SE a Gay 6% vont Naat NTS Sk, pate . rae hoe nt . i i fret - 3 pies wey . i sex: Netrepee en: SE Se ee aT z ‘ Lao ein : 7 : roe ; ee Ss “— 5 ? t CFR AR Se: REVI AN PEE OTT, Ney 7 a ~ Denn PARSE oe 7 , : Bie Menge mu teeny: GL S6t TA BIR — Yladys Frulh Coleen ym | [7 Sepleiuber 19/14 Ew * | ‘THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA, CEYLON AND BURMA. PuBLisHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF State ror Inpra rn Covwncit. EDITED BY W. T. BLANFORD. BUTTERFLIES —Vol. 1 TBE Lrevt.-CoLone ct BINGHAM. LONDON: TAYLOR AND FRANCIS , RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET CALCUTTA anp SIMLA: 7 ~ - . BOMBAY: THACKER, SPINK, & CO. _ THACKER & ©O., LIMITED. BURMA: BERLIN : MYLES STANDISH & CO, R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN RANGOON. 11 CARLSTRASSE. 1905. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PREFACE. In the present volume Col. Bingham has commenced the descriptions of the Indian Butterflies. It was at first hoped that two volumes would complete the series, but three will certainly be necessary if all the forms are dealt with. The next volume will, it 1s expected, contain, amongst others, the Papilionide and the Pieride. For many years, in consequence of the iate Mr. de Nicéville having undertaken to describe the Indian Butterflies, it was not thought desirable that the subject should be included in the present series. Unfortunately Mr. de Nicéville died in 1901, without having completed his work, and as he had urged, in a letter to the present editor, that Col. Bingham should, in case of his failure, supply his place, it has now devolved on the latter to complete the series. Since the first appearance of Marshall and de Nicéville’s work on Indian Butterflies in 1882, so many additions have been made, and so many new forms have been described, that the species inhabiting the Indian Empire are far more generally known. To these Moore’s great work, the ‘ Lepidoptera Indica,’ has added several novelties. The question of illustrating the present work has presented some difficulty. To figure animals so brilliantly variegated as Butterflies by black and white alone would have given a a2 lv PREFACE. very poor idea of their colour, whilst at the same time the expense of procuring coloured representations of their forms would have greatly exceeded the price of the volume. It has consequently been arranged to represent some of the more important kinds by the three-coloured process, and it is hoped that entomologists in India will be satisfied with the work done by Mr. Knight, who has drawn the coloured figures, and Messrs. Hentschel Ltd., who have photographed them. W. T. BLANFORD. January 1905. INTRODUCTION, LEPIDOPTERA PAPILIONINA. THE Lepidoptera or scaled-wing insects comprise the Butterflies and Moths of popular Entomology. These, under the respective names of Rhopalocera and Heterocera, in allusion to the difference in the form of the antennz, were regarded as suborders. Of late years, however, it has been recognized that not only are the distinctions between the divisions, as above indicated, not sharply defined, but that differences exist among the groups of the Heterocera quite as, if not more, important than between the two Suborders. In consequence, various revisions of the Order have been proposed. Comstock (‘Manual for the Study of Insects’) divides the Lepidoptera into two Suborders :-— A. The Jugate Lepidoptera.— Moths in which the two wings of each side are united by a jugum” *. B. The Frenate Lepidoptera.—‘ Moths, Skippers, Butterflies, in which the two wings on each side are united by a frenulum 7, or by its substitute a large humeral angle to the hind wing.” In the lesser divisions of the Frenates, the Skippers and the Butterflies form two groups, Hesperwina aud Papilionina. Much can be said for the separation of the Skippers from the rest of the Butterflies, and there is no doubt that in the existing fauna the former stand as an isolated group, in some respects very different from the true Butterflies. Meyrick (‘Handbook of British Lepidoptera’) divides the Order into nine main groups, of which the Paprmmionina (= Papilionimna + Hespervina of Comstock) forms one. Accepting this arrangement, the forms in the group of the PAPILIONINA can be distinguished from the rest of the Lepidoptera, (1) by the * Jugum—a yoke—a projection or lobe at the base of the dorsal margin of the fore wing. + Frenulum—a little bridle—a spine or a bunch of bristles at the humeral angle of the hind wing. Both the above serve to link fore and hind wings together during flight. ial INTRODUCTION. entire absence of ajugum or frenulum *, though their substitute, the enlarged humeral angle to the hind wing, is always present ; (2) by the knobbed, or dilated, or hooked antenne. In certain families of the other main groups of the Lepidoptera, the jugum and frenulum are also absent; but then the antenne are not knobbed, while in the families in which the antenne are gradually thickened into a club, or are hooked like the antennz of the Skippers, a frenulum is always present. This work is primarily intended for collectors, and as an aid to the identification of Indian butterflies ; no account, therefore, of the internal anatomy of the insects, in any stage, seems necessary, for little or no use has been made of internal differences for purposes of classification. All Lepidopterous insects undergo a great and, to all appearance, an abrupt metamorphosis. In their life-cycle there are four stages :— (i) The egg, which is round or oval, sometimes elongate, often flattened, and very frequently beautifully sculptured on the outside. (2) The larva or caterpillar (fig. 1, I.), generally cylindrical, with or without a clothing of hair, often provided with protective tubercles, spines, or special fleshy filamentous processes. It is composed of a head and thirteen segments. Of the latter the first three are thoracic and bear pairs of jointed legs, the suc- ceeding one or two simple without appendages, and one or more of the rest have fleshy feet or “ prolegs” in pairs; the posterior pair, slightly different from the rest, are called claspers. Fig. 1.—Larva (Vanessa). 1, head ; 2-4, thoracic segments ; 5-14, abdominal segments ; a, true leg; 0, proleg. (3) The pupa or chrysalis (fig. 1, II.), more or less fusiform in shape, appendages cemented to the body by a corneous outer covering, often studded with tubercles or spines, or with strangely- formed, sometimes wing-like projections. (4) The imago or perfect insect. Among the Papilionina, four * Present, so far as known, in a single aberrant form, Huschemon rafitesie from Australia, belonging to the Hesperiide. INTRODUCTION. Vil wings and six legs attached to the thorax are always present. Figs. 2-11 represent the chief external parts of the imago. These are shown more or less in outline, and full details with explanation are given under the figures. Fig. 2. Fig. 2.—I. Head (Argynnis). a, proboscis; 0, 6, labial palpi; c, clypeus; d,d, compound eyes; é, é,antennz.—II. Single antenna. a, shaft; 6, club. —III. Side view of head, thorax, and abdomen, without the wings (Charaxes). a, proboscis; 6, labial palpi (the maxillary palpi, much aborted and rudimentary, are not shown); c, compound eye ; d, antenna; é, pronotum ; f, patella; g, mesonotum; #, episternum; 2, 7, i, coxe ; k,k, k, femora; J, 0, /, tibiee; m, m, m, tarsi; ”, scutellum of mesothorax ; 0, post-scutellum ; p, metathorax ; 1-9, segments of the abdomen. Fig. 3.—Labial palpi (much enlarged). a. Hestia; 6. Orsotriena; c. Hypo- limnas; d. Pareba; e. Libythea; f. Abisara; g. Papilio; h. Lampides; j. Colias; k. Tagiades. Vill INTRODUCTION. = \ \ CD ee Cee. ae g A Fig. 4.—Antennez (apical portionssmuch enlarged), a. Danais; 6. Orso- triena; c. Hypolimnas; d. Pareba; e.° Libythea; f. Abisara ; g. Papilio ; h. Pieris; 7. Lampides; k. Tagiades. For classificatory purposes the most important parts are :—° Head (Fig. 2, I. & I1.).—The labial palpi, 6, 6. These, in all butterflies, are three-jointed and variable in shape and in the clothing of scales or hair, but constant in each genus. They are independently moveable, but their function, if they have any, is unknown. The antenna (¢, ¢ & II., also fig. 4) are evidently organs of perception. ‘They are composed of an indefinite number of joints, and vary greatiy in length and thickness, in the shape of the club, in the amount of scaling, and in the arrangement of the sensory hairs and pits. In very many forms they are grooved on the underside *. Thorax.—The appendages, the wings (figs. 5-10) and the legs (fig. 11), are of the utmost importance in classification. Wings. These are membranous, traversed from the base out- wards by nervures (“tubular structures which serve at once as extensions of the tracheal system and to form a stiff framework for the support of the wing”). In the vast majority of the butterflies they are covered on both upper and under sides with flat scales arranged in rows, and often brightly coloured. The usual number of nervures in the wings of butterflies are: fore wing 12; bind wing 9, beside the subcostal, median, and disco- cellular veins ; but one or more of these may be absent, or there may be one or two extra veins or portions of veins developed. Special note should be taken of fig. 5, as the details given explain the terminology used in the descriptions of the forms throughout this work. This terminology is different from that used in Moore’s and de Nicéville’s works. The following few additional terms will also be met with:—Anterior or upper and ». * A most important paper on the antennz of butterflies has been published by Dr. Karl Jordan in ‘ Novitates Zoologice,’ v, 1898, p. 374. INTRODUCTION. 1x Fig. 5.—Wing of Danais (Nymphalide). 1. Fore wing: d, discoidal cell ; C, costa or costal margin; ap., apex; T, termen or terminal margin ; Tor., tornus; D, dorsum or dorsal margin ; s.¢.v., subcostal vein, extending from base of wing to upper apex of cell; m.v., median vein, extending from base of wing to lower apex of cell; u.d., m.d., /.d., wpper, middle, and lower discocellular nervules or discocellulars; v'—v'?, veins; 2'4-2!*, interspaces. II. Hind wing: d, discoidal cell; C, costa or costal margin ; ap., apex; T', termen or terminal margin; Zor., tornus; D, dorsum or dorsal margin ; s¢.v., subcostal vein, extending from base of wing to upper apex of cell; m.v., median vein, extending from base of wing to lower apex of cell; u.d., m.d., l.d., upper, middle, and lower discocellular nervules or discocellulars ; 71¢-v°, veins; pe.c., precostal vein; 24, 214-23, interspaces. Fig. 6.—Wings of Abisara (Nemeobide). Veins numbered similarly. Fig. 7.—Wings of Papilio (Papilionide), Veins numbered similarly. I. Fore wing: Extra veins present: 1 @ and a cross vein between median vein and vein 1. II. Hind wing: vein la absent; a cross vein present between vein 8 and precostal vein, x INTRODUCTION. IT. Fig. 8.—Wings of Jxias (Pieride). Veins numbered similarly. I. Fore wing: vein 9 absent. II. Hind wing: veins 1 a-8 present. Fig. 9, A & B.—Wings (Lycenide). AI. Fore wing: veins 7 and 10 absent. BI. Vein 7 absent. A & B II. Hind wings: precostal veins absent. Fig. 10.—Wings of Zagiades (Hesperiide). 1. Fore wing: all veins present and, except 1 and 12, originating from cell. II. Hind wing: vein 5 absent. posterior or lower, refer to the costal and dorsal portions of the wings respectively. Markings are said to be basal when occurring between base of wing and up to an imaginary line crossing middle of cell ; subbasal from that to a similar line crossing just within the apex of cell; discal or medial when they occupy the medial third of the wing; and postdiscal, subterminal, and terminal in succession after that. Legs. These organs, though variable on the whole, are, so far as the perfection or imperfection of the front pair of legs is con- cerned, constant in the larger divisions of the Papzlionina—the families and subfamilies. In the more specialized forms, the fore legs are more or less, sometimes very considerably, reduced in size. In many genera of the Nymphalide the fore legs are kept close-pressed to the body, and often appear like mere brushes or tufts of hair; while in nearly all the genera of that family they are useless for walking in both sexes. INTRODUCTION. x1 Fig. 11. ny OL ae e ak g as ht EN re i Wy i . { we TOES Fig. 11.—Fore legs, a ¢, 6 Q, of I, Hestia (Danaine) ; II, Mycalesis (Saty- rine); I11, Cynthia (Nymphaline) ; IV, Pareba (Acreine); V, Libythea ; VI, Abisara (Nemeobide); VII, Papilio (Papilionide), claws simple (3 tibie with pad on inner side); VIII, Pieris (Pieride), claws bifid ; IX. Lampides (Lycenide), S tarsus imperfect with only one claw; X, Tagiades (Hesperiide), tibiz with a medial as well as an apical pair of spurs. The six families under which the Indian butterflies can be arranged may be briefly tabulated as follows :— Key to the Families of Butterfires. A. Antenne approximate at base; hind tibize with only a terminal pair of spurs; one or more of the veins in the fore wing forked or coincident beyond the cell. a. Precostal nervure in hind wing present. w. Front pair of legs imperfect in one or both sexes. w’. Front pair of legs imperfect in both SOMES Peewee aera eres tackle Led. s Nymphalide. 6°. Front pair of legs imperfect in J, PerlectrinyS wuapeee ei Abe sercas y biod Nemeobidz. * Except in the genera Psewdergolis, Libythea and Calinaga. In these imperfect only in the ¢. Other characters, however, strongly Nymphaline. Xil INTRODUCTION. 6’. Front pair of legs perfect in both sexes. a’. Vein lain hind wing wanting; claws SUMINTO LO i wetee she. te ual ye eet Oe oat NST AN le Papilionide. 6°. Vein la in hind wing present; claws JOE Re eee crs RU OS 8 GONE .O Pieridz. 6. Precostal nervure in hind wing absent .... Lycenide. B. Antenne wide apart at base; hind tibiz generally with a medial as well as a terminal pair of spurs; all the veins in the fore wing from base or from cell, none forked or coincident beyond .............. Hesperiide. Opinions vary as to the probable line of descent of the butter- flies. Packard considers that the moths of the family Castniide are their predecessors; Meyrick traces their descent from the Thyridide group Pyralidina of the Frenate, Hampson from the Zygende. However this may be, a provisional genetic tree for the butterflies can be constructed as below. Nymphalhde. Nemeobide. Papilionde.,| Pieride. | | Lycende. ee \ a Hesperuide. 4 oe ae Hypothetical Moth Ancestor. The evidence of one family group of the butterflies being derived from another is entirely inconclusive. Specialization of forms has followed often parallel lines in all the families, but similar specialization, when it occurs in different groups, is no proof of genetic descent, but of independent development along similar lines. The tendency in modern Systematic Natural History is to INTRODUCTION. xi greater subdivision and the multiplication of genera. No cri- ferion exists as to what are generic characters, and as there does not seem to me that any greater convenience is gained by this minute subdivision, I have preferred to arrange the forms under large and comprehensive genera. With regard to species, it may perhaps be noticed that through- out this work I have avoided using that term. My reason for this is that, although the word “ species,” as now generally under- stood, is not likely to be entirely misinterpreted, the evil connotations of pre-Darwinian times still cling to it, and to many, perhaps unconsciously, convey the idea of fixity. The term “form,” on the other hand, though not entirely satisfactory, at any rate implies the possibility of change. That forms are constantly but slowly changing is a fact that is emphasized by every increase to our knowledge of living things. It is strikingly apparent in the Lepidoptera, of which Dr. D. Sharp says: “‘ A great deal of evidence, both direct and indirect, has accumulated showing that the organization of many Lepidoptera is excessively sensitive, so that slight changes of condition produce remarkable results.” The system of regarding local representatives of typical forms as of equal rank to them seems to me unsatisfactory, as all connection between the two forms is ignored. It is true that in the present state of our knowledge it is often a matter of conjecture as to which is the typical form and which the race, but in my opinion it is of great importance to draw attention to the extremely close relationship existing between many forms, so as to facilitate the tracing-out of the connection between them. In this work, purely as a matter of convenience, the form first described is made the type, its geographically limited repre- sentative—differing perhaps very slightly, but constantly—the race; but it must be clearly understood that in many cases the reverse 1s quite as likely to be the truth. In conclusion, my best thanks are due to the many who have aided me by the gift or loan of specimens. From Sikhim my friend Mr. Fritz Moller has sent me large collections in the most perfect condition. Many of the forms in these were procured at high altitudes, and are most interesting and rare. To Col. E. R. Johnson, late of the Indian Medical Service, I owe the gift of a small but very valuable collection from Simla and from Shillong in Assam. To Col. Swinhoe I am indebted, not only for the gift of many specimens, but for the privilege of examining at leisure the fine series of Indo-Malayan forms contained in his collection. Mr. Gilbert Rogers, of the Imperial Forest Service of India, in the most lavish way, employed native collectors in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and has generously placed the material XIV INTRODUCTION, - collected_at my disposal. Messrs. Allan and Craddock, of the Burma Forest Department, have sent me small but very useful collections from Pegu and the Southern Shan States; and to Mr. E. E. Green and to the Hon. F. Mackwood I owe many specimens from Ceylon. Major E. Stokes-Roberts, R.E., sent me several collections made in the Anaimalai and Nilgiri Hills in Southern India. These were particularly valuable to me for comparison with the northern Indian forms. I have to thank the Authorities of the British Museum for the privilege of access to the magnificent series of Indian butterflies contained in the National Collection, and I am specially grateful to Sir G. Hampson and Mr. F. Heron for the facilities afforded me for their examination. Mr. Heron has aided me in every possible way, and his intimate knowledge of many groups of butterflies has been most kindly and unreservedly placed at my service. The National Collection has of late years been greatly increased and enriched by the donations of the Godman, Leech, Crowley, and Elwes collections; and it is fortunate that so well-known an authority on Lepidoptera as Mr. Elwes should have undertaken the re-arrangement of the vast material thus brought together. For me it was specially fortunate that previous to commencing the writing of this volume the arrangement of several of the sroups of the Nymphalide should have been completed. I had thus the advantage of Mr. Elwes’ large experience to guide me. Turning to books, my obligations to the two previous works on Indian Butterflies have to be acknowledged. Iam greatly indebted to the information contained in Mr. Moore’s great work, the ‘Lepidoptera Indica,’ as will be seen from the frequent quota- tions from and references to the volumes so far completed. Of the three volumes issued of the ‘ Butterflies of India,’* the first two are completely out of date and, I believe, out of print. Col. Marshall and Mr. de Nicéville were pioneers in the systematic investigation of the Indian Lepidopterous Fauna; and the impulse given to the study of Indian butterflies by the publication, by the two authors conjointly, of the first volume of the ‘ Butterflies of India, Burma and Ceylon, and, by the late Mr. de Nicéville alone, of volumes IJ. and III. cannot be rated too highly. De Nicéville’s enthusiasm communicated itself to others, and his ever ready and generous help encouraged many who, like myself, feel that his early death has been almost an irreparable loss to Indian Entomology. Had my late friend lived, the com- pilation of the present work would never have been attempted by me; it would have been in his far abler hands. As it is, it will be good news to many that the Trustees of the Indian Museum * Vol. I. by Col. G. F. L. Marshail and L. de Nicéville; vols. If and III. by | L. de Nicéville. INTRODUCTION. XV acquired the MSS. of the volumes on the Papilionide, Pieride and Hesperiide left partially incompleted at Mr. de Nicéville’s death. These MSS. have been generously placed at my disposal for use in the compilation of the future volumes of this work. In connection with this, I ought to add that the unique collection of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera brought together by the late Mr. de Nicéville was acquired some little time before his death by the Indian Museum, and that through the kindness of Major Alcock, I.M.S., C.LE., F.R.S., Superintendent Indian Museum, I have had the privilege of examining many of the types. fed few words with regard to the illustrations. This is the first volume of the Fauna series which has had any large number of coloured plates. The ten in this volume have been well executed by Mr. Horace Knight, and reproduced by the modern process of colour-printing which is getting rapidly perfected. : ly Order FE PIDOPTERA ....; SYSTEMATIC INDEX, Suborder Papilionina...... Fam. 1. NyMPHALIDA...... Subfam. 1. Danaine de Hestia, Hubner 1. malabarica, Moore 2. linteata, Butler 3. Jasonia, Westw. ....».. 4. agamarschana, Felder . 5. hadeni, W. LO de za . Danais, iii ee. 1. plexippus, Lenn. : 2. hegesippus, Cramer .. 3. chrysippus, Linn. .... ALAS IEE C 2277) (a Re 5. melanea, Cramer 6. vulgaris, Butler...... 7. limniace, Cramer .... 8. septentrionis, Butler. . 9. gautama, Moore .aglea, Cramer 11. melanoleuca, Moore .. 12. aspasia, Fadr. 15. agleoides, Felder . nilgiriensis, Moore.... 15. furnata, Butler {uploea, Fabs. 1. modesta, Butler...... eo ee eo oe eeoeve . camaralzaman, Butler. . simulatrix, W.-M. § CINE misc's povcgeee ee . corus, Fabr. . pheebus, Butler . ledereri, Felder . coreta, Godart 2 3 4 5. bremeri, Felder 6 if 8 9 %) Bie} i) a OE BR to bo . harrisi, Felder 11. core, Cramer . esperi, Felder 13. godarti, Lucas . layardi, Druce . alcathoe, Godart . diocletiana, Fabr. 21. kollari, Felder 22. crassa, Butler 23. splendens, Butler .... . margarita, Butler .. 1. Mycalesis, Hiibner . charaka, Moore . perseus, abr. . mineus, Zann. . subdita, Moore mH OOCON SG Ore 09 bo eH 4 iw) .rama, Moore 13. adolphei, Guérin .... 14. oculus, Marshall .... 15. mnasicles, Hewztson .. 16. mestra, Hewitson .... 17. malsarida, Butler ..... 18. malsara, Moore ...... 19. nicotia, Hewittson .... 20, misenus, de Nicéville . . b . camorta, Moore...... 16, andamanensis, A thinson 17. dione, Westwood .... plete, Moone ta «oxo ote roepstorfi, Moore ... 3. mulciber, Cramer.... Subfam. 2. Satyrine........ . anaxias, Hewitson .... .adamsoni, Watson .... . anaxioides Marshall. . . sanatana, Moore...... . orseis, Hewirtson...... . perseoides, Moore.... i Wisalais Moore yang of XVill 21. heri, Moore 22. patnia, Moore 23. Junonia, Butler ...... 24. mystes, de Nicéville .. 25. surkha, Marshall .... . Orsotricena, Wallengren... median labs. ee cun abe. . Ceelites, Bovsduval ... LMObMIS ears iN carrer. 2.adamsoni, Moore .... 5. binghami, Moore .... . Lethe, Hiihner CULO Pa, aU eioe 2 . tamuna, de Nicéville .. drypetis, Hewitson .. TOMA MAO ay eaves daretis, Hewitson .... sinsanea. MOUan oe . confusa, Awrivillius .. .margarite, Hlwes .... . naga, Doherty . verma, Kollar MASON, Za Wes te he . sidonis, Hewitson .... . vaivarta, Doherty .... . nicetella, de Nicéville. . . siderea, Marshall .... . nicetas, Hewitson .... . maitrya, de Nicéville.. . visrava, Moore . scanda, Moore . bhairava, Moore...... . gulnihal, de Nicéville . 22. latiaris, Hewitson .... 23. minerva, Fabr. ...... . dynsate, Hewrtson .... J kansa, uWicore. 3.2.2. < /vindhya, Melder...... . satyavati, de Nicéville . 28. serbonis, Hewztson.... 29. sinorix, Hewitson .... 30. chandica, Moore mdiistans, sense fon sacle oo. mekara, JMGOTe. 0. . tristigmata, Llwes.... 34. lyncus, de Nicéville 5. atkinsonia, Hewitson. . . jalaurida, de Nicéville . . meelleri, Elwes 38. baladeva, Moore . ramadeva, de Nicémille . . andersoni, Atkinson .. . goalpara, Moore . sura, Doubleday . dura, Marshall . bhadra, Moore S10 —) SODNIAMR WH (4 4 DDO HHH HH HOOo OND OP Wb SD bo bt) b to CO NI O> Ou (Ju) ise) (oo) © ise) — eo G9 “NI Od eeeee o me H CO r= & cO eee eee aS is) doa b. me OO eee eee 10. is 18 14. 16. . LZipetis, Hewitson . Orinoma, Gray . Rhaphicera, Butler . Agapetes, Billberg . Satyrus, Latr . Maniola, Schrank . CEneis, Hribner re et SYSTEMATIC INDEX, 45. pulaha, Moore ...... 46. muirheadi, Felder .... A7. yama, Moore *.....¥. 1. saitis, Hewitson...... 2. scylax, Hewitson .... J. damaris, Gray. Jaye. eee © @ ® 1. satricus, Doubleday .. 2. moorei, Butler 1. halimede, Ménétries .. 1. schakra, Kollar 2. meerula, Felder 3. menava, Moore Pararge, Hiibner........ 1. cashmirensis, Moore .. Nytha, Billberg: ya eee 1. thelephassa, Hiibner . . 2. baldiva, Moore 3. Gittusa, Buticn, oe ae 4. persephone, FHiibner .. 5. Shandura, Marshall .. 6. parisatis, Kollar CHC Pi OO zee ee & 1. davendra, Moore .... 2-narica, Hubner «22. on 3. Cheena, Moore 2. ..5% 4. interposita, Evschoff .. 5. pulchella, Felder 6. cenonympha, Felder. Karanasa, Moore........ 1. huebneri, Felder 2. pimMipla, elder ware 3. digna, Marshall...... Aulocera, Butler. sean 1. brahniinus. Blanchard. 2 swale Kollar... sae Sh ORICA TGA Mk 4. saraswati, Kollar .... "© © © 6 © 1. pumilus, Felder Ypthima, “Hiibner =e . philomela, Johannsen . _ baldus, 2G0)) ee . sobrina, Liwes & Edw.. . similis, Liwes & Edw. . . affectata, Elwes § Edw. . methora, Hewitson . doherty, “Woores sae . savara, Grose-Smith .. : salcraeipane ani . iarba, de Nicéville .... .nareda, Kollar Fe NEE ie es pee eee eee 126 Re 18 19. DOP Melanitis; Pabr. oo... 2. 157 1. ismene, Cramer ...... 158 | ZapelanMoore Vines . 3 159 SPALLEMUUS.ELeTOStisn 4... VIL 4, bethami, de Nicéville.. 162 21. Cyllogenes, Butler ...... 162 lo suradeya, Moore .... 163 2. janetze, de Nicéville .. 163 22. Parantirrheea, Wood- SU SO 1 BAe ene ae 164 | 1. marshalli, Wood-Mason 165 Woe Amadebis-wbutler. 2.4 5 165 1. himachala, Moore .... 166 2. diademoides, Moore .. 166 24, Neorina, Westw. .i....< 167 1. westwoodi, Moore.... 168 DE anlda, Westy aaa ae 168 25, Elymnias, Hiibner ...... 169 1, undularis, Drurvyos.cs 11 2. cottonis, Hewitson.... 178 3. caudata, Butler ...... 178 4, singhala, Moore...... L74 | 5. peali, Wood-Mason .. 175 | 6, malelas, Hewitson.... 175 | SYSTEMATIC INDEX, ; Page 12. newara, Moore :...... 139 13. watsoni, Moore ...... 139 14. lycus, de Nicéille.... 140 os aivanta, Alooren 2.2... 140 16. chenui, Guérin - Méne- DU LLC nie eK CSE 6 14] 17. ypthimoides, Moore .. 142 18. huebneri, Karby ...... 142 19. bolanica, Marshali.... 144 PUMA ICIULSOM s ..8 5. 145 MIP asher omen uge ites ck 145 22. megalia, de Ne-éville.. 146 Ere hia eG s,s ical ls 0: 146 1. narasingha, Moore.... 148 2. mani, de Nicéville .... 148 3. kalinda, Moore ...... 149 4.shallada, Lang ...... 149 5. hyagriva, Moore .... 150 Gx ninmalawloore. i... 150 7. annaaa, Moore ...... 150 Sy scamde,, Molar, 224) .°, DEAL 9. daksha, Moore 2.3... 152 mRinites. 6 Westie. osieict kk 152 iarcentina, Butler» ...0< 153 2. angularis, Moore .... 154 3. rotundata. de Nicéville 154 4, falcipennis, W-M. & CCN RA, te ORC, 2 155 Ragadia, Westw......... 155 1. crisilda, Hewitson.... 16 2. crito, de Nicéville .... 156 3. critolaus, de Nicéville . 157 | 7. timandra, Wallace.... 8. patna, Westwood .... 177 9. daray Distant> 3% 82. 178 10. mimus, Wood-Mason . 178 11. vasudeva, Moore 178 12. esaca, Westwood 179 13. penanga, Westwood .. 180 Subfam. 3. Morphine ...... 181 1. Clerome, Westwood 182 1. arcesilaus, Fabr. 183 2. eumeus, Drury ...... 183 3. assama, Westwood.... 184 2. Melanocyma, Westwood.. 184 1. faunuloides, de Nicé- CLO 5 eRe NE 184 3. Xanthotenia, Westwood . 185 I busiris.Westines a... 185 A. Zeuxidia, Hiibner ...... 186 Ve mason, (Moore. .5 4.26 185 5, Amathiisias Fabri eos. . 187 1. phidippus, Johanssen.. 187 2. amythaon, Doubleday . 183 6. Thaumantis, Miibner .... 189 Is dtoressnWrestis) 108e ss. 190 2. lucipor, Westwood.... 190 7. Stichophthalma, Felder... 191 1. camadeva, Westwood.. 192 2. nourmahal, Westwood. 192 3. howqua. Westwood.... 198 4, louisa, Wood-Mason .. 194 Sh Dhauria, Woo) seer 195 1. pseudaliris, Butler.... 195 9. AAmona, Hewzitson ...... 196 1. amathusia, Hewitson.. 196 2. lena, Atkinson ...... 197 | 10. Enispe, Doubleday ...... 197 1. euthymius, Doubleday . 198 2. cyenus, Westwood .... 199 11. Discophora, Borsduval .. 199 Ie cellimele UStoie. wu, 200 2 lepida, Moore”. san. 201 on tullina.' Cramer irate 202 Subfam. 4. Nymphaline .... 20: 1. Charaxes, Ochsenheimer .. 208 1. durnfordi, Distant.... 210 2. distanti, Honrath .... 210 8. marmax, Westwood .. 211 4, kahruba, Moore...... 212 5. aristogiton, Felder.... 213 6. psaphon, Westwood .. 214 7. polyxena, Cramer .... 215 8: falomisse abr ele sy soe 217 2: Hulepis; Moore, iene. . 219 Lf athamiaswOriup cca a2 220 xX SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 2, aria Older. ben a. 222 3. schreiberi, Godart.... 222 4, jalysus, Felder ...... 223 ©. moori, Distant ...... 224 6. delphis, Doubleday .. 224 7. dolon, Westwood .... 226 8. nepenthes, Grose-Smith 226 9. eudamippus, Doubleday 227 a. Weleyia, Helder 22... 228 1, hemina, Hewitson .... 228 A. Apatira, eh abr, ieee. 229 li ambica, Wollan. 2.0... 230 2 heresHelden.” canes oss 231 3. sordida, Moore ...... 282 4. chevana, Moore...... 232 5. parisatis, Westwood .. 233 6: ulupi, Doherty. 2.032. 234 7. parvata, Moore “...... 234 8. osteria, Westwood .... 235 6; Dilipa, Moonee ee 235 1. morgiana, Westwood... 236 Herona, Doubleday...... 237 1. marathus, Doubleday... 237 7. Hestina, Westwood...... 239 1. naina, Doubleday .... 239 8. Parhestina, Moore ...... 240 1. persimilis, Westwood. . 240 2. nicevillei, Moore . 241 9. Euripus, Westwood...... 242 1. halitherses, Doubleday . 242 2. consimilis, Westwood. . 244 OP Seéphisa, Mocre \.a.0.42. 244 1. dichroa, Kollar ...... 245 2. chandra, Moore...... 246 11. Neurosigma, Butler . 247 1. doubledayi, Westwood . 247 2. tratemea, Moore . 2... 248 12. Dichorragia, Butler . 248 1. nesimachus, Boisduval. 248 13 Stibochiana, Butler...... 249 lhe micea, (Gaara sss 250 145 Nbrota; Moores. eA. 250 I. ganpa, Moore . 2.8 251 2. jumna, Moores. ...,... 252 15. Sympheedra, Hiibner .... 252 Le disteaee Hore ee 255 He. Dophla; Moore ee aeee 255 1. teuta, Doubleday .... 257 2. goodrichi, Distant .... 258 3. durea, Moonemeeees - 260 4, duda, Staudinger .... 260 5, mara, Moore ace... 261 6. sahadeva, Moore 262 Pe Aes SVLOOTE) ee ee 268 8. patala, Kollar ...... 264 2, evelitia, Stoll 7 .iSe 265 18. 19. 20. 10, derma; Kollar e227 11. dunya, Doubleday .... . Kuthalia, Hithners. omen cocytus; abr. ao! an . lepidea, Butler ...... . cibaritis, Hewitson.... . appiades, Ménétriés .. jahnuyloone See . kesava, Moore ...... . lubentina, Cramer.... wfranéize, Grayen eee . phemius, Doubleday .. . telchinia, Ménétriés .. I. zichri, (butlersee-peee 12. binghami, de Nicéville . 13. garuda, Moore ...... 14. jama, Felder ........ 15. apicalis, Vollenhoven. . 16. kanda, Moore........ 17. anosia, Moore........ 18. nais, orster, Wane Parthenos, Hiibner...... 1. gambrisins, Fabr. .... 2..virens, Moore Aspen Moduza, Moore - eeu i. procris, ‘Cramer sae Laminitis, abr. eee 1. zayla, Doubleday .... pi DOMID OUP WH 2. daraxa, Doubleday.... 295 3. dudu, Westwood...... 296 4. zulema, Doubleday.... 297 5, trivena, Moore ...... 