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The Butterflies of the West Coast

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THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE
WEST COAST

OF THE UNITED STATES

Illustrated with 940 Figures in Color- Photographu of Butterflies

from the West Coast, nearly all of which were

captured by the Author, with accurate

data for each specimen

WITH COLORED FIGURES AND DESCRIP-
TIONS OF MANY NEW SPECIES AND
NEW VARIETIES NOW FIRST PUBLISHED

BY

WILLIAM GREENWOOD WRIGHT

SECOND EDITION

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PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR \
W. G. WRIGHT

445 F STREET, SAN BERNARDINO, CALIFORNIA
1906

.1'J3 Z ^ 1982

Cnpyrighted 1905 by W. G. WRIGHT

TO

WILLIAM H. EDWARDS

MY STEADFAST FRIEND

PREFACE

THIS book is built upon twenty-five years' work among
the butterflies of the West Coast ; and although a quarter
of a century is a large portion of a man's life, yet the work
of studying out the butterflies is but just begun. A hundred
years would not suffice to finish it.

The Author regrets that the work is not more complete and
more nearly perfect than it is, for it touches him more nearly than
it can touch anyone else. It doubtless contains many errors and
mistakes, as all the works of man must necessarily be imperfect.
But nothing has been written for effect, or from fear or favor,
but, first and last, and all the time, to be in the right, and to place
things as future students will find to be correct.

This work is intended for the use and information of all who
wish to know about the Diurnals, or Butterflies, of the West
Coast, whether beginners or experts. The Author has expended
much time and money and has traveled thousands of miles especi-
ally to follow up and investigate in their own habitats new or
doubtful species, such as Anthocharis Morri^oni. Chionobas
Gigas. and Idiina, the Parnassians, and others ; and the results
of such w^ork done years ago have always been lield in abeyance
for the publication of this work; so that herein are contained the
results of investigations made many years ago; for this book was
planned twenty years ago, and everything has been conducted
with that idea as a pole star, for all these years.

The Author, then, sets down these things in all seriousness,
and more for the use of coming generations than for the present ;
believing that it will be many a long year before another man
will devote twenty-five years of the best part of his life to wres-
tling with the butterflies of the West Coast ; and believing further
that the labor of all these years will result in some good for the
student in years to come.

W. G. WRIGHT.

San Bernardino, CaL.

May. ipojy.

Preface to the Second Edition.

rn HE Author begs to tliauktlie Initteiriy-loviiig public for the
ai)]>reeiative receptiou which has beeu accorded the first
edition of tliis Ijook. Esjtecially he wishes to thank Dr. Henry
Skinner, of Philadelphia; Prof. Fordyce Grinnell Jr., of Stanford
University; S. B. Parish, Esq., the eminent botanist; and tlic
Editor of the Canadian Entojuologist, for their very favorable
reviews of the book in the technical aud scieutitii; iiiagazincs
of the day; aud Piofessor Joseph Giiunell, of Throop; Frank
Stephens, Escj., author of '•California Mammals"; Mrs. Wilder;
Miss Holdzkoiu, and many otlier juofessors, tea(diers, aud sci-
entists, for jilacing the book before their classes, autl for tlicii
faith ill it, and personal efforts iu its Iiehalf; ami also to many
butterfly exjieits in various ]iarts of the country for faxorablc
opinions and conimeudatory letters.

At the great fire ill San Francisco, A'pril IS, l!H)(i, the items
going to make up this book "The Buttertiies of the West
Coast", including colored plates, stereotype [ilates, and mate-
rial iu the printers' and binders' hands, and the finished goods
iu the hands of the oiiginal i)ublishers, all was destroyed.

In effecting an a<ljnstmeut of afiairs after the fire, the Author
lecovered from them the contract of publication, and a reliii-
<juishiiient of all their rights iu the book and iu the cojiyright.

This secoinl edition is published and sold only by the Author,

W. G. WRIGHT,

44.J F St., San P.eriiardiuo, California
Mav 20, 1!)0(;

CONTENTS

PREFACE 7

GENERAL FEATURES OF BUTTERFLY LIFE 15

COMPLETE LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE UNITED

STATES 47

LIST OF NEW SPECIES AND NEW VARIETIES. HEREIN

FIRST PUBLISHED AND ILLUSTRATED 70

LIST OP SOME OLD BUT GENERALLY UNKNOWN SPECIES... 70
BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST. DESCRIPTIONS AND

FIGURES 73

APPENDIX: DAY-FLYING MOTHS . .' 256

INDEX 259

LIST OF COLORED PHOTO-
GRAPHIC PLATES

Plate. Facing Page.

I. Parnassius "^6

II. Parnassius 80

III. Papilio 86

IV. Papilio 90

V. Neophasia; Pieris 94

VI. Pieris 100

VII. Natlialis: Euchloe: Anthocharis lOS

VIII. Antliocharis 112

IX. Callidryas; Meganostoma 116

X. Colias 120

XI. Colias l-'4

XII. Terias: Dunais: Agraulis: Euptoleta: Argynnis 130

XIII. Argynnis 132

XIV. Argynnis 134

XV. Argynnis 138

XVI. Argynnis 142

XVII. Argynnis: Brentliis 144

XVIII. Melittea 152

XIX. Melitfea 156

XX. Melitiea 162

XXI. Phyciodes: Eresia: Synchloe 170

XXII. Grapta; Vanessa: Pyrameis ITS

XXIII. Limenitis: Apatura: Satyrus 1S6

XXIV. Satyrus ; Erebia laO

XXV. Neominois: C'.enonympha 1!^6

XXVI. Chionobas 200

XXVII. Lemonias: Thecia 20S

XXVIII. Thecia: Chrysophanus 216

XXIX. Lyca?na 228

XXX. Lycpena: Pholisora: Copa'Odes: Pamphila 240

XXXI. Pamphila ; Pyrgus '.250

XXXII. Nisoniades: Eudamus: Megathymus 256

The Butterflies of the West Coast

GENERAL FEATURES OF BUTTERFLY LIFE

§ I. The West Coast.

In this book the West Coast is considered as including all lands
west of the continental divide, the waters of which more or less
directly flow into the Pacific Ocean. This region is so extensive
that in square miles it might well be considered an empire in
itself. As delineated on the map it covers nearly as much surface
as that part of the United States east of the Mississippi River, or
about 1,100,000 square miles; whereas, to the eye of the lepidop-
terist it is vastly larger, as the wide expanse in latitude, the influ-
ences of the ranges of high mountains, and of the arid interior
desert region, all combine, each in its own peculiar way, to give
variety and a larger number of species to relatively smaller ter-
ritory.

The Great Basin of Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming, is as yet
comparatively unknown ; this interior region is rather scantily
represented in this work, because, as just stated, it is a new coun-
try, and has not yet been explored ; but many new and striking
forms of desert life will be found there as soon as the butterfly
man's net begins to wave over that wide-spreading, sandy land.
But as the peculiar climate and desert environment is general,
over the whole region, the fauna will also be found to be less
broad and less varied than that of the more immediate coast
region, of high mountains and fertile valleys, and a more varied
flora.

§ 2. Distribution by Altitude.

Increased altitude, as on mountains, has the same effect on the
ornamentation of butterflies as a more northern latitude. A
species which occupies both valleys and mountain heights will be
found to be darker in color in those examples from the mountains
than those living in the lower valleys. Take Meganostoma

16 THE BUTTERFLIES OK THE WEST COAST

Eurydice: In the valley the female is light lemon-yellow, and the
male never has black on the hind wings, but at its upper range the
female is often a greenish-yellow, especially beneath, and the male
is more of a dusky-black, and sometimes has a black border to
the hind wings, and thus becomes variety Bernardino.

In a general way, those butterflies inhabiting only the heights
of mountains in the southern part of the State will be found
flying at sea-level in the Puget Sound region, if they go that far
north, as Vanessa Californica, which at the south does not come
below 5,000 feet altitude. So those butterflies which live only in
the low valleys of the south, and not flying far up the sides of the
mountains, do not in any case go far north, as Lemonias Virgulti,
and many others. They are tender and more tropical, and cannot
stand much altitude or northing.

Some species can endure and even enjoy a great range of alti-
tude and of northing, while others evidently cannot go far from
their chosen habitat, either in the way of altitude or of northing,
but just what it is that limits their range, is not known.

Then there are other kinds that inhabit high altitudes in the
southern regions, and still are not found, in any circumstances, in
the north. So that it is seen that each kind has its own peculiar
preferences, though no one has as yet told us much about what
those preferences are. Butterflies therefore are like gold : "They
are where you find them," and the butterfly hunter must go where
they are, and that is often in the most improbable and unexpected
places.

§ 3. Distribution as to Latitude.

On the West Coast we find that those species which are pecu-
liarly indigenous to the immediate coast are likely to be very
limited in range north and south. Yet there are some that have
a wide limit in latitude. In these cases, going north, the size
decreases and the colors darken and become dusky and clouded,
until at length it is regarded as a different species, as, for instance,
Chrysa. Helloides, and Dorcas, which I regard as really but one
species, but so changed by climatic environment that they must
be considered as two.

The rule, as stated above as to size, has many exceptions ; as,
Pieris Beckcri is larger and finer at the north than in the south ;
Anth, Stella also suffers no diminution in size by going north.

GENERAL FEATURES 17

In the distribution of butterflies as to latitude (and altitude has
nearly the same effect, as I have explained,) on the West Coast,
those species which are peculiarly indigenous to the immediate
coast are likely to be quite local and restricted in range, and
only those that are in a way continental or cosmopolitan are of
wide range. To this ruling there are exceptions ; among others,
Lim. Lorqitini is strictly a coast species, yet has a wide range to
the north and south, flying in the mountains of Western Mexico
and into Alaska I know not how far, suffering but very little dark-
ening of color, but being much smaller in the north.

§ 4. Environment.

In the determination of sub-species and variations, it is neces-
sary to call in all the side-lights that bear upon the matter : The
circumstances of habitat, altitude, and season should all be fully
considered. These are all carefully weighed in the determination
of birds and mammals, and they should be still more carefully
studied in the case of butterflies, because of the previous larval
stage of the latter. It appears to me that this aspect of the matter
has been largely ignored, perhaps because the writer who is dis-
cussing the matter but seldom has any knowledge whatever of the
matter, and apparently cares less about these preliminary stages
than their value demands. For environment has much influence
on all animals, and cannot safely be ignored.

§ 5. Range of Butterflies.

Range indicates the limits of flight of a species, in latitude or
altitude. Butterflies, more than birds, are dependent on plants
for one of the limiting causes of their range, for most species of
butterflies have but one larval food-plant, while birds can feed
anywhere, and can nest in any tree. The butterflies' double life
of the larva and the imago, both of which stages must usually be
fed, doubly limits the butterflies' range, as compared with that
of birds.

Occasionally a butterfly is hardy and omnivorous enough to live
almost anywhere, as Pyramcis Carditi, and Vanessa Antiopa,
and consequently they are found over all the world, but such are
the e.xception. In part, also, some butterflies do not feed at all,
either on water or on the nectar of flowers, and these, as might be
surmised, are the most strictlv limited in range of all the varieties

18 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

of butterflies, although their larval food-plant, grasses, is wide
spread.

Further, the food-plant limit is not the only limit ; there is a subtler
limit than that, as intimated in Sections 2 and 3, and 39; but the
butterflies have not yet told me what the secret is, and I do not
know, nor does any other man ; but the butterflies will not fly
beyond their natural limit, even where the ordinary food-plant is
present, and, further, when the climate apparently oiTers no hin-
drance. On this point I will oiTer but one example, — the Meli-
iceas, voracious feeders, all of them, which suck the nectar from
many flowers, and the larvae of which feed on many scrcphulari-
ous plants, chiefly the pentstemons, and which plants grow all
over the Coast States from north to south, the southern Meli-
tccas do not go far north, nor do the northern Melitcras come far
south, although to our grosser senses any limiting causes are not
apparent, either in altitude, temperature, or larval food-plants.

§ 6. Metropolis.

In a country like the States of the West Coast, — a land of hills
and valleys and mountains, — butterflies generally inhabit in the
greatest numbers, first, localities where some favorite flower
grows, upon the nectar of which flowers both sexes feed ; sec-
ond, the females are found where the proper larval food-plant
grows, upon which the eggs are placed as they mature ; third, the
males can always be found on the bare, open hilltops, where they
idly disport themselves, taking a pugnacious delight in worrying
and driving off other butterflies, or in playing with those kinds
with which they are at peace.

But, sometimes you will run upon a metropolis unexpectedly,
and in the oddest places, and if you are hunting in a strange
country you will in a moment, and unexpectedly, find yourself
face to face with a metropolis, and wrestling with a flying host
of the beauties which you have come so far to see. On this point
I could relate some interesting stories, but this is not a story book,
so I refrain.

§ 7. Types.

A "Type" is the specimen or specimens upon which the written
description, constituting the "publication" of a species, is founded,
and which carefully describes that type specimen. A species
should be founded upon one male and one female specimen, of

GENERAL FEATURES 19

average size and appearance ; though frequently only one of the
sexes is represented ; those original examples then are "types,"
and all the others which perhaps have been compared with them,
are "typicals."

The loss by fire or otherwise of a "type" is a serious and an
irremediable misfortune, as it can never be replaced, and in such
a case doubt will always exist as to exactly what the type may or
may not have been, in color or markings. In case of types that
have been reproduced by color-photography the seriousness of the
matter of loss is greatly mitigated, as the colored plates will
always remain in existence, for comparison, and will not fade, or
become damaged by time or its inevitable vicissitudes.

Many species have been described in inexcusably brief or am-
biguous language, seemingly with the intent not to tell it to any-
body, but this feature of practical entomology is, thank God, fast
disappearing.

§8. The Species is the Folnhaiion.

Students should bear in mind that the species is the foundation,
and that the genus and family names are more or less arbitrary,
the genera and the species contained in them being more or less
subject to change, as they become better known, and as wiser, or
less wise men set to work on them ; but the specific names, as
Rutulus, can never be changed, and you may be sure that that par-
ticular name Rutulus will always belong to that particular yellow,
swallow-tailed butterfly, whether some one sees fit to place the
name among the Lyccrnas or not. When looking up a butterfly
in the index, therefore, you should always look for the specific
name, rather than the genus or family name, because these latter
names are found in all sorts of queer places, according to the fancy
of the man who writes the list.

§ 9. Sub-Species.

Much difference of opinion may legitimately exist among men
as to the relative value of sub-species. In later years I have be-
come more of a believer in the value of small differences, if they
are constant, and to regard a small difference as positive and cer-
tain a thing as a wide one, and, of course, as of equal value; e. g.,
Phyciodcs Pascocnsis.

In varieties, where the differences grade insensibly into one
another, and into the species which is supposed to be the stem or

20 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

parent of them all, these differences are varietal only, and of far
less value than in sub-species, where slight differences are con-
stant.

Breeding seems to be the only way of establishing either the one
thing or the other, and I have learned by observation and by
experience that breeding generally tends to establish and augment
the value of sub-species, separating them, and raising them to the
rank of a species, rather than to lessen the value of them and
reduce them to the level of varieties.

A cent is just as certain a quantity as is a dollar; and you
cannot have the larger sum without the smaller ; so in butterflies,
we must have the smaller values as well as the broader ones.

§ lo. Varieties.

A variety is a form of butterfly which varies more or less, and
sometimes widely, from its supposed parent, and the differences
are not constant, but grade insensibly into one another and into
the parent as well, the variations apparently having been caused by
some climatic environment or other cause unknown ; it is then
called a variety of the older or better known form or species.
When the variation is extremely broad and excessive, it may lead
to a form called aberration, later to be considered, as Meiitcea
Mirabilis.

I do not like the term variety, and would like to see a better
system prevail, for the so-called variety may perhaps be the stem,
and the older one the offshoot. For instance, Parnassius Smin-
tfiens was found at an early day, and thirty-four years later the
form Hermodur was found and was named as a variety of the
former ; when I fully believe that Hermodur is the stem and Smin-
tlicus the variety or offshoot.

The simple fact of priority of discovery should really count for
nothing. This following rule should prevail : When one particular
form prevails in great numbers, is marked, constant, and free
from variations, it is the stem to which that offshoot belongs
which is variable, inconstant, and to which we look for all manner
of queer markings. And that is just where Hermodur and
Smintheus stand today.

§ II. Aberration.

This term is applied to a butterfly which while easily enough
placed in its genus, and which shows affinity with some certain

GENERAL FEATURES 21

species, is, nevertheless, widely different in ornamentation from
the t_ypical specific form of its parents. Such a freak or
sport is, I believe, of the female sex, although itself prac-
tically sexless, or at any rate, infertile; and as its race is not con-
tinued, it is scarcely entitled to a place in the list of names, be-
cause, so far as known, there never was, and never will be, another
like it. Yet it is usually accorded a place in the catalogues, with a
status about on a par with a variety.

It is apparent that the female sex is more liable to be found mas-
querading under the guise of aberration than the male ; male aber-
rations are practically unknown. Therefore an unknown or
strange female specimen should not be readily accepted as a spe-
cies, but rather it should be held in abeyance till the affair
clears up.

Some species are especially given to aberration : for instance,
Mclitcca Hoffmanni has many aberrations, someof which havebeen
named and others have not, and some of them are far, far away
from the type, as Mirabilis. in this volume. Another species which
is given to aberration is Lyccriia Acmon, several eccentric forms
of which have been noted, and some of them named ; e. g., Mcli-
moiia, a maleless variety.

§ 12. Se.\sonal Forms.

Often, and probably, usually, the early appearing imagines are
darker in markings than the later ones. The reason for this is a
matter of speculation. Perhaps it is the colder nights which
ordinarily prevail in the early spring, though it seems to me that
this factor would have but slight influence, if any at all. And
there are contradictory circumstances ; as, for one, the early or
cold weather forms of Colias Eurythcme are paler than those
forms which appear in the warmer months of summer, so that the
term "seasonal forms" should be taken with some caution, until
the matter is followed out to its conclusion, or proved up by breed-
ing or by experiment.

§ 13. Hybrids.

By "hybrids" is meant that race of butterflies that would pre-
sumably result from the pairing of butterflies of different species.
Not very much has ever been written upon this subject, and that
little is based altogether upon speculation, no facts bearing upon
the subject having ever been printed, that I know of. the discus-

22 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THIE WEST COAST

sion being merely guess-work as to the possibility or probability
of any such thing ever happening, and thus, perhaps, accounting
for some puzzling intergrades or variations. In this view Mr.
W. H. Edwards has written a few sentences, but as nothing was
positively known, no conclusions were reached ; and H. Edwards,
in 1876, described a butterfly which was thought to be a hybrid
between Atalanta and Caryc, but, as before, nothing was posi-
tively known. But the opinion has always been advanced that the
progeny, if any there were, would be infertile, and so disappear,
in the next generation, if not in this.

And now let us have a couple of facts upon which to base con-
clusions. In 1895 I observed a pair of Theclas in copula. As is
usual in such cases, they were flying heavily, one flying away with
the other, and soon they alighted ; upon taking them I found the
male to be Dumetorum, and the female was Iroidcs. Again, in
1902, I saw a pair of Pierids similarly attached; they were cap-
tured, and immediately mounted ; the male is Rapcr, and the
female is Protodice. Thus in seven years I have captured two
pairs mismated, in full copulation, and the fact that such mis-
matings can and do occur is fully established. During the same
seven years I have taken in copula perhaps twenty pairs each year,
regularly mated.

At that estimate one pair in 140 is regularly mismated, or
irregularly mated ; at which rate, out of a thousand matings seven
would be irregular. Now, if that per cent be normal and con-
tinuous, we see at once that there can be no resulting fertile pro-
geny from the mismatings, for if there were intergraded varieties
following every mismating, the world would be full of hit-and-
miss butterflies in a few years. It therefore appears conclusive that,
as in other lines of the animal kingdom, the mismatings must be
infertile, either immediately or in the next generation. This is
one of those cases that can be proved only by the breeding of the
egg and the larvae of this year and of next year also, and those
difficulties that stand in the way of such breeding are so many
and so great that it is safe to say it will be many a decade before
it is accomplished ; and he who has bred butterflies knows this
very well.

§ 14. Dimorphism.

Is a name given to white or black females, which in general
color differ totally from their normal-colored sisters. In Colias,

GENERAL FE.-\TURES 23

the dimorphic female is white; in Argyiinis she is black; with this
provision noted that where the black female is found, there is no
normal-colored female at all. Whether there ever was a normal-
colored female in these cases, no one knows. I believe, however,
that at one time the normal-colored female existed, and that she
has disappeared, just as at the present time the normal female of
Colias is being replaced by the albino, so that in a few decades,
a yellow-colored female will be difficult to find, if the present rate
of change shall be kept up.

In Colias, at any rate, if one can build upon twenty-five years'
observation, the orange-yellow female will shortly be difficult to
find, or will have been entirely supplanted by the white, so that,
like Argynnis Nokomis, Nitocris, and Lcto, there will be no nor-
mal yellow female Colias at all.

§ 15. Albinism.

This term is applied to the dimorphic, or secondary, white
females, as of Colias, many examples of which are illustrated here-
with. But one example of a white or albino male is recorded,
that one being the male of Philodice, from Western New York,
taken in the summer of 1891, and noted by the veteran butterfly
captain, W. H. Edwards. Philodice is considered to be the East-
ern form or representative of our Western Eurytbeme. No other
white male or albino has ever been noticed anywhere, and but for
the faith that the name of such a man as W. H. Edwards com-
pels, I should disbelieve the statement of the existence of a male
albino.

§ 16. Bisexual.

Is a term applied to such butterflies as have on the right-hand
the wings of one sex, and on the left-hand the wings of the
other sex. This variation appears to occur occasionally, every-
where. The only specimen ever taken by me was a Lyccena Pi-
asiis, and which is figured on Plate XXX, in this book. I have
also heard of a Lyccena Sonorensis so marked, also taken in
Southern California. Examples of bisexuals are illustrated in
Edwards's Butterflies of North America.

Bisexual individuals appear to be infertile, like the hybrids and
other mules ; it is not known whether they are of one sex or of
the other, or neither. No fact is known, upon which a theory may
be based, except the single one, that such butterflies are occasion-

24 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

ally found, and not alone among the little ones, like the Lyccenas
mentioned, but also among the larger kinds, like Papilios, this
curious mix-up of the sexual ornamentation has been found.

§ 17. Sex-Marks.

About half of the species of butterflies are readily determined
as to sex, at a glance, by some obvious differences, such as the
anal claspers, or the different pattern of ornamentation of the
wings ; but there are others, especially among the Nymphalidcc,
which are difficult to determine. In these cases the "lappets," or
the aborted fore legs which are folded over the prothorax, usually
afford a good point ; the lappets of the males are fully clad with
plenty of long hairs, while the lappets of the females are less fully
clad in shorter and scanty hairs.

The beginner is often puzzled to determine the sex of a speci-
men which later he would quickly know, as he became more
familiar with the complexion of butterflies in general. When
the butterflies are freshly emerged, and are unfed, and immature,
the sexes are more difficult of determination than later, when the
bodies of the females are developed and mature.

§ 18. Gregarious Butterflies.

One species of butterflies, Danais Plcxippus, is at times gre-
garious ; they gather together in thousands, alighting thickly to-
gether in one tree, or at least as near together as possible. I have
noted these gatherings in spring and in the fall ; on the shore of
the Pacific, near Los Angeles, and in Texas, and they have been
noted in other parts of the country, by other persons. These
gatherings are peculiar to this one species of butterfly ; no other
species has any similar habit. When the conclave is disturbed in
any way they arise in multitudes, and fly about in a confused, un-
certain way, and at length settle down again as closely as before.
Many writers have noted these gatherings, but no one has offered
any plausible reason for the funny proceeding. They do not ap-
pear to have any leader, nor to have any especial business to trans-
act, or to be engaged in any social pleasures; but just to get to-
gether,— only this, and nothing more.

§ 19. Freezing.

Butterflies can and do endure a freezing temperature without
suffering therefrom. In the high, alpine meadows of the Sierra

GENERAL FEATURES 25

Nevadas I have seen the dehcate little Lyccriias, Acmon and Dw-
dalus clinging to grass stems in the cold frosty mornings when
everything was stiff and white with frost, and large icicles hung
from the water troughs. I apprehend that the juice of their
bodies is so constituted that it does not freeze readily. At any
rate I know that they do endure freezing temperature, and that
thev are not apparently injured by it. I have never heard of any
person trying to freeze a butterfly, but the feeding of the larvje,
and the keeping of the chrysalides in cold storage, as on ice, has
often been tried ; the only effect being to darken the resulting
butterflies.

§ 20. Non-Feeding Species.

The Satyridcc, which seldom or never feed on flowers, or take
water, and whose individual lives are, therefore, short, are weak
of flight, and the butterflies themselves are seemingly lacking in
enterprise and vigor ; they do not wander far from the place where
thev were born. They spend their lives in laziness and indolence,
caring for nothing but to mate, and die. Why, then, have they
the apparatus for eating, if they do not use it?

Some moths of the West Coast, both of the day-flying and of
the night-flying kinds, which do not feed on flowers, are aborted
in the usual feeding mouth-parts, having no proboscis or tongue,
presumably because they do not need to feed, or have neglected
to feed for so long a time that their feeding apparatus has become
atrophied or aborted, so that now they cannot feed if they would.
The query is, why, then, are not the similar organs of these non-
feeding butterflies also atrophied ? Are butterflies a more recent
creation than moths? .A.nd will the feeding organs in these non-
feeding butterflies in like manner become useless and aborted, in
time? If so, then these Satyrids will be the first among butter-
flies to become tongueless, as they are now in some other respects
the most degraded and mothlike.

§ 21. FouR-FooTED Butterflies.

About half of the genera of butterflies are six-footed, and the
rest of them are four-footed ; twenty-three genera are six-footed
and twenty-seven are four-footed. Commencing with the genus
Hcliconia all are four-footed up to and including Libythea, and
the rest are si.x-footed. By this is meant that the feet are or are
not adapted for walking; all of the so-called four-footed ones have

26 THE BUTTERFLIES OF TITE WEST COAST

the fore legs in part, but the tarsus or hand is wanting, so that the
fore legs are useless for walking, and are merely folded over the
front of the thorax, and are called "lappets."

These lappets are useful in the determination of the sexes of the
butterflies, the males having lappets that are more completely
clad with long and dense hairs, and the females having lappets
that are scantily clad. Many of the four-footed butterflies are
very similar in appearance, as to the sexes, and the determina-
tion would be difficult but for the lappets.

The fact that a butterfly has six feet or only four is not deemed
of much importance, and does not count for anything in the classi-
fication of them ; in fact, one species exists wherein the one sex
has six feet and the other but four.

§ 22. At Water.

Soon after a butterfly emerges from its chrysalis, in its habitat
on the plains or in the mountains, curiously enough it seeks water
to drink. Both sexes are found "at water," as it is called, but the
males are in greater proportion than the females. True, as we
all know, there are, as a rule, many more males than females, at
all times and all places, but it seems that but a small proportion
of the females, at any and all times, are to be found at water.
When butterflies are seen at water, on damp places in the road
or at sandy places by the brookside, they are always fresh and
bright, and are so busily engaged that they are easily taken in the
net. They have a habit of gregariousness, or of flocking together
at water, so that there will be dozens or even hundreds gathered
together in a bunch, as thick as they can stand, all absorbed in
sucking water from the damp sand. Different, and widely sepa-
rated species and genera are thus drawn together; Papilios and
Lycwnas, I'anessans and Melitccas, — the more the merrier.

It would seem that these watering places might be good places
to catch a supply for the cabinet ; obviously so, but the trouble is
that always the females are the ones that are wanted, as males
are plenty enough at all times and places. The reason that the
females are so generally absent from the watering places, is, I
believe, because they are more inclined to feed on flowers. They
have to sustain and perfect their brood of eggs, and so require
more nourishment than do the males, and no real nourishment
can be found in water, while the nectar of flowers affords food
and water together.

GENERAL FR^TURES 27

§ 23. At Xight.

It is curious to note that when butterflies go to rest at night
they seem to have "a thought for the morrow," for, instead of
choosing a place in the warm sunshine of the afternoon, as would
seem to be the natural way, they select a place — by instinct, it
must be — where the warm sunshine of the morning will first
come ; they seem to know that while the warmth of the sun at
evening may be agreeable to go to sleep by, the morning will be
cold, and the sunshine still more necessary to them than it is at
evening. I have noticed also that they often choose a dry bush
rather than a green one. for their sleeping place ; probably they
instinctively know that the dry one will be less damp and conse-
quently warmer than the green one, through the hours of dark-
ness.

§ 24. T.\MiXG Butterflies.

Butterflies are easily tamed, and like birds, appear to enjoy the
pleasures of captivity, and yet, again, like birds, they are always
listening for the call of the wild, and the invitation of the open
door is never in vain.

A day or two will suffice to tame a butterfly so that when it
sees you coming it will walk towards you, waving its wings in
pleasure at your appearance, and gently unrolling its tongue as it
walks along, in anticipation of a sip of sweetened water: then it
will climb upon your finger, all the time waving its great wings
as if it knew they were very handsome indeed, and feeling with
its tongue for the expected dainty.

The dominating taming influence with butterflies, as also with
bird, and beast, and man, is — hunger. You must always approach
the butterfly with gentle motions, with an absence of anything
new or strange or unexpected or unpleasant, when it is hungry,
and with food on your finger tips, and when you call it you must
each time do so with the same motions and the same tone of
voice. The females are more tractable and teachable than the
males.

§ 25. Length of a Butterflt's Life.

This is largely dependent upon its habits and its native vigor.
Some kinds that are stout of body, and which feed abundantly
upon flowers, will live several months, and these will occasionally
live over winter, if in some sheltered and wooded canvon where

28 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

they can find cover from the cold winds and the rains. The
Graptas, Vaiiessans, and Pyramcis are the most notable examples
of this group, the long-lived species. Intermediate species, like
Argynnis, and Mclitcra, have a life of several weeks, or possibly
two months' duration. The Satyridcr are generally non-feeding,
are seldom or never seen feeding on flowers, or on the damp
ground taking water. They are slender in build of body, and
sluggish and lazy in habit, and the individual life of these non-
feeding kinds is, therefore, necessarily short, because they have
not a supply of nutriment in their scanty bodies to enable them
to withstand the stress of time and weather; and their brief lease
of life is occupied solely in the business of propagation of their
kind. For instance: the annual flight of Chionobas Iduna is be-
gun and ended inside of ten days. One year I was able to stay
with them and to make particular note of their comings and go-
ings, being on the ground before the first one appeared, and re-
maining till the last one had disappeared ; and seven days saw the
first and the last of that year's flight.

§ 26. Ultimate Fate of Butterflies.

The logical and natural end of a butterfly's life is that it be-
comes benumbed by cold, or in some way is disabled and falls to
the ground and is seized upon by the ever-present ant and eaten
up alive by that poison-fanged tiger. That such an innocent and
happy creature should meet with such a fate, the most terrible and
deplorable that we can conceive of, is sad, indeed, but such is the
inexorable law of Nature. The collector, therefore, who catches
his butterfly and mercifully kills it, and gives it a place in his
cabinet, gives it thereby a relative immortality, and it lives in
some one's museum for many years. Is not this relatively a
happy and a useful ending of its life?

§ 27. Rubbing the Wings.

Theclas and Lycccnas have a curious habit when at rest, or
when feeding on flowers, of rubbing their wings together with a
gentle, even motion, which recalls to the observer the habit which
houseflies have of rubbing their hind feet together. The wings
I think do not ever touch together during this rubbing process,
and what can be the use or object of the rubbing motion is a
mystery. I have never seen any reasonable explanation of this
curious habit oflfered by any one. No other kind of butterfly

GENERAL FEATURES 89

behaves in this singular manner, but those named are sure to act
that way when they are not asleep.

§ 28. Wings Opened Out Flat.

Many butterflies have a habit of alighting upon the ground and
opening out the wings flat, with their backs to the sun ; this is
more noticeable in the cool of the morning and toward evening.
Or in the case of skippers, they open out the hind wings only,
leaving the fore wings upright as usual. This opening of the
wings is for warmth, only ; they never do it when the weather is
warm enough for them to be comfortable: though of course, not
all kinds have the same requirement ; a tropical species will want
the heat of the sun when a colder one will not. On the West
Coast the species most given to warming his back in the sun's
rays, is Pyrameis Carye.

§ 29. At Rest.

Butterflies have been classified into two groups : The "true but-
terflies," which always carry all wings upright or back to back
when at rest, and the "skippers," which usually carry the hind
wings horizontal when at rest. This classification is subject to
correction and amendment in relation to the West Coast butter-
flies, for not all the large, "true" butterflies carry their wings up-
right ; for e.xample, Bredowi, Lorquini, and Idnna usually carry
all their wings flat when at rest, and Papilios frequently do ; while
not all the skippers carry their hind wings flat, and some of them
never do.

This foregoing classification of upright wings is in contra-dis-
tinction to the nocturnal-flying lepidoptera or moths, the wings of
which are usually carried flat, or sloping both ways, like the roof
of a house.

§ 30. Mimicry, or Simul.xtion.

A good deal has been written about coloration, or the lack of
it, as a means of protection to butterflies, and of mimicry, or that
one species simulates some other object or thing for their better
protection from birds, or from the attacks of other supposed ene-
mies. The most of this talk is mere guesswork and speculation,
indulged in by writers in order to show up the wisdom of Nature
to those less wise than themselves. I do not believe a word of this
mimicry theory : in general terms I know it to be false.

30 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

The worldly rule, to eat and be eaten, applies to butterflies as
well as to all other animate things. But butterflies have not the
instinct of fear ; they are happy in the absence of a knowledge of
what fear is, and they are happy in the possession of a power to
avoid their enemies by rapid flight. If you strike your net at one
and miss it, you alarm it, and it flies rapidly away, but it soon
stops to feed on a flower, or to flirt with a mate, without once
looking back to see if you are following it, for it has forgotten you.

Having no fear, they would not use mimicry, if they had it.
Butterflies are able to take care of themselves. During twenty-
five years' butterfly work I have seen but one attempt of a bird to
catch a butterfly ; then it was a flycatcher bird chasing a Colias,
dashing after it many times, until, tired out, it stopped, and the
Colias escaped. But shall we assume that the butterflies of that
region, remembering that attack, will eventually develop simulat-
ing devices on their yellow wings? It is absurd. As it escaped,
it might more reasonably be expected the Colias would adopt still
more flaunting colors, to commemorate the victory, if they had
anything to do about it, which they have not.

Some butterflies habitually alight upon places that are concol-
orous with themselves ; most of the Satyridce do this. Take Chi-
onobas Gigas; its only alighting place is the bare gray rock, upon
which only a gray moss grows, the moss interspersed with
patches of lichen covered rock ; and when it alights on such
a place you cannot distinguish it although you saw it alight
only three yards away. He alighted there, but not from
fear, and not to secrete himself by virtue of mimicry, for he is
only playing, and he dashes out to attack, or to play with, the first
butterfly that comes in sight of his rock. Some Satyrids, weak of
flight and stupid of habit, adopt as a means of escape from attack,
that familiar ruse, called simulation of death ; they become ap-
parently lifeless, and drop into the grass or rubbish, and remain
motionless ; but that is a ruse common to many of the smaller
forms of animal life, and is not mimicry.

If a large proportion of the species of butterflies mimicked
anything, then the rule or the proposition would stand some
chance to hold good, in some degree at least, but not one species
in a hundred can be said to mimic or simulate anything. The
idea, therefore, that butterflies simulate leaves or sticks or stones,
as a means of protection from their enemies, is evidently unten-

GENERAL FEATURES 31

able. If it were necessary for one it would be so for all. On the
contrary, butterflies are generally distinctly and brightly colored,
and in their habits they delight to flaunt their glittering wings in
the face of the world. They fear nothing; and if attacked they
know how to escape.

As to birds, note that they are in perpetual fear for every mo-
ment of their waking lives ; not for one instant are they free from
caution as against their enemies; it seems as if they wanted and
needed eyes that should look backwards and sideways as well as
forwards, for they are always trying to see in every direction at
once ; why, then, are not birds protected by mimicry, for they
really seem to need it ; but butterflies do not need it.

§ 31. Movement of Butterflies.

By "movement" I mean the substitution of the abnormal female
for the normal ; the temporary or permanent disappearance of an
entire species ; and the unaccountable appearance of lost or un-
known species ; in fine, the change from one state of things to an-
other state.

Where, now, are the normal-colored females of Argyniiis Nito-
cris, Nokomis, Leto? They are not in existence anywhere, but,
occupying their places are dimorphic or melanic females, wholly
dissimilar from what the normal females should be.

Observe Colias Enrythcme, and all of those species of Colias
that have an albino female. Like the males of the Argynnids just
mentioned the males are constant, there is no dimorphism in that
sex, but there are two females existing, the normal yellow, and
the white or albinic ; the latter increasing rapidly in proportion of
numbers as the years go by, until apparently it will be but a few
decades, or a few hundred years at most, when those species of
Calias will have no normal yellow colored females in existence.
Twenty-five years ago in California the albinic females of Eury-
theme were extremely rare ; but today they are common. The
same report also comes from Colorado. It has been suggested
that perhaps the increasing growth and use of alfalfa, (Medicago
satk'a. a plant not a native of America but introduced from
Europe,) upon which plant the larvae of Colias now chiefly feed,
but upon which in former times they could not feed, is, to a greater
or less extent, the cause of the dimorphic change ; but I do not see
any weight in this suggestion.

32 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THjE WEST COAST

As to the disappearance of species, I will cite cases : Lycccna
Tejua, found in Southern California some thirty-five years ago,
was presumably common then, as it was taken cursorily or acci-
dentally, and in those days a butterfly hunter was very rare in-
deed ; but since then it has never been taken, it has utterly dis-
appeared. Lycceiia Xerces was fairly common in the early days of
California, being found in Lone Mountain Cemetery on the out-
skirts of San Francisco, but about thirty years ago it disappeared,
and for about twenty-five years was not seen, though diligently
sought by experienced men, and has been accounted extinct by
some w.-iters ; but it is now again found in the same place as
forme! ly. Of Pamphila Melane three specimens only were taken
thirty years ago, accidentally, and was thereafter quite unknown
until rediscovered by me, seventeen years after its disappearance,
since which time it has become quite common everywhere over the
southern half cf the State. Notwithstanding the more active col-
lecting in recent years as compared with the years when the fol-
lowing species were found, Chionobas Ncz'adensis. Satyrus
IVheeleri, and Mcchanitis Calif ornica have become unknown, and
are apparently extinct.

On the other hand, many new forms are noted from time to
time, some of which, by all parity of reasoning, should have been
discovered long ago. Copaodcs Candida was first taken in a favo-
rite hunting place frequented by me for years previous to the date
of actual capture, its food plant having just become introduced
into the country from the Gulf States; but, though the plant came
from the Southern States the butterfly itself did not come from
that country, but apparently the butterfly could not appear till its
proper food plant was ready for it ; and even then its introduc-
tion was very gradual, for it was seven years after the capture of
the first specimen before I got a satisfactory series of specimens
upon which to base a new specific name, although its novelty was
noted when the first one was taken. The particulars of the dis-
covery of other new species in old and well-known fields, where
the butterfly net had been swinging for many years, can he found
in the body of this book.

About eighty plants have been noted as having been introduced
into California since the coming of the white man ; most of them
have come as weeds, or have introduced themselves and now are
wild and able to take care of themselves. And it is reasonable to

GENERAL FEATURES 33

believe that some species of butterflies have become estabhshcd
in this region, as a result of the increased variet}- of plants now
living here.

But whatever the reason may be, the fact remains ; species come
and go, forms prevail, and in time disappear; apparently but few
things stand immovable. Perhaps for a century or two the move-
ment in most species is not observed, and yet, again, other species
move with great relative speed, until, for one, I am on the verge
of belief that in a thousand years, or in ten thousand (for a few
years more or less do not count), the changes in the butterflies of
the West Coast will be very great indeed. How or why the
changes come can be told only after much study and observation
through many years. Certainly, one man, or one generation of
men stands no chance of solving the question. The most that we
can do is to note down the things as we find them ; and an aggre-
gation of these notes after a series of years will afford a distinct
step forward in the investigation.

§ 32. Dry and Wet Se.\sons.

When extremely unfavorable dry seasons occur, as in 1883, and
1898, birds will not nest, or perhaps will build nests but lay no
eggs in them ; bees will not swarm ; and butterflies do not properly
appear. It is not well known what becomes of the butterfly na-
tion in those bad years. Of course, there are many butterflies on
the wing, but some kinds do not appear at all, and other kinds are
very few in numbers. They must tide over the dry season, in
chrysalis, or die. And I think that in good part, they die.

I have known that sturdy and vigorous butterfly Papilio Zoli-
caon to be almost wiped out by a bad and rainy time when they
were just at the point of emergence. I was then engaged in get-
ting material for the illustration of Zolicaon for Edwards' But-
terflies of North America, and had in previous years secured most
of the required material, when a wet spring came on, and it rained
every day more or less for forty days ; and Zolicaon did not ap-
pear at all that year, and it was several years before they came in
from the outside, so to speak, so that I could supply the lacking
material. This is the reason that a hiatus of seven years appears
in Edwards" history of the species, and in the illustrations thereof ;
a hiatus never before explained.

34 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

§ 33. Food-Plants.

To many species of butterflies mentioned in this book, "The
Food-Plants" are noted down in the body of the work, as ascer-
tained by myself and also by many other observers, since the study
of butterflies began; but the student must not think that these
lists of names of plants are complete, and that there are no other
plants used as larval food-plants besides these as noted ; on the
other hand there are many caterpillars that are well-nigh omniv-
orous, and will eat almost any green thing rather than starve.
Yet it is true that a majority of caterpillars will only eat the leaves
of one particular plant, or at best, only the leaves of one group of
plants, as the Pentstemons. Other larvze feed on the immature
seeds of leguminous plants ; and still others feed on the pith of
some flower-stem ; and one kind live in the interior of a succulent,
juicy leaf.

Probably a majority of the species of larvae are unknown as to
their food-plants. To discover these plants, and to get eggs, and
rear the larvje through to pupation and to emergence, will furnish
employment for the working butterfly man of coming generations,
for many years. And the doing of these things will settle many
things, and many a disputed point, as nothing else will, as for in-
stance, the status or value of many so-called varieties and sub-
species.

§ 34. The Army Worm.

The so-called "army worm" is composed chiefly of the larvje of
moths, and not of those of butterflies. But when the army
worm appears the season is certain to be a favorable one for but-
terflies, as well as for moths: and if a drag-net be drawn it will
be sure to catch numbers of the larvae of butterflies, along with
those of moths. For many of the butterfly larva are largely omniv-
orous, and will eat the leaves of most cultivated plants and
grasses. Pyrameis Cardui, P. Caryc and Colias Eurythcme are
the chief sinners, being everywhere abundant, and the larvae are
practically omnivorous, so that the larvae of those species are
oftenest caught in the company of the army worm proper, and so
receive undue blame.

Moths are almost always nocturnal, they fly by night, and the
caterpillars feed mostly by night and are, therefore, but seldom
seen, so that they escape notice, ordinarily, and the blame falls

GENERAL FEATURES 35

upon the diurnal butterflies which are seen, although they are not
the chief offenders. But when the army worm appears, and
prevails, they both appear to forget their proper habits in the
mad rush for a fresh green leaf.

§ 35. Getting Butterfly Eggs for Breeding.

It is generally understood that to get eggs from the female but-
terfly, the insect must be confined in a gauze bag along with the
proper larval food-plant, and that if all things are favorable, she
will lay her eggs, one by one, as they mature, upon the leaves of
the plant. This is generally true ; but the matter can be greatly
simplified, as nearly half of the species do not require that the
larval food-plant be present at all. Females of the following
named genera will lay their eggs upon anything, even on the net
itself, if other matters, as proper shade, warmth, air, and quiet,
are agreeable to her: Parnassius, Argynnis, Euptoicta, Neo-
nymplia, all the genera of the family Satyridcr, and in part,
some other genera. All the rest require their own peculiar larval
food-plant to be present, and the females will die rather than ovi-
posit without it. And it is necessary that the plant should be
fresh and bright, as the butterfly will not oviposit on a plant that
is at all wilted.

When out in the open fields the best way is to tie the gauze bag
upon a twig of the living plant, and then put the female in it, and
tie it up tight, and leave it in quiet ; a little shade will be neces-
sary if the sunshine is bright. Guard against ants, for they will
gladly kill and eat the butterfly : look out also for birds, and for
boys. A small bag is better than a very large one. All butter-
fly eggs are a little sticky at first, and will adhere to any object
upon which they may be placed by the female butterfly ; but it is
best to have the bag of a fine mesh, so that the eggs cannot fall
through and be lost, if dislodged.

You can carry the mature butterfly a long distance, if she is
put into a can, as a baking powder can, and shut up in the dark-
ness. I once carried a female Leto 800 miles, in five and a half
days, and after that heart-breaking journey she gave me a fine lot
of fertile eggs. Another plan, and a good one, is to take the but-
terfly home in the tin can, and take a glass fruit jar of one or two
quarts capacity, and put in the jar some fresh twigs of the proper
plant, and then put the butterfly in, and close it up tight; the seal-

36 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

ing of the jar will keep the twig from wilting, and the stillness
and quiet are agreeable to the butterfly, and conduce to success.
If the butterfly is of the kind which require no plant, the same
processes are available, with the added facility of not having to
bother about the plant. You can catch the butterfly in the most dis-
tant mountains, and bring her home, and putting her in the jar,
get the eggs, with but little trouble, after you have become ac-
quainted with the little wrinkles of the process, although you may
live in the heart of a city. A proper amount of sunshine and
shade, of proper warmth, of utter quiet, are obligatory in any
case.

§ 36. Breeding the Larv.e.

Butterfly eggs hatch in from ten to twenty days, according to
the species. The caterpillar is at first but a small thing; really, if
it is of a very small butterfly it will be nearly invisible to the un-
aided eye ; the first thing the larva is likely to do is to eat its own
egg-shell, then after a while it wants to nibble at a leaf. All this
time it should be in the jar, as previously mentioned, as it is other-
wise likely to be lost. Young and tender leaves must be given it
every day, and after a week or two the jar must be washed out
daily, and so kept clean and sweet, as otherwise the larva will
die.

When the caterpillar has lived its appointed days, and gone
through its proper moults, it has arrived at maturity, and becomes
sluggish and stupid and ceases to feed ; but shortly it begins to
creep about, and if it is not carefully caged it will get away and
be lost ; to get away it will gnaw through cloth, and sometimes
they will go into the ground, and so become lost to you ; when the
wandering stage is over it will attach itself to a twig, and in two
days will have become a chrysalis.

In the pupa or chrysalis state it may remain for ten to twenty
days, or longer, perhaps all winter, according to circumstances.
And when the proper time has come it will emerge, a bright new
butterfly. At first it cannot fly, for its wings are as soft and limp
as a bit of wet tissue paper, but after a while the wings become
firmer, and soon it can fly, and you have a "bred" butterfly.

§ 37. Breeding in Darkness and in Cold.

When caterpillars are bred or raised in darkness from egg to
imago, the resulting imago will be darker in color than the nor-

GENERAL FE.\TURES 37

mal ; the dark spots and lines will be broader and more dense or
dusky, and the lighter ones will be sordid or dusky. But no ex-
cessive variation or deviation from the plan of the normal form
has ever been noticed, although the effort has many and many
times been made to create new forms by this method.

So, also, by cold. Caterpillars raised in an ice-house, or in cold-
storage, where the temperature is kept down as low as possible,
will never develop any radical variation, but the butterflies will be
darker than they would have been if raised in a normal temper-
ature.

§ 38. Migration of Butterflies.

At times a so-called migration of a certain butterfly occurs,
when, for days together the air will be filled with millions of in-
dividuals of one species, all flying in the same direction, and ap-
parently never stopping to rest or to feed on flowers. These mi-
grations sometimes extend over a large territory, and continue
for a week or more. But little is known about them, really noth-
ing, in fact ; and as to what the inducement is, or what the gain,
nothing is known, or even surmised. The flights are not always
in the same direction, though generally to the northward. I have
witnessed several such migrations, and all of the butterflies were
of the same kind, Pyraineis Cardui. One day, upon the top of
Cirayback, at the altitude of 11,600 feet I encountered a migration
when the direction taken by the butterflies was due east ; they came
flying along up the slope of the mountain, a yard or two above
the ground, all going at the same rate of speed, say, six or seven
miles an hour, and upon reaching the top of the mountain, where
the crest dropped suddenly, instead of dropping down upon the
precipitous descent on the eastern side of the mountain, as might
have been expected, they kept straight on as far as the eye could
follow them, right up into the sky, and toward the moon, then in
full view in the eastern sky.

In 1901, in May, a grand migration of Cardui occurred in
southern California, which lasted eleven days, and covered the
whole southwestern part of the State. In this case the butterflies
came up from Lower California, as I learned from correspond-
ents in that part of the country-, and in the months following, the
region of Canada just north of the American line and east of the
Rocky Mountains, was reported to be full of Cardui, — that they

38 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

were everywhere, doing nothing, "just flying about and feeding
on flowers," and the residents were said to be apprehensive of the
"army worm," but I never heard that the army really did appear.
This migration, then, was over a known distance of about twenty
degrees of latitude, or, say, 1,400 miles. The rate of flight I esti-
mated at eight miles an hour, which would require one hundred
and seventy-five hours' actual flight for the journey ; but as they
could not fly more than eight hours a day, seventeen days' travel
would be required from Mexico across the United States to Can-
ada. It is quite possible, however, that the Me.xican butterflies
may, many of them, have stopped in the States, and others from
the States have taken their places in the grand march for the
north.

§ 39. Stranded Butterflies.

This term is by some writers applied to such species as inhabit
the tops of high mountains and not the intervening plains or val-
leys ; they are said to be stranded, being confined to those peaks,
and presumably not being able to cross over the warmer valleys.
For instance, Semidea is said to be "stranded" on the tops of the
White Mountains of New England ; Gigas may, therefore, be
said to be stranded on the bare rock knobs of Vancouver Island,
and Iz'allda, and Indra, on the alpine peaks of the Sierra Nevada,
and so on, because they probably do not pass from one to another
of such heights, and do not live in the intervening valleys ; having
become inhabitants of these inhospitable localities during some
previous and colder climatic era, they are now apparently on the
verge of extinction, if the climate should, perchance, become yet
more moderate than it now is.

This opinion I do not share. Such butterflies live on these high,
inhospitable localities simply from choice. If they see but on*^
sunny hour during the week of fog and rain and gale, that one
hour is sufficient; they do not feed on flowers, therefore why
should they care for them ? Their sole business is to mate and
to oviposit their eggs on the fine alpine grasses that grow in the
crevices of the rocks, and they then die, having lived their ap-
pointed lives in the places they like best. Reverse the case : the
butterfly which lives in the warm valleys only, is it "stranded"
there, and is it liable to extinction when a cold cycle occurs ? Oh,
no. Neither is the alpine butterfly stranded. The cold, barren

GENERAL FEATURES 39

peak may seem inhospitable to us, but it is not so to them, it is
home, and they love their alpine home just as dearly and as
consistently as the inhabitants of the fertile plains and of the
tropical riversides love theirs.

§ 40. Capitalization of Names.

"All proper naines should be capitalized." The author believes
in this rule of grammar, and in the propriety of a capital letter, in
all cases, whether the name be founded on a person's name or not.
All specific and varietal names in this book are, therefore, capital-
ized.

§41. Generic Names Omitted.

As in the matter of omitting authors' names, mentioned in a
following paragraph, so, too, largely, as to the mention of generic
names in the discussion of species, the genus name may well be
omitted for the sake of brevity, and to avoid repetition. It is al-
most unknown that the sarne specific name appears in more than
one genus, and, therefore, the mention of the specific name is suf-
ficient, without the continual repetition of the genus name.

The species name is the foundation. Originally, the genus
name was based upon the venation of the wing, but even as to
that base no two modern writers agree, in all cases, so that the
genus name has not the value that it once had, but is become a
matter of doubt and comparative inconsequence.

§42. Authors' Names Omitted.

It is customary in scientific works, in discussing species, to care-
fully mention the author's name, thus : Agraulis VanUIcr, Linn.,
as though more than one author had proposed that name for that
species and, therefore, mention of that particular author's name
must be made, for the proper identification of the species. This is
mostly unnecessary and superfluous. There are not half a dozen
instances in the whole list where a specific name requires the addi-
tion of the author's name for its identification.

The study of the butterflies is the essential point, and it is en-
tirely of secondary importance who the author of any one species
may have been. Names are given primarily to distinguish and
identify different forms, and not for the identification of the au-
thor. In the Complete List I have given the authors' names, for
the use of those who care for them for further study, but else-

40 THE BLITTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

where such names are omitted, as being superfluous, the repeated
mention of them serving no good purpose.

§ 43. Nomenclature, and Sequence of Genera.

In the names of the genera, and the sequence of them I have
in this work followed pretty closely the classification of W. H.
Edwards, whom I consider by all odds the great butterfly captain
of his century, and his arrangement of them as sound and con-
servative, and based on a rock. I have, therefore, followed his
lead, and ignored the chaotic efforts of some later writers, in the
invention or adoption of new names, and in the changing about
of old names from one genus to another, as well as in the unnec-
essary and baseless sub-division of genera, and the general over-
turning of anything like order. I see no use or benefit in chang-
ing an old and accepted name for a new one, or in dividing a
moderate sized genus into many ; it is too much like the child's
puerile play of piling up blocks or cards and knocking them down,
just for the pleasure of piling them up again. Science gains noth-
ing thereby ; knowledge is not increased, nor made more attractive
or accessible ; but rather the contrary, it is obscured and covered
up, and the student is discouraged and disgusted. ^Moreover, no
two of the iconoclasts can agree among themselves, but each
heartily contemns the efforts of the other.

In other branches of Natural Science, as in botany, or coleop-
tera, a genus may contain fifty or more specific names, and no one
complains ; whereas, in diurnals, the genera usually contain but a
few names, and only one genus has ever any ways approached the
number of fifty. Edwards' system I, therefore, consider sound
and sensible, and I follow it, with but few and minor alterations.

§ 44. All Forms Named.

Names are given to butterflies to distinguish one form from
another ; they have no other use. Therefore all distinct forms
should have distinctive names, but whether such names be specific,
varietal, or provisional, is of little moment, just now, at any rate.
But it is essential that every different form shall have a name that
belongs to it alone, and by which name it shall be known and
recognized, whether this author, himself, may happen to have one
specimen only, or a thousand. For, although any one form may
be rarely met with today, it may be common tomorrow, or may
be common today in some other place.

GENERAL FEATURES 41

A name, or the lack of it never makes or unmakes a species or
a variety. If a certain butterfly is a species, it will continue to be
a species through the ages to come, whether you, or I, or the next
man may consider it so or not. Butterflies have a way of doing
as Nature teaches them, and the best that man can do is to accom-
modate himself to the facts of the case, and not try to make the
butterflies fit themselves to his own peculiar opinions or wishes.
Some men known possibly to this generation have come to grief
and ridicule by not heeding this precept. On the other hand, a fact
will stand, whether the first statement of it be believed or not:
"Time at last sets all things even." And on this rock have I built
this book.

§ 45. Collecting Butterflies.

The tools and appliances required may be rough and crude, or
elaborate and complete, according to the amount of work pro-
posed. The best are the cheapest, in this pursuit, as in other
things. But, w-hether crude or elaborate, taste, and a dainty hand-
ling are imperative. And a plenty of these will overcome many
deficiencies in the apparatus.

The net-ring can be made of wire ; brass wire, of spring tem-
per, is best, as it can be reinforced or strengthened by soldering
on a stiffening near the handle ; this reinforce should be first fast-
ened to the ring-wire by wrapping with brass or copper wire of
thread-like size, and then soldering the whole together. The ring
should be in diameter about 12 or 15 inches : smaller for Lycccnas
and other small species of gentle flight, and larger, up to 20 in-
ches, for large and wide-flying species that have to be taken on the
wing, like most Papilios.

The net may be made of mosquito-bar, but is not satisfactory,
and lasts but a short time. Wash-blonde, a wide-woven, lace-like
goods of finer texture and a cell-like mesh, gives best satisfaction,
and is reliable, and will wear a long time. Make the net deep,
or long enough to securely retain the butterflies when they are
once caught, say, two feet deep for a small net, and three feet
deep for a large one, or about twice as long as the ring is wide.
Do not run the net down to a point at the bottom, like a V, but
rather let it have the shape of a U, and make it large enough at
the top that it may gather, or pucker a little as it is sewed on to
the ring, because it soon stretches with use, and if not gathered

42 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

on the ring it contracts near the ring, and many of the smartest
butterflies will escape.

A staff or handle can be made from the butt of a fishing rod,
or from any stout and flexible wood. It must be provided with a
good ferrule, or it will split.

For a killing-bottle, any short and wide-mouthed bottle may be
used. Fit in it a deep cork, loosely. With your pen-knife dig a
cavity into the small end of the cork, and put in a piece of cyanide
crystal as large as a pea (bearing in mind that it is a deadly
poison), hold the lump of poison in the cork with two or three
large-headed brass nails such as upholsterers use, and it is ready
for use. To make it strong, so that it will kill quickly, touch a
particle of water to the cyanide. When with use the cyanide has
dissipated and become weak, you can put in another piece. It is
sometimes recommended to place the cyanide in the bottom of the
bottle, and then pour on plaster of Paris to hold it in place. This
is plausible in theory, but worse than useless in practice, and is
responsible for much profanity and for the loss of many butter-
flies, for it soon becomes weak and useless, and cannot readily be
renewed. If your butterflies are small and delicate ones, put in
your killing-bottle some fibres of raveled silk, or of cotton, or a
tangle of fine thread ; the butterflies' claws catch upon the fibres,
and hold the insects from battering against the glass, and from
rubbing one against another, and so spoiling themselves.

If you are about to climb a high hill or mountain, you will find
after an ascent of 2,000 or 3,000 feet, that your cyanide bottle is
wet inside, and that the fumes of the cyanide are very strong,
indeed ; that is caused by the "sweating" of the cyanide, and will
soon dissolve all the cyanide, and leave you without any killing-
bottle. The remedy is to open the bottle, place the cork in the sun,
remove and dry the cyanide, wipe out and dry the bottle, and when
thoroughly dry, replace the cyanide, and you are ready for work
again. The cause of the sweating of the cyanide is the diminished
pressure of the atmosphere, or the increased humidity of the
mountain air.

When you have caught your butterfly, if it is a small and deli-
cate one, slip the open bottle into the net, and let the butterfly fly
into it. See to it that the cyanide is strong enough to kill the in-
sect without delay. Many insects then have a way of flipping the
wings down over the feet, instead of over the back in the ordin-

GENERAL FEATURES 43

ary way. If the wings are down, they must be at once righted, or
the insect is ruined. Open the bottle and take the insect out, and
with a nippers, such as watchmakers use, lay it in your hollowed
hand, and with the nippers, open the wings and let them come to-
gether again over the back, in the ordinary way, when the wings
will then so remain. As soon as the insect is dead for certain, take
it out of the bottle and pin it on a long pin, sideways ; you can put
five or six small butterflies on one pin ; then place the loaded pin
in your collecting box, or in your hat.

If your butterfly is a large one, while it is yet in the net pinch
the thorax under the wings just enough to stun or benumb it, and
then it will not flutter and fray its wings when it is put into the
bottle. All butterflies should be taken out of the poison bottle as
soon as surely dead. If several are in the bottle at the same time,
they get rubbed, one against the other, and so damaged or ruined.

Extra large or vigorous species are best killed while yet in the
net, by piercing the thorax with a long pin or needle that has been
dipped in a saturated solution of the cyanide ; this kills them, in-
stantly and painlessly, and preserves the specimen uninjured.

Sometimes, as when you are upon the top of a high mountain,
and not able to get home at night, it is advisable to place the in-
sects, as soon as dead, into separate papers, in which to bring
them home. In that case, a tin can, fastened to your belt, or car-
ried in your pocket, will receive the papered specimens, and carry
them safely, to any distance. If that is your plan (and it is a good
one), provide papers already folded, and of different sizes, and
have them ready.

Setting-boards should be made with inclined sides, so that the
tips of the wings, when set, will be higher than the bodies. This
is the American style. The Ejiglish style is to have the wings lay
quite flat, or even a little drooping. But, in most climates, the
insects' wings will settle a little, and are sure to do so if the cli-
mate is at all damp, so that in a few months, or years, they are
likely to look very sad and despondent if set on the English plan.
In a very dry climate the wings will remain for years just as they
are placed when set.

In the middle of the setting-board is a channel made to receive
the pins ; this channel is to be filled at the bottom with a soft sub-
stance placed to receive the pins, and to hold the bodies steady
while drying. The pith of cornstalks makes the very best sub-

44 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

stance for this purpose, and the pith of yucca stems is the only
substitute worth mentioning. Provide plenty of setting-boards,
some with wide channels, for thick-bodied insects, and others with
narrow channels, for thin-bodied ones.

