), 30, 45,

49, 62, 72, 77, 117, 118

Loeehe-les-bains(Leukerbad), above
Loeche, on S. side of Gemmi
4, 5, 8, 14, 17, 29, 36, 60, 61,
62, 74, 76, S9, 103, 109, 127,

128, 129 (bis), 140

Lolling, on W. slope of Sau Alp,

E. Car. 25, 57, 77, 78, 117, 130

Losone, nr. Locarno, Ticino . . 104

Lostorf, nr. Olten, N.E. Switz. 39, 113

LiJtschenthal, N. of Rhone V., above

Gampel.. .. .. ..28

Index.

157

Lucens, Viuul, iibove Lausiinne,

towards Neueliiitel ..75, '.)2, 105

Lucerne, Central Switz. 11, 17, 44,

70, 110, 114

Lugano, Tieino, at head of L. 2, 17,
40, 4.5, 52, ()1, 84, 99, 101, 106,

108, 143

Lungern, Ctn. Untorwalden, S.

side of Brunig P. . . . . 105

Liitschine, 2 Us., from Grindelwuld
and Lautevhrunnen Vs. to In-
terlaken . . . . . . 2

Macolin (Magglingen), Jura, above
Bienne . .

Macugnaga, Pdm., E. of Mte. llosa

10, 15, 18, 21, 28, 114, 129,

130,

Muderanerlhal, to E. of Amsteg,
in Upper Reussthal . .

Madone des Fenetres, Mt., A. Mar.
(Fr.) .. 18,22,56,61,71,

Magadino, on N.E. of L. Maggiore

Malans, N.W. Grisons

Malmorte, B. A. . . 37, 129,

Maloja, at top of P. btwn. the
Engadine and Italy 6, 11, 39,
60, 81, 88, 103, 121, 125, 127,

Miinnlichen, Mt., btwn. Grindeiwald
and Wengen, B. Ob. 121, 129

Mantegna, V., A. Mar. (Fr.), nr.
Cannes . .

Marcoux, nr. Digne, B. A. . .

Marly, nr. Fribourg, Switz.

Martignv, Valais, Rhone Y. 1,2, 3, 4
(bis"), 5, 6,8, 10, 12, 15,16,18,
22 (bis). 23, 25, 27, 28, 33 (bi.s),
34, 38, 44 (bis), 46, 48, 49, 50,
51, .52, .57, 58, 59 (bis), 60, 62
(bis), 63, 77, 84, 85,86,88,98,
100, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110,
113, 117, 118, 132,

Mattmark, at head of Saasthal 4,
6, 14,

Mayens de Sion, above Sion, to S.
of Bhone V. .. 22, 41, 57,

Mayenwand, N. of the top of the

Grimsel P. 14, 17, 68, 118,

122, 124, 127,

Megeve, Sav., S.W. of Chamonix
10, 22, 74,

Meienthal, N.W. of Wasen on the
St. Gotthard P.

Meiringen, in E. of B. Ob., entrance
of Haslithal . . 28, 37, 75,

Mendel P., Tvr., S. of Botzen 2, 4,

8, 18, 4-5"^, 49 (bi.s), 50, 60, 61,

70, 74, 77,80,84,98, 101, 103,

105, 111, 114, 118, 130, 132,

Mendrisio, S. Tieino . . 8,

Meran, W. Tyr., N. W. of Botzen 16,

Meyrin, nr. Geneva, Switz. 4, 22,
39, 48, .50, 98,

Modane, S.E. corner of Savoie, nr,
entrance of Mt. CeniF tunnel

50

131

13

133

12

118

134

135

(bi.s)

46
20

48

133

28
127

140
139
127

89

133

9

100

114

81

Modling, S. of Vienna 23, 34, 40,

49, 69, 99, 103, 107, HI
Mole.son, Mt., Fribourg, above Bulle

19, 117
I\hjllis, Ctn. Glarus, nr. L. of

Walenstadt (Walensee) . . 97

Monnetier, Sav., btwn. the Grand

and Petit Saleve 5, 6, 8, 14,
25, 26, 29, 3.3, 45, 49, 103, 111
i\[ontaigne de St. Vincent, Digne,

B. A 139

Montana, above Siurre, Rhone V.

3, 4, 31, 33, .57, 117
Mont Balme de la Frema, A. Mar.