297 6. ligyes, Hewitson...... 298 Qi.’ Lebadea,, Felder see 298 lL. martha, Fabra eee 299 22. Auzakia, Moores meaner 300 l1. danara, Moore ...... 300 2. austenia, Moore...... 301 23. Pantoporia, Hrbner 302 1. sulpitia, Cramer 303 2. nefte, Cramer........ 304 3. rufula, de Nicéville 307 4, kanwa, Moore........ 307 5. kresna, Moore J...2 ee 308 6. cama, Moore. eee 309 7. selenophora, Kollar .. 310 8. zeroca, Moore. eee 311 9. opalina, Kollar ...... 312 10, ranwa, Moore: cr ranere 312 ll. abiasa, Moorer sae 314 24, Athyma, Westwood 314 L. perius; lite are nines ate 315 2. larymna, Doubleday .. 316 5. asurd, MOOre teat ak 317 4. pravara, Moore ...... 318 5, june, (Moores 3)... ee oe 319 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page ZO INEPUIS EOL Sis balk a 319 l. eurynome, Westwood . 323 2. columella, Cramer.... 326 3. jumbah, Moore ...... 327 4, magadha, Felder BBS) 5. nata, Moore eaters ve 329 6. mahendra, Moore .... 329 (Ver OW, DULlen «2... 330 S.somlay Moore 550.3... 330 9. sankara, Kollar ...... 332 NONeartiea, Moore 5. .: 1. 333 11. narayana, Moore 334 12. manasa, Moore ...... 306 13, zaida, Doubleday 336 14, harita, Moore ...... 307 15. vikasi, Horsfield 338 16. fuliginosa, Moore .... 838 17. anjana, Moore... ..... B30 iStiadha, Moore ........ 309 19. ananta, Moore ...... 340 Ziman Moore... ..... 541 Ziewiraja, Moore. ....... 342 22. heliodore, Fabr....... 342 26. Rahinda, Mowe 08. 343 He hordonia, ISYAOUL (pecs ken 344 2. cnacalis, 7Tewitson.... 846 a. paraka; Butler ...'. .. 346 4, aurelia, Staudinger 347 5. assamica, Moore...... 347 27. Oyrestis, Boisduval ...... 348 1. tabula, de Nicéville 349 2. thyodamas, Boisduval . 349 3. nivea, Zinken-Sommer. 351 Areocles Fh abK be sis. 352 Oe pemander, Maur... 2... 353 28. Chersonesia, Distant .... 353 l. risa, Doubleday ...... 3o4 Zaperalca, Westant oa... 305 29, Junonia, Miibner ...... 300 Liphita, Cramer .....:. 306 2. lemonias, Linn. ...... 857 OMOUUBINVA, L074) 1 na ao: 358 4. atlites, Juhanssen .... 359 5. hierta, Fabricius 360 6G. almana, Zann. ...... 361 oO. Vanessa, Mabie 9... .0 363 DRecanchunn ale: oie aco 365 2 SIMdCa, CRUSE ue a 366 3. cashmirensis, Kollar .. 367 Ab arizana,, Voce n eae - 368 5. ladakensis, Moore .... 368 6. vau-album, Denis & Schieffermiiller . 363 7. Xanthomeleena, Denis & Schieffermuiiller 369 SuamMnio pd, Laie sve 370 XXi Page 9. canace, Johanssen .... 37 l 10. c-album, Zinn. ...... 372 esewea Cramer. ici 374 3l. Araschnia, Miibner...... 374 1. prorsoides, Blanchard . 375 32. Symbrenthia, Hiibner .. 376 iiuemay Cramerenns. >: 376 Qe My pSelisnGoaayt wan. 378 3. brabira, Moore ...... 378 4, niphanda, Moore . 319 ao. Prothoeé, Hubner ...... 380 eimanclaeGod art nies. 381 Je resalis, Butler “ost... 382 3. calydonia, Hewirtson .. 382 04, Rhinopalpa, Felder...... 383 ]. polynice, Cramer .... 384 35. Yoma, Doherty ......0% 385 De vasukay Doherty... 385 36. Hypolimnas, Hubner .... 386 dei OLE Een es aisle ere 386 2. misippus, Lenz....... 388 37. Penthema, Doubleday.... 390 1. lisarda, Doubleday .... 390 2Mdar lisa /Mooremanen yt 391 3. binghami, Wood-Mason 392 38. Doleschallia, Felder . 392 1. bisaltide, Cramer .... 398 59. Kallima, Doubleday . O94 1. inachus, Boisduval.... 395 2, horsfieldi, Kollar .... 397 3. knyvetti, de Nicéville.. 398 A. albofasciata, Moore .. 399 40 Cethosia, Habr. 2. Snce. 399 lcyane, Oren ie cele ae 400 2. nicobarica, Felder .... 401 3. hypsina, Felder ...... 402 APA OG, JOT) we ong leo 402 5. mahratta, Moore 403 6. nietneri, Felder ...... A404 Aly Cynthia Habre). yoke. 405 [eerotas, 2 obiary ccaene 2 406 Deaselas MOore ae sae ke 409 43. Terinos, Boisduval...... 411 1. clarissa, Boisduval.... 411 43. Atella, Doubleday ...... 412 1. phalantha, Drury .... 412 2. aleippe, CUamen Was 413 AA score: Sabie wae so A415 Iesamiian ACOuG nie cen ca. 415 45. Cupha, Billberg ........ 416 1. erymanthis, Drury 417 22 PlacidayWoone 2.2... 418 46. Cirrochroa, Doubleday .. 419 ]. fasciata, Felder ...... 420 2. flavo-brunnea, Grose- SHUG Mant ee doie cess 421 XX11 3 + Dd SYSTEMATIC INDEX. » BHAISHRE abs ee - mithila,wWoore 22.6 . surya, Moore eo ec es eo oo 6. bajadeta, Moore...... 7. nicobarica, W.-M.&deN. Page 42] 423 424 424 425 8. aoris, Doubleday . 427 47. Argynnis, Fabr. 0... .. 429 IG Redan JC Om ons nee 431 2. jainadeva, Moore .... 433 3. kamala, Moore ...... 433 4 mala, Cramer... .24.. 434 o. children, Gray ..:... 435 Gunudia, Moone sane... 437 7. hyperbius, Johanssen.. 438 8. lathonia, Zann. ...... 441 9. gemmata, Butler .... 442 10, clara, Blanchard .... 443 11. altissima, Hiwes...... 445 2 jendont,elangeeniees a 446 13. pales, Denis & Schieff. . 447 14. hegemone, Staudinger . 449 48, Meliteoa, abr. acs aiese 450 1. sindura, Moore ...... 451 EOL Waaitey, JOVI Sls Aho 453 49) Byblia, Alubner 3... | 455 i valliit layer e107 heta-cet 455 D0; yWarmnoa Mager etme. 457 1. castelnaui, Felder .... 458 2. horsfieldi, Borsduval .. 458 dl. Ergolis, Bowsduval ...... 460 1. ariadne, Johanssen .... 461 2. merione, Cramer 462 52. Pseudergolis, Felder ..., 463 I. wedahi, iollar a... 5. 464 53. Calinaga, Moore........ A4G5 ie buddhiaMoone ech 466 2. sudassana, Melvill .... 467 Sublam:D. Alevwne ws...) +. 468 1. Pareba, Doubleday ...... 468 TP VESER ECO na calcrataen as 469 | i Page 2. Telchinia, Hiibner ...... 470 L. svaolee, abr: ee A471 | Subfam. 6. Libythene...... A72 Leni y thea, aor aan eee 472 1. celtis, Puessly........ 473 2. myrrha, Godart ...... A75 3. rohini, Marshall ee A, geoffroyi, Godart ea 5. hauxwelli, Moore .... 478 Fam. 2. NEMEOBIDZ ...... 478 1. Dodona, Hewitson ...... A479 Ldunga, Kollan reese 481 2. dipea, Hewitson .. 482 3. dracon, de Nicéville .. 483 4. eugenes, Bates ...... 484. 5. egeon, Doubleday .... 484 — 6. ouida, Moores. ae 485 7. adonira, Hewitson .... 486 8. deodata, Hewitson.... 487 9. longicaudata, de Ni:é- DULG soicues cial see 488 10. binghami, Moore .. 488 11. angela, Grose-Smith .. 489 Do NoiSamay, elder) enema 489 1. fylla, Doubleday ..... 490 2. neophron, Hewitson .. 491 3. chela, de Nicéville .... 492 4. echerius, Sioll ..... 492 3. Taxila, Doubleday ..... 495 1. burnii, de Nicéville .. 495 2. thuisto, Hewitson .... 497 Bis MRKORONUTTI) JAKMAR, oo 3 « 497 4. Zemeros, Boisduval..... 498 1. flegyas, Cramer..... 499 D. otiboges, Butler... ia. 500 1. nymphidia, Butler .. 501 DISCOPHORA. 201 3. Upperside purplish brown, the basal four-fifths of both fore and hind wing suffused with dark indigo-blue. Fore wing with two obliquely-placed preapical pale ochraceous-white spots, and a series of four or five subterminal similar spots. Hind wing uniform except for the dark secondary sex-mark on the disc. Underside ochraceous shaded with brown, darkest on the outer half of the hind wing; a broad dark brown discal band across both wings from costa of fore to tornus of hind wing; beyond this a lighter ochraceous band, followed on the hind wing by obscure ocelli in interspaces 2 and 6, and a purplish-white diffuse mark at the tornus.— 2. Upperside paler purplish brown, the terminal margins of the wings narrowly and evenly yellow; a broad yellow oblique preapical bar on the fore wing, curving down- wards and ending in two or three triangular detached spots, two ‘discal spots below middle of bar and an outer series of three sub- terminal large lunular spots. Hind wing on its anterior half outwardly with some diffuse yellow obscure spots. Underside similar to that of the ¢, but much lighter and brighter ochra- ceous, the brown shading forms obscure transverse bands, of which the discal, broad postdiscal and subterminal crossing both fore and hind wing are the most prominent ; an additional ocellus in interspace 3. Antenne ochraceous; head, thorax and abdo- men above brown, beneath more or less ochraceous. Exp. $ 2 95-99 mm. (3°75-3°9"), Hab. Sikhun, the lower and Hastern provinces of Bengal; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula. Larva (adult). Anal segment with two slender processes; each segment with dorsal and lateral tubercies studded with tufts of hair; head black ; body brown with paler longitudinal dorsal and lateral bands, a short black line on each side of the dorsal line anteriorly on each segment; legs with a spot of dark red on each. Pupa. “ Boat-shaped, broad across the middle; head-piece prolonged and acuminated into a bifid point; colour pale purpu- rescent-brown.” (Moore.) 235. Discophora lepida, Moore (Enispe), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 213 9 ; id. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 36, pl. 18, tigs. 1, 1a, 16,82; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 297; Moore, Lep. Ind, i, \893-96, p, 190) pl. 151, figs, 1, la 16, le 62; Davidson, Bell § Aitken, Jou. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 245. 5 Q. Resembles D. celinde, but in the ¢ the ground-colour on the upperside is dark velvety brown without any blue reflections ; the fore wing is crossed preapically by three obliquely-placed, comparatively large, pale-blue spots with an ill-defined series of three or four much smaller subterminal spots; in the 9 the markings, though similar to those in the 2 of célinde, are on the upperside of the fore wing all pale blue, not yellow, and more numerous, larger, and better defined on the upperside of the hind wing. Underside. S: similar to that in ¢ of D. celinde, but a 202 NYMPHALIDA. more or less prominent diffuse subterminal band irrorated with lilae scales crosses both fore and hind wing.— ? similar to the 9? of D. celinde, but much paler. Exp. 3 2 80-104 mm. (3°15-4:09"). Hab. 8. India, Ceylon. Larva. “ Cylindrical or slightly fusiform; head large; anal segment furnished with two stout conical processes widely sepa- rated, but scarcely divergent ; colour of head greenish yellow; eyes black; body brown, with a broad pure white dorsal band flanked with conspicuous black marks, and a yellow lateral mark on segments 6 to 11; head and body clothed with long reddish or brown hair.” (Davidson, Bell § Attken.) Pupa...** head-case produced into two long conical adjoined processes, the thorax slightly convex and carinated dorsally, the wing-cases evenly expanded, abdomen strongly curved dorsally ; surface finely rugose; colour semi-transparent yellowish, like a clean white bone, with the dorsal line and the veins of the wings” marked in faint flesh-colour, loosely attached by the tail.” (JZ6id.) 236. Discophora tullia (Pl. IV, fig. 30), Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Frot. i, 1775, pl. 81, figs. A, B; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1888, p. 298, fig. dQ. Discophora zal, Westwood, in Dblday., Westw. §& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1851, p. 3381, footnote ; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 299 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 191, pl. 152, figs. 1,la—-le, § Q. Discophora tullia, var. indica, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i, 1887, sO ORIOe Derophons spiloptera, de N. § Moller, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, 3 p. 331. i Discophora indica et spiloptera, Moore, Lep. Ind. i1, 1893-96, pp. 192 & 195, pl. 158, figs. 1, la-ld, 3 2, larva & pupa, and pl. 154, figs. 1, la, go Q. g. Upperside dark brown. Fore wing with transverse discal, postdiseal and subterminal series of bluish spots, the latter two series closely approximate. Hind wing uniform except for the prominence of the discal secondary sex-mark, and faint indications of a subterminal series of pale spots. Underside dull ochraceous brown, the basal half of the wing darker, defined outwardly by a still darker but obscure transverse band ending ina lilacine diffuse small patch at the tornus of the hind wing; both fore and hind wing irrorated somewhat sparsely with short transverse brown strie and obscurely tinted with lilac; two ill-defined ocelli on the hind wing as in D. célinde. Antenne ochraceous ; head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath.— 9. Upperside purplish brown. Fore wing with three transverse series of white spots, the inner or discal series continued to the costa by two large elongate obliquely-placed white spots. Hind wing also with three transverse rows of somewhat obscure spots, but ochraceous in colour. Underside similar to that in the ¢, but paler. Exp. & Q 90-102 mm. (3:55-4:05"). Hab. Bengal; Sikhim; Bhutan; through Assam, Burma and Order LEPIDOPTERA. Suborder PAPILIONINA. Family NYMPHALIDZ. Imago. Fore wing: submedian, or vein 1, simple, in one sub- family forked near base ; median vein with three branches, veins 2,3 and 4; veins 5 and 6 arising from the points of junction of the discocellulars ; subcostal vein and its continuation beyond apex of cell, vein 7, with never more than four branches, veins 8-11; 8 and 9 always arising from vein 7, 10 and also 11 some- times from vein 7 but more often free, 2. ¢. given off by the sub- costal vein before apex of cell. Hind wing: internal (1a) and precostal veins present. Cell in both wings closed or open, often closed in the fore, open in the hind wing. Dorsal margin of hind wing channelled to receive the abdomen in many of the forms. Antenne always with two grooves on the underside ; club variable in shape. Throughout the family the front pair of legs in the 6, and with three exceptions * in the @ also, is reduced in size and functionally impotent; in some the atrophy of the fore legs is considerable, e.g. Danaine and Satyrine. In many of the forms of these subfamilies the fore legs are kept pressed against the underside of the thorax, and are in the male often very incon- spicuous. The Indian forms belonging to the Nymphalide can conveniently be arranged under six subfamilies, a key to which is given below. Key to the Indian Subfamiles of the Nymphalide. A. Discoidal cell in both fore and hind wing closed. a. Vein 1 in fore wing forked at base ...... Danaine. * Libythea, Pseudergolis, and Calinaga, VOL. I. 5 2, NYMPHALIDA. b. Vein 1 in fore wing not forked at base. a’, Palpi more or less erect, or only obliquely subporrect, not remarkably long, not forming a beak. a”. Palpi strongly compressed ; eyes often hairy, one or more veins in fore wing generally swollen at base; wings as a rule short and broad, hind wing often dentate or caudate .........: Satyrine. 6°. Palpi net compressed, short, cylindrical, slightly clavate; eyes never hairy ; veins never swollen at base; wings always long; hind wing never dentate OY calidate .545 4 Aaa: eee Acreeine. b'. Palpi porrect, projecting, remarkably long, nearly as long as the thorax, pressed close together forming a beak ........ Libytheine. B. Discoidal cell open, or if closed, lower disco- cellular very slender, inconspicuous *. a. Palpi small, narrow, sharp in front ...... Morphine. 6. Palpi large, broad, rounded in front ...... Nymphatine. Subfamily DANAIN®. Egg. “ Much higher than wide, leathery, radiate, with numerous broad flattened ribs and distinct cross-lines reticulate over a small area at the apex ” (Doherty). Larva. Smooth, cylindrical or subcylindrical, with from two to four pairs of fleshy tentacula. Colours conspicuous, generally black, yellow and red. Imago. Wings ample, terminal margins never dentate or caudate; cell of both fore and hind wings closed; vein 1 in fore wing forked close to base, none of the veins basally swollen; no prediscoidal cell in hind wing; antenne slender, filiform or oradually clavate, bare, without scales ; eyes naked, never hairy ; palpi slightly compressed, somewhat short and erect; body slender. The forms in this subfamily are highly specialized, for in addition to the reduction in the number of legs used in walking common to all the members of the family Nymphalide, the Danaine have without exception developed what to our senses, at any rate, is an acrid disagreeable odour and taste accompanied with a tough leathery consistency of body that to a certain extent evidently protects them from insectivorous enemies. In the ereat majority of the forms also, secondary sexual characters in the shape of specialized scales, tufts of hair, brushes, or fans having peculiar odours are prominent. * Except the forms belonging to the genera Pseudergolis and Calinaga, which have the cell of the hind wing tubularly closed. HESTIA. 3 Key to the Genera of the Danaine. a. Claws furnished with paronychia and pulvilli. a’. Antenne filiform. Colour in both sexes con- Spicuously black andiwhite sec oh 2 oe HESTIA, p. 3. 6’. Antenne distinctly clavate. Colour in both sexes dark, some shade of brown often glossed with iidescent lie sijej catia). ahora bi alleta KuPLaea, p. 22. 6. Claws without paronychia or pulvilli .......... DANAIS, p. 7. Genus HESTIA. Hestia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 15. Nectaria, pt., Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 2. Type, H. lyncea, Drury, from the Malay Peninsula. Range. The Indo-Malayan Region. - Wings comparatively of large expanse, body long and slender. Fore wing elongate and narrow or comparatively short and broad ; dorsum slightly sinuous ; termen oblique, slightly concave below the rounded apex; costa widely arched; cell more than half length of wing; upper discocellular short, middle inwardly oblique, deeply concave, lower outwardly convex; vein 11 anas- tomosed with vein 12. Hind wing elongate, obovate, or ovate ; termen more or less strongly arched ; cell more than half length of wing; discocellulars obtusely angulate one with the other. Antenne long, filiform, scarcely clavate towards apex ; palpi erect, flattened outwardly, clothed with appressed scales, third joint short, pointed, slightly porrect; claws of intermediate and pos- terior legs curved, furnished with paronychia and pulvilli. Larva. “ Cylindrical, naked, banded with several transversely alternating conspicuous colours ; furnished with four pairs of long -filamentous processes or tentacula ” (Moore). The forms of Hestia are very closely allied, but are divisible into two groups :— The lyncea group, to which all but one of the Indian races belong, characterized by an elongate narrow wing and large black markings on the white ground-colour ; and the Javan belia group, with wings broader in comparison with their length and small black markings. The sole Indian representative of the latter group is H. linteata, Butler, extending from the Malay Peninsula into the extreme south of Tenasserim. Key to the forms of Hestia. A. Transverse black mark in cell of fore wing not extending beyond subcostal vein. aunts mark Oval (AA sem esau yc scr HH, malabarvea, p. 4. b. This mark zigzag, formed of two spots. H. linteata, p. 4. B. Transverse black mark in cell of fore wing extending beyond subcostal vein. a. Hind wing long and narrow; termen compressed anteriorly, straight between VELMSNOL AACE. 7) Gan aero POU dR ies 5c 5 Hi, jasonia, p. 5. 1s 4 NYMPHALIDA, b. Hind wing comparatively short and broad; termen not compressed ante- viorly, arched between veins 6 and 7. a. Terminal third of fore wing with more or less of white in interspaces 5, 6 and 8. a'. Terminal margin of hind wing white, with elongate black spots in the interspaces.............. HT, agamarschana, p. 5. b'. Terminal margin of hind wing all black. ccacks nip cdlveceeiene easeee Race cadelli, p. 6. 6. Terminal third of fore wing all black, no white in interspaces 5,6 and 8.. H. hadeni, p. 6. 1. Hestia malabarica, Moore, A.M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 46; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 26, pt.; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890- 92, p- 18, pl. 1, figs. 1, la, larva & pupa, 16, Wer Gage Hestia lynceus, pt., M. § de N. (nec Drury) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 2 Hestia kanarensis, "Moore, Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 21, pl. 2, figs. 9, ie de. 3 2. Upperside semitransparent white, sometimes slightly infuscate with a powdering of black scales. Fore wing with the following black marks :—narrow margins on both sides of the veins, a dusky streak along dorsum, large subbasal spots in interspaces 1 and 2 (produced inwardly in former), a large oval spot crossing three streaks in discoidal cell, a spot above it in interspace 11, a broad margin to the discocellulars and three rows of spots on outer half of wing, the discal series outwardly conical and curved sharply inwards opposite apex, the subterminal series in pairs coalescent on the veins, the terminal series elongate on veins and in interspaces ; costa with a black streak at base, beyond black and white alternately. Hind wing with similar markings; cell with two streaks, the upper forked towards apex; costa white, two spots not touching the vein below in interspace 8 ; paired spots on veins 5,6 and 7 not coalescent but one behind the other, black. Underside similar. Antenne black; head and thorax streaked and spotted with black; abdomen white, with broad dusky black streak above. Exp. 3 9 120-154 mm. (4°7-6°1”). Hab. Western Ghats, Travancore. Var. H. kanarensis, Moore, i is identical in markings but alwine smaller. It is recorded from the Konkan and North Kanara. 2. Hestia linteata, Butler, Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. i, 1879, p. 536, pl. 69, fig. 6 3 9. Resembles H. malabarica, Moore. Differs as follows :— Wings comparatively broader, apex more rounded, termen of hind wing from apex to vein 5 arched, not straight. Ground- colour a purer white, black markings very much smaller. ore wing with an additional spot in interspace 1 a and on veins 2, 3 and 4, HESTIA. 5 coalescing with spots of discal series in interspaces 2 and 3; two coalescent spots in discoidal cell forming an irregular zigzag mark ; costal margin white, with no black streak at base and the black markings much narrower. Hind wing with markings similar to but much smaller than in hind wing of H. malabarica. Exp. 170-176 mm. (6°6-6°9"). Hab. Extreme south of Tenasserim, extending into the Malayan Subregion. Procured at Malewoon by the late Mr. W. Davison. 3. Hestia jasonia, Westw. Cab. Or. Ent. 1848, p. 87, pl. 42, fig. 1 3; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 27, pl. 3, fig. 1 ¢ ; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 22, pl. 3, figs. 1, lag, 169. Nectaria jasonia, Moore, Lep. ‘Ceyl. 1, 1880, p: o, pl. Lote, I. _ 6 Q. Wings proportionately longer and narrower than in H. malabarica, margin of hind wing from apex to just above vein 5 almost straight ; ground-colour greyish white, varying to fuliginous brown, semitransparent in the lighter varieties. Form and character of the markings as in H. malabarica. Differs as follows :—Fore wing: the subbasal black spot in interspace 1 elongate, outwardly emarginate; subbasal spot in interspace 2 large, touching above and below the median and vein 2; an oblique broad bar in discoidal cell extending to the costa and uniting with the broad black streak along basal portion of same; discocellulars broadly margined with black, emitting a short streak outwards in interspace 4; discal, subterminal, and terminal series of spots as in H. malabarica, but the discal spots quadrate, not outwardly conical; the black markings along the costa of greater extent than the white. Hind wing with markings similar to those in H. malabarica. Antenne black; head and thorax black, spotted with white; abdomen dusky black above, white beneath. Exp. 3 2 150 mm. (5:9"). Hab. Ceylon. 4, Hestia agamarschana, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. i, 1867, p. 351, pl. 43, fig. 7 6 ; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 27; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p- 23, pl. 4, fig. 1 ¢. Hestia jasonia, Westw. var. a; Kirby y, Syn. Cat. D. Lep. 1871, p. 2. Race cadelli. ee cadelli, W.-M. § de N., J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 225, pl. 13, fig. 1 3; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1882 pps cy pl: 4, fig. 2 33 Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 24, pl. 4, fic. Ds Ehe 3 @. Like H. jasonia, Westw., but smaller. Fore wing broader proportionately, apex and tornus more rounded ; basal black streak in interspace 1, lengthened and attenuate inwardly, not emarginate outwardly; transverse black spot in cell very broad, coalescing with basal streak above on costa ; discal spots in 6 NYMPHALIDA, interspaces 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9 much longer and coalescent. Hind- wing costa arched ; termen anteriorly not straight as in H. jasonia, but arched, wing altogether proportionately broader and shorter, with the black markings also broader. In most specimens the basal double spot on the black streak in interspace 1 absent. Exp. 3 2 124-130 mm. (4:9-5:3"). Hab. The Andamans; Arrakan; Tenasserim. Race cadelli, W.-M. & de N.—Typically differs from H. aga- marschana in the greater extent of the black markings. Fore wing: basal mark in interspace 1 and the whole basal portion of cell black coalescent, separated merely by a narrow dusky-white streak on each side of the median vein ; discal spots in interspaces 3 and 4 and subterminal and terminal series of spots coalescent, the latter two uniting to form a more or less continuous black terminal border to the wing, but not nearly so broad or so com- plete as in H. hadent. Hind wing as in H. agamarschana, but the subterminal and terminal markings more or less coalescent. Eup. $ 2 126-132 mm. (5-5:2"). Hab. Typical forms from the Andamans. Intermediate forms recorded from Arrakan. Oo. Hestia hadeni, W.-M. §de N., J. A. S. B. 1880, pt. ii, p. 242, pl. 13, fic. 29; M. & de N. Butt. Ind.i, 1882, p. 29, pl. 4, fig. 3 9; Moore, Lep. Ind. i. 1890-92, p. 25, pl. 4, fig. 3 9. 3 2. Resembles H. agamarschana, Felder, but the terminal markings on both fore and hind wing have entirely coalesced and form a broad black border covering towards the apex in the fore wing more than one-third of the length of the wing and narrowing towards the tornus; the basal and discal spots in interspaces 1 and 2 are free, and the black in the discoidal cell is more restricted than in H. cadelli. In the hind wing the broad black border is of a tolerably even width throughout, with its interior margin irregu- larly indented or crenulate ; the discal spots, the basal spot in interspace 2 and the spot near apex of the discoidal cell are com- paratively small. Upper and under sides similar. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black; the head and thorax spotted with white ; beneath, the body is white spotted with black. Hep. & 2 180-136 mm. (5:1-5°35"). Hab. Recorded within our limits only from the district of Bassein in the south-west corner of Lower Burma. A specimen labelled Siam is in the collection of the British Museum. I am not quite certain whether this form should not also be ranked as a race or subspecies of H. agamarschana, but in all the specimens I have seen the conspicuous broad black border to the wings, entirely unspotted and never varying in width, 1s a constant feature. DANAIS. 7 Genus DANAIS. Danais, Latr. Ilig. Mag. vi (1807), p. 291. Danaus, Latr. Gen. Crust. & Ins. iv, 1809, p. 201. Limnas, Hiibner, Tentamen, i, 1806 (no desc.). Radena, Tirumala, Salatura, Parantica, & Chittira, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, pp. 3, 4, 5, 7, & 8., Caduga & Bahora, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 235 & 245, Badacara, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 63. Type, D. plexippus, Linn., from India. Range. Both hemispheres. 3 2. Fore wing triangular, costa widely arched, apex broadly rounded ; termen below apex straight or slightly concave; dorsum straight; discoidal cell long, well over half length of wing; upper discocellular short, inclined obliquely inwards, middle curved inwards, lower curved outwards: rest of venation variable, veins 10 and 11 free, or 11 anastomosed with 12, or 10 out of 9 (as in type of genus). Hind wing generally pear-shaped ; discoidal cell more than half length of wing; venation variable ; discocellulars more or less in a line inclined obliquely outwards, or middle bent in two at a right angle, or upper and middle in a line, lower bent SSS, Fig. 1.—Sex-mark form 1 on hind Fig. 2.—Sex-mark form 2 on hind wing, and neuration: Danais wing, and neuration : Danais chrysippus. melanea. at an angle downwards; vein 3 always from before apex of cell. Antenne less than half length of fore wing; club very gradual ; palpi erect, short, barely reaching top of head, third joint short ; eyes naked ; legs moderately long, scaled ; claws of intermediate and posterior tarsi long, without paronychia or pulvilli. ¢: secondary sex-marks present or absent; when present taking two forms, consisting of (1) a small fold near base of vein 2 on hind wing ; or (2) patches of peculiar scent-producing scales near apices of veins 1 a, 1, and 2 on kind wing, with a thickening of veins 1a and 1 where they pass through the patch. 8 NYMPHALIDA, Larva. So far as known subcylindrical, with two or three pairs of non-retractile tentacula. Pupa. Comparatively broad, ovate, contracted medially, green, waxy white, or yellow, spotted and banded with black, golden yellow and silver ; sometimes entirely of a shining golden yellow. Key to the forms of Danais. A. Fore wing tawny, with black margins and white spots; larva with three pairs of fleshy tentacula. a. Middle discocellular in hind wing slightly curved inwards; veins in both wings conspicuously bordered with black. a’, Discoidal cell and disc of hind wing entirely tawny. a’. Hind wing with a row of white spots on black terminal margin........ 6°. Hind wing without any white spots on black terminal margin........ b'. Discoidal cell and disc of hind wing more or less streaked with white b. Middle discocellular in hind wing bent inwards at almost a right angle in the middle; veins in wings not con- spicuously bordered with black. a’. Apical third of fore wing black above, with a preapical obliquely-placed row of elongate white spots. a’, Discoidal cell and dise of hind wing entirely LAW DY: asia: ela llenic ate eo 6?, Discoidal cell and dise of hind wing more or less marked with white . . b’. Apex of fore wing with narrow even margin only, of black spotted with white ; preapical row of white spots Guiterobsolete. Ue wee er eerie ces B. Fore wing fuliginous black, with subhyaline streaks and spots of bluish white ; larva, so far as known, with two pairs of fleshy tentacula. a. Ground-colour of hind wing bright chestnut-red above and below........ b. Ground-colour of hind wing purplish black above, beneath more or less chestnut... acca nek ohn oe eee c. Ground-colour of hind wing fuliginous black above and below. a’. Lower discocellular of hind wing not bent inwards at an angle with middle discocellular. a, Vein 11 in fore wine anastomosed with vein12. ¢ without sex-marks on wings. D. plexippus, p. 10. Var. nipalensis, p. 11. D.hegestppus, p. 11, with var. nesippus, p. 11. D. chrysippus, p. 11. Var. alcippus, p. 12, and var. alcippordes, p. 12. Dimorphie form dorippus, p. 12. D. tytia, p. 13. D. melanea, p. 14. DANAIS,. 9 a’, Subhyaline streaks on both wings comparatively narrow ; two streaks in discoidal cell of hind wing with an obliquely placed short slender streak between HEMT A PLCS). 5 kui: bait sre! cent oars D, vulgaris, p. 14. 6°. Subhyaline streaks on both wings broader ; two streaks in discoidal cell of hind wing, the lower streak with a hook or spur at ONG nts aah s savers, Susts eueeene tor Race exprompta, p. 16. c*, Subhyaline streaks on both wings very broad, discoidal cell of hind wing entirely bluish white .... Race nzcobarica, p. 15. 6°, Vein 11 in fore wing uot anas- tomosed with vein 12. ¢ with sex- marks on hind wings. a®. Streak in discoidal cell of fore wing short, single, somewhat clavate. a‘. Subhyaline streaks on wings very broad, only faintly bluish ; basal streaks in interspace 1 in fore wing, one above the other, often coalescing ...... D. limniace, p. 16. b*. Subhyaline streaks on wings narrow, conspicuously tinted blue; basal streaks in inter- space 1 in fore wing never coalescing, upper streak placed beyond lower streak ........ D. septentrionis, p. 17. 6°. Streak in discoidal cell of fore wing double, lower branch clavate. a‘, Upper branch of streak in discoidal cell of fore wing long, generally produced to spot im apex of cell .:...... D. gautama, p. 17. 64. Upper branch of streak in discoidal cel! of fore wing short, barely indicated, not produced to spot in apex of Gallas eh tote, Pein. At caatiel aot egcte Race gautamordes, p. 18. b'. Lower discocellular of hind wing bent inwards at an angle with middle dis- cocellular. a’. Vein 11 in fore wing anastomosed with vein 12. do with sex-marks on hind wing. a*, Basal spot in interspace 3 of fore wing more or less quadrate, about half the size of basal spot in interspace 2. a‘. Discoidal cell of hind wing generally with 2 streaks, some- times all but coalescent .... D. aglea, p. 18. 10 NYMPHALIDA., 6*. Discoidal cell of hind wing entirely bluish white, enclos- ing a longitudinal bifid black line. 4a eee crn ea Race melanoides, p. 19. 6°, Basal spot in interspace 3 of fore wing small, triangular, not one- quarter the size of basal spot in INGEN PACE eee a ear D. melanoleuca, p. 19. 6°. Vein 11 in fore wing not anas- tomosed with vein 12. ¢ with sex-marks on hind wing. a, Subhyaline streaks in discoidal cell and in interspaces la, 1 6 und 1 of hind wing suffused with bright canary-yellow.......... D. aspasia, p. 20 b°, Subhyaline streaks in discoidal cell and in interspaces la, 16 and 1 of hind wing absent, or when present white or bluish white. a‘, Two streaks from base in dis- coidal cell of hind wing ...... D. agleoides, p. 20. b'. A single streak from base in | _igonidal cell of hind wing. *, Subhyaline streaks in inter- spaces 1, 1a and 1 of hind wing present Sah eee eae D. nilgiriensis, p. 21. 6°. Subhyaline streaks in inter- spaces 1, 1a and 1 of hind WIM OSeMb san. see eke D, fumata, p. 21. 6. Danais plexippus, Zinn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. x, 1758, p. 471; Kirby, Syn. Cat. D, Lep. 1871, p. 5. Papilio genutia, Cramer, Pap. Evot. 11, 1779, p. 23, pl. a8 , figs. C,D; Moore (Salatura), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 6, pl. 4, tigs. 2 Qa; M. § de N.(Danais) Butt. Ind. i, 1882 2, p- 52; Moore (Salatura), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 45, pl. 10, figs. 1, La larva, 1 8, Ie, oy Qs Danais nipalensis, Moore, A. MN. H. (4) xx, ie 7, p. 43; zd. (Sala- tura) Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 48, pl. 10, figs. 2 ie: 3. 3 2. Upperside: fore wing—costal and dorsal margins and apieal half of wing black, the greater porticn of interspaces 1 and 2, a spot at base ot interspace 3 and cell tawny; veins with broad black margins; three white postdiscal spots followed by an oblique preapical white bar crossed by the veins; an irregular subterminal and terminal series ot white spots. Hind wing tawny, the veins broadly bordered with black; terminal margin black, bearing two more or less complete rows of white spots. Underside similar ; apex of fore wing dusky brown; ground-colour of hind wing paler than on the upperside, the white spots on both fore and hind wing distinct. Antenne black; head and thorax black spotted with white; abdomen dusky tawny, with white markings beneath. Male sex-mark in form 1. Kup. & 2 72-100 mm. (2°82-2:92"), Hab. Spread generally throughout our limits, extending to Siam, China, and the Malay Peninsula. DANAIS. 11 Larva. Described by Moore as black with a lateral yellow stripe, two yellow dorsal patches, with three white spots in front, and two maculated white lines behind them on each segment, also a pair of dusky black fleshy tentacula on the 2nd, 10th and 12th segments. Raphis pulchellum, Raphis lemma, Passularca, and Ceropegra intermedia are mentioned as food-plants. Pupa: green variegated with spots and lines of black, silvery white and golden yellow. Var. nipalensis, Moore, described from a single specimen from Nepal, is probably oniy an aberration. From the typical form it differs in being slightly larger, the preapical bar on the fore wing is macular, and the subterminal and terminal series of spots are nearly obsolete on the fore and completely obsolete on the hind wing. 7. Danais hegesippus (PI. I, fig. 1), Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. ii, 1779, pl. 180, fig, A; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1. 1882, p. 55; Moore (Salatura), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 49, pl. 11, figs. 1, la,1b, dQ. Danais nesippus, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wren, xii, 1862, p. 486; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 55; Moore (Salatura), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 50, pl. 11, figs. 2, 24,26, SQ. 3 Q. This form closely resembles D. pleaippus, from which it differs in colour as follows :—Upperside of fore wing: the black on the margins and on the apical haif of the wing of greater extent, the preapical white bar divided into well-separated elongate spots. Hind wing black, the cell and the interspaces beyond it from la to 5 with narrow white streaks. Underside similar to the upperside, apex of fore wing dusky black; white - streaks in the interspaces on the hind wing broader and washed with ochraceous at their apices; also additional white streaks in interspaces 6 and 7. Exp. 3 2 70-78 mm. (2°75-3°05"). Hab. Recorded from Bengal, Burma, Tenasserim, and the Nicobars. Extends to Malacca and Sumatra. Within our limits D. plexippus and D. hegesippus seem to be distinct and constant; but from the Malayan Subregion inter- mediate forms, such as D. suwmatrana, Moore, and D. intermedia, Moore, have been recorded. Var. nesippus, Felder, is found in the Nicobars. From typical hegesippus it differs in being smaller and darker, the tawny red on the fore and the white on the hind wing being more restricted. 8. Danais chrysippus (PI. I, fig. 2), Zinn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. x, 1758, p.471; Moore (Salatura), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 7, pl. 3, fig. 1; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 50, pl. 6, fig. 10, § 2 ; Moore (Limnas apud Miibner), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 386, pl. 8, figs. 1, larva, la-le, 3 @. Papilio alcippus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, 1777, pl. 127, figs. E, F; M.& de N. (Danais) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 51. Limnas alcippoides, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 238, pl. 31, fig. 1 3 ed. Lep. Ind, 1, 1890-92, p. 41, pl. 9, figs. 2, 2a-2¢, § . 2 NYMPHALID A. Dimorph dorippus. Kuplea dorippus, Klug, Symb. Phys., Ins. v, 1845, pl. 48, figs. 1-5; M. & de N. (Danais) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 52. Limnas klugii, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1885, p. 758; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 42, pl. 9, figs. 1, 1a, 5 9. 3 Q. Termen of fore wing more concave near the middle than in D. pleaippus. Upperside: fore wing tawny darkening towards the costal margin; costa narrowly and the apical third of the wing black ; one or two white spots beyond and above apex of cell followed by a preapical, white, oblique bar, with one inner and two subterminal white spots below its lower end; lastly, a more or less complete series of terminal white spots and dots of varying size. Hind wing: ground-colour paler ; termen somewhat narrowly black, with an incomplete series of white spots ; three black marks on the discocellulars. Underside similar, paler ; ground-colour of the hind wing and a triangular area at apex of fore wing ochra- ceous ; white markings and spots more distinct. Antenne black ; head and thorax black spotted with white; abdomen ochraceous above, whitish below. Male secondary sex-mark in form 1. Kap. 3 2 70-84 mm. (2°75-3'3"). Hab. A widespread species throughout our limits, and found in Southern Europe, Syria, over a great part of the Ethiopian Region, through Arabia, Persia, and Afghanistan. Eastwards it extends to China and through the Malayan Subregion to Sulu and the Celebes. . Larva. Bluish grey, the sides yellow, each segment with five transverse black lines and two yellow patches, the head with a yellow patch anteriorly and three black lines, the 3rd, 6th and 12th segments each with a pair of fleshy black filaments, crimson at the base. Feeds on Calotropis gigantea (Madar, Hind.) and various Asclepiads. Pupa: dichroic, some green, others pale pink or wax-white, beautifully marked with golden spots and a black gold-bordered line near the tail. Var. alcippus, Cramer, and var. alcippoides, Moore, only differ from the typical form in having the hind wing suffused more or less with white. In the long series of these two forms in the British Museum collection a regular gradation can be traced from specimens having just a touch of white on the disc of the hind wing to specimens which have part of the cell and seven-eighths of the disc beyond white. Dimorph dorippus | D. dorippus, Klug (D. klugu, Butler)]| has been found, by Col. Yerbury and other observers, im cop. with typical chrysippus. The points of difference between it and chrysippus are as follow:—No black apex nor oblique white bar on fore wing; the latter, however, sometimes indicated ; sub- terminal and terminal series of white spots on both fore and hind wing fewer in number, occasionally absent altogether. As in the typical form, a variety of D. dorippus is found with the hind wing DANAIS. 13 more or less suffused with white*. D. dorippus occurs only sporadically within our limits. It has been taken at Campbellpur in the Punjab (Yerbury), at Karachi (Swinhoe), near Poona (Aitken), in the neighbourhood of Trincomalee, Ceylon (Yerbury), and recorded from the southern and eastern coasts of the same island (Manders). 9. Danais tytia, Gray (Euploa), Lep. Ins. Nepal, 1833-46, p. 2, pl. 9, fie.2 6; M.& de N. Butt. Ind, 1, 1882, p. 42; Moore (Caduga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 61, pl. 15, figs. 1, 1 a-le, 3 Q. Danais sita, Kollar, in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, p. 424, pl. 6 ¢; Mackinn. & de N., Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1897, p. 213, pl. U, figs. la & 1d, larva & pupa. 3 2. Wings elongate, almost as in Hestra. Upperside of fore wing black or fuliginous black, with the following bluish-white -subhyaline markings. A streak from base in interspace 1 6, very broad streaks filling the basal three-fourths of interspace 1, and the whole of the cell, five very large quadrate discal spots, two long preapical streaks, three shorter streaks above them, a sub- terminal series of more or less rounded spots decreasing in size anteriorly and curved inwards opposite apex, aud an incomplete subterminal series of smaller spots. Hind wing chestnut-red, with subhyaline streaks and spots as follows: streaks from base, not reaching the termen in interspaces la and 16, two broad streaks united to near their apex in interspace 1, a streak filling the cell, and beyond it a discal series of large inwardly pointed elongate spots and incomplete ill-defined subterminal and terminal series of spots. Underside similar, the markings clearer and more complete. Antenne black; head and thorax black, spotted with white ; abdomen from brown to bright ochraceous, beneath whitish. Male secondary sex-mark in form 2. Exp. 3 Q 96-114 mm. (3°8-5°5"). Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir to Sikhim; Assam; Burma and Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula. Larva. “On emergence a dirty white colour with transverse lines on each segment .. . . two somewhat long and thin tentacles or processes on the third, and two shorter ones on the twelfth segment..... When full-fed the larva is about an inch and a half long, the ground-colour is of a pale yellowish green, with two rows of dorsal and a row on each side of lateral yellow spots, the head is black with grey spots on the face, the legs black. ‘“‘ Pupa pale emerald-green with golden-yellow spots. From eggs laid in September the imago issued in the following April. ee Food-plant, Marsdenia royle, Wright. Natural order Asclepiadex.” (Mackinnon.) * In the text of the ‘Symbolzx Physice,’ Klug described the tawny form of this insect under the name “ Dorippus,” adding “‘variat uterque sexus alis posticis medio albis.” On the plate, probably by an error, the dark-winged form is labelled ‘“‘ Euplea dorippus, mas. var.” 14 NYMPHALID&. 10. Danais melanea, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. i, 1775, pl. 30, fie. D; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 43, pl. 5, fig. 5 go Q; Moore (Caduga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 60, pl. 14, figs. 2, 2a, 28, 39. 69. Upperside: fore wing black, hind wing very dark purplish brown, with faintly bluish-white subhyaline markings. Underside: fore wing black, the apex broadly suffused with bright chestnut-brown; hind wing bright chestnut-brown, with a patch on the costa and a portion of the disc and termen very much darker in most specimens. For the rest exactly resembles D. tytia in form and disposition of the subhyaline markings, but these are more clearly defined and proportionately smaller, the subterminal and _ terminal spots on the hind wing : generally very distinct. An- Te a Dee erie ee tenn black; head and thorax oe an is 7 1 plack, spotted with white; abdomen bright ochraceous. Exp. & Q 94-100 mm. (3°7-3:95"). Hab. The Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan subregion. ad 11. Danais vulgaris, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. 1874, p. 164; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 32, fig. ¢; Moore (Radena), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 27, pl. 5, figs. 1, la, dQ. Race exprompta. Danais exprompta, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. 1874, p. 164; Moore (Radena), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 4, pl. 2, fig. 1; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 33 ; Moore (Radena), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 28, pl. 5, figs. 8, 3a, dP Race nicobarica. Danais similis, Linn., var. nicobarica, W.-M. § de N., J. A.S. DB. 1881, pt. ii, p. 225, fig. Danais nicobarica, M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 34, fig. 9 ; Moore (Radena), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 28, pl. 5, figs. 2, 7s Oh (ho SE & Upperside black, the dorsal margin of hind wing broadly cinereous ; both wings with the following subhyaline bluish-white streaks and spots :—fore wing : ashort streak along dorsal margin, two broad streaks united at base in interspace 1, the upper one curved, a broad streak in cell with an outwardly indented detached DANAIS. 15 spot beyond it in apex, a slender costal streak, two large discal spots inwardly pointed, outwardly truncate, three elongate spots beyond apex of cell and four or five elongate preapical spots beyond them, finally a subterminal and a terminal series of spots decreasing in size towards apex of wing. Hind wing: elongate streaks in interspaces 1 a and 1 6, two in interspace 1, two in cell with a short slender streak obliquely between their apices, shorter streaks radiating out- wards in interspaces 2-6, a sub- terminal series of small spots and a terminal row of dots beyond. Underside similar, the markings better defined. Antenne black, palpi black above, bluish white Fig, 4.—Venation of wings. below; head and thorax black, Danais vulgaris. spotted with bluish white; ab- domen brown above, sullied white below. Male without any special sex-marks on the wings. Exp. & Q 84-87 mm. (3:3-3°45"), Hab. Burma, Tenasserim, extending to Malacca, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. The type in the collection of the British Museum is labelled Nepal, but the locality is almost certainly wrong. Race exprompta, Butler— g 2. Closely resembles D. vulgaris, Butler, but has all the markings much broader, the apical spot in cell of fore wing outwardly less emarginate; on the hind wing interspaces 1 a and 10 are entirely filled with the white streak, while the short slender streak lying between the apices of the streaks in the cell coalesces with the lower one. Exp. 3 2 76-84 mm. (3-3'8”"), Hab. Ceylon. One specimen in the collection of the British Museum is labelled Padang, Sumatra. Race nicobarica, W.-M. & de N.—<¢ @. Like the preceding race, but the subhyaline markings still broader and somewhat blurred. Upperside :—fore wing: the whole basal two-thirds of interspace 1 bluish white, enclosing a fine longitudinal black line ; streak in discoidal cell very broad, occasionally produced to the apical spot in the cell. Hind wing: the black in interspace 1 reduced to a mere streak; cell entirely bluish white, traversed longitudinally by a faint black forked line. In the solitary specimen of the ¢ in the collection of the British Museum this line is entirely absent. Exp. 6 2 80-84 mm. (3:12-3°3"). Hab. Apparently confined to the Nicobars. 16 NYMPHALID &. Wood-Mason in his original description of the form speaks of a “little specialized sexual mark or gland” on the hind wing. There is no trace of this in the ¢ specimen I have examined. 12, Danais limniace, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. i, 1775, figs. D, E, 9; Moore (Tirumala), Zep. Ceyl. i, 1880. p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 3; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 47; Moore (Tirumala), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 30, pl. 6, figs. 1, larva & pupa, la, 16, dQ. 3 2. Upperside black, with bluish-white semihyaline spots and streaks. Fore wing: interspace 1 two streaks, sometimes coales- cent, with a spot beyond; cell: a streak from base and an outwardly indented spot at its apex; a large oval spot at base of interspace 2, another at base of interspace 3, with a smaller spot beyond it towards termen ; five obliquely placed preapical subterminal and terminal series of spots, the latter the smaller. Hind wing: interspaces 10, 1a, and 1 with streaks from base, double in the latter two, cell with a forked broad streak, the lower branch with a hook, or spur-like short projection ; beyond the cell at base of interspaces 2 and 3a slender loop, at base of 4 and 5 a broad elongate streak, and at base of 6 a quadrate spot ; beyond these again a number of scat- tered unequal subterminal and terminal spots. Underside: basal two-thirds of fore wing dusky black, the apex and hind wing olive-brown, the spots and streaks much as on the upperside. Antenne, head and thorax black, the latter two spotted and streaked with white; abdomen dusky above, ochraceous spotted with white beneath. Male secondary sex-mark in form 1. Exp. 3 Q 98-106 mm. (3:8-4:2”). Hab. Throughout our limits and extending into Siam and China. Larva. Yellowish white; 3rd and 12th segments, each with a pair of fleshy filaments, black and greenish white; each of the segments with four transverse black bars, the second bar on all broader than the others, bifurcated laterally, a yellow longitudinal line on each side; head, feet and claspers spotted with black. Pupa. “ Green with golden scattered spots and beaded dorsal crescent” (Moore). Food-plants : Asclepiads and Calotropis. Ifound the caterpillars feeding on the thick fleshy leaves of a Hoya at Bassein in Burma. Fig. 5.—Danais limniace, 9. fat ° streaks, and somewhat irregular DANAIS. 7 13. Danais septentrionis, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. 1874, p. 163 ; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 48, pl. 6, fig. 8 ¢ 2; Moore (Tirumala), Zep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 2; zd. (Tirumala), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 34, pl. 7, figs. 2, 2a, 6 Q; Davidson, Bell, § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 240. 3 2. Closely resembles D. limniace, Cramer, but is always sufii- ciently distinct to be easily recognized, even on the wing. From D. limniace it differs on the upperside in the ground-colour being darker and the semihyaline markings narrower, more distinct, and of a bluer tint. In the fore wing, in interspace 1 the two streaks are narrower, never coalescent, the upper one forming an oval detached spot; the short streaks above vein 5 are out- wardly never truncate, always acute. In the hind wing the two streaks in the discoidal cell united at base are wide apart at their apices, the lower one never formed into a hook. On the underside D. septentrionis is generally darker, the apex of the fore wing and the whole of the eround-colour of the hind wine not being of the conspicuous golden brown that they are in D. limniace. Exp. & 2 80-115 mm. (3°15- Fig. 6. 4:55"), Danais septentrionis, 3. jt. Hab. The Himalayas from Simla to Sikhim; Orissa; Southern India, Canara, Malabar, and the Nilgiris; Ceylon; Assam; throughout Burma and Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan Subregion. I have been unable to find any description of the larva, but presume it is similar to that of D. limniace (see Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 240). It is said by Mackinnon and de Nicéville to feed on Vallaris dichotoma (Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1897, p. 212). 14. Danais gautama, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 48; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 45; Moore (Tirumala), Lep. Ind. 1890- 92, p. 33, pl. 7, figs. 1, la, d & Race gautamoides. Danais gautamoides, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, pt. 2, p. 257; Moore (Tirumala), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 33, pl. 6, figs. 2, 2a, $2. 3 2. Upperside fuliginous black with semi-hyaline bluish- white streaks and spots. Fore wing: a long narrow streak generally extended to spot beyond and a short curved broader upper streak in interspace 1; cell with two narrow streaks joined VOL. I. C 18 NYMPHALIDA. at base, and an irregular spot sometimes divided into three at apex, the upper of the two basal streaks generally extended to the apical spot ; a curved discal series of streaks, broad and elongate in interspace 2, short, almost rectangular, in interspace 3, narrow and elongate in the interspaces to the costa; finally, an irregular, somewhat crooked subterminal row of spots and a terminal more regular series of dots. Hind wing: two streaks, joined at base in cell, with short, slender, detached streak between their apices ; interspace 16 white; la, 1, 2 and 3 with two streaks, joined at base in each; 4 to 8 with single broad short streaks; beyond these, subterminal and terminal rows of spots. Underside similar, hyaline markings clearer. Antenne black ; head and thorax black, spotted and streaked with bluish white ; abdomen fuscous, ochraceous beneath. Male secondary sex-mark in form 1. Exp. & 2 98-100 mm. (3°88-3:95"). Hab. Chittagong ; Arrakan ; Burma, and Tenasserim. Not nearly so common as D. lamnaace. Race gautamoides.— ¢ 9. Smaller than D. gautama, Moore, with comparatively narrower wings. Fore wing: upper streak in cell very short and ill-defined. Hind wing: streaks in cell much broader, the lower one with a projection in form of a hook or spur. Exp. & 2 76-80 mm. (38-3°5"). Hab. Recorded from the Nicobars. 15. Danais aglea, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. iv, 1781, p. 377 fig. E, d; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 38, pl. 6, fig. 7 * Moore (Parantica), Lep. Ind. i. 1890-92, p. 55, pl. 18, figs. 1 la, larva & pupa, 1 6-1d, 3 Q. Danais grammica, Borsduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép.i, 1836, pl. 11, fig. 10g; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 40. Danais ceylanica, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii, 1862, p- 479; Moore (Parantica), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 8, pl. 2, figs. 2, 2a, Q & larva; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 40. Race melanoides. Parantica melanoides, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 247; td. Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 54, pl. 12, figs. 3,3.a, 5 Q. y) “ 7 3 2. Southern race (typical aglea).—Ground-colour fuliginous black with subhyaline bluish-white streaks and spots. - Fore wing: vein 11 anastomosed with vein 12. Upperside: fore wing—interspace 1 with two comparatively long, broad streaks united at base, truncate exteriorly ; cell with a very broad, some- what clavate streak traversed by two fine black lines ; basal spots in interspaces 2 and 3; an irregular discal series of three spots and two elongate streaks and a subterminal series of spots, the two series curved inwards opposite apex of wing, the latter * Both the description and the plate are of the northern race D. melanoides, Moore, DANAIS. 19 continued along the apical half of the costa; finally a terminal row in pairs in the interspaces, of much smaller spots. Hind wing: interspaces la, 16 with broad long streaks from base ; interspace 1 and cell with two streaks united at base in each, the pair in the cell with a short streak obliquely between their apices, an outwardly radiating series of broad, elongate, inwardly pointed spots in interspaces 2-8, followed by somewhat irregular rows of subterminal and terminal spots. Underside similar, the markings and spots sometimes a little ill-defined and blurred. Antenne black ; head and thorax black spotted with white ; abdomen blackish brown, ochraceous beneath. Male secondary sex-mark in form 2. Exp. & 2 70-100 mm. (2°75-3'95"). Hab. Ceylon, the Anaimalai hills, Mysore and the Deccan up to Poona. Race melanoides.—Northern and Eastern form. Differs as follows :—Wings on the whole longer and narrower; hyaline markings, especially in interspace 1 of fore wing and in cells of both fore and hind wing, very much broader. In many specimens the black ground-colour in these spaces is reduced to a mere slender black line enclosed in the subhyaline marking. On the underside the streaks are often much blurred and diffuse. Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal; Sylhet; Assam ; Cachar; Chittagong; Arrakan; Burma and Tenasserim. Neither form is constant either in markings or in habitat. In the British Museum collection there are specimens of true aglea from Burma, and others, inseparable from typical melanoides, from Mysore. Larva. Dark claret-brown, two round chrome-yellow spots on each segment, with scattered smaller bluish-white spots between, clustering into and forming a conspicuous line along the sides ; legs and ventral surface purplish black, the tentacula, placed as usual on the 3rd and 12th segments, claret-brown. Food-plant, Tylophora carnosa. Pupa. Green, spotted with blue and gold; much constricted behind the thorax. 16. Danais melanoleuca, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 581, pl. 58, fig. 3 3; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 38; Moore (Parantica), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 58, pl. 12, figs. 2, 2a, dQ. 3 2. Very closely resembles D. aglea, Cramer; but the ground- colour of both fore and hind wings on the upperside is much darker, almost black, not fuliginous; the subhyaline streaks and spots, especially on the hind wing, are of greater extent and appear more transparent and white. A constant point of difference is the contrast in size of the basal and discal spots in interspaces 2 and 3 of the fore wing in D. melanoleuca, as compared with the pro- portion those spots bear in either the northern or southern race of D. aglea. Male sex-mark as in D. aglea. Exp. 3 2 68-82 mm. (2°7-3'5"). C2 20 NYMPHALIDA. Hab. Confined apparently to the Andamans and Nicobars. A very distinctly marked insular form allied to aglea. I have seen no varieties intermediate between the two. 17. Danais aspasia (Pl. I, fig. 3), Fubr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 15. Danais crocea, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 5; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 37, pl. 5, fig. 6; Moore (Bahora), Lep. Ind. i, 1690=92, p02, pe il2 mes iia. 2. 3 Q. Closely resembles both D. melanolewca, Moore, and D. melanoides, Moore. In size and in shape of wings it is like the former, but vein 11 in fore wing is never anastomosed with vein 12 ; in the shape and position of the hyaline bluish-white markings it is ike the latter. It differs from both as follows :—fore wing : hyaline marks in interspace 1; hind wing: interspaces 1 a, 1 6, 1, the discoidal cell, and the markings at the bases of interspaces 2-7 suffused more or less deeply with bright chrome-yellow. The outer border beyond the basal markings in the interspaces of the hind wing broader than in either D. melanoleuca or D. melanoides, showing more of the black ground-colour. Eup. & 2 62-84 mm. (2°44-3°3"). Hab. Nepal? Assam? (Brit. Mus. Coll.) ; Arrakan, South Tenas- serim, extending to Malacca, Nias Island, and Sumatra. I have compared the type of D. crocea, Butler, with the types of Papilio aspasia, Fabr., in the Banksian collection in the British Museum. They do not seem to me separable even as varieties. D. philomela, Zinken-Sommer, from Java, differs in the greater extent of the yellow in the fore wing. 18. Danais agleoides, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. iv, 1860, p. 398 ; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 41; Moore (Parantica), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 58, pl. 14, figs. 1,1 a, 18,3 9. 3 @. Like D. aglea, but differs structurally in vein 11 of fore wing not being anastomosed with 12; the semihyaline streaks and spots on both fore and hind wing are shorter and narrower, especially on the latter, where a larger area of black margin beyond the streaks is shown than in D. aglea; the short slender streak between the apices of the two cellular streaks on the hind wing is longer and always free, never joined on either to the upper or to the lower streak. On the underside the ground-colour is of a browner tint than in D.aglea. Male sex-mark in form 2. Exp. 3 2 76-80 mm. (2°95-3'1"). Hab. Burma, Tenasserim, extending through the Malayan Sub- region to Java. 19. Danais nilgiriensis, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 44; MW. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 48, pl. 6, fig. 9 g ; Moore (Badacara), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 65, pl. 16, figs. 1, 1a, 16,5 Q. 3 2. Upperside fuliginous black with bluish-white markings DANAIS. 21 and spots. Fore wing: two streaks in interspace 1, coalescent at base and generally at their apices, a narrow streak, with two faintly indicated streaks above it, in cell; five discal spots and above them a long streak in interspace 5 ; a shorter one in 6; some costal spots and subterminal and terminal series of spots, the former series curved inwards opposite apex of wing, the four lower spots con- spicuously larger than the others ; the latter series incomplete, the spots small. Hind wing: inter- spaces 1a, 16, and 1 with narrow streaks, double in the last ; the cell Fig. 7.—Danais nilgiviensis, $. +. with a much broader, outwardly bluntly pointed streak, and beyond this in the interspaces a radiating series of elongate spots with a subterminal series of smaller spots and a terminal very incomplete series of dots. Underside similar, ground-colour browner, the spots more clearly defined. Antenne black; head and thorax black spotted with white; abdomen brownish above, dusky white below. Exp. 3 Q 82-84 mm. (3°:2-3'33"). Hab. Southern India; the Nilgiris ; Malabar, and Travancore hills. 20. Danais fumata, Butler, P. ZS. 1866, p. 53; Moore (Chittira), Lep. Ceyl.i, 1880, p. 9, pl. 4, figs. 1, la, 3 9; zd. (Chittira), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 67, pl. 16, figs. 2,24,26,5 9. Danais taprobana, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 349, pl. 42, fio. 4; WZ. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1882, p. 44. 3 2. Upperside fuliginous black with sullied white mark- ings and spots as follows—fore wing: an elongate, broad, in- wardly attenuate, outwardly truncate stripe in interspace 1 ; a narrow stripe with indica- tions of two other stripes above it in discoidal cell; an oblique Fig. 8.—Danais fumata, S. }. preapical series of three large rectangular spots and two short streaks and a subterminal series of seven or eight small spots. Hind wing: a streak from base almost filling the discoidal OE ae NYMPHALIDA, cell, a much shorter, narrower streak at base of interspace 59, three or four subterminal spots and a series of minute obscure terminal dots. Underside browner, the white markings and spots more distinct, but shaded more or less with fuliginous brown, the dise beyond cell very dark brown ; termen subapically with a powdering of white scales. Antenne, head and thorax black, the latter two spotted with white beneath ; abdomen dark brown above, whitish below. Exp. & 2 90-100 mm. (3°54-3°94"). Hab. Ceylon. Genus EUPLG@A. Eupleea, Fabr. Illig. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 280. Crastia, Trepsichrois & Salpinx, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, pp. 16 & 17. 7 Callipleea, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1875, p. 1. Stictoploea, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv, 1878, p. 301. Isamia, Narmada, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, pp. 10 & 13. Menama, Tronga, Penoa, Mahintha, Karadira, Danisepa & Pademma, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 264, 266, 274, 280, 281, 296 & 305. Type, #. corus, from Ceylon. : Range. Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions. Found also in Mauritius and the Seychelles. 3 @. Fore wing variable in shape, more or less triangular, comparatively broad and short, or elongate and narrow, or, in the 3 of typical Huplea, and in some others, owing to the great convexity of the dorsum, almost subquadrate. Costa widely arched ; termen oblique, sometimes slightly convex or concave ; dorsum in ¢ always convex, in 2 straight or sinuous. Hind wing ovate, broad, sometimes subtriangular. Discoidal cell of both - fore and hind wing broad and long, over half length of wing ; in the hind wing sometimes over two-thirds the length of wing; discocellulars of fore wing sharply angulated and with a spur inwards, or slightly concave; rest of the neuration not variable ; veins 11 and 12 of fore wing never anastomosed; dorsum of fore wing on the underside, and costa of hind wing on the upperside, nacreous. Antenne over half length of fore wing; club very eradual; palpi short, somewhat thick, third joint conical; fore legs : tibie and femora subequal ; tarsi much shorter in dg, cylin- drical, biarticulate and tapering; in 2 clavate, quadriarticulate ; intermediate and posterior legs normal, their claws with paro- nychia and pulvilli. Secondary sex-marks in the d present or absent; when present consisting of peculiarly modified scales which take the appearance of a brand when on the fore wing, and of a patch different in colour from the surrounding scales on the hind wing. Taking the secondary sex-marks in the males as a guide, Fabricius’s original genus Huploea has been split up into a very EUPL@A. large number of genera. It seems to me, however, more con- venient and more in accord with the very close relationship existing among the forms, to regard these secondary sexual characters in the males as of subgeneric value only, as was done Ce ae, Fig. 9.—Shape of wings in Huplea. A. Subquadrate, 3. B. Subtriangular, ¢. fon wing. C. Triangular, 9 D. Hind wing. by Marshall and de Nicéville in vol. i. of the ‘ Butterflies of India, Burma, and Ceylon.’ The arrangement given below, however, differs slightly from that adopted in the work just quoted. Key to the Subgenera. 3G. A. Without secondary sex-marks (Menama amdalorg a. NOOLE)) 25. os = or kane) « B. With secondary sex-marks. a. On fore wing only *. a’, One brand on fore wing (Crastia, Hiibner, Mahintha, Karadira, Penoa, MOOR ties as surges Sarthe Sh x b’. Two brands on fore wing (Stzctoplea, Butler, and Narmada, Moore) .... 6. On both fore and hind wing. A brand on fore wing, a patch on hind wing on or above subcostal vein (Salpinx, Hiibner, and Pademma, Isamia, Tiruna, Moore) eo ee ees se we zee eo FF eee ee ee © wo ow MENAMA, p, 24. CRASTIA, p. dl. STICTOPLEA, p. 28, SALPINX, p. 37. * With the exception of EH. alcathoe, the § of which has on the upperside’ of the hind wing, anteriorly, from base to near termen, a large area covered with specialized scales unlike anything in any other form. 24 NYMPHALIDA, e. On hind wing only. a'. A patch on hind wing on or above subcostal vein (Huplea, Fabr., and Calliplea, Butler) ........ aaa ate Evpraa (typical), p. 27. 6’. A patch on hind wing within cell below subcostal vein (Trepsichrois, IEEUDIVEN) Ge esc fe a ay ne ea aes TREPSICHROIS, p. 45. Key to the forms of Menama. A. Fore wing more or less glossed with blue. a. Hind wing not or only very slightly glossed with blue. Expanse 88-94mm. £. modesta, p. 24. 6. Hind wing: basal two-thirds glossed with blue. Expanse 118-120 mm... £. camaralzaman, p. 25. B. Fore wing not glossed with blue. a. Upperside dark purplish brown, terminal margins broadly paler, unspotted, or with only two or three white spots.. £. semulatrix, p. 25. b. Upperside dark brownish black with numerous white spots. a’. Spots in subterminal series on hind wing much larger than spots in ter- MmuInaliseries ite athe ee ed E. nicevilli, p. 26. 6'. Spots in subterminal and terminal series on hind wing subequal in size. a. Fore wing: apical spots of sub- terminal series large, elongate, divided only by the veins ...... E,, bremert, p. 26. b°. Fore wing: apical spots of sub- terminal series small, oval, some- what widely separate .......... Race biservata, p. 26. 21. Euplea modesta, Butler, P. Z.S. 1866, p. 273 6; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 77 ; Moore (Menama), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 73, pl. 17, figs. 2,2 a, 26,5 @. Crastia cupreipennis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 823 5; M. & de N. (Euplea) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 77. Menama tavoyana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 265, pl. 30, fig. 6 g. $. Fore wing much as in fig. 9 B (p. 23), but apex more pro- duced, termen more oblique. 9. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C. Hind wing in both sexes as in fig. 9 D, but termen straighter and more widely arched. ¢ 2. Upperside dark velvety brown; fore wing: basal two-thirds glossed with blue, disc with a few white spots and occasionally a subterminal row of white specks. Hind wing uniform, rarely with a suffusion of blue at base; subterminal and terminal series of white spots generally not extending beyond interspace 5, subterminal spots oval, larger than the terminal, the latter sometimes absent. Underside silky brown; fore wing: a spot in apex of cell, a more or less complete series of discal spots and spots in interspaces 8 and 9 white. Hind wing: a spot in apex of cell, a series of five or six small spots beyond, subter- minal and terminal series of spots more complete than on the EUPL@A. 95 upperside, white, the subterminal spots elongate. Antenne, head, ° thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, except the antenne, speckled with white. Exp. 3 Q 88-94 mm. (3°48-3°7"). Hab. Upper Burma, Pyinmana; Lower Burma; Tenasserim, extending to Siam. 22. Euplea camaralzaman, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 271, pl. 29, fic. 1 $; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 77 ; Moore (Menama), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 72, pl. 17, figs. 1, la, d. Isamia carpenteri, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 181, pl. 50, figs. 1, a2. 3. Fore wing as in fig. 9 B (p. 23), but dorsum much more convex. 9. Fore wingasin L. modesta. Hind wing in both sexes ovate. ¢ 2. Upperside dark velvety brown; basal two-thirds of both fore and hind wing glossed with blue, more restricted in the 9 than in the ¢. Fore wing in ¢ witha few terminal white dots near tornus; in 9, with a spot in apex of cell, two or three discal, a costal spot and an incomplete subterminal and terminal series of spots, white. Hind wing: ¢,an incomplete sub- terminal and terminal series of white subquadrate spots; 9 similar, with in addition a white spot in apex of cell and six or seven white discal spots; the spots in the subterminal and terminal series larger. Underside similar, but the spots and markings more distinct, with one or two additional spots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, antenne excepted, spotted and marked with white. Exp. & 2 118-120 mm. (4°55-4°75"), Hab. South Tenasserim. Male originally described from Siam. I think there is little doubt that, as suggested by Herr Friih- stoffer, LE. camaralzaman and Isamia carpentert are the g and 2 of the same insect. 23. Euplea simulatrix, W.-M. & de N., J. A. S. B. 1881, pt.2, p. 229, 3; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 76; Moore (Menama), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 74, pl. 18, figs. 1, la-le,g Q. 6 2. Shape of wings more or less as in #. modesta, dorsum straighter near tornus in ¢. Upperside dark brown, the margins broadly paler; 9 altogether paler than the ¢; fore and hind wing in ¢ uniform unspotted, in Q with a small pinkish-white costal spot. Underside: ground-colour similar ; fore wing: a spot at apex of discoidal cell, a small costal spot, and three discal spots bluish white. Hind wing: a bluish-white spot at apex of discoidal cell with five or six discal spots beyond. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen very dark brown, almost black; head, thorax and abdomen spotted with white. Exp. 3 2 96-100 mm. (3°8-4”). Hab. The Nicobars. 26 , NYMPHALIDA. 24, Euplea nicevilli, Moore (Tronga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 77, pl. 20, figs. 1, la-le,d Q. S 2. This form very closely resembles H. core, Cramer, var. vermiculata, Butler (p. 32), but the ¢ lacks the secondary sex-mark on the fore wing; the white spots on the wings in both sexes, especially the subterminal series, are extraordinarily large; the spots opposite the apex on the fore wing are elongated inwardly. Ground-colour of both wings darker than in &. core. Exp. & 2 80 mm. (3°15"). Hab. Recorded so far only from the Sundarbans below Cal- cutta. The types ¢ and 9°, the only specimens I know of, are in the British Museum. They were presented by Col. Swinhoe. 25. EKuplea bremeri, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. iv, 1860, p. 398, 35. M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 78; Moore (Tronga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 76, pl. 19, figs. 1, la-ld,g @. Tronga olivacea, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 267, 9. Race biseriata. Tronga biseriata, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 266, 3; zd. Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 78, pl. 21, figs. 1, l a-ld, 5 @. 3. Fore wing somewhat as in fig. 9 A (p. 23), but less decidedly subquadrate. 2. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C, but apex more rounded, less produced. Hind wing in both sexes broadly ovate. Upper- side: from light somewhat yellowish brown to dark brownish black, costa of hind wing broadly paler. Fore wing: a spot in apex of cell, sometimes absent in the 3, a curved discal series of seven spots present only in the 9, in the ¢ reduced to a spot in inter- space 3 and a minute costal dot, a subterminal series of large oval spots, curving inwards opposite apex of wing—the spot in interspace 6 the largest—and a terminal series of much smaller spots, white. Hind wing with more or less incomplete subterminal and terminal rows of white spots. Underside similar, paler, with in the fore wing of ¢ an additional white spot at the apex of the cell and at bases of interspaces 3 and 4; in the hind wing of both sexes a spot at apex of cell and a discal series of five or six spots beyond. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; the head and thorax beneath, and the abdomen at the sides, marked and spotted with white. Exp. 3 2 84-100 mm. (3°3-3'95"). Hab. Recorded so far only from Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula. Race biseriata, Moore, seems confined to the Nicobars, and — differs from . bremeri in the white spots on the wings being much smaller and more restricted. EUPLO@A. 27 Key to the forms of Euplea (typical). a. Of large size. Expanse 114-124 mm. Wings not glossed with blue. a’, Subterminal and terminal series of white spots on fore wing very incomplete, more or less OWSGlESCeMin Mey Merlin, Gaus Ds ee ALAA E. corus, p. 27. 6’. Subterminal and terminal series of white spots on fore wing complete, blurred, not well- defined, but never obsolescent ............ E. pivcebus, p. 27. 6. Smaller. Expanse under 84 mm. Fore wings partially glossed with blue ...............- E. ledereri, p. 28. 26. Euplea corus, Fabr. (Papilio) Ent. Syst. iii, 1793, p. 41, 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 107, pl. 37, figs. 1, larva & pupa, Na, 655 2). EKupleea elisa, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p.270; Moore, (Macroplea) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 9, pl. 5, figs. 2,2a,¢ 2; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 72, pl. 8, fig. 14. $. Fore wing as in fig. 9 A(p. 23). 2. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C. Hind wing in both sexes ovate. ¢ 2. Upperside golden olive- brown, lower portion of both wings shaded with fuscescent purple. Fore wing: a spot at apex of cell, two discal and a more or less incomplete subterminal and terminal series of white spots. Hind wing: a faintly marked spot in apex of cell and avery incomplete subterminal and terminal series of white spots, varying from two or three in the subterminal and none in the terminal to six or seven in each series. 92 with some faintly defined discal spots also. Underside similar, the spots better defined. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the abdomen glossed with blue above ; the palpi, thorax beneath and legs spotted with white. Exp. & 2 114-120 mm. (4:1-4°75"). Hab. Ceylon. Confined apparently to the littoral tracts. Larva. ‘ Cylindrical, purple-brown, with a pair of black-tipt fleshy filaments on the 3rd, 4th, and 12th segments, each of the segments with transverse dark brown streaks ; lateral line paler ; head and legs dark purple-brown.” (Moore.) Pupa. “ Broad, thorax above oblique, uneven; abdominal seg- ment dorsally convex, purplish silvery grey, fasciated with goiden brown ; abdominal segments brown-spotted.” (MJoore.) Food-plant unknown. 27. Euplea phebus, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 270; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 109, pl. 88, fies. 1,1a,g 9. Euploea castelnaui, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 315; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 72. &6 @. 1 am in doubt whether this is not merely a race of EL. corus, Fabr., and not a distinct form. It certainly is very closely allied to the Ceylon form, from which it differs chiefly in the spots on both wings being larger, more blurred and dusky white, the centres of these often purer white; the discal and terminal series of spots on the fore wing are more complete, 28 NYMPHALIDA, the former bent sharply inwards opposite the apex. Hind wing: lower portion below cell dark, unspotted. Underside: the white spots larger, better defined, the discal and terminal series on the hind wing complete. Exp. 3 9 120-124 mm. (4°75-4:9"). Hab, Tenasserim, extending into the Malayan Subregion. 28. Euplea ledereri, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. iv, 1860, p. 397 ; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1882, p. 73; Moore (Calliploea), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 105, pl. 36, figs. 1, la-le,d @. $. Fore wing as in fig.9 A (p. 23). 92. Fore wing as in fig. 9C. Hind wing in both sexes: costa strongly, termen and dorsum widely arched. Upperside: fore wing silky brown, in ¢ glossed with blue, in 9 with purplish on the anterior half; in both sexes it bears the following bluish-white spots—one in lower apex of cell, one in each of the interspaces 4, 6 and 10, and a subterminal series of six or seven, the upper two generally large, coalescent and blurred. Hind wing olivascent brown, darker in the middle in the ¢. Underside silky brown, the spots as on the upperside but white, and in the ¢ the subterminal series on fore wing in- complete, with two or three terminal dots beyond. In the 2 both series complete. Hind wing: the subterminal and terminal series of spots generally nearly complete. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; head and thorax beneath and abdomen on underside barred with white. Exp. & 2 70-84 mm. (2°7-3°2"), Hab. Tenasserim, Mergui and southwards, extending to the Malay Peninsula. Key to the forms of Stictopleea. A. Fore wing not glossed with blue on upper- side. a. Subterminal and terminal series of white spots om fore wing distinct =...........- E. coreta, p. 29. 6. Subterminal and terminal series of white spots on fore wing more or less obsolescent. Race montana, p. 29. B. Fore wing glossed with blue on upperside. a. No discal spots on fore wing. a’. A complete series of subterminal white Spots Oushimd witty Pee oe ocr een ae E. harvist, p. 30. b'. Subterminal series of white spots on hind wing broken, very incomplete ........ Var. crowleyt, p. 30. b. Diseal spots on fore wing present. a’. A complete series of subterminal white Spots 2 Var. kalinga 2, p. 46. 46. Euplea mulciber (PI. I, fig. 6). Papilio midamus, pt., Linn. Mus. Ulr. 1764, p. 251. Kuplcea et Trepsichrois midamus, Linn. apud auct. Papilio mulciber, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, 1799, pl. 127, figs. C, D. Trepsichrois linneei, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 286, pl. 29, fig. 4; ¢d. Te i i, 1890-92, p. 100, pl. 35, figs. 1, larva & pupa, 1a, ih ; Euploa (Trepsichrois) kalinga, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, pt. 2, p- 256; Moore (Trepsichrois), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 104. ¢. Fore wing as in fig. 9 B (p. 23), but apex and tornus more broadly rounded, the termen straighter. @. Fore wing as in fig. 9 C.—¢S Q. Hind wing ovate. Upperside: in the $ dark brown entirely glossed with brilliant blue ; the following violescent white spots—a spot in apex of cell, a much curved series of five or six discal spots, a subterminal sinuous row of larger spots and an incomplete terminal series of dots. Hind wing uniform, unmarked except for a large patch of light-brown, densely-set hair-like scales on the outer upper third of the wing. The 9? is a lighter brown, the fore wing only glossed with blue on the disc ; spots white, and more or less similar to those on the fore wing of the 3, but larger and pure white; in addition a streak in cell and another curved streak in interspace 1 showing through faintly from the underside. Hind wing: narrow white streaks in cell and in the interspaces beyond and a terminal row of 46 NYMPHALIDA. slightly elongate white spots. Underside, $ 9, similar to the upperside in each, but the markings broader, larger and more distinct; in the ¢ there are besides a small white spot in apex of cell, two or three discal and incomplete sub- terminal and terminal series of white dots. Antenne, head, thorax, and abdomen dark velvety brown, the ab- domen glossed with greenish blue above ; beneath, the head and thorax spotted, the abdomen transversely banded with white. Exp. 3 2 88-104 mm. (3°45-4°1"). 2 Hab. The Himalayas from Fig. 15.—Euplea mulciber, Q. 1. Simla to Sikhim; Nepal ; Assam; Cachar; Upper and Lower Burma; Tenasserim ; the Nicobars; extending to Siam, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. Larva. ‘ Cylindrical, with four pairs of long fleshy subdorsal filaments which have pink bases and black tips, three pairs being on the anterior segments and the fourth pair on the 12th segment. Body pinkish white with lateral yellowish blotches, the segments each divided by a black line and anteriorly bordered by a narrow transverse pink band and purple-brown stripes ; spiracles black ; head with a dark red stripe in front and one on each side; fore legs black, middle and hind legs black ringed with pink.” (Moore, Larva of the Javan form, £. claudia.) Pupa. ‘‘ Short, thick across the middle; thorax concave behind ; abdominal segments dorsally convex, metallic golden-brown with darker brown anterior stripe.” (Moore.) Var. kalinga, Doherty, found in the hills of Ganjam, Vizaga- patam and Jaipur, may be a local race of EH. mulciber, Cramer, but I have only been able to examine a single 2 in Mr. Elwes’s col- lection, now in the British Museum. The points of difference are more evident in the 9, which on the hind wing has only “a line of obscure whitish submarginal dots.” The cellular and discal white streaks so prominent in the 2 of EF. mulciber are almost entirely lacking, though faint traces of these are visible on the disc but not in the cell of the hind wing, the latter being immaculate. SATYRIN ®. 47 Subfamily SATYRIN A. Egg. “* About as high as wide, a little more or a little less, rather small, hard, typically translucent and smooth or with obscure polygonal facets, sometimes subradiate, or even (Aulocera) with distinct broadly scalloped anastomosing ribs somewhat as in Hesperia. In some species it is covered with calcareous (?) accretions, which do not appear till after some days’ exposure to the atmosphere.” (Doherty.) Larva. Fusiform or subfusiform, head bifid, often with a pair of long straight processes or horns, anal segment also with a pair of long posteriorly-directed processes; colour generally green, pink, or yellow; body pubescent, the hairs springing from numerous small papille. Pupa. Elongate and somewhat fusiform or short and thick, with the abdomen broadly rounded; very few or generally no tubercles or angles ; attached by the tail. Imago. Wings short and broad, rarely elongate, never narrow, often with the terminal margins scalloped, sinuous, dentate or, in the hind wing, caudate; cells of both wings closed; one or more of the veins of the fore wing, in the majority of the forms, swollen or inflated at base; eyes very often hairy; palpi as a rule com- pressed, in some strongly compressed, generally with a fringe of stiff porrect or subporrect hairs ; body slender. The Satyrine are shade-loving insects; most of the forms have comparatively a weak flight, and frequent the undergrowth, long grass, or dense evergreen forests. Many are cryptically coloured on the underside, and their method of suddenly dropping after a short flight, and resting all askew, heightens their likeness to dead or decaying leaves casually blown down. Secondary sex characters and marks are very general throughout the subfamily. , Key to the Genera of the Satyrine. A. Eyes hairy. a. Veins 10 and 11 of fore wing free. a’. Vein 12 and median vein swollen at base. a*, Club of antenne gradual. a®, Lower discocellular of fore wing Strongly CONCAVE M yeas. 0 selh. MYCALESIs, p. 49. b®. Lower discocellular of fore wing Obliquetce sate ers saree. PARARGE, p. 112. b*. Club of antenne spatulate........ SATYRUS, p. 109. 6’. Vein 12 only of fore wing swollen at base. a° ind wing generally angulate, very often caudate ; upper- and under- sides nob Sumilareeys aati cn. c's: LETHE, p. 72. 48 NYMPHALID. . 6, Hind wing rounded, never angulate or caudate; upper- and under- sides practically similar. a°. Upper apex of cell of fore wing angulate; discocellulars concave. ORINOMA, p. 106. b°. Upper apex of cell of fore wing rounded ; discocellulars oblique. RuaAPHICERA, p. 107. b. Veins 10 and 11 of fore wing not free ; veins 8 to 11 branching from 7 .... Ragapta, p. 155. B. Eyes not hairy. a. Vein 12 of fore wing swollen at base. a’, Hind wing without a prediscoidal cell. a’. Veins 10 and 11 of fore wing free. a°®, Median vein of fore wing not per- ceptibly swollen at base. a+, Vein 3 of hind wing emitted before apex of cell, 4 at apex. a’. Cell of fore wing long, nearly two-thirds length of WUT: Hers LH AE erat ee ERITEs, p. 152. 6°. Cell of fore wing about half or not half length of wing. a’, Veins 3 and 4 of hind wing closely approximate CeIDASCs aa anee crema: ORSOTRIENA, p. 69. 6°. Veins 3 and 4 of hind wing well separated at base. a’. Vein 6 of hind wing much closer to vein 7 WIEVT UO D oo aecaccaees AGAPETES, p. 108. 6". Vein 6 of hind wing equi- distant from veins 5 and 7. a*. Vein 10 of fore wing from apex of cell.... Erersta, p. 146. b8. Vein 10 of fore wing from well before apex ORCelewti. aan eee Ziparis, p. 104. b?, Veins 3 and 4 of hind wing StalkeGe Aiea sets phot tee as Ca irEs, p. 70. 6°. Median vein of fore wing per- ceptibly swollen at base. a’. Club of antenne broad spatu- AGO scree Gis at eno. Tee eee ane Nyrua, p. 113. 6*. Clab of antenne gradual. a. Veins 6 and 7 of hind wing separate. a’, Dorsal margin of hind wing emarginate just above HOVE ALIS) 07 cervond Cate el Ree Manztoza, p. 118. 6§. Dorsal margin of hind wing rounded. a’. Posterior femora without a fringe of long hair POStELION Wiese eee ele IKARANASA, p. 128, * Except in a single aberrant form, NV. parisatis, Kollar, which has the club of the antenne elongate, crescentic, concave beneath. MYCALESIS. 4g 67. Posterior femora with a fringe of long hair: postertOrly | cee. asses CENEIS, p. 128. 6°. Veins 6 and 7 of hind wing TOMA A WOME vy ches. a aces AULOCERA, p. 125. 6°. Veins 10 and 11 of fore wing not free; veins 8 to 11 branching TEOMA GS above eee ores +... YPTHIMA, p. 130. b'. Hind wing with a prediscoidal cell .. Exymnras, p. 169. 6. Vein 12 of fore wing not swollen at base. a’. No anastomosis of veins along the costal margin of fore wing. Ge MAM wilde, TOUNGEC: 5 a cise ANADEBIS, p. 165. 6°. Hind wing not rounded ; dentate or caudate at apex of vein 4. a, Veins 3 and 4 of hind wing from apex Of colle see ae os NEoRINA, p. 167. 63, Vein 3 emitted well before, 4 from apex of cell of hind wing. a‘, Vein | on fore wing ending on GELMUNAl MAO wey. ee oe = MELANITIS, p. 157. b*. Vein 1 on fore wing ending on dorsal mareim. os... « CYLLOGENES, p. 162. 6’. Vein 11 of fore wing anastomosing with 12, 10 with 11,9 with 10 .... ParantrrryHaa, p. 164. Genus MYCALESIS*. Mycalesis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p.55; WM. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 102. Culapa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 825. Calysisme & Nisanga, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, pp. 20 & 23. Virapa, Gareris, Sadarga, Suralaya, Pachama, Samanta, Telinga, Kabauda, & Loesa, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, pp. 155, 156, 157, 159, 165, 166, 167, 168, 177. Samundra, Moore, Lep. Ind. 1, 1892, p. 162. Myrtilus, de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 341. Type, WM. evadne, Cramer, from Africa. Range. Africa; the whole of the Indo-Malayan Region to Aus- tralia, Found also in China and Japan. 3 2. Fore wing: costa more or less arched, apex generally rounded, somewhat acute or subacute, rarely slightly produced ; termen convex, straight or even slightly concave ; tornus generally well marked; dorsum straight in males, sometimes slightly convex towards base ;. cell short, about half length of wing; discocellulars somewhat variable, upper short, lower in all the Indian forms strongly concave; veins 10 and 11 from before apex of cell, vein 1, median vein, and vein 12 greatly dilated at base. Hind * T have retained the generic name Mycalesis for the Indian forms partly because it is well known and its use for these forms has the sanction of long- established custom, but chiefly because the differences between the typical African and the Indian forms have after all only subgeneric value. In fact, for the purely Indian forms, M. mineus, Linn., might very well be regarded as the type. . VOLE. I. E 50- « NYMPHALIDA. wing ovate, varying in the length of the dorsum and the less or greater prominence of the tornus; costa and termen more or less arched, the latter generally slightly scalloped ; cell short, under half length of wing; vein 3 variable, sometimes emitted from a little before or from apex of cell, sometimes 3 and 4 stalked ; origin of vein 7, and consequently length of upper discocellular, variable. Antenne short, slender, not half length of fore wing ; elub slight, gradual; eyes in all the Indian forms hairy; palpi moderately long, slender, obliquely porrect, fringed anteriorly, tufted in the middle posteriorly ; intermediate and posterior femora scaled, not hairy. Males of all the Indian forms furnished with secondary sexual characters, which can be briefly classified and described as follows :— Form 1. Upperside: a glandular fold near dorsum on fore wing, and a patch of specialized scales near costa on hind wing, both covered by pencils of long hairs. Underside: a patch of specialized scales set in a nacreous area near dorsum on fore wing. Form 2. Upperside: no sex-mark on fore wing; sex-mark on hind wing asin Form 1. Underside: sex-mark as in Form 1. Form 3. Upperside: no sex-mark on fore wing ; one sex-mark on hind wing as in Form 1, with a second similar sex-mark on posterior area of wing. Underside: sex-mark as in Form 1. Key to the forms of Mycalesis. A. Males with sex-marks in Form 1. a. Vein 7 of hind wing closer to 8 than to 6. a’. Preapical white band on fore wing oblique. a”. No ocellus on upperside of forewing. MM. anaxias, p. 52. 6°. Two ocelli on upperside of fore wing. a°, Preapical white band on fore wing narrow, not extended to costa or COLIN PLP hac aicty. Mh Tse eee Race radza, p. 53. 6°. Preapical white band on fore wing broader, extended to costa and MORIN a5) o> 55.0 s Goma ereac soe Var. manu, p. 53. b'. Preapical white band on fore wing absent, or if present nearly vertical, MOLODWEUE A vage cask octet Sem me M. adamsoni, p. 54. b. Vein 7 of hind wing closer to 6 than to 8. a'. A broad oblique preapical white band ON{EOLE WANES eee oe pe eco cc eee M. anaxioides, p. 54. b'. No preapical white band on fore wing. a>. Upper discocellular in hind wing not Swollen idea Derek ci. ci..ces cee. os cies M. sanatana, p. 55. b*. Upper discocellular in hind wing SWOlle nce mre gt teaels deem ris M. charaka, p. 55. B. Males with sex-marks in Form 2. a. Upperside of wings more or less suffused Wilh PUT ple. van te neMys Halt. -isha tip 6 = ie M. orseis, p. 56. b. Upperside of wings with no trace of purple. a’, Veins 3 and 4 in hind wing from a point or shortly stalked. MYCALESIS. 51 a’. Fore wing, tuft of hairs at base over-. lapping swollen base of vein 12. a®. Posterior three ocelli on underside of hind wing in a straight line... MM. perseus, p. 57. 6°. Posterior four ocelli on underside of hind wing in a straight line. a‘. Sex-mark on underside of fore wing small. under 2 mm., black | M. muneus, p. 58. or very dark brow: 72. ...-: Race polydecta, p. 59. b*. Sex-mark on underside of fore wing longer, over 4 mm., brown, never dark or black. a>. Sex-mark not extending up to transverse white discal band. MM. perseordes, p. 59. 6°. Sex-mark extending up to and touching inner margin of transverse white discal band. MW. subdita, p. 60. . Sex-mark extending beyond inner margin of transverse white discal band. a®, Apex of fore wing slightly produced, more or less sub- ACUUC Nees eset om tes tieks M. visala, p. 60. b°. Apex of fore wing not pro- duced, rounded)". 22. 3. Race andamana, p. 60. c. Sex-mark on underside of fore wing over 4 mm., but grey, not brown, difficult to see against nacreous background ........ M. rama, p. 61. 