Entomological pins for butterflies are made in two lengths, and
in seven numbers, as to thickness. The short pin is best for all
except the largest specimens, and numbers two and three are suit-
able for by far the majority of specimens. Follow some well-con-
sidered plan ; and use always the same sized pins for the same but-
terflies. In pinning specimens, let the pins be all the same height
above the body of the butterfly, say, about one-half of an inch, or
a little less.

Having placed the pinned butterfly upon the setting-board,
with the bodies carefully placed at the proper height, so that the
wings will not bend over the edge of the board, nor be bent down
by the paper that is placed upon them to hold them down, place
narrow strips of tough and thick paper over the wings and close
up to the body ; and then arrange the wings as they are to remain.
Hold the strips of paper down with pins, for which use the large-
headed steel pins are much the best. Push the wings forward
evenly, one just as far as its mate. Taste and skill find opportu-
nity to get in their work at this stage. Only one rule is worth
mentioning, and that is, to place the fore wings so that the hind
edges are on a straight line across ; but there are many exceptions
to that one rule, as the shape of the wings differ, so that it is not
always proper to so place them. Then place strips of window
glass over the wings, to hold them down even and smooth ; the
glass allows you to see at all times if the wings have become dis-
lodged, or moved, in which case, they can be altered or re-ar-
ranged while the specimen is fresh and soft. In this way a dozen
specimens can be arranged upon one setting-board.

Next, is the most important item of work to be done, to write
down the date, and the locality, on a small label or ticket, in small
letters, and lay the label alongside the specimens. The insect will
be dry in from one to three weeks, according to the weather, and
the size of the insect. When dry, it should be removed from the
setting-board, the ticket put upon the pin, and thereafter there is
no adequate reason for ever removing it from the pin, and the
ticket and the pin should never be separated. Do not remove the
insect from the board too soon; if you do, the wings will droop.

GENERAL FEATURES 45

When properly set, and well dried before removal, the wings will
never droop, unless from undue dampness in the air. By "prop-
erly set" I mean that the body of the butterfly shall be neither too
high nor too low, as noted above.

When setting butterflies, attend carefully to the antennse ; see
that they are free and straight, and steady them with pins, if nec-
essary, and if they are near the wings they will stand less risk of
breaking. Sometimes the head will be turned a little, so that the
antennje are not even ; then the head must be straightened, and
held with pins, if necessary. See that the body is straight and
level ; if drooping, it must be held up with a bit of cotton, or by
two pins crossed under it. Do not neglect the work at this stage
of setting. If you are not willing to attend patiently to a great
deal of work and drudgery at this point, do not catch butterflies
at all : let them go. Don't get impatient and nervous. If you are
troubled with "nerves," I advise you to quit before you begin to
handle butterflies.

The next step is to place the set and dried specimens in the
boxes or drawers where they will be safe from dust, and children,
and curious visitors, and from the ever-present pests of mice, and
moths, and little beetles. It is no use to catch butterflies, and set
them, and care for them a while, and then let the museum-pests
get them. It may cost quite a deal of money to get a suitable
case of drawers, but it is better to let the butterflies alone, rather
than to try to get along with defective and inadequate case or
other safe storing place. Moth balls must be used freely and con-
tinuously, to keep the pests away, w^herever they may be stored.

Drawers twenty inches wide, and twenty long, and deep enough
to receive the longest pin, and with glass tops, hinged, are best ;
the side pieces should be long and project back a foot or more,
or far enough to hold the drawer in place and allow the top to be
lifted, else every time you lift the lid you must find some table
or other place upon which to place it, while with this plan you
can have a dozen drawers open at the same time. Make a pocket
or cage in the center of each drawer, or at the corners, wherein
to place a perpetual supply of the moth balls. The drawers must
be well-made, with tight-fitting joints, and with closely-fitting lid
or cover, to keep the pests out. "The best is the cheapest."

COMPLETE LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES
OF THE UNITED STATES

A classification of all the species in the United States, under
their respective Generic Names, with the names of the authors and
dates of publication of each species, and the habitats of the various
species.

This complete list is published to show the relationship of our
Coast butterflies with those of the whole United States.

The names of the Coast species are set in full-faced type, and
are numbered consecutively, referring to corresponding numbers
attached to the various figures on the plates and to the descriptions
in the text.

Where a specific name is preceded by a hyphen it signifies that
such name is a variety of the preceding species, except No. 6.

Family PARNASSIIDJE

FABNASSrUS

1. Clodlas, Menetries, 1855. Cal.; Or.: Vane. Isl.; B. C.

2. -Clarius, Boisduval, 1852. Mountains of California.

3. -Altaurtis, Dyar. 1902. Wyoming; California.

4. -Menetriesl, H. Edwards, 1878. Sierra Nevadas of California.

5. -Baldur, Edwards, 1877. Mountains of California.

6. -Hermodur, H. Edwards, 1881. Colo.; Mont.; British America.

7. Smlntheus, Doub.-Hew., 1847. Rocky Mountains; Sierra Nevadas.

8. -Behzi, Edwards, 1870. Sierra Nevadas of California.

9. -Sayl, Edwards, 1863. Rocky Mts.; Mts. of California.

10. -JXlgez, n. v., Wright, 1905. Sierra Nevadas.

11. -Sedakovi, Menetries, 1855, Rocky Mountains of Colorado.

12. -Nanus, NeumcEgen, 1S90. British Columbia.

13. -Magnus, n. v.. Wright, 1905, British Columbia.

14. Eversmannl, Menetries. 1855. Alaska; Siberia.

15. Nomion, Fischer, 1823. Alaska; Siberia.

48

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Family PAPILIONID^

FAPrLIO

Ajax, Linnjeus, 1767.
-Walshi, Edwards. 1871.
-Abbotti, Edwards, 1871.
-Telamoides, Felder, 1865.
-ilarcellus, Bd.-Lec, 1833.
Sinon, Fabricius, 1775.
Pilumnus. Boisduval, 1836.

16. Daanns, Boisduval, 1836.

17. EnrTinedoii, Boisduval, 1852.
IS. -Albanus, Felder, 1S65.

19. Bntalns, Boisduval, 1852.

20. -Arizonensls, Edwards. 18S3.

21. -Ammo&l, Belirens, 1887.
Turnus. LinnEeus, 1771.
-Glaucus, Linnfeus, 1764.
-Australis, Maynard. 1891.
Palamedes, Drury. 1773.
Troilus, Linnaeus. 1764.
-Texanus, Ehrmann, 1900.
-Radiatus. Strecker. 1900.
Thoas, LinnEeus. 1777.
Cresphontinus. Martyn, 1797.

22. Macbaon, Linnaeus, 1761.
-AUasia, Scudder. 1S69.
Bairdi. Edwards, 1S69.
-Brucei. Edwards. 1895.
-Hollandi. Edwards, 1892.
Zolicaon, Boisduval, 1852.

25. -Colore, Wright, n. v., 1905.

26. Oregonla, Edwards. ISSO.
Americus. Kollar. 1S50.

27. Indra, Reakert, 1866.
Nitra. Edwards, 1883.

28. Fer^amns, H. Edwards, 1874.
Brevicauda. Saunders, 1869.

29. Asterlas, Fabricius, 1787.

30. -Asteroldes, Reakert, 1866.
-Calverleyi, Grote. 1864.
-Amplicata, ilenetries, 1857.
-Alunata, Skinner- Aaron, 1889.
-Semialba, Ehrman, 1900.
-Curvifascia, Skinner, 1902.

31. FUlenor, Linnaeus. 1771.
-Obsoleta. Ehrman. 1900.
-Wasmuthi, Weeks. 1901.
Acauda, Oberthur, ISSO.
Polydamus, Linnaeus, 1769.

23.

24.

Atlantic States; Mississippi Val.

Atlantic States.

Atlantic States.

Atlantic States.

Atlantic States.

Florida; Antilles.

New M#x. ; Ariz.; Mex. ; Cent. Am.

All States west of Mississippi Val.

All States west of the Rocky Mts.

All States west of the Rocky Mts.

All States west of the Rocky Mts.

Arizona; New Mexico; Colorado.

Nevada.

East of the Mississippi River.

East of the Mississippi River.

East of the Mississippi River.

Gulf States.

East of the Mississippi River.

Texas.

Gulf States.

Atlantic States.

Florida.

Alaska; Europe.

Alaska.

Arizona; Colorado.

Colorado.

Colorado.

Pacific C. States to Wrangel. Alas.

Colorado Desert of California.

Ore.; Wash.; Vancouver; Colo.

Mexico.

California; Nevada; Wash.; Colo.

Montana; Rocky Mts. of Brit. Am.

Southern California.

Labrador; New Foundland.

Atlantic to Pacific.

Cal.; Nevada; Utah; Ariz.; Mex.

Long Island; Florida.

Eastern States.

Eastern States.

Eastern States.

Eastern States.

Eastern States; California; Mex.

Eastern States.

Eastern States.

New Mexico.

Florida.

COMPLETE LIST

49

Family PIERID^

ABCHOmAS

Lyceas, God.-Salvin, 1889.
I.EFTAI.IS

M'lite, Linnieus, 1S6T.
ITE OPE ASIA

32. Menapla, Felder, 1S59.

33. -Suffusa, Stretch. ISSo.
Terlooi, Behr, 1869.
-Princetonia, Poling, 1900.

PIEBIS

Ilaire, Godart. 1819.
-Neumcegeni, Skinner, 1894.
Amaryllis, Fabricius, 1797.
Monuste, Linneeus, 1764.

34. Beckeri, Edwards, 1871.

35. Sisymbrl, Boisduval, 1854.

36. -Plava, Edwards, 1881.

37. Nelsonl, Edwards, 1880.

38. Occldentalls, Reakert, 1SS6.

39. -Calyce, Edwards. 1870.

40. Protodlce, Bois.-Lec, 1S33.

41. -Vemalls, Edwards, 1864.

42. Bryonae, Ochsenheimer, 1808.

43. -Hnlda, Edwards, 1869.

44. Ochsenheimerl, Staudinger, 1886

45. Venosa, Scudder, 1861.
Oleracea, Harris, 1S29.
Borealis, Grote, 1873.
Frigida, Scudder, 1861.
Virginiensis, Edwards, 1870.
Acadica, Edwards, 1881.

46. FalUda, Scudder, 1861.

47. Castorla, Reakert, 1866.
Cruciferanum. Boisduval, 1836.

48. Bapse, Linn^us, 1758.

49. -Nov-Anglia3, Scudder, 1872.

50. -Immaculata, Skinner, 1889.
r.l. -Marsrinalls, Scudder, 1S61.

ITATEAI.IS

52. lole, Boisduval, 1836.
ETTCHIiOB

53. Zianceolata, Boisduval, 1852.

54. Crensa, Dbl.-Hew., 1847.

55. Hyantis, Edwards, 1871.
Olympia, Edwards, 1S71.

56. Bosa, Edwards, 1882.

Arizona; Mexico.

New Mexico; Mexico.

North Cal.; Or.; Wash.; Brit. Col.
North Cal.; Or.: Wash.; Brit. Col.
Arizona; Mexico.
Arizona.

Florida; Texas.

Florida; Texas.

Texas: Mexico.

Southern States.

Cal.; Or.; Wash.; Colo.

Cal.; Or.; Wash.; Colo.

Sierra Nevadas of California.

St. Michaels, Alaska.

West Coast States to Rocky Mts.

West Coast States to Rocky Mts.

United States, except New Eng.

United States, except New Eng.

Alaska, Chilicat, Sitka.

Alaska, Chilicat, Sitka.

Alaska, Siberia.

Cape Mendocino to Alaska.

Northeastern States.

Labrador.

Northern British America.

Middle States.

New Foundland.

California, to British Columbia.

California, to British Columbia.

Northeastern States.

Atlantic to Pacific.

Atlantic to Pacific.

Atlantic to Pacific.

Atlantic to Pacific.

All States west of the Mississippi.

Coast States; Mex. to St. Mich., A.
Southern Cal.: Utah; Arizona.
Colo.; Ariz.; Southern Cal.
Middle Western States.
Western Texas; Arizona.

/

50

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

EUCHI^OE — continued.

57. Ansonldes, Boisduval, 1S52.
-Coloradensis, H. Edwards, 1881.
-Lotta, BeutenmuUer, 1S98.

ANTHOCHASIS

58. Cethnra, Felder, 1865.

59. -Morrlsoni, Edwards, 1881.

60. -Deserti, n. v., Wright, 1905.

61. Genutia, Fabricius, 1793.

62. BeaMrtl, Edwards. 1869.

63. -Thoosa, Scudder, 1878.

64. -JnUa, Edwards, 1872.

65. -Flora, Wriglit. 1892.

66. Sara, Boisduval, 1S52.

67. -Mollis, n. v., Wright, 1905.

68. SteUa, Edwards, 1879.

69. Pima, Edwards. 18SS.

70. Caliente, n. s., Wright, 1905.
CAIiIiISBTAS

Philea. Linnaeus. 1766.

71. Enbale, Linnasus, 1766.
Statira, Cramer, 1779.
Argante, Fabricius, 1775.
Agarithe. Boisduval, 1836.

QOKEPTSKTZ

Clorinde, Godart, 1823.
SBICOOOKIA

Lyside, Godart, 1819.

Terissa, Lucas, 1852.

Lanice, Lintner, 1884.

Fantasia, Butler, 1871.

Unicolor, God.-Salv., 1SS9.
UEOAITOSTOIiIA

72. Enrydice, Boisduval, 1855.

73. -Bernardino, Edwards, 1887.

74. -Amorpliae, H. Edwards, 1876.

75. Csesonia, Stoll. 1790.
-Rosea. McNeill, 1889.

COI.IAS

76. Enrytheme, Boisduval, 1852.

77. -Ariadne, Edwards, 1870.

78. -Keewaydin, Edwards, 1869.

79. -Pallida, Cockerell, 1887.
SO. -Intermedia, Cockerell, 1888.

81. -Autuninalis, Cockerell, 1888.

82. -Pumoaa, Strecker, 1900.

83. Erlphyle, Edwards. 1876.
Philodice, Godart, 1819.

All States west of the Rocky Mts.

Colorado.

Rocky Mountains of Colorado.

Southern California.

Kern River, California.

Colorado Desert of California.

Southern Atlantic States.

California.

Utah, Valley of the Virgin River.

Colorado; Nevada; Arizona; Cal.

Oregon; Washington.

Cal.; Utah; Rocky Mountains.

Southern California.

Cal. Mts.; E. Or.; E. Wash.; Idaho.

Arizona.

Colorado Desert of California.

Mississippi Valley.
United States, except New Eng.
Florida; Antilles; South America.
Florida; Texas; Mexico.
Mississippi Valley.

Texas; Mexico; South America.

Florida; Texas; Mexico.

Texas; Mexico.

Texas.

Texas; Mexico.

Texas; Mexico.

Arizona; California; Oregon.

Southern California.

California.

Southern States; Southern Cal.

Illinois.

States west of the Rocky Mts.
States west of the Rocky Mts.
States west of the Rocky Mts.
States west of the Rocky Mts.
States west of the Rocky Mts.
States west of the Rocky Mts.
States west of the Rocky Mts.
British Columbia; B. Americeu
Atlantic Coast to Mississippi Val.

COMPLETE LIST

SI

84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.

92.

91.

94,
9i.

COIiIAS — continued.

-Anthyale, Hubner, 1823.
-Melanic, Edwards. 1876.
-Lutecincta. "Wolcott, 1893.
-Miscidice, Scudder, 1889.
Harfordl, H. Edwards, 1877.
-Barbara, H. Edwards, 1877.
Occldentalls, Scudder, 1862.
Chrysomelas, H. Edwards, 1877.
Alexandra, Edwards. 1863.
Edvardsi, Behr, 1870.
Christina, Edwards, 1863.
-AstraB, Edwards, 1872.
-Pallida, Lyman, 1884.
Emilia, Edwards, 1870.
Interior, Scudder, 1862.
Scndderi, Reakert, 1865.
Pelidne, Boisduval, 1832.
-Skinneri, Barnes, 1897.
Palseno, Linnaeus, 1767.
-Werdandi, Herr.-Schaff., 1848.
Meadl, Edwards, 1871.
-ElU, Strecker, 1885.
Hecla. Lefebre. 1836.
-Glacialis, McLachlan, 1878.
-Hela, Strecker. 1880.
Pallida, Skin-Mengel, 1892.
Boothi, Curtis, 1835.
Nastes, Boisduval, 1832.
-Rossi, Guenee, 1864.
-Streckeri, Grum.-Gr.. 1895.
Moina. Strecker, 1880.
Behn, Edwards, 1886.
TEBIAS

Gundlachia, Poey, 1851.
Proterpia. Fabricius, 1775.
Nlclppe, Cramer, 1782.
SXezicana, Boisduval, 1836.
-Boisduvaliana, Felder, 1865.
-Flava, Strecker, 1878.
Westwoodi, Boisduval, 1836.
Euterpe, Menetries, 1832.
-Alba, Strecker, 1878.
-Clappi, Maynard, 1891.
Linda, Edwards, 1884.
Delia, Cramer, 1782.
Jucunda, Bois.-Lec, 1833,
-Blakei, Maynard, 1891.

96.

97.
98.

Atlantic Coast States.

Atlantic Coast States.

Atlantic Coast States.

Atlantic Coast States.

Southern California.

Southern California.

British Columbia; Vancouver Is.

Northern California; Utah.

Colorado; Montana; British Am.

California; Nevada; Utah; B. A.

Montana; British America.

Mont.; N. E. Cal.; E. Or.; E. Wash.

Montana.

Ore.; Wash.; British Columbia.

British America; Alaska.

Colo.; Mont.; Br. Am.; Br. Col.

Labrador; Arctic Europe.

Mont.; Wyoming; Idaho; Br. Am.

Labrador; N. Alaska; N. Asia.

Northern Alaska; Northern Asia.

Colorado; Mont.; Br. America.

British Columbia; Br. America.

Arctic America; Arctic Europe.

Arctic America; Arctic Europe.

Northern Alaska.

Arctic America; Arctic Europe.

Boothia Felix.

Labrador; Hud. Bay; Arctic Eur.

Boothia Felix.

Hudson Bay.

Hudson Bay.

Central California, Alpine Mts.

Texas; Arizona; Mexico; Cen. Am.

Texas; Arizona; Mexico; Cen. Am.

Gulf States; Ariz.; So. California.

Texas; Arizona; Colorado; Mexico.

Arizona; Mexico.

Gulf States.

Texas; Mexico; Central America.

Atlantic States; Mexico.

Atlantic States.

Florida.

Mexico.

Gulf States.

Gulf States; Mexico.

Southern Florida.

53

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Family HELICONID^

EBUCONIA

99. Charltonia, Linnfeus, 1767. Florida; Antilles.

Family DANAID.E

DANAIS

100. Plexlppns, Linnseus, 1758.

101. Berenice, Cramer, 17S2.

102. -Strig-osa, Bates, 1864.

cerathtia

Lycaste, Fabricius, 1793.
ICECEAMITIS

103. Californlca, Reakert, 1865.
DIBCENITA

Klugi, Hubner, 1S37.
ZiTCOBEA

Cleoba;a, Godart. 1819. Florida.

-Atergatis. Dbl.-Hew., 1847. Florida.

-Pales, Felder, 1862. Florida.

Cosmopolitan.

Southern States; Colo.; New Mex.

So. California; Arizona; Texas.

Southern California?

Southern California?

Texas; Mexico.

coi..s:nTS

Family NYMFHALID^

Julia, Fabricius, 1775.
Delila, Fabricius, 1775.
AGBATTUS

104. VanlUse, Linnceus, 1764.
EUPTOIETA

105. Clandia, Cramer. 1779.
Hegesia, Cramer, 1782.

ASQYmns

Diana, Cramer, 1779.
Idalia, Drury, 1775.
-Astharoth, Fisher, 1885.
ITokomis, Edwards, 1862.
Nltocris, Edwards, 1875.
-Caerulescens, Holl, 1900.
— Nigrocaerulea. Cock., 1900.
Iieto, Behr, 1862.
-JieUa, n. v., Wright, 1905.
Cybele, Fabricius, 1775.
-Baal, Strecker, 1878.
-Charlotti, Barnes, 1897.
Carpenter!, Edwards, 1876.
Aphrodite, Fabricius, 1793.
-Cypris, Edwards, 1886.
-Alcestis, Edwards, 1876.

106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.

112

113.

Florida; Texas; Mexico.

Texas; Mexico; Central America.

Atlan. to Pacific, south of lat. 40°.

E. States; Ariz.; Mont.;. Utah.
Arizona; Texas; Mexico.

Southern States to the Miss. Riv.

Eastern States to the Miss. Riv.

Eastern States.

Arizona; Southern Utah. *

Southern Arizona to Nevada.

Mexico.

New Mexico.

N. Cal.; Or.; Wash.; and E. to R. M.

Northern California.

Atlantic States to the Miss. Riv.

Atlantic States.

Colorado.

Arizona to British Columbia.

Atlantic States to Miss. River.

Colorado; Ariz.; Mont.; So. Cal.

Middle States.

COMPLETE LIST

53

ASQTKNTS — continued.

114. ITansicaa, Edwards. 1S74.
Lais, Edwards, 1S83.
Atlantis, Edwards, 1S62.

115. Hippolyta, Edwards, 1879,

116. -Owenl, Edwards, 1892.
Cornelia, Edwards, 1892.
Electa. Edwards, 1878.

117. Columbia, H. Edwards, 1877.
lis. Hesperls, Edwards, 1864.

119. Bremnerl, Edwards, 1872.

120. Zerene, Boisduval, 1852.

121. -Hydaspe, Boisduval, 1869.

122. Montlcola, Behr. 1862.

123. -Pnrpurascens, H. Eds., 1876.

124. Rhodophe, Edwards, 1874.

125. Behrensl, Edwards, 1869.
Halcyone, Edwards, 1869.

126. Coronls, Behr, 1862.
-Platina, Skinner, 1897.
-Snyderi, Skinner, 1897.

127. Callippe, Boisduval, 1852.

128. KeTadensis, Edwards, 1870.
-Meadi, Edwards, 1872.

129. Edwardsl, Reakert, 1866.

130. liliana, H. Edwards, 1876.

131. -Baroza, Edwards, ISSl.
Chitone. Edwards, 1S79.

132. BupestriB, Behr, 1862.
132a. -Irene, Boisduval, 1869.

133. Zianra, Edwards, 1879.

134. lanrlna, n. v., Wright, 1905.

135. Macaria, Edwards, 1877.

136. SemlramlB, Edwards, 1886.

137. Inomata, Edwards, 1872.
13S. Adlante, Boisduval, 1869.

139. Atossa, Edwards, 1890.

140. Enryuome, Edwards, 1872.
-Cunningham!. Owen, 1893.
Artonis, Edwards, 1881.
Opis, Edwards, 1874.

141. Bischoffi, Edwards, 1S70.

142. Montivaga, Behr, 1862.

143. -Arge, Strecker, 1878.

144. -Erriima, Edwards, 1883.

145. Egleia, Boisduval, 1869.
BBEMTHIS

146. Myrlna, Cramer. 1779.
146a. -Pales, Denis-Schiff.. 1776.

Arizona.

Assiniboia.

Northeastern States.

Northern California; Oregon.

Northern California.

Colorado.

Colorado; New Mexico; Montana.

British Columbia.

Colorado; Utah; Montana.

British Columbia; Wash.; Ore.

California; Nevada.

California; Nevada.

Cal.; Ore.; Wash.; Nevada; Mont.

Cal.; Ore.; Wash.; Nevada; Mont.

British Columbia; Alberta.

Northern California,

Colorado; Wyoming.

So. Cal. to Wash.; Utah; Mont.

Utah; Idaho.

Utah; Idaho.

Southern California.

Cal.; Ne%'.; Utah; Mont.; Alberta.

Nevada; Utah; Montana; Alberta.

Cal.; Or.; Colo.; Mont.; Alberta.

California; Utah.

California; Utah.

Southern Utah; Northern Arizona.

Northern and Central Cal.; Utah.

California; Utah.

Southern California.

Southern California.

Southern California.

Southern California.

California; Nevada.

Central California.

Southern California.

Colorado; Montana; B. America.

Rocky Mountains.

Nevada; Utah; Colo.; Wyoming.

British America,

Alaska, Coast; Sitka; St. Michael.

California; Nevada.

California.

Colorado; Montana; British Am.

California; Nevada.

Northeastern States; N. Alaska.
Northern Alaska; N. Europe.

54

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

BBEKTSIS — continued.

147. Trlclaris, Hubner, 1818.

148. Helena, Edwards, 1871.
Montinus, Scudder, 1862.
Chariclea, Schneid, 1794.
-Arctica, Zetter., 1828.
-Obscurata, McLachlan, 1878.
-Butleri, Edwards, 1883.
-Boisduvali, Dupon, 1832.

149. Prelja, Thunberg, 1791.
-Tarquinius, Curtis, 1S35.
Polaris, Boisduval, 1S29.

160. Frigrga, Thunberg, 1791.
-Saga. Kaden. 1861.
-Improba, Butler, 1877.
Bellona, Fabricius, 1775.

151. Eplthore, Boisduval, 1869.

152. -Kremhlld, Strecker, 1879.
Alberta, Edwards, 1890.
Astarte, Doub.-Hew.. 1848.

BIADEUA

Misippus, Linnfeus, 1764.
aCEIiITiEA

Phfeton, Drury, 1767.

153. Cooperl, Behr, 1863.

154. Colon, Edwards, ISSl.

155. Quino, Behr, 1863.

156. Baroni, H. Edwards, 1882.

157. Chalcedon, Doub.-Hew., 1847.

158. -DwlnelU, H. Edwards, 1881.
-Fusimaculata, Barnes, 1890.
-Mariana, Barnes, 1890.

159. McQlaslianl, Rivers, 1889.

160. Olancha, n. s., Wright. 1905.

161. Editha, Boisduval, 1852.

162. Bnblcunda, H. Edwards. 1882.

163. Sierra, n. s., Wright, 1905.

164. Taylori, Edwards. 1SS8.
Maria, Skinner, 1899.

165. Anlcia, Dbl.-Hew., 1846.

166. -Wheelen, H. Edwards, 1881.

167. -Brucel, Edwards. 1888.

168. -Beanl, Skinner, 1897.
Gilletti, Barnes, 1897.

169. Anjnsta, Edwards, 1890.

170. -Augustina, n. v., Wright, 1905.

171. Nnblgrena, Behr, 1863.

172. Eelvia, Scudder, 1869.

173. Sterope, Edwards, 1870.

Arctic Am.; Rocky Mts. ; Labrador.

Rocky Mts. of Col. ; N. Mex. ; Mont.

White Mts. of New Hampshire.

Arctic Am.; Brit. Am.; Labrador.

Arctic America;- Arctic Europe.

Arctic America.

North western^laska.

Brit. Col.; Brit. Am.; Labrador.

Rocky Mts. of Colorado to Alaska,

Rocky Mountains of Colorado.

Arctic America.

Arctic Am.; R. Mts.; Colo, to Alas.

Arctic America.

Arctic America.

Eastern Canada, south to Virginia.

Cal. ; Nev. ; Or. ; Wsn. ; Vane, to Al.

Arizona.

Alberta.

Alberta.

Atlantic States.

States East of Mississippi River.

E. Wash.; Or.; N. Cal.

Western Oregon; Northern Calif.

Northwestern California.

Northwestern California.

California, south and north.

California.

California.

California.

Central California.

Sierra Nevadas.

Central California.

Northern California.

Central California Mountains.

Vancouver Island.

Utah.

Cal.; Nevada; Colo.; Rocky Mts.

Nevada; Colorado.

Rocky Mountains of Colorado.

Rocky Mountains of British Am.

Wyoming.

Southern California.

Southern California.

Rocky Mountains of Colorado.

Alaska.

Oregon.

COMPLETE LIST

55

SCEIiITiGA — continued.

174. Gabbl, Behr. 1863.

175. Acastus, Edwards, 1874.
Neumce&eni, Skinner, 1895.

176. FaUa, Boisduval, 1852.

177. •Whltneyi, Behr, 1863.

17S. Eremlta, n. s., Wright, 1905.

179. Hennosa, n. s., Wright, 1905.

180. Colonia, n. s., Wright, 1905.

181. Sabina, n. s.. Wright, 1905.

182. Hoffmannl, Behr, 1863.
-Heloita, Boisduval, 1869.

183. -Abnorma, n. v., Wright, 1905.

184. -MirablUs, n. v., Wright, 1905.

185. Cyneas, God.-Salv., 1882.

186. leona, n. s., Wright, 1905.
Albiplaga. Aaron, 1884.

187. Iieanlra, Boisduval, 1869.
-Obsoleta. H. Edwards, 1876.

188. Wrlghtl, Edwards, 1886.

189. Cerrlta, n. s., Wright, 1904.

190. Alma, Strecker, 1877.
Harrisi, Scudder. 1862.
Elada, Hewitson, 1864.
Dymas, Edwards, 1877.
Theona, Menetries, 1855.

191. Nymplia, Edwards. 1884.

192. BoUi, Edwards, 1877.
Definita, Aaron, 1884.

193. Tliecla, Edwards. 1870.

194. Mlnnta, Edwards, 1861.
Arachne, Edwards, 1869.

195. Cbara, Edwards, 1883.

196. Perse, Edwards, 1882.
FHYCIODES

197. ITycteis, Doub.-Hew., 1847.

198. -Pascoensis, n. v., Wright. 1905.
-Drusius, Edwards. 1SS4.
Ismeria, Bois.-Lec. 1833.
Vesta, Edwards, 1869.
-Boucardi, God.-Salvin, 1879.
Phaon, Edwards, 1864.

199. Tharos, Drury, 1779.
-Morplieus. Fabricius. 1775.
-Packard!. Saunders. 1869.

200. -Maxcia, Edwards. 1868.
Batesi. Reakert, 1865.

201. Pratensls, Behr, 1863.

202. Orsels, Edwards, 1871.

California; Utah; Arizona.

Rocky Mountains; Calif.; Oregon.

Utah.

Rocky Mountains; Sierra Nevadas.

California; Nevada.

Lake County, California.

Southern Arizona.

Northern Oregon.

Catalina Mountains of Arizona.

Sierra Nevadas; Rocky Mountains.

Rocky Mountains.

Sierra Nevadas, 7,000 ft., Calif.

Lake County, California.

Arizona.

Southern California.

Texas.

Northern California; Nev.; Mont.

Rocky Mountains.

Southern California.

Southern California,

Arizona; Utah.

Atlantic States.

Texas.

Texas.

Texas; Colorado.

Arizona; Mexico.

Texas; Arizona.

Texas.

Texas; Arizona; California.

Rocky Mountains of Colorado.

Rocky Mountains of Colorado.

California; Arizona.

Arizona.

Atlantic States to Mississippi Riv.

Eastern Oregon.

Northern States to Mississippi R.

Canada; Southern and W. States.

Texas; Mexico.

Texas; Mexico.

Gulf States; Texas.

United States, except Pac. Coast.

United States, except Pac. Coast.

United States, except Pac. Coast.

U. S., except Ore.; Wash.; Alaska.

Middle States.

California; Oregon; Arizona.

Pacific Coast States.

56

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

PSTCIOSES — continued.

203. CamiUns, Edwards. 1S71.
-Emissa, Edwards. 1871.
-Pallida, Edwards, 1S64.
-Mata, Edwards, 1866.

204. MyUtta, Edwards, 1861.
204a. -Barnesi, Skinner, 1897.

205. Montana, Behr, 1863.

206. Plcta, Edwards, 1865.
ERSSIA

Frisia, Poey, 1832.

207. Tezana, Edwards, 1863.
Tulois, Bates, 1864.

SYITCHIiOE

Janais, Drury, 17S2.

208. Lacinia, Hubner, 1837.

209. -Crocale, Edwards, 1874.

210. -Rufescens, Ckll., 1890.

211. -Nigrescens, Ckll., 1890.

212. Califoroica, n. s., Wright, 1904.
Erodyle. Bates. 1864.

CYSTINETTRA

Amymone, Menetries, 1857.

Floridana, Strecker, 1900.
QRAFTA

Interrogationis, Fab., 1798.

-Fabrici, Edwards. 1870.

-Umbrosa. Lintner, 1869.

Comma, Harris. 1842.

-Harrisi, Edwards, 1873.

-Dryas. Edwards, 1870.

213. Satyrus, Edwards, 1869.

214. -Marsyas, Edwards, 1870.
Hylas, Edwards, 1872.

215. Paunus, Edwards, 1874.

216. Rnsticns, Edwards, 1874.

217. -Silvius, Edwards, 1874.

218. Zephyms, Edwards, 1870.

219. GraciUs, Grote-Rob., 1867.

220. SUenns, Edwards, 1870.

221. -Oreas, Edwards, 1869.

222. Clirysoptera, n. s., Wright, 1905.
Progne, Cramer, 1775.
-Argenteum, Scudder, 1875.
J-Album, Bois.-Lec, 1833.

VANESSA

223. Antiopa, Linnisus, 1758.

224. -Hippolita, Lyman, 1898.
-Hygitea, Heydenreich, 1851.

Wash.; Colorado; Mont.; Texas.

Rocky Mountains.

Rocky Mountains.

Rocky Mountains-

Cal.; Or.: Wksh.; Colo.; Utah; Al.

Colorado.

California; Nevada.

Colorado; New Mexico; Ariz.; Tex.

Florida; Antilles; Mexico.
Texas; Mexico.
Arizona; Texas; Mexico.

Texas; Mexico; Central America.
Arizona; Texas; N. Mexico; Mex.
Arizona; New Mexico; Texas.
Arizona; New Mexico; Texas.
Arizona; New Mexico; Texas.
Colorado Desert of Southeast. Cal.
Texas; Mexico; Central America.

Texas; Mexico; Central America.
Florida.

States East of Continental Divide.

States East of Continental Divide.

States East of Continental Divide.

Northern States to Mississippi R.

Eastern and Middle States.

Eastern and Middle States.

States West of Continental Divide.

States West of Continental Divide.

Colorado.

V. S., ex. Cal.; Nev.; Ar.; N. M.; U.

Cal.; Or.; Wash.; Vane. Island.

California.

Cal.; O.; Nev.; Utah; A.;Mt.;N. M.

New England; Brit. Am.; Alaska.

Cal.; Or.; Wash.; Vane. Is.; Mont.

Cal.; Or.; Wash.; Vane. Is. ; Mont.

California.

States East of Mississippi River.

States East of Mississippi River.

Northern States; B. Possessions.

North America; Europe; Siberia.
British Columbia.
North America; Europe.

COMPLETE LIST

57

22S.

229.
230.

231.

232.
233.

VAimSSA — continued.

225. Callfomica, Boisduval, 1S52.

226. lUllbertl, Godart. 1819.
-Furcillata, Say, 1S25.
-.Siibpallida. Cock., 1889.

FTBAMSIS

227. Atalanta, Ijinnieus, 1758.
Hnntera, Fabricius, 1775.
-B'ulvia, Dodge, 1900.
Cardui, Llnnseus. 1758.
-Blinor, Cockerell, 1890.
-Elymi, Rambur, 1829.
-Ate, Strecker, 1878.
Carye, Hvibner, 1806.
-Hybrid, H. Edwards, 1878.
-Muelleri, Letcher, 1898.

juiTomA

234. Coenla, Hubner, 1816.

235. Geaoveva, Cramer, 1782.
VICTOBIITA

Steneles, Linnseus, 1758.
ANABTIA

Jatrophse, Linnteus, 1764.
EUBEMA

Lethe, Fabricius, 1793.
EUmCA

Monima. Cramer. 1782.

Tatila, Herr.-Schaff., 1852.
TIWRTES

Coresla, Godart, 1823.

Petreus, Cramer, 1779.

Chiron, Fabricius, 1775.

Eleucha, Hubner, 1816.
AMFHICHIiOSA

Fornax, Hubner. 1824.

Feronia, Linneeus. 1764.
IiIMEiriTTS

Astynax, Fabricius, 1775.

-Arlzonensis, Edwards, 1882.

-Cerulea, Ehrman, 1900.

Arthemis, Drury, 1773.

-Prosperina, Edwards, 1865.

Weiameyeri, Edwards, 1861.

-Slnefascla, Edwards, 1882.

Misippus, Linnaeus, 1764.

-Nig. Strecker, 1878.

-Pseudorippus, Strecker, 1878.

-Floridensis, Strecker, 1878.
239. Obsoleta, Edwards, 1882.

236.

237.
238.

States W. of R. Mts., ex. Ar.; N. M.
N. States; Pac. Coast States; Alas.
East of Mississippi River.
East of Mississippi River.

North Am.; Europe; Asia; Africa.

North America; South America.

United States.

Cosmopolitan.

United States.

Uncertain.

Eastern United States.

W. of Sierra Nev.; Vane, to Argent.

Pacific States.

California; Atlantic States.

North America.
Arizona; Mexico.

Florida; Texas; Mexico; S. Am.

Tex.; Florida; Mex.; Cent. Am.

Texas; Mexico; South America.

Florida; Texas; Mexico.
Florida; Mexico; South America.

Texas.

Florida; Mexico.
Texas; Mexico.
Florida; Texas.

Texas; Mexico.
Texas; Mexico.

States East of Rocky Mountains.

Arizona.

Pennsylvania.

N. States; British Possessions.

Northern United States.

W. of R. Mts., and E. of Sierra Nev.

W. of R. Mts., ex. Coast States.

United States, except Pac. Coast.

Florida.

New York; Massachusetts.

Florida.

Arizona.

58

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

^IMliMlTlS — continued.

240. Iiorqainl, Boisduval, 1852.

241. -Eavesi, H. Edwards, 1878.
HETEBOCHROA

242. Bredowl, Hubner, 1837.

243. -Califomlca, Butler, 1865.
APATUBA

244. CelUs, Bois.-Lec, 1833.
-Alba, Edwards, 1875.
Antonia, Edwards, 1877.

245. -Montis, Edwards, 1882.

246. Iiella, Edwards, 1874.
Alicia, Edwards, 1S68.
Clyton, Bois.-Lec, 1833.
-Prosperina, Scudder, 1868.
-Ocellata, Edwards. 1876.
Flora, Edwards, 1876.
Codes, Lintner, 1884.

FAFHZA

Karwinski, Hubner, 1826.
Odius, Fab'ricius. 1775.

247. Andrla, Scudder, 1875.

248. -Morrisonl, Edwards, 1883.
Portia, Fabricius, 1775.

Pacific Coast States, N. to Sitka.
Pacific Coast States.

S. Cal.; S. Nevada; Ariz.;
California; Nevada.

Mex.

Soutliern and Gulf States.

Southern States.

Texas.

Arizona; Colorado to Montana.

Arizona.

Florida to Texas.

States East of Mississippi Valley.

East of Mississippi Valley.

East of Mississippi Valley.

Florida; Texas.

Texas.

Texas; Mexico.
Florida; South America.
Mississippi Valley.
Arizona.
Florida; Antilles.

Family SATYRID^

SATTBTTS

Pegala, Fabricius. 1775.

Alope, Fabricius, 1793.

-Texana. Edwards, 1880.

Stephens!, n. s., Wright, 1904.

Oabtii, Edwards, 1S70.
250a. Wheeleri, Edwards. 1873.
251. Kephele, Kirby, 1837.

Boopls, Behr, 1864.

Ariane, Boisduval, 1852.

-Baroni, Edwards, ISSO.

-Incana, Edwards. 1880.

CEtns, Boisduval, 1869.

Fanlns, Edwards, 1879.

Charon, Edwards. 1870.

SUvestrls, Edwards. 1861.

Stehenele, Boisduval, 1852.
GEIBOCHEIJUS

Tritonia, Edwards, 1S74.
EBEBIA

Fasciata, Butler, 1868.

Discoidalis, Kirby, 1837.

Rossi, Curtis, 1835.

249.
250.

252.
253.
254.
255.

256.
257.
258.
259.
260.

South Atlantic States.

Northeastern Atlantic States.

Texas.

Northeastern Cal.; Nevada; Ore.

Oregon; Utah.

Eastern California; Ariz.; Utah.

New Eng., west to the Sierra Nev.

California; Oregon; Washington.

Northern Cal.; Oregon and East.

Northern California.

Washington; Northern California.

Northern California.

California: Nevada: Colorado.

Sierra Nevadas.

States west of the Rocky Mts.

San Francisco (extinct).

Arizona; Mexico.

Alaska; Boreal America.
Alaska: Boreal America.
Boreal America.

COMPLETE LIST

59

URIIBIA — continued.

Disa, Thunberg. 1791.
-Mancinus, Dbl.-Hew., 1S51.
Vldlerl, Elwes, 1S9S.
Tyndarus. Esper, 1871.

261. -CaUlaB, Edwards, 1871.

262. Eplpsodea, Butler, 1868.
-Brucei, Elwes, 1889.

263. Sofia, Strecker. 1884,
-Alaskensis, Holland. 1900.

264. Mag-dalena, Strecker, 1880.

265. -Toungl, Holland, 1900.

NEOinnaFEA

Canthus, Boisduval, 1823.
Gemma, Hubner. 1818.

266. Henshawl, Edwards. 1876.

267. Haydenl, Edwards. 1S72.
Phocion, Fabrlcius. 1781.
Eurytus, Fabricius, 1775.
Mitchell!, French. 1889.
Sosybius, Fabricius, 1793.

268. Btibrlcata, Edwards. 1891.

2G9. Xlcaque, Reakert, 1866.

jsTEO'xrsois

270. Rldingsl, Edwards, 1865.

271. DlonyslnB, Scudder, 1878.
CCEITOirTMFHA

272. Callfomlca, Doub.-Hew., 1850.

273. -Qalactlnus, Boisduval, 1852.

274. -Eryngl, H. Edwards, 1877.

275. -Ceres, Butler. 1866.

276. -PuUa, H. Edwards. 1881.

277. -Kodlak, Edwards. 1869.

278. EUto, Edwards, 1880.

279. Inomata, Edwards, 1861.

280. Ampelos, Edwards, 1871.

281. Ochracea, Edwards, 1861.

282. Brenda, Edwards, 1869.

283. Fampbilns, Linnseus, 1758.
Typhon-ladon, Borkhausen, 1788.

DEBTS

Portlandi, Fabricius, 1781.

Creola, Skinner, 1897.
CSIONOBAS

Macouni, Edwards, 1885.

284. Qig'as, Butler, 1868.

285. Nevadensls, Felder. 1867.

286. CaUfoniica, Boisduval, 1869.

Arctic America.
Alaska; Rocky Mountains.
British Columbia.
Colorado; New Mexico; Europe.
Colorado; New Mexico.
Rocky Mountains.
Colorado.
Alaska.
Alaska.
Colorado.
Alaska.
►

Northeastern States.
South Atlantic States.
Arizona; Colorado; New Mexico.
Yellowstone Pk.; Mont.; Ida.; Wyo.
Atlantic States.

States east of Mississippi River.
Michigan; New Jersey.
States east of Mississippi River.
Texas; Arizona; Mexico.

Arizona; Mexico.

Colo.; Nev. ; Mont.; Utah; Wyo.
Colorado; Arizona; Utah.

N. California; Nev.; Ore.; Wash.

Southern California.

Southern California.

Central California.

California Mountains.

Alaska.

Nevada; Eastern Washington.

Washington; Idaho; Mont.; East.

Nev.; Ore.; Wash.; Vane. Island.

Arizona; Wyo.; Mont.; Brit. Am.

Southern California.

Europe; Siberia; California.

Montana; Minnesota; Brit. Am.

States east of Rocky Mountains.
Louisiana; Texas.

Alberta.

Vancouver Island.

Nevada.

Cal.; Ore.; east of Cascade Mts.

60

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

CBHONOBAS — continued.

2S7.

2SS.

289.
290.

292.
293.

Iduna, Edwards, 1874.
Chryxus, Dbl.-Hew., 1851.
-Calais, Scudder, 1865.
Ivallda, Mead, 1878.
Jutta, Hubner, 1800.
-Alaskensis, Holland, 1900.
TJiaerl, Reakert, 1866.
Varuna, Edwards, 1882.
Alberta. Elwes, 1893.
Noma, Thunberg, 1791.
-Hilda, Quesnel, 1791.
-Celseno, Hubner, 1794.
-Bore, Hubner, 1825.
-Peartiae, Edwards, 1897.
-SuljliyaUiia., Curtis, 1835.
Taygete, Hubher, 1824.
Semidea. Say. 1828.
-Katahdin, Newcomb, 1901.
-Bmcel, Edwards, 1891.
-Beani, Elwes, 1893.
Dauria, Strecker, 1894.

Northwestern California.

Utah; Colorado; Rocky Mountains.

Hudson Bay; New Foundland.

Sierra Nevada, Alpine peaks.

Arctic America.

Alaska.

Rocky Mts. of Colorado and Mont.

Arizona; Mont.; Brit. America,

British America.

Arctic America.

Arctic America.

Arctic America.

Arctic America.

Victoria Land.

Arctic America.

Labrador.

White Mts. of New Hampshire.

Mt. Katahdin, Maine.

Colorado.

Colorado.

Southeastern Arizona.

IiIBTTSEA

Family LIBYTHEID^

Bachmani, Kirtland, 1852.
Carinenta, Cramer, 1779.
-Larvata, Strecker, 1878.

Atlantic States.

Texas.

Texas.

Family

I.BUONIAS

294. Monno, Pelder, 1859.
Duryi, Edwards, 1884.

295. Cythera, Edwards, 1873.

296. Virgrnlti, Behr, 1S65.

297. Palmeri, Edwards, 1870.

298. Nals, Edwards, 1876.

299. Zela, Butler, 1870.

300. Clels, Edwards, 1882.
CAZiEFHEIiIS

Cfenius, LinniEUS, 1767.

301. Borealis, Grote-Rob., 1866.

302. AustraUs, Edwards, 1877.

303. HemesiB, Edwards, 1871.

ERYCINID^

Cal.; Utah; Arizona; New Mexico.
New Mexico.
Arizona; New Mexico.
Southern California; Mexico.
So. California; Utah; New Mexico.
Arizona; Colorado; New Mexico.
Arizona; Mexico.
Arizona; Mexico.

Southern States.

N. y. to Va.; Mich.; 111.; Cent. Cal.
Arizona; Texas; Mexico.
Southern California.

Family LYCiENID^

BUaUEUS

Atala. Poey, 1832.
Minyas, Hubner, 1806.

Florida; Cuba.

Texas; Mexico; Central America.

COMPLETE LIST

61

ATIiZDES

304. Crysalus, Edwards, 1873.

305. -Cltlma, H. Edwards. 1881.

306. Halesas, Cramer, 1779.
THECI^A

M-Album. Bd.-Lec, 1833.
Telea, Hewitt, 1862.
Martlalis, Herr.-Sch.. 1864.
Hugon. Godart. 1843.

307. Jada, Hewittson, 1862.

308. Mellnus, Hubner, 1818.
Favonius, Sm.-Abb., 1797.
Autolycus, Edwards, 1871.
Alcestis, Edwards, 1871.
Acadlca, Edwards, 1862.

309. CaUfornica, Edwards, 1862.

310. Dryope, Edwards, 1870.

311. Tacita, H. Edwards, 1881.

312. ItyB, Edwards. 1884.

313. Auretorum, Boisduval, 1852.

314. Grunus, Boisduval, 1852.

315. Sylvinus, Boisduval, 1852.

316. Ssepiam, Boisduval, 1852.
Edw;irdsi, Saunders, 1869.
Wittfeldi, Edwards, 1883.
Calanus, Hubner, 1806.
-Lorata, Grote-Rob., 1868.
Ontario, Edwards, 1868.
Liparops, Bdl.-Lec, 1833.
Putnami, H. Edwards, 1876.

317. Tetra, Behr, 1870.

318. Chalcis, Behr, 1879.
-Fulvescens, H. Edwards, 1876

319. ITelsonl, Boisduval, 1S69.

320. -Exoleta, H. Edwards, 1881.
331. -Muiri, H. Edwards. 1881.

322. Spinetorum, Boisduval, 1867.

323. Spadix, H. Edwards, 1881.

324. Adenostomatls, H. Edwards, 187

325. Blenlna, Hewitt. 1869.
Castalis, Edwards, 1871.
Mirabelle, Barnes, 1900.
Damon. Cramer. 1782.
-Discoidalis, Skinner, 1897.
Sim^ethis. Drury, 1770.
Acis, Drury, 1773.
Cecrops. Fabricius, 1793.
Columella. Fabricius, 1793.
Leda, Edwards. 1882.

Arizona; Utah; So. California.

Arizona; Utah.

U. S.. south of North Lat. 40".

Southern and Gulf States.
Florida-
Florida.
Florida

Arizona; Mexico.
United States, except Alaska.
Gulf States.

Texas; Missouri; Kansas.
Arizona; Texas.

Northern States W. of Sierra Nev.
California and Nev. to Vane. Is.
California; Nevada; Utah.
Cal., Lake Co., Greenhorn Mts.
Arizona,
California.
California; Nevada.
California; Nevada.
States west of Rocky Mountains.
Maine to Nebraska; Brit. Am.
Florida.

Atlantic and W. States; Ontario.
Atlantic and Western States.
New England: Ontario.
States east of Mississippi River.
Utah.
California.
California; Utah.
California; Ore.; Washington.
Central and So. California.
Central California.
Central California.
Northern California; Ore.; Wash.
Southern California.
6. California, north and south.
Vancouver Island; Arizona; Mex.
Texas.
Texas.

Atlantic and W. States; Tex.; Ont.
Texas.

Texas; Mexico; Central America.
Southern Florida.
Southern States.
Florida; Texas; Mexico.
Arizona.

63

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

THECIiA^-continued.

326. Clytle, Edwards, 1S77.

327. Inei, Edwards, 1882.

328. Avalona, n. s., Wright, 1905.

329. Bebrl, Edwards, 1870.
Augustus, Kirby, 1837.

330. Iroides, Boisduval, 1862.

331. -Mossi, H. Edwards, 1881.

332. Potis, Strecker, 1878.
Irus, Godart, 1823.
-Arsace, Boisduval, 1833.
Henrici, Grote-Rob., 1867.

333. Eryplioii, Boisduval, 1852.

334. Kiphon, Hubner, 1823.

335. Dnmetorum, Boisduval, 1852.

336. -Aflnl*, Edwards, 1862.

337. Apama, Edwards, 1882.
Sheridani, Edwards, 1887.
LeBta, Edwards, 1862.
Titus, Fabricius, 1793.

FENISECA

Tarquinius, Fabricius, 1793.
CaSTSOFHANTTS

338. Arota, Boisduval, 1852.

339. Virg-lnlensis, Edwards, 1870.

340. Hermea, Edwards, 1870.

341. Mariposa, Reakert, 1866.

342. Zanthoides, Boisduval, 1852.

343. Oorgron, Boisduval, 1852.
Dione, Scudder, 1869.

345. Edltlia, Mead, 1878.
Thoe, Boisduval, 1832.

346. Zeroe, Boisduval, 1869.

347. Del Sud, n. s., Wright, 1905.

348. Helloides, Boisduval, 1869.

349. Dorcas, Kirby, 1837.
Florus, Edwards, 1883.
Epixanthe, Bd.-Lec, 1833.
Hypophleas, Boisduval, 1852.
-Fieldeni. McLachlan, 1878.

350. Fulllolus, Hulst, 1886.

351. CuprenB, Edwards, 1870.
Snowi, Edwards, 1881.

352. BuMduI, Behr, 1866.
35S. Slrlns, Edwards, 1871.

i.TC2:irA

354. TnUgrinosa, Edwards, 1861.

355. Heteronea, Boisduval, 1852.
366. Clara, H. Edwards. 1877.

Arizona; Texas.

Arizona.

Catalina Island.

Cal.; Nevada; Colo.; Oregon.

Eastern States; British America.

Ariz.; Cal.; 0.;Wh. ; Vane. Is.; B.C.

Vancouver Island.

Arizona.

Atlantic and Western States.

Atlantic and Western States.

Northeastern Atlantic States.

California; Colorado.

Atlantic and W. States; N. Cal.

Cal.; Nevada; Colorado; Montana.

Cal.; Nevada; Utah; N. Arizona.

Arizona.

Montana; Colorado.

E. States; N. J.; Canada to ArlB.

New Eng. to Arizona; Brit. Am.

States east of Mississippi River.

California.

California; Nevada; Colorado.
California; Nevada-
California; Colo.; Mont.; Brit. Am.
California.
California; Nevada.
Mississippi Valley.
California; Nevada.
Eastern and Northern States.
California; Nevada; Colorado.
San Diego County, California.
Cal.; Ore.; Wash.; Colo.
Alaska; British Am.; Labrador.
British America.
Northern States; British Am.
Arctic America.
Arctic America.

States west of Rocky Mountains.
Northern California; Oregon.
Colorado; Alberta.
Oregon; Nevada; Montana.
Arizona to Mont.; British Am.

California; Nevada; Utah.
California; Nevada; Utah; Colo.
Southern California.

COMPLETE LIST

63

IiYCSlllfA. — continued.

357. I^ycea, Edwards. 1864.

358. FuUa, Edwards, 1870.

359. Pheres, Boisduval, 1852.

360. Icarloldes, Boisduval. 1852.

361. Daedalus, Behr, 1867.

362. -Maricopa, Reakert, 1866.

363. Sseplolas, Boisduval, 1852.
Arnica, Edwards, 1863.
Pembina, Edwards, 1862.

364. Fhlleros, Boisduval, 1869.
Ardea, Edwards, 1871.

365. Kodlak, Edwards, 1S70.

366. Mela, Strecker, 1900.
J67. Antlacis, Boisduval, 1862.

368. -Bekrl, Edwards. 1862.

369. -Mertlla, Edwards, 1866.

370. Xerxes, Boisduval, 1852.

371. Orcus, Edwards, 1869.
Afra, Edwards, 1883.
Lygdamus, Doub., 1842.

372. Oro, Scudder. 1876.

373. Saglttigera, Felder, 1865.

374. SonorenslB, Felder, 186i.
37». Podarce, Felder. 1865.

Aquilo. Boisduval, 1S33.
Rustica, Edwards, 1865.

376. Enoptes, Boisduval, 1852.
Glaucon, Edwards, 1871.

377. Battoides, Behr, 1867.

378. Sliasta, Edwards, 1862.

379. MeUssa, Edwards. 1873.

380. Acmon, Dbl.-Hew., 1852.

381. -Chlorlna, Skinner, 1902.
SSla. -Neurona, Skinner, 1902.

382. -Melimona, n. v., Wright. 1905.
Scudderi, Edwards, 1S61.

383. I^otis, Lintner, 1879.
Aster, Edwards, 1882.

384. Anna, Edwards, 1861.

385. Amyntula, Boisduval. 1852.

386. Berrl, Grinnell, 1901.

387. Ajinetta, Mead, 1882.
Argiolus, Sm.-Abb., 1797.

388. -I.ucla, Kirby, 1837.
-Marglnata. Edwards, 1883.

3S9. -Vlolacea, Edwards, 1866.
-Nigra. Edwards, 1868.
-Cinera, Edwards, 1883.

Colo.: Nev. ; Mont.; Ariz.; N. M.

California; Oregon; Wash.; Vane.

Cal. ; Or. ; Wn. ; B. Col. ; Colo. ; Ariz.

California.

Southern California.

California.

Cal.; Nev.; Ore.; Wash.; B. Col.

British America.

British America.

Cal.; Nevada; Utah; Arizona.

Nevada.

Alaska.

Colorado; British Columbia.

California.

California.

Central California.

Lone Mountain, California.

Central California.

British America.

Middle States.

California; Colo.; New Mexico.

Wash.; Or.; Cal.; Idaho; Rocky Mt.

Southern California; Lower Cal.

California; Nevada; Colorado.

Arctic America; Labrador.

Colorado; Mont.; British America.

California; Ore.; Wash.; Ariz.

Colorado.

California; Nevada; Colorado.

Cal. ; Ore. ; Utah ; Nev. ; Mont. ; Colo.

Cal.; Ariz.; New Mex.; Colorado.

States west of Rocky Mountains.

Southern California.

Southern California.

Southern California.

Northern Middle States.

Mendocino Co., California.

New Foundland.
'Cal.; Nev.; Ore.; Colo.; Mont.
W.Coast States f'm Mex. to Ar.Cir.

Cochise Co., Arizona.

Utah.

Eastern United States.

Alaska; B. C. ; B. A.; New England.

New England States.

Alaska; B. C; B. A.; Colo.;N. E.

Wtest Virginia; Colorado.

Atlantic States.

64

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

IiYCANA — continued.

-Neglecta, Edwards, 1S62.

390. Plasus, Boisduval, 1S52.

391. -Echo, Edwards. 1S64.

392. -Arizoneusls, Edwards, 1S83.
Gozora, Boisduval, 1870.
Comyntas, Godart, 1S23.

393. Monica, Realtert, 1866.

394. Isola, Reakert, 1866.

395. Gyas, Edwards. 1871.
Cyna, Edwards. 1881.

397. Hanmo, Stoll, 1790.

398. Speciosa, H. Edwards, 1876.
Amnion, Lucas, 1856.

399. Martna, Reakert, 1868.

400. SisBona, n. s., Wright, 1905.
Theonus, Lucas, 1856.

401. Astragala, n. s., Wright, 1905.
Striata, Edwards, 1877.

402. ExiUs, Boisduval, 1852.

403. Isophthalma, Her.-Schf., 1862.

Northeastern States; Montana.
California; Arizona; Mexico.
So. California; Arizona; Mexico.
Arizona.

Arizona; Mexico.
Atlantic States to Rocky Mts.
Southern California.
Colo.; New Mex. ; Ariz.; Mex.
Arizona.
Texas.

'Gulf States; S. Cal.; Mex.
Southern California.
Southern Florida.
So. California; S. Colo.; Ariz.
Northern California.
Florida.

Southern California.
Texas.

Cal.; Ariz.; New Mex.; Colo.
Florida; Georgia; S. California.

Family

PHOI.ISOBA

403a. Catallus, Fabricius, 1793.
Mexicana, Reakert, 1866.

404. Pirus, Edwards, 1S78.

405. Ceos, Edwards, 1882.
Hayhursti, Edwards. 1870,

406. Libya, Scudder, 1878.

407. Alpheus, Edwards, 1876.

408. I.ena, Edwards, 1882.
COPiSODES

409. Procris, Edwards, 1871.

410. -Waco, Edwards, 1868.

411. Candida, Wright, 1890.

412. Wrightl, Edwards, 1882.

413. Myrtis, Edwards, 1S84.

414. Eunus, Edwards, 1881.

415. Arene, Edwards, 1871.
THTMEIiICUS

Garita, Reakert, 1866.
Poweschiek, Parker, 1870.
Edwardsi, Barnes, 1897,
PAMPHII.A

Massasoit, Scudder, 1862.
-SufEusa, Laurent, 1892.
Zabulon. Bdl.-Lec, 1833.
Hobomok, Harris, 1862.

HESPERID^

United States, except Alaska.
Arizona; Mexico.

Colorado; New Mex.; Ariz.; Utah.
Arizona; Mexico.
Southern States.
Southern California; Utah.
Nevada; Arizona; New Mexico.
Northern Arizona; Montana.

Arizona; New Mexico.

Arizona.

Southern California.

California Desert.

Arizona.

California Mountains.

Texas; Arizona.

Colo.; Dakota; Brit. America.
Iowa; Illinois; Colorado; Utah.
Colorado.

E. and Middle States; Neb.; Colo.
Eastern States.
Middle and Southern States.
Atlantic States.

COMPLETE LIST

65

PAMf HIIiA — continued.

-Pocahontas, Scudder, 1S62.
Taxiles. Edwards, 1881.

416. Hurlcola, Boisduval, 1852.
Comma, Linnfeus, 1758.

417. Juba, Scudder, 1S72.

418. -Virldis, Edwards, 1883.

419. Manitoba, Scudder, 1874.
-Manitoboides, Fletcher, 1888.

420. Nevada, Scudder. 1874.

421. Colorado, Scudder, 1874.

422. Idaho, Edwards, 1883.

423. CaUfomia, n. v.. Wright, 1905.

424. Oregonla, Edwards, 1SS3.
-Assiniboia, Lyman, 1892.
-Laurentiiia, Lyman, 1S93.

425. Sylvanoldes, Scudder.

426. Coliunbla, Scudder, 1872.
Sassacus, Harris, 1862.
Harpalus, Edwards, 1884.
Pawnee, Dodge, 1874.
Ottoe, Edwards, 1876.
Lasus, Edwards, 1884.
Cabelus, Edwards, 1881.
Napa, Edwards, 1864.
Scudderi, Skinner, 1899.
Metea, Scudder, 1S62.

427. Bhesns, Edwards, 1877.

428. Cams, Edwards. 1884.
Uncas, Edwards, 1863.
Licinus, Edwards, 1871.
Attalus. Edwards, 1871.

429. Tama, Edwards, 1873.
Snowi, Edwards, 1871.
Leonardus, Harris, 1862.
Mesliei, Edwards, 1877.

430. Nemomm, Boisduval, 1852.

431. Agricola, Boisduval, 1852.

432. MUo, Edwards, 1883.

433. Pratincola, Boisduval, 1852.

434. Terus, Edwards, 1881.

435. Campestrls, Boisduval, 1852.
Huron, Edwards, 1863.
Stigma, Skinner, 1896.
Morrison!, Edwards, 1878.

436. Fhylseas, Drury, 1770.

437. Brettus, Bois.-Lec, 1883.

438. Brettoides, Edwards, 1883.

Northern States; Miss. Valley.