(Fr.) 18, 29, 49, 61, 62, 117,

121, 130
Mt. Barrv, Fribourg, nr. Gruvere

2, 8,'ll, 14, 20 (bis), 33, 78," 82,

117, 120, 131
Mt. Buet, Sav., nr. Chamonix . . 141
Mt. Cenis, S.E. of Sav. 23, 26, 56, 138
Mt. Chemin, Martigny to left of St.

Bernard P. 15, 17, 34, 79, H8,

89, 92, 98
Mt. Chetif, above Courmayeur,

Pdm 62

Mt. Crammont, Pdm., above Cour-
mayeur . . . . 84, 85, 88, 90
Mt. Cray, above Chateau d'Oex . . 142
Mt. d'Autan, Martigny, Rhone V. 121
Mt. de la Saxe, above Courmayeur,

Pdm. . . 66, 67, 80, 88, 141 (bis)
Mt. de Sion, Sa»'., S. of Geneva 45, 106
Mt. d' Or, Jura, Fr. frontier, above

Vallorbe 66

Monte Bre, S. Tieino, on N. of L.

of Lugano 63, 64, 71, 88, 99, 100
Mte. Cenere, Tieino, to E. of head

of L. Maggiore . . . . 12

Mte. Costa Rossa, above Certosa di

Pesio . . . . . . . . 125

Mte. Faschia, above Certosa di Pesio

61, 128
Mte. Generoso, S.E. Tieino 45, 47, 133
Mte. Grigna, above Lecco, Lom-

bardy 134

Mte. Matajur, .Julian Alps (S.E.

group, Carniola) . . . . 40

Mte. Salvatore, S. of Lugano 49, 76
Mte. Viso, Pdm., on frontier of H.

and B.A 23

Mt. Pelerin, above Vevey, Vaud, L.

of Geneva . . . . . . 107

Mt. Ravoire, above Martigny,

Rhone V. . . . . 8, 23, 111, 129

Montreux, Vaud, E end of L. of

Geneva . . . . 26, 71, 106, 107

Mt. Suchet, Swiss Jura, above

Vallorbe .. .. 61, 66

Mt. Vinaigrier, Fr. Riv. W. of

Cannes.. .. ..63,65, 83

Morel, ITpper Rhone V. 1,26,67, 133
Mornex, nr. Geneva .. 98, 111

Morteratsch Gl., to S. of Bernina

P., S. side ,.^21,41.67, 68

158

INDEX.

Moudon, Vaud, btwn. L. of Geneva

and L. of Neuchate] . . . . 92

Miihlebachalp, Ctn. Glarus 12-5, 131
Miihlen (Molins), Julier P., btwn.

Tiefenkastenand theEngadine 116

Miinsteithal, E. Grisons .. .. 20

Muottas, Mt., nr. Pontresina .. 77

Miii-ren, B. Ob., above Lauteibrnn-

nen 14, 22, 24, 29, 31, 39 (3

times), 41 (bis), 60, 66, 128,

129, 131 (bis), 132, 135, 137,

138, 139, 141
Mythen, Mt., Ctn. Schwyz 57, 132

Nairs, Mt., above C.unpfer, Upper

Engadine
Naters, nr. Brig, Rhone V. 14, 85,

89,

Nax, on Mt. opp. Hion, Rhone V.

Neuchatel, W. Switz., on the Jura

62. 106,

Neuhausen, at the Schaffhausen

Falls 33,

Neuveville, Jura, on W. of L. of
Bienne 1, 20, 28, 48, 50, 105,

110, 113, 117
Nice, Fr. Riv. 8, 40, 46, 48 (bis),

49, 6o, 83, 99, 115
Kicholaithal, V., above Visp. . . 62
Niesen, Mt., S. of L. of Thiin . . 124
Niouc, above Chippis, entrance of
Val d' Anniviers 8, 16, 19, oO,

57, 62, 72, 74, 77, 81, 103, 133
Noes, W. of Sierre, Rhone V. 50 (bis)
Novallo (Nuovalo), nr. Cortina,

Tyr. . . . . . . 138, 140

130

111
14

114

70

Oberaargau, N. part of Ctn. Berne
Oberalp P. to N.E. of Anderniatt

14, 17, 39, 56, 61, 66, 67, 128,

Obergesteln, Upper Rhone V.