6°, Fore wing, tuft of hairs at base short, not overlying swollen base of vein 12. a’. Median ocellus on upperside of fore, wing placed on alarge orange- yellowspatch es... 2 ne ee. M, oculus, p. 62. b®. Median ocellus on upperside of fore wing encircled only by a narrow fulyvous TING... 2.34. ..+ = M. adolphet, p. 61. 6’. Veins 3 and 4 in hind wing separate, 3 from before apex, 4 from apex of cell. . a>. Fore wing elongate, apex somewhat produced, termen concave ........ M. mnasicles, p. 62. 6°. Fore wing subtriangular, apex not produced, rounded, termen convex. a, One or more ocelli on the upper- side of wings. a‘. Lower discocellular of fore wing concave or nearly straight. a’. Secondary sex-mark of special- ized scales always present on underside of fore wing. a°®. Transverse discal band on underside of fore wing showing through on upper- side; cilia white. a’. Basal area on underside of fore and hind wings irrovated with transverse PAICISERIee ye yeies ose «sc. M. mestra, p. 63. E2 52 NYMPHALID A. 6", Basal area on underside of fore and hind wings uniform, not irrorated WAIL MUSURICC tere ithe cael Race suaveolens, p. 68. 6°. Transverse discal band on underside of fore wing not showing through on upper- side; cilia brownish. a’. Tuft of long hairs over- lapping sex-mark of specialized scales on upperside of hind wing etablackai se pucks eae eae M. nicotia, p. 65. 6°. Tuft of long hairs over- lapping sex - mark of specialized scales on upperside of hind wing palevbrowm. (eRe yaa. or: M. misenus, p. 66. 6°. Secondary sex-mark of spe- cialized scales absent on underside of fore wing .... M. hera, p. 66. b*. Lower discocellular of fore wing not concave, bent abruptly in- wards in an acute angle in the middle. a’, Transverse discal white band on underside of fore wing showing through very con- spicuously on upperside.... M. malsara, p. 64. b’. Transverse discal band on underside of fore wing not, or only very faintly showing through on upperside...... Race lepeha, p. 65. 6°. No ocelli on upperside of wings.. MM. malsarida, p. 63. ce’. Veins 3 and 4 in hind wing stalked, well ee apex of cell. . Median ocellus on upperside of fore wing broadly bordered with orange- yellow above and on each side .... MM. patnia, p. 66. 6°. Median ocellus on upperside of fore wing broadly bordered with pure white above and on each side .... M. junonza, p. 67. C. Males with sex-marks in Form 3. a. Sex-marks of specialized scales on upper- side of hind wing placed at bases of vein 1 and subcostal vein ............ M. mystes, p. 67. 6. Sex-marks of specialized scales on upper- side of hind wing placed one midway on vein 1, the other at base of subcostal VOR ie Cee aR undety ante an ah mnt M. surkha, p. 68. 47. Mycalesis anaxias, Hewitson, Evot. Butt. iii, 1862, p. 86, Myca- lesis, pl. 4, figs. 25, 26; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 106, pl. 16, fig. 52 ce Moore (Virapa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, Dp: 159, pl. 55, figs. 1, ligt 38. MYCALESIS. 53 Race radza. Mycalesis radza, Moore, P. 7. 8S. 1877, p. 583, pl. 58, fig. 2g ; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 105; Moore (Virapa), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 160, pl. 55, figs. 2, 2a, 6 Q. Mycalesis manii, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 257, 2 ; Moore (Virapa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 161. Wet-season form.— 3 9. Upperside dull vandyke-brown, paler in the 2 ; subterminal and terminal fine lines on both foreand hind wings fulvescent ; cilia brown. Fore wing with an oblique white preapical short band not quite reaching either the costa or the termen. Underside: fore wing: basal area up to the white band, and in a transverse line from lower end of band to dorsum, blackish brown ; terminal margin beyond broadly paler brown; a white-centred fulvous-ringed black ocellus in interspace 2, and two preapical, smaller similar ocelli, followed by a very sinuous subterminal and a straighter terminal dark brown line. Hind wing: basal two-thirds blackish brown, terminal border broadly paler, bearing normally seven ocelli similar to those on the fore wing, and subterminal and terminal dark brown lines. Dry-season form.— $ 2. Upperside as in the wet-season form. Underside differs in the ocelli being more or less obsolescent, and the subterminal and terminal dark lines on both fore and hind wing absent or very faintly indicated ; the terminal margins are broadly rufescent brown, fading inwardly into lilacine, the oblique white bar on the fore wing outwardly diffuse. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; the antenne ochraceous towards apex. Male sex-mark in form 1. Exp. & 2 51-60 mm. (2-2°35"), Hab. Sikhim, eastwards through the hill-ranges to Assam, Cachar, Burma and Tenasserim. Also in Southern India, the Nilgiris ; Travancore. Race radza, Moore.— Only the ocellated form is known. This resembles the wet-season form of typical anawias, but on the upperside of the fore wing there is a large white-pupilled fulvous- ringed black ocellus in interspace 2, and a smaller similar ocellus just beyond the white preapical bar. On the upperside of the hind wing there is a large similar ocellus in interspace 2. Underside uniform brown, the broad pale terminal area on the fore wing barely indicated, the upper of the two preapical ocelli much the larger. Kap. 3 2 50-54 mm. (1°95-2°12"). Hab. The Andamans. Var, mani, Doherty.—Like the race radza, but the preapical, oblique, white band on the fore wing is much broader and longer, nearly touching the costa and termen at each end. Underside: fore and hind wings paler brown, the preapical ocelli on fore wing enclosed in the same fulvescent ring. Hind wing “has a broad dull violet band across the dise unmarked with white, its inner border nearly straight.” Exp. g 57 mm. (2°28"). Hab. The Nicobars. 54 NYMPHALIDA. 48. Mycalesis adamsoni, Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 640, pl. A, fig. 1 2. 3. Upperside very dark brown; fore and hind wings with subterminal and terminal pale lines. Fore wing with the termen anteriorly broadly but very obscurely paler, the colour extended obliquely to the costa above the apex, the ocelli of the underside showing very faintly through. Hind wing uniform. Underside: basal two-thirds of both fore and hind wings very dark brown, the outer margin of this colour sharply defined, on tore wing slightly oblique from costa to vein 4, thence vertical and sinuous to dorsum; beyond this an obscure broad lilac transverse band, carrying on the fore wing a white-centred, fulvous-ringed, small, black median ocellus and four smaller anterior ocelli, the apical and lower of these mere minute dots; on the hind wing a curved series of seven similar ocelli, the third from the tornus the largest, the rest subequal. Termen of wings beyond the line of ocelli slightly ochraceous, with subterminal and terminal dark lines. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. Male sex-mark in form 1.— 2. Very similar; apical and terminal area of fore wing on the upperside distinctly paler, a preapical short white band, not so oblique as in M. anaazas, but curving downwards vertically. Another 2 resembles the ¢ precisely, having no white preapical band. Hap. 3 2 54-58 mm. (2°13-2°3"). Hab. Upper Burma. 49. Mycalesis anaxioides, Marshall, in M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 107 ; Moore (Samundra), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 162, pl.255, figs. 3,38 a, 5 Q 3 Q. Upperside vandyke-brown, darkest on the disc of [the fore wing; a broad preapical, oblique, slightly arched white band as in W/. anavias, and a terminal dark line on both fore and hind wing. Inthe @ there is also a large black white-pupilled fulvescent-ringed ocellus below the terminal or lower end of the white band, and on the hind wing traces of another ocellus near the tornus. Underside: ground-colour similar to that in MW. anawias, with a dark basal and terminal paler area, the latter bearing in the wet-season form a series of ocelli on both fore and hind wing, four on the fore, seven on the hind wing. In the dry-season form the ocelli are nearly obsolete, represented by mere black dots, and the outer paler border more clearly demarcated, of a lilacine white suffused with brown; outer margin of the preapical white band on the fore wing diffuse. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull brown, paler beneath; the antennz somewhat ochraceous. Male sex-mark in form 1. Exp. 3 2 58-70 mm. (2°3-2°78"). Hab. Lower Burma; Tenasserim. MYCALESIS. 55 50. Mycalesis charaka, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 566; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 109; Moore (Sadarga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 166, pl. 57, fies. 1, la-le,2 ,2a, dQ. Sadarga oculata, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1880, p. 158; M.S de N. (Mycalesis) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 109. Wet-season form.— $ 9. Upperside dull vandyke-brown ; the terminal margins narrowly paler; fore and hind wings with a slender terminal dark brown line ; fore wing with a large white- centred fulvous-ringed median and a very much smaller similar preapical ocellus. Hind wing uniform. Underside paler; terminal half ochraceous brown, paler than basal half, the latter bordered by a straight dark line followed by an ochraceous-white trans- verse band diffuse on the outer side ; fore wing with the two ocelli as on the upperside and a third ocellus in interspace 6. Hind wing normally with seven similar ocelli; third from tornus the largest, fourth very small, sometimes absent ; fore and hind wings with sinuous dark brown subterminal and terminal lines. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antenne annulated with white, club dark brown, ochraceous at apex. Dry-season form.— g 2. Differs from the wet-season form only in the ocelli being reduced to mere white-centred black specks, and the subterminal and terminal lines being more evenly curved and form- ing slender lunules between the veins. Male sex-mark in form 1. Hap. 3 2 55-62 mm. (2°15-2°45"), Hab. N.Ki. Himalayas, through Assam, Cachar to Burma. 51. Mycalesis sanatana (Pl. II, fig. 7), Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. &. I. C. i, 1857, p. 281; M. §& de N. Buti. Ind. i, 1883, p. 108 ; Moore (Gareris), Fite Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 164, pl. 56, figs. 1-1 b, 2-25, 5 2. Mycalesis gopa, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p.501; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 107. Wet-season form.— § 2. Upperside vandyke-brown, terminal margins of both fore and hind wing narrowly paler, marked with a subterminal dark slender line. Fore wing normally with a large white-centred fulvous-ringed black ocellus in interspace 2, and a smaller similar ocellus in interspace 5, but sometimes the anterior ocellus is absent, or there are one or two additional similar ocelli above and below it. Hind wing uniform. Underside: basal two-thirds of both fore and hind wing dark brown, sharply de- fined and bordered by an outwardly diffuse pinkish transverse band followed by a series of five ocelli on the fore, seven on the hind wing, similar to the ocelli on the upperside, but placed on a light brown background. Succeeding these there are a sinuous trans- verse and outer subterminal and terminal slender dark brown lines. Dry-season form.— 3 9. Upperside similar to that in the wet- season form, but the pale terminal margins of the wings broader. Underside: basal two-thirds of the wings dark, terminal third light umber-brown. Basal portion crossed by two darker brown lines and bounded by a slightly arched line of the same colour, followed by an outwardly diffuse pinkish band, and a series of 56 ; NYMPHALID#. ocelli as in the wet-season form, only the ocelli are nearly obsolete or minute. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; the antennee ochraceous at apex. Male sex-mark in form 1. Exp. 3 2 48-64 mm. (1:9-2°5"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikhim; Khdsi Hills in Assam ; the hills in Burma and Tenasserim. 52. Mycalesis orseis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii, 1864, p. 89, Mycalesis, pl. 6, figs. 36, 37, d ; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 110 footnote; Moore (Suralaya), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 217, pl. 73, TOS) 2.2 Gd, 2/0, 2 3. Upperside brownish purple ; fore and hind wings with pale slender subterminal and terminal lines. Fore wing with the ocelli of the underside showing through. Hind wing uniform brown, medially glossed with dull purple. Underside: basal two- thirds of fore and hind wings vandyke-brown crossed by a transverse sinuous darker line; outer third of wings much paler, a post- median purplish transverse band diffuse outwardly, bearing a series of white-centred fulvous-ringed black ocelli, five on the fore, seven on the hind wing, the latter placed in a slight curve; on fore wing the posterior ocellus and on hind wing the third from the tornus the largest; beyond the ocelli subterminal zigzag and terminal slightly sinuous slender dark lines. Sex-marks in form 2. Female similar to the ¢, but upperside somewhat dull vandyke- brown ; underside paler than in the 3, with a broader transverse purplish band; fore wing with six ocelli. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; club of antenns ochraceous at apex, dark brown below. Exp. & 2 55-58 mm. (2°19-2°3"). Hab. Recorded only from the Naga Hills and from Tenasserim within our limits ; spread through the Malay Peninsula. The succeeding five or six forms belonging to Moore’s genus Fig. 16.—Underside fore wings of Mycalesis, showing secondary sex-mark of specialized scales. A. M. perseus, Fabr. B. M. mineus, Linn. C. M. subdita, Moore. D. M. visala, Moore. Calysisme are very closely allied. M. perseus, I think, can always be recognized in both sexes by the disposition of the ocelli on the MYCALESIS. 57 underside of the hind wing, which is constant; but of the others only the males can be separated with any certainty by the shape, size, and colour of the secondary sex-marks on the underside of the fore wing. In the long series of females that I have examined, _ [have been unable to find a single constant character by which to distinguish one form from the other. Mr. de Nicéville considered it probable that they interbred ; in which case it is quite possible that there is only one form, of which the males possess varying secondary sexual characters, that are, however, constant in certain series. 53. Mycalesis perseus, Fubr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 488; ML. & de N. Butt. Ind. i. 1883, p. 120, pt.; Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 174, pl. 59, figs. 1, 1 a-1d, & 2, 2a-2e, SQ. _ Mycalesis blasius, Fubr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. 1798, p. 426; Butler, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 720, tig. 4 5 ; Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 21, pl. 11, figs. 2, 2a, 6; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 115, pl. 16, fig. 55 ¢. Myealesis samba, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1, 1857, p. 288, 3. Wet-season form.— do 2. Upperside dark to somewhat pale vandyke-brown. Fore wing with a white-centred, fulvous-ringed, black ocellus in interspace 2, and rarely a very small but similar ocellus in interspace 5. Hind wing uniform, occasionally two or three postmedian obscure ocelli present. Fore and hind wings with subterminal and _ terminal palelines. Underside: the ground- colour, subterminal and terminal lines on the wings as on upper- side, but crossed by a common purplish- white narrow discal fascia. Fore wing with from two to four, hind wing normally with : ‘ seven ocelli, similar to, but more 1S 7 ae iiaras eae ee °*" clearly defined than, the ocelli A. Mycalesis mineus, Linn. on the upperside ; on both wings » _perseus, Fabr. the line of ocelli bordered in- wardly and outwardly by sinuous purplish-white lines. On the hind wing only the three posterior ocelli in a straight line (fig. 17, B), the rest strongly curved out- wards. In the 9 the median or posterior ocellus on tbe upperside of the fore wing is always larger than in the ¢. Dry-season form.— $ 2. Upperside similar to that in the wet- season form, the median ocellus generally smaller. Underside brown, more or less suffused with purple and irrorated with darker brown minute transverse strige; the transverse discal band:obscure, often merely indicated by black dots at the veins, occasionally bordered outwardly by an ochraceous diffuse band. Ocelli obso- lescent, but when present as mere minute dots their arrangement on the hind wing is as in the wet-season form. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antennze sometimes cinereous white on the sides with the apex black. Male sex-marks in form 2, but 58 NYMPHALIDA. ae on the underside of the fore wing small (about 2 mm. long) and ack. Exp. 3 9 42-54 mm. (1°68-2°1"). Hab. I have examined specimens from the Himalayas, Kangra to Sikhim aud Bhutan; from Bengal, Southern India and Ceylon. This form is fairly common throughout Burma and Tenasserim ; it extends to China and far into the Malayan Subregion. o4. Mycalesis mineus (PI. II, fiv. 8, wet-season form—underside), Innn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. 1, 1767, p. 768; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 117, pt.; Moore (Calysisme), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 183, pl. 60, figs. 1, Lla-lf, ¢ Q. : Papilio drusia, otrea, et mamerta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i, 1775, pl. 84, figs. C, D, 2 ; iv, 1780, pl. 314, figs. A, B, & pl. 326, fig. D, 9. Calysisme subfasciata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 237, pl. 12, fig. 8; M. & de N. (Mycalesis, var. of mineus) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 122. Calysisme nicobarica, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1891, p. 187. Race polydecta. (Pl. LI, fig. 9, dry-season form—underside.) Papilio polydecta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii, 1777, pl. 144, figs. E, F, 9; Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, pp. 180, 181, pl. 61, fies. 1, la-Lh, & pl. 62, figs.1, la-lz, ¢ Q. Papilio justina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv, 1780, pl. 326, fig. C, 2. Calvsisme drusia, perseus, et mineus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1880, p. 20, pl..11, figs. 3, 3a, o.; p. 21, pl. 12, figs: 1, 1a, 6 situps 224 pee fies. 4,4a,46, dQ. Wet-season form.— $ 2. Upperside dark vandyke-brown; fore and hind wings with slender subterminal and terminal pale lines. Fore wing with a single white-centred, fulvous-ringed, black ocellus, generally set in a square pale area, in interspace 2, oecasionally a similar smaller ocellus without any pale surrounding area in interspace 5. Hind wing uniform, sometimes with one or two obscure postmedian ocelli. Underside: ground-colour similar ; fore and hind wings crossed by a transverse dusky-wnite discal band, well-defined inwardly, diffuse outwardly, followed by a post- discal series of ocelli surrounded by a dusky-yellowish, sometimes purplish-white, line; the ocelli are similar to the ocelli on the upperside, and vary from two to four on the fore and from five to seven (the preapical two being sometimes obsolescent) on the hind wing; of these latter the posterior four, not three as in M. perseus, are in a straight line; finally, beyond the rows of ocelli on both wings there are pale or purplish-white subterminal and terminal sinuous lines. Dry-season form.— $ 2. Upperside similar to that in the wet- season form, but paler. Underside from ochraceous brown to dusky brown of a darker shade; basal half of the wings conspi- cuously darker than the outer portions ; the whole surface irro- rated with fine brown striz ; sometimes a distinct dark discal band crosses both wings; ocelli nearly obsolete, indicated by minute white specks, the posterior four on the hind wing in a straight line as in the wet-season form. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; the club of the antennze with black and ochraceous marks. MYCALESIS, 59 Male sex-mark in form 1 as in M. perseus, but the patch of specia- lized scales on the underside of the fore wing half as large again. Exp. 3 2? 48-46 mm. (1-9-2°2"). | Hab. The Himalayas at low elevations from Kulu to Sikhim ; and eastwards through Assam and Cachar to Burma and Tenas- serim ; recorded from Bengal. Var. subfasciata, Moore, a common form, has the terminal margins of both fore and hind wing broadly pale. Var. nicobarica, Moore, very closely resembles typical mieus, but on the whole is darker, with the transverse discal band on the underside of the wings more brownish white. Race polydecta, Cramer.— ¢ @. The southern representative of VM. mineus, which it closely resembles in both seasonal forms. Occasional specimens have the yellow ring encircling the large median ocellus on the upperside of the fore wing very much broader than in any specimen of IM. mineus that I have seen; others, the females especially, have the transverse discal band on the underside much broader and pure white, not brownish or dusky ; others, again, of the dry-season form have the ground- colour on the underside more strongly suffused with purple; but there are no constant characters by which this race may be distinguished from M. mineus. The male sex-marks are precisely similar to those of MW. mineus. Exp. 3 2 48-56 mm. (1°9-2°2"). Hab. Central Provinces southwards to Travancore and in Ceylon. Recorded on the west coast of India up to the latitude of Bombay, and on the east to Calcutta (? true mineus). 59. Mycalesis perseoides, Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p- 179, pl. 60, figs. 2-26, 5 ©. Calysisme intermedia, Moore, Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 187. 3 2. This form closely resembles J/. mineus, in both wet- and dry-season specimens. As in that form, the disposition of the ocelli on the underside of the hind wing separates it from MM. perseus. From M. mineus it differs in the male sex-mark on the underside of the fore wing, which is longer, broader and ochraceous brown, not black in colour. Exp. & 2 44-56 mm. (1°75-2°2”). Hab. Typically from Burma and Tenasserim, but the variety noted below from 8. India, Mysore. From Kathlekan, in Mysore, there is in the British Museum Collection a series of what I take to be a variety of this form. The specimens (all males) belong to the dry-season form. They are uniformly smaller than typical perseordes, and differ on the upperside of the fore wing in the very broad pale iris surrounding the median ocellus, and on the underside of the same wing in the margin of the darker basal portion of the wing being prominently concave just above the dorsal margin. The male sex-mark on the underside of the fore wing is larger than that of M. mineus but resembles it in colour. I have been unable to separate even as a variety WM. intermedia, Moore, from M. perseoides, Moore. 60 NYMPHALID®. 06. Mycalesis subdita, Moore (Calysisme), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 194, pl. 65, figs. 1, la-1h, o 9. 3 §. Closely resembles in both seasonal forms MW. mineus. The 3 can be discriminated by the sex-mark on the underside of the fore wing: this is brown or ochraceous brown as in MM. perseoides, but very much longer and broader, extending to but not going beyond the transverse band crossing the wings (fig. 16, C.) Exp. & 2 48-60 mm. (1:9-2°35”"). Hab. Ceylon; 8. India, Travancore. 57. Mycalesis visala, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 230; ad. (Calysisme) Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 189, pl. 63, figs. 1, la-lh, 3 2,& pl. 64, figs. 1, la-12z, 5 Q, larva & pupa. Mycalesis mineus, pt., M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 117. Mycalesis perseus, var. visala et var. indistans, M. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 121, pl. 16, fig. 52, & p. 122. Race andamana. Mycalesis drusia, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 583, pt. Calysisme andamana, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 196, pl. 56, figs. 1, La-ld, ¢ Q. 3 2. In colour and the markings on the wings both seasonal forms of JV. visala closely resemble those of MW. mineus. On the whole, however, VM. visala runs larger, and as a rule both sexes (in the continental form, not in the insular race) can be discriminated from the males and females of allied forms by the shape of the fore wing. This is, as a rule, produced and acute at apex, with the termen below sharply transverse. The males, moreover, have the sex-mark on the underside of the fore wing rather bright ochraceous and very long, extending beyond the transverse bands crossing the wings (fig. 16, D, p. 56). Eep. S$ Q 52-61 mm. (2:05-2°4"). Hab. Recorded from Kumaun, Sikhim, Bhutan, Bengal, the Central Provinces, and South India. Hastwards, MW. visala has been sent from the Néga Hilis, and is spread generally through Burma and Tenasserim. Race andamana, Moore. ¢ 2. Male sex-mark on the under- side of the fore wing as in M. visala. Shape of wings much more rounded in both seasonal forms of both sexes; in this closely resembling MZ. mineus, but the ground-colour of the wings is darker and the ocelli proportionately larger. Disposition of the ocelli apparently quite constant. Upperside: fore wing—two ocelli, the posterior the larger; hind wing—-none in the d, an obscure one in the 2. Underside: both sexes, fore wing with two, hind wing with seven ocelli; the posterior four of the latter disposed as in M. mineus. Exp. $ 52-58 mm, (2°05-2°27"). Hab. The Andamans. MYCALESIS. ; 61 58. Mycalesis rama, Moore (Calysisme), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 196, pl. 57, figs. 3, 3a, 3. ; Wet-season form.—d. Upperside deep umber-brown, quite different from the dull vandyke-brown of M. mineus and allies ; subterminal and terminal lines on the wings very indistinct. Fore wing with two white-centred fulvous-ringed ocelli; the posterior much the larger. Hind wing with a small similar ocellus in interspace 2. Underside paler and brighter, the basal two-thirds darker than the terminal third, its outer margin sharply defined by a dark brown fine line ; apical third somewhat ochraceous, with subterminal and terminal slender brown lines. Fore wing with two, hind wing with seven ocelli, similar to the three on the upperside ; on the hind wing the ocelli are placed in a curve, the subtornal two and apical ocelli the largest, the tornal and preapical two very small, somewhat indistinct. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen umber-brown; the antenne bright ochraceous at apex. Sex-mark in form 2, on the underside of the fore wing composed of greyish specialized scales difficult to see against the nacreous background. Exp. 3 56 mm. (2:22"). Hab. Ceylon. 59. Mycalesis adolphei, Gwérin (Satyrus), Delessert, Voy. dans I’ Inde, vt, ii, 1843, p. 76; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 123; Moore (Telinga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 210, pl. 71, figs. 1, la-le 3 Q. 3 Q. Upperside dark umber-brown. Fore wing with a large, white-centred, fulvous-ringed black median ocellus and a white-centred preapical much smaller black spot. Hind wing uniform, a post- median series of from two to four white- centred fulvous-ringed black ocelli, sub- equal and smaller than the posterior ocellus on the fore wing. Underside: ground-colour similar, but irrorated with obscure transverse striz of a deeper Fig. 18.—-Mycalesis brown ; the terminal margins of both fore SOMONE and hind wings very broadly paler; the dark basal portion of the wings sharply defined by a very dark brown line; a postmedian series on both wings of rather small white-centred fulvous-ringed black ocelli—two on the fore wing, a median and a preapical; seven, placed in a slight curve, on the hind wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark umber- brown, paler beneath. Male sex-mark of form 2, the patch of specialized scales on both foreand hind wing very small; the nacreous area surrounding the specialized scales on the underside of the fore wing very pale brown. Exp. & @ 53-58 mm. (2°1-2°3"). Hab. S. India; the Nilgiri and Anaimalai Hills. 62 2 NYMPHALID A. 60. Mycalesis oculus (Pl). II, fig. 10), Marshall, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 247; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 124, pl. 16, fig. 53 9; Moore (Telinga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 211, pl. 71, figs. 2, 2a-2¢, 5 9. 3 2. Resembles M. adolphei, Guér. Upperside: fore wing— median ocellus very much larger, encircled with a much broader ring of rich orange-red, which is conspicuously broad anteriorly and preduced upwards towards the costa; ground-colour beyond apex of cell, and of the whole apex and termen broadly, not uniform with that at the base of the wing, but much darker; the preapical ocellus inconspicuous. Underside dark ochraceous red or brown, the dark basal portion of both fore and hind wing bordered outwardly by a yellowish band sharply defined on the inner side, diffuse outwardly ; median ocellus on fore and sub- tornal ocellus on hind wing proportionately larger than in M. adolpher. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in M. adolphei. Male sex-mark in form 2, but the patch of specialized scales on the underside of the fore wing very small and incon- spicuous against the nacreous background, which is very dark ; the pencil of hair over the specialized scales on the hind wing very small. Hep. 3 2 54-60 mm. (2:13-2°38"). Hab. 8. India; Cochin ; Travancore. 61. Mycalesis mnasicles, Hewitson, Ev. Butt. iii, 1864, Mycalesis, pl. 5, figs. 32,33, 6; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 126, pl. 16, fig. 51; Moore (Culapa), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 199, plGiG tigssh aoe. 3 2. Upperside pale vandyke-brown; base and disc in fore wing and the whole of the hind wing, costal and terminal margins excepted, suffused with bright ochraceous. Fore wing with a remarkably large, white-centred, brightly ochraceous-ringed median, and a very much smaller white-centred subapical ocellar spot, the latter wanting the ochraceous iris. Hind wing with a postmedian fulvous-ringed non-pupilled black spot. Underside pale pinkish brown; fore and hind wings crossed by a broad darker band, defined on both sides by a darker brown line, followed on the fore wing by two or three subapical, on the hind wing by a curved series of seven minute white-centred black ocelli; terminal margin slightly darker, bordered inwardly by a zigzag brown line. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull ochraceous brown ; club of the antenne dark brown, ochraceous at apex. Male sex-mark in form 2. Exp. & 2 70-76 mm. (2°75-2:93"). Hab. Lower Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan Subregion. The largest of the Indian forms, unmistakable on account of its size, and its broad triangular fore wing with a straight termen and enormously large median ocellus. MYCALESIS. 63 62. Mycalesis mestra, Hewitson Ev. Butt. iii, 1862, p. 79, Myca- lesis, pl. 1, fig. 2; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 124; Moore (Pachama), ’ Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 200, pl. 67, figs. 2, 2 aiS Race suaveolens. Mycalesis suaveolens, W.-M. & de N.in M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 125; Moore (Pachama), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 201, Supls 67, fies. 5, 3a, 5. 