Arizona; New Mex. ; Utah; Nev.

Central California.

Europe; Siberia; North America.

California; Colorado; Utah.

Northern California; New Mex.

Cal.; Wash.; Brit. Col.; Brit. Am.

Ontario, Canada.

Nev.; Colo.; Ariz.; B. C. : B. A.

Colo.; Cal.; Oregon; Wash.

Cal.; Ore.; Wash.; Brit. America.

Southern California.

California; Nevada; Brit. America.

Regina, Canada.

Quebec.

California.

California.

Northern States.

Nevada.

Nevada; Montana.

Nebraska; Oklahoma; Arizona.

Arizona.

Nevada; California.

Colorado.

Colorado.

• tlantic States.
Arizona; Colorado.
Arizona; Texas.

Middle States; Dakota; Brit. Am.
Texas.
Texas.
Arizona.
Colorado.
Atlantic States.
Florida; Texas.
California.

California; Nevada; Washington.
Oregon.

California; Washington.
Southern California.
Southern California; Ariz.
Atlantic States; Mississippi Val.
Texas: New Mexico.
Colorado; Arizona.
Mid. & Gulf States, w. to Sierra N.
South Atlantic and Gulf States.
S. At. & Gulf States; S. Cal.

66

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

FAMFHIIiA^-continued.

439. Clinsca, Edwards, 1873.
Draco, Edwards, 1871.
Otho, Smith-Abb., 1797.
-Egremet, Scudder, 1862.
Mystic, Scudder, 1862.
Siris, Edwards, 1881.
Mardon, Edwards, 1881.
Cernes, Bdl.-L.ec., 1833.
Alcina, Skinner, 1893.

440. Sabuletl, Boisduval, 1852.

441. Chlspa, n. s., Wright, 1905.
Peckius, Kirby, 1837.
Baracoa, Lucas, 1857.
Verna. Edwards, 1862.

442. Testris, Boisduval, 1852.
Metacomet, Harris, 1862.

443. Bellus, Edwards, 1884.
Osyko, Edwards, 1867.
Comus, Edwards, 1876.
Eufala, Edwards, 1869.

444. Arabns, Edwards, 1882.
Fusca, Grote-Rob., 1867.
Oslari, Skinner, 1S99.

445. ITereus, Edwards, 1876.
Accius, Smith-Abb., 1797.
Loammi, Whitney, 1876.
Horus, Edwards, 1871.

446. Deva, Edwards, 1876.

447. X-unus, Edwards, 1884.
Hianna, Scudder, 1868.
Maculata, Edwards, 1865.
Panoquin, Scudder. 1862.
Panoquinoides, Skinner, 1891.
Ocola, Edwards, 1863.

448. Errans, Skinner, 1892.
Ethlius, Cramer, 1762.

449. Pittacus, Edwards, 1882.
Rhena, Edwards, 1877.
Bimaoulata, Grote-Rob., 1867.
Pontiac, Edwards, 1863.
Manataaqua, Scudder, 1862.
Tehl, Skinner, 1893.

Dion, Edwards, 1879.
Arpa, Bois.-L.ec., 1833.
Pilatka, Edwards, 1867.
Byssus, Edwards, 1880.

Arizona.

Colorado; British America.

At. States; Miss. Val.; Tex.; Ont.

Atlantic States; Miss. Valley.

Northern States, west to Dakota.

Washington.

Washington.

N. U. S.; Mont.; Utah; Dak.; B. A.

Colorado.

California; Arizona; New Mexico.

Sierra Nevadas of California.

No. and Atlantic States; Ks. ; Ont.

Florida; Antilles.

Middle States.

Florida; California; Colorado.

Eastern States. New Eng. to Mont.

Southern Arizona.

Gulf States.

Texas; Colorado.

Florida; Texas.

Arizona.

Gulf States.

Colorado.

Arizona.

Gulf States.

Florida; North Carolina.

Texas.

Arizona; Southern California.

Southern Arizona.

Atlantic States.

Gulf States.

Gulf States.

Southern Florida,

Gulf States.

Central California.

Gulf States.

Arizona.

Southern Colorado.

Northern States.

Massachusetts to Nebraska.

LTnited States; British America.

Tennessee; Georgia; Florida.

New York; New Jersey; Nebraska.

Gulf States.

Gulf States; Nebraska.

Florida; Texas.

COMPLETE LIST

67

PAKFEHiA — continued.

452. Pliylace, Edwards. 1S77.
Viator, Edwards, 1865.
Carolina, Skinner, 1892.
ViteUlus, Fabricius, 1793.
Streckeri, Skinner, 1893.
Howardi, Skinner. 1896.
Aaroni, Skinner, 1890.

453. Melane, Edwards, 1869.
Lagus. Edwards, 1881.
Arogos, Bdl.-Lec, 1833.

A1CBI.7SCIBTXS

Vialis. Edwards, 1862.
Nysa, Edwards, 1877.
Eos, Edwards, 1871.
Cella, Skinner, 1895.
Samoset. Scudder, 1862.
Aenus, Edwards, 1877.

454. Simias, Edwards, 1881.
Cassus. Edwards, 1883.

455. Nanno, Edwards, 1882.
Textor, Hubner, 1825.

casti:bocefhai;vs

Palo-i^mon, Pallas, 1771.

riara. Kollar, 1848.
ANCYIiOZTPHA

Numitor, Fabricius. 1793.

Longleyl, French, 1897.
EBTCIDES

Urania, West. -Hew., 1852.

Lilea, Reakert, 1866.

Batabano. Lefebre, 1867.

Amyntas, Fabricius, 1775.
ACHTI.ODES

Thraso, Hubner. 1806.
STSTASEA

Pulverulenta, Felder, 1869.

Stigmaticus, Mabllle, 1883.
PYBGUS

456. Ericetonun, Boisduval, 1852.
Macaria, Reakert, 1866.
Domicella. Erichson, 1848.
-Nearchus, Edwards, 1882.

457. Tessellata, Scudder, 1872.
Montivagus, Reakert, 1866.
Centaura;, Rambur, 1839.
Phlletas, Edwards.

458. Ceespltalis, Boisduval, 1S52.
Xanthus, Edwards, 1877.

Southern Colorado; Arizona.

Atlantic and Gulf States.

North Carolina.

States east of Mississippi River.

Florida.

Florida.

South Atlantic States.

Southern California.

Texas; Colorado.

Gulf States; Nebraska; Iowa.

Maine; Mid. States; So. States.

Texas.

Georgia; Florida.

Florida.

No. and Middle States to Iowa.

Tex.; Colo.; New Mex. ; Ariz.

Colorado; Arizona.

Southeastern Arizona.

Arizona.

Gulf States.

Alaska; Labrador; New England.
Colorado? California?

Atlantic and Gulf States.
Northern Illinois.

Texas; Mexico.

Texas; Mexico.

Florida; Cuba.

Florida; Arizona? Mexico.

Tex.; Mex.; Cent. America; S. Am.

Arizona; Texas; New Mexico.
Arizona; Mexico.

New Mex.; Ariz.; Southern Cal.

Arizona? Mexico.

Arizona? Mexico.

Arizona? Mexico.

Atlantic to Pacific.

Atlantic to Pacific.

Middle States.

Texas.

Cal.; Colorado: Nevada; Or.; Vane.

Southern Colorado.

68

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

FYBGTJS

459. Scriptura, Boisduval, 1852.
Nessus, Edwards, 1877.

460. FoUng'l, Barnes, 1900.
inSOITIASIiS

Brizo, Boisduval, 1833.
Icelus, Lintner, 1872.
Somnus, Lintner, 1881.
Lucilius, Lintner, 1872.
•461. Perseus, Scudder, 1862.
Ausonius, Lintner, 1872.
Afranius, Lintner, 1878.
Martialis, Scudder, 1869.

462. Juvenalls, Fabricius, 1793.

463. Fropertins, Lintner, 1881.

464. CUtus, Edwards, 1882.
Petronius, Lintner, 1881.
Horatius, Scud.-Burg., 1870.
Terentinus, Scud. -Burg., 1870.

465. Keevius, Lintner, 1881.

466. Pacuvius, Lintner, 1878.

467. Tatlus, Edwards, 1892.

468. Funeralis, Scud. -Burg., 1870.

469. Tristis, Boisduval, 1852.

470. Tlbullus, Scud. -Burg., 1870.
Plautus, Scud. -Burg., 1870.

ISTTSAMirS

471. Pylades, Scudder, 1870.

472. Mexicaua, Herr.-Schsf., 1868.
Proteus, Linnjeus, 1758.
Simplicius, Stoll, 1791.
Dorantes, Stoll, 1793.
Albofasciatus, Hew., 1867.

473. Boras, Edwards. 1882.
Zilpa, Butler, 1901.
Alcseus, Hewitson, 1901.

474. Tityms, Fabricius, 1775.
Melon, God.-Salvin, 1S93.
Cellus, Bois.-Lec, 1833.
Hesus, West.-Hew., 1852.
Zestos, Hubner, 1832.

475. Idas, Cramer, 1782.
Lycidas, Sm.-Abt)., 1797.
Epigona, Herr.-Schaf., 1868.
Coyote, Skinner, 1892.

476. Dmsias, Edwards, 1883.
Outis, Skinner, 1894.
Hippalus, Edwards, 1882.

477. Caicns, Herr.-Schsf., 1868.

California; Arizona; Montana.

Texas.

Arizona.

States east of Rocky Mountains.

States east of Mississippi River.

Florida.

Middle and Western States.

Atlantic to Pacific.

Middle States.

Southern Colorado; Arizona.

States east of Rocky Mountains.

Atlantic to Pacific.

California.

Arizona; Southern California.

Southern Florida.

Atlantic States.

Atlantic States.

Florida.

Arizona; New Mexico; Colorado.

Arizona.

Arizona; California.

California; Arizona,

California.

Florida.

Atlantic States; Dak.; Colo.; Cal.

Tex.; Ariz.; Colo.; California.

Atlantic States.

Tex.; Ariz.; Mex.; Cent. Am.; S. A.

Texas.

Texas; Arizona; Mexico.

Arizona; Mexico.

Mexico; South America.

Mexico; South America.

Atlantic to Pacific.

Mexico.

South Atlantic States.

Texas; Mexico.

Florida; Mexico.

Arizona,

Atlantic States.

Texas; Mexico.

Texas.

Southern Arizona; Mexico.

Texas.

Arizona: Mexico.

Arizona; Mexico; So. California.

COMPLETE LIST

69

ETTSAUUS — continued.
47S. a;miUa, Skinner, 1S93.

479. Python, Edwards, 1S82.
Batliyllus, Sm.-Abb., 1797.
Electra, Lintner, ISSl.

480. Lacustra, n. s., Wriglit, 1905.

Oregon.

Soutliern Arizona.
South Atlantic States.
Ontario, Canada.
Central California.

PTSBSOFYGA

481. Arazes, Hewitson, 1S67.

482. Cestns, Edwards, 1884.
miOATSYDSUS

YuccEe. Bois.-Lec, 1833.
Cofaqui, Strecker, 1876.
Streckeri, Skinner, 1895.

483. ireanKBirenl, Edwards, 1882

484. XTnini, Poling, 1902.

Family MEGATHYMID^

Southern Arizona,
Southern Arizona-
Southern Arizona.
Colorado.

Colorado; Te.xas; Arizona.
Arizona; Mexico; S. California.
Arizona.

APPENDIX

Day-flying Moths

485. Hemllenca KeTadensis, Stretch, 1872. Nevada.

48G. Hemllenca Califomlca, Wright, 1876. Southern California.

487. Hemllenca, Electra, Wright, 1884. Southern California.

LIST OF NEW SPECIES AND NEW VARIETIES

Herein First Published and Illustrated
Date of Publication, October lo, ipoj
Parnasslus Niger, n. v.,
Parnassius Magnus, n. v.,
Papllio Colore, n. v..

10.

13.

2S.

60.

67.

70.
111.
134.
160.
163.
170.
178.
179.
180.
181.
183.
184.
186.
189.
198.
212.
222.
249.
328.
347.
382.
423.
441.
480.

Anthocharis Deserti, n. v.,
Anthocharis Mollis, n. v.,
Antiiocharis Caliente, n. s.,
Argynnis Letis, n. v.,
Argynnis Laurina, n. v.,
Melitea Olancha, n. s.,
Melittea Sierra, n. s.,
Melitsea Augustina, n. v.,
Melitsea Eremita, n. s.,
Melitsea, Hermosa, n. s.,
Melitsea Colonia, n. s.,
Melitfea Sabina. n. s.,
Melitaea Abnorma, n. v.,
Melitaea Mirabilis, n. v.,
Melit^a Leona, n. v.,
Melitsea Cerrita, n. s.,
Phyciodes Pascoensis, n. v.,
Synchloe Californica, n. s.,
Grapta Chrysoptera, n. s.,
Satyrus Stephens!, n. s.,
Thecla Avalona, n. s.,
Chrysophanus Del Sud, n. s.,
Lycsena Melimona, n. v.,
Pamphila Californica, n. s.,
Pamphila Chispa. n. s.,
Nisoniades Lacustra, n. s..

Sierra Nevadas of California.

British Columbia.

Colorado Desert of California.

Colorado Desert of California.

Southern California.

Colorado Desert of California.

Northern California.

Southern California.

Sierra Nevadas of California.

Sierra Nevadas of California.

Southern California.

Central California.

Southern Arizona.

Southern Oregon.

Catalina Mountains, Arizona.

Sierra Nevadas of California.

Hills of Central California.

Central California.

Southern California.

Eastern Washington.

Colorado Desert of California.

California.

California; Oregon.

Catalina Island.

Southern California.

San Bernardino Mountains, Cal.

Southern California.

Sierra Nevadas, Cal.

Lake County, California.

LIST OF SOME OLD BUT GENERALLY UN-
KNOWN SPECIES, HEREWITH ILLUS-
TRATED OR DESCRIBED

28. Papilio Pergamus.

36. Pieris Flava.

65. Euchloe Hyantis.

63. Anthocharis Thoosa.

73. Meganostoma Bernardino.

74. Meganostoma Amorphte.
85. Colias Barbara.

155. Melit£ea Quino.

282. Ccenonympha Brenda.

383. Dycaena Lotis,

397. LycEena Hanno.

403. Lycjena Isophthalma.

408. Pholisora Lena.

414. Copaeodes Eunus.

438. Pamphila Brettoides.

The Butterflies of the West Coast

The Butterflies of the West Coast

Description of all the species of butterflies of the West Coast
and of the illustrations on Plates I to XXXII, with notes in gen-
eral and in particular as to the occurrence, habits, etc., of each
species.

In order to save tedious repetition of facts for each species, gen-
eral statements are made under the genus heading, which are gen-
erally applicable to all the species included in that genus, as all the
species of a genus usually have the same habits.

Each figure in the plates is pedigreed as to the place and date of
capture, and the name of the collector.

Genus PARNASSIUS

This is a race of butterflies widely distinct from any other kind ;
low and moth-like in some of its stages, but grouped near the
Papilios because of the venation, in the absence of the inner vein.
All Parnassians are white, except one or two which are more or
less yellowish ; of medium to large in size ; thick-bodied ; and of
slow and deliberate flight. They feed on flowers, but their life in
the imago state is short. They live in cold or cool climates, most
of them inhabiting the Arctic regions, or the higher mountains of
temperate climes, as the Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra
Nevadas.

When we first see a Parnassian it is climbing up a plant-stem,
limp-winged and unable to fly. If it be a female, mating takes
place at this time, usually before she can fly, and during the
lengthy mating process the curious abdominal pouch is formed.
Unmated females have no pouch ; males never have any ; nor has
any other butterfly in the world. This appendage is formed from

74 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

a frothy secretion, but from which individual is not known ; it is
at first soft and white, frothy and transhicent, but soon becomes
hard; in the Qodius group it is very large, and remains white
after hardening, and in the Smintheus group it is small, and in
hardening becomes brown and horn-like. The office or use of the
pouch is apparently to prevent a repetition of mating.

The eggs are oviposited singly, wherever it happens, without
care for a food-plant for the young larvae. The larv£e are solitary
and nocturnal, feeding by night and lying secreted by day, so that
the larval habits and food-plants are not readily observed. At
pupation the chrysalis is hidden away under dead leaves or rub-
bish, attached to some upright twig in some little place where there
is room for it to swing. Hibernation takes place at this stage.

I. Parnassius Clodius.

Plate I ; Figures i, b, c.

Fig. I, Male, Coldstream, Vancouver Island, July i, 1891 ;
Author.

b. Female, Coldstream, Vancouver Island, July 2, 1891 ;

Author.

c, Pouch of the female.

Clodius is the largest of the Clodius group, as it is also the
darkest in color, the dark markings and the translucent margins
being heavier than in any other species. On hind wing near anal
angle is a dark patch, or perhaps two patches fused together, but
without any red in them, and along the margin of hind wing are
a series of curved markings which are darker than in any other of
the group. There are two round red spots on each hind wing,
and usually the outer one is twinned or has a secondary small one
on the inside of the larger one.

The female is larger than the male, and all the spots and mark-
ings are heavier.

Sex-marks : The male has whitish hairs on the body, while the
female body is black and shiny, and without hairs ; also, after
mating, the female has the so-called pouch on the underside of
the body.

Food-plants : Supposed to be viola ; probably also some other
plants, as sedum ; and possibly vaccinium, or dewberry.

Habitat: Godius flies from the southern point of Alaska to
Vancouver Island, and along the coast nearly to San Francisco ;

GENUS PARNASSIUS 75

also in the Sierra Nevadas at from 5,000 to 10,000 feet elevation,
south as far as Lake Tahoe.

2. Parnassius Clarius. Elsewhere illustrated only in

Edwards' Butt. N. A.
Plate I ; Figvires 2, b, c.
Fig. 2, Male, Emigrant Gap, Cal., July 25, 1892 ; Author.

b, Female, Lake County, Cal., June 1894; Author.

c. Pouch of the female. Summit, Cal., 1892; Author.
Clarius averages a little smaller than Qodius, and is lighter in

color, there being fewer dark markings ; and the red spots are
smaller, and never twinned : the hind wings are nearly free from
dark markings, except the comma spot near anal angle.

No member of the Clodius group ever has any red on the upper
side of fore wing.

Sex-marks as in Oodius.

Larval food-plants, and stages are probably the same as in
Clodius.

Habitat : Clarius inhabits chiefly the higher mountains of Cali-
fornia, from the Siskiyou Mountains of Northern California south
to as far south as any Parnassian flies ; it is not often seen in
the interior mountains, nor ever, so far as I know, on the coast
mountains ; and this female example, taken in the mountains of
Lake County, is an exception, not in appearance, but in locality.

3. Parnassius Altaurus. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Pl.\te I ; Figures 3, b.

Fig. 3, Male, Eastern base Sierra Nevadas, July 27, 1892 ;

Author.

b. Female, Vancouver Island, July i, 1891 ; Author.

Altaurus is a Qarius with the red spots paled to orange or

yellowish, the same as Behri in the Smintheus group. This form,

although but recently named (in 1902) has been observed for

many years, and I had in former years often wondered that this

orange-spotted form should be unnamed while the same thing in

the Smintheus group was named, and considered a good variety.

This form, with preceding Clarius and following Menetriesi and

Baldur, are often spoken of as mere varieties of Clodius. This is

a matter of individual opinion ; my present effort is to show each

form as I find it, and every student can class them as species or

as varieties, as he pleases. Even as varieties, each form is entitled

76 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

to a distinctive name. But it should be borne in mind that they are
variations of infinite degree, only a few being well marked, the
most of them being so indefinitely marked that it is puzzling to
assign them either to the one name or to the other.

4. Parnassius Menetriesi. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate I ; Figures 4, b, bb.

Fig. 4, Male, Emigrant Gap, Cal., June 25, 1892; Author,
b. Female, Lake Tahoe, Cal., July 10, 1892; Author,
bb, Female, Lake Tahoe, Cal., July 10, 1892; Author.
Smaller than Clarius ; the dark markings of fore wings pale,
but not obsolescent ; hind wings of male like those of Clarius ; of
the female with some dark along the margin ; in both sexes the
red spots are small, the outer ones twinned in the female, and in
all of them in both sexes the red is pale and inclined to pink or
orange.

I figure two examples of the female, showing variations. All
of these examples were taken in the typical habitats where the
Author, Mr. H. Edwards, captured his types of this form, and
I am not aware that any similar ones have been taken anywhere
else, though very likely some may have been taken elsewhere.

5. Parnassius Baldur.

Plate I ; Figvires 5, b, c.

Fig. 5, Male, east base Sierra Nevadas, July 27, 1892;
Author.

b. Female, summit Sierra Nevadas, July 30, 1892 ;

Author.

c. Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas, July 30, 1892;

Author.

Baldur is same size as Clarius, but the base of all wings is
darker, and the red spots are larger, and twinned, or with at least
a small black dot inside the outer red spot of the female hind
wings. There is always much red in the black spot near anal
angle of hind wings, and on the underside the red is more obvi-
ous than on the upper, as shown in Fig. c. The male also usually
shows a little red on the underside of the wings, near anal angle,
but it does not show on the upper side of the wings, and so is
not seen in the plate.

As I see these varieties, Baldur appears the best of the lot, and
I think that it may well be called a full species.

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate I.

^J^ - '

"^ ' ^

COPTfllGMTeo 1905,

-MERICAN COLORTiPE

GENUS PARNASSIUS 77

6. Pamassius Hermodur.

Plate II ; Figures 6, b, c, d.

Fig. 6, Male, Mts. of Central Montana, June, 1890; Author.

b, Female, Mts. of Central Montana, June, 1890; Author.

c, Female, underside. Mountains of Central Montana,

June, 1890; Author.

d, Female, side view of the body, showing the pouch.
Hermodur is the chief variety of the Smintheus group, as that

species and group are now generally regarded ; it is, in fact, so
prominent and consistent that it might well be called the stock
from which Smintheus and all the forms of Smintheus have
sprung. But Hermodur was unfortunately not recognized till
thirty-four years after Smintheus was found and named, and so
it naturally fell into second place, its rights not being duly appre-
ciated. It is not, perhaps, so widespread as Smintheus, but where
it prevails it is often present in great numbers, and it has the other
features that should characterize the stem of a series of variable
forms, namely, a constancy in markings everywhere, and espe-
cially an absence of variations among the members in its
metropolis. I regard Hermodur as the stem of the group and
have therefore placed it first on the plate. The male Hermodur
has never been named.

Hermodur does not appear on the immediate Pacific Coast,
except perhaps slightly in British Columbia, but it chiefly inhabits
mountain ranges of moderate height, isolated and "island" moun-
tains, from Colorado, through Montana, and into Canada on both
the eastern and the western sides of the Rocky Mountains.

In the higher and colder localities of its habitat it is inclined to
be yellowed a little ; specimens from Yellowstone Park and from
other more northern places are quite yellowish.

The preliminary stages have not yet been fairly worked out, as
explained under the genus heading ; and the larval food-plant is
also not determined.

7. Parnassius Smintheus.

Plate II ; Figures 7, a, b.

Fig. 7, Male, Sierra Nevadas of Cent. Cal., June, 1890;
Author.

78 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

a, Male, underside, Sierra Nevadas of Cent. Cal., June,

1890; Author.

b, Female, Helena, Montana, July 20, 1891 ; Author.
Smintheus was named in 1847, being the first Parnassian of

America to be named. The males of all the members of the Smin-
theus group have all wings nearly covered with opaque white
scales, so that the wings are not so translucent as those of the
Clodius group preceding; but the wings of the females, while
darker, are more translucent than those of the males, and the
dark scales are so arranged that the females have a spotted
appearance. Smintheus females are rather inclined to show varia-
tions of different kinds; all of them have some red spots oh the
fore wings, two, three, four, or five of them. The pouch of all
females of the Smintheus group is small and dark, and rather
inconspicuous ; the perfectly fresh female having no pouch at all
until after mating.

The sex is sufficiently indicated by the difference in the color of
the wings, as shown on the plate, as also by the pouch, when it is
present, as it is sure to be, for the males never omit an opportunity.

Habitat : The Rocky Mountains, from Colorado far north into
British Possessions, and west to the Sierra Nevadas of California.

8. Parnassius Behri.

Plate H ; Figure 8. Male, Sierra Nevadas of California,
July 3, 1892; Author.

Behri is that rather common variety of Smintheus where the
red spots on hind wings are yellowish or orange instead of red.
The variety is found in both sexes, though more often in the
female than in the male ; it is variable, the yellowish tint often be-
ing only faintly perceptible, and, again, the round spots are more
or less white instead of orange, and so grading into the next
variety, Sayi. A large per cent of both Behri and Smintheus have
white pupils in the red and orange spots.

Sex-marks and food-plants are the same as in Smintheus.

Habitat : Utah. Nevada, and the Sierra Nevadas of California,
at an elevation of at least 5,000 feet.

9. Parnassius Sayi.

Plate H ; Figure 9. Sierra Nevadas, near Lake Tahoe,
July 10, 1892; Author.

GENUS PARNASSIUS ' 79

This variety of Smintheus is, according to the books, founded on
those Smintheus females that have the round spots on hind wings
mostly white instead of red ; the figure gives us a good example.
Nearly all of these white-spotted examples have the spots of
under side more white than on upper side.

Eggs, sex-marks, food-plants, and habitat, as in previous
numbers.

lo. Parnassius Niger, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated.

Plate II; Figure lo. Male, Summit, Cal., July, 1892;
Author.

This variety of Smintheus is in the male, only, and is founded
on the form here illustrated, where the red on all the wings is
absent, and only black appears, no red being present, even near the
body on the underside. This individual was found by the Author,
as a larva, probably nearly or quite mature, on the high moun-
tains, as stated above, and taken home to Southern California,
where the imago emerged the following spring. The climate at
Summit is severe, the altitude being over 7,500 feet, and snow and
ice prevail for many months ; the chrysalis, then, was wintered
in a warm climate, where it did not experience any cold weather
at all, but whether such a modification of environment caused the
unusual markings, no one at present can tell. To rear larvre on
strange food, and in very extraordinary environment, as in dark,
or cold, quarters, is known to vary the resulting imagines, mak-
ing them darker. But we can scarcely expect a bleaching effect
from wintering a chrysalis in a warm climate. The facts go to
show, therefore, a genuine variety.

In the absence of red spots on hind wing of the male, Niger is
like Nanus, but Nanus has a "prominent discal spot" which Niger
has not. and Niger is much larger than Nanus. Whatever other
differences there may be, except the wide difference of latitude
between the home of Nanus and that of Niger, I know not. The
dift'erence in latitude is twelve degrees, or over 800 miles in a right
line.

II. Parnassius Sedakovi.

No figure.
This variety is a southern variety of the endless variations
of Smintheus, and was noticed at an early date, and described in
1835, by Alenetries. It is now often ignored by some among those

80 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

writers who did not themselves name it, but doubtless it is as good
a variety as some of those that are not omitted, as Behri, Sayi.

Sedakovi is found in Colorado, and possibly in the mountains
to the north of Colorado. It is rather small in size, being about
two to tivo and a half inches in expanse ; the female is dark, like
Hermodur, has no red on fore wing, but usually has red on hind
wings, after the ordinary Smintheus style. This form is verj-
likely to be found on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains, and therefore is included in the fauna of the West Coast.

12. Pamassius Nanus.

Xo figure.

I have never seen an example of Nanus, nor a figure of one ; it
is described as being the smallest Parnassian in America, being
only one and three-fourths to one and seven-eighths inches in
expanse, which is much smaller than any figured in this book.
I can therefore only quote the description as I find it in the books :
That Nanus is of the Sedakovi type, "only more pronounced" ;
the male has no red on either wing, and has a prominent discal
spot on hind wing. The female is after the Hermodur t>-pe, dark ;
has on costal of fore wings two faded red spots ; on hind wings
are red ocelli with whitish centers.

Like Sedakovi, Nanus is from the Rocky Mountains, the type
being from near Calgary, on the eastern slope of the moun-
tains, taken about 1892 ; and it is stated that it has also been taken
at Spence"s Bridge in British Columbia, on the western slope of
the mountains, and so coming within the territory- covered by this
work.

13. Pamassius Magnus, n. v. Never before illustrated.

Pl.\teII.; Figures 13, 13b.

Fig. 13, Male, Enderby, B. C. ; collector tmknown ; 1880 ( ?).

13b, Female, Enderby, B. C. ; collector unknown ;

1880 (?).

This pair was given to the Author at the museum at Mctoria,

Vancouver Island, by the curator there, in July, 1891. The exact

date of collection is unknown. Both of the specimens were broken,

and have been mended. As the specimens stood in the case in the

museum, I recognized the strangeness of them, and the curator

kindly gave them to me, to my great joy.

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate II.

RiGWTEO '-O', «

GENUS PARNASSIUS 81

This is the largest known variety of Smintheus, and I there-
fore call it JMagnus : it is also one of the most northern in habitat,
being in this respect exceptional, as the more northern forms are
usually the smaller. The male is darker on fore wings than any
other form of the Smintheus group. The female is also very
large and dark, and with very large red spots, and the discal spots
are with a white spot off from the center towards the outside.

14. Parnassius Eversmanni. Not elsewhere illus-

trated, except in Edwards' Butt. N. A.
Plate II ; Figure 14.

This figure is a photographic reproduction of a lithograph plate
issued in the Butterflies of Nlorth America, an expensive work,
in 1874. The example from which the lithograph was made was
taken on the Yukon River, 200 miles below Fort Yukon, by Lieut.
Dall, June 15, 1864 ( ?). It is unique to this day, no others hav-
ing been taken since that time, that have ever been heard of. Very
likely it may be common enough in suitable localities, but, judging
from my experience among the butterflies, the banks of a river is
a very unlikely place to find Parnassians ; and, if one specimen
can be taken there, it is probable that there are plenty more in
some more suitable locality.

Thor is the name of a dimorphic female of Eversmanni, two of
which were taken at the same time and place as Eversmanni. It
has never been figured ; but is said to be white, instead of yellow,
and that it has golden-yellow hairs on the body, and some golden
color at the base of the wings. Further than that I have never
seen any description of it.

15. Parnassius Nomion.

No figure.
Nomion is said to have been taken at St. Michaels, Alaska, in
the old days, before that territory became an American posses-
sion, but no one has taken it since, that I know of ; although a
good American collector, Mr. Nelson, was located there for sev-
eral months, on purpose to make collections, on account of the
Smithsonian Institution at Washington. The species has been
figured two times, in Europe, but never in this country.

82 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Genus PAPILIO.

Papilios — the "swallow-tailed butterflies" — cover the world.
In the tropics they abound in countless millions, of large size and
in gorgeous colors ; in the Arctic they are also found, but of mod-
est size and subdued colors ; and in the temperate regions they are
everywhere abundant, but never so brilliantly colored as in the
tropics. In the United States there are no species that are
notable for beauty.

The West Coast Papilios are especially modest in their size and
colorings; none are notable for beauty — yellow and black, black
and yellow, with a touch of blue or of red, that is all.

All Papilios are six-footed.

The caterpillars of Papilio have sixteen legs ; some of them
have soft, retractile, orange-colored scent-organs, which when at
rest are hidden in the first segment behind the head. The larval
life is about thirty days, the caterpillar frequently remaining hid-
den in a rolled-up leaf a good part of the time : in chrysalis it
remains from ten to fifteen days, or perhaps hibernates in that
state, to emerge early in the next spring.

Sex-marks : The males are smaller, brighter, and lighter col-
ored than the females, and have a pair of claspers at the tip of the
body, which somewhat resemble a pair of clam-shells ; while the
female is larger, stouter of body, and the tip of the body lacks the
claspers, and tapers to a blunt point.

i6. Papilio Daunus.

Plate III ; Figure i6. Male, Santa Rita Mountains, South-
ern Arizona, June, 1887 ; Author.
Daunus is the largest and finest Papilio that flies west of the
Rocky Mountains. Its most peculiar feature is the three tails that
adorn each hind wing. Daunus is not after all a full-fledged West
Coast butterfly, as it does not come into the coast regions proper
west of the Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges of mountains, evi-
dently not much liking the cooler and damper sea air of the more
immediate coast, but keeps to the eastward of these ranges, pre-
ferring the warmer and dryer air of the interior, semi-desert
country. It inhabits the vast regions of the Great Basin, from
the Rocky Mountains on the east to the Nevadas on the west, and
from Canada on the north to far into IMexico on the south.

GENUS PAPILIO ' 83

I have taken fine specimens near Spokane, and also in the Santa
Ritas, near the Mexican border, and it may be found in limited
numbers over all those vast semi-arid, intermediate regions ; but
I have never seen it abundant in any locality. One of my notes
reads that the larger and finer examples come from northern
rather than the southern localities. In flight it is tireless ; it seems
never to stop to feed or to rest, but is always in rapid flight, and
consequently it is difficult to capture. And when at length you
do succeed in taking one, the chances are that one or more of its
tails will be missing, and that therefore it is useless.

Sex-marks, as explained under genus heading.

Larval food-plants : Plum, cherry, the rubus group of plants,
and probably many desert plants of same order, such as hetero-
meles, Crataegus, fragraria, and many others.

17. Papilio Eurymedon.

Plate III ; Figure 17. Female, Greenhorn Mountains, Cal.,
7,000 feet altitude ; June, 1888; Author.

Eurymedon is a mountain butterfly, frequenting the mountain
slopes and canyons, up to about 8,000 feet altitude, but never
coming down to the low-lying plains and valleys, except occasion-
ally in the more northern parts of its range. It is a good feeder,
and likes to feed on the tall blossoms of the cnicus thistle, as they
sway in the wind, and also on the more humble horse-mints, the
brodiseas, and gilias, all of them plants beloved of the butterflies.
When you see Eurymedon flying, though you want it ever so
much, you may better let it go, and save your legs, for you will
not catch it : but when it is feeding, or when at water, it is
approachable, and then is readily taken.

In the north, it is darker than in the south, has shorter wings,
and the tails are broader. When living, and in flight, the tails are
usually twisted, as shown in the plate ; probably, indeed, always so.

Sex-marks : The anal claspers ; the males are smaller, and more
lightly colored than the females.

Larval Food-plant : Rhamnus Californica, or California Cof-
fee-bush. At present there is no other known food-plant.

Habitat : All States west of the Rocky Mountains, to the Pacific
Ocean ; and from Mexico north far into Canada, on both the
eastern and the western slopes of the mountains.

84 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

i8. Papilio Albanus.

No figure.
This is said to be the high mountain form of Eurymedon,
"smaller in size, of clearer white ground-color ; tails long and nar-
rower : marginal spots nearer the margin." The facts are that
Eurymedon, of any form that I have ever met, seldom comes
lower down than 2,000 feet, in California ; possibly it may fly at
lower altitudes in the north ; and in the mountains about Lake
Tahoe it flies plentifully enough at 10,000 feet, at which locality
I have taken them, and apparently they would go far higher, if
there were any peaks for them to fly upon ; and from my exam-
ples, from widely different places, the characters given above do
not hold good, and I consequently regard this varietal name as of
little or no value.

19. Papilio Rutulus.

Plate III; Figure 19. Southern California, May, 1885;
Author.

Rutulus is the common and well-known yellow swallow-tail of
the West Coast. It has a wide range north and south, from
Alaska to Mexico, and from west to east as well, flying from tide-
water of the Pacific Ocean to the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.

It is essentially a plains species, living in the valley low-lands,
and flying about the willow copses, and along the banks of
streams where the water-willows grow, for it is upon the willow
leaves that the eggs are laid, and upon which the caterpillars feed ;
and the fine, great butterfly goes sailing up and down the willow-
bordered lanes, as luxuriously as though it owned the country;
as if, like Crusoe, it was monarch of all it surveyed, a grand but-
terfly ; yet, although they like to strut and to show off their ample
wings, they like as well to feed on the wild blossoms, or on the
flowers of the cultivated alfalfa, so that they are not very difficult
to take, when once you know their ways.

The eggs are laid singly on the underside of young willow
leaves, and as soon as the caterpillar is large enough, it draws the
edges of the leaf together with threads of silk, and so forms a tube
or cone in which it lies hidden all the time, only poking its head
out to feed. On this account the larvse are difficult to find.

Sex-marks, as already explained.

Food-plant : Willow.

GENUS PAPILIO 85

20. Papilio Arizonensis.

Plate III; Figure 20. Female; from W. H. Edwards,
iSSs.
Arizonensis is a variety of the West Coast Rutulus, the mark-
ings being emphasized and otherwise modified by the influence of
the arid, semi-desert environment. This form is found only in
the higher mountains of Southern Arizona, the Catalinas, Santa
Ritas, and perhaps some others, and at rather high elevations.

21. Papilio Ammoni.

No figure.

This form of Papilio was described by Behrens (not Behr) as
a variety of Rutulus. I have never had a specimen of Ammoni,
and cannot, therefore, illustrate it. The description reads: "A
very peculiar form, in which the ground color of all the wings is
of deep but rather dull orange color, and the bands and marks
of the upper side are all rather broader and more distinct than in
the normal Rutulus. The orange color prevails also on the under
side, though a little mottled with lighter shades. Four specimens,
male and female. Nevada." No mention was made of date, nor
was any particular locality named. But the Author of this book
was at that time well acquainted with Mr. Behrens (since de-
ceased), and corresponded regularly with him, and knew gen-
erally of his goings and comings, in the butterfly pursuit, and
therefore feels warranted in saying that doubtless Ammoni was
taken near Reno, Nevada, in 1886 or 1887.

Now Nevada is not all a desert country, but it may be classed as
semi-desert, and give no offence to the residents thereof. Am-
moni, we may therefore call the desert variety of Rutulus, deeper
in yellow coloring, but not differing in any other way. I am
thus somewhat particular in speaking of Rutulus and Ammoni,
because further along you will find a case similar, in another group
of Papilios when I come to speak of Zolicaon,and Colore, its desert
variety, with illustrations of both forms.

22. Papilio Machaon.

No figure.
The European species Machaon, which inhabits the more north-
ern parts of Europe and Siberia, is said to live also in Alaska, at
St. ]\Iichaels and elsewhere. I have never taken the species, and
will only say that it is very much like Zolicaon, being a little

86 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

larger, and with shorter tails, if we may judge from the illus-
trations of it, for it has been figured many times in European
publications.

23. Papilio Aliaska.

No figure.
Aliaska has never been figured that I know of ; nor have I ever
seen a specimen. It is usually accounted as a variety of Machaon,
but wherein it differs I do not know. It is said to live in North-
western America, from Puget Sound northward, but as to any
particular locality history is silent.

24. Papilio Zolicaon.

Pl.\te III ; Figure 24. Male, Tallac Peak, 10.000 feet alti-
tude, July 26, 1892: Author.

Zolicaon is what may be called an unlimited butterfly, flying
everywhere throughout the country west of the continental divide,
both north and south, and high and low, always in order. I have
taken it near the [Mexican line, and at Wrangel, Alaska, and very
likely it goes to the Arctic Circle, on the Yukon. The more
northern specimens are smaller and darker than the southern ;
the ocelli are more red north and paler south, and the pupil of the
ocelli is larger south and smaller and elongated north.

This figured specimen I took on the top of Tallac Peak, where it
was frolicking about the topmost rocks and acting as though it
would like to fly a few thousand feet higher if there were only
some rocks up there for it to alight upon. But Zolicaon is just
that kind of a bird : it likes to get to the top of a hill and then
amuse itself by chasing other butterflies away, and playing the
bully generally. It is the way it is built. But although it flies
at such great heights, it flies also at tide level, and all over the
hills and lower mountains, at home anywhere and everywhere, if
only its larval food-plant, the umbellifera, be present. Zolicaon
varies greatly in size, from 2 inches to 3^/2 in expanse.

25. Papilio Coloro, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate III ; Figure 25. Colorado Desert of Southeastern

California, June, 1883; Author.
I figure herewith a new form of Papilio, closely allied to Zoli-
caon, but of deep yellow color, so peculiar as to deserve a separate
varietal name ; I therefore call it Coloro, from the Colorado

Butterflies of the West Coast.

PlATE III.

COPYRIGHTED 1S05, BY W. G. WRIGHT.

WERICAN COLORTiPe CO ,CM1CA(

GEXL'S PAPILIO 87

Desert, whicli is its home. This specimen was taken by me in June,
1883, over a quarter of a century ago, since which time it has
stood in my cabinet, awaiting this opportunity to be seen by the
pubHc.

Coloro apparently bears the same relation to Zolicaon as Am-
nioni to Rutulus, as previously related. As indicated by these two
cases of Ammoni and Coloro. the desert environment causes a
deepening of the ground color ; though in ornithology and in
mammalogy the accepted belief is that a desert habitat causes a
paling of the color of its inhabitants. But such a discussion is not
in place in this book. Here I will figure things as I find them,
and others may discuss things, if they wish to do so.

26. Papilio Oregonia.

Plate III ; P'igure 26. Female ; sent me by W. H. Edwards,
in 1886; specimen taken in Eastern Washington.

As you see by the plate, this is similar to Zolicaon, but is larger
in size and lighter in color ; the tails are twice as broad, and the
ocelli are different in construction, and there are other differences,
as you see by the plate, which is a direct photograph from the
insects themselves. To understand this matter well the student
should have a series of these different forms, to place them along-
side each other, for there are some little variations that cannot be
averaged unless you have a series of them.

To those who. like the author, have had some experience in
breeding butterflies, the fact that the insects under discussion do
or do not use the same larval food-plant, has great weight. Now
Zolicaon larvae feed on daucus, or plants of the carrot family, and
Oregonia larvae feed on artemisia ; each kind of larv?e refusing to
eat the other plants even though they starve to death. This fact
alone is sufficient to prove to the student that they are separate
species, for it is a matter of life or death to the butterflies.

This specimen here figured was sent me by that valiant captain
in American butterflies, Mr. W. H. Edwards, as a typical example
of the species.

27. Papilio Indra.

Plate I\': Figures 2"/. b.

Fig. 2j, Male, Tallac Peak, Cal., July 26, 1892; Author.

b. Female underside, Tallac Peak, Cal., July 26, 1892;
Author.

88 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Indra is strictly an alpine butterfly, at home on sharp, rocky
peaks of io,cxx) to 12,000 feet in height, and so far as I have
observed in California, not coming down the mountain side lower
than 9,000 feet. It is peculiar in its habits as well as in its habitat,
in that while most Papilios are good feeders, Indra spends its time
on those high, bare rocks in sunning itself when the sun shines,
and in occasionally starting up energetically to flirt with or to
fight some other butterfly, but never wasting any time in feeding
on flowers to prolong its life.

It is the most difficult of all California butterflies to capture, as
it frequents the most inaccessible places, and is moreover exceed-
ingly wary. I have spent much valuable time ( for on the top of a
peak 10,000 feet high, time is always valuable), in watching it to
learn if possible the secret of its food-plant, but always unsuccess-
fully. Because it does not feed on flowers, and for other reasons,
I believe that the life of the individual butterfly is very short,
indeed, say from three to eight days, according to the weather,
and that its life as a butterfly is wholly spent in play and in the
reproduction of its species.

The preliminary stages of egg, larvse, and chrysalis, are wholly
unknown, as also the food-plant.

28. Papilio Pergamus. Never before figured in any work.
Pl.vte IV ; Figures 28, b.

Fig 28, Male, San Bernardino Mountains, May 12, 1888;
Author,
b, Female underside, San Bernardino Mountains, May
10, 1888 : Author.
Here I have pleasure in showing you the upper and lower sides
of Papilio Pergamus, a rare butterfly, and one that has never
before been illustrated anywhere. The species was published by
H. Edwards, in 1874, but the butterfly has always been so rare
that but few people have ever seen a specimen of it. His descrip-
tion was written from one male specimen which was taken near
Santa Barbara in May, 1873, taken probably by himself; the
description moreover was brief and indefinite, possibly because
his example might have been worn or defective. For these rea-
sons, chiefly, as I suppose, and also because as years passed and
no others were taken, the impression gained credence that after all
perhaps Pergamus was only Indra ; at any rate, Pergamus has

GENUS PAPILIO 89

never been accorded its proper place in the catalogues as a full
species. And it is time it should be recognized.

Besides these two examples here figured, I have taken two
others, one of them at as late a date as 1902, and the four speci-
mens are alike in all their features. Pergamus is jet black, while
Indra is brown-black. Indra does not fly so far south as the San
Bernardino mountains by about 500 miles.

Pergamus flies in the lower mountains of Southern California,
at an elevation of from 2,000 to 3,000 feet, and frequents steep
side-hills and brushy places, seeming to know where they are safe ;
and at any rate they are very rare, as these four specimens men-
tioned are all that I have taken in twenty-five years' collecting,
although the locality is near by, and is a favorite hunting ground
for butterflies.

Eggs, larva, and chrysalis, as well as food-plant, are unknown.

29. Papilio Asterias.

Pl.ate IV ; Figures 29, b.

Fig. 29, Male, received from Herman Strecker, October,
1882.
b. Female underside, received from Herman Strecker,
October, 1882.
Asterias is well-nigh a national butterfly. It inhabits the At-
lantic States and the Middle West States in great abundance, and
is common as far west as the Rocky Mountains. West of the
continental divide, however, it is much scarcer, and on the imme-
diate West Coast is quite unknown. So far as my experience goes,
west of the continental divide Asterias is largely replaced by
Asteroides ; this latter species being also absent on the immediate
coast, and, in fact, I have never seen either of them west of the
Sierra Nevadas.

In Arizona, near Tucson, I have taken Asterias of very small
size, so small in fact that it might almost be taken for another
species.

The egg, larva, and chrysalis are well known.

The food-plant is Daucus, various species of the carrot family.

30. Papilio Asteroides. Not figured elsewhere in accessible

form.
Plate IV ; Figures 30, b.

90 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Fig. 30, Male, Mount Shasta, Cal., August, 1890; Author.
b, Female underside, Mojave Desert, Cal., June 29,
1887; Author.

Much has been written about this species, as to whether or not
it is distinct from Asterias ; it has been claimed to be merely a
transient and more or less variable form or variation of Asterias ;
obsolescent as to the macular yellow band, or melanic, in that the
yellow is more or less obscured by black. In the Coast States west
of the Sierra Nevada range of mountains neither Asterias nor
Asteroides is present to any considerable extent, but in the semi-
desert regions east of the great mountain range, and west of the
Rocky Mountains, Asterias is scantily if at all represented, while
Asteroides is not rare ; and it is said to be common in Mexico, and
further south to Costa Rica.

In the jMojave Desert, where this second example b was taken,
they were rather common, flying about the grove of cottonwood
trees ; but Asterias was not present. Asterias is, therefore, the
Eastern, and Asteroides the Western and Southern, or desert
form.

The preliminary stages are doubtless the same as for Asterias.

31. Papilio Philenor.

Plate IV; Figures 31, b. c.

Fig. 31, Male, Sonoma County, Cal., May, 1894; Author.

b. Female, Sonoma County, Cal., May, 1894; Author.

c. Female underside, Sonoma County, Cal., May,

1894 ; Author.

Philenor, also, as well as the two preceding species, is chiefly
an Eastern butterfly, and is as yet scarce on the West Coast. In
all my travels over the Coast States I have scarcely ever seen this
butterfly, two or three times, only : once, in the year above named,
along the road between St. Helena and Calistoga, I saw them in
abundance, but the occurrence was extremely local.

Philenor larvse are said to feed on Aristolochia, "the Dutch-
man's pipe," and a vine of this class is found, though rarely, be-
tween Monterey and Marin County, and also at Chico, and Red-
ding, and nowhere else has the vine been observed, though it must
be present at the locality where these butterflies were found. If,
therefore, as is likely, Philenor larvje feed exclusively on Aristo-
lochia, the butterflies will necessarily be much restricted in dif-
fusion.

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate IV.

LIGHTED 1^05, B» W. G. WdlGM'

EHIC«N COLORTYPB CO,, CMIC»GO

GENUS NEOPHASIA 91

At Mazatlaii, on the west coast of Mexico, I have seen and taken
plenty of Philenor, and in the winter time, at that : and there, too,
the Aristolochia vine is abundant.

The prehminary stages are already well known.

Genus NEOPHASIA

32. Neophasia Menapia.

Plate V ; Figures 2,2, a, b.

Fig. 32, Male, Sisson, Cal, July 25, 1885 ; Author.

a. Male, underside, \^ancouver Island, July, 1891 ;

Author.

b. Female, underside, Sisson, Cal., August, 1891 ;

Author.

Menapia is a very tender and delicate butterfly. It flies in Ore-
gon and Washington in inconceivably large numbers, and extends
north into British Columbia in lesser numbers, as well as coming
south into the mountains of Northern California, extending along
the high peaks of the Sierra Nevadas as far south as the Lake
Tahoe region, which is its southernmost point.

The larvae feed on the leaves of pine and fir, and are in places
so numerous that the leaves are stripped from whole forests. The
female appears in late July and August, laying its eggs on the
younger leaves of old pine trees, high up in the air ; the leaves are
placed in rows of ten or a dozen eggs on a leaf. When she be-
comes tired, or the supply of mature eggs is exhausted, she flut-
ters slowly down to the ground, to feed on flowers, looking, as she
descends, like a big snow-flake coming down. The eggs do not
hatch till the next spring ; the larval life is rapid, and when mature
they pupate on the bark of the trees : but whether the chrysalides
ever disclose the same year or not is not known ; probably not, and
all the chrysalides probably hibernate on the bark till next sum-
mer : if so, the preliminary stages occupy two years, from the lay-
ing of the egg to the disclosure of the butterfly.

33. Neophasia Siiffusa.

Plate V ; Figures 33, b, c.

Fig. 33, Male, Sisson, Cal, July 25, 1885; Author.

b. Female, Sisson, Cal, July 27, 1885 : Author.

c, Female underside, Sisson, Cal., July 2-j. 1885;

Author.

92 THE^UTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Suffusa is a variety of ilenapia, characterized by heavier dark
markings along the veins, and a tinge of red more or less obvious
on the maraki of the hind wings. This is merely in degree, as all
Menapia that I have examined have a slight tinge of red on the
margin, and always this red is more obvious on the female. The
best specimens of Suffusa that I have seen are from the Alount
Shasta region of Northern California.

^ Genus PIERIS

The Pierids are all of them rather small in size, and with slender
bodies : wings mostly white, or lined and shaded dusky and
yellowish. The Genus covers the whole habitable world ; none are
very beautiful as butterflies go, but some of the tropical ones are
of good size.

The eggs are pear-shaped, yellowish, ribbed ; and hatch in quick
time, in from seven to ten days. The caterpillars are green, six-
teen-legged : and the larval life is from eighteen to twenty-two
days' length : the pupa state is about eleven days' length, or may
last over winter, so that the butterfly may emerge in spring.

Sex-marks : The pair of claspers at the tip of the body indi-
cate the males the same as in Papilio; and the ornamentation of
the wings is generally obvious and distinctive.

The food-plants are numerous indeed ; the cruciferous plants
of all kinds, both wild and cultivated, the clovers, and leguminous
or pod-bearing plants of many kinds, and many others.

34. Pieris Beckeri.

Pl.^te V ; Figures 34, a, b, c.

Fig. 34. Male, Cabazon, Cal., ■March. 1889; Author.

a, Male, underside, Southern California, JNIarch, 1890;

Author.

b, Female, Pendleton, Oregon, July, 1891 ; Author.

c, Female, underside, Pendleton, Oregon, July, 1891 ;

Author.

Pieris Beckeri is found all over the western part of the United

States, from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and from

Mexico on the south to far up in British Columbia on the north.

It is rather a northern butterfly, however, for it is larger and

GENUS PIERIS 93

finer in the north near the National boundary than it is in the
southern warmer and drier regions. The peculiar greenish-black
markings on the underside of the hind wings are so peculiar and
distinctive that no one can mistake the species after having once
seen a specimen or a plate of it.

I have observed Beckeri ovipositing on the desert plant Isom-
eris arborea, on the margin of the Colorado Desert in Southeast-
ern California.

35. Pieris Sisymbri.

Plate \' : Figures 35. a, b. c.

Fig. 35, Male, Summit. Cal., 7.500 feet altitude. June 26,
1892 : Author.

a, Male, underside, Summit, Cal., 7,500 feet altitude,

June 26, 1892 ; Author.

b, Female, Paso Robles, Cal., March 16, 1894 ; Author.

c, Female, underside, Mt. St. Helena, Cal., April,

1894 ; Author.

On the West Coast Sisymbri flies from San Luis Obispo
County on the south to perhaps the northern line of the State of
California, and thence east through Nevada to Colorado, and
south to northern Arizona. It is rather a mountain butterfly, not
being found on the plains in any case, so far as I have observed,
but frequenting the hills and the higher mountains, up to at least
8,000 feet altitude. I have found it abundant enough in Central
California, but absent both in the north and the south. It has lieen
stated to be plentiful all over the State, but that is a mistake. It is
very peculiarly marked, but quite distinctively, when you become
acquainted with it. In life, the veins are not black, as has been
stated, but amber, or yellowish, and it is only after the lapse of
some years that the veins become black.

Egg is long, narrow, conical, both base and top flattened, ribbed,
yellow when fresh, and later, just before hatching, red. From
egg to chrysalis is from thirty to thirty-three davs : the chrvsalis is
dark-brown ; the larvse moult but three times.

36. Pieris Flava. Not elsewhere illustrated in accessible form.

Plate V ; Figures 36, b, bb.

Fig. 36, Female, given me by O. T. Baron, in 1879. ^^
data.

9-1 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

b, Female, Summit, Cal., 1,500 feet altitude, June,
1S92: Author,
bb, Female, underside, Tallac Peak, 10,000 feet alti-
tude, July, 1S92 ; Author.
Flava is supposed to be a dimorphic female of Sis}"mbri, no
male having yet been foimd, and always yellowish in color, like
these figures. But it would not surprise me to know that there
is a male, and that it is a sort of a twin species to Sisymbri. It
seems to inhabit higher altitudes than Sis}-mbri by 2,500 to 3,000
feet, and to be absent at Sis}Tnbri"s lower ranges.

No one has ever bred the larv^ae of Flava, nor is the lar^^al food-
plant known, though presimiably it is any one of the cruciferous
plants ; the egg, also, has never been described : it must, however,
be fertile, judging from analogy, for other dimorphic females are
always verj- prolific, tending to out-breed the normal-colored
females.

37. Pieris Nelsoni. Xot elsewhere illustrated in accessible form.

Plate \" ; Figure 37.

Of Xelsoni only one male specimen has ever been taken; that
one by Mr. Xelson, at St. Michaels, Alaska. The figure here
shown is a photographic copy of a pen-drawing by Miss Colgan,
of the lithograph figure of Mr. Edwards, published in 1883, in his
Butterflies of North America, an expensive work, and inaccessible
to most people.

The right-hand wings are the upperside, and the left-hand ones
are the underside. The pen-drawing is well done, as an error
which crept into the drawing made by the lithographer, as the
expert lepidopterist will perhaps notice, is faithfully copied.

38. Pieris Occidentalis.

Plate V : Figures 38, b.

Fig. 38, Male, Ellensburg, Eastern Washington, :May. 1890;
Author.
b. Female, Sierra Nevadas, Cal., 7,000 feet altitude,
1892; Author.
Occidentalis is a ver}- common butterfly all over the whole west-
em part of the United States, west of the Rockj- Mountains ; being
rather a cold species, and loving the more northern parts bet-
ter than the southern. On the immediate Coast it is not seen much

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate V.

COP'finiHTEO ffO^, 81 w. G IVRiOHT,

^(CAS COLORTtPE CO .CHICAGO

GENUS PIERIS 95

south of the latitude of Monterey, and being quite absent in the
more southern counties, where Protodice takes its place. In its
range Occidentalis flies from the sea-coast, over the plains, and
high up into the mountains, being everywhere present.

39. Pieris Calyce.

Plate V ; Figures 39, b.

Fig. 39, Male, Tacoma. Washington, May 10, 1890;
Author,
b. Female, Lake Tahoe. Cal, July, 1892; Author.
Calyce is the cold-weather, or early brood of the preceding,
being smaller in size and darker in color or markings. Of course
there is no sharp dividing line between Occidentalis and Calyce,
but they intergrade insensibly, and many specimens could not be
separated, or would be determined differently, by different men.

40. Pieris Protodice.

Plate \' ; Figures 40, b.

Fig. 40, Male, Slover Mountain, Cal., 1889; Author.

b, Female, Greenhorn Mountains, Cal., June, 188S;
Author.
Protodice is the southern representative of Occidentalis, ming-
ling with Occidentalis along the latitude of Monterey, but not
going so far north, and going far south into Mexico, where Occi-
dentalis does not go. It also goes well to the countries east of the
Mississippi River, being, in fact, one of the widest-flying species
of western America.

41. Pieris Vernalis.

Pl.\te V ; Figures 41, b.

Fig. 41, Male, Riche Canyon, So. Cal, December 15, 1S91 ;
Author,
b. Female, Mt. St. Helena, Cal., April 2, 1894;
Author.
This is the cold-weather form of Protodice, occurring mainly
in the cold seasons of winter and spring; it is smaller in size, and
darker in markings than Protodice, and is. in fact, more of a sea-
sonal form than anything else ; no one supposes that it is separate
and distinct.

The underside of these four forms is not shown on the plates,
as the pattern of the ornamentation is the same on both sides.

96 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

42. Pieris Bryonae.

Plate VI ; Figures 42, a, b, bb, c.

Fig. 42, Male, Juneau, Alaska, July 10, 1891 ; Author.

a, Male, underside, St. Michaels, E. W. Nelson, ex.

W. H. Edwards.

b, Female, Juneau, July 10, 1891 ; Author,
bb. Female, Juneau, July 10, 1891 ; Author.

c, Female, underside, Chillkat, July 20, 1891 ; Author.
Bryonje lives in Alaska, coming south but little if any below

Sitka. It is essentially a cold-weather butterfly, and loves to fly
about in the neighborhood of snow-banks and glaciers, feeding on
the blossoms of the few and small Arctic cruciferous plants that
grow there. I found them more abundant at Pyramid Lake than
at any other locality ; they are a low-land kind, and are not found
up on the mountains at all.

The wings of Bryonae are almost always deeply yellowed, as
well as browned. The veins are always deeply marked or over-
laid with brownish-yellow, brown on the upper side, and yellow
on the under side.

43. Pieris Hulda.

Plate VI ; Figures 43, a. b, bb, c.

Fig. 43, Male, Juneau, Alaska, July, 1891 ; Author.

a. Male, underside, Chillkat, Alaska, July, 1891 ;

Author.

b. Female, Juneau, Alaska, July, 1891 : Author.

bb. Female, St. Michaels, Alaska, E. W. Nelson, ex.
W. H. Edwards.

c. Female, underside, Juneau, Alaska, July, 1891 ;

Author.

Hulda is similar to the preceding, but a little smaller in size, and
more brownish than yellow ; Bryonae being the yellow form, and
Hulda the brown one ; and the veins of Hulda are not so heavily
overlaid with color, or in other words, not so distinctly marked.

In Figure a, for instance, the veins are not defined at all, if they
were, it would be classed as a Bryonae, I suppose, because it is so
yellow. I suppose that these two forms are really but one species,
just as Occidentalis-Calyce, and Protodice-Vernalis are but one ;
but the two names serve to identify the two differing forms, as is
proper, for that is what names are used for.

GENUS PIERIS 97

In this plate I have given a good series of the species figured,
to show the various forms, and the distinguishing characters of
each; as just one figure of each kind would not give the student
a fair idea of the distinguishing features of the difi^erent species.

44. Pieris Ochsenheimeri.

No figure.

I have never seen a specimen of this butterfly. It is said to in-
habit the country along the Pacific Ocean to the north of Puget
Sound, on the west coast of British Columbia. I have hunted but-
terflies along that coast, but did not get anything of this kind.
From the description it would seem to be a form of Rapae. The
description reads :

"White, costa blackish-gray, apices blackish ; a round black
spot in space between last costal and first discoidal nervure.
Nerves with faint gray scales. Bars of the wing black. Hind
wings white, with one spot on outer third of costa. A very nar-
row sub-marginal line on all wings. Underside, same as above,
apices yellowish, and an indefinite spot below the third discoidal
nervure. Hind wings have mixed gray and yellow spots as in
Bryonas. The female has veins rather more heavily marked with
gray, also the apices and the bases."

45. Pieris Venosa.

Plate VI ; Figures 45, a. b, c, cc.

Fig. 45, Male, Tenino, Wash., August 9, 1891 ; Author.

a, Male, underside, Tacoma, Wash., May 3, 1890;

Author.

b, Female, Tacoma, Wash., May 6, 1890; Author.

c, Female, underside, Tacoma, Wash., May i, 1890;

Author.
cc. Female, underside, Mt. St. Helena, Cal., April,
1894 ; Author.
All Pierids have a weak, gentle flight, stopping often to feed on
the blossoms of flowers, and so are easily taken, and Venosa is no
exception to the rule. The wings of Venosa are all white on the
upper side and have but few black scales at apices or elsewhere.
Beneath, all veins of the females are positively margined with
black scales, whence the specific name, Venosa, or veined, and all
wings are more or less tinted with yellow, especially the hind ones,
on underside.