Obergurnigel, above Gurnigel 19,

112,

Oberhaslithal, upper part of Hasli-

thal, formuig N. side of

Grimsel P. . . 8, 75, 77, 89,
Oberstalden, btwn., Schwvtz and

Glarus ".

Oberutzwyl, in W. of Ctn. St.

Gall 106,

Oensingen, Ctn. Soleure . .
Oftringen, in the Aarthal . .20, 50,
Olgiate, Lombardy, S.W. of Conio
2, 34, 44, 51, 84, 86,

Ollon, Vaud, Rhone V

Olten, Ctn. Soleure
Onex, nr. Geneva, Switz.

92

139
125

125

3,

18, 44,
48, 98,

Orbe, in the Jura Vaudois
Ormont, above Aigle, Vaud 2, 17,
Orsieres, in the Drance V., above

Martigny
Orta, N.E. I'dm. 1, 2, 4, 26, 33
(bis), 40, 53, 109,
Osterwitz, W. Styria on the

Stainz Alps

103
66

117

97

77

100
34
21

105

50

129

11

118

120

Ozglosse, B.A.

PAGK.

, . 25, 120, 129, 134

60

139

92

Pain de Sucre, \V. of the Grand

St. Bernard P.
Pantenbriicke, S. of Linthal, on

the Sandalp
Parpan, btwn. Coire and Tiefen-

kasten . . . . . . 56,

Pas de Cheville, S. of the Diablerets
Passo Babane, above Certosa di

Pesio
Payerne, btwn. Fribourg and L. of

Neuchatel
Pejo, W. Aus. Tyr. 11, 17, 22, 77,

81, 82, 105, 121, 127, 130, 132
Pepiori, Mt., A. Mar. (Fr.) . . 121

Petit St. Bernard P., to E. of Grand

St. Bernard 29, 56, 84, 111,

127, 132
Pfaffers, nr. Ragatz, E. of Ctn.

Glarus 77, 117

Pfyn, village in the middle of the

Pfynwald 30, 44, 52, 72, 98

(bis), 100
Pfynwald, btwn. Sierre and Loeche-

Souste, on left bank of Rhone

9, 15. 30, 34, 44, 49, 72, 84,

85, 86, 89, 92, 110, 133
Pic de I'Aigle, A. Mar. (Fr.) . . 6

Pierre-a-voir, Mt., above Saxon,
Rhone V. 24, 36, 37, 39, 74,

122, 126, 141
Pilatus, Mt.. W. of L. of Lucerne
2, 19, 38, 48, 61, 121 , 125, 128,

129, 132, 138
Pinchat, nr. Geneva . . 44, 46

Piz Languard, Mt., to E. of I'on-

tresina . . . . . . 127, 141

Piz Okel, Mt., S. of Coire . . . . 8

Plan Cerisier, above Martigny

Bourg, Rhone V. 10, 30, 40, 87
Pointe de la Lauze, above Abries,

H.A 140

Ponchette, Val d'Annivieis 28, 74,

103, 128
Pontarlier, central Fr. Jura 28, 67, 131
Pont de Nant, above Bex 2, 5, 6, 9,
17, 36, 38, 56, 57, 62, 78, 82,

117, 118, 131, 132, 138
Pontresina, Upper Engadine 5 (bis),

10, 14, 20, 2], 22, 28 (bis), 29,
35, 37, 39 (bis), 41, 43, 56, 61,
66. 67, 74, 77, 78, 80, 82, 84,
85, 87, 98, 118, 121, 127, 139,

]40, 141
Poschiavo, S.E. Grisons, S. side of

Bernina P. . , . . . . 78

Postalp, above villnge of Brenner,

Tyr. .. 39, 61, 88, 121, 128
Priitigau, V. of the Landquart,

N.E. Grisons .. 56, 101, 123

Preles (Pragelz), Jura, nr. L. of

Bienne . . . . . . . . 117

Pre St. Didier, Val d' Aosta, Pdm.

2 (bis), 4, 12, 18, 16, 17, 29, 31,

tNDliX.

159

I'AliE.