3 2. Upperside very dark vandyke-brown, the cilia conspicu- ously white, the transverse white discal band of the underside showing through on both fore and hind wing, but very plainly on the latter. Fore wing with a white-centred, fulvous-ringed, median, and a similar but much smaller subapical ocellus, the latter very often absent; broad but faint and ill-defined sub- terminal and terminal white lines. Hind wing: a subtornal ocellus similar to those on the fore wing and much more conspicuous; subterminal and terminal whitish lines. Underside: eround-colour similar ; basal half of wings closely irrorated with pale transverse striz; a conspicuous white discal band, inwardly sharply defined, outwardly diffused, followed by series of ocelli similar to the ocelli on the upperside, a median and two subapical on the fore wing, three subapical and three tornal on the hind wing : the number of these ocelli is variable, sometimes one or more additional ocelli are present, often one or more are lacking on the hind wing; finally, the subterminal and terminal white bands as on the upperside but better defined. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antenne annulated with white, ochraceous at apex. Male sex-mark in form 2. Exp. 3 Q 66-78 mm. (2°6-3"). Hab. Bhutan, Assam, the Khasi Hills. Race suaveolens, W.-M. & de N.—Closely resembles MW. mestra, but differs constantly as follows:— dg Q. Upperside: ground- colour a brighter, more ruddy brown; cilia white tinged with ochraceous; the discal, subterminal and terminal bands on the underside showing through much more faintly than in MW. mestra ; the number of ocelli very variable. Underside: basal area uniform, with no trace of the pale transverse strie; white discal band narrower, subterminal and terminal bands brownish white. Exp. 3 2 74-78 mm. (2°85-3"). Hab. Described originally from Cachar; extends eastwards to the Chin Hills in Burma and westwards to Sikhim and Bhutan. 63. Mycalesis malsarida, Butler, Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 1868, p. 184, pl. 3, fig. 14; MW. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 127 ; Moore (Kabanda), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 212, pl. 72, figs. 1, la, lope Wet-season form.— $ 9. Upperside uniform dark vandyke- brown, slightly paler towards apex of fore wing and with somewhat 64. NYMPHALIDA. obscure subterminal pale lines. Underside similar, but shading into purplish towards the apex of the fore and terminal margins of both fore and hind wings; the wings crossed by a common pale purplish transverse band followed by a series of white-centred, tulvous-ringed black ocelli, five on the fore and seven on the hind wing, the series bordered on both sides by slender irregular sinuous purple lines, beyond which are subterminal and terminal paler purple lines. Sometimes one or two of the ocelli are absent. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Male sex-mark in form 2. Dry-season form.— 3 2. Upperside similar to that in the wet- season form but paler. Underside more purplish towards terminal margins of the wings ; the transverse band narrower, not so well- defined ; the ocelli more or less obsolete, reduced to mere specks ; subterminal and terminal lines ochraceous. The rest as in the wet-season form. Exp. & Q 50-54 mm. (2-2°12"),. Hab. Assam, Khasi and Naga Hills; Cachar. 64. Mycalesis malsara, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, 931; MM. & de .N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883.) p.7 123) onre (Samanta), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 202, pl. 68, figs. 1, la—Le, can rudis, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 166; M. & de N. (Mycalesis) Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 180. Race \epcha. Samanta lepcha, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 167, 6; M. & de N. (Mycalesis) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 180; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 204, pl. 68, figs. 2, 2a, d. Samanta bethami, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 205, pl. 68, fir. 4g. See aay Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 206, pl. 68, fio. 3 dg. H Wet-season form.— ¢ 9. Upperside very dark vandyke-brown ; cilia whitish brown; the discal transverse white bar on the under- side of the wings showing through very clearly, more distinctly on the fore than on the hind wing ; followed on both wings by two or three dark pale-ringed, generally non-pupilled ocelli, and sub- terminal and terminal pale slender lines. Underside: ground- colour darker, the discal white bar and terminal slender line as on the upperside, but the former clear and well-defined inwardly, diffuse outwardly ; fore wing with four, hind wing with seven white-centred, fulvous-ringed, black ocelli; the rows of ocelli bordered on both sides by narrow crescentic pale purpurescent marks forming somewhat irregular lines; subterminal line similar, lunular. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; club of the antenne ochraceous, marked with black on the inner side. Male sex-mark in form 2. Dry-season form.— 3 Q. Upperside similar but paler; the ocelli, especially on the hind wing, obscure or absent; the transverse MYCALESIS. 65 white discal band on the wings seen by transmission from the underside narrow and very obscure. Underside: basal areas of wings up to the discal white band dark brown in the ¢,, ochraceous brown in the 9 ; the discal white band very narrow and ochraceous white; the terminal margins beyond purpurescent ; ocelli minute; both fore and hind wings irrorated with short, transverse, brown striz. Exp. 3 2 50-56 mm. (1°95-2°2”), Hab. Sikhim ; Assam, the Naga and Khasi Hills; hills of Burma and Tenasserim. Race lepcha, Moore.— ¢ 9. The North-West Himalayan and Southern Indian race of .. malsara, closely resembling it in both the wet- and dry-season forms. It differs in having the transverse discal band crossing both wings very much narrower and not showing through at all on the upperside ; the ocelli are very much smaller and more obsolescent. Underside in the dry-season form irrorated as in M. malsara with short, transverse, dark brown striez. Exp. 3 2 56-58 mm. (2°2-2°28"). Hab. The Himalayas, Kulu, Kangra, Mussoorie ; varieties differing slightly from the typical form are also found in the Central Provinces and the Anaimalai Hills, and have been named hethamé and davisoni respectively, by Moore. 65. Mycalesis nicotia, Hewitson, in Dbiday., Westw. §& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 394, pl. 66, fig. 4 9 ; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p- 129; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 306, pl. ix, fig. 5 9; Moore (Samanta), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 206, pl. 69, figs. 1, lalf, SQ. Mycalesis langi, de Nicéville,in M. & de N. Butt. Ind.i, 1888, p. 180. Wet-season form.— 3 9. Upperside vandyke-brown. Fore wing with one very large, white-centred, fulvous-ringed median, and one, more rarely two, similar smaller subapical ocelli. Hind wing with one or two small similar ocelli. Fore and hind wings with subterminal and terminal pale lines. Underside pale brown, much paler in 9 than in ¢ ; the basal area of the wings irrorated with transverse brown strie up to a common transverse inwardly sharply-defined discal white band; beyond this, a series of ocelli similar to the ocelli on the upperside, four on the front wing, the median ocellus being the largest, seven on the hind wing, the third from the tornus and the apical ocelli being the largest ; terminal margins of wings slightly purpurescent, crossed by an inner and an outer subterminal and a terminal slender dark brown line, the subterminal lines being more or less zigzag and sinuous. Cilia of both fore and hind wing pale. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antennz ochraceous at apex. Male sex- mark in form 2, the tuft of hair overlying the specialized scales on the upperside of the hind wing black. Dry-season form.— $ 2. Similar. Differs in the ground-colour of the underside having a more ochraceous tint, the ocelli much VOL. I. F 66 NYMPHALID ZA. reduced in size or obsolescent, and the inner of the two sub- terminal lines being more or less obscure and faintly marked. Exp. & 2 62-74 mm. (2°33-2:9"). Hab. The Himalayas from Mussoorie to Sikhim; Assam, the Khasi and Naga Hills; Burma. 66. Mycalesis misenus, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. iv, 1889, p. 164, pl. A, fig. 8; Moore (Samanta), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 208; pl. 70; fies. 1; 1a, 16, So 2. 3 2. Very close to M. nicotia. Differs only in the conspicu- ously darker ground-colour of the underside, in having the tuft of hairs that overlies the sexual patch of specialized scales on the upperside of the hind wing in the ¢ brown not black, and in the sex-mark on the underside of the fore wing being larger and much paler in colour. These differences, slight as they are, seem constant through a series. Exp. $ 2 50 mm. (nearly 2"). Hab. Sikhim ; Assam, the Khasi Hills. Only the wet-season ocellated form of this species has been recorded. 67. Mycalesis heri, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 233; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 128; Moore (Samanta), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 208, pl. 70, figs. 2,24@,26, 3 9. Wet-season form.— $ 2. This form closely resembles M. nicotia, but the males in all the specimens I have seen entirely want the elandular secondary sexual mark on the underside of the fore wing, and both sexes have from two to four complete ocelli on the upperside of the hind wing. In MM. nicotia there is generally but one ocellus, when two are present the anterior ocellus is much the smaller; whereas when two ocelli only are present on the hind wing of J. heri they are always subequal. As in M. misenus, the tuft of hairs covering the sex-mark of specialized scales on the upperside of the hind wing in the males is pale brown, not black. Dry-season form.— $. Mr. Doherty records (J. A. 8. B. 1886, p. 115):—‘“*I have also the dry-season form, one ¢ taken at Jhulaghat 2000 feet, lacking the ocelli below, but otherwise similar.” Exp. 3 Q@ 64-70 mm. (2°45-2°75"). Hab. Recorded from Kumaun and Bhutan. 68. Mycalesis patnia (Pl. LI, fig. 11), Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. } 1857, p. 232; ad. (Nissanga) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 238, pl. 12, Bos, 2, 2a, 6; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 181; Moore (Nissanga), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 215, pl. 72, figs. 2, 2 a—2d, Se 3 . Upperside dark umber-brown slightly suffused with ochraceous. Fore and hind wings with bright ochraceous-yellow, slender sub- terminal and terminal lines; cilia pale brown. Fore wing with a MYCALESIS. 67 large median and a much smaller subapical white-centred black ocellus, each with an orange-yellow iris, the upper portion of the iris round the median ocellus very broad, the lower incomplete and a more or less triangular orange-yellow discal patch. Hind wing uniform, with two very small fulvous-ringed black ocelli. Underside deep ochraceous yellow, subterminal and terminal lines as on the upperside ; fore and hind wing crossed near base by a darker ochraceous-yellow line, followed by a silvery discal band, beyond which there are two ocelli as on the upperside, but each encircled also by an outer silvery ring; and on the hind wing a curved series of seven similar ocelli having a silvery band bordering them on both sides, the third and fourth ocelli from tornus together and the. apical ocellus by itself placed on a brighter ochraceous patch encircled with black. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, somewhat ochraceous beneath. Sex-mark in form 2.— @. Similar, more strongly suffused with ochraceous on the upperside; the orange-yellow patch on the fore wing larger, spreading to the base of the wing; no ocelli on the hind wing. Underside as in the ¢, but of a brighter ochraceous yellow; basal area of both fore and hind wing crossed by two darker yellow bands, and the discoidal cell of the fore wing with an interior loop of the same colour. Exp. 3 2 42-54 mm. (1°7-2°15"). Hab. Ceylon. 69. Mycalesis junonia (Pl. II, fig. 12), Butler, Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 1868, p. 146, pl. 3, fig. 4; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 132, pl. 16, tig. 57 $ ; Moore (Nissanga), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 216, pl. 73, figs. 1, 1a,18, $9. 3 2. Close to M. patnia, but on the upperside of a duller brown ; the median ocellus on the fore wing encircled with pure white ; no discal patch, or merely faint traces of one. Underside : markings similar to those in M. patnia, but altogether ef a duller and browner shade, without any general ochraceous tint, a large bright ochraceous spot posteriorly on the hind wing inthe ¢. The median ocellus on the fore wing broadly encircled with white. . Male sex-marks in form 2. Exp. 3 2 44-52 mm. (1°75-2°05"). Hab. The hills of Southern India. 70. Mycalesis mystes, de Nicéville (subgen. Myrtilus), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 348, pl. F, figs. 1 & 2; Moore (Myrtilus), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 221. Wet-season form.— ¢ . Upperside brown, terminal margins broadly paler, the transverse discal white fascia showing through faintly on both fore and hind wing ; subterminal and terminal pale yellow slender lines on both wings, more distinct on the hind wing. Fore wing with a single white-centred, pale-ringed, median black ocellus. Underside: ground-colour similar, a pure white transverse E2 68 NYMPHALIDA, discal fascia on both fore and hind wings, followed by a series of ocelli similar to the ocellus on the upperside ; fore wing with four ocelli, the anterior three small, all encircled by a single slender yellowish line; hind wing with seven ocelli also encircled by a similar outer line; subterminal and terminal lines as on the upperside. Dry-season form.— 3 . Upperside similar. Underside ochraceous, basal area darker than outer portions of wings, and crossed by a still darker brown, transverse, somewhat obscure line followed by a white transverse discal band, and beyond by a series of nearly obsolete ocelli represented by mere silvery specks, encircled by a dark sinuous line. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Sex-mark in form 3, the posterior patch of specialized scales on upperside of hind wing placed near the base of vein 1. Exp. & 50 mm. (2”). Hab. Recorded from the Yaw district of Upper Burma. 71. Mycalesis surkha (Pl. I, fig. 13), Marshall, J. A. S. B. 1882, p- 37, pl. 4, fig. 1; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 183; Moore (Loesa), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 219, pl. 73, fig. 3 g. Wet-season form.— S. Upperside bright rufous-brown, the apex of the fore wing somewhat broadly and the terminal margins of both wings more narrowly dusky black. Fore wing with a small black pale-ringed median ocellus ; rarely one or two smaller similar subapical ocelli. Hind wing uniform. Both fore and hind wings with subterminal and terminal lines and the cilia brown. Underside dark rich umber-brown. Fore and hind wing crossed by a slightly curved purplish band, with slender subterminal and terminal pale lines. Fore wing with two, a median and an apical, hind wing with seven white-centred fulvous-ringed ocelli ; the latter placed in a strong outward curve. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen bright rufous-brown, paler beneath. Sex- mark in form 3, the posterior patch of specialized scales on the upperside of the hind wing on middle of vein 1 a.— Q . Upperside similar to the upperside in the ¢, but paler, the ground-colour not so bright. Underside also paler than in the 3, the transverse band broader; the ocelli bordered by pale irregular lines almost encircling them; the apical ocellus on the fore wing sometimes conjoined with a smaller ocellus above and below it, the sub- terminal line on both fore and hind wing zigzag, the rest similar. Dry-season form.— 3 Q . Similar, slightly darker ; the ocelli more or less reduced in size, but I have not seen any specimen that has them obsolescent or even reduced to specks. Exp. 3 2 56-60 mm. (2°2-2°39"). Hab. Recorded so far only from the Tenasserim Hills. This form is the representative race of the Javan MW. oroatis, Hewitson, from which it differs but slightly in the narrower dark margins to the wings. ORSOTRIGNA. 69 Genus ORSOTRIENA. Mycalesis, pt., Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 55. Orsotricena, Wallengren, Ofv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh. xv (1858), p. 79; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 168. Type, O. meda, from India. Range. Indo-Malayan Region. $6 2. Fore wing broadly trian- gular ; costa arched ; apex rounded ; termen and dorsum nearly straight ; tornus well-marked ; vein 12 swollen only at base, 11 and 10 emitted be- fore apex of cell, lower discocellular bent inwards. Hind wing broadly ovate, costa and termen slightly arched ; apex distinet, dorsum nearly straight; vein 4 emitted before lower apex of cell. Head, thorax and abdomen slender ; antenne gradually clavate ; palpi erect, third joint Fig. 19.—Orsotriena meda. rather long cylindrical, bare, basal Underside. two with long stiff porrect hairs. a. Head and antenna. 3. Sex-mark a pencil of long hairs covering a fold on fore wing above vein 1, two recumbent pencils of hair on hind wing covering patch of specialized scales on each side of median vein. 72. Orsotriena meda, Fudr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 488; M. & de N. (Mycalesis) Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 111; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, pp. 168 & 169, pl. 58, figs. 1, la, 1b,& 2, SQ. Papilio hesione, Crumer, Pap. Exot. i, 1775, pl. 11, figs. C, D; Wallengren (Orsotricena), Ofv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh. xv, 1858, . 80. Mec ealeas runeka, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i, 1857, p. 234; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 112, pl. 16, fig. 56 ¢. Race mandata. Mycalesis mandata, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. 1, 1857, p. 234; id. (Orsotricena) Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1880, p. 22, pl. 11, figs. 1, la; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 113; Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 267, pl. A, figs. 1, la, larva & pupa. Mycalesis mandosa, Butler, Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 1868, p. 189, pl. 3, fig. 9; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 118. Wet-season form.— ¢ 2. Upperside uniform vandyke-brown to blackish brown. Fore wing with a terminal, hind wing with subterminal and terminal slender whitish lines. Underside darker brown ; both wings with distinct subterminal and terminal slender lines as above; a pure white, straight, transverse, narrow, discal band attenuate at both ends, and beyond it a line of white-centred, ochraceous and silvery-ringed black ocelli, two on the fore, three on 70 NYMPHALID®. the hind wing; the apical ocellus on both wings the smallest, the apical two on hind wing most often enclosed in the same inner and outer rings. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; antennz speckled with white and ochraceous at apex. Dry-season form.—Differs only in the ocelli and the subterminal and terminal lines, sometimes the transverse white band also, on the underside, being obsolescent. Eup. 3 9 44-51 mm. (1°75-2"). Hab. The Punjab, Oudh, Dehra Dun, Bengal, Sikhim, and the Central Provinces in Continental India ; and to the east the Naga Hills, Assam, Cachar, Arrakan, the whole of Burma and Tenasserim, and the Andaman and. Nicobar Islands. Found also southwards in the Malayan Subregion. Race mandata, Moore.—Differs from O. meda in the white discal band on the underside being very much broader and pro- portionately more attenuate apically. Often the apical ocellus on the underside of both wings is in the wet-season form smaller than in O. meda. , Eap. 3 2 47-55 mm. (1°85—2°15"). Hab. Southern India; Ceylon. Larva. “ Spindle-shaped, transversely rugose and rough two long setose spines on the head pointed forward and two central spines. The colour above is rosy-red with a blue dorsal and a white lateral line, below which the underparts are green.” Pupa. “ Perpendicularly suspended, slender and regular, except that the head-case is produced into a long beak formed of two thin processes like split straws. Colour whitish brown, with faint strie of a darker shade. It has much the look of a large grain of barley” (Davidson & Aitken). Food-plant, “ Oryza sativa, Linn.” (de Nicéville). Genus CQLITES. Ceelites, Botsduval, in Dbiday., Westw. §& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1851, p. 367 :M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 100; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 228. Type, C. nothis, Westw., from the “ East Indies.” Range. The Indo-Malayan Region. 3 9. Wings comparatively broad. Fore wing triangular, costa evenly arched, apex somewhat produced but rounded ; termen in 3 strongly, in @ slightly concave; dorsum straight or slightly concave ; cell over half length of wing; upper discocellular short, middle directed obliquely inwards, lower obliquely outwards; veins 10 and 11 from before apex of cell, vein 12 swollen at base. Hind wing very broadly oval, anterior half of termen concave, posterior half and the dorsal margin convex; tornus rounded ; cell a little over haif length of wing; discocelluiars oblique ; veins 3 and 4 stalked from a point well beyond apex of cell. Antenne slender, a little over half length of fore wing, club very C@LITES. 7. long and gradual; palpi short, anteriorly densely scaled, without porrect hairs; eyes naked; intermediate femora long, longer than the tibie, not hairy beneath. The males bear a secondary sex- mark consisting of a glandular patch covered by a tuft of long hairs on the upperside of the hind wing, subapically on vein 1. Three forms are recorded from India and Burma, of which one, C. nothis, the type of the genus, has not, so far as I know, been taken of late years, and may very possibly not come from within our limits. Key to the forms of Ccelites. a. Ocelli on underside of hind wing very unequal in size. a’. Ground-colour of wings on underside pale dull brown; postmedian transverse fascia on hind wing diffuse, very broad, terminal third of hind wing nearly cencolorous with PES MOLMMMELSINC: oo sateen esa Gace sete: C. nothis, p. 71. b'. Ground-colour of wings on underside dark purplish brown; postmedian transverse fascia on hind wine not diffuse, narrow ; terminal third of hind wing brighter purple, contrasting with rest of underside........ C. adamsoni, p. 72. 6. Ocelli on underside of hind wing subequal .... C. binghamt, p.72. 73. Celites nothis, Boisd. in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1851, p. 368, pl. 66, fig. 22; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p- 101; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 229, pl. 75, fig. 2 ¢. The following is Westwood’s description of the ¢ —‘ Wings large, splendidly glossed with purple on the upperside..... On the underside the basal half of the wing is dark brown, the apical half paler, with a pinkish gloss, with several slender brown streaks parallel with the apical margin (termen). The hind wings are much darker brown than the upper, and are marked with five ocelli varying in size, the second and outer one being the largest ; they are black with a minute white pupil and a fulvous iris surrounded by a narrow brown circle.” No mention is made of any secondary sex-mark. A single 2 is in the British Museum Collection. ‘This has the upperside pale dull brown; basal area of both fore and hind wing shot with brilliant purple, both wings with an indistinct pale subterminal line or band. Underside similar, paler ; basal area of wings dark brown, a postmedian transverse sinuous diffuse broad fascia and more clearly marked subterminal and terminal lines of dark brown on both fore and hind wing; beyond the fascia on the hind wing a curved series of five black ocelli, of which the apical and posterior two are very large, the other two minute; each ocellus with a white pupil, an inner ochraceous and outer brown ring. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull brown. Exp. 2 80 mm. (3°2”). Hab. East Indies. V2, NYMPHALIDA, 74. Celites adamsoni, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 229, pl. 75, fies. l, la, ¢ Q. 3 Q. This form closely resembles (©. nothis, Westw., but the ground-colour on both upper and under sides is a rich purple- brown. On the underside the basal dark brown area extends further towards the termen, the postmedian dark brown fascia is very slender, distinct and not diffuse; on the hind wing the row of ocelli is placed on a brown shaded area. Lap. 5 2 67-72 mm. (2°64-2°85"), Hab. So far recorded only from Bhamo, Upper Burma, where several specimens were taken by Col. Adamson in September and October. 75. Celites binghami, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 230, pl. 75, fies. 3, 3a, S. Ceelites epiminthia, M. § de N. (nec Westw.) Butt. Ind. i, 1885, p: LOL, pl. 15, fie. dt. 3. Upperside rich purplish blue; on the fore wing, the costa, the apex broadly, and the termen below the apex narrowly, and on the hind wing the termen narrowly and the anal fold rich hair- brown, slightly tinged with purplish on the apex of the fore wing. Underside brown, basal four-fifths of both fore and hind wings darker; a broad oblique, pale purplish, diffuse postmedian fascia, two parallel subterminal lines and a terminal one dark brown: hind wing with a curved row of five small subequal black ocelli ; each ocellus minutely white-pupilled and surrounded by an ochra- ceous iris and an outer dark brown ring. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown.— 2. Upperside similar to that of the dg, but “having a conspicuous subapical lavender band on the fore wing curving from the costa to the outer margin (termen), along which it continues until it gradually disappears on the outer margin of the hind wing” (/. & de N.). Exp. 3 9 72-78 mm. (2°85-3"). Hab. Tenasserim. A local race of the Malay form C. epiminthia, differing in the absence of ocelli from the underside of the fore wing, and in the ocelli on the hind wing being black, not purplish brown. Genus LETHE. Lethe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 56. Zophoessa et Debis, Ddlday. in Dbiday., Westw. §& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. i, 1849, pp. 358 & 362, pl. 61, figs. 1 & 3. Blanaida, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Di. Lep., Suppl. 1877, p. 699. Hanipha, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 18. Rangbia, Nemetis, Tansima, Dionana, Sinchula, Kerrata, Putlia, et Patala, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, pp. 282, 237, 271, 278, 275 285, 287 & 305. Type, LZ. europa, Fabr., from India. Range. The Indo-Malayan Region. LETHE. 73 The forms of Lethe are very numerously represented within our limits. ‘They are for the most part brown on the upperside, often with a prominent white bar on the fore wing, the underside being always ocellated, often richly variegated” (de Nicéville). 3 9. Fore wing triangular, generally short; costa more or less arched, sometimes strongly curved towards the apex; termen straight, concave or oblique, never convex; dorsum straight or slightly convex ; cell not quite half length of wing; discocellulars rather variable, upper two sometimes oblique, when the upper apex of the cell becomes rounded ; typically, however, upper dis- cocellulars very short, middle longer, somewhat concave, lower long, slightly oblique ; veins 10 and 11 from a little before apex of cell; 12 swollen at base. Hind wing oval; termen strongly arched, scalloped, often caudate or dentate at apex of vein 4; cell less than half length of wing; discocellulars very oblique; vein 3 typically from apex of cell, very often from before apex, rarely ‘stalked with 4. Antenne under half length of fore wing; club distinct but gradual; palpi long, anteriorly fringed with porrect hairs, third joint short, slender, acute at apex; eyes hairy ; inter- mediate and posterior femora scaled, hairy beneath. Males typically without secondary sexual characters, which are present, however, in a large number of the forms. These sex-marks con- sist of patches of specialized scales with or without overlying tufts of long hair, as in JJycalesis, and occur both on fore and hind wings, on fore wing only, or, in one aberrant form, on the hind wing only. Although a certain amount of structural variation exists in this extensive genus, satisfactory characters for the arrangement of the numerous Indian forms under more than one genus seem to be lacking. Key to the forms of Lethe. A. Wings without any secondary sex-marks. a. Veins 3 and 4 of hind wing from apex of cell, or stalked. a. § without, 2 with an oblique discal white band, or series of white spots on fore wing. a”. Some of the ocelli on the underside of the hind wing with their centres disinte- erated. a>. Apical ocellus on underside of hind wing largest. a‘. Basal half of hind wing on underside brownish black, with a conspicuous pale or purplish transverse straight line. @. & with two prominent preapical white spots; Q with a broad discal oblique white band on upperside of fore wing.......... LL. europa, p. 77. b°. § unknown; 2 with a broad dis- cal oblique bright ochraceous band on upperside of fore wing ...... LL. tamuna, p. 78. 74 NYMPHALIDA. 6*. Basal half of hind wing on underside mottled and shaded with greyish brown and purple; no distinct trans- verse line. a>. Upperside of fore wing in ¢ uni- form, without white spots, in 9 with oblique white discal band not extending below vein2 ... 6°. Upperside of fore wing in ¢ with a costal trifid and two preapical white spots, in 2 with an oblique white discal band extending below MEM 2 oy. db aweiss Stee rae ce’. Upperside of fore wing in ¢ with a costal and two preapical spots as above, and a fourth white spot in interspace 2; Q with an oblique white discal band divided into three lareelspobs:. ese «male sch cision 6°, Apical ocellus on underside of hind wing not largest, not larger than subtornal OCEMNIS Hy so sie Reece. wr eltials Total teks ona tes 6’. None of the ocelli on underside of hind wing with their centres disintegrated. a®, Inides of ocelli on underside of hind wing palevochmaceousi.: ie coker) ch. ieee yeaa wee 6°. Irides of ocelli on underside of hind wing silvery purple. a‘. A subapical transverse series of three ocelli on underside of fore wing... . b*. A subapical transverse series of four ocelli on underside of fore wing.... b', Both sexes with very broad oblique white discal band on upperside of fore wing. a, Of comparatively small size. Expanse DAR OM MAM, Fe ek wiciteyes oe need mavens 6. Larger. Expanse 84-96 mm. a>, Oblique band on upperside of fore wing in both sexes of even width throughout and tinged with ochraceous ........ b’. Oblique band on upperside of fore wing in 9 (¢ unknown) narrowing towards dorsum and pure whites...) eer b. Vein 3 of hind wing from before, vein 4 from apex of cell. a'. Hind wing not caudate. a’, Fore wing without an oblique white band on upperside. a*, Underside of fore wing with silvery- purple markings. a*, Underside of hind wing with ocelli in a regular curved row, none out of line. a, Expanse 54-60 mm. ; apical and subtornal ocelli on underside of hind wing largest. L. drypetis, p. 79. L. rohria, p. 80. |p. 81. Race nilgiriensis, L. daretis, p. 81. L. insana, p. 81. [p. 82. Var. dinarbas, [p- 82. Var. brisanda, ; D) L. confusa, p. 82. LI. margarite, [p. 83. L. naga, p. 83. LETHE, TO a°, A postdiscal series of black spots on upperside of hind wing .... L. sidonis, p. 85. 