98 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Venosa has a rather wide range on the sea-coast, from the
southern point of Alaska on the north, to Monterey on the south ;
but it does not extend far inland at any point, nor does it ascend
high up on any mountains ; yet I have taken occasional specimens
of it in Montana, on the eastern side of the continental divide, but
it is rare there. The northern examples are darker, usually, than
the southern.

46. Pieris Pallida.

Plate VI ; Figures 46, a, b, bb. c.

Fig. 46, Male, Tenino, Wash.. May i, 1890; Author.

a, Alale, underside, Tacoma, Wash., May 3, iSgo;

Author.

b, Female, Tenino, Wash., August 9, 1891 ; Author.
bb. Female, Truckee, Cal., July, 1892; Author.

c, Female, underside, Tenino, Wash., August 9, 1891 ;

Author.

Pallida is distinguished by the dark line along the inner edge of
the fore wing ; this is but slight in the male, but is prominent in
the female, and near the outer angle of the fore wing this dark
mark turns upward into a dusky patch, above which is another
patch or spot. This dark line along the edge of the wing is pecu-
liar to this butterfly, and is seen in no other kind. The upperside
of Pallida is daintily tinted with faint brownish-yellow, and the
underside with clear yellow ; these tints may have seemed "pallid"
to Dr. Scudder when he named it, I know of no other reason for
the pallid name.

Pallida has generally the same range as Venosa. restricted a
little at both the northern and the southern limits, so that it ranges
from Central California to Canada, west of the Sierra Nevada
Mountains, and running up into the high mountains to an altitude
of 7,000 feet.

47. Pieris Castoria. Not elsewhere illustrated in accessible

form.
Plate VI ; Figures 47, a, b, c.
Fig. 47, Male, taken at Oakland, Cal., June, 1894; Author.

a, Male, underside, Oakland, Cal., April 25, 1894;

Author.

b, Female, San Juan, Cal., April 16, 1894; Author.

c, Female, underside, Mt. St. Helena, April, 20, 1894;

Author.

GENUS PIERIS 99

The key, or dominating cliaracteristic of Castoria is the round
dark patch in the fore wing of both male and female, as shown on
the plate. The wings of both sexes are white upon the upperside,
except the small apical and marginal markings as shown, and on
the underside the veins of both sexes are margined with brown,
and slightly tinted with yellow, the wings of the female being
somewhat darker or more strongly tinted than those of the male.
Castoria. and half a dozen others are by some considered as vari-
eties of Napi, a European butterfly, and it may be possible to con-
sider all butterflies as related in some degree one with another.
Castoria, as delineated on the plate, is Castoria, and as such I
figure it. regardless of what its ancestry may have been, or of
what its present relations may be with other species.

Castoria has about the same range as Pallida, but not inhabiting
the mountains to any extent ; I have found it more common about
the Bay of San Francisco than anywhere else.

48. Pieris Rapae.

Plate VI ; Figures 48, b, bb, c, cc.

Fig. 48, Male, San Bernardino, Cal., 1895 ; Author.

a. Male, underside, San Bernardino, Cal., 1895 ;

Author. -/

b. Female, San Bernardino, Cal., May, 1883; J^tmr.
bb, Female, San Bernardino, Cal., 1902 : Author.

c. Female, underside, San Bernardino, Cal., 1896;

Author.
cc. Female, underside, San Bernardino, Cal., 1896;
Author.

Rapse is a European species, where it is known as "the cabbage
butterfly," and was introduced into the Eastern States in 1863;
thence it traveled westward and was taken in Nebraska about
1 88 1, and the first one to be taken in California is the second fig-
ure, b, on this plate, in May, 1883. Fig. bb is the normal female
at recent date ; fig. c is a peculiarly shaded specimen, the cell of
hind wing being dark ; cc is the normal female.

At the present time Rapas flies probably over the whole of the
West Coast, and will, evidently become a great pest, from its
habits of laying its eggs on cabbage plants. It is worthy of note
that this European species is the only one of the Pieris family to
feed on cultivated plants : all our native species prefer the wild

100 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

plants, and do not lay their eggs on any cultivated plants, unless
compelled to do so. I have raised Raps larv'se to imago from eggs
laid on common garden Nasturtium, the larvae being fed solely on
the leaves of that plant.

49. Pieris Nov-Angliae.
No figure.

This is a minor variation of Rapae, named for New England,
where it was first noted, and it is set down in the lists as occurring
all over the United States wherever Rapse may fly. But there is
no account of this form ever having been seen on the West Coast.
The peculiarity of this form is that the wings are all yellowed on
both sides, whereas the typical Rapae is yellow only on the under
side of hind wings, and apices of fore wings.

Manni. This name stands for a pale yellow form of Rapae, and
presumably there is but little diflference between this and the pre-
ceding, but, as stated, these yellow forms have not yet been seen
on the West Coast.

50. Pieris Immaculata.

No figure.
This is another variation of Rapse, not yet seen on the Pacific
Coast ; the name indicates that it is not spotted with black. These
names are mentioned as it is possible that such forms may at any
time be found here.

51. Pieris Marginalis.

Plate VI: Figure 51, Male, Klamath River, Cal., 1891 ;
Author.
At about the same time that Rapae was introduced into the At-
lantic States from Europe, or, perhaps, a few years earlier, a simi-
lar species was found on one of the islands of Puget Sound, and
also near Crescent City in northwestern California ; these western
Rapae were given the names Marginalis, Yreka, Resedae, by dif-
ferent authors, but these names are now generally ignored. I will,
however, illustrate one example, and that one will be sufficient to
cover all of the names, I believe.

Genus NATHALIS.

52. Nathalis lole.

Plate VII ; Figures 52, b.

Male and female, So. California, 1890; Author.

Butterflies of the West Co

42

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COP»RIGHIED 1S05, BY W. G, WfllGMT

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GENUS EUCHLOE 101

One genus alone constitutes this little class, and the species lole
fills the genus. It stands alone, widely different from any other
butterfly. The figure illustrates it so well and completely that any
description would be superfluous. lole is more common in the
southern part of the West Coast than in the northern. It inhabits
all the western part of the United States west of the Mississippi
River.

There are two broods of lole, one in ^Nlay and the other in July.
The latter brood are found only along the streams and in damp
places, and they are very fond of feeding on water at damp places
by the roadside.

The larval food-plant is Erodium cicutarium, "alfilaria,"
"filaree," or "Spanish needles."

Genus EUCHLOE.

In some technical points this genus is near genus Pieris, but the
butterflies differ widely from all Pierids in the marbling of the
wings on underside, which is so distinctive that it cannot be mis-
taken. The five members of Euchloe were formerly included in
Genus Anthocharis ; but on account of the absence of orange
apices, and of the different pattern of marbling of underside of
hind wing, it is proper to class these five under the genus name of
Euchloe.

All the members of this genus are white-winged, with but slight
dark ornamentation, and all of them are slender-bodied and rather
delicate-looking butterflies, but nevertheless they are good flyers,
and hardy in all weathers.

Sex-marks are the same as in preceding genera, namely, the
anal-claspers of the male; the female has no claspers, but the tip
of the abdomen is clad with grayish bristles or hairs. When dry
and shrunken it is sometimes difficult to discern the sex-marks,
and the student should without fail determine this point while the
specimens are fresh. A gentle nipping of the abdomen with the
tweezers while the specimen is fresh will be decisive.

The food-plants of all the members of Euchloe are the Crucifers,
of which there are thirty genera in California; the most favored
of which are Arabis, Streptanthus, Sisymbrium ; Brassica.

103 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

53. Euchloe Lanceolata.

Plate VII ; Figures 53, b, bb, c.

Fig. 53, Male, City Creek, Ca!., March 22, 1889; Author.

b, Female, City Creek, Cal., March 12, 1891 ; Author,
bb. Female, Emigrant Gap, June 23, 1892; Author.

c. Female, underside, Emigrant Gap, June 25, 1892 ;

Author.

Lanceolata is a well-known species ; a true mountain-flyer, it is
never seen on the plains, or near the sea, but it is found on the
highest mountains, and likes to fly about the snow-banks of the
higher peaks when the whole country in that vicinity is cold and
wet and sodden with the melted snow-water. In the south, where
there is no snow, it is apparently hunting for it all the time. It
appears early in the spring among the first butterflies of the
season.

I have figured a good series, to show the variation : 53 and b,
are the normal male and female of the south ; bb, the normal
female of the higher mountains of northern California ; and c, is
the underside of the northern female. You will notice that the
northern specimens are lighter in apical coloring than the south-
ern ; the underside agrees with the upper in this, and it is anoma-
lous, for the contrary is the rule, that northern specimens are
darker than southern ones.

Lanceolata has a range from St. Michaels, Alaska, to the Mexi-
can line, and doubtless it flies several hundred miles further south,
in the mountains of Lower California.

The food-plants are the crucifers ; arabis perfoliata being the
favored plant in California, according to my repeated observations.

54. Euchloe Creusa.

Plate VII ; Figures 54, a, b.

Fig. 54, Male, Slover Mountain, So. Cal., March 19, 1896;
Author.

a, Male, underside, Tucson, Ariz., June 20, 1887;

Author.

b. Female, Ellensburg, Eastern Wash., May, 1891 ;

Author.
This, and the three following species always show the round
white spot near the apices. In Creusa the bar at end of cell is
broad, cut by a white line, and does not reach the costa, being bent

GENUS EUCHLOE 103

inwards ; on the underside the marbling is dark emerald-green,
and is broken into large blocks leaving rather large, clear, pearl-
white spaces with clean-cut edges. Creusa flies from the Mexican
line to Canada, but not on the immediate Coast at any place, but
east of the Cascades, in the dryer and warmer air of that semi-
desert region in Eastern Washington and Oregon, and in the
warm and dry interior valleys of south. At EUensburg I have
found them, small in size but abundant in numbers, in May.
Throughout its whole range it comes not to the sea-shore, but
keeps a range of mountains between it and the sea, as it likes not
the damp sea air.

55. Euchloe Hyantis.

Plate VII ; Figures 55, b, c.

Fig. 55, Male, Berkeley. Cal., March 14, 1894: Author.

b. Female, Bakersfield, March 10, 1891 ; Author.

c. Female, "West Washington," no date, W. H.

Edwards.

Compared with Creusa, Hyantis is larger, the dark markings
at apices are heavier ; generally the round white spot is diflfused ;
the bar at cell is less broad, reaches the costa by a small point, is
not bent inwards, and is not cut by a white line. And below, the
marbling is finer in grain, smoother, with fewer white spaces, and
with the edges not so clear-cut ; the marbling is more yellow-
green, looking as if the yellow were washed on after the green
was in place.

Hyantis is the cool-weather species, and Creusa is the warm-
weather brother ; Hyantis favors the damp, coast air, and Creusa
likes a dry, warm climate, and neither intrudes very far upon the
territory of the other, so far as my experience goes to show the
facts.

56. Euchloe Rosa.

Pl.\te VII ; Figure 56. c.

Female, Napa, Cal., 1878; unknown collector.
The type of Rosa was found in Western Texas, and Rosa is not
known to occur elsewhere, until now this specimen from California
comes up. The yellowest Rosa yet known, as the typical Rosa has
but the merest touch of yellow on underside marbling of hind
wing. This Rosa was said to have been taken incidentally by an

104 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

amateur collector, whose name I could not learn, and presumably
at or near Napa.

The two preceding figures, 56, b, are some variety of Ausonides,
occurring outside of the territory covered by this book, and are
erroneously placed before the figure of Rosa, c.

57. Euchloe Ausonides.

Plate VII ; Figures 56, b, 57, b, c.

Fig. 56, Male, Central Montana, June 25, 1890; Author.
b. Female, Tucson, Arizona, June, 1887; Author.
57, Female, Central Montana, June 23, 1890; Author.

b, Female, Central Montana, June, 1890; Author.

c, Female, underside, Vallejo, Cal., June 2, 1892;

Author.

By error the yellow Rosa was placed in the middle of this line
when it should have been placed first, and Ausonides following.

Ausonides inhabits the whole country west of the Rocky Moun-
tains, though it is not abundant in any one locality that I have
ever found, and it is only occasionally that a specimen can be
found. The Western examples are larger than the Eastern. I
regard the figures 57, b, c, as typical, and the preceding, 56, b, as
varying somewhat, from the regular form. The last one in the
line, c, is unusually large and very yellow.

Genus ANTHOCHARIS.

This genus comprises the "orange-tips" only. The orange-tips
are very readily distinguished by the orange patch at the apices of
the fore wing. The members of this genus are all of small size;
mostly white, with dark ornamentation on upper side, and dark
or greenish or yellowish marbling on the under side of hind wings.

This group of butterflies finds its metropolis in California, where
some six species and several sub-species or varieties are found,
against one species on the Atlantic Coast, and two or three in
Europe.

The eggs of all the species are laid singly on the young leaves of
cruciferous plants, and they hatch in nine days if they hatch at
all, the first year. The larvce are very irregular in their habits,
according to the season : but the pupje are the most irregular and

GENUS ANTHOCHARIS 105

iinaccouiUable in their behavior, for they sometimes go over to the
second or the third year before emerging. What the laws are that
govern the pupae in these matters, no one knows.

Sex-marks are the same as in PapiUo, the claspers, and the
shape and size of the body : though most species show the sexes
by the different ornamentation of the apices of the fore wings ;
this pattern in the female, consists in a series of small, white, dia-
mond-shaped or wedge-shaped spots between the orange and the
dark cloud which lines the orange on the outside, near the apices.
In some of the species, however, this series of white points is
nearly or quite absent, or so clouded over as to be indistinguish-
able, e. g., Pima.

58. Anthocharis Cethura.

Pl.\te VII ; Figures 58, a, aa, b, bb, c.

Fig. 58, Male, East Riverside, Cal., March 22, 1895;
Author.

a. Male, Slover Mountain, April 10, 1896; Author,
aa, Male, underside. Little Mountain, April 15, 1896;

Author.

b. Female, Cabazon, Cal., April 6, 1899; Author,
bb. Female, Riche Canyon, March 12, 1895 ; Author.

c. Female underside, Mentone, April 28, 1895;

Author.

The members of the first group, Cethura, Morrisoni, and Des-
erti, as shown on this plate together, are found only in Southern
California. I give a series of six examples of each of these forms,
to show conclusively the variations, having, I suppose, an un-
equaled collection of them to select from. These are all good,
typical specimens, and not the extremes in any direction. The
butterflies are so well shown on the plate that there is little ne-
cessity for lengthy explanation ; about fifteen per cent are yellowed
more or less, males and females alike. The marbling on under-
side of hind wings is always bright yellow-green, and not dense.

59. Anthocharis Morrisoni.

Plate \TI ; Figures 59, a, aa, b, bb, c.

Fig. 59, Male, Ferndale, Cal., March 20, 1895 : Author.

a, Male, San Joaquin Valley, ]March 24, 1891 ;
Author.

106 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

aa, ]\Iale, underside, San Joaquin Valley, March 24,
1891 ; Author.

b, Female, Ferndale, Cal., March 20, 1895; Author.
bb. Female, Ferndale, Cal., March 8, 1895 ; Author.

c. Little Mountain, March i, 1895; Author.

This form I have traveled hundreds of miles on purpose to get
the specimens from the typical locality, and I have spared no
trouble or expense to get what I went after. Pursuing this one
thing for a dozen years, I have succeeded in getting the best
there is.

Morrisoni is very like Cethura at first sight, but the six figures
given herewith will show the regular variation from Cethura,
which, as the eye becomes acquainted with the peculiarities, are
at once and certainly recognized ; the cell-bar in Morrisoni is nar-
rower ; the apical markings are lanceolate or linear, not confluent,
not reaching into the orange ; the marbling of underside is less
yellow, and more dense.

60. Anthocharis Deserti, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated.

Plate VII ; Figures 60, a, aa, b, bb, c, 60a.
Fig. 60, Male, Garnet Knob, Desert, March 2, 1895;
Author.

a, Male, Garnet Knob, Desert, March i, 1895;

Author.
aa, Male, underside, Caliente, March i, 1895 ; Author.

b, Female, Caliente, Feb. 25, 1887; Author.

bb. Female, Garnet Knob, March 2, 1895 ; Author.

c, Female, underside, Indian Wells, March 3, 1895 ;

Author.
60a, Ex. Dr. Behr, San Francisco, 1878?

This new variety is well illustrated by the seven figures above
listed. It is a desert form, smaller in size, and paler in ornamen-
tation than the foregoing forms of Cethura and Morrisoni, the
orange on the apices of the male is less deep, and on the female is
nearly or in some instances entirely absent and always pale yellow
when present ; the marbling of underside is scanty and dusky. I
have not seen any specimen of Deserti that is yellowed on the
upperside, except occasionally a little in rays from the base on
hind wing's. The figure 60a was given me bv Dr. Behr, the cu-

Butterflies of the West Coast

Plate VII.

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GENUS ANTHOCHARIS 107

rator at the Academy of Sciences in San Francisco many years
ago, date not noted, and he had no data for it, as he rarely noted
down data at that time. I had at that early date noted that there
was a desert species unrecognized, being in those days often on
the desert, and so I got this from him, to follow it up.

6i. Anthocharis Genutia.

Plate VII ; Figures 6i, male ; b, female.
This is the Anthocharis of the Eastern States, the only form
that is found on that coast. It is inserted here just for compari-
son, and to show the difference between the eastern and western
species. The females of the eastern kind never have any orange
on the tips ; one might almost class them as belonging to the genus
Euchloe, and the males Anthocharis. In Euchloe neither sex has
orange on the tips of the wings, and in Anthocharis both sexes
have orange tips, so that this eastern species appears to belong to
both genera.

62. Anthocharis Reakirti.

Plate VIII ; Figures 62, a, aa, b, bb, c.

Fig. 62, Male, Caliente, Kern County, March 29, 1892;
Author.

a, Male, San Bernardino, no date ; Author.

aa, Male, underside, S. B. foothills, April, 1887 ;
Author.

b, Female, S. B. Mountains, April 14, 1896; Author,
bb, Female, Banner, San Diego Co., April, 1893; F.

Stephens.

c, Female, underside, Arrowhead Canyon, March 6,

1892 ; Author.

This is about the first butterfly to appear in spring on the west
coast; Cethura, Morrisoni, and Deserti are on the wing at about
the same time, but Sara does not appear till a full month after-
wards. Reakirti lives on the plains and in the hills of the interior,
or not on the immediate sea coast, and flies sometimes up the
mountain sides to an altitude of 4.000 feet. It is found from
Mexico to Oregon. The males are occasionally yellowed a little,
chiefly on the hind wings, and more of the females are yellowed,
say to fifteen or twenty per cent, and some are deeply yellowed.
Some yellowed ones of both sexes are figured on the plate. All

108 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

the species of Anthocharis are great feeders on flowers, but are
not often seen taking water from the damp ground.

63. Anthocharis Thoosa. Not illustrated elsewhere.
Plate VIII ; Figures 63, a, aa, b, bb, c.

Fig. 63, Male, Desert of Southeastern Cal., March, 1889;
Author.

a. Male, Desert of Southeastern Cal., March, 1889;

Author,
aa, Male, underside, Indio, Southeastern Cal., March,
1893 ; Author.

b. Female, both sides. Copy of Type, Ex. Dr. Scudder.
bb, Female, Seven Palms, Desert, Feb. 28, 1893 ;

Author.

c. Female, underside, Palm Springs, Colo. Desert,

1884 : Author.

Smaller than Reakirti, but of the same group ; the orange patch
is decidedly paler ; the white of upperside is rather sordid ; on the
underside the marbling is greenish-bronze, fine-grained and
denser, of a negative aspect, not contrasting sharply, as in Reakirti.

This variety is the desert form of Reakirti, as Deserti in the
foregoing group is the desert form of Cethura. This is the first
illustration of Thoosa, although it has been known for twenty-
seven years. Fifteen years ago, in discussing the Anthocharis
with Mr. W. H. Edwards, who, it cannot be denied, understood
butterflies better than any other man in America, he wrote me
this : "Thoosa has no affinity with Cethura. I saw the specimens
at the time, and I regard it as a good species. Dr. Scudder has
the type." (I will explain that originally there were two or three
specimens of Thoosa, that Dr. Scudder kept his type, which is
now in the Harvard Museum, and that the others, one or two,
have disappeared, and are probably lost.) Therefore, in 1892,
having then the preparation of this book in hand, I wrote to Dr.
Scudder asking that Thoosa might be copied for me, in any way
that might please him, at my expense ; and he caused ]\Ir. Blake,
the entomological artist, to copy it for me; and after examining
the copy "point by point," Dr. Scudder certified that it was
"O. K." This pen-copy is photographed in this plate as the fourth
in the line, lettered b. The left-hand wings are the upperside, and
the right-hand ones are the underside. I am thus careful in giving
the pedigree of Thoosa, as a great deal of misapprehension is

GENUS ANTHOCHARIS 109

abroad regarding it. Thoosa type was taken in the canyon of the
Virgin River, in southwestern Utah. My examples of Thoosa
were taken in the adjoining region of southeastern California.

64. Anthocharis Julia.

Plate VIII ; Figures 64, a, aa, b, bb, c.

Fig. 64, Male, Central Montana, June 30, 1892 ; Author.

a, Male, Sierra Nevadas, 7,500 feet altitude, June,

1891 ; Author.
aa, Male, underside, Colorado Mountains, i88g; D.
Bruce.

b, Female, Western Colorado Mountains, 1889;

D. Bruce.

bb. Female, Shasta Mountains, no date ; Author.

c. Female, underside, Rocky Mountains, 10,000 feet al-
titude; D. Bruce.
Size of Thoosa ; much the same aspect, the black markings are
a little less heavy; and the marblings on underside are "foliated,"
but the two forms are similar ; especially when we consider that
Thoosa is a warm desert form and that Julia is a high moun-
tain species, and might well be expected to be very different in
appearance. Julia is chiefly a Colorado butterfly, but is occa-
sionally seen on the high mountains of Central California, at an
altitude of not less than 7,000 feet. It seems to be an alpine
species throughout its range, in Colorado as well as in the Sierra
Nevadas. It is usually seen flying on the mountain sides and
peaks in places that are partially clad with pine and other trees ;
being in this respect somewhat remarkable, as only three or four
other butterflies have similar habits.

65. Anthocharis Flora. f
Plate VIII : Figures 65, a, aa, b, bb, c.

Fig. 65, Male type, Tenino, Wash., May, 1890; Author.

a, Male, Mountains of Southern California, 5.000 feet

altitude, Feb., 1888.
aa, Male, underside, Portland, Ore., May 2, 1890;
Author.

b, Female type, Tenino, Wash., May, 1890; Author.
bb. Female, San Gorgonio Pass, Cal, March, 1895 ;

Author.

c, Female, underside, Portland, Ore., May, 1890;

Author.

110 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Flora is a mountain and northern form or variety of Reakirti,
and is characterized by a large size ; deeper black and more of it
on both upper and under sides ; by stronger colors of red and
green on both sides ; by black clusters of scales at the ends of the
nervures of hind wing on upper side; and by a zig-zag arrange-
ment or grouping of the blocks of marbling at the ends of the
nervures beneath.

Flora is occasionally seen in the mountains of Southern Cali-
fornia at an elevation of 5,000 feet, but never in the southern
valleys ; while in Oregon and Washington it almost or wholly re-
places Reakirti, flying there at sea-level, and in great abundance,
and the specimens are larger and finer than those found in the
south. It is not now known how far north Flora flies ; I did not
see it at Wrangel at either time that I was there, but I believe that
it does fly there ; and probably in the interior, behind the moun-
tains, it goes much further north.

The male of Flora is not yellowed at all, while the female is al-
ways strongly yellow, the lightest one I have ever seen is the figjure
bb, of the plate ; I give it to show the extreme, not as a typical
form.

66. Anthocharis Sara.

Plate YIII; Figures 66, a, b, c.

Fig. 66, Male, San Pablo Bay, Cal., June 2, 1892 ; Author.

a. Male, underside, S. Cal.; Oct. 22, 1887; Author.

b. Female, Pacific Beach, S. D. Co., May i, 1892;

Author.

c. Female, underside, Berkeley, Cal., April 25, 1894;

Author.

Sara is the largest of the California Anthocharis. It flies most
plentifully on the immediate coast, and but less commonly in the
interior, at any point, disappearing entirely at no great distance
from the sea. Its habitat overlaps that of Reakirti, both species
being found at some common grovmds some miles inland : but in
those localities common to both, Sara does not appear in the spring
till a month later than Reakirti. Of all the species, Sara is unique
in that it sometimes is seen in the autumn, in October ; no other
form of Anthocharis is ever seen in the fall.

Because the metropolis of each form is quite out of the range
of the other, I think they are separate species. If they were

GENUS ANTHOCHARIS 111

seasonal forms of the same parents they would both be most
abundant in the same localities common to both, which is far from
the truth : the reverse is true, that neither form is abundant where
the other one is found at all.

67. Anthocharis Mollis, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate VIII ; Figures 67, b.

Fig. 67, Male, Riche Canyon, S. Cal, Oct. 27, 1887 ; Author,
b, Female, San Diego County, Cal., April, 1881 ;
Author.

This new form or variety of Sara is shown in typical style on
the plate. The apical black is sordid and indefinite, being reduced
by orange or yellow scales, and the orange is pale in color, and
lacks the sub-marginal black which in all other females of the
group separates the orange patch from the light sexual series of
spots near the margin, the series of sexual spots is yellow, while
the wings are white, and all the colors run into each other without
the ordinary definite separation. I therefore call it Mollis.

I have taken Mollis several times each year, in Southern Cali-
fornia only, in the spring and in autumn also. It is simply a va-
riation of Sara, though I know^ not its limits, whether they be
seasonal, or climatic, or of habitat.

68. Anthocharis Stella.

Pl.vte \TII ; Figures 68, a, aa, b, bb, c.

Fig. 68, Male, Ellensburg, E. Wash., May 8, 1891 ; Author.

a. Male, Rocky Mountains of Colorado. 1890; D.

Bruce,
aa, Male, underside, Webber Lake, Cal., July, 1892;
Author.

b. Female, Summit, Sierra Nevada, 7,500 feet, 1892;

Author,
bb. Female, Western Colorado, 1890: D. Bruce.

c. Female, underside, Spokane, Wash., May, 1890;

Author.
This species has a pretty wide range, from Central California,
on the mountains at 7,000 feet elevation, north to British Colum-
bia, and how much further north it goes no man can tell. In the
southern parts of its range it is, as stated, alpine in its habitat, but
further north, as at the national boundary, it flies in the valleys as

112 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

well. Stella is a mountain butterfly, and is never seen on lowlands
near the coast, nor on any mountains near the salt water, but
always east of the high range of the Sierra Nevadas and the
Cascades ; at Spokane, Wash., I have found them abundant, fine,
large ones, more so than at any other place in all my travels.

The males are spoken of as always white, yet the hind wings
are sometimes yellowed a little, and the females are always and
everywhere yellow. Stella is like Flora in that the females are
always yellow. The pattern of the marbling is different from that
of Sara, as you see by the plate.

69. Anthocharis Pima.

Plate VIII ; Figures 69, a. b.

Fig. 69, Male, Phoenix, Arizona, April, 1897 ; Dr. R. E.
Kunze.

a, Male, underside, Tucson, Arizona, April, 1887;

Author.

b, Female, Phoenix, Arizona, April, 1897; R. E.

Kunze.

Pima is from Southern Arizona, flying all over that vast desert
territory. It is almost always found on the hilltops, flitting about
the places where its food-plant is to be found, but it never flies
more than a little distance down the hillsides, and is never found
on the plains at the base of the hills ; in this peculiarity it simu-
lates the habits of some other butterflies, though the males of
many species are given to this method of diversion, to play with,
or to fight with, the males of the same or other species.

As shown on the plate, both sexes are deeply yellow. The
sexes are very much alike, and after the specimens are dry and
shrunken and hard it is difficult to always tell which are males or
which females. That matter should be attended to while the
specimens are soft and fresh.

70. Anthocharis Caliente, n. s. Here first illustrated.

Plate VIII ; Figure 70. Female, Colorado Desert, March,
1889; Author.
Caliente, here figured, is unique, having no mate, although it
has stood in my cabinet for many years, all the while recognized
as a new species. I took it in the Colorado Desert of California,
far to the west of Yuma, in a locality difficult of access ; and in
those days when Pima was young I thought possibly it might be

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate VIII.

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GENUS CALLIDRYAS 113

a dimorphic female of Pima, to which group it evidently belongs.
But I now conclude that it is a new species, and publish it as such,
under the name Caliente. because of the torrid desert which is its
home.

In the shape of the wings Caliente differs from Pima ; all the
wings are moderately yellow ; and the marbling of the under side
is more bronzy and of different jiattern, but I do not see fit to
break off the wings of one side in order to show the underside,
as in this case it is of but secondary importance, as the pattern of
ornamentation of upperside is sufficiently distinctive.

Like all other desert Anthocharis, Caliente is of extremely rapid
flight, and it was only after a desperate chase that I at length
succeeded in capturing it.

Genus CALLIDRYAS.

All the species of this genus aie of moderate size, and all of
them are yellow, greenish-yellow, or orange-colored, and are with-
out prominent markings. Only one species is found on the West
Coast.

Sex-marks : The claspers, as in Papilio.

The larvje are citron-yellow, with black dots, and a blue line on
each segment.

Food-plant : Cassia.

71. Callidryas Eubule.

Pl.\te IX ; Figures 71, Male ; b, Male, underside.
This butterfly inhabits in vast numbers the Eastern States to the
Mississippi River, extending south to tropical countries, but on
the West Coast it is but scantily represented, being seen only in a
few places in the southern part of the State of California : in fact,
I have seen more of them flying in the streets of Los Angeles than
everywhere else altogether. I suppose that there is some cassia
plant cultivated in the gardens there that affords them a larval
food-plant, as cassia alone is used by Callidryas caterpillars. The
wild plants of cassia are not represented at all in California, except
in one place in the Mojave Desert, and consequently there is no
wild plant for them to feed upon, and they are barred from the
State, except for the possible cultivated garden plant.

114 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Figure c is under side of male C. Senna, taken by me at Mazat-
lan on the west coast of ^lexico, in the winter ; it is not known in
this part of the country, but is liable to be found at Yuma and
along the Colorado River, if there is any plant there for it to feed
upon.

Genus MEGANOSTOMA.

This small genus is by many writers considered as a part of
genus Colias, the technical points as to some of the preliminary
stages being similar, but the shape of the wings, and the orna-
mentation of them is very different from any true Colias. The
Meganostomas are rather of a tropical habit, while many of the
Coliads are quite arctic.

Usually the members of a genus will all have for a lanal food-
plant the same kinds of plants, but in this respect the Meganos-
tomas are anomalous, for they do not use the same plants, and
apparently would die if forced to eat each the other's plant, the
plants being wide apart botanically.

72. Meganostoma Eurydice.

Plate IX ; Figures 72, a, b, c.

Fig. 72, Male, San Bernardino Mountains. April 26, 1891 ;
Author.

a. Male, underside, San Bernardino Mountains, April

24, 1887; Author.

b. Female, San Bernardino Plains, March 11, 1896:

Author.

c. Female, underside, Mt. St. Helena. Cal., April 20,

1894 : Author.
The male of this species is called the most beautiful butterfly on
the West Coast, and its pet name is "The Flying Pansy," from its
bright violet, yellow and black colors. It flies from Mexico to a
hundred miles north of San Francisco, a distance of about six
hundred miles, and it flies on the plains and up the mountain
sides to some 3,000 feet altitude. The males have upon the fore
wings a most lovely iridescent violet changeable luster, playing
upon both the black and the yellow, but it will fade. Both sexes
fly swiftly and widely, and cannot be taken on the wing except
accidentally, but both are good feeders on flowers, and are fond

GENUS MEGANOSTOMA 115

of taking water at damp places on the ground, where they are
gregarious, and are easily taken.

The larval food-plant is Amorpha Californica, an anomalous
plant having a one-petaled blossom. The plant is limited in range,
and the butterfly is thereby also limited in range.

73. Meganostoma Bernardino. Not elsewhere illustrated in

accessible form.
Plate IX : Figures 73, a, b, c.
Fig. JT,, Male, San Bernardino Mts., April, 1888; Author.

a. Male, underside, San Bernardino Mts., June 10,

1889; Author.

b. Female, Highlands, Cal, ]\Iarch 16, 1896; Author.

c. Female, underside, City Creek Canyon, S. B. Mts.,

Feb. 26, 1888 ; Author.

Bernardino is a variety of Eurydice ; was separated by W. H.
Edwards in 1887, from material sent him by me; and the variety
was based upon the following points : Smaller size, absence in part
of the violet reflection on fore wings, black border on hind wings,
as to males ; and in the female, the smaller size, and the series
of small points near the margin of all wings, on both upper and
under sides.

This last point, as I have shown, does not always hold good.
Mr. Edwards thought that Bernardino was an early appearing
form; that, in fact, it was the early brood of Eurydice; but I
think it is rather the altitude than the season that counts in this
matter, for Figure a was taken in June ; and I have never taken a
Bernardino down on the low plains at any season.

Preliminary stages as in Eurydice.

74. Meganostoma Amorphae. Xot elsewhere illustrated in

accessible form.
Pl.\te IX ; Figures 74, b, bb.

Fig. 74, Female, City Creek, S. B. Mts., March 10, 1892;
Author.
b, Female, Arrowhead Canyon, S. B. Mts., April 29,
1896; Author.
bb. Female, Mormon Pass, S. B. Mts., June 22, 1897;
Author.
Amorphae is a dimorphic female of Eurydice. There is no male
of this form : but it is simply one of those freaks, more or less

116 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

persistent, which are found among the female butterflies of many
groups.

At one time I was of the opinion that Amorphse was a hybrid
between Eurydice and Cassonia. My opinion was based on the
facts that Amorphse is only found at the south, where both Eury-
dice and Csesonia meet, and not at the north, where Eurydice
lives, but where Caesonia does not go ; that in early days Amorphae
was said to have a male as well as a female ; and that, as a wooer,
Eurydice is exceptionally energetic and persistent, not hesitating
to ignore all rules of propriety, of species, and of genera. But of
late years, as no male Amorphae is known. I have concluded that
Amorphic is simply a dimorphic female. But this possibility of
a hybrid form will be a delightful study for some future student.

I give a good series of three individuals : and you will notice
that the early seasonal form is the deepest, and the latest or sum-
mer form is the palest of the series.

75. Meganostoma Caesonia.

Plate IX ; Figures 75, a, b.

Fig. 75, Male, Palm Springs, Cal., April 20, 1885 ; Author.

a, Male, Palm Springs, Cal., July, 1887 ; Author.

b. Female, Colorado Desert, July, 1887; Author.
Caesonia is only found on the West Coast in the southeastern

part of California. It is common in some parts of the Southern
Gulf States, but has never yet got much of a foothold on the
Pacific Coast.

The preliminary stages are well known.

The larval food-plant is trifolium, the clovers, and allied plants.

Genus COLIAS.

A large genus, inhabiting the temperate and arctic zones ; me-
dium to small in size ; colors almost always yellow, with strong
black border, to fore wings always, and to hind wings in part only.
The antennae are short, straight, and increase insensibly to ter-
minate in an obtuse cone, and are somewhat rosy.

The sex is always unmistakably indicated in the pattern of the
ornamentation of the wings.

The egg is fusiform, whitish when fresh, crimson later, and
black just before hatching.

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate IX.

COPTdlGHTEO 1905. B' *. (. ARIGH'

COLOHTVPE CO. , CHICAGO

GENUS COLIAS 117

The food-plant of the entire genus is trifohuin of various spe-
cies, and also in part, legumes. Possibly, also, other plants at
present unknown as such. In a general way, alfalfa is now the
usual food-plant ; and it is also the chief blossom upon which the
common species Eurytheme and Keevvaydin butterflies feed.

76. Colias Eurytheme.

Plate X ; Figures 76, a, b, bb, c.

Fig. 76, Male, Tehacliapi Mountains, Aug. 10, 1876;
Author.

a, Male, underside. Highlands, Cal., Oct. 4, 1897;

Author.

b, Female, Greenhorn Mountains, Cal., June, 1888;

Author.
bb, Female, white, dimorphic, S. Cal., July, 1889;
Author.

c, Female, white, dimorphic, underside. S. Cal., July,

1900; Author.

Eurytheme is considered the type of the orange Colias of the
West Coast, as it was noticed and named twenty-six years before
the so-called seasonal varieties Ariadne and Keewaydin were
found. This, however, is an error that has crept in, for Keeway-
din is the stem of the species, and Ariadne and Eurytheme arc the
varieties. Keewaydin can be taken in any month of the year, in
some place or other, but Eurytheme and Ariadne are limited in
season.

The dimorphic female. Fig. bb. has never been named ; it is
merely called Alb. or Alba. It is now quite common, though
twenty-five years ago it was a great rarity, and it was accounted
a feat to secure one of them, and if the present rate of increase of
the blonde form shall go on, in a few hundred years the normal
orange-colored female will be e.xtinct and unknown. At present
half-whites are abundant : they vary from those having a mere
whitening dust on the apices to the full-colored white specimen
shown as Figures bb, c.

77. Colias Ariadne.

Plate X ; Figures "]"], a, aa, b, c, d, e.

Fig. JJ, Male, plains near San Bernardino, Jan. 14, 1900;
Author.

118 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

a, Male, plains near San Bernardino, Jan. 14, 1900;

Author.
aa, Male, underside, plains near San Bernardino, Jan.
15, 1900; Author.

b, Female, plains near San Bernardino, Jan. 18, 1900;

Author.

c, Female, underside, plains near San Bernardino,

Jan. 18, 1900; Author.

d, Female, white, dimorphic, plains near San Bernar-

dino, Jan. 23, 1900; Author.

e, Female, underside, plains near San Bernardino,

Jan. 5, 1898; Author.

I have given a full series of Ariadne, so complete that but little
remains to be written ; the figures explain themselves. Ariadne
is the winter form, small in size, and pale in the orange flushing
on the disk of the fore wings ; occasionally there is no orange to
be seen.

The white female, as in Eurytheme and Keewaydin, is present in
constantly increasing numbers ; it has not been named, although
all distinct forms are supposed to be named.

The larval food-plant that is preferred by Ariadne is a wild
lupine, Lupinus Minima. Ariadne is not often seen flying about
the alfalfa fields ; it seems to be in a wild or uncivilized state, as
yet, and chooses the wild plant.

78 Colias Keewaydin.

Plate X ; Figures 78, a, b, c, d, e.

Fig. 78, Male, S. B., foothills of mountains, Nov. 28, 1891 ;
Author.

a, Male, underside. Arrowhead Road, 4,000 feet alti-

tude, Jan. 29, 1900; Author.

b, Female, S. B. foothills, Feb. 5, 1896; Author.

c, Female, underside, S. B. foothills, Oct. 10, 1896;

Author.

d, Female, white, dimorphic, Bakersfield, April i,

1891 ; Author.

e, Female, white, underside, San Bernardino plains,

Dec. 12, 1895 ; Author.
Keewaydin is intermediate in size and color between Eurytheme
and Ariadne, and is called the spring brood, but really it is found

GENUS COLIAS 119

at all seasons, but is probably more abundant in spring and au-
tumn than in either summer or winter. It is a fully civilized spe-
cies, and frequents the cultivated alfalfa fields in preference to the
wild pastures of the, plains and hillsides.
This albino female is also unnamed.

79. Pallida. 80. Intermedia. 81. Autumnalis. 82. Fu-
mosa.
These are names that have been given to minor varieties of the
Keewaydin form of Eurytheme, but I esteem the varieties as very
minor indeed, for Keewaydin, the basis of them all, is itself but a
variety, as generally considered.

83. Colias Eriphyle.

Plate X ; Figures 83, a, b, bb, c.

Fig. 83, Male, Chinook, Montana, June 6, 1890 ; Author.

a, Male, underside. East Washington, no date; from

W. H. Edwards.

b, Female, Chinook, Montana, June 6, 1890 ; Author,
bb, Female, Pueblo, Colorado, no date ; from W. H.

Edwards.

c, Female, underside, Pueblo, Colorado, no date ; from

W. H. Edwards.

Eriphyle never has any orange on the wings, but is one of the
clear yellow Coliads ; the key to the form is the deep Indian-yellow
color of the underside of hind wings, shown in the Figures a, c;
being about the same deep yellow as is seen on the same wing of
another species, Chrysomelas, on another Plate, XI, and by this
color the species is at once recognized. You will notice that the
females vary greatly in size ; the two selected are the extremes in
that direction, that my cabinet aiifords.

Eriphyle is not known on the West Coast to the south of the
Canada line ; the type came from British Columbia, and the spe-
cies extends eastward through Montana, and south to Colorado;
but it is quite likely that it may be found plentifully enough in
some parts of East Washington, East Oregon, and Idaho.

Nothing is known as to its habits, or its food-plants, except in a
general way, as a member of the Colias family.

130 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

84. Colias Harfordi. Not elsewhere illustrated in accessible

form.

Plate X ; Figures 84, a, b, bb, c.

Fig. 84, Male, Mormon Pass, S. B. Mts., June 22, 1897 ;
Author.

a, Male, underside, S. B. Mts., May 20, 1882 ; Author.

b, Female, San Bernardino plains, May 24, 1895 ;

Author.
bb. Female, San Bernardino plains, June 7, 1897;
Author.

c, Female, underside, San Bernardino plains, July 23,

1900; Author.

Harfordi, and the next species, Barbara, are twin forms ; were
discovered the same year, in the same region, and- by the same
collector, Mr. H. Edwards, who, in later years came to the con-
clusion that they were but different forms of the same species.
I have myself followed this butterfly continuously for many years,
and have arrived at the same conclusion, although there are some
unexplained points still remaining. Originally, Harfordi was
supposed to be the paler species, and Barbara the darker, deeper
yellow form, and on that plan I have arranged them on this plate.

Harfordi is extremely local, being found only in the San Ber-
nardino and Santa Barbara Mountains ; and Barbara has the
same habitat.

The larval food-plant is Astragalus crotolarre, popularly known
as "rattle-weed." because when ripe the seeds rattle in the pods ;
it is also known as "loco weed," loco meaning crazy or insane,
because the use of it as food for horses causes them to act as if
poisoned, and their eyesight to become affected as if short-sighted,
so that they stumble at an obstacle before they have reached it.
Bees, also, feeding on the blossoms become stupefied, and die.

85. Colias Barbara. Never before figured, except in Edwards'

costly work.
Plate X : Figures 85, a, b, bb, c.

Fig. 85, Male, Arrowhead Road, S. B. Mts., Jan 29, 1900 ;
Author.

a, Male, underside, S. B. Mts., foothills, Nov. 2^,

1897 ; Author.

b, Female, foothills S. B. Mts., no date; Author.

X

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate X.

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GENUS COLIAS 121

bb, Female, Potato Canyon, April 22, i8gi ; Author,
c, Female, underside, Banning, Cal., April 3, 1891 ;
Author.
The colors of the upper side of these two forms have been de-
scribed as canary-yellow for Harfordi, and lemon-yellow for Bar-
bara ; with the further distinction of Indian-yellow for the
underside of hind wings of Barbara. I have a large series of both
forms, and I find that the black border on Barbara is uniformly
broader than on Harfordi : all this is fairly shown on the plate,
so that you can form your own conclusions. It ap])ears to me
that there are two good forms shown, and that, although the two
forms are known to intermarry, and behave altogether as one
species, as I provetl abundantly many years ago, and as stated in
Edwards' work, there is no good reason why the two forms should
not bear their own separate names ; for, as I have said before,
names are of no use but to designate and identify different forms.

86. Colias Occidentalis. Previously illustrated only in

Edwards' Butt. N. A.
Pl.\te XI ; Figures 86, b, bb, c.
Fig. 86, Male, Vancouver Island, June 21, i8qi ; Author.

b, Female, Vancouver Island, June 21, 1891 : Author,
bb, Female, Victoria, B. C, July 2, 1891 ; Author.

c, Female, underside, Tacoma, Wash., July 10, 1891 ;

Author.

Occidentalis and Chrysomelas the next species, are much alike
on the upper side, but beneath Occidentalis is gray, and Chryso-
melas is Indian-yellow. Occidentalis is the more northern species,
inhabiting Vancouver Island and other adjoining regions, but not
coming far into the States south of Puget Sound. I have never
found it abundant, nor even common in any place, and count it a
rarity everywhere.

Nothing is known about its habits or particular food-plant.

87. Colias Chrysomelas.

Plate XI ; Figures 87, b, bb, c.

Fig. 87, Male, Mendocino County, Cal., June 14, 1891 ;
Author,
b, Female, Northern California, ]\Iay 24, 1891 ;
Author.

128 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

bb, Female, Vancouver Island, July 2, 1891 ; Author.
c, Male, underside. Lake County, Cal., June, 1894;
Author.

Chrj'somelas I have found to be rather widely spread, and have
taken it from Vancouver Island on the north to Lake County on
the south, as noted in the data above given. It is much more
common than Occidentalis, and in some places it is rather com-
mon, and several specimens can be taken in a half-day. Many
examples cannot be separated from Occidentalis by the upper side,
but the underside is always distinct in its peculiar deep yellow
color, when contrasted with the gray of Occidentalis.

Nothing is known of the habits of Chrysomelas.

88. Colias Alexandra.

Pl.\te XI ; Figures 88, b, c.

Fig. 88, Male, Pendleton, Eastern Washington, Aug. 10,
1890; Author.

b. Female, Colorado, no date ; from Dr. Barnes.

c. Female, underside, Shoshone, Idaho, Aug. i, 1890;

Author.

This, and the next, Edwardsi, are twin species, like the two pre-
ceding, and are very similar in appearance, so that sometimes they
are difficult to separate. Generally, Alexandra is a little larger in
size, the hind wings are broader, the discal spot is pearly, and the
underside of hind wing is somewhat chalky-white.

The range of Alexandra is from the Rocky Mountains to the
Sierra Nevadas, but its southern limit is about the north line of
L'tah. On the West Coast, therefore, the only place to find this
species is Eastern Washington and Oregon.

89. Colias Edwardsi. Not previously figured in accessible

form.
Plate XI ; Figures 89, b.

Fig. 89, Male. Portland, Oregon, Aug 20, 1890; Author.

b. Female, Portland, Oregon, Aug. 20, 1890; Author.

Generally a trifle smaller than the preceding (though the female

here is unusually large, and is therefore misleading,) ; the wings

are more pointed in shape, and the discal spot on underside of

hind wing is orange instead of pearly.

Edwardsi is sometimes considered as a western variety of
Alexandra, and if it occupied the same territory with Alexandra

GENUS COLIAS 123

the statement might have more force, but so far as I know the two
species inhabit quite different locahties, neither intruding upon the
territory of the other, the Cascade Range of mountains forming
a barrier between the two species.

Edwardsi is a rare species, and I have never taken very many
of them in any place.

go. Colias Christina. Not elsewhere illustrated in accessible
form.
PL.A.TE XI ; Figures 90, b, bb.
Fig. 90, Male, Central Montana, July 10, 1890; Author.

b. Female, Shoshone, Idaho, July 24, 1890; Author,
bb. Female, albino, Shoshone, Idaho, July 24, 1890;
Author.
The Author of this species says of it that, "It is the most vari-
able Coliad in America." The deep orange of the male Christina
is similar to that of Eurytheme, but the pattern of it is unlike, in
that the orange of Christina is deepest at the margin, and evenly
grows less deep till near the base there is little or no orange, but
only the regular yellow ground-color of the wings. The albino
females prevail, and the normal-colored one is extremely rare,
being apparently nearly extinct. On the underside the hind wings,
especially of the females, are thickly dusted with black scales.

Christina inhabits British America immediately east of the
Rocky Mountains, and comes south into Montana a little, but not
far. It may be looked for in the region west of the Rockv Moun-
tains and east of the Cascade Range, in Idaho, Oregon and Wash-
ington, though I am not aware that any specimens of it have as yet
been taken in those regions.

91. Colias Astrae. Not figured elsewhere except in Butt.
N. A.
Plate XI; Figures 91, b.

Fig. 91, Male, Central Montana, July, 1890; Author.
b, Albino Female, Montana, July, 1890; Author.
Astrae is believed to be the paler, southern, form or variety of
Christina, but the fact is yet to be proved. It inhabits generally
the same territory, but does not go so far north and comes much
further south than Christina, even to Northeastern California, but
it is quite rare, and not enough is at present known about it or its
range to enable me to say positively much about it. I do not know

124 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

of any normal-colored female, but only the albino ; it therefore
appears that the normal has become extinct, as I have predicted
the normal females of all Coliads will eventually become. The
underside of Astrse is dusted with black scales still more thickly
than Christina.

Astrse, like Christina, may be looked for in Eastern Washington
and Oregon, on the smaller mountains and foothills, in June and
July, as I already have specimens taken in Northeastern California
by Mr. Stephens in 1894.

92. Colias Emilia.

Plate XI ; Figures 92, b, c.

Fig. 92, Male, Ellensburg, Wash., May 10, 1890; Author.

b, Female, Tacoma, Wash., May 4, 1890: Author.

c, Female, underside, Ellensburg, Wash., May 10,

1890; Author.

Emilia has the narrowest black margin of any Coliad that I
know of in the world ; some of the males have but a mere line of
black on the margin, much less than the example here figured.
Many kinds of Coliads show that the veins are free of black, and
cut across the black margin, showing the yellow vein through the
black, but the veins of Emilia carry the black and are lined with it
on the yellow disk and inside the margin proper, as you see by this
female figure b.

All the examples that I have of Emilia were taken within the
State of Washington, as noted in the preceding data.

Nothing is known as to the habits or the food-plant of Emilia.

93. Colias Scudderi.

Plate XI ; Figures 93, Male ; b, Yellow Female ; c, White
Female.
All these examples were taken by me in the Judith ]\Iountains
of Montana, in July. 1890. I have never seen the species on the
West Coast, within the territory covered by this work, but in
some books it is said to occur in British Columbia, and therefore
I give the accompanying figures of it to cover the possibility of
such an occurrence.

94. Colias Meadi.

Plate XI ; Figures 94, Male ; b. Female ; from T. L. Mead.

This butterfly is not known to fly elsewhere than in the Rocky

Mountains of Colorado; but I think it is likely to be found in the

Butterflies of the West Coast

Plate XI,

.OBTYPE CO , CHU

GENUS TERIAS 135

high mountains of the West Coast, and will therefore give a figure
of it. Meadi is quite strongly tinted with green, which color
is more especially seen on the underside.

95. Colias Elis.

No figure.
An arctic species, said to greatly resemble Meadi, and by some
authorities thought to be the same. May be found in Alaska,
possibly.

96. Colias Behri.

Plate XI ; Figures 96, Male ; b. Female ; c. Underside of
Female.
This queer little Coliad is an Alpine thing, from the high, cold
vallevs of the Sierras, from Yosemite, northward, at an altitude of
about 10,000 feet. It is small enough and dusky enough to be an
exile from the north pole itself, apparently. All these examples
were taken by Mr. Lembert, my correspondent and friend, who
lived there a hermit's life, and at the last died there a hermit's
death, and whose cowardly, Mexicanesque ambushment and
assassination remain to this day unavenged.

Genus TERIAS.

This small genus is similar in some points to Pieris ; and in
some resembles Colias. It is less arctic in habit, and never has the
round silver spot on underside of hind wing that distinguishes
all the members of the genus Colias. Some of the species have the
same food-plant, trifolium.

97. Terias Nicippe.

Pl.-\te XII ; Figures 97, Male ; b, Female.

Nicippe is almost universal all over the United States, being
rare in the New England States, and wholly absent in the north-
west part of the country west of the Cascades, being present on
the Coast only in Southern California, and is seen there only in
limited numbers.

The food-plant is cassia, and other leguminous plants.

98. Terias Mexicana.

Plate XII : Figures 98, Male : a, Male.
Terias Me.xicana is found in the United States only in the south-
ern part of Arizona, and therefore is not of great interest gener-

126 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

ally. It is a tropical species that finds its northern limit in Ari-
zona. It has never been taken in any other place north of the
Mexican border, that I know of.

99. Heliconia Charitonia.

Pl.\te XII ; Figure 99, ]\Iale, Mazatlan, Mexico, Jan.,
1887; Author.
This is a tropical species, and is very rarely seen north of
Mexico, though, as it flies there in the winter, it seems as if it
might come north along the Colorado River into Arizona and
Southern California in the summer.
The larval food-plant is passion-vine.

100. Danais Plexippus.

Plate XII; Figure 100, Female; Southern California,
1899; Author.

This is one of the best-known butterflies in the whole country,
it is very large, and is tame, flying about the habitations of men
without fear. It has been introduced from this country into
England, where it is welcomed and made much of as being the
largest butterfly in the British Isles. The sex-mark by which it
can be recognized is a black spot near the middle of hind wing,
as seen in example number 102. The figure of Plexippus, being
a female, shows no such spot, but all the males have the spot on
upper side of hind wing.

The larval food-plant is asclepias, the milkweeds.

Habitat : All the United States except the northern tier of
States across the continent.

loi. Danais Berenice.

Pl.\te XII; Figure lOi, Female; Mazatlan, IMexico, Jan.,
1887; Author.
Berenice is a species belonging to the tropical countries, and is
but scantily represented in the Southern or Gulf States, and pos-
sibly, in still more limited numbers, in Arizona. West of Ari-
zona it is replaced by the variety next following, as Berenice does
not fly in California or any of the West Coast States.

102. Danais Strigosa.

Plate XII; Figure 102, Male; Southern CaHfornia, 1903;
Author.
Strigosa is common in Southern California, but its northern
flight is limited by the Tehachapi Mountains, beyond which I have

FAMILY NYMPHALID.E 127

never seen it flying. It is very much like Berenice, the only dif-
ference being the light lines along the veins of the hind wing.
I call it the Desert Danais, as it likes best the dry border lands near
the desert proper.

FAMILY NYMPHALID.ffi.

This marks a grand division, and now we come to the Nymphs.
This family includes most of the more showy and beautiful but-
terflies, and consists of four genera of four-footed, and one genus
of six-footed species. The fact that a butterfly has si.x feet, or only
four, as the case may be, does not count for much, being appar-
ently merely a minor point. In the four-footed species the front
pair of legs are aborted, and exist only in part, being represented
only as a pair of "lappets."

Sex-marks : In most of these genera the apparent difference
between the sexes is very small, and it is sometimes difficult to
determine the sex ; in these cases the lappets afford some help ;
the vestiture of the male lappets being much more dense and long
than that of the females, so that by a comparison of several speci-
mens a conclusion is arrived at.

103. Mechanitis Californica.

No figure.

This species is erroneously included in the fauna of California,
as it does not exist here. It was stated to have been found near
Los Angeles, but there must have been a mistake about it, as for
the last forty years no specimen has been taken.

To give an understanding of the matter, I will state that the
appearance of the butterfly is somewhat like that of Heliconia,
being a little smaller, the wings being similar in shape ; the fore
wings are black, with orange spots, and the hind wings are red,
with a central patch of black, similar in shape to the long white
spot on the hind wings of Heliconia.

104. Agraulis Vanillae.

Plate XII ; Figures 104, Male ; a, Underside of Male.
Vanillae is a very common butterfly in the Southern or Gulf
States. It is not a native of the West Coast, but was introduced
into the country over the Southern Pacific Railroad, soon after

12S THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

that was opened up across the interior countn.- to New Orleans,
about 1SS5. Since that time it has become ver}- abundant in Cali-
fornia, especially in the southern part, and has become a pest, as
the larvae feed upon the leaves of the passion-%-ine. so that the
vine becomes a nuisance on account of the caterpillars, and has to
be removed.

Many introduced plants prove to be more vigorous and aggres-
sive than the native ones : and so it is with this introduced butter-
fly: it is hardy and restless and. like another introduced species,
Rapae, it flies at all times and at all seasons, seemingly bent on
conquest. And now it is, like Rapse. so well established that it has
become a fixture for all time : just the same as in ornithology, the
Eiiglish sparrow has become a permanent inhabitant of America.

105. Euptoieta Claudia.

Plate XII : Figure 105, Male : Central Montana, July,
1890: Author.
This species is said in some books to inhabit Southern CaUfomia
and Arizona : and I insert this plate of it on that account : but I
have never seen one of them flying west of the Sierra Nevada
divide, and I think that it is not found in any part of the West
Coast territor>'. Yet it is likely to be found in the warmer parts of
the Coast States, in the dn,-, hilly sections, at any time. As the
figure shows, it has the same system of spotting as the Arg\imids,
but no American Euptoieta ever has any silver on any spots, and
all the markings of both sides have a pale and washed-out appear-
ance.

Genus ARGYNNIS.

This group of butterflies, many of them, large and handsome, is
of well-nigh universal occurrence, being found high up on the
mountains at timber-line, and so on down to the lower heights,
ar- -' " - : ' • '' - :he sea. They are moreover ver\- evenly dis-
tn j-ae group of large ones or of small ones are

found soiei\- at high or low altitudes. From 3,000 to 5,000 feet
elevation, however, is where they do most abound, and on the
breezy, upland slop)e5 of the hills and mountains, rather than on
the plains. AU the Argvnnid; ar^ :' ; f feeding on flowers.

GEXUS ARGYXNIS 129

In ovipositing, some kinds walk about on the dead leaves and
rubbish under the small bushes, and push the o\"ipostor down in
among the debris and oviposit just like a grasshopper; others
drop their eggs while fl>"ing over suitable places. At the time
when the eggs are laid, the grass and small plants are all dr\' and
dead, so that there is nothing for the young larva to feed upon if
it should hatch. The egg is thimble shaped, white at first, but
turns black in twenty days, or just before hatching, and the larva
can be seen through the transparent shell before it is hatched.
In hatching, the lar\-a eats its way through the egg-shell, de-
vouring all of it usually ; it then goes into letharg}- without eat-
ing an}-thing else, and thus it hibernates, a tiny thing, not half
so big as a pin-head, naked, without any cocoon or other cover-
ing, in the wet and frozen rubbish, till the leaves of its plant shall
grow in the spring, some eight or nine months of sleep. A most
marvelous ston,-.

The larvas feed on \'iola. it is said, but I am sure that there
must be some other food-plant. Like the larvae of Pamassius,
the Argynnids are nocturnal, and thus the difficulty of observing
them is increased, and there is yet much to learn about them.

Sex-marks : The lappets, and the abdomens ; the tip of the male
body is somewhat knobbed, and has a sort of fringe on upperside
as is well shown on Plate XIII, Fig. 115, a. The body of the
female is larger and tapers to a point. The female is always paler
than the male, except those species the females of which are black.

106. Argynnis Nokomis.
Xo figure.

Xokomis is a very large butterfly from Arizona: it is of the
same group as Leto. and might easily be mistaken for Leto : the
female is of the black kind, same as Leto, there being no normal-
colored female. The male is somewhat redder on the upper side
than Leto. and the upper side of the female is rather brown than
black.

107. Argynnis Nitocris.
Xo figure.

Xitocris is another of the Arizona Argynnids that have black
females : it is also of the Leto type, similar to Xokomis. but witli
stronger and more contrasting colors, the upper side of the female
being blackish rather than brownish. All of these three species,

130 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Nokomis, Nitocris, and Leto, are so much alike that if you have
only one specimen, you may be puzzled to decide which one of
the three it is.

no. Argynnis Leto.

Plate XII; Figures no, a, b, c.

Fig. no, Male, Sisson, Cal., July 20, 1891 ; Author.

a, Male, underside, Mt. Shasta, July, 1891 ; Author.

b, Female, Portland, Oregon, Aug. i, 1890; Author.

c, Female, underside, Portland, Oregon, Aug. i,

1890; Author.
Leto has no normal female but all the females are like the one
here shown, black, or more strictly, brown-black, with sub-mar-
ginal band of bright golden-yellow. The question whether there
ever were any normal-colored females in these three species, is an
interesting one. Leto is a fair type of these three species having
only black females. All these three were evidently at one time
but one species, but climatic or other influence of environment
has caused some small differences in their markings and has sep-
arated them somewhat in territory, for between Leto and the
other two there is a wide strip of unoccupied territory, not inhab-
ited by any one of them.

111. Argynnis Letis, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XII; Figure in, Male; Sisson, Cal., August, 1891 ;

Author.
Letis appears to be a variety of the preceding, Leto, in which
the dark markings are obsolescent, especially on the apices of fore
wings and over all of the hind wings, as is shown very well on the
plate. There is no known female, either normal or black, for
this variety. I have taken many of the ordinary black females,
but no one of them shows a corresponding obsolescence.

112. Argynnis Carpenteri. Elsewhere illustrated only in

Edwards" Butt. N. A.
Plate XIII ; Figures 1 12, a, b.
Fig. 112, Male, Vancouver Island, July, 1891 ; Author.

a. Female, underside, Vancouver Island, July,

1891 ; Author.

b. Female, Vancouver Island, July, 1891 ; Author.
This species is by some accounted as a western representative

or variety of the eastern Cybele ; it is a good deal smaller than

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate XII.