34, 35, 40, 41, 4'.), 62. ()7, 72
(bis), 73, 77, 78 (his), 84, 88,

98, 109, 111, 114, 118, 135
Promontogno, Val I3regaglia, Gii-

sons . . • . . . . . 129

Piunieres, B.A 112, 119

Puget-Theniers, A. Mar. (Fr.) . . 95

Eagatz, E. of Ctn. Glarus 77, 92, 120
llandft, below Zevmatt . . . . 123

Karon, Khone V. .. .. 51, 52

Keichenbach, above Spioz, L. ot

Thun 77

Kesi, nr. Soleure .. .. .. 4

Keussthal, N. side of St. Gottbard

P 77

Revereulaz, above Vouvrv, Rhone

V ".. ..75

Rheinthal, in E. of Ctn. Grisons 2, 101
Riffelalp, above Zermatt 3, 4,5,13,

21, 28, 3(j, 37, 39, 41, 58, «0,
1)1, (52, 80, 82, 90, 127, 128, 129
Rigi, Mt., N. of Lucerne . . 29, 103
Riva, at head of L. of Garda 31, 133
Rochers de Naye, above Montreux

19, 4ti, 58, (JO, 101, 103, 121,

138, 142
Rochers des Vents, above Gryon,

Vaud, N. of Rhone V. . . 141

Koja, R., A. Mar. (It.) .. ..53
Roquebiliere, A. War. (Fr.) .. 72

Rorshach, on S.W. of L. Constance 117
Rosegg Gl., headofRosegg v., S.W.

of Pontresina 5 (bis), 25, 28,

41, 57, 77, 81, 127, 140, 141
Rosenlaui, between Meiringen and

Grindelwald, B. Ob. . . 75, 77
Rossboden Gl. and Alp, above

Simplon P., S. side 90, 125, 140
Rossinieres, in Sarine V. nr.

Chateau d'Oex 8, 21, 33, 77,

97, 131, 142
Rothenbach, S.E. of Emmenthal,

Ctn. Berne 80

Rougemont, in Sarine V. nr.

Chateau d'Oex . . . . 77

Eoveredo, at entrance of Misox V.,

Grisons.. .. .. 101, 114

Saanen (Gesseney), Ctn. Berne, V.

of the Sarine. . . . . . . 77

Saas, to S. of Rhone V. above Visp

4, 5, 9, 13, 14, l(j, 17, 18, 28

(bis), 3(), 38, 39, 41, 57, 62,69,

81 (bis), 113, 127, 132, 140
Sagno, nr. Chiasso, Ticino 17, 76

SaiUon, Rhone V. opp. Saxon 3, 17,

25, 26, 27, 48, 63, 77, 87, 104,

117, 133
Saint Andre, E. of B.A., N. of

Castellane .. . .52, 71, 95

St. Anton, S.E. Car. 125 (bis), 128

St. Beatenberg, above N. bank of-

L. of Thun 107

St. Blaise, Neucbatel Jura 1, 3, 10,

I'Aoi;.
21,50, 98, 110
St. Cergues, VaudoisJura 7, 14,
21, 22, 48, 78, 97, 98, 106, 108,

111, 117
St. Gall, N.E. Switz. 7, 10 (bis),

21, 29, 33, 43, 48, 62, 110,

111, 113
St. Georges, Vaudois Jura 5, 7, 14,

24, 34, 78, 89, 103, 117, 130
St. Leonard, Rhone V., btwn. Sion

and Sierre . . . . 97, 100

St. Martin Vesubie, A. Mar. (Fr.)
1, 4, 10, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 26
(bis), 30, 33, 34, 35, 45, 46, 47,
49, 50 (bis), .52, 60 (bis), 61,62,
(bis), 63, 65, ()6, 67, 72, 73, 77,
81, 83, 84, 86, 89, 95, 100, 102,
107, 108, 109, 110, 117, 118,
121, 127, 129, 130, 133, 135,

136, 140, 141
St. Maurice, nr. Cannes . . . . 46

St. Michel-de-Maurienne, in S. of
Sav. 2, 8, 12, 13, 19, 30, 31,

40, 78, 106, 109, 111, 114
St. Moritz, Upper Engadine 5,

20, 28, 29, 67, 74, 76, 80, 133
St. Nicholas, above Visp, 1, 8, 16,

22, 28, 29, 39, 42, 74, 84, 86,

113, 129, ]39
St. Paul, Lavantthal, E. Car. 49, 69
St. Remy, nr. top of Grand St.

Bernard P., S. side, Pdm. 72, 121
St. Sauveur, in N. of A. Mar. (Fr.)