6°. No postdiscal series of black spots on upperside of hind wing .... LZ. vaivarta, p. 85. 6°. Expanse wnder 50 mm.; ocelli on underside of hind wing subequal . L. nicetella, p. 86. 6*. Underside of hind wing with ocelli in an irregular row, subapical two ocelli out of line, nearer margin.... L. sederea, p. 86. 6°. Underside of fore wing with ochraceous white markings. a*. Underside of fore wing with an ochraceous white bar across cell .. WL. nicetas, p. 86. b'. Underside of fore wing without an ochraceous white bar across cell.... ZL. mattrya, p. 87. c®, Underside of fore wing with pure white MIATA S, <4, WEA. 3 ws o- SirsEa eke L. visrava, p. 87. 6°. Fore wing: both sexes with an oblique broad white discal band on upperside a°®. No white preapical spot on upperside of fore wing; two transverse sinuous silvery lines across basal area of hind wins On underside: 2 .Jlevte stile aus « LI. verma, p. 84. 6°. A prominent white preapical spot on upperside of fore wing; no silvery lines across basal area of hind wing on UITIGHOTIST UO tec ay Foilaio in Ye oe ake vorapaleve aihel s terd LI. mason, p. 84. 6’. Hind wing distinctly caudate. a>. Ground-colour of underside bright ochra- [p. 97. CEOUSE: Hearts oe siae otitis as. dh LI. atkinsonia, 6°. Ground-colour of underside dull brown. a, Basal area on underside of hind wing with two transverse, sinuous, slender, qwilnitishiplimes, gt.7 papi pies fees ati O77 L. jalaurida, p. 98. 6°. Basal area on underside of hind wing with two comparatively broad, straight, transverse whitish bands .......... L. meelleri, p. 98. B. Male secondary sex-marks on both fore and hind wing. a. Upperside glossed with blue................ L. scanda $, p. 88. b. Upperside not glossed with blue. a. Subbasal dark line on underside of hind wing nearly straight. a’. No ochraceous red on upperside of hind wing. a>. Cell of fore wing with a pale ochra- ceous-white transverse band on under- SUGG™'). GaSe bei ceatem Way siop. wit ads LL. scanda@ , p. 88. 6°. Cell of fore wing without a pale trans- verse band on underside. a‘, Ground-colour of underside ferruginous L. bhatrava, p. 89. 6", Ground-colour of underside pale brown, no tint of ferruginous...... L. latiaris, p. 90. 6°. Hind wing in ¢ outwardly, in Q2 nearly all ochraceous red on upperside........ LL. nanerva, p. 90. 6’, Subbasal dark line on underside of hind wing SETI ENSS A REECE, GAS ASU Gy UO CE Pee OR L. guimhal, p. 89. | on 16 NYMPHALID A. C. Male secondary sex-mark on fore wing only. a. Sex-mark formed of a longitudinal patch of specialized scales overlapped by a tuft of lone hair in interspace 1 ........... are ei 6. Sex-mark a more or less continuous series of patches of specialized scales, crossing wing from dorsal margin to subcostal vein or to base of vein 7. a’. No ochraceous red on upperside of hind wing. a>, Ground-colour on basal two-thirds of wings on underside much darker than on apicaluthind 0.5.00 06 ee eer Ane e 6°. Ground-colour on underside of wings more uniform. a°®. Centres of ocelli on underside of hind wing disintegrated ....,.66e¢ce. 04: 6°. Centres of ocelli on underside of hind wing not disintegrated. a‘. Underside of fore wing with a broad palesbariacrossicell Met . aa b', Underside of fore wing without a broad pale bar across cell... 220s. 00.4 2: 6’. Hind wing in ¢ outwardly, in @ entirely ochraceous red. a’. Upperside of fore wing with three con- spicuous nearly white spots near apex .. b°. Upperside of fore wing without such spots. a®. Discal line or band on underside of hind wing broadly deflected outwards, scarcely angulate between veins 3 Grn Gl ats Alas APT ERE pts in Pa ae telat 6°. Discal line or band on underside of hind wing acutely angulate on and produced along and above vein 4. a*. Upperside of fore wing in ¢ much darker at base than towards apex. Upperside of hind wing in Q uni- form brick-red, not darker towards DASE)... esteem Meeee omen b'. Upperside of fore wing in g¢ more uniform, not darker at base than apex. Upperside of hind wing in © bright ochraceous red, basal half darker, this shade abruptly defined Outwandilye say Pelee tar ka easy eeanacrotee c. Sex-mark an oblique series of four triangular, more or less separate patches of specialized scales on veins 1 to 4 on upperside of fore wing. a’. Underside of fore wing in ¢ with a trans- verse subapical series of four or five viola- CCOUS SPOUS Atenas mertemene shen etek. «heketeretcae b'. Underside of fore wing in ¢ (2 unknown) Without SUCH SpOUSMe et 1 eten/a +). crermeme LL. dynsate, p. 91. L. vindhya, p. 92. LL. satyavati, p. 95. L. serbonis, p. 93. LL. kansa, p. 92. LL. smoriv, p. 94. L. mekara, p. 95. LL. chandica, p. 94. LL. distans, p. 95. [p. 96. L. tristigmata, LL, lyncus, p. 96. LETHE. 77 d. Sex-mark a continuous but very obscure, almost obsolete band of specialized scales running obliquely from veins 1 to 4 on upperside of fore wing. a’. Expanse under 65 mm. a®, Apex of cell on underside of fore wing inwardly defined by a narrow band of VON GER Se, cls ea USER cares oR Peak ee L. baladeva, p. 99. 6°, Apex of cell on underside of fore wing not defined by a band of white. a*, A postdiscal transverse series of small conspicuously black ocelli on underside ip. 99. OLSTONS WANES ary cps 5 oct oo Goa cetera als eyarete LL ramadeva, b°. No postdiscal transverse series of ocelli on underside of fore wing, or series [p. 100. VELYIMGISHINEE ty tisis «Sie lrde 2 > 3. nto LL. anderson, b'. Expanse over 75 mm. a, Upperside of fore wing not spotted. a®, Postdiscal broad band on upperside of hnjnrdswaner rich) row e syc se cero: a‘. Underside ground-colour brown .... ZL. sura, p. 100. b‘. Underside ground-colour pale ochra- [p. 100. COOMSR a Lee eee Grae eae, L. goalpara, b?. Postdiscal broad band on upperside of hind wing brownish white .......... L. dura, p. 101. b°. Upperside of fore wing conspicuously spotted. a’. Veins on upperside of fore wing not defined with yellow. a, Dorsal margin on upperside of hind wing broadly uniform brown ...... LL bhadra, p. 101. b‘. Dorsal margin and disc on upperside of hind wing bright ochraceous yellow. Seasonal form 6°. Veins 1 to 4 at base and median vein [Khastuna, p. 102. entirely on upperside of fore wing con- spicuously defined with yellow ...... L, pulaha, p. 102. e. Sex-mark a large continuous patch of specialized scales from posterior margin to vein 4 extend- ing across median vein into apex of cell. a’, Underside of wing's with a more or less con- spicuous transverse greyish-white post- ~ [p. 103. GISCAIPEASCIA |, LRM -cuevestalte stochieee wiehols LT. muirheadi, b'. Underside of wings without such fascia.... LZ. yama, p. 103. 76. Lethe europa, Fad. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 500; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 149; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 254, pl. 82, figs. 1-le, 6 2; Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 350. 3 2. Inner third of hind wing covered with long brown hairs. 3. Upperside rich dark brown. Fore wing with the oblique short white discal fascia on the underside showing through, two obscure black spots or ocelli, followed by two prominent white spots, the upper one double, some black markings margined outwardly with pale dusky brown along terminal margins of both fore and hind wing and an obscure subterminal pale line on the 78 NYMPHALID&. latter. Underside very dark blackish brown; the wings crossed subbasally by a slender lilacine-white straight line, followed on fore wing by an oblique short white discal fascia, and on both fore and hind wing by a post- discal series of large black ocelli and a terminal, somewhat ochraceous, narrow band bordered on the inner side by a more or less silvery purple line. The series on both fore and hind wing margined inwardly and outwardly by silvery purple lunular lines, on the fore wing curved inwards, on the hind wing curved outwards; the ocelli on fore wing confluent, black, non-pupilled, on the hind wing black with disintegrate Fig. 20.—Lethe europa, §. silvery-speckled irregular centres on a brown ground.— @. Similar: fore wing on upperside with an oblique broad white discal band, hind wing with a postdiscal incomplete series of black spots. Underside similar to the underside in the ¢, markings and ocelli larger. Kep. & 2 62-76 mm. (2°45-3”). Hab. The plains of Northern India; lower hills of the Himalayas; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; extending to China and the Malay Peninsula. : Larva. Green, paler beneath, fusiform ; head with a single short erect horn; body attenuated suddenly from the 11th segment. Pupa. Uniform pale green, stout, smooth, quite regular, except the head-case which is semidetached, broad and angular, with two sharp points in front (after Davidson & Aitken). 77. Lethe tamuna, de Nicéville, P. ZS. 1887, p. 449, pl. 39, fie. 6 Q; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 256, pl. 82, fig. 2 2. Q. * Upperside dull dark fulvous. ore winy with the apical half fuscous, bearing two pure white spots below the costa, placed midway between the apex and the median ochreous band, the upper of the two spots much the smaller, and divided into two portions by the fourth subcostal nervule ; below these spots in the upper discoidal interspace is an obscure oval black spot; near the margin are four bright ochreous lunules placed between the veins from the lower discoidal nervule to the inner angle, beyond these lunules in each interspace is a fine ochreous line across the disc of the wing; from the middle of the costa to near the inner angle is a broad bright ochreous band, its inner edge nearly straight and even, its outer edge produced into points between the veins, the lower portion of the band composed of two spots (the lower one very sinall) in the submedian interspace. Hind wing with the ocelli of the underside more or less showing through by transparency; a series of bright ochreous lunules with inner dark LETHE. 79 borders placed near the outer margin between the veins, with a darker ochreous line beyond. Underside dull brown. Fore winy with a whitish subbasal line crossing the middle of the discoidal cell from the subcostal to the submedian nervure; the broad discal band as above, but with its edges more even and wider at its lower end; beyond it are four ill-shaped ocelli with black pupils dotted with white, a pale violet ring, then a brown ring and an outer pale violet ring ; the margin marked much as above. Hind wing with a subbasal line in continuation of that on the fore wing not reaching the abdominal margin; a discal series of ocelli placed on a violet band which more or less follows their outline ; the upper ocellus very large, its centre deep black dotted with white, then a broad rich ochreous ring, outwardly defined with a fuscous ring; the next largest ocellus is in the first median inter- space, with two very small equal-sized ocelli in the interspaces above and below it, and two very small and indistinct ocelli divided by the discoidal nervule; the bright ochreous lunules on the margin of the upperside white, almost silvery on the underside.” (de Nicéville.) Eup. “9 2+ inches ” (72 mm.). Hab. Little Nicobar. 78. Lethe drypetis (Pl. LU, fig. 16), Hewitson (Debis), Er. Butt. ili, 1863, p. 76, Debis, pl. 2, figs. 11, 12, 2; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 17, pl. 8, figs. 1,1 a, 14,3 Q, pl. 210, figs. 5, 5a, larva & pupa; JL. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 150; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 257, pl. 83, figs. 1, 1 a-ld, 3 Q, larva & pupa. Lethe todara, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 305; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 151. 3. Upperside very dark vandyke-brown ; fore wing uniform; hind wing with a postdiscal series of three or four blind black ocellar spots. Underside brown; fore wing below vein 2 and terminal margin paler, a broad band across the cell, the wing medially and at apex suffused with lilac, bearing an incurved postdiscal series of five blind black ocelli. Hind wing: subbasal and discal narrow transverse lilac bands, the former sinuous, the latter angulated on vein 4, and an arched postdiscal series of black fulvous-ringed ocelli, some with disintegrate centres; the wing medially suffused with lilac, the ocelli with lilacine lunules on both sides. Fore and hind wings with slender lilacine subter- minal and broader ochraceous terminal lines.— 2 . Similar, ground- colour paler ; a broad oblique white discal bar and two white preapical spots on the upperside of the fore wing; a large, rectangular, black subterminal mark in interspaces and a white spot above and below it, on the upperside of the hind wing. Underside similar to the underside in the ¢, all the markings more prominent, the lilac, ochraceous and brown shades paler ; the broad discal bar on fore wing, as on the upperside, joined by a nearly vertical lilacme white band bearing the series of ocelli. 80 NYMPHALID &. On the hind wing the brown transverse discal band very broadly produced between veins 4 and 5. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; antennz ochraceous at apex. Exp. & 9 64-68 mm. (2°55-2°7"). Hab. Southern India ; Ceylon. Larva. ‘‘ Fusiform ; head conical, the vertex pointed and pro- jected forward, anal segment pointed and projected hindward. Colour pale green, with paler transverse lines on each segment; a lateral and a sublateral pale-bordered reddish stripe extending the whole length including the anal segment. Feeds on bamboo.” (Moore.) Pupa. ‘‘ Suspended by the tail, broad and truncated anteriorly, abdominal segments dorsally convex, head and vertex both pointed ; colour pale green.” (Moore.) 79. Lethe rohria, Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 45; Awrivil. (Papilio) Ent. Tidsk. 1897, p. 142. Lethe dyrta, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 497,29; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 152, pl. 10, fig. 22 ¢ 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 259, pl. 82, fies. 8, 3a-3.¢, GQ. Race nilgiriensis. Lethe neelgheriensis, Guérin (Satyrus), Delessert, Voy. dans Inde, pt. 2, 1843, p. 74, pl. 21, figs. 1, la, ¢; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 16, pl..7, figs. 1, la, g 2, pl. 210, fig. 4, larvas Wing dew. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 153; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 261, pl. 84, figs. 1, la-ld, 3 Q, larva. 3 9. Upperside vandyke-brown, slightly darker, especially in the 2, towards apex of fore wing. <¢. Fore wing: a costal and two preapical spots white. Hind wing: the ocelli of the under- side showing through, sometimes forming two or three obscure black spots ; two slender subterminal black lines. Underside paler, shaded with dark brown. Fore wing: narrow subbasal and outer cellular transverse sinuous white lines; an irregular broad discal and a narrower postdiscal band white, forming a Y, the latter bearing a series of four blind, dusky-black, fulvous-ringed ocelli ; the two preapical white spots as on the upperside, distinct slender subterminal whitish and broader terminal ochraceous lines. Hind wing : a subbasal transverse sinuous white line; a postdiscal arched series of six black ocelli, their centres disintegrated, their inner ring ochraceous, outer brown, and the whole series bordered inwardly and outwardly by lilacine white lines; finally a slender white subterminal and a broader ochraceous terminal line as on the fore wing.— 2. Upperside differs in having a broad, oblique, white, discal band on the fore wing and a spot below its posterior end in interspace 1, the mner border of the band bi-emarginate, the outer irregularly sinuous. Underside as in the 3, but the markings more pronounced, the white discal band on fore wing very prominent. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; antenne preapically black, at apex ochraceous. LETHE. 81 Exp. & 9 62-70 mm. (2°45-2°8"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim, and Bhutan ; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; extending to China. There is no doubt that this form, known better under Felder’s name, is the true Papilio rohria of Fabricius. Race nilgiriensis, Guérin.— ¢. Differs only from the ¢ of the typical form in having on the upperside of the fore wing an additional white spot placed terminally in interspace 2; the 9? differs from the 9 of the typical form in having on the upperside of the fore wing the discal white band divided into three distinct well-separated white spots, and on the underside in the same band being distinctly narrower. Exp. & 2 64-66 mm. (2°5-2°6”"). Hab. Central and Southern India; recorded on the western side as far north as Mount Abu in Gujerat ; Ceylon. Larva. “ Fusiform, elongated; head conical, the vertex being prolonged to an acute point projecting forward and anal segment also prolonged to a point projecting backwards. Colour green, with darker dorsal and lateral stripes and a slight ochreous sub- dorsal stripe.” (Moore.) ‘Feeds on grasses” (Green). 80. Lethe daretis, Hewitson (Debis), Exot. Butt. iii, 1863, p. 75, Debis, pl. ii, figs. 7 & 8,9; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 151; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 263, pl. 83, figs. 2, 2a-2.c, 5 Q. 3 2. Differs from L. rohria (L. dyrta, Felder) in the costa of the fore wing being less strongly arched, in the hind wing being narrower, with a more elongate and slender tail, and in the darker and more uniform colour of the upperside. In markings it differs slightly as follows:— ¢. Upperside: fore wing—costal and preapical white spots minute and tinged with ochraceous ; hind wing with a postdiscal series of five blind black ocelli and a dark subterminal sinuous line beyond. Underside differs in being darker and more suffused with purple, especially on the hind wing; also on the hind wing the series of postdiscal ocelli are more uniform in size, the apical not larger than the subtornal ocellus, and their centres are not disintegrated.— 9. Upperside : fore wing—the oblique white discal band narrower than in L. rohria: the series of black spots on hind wing very prominent, margined inwardly and outwardly with pale ochraceous white. Underside more or less resembling the underside in L. rohria, but richer in colouring, the ocelli on the hind wing sometimes bipupilled but never disintegrate. Exp. 3 Q 60-64 mmm. (2°35-2°5"’), Hab, Ceylon, 4000-6000 feet. 81. Lethe insana, Kollar (Satyrus), Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, pt. 2, p. 448, pl. 16, figs. 3, 4, 2. Lethe hyrania, Kollar (Satyrus), Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, pt. 2, p. 449, pl. 17, figs. 1,2,¢; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 154 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 266, pl. 85, figs. 1, la-le, g Q. VOL. 1. G 82 NYMPHALID&. Debis dinarbas, Hewitson, Ev. Butt. iii, 1863, p. 77, Debis, pl. 3, fig. 15; M. & de N. (Lethe) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 155; Moore (Lethe), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 267, pl. 85, figs. 2, 2a, 20, 3 Q. Lethe brisanda, de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 249, pl. 11, fig. 13 9. 3. Upperside rich vandyke-brown to dark brown. Fore wing with the discal oblique pale band on the underside showing through and two minute ochraceous preapical spots. Hind wing uniform, a postdiscal curved series of four round black spots, the apical spot sometimes elongate, subterminal and terminal slender black lines. Underside paler. Fore wing with the basal half darkest ; a broad oblique pale discal bar followed by a preapical short narrow band bearing three white-centred obscure small ocelli; apex of wing very pale; two short transverse cellular and a subterminal, inwardly diffuse, narrow band dark brown. Hind wing with subbasal, median, and subterminal slender transverse brown lines, and a curved postdiscal series of black ocelli, each with a minute white centre, inner ochraceous, intermediate brown and outer pale rings.— 9. Differs from the ¢ in having on the upperside of the fore wing a broad oblique white band (narrower and sometimes broken in the varieties Z. dinarbas and L. brisanda) nearly reaching the tornus, and the preapical spots white, not ochraceous. Underside: oblique white band on fore wing as on upperside, margined inwardly by an irregular shading and out- wardly by a triangle of dark brown, beyond the latter the terminal margin broadly pale yellowish brown, with three small ocelli in vertical order and subterminal and terminal brown lines as in the g. Hind wing as in the g. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; antennez annulated with white. Exp. & 2 55-62 mm. (2°15-2:42"). Hab. N.W. and EH. Himalayas; Bhutan; the hill-ranges of Assam. The richer-coloured eastern varieties, LZ. dinarbas and L. brisanda, differ only in being darker and in the underside being suffused with lilac. 82. Lethe confusa, Awrivillus, Ent. Tids. 1897, p. 142. Debis rohria, Westwood (nec Fabr.) in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 360. Lethe rohria, auct. (nec Fabr.). ¢ Q. Hind wing dentate at apex of vein 4. Upperside vandyke- brown; fore wing crossed by an oblique, slightly curved, discal white band, the margins of the band more even and regular than in the 2 of ZL. rohria; beyond this are two obliquely placed preapical white spots. Hind wing uniform, ocelli of the underside showing through. Underside uniform brown ; fore and hind wings with subbasal, subterminal and terminal sinuous lilacine-white lines ; fore wing with the oblique discal white bar as on the upperside, followed by a subapical lilacine patch bearing three LETHE. 83 small ocelli in vertical order, and with a very short, oblique, white bar joining it to the costa. Hind wing with a sinuous, irregular, angulated discal lilacine-white line and a strongly arched series of black ocelli speckled with white in the centre, with an inner ochraceous, intermediate brown, and outer lilacine ring. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull brown; antennz ochraceous at apex. ep. 3 2 54-64 mm. (2°1-2°5"), Hab. The Himalayas, Simla to Sikhim; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim ; extending to Java. 83. Lethe margarite, Elwes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 405, pl. 25, fig. 1 3; M. & de N. (Neorina) Butt. Ind. 1883, i, p. 136, ¢ ; Moore (Dionana), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 271, pl. 86, figs. 1, la, 16, $6 Q. 3 ¢. Hind wing broadly caudate. ¢. Upperside very dark brown, the wings with slender subterminal and terminal sinuous lines and the cilia ochraceous white. Fore wing: a narrow, oblique, ochraceous-white discal band, followed by a postdiscal series of four dark brown, broadly white-ringed spots. Hind wing uniform ; a postdiscal series of ochraceous-ringed black spots, the lower one or two pupilled with white. Underside slightly paler, fore and hind wings with prominent ochraceous-white discal bands and subterminal and terminal lines; fore wing in addition with a postdiscal transverse series of five black ocelli placed on a white fascia, the ocelli with inner and outer rings of ochraceous and brown; costa suffused with ochraceous white. Hind wing— terminal third ochraceous white suffused with brown, bearing a curved series of black, white-pupilled ocelli, of which the apical ocellus is very large.— 2. Differs from the ¢ in the apex of the fore wing on the upperside being much darker, in the purer white of the discal bands which are also broader, and in having a white, transverse, cellular band on the underside of the fore wing. Exp. 3 Q 34-96 mm. (3°35-3°8"). Hab. Recorded hitherto only from Bhutan. 84. Lethe naga, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1889, p. 123, pl. 10, fig. 4 9; Moore (ionana), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 272, pl. 86, fig. 2°. g. Unknown. @. Somewhat resembles L. margarite. Hind wing more rounded, not caudate. Upperside: ground-colour much paler, more of an ashy-brown ; discal band on fore wing narrower, pure white; the series of ocelli on both fore and hind wing and the subterminal line on the hind wing less distinct. Underside paler. Fore wing with the oblique white discal band and trans- verse postdiscal series of ocelli more or less as in L. margarite, the former narrower, the latter not superposed on a white fascia ; each ocellus pupilled with white, with inner and outer rings of white, and an intermediate ring of brown. Hind wing with a @2 84 NYMPHALID®. pale, anteriorly lilacine, irregularly curved discal fascia bordered on both sides by brown lines, followed by a strongly curved postdiscal series of black ocelli, each ocellus white-centred, with an inner ochraceous, intermediate brown and outer lilacine ring. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen greyish brown; thorax and abdomen beneath paler. Exp. 2 80 mm. (8:2), Hab. Recorded only as yet from Margherita in Assam. 85. Lethe verma, Kollar (Satyrus), Htigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, p. 447, pl. 16, figs. 1,2; WM. de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 158, pl. 10, fig. 23 g: Moore (Tansima), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 273, pl. 86, figs. 83, 3a, 36, dQ. 3 9. Upperside brown. Fore wing witha broad, even, oblique, white discal band, terminating above apex of vein 2 near termen ; in the @ continued below vein 2. Hind wing with two or three postdiscal small, obscure, white- centred black ocelli; both fore and hind wing with faintly marked, pale subterminal and terminal lines. Under- side: ground-colour similar. Fore wing with the white, oblique band as on the upperside, followed by two white-centred, ochraceous-ringed, black ocelli. Hind wing with two very irregular, lilacine, simious, transverse lines and a strongly arched postdiscal series of white- centred black ocelli, each encircled with an ochraceous, a brown, and a silvery indeed: ring. Fore and hind wings with sub- terminal and terminal pale ochraceous lines. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antennze ochraceous at apex. Exp. & 2 56-64 mm. (2°3-2°5"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim; Assam; Burma ; Tenasserim. 86. Lethe masoni, Elwes (Debis (Tansima)), P. Z. S. 1882, p. 405, pl. 25, fig.2; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 159; Moore (Chonala), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 15, pl. 97, figs. 2, 20,23, d2. 3 @. Closely resembles LZ. verma, but on the upperside the ground-colour is generally darker, the discal oblique white band on fore wing slightly curved not straight ; there is a prominent preapical white spot with a black ocellus below and a white speck above it; the cilia are brown. Hind wing: apex narrowly and the cilia down to vein 2 white, remainder of the cilia brown. Underside similar to upperside, fore wing with pale slender sub- terminal and terminal lines. Hind wing: basal area irrorated with greyish-white scales and crossed by two slender, broken, dark brown lines : a postdiscal curved series of rather large, more or LETHE. 8h less subequal, white-centred black ocelli, and subterminal and terminal greyish-white lines. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. Exp. 3 9 66-72 mm. (2°63-2°85"). Hab. Recorded only from Sikhim at present. 87. Lethe sidonis (PI. II, fig. 17), Hewitson (Debis), Ev. Butt. iii, 1863, p. 77, Debis, pl. 3, fig. 16 ¢; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 159; Moore (Sinchula), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 276, pl. 87, figs. l-le, d @. 3 9. Upperside umber-brown with a rich silky gloss. Tore wing: the discal fascia on the underside showing through obscurely, and a pale preapical spot, both more distinct in the 9°. Hind wing with a postdiscal series of more or less obscure black spots, dorsal margin pale. Both fore and hind wing with an indistinct subterminal lunular border. Ocelli and border more distinct in the 9. Underside paler, the wings with a subterminal pale lilacine line. Fore wing: an obscure brown band across the cell, a pale, broad, oblique discal, and a similar subapical transverse fascia not reaching the dorsum, the latter two margined anteriorly with white. The fascia better defined in the 2. The outer fascia in the § with three, in the 2 with four superposed ocelli. Hind wing: four irregular, sinuous, transverse lilacine lines, the outermost bordered by a zigzag band of dark brown ; a postdiscal curved series of white-centred black ocelli, of which the second from the tornus and the apical ocellus are the largest. Hach ocellus with an inner ochraceous, intermediate brown, and outer lilacine ring. Dry-season specimens have the underside darker, the markings broader, the ocelli with larger blurred centres. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antennz ochraceous at apex. Kap. & Q@ 54-60 mm. (2°13-2°38"), Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Sylhet; Assam, the Néga and Khisi Hills. The form next described is very close to, if not a mere race of L. sidonis, but as, according to Mr. Doherty, the genitalia of the two forms differ, I have kept them separate. 88. Lethe vaivarta, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 115, ¢ 2; Moore (Sinchula), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 278, pl. 87, figs. 2, 2a-2¢,5 9. 3 2. This form differs from ZL. stdonis as follows:—Termen of hind wing nearly entire, not much scalloped. Upperside uniform silky umber-brown. Hind wing without trace of postdiscal black spots. Underside comparatively darker, more uniform, the markings very obscure. Genitalia of d: ‘‘ Prehensores close to those of sidonis. The uncus is more bent down, appearing truncate from above and flattened laterally, while in szdonis it appears acute from above and is cylindrical” (Doherty). Exp. 3 2 55-58 mm. (2:17-2°3"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas, Kulu to Mussoorie. 86 NYMPHALIDZ. 89. Lethe nicetella, de Nicéville, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 448, pl. 39, fig. 5d; Moore (Sinchula), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 279, pl. 88, fig. 2 ¢. 3 Q. Very close to L. sidonis, but constantly smaller. Upper- side uniform silky umber-brown. Fore wing: ¢ no ochraceous preapical spot; 9 a medial and a preapical large white spot on costa. Hind wing: the postdiscal series of black spots more distinct and complete. Underside: fore wing—the terminal half distinctly paler, contrasting with the dark basal portion ; the latter outwardly margined near the costa with ochraceous white ; a preapical costal spot as on upperside and the apex broadly ochraceous or fer- ruginous. Hind wing as in ZL. sidonis, but the ocelli subequal. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in Z. sidonis. Exp. 3 9 50-53 mm. (2-2°1"). Hab. Recorded only from Native Sikhim at 7000 feet. 90. Lethe siderea, Marshall, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 246; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 159; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 315, pl. ix, fig. 3; Moore (Sinchula), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 280, pl. 88, fies. 3,5 a, 3. 3S. Upperside: uniform dark greenish bronze, slightly paler and browner along the dorsal fold of the hind wing. Underside vandyke-brown ; fore wing uniform; both fore and hind wing with a lilacine-white, slender, subterminal line; cilia alternately lilacine and brown. Hind wing: basal two-thirds with transverse, somewhat broken, sinuous, lilacine lines, followed on the outer third by a strongly curved series of black, white-centred, fulvous- ringed ocelli, of which the tornal ocellus is bipupilled, the next to it the largest, the 3rd and the apical subequal, the intervening two smaller. Antennze brown annulated with white, ochraceous at apex, with a preapical spot jet-black; head, thorax and abdomen brown. Exp. 3 54 mm. (2°15"). Hab. Native Sikhim at 7000 feet. The 2 is unknown. 