COPrRIGHTEO 1905, 81 W G. WRIGHT

MEflli:*N COLOHTIPE CO , CHICAGO

GENUS ARGYNNIS 131

Cybele, and the markings are modified or different, so much so
that it seems unreasonable to suppose that they both are equiva-
lent to one species. Carpenteri is a low-land flyer, inhabiting the
plains and valleys, and never being found in the mountains ; and
it is also a wide-flying species, being found scantily over wide
areas of country, and not abundant in any one place. The dark
basal area extends about half way across the wings.

113. Argynnis Cypris. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XIII ; Figures 113, a, b.

Fig. 113, Male, Greenhorn Mountains, Cal., 8,000 feet al-
titude, June, 1885 ; Author.

a. Underside of Female, from W. H. Edwards,

1886.

b, Female, no data, from W. H. Edwards, 1886.
Cypris is sometimes called the western form of the eastern

Aphrodite. It is smaller than Aphrodite, and the markings are
generally lighter than the eastern form. I may here remark that
the modern tendency, as to these, and other so-called "representa-
tive" species, is to a complete severing of the relationship and the
establishment of all such forms as different species, as is right
and proper and inevitable eventually.

Cypris is a true mountain butterfly, and inhabits the mountains
up to the tops or utmost heights, and is not seen on the lower
slopes and valleys, being just the reverse of Carpenteri, although
the two species may at first sight look a little alike. On the West
Coast Cypris is very scarce, insomuch that in twenty-five years
I have taken only half a dozen males, and never yet a female
example.

114. Argynnis Nausicaa.

Plate XIII ; Figures 114, a, b.

Fig. 114, Male, Senator, Arizona, 1897; Dr. R. E. Kunze.
a, Male, underside, Arizona, 1897 ; Dr. R. E.

Kunze.
b, Female, Arizona, 1897 ; Dr. R. E. Kunze.
This magnificent butterfly is known only from Arizona ; there
it is common enough. It would seem as if this species were a
close relative of Nitocris and Nokomis, and that like those two it
ought to have a black female, but no dimorphic female of Nausicaa
is known at this day.

132 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

115. Argynnis Hippolyta.

Plate XIII ; Figures 115, a, b.

Fig. 115, Male, Portland, Oregon, July, 1889; Author.

a, Male, underside, Portland, Oregon, July, 1889;

Author.

b, Female, Portland, Oregon, July, 1889; Author.
Hippolyta is a high mountain species, and inhabits all the higher

mountains of Northern California and Oregon, and perhaps of
Washington also ; it is only found at great heights, about 9,000
feet elevation, and not on the lower slopes or elevations.

116. Argynnis Oweni.

Plate XIII ; Figures 116, Male; a, Male, underside. Mount
Shasta ; Owen.

This typical example of Oweni was taken on Mt. Shasta by
Prof. Owen, for whom it was named, at about 10,000 feet eleva-
tion, and later it was sent to me by Mr. Edwards, the Author of
the species, soon after it was named.

It appears that Oweni is a variety of the preceding, Hippolyta,
the differences being but slight, and often you cannot decide
whether a specimen belongs to the one or to the other ; but that is
the case with nearly all variations.

117. Argynnis Columbia.

No figure.
Columbia was named in 1877 by H. Edwards, from specimens
from Lakes La Hache and Quesnelle. It is rather a large-sized
and a pale-colored butterfly for that northern locality. The key
to the species seems to be the spots in the middle of the upper
side of hind wing, which spots are curved into crescents, or the
upper ones are bent into V-shaped angles. The spots are a little
obsolescent, so that the crescents and angles are connected to-
gether but little, or not at all.

118. Argynnis Hesperis.

Plate XIII; Figures 118, a.
Fig, 118, Female.

a, Male, Colorado, 1880; Nash.
This is a Colorado species, and is credited to L'tah and Mon-
tana ; it does not come into our territory, except Utah, though
probably it may be taken in Nevada, and perhaps in eastern Ore-

Butterflies of the West Coast

Plate XIII

COP*HIGHTED

.:.M£RirftN l.OLORTII^e I

GENUS ARGYNNIS 133

got! and Washington. The basal part of the wings are, as you
see, very dark, and this seems to be its most prominent charac-
teristic.

1 19. Argynnis Bremneri.

Pl.\te XIII ; Figures 119, a, b.

Fig. 119, Male, Puget Sound, Wash., August, 1891 ;
Author.

a, Underside of Male, Puget Sound, Wash., Au-

gust, 1891 ; Author.

b. Underside of Female, Puget Sound, Wash.,

August, 1891 ; Author.
Bremneri is the darkest of all our Argynnids on the underside,
the males being almost black near the center of the wing. It tlies
on the low lands along the sea coast, and never, so far as I know,
at any considerable height on the hills, nor at a great distance
from the ocean.

V. Sordida, n. v.

I have taken in that locality a variety, indistinguishable on the
upper side, but which on the underside of hind wings is very
different, the white or buff spots being almost obliterated, and
the whole wing suffused with a sordid rusty color. This form I
tentatively call Sordida. It bears the same relation to Bremneri
that Hydaspe does to Zerene ; each variety being a rusty or cin-
namon-colored variety of the parent species, we may call them.
The figure of Sordida was crowded out at the last moment by
other figures which could not possibly be left out.

120. Argynnis Zerene.

Plate XIV ; Figures 120, a, b.

Fig. 120, Male, Northern California, no data, 1882 ; W. H.
Edwards.

a, Female, underside. Lake County, Cal., June,

1894 ; Author.

b, Female, Lake County, Cal., June, 1894 ; Author.
Zerene is one of the prominent species of mountain Argynnids

of Northern California, being very abundant everywhere in the
mountains of California and Oregon, and extending south in the
high Sierras to Lake Tahoe, which locality seems to be its southern
limit. The spots on the underside of hind wing are large, and buff
in color, and are not silvered in either sex, as a rule.

134 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

121. Argynnis Hydaspe. Never before illustrated.
Plate XIV; Figure 121.

Fig. 121, Male, underside, Sisson, Cal., 1891 ; Author.
Hydaspe is a variety of Zerene, in which the underside is obso-
lescent as to the buff spots, and the whole wing is suffused with a
cinnamon color, as is well shown by the Plate. Both sexes aiYord
this variety, which is found wherever Zerene may be common.
The spots are never silvered in this variety.

122. Argynnis Monticola.
Plate XIV; Figures 122, b.

Fig. 122, Male, Lake County, Cal., June, 1894; Author.

b. Underside of Female, Sisson, Cal., June, 1891 ;
Author.
Monticola is a common Argynnid of ISTorthern California, being
abundant everywhere in the mountains, and it also extends in
more limited numbers through Oregon, Washington, Idaho and
British Columbia. On upper side it looks similar to Zerene, but
on the underside it is pinkish in color of the hind wing, the spots
being straw-colored in the male, and usually silvered more or less
in the female.

123. Argynnis Purpurascens.

Plate XIV; Figures 123, b. Females both, Sisson, 1891 ;
Author.
This is a variety of the preceding, the female only being the
subject of the variation. This variation manifests itself in an
exuberance of size, and of color, both on the upper and on the
underside, the underside being suffused with a purplish tint on the
underside of hind wing. The large purple specimens are es-
pecially splendid when fresh, but the purple tint soon fades.

124. Argynnis Rhodophe.

Plate XIV ; Figures 124, a. Males, Vancouver Island,
July, 1892 ; Author.
A very dark species, allied, apparently, with Bremneri, and
found in the same latitude, but more in the interior, and on the
mountains, while Bremneri is on the plains, and near the coast.
The dark spots on upper side are very black and large, and those
of the median band are all connected together. On the underside
the disk or center of the hind wing is very dark, like Bremneri,

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate XIV.

^-^

^/•»

i^

vr^

•A ^-^

f •

COPmiGHTEO I90i, B( w G wftIO!

EHICAN COLOnTlPE CO., CHICAGO

GENUS ARGYNNIS 135

and sometimes a brown blotch obliterates all markings except the
straw-colored spots.

125. Argynnis Behrensi.

Plate XIV; Figures 125, a, Males, Mendocino County,
Cal., June, 1892; Author.
Behrensi is a very local species, and if you want to find it you
must visit the hilltops and hog-back ridges of Mendocino County,
in July. It was discovered by Mr. James Behrens, a San Fran-
cisco collector, who accidentally ran upon it, and it was named
for him by Mr. Edwards, to whom it was submitted. I have al-
ways found it very scarce in its local habitat, and never succeeded
in getting but few specimens in any one season. The Plate illus-
trates the species so well that it is not necessary to add words of
description.

126. Argynnis Coronis.

Plate XIV ; Figures 126, b, c.

Fig. 126, Alale, Southern California, June, 1886: Author.

b. Female, Mount Shasta, August 13, 1890;

Author.

c. Underside of Female, Tehachapi Mountains,

July, 1889; Author.
Coronis is a very common and wide-spread species in Califor-
nia and adjacent countries; in fact, it might be difficult to say
just where in all this region it is not to be found. But that is not
the worst of the matter ; it is inconstant, as perhaps so wide-spread
a species has a right to be, and, as Mr. Edwards once wrote me,
"for every degree of latitude it puts on a new face." But there
is one typical character which it carries everywhere, north and
south, east and west, and that character can be found on the under-
side of the hind wing ; the band. I mean the wide, sub-marginal
band of clear golden color, just inside the outer series of silver
lunules. Coronis is moreover one of the three species of the West
Coast that shows a little green on the underside of hind wing ;
see 128; 129.

127. Argynnis Callippe.

Plate XIV; Figures 127, b, c.

Fig. 127, Male, Southern California, June 25, 1886;
Author.

136 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

b, Female, Southern California, June 17, 1903;

Author.

c, Female, underside, Ventura County, Cal, July,

1894; Author.

Callippe is the most tropical Argynnis that we have ; it flies
further south than any other, and is not found at the north at all ;
I have never seen it north of the locality noted above, Ventura
County. It is a plains species, and never can be found far up on
the hills and mountains, but in the little, dry, hot, valleys, it lives
and seems to like the torrid temperature of a hot June day. Its
life as a butterfly is very short, the shortest of any Argynnid that
I know of, being only a few days in length.

128. Argynnis Nevadensis.
Plate XV : Figures 128, b, c.

Fig. 128, Male, Truckee, Cal., July, 1891 ; Author.

b. Female, Truckee. Cal., July, 1891 ; Author.

c. Female, underside. Truckee, Cal., July, 1891 :

Author.
Nevadensis is extremely common, it flies along the foothills of
the Sierra Nevadas in countless numbers, in Eastern California
and Nevada. The key-note of this species is the green underside
of hind wing, it being the greenest of the three species which show
green about the silver spots beneath, these three being Coronis,
Nevadensis, and Edwardsi. In this species the green is seemingly
washed on the whole wing after the other colors are in place.

129. Argynnis Edwardsi.
Plate XV ; Figures 129, b.

Fig. 129, Female, Central Montana, July, 1890: Author.
b. Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas, 7,500 feet
altitude ; Author.
Edwardsi is the grandest Argynnid that flies on the mountains
of the West Coast. It is a true mountain butterfly, and is not ever
seen on the lowlands or in the valleys. As you may guess from
the great broad wings, it flies with the most rapid flight, and it
is also very scarce, and apparently never alights, so it is evident
that it is not easily captured. This is the third species that shows
green on hind wing beneath. It is not unconmion to see it fly-
ing over the snow-banks that in July remain yet unmelted about
the alpine peaks where it lives.

GENUS ARGYNNIS 137

130. Argynnis Liliana.

Plate XV; Figures 130, b, c.

Fig. 130, Male, Central California, June 26, 1894 ; Author.

b. Female, Central California, June 26, 1894;

Author.

c, Female, underside. Central California. June 26,

1894; Author.
This is one of the most elegant and showy of all our Argynnids,
though on the Plate it looks much like any of the others. It is
a hill species, inhabiting neither the mountains nor the plains, but
the more moderate hills, and around the bases of the greater
mountains. It is very local, and although not one is in sight, yet
there may be a plenty of them only a short distance away from
you. Their flight is gentle and slow for an Argynnid, and they
are very easily taken, for they love to stop and feed on all the
flowers that they see, and they are not at all wild, insomuch that
you may at times catch them in your fingers as they sip the
blossoms.

131. Argynnis Baroni. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate X\' : Figures 131, b.

Fig. 131, Male, given me by O. T. Baron, 1881.

b, Female, Central California, June, 1894; Author.
When first named Mr. Edwards thought this was an aberrant
form of Liliana, and so set it down in his catalogue of 1884. but
later he must have revised his opinion. At any rate it is a good
variety or sub-species, for I have hunted them out on their native
grounds to my complete satisfaction. Baroni is a most striking,
melanic variety, or else a distinct and separate species. This male
specimen was given me by Mr. Baron himself, at the time it was
named, or soon after ; and in later years I have visited the typical
locality several times and have studied the matter exhaustively.
All the lines and spots are heavier, and are run together into
maculate bands, so that it has decidedly a dark appearance, and
on the underside there is an excess of silver, outlined with black.

132. Argynnis Rupestris.

Plate XV ; Figures 132, b. c.

Fig. 132, Male, Shasta Mountains, June, 1890; Author.

b, Female, Shasta Mountains, June, 1890: Author.

c, Female, underside, Shasta Mountains, June,

1890; Author.

138 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Rupestris is a mountain species, found everywhere in the higher
altitudes of the Northern CaHfornia mountains, and extending
doubtless into Oregon, and along the Sierra Nevadas to the north,
but not far to the south, but possibly to the latitude of Lake
Tahoe, though I have no data extending that far south. The un-
derside is very rusty looking, and the spots are seldom silvered at
all, though occasionally a few of the apical and marginal spots
are slightly silvered. Rupestris is variable, and in different lo-
calities will bear different aspects, so as to puzzle the collector.

132a. Argynnis Irene.

No figure.
Irene is a variety, sometimes set down to Zerene, and again to
Rupestris, by different writers. It is that variety which has all
spots on underside of hind wing well silvered. Neither typical
Zerene nor Rupestris has silver on the spots beneath. I incline
to the belief that Irene is a variety of Rupestris, and so place it.

133. Argynnis Laura.

Plate XV; Figures 133, a, b, c, S. Cal. Mountains, June,
1888: Author.
Laura is of a reddish tint ; the dark markings are not broad, but
are distinctly cut, and not obsolescent. The underside is light-
yellowish, the spots large and well silvered, and the dark or black
lines and shadings seen on some other kinds are ahsent. The
species is well represented on the plate, except that the silver of the
imderside is not brightly shown, as that shining of the silver seen
in nature is one of those things that cannot be caught by the
camera, nor shown by the illustrator's ink.

134. Argynnis Laurina, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XV; Figure 134, Male, taken with Laura, June 20,

1888; Author.
Laurina is an unsilvered Laura. It flies with Laura, occurring
in both sexes, and on the upper side cannot always be dis-
tinguished from Laura, but on the underside both the fore and
the hind wings are very dififerent, as is fairly well shown by the
Plate, the apices of fore wings and the margins of hind wings
being overlaid with a buffy color that covers up the spots and
markings, and the usual silver spots of hind wings are not silvered
at all, being flat buff, as pallid as in Adiante ; though in the female
a few of the apical spots will occasionally show a faint silvering.

Butterflies of the West Coast

Plate XV.

COPtRl&HTED 1905, BT W G. WRIGHT.

RTlPE CO,, CHIC'GO

GENUS ARGYNNIS 139

This variety was discussed by Mr. Edwards and myself for
some time before he retired from the pursuit of butterflies, and
it was his intention to pubhsh it as Argynnis Wrighti ; but as he
never did so pubHsh it, I will now give it the varietal name
Laurina.

135. Argynnis Macaria.

Plate XV ; Figures 135, a, aa, b, c.
Fig. 135, Male, Greenhorn Mountains, June,
Author.

a. Alale, Greenhorn Mountains, June,

Author,
aa, Male, underside, Greenhorn Mountains. June,
1888 ; Author.

b. Female, Greenhorn Mountains, June, 1888;

Author.

c. Female, underside, Greenhorn Mountains. June,

1888; Author.
As compared with Laura, Macaria is a trifle larger in size, and
is paler in color. There is a peculiar feature in Macaria that does
not appear in any other California Argynnis, namely, that in some
specimens there is a paling or a fading out of the basal part of all
wings from the body half way across the wings ; this paling is
apparent in the Plate in figure a; the female, b, also shows a little
of the same paleness at base. This feature is seen in about one-
third of the specimens of Marcaria that I have ever taken, and,
being not uncommon, is, evidently, part and parcel of the species.

136. Argynnis Semiramis.
Pl.\te X\T ; Figures 136, b, c.

Fig. 136, Male, San Bernardino Mountains, i\Iay, 1887;
Author.

b. Female, San Bernardino Mountains, June, 1899;

Author.

c. Female, underside, San Bernardino Mountains,

June, 1902; Author.
Semiramis was discovered by the Author about twenty years
ago, on the San Bernardino mountains, and was named by Ed-
wards in a year or two afterwards. Xo other Argynnid flies on
these mountains, but Semiramis is abundant enough, and holds
complete possession. I have not taken this species on any other

140 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

mountain, so that it is apparently more restricted in range than
any other Argynnid of the West Coast. The key to the species is
the pecuhar obsolescence of the markings on upper side of the
hind wings, especially near anal angles. Semiramis is very fond
of feeding on flowers, particularly the blossoms of thistles,
brodiasas, and a species of dwarf vaccinium that grows in dense
masses on the mountain top, and the scattered plants of yerba
santa. The range in altitude is from 3,500 to 6,000 feet elevation.

137. Argynnis Inornata.

Plate XVI ; Figures 137, b, c.

Fig. 137, Male, Tenino, Wash., August 10, 1891 ; Author.

b. Female, Tenino, Wash., August 10, 1891 ;

Author.

c, Female, underside, IMount Shasta, Cal., August

25 ; Author.
Inornata is a butterfly that can live on the plains or upon the
mountains, as it chooses, being exceptional in that respect. In
size Inornata is rather large, and both sexes have strong dark
markings on upper side, and strong and distinct beneath. It is
quite a question as to where the "inornate" cognomen applies,
unless it may be in the absence of silver on the spots beneath. It
is the darkest butterfly on the West Coast, the markings being very
broad and black, and the basal parts of the wings also very dark.

138. Argynnis Adiante.

Plate XVI ; Figures 139, b, c, aa.

Fig. 139, Male, Coast Mountains of Central California,
June, 1893 ; Author.

b, Female, Coast Mountains of Central California,

June, 1893; Author.

c, Female, underside. Coast Mountains of Central

California, June, 1889; Author,
aa, Male, aberrant. Coast Mountains of Central
California, June, 1889; Author.
Adiante is very peculiarly marked ; on the upper side it re-
sembles Semiramis, and on the under side it emphasizes the pallid
obsolescene of Laurina, neither of which species lives anywhere
near to Adiante's habitat, and both of which are interior mountain
species, while Adiante inhabits a narrow strip of sea coast hills
near San Francisco, and is not found outside that restricted dis-

GENUS ARGVNNIS 141

trict, the hills of which are only a few hundred feet in elevation.
Adiante has a weakness for sipping water at damp places by the
roadside, and most of my specimens were taken under those con-
ditions.

Figure aa of the Plate is photographic copy of a peculiar aber-
rant form, in which the pallid overwashing of the vmderside seems
to have overflowed upon the upper. At the time of collection I
noticed the abnormal appearance of the butterfly as it was flying
about, and chased it desperately till I got it.

139. Argynnis Atossa.

No figure.
Atossa is a species that I have never met, although I have
hunted over the ground where it is said to fly, many times, both
before and after it was found. It is after the pattern of Adiante,
with the upper side obsolescent, and the underside still more pallid
or covered over with the overwash that obliterates the spots of
the underside that are usually silvered. Atossa is said to fly in
the Tehachapi IMountains, at the altitude of about 4,500 feet.

140. Argynnis Eurynome.
Plate X\'I ; Figures 140, a, b.

Fig. 140, Male, Middle Park, Colorado, no date ; Dr.
William Barnes.

a, Male, underside. Middle Park, Colorado, no

date ; Dr. William Barnes.

b. Female, Central Montana, July 22, 1892;

Author.
Eurynome inhabits the mountains and high plateaux of the in-
terior country east of the Cascade Range, in Colorado. Montana,
and British America, and it may be found in the whole of the
interior region up to the Cascades, though I have never heard of
such an occurrence, therefore I have included it in the list of our
fauna. It has a greenish tint on underside of hind wings.

141. Argynnis Bischoffi.

Plate XVI; Figure 141, Male, Yukon River, from B.
Neumoegen, 1881 (?).
Bischoffi has somewhat the appearance of the preceding, Eury-
nome, and has been called the northern form of that species ; it
has also on the underside the greenish or olive-greenish tint that
marks Eurynome; it is a little smaller, and darker, as befits its

142 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

more northern habitat. The green of underside occurs in rounded
spots, rather than in Unes and stripes, as in the three green
species before mentioned.

Bischoifi was first taken at or near Sitka, but I did not see one
while I was there, in July, though I looked for some. Probably
it was too early in the season.

142. Argynnis Montivaga.

Pl.\te XVI ; Figures 142, a, b.

Fig. 142, Male, Truckee, Cal., July, 1893; Author.

a, ^lale, underside, Truckee, Cal., July, 1893 ;

Author.

b, Female, Truckee, Cal, July. 1893 : Author.
Montivaga is a mountain butterfly, inhabiting the slopes and

lowar heights of the Sierra Nevadas, particularly on the eastern
side, and is found at an elevation of nearly 8,000 feet, though its
favorite habitat is lower down the slopes. It is very abundant in-
deed in some places.

143. Argynnis Arge. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XVII ; Figures 143, a, b.

Fig. 143, IMale, Truckee, Cal., July, 1892 ; Author.

a, Male, underside, Truckee, Cal., July, 1892;

Author.

b. Female, Truckee, Cal., July, 1892 ; Author.
Arge was named by Strecker, who claimed to have a large num-
ber of them, but who, nevertheless, seemed to be in doubt some-
what about this form. As his writings are not readily available,
I will quote his remarks: "Smaller than Eurynome ; expanse 13^
to i^ inches; more red in color; sometimes mistaken for Mon-
tivaga ; may be a Pacific coast variety of Eurynome. Beneath,
the fore wings are tinged with red, except along costa ; some-
times three or four marginal lunules nearest apex are silvered,
oftener not. Hind wings beneath are reddish-buflf, palest be-
tween the marginal lunules and the last row of silver spots, but
nowhere dark; spots comparatively smaller than in Eurynome,
all silvered, but not as heavily as in Eurynome; no tinge of green
whatever in any example."

Now in all my experience I have never taken an Arg}'nnid as
small as 13^ inch in expanse. As to Eurynome, the green of the
hind wings beneath is one of the cardinal features, and when

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate XVI.

ERICAN COUOHTIPE CO., CHICAGO

GENUS BRENTHIS 143

Strecker cut that line he divorced Arge from Eurynotne forever.
Arge, therefore, is a form of Montivaga, "for which it is some-
times mistaken." The color of underside of hind wing is
flesh-red.

144. Argynnis Erinna. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XVII ; Figures 144, a, b.

Fig. 144, Male, Summit, Cal., 7,500 feet altitude, July,
1892; Author.

a, Male, underside. Summit, Cal., 7,500 feet alti-

tude, July, 1892; Author.

b, Female, Summit, Cal. 7,500 feet altitude, July,

1892 ; Author.
This is a mountain butterfly, like the two preceding and the
following species, and inhabits the same range of mountains. The
characters of Erinna, as compared with its allies, are smaller size,
deeper color, base of wings darker, black markings more heavy,
and on underside of hind wing the spots are buffy and unsilvered,
with the band scarcely less paler than the disk.

145. Argynnis Egleis.

Plate XVII ; Figures 145, a, b. c.

Fig. 145, Male, Truckee, Cal., June, 1886; Author.

a. Male, underside, Truckee, Cal., June, 1886;

Author.

b. Female, Donner Lake, Cal., June, 1886; Author.

c. Female, underside, Truckee, Cal., June, 1886;

Author.
Similar to the preceding ; a trifle larger in size, with the colora-
tion similar to Arge ; on underside the flesh-red of Arge is re-
placed with brownish or yellowish ; the marginal lunules of the
female are silvered, but usually no others are silvered in either sex,
but are palest buff. In the Plate the pair of undersides shows
effectually the variation of colors in the sexes.

Genus BRENTHIS.

This genus is composed of six species belonging to our fauna,
all of them rather small in size, and all very similar in appearance
and in size. The aspect of the group is somewhat like that of

14-t THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Argynnis, but yet there are material differences on both sides,
which justify the separation of this group from the Arg}Tinids,
although many writers include this group with the Arg}-nnids.
The species of Brenthis are nearly all of them arctic, or nearly so,
in habitat. The sexes are indicated in the same way as the
Argynnids.

146. Brenthis Myrina.

Plate XVII ; Figures 146, a.

Fig. 146, Male, Nipegon, Ontario, no date ; D. Bruce.

a, ]\Iale, underside, no data ; from W. H. Edwards.
This little butterfly is found in British America, and also in

Alaska, at St. jMichaels. It is very well known, but I have never
seen it in flight, though presumably it flies within the territory
treated of in this book.

146a. Brenthis Pales.

Xo figure.
This is merely a variety of the preceding, and it is a form with
which I am unacquainted, and there is no literature in American
publications referring to or describing it.

147. Brenthis Triclaris.

Plate X\"II : Figures 147, b.

Fig. 147, 'Male, Colorado Mountains, no data ; from W. H.
Edwards.

b. Female, underside. Middle Park, Colo. : from

:\lr. Nash.
This species is not yet noted as having been taken within our
territory, but it is common in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado,
and I know of no reason why it should not be taken on the moun-
tains of the West Coast, or of British Columbia.

148. Brenthis Helena.

Plate XVII ; Figures 148, a.

Fig. 148, ^lale, from Colorado, no data ; received from
W. H. Edwards.
a, Male, underside, from Colorado, no data ; re-
ceived from W. H. Edwards.
Helena is, like the preceding, from the Rocky ^Mountains, and
it is very likely that it will be found in many of the mountains of
the West Coast, in good time.

Butterflies of the West Coast

Plate XVII.

cooBiGMie:; 1901. b*

1 CCLORT-'PE en

GENUS BRENTHIS 145

149. Brenthis Freija.

Plate XVII ; Figures 149, a, b.

Fig. 149, Male, Rocky Mountains of Colorado, no data ;
Dr. Barnes.

a, Male, underside, Rocky Mountains of Colorado,

no data ; W. H. Edwards.

b, Female, Middle Park, Rocky Mountains, no

data ; Dr. Barnes.
This is strictly an arctic butterfly, and is found from Labrador
across the continent to near Behring Straits, and St. Michaels is
the most southern point at which it has ever been taken that I have
heard of, vet it is common apparently in Colorado, at no great alti-
tude ; there is no visible reason why it should not be abundant in
the mountains of the West Coast, south of St. Michaels.

150. Brenthis Frigga.

Plate XVII; Figure 150, Male, Western Colorado, no
data ; Dr. Barnes.
This is another of those Rocky Mountain species that has not
yet been taken in the mountains of the West Coast, although there
is no apparent reason for its absence.

151. Brenthis Epithore.

Plate XVII; Figure 151; Vancouver Island. June 21,
1891 ; Author; 151 b. Female, underside.
This is a common thing on the West Coast, being found as far
south as Mendocino County, on the hills, everywhere in fact except
the plains and the high mountains. It flies north to St. Michaels,
Alaska, and doubtless to the Arctic Ocean. It is of very gentle
flight, and is easily taken. In the more southern part of its range
it becomes lighter in coloration, and is then known bv another
name, as follows :

152. Brenthis Kremhild.

Plate XVII; Figure 152, Male, San Francisco Mts.. Ari-
zona, 1887 ; F. Stephens.
Kremhild is the southern form of Epithore, and is found in
Utah and Arizona ; but it seems to be separated from the places
where Epithore is found by some few degrees of latitude and of
longitude ; a sort of neutral ground, wherein neither form will
live. That singular feature, however, is not peculiar to this

146 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

butterfly alone, but other species, as closely allied as these two, ap-
parently, have the same peculiarity, and will not occupy adjoining
territory, but maintain a strip of neutral territory which neither
will inhabit.

Genus MELIT^EA.

This genus, like Anthocharis, is chiefly western ; only two
species are found in the Eastern States, while on the West Coast
very many different species are found, the mountains especially
being rich in the various forms. I have much pleasure in introduc-
ing to the world in this book several hitherto unknown and beau-
tiful species of Melitsea, some of them, in fact most of them, hav-
ing lain dormant in my cabinet for many years, awaiting this
opportunity.

The genus characters are similar to those of Argynnis.

The sex-marks of all the Melitaeas are : The male has a circular
hairy brush at the tip of the abdomen ; the female lacks the brush,
the abdomen runs to a point, and has a sort of step or notch on the
underside, which, in the larger kinds is quite marked.

Most or all of the Melitaeas lay their eggs in masses on the plant,
and in the early stages the larvae are gregarious, later separating.

The food-plants are chiefly those of the scrophularia family, the
pentstemons being perhaps the one plant especially favored by
them, but many other plants will be eaten by the larvae before they
will starve.

153. Melitasa Cooperi. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XVHI; Figures 153, b, c.
Fig- 153' ^lale, Spokane, Wash., May 16, 1891 ; Author.

b, Female, Northern California, June, 1892 : Author.

c, Male, underside; from O. T. Baron, 1887 (?).
Size, 1.7 inches; brown-black on upper side, the light spots be-
ing light buff. There is a marginal row of red lunules around
both wings, on hind wings sometimes obsolescent. The key to the
species is the single row of light spots sub-marginal on hind
wing, the second or inner row of light spots being absent. It is
said that the types were taken on Mt. Hood, but when I was there
I did not see the species, although I looked for it, hoping to set-
tle a doubt.

GENUS MELIT.EA 147

154. Melitaea Colon.

Pl.\te X\'III : Figures 154. b, c.

Fig. 154. Male, Eel River Bridge, Cal., May, 1894 ; Author.

b, Female, Mendocino County, Cal., June 20, 1893 ;

Author.

c, Male, underside. Mendocino County, Cal., June

22, 1894: Author.

Colon is a hill species of Northern California, inhabiting the
open places in the partially wooded country, where it is common.
The types are said to have been taken on Mt. Hood, but I believe
that the collector made a little mistake about that locality.

Colon is two inches or more in expanse : it is black in color
rather than brown-black : the Hght spots are a little more dark
buff than the preceding Cooperi : and the key to the species is the
double row of sub-marginal light spots on upper side of hind
wing, and the obsolete marginal red lunules on both wings, though
sometimes the second row of light spots is obsolescent, more or
less, as all these species are variable.

155. Melitaea Quino. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Pl.\te X\'III : Figures 155, b.

Fig- 155, Male, Mendocino County, Cal., June, 1893;
Author,
b, Female, underside, Mendocino County, Cal., June,
1894 ; Author.
Quino is the largest, the most strikingly marked, and the least-
known Melitaea of all the old species of California. Male, expanse
two inches : brown-black on upper side, or, as Henry Edwards
writes, "Black abounds, and overshadows both white and red;
and Quino has all the markings of underside broadlv and con-
spicuously edged with black." And Mr. Edwards, of all men,
was best acquainted with Quino, and best able to describe it. Be-
fore Dr. Behr"s death I applied three times to see Quino, without
success, so that I concluded he had no Quino examples ; and now
that Dr. Behr is dead, his successors appear to be unable to
identify Quino. The description of Quino is so brief and so indef-
inite that it is of but little value in a complex genus like Melita;a,
so that the words above quoted are the best description extant of
Quino. Students are referred to Papilio, 1881, p. 52.

148 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

156. Melitaea Baroni.

Plate XVIII ; Figures 156, b, c.

Fig. 156, Male, Mendocino County, Cal., June, 1891 ;
Author.

b, Male, Mendocino County, Cal., June, 1894;

Author.

c. Female, Mendocino County, Cal., June, 1878 ( ?) ;

O. T. Baron.

Size, 1.75 inches; above, black, not brown-black, all spots
small ; underside, intense reddish over the whole ; the red color
is not adequately represented on the plate ; the black lines usually
present are obsolescent, or mostly absent. Fig. 156 is one of the
less red on upper side, and Fig. 6 is a redder example ; the third,
c, is a typical, given me about 1879, by Mr. Baron, who discovered
the species and for whom it was named. In later years I have
often visited the typical locality and have taken many fine exam-
ples. When fresh, the red color is peculiarly bright and intense,
but unfortunately the red fades immediately, and after a while
the color is not much different from the red of Rubicunda. In
this statement as to fading I include the upper and under sides,
but as the under side has much more red on it, the fading is more
obvious there.

157. Melitaea Chalcedon.

Plate XVIII ; Figures 157, b.

Fig. 157, Male, Southern California, May, 1890; Author.

b, Female, underside, S. B. Mts., June 10, 1889;

Author.

In Southern California Chalcedon is the most common butterfly

that waves its wings in the air. It flies in countless millions. It

inhabits the plains, and the hills, and the mountain sides to an

elevation of 5,000 feet, finding its larval food-plant wherever it

goes. For the larvae are feeders on the most common plants, that

grow everywhere, namely, the scrophulariacese, which in some

form or other grows universally. In Lower California I

found the larvse on a little wild rose, R. minutifolia, and I raised

the larvse to find what the species was that fed on rose. The

larval habits vary with the environment ; in the warm valleys,

where there is but little winter weather, the larvae are solitary,

and hibernate without protection, but on the cold mountain heights

GENUS MELIT.^A 149

where snow and ice prevail tor several months during the winter,
the larvae are gregarious, and hibernate in a web. The butterfly
Chalcedon is perhaps the oldest of our butterflies, having been
named in 1847, ^"d has been illustrated several times in various
works, and once, by mistake, doubtless, erroneously.

158. Melitaea Dwinelli. Not elsewhere illustrated.

Pl.^te XVIII; Figures 158, a, Males, S. Cal., May (?),
June (?), 1885 (?); Author.

Dwinelli is a variety of Qialcedon in which the fore wings are
suffused with red or yellow ; I figure one example of each. The
variety was first observed in 1881, in some specimens from the
Mount Shasta region of Northern California, collected by Mr.
Herman Dvvinell, a young man of promise, who, unfortunately,
soon died, leaving this name as his only monument. At that time
the variety was found in both sexes, but I have never seen any
but male specimens ; though this is contrary to the ordinary hap-
penings of such things, as usually the female sex is much more
addicted to variations of all sorts than the males. The exact date
of the capture of these specimens is uncertain, and is now merely
guessed at. Three or four are all that I have ever taken, and all
of them were taken in Riche Canyon, near Colton.

Ftisimaculata is the name given by Dr. Barnes to a variety of
Chalcedon, said to have come from California, but no data are
given as to time or place. This variation is on the fore wings,
where the three outer rows of spots are fused as if rubbed together
in a horizontal way ; no spots in cell ; hind wings have long,
rectangular yellow spots between the nerves. Beneath, the fusion
is more marked than above ; the basal spots are black instead of
yellow.

Mariana is another name given by the same author to another
variation of Chalcedon, and again, no data of time or place given.
It is called a black Chalcedon, having only a marginal row of red
spots. The description does not mention any yellow spots on fore
wing, but notes a row of small mesial yellow spots on hind wing ;
apparently, therefore, it is almost wholly black, unless some yellow
spottings are to be taken for granted.

159. Melitaea McGlashani.

Plate XVIII ; Figures 159, b, c.

Fig. 159, Male, Truckee, Cal., June 26, 1893; Author.

150 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

b, Female, Truckee, Cal., June 27, 1893 ; Author.

c, Female underside, Truckee, Cal., June 2-], 1893;

Author.

McGlashani is a trifle more red on fore wings than Chalcedon,
but the species might easily be mistaken for Chalcedon, as the sys-
tem of markings is similar on each. These examples were taken
by me in the typical locality of the species, which is quite local.

The larvae feed on a species of pentstemon, a small plant less
than a foot in height, and on which I have secured eggs in abun-
dance, by confining the mature female in a small gauze bag, over
the plant.

160. Melitasa Olancha, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XVIII; Figures 160, b.

Fig. 160, Male, Olancha Peak, Cal., August, 1891 ; F.
Stephens,
b, Female, underside, same place and same date.

Expanse, i^ to 1% : black ; red marginal lunules to all wings ;
large chalky-white spots, on the Chalcedon plan, with four red
spots on the costal half of fore wing ; hind wing has three rows of
chalky-white spots ; basal area very black, with three or four small
white spots. Underside, all spots chalky-white, arranged as in
Chalcedon. all, except at inner angle of fore wing, lightly out-
lined with black ; on fore wing, between cell and apices, a large
black oval transverse spot.

A high mountain species, the highest known to me, taken at
about 1 1 ,000 feet elevation, on Olancha Peak, some thirty miles
south of Mt. \\'hitney ; a most difficult region ; on the dividing
line between the desert and the wooded, mountainous region of
the crest of the Sierra Nevadas. Taken by Mr. Stephens, the
California mammalogist and ornithologist.

161. Melitaea Editha.

Plate XVIII. Figures 161, a, b.

Fig. 161, Male, Tahoe, Cal., no data; received from Prof.
J. J. Rivers.

a, Male, underside, Tahoe, Cal., no data ; received

from Prof. J. J. Rivers.

b. Female, Tahoe, Cal, June 29, 1892; Author.
Editha and Rubicunda, the next species, are closely allied ; the

chief difference seems to be in the tint of the red color; Editha

GENUS MELIT^A 151

spots are pale, or yellowish-red, and Rubicunda is a deeper, redder
red. I have placed these allied species close together here for
convenience of comparison, as always, through the book, where-
ever possible. Editha is smaller in size, and all the spots on upper
side are relatively larger, so that Rubicunda has a darker appear-
ance.

Editha ranges from Yosemite, north to the Oregon line, along
the eastern base of the Sierra Nevadas. I have it from Madeleine
Plains, in Northeastern California, taken by Mr. Stephens.

162. Melitaea Rubicunda.

Plate XVIII : Figures 162, b, c.

Fig. 162, Male, Russian River Valley, Cal., June 10, 1894 ;
Author.

b. Female, Russian River Valley, Cal., June 10,

1894: Author.

c. Female, underside, Russian River Vallev, Cal.,

June 10, 1894; Author.
The most common Melitaea of Northern California, flying in
uncounted millions all over the northern parts of California,
chiefly on the plains and hills, not so commonly on the higher
mountains. Larger than Editha, and looks blacker because the
red and yellow spots are smaller and do not cover so much of the
black ; and the red spots are of a deeper red color, as stated in
Editha. Rubicunda is affected with the same variability as de-
lineated in Dwinelli, where the fore wing is suffused with a
brownish-yellow ; I have specimens of this variation, but do not
think them worthy of a place here, having already figured a simi-
lar suffusion.

163. Melitasa Sierra, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Pl.\te XVIII : Figures 163, b, c.

Fig. 163, Male, Sierra Nevadas, July, 1892; Author.

b. Female, Sierra Nevadas, July, 1892; Author.

c. Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas, July, 1892 ;

Author.

Size, large: expanse, if^ to 2 inches; very red in color, both
wings nearly covered with pale red, and most of the bufify spots
overwashed with the red, the female particularly being very red,
even the base of hind wings is invaded with a large red spot, so

152 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

that it is half red. On underside, both wings are evenly covered
with same tint of pale red, and all huffy spots faintly outlined with
black.

This charming red beauty I found on the slope of the moun-
tains, at an altitude of about 5,000 or 6,000 feet. It is apparently
a member of the Editha group, with the same plan of markings,
but two or three steps redder, being, in fact, the reddest large
Melitsea that is known to me. It is rather active in flight for a
Melitaea, and led the hunter a lively race. I have much pleasure
in presenting these illustrations of this exquisite new species, and
in introducing to the public this new and hitherto unknown mem-
ber of the butterfly family.

164. Melitaea Taylori.

Plate XVIII ; Figures 164, b, Male and Female ; Vane.
Island, July, 1890; Author.
This is a northern species, belonging to the Rubicunda group,
but much smaller in size, and the red and buffy spots are much
more sharply cut and distinct than Rubicunda, so that the colors
look bright and contrasty. It is abundant in the Puget Sound
country, on Vancouver Island, and on the mainland adjoining.

165. Melitaea Anicia. Not elsewhere illustrated in America.

Plate XIX; Figure 165, Male; no data, from Colorado;
T. L. Mead.

Anicia inhabits the Great Basin between the Rocky Mountains
and the Sierra Nevadas, and in the more northern countries along
the Canadian border it is said to come west into Washington and
British Columbia, but I have never taken it myself in any part of
the West Coast territory.

This species has several different forms, and to illustrate them
I will figure four of the different varieties, those which are most
likely to be met with in our West Coast mountains, namely, Anicia,
Wheeleri, Brucei, and Beani. All of these forms are strictly
mountain butterflies, with a high altitude habitat.

This figure of Anicia is a good illustration of the male ; the
female is larger and paler, as in all Melitsas. Although this is one
of the very oldest species to become known, singular to say. it has
not before this been illustrated in America.

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate XVIII.

lOPtBIOHTED 190S, D) A. G

i.WI.K.(,*.S tOiClHTIPE CO. , LMlCAliG

GENUS MELIT;EA 153

i66. Melitasa Wheeleri. Not illustrated elsewhere.

Pl,\te XIX ; Fig. i66, Male, from Colorado ; Dr. Barnes.
This has by one or two writers been classed as a variety of
Nubigena, but it belongs here, as a variety of Anicia. It is pecu-
liar in having a creamy base to the hind wings, this part being
almost universally black in all buterflies, and this is about the only
exception to the rule. Wheeleri may be looked for on the Sierra
Nevadas, and any of the higher mountains of Oregon and Wash-
ington, and in the Yellowstone Park.

167. Melitaea Brucei. Not illustrated elsewhere.

Pl.\te XIX; Fig. 167, Female, Rocky Mountains of Colo-
rado; D. Bruce.
This is another of the varieties of Anicia; it comes from the
high mountains of Colorado, and is likely to be met with on the
higher elevations of the Northwestern States, Wyoming, Idaho,
Oregon and Washington. Little is known about it; indeed, I am
not aware that any collector but Mr. Bruce ever took the variety;
he first found it and it was named for him.

168. Melitaea Beani.

Pl.'^te XIX ; Figure 168, Rocky Mountains of Alberta ;
from Dr. Barnes.
This, the third and last variety that I shall illustrate of the dif-
ferent forms of Anicia, is found on the eastern slope of the Rocky
Mountains along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, well
up on the alpine peaks. Found by, and named for, Mr. Bean, an
official of the road in that region. It is very dark, as befits a cold
mountain species. Presumably it will sooner or later be found on
some of the mountains of the western slope, in British Columbia
or Washington.

169. Melitasa Augusta.

Plate XIX ; Figures 169, b, c.

Fig. 169, Male, Potato Canyon, Cal., April 22, 1890;
Author.

b, Female, San Bernardino Mts., May, 1886;

Author.

c, Female, San Bernardino ]\Its., June, 1903;

Author.

154 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Augusta is a local, southern ^lelitsea, and is known only from
the southern counties of the State of California, and especially
from the three counties of San Diego, Riverside, and San Ber-
nardino, in which counties it is quite abundant in the proper sea-
son, particularly along the sea coast of San Diego County, and
in the mountains of San Bernardino County. I believe it to be
more abundant in the Mexican State of Baja California than in
any place in the State of California.

There are three broods ; an early one from chrysalides that have
wintered over in the pupa state, and two later ones, the last one,
in June, forming the chrysalides that will winter over for emer-
gence in the early spring of the next year. The early brood is
much smaller, and is markedly darker in color, especially on the
fore wings, insomuch that at some future day it may be known
by a separate name, as a seasonal form of Augusta ; this early,
dark form is not represented on the plate. In it, the black of fore
wings is broadened or emphasized at the expense of the red and
white.

This species was discovered by the Author in the foothills about
San Bernardino, and in 1890 Mr. Edwards named it for Mrs.
Wright, who had then passed on to the butterfly lands of the
next world.

The larval food-plant, as ascertained by Mrs. Brandegee, of
San Diego, is Plantago patagonica, a small, grass-like plant only
two to four inches high. I have myself never been able to observe
the ovipositing of the eggs or the feeding of the larvae.

170. Melitaea Augustina, n. v. Not illustrated elsewhere.

Plate XIX; Figures 170, a, S. B. Mts., April, 1891 ;
Author.
Augustina was taken with Augusta at a time and place when
there were no other Melitasas in flight, and undoubtedly it is a
variety or aberration of Augusta. As the specimen is unique, I
had to detach the left wings in order to show the underside ; the
photographic figure shows a very singular plan of markings,
unlike anything I have ever seen elsewhere. The example is male ;
and males are seldom liable to aberration or variation, but it has
the appearance of an aberration, being almost too extreme for a
merely variant form. I have named it "the little Augusta."

GENUS MELIT.EA 155

171. Melitaea Nubigena.
Plate XIX: Figures 171, a.

Fig. 171, Male, Colorado, no data; received from D.
Bruce,
a, Male, underside, no data ; received from D.
Bruce.
Nubigena is a mountain butterfly, inhabiting the Rocky Moun-
tains and the mountains of the Great Basin, in Utah, X'^evada, and
all the States to the north, and the southern provinces of Can-
ada. I do not know that it has ever been taken in any of the West
Coast States proper, but it is very probable that it may be found
in the mountains of Idaho and of Eastern Oregon and Washing-
ton.

l\ Capella, Barnes, a variety of Nubigena, occurring in Colo-
rado, has been named Capella, but I know nothing of it. Pre-
sumably it is a local form, not coming to the West Coast region.

172. Melitaea Helvia.

No figure.
Helvia was taken at Ramparts, on the Yukon River, probably in
the year 1868; the collector's name is unknown to me; but one
specimen was taken, and that one is supposed to have been lost in
the great fire at Chicago, so as it never was figured, it is lost com-
pletely. For, in a complex genus like Melitxa a description in
words only will scarcely suffice to hold the name.

173. Melitaea Sterope.

No figure.
"Size, 1.80 to 1.90. Blackish-brown above, with light mark-
ings. Beneath, hind wings, marginal crescents with edging of
black on both sides, and within this row is a black band that con-
tains a series of yellowish dots, each white-pupilled ; base, yellow-
ish, with six white spots." As this is a species quite unknown to
me, I have given the main points of the description. I have hunted
butterflies in Oregon a good deal, but I never happened to meet
this butterfly. It has never been figured.

174. Melitaea Gabbi.

Plate XIX; Figures 174, b, c.

Fig. 174, Male, Southern California, 1885; Author.

b. Female, Southern California, 1899; Author.

c, Female, underside, Southern California, 1903 ;

Author.

156 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Gabbi is a southern species, being found in southern California
and in the southern parts of Nevada, and Utah, and in Arizona.
It is the first one of the three "pearly spots," the light spots on the
underside of hind wing being so lustrous that they might almost
be called silver. This pearly luster is not properly shown on the
plate, as it is one of those things that cannot be caught by the
photographic process.

Gabbi is an early spring bird, very slow and gentle in flight,
and stopping often to rest, alighting on the ground and waving
its wings wide open, as if enjoying itself greatly. It frequents
the foothills and the lower canyons and open valleys, but is never
seen on the hilltops or in exposed places.

175. Melitaea Acastus.

Plate XIX ; Figures 175, b, c.

Fig. 175, Male, Pasco, Eastern Washington, July, 1891 ;
Author.

b, Female, Pasco, Eastern Washington, July, 1891 ;

Author.

c. Female, underside, Pasco, Eastern Washington,

July, 1891 ; Author.
This species is of more northern habitat than Gabbi ; it is not
seen south of the Tehachapi Mountains. I have taken it on the
Tehachapi, and the Greenhorns, and thence northward to the
plains of Eastern Washington ; and as the conditions hold good,
it is likely to go far north into the provinces of Canada at the
eastern base of the Rocky Mountains.

176. Melitaea Palla.

Plate XIX ; Figures 176, b, c.

Fig. 176, Male, Sierra Nevadas of Central California, July,
1892 ; Author.

b. Female, Summit, Cal., June 30, 1892 ; Author.

c. Female, imderside. Summit, Cal., June 30, 1892;

Author.
Palla is a still more northern species than the last ; it flies from
the mountains of Central California through all the intermediate
countries to Alaska at St. Michaels. The spots of underside are
less pearly than the two preceding species. It is altogether a
mountain flyer and is not seen in the plains and valleys of the
States, but, of course, it flies on the plains at the far north.

Butterflies of the West Coast

Plate XIX.

COPyfl'GHTED 190S, BV W G WHIGHT.

tftlCAn COLORTIPE CO., < MK AGO

GENUS MELIT^A 157

177. Melitasa Whitneyi.

Plate XIX; Figures 177, b, c.

Fig. 177, Male, Summit, Cal, June 28, 1892; Author.

b, Female, Summit, Cal., June 28, 1892; Author.

c. Female, underside. Summit, Cal., June 28, 1892 ;

Author.

This is a mountain butterfly like the two preceding, but its range
is quite limited as compared with those two ; it is common about
Lake Tahoe, and it comes as far south as the Greenhorn Moun-
tains, and it is also common in Nevada, or at least, that part of
Nevada that lies next to California; it is not known far to the east
of the Sierra Nevada range of mountains.

178. Melitasa Eremita, n. s. Not illustrated elsewhere.
Plate XIX; Figures 178, b, c.

Fig. 178, Male, Central California, June, 1894; Author.

b. Female, Central California, June, 1894 ; Author.

c. Female, underside. Central California, June,

1894; Author.

Expanse, 1.60 to 1.85; ground-color, brownish-black; a thin
marginal line of red spots, and a sub-marginal line of small or-
ange angled or lunular spots across both wings, an inner line
or row across both wings of yellow or red ; discal band of yellow-
ish oval spots ; base, black with obsolescent spots. Beneath, fore
wing marked after the pattern of Whitneyi, but clearer and with
more black, the hind wing after the pattern of Whitneyi, and with
the row of red spots outside the mesial band ocellated with yellow.

This fine new species was taken by me in a hilly region in Cen-
tral California. These two examples are all that were taken,
perhaps because at the time I did not realize the value of the
prize that had fallen to my net. The right-hand wings of the
female were broken off to show the underside, as I have no other
specimen. I have named it The Hermit because it kept itself hid-
den so long, in a favorite butterfly hunting ground.

179. Melitaea Hermosa, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XIX; Figures 179, b, c.

Fig. 179, Male, Southern Arizona, July, 1891 ; Author.

b. Female, Southern Arizona, June, 1889; Author.

c, Male, underside, Southern Arizona, June, 1889;

Author.

158 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Euxpanse, 1.60 to 1.80. Both wings salmon-red color, with
markings of black and of pale bufif, and in the male, of white.
Margins reddish ; the male has two sub-marginal rows of white
spots on a black ground on fore wing, with several costal and
cellular white spots, and all the other spots are salmon or flesh-
color. The female has no white spots, all the spots on the female,
and on hind wing of male, are pale flesh or buffy. Beneath, the
spots of the male are white, with black lines, on a reddish ground.

This elegant new species was taken by the Author in Southern
Arizona, as noted above, and these three, together with three other
males, have stood in my cabinet all these years, labeled, "n. s.,
undescribed," patiently awaiting this opportunity of displaying
their beauties to the world. The colors of the ornamentation are
different from any other Melitaea ; the red is paled to salmon or
flesh color, and the yellow to nearly white. It is indeed a peculiar
thing, and one that only Arizona could furnish.

The name Hermosa is used as signifying handsome or beautiful,
for as I look at butterflies, this is the most exquisite Melitaea that
flies in America today.

180. Melitaea Colonia, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Pl.me XX ; Figures 180, a, b.
Fig. 180, Male, Mt. Hood, Oregon, August, 1891 ; Author.

a, Male, underside, Mt. Hood, Oregon, August,

1891 ; Author.

b, Female, Mt. Hood, Oregon, August, 1891 ;

Author.

Expanse, 1.50 to 1.55; ground color, black; a marginal series
of red lunules on both wings, confluent in the female ; a sub-mar-
ginal line of buff-and-red linear dots across fore wings ; an inner
sub-marginal row of buff spots across both wings ; inside, another
row of red spots ; followed by the discal series of buff, and the
red and buff spots in the black base. Beneath, fore wings reddish,
with buff spots, not obsolete at base ; on hind wings the outer
series of buff spots is immediately followed by a red series, con-
fluent, forming a red band, and moreover, on upper side of female
hind wings, as well as on both sexes beneath, this red band reaches
inward and covers a third part of the usual mesial band of buff
spots, a peculiar feature, and not seen in any other Melitaea known
to me.

GENUS MELIT.EA 159

The types of Colon and this species being from the same place,
I have named this smaller and more beautiful one The Little Sis-
ter of Colon. Only these two figured examples were taken ; there-
fore, to show the peculiar overflow of the red over the buff, I had
to detach the left-hand wings of the male, for use on this plate.

i8i. Melitaea Sabina, n. s. Never before figured.

Pl.\te XX; Figure i8i. Female, Catalina Mountains; Ari-
zona ; Carpenter.

Expanse, 1.65; all wings pale reddish, broadly spotted with
large buffy-red spots, after the pattern of Palla, which seems to be
its closest relative. Beneath, the spots on hind wing are pearly-
white, like all the species of the Palla group.

This example was taken in the Catalina Mountains of South-
ern Arizona, by Mr. Carpenter, the exact date unknown, and sent
to me by W. H. Edwards, in 1889, with the injunction to "look
it up and publish it, as it is certainly a new species." It is a very
old and worn specimen, and for years I hoped to get others like it,
but it has remained all these years in my cabinet, alone, as I have
never seen another like it. The ornamentation is peculiar.

I have named it Sabina, after the canyon where it was taken, in
the Catalina Mountains.

182. Melitaea Hoffmanni.

Pl^vte XX ; Figures 182, b, c.

Fig. 182, Male, Sierra Nevadas of California, July, 1892;
Author.

b, Female, Sierra Nevadas of California, July,

1892 ; Author.

c. Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas of California,

July, 1892 ; Author.

Hoffmanni is a mountain species, frequenting the little valleys
about the high mountains. It is said to be found in the moun-
tains of nearly all the States of the Great Basin, between the Sierra
Nevadas and the Rocky Mountains. It is the mountebank among
butterflies, as it has all sorts of disguises and masks, showing many
strange variations and aberrations, two of which are depicted here
following.

160 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

183. Melitasa Abnorma, n. v. Xot elsewhere figured.
Plate XX; Figure 183, Female; b, same, underside,

Truckee, Cal., June, 1893 ; Author.
This is doubtless an aberration or extraordinary form of the
preceding, Hoffmanni, as it seems to bear the hall-mark of that
species, but it was found in a different habitat, as I have never
taken any Hoffmanni at this particular locaUtv'.

184. Melitaea Mirabilis, n. v. Xot illustrated elsewhere.
Plate XX ; Figures 184, Female ; b, same, underside.

Lake County, Cal., May, 1894; Author.
This marvelous thing is perhaps another and an extreme aber-
ration of Hoffmanni, though the locality of capture is some two
hundred miles away from any known habitat of Hoffmanni ; still,
as in the preceding figure, it seems to bear the face of a Hoff-
manni, and so I consider it an aberration of that species.

185. Melitaea Cyneas. Xot elsewhere illustrated.

Plate XX ; Figure 185, Female, Huachuca Mts. of Ari-
zona ; Dr. Barnes.
This is properly a Mexican species, as it only enters American
territory a little at the southern boundary of Arizona.

186. Melitasa Leona, n. v. X'ot elsewhere illustrated.
Pl.\te XX; Figures 186, b.

Fig. 186, Female, San Rafael, Cal., June, 1894; Author.

b. Female, underside, San Rafael, Cal., June, 1894;
Author.

Expanse, 1.90: The general appearance of the upper side is
that of a melanic Leanira, the buff spots on fore wing smaller,
and on hind wings obsolete or wanting ; on underside the yellow-
ish spots are quite unlike, as the curved row of six round spots is
absent altogether.

Leona appears to be a variety of Leanira, was taken in the terri-
tory of Leanira, incidentally, by the roadside, while passing
through the country on a camping butterfly hunt, in fact, was
supposed to be a Leanira until it was examined, later, at camp.
The example is unique, and, as in several other cases, one pair of
wings had to be detached in order to show the underside, because
in this butterfly, as in most instances, the marked variation is on
the underside.

GEXUS MELIT.EA 161

187. Melitaea Leanira. Not correctly illustrated elsewhere.
Plate XX ; Figures 187, b, c.

Fig. 187, Male, no data, unknowTi collector.

b. Female, Northern CaHfomia, 1880? O. T. Baron.

c, Female, underside, Lake County, Cal., June,

1892; Author.

This figure of the male was obtained by me from an unknown
collector at San Francisco, and is given here because of its small
size, it being the smallest I have seen ; the figures of the females
are of large sized examples, showing a wide variation. Leanira
flies in Northern California, and is the most northern member of
this group. It is rather solitary in habit, and is never found com-
monly or in numbers, as many kinds are ; this feature holds good
also with the other members of this group, that they are scatter-
ing, and nowhere abundant.

The group consists of Leanira. Wrighti, Cerrita, Alma. Cyneas
should be included if it were an American species : also the varie-
ties Leona, previously illustrated, and Obsoleta, from the Rocky
Mountains.

188. Melitaa Wrighti.

Plate XX : Figures 188. b, c.

Fig. 188, ^lale. Little Mountain, So. Cal., March 25, 1895 ;
Author.

b. Female, Riche Canyon. April 10, 1882 : Author.

c, Female, underside. Foothills, S. B. Mountains,

1885 ; Author.
This is the Southern California representative of this group,
being more abundant here than elsewhere, and not extending far
from this particular region. It flies in spring and summer, but
is not seen on the wing in the later months. Not common anv-
where. and only occasionally taken under the best circumstances.

189. Melitssa Cerrita, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XX ; Figures 189. a, b.

Fig. 189. ]\Iale, Southern California. May 19. 1896;
Author.

a, Male, underside. Southern California, Mav 19,

1896: Author.

b. Female, Southern California. May 19, 1896;

Author.

162 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Expanse, 1.20 to 1.50: Orange ground, paler in the male, with
indefinite blackish markings after the pattern of Wrighti, and
with whitish spots ; veins bordered blackish, heavily so in the
female. Beneath, fore wing is paler orange, spots light, obsolete ;
hind wing, white ground with scattering scales of brown ; black
band near base, as in Wrighti, enclosing a sub-quadrangular
white spot ; a narrow, blackish, mesial band enclosing six sub-
quadrangular white spots.

This seems to be the southern, sub-tropical member of this
group, and is allied to Alma, being redder, spots more obsolescent,
white, not yellow, basal area not yellow, and all black markings
indefinite.

The pair of examples here figured are uniques ; they were taken
while I was hunting for Wrighti, and in company with that
species.

190. Melitasa Alma.

Xo figure.
Only one male and one female known, one of them from Nor-
thern Arizona and the other from Southern Utah. The male is
figured in Strecker's Rho.-Het., Plate XV, 1876. According to
those figures Alma is patterned similar to Cerrita ; the upper side
is orange, with lighter, yellow spots, sharp edged black markings,
base black and bright yellow ; on underside the fore wing is col-
ored same as the upper side, with heavy yellow and black mark-
ings about same as on upper side, and very much heavier than on
Cerrita ; the hind wing is light-yellow, not white, like Cerrita ; the
base is clear yellow, without the sub-basal band of black, or any
spots or markings whatever similar to the black on Cerrita.

191. Melitasa Nympha.
Plate XX; Figure 191.

Fig. 191, Male, Southern Arizona; H. K. Morrison, 1880?
Nympha is properly a Mexican species, coming into American
territory only along the Southern Arizona border.

192. Melitsa Belli.

Plate XX; Figure 192.

Fig. 192, JMale, Southern Arizona, 1880? H. K. Morrison.

This little Melitasa flies in Arizona and Texas. I have never

seen it in flight ; this example was sent to me by that reliable col-

Butterflies of the West Coast

Plate XX.

COPYRIGHTED 190S, B* W. G. WHrQhT

>PE CO .CHICAGO

GENUS MELIT^A 163

lector, Mr. Morrison, under this name of Bolli, but I believe that
it is the same as the next species, Thekla ; if so, as Thekla was
named seven years earlier than Bolli, the latter name must be
dropped.

193. Melitaea Thekla.
Plate XX; Figure 193.

Fig. 193, Southeastern Arizona, 1880 ( ?) ; H. K. Alorrison.
From the same locality, and evidently the same species as the
preceding. This is, I think, a female, and evidently makes a good
pair, so that I should say the name Bolli should be merged into
Thekla. I have retained both names because all the catalogues
contain both, and I am seeking to depict things as I find them.

194. Melitaea Minuta.

Plate XX ; Figures 194, b, c.

Fig. 194, Male, Southern Arizona, 1880? H. K. Morrison.

b. Female, Southern Arizona, 1880? H. K. Morri-

son.

c, Female, underside. Southern Arizona, 1880? H.