72, 77
St. Triphon, Vaud, Rhone V.,
btwn. Aigle and Bex 1.7, 25,

36, 45, 50
Saleve, Mt., Sav.,nr. Geneva 4, 14,

16, 20
Salzburg, N. of Province of Salz-
burg, Austria 15,69,76,81,

103, 124
Salquenen, (Salgetsch) Rhone V., N.
side, btwn. Sierre and Loeche

4, 23, 30, 34, 89, 104
Sal van, above Vernayaz, Rhone V.

57, 71
Samaden, Upper Engadine 28, 129

San Bartolomeo, nr. Certosa di

Pesio 100

San Dalmazzo di Tenda, below

Certosa di Pesio . . 46 (bis)

San Martino, Ticino . . . . 89

San Stefano, nr. Chiasso, S. Ticino

8. 22, 26. 40, 73, 76, 106, 110
Sarnthal, N. of Botzen, Tyr. 23,

77, 97, 101
Sassenage, Dauphine Alps . . 137

Sau Alpe, E. Car. . . 22, 25, 124, 125
Saut du Doubs, Bernese Jura . . 4
Sauverny, nr. Divonne, S. Jura

Sav 97

Schafberg, Mt., above Pontresina

18, 28 (bis), 39, 61, 119, 124, 129
Schalihausen, N. Switz. 7, 21, 25,

160

29, 49, 50, 62, 83, 105, lOd,

113, 117,

Schafler, Mt., Ctn. Appenzell

Schafmatt, Mt., above Aarau 3,

Scheideck, Mt., B. Ob., above

Grindehvald . . . . 36,

SchinbeiK, Mt., Ctn. Aai'gau
Schonbiiinn, S.W. of Vienna
Schiipfen, Bernese Seeland 20 (bis),
50, 92, 97 (bis), 107, 114,
Schwarzbach, on the Gemmi P. . .
Schwarzsee, above Zermatt 54,
Sedrun, S.W. of Disentis, on

Obeialp P

Seealpthal, S. of Appenzell
Sefinenthal, to W. of Upper Lauter-

brunnen V., B. Ob. . . 62,
Seisseralp, S. Aus. Tyr., S. of

Grodnerthal
Sembrancher, Grand St. Bernard

P., N. side .. .. 3,

Sepey, Vaud, above Aigle, Khone V.

1, 2, 6, 10 (bis), 11, 22, 28, 29,

83, 45, 48 (bis), 49 59, 66, 85,

97, 98, 101, 105, 106, 107,

Sertigthal, to S.E. of Davos 45, 56,

57,

Seyne, B.A 129, 134,

Sierne, nr. Geneva. . 29, 45, 98,
Sierre (Siders), Khone Y. 3, 4, 5

(bis), 8, 9, 11. 15, 17, 19, 22,

23, 25 (bis), 27, 28, 29, 30, 33
(bis), 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48 (bis),
49 (bis), 50 (bis), 51, 59, 60,
61, 63, 70, 74, 77, 84, 85, 86,
88, 89 (bis), 97. 98, 104, 108, 113,

Sihlthal, parallel with W. bank of

L. of Zilrich

Silser See, L. at Sils ..22, 39,

Sils Maria, Upper Engadin 28,

Simplon P., from Brig, Rhone. V.,

to Domo d'Ossola, Pdm. 3, 9,

14, 16, 21, 24, 25, 35, 36, 39

(bis), 40, 41 (3 times), 54, 55,

56 (3 times), 57 (bis), 61, 62,

66, 67, 68 (bis), 72, 80 (bis),

81, 82, 84, 88, 106, 109, IIH,

121, 122, 125, 126, 128, 132,

135, 138, 140 (bis), 142,

Simplon Village, on S. side of

Simplon P. 8, 10, 14, 16, 17,

24, 28, 33, 36, 39, 61, 101, 125,

127, 130,

Sion (Sitten), Khone V. 2, 3, 4, 6,

8, 17, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27 (bis),

40, 45, 48 (bis), 60, 62, 63, 77,

86, 88, 89, 9.S, 100, 117, 118,

Siselen, nr. L. of Bienne . .

Solem-e, N.W. Switz. . . 21,. 39,

Sondrio, Val Tellina, Lombardy 44,

76,
Sonzier, above Montreux . .
Sorapiss, S. Tyr. . . 133, 136,

Sorvilier, Bernese Jura
Splugen P., from Hinterrheinthal,

120
121

7

125
129

99

120
6

80

13

77

129
134
129

109

125
139
110

11

131

.S4
81

144

139

133
20
75

101
2

138

98

Grisons, to Chiavenna, Italy

14, 22, 26, 120
Spondinig, on Stelvio P., E. side

107, 108, 111
Stalden, above Visp, Rhone V. 1, 4,
8, 17, 19, 21, 30, 42, 49, 61, 62,

64, 72, 74, 89
Stalla (Bivio), Grisons, at junction

of Septimer and Julier Passes 91

Steinenthal, and Steinenalp, above

Berisal21 (bis), .36, 37, 57, 61,

66, 67, 68, 70, 74, 121, 127, 138

Stelvio P., Tyr., from Bormio (It.)

to Meran (Aus.) 6 (bis), 28, 34,

39, 52, 56, 61, 102, 125, 127

(bis;, 130, 134, 138, 139, 141
Stelzing, N.W. Car. 124, 125, 130

(bis), 142
Stockhornthal, oft the Simmenthal,

N.E. of Weissenburg . . . . 19

Stresa, on W. bank of L. Maggiore

16, 17, 42, 46
Strona V., nr. Orta, N.E. Pdm. . . 2
Stulzer-Weg, nr. Bergiin, on the

AlbulaP 21

Sulden, W. Aus. Tyr., under the

Ortler 67

Surenenthal, above Engelberg 5, 57,

77, 125, 131
Susa, Pdm., nr. foot of Mt. Cenis 2
(bis), 3, 4, 8, 11, 18 (bis), 19,
20, 26, 28, 31, 34, 35, 44, 46,
49, 50, 54, 57, 62, 63, 65, 79,
84, 88, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101,
108, 109 (bis). 111, 112 (bis),

118, 129, 130, 132, 137 (bis)
Susillon, Val d'Anniviers 16, 74,

103, 133
Susten (Souste), Rhone V., at E.

end of the Pfynwald . . . . 14

Tannenalp, Ctn. Unterwalden, E.

of the Brunnig P 121

Tarasp, Lower Engadine 3, 10, 23,

26, 30, 47, 49, 77, 117, 129, 130
Tasch, below Zermatt . . 5, 62

Taulanne V., A. Mar. (Fr.) . . 136

Tavanasa, Rhine V., E. of Disentis 92
Thalalp, Ctn. Glarus, S. of Filz-

bach 92, 103

Thorenc, high in A. Mar. \Fr.) 4,

77, 89, 101, 109 (bis), 118, 136, 139
Thusis, Grisons, W. end of Albula

P. 10, 33, 43, 72, 110, 132, 139
Thyon, above Vex, opp. Sion, Rhone

V. .... ..22, 36, 141

Tiefenkasten, Grisons, on W. side

of AlbulaP 97, 133

Tiniere V., behind Villeneuve, Vaud

19, 97
Toblach, Tvr, entrance to Dolomites

135, i£8
Toggenburg, the W. part of the Ctn.

St. Gall 110

Tolmein, in Isonzcthal, Carniola lc'3

^^

161

PACK.

Torre Pellice, in Val Pellice, W.
Pdm. -2 (bis), 17, IM, 19,21,
34, 85, 3i», 40, ryi, 02, 72, 7:5,

70, 84, 99

Tour d' Ai, Mt.. above Aigle . . 128

Tour de Gourze, above Cully, L. of

Geneva . . . . . . . . 20

Trafoi. on Stelvio P., Aus. side 6,

10, 18, 20, 28, 60, 76, 77, 90,

129, 132, 130, 139
Tramelan, Bernese Jura 19, 31, 50,

60, 67, 78, 80
Tre Croce, Cortina, It. Tyr. 78, 125
Trient, above Martigny, nr. Fr.
Frontier, towards Chanionix

11, 22, 24, 36, 57, 62, 121, 12o,

120, 129, 130, 131, 140
Triftalp, Mt., E. of Saas V. 5 (bis), 21
Trins, btwn. Coire and Flims, Gri-

sons . . . . . . . . 97

Troinex, nr. Geneva . . . . 26

Trois Torrents, Val d' Illiez, off

EhoneV.,opp. Aigle.. .. 46

Triibseealp, S. of EngelbergOO, 124,

125 (bis), 131
Triimletenthal, B. Ob., from Lau-

terbrunnen V., to Eiger Gl. . . 131
Tscherva Gl., at head of liosseg V,

Engadine . . . . . . 124

Turtmannthal, oft" Rhone V., to S.