K. Morrison.
This is another species from the southern part of the Great
Basin country, where so many species are found that more prop-
erly belong in jMexico. Alinuta is said to fly to Colorado, and
New Mexico.

195. Melitaea Chara.

Plate XX ; Figures 195, b.

Fig. 195, Male, Colorado Desert, April, 1891 ; Author.
b. Female, Colorado Desert, April, 1891 ; Author.
The word chara signifies "joy" ; this charming little butterfly is,
therefore, appropriately named. Chara lives in semi-desert places,
or, perhaps, it would be more correct to say that it lives in little
fertile nooks and bye-places which are surrounded by deserts and
desert mountains, in Southeastern California, Nevada, Utah,
Colorado and Arizona. The pattern of ornamentation is very
similar to that of Minuta. though the butterfly is of much smaller
size.

The larval food-plant of Chara is Beleperone Californica, a bush
three to five feet high, and bearing showy red flowers ; the flowers
are used as a dye by the Indians.

164 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

196. Melitaea Perse.

Plate XX; Figure 196.

Fig. 196, Male, Southern Arizona, 1880? H. K. Morrison.
This is another, and the last, of those Mexican species that
sometimes come over the border into America, and are found
alons; the line in Arizona.

Genus PHYCIODES.

This genus is similar to the Melitaea, and at one time the Phyci-
odes were classed in with the Melitaeas. The Phyciodes are all of
them about the same size, none very small nor any large, and all
look much alike, as you see by Plate XXI.

All the species are fond of feeding on flowers. They are of
gentle flight, stopping often to rest. When resting on the ground
or on twigs they have a habit of holding their wings out flat and
waving them up and down, as if fanning themselves.

Nearly all of the species are valley and foothill inhabitants, only
one of them going up into the mountains to any great height.

The sexes are so dissimilar that the ornamentation affords usu-
ally sufficient identification ; the more technical points are similar
to the Melitaea genus.

The food-plants are not very well understood, and are noted in
the species paragraphs, wherever known, as the known plants are
of widely separated genera, in which point the Phyciodes are
somewhat out of the ordinary, as they should apparently use plants
of a particular order, as do the Melitaeas. But their ways are not
as the Melitaeas' ways.

197. Phyciodes Nycteis.

Plate XXI ; Figure 197.

Fig. 197, Male, underside, Minnesota, 1880; H. Strecker.
The figure is a male of the eastern species Nycteis, that flies
from New England to Maryland, and west to the Rocky Moun-
tains, not being known to the westward of that range. It is shown
here to show the difference between it and the Western form taken
by me at Pasco, Eastern Washington ; this latter being shown at
Fig. a, following.

GENUS PHYCIODES 165

198. Phyciodes Pascoensis, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXI ; Figures 198, a.

Fig. 198, Male, May 10, 1890 ; Author.

a, Male, underside, May 10, 1890; Author.

Pascoensis is the Western Nycteis. The upperside is very simi-
lar to Nycteis, being a little less dark, as the black markings are
less broad. On the underside the dark markings and clouds are
obsolescent and faint, and much less obvious than in Nycteis, as is
well shown on the plate.

The female of Nycteis is much larger than the male, and is also
differently and more strikingly marked, insomuch that it looks like
another species ; so, when the female of Pascoensis is found it will
probably be much larger than this figure of Pascoensis, much
handsomer, and so different that you may think it another and
larger species ; but at present the female of Pascoensis is not
known.

Pascoensis will be found over all the interior, semi-arid region
of Eastern Washington and Oregon and Idaho.

Food-plant : Actinomeris, probably.

199. Phyciodes Tharos.
Plate XXI ; Figures 199, a.

Fig. 199, Male, Southern Arizona, 1885 ; Author.

a, Male, underside, Lower California, 1896 ; F.
Stephens.
Tharos is considered an eastern species, but of late, say since
1892, it has become common, or at least, occasional, all over Ari-
zona and Southern California. I have specimens from Northern
and Southern Arizona, Yuma, the Mexican State of Baja Cali-
fornia, at the head of the Gulf of California, and as far north as
Santa Barbara ; none of them differ from the eastern species. This
fact establishes the point that a species can be the same, east and
west ; therefore, when forms do differ, they should be recognized
as different, and have separate names, as in the case of the preced-
ing, Nycteis and Pascoensis.

Food-plant : Actinomeris helianthoides.

200. Phyciodes Marcia.

Plate XXI ; Figures 200, b, c.

Fig. 200, Male, San Bernardino, Cal., October, 1894;
Author.

166 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

b, Female, San Bernardino, CaL, October, 1896;

Author.

c. Female, underside, San Bernardino, Cal., Octo-

ber, 1896; Author.
This species, like the preceding, Tharos, used to be thought an
Eastern species, but it is now found over the same territory as is
Tharos. Marcia was once called the winter form of Tharos, but
on this Coast they both appear at all times of the season, so that
the old theory of seasonal forms does not hold good ; and I see no
reason why the one is not just as good a species as the other. Cer-
tainly, neither form is a seasonal variety of the other, here on the
West Coast.

201. Phyciodes Pratensis.

Plate XXI: Figures 201, b, c.

Fig. 201, Male, Lake County, Cal., June, 1894; Author.

b. Female, Oregon, 1892 ; Author.

c. Female, underside, Helena, Mont., June, 1891 ;

Author.
Pratensis is a widely-diffused species, of rather northern habi-
tat, as it never comes south of the latitude of San Francisco, so
far as I know, although it is credited to Arizona, but erroneously,
I think. At one time Pratensis stood for a good part of all the
varied species of Phyciodes on the West Coast, and any new form
was set down as "one of the endless varieties of Pratensis," by a
certain learned gentleman of the East, who could not believe that
there was room for more than one species, in all this vast West-
ern country.

202. Phyciodes Orseis.

Plate XXI ; Figures 202, b, c.

Fig. 202, Male, Ellensburg, Wash., May, 1890; Author.

b. Female, Tehachapi Mountains, So. Cal., 1892;

Author.

c. Female, underside, Ellensburg, Wash., May,

1890; Author.
Orseis enjoys a vast range. It is a mountain form in the south-
ern part of its range, as in the Tehachapi Mountains, and in Ari-
zona and Mexico, but it inhabits the plains and lowlands in the
more northern countries. It has the same type of markings as
Pratensis, but is much darker on the upper side ; and much lighter

GENUS PHYCIODES 167

on the underside, being a smooth, pale yellow beneath. Some
writers have theorized that Orseis was a mountain form of Pra-
tensis, but Orseis flies a thousand miles south of any locality of
Pratensis.

203. Phyciodes Camillus.

Plate XXI ; Figures 203, b, c.

Fig. 203, Male, Pendleton, Oregon, July, 1890; Author.

b, Female, Colorado, no data, 1886? Nash.

c, Female, underside, Tucson, z^rizona, June, 1893;

F. Stephens.

This common species covers the whole country west of the
Rocky Mountains, from ^Mexico to Canada, with a probable over-
flow to the north and to the south, with the exception that it is not
found on the immediate Coast near the Pacific Ocean. Like most
wide-spread species, examples from widely separated localities
vary somewhat, but on the whole, it is quite constant and uniform
in its appearance.

Food-plant : Aster, various species.

204. Phyciodes Mylitta.

Pl.\te XXI I Figures 204, b, c.

Fig. 204, Male, Portland, Oregon, June, 1891 ; Author.

b. Female, San Bernardino, Cal., May, 1897;

Author.

c, Female, underside, San Bernardino. Cal., June,

1899; Author.

Mylitta resembles the preceding in a good degree, but is much
lighter having fewer dark spots, and the ornamentation is inclined
to be indistinct or obsolescent. The range of Mylitta is about the
same as that of Camillus ; I have taken it near the Mexican line
on the south and at Puget Sound at the north, and in Montana ;
and it goes eastward to Colorado. It differs from Camillus in that
it flies to the edge of the sea, and does not go far up into the
mountains, even at the south.

Food-plant : Carduus, thistles.

204a. Phyciodes Barnesi.

Pl.\te XXI ; Figures 204a, aa.
Fig. 204a, aa, Colorado, no data, from Dr. Barnes.
In Colorado is found "a large, pale, Mvlitta," that is named

V;

168 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

for Dr. Barnes. It is called a variety of Mylitta, but I think it
will yet be recognized as a species. It is not known to the west-
ward of Colorado, at present, but it is likely to be found up to
the eastern base of the Sierra Nevadas, and, therefore, I give it
place here. It will some day be found in Eastern Oregon and
Washington.

205. Phyciodes Montana.

Pl.\te XXI ; Figures 205, b, c.

Fig. 205, Male, Sierra Nevada Heights, 7,000 feet, 1892;
Author.

b, Female, Sierra Nevada Heights, 7,000 feet,

1892 ; Author.

c. Female, underside, Sierra Nevada Heights, 7,000

feet, 1892; Author.
This, of all Phyciodes, is the high mountain species, not flying
at a less elevation than 6,000 feet, and from that up to 9,000 feet.
It is mostly found on the Sierra Nevadas of California ; I have
never taken it on any other mountains, though there is no visible
reason why it should not be taken in Oregon and Washington.

206. Phyciodes Picta.

Plate XXI ; Figures 206, b, c.

Fig. 206, Male, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, July,
1892 ; F. Stephens.

b, Female, Greaterville, Arizona, June, 1885;

Author.

c. Female, underside, Santa Rita Mountains, July,

1892 ; Stephens.
Picta is a species belonging to the Middle West, being found
in Nebraska, and thence south through the Rocky Mountain re-
gion to the Santa Ritas of Southern Arizona, which is, so far as
I know, the most western locality, the only point upon the West-
ern slope inhabitated by this butterfly.

Genus ERESIA.

Only one species of Eresia is found on the West Coast; and
that one is found only in Arizona along the Mexican line, at
Yuma and other points on the Lower Colorado River.

GENUS SYNCH LOE 169

207. Eresia Texana.

Plate XXI ; Figure 207.

Fig. 207, Male, Phcenix, Arizona, July, 1885 ; Author.
This species is abundant in Southern Arizona, which locality is
its most northern point. It is of gentle flight, and easily caught.
It has but small interest for West Coast people. I have found
it verv common at Mazatlan, in the winter.

Genus SYNCHLOE.

All are medium sized butterflies ; of black or orange colors.
Most Synchloes are of semi-tropical habitat ; nearly all Ameri-
can species are from Texas, and only one comes west as far as
California, so that the list for the West Coast is a short one, and
Synchloe has but little interest for the butterfly hunter of the West
Coast.

The sex-marks are as in Melitcea.

Food-plant of all the species is Helianthus, the common sun-
flower.

208. Synchloe Lacinia.

Plate XXI ; Figure 208.

Fig. 208, Male, Southern Arizona, June, 1885; Author.
This butterfly is credited with being the most variable species
in America, being very inconstant, and showing all possible varia-
tions. The forms figured here and numbered 208, 209, 210, and
211, are supposed to be really but varying forms of one species
only ; I cannot say that the three higher numbers are forms of the
first, for that first one may be as properly called a form of some
one of the others. But each form can and should have a name of
its own, whether it may be closely or but remotely related to some
other.

209. Synchloe Crocale.

Plate XXI ; Figure 209.

Fig. 209, Male, Phoenix, Arizona, 1885 ; Author.

This is the best known and representative form of the Arizona

species of Synchloe. It is very abundant among the jungles of

the sunflower about Phoenix, and can be caught in any quantity.

You will get there all of these three forms, this and the two fol-

170 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

lowing, and you will scarcely find half a dozen examples alike, but
each runs into the other, as is the case with variant forms every-
where.

210. Synchloe Rufescens.
Plate XXI ; Figure 210.

Fig. 210, Male, Phoenix, Arizona, June, 1885; Author.
This name is published as the name of the form with small
orange spots on both wings, the small outer points being white.
The figure here is an average one ; and of course there are many
examples that will be difficult to assign to either name ; that is to
be expected in all cases.

211. Synchloe Nigrescens.

Plate XXI ; Figure 211.

Fig. 211, Female, Phoenix, Arizona, June, 1885; Author.
This name is given to those specimens that are nearly devoid
of spots of any color, especially on the hind wing, so that the
whole surface is nearly black. I have never seen a Crocale that
did not show more or less spots ; this figured example is a good
sample of those that are as black as can well be found.

212. Synchloe Californica, n. s. Never before illustrated.
Plate XXI ; Figures 212, a, b, bb, c.

Fig. 212, Light colored Male, Colorado Desert, April 2,
1892 ; Author.

a, Dark colored Male, Colorado Desert, 1893 ; F.

Stephens.

b, Light Female, Colorado Desert, April, 1890;

Author,
bb. Dark Female, Colorado Desert, April, 1895 ;
Author.

c, Female, underside, Colorado Desert, April. 1895 ;

Author.

Expanse, 1.40 to 1.70: Color, yellowish-orange on both wings;
brownish black at base to costa, with variable yellowish spots ; a
blackish sub-marginal band across both wings, containing six or
seven whitish dots on each wing; a yellowish maculate marginal
band around both wings, cut by the nervures. Beneath, similar
to upperside.

This is a new species, discovered by the Author nearly fifteen
years ago, and now first published and figured, as it has been held

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate XXI.

COPvniCHTED 1905, BT W G WRIGHT

ERICAN COLOflTYPE CO , CHICAGO

GENUS GRAPTA 171

in abeyance awaiting the publication of this book. This new
species is very different from any other known Synchloe ; and it
is a departure from the Arizona tangle of the species of the inter-
grading, Crocale type, for it is quite true and constant, not dif-
fering essentially at any point ; in fact, these examples here fig-
ured are the extreme forms, illustrated to show the outside varia-
tions.

It is, so far as now known, an exclusively Californian species,
not having been taken in Arizona, or any other State, nor in
Mexico.

The food-plant has not been positively determined, but presum-
ably it is helianthus.

Genus GRAPTA.

All Graptas that are found in Western America are very similar
in size and in appearance on the upper side, insomuch that fre-
quently you can scarcely tell a species by the upper side alone ;
but by the underside the determination is chiefly to be made. No
small sized Graptas are known anywhere. All Graptas are noted
for the deeply-excavated margin of both wings, and by the silver
crescent or comma, as it is called, in the center of hind wing on
under side. All Graptas are noted for being always constant and
true, any variation or aberration being unknown. The shape and
size of the silver crescent is constant in each species, but each dif-
fers from every other species in that peculiar mark, so that it af-
fords a good pointer as to what species the specimen belongs to.

Western Graptas are found in places that are more or less for-
ested, in canyons, on hill sides, among scattered trees, and in wil-
low copses ; never out on the open plain, or on exposed places.
Graptas frequently live through the winter, by hiding away in
sheltered places.

The West Coast Graptas appear to go in pairs of species, or
that two similar species of each type are found, these two closely
resembling each other, and being widely different from any
others : as Satyrus-Marsyas ; Faunus-Rusticus : Zephyrus-Gra-
cilis ; Silenus-Oreas ; and only the new species Chrysoptera, stands
alone.

172 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

The sexes are much alike, and often difficult to determine ; the
females are larger, and paler, and the abdomens are larger ; and
the matter can be determined best by comparison of these features.

The larval food-plant of all Graptas is nettles.

213. Grapta Satyrus.

Pl.^te XXII ; Figures 213, a.

Fig. 213, Male, Southern California, 1889; Author.

a, Female, underside, Central California, 1894;
Author.
Satyrus is very wide-spread, covering most of temperate Amer-
ica except the Southern Atlantic States ; and on the West Coast?
it flies from Mexico to far north into British Columbia. The un-
derside is beautifully marked in various shades of brown, height-
ened by yellowish lines. Satyrus flies nearly the whole year
around.

The larval food-plant is nettles.

214. Grapta Marsyas.
Plate XXII; Figure 214.

Fig. 214, Female, underside, Vancouver Island, July,
1891 ; Author.
It is a theory with some that Marsyas is a cold weather form
or variety of Satyrus, being a little darker both above and beneath
than Satyrus, but I do not believe such to be the fact ; and you
can see for yourself by the plate that the darker form is a sum-
mer brood. So I conclude that in this country, at any rate, there
are two constant forms, and that they neither of them pay much
attention to the weather; that, in fact, they both are good and
separate species. If they were not, they would soon become homo-
geneous and indistinguishable.

215. Grapta Faunus.

Plate XXII ; Figure 215.

Fig. 215, Male, near Mullan Pass, May, 1892; Author.
Faunus is one oi the darker-colored Graptas, and its wings are
extremely angular and with many bold projections. This, and
the next are closely allied, they seem like brothers.

Faunus flies in New England, and through the Northern Mid-
dle States, and to the Pacific Coast at Puget Sound, and thence
north to St. Michaels in Alaska. I have found this species to be
quite rare, in all the places where I have found it.

GENUS GRAPTA 173

The underside of hind wings is highly variegated, the Hghter
outer parts contrasting sharply with the darker base, and with
small spots of green near margin, and it is in this point that one
difference between it and the next species, lies.

216. Grapta Rusticus.
Plate XXII ; Figure 216.

Fig. 216, Female, underside, Portland, Oregon, May,
1892; Author.
The upper side of Rusticus is very similar to Faunus ; the un-
derside is less variegated than Faunus, with less light color on the
outer part of margin of the wing, and less contrasty.

This butterfly is very rare, and I have found it a difficult one to
capture, when at length one is discovered.

217. Grapta Silvius.

No figure.
Silvius was named from one example, bred from the larva of
Rusticus, and was supposed to be an aberrant form, and not a dis-
tinct species, and never should have been put in the catalogues as
a species. It is scarcely necessary to speak at length on such a
specimen, and it is only mentioned here to account for the name
as it appears in the catalogues. Students will find the text, what
little there is of it, in Edwards' Butt. N. A., 2, VIII, 1879, after
text of Rusticus.

218. Grapta Zephyrus.
Plate XXII : Figure 218.

Fig. 218, Female, underside. Truckee, Cal., July i, 1893;
Author.
Zephyrus and the following, Gracilis, are similar in many as-
pects, and they are put side by side here for the comparison of the
main points of difference, which you will find on the under side, as
figured on the plate. There is no appreciable difference on the
upper side.

219. Grapta Gracilis.

PL.A.TE XXII : Figure 219.

Fig. 219, Female, underside, Tacoma, June, 1889 : Author.

Gracilis has the underside of a bluish tint, and the silver C is

larger than in Zephyrus. The wings of Gracilis appear more

deeply concaved than Zephyrus, but the two forms are very much

174 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

alike, in fact, the general tint of underside is the strongest feature
of difference between the species, and probably that will fail you
when you come to assort and identify your specimens, and there
will be some which you cannot assign with confidence.

220. Grapta Silenus.

Plate XXII ; Figures 220, a.

Fig. 220, Female, Tacoma, Wash., June, 1890; Author.

a, Female,underside, Portland, Oregon, June, 1890;

Author.
This is a dark, Northern butterfly, dark on upper side, and al-
most black on the underside. It is found in Oregon and Wash-
ington. It frequents partially forested hillsides, and other scantily
wooded places. This Figure 220 a, was taken on Mt. Tabor, at
that time a wooded highland, where I found fine butterfly hunt-
ing; but I hear that in later years the whole hilltop is cleared ofl
and that fine dwellings have been built there, so, of course, the
butterfly ground is spoiled.

221. Grapta Oreas.

Plate XXII; Figure 221.

Fig. 221, Male, underside, Mt. Shasta, 1890; Author.
As compared with Silenus, the colors are smoother and less
variegated, and the tint of underside is brownish-black against
the blacker black of Silenus, and the silver C is smaller, and less
conspicuous. Oreas I have found to be rare, and in twenty years
I have taken but two examples, and these two were on high moun-
tains where one is not expected to go very often. I suppose that
Oreas may be called the high mountain or more northern Grapta
of the Coast.

222. Grapta Chrysoptera, n. s. Not illustrated elsewhere.
Plate XXII ; Figures 222, b, c.

Fig. 222, Male, Lake County, Cal, June, 1894; Author.

b, Female, Lake County, Cal., June, 1894; Author.

c, Female, underside, Mendocino County, Cal.,

June, 1894; Author.
Expanse, 2. to 2.50: Generally golden color; the fore wings
of male redder, with dark margin of medium width; the male

GENUS VANESSA 175

hind wings and both wings of the female are concolorous, and
the dark margins are obsolescent, or in part wanting altogether ;
the usual light sub-marginal spots are but faintly indicated. Un-
derside, golden color, the male a little darker than the female ;
border faint, wholly wanting at apices and inner angles, no border
on hind wings ; the whole underside delicately penciled in light
brown, the basal part but slightly darker than the marginal ; the
silver C is long, slender, curved, barbed at both ends, but in the
type of the male the barbs are wanting.

This is the largest Grapta in California, or on the West Coast,
and the lightest in color, well deserving the name, "Golden-
wing." It is a lowland species, flying on the hills and in the val-
leys, but not on the mountains, nor on the wide plains.

Genus VANESSA.

This is a genus of five species : all of them are short -bodied
and broad-winged butterflies, of extremely strong and rapid
flight. Some of the species are world-wide in flight, and all of
them, except Californica, are well-nigh continental in range.

The various species have diiiferent food-plants.

223. Vanessa Antiopa.

Pl.\te XXII ; Figure 223.

Fig. 223, Male, Southern California, 1886; Author.

This is a very common and a world-wide species, well known
to every one who is at all acquainted with butterflies. The female
is very much like the male, a little larger, and the blue spots are
larger and more of them, on both wings.

Food-plants are the leaves of willow and cottonwood trees, but
the willow is preferred.

There is a variety or an aberration in the East that has the
golden band wider, and extending inward over the space usually
occupied by the blue spots, the blue spots being absent in that case.
This variety has not been named.

Hippolyta. In Canada there is another variety, or aberration,
in the female only, where there is no golden band, the brownish-
black extending outward to the edge of the wings, with only a

176 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

sub-marginal row of yellow spots across both wings. This
variety is named Hippolyta.

I have never seen a variety of any kind, sexual or other, on the
West Coast.

225. Vanessa Californica.

Plate XXII ; Figure 225.

Fig. 225, Male, Mountains of So. Cal., 5,500 feet altitude,
June, 1889; Author.

This is strictly a high mountain butterfly in the south, but in the
north, about the Canada line, it flies at sea-level. In the south it
never, at any season, comes lower than 4,000 feet elevation. It is
a strong flier, and is the most pugnacious of all Coast butterflies,
delighting to fight any other species at sight ; and to the collector
he is a pest, as he likes to drive off any more desirable kind.

In the growing days of early summer it likes to feed on the
viscid dampness or gum that is found on the young leaves of the
young balsam tree, Abies concolor, preferring that balsam to the
nectar of flowers.

The larval food-plant is Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, the California
lilac.

Variety, unnamed. I have noticed a variety of Vanessa Cali-
fornica, where the apices of fore wing in both sexes are faded or
paled, so that no markings are visible, but the variety is scarcely
worth noticing.

226. Vanessa Milberti.

Plate XXII ; Figures 226, a.

Fig. 226, Male, Juneau, Alaska, July i, 1891 ; Author.
a, Male, Vancouver Island, June, 1891 ; Author.
I figure here two examples of Milberti to show the efifect of a
northing in the habitat, the second and the whiter one living
about a thousand miles to the southward of the first, darker, one ;
and another thousand miles' southing makes the sub-marginal
band nearly all white, instead of orange.

In the south, near the Mexican line, the species is strictly a high
mountain one, like Californica, and is never seen at a lower ele-
vation than 4,000 feet, but at the Canada border it flies at sea
level. I have never found this butterfly at all common at any
place.

GENUS PYRAMEIS 177

Genus PYRAMEIS.

A small genus of nearly world-wide flyers. Similar in most
points to the Vanessans, and at some time classed with them
under the genus name of Vanessa, but now generally considered
a separate genus.

These, like the Vanessans, are short-bodied, and strong flying
butterflies : they are great feeders on flowers, and are individually
long-lived and vigorous.

The indications as to sex are the same as in the Vanessans.

227. Pyrameis Atalanta.

Plate XXII ; Figure 227, Male, Southern California,
1890; Author.
This is so common and well known that no words are required.
It flies over almost the whole world, and is known to nearly every
race of men.

Larval food-plant is nettles.

228. Pyrameis Huntera.

Plate XXII ; Figure 228, Male, Southern California, 1888;
Author.
The figure shows the underside of the male, as the large ocelli
on the hind wing are the most significant points in the determin-
ation of the species. On the upper side it looks much like the next
species, but it is much scarcer. It is in the south a mountain flver,
and in the north as well, though not to so great a degree. Hun-
tera flies over the whole of the United States, being, as stated,
rare ; it is, however, very wary, and not easily caught, so that it
is not so very rare as at first appears.

229. Pyrameis Cardui.

Pl.\te XXII ; Figure 229, Male, Southern California, 1890;
Author.

This also is almost universal, being known practically every-
where. It was named Cardui on account of its being found feed-
ing on carduus or thistle, but rather unfortunately so, as the larvas
feed on very many plants, and of them all thistle seems to be about
the last one that is used, and then, as a last resort; this, at least,
on the West Coast. Here, amsinkia is the plant which is pre-
ferred.

178 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Cardui has a habit of occasionally migrating in endless numbers,
as written upon in another part of this book, under the head of
Migrations.

231. Pyrameis Carye.

Plate XXII ; Figure 231. Male, Southern California, 1895 ;
Author.

This species resembles somewhat the preceding, on both the
upper and lower sides, but it can be recognized at a glance on
account of the tip of the fore wing being cut off square, and not
rounded. It is not anything like as universal as the preceding,
being found only on the West Coast of both Americas, and in the
United States not going east of Nevada, or perhaps Utah.

The larval food-plant is Malva rotundifolia. This fact I have
proved many times.

Hybrid. No figure. Alany years ago Mr. H. Edwards noted a
hybrid of Carye and Atalanta. It seems scarcely worth mention.

Muelleri. No figure. A variety known as Muelleri is of occa-
sional occurrence ; in this variety all wings are blurred or flushed
with fulvous, at the expense of the black markings, and the white
spots are elongated and obsolescent.

234. Junonia Ccenia.

Pl.\te XXIII ; Figure 234, Southern California. June,
1880; Author.

The figure is that of a male. Ccenia is a plains and valley butter-
flv, where they are very abundant from spring to fall ; but they
do not frequent the hills and mountains. Ccenia is somewhat com-
mon over most of the temperate States of the Union, also in Can-
ada, and Mexico, to some extent.

The sexes look much alike : the determination is by the lappets,
and by the size and shape of the body.

The preliminary stages are well known : the larvae feed on
antirrhinum, plantago, and some other plants ; probably on the
Coast the antirrhinums afford most of the food for the larvse.

235. Junonia Genoveva. Not elsewhere illustrated in

America.
Pl.\te XXIII ; Figure 235, Mazatlan. Mexico, Jan. 10,
1888: Author.
Genoveva is mostly a Mexican butterfly, but comes north far
enough to get within .Arizona territory along the southern boun-

Butterflies of the West Coast

Plate XXII

COPTRfGHTED 190S, Br W, G WRIGHT

ERICAN COLORTYPE CO., CHICAGO

GENUS LIMENITIS 179

dary, and ought to be taken at Yuma, and along the Colorado
River, but there are no notes of any such capture ; yet it may be
looked for at any time.

The sexes, as in Ccenia, look much alike, and are to be deter-
mined same as Coenia. The figure is a male.

Genus LIMENITIS.

The species of this genus are all of medium or large size, and
mostly black in color, with white or yellow markings. The an-
tennae are nearly as long as the body, the club being an insensible
enlargement ; the wings never have any ocelli, nor any tails. The
eggs are placed singly on the tip of the leaf, and the larva lies hid-
den along the midrib, during its early stages.

The sexes are much alike, and determination is difficult until you
become acquainted with the several features which help in the
matter.

236. Limenitis Arizonensis.

No figure.
This is a variety of the Eastern Limenitis Astyna.x : the whole
upper side of the wings being bluish-black, even the submarginal
white spots seen on Astynax being suffused or over-washed with
the ground-color, so that there is scarcely any white to be seen.
The form known by this name is rare, and is not known outside of
Arizona that I know of, so that it has but little interest for West
Coast people.

237. Limenitis Weidmeyeri.

Plate XXIII : Figure 237. Northern Arizona, July, 1890 ;
F. Stephens.

Weidmeyeri inhabits the countries of the Great Basin, all the
States between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas,
from Canada to Mexico : but it is not seen to the west of the Sierra
Nevadas in the States of the Coast, proper ; unless at the eastern
base of the range, in Southeastern California, or in the semi-desert
regions of Eastern Oregon and Eastern Washington.

As in the previous species, the sexes look much alike, and are
to be determined in the same way.

180 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

The preliminary stages of Weidmeyeri are not yet made known.

The food-plants are probably salix, populus, and perhaps some
others, as some of these desert butterflies are inclined to be om-
nivorous.

238. Limenitis Sinefascia.

No figure.
Sinefascia is a variation of Weidmeyeri, similar to what Arizon-
ensis is of Astynax, namely, a form in which the median band of
white spots becomes obsolete, or at least obsolescent, and the whole
wing is covered with the black ground-color, no white spots being
present.

239. Limenitis Obsoleta.

Plate XXIII; Figure 239, Tucson, Arizona, June, 1887;
Author.

This is a figure of a male. Obsoleta is a ver\' peculiar looking
thing for a Limenitis ; it looks much more like a Danais ; in fact,
it is often mistaken for Danais Berenice, being the same color and
the same size ; but the peculiar venation, with the cell of the hind
wing open, places it in with the Limenitis. This has always been
rather rare, and still is so, although it has been sought after so
much of late years that it is not now so rare as formerly.

Obsoleta is found in Southern Arizona only. It is fond of sail-
ing around the cottonwood trees, and so high up that the collector
needs a ladder to climb up on to get them. In flight they more
resemble a Danais than a Limenitis ; they do not sail around with
wings extended out flat, as do the Limenitis proper, with that
twitching of the wings which is so peculiar.

The preliminary stages of Obsoleta have never been studied out.

The larval food-plant is, doubtless, populus, the leaves of the
cottonwood tree ; possibly, also, willow.

240. Limenitis Lorquini.

Plate XXIII ; Figure 240, Vancouver Island, June, 1891 ;
Author.
Figure, male. This example is selected from among many
others to show the eflFect of climate, in causing the apices to be so
scantily reddened, for in those specimens taken at the south the red
apices are much more obvious ; it is also small in size, as befits
that cold region, and the band of white spots is smaller, in har-
mony with the small red apices.

GENUS HETEROCHROA 181

Lorquini has the regular Limenitis manner of flight — a series of
short, twitching motions, with the wings out flat, saiHng about in a
very leisurely manner, apparently having nothing to do but to sun
itself, and to have a good time.

The larval food-plant is salix lasiolepis, or common water-
willow : and the female lays one egg solitarily on the tip of a
young leaf. The egg is white, long, and spindle-shaped. I do
not know that any one has ever followed out the stages of larva
and chrysalis, though it would be quite easy to do so.

241. Limenitis Eavesi.

No figure.
Eavesi is a variety of Lorquini, with the red of the apices obso-
lete or not present, and sometimes some indications of white sub-
marginal spots on hind wing. It is said to be rather common in
British Columbia and Alaska, and has been given varietal names
by different writers, Eavesi being one, and Burrisoni another. It
is simply a cold-weather form of Lorquini, and found only in cold,
northern localities.

Genus HETEROCHROA.

This genus is made for a single species and a variety, the two
names are Bredowi, and Californica ; though it would be diffi-
cult to say which of them is the stem and which the variety, as they
are simply climatic varieties, Bredowi of the north, and Californica
of the south.

The sex-marks are difficult to distinguish, for the beginner.

The food-plant is quercus, the evergreen oak tree leaves.

242. Heterochroa Bredowi.

No figure.
Bredowi is like unto the next species, Californica, except that
the band of spots across both wings is white instead of yellow, as
in the Figure 243. The average size of the two forms shows
Bredowi to be the smaller of the two, and its habitat is to the
northward.

243. Heterochroa Californica.
Plate XXIII ; Figure 243.

Californica is a mountain butterfly, inhabiting the canyons
along the mountain sides rather than the higher slopes and crests.

182 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Its manner of flight is to sail along with the wings out horizontal,
giving little twitches of the wings to help it along, and circling
about, to watch the visitor, and soon returning to the place whence
it started, as it has places of vantage from which it can observe
everything that goes on in its neighborhood. They are very fond
of sipping water at wet places on the ground, but they do not
hover together so gregariously as do some other species.

The sexes are very similar in appearance, and must be deter-
mined by the lappets, and the body, the same as most of this class
of butterflies, as has been already explained.

The larval food-plant is quercus, oaks of the evergreen, or
chrysolepis order or type.

Genus APATURA.

There are no Apatura butterflies on the West Coast proper,
and but two varietal forms are found on the mountains of Eastern
Arizona, so that this genus has very little of interest for us. I give
two figures, to show the style of these Eastern species, more than
for anything else. Apaturas live on trees and bushes, such as
prunus and celtis, that is, the larvje do.

244. Apatura Celtis.

Plate XXIII; Figure 245, from Colorado; T. L. Mead.
This is a typical Eastern form. The Apaturas differ one from
another in size, and in color a little, but the chief key is the ocellus
in the hind part of the fore wing ; some have none, others have
one, and others two. Celtis has but one.

245. Apatura Montis.

No figure.
Montis is a Western form of the Texan species Antonia ; the
typical species does not come to Arizona, but Montis is found in
the eastern mountains. Montis is larger and darker than the figure
of Celtis, foregoing, and has on the fore wing two ocelli, the upper
one being pupilled with white so broadly that the ocellus is nearly
obliterated.

GENUS PAPHIA 183

246. Apatura Leila.

Plate XXIII : Figure 246. Male.
This figure is a good one of Leila, which is fouud sparingly in
the mountains of Eastern Arizona. The female is larger in size,
and lighter in color, than the male.

Genus PAPHIA.

This is a sub-tropical genus, distinguishetl by their falcate
wings and their bright red coloring. Therms no Paphia on the
West Coast, and I give Figure 247 an1^>!b only to show the
peculiarity of the species.

247. Paphia Andria.

Plate XXIII: Figures 247, Male; b, Female; from
Herman Strecker.
This species is not represented in any of the countries west of
the Rocky Mountains, and but slightly west of the Mississippi
River, except in Texas.

248. Paphia Morrisoni.

No figure.

Morrisoni is found in Eastern Arizona, only, not being known
from any other locality. It is paler than Andria, and the sexes are
both marked with a sort of lighter band, like that on Figure 247b,
the female Andria, near the margin of both wings ; the band be-
ing cut by black so that the band is a series of spots rather than
a band proper.

This name stands in the catalogues as that of a good and full
species, but it never was described by any one. Mr. Edwards
speaks of this butterfly, and says that he will describe it under
this name, but never has done so.

Genus SATYRUS.

A large and interesting group of butterflies, well represented on
the West Coast. All the species of Satyrus have, to a large degree,
a similar appearance, on both upper and under sides ; some dilTer-
ent species are so nearly alike on the upper side that by that side

184 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

alone they could not be separated, but the determining features
are found on the under side ; this feature, however, is not confined
to this class of butterflies alone, but is present in other genera, as
well.

Satyrids seldom or never feed on flowers, but spend their time
in sitting idly on the ground, doing nothing. All of them have a
habit of alighting on the ground as a resting-place ; usually each
individual has a particular spot to which it will return again and
again. Several of the species, when alarmed, will fly precipitately
to the cover of some thorn-bush, or hide by alighting in some
inaccessible place, rather than fly about, so that they are rather
vexatious things to hunt for. All are of weak flight, and they
do not attempt to escape their enemies by flight alone, but will
hide and remain quiet and still, simulating death as much as any
butterflies can do.

All satyrid larvae feed on grasses, I believe ; and if confined, the
females will lay their eggs on the enclosing net, or on any object
that is at hand.

The sex-marks are larger size, and more ocelli, on the female
wing, and also the abdomen of the female is larger and heavier
that that of the male.

249. Satyrus Stephensi, n. s.

Plate XXIII ; Figures 249, b, c.

Fig. 249, Male, Northeastern California, 1894; F. Ste-
phens.

b. Female, Northeastern California, 1894; F. Ste-

phens.

c. Female, underside, Northeastern California,

1894 ; F. Stephens.

As the plate shows so well, this is the grandest Satyrus of the
West Coast, or, for that matter, of any coast of North America.
The examples have been in my possession since the date above
cited, ten years, awaiting this opportunity to be shown to the
world.

Characters: 2^4 to 2>^ inches expanse; basal half of both
wings, gray-brown, not darker at base ; light buff band nearly half
an inch broad across both wings, not varying, except narrower and
dusky near anal angles ; two dark brown, white-pupilled ocelli
on fore wings, the apical one in the female is slightly twinned ;

GENUS SATYRUS 1S5

and on hind wings one similar ocellus, with one, two, or three small
blind ocelli on each ; dark brown margin in two lines, on both
wings, the inner one darker, and cut by the nervures.

Underside, both wings, base light brown, with fine brown mot-
tlings disposed transversely ; a brown, obtuse V in cell of hind
wing : the outer half of fore wing nearly as above ; the outer half
of hind wing is lighter than the basal part, but is similarly mottled,
and includes six white-ringed and white-pupilled ocelli, arranged
in two series of three each, the middle ones in each series being
larger than the others.

The country whence this species comes, as I understand from
Mr. Stephens, was at one time volcanic, and now is a sort of Dead
Sea region of wide, sandy wastes, draining into dead salt lakes
and marshes that have no outlets. The whole country adjoining,
in Nevada and in Oregon, seems to be similar: a dreadful salt
desert, wherein this beautiful butterfly is perhaps the only object
of beauty.

250. Satyrus Gabbi.

Plate XXIII ; Figures 250, b.

Fig. 250, Male, Northeastern California ; F. Stephens,
1894.
b, Male, underside, Northeastern California; F.
Stephens, 1894.
The figures of the male given herewith are the subjects of
illustration, because the male has never before been figured. The
female, as in all Satyrids, is larger and paler, both above and be-
low, than the male.

Gabbi is one of the rare species of the country ; it is a very
fine and handsome species, and, with Stephensi and Wheeleri, is
noted for the size of the six perfect ocelli on the hind wing. Gabbi
was taken prior to 1880, in which year it was named ; since which
time it seems to have become lost, and well-nigh unknown. I
have never seen the living insect.

250a. Satyrus Wheeleri.
No figure.

This is one of the "lost butterflies." It was found in 1872,
along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada ^Mountains, by a
Government expedition, but has never been seen by any one since
that time.

186 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

The appearance of Wheeleri is similar to the preceding, Gabbi,
and might easily be mistaken for that species ; it has more of a
white-and-black appearance, and is not so red as Gabbi, and the
apical ocelli are supposed to be all of them twinned, or to have
an echo on the lower side : and on under side of fore wing both the
ocelli are twinned, the echoes being between the two large ocelli.
But probably not enough of them have ever been taken to make
sure of these things, as the Satyrids are subject to variations
among themselves, on these minor points.

Wheeleri was illustrated by Edwards, in Butt. N. A., in 1877;
by Mead, in Wheeler's Expedition Report, in 1875 ; and by
Strecker, in Lep., pi. 4, 1873, and pi. 8, 1874, under the name of
Hoffmanni.

251. Satyrus Nephele.

Plate XXIII ; Figures 251, b.

Fig. 251, Male, New York State, no data: H. Strecker,
1880.
b, Male, underside. New York State, no data ; H.
Strecker, 1880.
Nephele inhabits the New England and Middle States, and is
said to fly as far west as the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascade
Range of mountains in Oregon and Washington ; or, as one
writer says, to the Pacific Ocean. I have never taken it in the
western parts of the Pacific States, and do not believe that it flies
so far west; moreover, I think it a very rare thing west of the
Rocky Mountains.

The number of ocelli on underside of hind wings varies from
one to six ; this figure, b, shows as many ocelli as are ever present.

252. Satyrus Boopis. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXIV : Figures 252, b.

Fig. 252, ]\Iale, Tenino, Washington, Aug. 1891 : Author,
b, Male, underside, Mt. Shasta, Cal., 1891 ; Author.
Boopis is one of the Ariane group, and is quite widely distribu-
ted over the northern parts of the States of the West Coast, on the
mountains of moderate height, as well as near the sea-coast. Like
so many Satyrids, it is variable, especially as to the ocelli. The
chief characteristic or key is the wide indefinite yellow halo around
the ocelli on fore wing.

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate XXIII.

«<ONTe» 1*0*, BT W. (^ WRIGHT.

*MENICAM COLORTYPE CO. , CHICAGO

GENUS SATYRUS 187

253. Satyrus Ariane.

Plate XXIV ; Figures 253, b.

Fig. 253, Male, Shoshone, Idaho, July, 1891 ; Author.
b. Female, Truckee, Cal., July, 1893 ; Author.
Ariane is the most abundant Satyrid of the Coast ; it is espe-
cially abundant on the lower slopes of the high mountains, where it
flies in countless millions, on the mountains of Northern Califor-
nia, Oregon and Washington, as well as to the east, in Idaho and
Montana. It is also said to be abundant in all the northern States
of the Mississippi Valley.

254. Satyrus Baroni.

Plate XXIV ; Figures 254, b, c.

Fig. 254, Male, Portland, Oregon, July, 1890; Author.

b. Female, Northern Cal., July, 1891 ; Author.

c. Female, underside, Portland, July, 1890; Author.
Baroni is very dense, smoky black on upper side, and dark on

underside, yet all the markings are distinct. Baroni was taken in
Northern California, by O. T. Baron, for whom it was named,
about 1879. This species is one of the Ariane group, but the
yellow halo about the ocelli of the fore wings is absent.

255. Satyrus Incana. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXIV ; Figures 255, a.

Fig. 255, Male, Tenino, Washington, Aug. 9, 1891 ; Author.

a, Male, underside. Northeastern California, 1894;

F. Stephens.
This is a rare butterfly, not often taken, and heretofore only
known from Washington ; but this second figure is from a speci-
men taken in the desert region of Northeastern California, a very
different environment from that of the damp, fertile lowland about
Puget Sound, where Incana is usually found. Incana is a mem-
ber of the Ariane group, and is separated by the whitish outer part
of the hind wing on the under side.

256. Satyrus CEtus.

Plate XXI\' ; Figures 256, b, c.

Fig. 256, Male, Tehachapi Mountains, California, 1890;
Author.

b, Female, Tehachapi Mountains, California, 1890;

Author.

c, Female, underside, Tehachapi Mountains, Cali-

fornia ; Author.

188 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

This is a very pale and faded-looking butterfly ; it is the light-
est of all the Satyrids, having a washed-out appearance, even
when fresh and bright. The upper side has a satiny gloss, and ^
light bronzy reflection which is peculiar, in fact unique, in a
Satyrid, and which is not adequately shown on the plate, as it is
one of those elusive colors that escapes the photographic lens.
The peculiar twinning of the ocellus of Figure c is an oddity;
several of the females in my cabinet have twinned ocelli, sometimes
the apical one, and again the inner one is twinned ; they seem to
have no fixed plan about it.

257. Satyrus Paulus.

Plate XXIV ; Figures 257, b, c.

Fig. 257, Male, Southern California, Riche Canyon, 1885
Author.

b. Female, Glenwood Spring, Colorado, Aug., 1892

W. H. Edwards.

c. Female, underside, Truckee, Cal., July, 1890

Author.
Paulus is rather a dry-land, tropical species ; it loves hot, semi-
desert places, and I have generally found it in localities where the
grass is all dry and dead, and apparently the eggs must wait till
the next spring before they hatch, as there is no green grass for
the larv3e to feed upon in the localities where the butterflies live.
Paulus is a lazy thing, it never flits about, or sips on the flowers,
but just sits still and you do not see it till it starts up at the
approaching footfall, when it takes refuge at once under some
friendly bush, where it cannot be reached by the net.

258. Satyrus Charon.

Plate XXIV : Figures 258, b, a.

Fig. 258, Male, Mountains of Central California, 1891 ;
Author.

a, Male, underside, Mountains of Central Califor-

nia, 1891 ; Author.

b. Female, Helena, Montana, June, 1890; Author.
Charon is very abundant, and widespread as well. It lives at

moderate elevations, in the valleys and among the foothills of the
larger mountains, but is never seen on the plains. The figures
show this species very well indeed. It is sometimes mixed with

GENUS EREBIA 189

or confounded with the next species, so they are put close together
for comparison.

259. Satyrus Silvestris.

Plate XXIV^ : Figures 259, a.

Fig. 259, Male, Truckee, Cal., 1890; Author.

a, Male, underside, Truckee, Cal., 1890; Author.
This has been called a variety of the preceding, Charon, but it
is abundantly distinct. The whole butterfly is darker, and espe-
cially on the underside the difference is well marked. I have fig-
ured the underside of the male of each species, and have placed
them as close together as possible, for the purpose of compari-
son. The underside of Silvestris is a homogeneous dusky or
brownish-black, quite different from any other Satyrus.

260. Satyrus Sthenele.

No figure.

This species is now considered extinct. It was taken on Lone
Mountain, to the westward of the city of San Francisco, in the
early days of that city, and was at that time common ; but eventu-
ally it disappeared, at about the same time as another species,
Lycrena Xerces, and it has not returned, although the Xerces,
after being absent about thirty years, has reappeared. So it is
probable that Sthenele will in time also come back again, at some
nearby place, if not in that particular spot.

The description is: "Expanse, 1.2 to 1.5 inches; brown; fore
wings with two white-pupilled ocelli, circled with yellow ; hind
wings without spots ; under side ashy-gray, deepest at base ; fore
wings with two large pupilled ocelli circled with yellow : hind
wing crossed by broad angular band, and marked near anal angle
with two little ocelli."

Genus EREBIA.

The species comprising this genus are all rather small in size,
very dark brown in color ; usually eyed on one or on both wings.
Most of them are arctic in habitat, or found on the high mountains
in the temperate regions.

There are none of them now known on the immediate West
Coast, and only one in the Yellowstone Park and Alaska, though

190 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

it is likely that one or more species will yet be found on some of
the higher peaks of the Sierra Nevadas or the Cascades.
Sex-marks for Erebia are same as for Satyrus.

261. Erebia Callias.

Plate XXIV ; Figure 261, Male, from Colorado ; D. Bruce.
Callias has not yet been found on the West Coast, but it would
not be surprising if it were to be found at any point along the
Sierra Nevadas, from Mt. Whitney northward.

262. Erebia Epipsodea.

Plate XXIV ; Figure 262, Male, Spokane, Washington,
1892 ; Author.
Epipsodea is common all along the Rocky Mountains, from the
peaks in New Mexico and Colorado to Alaska ; the species is
especially abundant in Eastern Washington, where it is found on
the lowlands, as about Spokane, where it frequents localities that
are scantily wooded, and the brushy hillsides. There is no appar-
ent reason why the species may not be looked for on the Cascades,
on such mountains as Mt. Hood, or Mt. Baker, or on the Olym-
pian Mountains.

263. Erebia Sofia.

Plate XXIV ; Figure 263, Male, from Yellowstone Park ;

Dr. Barnes.

Sofia is as yet known only from the Yellowstone Park, and from

Alaska, although there seems to be no apparent reason why it

should not be found to the westward of the Park, in the Cascades,

and the Olympians.

264. Erebia Magdalena.

Plate XXIV ; Figure 264, Female, from Colorado,

1890 ( ?) ; D. Bruce.
This is a large-sized Erebia, and it is peculiar in that there are
no eye-spots on either wing. At present it is not known from any
other locality than Colorado, but, as with other Erebias, it should
be looked for on mountains further west, and north.

265. Erebia Youngi.

No figure.
This is a variety of Magdalena, from Alaska, with which I am
not acquainted. On both fore and hind wings are submarginal

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate XXIV.

coPrniGMTEO not, ■* «. a wriqmt

ME«iC*N COLOBTKPJ CO , CM.C«GO

GENUS NEONYMPHA 191

series of eye-spots of red, pupilled with black, similar, apparently,
to Epipsodea.

266. Neonympha Henshawi.
Plate XX\" ; Figures 266, b, c.

Fig. 266, Male, Santa Rita ^Mountains, Ariz., 1892; F.
Stephens.

b, Female, Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz., 1892 ; F.

Stephens.

c, Female, underside, Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz.,

1892; F. Stephens.
This species flies in Colorado, New Mexico, and Southern Ari-
zona ; it can scarcely be considered as belonging to the West Coast
fauna, and has but little, if any, interest for us.

267. Neonympha Haydeni.

Pl.\te XXV : Figures 267. b, c.

Fig. 267, Male, Yellowstone Park ; no data.

b. Female, Yellowstone Park ; no data.

c. Female, underside, Yellowstone Park ; no data.
Haydeni is a species similar in many respects to the preceding;

it inhabits a more northern region, not coming so far south at any
point as Henshawi ; in fact, being semi-arctic in habitat, living on
high mountains and at a northern habitat. Both sexes have
beautiful little gem-like eyes or ocelli on the margin of hind wing,
beneath.

268. Neonympha Rubricata.

Plate XXV ; Figure 268, Male. Santa Rita Moimtains,

1892 : F. Stephens.

In habits, habitat, and everything except color, this species is

similar to Henshawi. which stands just above it on the plate. The

same eye-spots shown on the upper side appear on the underside,

and some smaller ones also.

269. Epinephele Xicaque. Xot elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XX\' : Figure 269, a, Male, underside. Arizona ;

Dr. Kunze.
This is quite new to American territory, having recently been
found in Southern Arizona. It is properly a Mexican species, and
has little interest for us, except for the fact that it comes over the
line a few miles.

192 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

270. Neominois Ridingsi.

Plate XXV ; Figures 270, b.

Fig. 270, Male, Colorado, no data; Mr. Nash.

b, Female, Central Montana, July, 1892 ; Author.

This is a Great Basin butterfly, inhabiting all the States between

the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas, being found in the

hills and smaller mountains, but not on the plains. It may be

looked for in Eastern Oregon and Washington.

271. Neominois Dionysius.

Plate XXV; Figures 271, b.

Fig. 271, Male, Western Colorado, no data ; from W. H.
Edwards,
b. Female, Western Colorado, no data ; from D.
Bruce.
Dionysius is another Great Basin butterfly ; is not now known
west of Utah, but there is no apparent reason why it should not be
found at the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and up
to the Cascades.

Genus CCENONYMPHA.

This genus, like the Anthocharis, finds its metropolis on the
West Coast of the United States, and, to be more definite, in Cali-
fornia. Of the twelve species on the West Coast only one ranges
through the northern States of Montana and Minnesota, and
thence through Canada to New Foundland ; so that all the North-
eastern, Middle and Western States have none at all : while fur-
ther south one species reaches eastward to Kansas. The Rocky
Mountains are scantily supplied with them ; also the vast regions
of the Great Basin, up to the Sierra Nevadas. California probably
has more Coenonymphas than all the rest of the United States.

Coenonymphas fly on the plains and in the valleys and on the
foothills, but do not go high up on any mountain ; about 4,500
feet is the limit. All these species fly in an uncertain, gentle man-
ner, and they are easily caught. When in confinement, as in a
net, for the purpose of getting eggs, they are tractable, and will
lay their eggs on the net which secures them, or upon anything
else that comes handy, like all Satyrids, not requiring any kind
of a food-plant on which to oviposit them.

GENUS CCENONYiMPHA 193

272. Coenonympha Californica.

Plate XXV : Figures 272, b.

Fig. 2-J2, Male, Mendocino Count}-, Cal., June, 1893;
Author,
b. Female, underside, Central Cal., June, 1893;
Author.
The first five species illustrated, 272, 2'/2,, 274, 275, 276, 277,
are very much alike, being perhaps seasonal or local sub-species
or varieties of the same stock, being similar on upper side, and
only minor differences appearing on the under side, and all the fea-
tures are in good degree variable, and merge into one another.
But I take things as I find them, and will illustrate all the forms
according to the distinctions as they are handed down to us by the
authors.

Californica is sometimes called the summer form. I would
rather call it the northern form, as it is common in Central Cali-
fornia, but does not appear in the southern part of the State at all.

273. Coenonympha Galactinus.
Plate XXV ; Figures 273, b.

Fig. 273, Male, Southern California, May, 1889 ; Author.

b. Female, underside, Southern California, May,

1889: Author.

Galactinus is the southern local form, abundant in the south, and

not flying in the north ; a little smaller, and browner on the under

side, and with fewer eye-spots.

274. Coenonympha Eryngi.
Plate XX\' ; Figures 274, b.

Fig. 274, Male, San Diego County, 1889; F. Stephens.

b, Female, underside, Riche Canyon, S. Cal, i8gi ;

Author.

This form is still a size smaller than the preceding: somewhat

yellowish on the upper side, especially on apices and margins, with

a satiny luster, and yellowish over all the under side, blackish at

base of hind wings ; more eye-spots.

275. Coenonympha Ceres.

Plate XXV ; Figures 275, b.

Fig. 275, Male, Southern California, 1890; Author.

b. Female, underside. Southern California, 1890;
Author.

194 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Small in size, white above, with satiny gloss ; on under side the
male has no eye-spots on either wing, and the female has one or
two very small ocelli, or perhaps only dots, on hind wing. Beneath
the shading is dusky, the base but little darker than margin ; the
discal dash on fore wing is broad, but not contrasting, extending
half way across the wing; on hind wing the dash is broken, with a
spot at anal angle.

276. Coenonympha Pulla.

Plate XXV ; Figures 276, a.

Fig. 276, Male, no data, 1880 ( ?) ; Author.

a, Male, underside, no data, 1880 ( ?) ; Author.
Small size, white, somewhat sordid, not having satiny gloss ;

under side very dark, with a reddish tint ; on fore wing no discal
dash, and on hind wing only a spot to indicate it ; the male has
two or three eye-spots on hind wing, and the female usually has
an apical one also. Pulla is rare, and all my specimens were taken
many vears ago, before I realized the value of data.

277. Coenonympha Kodiak.

Plate XXV ; Figures 277, b.

Fig. 2-jy, Male, Pyramid Harbor, Alaska. July, 1892;
Author.

b. Female, underside. Pyramid Harbor, Alaska,

July, 1892; Author.
Size of Galactinus ; white above, with no markings except as
the discal dash of under side shows through the white wing;
under side dusky-brownish, the inner part of fore wing much
lighter ; two eye-spots on fore wing beneath : and Kodiak is the
only white species that shows the eye-spots of fore wing more
prominently than those on hind wing ; discal dash slight.

278. Coenonympha Elko.

Plate XXV ; Figures 278, b.

Fig. 278, Male, Spokane, Washington, May, 1890; Author.

b. Female, underside, Washington, May, 1890;

Author.

Elko is average size ; pale orange-yellow with a faint discal

flush, but otherwise the color is even over both wings. Under

side the hind wing is darker than the fore wing ; the discal dash

is inconspicuous on fore wing but strong and angular on the hind

wing; one apical, and one anal eye-spot.

GENUS CCENONYMPHA 195

279. Ccenonympha Inornata.

Pl.\te XXV ; Figures 279, b.

Fig. 279, Male, Central Montana, June, 1892; Author.

b, Female, underside, Central Montana, June, 1892;
Author.
Inornata is rather a northern species, and is not at present
known on the West Coast, south of the Canada line ; it should be
found in British Columbia, and thence east through Canada to
New Foundland ; is known in our Northern States only in Mon-
tana and Minnesota.

280. Ccenonympha Ampelos.

Plate XXV ; Figures 280, b.

Fig. 280, Male, Victoria, Vancouver Island, July, 1891 ;
Author,
b, Female, underside, Vancouver Island, July, 1891 ;
Author.
Ampelos is of a bufify color, dusty or sordid, somewhat, and the
underside is very dark, the darkest of all the species ; there are no
eye-spots on either wing. Ampelos is chiefly from Vancouver
Island, and is said to have been taken in Nevada, Montana, Ore-
gon and Washington, but I think that some of these localities are
theoretical only.

281. Ccenonympha Ochracea.
Pl.\te XXV ; Figures 281, b.

Fig. 281, Male, Colorado; sent me by Dr. Barnes.

b. Female, San Francisco Mts. of Arizona, 1892;
Stephens.
This is the deepest ochre-colored species of all the Coenonym-
phas, whence the name. On the underside it is the most orna-
mented of any of the species. It is found on the Rocky Mountains,
and in Arizona, and perhaps all of the States of the Great Basin,
but does not come west of the Sierra Nevadas.

282. Ccenonympha Brenda. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Pl.\te XXV ; Figures 282, a, b.

Fig. 282, Female, Sisson, Northern California, 1890 ( ?) ;
Author.

a, Male, underside, Greenhorn Mountains, June,

1888; Author.

b, Female, underside, Mts. of Southern Cal., 1892 ;

Author.

196 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

This fine species was published in 1869, and, as shown above, is
widespread, yet is one of the rarest butterflies of the West Coast.
The figures show the beautiful insect very well; it is not white,
but there is a delicate tint of chocolate-brown all through, on
upper and under side, quite unlike any other Coenonympha. It is
a mountain species, and flies higher on the mountains than any
other Coenonympha.

283. Coenonympha Pamphilus.

Pl.\te XXV ; Figures 283, b.

Fig. 283, Male, Judith Mountains, Montana, July, 1892;
Author,
b, Female, underside, Judith Mountains, Montana,
July, 1892; Author.
This species scarcely comes within our limits, as it is a Great
Basin species, although set down in the books as a Californian
species, but I have never taken one in California, nor have I ever
seen one that was taken here ; yet, of course, it may have been.
It is said to live in Utah, and as I have taken it in Montana, it
probably inhabits all of the States of the Great Basin.

Genus CHIONOBAS.

Medium-sized, wood-brown butterflies ; remarkable for color,
flight, and habits. All the species have a characteristic family like-
ness, so that no one of them can well be mistaken as belonging to
any other genus. These butterflies seldom or never feed on
flowers, or sip at water in damp places. Evidently their individual
lives must be short, and are spent solely in play and in the repro-
duction of the species. They pass the time during the sunny
day hours in sunning themselves upon the bare rocks, or on the
spots of bare ground in the grassy places where they live, starting
up now and then to pursue any flying thing that may come along,
returning to the same place again. Their manner of alighting is
peculiar, hesitating, as if in doubt whether it may be safe or not,
and then with wings all upraised, they drop upon their favorite
perch.

The determination of species is chiefly by the under side.

The determination of sex, is by the ocelli, the size of abdomen,
and relative size of the specimen ; also the female usually has more

Butterflies of the West Coa.st

.i-E X/V.

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GENUS CHIONOBAS 197

blind ocelli or dots on the wings than the male, and the tip of the

abdomen is diti'erently shaped, as seen in the Figures 2881? and c.

Like all the Satyrids, the female will ovipost on the net which

confines her, just as well as on a plant. The larvje feed on grass.

284. Chionobas Gigas.

Plate XX\'I ; Figures 284, a, b, c.

Fig. 284, Male, Vancouver Island, July 3, 1891 ; Author.

a. ]Male, underside, Vancouver Island, July 3, 1891 ;

Author.

b. Female, Vancouver Island, July 3, 1891 ; Author.

c. Female, underside, \'ancouver Island, July 3,

1891 ; Author.

Gigas is found about the bald knobs of the mountain tops which
largely form the elevations of Vancouver Island ; the mountains
are heavily forested with fir trees, and these bare rocky knobs are
the only open places on the heights. There are little open, grassy
valleys on the lowlands, but Gigas never goes there. The males
stay about those bare rock-knobs, flirting and playing during the
few sunny hours that shine upon the rocks in that cloudy, raw
climate ; the females are more quiet, keeping about the base of the
rocks, and lay their eggs upon the fine grass-blades that spring up
about the rocks. I conclude that the butterfly can not live more
than four or five days in the best of weather. The paragraph on
"stranded butterflies," in another part of this book, applies pecu-
liarly to this species.

The determination of species is almost wholly from the under
side, the striations being uneven, or, as I call it, congested.

285. Chionobas Nevadensis.

No figure.
The name of Nevadensis standing in the catalogues, was pub-
lished two years prior to that of Californica. Both names were
published by foreigners, and the types, if they yet remain, are
probably in France, and are not readily seen, or compared with
recently-taken specimens. I have never seen an authoritatively-
labeled Nevadensis, but I believe that it stands for the same but-
terfly that I call Californica ; and whenever that shall be estab-
lished as a fact instead of being merely guessed at, as at present,
the name Californica will have to be dropped and Nevadensis
used instead, as priority governs in such cases.

198 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

286. Chionobas Californica.

Plate XXVI ; Figures 286, a, b, c.

Fig. 286, Male, Klamath River Basin, 1890; Author.

a, Male, underside, Klamath River Basin, 1890;

Author.

b, Female, Northeastern California, 1894 ; F.

Stephens.

c, Female, Northeastern California, 1894; F.

Stephens.

Californica inhabits the grassy foothills where the pine and
oak trees are scattered scantily about, and the soil is covered
with scanty grasses, which, at the time that the butterfly is in
flight are dried up and dead for that year. The butterflies alight
upon spots of dried ground or among the dead herbage, as stated
under the genus heading.