11, 22, 28, 78, 88, 100, 121, 129
Twannberg, Mt., Jura, nr. L. of

Bienne 1, 50, 117

Uetliberg, Mt., nr. Ziirich 48, 78,

103, 105
Urbachthal, S.W. of Haslithal,

above Meiringen, B. Ob. . . 57
Urnerboden, E. side of Clausen P.

Ctn. Uri 9

-Urserenthal, Ctn. Uri, upper Reuss

V 15, 60

Utznach, at E. end of L. of Ziirich

49, 120

Yacallo, nr. Chiasso, S. Ticino 17, 40
Val Anzasca, to W. side of Simplon
P., towards Mte. Rosa 11, 41),

101, 103
Val Arpi, nr. Certosa di Pesio 103, 125
Val Bever, to W. of Upper Enga-
dine, S. of Ponte . . . . 78
Val Bigontina, nr. Cortina 28, 39,

66, 133, 185
Val Bregaglia (Bergell), S. side of
the Maloja P., Engadine to It.
15, 26, 45, 100, 111, 114, 117, 118
Val Cavallo, nr. Certosa di Pesio . . 48
Val Cravina, nr. Certosa di Pesio 23
Val da Fraele, N.W. of Bormio, It.

Tyr 134

Val d'Anniviers, to S. of Rhone V.,
opp. Sierre 2, 22, 28, 30, 42,
62, 67, 80 (bis), 81, 90, 91, 112,

127. 128, 140

Val de Bagnes, above Martigny 80, 130
Val de Boreon, 8. of A. Mar. (Fr.) 28
Val de Lantosque, S. of A. Mar.

(Fr.) 11, 14

Val de Madone, S. of A. Mar. (Fr.)

10, 49, 52
Val des Fleurs, Nice, Fr. Riv. 40, 115
Val d'Horens, to S. of Rhone V.,

opp. Sion . . . . 5, 57, 109

Val di Vedro, lower part of Simplon

P., S. side, Pdm 104

Val Ferret or Ferrex, from Orsieres,
Valais, to Courraayeur, Pdm.

18, 22, 29, 78, 80
Val Fex, S. of Sils, Upper Engadine

37, 72
Vallauris, E. of Cannes, Fr. Riv.^ 12
Val Leventina, S. side of St.

Gotthard P 22, 114

Vallon Obscur, Nice, Fr. Riv. 1, 2,
22, 20, 27, 30, 34, 35, 45, 46,

02, 03, 65, 95, 98, 107, 115
Vallorbe, Jura Vaudois 29, 49, 106,

112, 137
Val Maggia, Ticino, N. from L.

Maggiore . . . . • • 124

Val Malenco, N. from Sondrio in

Val Tellina, It. Tyr. . . 2, 18, 84
Val Marguareis, S.W. Pdm., nr.

Certosa di Pesio . .6, 125, 139

Val Misox (Mesocco), S.W. Orisons,
the S. side of Bernardine P. 2,

81, 100, 101, 106, 114, 118
Val Muerta, from Beaulieu to the

Corniche, Fr. Riv 107

Val Muranza, S.E. Orisons, N. of

the Stelvio 134

Val Pari, nr. Certosa di Pesio . . 48
Val Pellice, W. Pdm. leading to the ,

Col de la Croix and Abries . . 96
Val Sesia, btwn. L. of Orta and

Varallo 101

Val Sestrera, nr. Certosa di Pesio 29, 48
Val Solda, N. of L. of Lugano (It.) 88
Val Tellina (Veltlin), from L. of
Como to the Stelvio, It. Tyr.

13, 57
Val Travers, Jura, above L. of

Neuchatel 120

Val Tuoi, to N. of Lower Engadine
above Guarda 39, 56, 82, 87,

125 (bis)
Val Veni, Piedmont, above Cour-

mayeuv.. •• 2-5,139, 141

Varen, above Rhone V. on W. of
Dala Gorge, nr. Loeche 4, 30, 49,

84, 87, 98, 104
Varenna, on E. bank of L. of Como 72
Varzo, Pdm. S. side of Simplon P. 16
Vence, in S. of A. Mar. (Fr.) . . 53
Venanson, below S. Martin Vesubie,

A. Mar. (Fr.) .. ..71, 77, 110

Vernayaz, Rhone V. 15. 16, 23, 25,

33, 39, 40, 45, 59, 77, 117
Versoix, nr. Geneva, to N. 4, 20

162

INDEX.