The male here figured was taken by me in the Klamath country,
and was sent to Mr. W. H. Edwards, and returned named "Cali-
fornica," being one among many so returned.

This is not one of the "stranded butterflies," and is never seen
on cold or alpine heights, but frequents warm and sheltered places.

The determination of this species is chiefly by the under side,
the striations being even, smooth, not contrasting.

287. Chionobas Iduna.

Pl.\te XX\'I ; Figures 287, a, b, c.

Fig. 287, Male, Northwestern California, 1891 : Author.

a, Male, underside. Northwestern California, 1891 ;

Author.

b, Female, Northwestern California. 1894; Author.

c, Female, underside. Northwestern California,

1894 ; Author.
Iduna inhabits the evergreen forests of Northwestern Califor-
nia. They never eat nor drink, and I know from personal obser-
vation that the flight lasts but a week. The male Iduna has habits
that remind one of the Limenitis ; they sail along with horizontal
wings, and as they go they flicker their wings with a twitching
flutter to keep up their motion, and then sail again on horizontal
wings. The male Iduna has a fancy for alighting on the end of a
twig, and sitting there with the wings out flat like a Limenitis ;
when thus on the watch, they will fly in alarm if the butterfly-

GENUS CHIONOBAS 199

hunter comes within ten yards of them. The female is rarely seen ;
she has a furtive, rapid flight when hunting for a place to lay her
eggs, and at other times remains hidden.

The determination of this species is from the under side, the
striations being as depicted in the plate, somewhat intermediate
between the two preceding species. But the collector is never in
doubt, for Iduna's habitat is entirely different from that of
any other species, and no two species of these large Chionobas are
ever found in any one locality.

288. Chionobas Ivallda.

Plate XXVI ; Figures 288, a, b, c.

Fig. 288, Male, Sierra Nevadas, 10,000 feet elevation,
1891 ; Author.

a. Male, underside, Sierra Xevadas, 10.000 feet ele-

vation, 1891 : Author.

b. Female, Sierra Nevadas, 10,000 feet elevation,

1891 : Author.

c. Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas, 10,000 feet

elevation, 1891 ; Author.

Ivallda has much the same habits as Gigas, in that they live on
bare, rocky peaks, spending their whole time of the few days that
they have to live in flitting about to one rock after another, having
favorite alighting places on each rock. Such bare, wind-swept
piimacles seem to be inappropriate abiding places for such crea-
tures as butterflies, but they simply will not live in any other place.
These butterflies are very wary, too, and if you miss one it drops
over perpendicular precipices where only winged things and fly-
ing machines can go, and there they stay. Ivallda is another
species of "stranded butterflies."

The eggs are laid singly on or among fine grasses ; the eggs
hatch in twelve days ; the larvae are nocturnal, feeding by night
and lying secreted by day.

289. Chionobas Uhleri.

Pl.\te XX\T : Figure 2S9, Female, Colorado ; from T. L.
Mead.
Uhleri is a Rocky Mountain species, and is noj; at present known
to fly on the mountains of the Coast. Yet it may be found on
mountains of moderate height, in any of the semi-desert localities
of the Great Basin or in Eastern Washington or Oregon. I mean
there is no apparent reason why it should not be so found.

200 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

290. Chionobas Varuna.

Plate XXVI ; Figure 290, Female, Belt Mountains, Mont.,
1890; Author.

Varuna is much like Uhleri, but is larger, browner, and all the
markings are stronger and more positive, and it lives in a more
northern habitat. It never feeds on flowers, but, like all Satyrids,
is short-lived, and has no other business but to play, and to carry
on the work of populating the grassy slopes and vales where it
lives.

Like Uhleri, Varuna should be found on foothills and moderate
elevations quite up to the eastern base of the Cascades.

291. Chionobas Subhyalina.
Plate XXVI ; Figures 291, b.

Fig. 291, Male, Rocky Mountains; from D. Bruce,
b. Female, Rocky Mountains ; from D. Bruce.
This species is from the mountains of British America, north of
the United States, and is not supposed to live within our territory.
I am not aware that it has ever been taken in Alaska, even ; but
if I were a butterfly-hunter, I would look for it on any of the high
mountains of the Puget Sound country, or to the northward.

292. Chionobas Brucei.

Plate XXVI ; Figure 292, Male, Rocky Mountains of Colo-
rado ; D. Bruce.
Brucei is apparently the southern form of the preceding. Sub-
hyalina, the chief difference being the median band on underside
of hind' wing, as well shown in the Plate.

Like the preceding species, this may be looked for on the moun-
tains of the West Coast, ahhough it is not yet known from any
other than the Rocky Mountains.

Genus LEMONIAS.

This is a small genus of beautiful little butterflies, three species
of which live on the coast proper, and three others are from
Arizona. The coast species have a reddish ground-color, with
white spots scattered over both wings, and the Arizona species
have a dark ground with blackish spots, except Cleis, which has
white spots.

Butterflies of the West Coast

Plate XXVI.

•**eft^

COPtHIGHTED 1905, Bv W G WRIGHT

MEHICAN rOLORTirPE CO . CHIC41

GENUS LEMONIAS 201

All Lemonias are of gentle flight, feed freely of flowers, and
live mostly on the plains and foothills, though some go up the
mountain side to an elevation of 7.000 feet.

294. Lemonias Mormo.

Plate XXVII ; Figures 294, b.

Fig. 294, Male, Colorado Desert of California, 1885 ;
Author.
b, Female, Greenhorn Mountains, California, 1888;
Author.

The upper side of Mormo has never been illustrated previously.
The species is not a recent one, having been named in 1859, but
the butterfly is today a rare one, at least in California, and con-
sequently it is not well known. In twenty-five years' collecting
on the West Coast I have found it at two localities only, and those
two are of widely differing environment, as noted above, one be-
ing a desert place approximately at sea level, and the other at
7,000 feet elevation on a forested mountain top. Mormo is said
to be found in Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, as well as in Cali-
fornia, and it may be that Mormo is more plentiful at some point
where I have not been.

295. Lemonias Cythera.

Plate XXVII; Figure 295, Female, Santa Rita Moun-
tains, June, 1885; Author.
This is the largest of the white-spotted Lemonias. It is found
on some of the mountains of Southern Arizona, as the Santa
Ritas, the Catalinas, Huachucas, and others, but always, I believe,
at an elevation of several thousand feet ; thence southward into
Mexico, as it is somewhat of a tropical species, and these Arizona
mountains are its most northern points.

296. Lemonias Virgulti.

Plate XXVII ; Figures 296, b, c.

Fig. 296, Male, Southern California, 1890; Author.

b. Female, Southern California, 1890; Author.

c. Female, underside. Southern California, 1890;

Author.
This species, though rather local, is abundant, and it flies in its
favorite restricted localities in countless numbers ; it is an all-

202 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

season butterfly, of spring and summer and autumn alike, on the
small hills and foothills and the mountain sides up to a moderate
elevation.

The eggs are oviposited on the leaves of Eriogonum fascicu-
latum.

297. Lemonias Palmeri.

Plate XXVII; Figures 297, b, c.

Fig. 297, Male, Colorado Desert of California, 1899;
Author.

b, Female, Colorado Desert of California, 1899;

Author.

c, Female, underside, Colorado Desert of Califor-

nia, 1899; Author.
Palmeri is not an orthodox coast dweller, as it lives in the
deserts of the interior, at the bases of desert mountains. In its
own localities it is extremely abundant, and flies in numbers about
the bushes of Beleperone Californica, its larval food-plant. The
bright red flowers of the plant are used by the Indians to make
dye, red in color, but which fades to a yellow if not fi.xed by a
mordaunt.

298. Lemonias Nais.

Pl.\te XXVn : Figures 298, b, c.

Fig. 298, Male, Santa Rita Mountains. Arizona, June,
1903 ; F. Stephens.

b, Female, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. June,

1903 ; F. Stephens.

c. Female, underside, Santa Rita Mountains,

Arizona, June, 1903 ; F. Stephens.
I illustrate the male, female and the underside of this beautiful
species. These were taken in the Santa Ritas, although it is
stated that Nais lives only on the east side of the continental divide,
so that statement is incorrect, for the Santa Ritas are in the basin
of the Salt River, a tributary of the Colorado. I have no data as
to the elevation at which these examples were taken, but it must
have been at 5,000 to 7,000 feet altitude.

299. Lemonias Zela.

Pl.\te XXVII ; Figure 299, Santa Rita Mountains, June,
1893 ; Stephens.

GENUS CALEPHELIS 203

The sexes of Zela are very much aUke. and one figure will
sufficiently illustrate the species, especially as this Arizona form
has but slight interest for us in the coast region.

300. Lemonias Cleis.

Plate XX\TI : Figure 300, Female, Santa Rita Moun-
tains, 1903 ; Stephens.
This also is a mountain form from the Arizona mountains. It
seems to be a Mexican form, just happening in American terri-
tory, as it is not known from any other locality than southern
Arizona.

Genus CALEPHELIS.

A most charming group of very small butterflies, all of them
distinguished by having two rows of plumbeous spots, like dull
silver, on both sides of both wings, but most plainly seen on the
under side. Two species are eastern, one of them coming west to
California, and two are western, going eastward only to Arizona
and Texas.

301. Calephelis Borealis.

Pl.\te XXVII; Figure 301, Female, Lake County, Cal.,
June, 1894; Author.
This example here figured was taken by the author in Central
California, as noted, and it is the only one ever mentioned as
captured west of Illinois. Presumably it is invading the West
Coast, as some other species have done, and may in a few years
become common. This specimen was taken in the mountains at
an estimated elevation of 3,000 feet.

302. Calephelis Australis.

Plate XX\TI ; Figures 302, b.

Fig. 302, Male, Yuma, Arizona ; October, 1883 ; Author,
b. Female, Yuma, Arizona, October, 1883: Author.
Australis and the next, X'emesis, are much alike ; Australis is
the darker, and smaller, and generally marked by a dark band or
curved shading across the middle of both wings, with the basal
part darker than the marginal. I have found Australis more
plentiful at Yuma than at any other point, although it is occa-
sionally taken all over southern California. The dark fringes on

204 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

both wings are interrupted by white in three places, one near
apices, again in the middle, and near inner angles, but these inter-
ruptions are shown on the plate rather indistinctly.

303. Calephelis Nemesis.

Plate XXVII ; Figures 303, Female; c, Female, underside.
Lighter in color than Australis, especially on the under side, and
about the same size, or a little larger, but you may find some speci-
mens which you are unable to satisfactorily assign to either name.
The white breaks in the dark fringes of Australis are not so appar-
ent in Nemesis, but the dark fringe is lightened somewhat with
white hairs, often along the whole margin, with nearly always at
least a faint white part near inner angle of fore wing, but prac-
tically we may regard the white interruptions as obsolescent or
wanting in Nemesis.

Genus ATLIDES.

Two tropical species, extremely high-colored and tropical-look-
ing, only one of which comes to the West Coast. Six-footed ;
bodies short and stout ; extremely rapid flyers. Sex-mark, a
"stigma" on the fore wing, seen in the figure of the male, 306, as
a black spot on fore wing.

304. Atlides Crysalus.

Plate XXVII ; Figure 304, Male, underside, from Colo-
rado ; D. Bruce.

Crysalus is a gorgeous, handsome butterfly ; I have shown the
underside, as that is more distinctive than the upper. It is from
Colorado, and is said to fly also in Utah, Arizona, and is credited
to Southern California, but this latter locality is an error, being
merely guesswork, as I believe.

Citima, a variety, is set down for Arizona, and if correctly so
assigned, is an inhabitant of the West Coast ; but I doubt the
statement, and think that it is not seen west of the continental
divide.

306. Atlides Halesus.

Plate XXVII ; Figure 306, Male, Slover Mountain, Cal.,
1890; Author.
This is one of the handsomest of butterflies, the metallic, glisten-
ing scales fairly sparkle in the sunshine. Really, it is tropical in

GENUS THECLA 205

its habitat, as it does not go further north than the Gulf States,
where it is common, and westward to Arizona and Southern Cali-
fornia. It is rapid and tricky in flight, but it does not go far away
from the trees whereon its plant grows. When feeding on
flowers it is tame and readily approached. Halesus has two tails,
a thread-like one, and a broad, spatulate one that is always twisted,
or turned edgewise.

The larval food-plant is mistletoe, usually found growing on
Cottonwood trees.

Genus THECLA.

Rather small-sized butterflies ; bodies stout : six-footed : the
hind wings usually terminated with thread-like tails. Flight, rapid
and eccentric.

Sex-mark, the same as in the previous genus, namely, the male
is marked with a "stigma" near costa, in the middle of the wing,
the female has no such mark, but the abdomen of the female is
larger, usually noticeably so.

308. Thecla Melinus.

Pl,\te XXVII; Figures 308, Male; b, Female.
This is a very common species all over the United States, and is
known in some places as Thecla Humuli. In the Eastern States it
is said to feed on the common hop-vine, the caterpillars being
called "green, downy caterpillars" ; but in California the eggs are
oviposited on the flower-buds of Malva rotundifolia. As I have
taken this butterfly in desert localities, where there are no hop-
vines nor malva plants within many miles, I am sure that the larvae
are rather omnivorous, and feed on many different plants.

309. Thecla Californica. X'ot elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXVn ; Figures 309, a.

Fig. 309, Male, Central California, no data; from Prof.

Rivers.

a, Male, underside, Sisson, Cal., 1898; Author.

This is a northern species, inhabiting the mountainous parts of

Central and N'orthern California. The colors are rather neutral,

and the key to the species is the small fulvous spot on upper side

at anal angle and the blue spot with differently colored lunules

on either side on the under side of the wing, as shown on the plate.

206 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

310. Thecla Dryope. Xot elsewhere illustrated.
Pl-\te XXVII; Figures 310, b, c.

Fig. 310, Male, Greenhorn Mountains, 7,000 feet eleva-
tion, 1888; Author,

b, Female, San Bernardino Mts., May 24, 1895 >

Author.

c, Female, underside, San Bernardino Mts., June 22,

1896; Author.
Dr}-ope is a very peculiarly colored Thecla, being somewhat of
a pale mouse-color, with the disks of all wings paled, or in the
female, flushed as well as paled : on under side all wings are
chalky-white, with an anal lunule, as well shown on the plate.
Dn,-ope is a very rare species, and it is quite a feat to capture one
of them, not that they are war\-, but that you may walk a thou-
sand miles without seeing one to tn- your net at.

311. Thecla Tacita.

Pl.\te XXVII ; Figures 311, b, c.

Fig. 311, Male, Lake Count)-, Cal., June, 1894: Author.

b. Female, Greenhorn ]Mountains, June, 1888;

Author.

c. Female, underside, Greenhorn Mountains, June,

1888: Author.
Tacita is aUied to Dr\ope, being smaller, and darker in color,
but the flushings on the wings are at the inner angles, and not on
the disks, as in Dr\-ope. The figures give a good illustration of
the species better than many words could do. Tacita is a moun-
tain flyer, ven." widely scattered, and not plentj- at any place.

313. Thecla Auretorum.
Xo figure.

This is one of the few Califomian butterflies which I know
nothing about. It has never been figured, and the literature about
it is scant\\ Apparently little is known about it.

314. Thecla Gnmus.

Plate XX\"II ; Figures 314, a.

Fig. 314, Female, San Bernardino ]\Its., 3,000 feet alti-
tude, June. 1886: Author,
a, Male, underside, Sisson, Cal., July, 1892 ; Author.
Grunus is the third, and the palest of the group to which it be-
longs, the other tw^o being Drvope and Tacita : I have grouped

GENUS THECLA 207

them all here together for convenience of comparison. The cheeks
of Gruniis are flushed, like those of Dryope, and in other aspects
it carries the same face as the other two, but on underside there
are no markings whatever, all the dots usually seen are paled out
entirely.

316. Thecla Saepium.

Pl.\te XX\^II : Figures 316, c.

Fig. 316, Male, Truckee, Cal., July, 1892; Author.

c, Male, underside, Truckee, Cal., July, 1892;
Author.
Brown above; black-brown beneath, with a small ashy-blue
spot at anal angle of hind vv^ing, which spot is the best key to the
species ; there are other species that resemble Saepium, but the
blue spot is distinctive : it is not well shown in the figure, being
overshadowed by the black at that point.

318. Thecla Chalcis.

Pl.\te XX\TI : Figures 318, a.

Fig. 318, ^lale. Greenhorn Mountains, Cal., July, 1888;
Author,
a, Male, underside, San Bernardino Jilts., June,
1889; Author.
On upper side wine-red. with a dark violet luster when fresh ;
on under side much as in Saepium, yet different, especially as the
blue spot of Saepium is absent in Chalcis : the whole under side is
of a peculiar smoky tint, or in the female, bronzy. Chalcis is a
mountain species, and is not found on the lowlands at any place ;
apparently about 5,000 feet elevation is where it most abounds.

319. Thecla Nelsoni.

Pl.\te XXVTI : Figures 319, a.

Fig. 319, Male, San Bernardino Mountains, June, 1897;
Author.
a, Male, underside. San Bernardino ^Mountains,
June, 1889; Author.
This is a rare species, not being often seen. It flies on the high
mountains at 5,000 to 6,000 feet elevation. The under side is
peculiar in that it has a curved row of spots on the fore wing, a
feature that belongs more usually to the Lycaenas than to the
Theclas.

208 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

320. Thecla Exoleta. Not elsewhere illustrated.

Plate XXVII ; Figure 320, Female, Central California,
1894; Author.
Exoleta is supposed to be a variety of the preceding, Nelsoni,
being practically the same on the upper side, and with but minor
points of difference on the under side. I figure the under side
because it is there that the differences, such as they are, are located.
Because the curved row of dots on fore wing is absent I am of
the opinion that it is separate and distinct from Nelsoni.

321. Thecla Muiri. Not elsewhere illustrated.

Pl.\te XX\'II ; Figure 321, Male, Central California,
1897; Author.
Muiri is a variety of 319, Nelsoni; much smaller, and the spots
of under side in good part faint or absent. On the upper side there
is no difference apparent except in size.

322. Thecla Spinetorum.

Plate XXVII ; Figures 322, b, c.

Fig. 322, Male, Ellensburg, Wash., May 20, 1896; Author.

b, Female, Ellensburg, Wash., May 20, 1896;

Author.

c, Male, underside, Ellensburg, Wash., May 20,

1896; Author.
This is a member of the group to which the preceding Nelsoni
and Muiri belong, being very similar, and having on the under
side the same type of markings, including the discal bar or series
of dots on fore wing: the markings of hind wing are of Nelsoni
type, and are more distinct and obvious than in Nelsoni, or Muiri.

323. Thecla Spadix. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Pl.\te XXVII : Figures 323, a.

Fig. 323, Female, Central California "Sits., August 5, 1890;
Author.
a, Male, underside. Central California ]\Its., August
5, 1890; Author.
Spadix is very plain dull mouse-color, on both upper and under
side with scarcely a line or a mark for ornamentation. The female
sometimes has a faint chestnut shade on the disk of wings, but
often has not. It is a rather large-sized butterfly, and lives in the
mountains, at an elevation of about 4,000 feet.

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate XXVII.

COPTRlflHTED )»0S, Br W. i; WfilGMT.

ERICAN COLOBTTPE CO. , CHICAGO

GENUS THECLA 200

324. Thecla Adenostomatis.

Plate XXVII ; Figures 324, b.

Fig. 324, ]\Iale, Central California, no data.

b, Female, underside, Central California, no data.
On upper side this butterfly is very much like the preceding,
being plain mouse-color, and without any marks for identification ;
but, like many others, the under side is different, having a thin,
hoary whiteness overspread, and the median band is apparent as
a thin white line, merely, across both wings, together with some
small marks at anal angle of hind wing.

326. Thecla Clytie.

No figure.
Qytie is now thought to be the same as Ines. The differences, if
any, are that Clytie is a little larger in size, and the blue of hind
wing extends over the hind part of the fore wing.

327. Thecla Ines.

Plate XXVIII ; Figures 327, b, c.

Fig. 327, Male, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, Oct., 1892;
F. Stephens.

b, Female, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, Oct., 1892;

F. Stephens.

c, Female, underside. Southern California, Oct.,

1903 ; Author.
This beautiful little Thecla comes from Arizona and from that
part of California adjoining. It is very rare, and not often found
in collections, perhaps because of its habit of appearing in the
autumn rather than in the spring, as is usual with most butterflies.
In Arizona they have summer rains, which cause the plants to
enjoy a sort of second spring, and that would seem to offer a sort
of reason for the fall appearance of this butterfly, but in California,
adjoining, there is no summer rain, and yet Ines comes out at the
same time as in Arizona.

328. Thecla Avalona, n. s. Not illustrated elsewhere.
Plate XXVIII ; Figures 328, b, c.

Fig. 328, Male, Catalina Island, summer of 1885 ; F.
Stephens.

b. Female, Catalina Island, summer of 1885; F.

Stephens.

c, Male, underside, Catalina Island, summer of

1885 ; F. Stephens.

210 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

ELxpanse, .8 to i inch. Male, blue ; female, dusky-blue ; small
black and faint fulvous lunules at anal angle. Under side ash_y-
blue, dusky at apices; a median band across both wings, deeply
indented twice on each wing, the band is somewhat after the pat-
tern of the band on Behri, on which account I have placed Avalona
next to Behri on the plate.

It is a matter of great grief to me that the males of these figures
were in a wretched condition, so rubbed as to be almost valueless,
but I had no others. This charming new species was taken on
Catalina Island in 1885, as noted on the data, and I have named it
for the chief town on the island, near which the specimens were
taken. It might well have been named for Mr. Stephens, but
neither Mr. Stephens nor the Author favors personal names. This
new species was recognized as new long ago, but has been he'd in
abeyance till now that it might appear in this book.

329. Thecla Behri.

Plate XXVIII ; Figures 329, b, c.

Fig. 329, Male, Truckee, Cal., July, 1901 ; Author.

b, Female, Truckee, Cal., July, 1901 ; Author.

c, Female, underside, Truckee, Cal.. July, 1901 ;

Author.
Behri is a lovely little butterfly, and in the Tahoe region and
along the Truckee River it is very abundant indeed. It is set down
for several of the States of the Great Basin, and as far north as
Oregon, so it is probable that it flies in every State of the Basin
north of Arizona.

330. Thecla Iroides.

Plate XXVIII ; Figures 330, b, c.

Fig. 330, Male, Southern California, April, 1895; Author.

b. Female, Greenhorn Mountains, 7,000 feet alti-

tude, 1888; Author.

c. Female, underside. Greenhorn Mountains, 7,000

feet altitude, 1888 ; Author.
Iroides is very common in Southern California in early spring;
it likes to feed on the flowers of the early-flowering ceanothus.
This species enjoys a wider range in altitude than most butterflies,
as it flies on the plains, and up to an elevation of 8,000 feet ; and it
also reaches over the whole of the West Coast, from Arizona to
Vancouver Island, and perhaps still further north.

GENUS THECLA 211

331. Thecla Mossi. Not figured elsewhere.

Plate XXVIII; Figure 331, Female, underside, Puget
Sound, May i, 1890; Author.

Mossi is sometimes spoken of as the Western form or repre-
sentative of the Eastern species, Irus, which lives in the Atlantic
and the Western States. Mossi was taken on Vancouver Island
in 1880. and ten years later this figured example was taken by me
in the same region. Between this locality and the habitat of Irus
in the Western States is a vacant space two thousand miles wide,
in which neither Irus nor Mossi are seen, and, considering this
fact, and also the differences between the forms, I conclude that
Mossi is a good and sufficient species.

The essential peculiarity of Mossi is the bleached, washed-out
appearance of the underside of hind wings, "giving it a most pecu-
liar aspect," as the description truly says, and as shown on the
plate.

333. Thecla Eryphon.

Plate XXVIII ; Figures 333, b, c.

F'g- 333- Male, Sierra Nevadas near Lake Tahoe, July,
1892 ; Auhor.

b. Female, Sierra Nevadas near Lake Tahoe, July,

1892; Author.

c, Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas near Lake Ta-

hoe, July, 1892; Author.
The key to this species is the evenly-curved band near the mid-
dle of fore wing, in contradistinction with the next species, Ni-
phon, in which the band is sharply angled or dentated ; though
the underside of Niphon is much lighter than Eryphon.

334. Thecla Niphon.

Pl.\te XXVIII ; Figures 334, b, c.

Fig. 334, Male, Mendocino County, Cal., June, 1891 ;
Author.

b. Female, Mendocino County, Cal., June. 1891 ;

Author.

c. Female, underside, Mendocino County, Cal.,

June, 1891 ; Author.
Niphon is much like the preceding Eryphon, being lighter, espe-
cially on under side, and the banding beneath is more angulated.

212 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

335. Thecla Dumetorum.

Plate XXVIII ; Figures 335, a, aa.

Fig. 335, Male, Southern California, May, 1903 ; Author,
b, Male, Central Montana, July, 1892 ; Author,
a, Male, Truckee, Cal., July, 1891 ; Author.
Figure 335 is the typically colored male of the West Coast, and
Figure b following is of an example taken in the extreme eastern
part of its range, and shows much bronze-color; Figure a is an
average specimen, showing the white dots crossing the wing; some-
times these dots are on both wings, or on either. These white dots
are the line of separation between Dumetorum and the following,
Affinis.

336. Thecla Affinis.

Plate XXVIII ; Figures 336, b.

Fig. 336, Male, Southern California, 1890; Author.

b. Female, Southern California, 1895 ; Author.
Affinis is a variety of Dumetorum, in which there are no white
dots on either wing on under side. There are but few examples
that are fully and fairly marked with the dots across either wing,
most specimens have one or more dots on one of the wings, but in
that case they are a sort of intergrades, belonging to neither form.

337. Thecla Apama.

No figure.
Apama is an Arizona species resembling Dumetorum, on
under side greenish in color, and having a more elaborate orna-
mentation. It is properly a Mexican species, only in limited num-
bers coming across the line.

Genus CHRYSOPHANUS.

A group of sixteen species belonging to the West Coast, larger
than the Theclas or the Lycjenas, and of apparently intermediate
structure ; generally reddish males and yellowish females,
freckled above and beneath with black spots, and figured with
colored lines and lunules. At one time these were considered as
Lycaenas, and were listed with them.

GENUS CHRYSOPHANUS 213

338. Chrysophanus Arota.

Plate XXVIII ; Figures 338, b, c.

Fig. 338, Male, Santa Clara County, Cal., July, 1892 ;
Author.

b, Female, Santa Clara County, Cal., July, 1892 ;

Author.

c, Female, underside, Santa Clara County, Cal.,

July, 1892 ; Author.
This was one of the first butterflies of the West Coast to be
named ; it flies in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay, and so early
fell into the hands of the French collector during the first gold
fever, and sent to France, where it was named by Boisduval.
Arota and the next, Virginiensis, are much alike, and will puzzle
to separate if the locality labels are missing; I have a good series
of both, but find no feature that can be relied on in all cases, as
each character seems comparative, only.

339. Chrysophanus Virginiensis.
Plate XXVIII ; Figures 339, b, c.

Fig- 339- Male, Sierra Nevadas of California, July, 1892;
Author.

b, Female, Madeleine Plains, Cal., July, 1894; F.

Stephens.

c, Female, underside, Portland, Oregon, August,

1890; Author.
This is a mountain butterfly, seen only at high elevations, except
at the north, where northing counts as elevation. The example b
above, is the darkest one I have, showing less white on hind wing ;
others taken south in California have nearly as much white be-
neath as Arota.

340. Chrysophanus Hermes.

No figure.
I have never been able to distinguish this species. The descrip-
tion is as follows : "Size, about one inch ; sexes much alike ; upper
side, pale fulvous ; margin brown ; an irregular row of brown
discal spots. Under side, fore wings pale buff, spots large and
distinct ; hind wings base grayish, margin clouded gray ; a row of
discal black spots ; at anal angle a black spot, and near it others
obsolete ; a long, tapering tail."

214 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

341. Chrysophanus Mariposa.

Plate XXVIII ; Figures 341, b.

Fig. 341, Male, Sierras of Central California, July, 1892;

Author.
b. Female, Sierras of Central California, July, 1892;

Author.

Mariposa is a small-sized butterfly, for one of this genus, and it
has no sign of a tail, so that, although it looks much like others
in point of color and markings, it is readily separated. It is a
mountain species, and I have found it to be quite rare everywhere.

342. Chrysophanus Xanthoides.
Plate XXVIII ; Figures 342, b, c.

Fig. 342, Male, Southern California plains, June, 1895 ;
Author.

b, Female, Southern California plains, June, 1895;

Author.

c. Female, underside. Greenhorn Mountains, July,

1888; Author.

This is the largest Chrysophanus of the West Coast. It is gen-
erally a plains species, though later in the season it can be found
well up on the hills and mountains of moderate height. It is quite
easy to confuse the females of this and the next, Gorgon, but if you
note the lines and dots at the anal angle on the under side of hind
wing, you will not get them mixed.

343. Chrysophanus Gorgon.

Plate XXVIII ; Figures 343, b, c.

Fig. 343, Male, Riche Canyon, S. Cal., June, 1899 : Author.

b, Female, Cabazon, Southern California, 1898;

Author.

c, Female, underside, Mendocino County, Cal.,

June, 1894; Author.
Gorgon, the male, in the south is a fiery-red fellow, looking like
red-hot iron glossed with violet. More to the north the color is
subdued. The female Gorgon is tinted with coffee-color on the
under side of both wings, and all the submarginal dots and lunules
are separate, and not tied together with white lines, or lines of any
color.

GENUS CHRYSOPHANUS 215

345. Chrysophanus Editha.

Plate XXVIII ; Figures 345, b, c.

Fig. 345, Male, Truckee, Cal., June 20, 1892; Author.

b, Female, Truckee, Cal, June 22, 1892; Author.

c, Female, underside, Tahoe, Cal., June, 1892;
' Author.

Editha inhabits the plains and valleys some thousand feet below
the crests of the higher mountains, and is very common even--
where in suitable locations.

346. Chrysophanus Zeroe.

Plate XXVIII ; Figures 346, b, c.

Fig. 346, Male, Portland, Oregon, July, 1890; Author.

b, Female, Sierra Nevadas of California, July, 1892 ;

Author.

c, Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas of California,

July, 1892; Author.
This is a similar species to the preceding, and found in similar
environment, but extending further to the north, into Oregon,
and perhaps into Washington, but I have never taken it that far
north. The key to Zeroe is the white, blank, underside of hind
wing, which is peculiar to this species alone.

347. Chrysophanus Del Sud, n. s. Not illustrated elsewhere.
Plate XXVIII ; Figures 347. b.

Fig. 347, Female, San Diego, Cal., 1896.

b, Female, underside, San Diego, Cal., 1896.

Expanse, i.i inch; color of the female, upper side brown-
ish, with pale orange on fore wing near inner angle, and black
spots, as in Arota, but less prominent ; hind wing without spots,
except a line of reddish at anal angle : a small tail ; under side -
yellow on both wings, the fore wing whitish on the disk, with five
black spots irregularly placed ; no spots on hind wing, except two
minute ones inside the middle.

This fine and peculiarly-marked Chrysophanus was taken near
San Diego by Mr. Carl Field, and given to Mr. F. Stephens, who
sent it to me for determination. No male was taken ; I have done
what I could in the years since this example came into my pos-
session to get a male of the species, but without avail. Del Sud
(of the South) is probably a Lower California butterfly, just hap-

216 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

pening over the line ; in that case it ought to be taken at Yuma,
evidently.

348. Chrysophanus Helloides.

Plate XXVIII ; Figures 348, b, c.

Fig. 348, Male, Southern California, 1900: Author.

b. Female, Vancouver Island, 1892 ; Author.

c, Portland, Oregon, 1892; Author.

This is very common and wide-spread, and everybody knows it
if they know any of the smaller butterflies.

The larval food-plant is Polygonum aviculare, common "knot-
grass."

349. Chrysophanus Dorcas. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Pl.ate XXVIII ; Figures 349, b, c.

Fig. 349, Male, Sitka, Alaska, July, 1891 ; Author.

b. Female, Sitka, Alaska, July, 1891 ; Author.

c, Female, underside, Sitka, Alaska, July, 1891 ;

Author.
Dorcas I consider to be a far northern variety or form of
Helloides ; smaller, and much darker, as becomes it in that north-
ern habitat, but all the ear-marks show it to be the same thing.
It is rather common about Sitka, especially out near the lake that
supplied the old Russian saw-mill with water ; there it was seen
flitting about over the deep moss that covered the meadow, but it
was difficult to see or to take, because so dusky, and so concolorous
with the moss.

351. Chrysophanus Cupreus. Not illustrated elsewhere ac-
cessibly.
Plate XXVIII ; Figures 351, b, c.

Fig. 351, Male, Sierra Nevadas of California, July, 1892;
Author.

b, Female, Colorado, no data ; D. Bruce.

c. Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas ; Author.
This gorgeous little butterfly is quite a rare thing ; it is noted

in the books as taken only in two localities, at Mt. Shasta, and in
Oregon. I never saw it at Shasta, although I have hunted there a
good deal ; indeed, I have taken onlv three or four anywhere.

Butterflies of the West Coast

Plate XXVIII

r f'

T(0 'SOS, ST « G AfilGMT

MEHIC4M 'OLORTlPE CO , CHICAGO

GENUS LYC^NA 217

352. Chysophanus Rubidus.

Plate XXVIII ; Figures 352, b, c.
Fig. 352, Male, no data.

b, Female, no data.

c, Female, underside, no data.

The male on upper side is very like Cupreus, though larger, and
the female is darker than the female of Cupreus, a peculiar white-
and-dusky color, without much red or yellow. It is set down in
the books as living in Oregon, Nevada and Montana, but all I can
say about that is that I have not ever seen one in any one of those
States.

353. Chrysophanus Sirius.

Plate XXVIII ; Figures 353, b.
Fig- 353. Male, from Western Colorado ; D. Bruce,
b, Female, from Western Colorado ; D. Bruce.
Sirius is said to inhabit some of the States of the Great Basin,
from Arizona to British America ; it ought to be found in Eastern
Oregon and Washington, east of the Cascades, but I have not
heard of any such habitat having been established.

Genus LYCiENA.

A large genus, of world-wide distribution. "The Blues" are
everywhere, in the springtime, on plain and on mountain alike, for
generally these little butterflies are in flight in the spring only,
although several are summer and autumn-flying species, so that
we have them with us at all times except during the cold months.

All Lycjenas have the peculiar habit when at rest or when feed-
ing on flowers, of rubbing their wings up and down with a gen-
tle motion, which reminds us of the way flies have of rubbing their
feet together; the wings do not touch together, nor do they rub
against anything else, and it is unknown what the object of the
motion may be. If from any cause the butterfly becomes disturbed,
it at once stops the motion until the distrust is removed. All
Theclas also have the same habit.

The eggs of all Lycaenas are nearly globular, greenish-white,
the egg itself being green, but covered with a white network or
film which can be peeled ofif.

218 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Some Lycaena larvae have a strange habit of feeding in seclu-
sion by hiding away, as in a pea-pod, and of spinning a web to
close over the aperture by which they entered, so that no other
thing can enter. In this queer, moth-like habit of feeding, Amyn-
tula, Sonorensis, and Hanno have been identified by the Author,
and probably many other species have the same habit, as the Ly-
csenas are fond of plants of the leguminous order, laying their eggs
on the flower-buds, generally.

354. Lycaena Fuliginosa.

Pl.\te XXIX ; Figures 354, b.

Fig. 354, Male, Peters' Valley, N. E. Cal, July 10, 1894 ;
Stephens,
b, Female, underside, Peters' Valley, N. E. Cal.,
July 10, 1894; Stephens.
Smoky-black on upper side, and smoky-brown beneath ; it is a
very odd-looking butterfly ; it should have been named "indef-
inita," for that is the most appropriate name.

355. Lycaena Heteronea.

Plate XXIX ; Figures 355, b, c.

Fig- 355' Male, Lake Tahoe Basin, July 8. 1896; Author.

b. Female, Lake Tahoe Basin, July 8, 1896; Author.

c. Female, underside, Mendocino County, 1885 ; J.

Behrens.
This is a beautiful, large-sized Lycjena, perhaps as large as any
on the West Coast. The upper side of the male is a bright, glossy
blue, with a shining, dewy appearance, and the veins all stand out
visibly. The female is brown, overlaid with blue. The under side
of both sexes is covered with long white hairs, which sometimes
obscure the black spots.

356. Lycaena Clara.

Plate XXIX ; Figures 356, c.

Fig. 356, Male Tehachapi Mountains, Aug. 5, 1890;

Author.

c. Female, underside, Tehachapi Mountains, Aug.

5, 1890; Author.

Qara has very thin and transparent wings, so that the spots of

under side show through on the upper. The wings are dusky,

thinly overlaid with blue scales ; the male more blue than the

GENUS LYC^NA 219

female. The under side is sordid white, and the dots on hind wing
are scarcely visible.

357. Lycaena Lycea.

Pl.'\te XXIX ; Figures 357, b.

Fig. 357, Male, Colorado ; T. L. Mead.

b. Female, underside ; T. L. Mead.
Lycea is readily distinguished by the very large black spots
on under side of fore wing, all spots of both wings being heavily
irised with white. So far as I know, no example of Lycea was
ever taken in any Coast State, but it inhabits the States of the
Great Basin, from Arizona to Montana, and doubtless flies up to
the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and thus comes
well within our territory, and should be found along the eastern
base of the mountains to Eastern Oregon and Washington.

358. Lycaena FuUa.

Plate XXIX ; Figures 358, b, c.

Fig. 358, Male, Sierra N'evadas, 7,000 feet elevation, July,
1896 ; Author.

b, Female, Sierra Nevadas, 7,000 feet elevation,

July, 1896; Author.

c. Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas, 7,000 feet

elevation, July, 1896; Author.
Fulla is a rare mountain butterfly from the high Sierras of
California. The male is dusky, thinly glossed over with blue,
and the female is still more thinly glossed over ; the under side of
both wings is chalky-white, with large black dots on the fore
wings, but it would be impossible for a trained eye to confuse this
with the preceding.

359. Lycaena Pheres.

Plate XXIX ; Figures 359, b, c.

Fig. 359, Male, Coldstream, Vancouver Island, July 6,
1892 ; Author.

b. Female, Coldstream, Vancouver Island, July 6,

1892 ; Author.

c. Female, underside, Coldstream, Vancouver Island,

July 6, 1892; Author.
This is a northern butterfly, from near the Canada line ; I have
taken it at Spokane and on Vancouver Island, and it is said to fly
in many of the States of the Great Basin as far south as Colo-

220 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

rado, on the heights of the Rocky Mountains. Pheres is a Httle
less blue than Fulla, so that on the female there is no blue to be
seen, except close toward the body ; and on under side the white is
sordid, and the spots are very^ small.

360. Lycaena Icaroides.

Plate XXIX ; Figures 360, b, c.

Fig. 360, Male, Lake County, Cal., May 29, 1894; Author.

b, Female, Emigrant Gap, June 30, 1892 ; Author.

c, Female, underside, Mendocino County, Cal.,

June, 1889; Author.
Icaroides is one of the oldest names, having been taken in the
days of the first gold excitement, and named in 1852. It is very
wide-spread, and is captured by every butterfly hunter, and every-
body prints something about it, and it is often mixed up with some
other species ; but that was before the days of photographic color-
printing. With these plates before you there will be no occasion
for mistake.

361. Lycaena Daedalus.

Plate XXIX ; Figures 361, b, c.

Fig. 361, Male, Emigrant Gap, California, June 28, 1892;

Author.

b. Female, San Bernardino Mountains, June 10,

1889 ; Author.

c, Female, underside. Mount Shasta, Cal., June,

1890; Author.
Daedalus has had troubles of its own, having been called Icaro-
ides, ^haja, Rufescens, and Sapiolus, till the poor thing might
well have become discouraged in trying to maintain a separate
individuality. The male is bright pruinose-blue, with wide dusky
margin, and white under side; the female is red-brown, often
with a bronze flush on hind wings, and beneath is of dark coflfee-
color : both sexes with two parallel rows of marginal points on
hind wing, with many other points on both wings, all of them being
large and positive.

362. Lycaena Maricopa.

No figure.
With this species I am not acquainted under that name. The
description reads: "Brown, glossed violet ; beneath, ash-brown, on
fore wing a median sinuate row of seven large spots ; hind wing.

GENUS LYC^NA 221

three transverse maculate bands, the inner one of eight large round
black spots bent twice at right angles ; the second, of smaller, and
sagittiform, and running parallel with border ; the third, mar-
ginal, indistinct ; all irised white." And that description applies
fairJy. to the next species, Ssepiolus ; therefore I believe that there
is no Maricopa, and as the name was applied fourteen years after
Saepiolus was named, it therefore must be dropped.

363. Lycaena Saepiolus.

Pl.\te XXIX : Figures 363, b, c.

Fig. 363, Male, Lake County, California, June 19, 1894;
Author.

b. Female, Emigrant Gap, Cal., June, 1892 ; Author.

c. Female, underside. Emigrant Gap, Cal., June,

1892; Author.
Silvery-blue, a size smaller than the preceding, being somewhat
similar as to many points, yet so well shown on the plate that no
one could well be mistaken as to the species.

365. Lycasna Kodiak. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Pl.\te XXIX ; Figures 365. b, c.
Fig. 365, Male, Juneau, Alaska, June 10, 1891 ; Author.

b. Female, Juneau, Alaska, June 10, 1891 ; Author.

c Female, underside, Juneau, Alaska, June 10, 189 1 ;

Author.

Small size, about one inch expanse ; male, blue of a deep violet

tint; female, brown with more or less blue at base. X'o lunules

on hind wing on either sex. Beneath, male, grayish with obscure

yellowish lunules on hind wing ; female, dull brownish, yellowish

obscure lunules at margin of all wings, becoming obsolete at apices.

Only a few of these were taken in the canyon above town, and

alongside of the river of glacial water that comes tumbling down

in such a haste that it is a continual cascade.

367. Lycaena Antiacis.

Plate XXIX ; Figures 367, b, c.

Fig. 367, Male, Southern California, May 20, 1895 ;
Author.

b. Female, Southern California, March 10, 1893 ;

Author.

c, Female, underside, Southern California, June i,

1896; Author.

222 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

This is one of the most abundant "blues" in California in the
spring. It is of a lustrous, dewy blue, with visible veins, as in
Heteronea. It is a valley species, not going into the mountains.

The larval food-plant is Lupinus, of several species.

368. Lycaena Behri. Not elsewhere illustrated.

Plate XXIX ; Figure 368, Female, underside, Spokane,
May 16, 1890; Author.
The distinctive points of Behri are on the underside, so I have
figured the female, which shows the variation better than the male.
The figure shows all the spots of under side about the same size,
and ringed with white. Behri I suppose to be the northern rep-
resentative of the southern Antiacis, darker every way, and all
spots more prominently irised with white.

369. Lycaena Mertila. Not elsewhere illustrated.

Plate XXIX ; Figure 369, Male, underside, San Francisco,
1890; C. E. Cottle.
Mertila is a variety of Antiacis, with all the round dots on under
side half covered with the white iris which surrounds them. This
variety seems to be quite local.

370. Lycaena Xerces.

Plate XXIX ; Figures 370, b, c.

Fig- 370, Male, San Francisco, 1890; C. E. Cottle.

b. Female, San Francisco, 1890; C. E. Cottle.

c, Female, underside, San Francisco, 1890; C. E.

Cottle.
In this species the peculiarities of Mertila are still more evi-
dent ; the black margin is wider, and on under side the spots are
all completely covered over with the white iris, so that they look
like white spots. This beautiful butterfly was lost for thirty
years, and was believed to be extinct, but of late years it has
reappeared in the same locality where it formerly was so com-
mon, namely, Lone Mountain Cemetery, near San Francisco, and
it is said that it is becoming quite plentiful in that locality, though
unknown in any other place.

371. Lycagna Orcus.

No figure.
Orcus 1 suppose to be the same as Mertila. It is said to be from
Central California, having the same habitat as Mertila, and from
all I can learn is the same form.

GENUS LYC.^iNA 223

372. Lycaena Oro.
No figure.

This is said to be the Western form of the Eastern Lygdamus,
a species which flies from Michigan to Georgia. Lygdamus is
pecuHar in having one row of spots of same size on both fore
and hind wings, as is shown in the Figure 368, on this plate.
From what I know of it and of Oro, Oro is the same as Behri,
illustrated in Figure 368.

373. Lycaena Sagittigera.

Pl.^te XXIX ; Figures 373, b, c.

Fig. 373, Male, Spokane, Washington, May 10, 1890;
Author.

b, Female, Southern California, May 30. 1902 ;

Author.

c, Female, underside, Spokane, Wash., May 10,

1890; Author.

This elegant butterfly is so peculiarly marked that it cannot be
mistaken for any other. It is very wide-spread, but is larger and
finer at the north than at the south.

The plant used to oviposit eggs upon is Lupinus. The eggs are
put upon the flower-buds, and doubtless the larvae feed on the
immature seeds.

374. Lycasna Sonorensis.

Plate XXIX ; Figures 374, b, a.

Fig. 374, Male, Southern California, May, 1890; Author.
b, Female, Southern California, May, 1890;

Author,
a, Male, underside, Southern California, May, 1890;
Author.

This lovely little Lycaena is noted as being the most exquisite
"blue" that flies in America. I have taken it on the peninsula of
Lower California, where it is more plentiful than in any other
locality; in the State of California it flies as far north as Gilroy,
and to Yosemite, in the mountains. It is not abundant in any
locality except that it was plenty enough in Lower California.

The eggs are oviposited on the leaves of cotyledon, and when the
larvae are hatched they eat their way into the interior of the thick
leaves and burrow therein until mature, when they come out to

224 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

pupate in rubbish on the ground. I have had several years' ex-
perience in breeding them.

375. Lycasna Podarce.

Plate XXIX ; Figures 375, c.

Fig. 375, Male, Emigrant Gap, July 22, 1892 ; Author.

c, Female, underside, Pendleton, Oregon, July,
1890; Author.
Podarce is a mountain butterfly, found at 6,000 to 8,000 feet
elevation in the Sierras of Central California. It appears not to go
far north, but it goes east to the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.
Podarce is a dusky damsel with wide dusky borders to both wings,
the disk being lightly blued. The hind wings show a marginal
series of lunules, each one surrounded with pale blue. The veins
are emphasized by a narrow line of dusky scales. On under side,
ashy-grayish, all spots small and indefinite, and placed angularly,
after the Piasus pattern.

376. Lycaena Enoptes.

Plate XXIX ; Figures 376, b, c.

Fig. 376, Male, San Bernardino Mountains, 3,000 feet al-
titude, June, 1890; Author.

b. Female, Mt. Hood, Oregon, July 20, 1892 ;

Author.

c. Female, underside, Mt. Hood, Oregon. July 20,

1892 ; Author.

The male is blue with a violet luster ; no orange lunules on hind
wing. Female brownish, glossed on disk with blue, with five
round black spots and an inner row of orange lunules connected
in a band and only cut by the nervures. Beneath, both sexes
are grayish.

Enoptes is a mountain flyer, and, as noted above, is wide-spread,
but always in the mountains, and never in the valleys.

377. Lycaena Battoides.

No figure.
Battoides is same size as Enoptes, blue, and has two black dots
at hind margin of hind wings, the dots supported inside by bright
orange, and with two tail-like projections ; the distinct colors and
the tails lend a sort of Thecla-like aspect to the butterfly.

GENUS LYC^NA 225

378. Lycasna Shasta.

Plate XXIX ; Figures 378, b, c.

Fig. 378, Male, Lake Tahoe Basin, July 12, 1891 ; Author.

b, Female, Lake County, Cal., July, 1894; Author.

c. Female, underside, Mt. Shasta, Cal., 1892;

Author.
Larger than the preceding, and the female has much less orange
on the margin of hind wing. A wide-spread, mountain butterfly.

'S

found from Central California to Oregon and Washington.

379. Lycaena Melissa.

Plate XXIX : Figures 379, b, c.

Fig. 379, Male, Greenhorn Mountains, 7,000 feet altitude,
July, 1888; Author.

b, Female, San Bernardino Valley, 1895; Author.

c. Female, underside, Mojave Desert, 3,000 feet

altitude, Aug. 12, 1887; Author.

This well-known and handsome species is wide-spread, flying
in valleys, on mountains, and in deserts, wherever it pleases to
go. The species ranges from Arizona to British America, and
from California to the Rocky Mountains.

The larval food-plant is Hosackia, and doubtless other legu-i
minous plants.

380. Lycaena Acmon.

Plate XXIX ; Figures 380, b, c.

Fig. 380, Male, San Bernardino Valley, 1890; Author.

b, Female, Spokane, Wash., May, 1892 ; Author.

c. Female, underside, no data.

Acmon is a universal species, and ranges over the whole coun-
try. The food-plant is Hosackia. Probably other leguminous
plants, as well. The female Acmon is liable to variations, in differ-
ent localities.

381. Lycaena Chlorina. Not elsewhere figured.

Plate XXIX ; Figure 381, Female, Tehachapi( ?), i89o( ?),
Author.
Chlorina was described in 1892, from apparently one female,
the sex being noted, but nothing whatever is said about the male,
wherefore we must conclude that at that time the male was un-
known. In March, 1905, before this book was published, I sub-

226 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

mitted a copy of this figure to the Author of Chlorina, asking if
it was Chlorina, and he rephed, "It may represent the female of
Chlorina, but I can't be sure, as my three specimens are males."
I myself have never seen the male of Chlorina, although I have
hunted butterflies in the typical habitat many seasons. Indeed,
from the description of Chlorina, as printed in Ent. News, Jan.,
1892, I had always supposed that Chlorina was a variant female
of Acmon, but now that the male is found, it must be a full species.

381a. Lycaena Neurona.

No figure.

Neurona is described from several female specimens, the male
not being mentioned. The fore wings black, "with the nerves
of the wings orange, terminating in swellings or slight expansions
parallel to the outer margin ;" the hind wings black, with an
orange border, in which are five small black dots parallel to the
margin, and the nerves toward base are orange for a short dis-
tance.

This appears to be a variant female Acmon. I am well ac-
quainted with the type locality ; it is a high mountain valley, 6,500
feet in altitude, the northern and eastern sides being bordered by
the Mojave Desert. But few forms of butterfly life are present
there, but the few which do occur may well be variations of one
kind or another. The locality is Doble, at the upper end of Bear
Valley, in San Bernardino County, Cal. : the grassy valley is sur-
rounded with pine-clad mountains.

382. Lycaena Melimona, n. v. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXIX ; Figures 382, b, c, cc.

Fig. 382, Female, San Bernardino Mts., June, 1886 ;
Author.

b, Female, San Bernardino Mts., June, 1895 ;

Author.

c. Female, underside, San Bernardino Mts., June,
1895 ; Author.

cc, Female, underside, San Bernardino Mts., June,
1889; Author.
I give four figures of a new form of variant female of Acmon,
over which I have puzzled many years ; at first I thought it a hy-
brid of Melissa and Acmon, and so gave it a name from both of
the supposed parents, but later I came to see that it is only a

GENUS LYC.ENA 227

variant female. I find it every year at one spot, Acmon prevailing
in Mav, Melimona in June, and in July only Melissa is seen. In
1887 I sent some specimens to W. H. Edwards, and he said it was
"only a variety of Acmon." The locality of Melimona is a little
open mesa on the southern slope of the mountain, at an altitude of
3,500 feet, and there I find it every year in June, but at no other
time. There is no male Melimona.

The larval food-plant is Hosackia purshiana, a slender, pro-
cumbent species, which grows among the grass in damp places.

383. Lycasna Lotis. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXIX : Figures 383, b, c.

Fig. 7,8^, Male, Mendocino County, Cal., 1887 ; from
James Behrens.

b. Female, Blue Lakes, Cal., May, 1894; Author.

c, Male, underside, ]\Iendocino County, June, 1887;

Behrens.
This is one of the rare butterflies of California, so rare that these
figures show all that I have obtained in twenty-five years of butter-
fly hunting. The male is deeply violet-blue with a changeable
luster of lighter blue ; the female is darker blue and without a
changeable gloss. The under side of both sexes is grayish ; the
discal row of spots on fore and hind wings together forms the
segment of a circle, if the wings are properly spread : at anal angle
is a black spot split into one large and one small spot, the larger
one covered with metallic blue-green scales, and above this a
marginal row of yellow-brown lunules, becoming obsolete at outer
angle.

384. Lycaena Anna.

Plate XXIX: Figures 384, b, c.

Fig. 384, Male, Sierra Nevadas of California, July, 1892;
Author.

b. Female, Sierra N^evadas of California, July, 1892 ;

Author.

c, Female, underside, Sierra Nevadas of California,

July, 1892 ; Author.

This is a large and showy butterfly, somewhat like Melissa in

point of markings, but Anna is not so blackish, either above or

beneath, and is always much larger in size. Anna is a mountain

species, and rather of a northern one as well ; it flies from the

228 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

mountains of Central California to far into British America, and
east to the Rocky Mountains of Montana.

385. Lycaena Amyntula.

Plate XXIX ; Figures 385 b, c.

Fig. 385, Male, Riche Canyon, S. Cal., March 29, 1880;
Author.

b, Female, Portland, Oregon, May 3, 1891 ; Author.

c. Female, underside, Tenino, Washington, May,

20, 1 891 ; Author.
Amyntula is spread over all the West Coast States, from Mex-
ico to Juneau, Alaska, and very likely still further north than
Juneau, perhaps to the Arctic Circle. In the south Amyntula lays
its eggs on the young seed-pods of Astragalus crotolarae, and when
the larvae hatch, they eat their way into the pod and live there
secreted till mature, if there are enough immature seeds there to
suffice; if not, they come out and enter another pod and seal the
aperture behind them. When mature, they come out to pupate
in rubbish on the ground.

386. Lycaena Herri.

No figure.
This is a variety of Amyntula, from Arizona, differing from
type in having a black margin on the wings of the male, and the
female has a narrow black band instead of the usual dark area on
fore wings, and on under side of both sexes the markings are all
heavier than on the type.

387. Lycaena Annetta.

No figure.
Annetta is from Utah, and is unknown from the Coast States
proper, or from any other locality than Utah ; it is therefore rather
a Great Basin species than a Coast States form. The male is bright
lustrous blue, resembling the male of Melissa, and the female is
lighter or paler, having around the margins of all wings a whitish
appearance, and on hind wings are a series of dots similar to those
seen on the hind wings of Echo.

388. Lycaena Lucia.

No figure.
Lucia is a small winter variety or varietal form of Argiolus
which type I do not recognize on the West Coast, though four or

Butterflies of the West Coast-

Plate XXIX

tCI'lGHTED

EH1C*N COLOHttP£ CO.. lHICAGti

GENUS LYC^NA 229

five varietal forms of that type are found here, as Lucia, Violacea,
Piasus, Echo, etc., the stem or type Argiolus being absent. Lucia
is said to fly in Alaska and in British Cohimbia, but I have never
seen it on the wing. Tlie fringe is interrupted, so that the edges
of all wings appear to be toothed, something like Sagittigera ; and
there is a dark patch in the middle of hind wings on the under side.

389. Lycaena Violacea.

No figure.
Violacea, like the preceding, Lucia, is chiefly an Eastern form
of the same type, Argiolus, and is noted in the books as flying in
limited numbers in Alaska, and the Provinces of Canada, and
along the Rocky Mountains southward to Colorado. It is a little
larger than Lucia, and resembles Piasus somewhat, but is of a
lighter and more delicate violet color on upper side ; and it is not
so prominently toothed on the edges of the wings, from the in-
terruptions of the fringes.

390. Lycaena Piasus.

Plate XXX ; Figures 390, b, c, d.

Fig. 390, Male, Juneau, Alaska, June, 1891 ; Author.

b, Female, San Bernardino, CaL, Jan. 31, 1901 ;

Author.

c, Female, underside, San Bernardino, CaL, Feb. 28,

1888; Author.

d, Bi-sexual, San Bernardino, CaL, Jan. 24, 1901 ;

Author.

Piasus is the earliest spring butterfly. It flies all over the West
Coast, from Mexico to St. Michaels, and likely to the Arctic Ocean.
The northern examples that I have taken in Alaska show no differ-
ence from those taken in the south. The spots on underside are all
of them elongated, and are placed angularly on the wing, the
spots are not black, simply dusky. The fourth figure, d, is a bi-
sexual individual, the right-hand wings being female, and the left-
hand ones male. This is the only bi-sexual butterfly that I have
ever taken. Other examples have been figured in other works, so
that other instances are not unknown, but they are very rare
indeed.

230 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

391. Lycaena Echo. Not elsewhere ilhistrated.

Plate XXX; Figure, 391, Female, Lake County, Cal.,

June, 1894; Author.

Echo is a variety of Piasus, showing a series of dots on outer

margin of hind wings. The female only has this variation ; it is

not a seasonal form, but appears at any time during the flight of

the species.

392. Lycaena Arizonensis. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Pl.\te XXX ; Figure 392, Female, Southern Arizona, 1881 ;

Author.
This is another and possibly a climatic variation of Piasus, con-
sisting mainly in the increased duskiness of both fore and hind
wings, and, so far as my observation extends, in the presence of
the Echo-like ocelli on hind wing in every instance. This form is
found in the hilly or mountainous parts of southern Arizona.

393. Lycaena Monica.
No figTire.

In 1866 a small tailed Lycsena from southern California was
named, and later was figured by Strecker, the figure looking like
a small-sized male Amyntula, with two small black dots on the
wing just above the tail, the tail thread-like, similar to the tail of
some Thecla. Since those early days no one has seen Monica, and
some writers have even dropped the name from the list. I know
nothing about it, and have no faith in it ; I think Monica was a
small Amyntula, and should be dropped. Lyarna Tcjua is an-
other name that has still less claim upon the list for a place therein ;
Tejua was figured on the same plate with Monica ; it was shown as
the same style as Monica, but with one dot on each hind wing,
and very long and slender tails, longer and slenderer than any
known Lycasna carries today. I have no faith in Tejua, but I men-
tion the name simply to account for all known names and forms.

394. Lycaena Isola.

Plate XXX ; Figures 394, b, c.

Fig. 394. Male. Southern California. June 10, 1897;
Author.

b, Female, Tucson, Arizona, June 3, 1903 ;

F. Stephens.

c. Female, underside, Southern California, June 17,

1897; Author.

GENUS LYC.^NA 231

Isola has not heretofore been known to occur west of Arizona,
but for several years I have taken it in Southern Cahfornia. It
has heretofore been known as a Mexican species, having been first
taken near Vera Cruz, and only rarely found in Arizona along the
Mexican border. The key to the species is the regularly curved
row of large spots on underside of fore wing, and the large soli-
tary spot on hind wing.

395. Lycaena Gyas.

No figure.
This is apparently another Mexican species, and is named for
the male only, and has not been taken since the publication in 1871.
The description calls for "A pale violet-blue, immaculate, a fuscous
point near anal angle. Under side, brown, washed whitish, a
straight row of median spots across fore wing ; hind wing with
a median row of spots and faint row of marginal spots, of which
two near angle are distinct and blackish."

397. Lycaena Hanno.

Plate XXX ; Figures 397, a, b.

Fig. 397, Male, Yuma, Arizona, May, 1893; Author.

a, Male, underside. Yuma, Arizona, May, 1893 ;

Author.

b. Female, underside, Yuma, Arizona, May, 1893;

Author.
This species is somewhat like the preceding, Isola, but lacks the
prominent row of spots which designates Isola, and the spots
beneath on hind wing are different ; I figure the underside of both
the male and the female as the spots near anal angle are diiiferent
in the sexes, the male having but one, while the female has two or
three. These spots, with the absence of prominent spots on fore
wing constitute the key to the species. I have taken this pretty
little species only at Yuma. It is a Mexican butterfly, and ranges
south to Central America, and Yuma is its most northern station.

398. Lycaena Speciosa.

No figure.
Speciosa is smaller than Hanno, is blue on upper side and on
underside of fore wing there is an angulated row of large black
spots, while the hind wing has no prominent spots, and only several

232 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

inconspicuous ones ; no colored lunules, nor any of the usual angle
spots on hind wing. Speciosa comes from the mountains of Kern
County, California.

399. Lycaena Marina.

Plate XXX ; Figures 399, b, c.

Fig. 399, Male, Southern California, August 20, 1892;
Author.

b, Female, Southern California, August, i8go;

Author.

c, Female, underside. Southern California, Nov. 9,

1902 ; Author.

Marina is not one of the "Spring Blues," for it does not appear
until summer, and then it flies till frost, being the only one of
all the "blues" to fly so late in the season. Marina is fond of feed-
ing on the flowers of the cultivated alfalfa, and the female lays its
eggs on the flower buds of alfalfa, and on other leguminous plants ;
the figure ii is of a female which was ovipositing on the buds of
lathyrus, wild-pea. The egg is pale green, and hatches in from
sixteen to eighteen days. The male is especially splendid in change-
able colors of brown and blue, in solid eiTects, but these colors
soon fade after the insect is killed.

400. Lycaena Sissona, n. s. Not figured elsewhere.

Plate XXX ; Figure 400, Female, Sisson, Cal., July, 1892 ;
Author.