(bis), 21, 22, 44, 83, 97, 100,'^"'^'
107, 110, 114
Vevey, Vaud, N. of L. of Geneva

Veyrier, nr. Geneva, to S.E. 1, 2
9, 17, IS, 2.5, 20, 29, 33, 39,
44, 45, 46, 48 (bis), 49, 50, 82
98, 100, 105, 106, 111 (bis), 117

Veytaux, btwn. Montreux and
Chillon, L. of Geneva 2, 6, 8
(bis), 11,14, 17(bis),18, 22, 24,
25, 26 (bis), 27, 28, 33, 36, 45,
46, 60, 65, 79, 89, 97, 98, 105,

A7 r, 117 (bis)

Vex, opp. Sion, Rhone V.. . 2, 23

Via Mala, S. of Tiiusis, 1st part of

Splugen P 22, 132

Vicosoprano, ValBregaglia, Orisons 129
Vienna, Austria . . . . 31 98

Villach, S. Car 11, 22,' 101

Villard sur Clarens, above Montreux 19

Villard, B:A.

Villars sur Bex (sur Gryon)*, Vaud,

above Rhone V. 14, 19, 21, 73,

Villefranche (Villafranca), Fr. Riv!

65, 144
VjJleneuve, Vaud, at head of L. of

Geneva .. ..78, 101, 110, 117

Vinadio, S.W. Pdm., N. of the Stura 56
Visp, Rhone V. 5, 14, 17, 19, 30
34, 40, 42, 63, 72, 84, 88 (bis)'

«9, 107, 117, 1]8
Visperterbinen, btwn. Visp and
Stalden, oi^' Rhone V. 21,

Vissoye, Val d' Anniviers 28. 62,'

81,'
Vouvry, Rhone V., btwn. Bouveret
and St. Maurice

47

78

62

85

76

57

Walenstadt, S. of Ctn. St. Gall
Wasen or Wassen (St. Gotthard)

high in the Reussthal . . 57

Wasen (Simplon), above Berisal 74, 142

TTT PAGE.

Weesen, at W. end of Walensee 20
„. . . (bis), 75, 120

Weggis, at ft. of the Rigi on L. of

Lucerne . . . . 8 17 29

Weggithal, Ctn. Schwyz, W. ' of ' "
Walensee . . . . 57 131

Weissbad, S. of Appenzell . .' 120

Weissenburg, Simmenthal, B. Ob
2, 5, 6 (bis), 8, 10 (bis), 11, 14,
26, 28, 29, 33, 45, 48, 49, 50
53, 55, 57, 60, 66, 70, 74 75
82, 89, 98, 103, 110, 117 (bis),'

123, 128, 131, 138, 139
Weissenstein (Orisons), nr. top of

Albula P (57, 103

Weissenstein (Soleure), Jura 43, 45, 130
Wengen, B. Ob., above Lauter-

brunnen . . . . 2I 130

Wiesen, Albula P., W. side' . .' 57

Winterthur, Ctn. Ziirich . . ." .' 9.5

Wolfsberg, Lavantthal, S.E. Car"

12, 17, 18, 20 (bis), 21, 41, 44,

„, , „ 45, 49, 92, 99,' 101

Worb, E. of Berne no

Wyl, N.W. corner of Ctn. St. Gall 114

Yvoire, Sav., nr. Geneva, on L. 33, 98

Zermati, at head of Visp V. to S.
of Rhone V.l, 5 (bis), 6, 8, lo'

13, 14, 21, 22, 25, 32, 33 (bis),
34, 36, 39, 41, 49, 67, 70 74
76, 88, 103, 107, 117, 118, 'l29,'

r, . , 1^3, 137! 141

Zernetz, Lower Engadine. . I14, 134
Zinal, Val d' Anniviers 2, 5, I3'

28, 33, 39, 41, 56, 58, '74, 78

(bis), 81, 121, 129, 13'^
Zmuttthal, S.W. of Zermatt 62

Zofingen., S. of Ctn. Aargau . " 6'>
Ziirich, N.E. Svvitz. 5, 7, 21, 29

33, 44, 48 (bis), 49, 50,' 70,' 75'

8'J, 110, 111, 116,' 120

21<J