Eixpanse, .95 inch ; color, black -brown, without blue scales at
base; no spots except a very obsolete lunule near anal angle of
hind wings. Under side gray, with a tint of brown ; six discal
spots in two sections, six more indefinite marginal ; hind wing, two
basal, two costal and two discal round black spots ; four less dis-
tinct oblong spots ; a fulvous lunule near anal angle.

This elegant little new species was captured by the Author at
Sisson ; it is unique ; the male is unknown.

401. Lycaena Astragala, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXX; Figure 401, Male, San Bernardino, Cal., Aug.

2, 1889; Author.
Expanse, .85 inch ; violet-blue ; a black spot near anal angle.
Under side grayish or dove-color ; on fore wing is a cell-bar, a
broken discal series of oblong spots, and a double row of dusky

GENUS LYC.ENA 233

curved marginal lunules ; on hind wing are two round black basal
spots and a costal one, and nine dark, oblong, wavy spots, corre-
sponding to those on fore wing; at anal angle is a twinned jet-
black spot well glossed over with blue-green metallic scales, and
above this are two larger round black spots with metallic scales
on the outside only.

This male is unique. No female is known. This type was bred
by me from the seed-pods of astragalus, which I was manipulating
for the larvje of Amyntula, and along with Amjntula I got this
beautiful new species.

402. Lycaena Exilis.

Plate XXX ; Figures 402, b, c.

Fig. 402, Male, San Bernardino, August 12, 1889; Author.

b. Female, San Bernardino, October 20, 1902 ;

Author.

c. Female, underside, San Bernardino, October 20,

1902; Author.
Exilis is a tropical butterfly, not going north of latitude 35
degrees, or say, to Santa Barbara, thence it extends south through
Mexico to Central America. It is a mid-summer species, appear-
ing in July and flying till frost comes. In California Exilis has
for a larval food-plant atriplex bracteosa, a malodorous plant
which grows by the roadsides and along the streets in the gutters.
Exilis and the next species are much alike ; the key to Exilis is
a small white spot in the fringe of fore wings near inner angle.

403. Lycasna Isophthalma.
Plate XXX ; Figures 403, b. c.

Fig. 403, Male, Greenhorn Mountains, June, 1888; Author.

b. Female, Greenhorn Mountains, June, 1888 ;

Author.

c. Female, underside, Greenhorn Mountains, June,

1888 ; Author.
This little species, the smallest in the world, has not heretofore
been known except from Florida and the country bordering on the
Gulf of Mexico. It is quite a surprise, therefore, to find it on
the top of a mountain 8,000 feet high, in the latitude of California.
These examples were taken by myself; at the time of capture I
thought that they were Exilis, and gave them no particular atten-
tion, and only took a few, just for locality identification, for at

234 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

that time I had never known Isophthalma. This species has not
the white space in the fringe of fore wing just above inner angle,
and can be separated from Exilis in that way.

Considering that Isophthalma is a semi-tropical, low-land
species, it is probable that upon fuller examination and compari-
son of a series this Californian alpine form will prove to be a
separate species.

Genus PHOLISORA.

404. Pholisora Catullus. Erroneously numbered 403 on the
plate.
Plate XXX : Figures 404, a.
Fig. 404, Male, Southern California, no data : Author.

a. Male, underside. Greenhorn Mountains, June,

1888: Author.
This is a common butterfly all over the United States, but I
have not met it in the more northern parts of the West Coast. It
flies on the plains and to 8.000 feet elevation on the mounttins,
this figure a was taken at 7,000 feet.

406. Pholisora Libya.

Plate XXX ; Figures 406, b, c.

Fig. 406, Male, Fish Spring, Mojave Desert, April 8, 1889 ;
Author.

b. Female, Colorado Desert, Lone Palm, May 2,

1889 : Author.

c. Female, underside, Colorado Desert, Lone Palm,

May 3, 1889: Author.
Libya is a true desert butterfly. In general the deserts are not
adapted to butterfly life, and but few are ever seen in a real desert,
although several species are found around the borders of the dry
and sandy wastes, but Libya is an exception, and is oftenest found
in the thoroughly desert locations, and seldom found in any less
rigorous locality. I observed the females ovipositing on the leaves
of Atriplex canescens, a small desert shrub, in the Colorado desert,
May 2, 1889. Libya is reported to be found in some parts of Utah,
and presumably may be seen in the intervening regions of Nevada.

GENUS COP.^ODES 235

407. Pholisora Alpheus.
Plate XXX ; Figures 407, b.

Fig. 407, Male, Yuma, Arizona, May, 1887 ; Author,
b. Female, Yuma, Arizona, May, 1887 ; Author.
Alpheus is a Mexican species, and only comes into the United
States a little along the border. Nothing is known about the pre-
liminary stages of this butterfly ; it has but little interest for us as
it is scarcely belonging to our territory.

408. Pholisora Lena. Not ever previously illustrated any-

where.
Plate XXX ; Figures 408, b, c.

Fig. 408, Male, Northern Arizona, May, 1893 ; F.
Stephens.

b, Female, Central Montana, June 30, 1887 ; Author.

c, Female, underside. Central Montana, June 30,

1887; Author.
Lena is one of the rarest butterflies of the United States ; but
few collections have it, and even the Government Museum at
Washington has it not. Yet it is not local at all, for these two
localities noted above are about 800 miles apart as the bird flies,
and doubtless Lena can be found in any of the States of the Great
Basin. It is not at present known to live in the West Coast
States proper, but may very likely be found in Nevada, and along
the eastern base of the Sierra Nevadas, and north into Oregon
and Washington, east of the Cascades.

Genus COP„(EODES.

The species of this genus are all of small size, all similar, one
to another, all golden-yellow in color. Formerly these species were
all listed in with the Pamphilas, but about i860 Dr. Speyer of
Germany separated this group from the Pamphilas, on account of
the size, the short antennae, the long fore wings with acute apices,
and the triangular shape of hind wing, and the lack of the black
discal mark common to all Pamphilas.

The sex-mark is, for the male, a short, straight, diagonal line
near the middle of fore wing, as shown in Figures 411, 412; in
the males of the other species this sex-mark is not visible.

Our fauna contains four species of Copceodes.

236 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

409. Copaeodes Procris.

Plate XXX ; Figures 409, b, c.

Fig. 409, Male, Tucson, Arizona, June, 1887 ; Author.

b, Female, Santa Rita Mountains. June, 1903 ;

F. Stephens.

c. Female, underside, Tucson, Arizona, June, 1887;

Author.

Procris was first made known in 1870, from specimens taken
near Tucson. It is found on the plains and hills and on the moun-
tains to a height of 6,000 feet, as on the Santa Ritas, and the Santa
Catalinas. It is quite a warm-blooded little thing, enjoying the
hot, dry air of the semi-desert country when the mercury dallies
with the 100 mark. Procris is quite local, not going eastward into
New Mexico, nor westward towards Yuma, nor to the northward.
No one has noted the food-plant, but doubtless it is grass of some
sort.

Variety Waco. There is a small-sized form, supposed to be a
form of Procris, that has received the name of Waco ; it is much
smaller, but of about the same color, and with the same lack of
distinguishing marks. It has the same habitat as Procris.

411. Copaeodes Candida. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXX; Figures 411, b, c.

Fig. 411, Male, San Bernardino Valley, August 26, 1897;
Author.

b. Female, San Bernardino Valley, August 5, 1895 ;

Author.

c. Female, underside, San Bernardino Valley, April

10, 1896; Author.

This species was first found in 1883, and was published by the
Author in 1890, from the female only, as the male was not known
at that time, although I had a dozen examples of the female.
Candida is a size larger than Procris ; the male is darker than any
Procris, and has a sex-mark, an angular dash near the middle of
fore wings, which Procris has not. The underside of Candida is
flushed with orange, as shown on the plate, as Procris never is.

The larval food-plant is cynodon dactylon, "Bennuda grass," a
grass not native of California, but introduced about 1880, soon
after the completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad to Louisiana,
where the grass is common ; and soon after the grass became intro-

GENUS COP^ODES 237

duced this butterfly first appeared. I do not try to explain tliese
things, I simply state the facts without comment.

412. Copasodes Wrighti.

Plate XXX ; Figures 412, b, c.

Fig. 412, Male, Mojave Desert, June 29, 1881 ; Author.

b, Female, Mojave Desert, June 29, 1881 ; Author.

c, Female, underside, Mojave Desert, June 29,

1881 ; Author.
All these examples figured here were taken by me at the time
the species was discovered, twenty-four years ago. I captured
eighteen on that day, but have not been back to the locality after
more since. I found the butterfly feeding on the flowers of
Bigelovia intricata, and I thought at the time that it probably was
the larval food-plant. Wrighti, male, has the sex-mark, the same
as Candida. And there is another mark, not heretofore mentioned,
that is peculiar, namely, the lighter-colored rays from base to
margin, on the underside of hind wing, as shown on the plate, in
figure c. These rays are raised above the general surface of the
wing, like ribs. The same feature, still more marked, is seen in
the figure of Eunus following.

413. Copasodes Myrtis.
No figure.

Myrtis is from Arizona, where it is but scantily found. I have
never taken one, nor have I one in my cabinet. It is said to
greatly resemble Procris, but is a little darker. It is probably
a Mexican species.

414. Copaeodes Eunus. Never previously illustrated.
Pl.\te XXX ; Figures 414, b, c.

Fig. 414, Male, Sierra Nevadas of Southern California,
June, 1888; Author.

b. Female, Sierra Nevadas of Southern California,

June, 1 888; Author.

c, Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas of Southern

California, June, 1888 ; Author.

Eunus is the largest Copaeodes of the country, and it is very

rare as well. In my cabinet there is no male that shows the discal

sex-mark, and I think that Eunus has not the discal dash, as

Procris has not. The underside in figure c shows the raised, light-

238 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

colored rays very distinctly. Nothing is known as to the prelimi-
nary stages, nor as to the food-plant. One cannot know every-
thing ; I deem myself fortunate in being able to show you the fine
series of figures of the species, it is so rare; and am willing that
some one else should name the plant.

Genus PAMPHILA.

The genera in butterflies are all small in the numbers of the
species they contain ; only Genus Pamphila contains a fair num-
ber of names ; for it is absurd to think of every species carrying
a generic name. Some attempts have been made to divide this
genus into many, but there are no manifest lines for such division,
and any attempt made has been met by dissent and counter
division, and whatever one author may do in the way of genus-
dividing is promptly contradicted by the next writer. All this
tends to confusion and to the disgust of the student, accomplish-
ing no good whatever, but only harm.

I therefore in this book follow essentially the system of classifi-
cation of W. H. Edwards, the most competent captain of butter-
flies that this country has ever seen, and I shall adhere to it until
a better one is found, and one competent enough to acquire and
retain a following. For this old system has stood the test of time
for a century, more or less, and is good for a century to come.
Let the Pamphilas stand.

The eggs of the "Skippers" are mostly dome-shaped, or hemi-
spherical, and are laid singly on the proper plants, which are
mostly grasses of various kinds. These butterflies will not lay
their eggs when in confinement without their proper plant is
present.

416. Pamphila Ruricola. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXX ; Figures 416, b, c.
Fig. 416, Male, Sisson, Cal., August 20. 1891 ; Author.

b. Female, Sisson, Cal., August 20, 1891 : Author.

c, Female underside, Sisson, Cal., August 20, 1891 ;

Author.
Ruricola is one of the first of California butterflies to be given
a name, as it was found and named in 1852 ; yet although it has

GENUS PAMPHILA 239

been known for half a century, it has never been figured either in
Europe or America up to this day. The type locality is given in
the books as Napa County, Cal., but I place no great dependence
upon the localities noted in those early days, for usually the name
"California" was sufficient to cover a multitude of places. For
myself I have never taken a Ruricola in Napa County, but have
found them further at the north, most of them bear the data
Sisson.

417. Pamphila Juba. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXX; Figures 417, b, c.

Fig. 417, Alale. Pasco, Washington, May 10, 1890;
Author.

b, Female, Mt. Shasta, Cal, August, 1891 ; Author.

c. Female, underside, Mt. Shasta, Cal, August,

iSgi ; Author.
This species, and the next. Viridis, are the largest of the West-
ern Pamphilas, and they are very robust and vigorous, fond of
feeding on flowers, and that is the time to take them, for their
flight is very rapid, so that you do not see them until they halt
to feed on the blossoms of some favorite plant. There are some
differences in the markings on the upper side of the female, but
the most prominent species-mark is on the underside of hind wing,
the inner third of which is bufify, blank. The square white spots
are more or less connected together.

418. Pamphila Viridis. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXX ; Figures 418, b, c.

Fig. 418, Male, Sisson, Cal., August, 1891 ; Author.

b. Female, Sisson, Cal., August, 1891 ; Author.

c. Female, underside, Sisson, Cal., August, 1891 ;

Author.
This is the largest of all the Western Pamphilas ; it is a moun-
tain species, and not seen on the lowlands at any point. Viridis
is a shade darker on upper side than Juba. and the black discal
dash in middle of fore wing is not broken, as it is in Juba : and on
underside of hind wing the color is greenish ; it was on account of
this greenish color that Viridis was separated from Juba. But
it seems to me that the broken dash on fore wing is a more im-
portant feature, for sometimes the green color is scarcely to be
depended upon.

240 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

419. Pamphila Manitoba.

Plate XXX ; Figures 419, b, c.

Fig. 419, Male, Sierra Nevadas of California, June, 1893 ;
Author.

b. Female, Sierra Nevadas of California, July,

1893 ; Author.

c. Female, underside. Sierra Nevadas of California,

July, 1893 ; Author.
Manitoba is a high mountain species, usually frequenting
heights about 6,000 to 8,000 feet elevation. The female on upper
side is very blackish, with distinct spots, contrasting strongly with
some which follow, and which are by some writers supposed to
belong to the same group, as 420 b and 421 b. On underside of
Manitoba, on the hind wing, the white spots are pearly-white, and
all connected together ; this point, and the blackish upperside of
the female constitutes the key to the species.

420. Pamphila Nevada. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Pl.\te XXX ; Figures 420, b, c.

Fig. 420, Male, Southern California Mountains, June,
1885; Author.

b. Female, Central California Mountains, July,

1892; Author.

c, Female, underside. Central California Mountains,

August, 1892; Author.
Nevada is a little smaller than the preceding; the female is
even and smooth in colorings and the spots are indistinct, and the
spots of the underside are smaller, white, angular, and connected
together. This is a high mountain form ; the male was taken at an
altitude of 5,000 feet, the female at 10,000 feet, and the third at
7,000 feet elevation. The form of spottings on underside of hind
wing, combined with the softness of coloring of the female, con-
stitute the determinating points.

421. Pamphila Colorado. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXX ; Figures 421, b, c.

Fig. 421, Male, Pasco, Washington, May, 1890; Author.

b. Female, Sierra Nevadas of Central California,

1892 ; Author.

c. Female, underside, Greenhorn Mountains, June,

1888; Author.

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate XXX.

■vnr

mmwm

WW

LIGHTED ^^i^J•l. Bi A, G

ORT.fE to , • Hlt*GO

GENUS TAMPHILA 241

Colorado is a mountain butterfly, widely scattered over a large
territory. The female is variable ; this example here figured is a
very softly colored one, that does not show the stigma and spots
on the upper side so much as some do ; the key of the species is
the underside of hind wing, it is griseous-green, with white,
squarish spots, well connected together except at the angle of
the spots where the line of spots is cut above the outer spot.

422. Pamphila Idaho. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Pl.\te XXXI ; Figures 422, b, c.

Fig. 422, Male, Helena, Mont., June, 1890; .A.uthor.

b. Female, Western Oregon, August, 1892; Author.

c, Female, underside, Western Oregon, August,

1892; Author.
Idaho has essentially the same markings, but of a much lighter
color, being a light-yellow both above and beneath ; it is called
"the yellow Colorado." The spots of underside of hind wing are
smaller and less contrasty. In this group the white spots of
underside form the best key to the various species, but in this
species the clear light-yellow of the male is also a good point.

423. Pamphila California, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Pl.\te XXXI ; Figures 423, b, c.

Fig. 423, Male, Southern California, May 20, 1896;
Author.

b, Female, Southern California, May 20, 1896;

Author.

c. Female, underside, Southern California, May 20,

1896; Author.

Expanse, i.i to 1.4 inch; dusky-fulvous; stigma of the male
broad, cut ; female stigma broken, obsolete, only the apical part
present ; no spots on hind wing. Underside about the same color
as female upper side ; three or four indistinct apical points ; hind
wing darker ; a very small silver angular comma, and two to five
silver-white spots in a line, not connected except the two outer
ones are usually joined together to form one, and one or two or
three smaller silver spots, each smaller than the preceding, all in
a line at right angles to the body.

I have named this species California, to conform with the system
customary in this comma group, and because it is found here in

242 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

California. This is the most southern member of the comma
group of the West Coast Pamphilas.

424. Pamphila Oregonia. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXXI ; Figures 424, b, c.

Fig. 424, Male, Tenino, Washington, May, 1891 ; Author.

b, Female, Northeastern California, 1894; F. Ste-

phens.

c. Female, underside, Sisson, Cal., July, 1891 ;
Author.

Stigma narrow, broadly cut ; female stigma scarcely present ; the
spots on underside of hind wing are not white, hardly light, but
are just light enough to be visible. There are no dominant points
by which to identify this species, but the most peculiar one is that
the dusky apices of the female include the extension of the
stigma, so that the stigma itself is not apparent, being obscured
by the general duskiness of the wing.

425. Pamphila Sylvanoides.

Plate XXXI ; Figures 425, b, c.

Fig. 425, Male, Truckee, Cal., June, 1892; Author.

b. Female, Lake Tahoe, Cal., June, 1892 ; Author.

c. Female, underside, "Cala.," no data, from W. H.

Edwards, 1886.

Sylvanoides, as I see the species, is the northern form of the
species, as Columbia, next following, is the southern, the two
being, as I believe, only slightly differing forms of the same spe-
cies. Compare the two series, 425, b, c, and 426, b, c, and form
your own opinion.

The species Sylvanoides can be identified by the curved, almost
circular, row of light spots on under side of hind wing ; most
others are angulated ; these spots are never pearly-white, only
whitish.

426. Pamphila Columbia. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXXI ; Figures 426, b, c.

Fig. 426, Male, Southern California, June, 1885 ; Author.

b, Female, Southern California, June, 1885 ; Author.

c, Female, underside, Southern California, June,

1885; Author.
Columbia and the preceding, Sylvanoides, are very similar and
can scarcely be separated by the upper side ; beneath, the chief

GENUS PAMPHILA 243

point of difference is the color of the spots on hind wing, white in
Sylvanoides, and yellowish in Columbia ; the shape of the curve
of the spots is the same.

Columbia is very abundant on the mountains of Southern Cali-
fornia, flying abundantly on the scantily-forested crests and
heights, and represents the more northern species, Sylvanoides,
although Sylvanoides itself is present, but Columbia does not go
far north.

427. Pamphila Rhesus.

No figure.
This is a Mexican species, which comes over the line into Ari-
zona, but I have never seen it, and it has little or no interest for us.

428. Pamphila Carus.

No figure.
Carus is another Mexican butterfly, which is occasionally seen
in Texas and Southern Arizona.

430. Pamphila Nemorum. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXXI ; Figures 430, b, c.

Fig. 430, Male, Pendleton, Oregon, July, 1891 ; Author.

b, Female, Sisson, Cal., August, 1891 ; Author.

c. Female, underside Southern California, May,

1889; Author.
This and the next, Agricola, are in some respects similar, but
generally, and especially on the underside, in Nemorum the col-
ors are more uneven, being both lighter and darker, or contrasty ;
and there is a difference on the underside of fore wing, the cloudy
patch being strong in Nemorum and nearly absent in Agricola.
Nemorum is a wide flyer, and covers practically the whole coast.

431. Pamphila Agricola. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXXI ; Figures 431, b, c.

Fig. 431, Male, Greenhorn Mountains, Cal., June, 1888;
Author.

b. Female, Southern California, no data, 1890;

Author.

c. Female, underside, "Washington Terr." ; from

W. H. Edwards, 1885.
This is a well-known species ; was named in France in the early
days of California, yet Agricola has never before been figured in

244 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

any country. Similar to Nemorum, but clearer and yellower, es-
pecially beneath ; there are no spots on underside of hind wing,
this being the only Pamphila that has no spots, except the next
species. This third figure is photographed from a specimen sent
me by Mr. Edwards, in the early days before Washington became
a State. Agricola is a wide-spread species, like Nemorum, occu-
pying about the same territory.

432. Pamphila Milo. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXXI ; Figures 432, b, c.

Fig. 432, Male, "Or.," no other data ; from W. H. Ed-
wards, 1885.

b. Female, Mt. Tabor, near Portland, May, 1891 ;

Author.

c, Female, underside, Mt. Tabor, near Portland,

May, 1891 ; Author.
This species was separated from Agricola by Mr. Edwards in
1883, and in 1885 he sent me the male example here figured, for
identification purposes. Milo is smaller than Agricola, and in
general coloration, both on upper and lower sides, is more even,
or less contrasty. It has never been found outside of Oregon,
that I have ever heard of.

433. Pamphila Pratincola.

Plate XXXI ; Figures 433, b, c.

Fig. 433, Male, Tenino, Wash., ]\Iay, 1891 ; Author.

b. Female, Sisson, Cal., August, 1891 ; Author.

c, Female, underside, Pendleton, Oregon, Aug.,

1892 ; Author.
This also is one of the early birds, named by Boisduval in 1852,
and never yet figured. Pratincola is at once distinguished by the
chocolate color on the underside of hind wings ; the example fig-
ured in the plate is not exceptionally deep colored ; the color may
be in some degree dependent upon the season, or the elevation.
Pratincola flies from Northern California through Oregon and
Washington, and probably well up into British Columbia.

434. Pamphila Varus.

No figure.
This name is set down for Southern California, but I liave never
seen it, and do not know of any one who has ; it seems to be an
unknown quantity, hidden away in some obscure spot.

GENUS PAMPHILA 245

435. Pamphila Campestris.

Plate XXXI ; Figures 435, b, c, cc.

Fig. 435, Male, Southern California, March 30, 1896;
Author.

b, Female, Southern California, Sept. 22, 1890;

Author.

c, Female, underside, Southern California, April 10,

1890; Author.
cc. Female, underside. Southern California, Oct. 30,
1892 : Author.

Campestris and the Eastern Huron are similar, the males of
both having the big broad stigma or black spot on middle of fore
wing; the female is quite different from the male, the stigma
is smaller, and has a translucent spot at the outer end ; the figure
on the plate tells all about it better than many words could do.
Figure c is a normal female beneath, being light-colored, and cc
is a late, autumn species, much darker than at an earlier date.

Campestris is known on the West Coast only in Southern Cali-
fornia; it is marked similarly to Huron, and by some writers is
considered to be the same, but is easily separated by its brighter
and more contrasty colors, and because the spots and markings
are more definite and positive, while Huron is obscure and indef-
inite in those particulars.

The larval food-plant is Cynodon dactylon, Bermuda grass, but
it must be able to use other grasses, as it lived in California for
years before Bermuda grass came into the country.

437. Pamphila Brettus.

Plate XXXI ; Figures 437, b, Male and Female ; from
H. Strecker.

Brettus is an Eastern species, inhabiting the Atlantic States
from New England to Florida. The figures of this pair of Bret-
tus are inserted here for comparison with Brettoides, next fol-
lowing. Brettus does not fiy on the West Coast. You see the
sexes are widely different in color.

438. Pamphila Brettoides. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXXI ; Figures 438, b, c.

Fig. 438, Male, received, named, but without data ; from
Henry Edwards, 1885.

246 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

b, Female, Southern California, Sept. 15, 1889;

Author.

c, Female, underside, Southern California, Sept.

15, 1889; Author.

The male was described in 1883 by W. H. Edwards, from two
males, one from Texas and the other from Eastern Arizona ; the
female has never before been described or figured. There is a
little valley in Southern California where this species is found ; I
have taken the pairs in copula many times, and have had the spe-
cies under observation for many years. It is extremely local. The
female Brettoides, as shown above, is very different from the male,
yet not so widely as in Brettus. The female greatly resembles
the female Campestris, so much so that by the upper side alone
you cannot always separate them, but the underside is peculiar,
and unlike any other Pamphila, the hind wing having six or eight
little brown dots on a plain buffy ground, and no light spots at all.

In spring of 1897 I observed a female Brettoides ovipositing
on rose leaves, and captured it to make sure of the species, as that
is a plant unknown as a larval food-plant for Pamphilas. If any
one else had reported the fact, I should have doubted. Many years
ago Mr. W. H. Edwards mentioned Brettoides to me, and sug-
gested that I look out for the female, saying that it probably was
black, like Brettus. But it is now apparent that Brettoides has
nothing to do with Brettus ; even the similarity of names can-
not tie them together.

440. Pamphila Sabuleti.

Plate XXXI ; Figures 440, b, c.

Fig. 440, Male, San Bernardino Valley, June, 1889;
Author.

b, Female, Southern California, Aug. 28, 1890;

Author.

c, Female, underside. Southern California, Aug. 28,

1890; Author.

Sabuleti does not need much description, as it is different from
any other, and the figures depict it very well. In Southern Cali-
fornia, where Sabuleti is most abundant, it is found on lowlands
along the grassy banks of streams, frequenting salt-grass flats
and alkaline plains, where nothing but salt-grass grows, and where
no other butterfly is seen. On this account I conclude that it

GENUS PAMPHILA 247

breeds on salt-grass, although I have never seen it ovipositing on
such grass, but on the contrary have seen it ovipositing on Ber-
muda grass ; yet I believe it uses salt-grass when the better grass
is not at hand.

441. Pamphila Chispa, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXXI ; Figures 441, b, c.

Fig. 441, Male, Sierra Xevadas of Central California,
June, 1892; Author.

b. Female, Sierra Nevadas of Central California,

June, 1892 ; Author.

c. Female, underside, Sierra Nevadas of Central

California, July 3, 1892 ; Author.

Expanse, .8 to i inch ; smallest Pamphila of the West Coast ;
short and broad stigma : wide dusky margins ; the markings of
the female patterned after Brettoides ; on under side both wings
are dusky, witli white markings, those of hind wing connected in
an angular band.

This new species is a mountain flyer, living at elevation of
6,ocx) to 8,ocH3 feet, on scantily forested heights and in little moun-
tain valleys. It is a charming little thing, and I have named it
Chispa. "a precious little nugget."

442. Pamphila Vestris. Not elsewhere illustrated.

Plate XXXI ; Figure 442, Male ; from W. H. Edwards,
1885.
This species is set down for the Pacific Coast, in California.
I have not seen it during the twenty-five years that I have hunted
butterflies, and I very much doubt that it comes here; but it is
possible that it does, and so I figure it, for the benefit of some
lucky man who may perhaps come upon it unexpectedly. It
comes from Florida and Colorado.

443. Pamphila Bellus. Not elsewhere illustrated.

Plate XXXI ; Figure 443, Male, Huachuca Mts., Ariz..
189s ; E. R. Kunze.
This black fellow needs but little description in words ; black
wing, spotless above and beneath, with bronzy gloss on upperside,
and with orange fringe.

348 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

444. Pamphila Arabus.

No figure.
Arabus is from Arizona ; it was named from one female speci-
men taken in Southern Arizona, probably in 1881, and so far as I
know, not seen since. The female is glossy dark brown, with
five small translucent spots in fore wing ; beneath it is grayish-
brown, without spots.

445. Pamphila Nereus. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXXI ; Figures 445, b, c.

Fig. 445, Male ; received from C. F. McGlashan, in 1889.

b, Female, Yuma, Arizona, June, 1890; Author.

c, Female, underside, Yuma, Arizona, June 1890;

Author.
Nereus is brownish-black and has two, or three, or four small
white spots on fore wing, and sometimes one or more similar ones
on hind wing, though often not any. The spots are more plainly
seen on the underside, extending in a straight line across both
wings near the middle. It is common enough at Yuma, but does
not come further west.

446. Pamphila Deva.

No figure.
Deva is named in the catalogues as inhabiting Arizona and
Southern California, and therefore I mention it, although I have
never seen it, and do not believe it ever was seen in California ;
presumably it is a Mexican species that is very limited in its
flight on American soil, and I suppose that it was set down to
California from guess-work rather than actual knowledge.

447. Pamphila Lunus.
No figure.

This is similar to Deva. Presumably Mexican, and of no inter-
est. It is of very large size, 1.8 inches; dark brown on both
upper and undersides, or a little grayish beneath, with a few small
translucent spots, and two indefinite black -brown dashes.

448. Pamphila Errans.

No figure.
Expanse, Ij4 inch; dark brown, with six small yellowish
spots on fore wing, no spots on hind wing; underside a little
lighter, and the same spots show. Apparently named from the
male, or the sexes mav be alike. From Yosemite.

GENUS AMBLYSCIRTES 249

450. Pamphila Python. Not elsewhere illustrated.

Pl.\te XXXII ; Figure 479, Male, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz.,

1893 ; F. Stephens.

By unavoidable incident this figure was obliged to be inserted

on a plate out of regular order. Python is found only in a strip

of country along the Mexican line ; it is scarcely an American

species.

482. Pamphila Cestus. Not elsewhere illustrated.

Plate XXXII; Figure 482, Santa Rita Mountains, 1893;
F. Stephens.
This figure is inserted out of regular order. The name is stand-
ing among the Pamphilas, but I think erroneously, and I include
it among the Pamphilas under protest.

453. Pamphila Melane.

Plate XXXI ; Figures 453, b, c.

Fi§f- 453- Male, Southern California, 1895 ; Author.

b. Female, Greenhorn Mountains, June, 1888;

Author.

c. Female, underside, San Bernardino, Cal., 1899;

Author.

This fine large Pamphila was named in 1869, after which it was
not seen for sixteen years, and the species was thought to be
"lost," but in 1885 it was rediscovered by the Author, and it was
then accounted to be a dimorphic female of Campestris, but after
effort to establish the male sex, during which investigation it was
dissected by Dr. Scudder, it was at length placed in its proper
position. Since these early days the species has spread over the
whole of the south end of the State, and has become quite common.

The egg is white, sub-globose, smooth, and is oviposited on Ber-
muda grass, but there must be some other food-plant, for the
butterfly was found before the late-coming Bermuda grass became
introduced into California about 1880.

Geuns AMBLYSCIRTES.

454. Amblyscirtes Simius.

Plate XXXI ; Figures 454, b, Male and Female, underside,
Arizona.
There are no species belonging to this genus on the Pacific
Coast proper. These two species are figured here because they are

250 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Arizona forms and therefore really belong to the West Coast fauna,
but more to show what these foreign species look like, for com-
parison. Simius is found in Colorado also. The sexes of the spe-
cies in this genus look much alike, and these two forms will
suffice.

455. Amblyscirtes Nanno.

Plate XXXI ; Figure 455, Male, from Arizona.
This species in the shape of the wings and in color looks like
some other genus, and has, I believe, been classed elsewhere, but
is now included in the Genus Amblyscirtes. It is found only in
Arizona.

Genus PYRGUS.

456. Pyrgus Ericetorum. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXXI ; Figures 456, b, c.

Fig. 456, Male, Southern California, April 20, 1889;
Author.

b. Female, Southern California, July, 1903; Author.

c, Female, underside. Southern California, June,

1889; Author.
This is an old species, named in 1852, but is yet quite scarce
and little known. It is fairly widely spread ; its flight is rapid,
and it cannot be taken on the wing, but can be caught when at
water, or when hovering about the food-plant. The plant is Mal-
vastrum thurberi, a tall and slender bush, bearing lavender blos-
soms that appear sometimes before the leaves are seen. The egg
is white, globular, and laid on the young leaves. I have noted the
ovipositing of the egg in November.

457. Pyrgus Tessellata. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXXI ; Figures 457, b, c.

Fig. 457, Male, Southern California, May. 1889; Author.

b. Female, San Joaquin Valley, June, 1888; Author.

c, Female, underside, San Bernardino, July 20,

1895 ; Author.
This little skipper, published in 1872, has never been figured,
except a wood-cut by French, of the male. Tessellata flies over the
whole United States, except New England, and the States of Ore-
gon, Washington, and Idaho, where Csespitalis appears to take

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate XXXI.

tr"

\i-'A

:ff\>>^

COPTNiaHTED 190&, e> n G

KiCfl COL OKI TOE ro , CHICAGO

GENUS NISONIADES 251

its place, as I have not ever taken Tessellata in either of those
States. It flies all the season through, early and late, living closely
up to the frost line in spring and in autumn.

The larval food-plant is Malva rotundifolia. The egg, like those
of most skippers, is nearly globular, light-green in color, and is
oviposited on the leaf-buds.

458. Pyrgus Casspitalis.

Plate XXXI ; Figures 458, b, c.

Fig. 458, Male, "Mendocino," no further data ; W. H.
Edwards, 1886.

b, Female, Donner Lake, Cal., June 25, 1891 ;

Author.

c, Female, underside, Tehachapi Mountains, June

10, 1900; Author.
This is rather a northern species. I have not met it further
south than the Tehachapi Mountains, and in the Northern States
of the West Coast it is abundant. Especially near Portland, Mt.
Tabor used to be full of them. I have taken it in Eastern Wash-
ington at Ellensburg.

459. Pyrgus Scriptura.

Plate XXXI ; Figure 459, Male, Yuma, Arizona, May,
1899; Author.
This little species is one of the rare things of our fauna : it is
not common anywhere, or if it is, then I have never found that
place. In fact, I think it is one of the most rare butterflies of the
whole list, for this specimen here figured is the only one I have
ever captured during twenty-five years' search. Possibly in
Mexico it may be more common, although at Mazatlan, and in the
mountains of the interior of Mexico, I have found Tessellata, but
not Scriptura.

Genus NISONIADES.

This is a genus of thick-bodied and stout-winged butterflies of
universal occurrence, dusky and unhandsome, and difficult to
handle when captured. This group is at present in an unsatisfac-
tory state, and needs revision, by a competent hand; if the hand
be not competent, it is better as it is.

252 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

461. Nisoniades Perseus.

Plate XXXII; Figure 461, Male, San Bernardino Mts.,
July, 1899; Author.
This butterfly is found flying on the plains and also on the
mountains of moderate height ; one of the most common species,
and a voracious feeder on flowers, seemingly always hungry, and
never satisfied. It is common all over the United States west of
the Rocky Mountains.

The food-plant is said to be willow, but there must be some
other plant as well.

462. Nisoniades Juvenalis.

Plate XXXII ; Figure 462, Female, Lake County, Cal.,
June 20, 1894; Author.
This species is common at the East, but is more rare on the West
Coast, being occasionally met with in the southern parts, but not
present in the more northern portion of the Coast States.
The food-plants are the leguminous or pod-bearing plants.

463. Nisoniades Propertius. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXXII ; Figure 463, Male, San Bernardino Valley,

1903 ; Author.
This is sometimes considered to be the Western form of the
Eastern Juvenalis ; it is one of the most uninteresting species, and
is usually not taken when it is met with, and so the localities are
not well filled out ; at present it is credited only to California and
Vancouver Island, but doubtless inhabits Oregon and Washington
as well.

464. Nisoniades Clitus.

Plate XXXII ; Figure 464, Female, Southern California,
June, 1891 ; Author.
Clitus is a strong-flying and active butterfly, and is usually
taken while feeding on flowers, as it is difficult to catch while in
flight. It is a southern species, and is not found north of the
Tehachapi Mountains. The chief feature of this species is the
wide white fringe to hind wings.

GENUS NISONIADES 253

468. Nisoniades Funeralis.

Plate XXXII ; Figure 468, Female, San Bernardino Val-
ley; Author.
This is more brownish and less black than Clitus : it has a wide
white fringe to the hind wings, but it is not quite so marked as in
Clitus. This also is a southern form, and found only in California
and Arizona.

469. Nisoniades Tristis. Not elsewhere illustrated.

Plate XXXII : Figure 469, Female, Central California,

1894 : Author.

Tristis is the most abundant species of all the numbers of this

sad group ; I have taken it from Spokane to the Mexican line, and

it seems to occupy the plains and the mountains, everywhere

present.

The food-plant is Hosackia.

470. Nisoniades Tibullus.
No figure.

This name is given in the catalogues as inhabiting California,
but it is unknown to me.

480. Nisoniades Lacustra, n. s. Not elsewhere illustrated.
Plate XXXII : Figure 480, a.

Fig. 480, Male. Blue Lakes, California, May 10. 1894;
Author.
a, Male, underside, Blue Lakes, California, May 10,
1894 ; Author.
Expanse, 1.13 inches : fore wings blackish, crossed by an extra-
discal black line, outside of which is a line of small points : hind
wings dark brown ; a few indistinct light points sub-marginal.
LTnderside blackish, both wings alike in color; a series of light
points sub-marginal on hind wing.

The fine black lines across fore wing are peculiar, and are not
seen in any other West Coast species. I was compelled to place
this figure on the plate out of its proper order.

254 THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE WEST COAST

Genus EUDAMUS.

471. Eudamus Pylades.

Plate XXXII; Figure 471, Female, Santa Rita Moun-
tains, 1903 ; Stephens.

Pylades is an Eastern species, and only appears within Western
territory in the torrid mountains of Southern Arizona.

472. Eudamus Mexicana.

Plate XXXII ; Figure 472, Female, Sierra Nevadas of
California, 1891 ; Author.
This species was once thought to be a dwarfed variety of the
preceding, Pylades, but at present is conceded to be a separate
species, though there is not much apparent difference, except in
size ; but the habitat of the two forms is vastly different, the latter
being a high mountain form, of the cooler, coast region.

474. Eudamus Tityrus.

Plate XXXII ; Figure 474, Female, San Bernardino
Mountains ; Author.

I figure the underside of the female, as the marks are more
distinct and peculiar than on the upper side. This strongly
marked form is found over the most parts of North America, and
flies in South America as well. The egg is laid on the leaves of
leguminous plants.

477. Eudamus Caicus.

Plate XXXII ; Figure 477, Female, "Arizona" ; H. K.
Morrison, 1886.
This species is a Mexican bird, and comes not west of Tucson.
It has a wide white fringe to hind wings.

478. Eudamus ffimilia.

Pl.\te XXXII ; Figure 478, Male, Tehachapi Mountains,
June 10, 1891 ; Author.
This rather peculiar form is found in the Klamath Valley of
Oregon and California, and south to the locality noted above,
which is the most southern point yet noted.

GENUS PYRRHOPYGA 255

Genus PYRRHOPYGA.

481. Pyrrhopyga Araxes.

Plate XXXII; Figure 481, Female, Southern Arizona,
1903 ; Stephens.

This Araxes was taken in the Santa Rita Mountains near
Tucson, in July. I believe, at an estimated altitude of 5,000 feet.
It is another Mexican species, and comes not west of the moun-
tains where this one was taken.

Genus MEGATHYMUS.

483. Megathymus Neumoegeni.

Plate XXXII; Figure 483, Female, Southern California,

July, 1903 ; Stephens.

This Megathymus is not previously noted as coming from any

locality but Arizona, but it has been taken for several seasons

along the border of the Colorado Desert in California, where the

larv3e feed upon the pith inside the stems of Yucca Deserti.

The eggs of Megathymus and of Pyrrhopyga are pitted or
indented like a thimble.

APPENDIX

DAY-FLYING MOTHS

485. Hemileuca Nevadensis. Elsewhere illustrated only by

Stretch, the Author of the species.
Plate XXXII ; Figure 485, Male, Dayton, Nevada,
August, 1872.

Figure 485 is a photograph of the uncolored lithographic figure
by Mr. Stretch, the Author of Nevadensis, issued in 1872. I copy
as follows from the text : "Both wings in Nevadensis are black
and pale yellowish ; the discal lunule of fore wing is transverse,
long and narrow, surrounded by a blackish halo, with a whitish
transverse center ; hind wings, discal spot dusky, small, with
whitish transverse center. Described from two males taken at
Dayton, Nevada, in August. Though apparently not rare in
Nevada, this insect has not been detected in California." (Zygse-
nidae and Bomdycidje of North America, by R. H. Stretch, Parts
I to 9, 1872 to 1873. Plate 4, page 108.) The discovery of
Nevadensis is not dated exactly, but it must have been in 1872, I
think. Californica was first seen by me in 1873, though not col-
lected for distribution till a few years later.

In comparing these different forms, it should be borne in mind
that my figure of Nevadensis is copied from an uncolored litho-
graph, and so the wings are represented as being white ; while the
text describes the color as "yellowish." Nevadensis is yellowish,
and Californica is white.

486. Hemileuca Californica.
Plate XXXII ; Figures 486, b.

Fig. 486, Male, San Bernardino, Cal., November 5, 1889;

Author.

b, Female, San Bernardino, Ca!., November 20,

1903; Author.

This is a local form, flying in October and November. When

I first discovered Californica, in 1873, I was not then ac-

Butterflies of the West Coast.

Plate XXXII.

COPvniGMTED 1908, It W. Q. WHIGmT,

MER(C*S COLORTYPE CO. , CHICAGO

APPENDIX 257

quainted with Nevadcnsis. but took it for granted that CaH-
fornica was Nevadensis, and sent it out as such ; later, when I
came to see the figure of Nevadensis as herewith presented, I
noted the difference, and published the Californian form as Cali-
fornica, giving at the same time a full life history, in the Canadian
Entomologist. The form Nevadensis has always been practically
unknown, and is to this day ; the publication in which Nevadensis
was christened had very small circulation, and is today out of
print and well-nigh unknown. Chiefly on account of my having
sent out Californica as Nevadensis, a confusion has arisen, the real
Nevadensis being unknown. These figures and this text w'ill,
I hope, set the matter straight.

487. Hemileuca Electra.

Plate XXXII ; Figures 487, b, a.

Fig. 487, Male, Southern California ; Author.

b. Female, Southern California ; Author.

c, Male, underside, Southern California ; Author.
The figures given herewith are good illustrations of this fine

Hemileuca. The first specimen I ever saw was flying, and I fol-
lowed it desperately until I caught it, for I recognized it as some-
thing new ; and from that day to this, although I have acquired a
few examples in one way or another, I have not seen another
specimen on the wing, nor do I now know the food-plant. That
first one that I saw was evidently out of its latitude, for I could not
ever find another in that place, and it appears probable that the
home of the species is nearer the sea coast. The first one was
taken about eighty miles from the sea, in the valley of the Santa
Ana River.

Later, I have received information from Mrs. Brandegee, of San
Diego, that the larval food-plant of Electra is Erigonun fasci-
culatum, popularly known as "wild buckwheat," a shrubby plant
which grows about three or four feet high, and which is abundant
evervwhere, both on the coast and in the vallevs of the interior.

INDEX

Figures immediately following words indicate the consecutive num-
ber of the species, in the Complete List, in the text, and on the plates,
alike. PlgTires at the end of lines indicate the page.

Page

Aberrations 30

Abnorma, 183.

Aborted mouth-parts 25

Acastus, 175.

Acmon. aber. of. 380 20

Acmon, Lye, 380, freezing 2.5

Adenostomatis, 324.
Adiante. 138.
.-■Ehaja, Lye, 361a.
.-Emilia. 478.
Afflnis. 336.

Agraulis, genus 52, 127

Agricola, 431.
Alaskensis, 263a.
Albanus, 18.

Albinic Coliads, 77d. e 23

Albinic females, 76bb 31

Albinism discussed 23

Alexandra. Col., 88.

Alfalfa, larval food-plant 31

Aliaska, 23.
Alma, 190.
Alpheus, 407.
Altaurus. 3.

Altitude, dist. by 15

Amblyscirtes, genus 67, 249

Ammoni, 21.

Amorpha. plant 115

AmorphiE. 74.
Ampelos, 280.
Amyntula. 385.
Andria, 247.
Anicia, 165.
Anna. 384.
Annetta. 386.

Anthocharis, genus 50, 104

Antiacis, 367.

Antiopa. Van.. 223 17

Appliances tor collecting 41

Apama, 337.

Apatura, genus 58. 182

Arabus, 444.

Page
Arene, 415.
Arge, 143.

Arg>'nnis, genus 52, 128

Argynnids, dimorphic 23

Ariadne, 77.
Ariane. 253.
Arizonensis. Lim.. 236.
Arizonensis. Lye, 392.
Arizonensis, Pap., 20.

Army worm 34

Arota, 338.
Asterias, 29.
Asteroides, 30.
Astra;, 91.
Astragala, 401.
Atalanta, 227.

Atlides. genus 61. 204

Atossa, 139.

At rest 29

Augusta, 1G9.

Augusta, n. v.. of 154

Augustina. 170.
Auretorum, 313.
Ausonides, 57.
Australis. 302.

Authors' names 31

Autumnalis, 81.
Avalona, 328.

Baldur. 5.
Barbara, 85.
Barnesi. 304a.
Baroni, Arg.. 131.
Baroni, Melit., 156.
Baroni. Sat.. 254.
Battoides. 377.
Beani, Melit.. 168.

Beckeri. Pieris. 34 15

Behrensi. 125.
Behri, Col.. 96.
Behri. Lye, 368.
Behri, Parn., S.

INDEX

Page
Behri, Thee, 329,

Beleperone, plant 163

Bellus, 443.
Berenice, 101.
Bernardino, 73.

Birds preying on but 30

Bischoffl, 141.
Bisexual, figured, 390d.

Bisexualism discussed 23

Blenina, 325.
Bolli, 191.
Boopis. 252.
Borealis, 301.
Bredowi, 242.

Breeding butterflies 35

Breeding in cold 37

Breeding larvEe 36

Bremneri, 119.

Brenthis, genus 53, 143

Brenda, 2S2.

Brettoides, 438.

Bretttus. 437.

Brucei, Chion., 292.

Brucei. Melit.. 167.

Bryonee, 42.

Butterfly nets 41

Csespitalis, 458.
Cferulescens, lOS.
Csesonia. 75.
Caicus. 477.

Calephelis, genus 60, 203

Caliente, 70.
California, Pam.. 423.
Californica, Chion., 286.
Californica, Coe., 272.
Californica, Hemi., 486.

Californica, Het 58

Californica, Mech., 103.
Californica, Syn., 212.
Californica, Thecla, 309.

Californica. Van., 225 15

Californica, Van., var., 176.
Callias. 261.

Callidryas. genus 50, 113

Callippe, 127.
Calyce, 39.
Camillus, 203.

Candida, 411 32

Capella, 171a.

Capitalization of names 39

Cardui, 229 17

Cardui, migration of 37

Carpenteri, 112.

Carrying living butterflies 35

Carus. 428.
Carye. 231.

Carye-Atlanta, hyb 178

Cases for storing 44

Page

Castoria, 47.
Catullus, 404.

Ceanothus, plant 176

Celtis, 244.
Ceos, 405.
Ceres, 275.
Cerrita, 189.
Cestus, 482.
Cethura, 58.
Chalcedon, 157.
Chalcis, 318.
Charon, 258.
Chara, 195.
Charitonia, 99.

Chionobas, genus 59, 196

Chispa, 441.
Chlorina, 381.
Christina, 90.

Chrysalis 36

Chrysomelas, 87.

Chrysophanus. genus 62. 212

Chrysoptera, 222.
Chusca. 439.
Cinera, 389a.
Citima. 305.
Clara, 356.
Clarius, 2.
Claudia. 105.
Cleis, 300.
Clitus, 464.
Clodius. 1.
Clytie, 326.
Ccenia. 234.

Ccenonympha, genus 59, 192

Collecting butterflies 41

Cold, breeding in 25, 36

Cold, effects of 37

Coliads, dimorphic 23

Colias, genus 51, 116

Colon, 154.
Colonia, ISO.
Colorado, 421.
Coloro, 25.
Columbia, Arg,. 117.
Columbia, Pam., 426.

Complete list 47

Contents table 9

Cooperi. 153.

Cop<eodes, genus 64, 235

Cornstalk pith 4 4

Coronis, 126.
Creusa, 54.
Crocale, 209.

Cruciferous plants 101

Crysalus. 304.
Cupreus, 351.
Cybele, 112a.
Cypris, 113.
Cyneas, 185.
Cythera. 295.

INDEX

111

Page

Daedalus. 361, freezing 25

Danais, genus 52. 126

Darkness, breeding in 36

Daunus, 16.

Death, simulation of 30

Del Sud, 347.
Deserti, 60.
Deva, 446.

Dorcas, Chryso.. 349 IG

Dorus. 473.

Dimorphic Arg-ynnids 23

Dimorphic Coliads 23

Dimorphism discussed 22

Dionysius, 271.

Disappearance of sp 31

Distribution by alt 15

Distribution by lat 16

Drawers, storing 44

Drusius. 476.

Dry and wet seasons 33

Dryope, 310.
Dumetorum. 335.
Dwinelli, 15S.

Eaten by ants 28

Eavesl, 241.

Echo, 391.

Editha. Chryso.. 345.

Editha, Melit., 161.

Edwardsi. Arg.. 129.

Edwardsi. Col.. 8a.

Eggs for breeding 35

Egleis, 145.
Electra. Hemi., 487.
Elis, 95.
Elko, 278.
Emilia, 92.

English style 43

Enoptes, 376.

Environment, effects of 17

Epinephele, genus 59, lltl

Epipsodea. 262.
Epithore, 151.

Erebia, genus 58, 189

Eremita. 178.

Eresia. genus 56, 169

Ericetorum, 456.
Erlnna, 144.
Eriphyle, S3.
Errans, 448.

Erycinidce. Family 60

Eryngi. 274.
Eryphon. 333.
Eubule, 71.

Euchloe, genus 49. 101

Eudamus. genus 6S, 254

Eunus. 414.

Euptoieta, genus 52, 128

Eurydice. Meg.. 72 15

Eurymedon. 17.

Page
. . 21

Eurynome, 140.
Eurytlieme, 76. colors of.
Eversmanni, 14.
Exilis, 402.
Exoleta, 320.

Facts will stand 41

Fate of butterflies 28

Faunus, 215.

Fearless, butterflies 30

Feet, four or six 25

Females, aber 21

Flava. 36.
Flora, 65.

Food-plants, larval 34

Forms all named 40

Forms, seasonal 21

Fotis, 332.

Four or six feet 25

Freezing 24

Freija, 149.

Frigga, 150.

Fuliginosa. 354.

Fulla, 358.

Fulliolus, 350.

Fumosa. 82.

Funeralis, 468.

Fusimaculata 149

Gabbi, Melit., 174.
Gabbi, Sat. 250.
Galactinus, 273.

Genera, sequence of 40

Generic names 39

Genoveva, 235.
Genutia. 61.

Gigas. Chion., 284 30

Gigas, stranded 38

Glass setting strips 44

Gorgon, 343.
Gracilis. 219.

Grapta. genus 56, 171

Great Basin 15

Gregarious at water 26

Gregarious butterflies 24

Grunus. 314.
Gyas, 395.

Halesus, 306.
Hanno, 397.
Harfordi, 84.
Haydeni, 267.
Helena, 148.
Heliconia. 99.

Heliconidce, Family 52

Helloides. 348 16

Helvia. 172.

Hemlleuca, Moth 69

Henshawi, 266.
Hermes, 340.

IV

INDEX

Page

Hermodur, 6 20

Hermosa, 179.
Herri. 386.

Hesperida?, Family 64

Hesperis, 118.

Heterochroa, genus 58. 181

Heteronea, 355.

Hibernating 27

Hippolyta, Arg., 115.
Hippolyta, var. of 223.
Hoffmanni, 182.

Hotfmanni, aber. of 182 20

Hulda, 43.
Huntera, 228.
Hyantis, 55.
Hybrid, 232.

Hybrids, discussed 21

Hydaspe. 121.

Icaroides. 360.
Idaho. 422.
Idas. 475.

Iduna, Cliion., 287 28

Immaculata, 50.
Incana, 255.

Indra, 27, stranded 38

Ines, 327.

Inornata, Arg., 137.

Inornata, Cce., 279.

Intermedia, 80.

lole, 52.

Irene, 132a.

Iroides, 330.

Isola, 394.

Isophthalma, 403.

Itys, 312.

Ivallda, 288. stranded 38

Jada, 307.
Juba, 417.
Julia, 64.

Junonia, genus 57, 178

Juvenalis, 462.

Keewaydin, 78.

Killing bottles 42

Kodiak, Coeno., 277.
Kodiak, Lye, 365.
Kremhild, 152.

Lacinia, 208.
Tjunceolata. 53.

Lappets, sex-marks 26

Larvae raising 36

Latitude, dlst. by 16

Laura, 133.

Laurina, 134.

Leanira, 187.

Length of life 27

Page

Leona, 186.
Leila. 246.

Lemonias, genus 60, 200

Lena, 40S.
Letis, 111.
Leto, 110.
Libya, 406.

Libytheidfe, Family 60

Life, length of 27

Liliana, 130.

Limenitis, genus 57, 179

Limit of range 18

List of colored plates 11

List of new species 70

Lotis, 383.

Loniuini, 240 17

Lost .butterflies 31

Lucia, 388.
Lunus, 447.

Lycaenas rub wings 28

Lycaenidae, Family 60

Lyctena. genus 62. 217

Lycea, 357.

Macaria, 135.
Machaon, 22.
Magdalena, 264.
Magnus, 13.

Maleless varieties 21

Manitoba, 419.
Marcia, 200.
Marginalis, 51.

Mariana 149

Maricopa, 362.
Marina. 399.
Mariposa, 341.
Manni, 49a.
Marsyas, 214.
Meadi, Col., 94.

Meganostoma, genus 50, 114

Megathymus, genus 69, 255

Mertila, 369.
Mela, 366.

Melane, Pam., 453 32

Melimona, 382 20

Melinus, 308.
Melissa, 379.

Melitffia, genus 54, 146

Menapia, 32.
Menetriesi, 4.

Metropolis 18

Mexicana, Ter.. 98.
Mexicana, Eudam., 472.
McGlashani, 159.

Migration 37

Milberti, 226.
Milo, 432.

Mimicry 29

Minuta, 194.

INDEX

Page

Minor, 230.

Mirabilis, 1S4 21

Mollis. 67.
Monica, 393.
Montana, 205.
Monticola, 122.
Montis. 245.
Montivaga, 142.
Mormo. 294.
Morrison!. Anth., 59.
Morrisoni. Papiiia. 24S.
Mossi, 331.

Moulting 36

Movement oi' 31

Muelleri, 233 178

Muiri, 321.

Museum pests 45

Mylitta. 204.
Myrina, 146.
Myrtis. 413.

NebvIus. 465.
Nals. 298.

Names, Autliors' 39

Names capitalized 39

Names for all forms 40

Names, generic 39

Nanno. 455.
Nanus, 12.

Napi 99

Nathalis, genus 4'.i. 100

Nausicaa. 114.
Nelsoni. Pier.. 37.
Nelsoni. Thecla. 319.
Nemesis. 303.
Nemorum. 430.

Neomlnois. genus 59, 192

Neonympha, genus 59, 191

Neophasia, genus 49, 91

Nephele, 251.
Nereus. 445.

Nets, collecting 41

Neumcegeni. 483.
Neurona, 3Sla.
Nevada. 420.
Nevadensis, Arg., 12S.

Nevadensis, Chion., 2.sr. 32

Nevadensis, Hemi., 485.

New species, list of 70

Nicippe, 97.
Niger. 10.

Night-time beliavior 27

Nigrescens, 211.
Nigrocserulea. 109.
Niphon. 334.

Nisoniades. genu.': RS, 251

Nitocris. 107.
Nokomis, 106.
Nomenclature 40

Nomion, 15.
Non-feeding butterflies

Northern limit

Novanglise, 49.
Nubigena, 171.
Nycteis, 197.
Nympha, 191.
NymphalidcB. Family ■ ■

Page

. . 25
. 18

.127

Obsoleta, 239.
Occidentalis. Col.. 86.
Occidentalis. Pier., 38.
Ochracea, 281.
Ochsenheimeri, 44.
CEtus, 256.
Olancha. 160.

Orange Tips 104

Oreas 221.
Orcus. 371.
Oregonia, Pam., 424.
Oregonia, Papil., 26.
Oro, 372.
Orseis, 202.
Oweni. 116.

Pacuvius, 466.
Pales. 146a.
Palmeri. 297.
Palla. 176.
Pallida. Colias. 79.
Pallida. Pier., 46.

Papers for carrying 43

Paphia, genus 58, 183

Papilio. genus 82

Parnassiidse, fam 47, 73

Parnassius. genus 4 7. 73

Pascoensis. 198.

Pamphila. genus 65. 239

Pamphilus. Coe., 2s:i.
Paulus, 257.

Pentstemons 34

Pergamus, 28.
Perse, 196.
Perseus, 461.

Pests 45

Pheres, 359.
Philenor. 31.
Phileros. 364.

Pholisora. genus 64, 234

Phyciodes. genus 55, 164

Phylace, 452.
Phylajus. 436.
Piasus, 390.
Picta. 206.

Pieridae. FamiU- 49

Pierids. hybrids 22

Pieris. genus 49. 92

Pima. 69.

Pins, insect 44

VI

INDEX

Page

Pinning butterflies 43

Pirus, 404.

Pitii, cornstalli 44

Pittacus, 449.

Plants, introduced 32

Plexippus, 100.

Plexlppus, gregarious 24

Podarce, 375.

Poisoned pins 43

Poucli of Parnas 74

Pratensis, 201.
Pratincola, 433.

Preface 7

Procris. 409.
Propertius, 463.
Protodice, 40.
Pulla, 276.

Pupa 36

Purpurascens, 123.

Pyrameis. genus 57, 177

Pylades, 471.

Pyrgus, genus 67, 250

Pyrrhopyga, genus 69, 255

Pytlion, 479.

17

31

Quino, 155.

Range of butterflies
Rapse, 48.
Realiirti, 62.
Reappearance of lost
Resedse, 51a.
Rhesus, 427.
Rhodophe, 124.
Ridingsi. 270.
Rosa. 56.

Rubbing wings

Rufescens. 210.
Rubicunda, 162.
Rubidus. 352.
Rubricata. 268.
Rupestris, 132.
Ruricola, 416.
Rusticus, 216.
Rutulus, 19.

Sabina, 181.
Sabuleti, 440.
Saepiolus. 363.
Ssepium, 316.
Sagittigera, 373.
Sara, 66.

Satyridse, Family .■ 58

Satyrids, non-feeding 25

Satyrids, lazy 25

Satyrus, 213.

Satyrus, genus 58, 183

Sayi, 9.
Scriptura, 459.

Page
Scudderi, 93.

Seasonal forms 21

Sedakovl, 11.
Semiramis, 136.
Sennfe, 71c.

Sequence of genera 40

Setting boards 43

Setting butterflies 43

Shasta. 37S.

Slfippers 29

Sexless forms 21

Sex, determination of 24

Sierra, 163.
Sllenus, 220.
Silvestris, 259.
Silvius, 217.
Simius, 454.

Simulation 29

Slnefascia, 238.
Sirius, 353.
Sissona, 400.
Sisymbri, 35.

Six-footed kinds 25

Sleeping arrangements 27

Smintheus, 7.
Sofia, 263.

Sonorensis. 374 23

Sonorensis, bisex 23

Sordida, 119a.

Southern limit 18

Spadix. 323.

Species the foundation 19

Speciosa, 398.
Spinetorum, 322.
Stella, 68.
Stephens!, 249.
Sterope, 173.
Sthenele, 260.

Stranded, 284 38. 197

Strigosa, 102.

Sub-species, value of 19

Suffusa, 33.
Subhyalina, 291.

Sweating, bottles 42

Sylvanoides, 425.

Sylvinus, 315.

Synchloe, genus 56, 169

Tacita, 311.

Taming butterflies 27

Tatlus, 467.
Taylori, 165.

Tejua 32, 230

Terias, genus 51. 125

Tessellata. 457.
Tetra, 317.
Tharos, 199.

Thecla, genus 61, 305

Theclas, hybrid 22

INDEX

Page

Theclas rub wings 2S

Thekla, Melit., 193.
Thor. 14a.
Thoosa. 63.
Tibullus, 47n.
Tltyrus, 474.
Triclaris, 147.
Tristls. 469.

True butterflies 29

Types, discussed 18

Typicals, discussed 19

Tlhleri, 3S9.

Ultimate fate 2S

Ursus, 484.

Vanessa, genus .IS, 175

Vanillfe, 104.

Varieties, discussed 20

Varuna, 290.

Venosa, 45.

Verus. 434.

Vernalis, 41.

Vestris. 442.

Violacea. 389.

Viridis, 418.

Virginiensis. 339.

Virgulti, 296 16

Page
Waco, 409a.

Water, gregarious at 26

Warming in sun 29

West Coast, area of 15

Weidmeyeri, 237.
Wlieeleri, Melit., 16fi.
Wheeleri, Sat., 250a.
Whitneyi, 177.

Winter forms darlv 21

Wing-rubbing kinds 28

Wrighti, Cop., 412.
Wrigtiti. Melit., 188.

Xantholdes, 34 2
Xerces, 370 . .
Xicaque. 269.

Youngi, 265.
Yreka. 51a.
Yucca pith .
Y'uma, 429.

Zela, 299.
Zephyrus. 218.
Zerene, 120.
Zeroe, 346.
Zolicaon, 24 . .

33

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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

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The butterflies of tfie West Coast of the