91. Lethe nicetas, Hewitson (Debis), Evot. Butt. iii, 1863, p. 78, Debis, pl. 3, figs. 17, 18,9; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 161 ; Moore (Sinchula), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 282, pl. 88, figs. 4a-4c, § QD. 3. Upperside rich golden brown ; cilia brown alternated with white. Fore wing uniform. Hind wing with an arched post- discal series of five blind black ocelli. Underside: fore wing— basal portion to beyond apex of cell brown, margined by a pale, slightly arched, oblique discontinuous discal band, not extending to the tornus; apical portion of wing paler brown, a postdiscal transverse, slightly oblique white band, succeeded by three white- centred, brown, obscure ocelli and a pale subterminal broad line. Hind wing—basal two-thirds dark brown with an irregular outer margin ; apical third paler, in strong contrast. Basal area crossed by silvery, plumbeous, irregularly sinuous, transverse lines; the LETHE. 87 pale outer area by an arched postdiscal series of six white- centred black ocelli; each ocellus with inner, intermediate and outer rings of ochraceous, brown and silvery respectively. The row of ocelli irregularly bordered with ochraceous inwardly, a subterminal series of indistinct white markings and a terminal brown line. ©. Very similar, but the fore wing has on the upperside a postdiscal series of yeliowish-white spots, single to interspace 3, then forking, the inner branch curving into an oblique streak beyond apex of cell, the outer branch continued as a series of spots to costa. Hind wing with a broad subterminal ochraceous line. Underside similar to the underside in the 6, but all the markings broader. Antenne brown annulated with white; head, thorax and abdomen brown. Exp. $ 2 56-68 mm. (2°2-2°7"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikhim above 3000 feet. 92. Lethe maitrya, de Nicéville, J. A. 8. B. 1880, p. 245, 6; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 160, pl. 10, fig. 20 § ; Moore (Sin- chula), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 281, pl. 88, figs. 1, la, ¢ Q. é 2. Like ZL. nicetas, but on the upperside the ground-colour is darker ; the ¢ has on the fore wing the transverse fascia from the underside showing through, and a pale preapical costal spot. On the hind wing the series of ocellar markings is very obscure. The 2 resembles more closely the @ of ZL. nicetas on the upperside. Hind wing less dentate at apex of vein 4. Underside, both sexes: eround-colour more uniform over the wings than in L. nicetas. Fore wing: a short, broad, oblique fascia across the cell. Hind wing: the transverse silvery lines crossing basal area more regular and more whitish than silvery; ocelli brown not LOL Ee black, not bordered inwardly with ochra- Underside. ceous. Exp. 3 Q@ 56-66 mm. (2°2-2°6"). Hab. Himalayas from Simla to Sikhim. 93. Lethe visrava, Moore (Debis), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 768, pl. 41, fig. 4; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind.i, 1885, p. 161; Moore (Sinchula), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 284, pl. 89, figs. 1, la-le, dQ. Debis deliades, Hewittson, Ent. Month. Mag. ix, 1872, p. 84, 29; M. & de N. (Lethe) Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 162. 3. Upperside blackish brown; cilia white. Fore wing with the ocelli on the underside showing through and a prominent subterminal white line. Hind wing with a postdiscal series of black blind ocelli, bordered paler inwardly, and broadly with white on the outer side, followed by a row of brown lunular markings, 88 NYMPHALID &. subterminal white and terminal slender dark lines. Underside brown, paler outwardly. Fore wing with a subapical series of three or four white-centred and white-ringed dark ocelli and a subterminal white line. Hind wing: basal two-thirds crossed by interrupted, transverse, sinuous white lines, followed by a post- discal curved series of six white-centred, ochraceous-ringed, black ocelli, each with an outer ring of white, the tornal ocellus bipupilled ; the proportions among the ocelli very much as in L. siderea. Lastly, a conspicuous subterminal white line.— 2. Upperside white. Fore wing: the cell, a spot below its apex, another more obscure spot below that, a spot near the tornus, the apex broadly and the termen, narrowing somewhat posteriorly, brown. Hind wing: the basal area slightly, six postdiscal round ocellar spots placed in a curve, subterminal and terminal slender lines brown. Underside white: fore wing uniform, with ochraceous subterminal and terminal slender lines; hind wing with some marks in the cell and on the disc ochraceous, the ocelli black with white centres and broad ochraceous rings, the termen pale ochraceous, bearing an incomplete subterminal row of ochraceous lunules, followed by a slender white line. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; whitish beneath. Exp. 3 2 56-62 mm. (2'2-2°44"), Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan. 94. Lethe scanda, Moore (Debis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p- 218; MW. § de N. Buti, Ind. i, 1888, p. 189; Moore (Rangbia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 232, pl. 75, figs. 4, 4a, 46, dQ. 3. Upperside deep indigo-blue ; fore and hind wing towards termen broadly silvery blue; hind wing with three somewhat obscure dusky black ocelli. Underside dark ferruginous ; fore and hind wings with subterminal and terminal olivascent brown or yellowish lines ; cilia white. Fore wing: basal area, dorsal margin, an oblique transverse band across the cell, and another across the disc olivascent brown; a transverse straight row of four minutely white-pupilled obscure ocelli. Hind wing: basal area to line of ocelli more or less olivascent brown, crossed by two transverse dark lines; beyond these a postdiscal row of black white-pupilled ocelli, each with an inner fulvous and outer silvery purple ring.— @. Upperside vandyke-brown ; fore wing with a yellow, oblique, somewhat obscure discal bar, and three obscure ocelli with a yellow anterior spot beyond. Hind wing with four similar ocelli. Underside similar to underside in ¢ ; fore wing: bands crossing the cell and the disc yellowish white ; hind wing: outer of the two basal dark transverse lines bordered with dull yellow.— ¢ 2. Hind wing: termen broadly but shortly caudate at vein 4. Antenne brown, ferruginous beneath, with a subapical black spot ; head, thorax, and abdomen purplish brown. Male sex- mark: a long narrow patch of opaque scales along vein 1 of fore LETHE. 89 wing, and a similar patch of scales overlapped by a tuft of long hairs at base of vein 3 on the hind wing. Exp. & Q 64-68 mm. (2°5-2°78"). Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan; the Naga Hills. 95. Lethe bhairava, Moore (Debis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 217; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 189; Moore (Rang- bia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 233, pl. 76, figs. 1,1a,1b, 3 9. 3 2. Upperside deep rich umber-brown, cilia brownish white ; fore wing: basal half slightly darker, margin of darker area well- defined, oblique, immediately followed in the 2 by one or two white spots, and beyond these, in both sexes, by a transverse series of three yellow spots. Hind wing more elongate in the 9 than in the 3; in both sexes bearing a postdiscal series of four blind -ocelli, each ocellus pale-ringed in g,in 2 encircled by a broad ochraceous ring. Underside similar to the underside in L. scanda, but ground-colour a lighter, brighter ferruginous; bands across cell and disc of fore wing dark ferruginous, the latter band in the 2 bordered by a few white spots; postdiscal series of ocelli on hind wing with outer ferruginous, not silvery purple, rings. Antenne as in ZL. scanda; head, thorax and abdomen brown, thorax with bluish-green pubescence above. Male secondary sex- marks as in L. scanda. Exp. 3 2 72-78 mm. (2°84-3:08"). Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; the Naga Hills. 96. Lethe gulnihal, de Nicéville, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 450, pl. 39, fig. 7 3; Moore (Rangbia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 234, pl. 76, fig. 2 ¢. Lethe gulnihal, var., Elwes, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 268. Rangbia peguana, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1892, p. 235. 3d. Resembles LZ. bhairava, but is considerably smaller, with the dorsal margin of fore wing very convex, and on the upperside the ground-colour richer and darker, without spot of any kind. Underside golden brown; the basal half of the wings in some specimens darker than the apical half; the lines or bands crossing the wings and the ocelli as in L. bhairava, but the former more irregularly sinuous, the latter much smaller.— 2. Only differs on the upperside from the 9 of ZL. bhairava in being smaller, and in the ocelli on the hind wing being without any distinct iris. Underside bright ochraceous, the basal half slightly darker and more or less sharply demarcated from the brighter apical half of the wings by a transverse discal dark line, which is outwardly oblique on the fore wing and margined by three or four white spots, and inwardly oblique on the hind wing; the transverse basal and median lines as in the ¢ ; the ocelli ill-defined, smaller, almost obsolete. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; the antenne annulated with white. 90 NYMPHALID#, Exp. $ 2 62-71 mm. (2°43-2°83"), Hab. Bhutan. Var. peguana, Moore, differs in the ¢ being a rich claret- brown above, the @ a somewhat paler brown; the transverse lines crossing the wings on the underside are still more sinuous than in gulnihal, the two crossing the cell being parallel and not inclined towards each other posteriorly. The white discal spots en fore wing in @ absent or only indicated. 97. Lethe latiaris, Hewitson (Debis), Exot. Butt. iii, 1863, p. 74, Debis, pl. 1, fig. 4 9; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 140; Moore (Rangbia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 236, pl. 76, figs. 3,3.a,3b, 62. 3. Hind wing only dentate, not caudate at apex of vein 4. Upperside dark vandyke-brown ; cilia ochraceous white ; in some specimens the subterminal ocelli on the underside of the hind wing showing through on the upperside. Underside paler; fore wing with the following markings—two transverse dark lines across the cell, the inner continued to vein 1, an oblique discal line bordered outwardly by faint lilacine, followed by a postdiscal series of four, partially obsclescent, brown-centred and brown- ringed small pale ocelli, the series bordered inwardly and out- wardly by faint dark transverse bands. Hind wing: a subbasal straight and a discal sinuous umber-brown narrow band, a curved series of six ocelli, similar to the ccelli on fore wing but pupilled with white; both fore and hind wing with subterminal and terminal slender umber-brown lines, the discocellulars defined with brown.— 9 similar, but on the upperside of fore wing with an ochraceous preapical spot, and on the underside a broad lilacine border to the oblique discal band, this showing through on the upperside as a more or less distinct ochraceous line. Antenne ochraceous annulated with white; head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath; the thorax with dark bluish-green pubes- cence above. Male sex-marks as in L. scanda. Exp. & 2 66-70 mm. (2°65-2°8"), Hab. Sikhim; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim. 98. Lethe minerva (PI. I, fig. 14), Fabr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775 p- 498, 2 ; M.S de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 140; Moore (Nemetis) Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 287, pl. 77, figs. 1, la, 16, dQ. g. Costa of fore wing strongly curved towards apex ; 3 @, termen of hind wing angulate at apex of vein4d. ¢. Upper- side brown ; fore wing anteriorly with an ochraceous tint darkening towards the tornus. Hind wing posteriorly, from apex of cell to termen and up to vein 1, ochraceous red; abdominal fold brown ; a curved series of five dark brown spots, the apical two large and diffuse, and a subterminal dark line. Underside pale ochraceous brown ; fore and hind wings crossed by highly irregular and more or less broken basal and discal lines of ochraceous red, the latter obsolescent on the fore wing; terminal margins of wings LETHE. 91 ochraceous red, outlined inwardly by a slender black line; fore wing with a pale, postdiscal, broad band, widening anteriorly and carrying a series of four obscure black ocelli. Hind wing with a curved postdiscal series of six large ochraceous ocelli with disintegrated ochraceous and black centres.— 9. Upperside ochra- ceous red ; apical half of fore wing dark brown, bearing a preapical spot and a broad oblique band of white, the latter posteriorly divided into three conical spots. Hind wing with a curved postdiscal series of dark brown spots, apical two the largest, and a slender subterminal black line. Underside similar to the underside in the S, but paler, and with the white band as on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull ochraceous brown. Male sex-marks, a patch of specialized dark brown scales below vein ] on fore wing and in interspace 2 on hind wing, the latter covered with a tuft of long brown hairs. Exp. 3 2 66-70 mm. (2°6-2°8"). Hab. Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan Subregion. 99. Lethe dynsate, Hewitson (Debis), Exot. Butt. iii, 1868, p. 76, Debis, pl. 2, figs. 9,10, 9 ; Moore (Hanipha), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, pe 20) pl 9, ngs. lla, 2; M. & de NN. Butt. Inds 1, 1883, p- 142, 2; Moore (Hanipha), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 239, pl. 77, fies. 2,2 4,26; 3 2. Lethe sihala, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p.555; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 141; Moore (Hanipha), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 19, pl. 8, figs. 2,2a,26, 3. S 2. Hind wing shortly and broadly caudate at apex of vein 4. 3. Upperside rich umber-brown, uniform: fore wing with one or two pale preapical, and some faint black subterminal spots. Hind wing with four or five subterminal round, black, blind ocelli or spots. Underside: basal half of wings very dark umber-brown ; apical half and dorsal margin, broadly, of fore wing pale brown, both fore and hind wing with subterminal and terminal dark brown lines; fore wing: cell and disc crossed by pale fascie, followed by an obscure postdiscal series of five ocelli; hind wing with subbasal and discal dark brown lines, the latter angulated on vein 4, succeeded by a more clearly defined curved series of seven white-centred and fulvous-ringed black ocellimQ. Upperside: fore wing with a broad white oblique band from middle of costa to vein 1; a partially obsolescent broad ochraceous streak and a quadrate white spot beyond it in interspace 1, a preapical series of black spots with white spots beyond the anterior two. Hind wing lighter brown, terminal half blotched with ochraceous white, bearing a series of five black ocelli, upper two diffuse, merging into one; a subterminal and terminal dark brown line. Underside similar to the underside in the ¢, shaded with lilacine white, the spots or ocelli on the fore wing on a pale transverse band, each with a brown outer ring; hind wing with six black, white-centred, fulvous-ringed complete ocelli; both fore and hind wing with a subbasal dark brown line. In both 92 NYMPHALIDA. sexes the antennz, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antenneze ochraceous at apex. Male sex-marks, a specialized patch of scales covered by a tuft of long hairs in interspace 1 on the fore wing. Kxp. 3 2 60-70 mm. (2°35-2°75"). Hab. Ceylon. 100. Lethe kansa, Moore (Debis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 220; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 145; Moore (Debis), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 241, pl. 78, figs. 1, 1 a, 16, 3d @. 3 2. Conspicuously candate at apex of vein 4 of hind wing. 3. Upperside brown, with an olivascent-green, sometimes ochra- ceous-red, tint in certain lights. Fore wing uniform, with three somewhat obscure subapical spots in vertical order. Hind wing with a curved series of five black partially fulvous-ringed ocelli, the second and fourth the largest, the third minute; subter- minal and terminal dark lines, with an intermediate ochraceous line. Underside pale vinaceous brown; fore and hind wings crossed by subbasal and discal maroon-brown narrow bands, followed by a row of ocelli, five on the fore, six on the hind wing, and subterminal and terminal dark lines, margined inwardly with lilacine; apex of fore wing lilacine white, the ocelli pale and obscure ; on the hind wing the ocelli black with white centres, and rings of ochraceous yellow, brown, and lilacine white ; finaliy, a conspicuous small white triangular spot near the tornus.— @. Ditfers only from the ¢ in having, on the upper and under sides of the fore wing, a distinct, transverse, discal, irregularly sinuous dark line, outwardly bordered by white spots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, beneath somewhat ochraceous. Male sex-marks as noted in the key to the forms. Exp. 6 2 72 mm. (2:85").. Hab. Sikhim; Manipur; Assam ; Burma; ‘Tenasserim. 101. Lethe vindhya (Pl. II, fig. 15), Felder (Debis), Wien. ent. Monats. iii, 1859, p. 402, 9; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p- 146; Moore (Debis), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 250, pl. 81, figs. 1, la-le go Q. Lethe alberta, Butler, A. M. N. H. (4) viii, 1871, p. 288, 3. Debis dolopes, Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. ix, 1872, p. 85. 3 @. Resembles L. kansa, but the wings are comparatively broader in proportion to length ; termen of hind wing less broad, but more produced at apex of vein 4. Upperside dark umber-brown, sometimes suffused with ochraceous, but never olivascent; fore and hind wings with their basal halves distinctly and abruptly darker than their apical halves; in ¢ no indication of the three subapical pale spots always present on the fore wing in L. kansa ; in @ these spots sometimes indicated ; hind wing: the postdiscal series of fulvous-encircled black spots larger. Undersede much darker than in Z. kansa, the basal two-thirds in striking contrast to the paler purple-tinted terminal third; the subbasal and discal lines and the ocelli as in LZ. kansa, but the former two broadly LETHE. 93 bordered outwardly with purple, the apex of the fore wing purplish. Antenne ochraceous brown annulated with white; head, thorax and abdomen umber-brown; the abdomen whitish beneath. In the dry-season specimens the ground-colour is paler, the ocelli less distinct. Exp. 3 2 72-86 mm. (2°9-3:45"). Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan; Assam; Arrakan; Burma and Tenas- serim. Confined apparently to the hill-ranges. 102. Lethe satyavati, de Micéville, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 246, 9; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 154, 9 ; Moore (Debis), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 246, pl. 80, figs. 2, 2a, 9. Q. “ Upperside dull brown, paler towards the margins. ore wing with an indistinct submarginal darker line. Hind wing with a submarginal series of four rounded spots darker than the ground- _ colour, placed one in each interspace above the first median nervule ; two marginal darker lines defined inwardly by paler lines than the ground-colour. Underside pale brown with no ochreous tint, and washed with lilac especially on the outer half. Both wings crossed by a prominent brown, nearly straight, subbasal line outwardly margined with lilac. ore wing with an irregular discal transverse brown line; a bar in the cell within the subbasal line ; five indis- tinct submarginal ocelli encircled with lilac and brown on a lilac ground; anda yellowish marginal line edged on both sides with dusky, within which is a brown waved band on the lilac ground between the ocelli and the margin. Hind wing with a discal, very much angled, dark brown iine, within which is a very distinct lilac litura above the third median nervule and just beyond the apex of the cell; the submarginal ocelli large, the upper one distinctly pupuled with white, and all of them profusely speckled with white ; the usual marginal markings.” (de Nicéville.) “Hap. 2 2-7 inches” (69 mm.). Hab. Two specimens taken by the late Professor J. Wood- Mason at Sibsagar in Assam, and now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, are, I believe, unique. 103. Lethe serbonis, Hewitson (Debis), Ent. Month. Mag. xiii, 1876, p-151; WM. &§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 155; Moore (Debis), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 252, pl. 80, figs. 3,3a,36, SQ. 3 2. Shortly and broadly caudate at apex of vein 4 in hind wing. Upperside rich umber-brown; fore and hind wings with slender subterminal and terminal dark lines. Fore wing ¢ uni- form; 2 with a transverse pale postdiscal fascia and a pale preapical spot. Hind wing with a slightly curved line of five black ocelli, the subtornal white-pupilled, the rest blind. Under- side similar but paler; both fore and hind wings crossed by darker sinuous lines as follows—two medially and one preapically across cell of fore wing, a pale conspicuous band between the median and preapical lines in the cell; the intermediate line prolonged across the hind wing and dividing into two below the subcostal vein; a 94 NYMPHAULID A. much broader discal band, in the @ bordered outwardly by pale yellow on the anterior portion of the fore wing, followed by a broad, somewhat diffuse dark band, and subterminal and terminal slender lmes. Finally,a postdiscal row of somewhat obscure black ocelli, two or three on the fore, six on the hind wing; the ocelli white-pupilled, with an inner and an outer ring of pale brown and an intermediate darker ring. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Male sex-marks as in L. kansa. Exp. 3 9 62-68 mm. (2°5-2°75"). Hab. Sikhim. 104. Lethe sinorix, Hewits. (Debis), Exot. Butt. iii, 1863, p. 78, Debis, pl. 8, figs. 19,20, ¢; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 144; Moore (Debis), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 243, pl. 78, figs. 3,5.a,3b, 6 Q. 36 2. Resembles LZ. kansa, from which it differs as follows :— Upperside. 3. Fore wing: a very distinct transverse discal dark line, the three preapical white spots larger and more conspicuous. Hind wing: the postmedian black spots placed on a broad band of rich ochraceous red. ©. Ground-colour on both wings ochraceous red, rarely olivascent brown. Fore wing: the preapical white spots and transverse discal white band more distinctly marked, very often the whole basal half of the wing ochraceous red. Hind wing: the curved series of postdiscal black spots as in the g, placed on an ochraceous-red ground, which colour spreads inwards almost to the base of the wing. Underside, ¢ 2: similar to the underside of the ¢ 2 of L. kansa, but of a lighter vinaceous tint. Male sex-marks as in L. kansa. Exp. 6 2 78 mm. (3'1"). Hab. Sikhim (rare); Bhutan; Assam, Khasi Hills; Burma. 105. Lethe chandica, Moore (Debis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p- 219; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 149; Moore (Debis), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 247, pl. 79, figs. 2,2 a,26, 5 Q. 3 2. Termen of hind wing scalloped, broadly dentate at apex of vein 4. ¢. Upperside: fore and hind wings velvety brownish black, darkest on the basal half; cilia conspicuously white alter- nated with brown; hind wing shaded with ochraceous red posteriorly, sometimes entirely dark brown, the ocelli of the underside often showing through. Underside pale greyish ochra- ceous brown, base and disc of wings shaded with pale purple and crossed by irregularly sinuous subbasal and discal maroon-brown fascie, the latter angulate at vein 4 on the hind wing, the space enclosed in the angle dark brown; fore wing with an almost straight series of four to six pale ocelli; hind wing with a curved series of six better-defined but somewhat irregularly-shaped ocelli, their centres disintegrated; both wings with slender subterminal and terminal dark lines. Q. Upperside dull ochraceous red; apical half of fore wing brown, broadly paler towards termen, and crossed obliquely by a LETHE. 95 broad angulated white bar ending posteriorly in a detached white spot; a small preapical white spot and a row of more or less obscure brown ocelli on a pale or whitish ground. Hind wing with a curved series of black spots, of which the subapical spot is the largest ; subterminal and terminal lines and anal fold brown. Underside similar to the underside in the ¢, but the transverse fasciz broader, the discal fascia broadly margined on the inner side with dark brown; the oblique white bar as on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, in the 9 shaded with ochraceous red. Exp. 3 2 70-74 mm. (2°75-2°9"). Hab. Sikhim and eastwards in the hill-ranges of Assam, Burma, and Tenasserim. 106. Lethe distans, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 488; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 148; Moore (Debis), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p- 248, pl. 80, figs. 1, la, 16, 6 Q. 3. Upperside bright or ochraceous brown, the apical half of the hind wing orange-red ; fore wing with one or two pale preapical spots ; hind wing with a postdiscal curved row of five black spots, of which the upper two are much the larger. Underside very similar to the underside in L. chandica, with a similar series of ocelli having disintegrated centres on the hind wing; but the ground-colour of both wings is more of an ochraceous yellow, and the basal and discal shadings of purple more brownish. @. Very similar to the 9 of L. chandica, but the ground-colour on the upperside deeper, more of an orange-red, the apical half of the fore wing a darker brown, and the white discal bar formed of an oblique, short, broad fascia and two detached white spots bent inwards at an angle to it. On the underside the colouring is similar to that in L. chandica, but clearer and more striking. Exp. 3 2 72-80 mm. (2°85-3°2"). Hab. Recorded from Sikhim, Bhutan, and Burma. 107. Lethe mekara, Moore (Debis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p- 219; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 148, pl. 11, fig. 24, g 9; Moore (Debis), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 244, pl. 79, figs. 1, la-le, g Q. 3 2. Differs from ZL. chandica as follows :—. Upperside umber-brown with a silky gloss, never so dark as in ZL. chandica ; hind wing with a posterior subterminal ochraceous-red patch bearing a series of four black blind ocelli and a subterminal rather obscure dark brown sinuous line. 9. Differs from 9 of L. chandica in the absence of the ocelli on the upperside of the fore wing and in the oblique discal white band being narrower, shorter, with two triangular white spots at an angle below its lower end. Underside, 6 2: the subbasal and discal dark transverse lines less sinuous than in L. chandica ; the discal line on the hind wing only very slightly angulated, never produced towards the line of 96 NYMPHALIDA. ocelli, as it is in LZ. chandica. Head, thorax and abdomen brown. Antenne light brown, ochraceous at apex. Kup. 3 2 62-74 mm, (2:4-2:9"). Hab. Sikhim; Assam; Burma and Tenasserim ; extending to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. 108. Lethe tristigmata, Elwes, P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 444; td. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 318, pl. viii, fig. Ls Moore (Kerrata), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 286, pl. 89, figs. 2, 2 “a-2 ¢, SQ. $ 9. Hind wing shortly caudate at apex of vein 4. Opperside umber-brown with a rich satiny gloss. Fore wing: cell crossed by two dusky brown bars, an oblique dark brown sinuous discal band, a row of (in g four, in @ five) small pale postdiscal spots, a subterminal transverse brown shading followed by a comparatively broad pale margin. Hind wing: a transverse, discal, sinuous dark line, a curved postdiscal series of (in ¢ five, im @ six) blind, dark brown ocelli, a transverse subterminal dark brown shading followed by slender inner and outer terminal dark lines. Underside: ¢ much paler, somewhat of an ochraceous brown: Q very bright ochraceous brown, almost yellow; basal half of both fore and hind wings darker, bounded by a prominent, sinuous, transverse dark brown band ; two short dark brown bars across cell in fore wine, enclosed space whitish, postdiscal pale spots as on the upperside, and a subterminal ochraceous band margined inwardly and out- wardly by slender dark brown lines. Hind wing: a subbasal transverse curved, narrow, dark brown band; an arched post- discal series of six black, white- centred, fulvous- ringed ocelli, the upper four with outer silvery white rings ; a subterminal lilacine- white line, followed by an ochraceous narrow terminal band, margined on both sides by slender dark brown lines as on fore ‘wing. In the 2 the markings are the same but much brighter in colour. Antenne, head, “ones and abdomen ochraceous brown ; antenne bright ochraceous at apex. Male sex-marks, a series of four outwardly angular spots clothed with black scales, from vein 1 to base of vein 4 on the upperside of the fore wing. Exp. 3 2 58-64 mm. (2°3-2°7"). Hab. Recorded only from Sikhim above 8000 feet. 109. Lethe lyncus, de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. 1897, p. 544, 3, pl. 1 OCU ? 3. ‘“Upperside: both wings hair-brown with a strong silky ochraceous bronzy gloss, a submarginal deep brown fascia. Fore wing crossed by two dark brown bars, . . . . a discal irregular dark brown band from the costa to the submedian nervure (vein 1),.... a short subapical pale ochreous bar within the submarginal fascia. Hind wing with an indistinct irregular discal dark brown fascia, beyond which are five round dark brown spots decreasing in size from anteriorly backwards. Underside: both wings shining pale ochreous, with the markings darker ochreous. Fore wing has LETHE. 97 the two discoidal bars as on the upperside, . . . . the space between them yellow, the discal fascia is broader and more prominent than above, its outer edge sharply defined, the discal area beyond is yellow, becoming darker till it is almost lost in the submarginal fascia ; the subapical spots as on the upperside, three in number, and white, the margin is somewhat broadly pale bisected by a narrow straight brown line. Hind wing: ....a basal irregular dark fascia outwardly defined by a narrow yellow line, beyond which is a dark line from the costa to the submedian nervure (vein1l)....; a dark fusiform bar defines the discocellular nervules; a broad, highly irregular discal fascia from the costa to the abdominal margin ; a submarginal series of six black ocelli with white pupils, yellow iris, outer dark ring, with an outermost pale violet ring, the anal ocellus twinned, all the ocelli of nearly equal size,..... the margin bears a somewhat broad ochreous line defined on both sides by a dark brown thread, inwardly again with a pale violet line, somewhat dilated at the anal angle. Cilia cinereous throughout.” BED. “Sao 2: : Hab. “ Sikhim ” (de Nicéville). This form, unknown to me, seems very like a pale variety of L. tristigmata, Elwes. Only two specimens, both males, seem to have been procured in Native Sikhim, at 10,000 feet elevation. 110. Lethe atkinsonia (Pl. II, fig. 19), Hewitson (Zophoessa), Ent. Month. Mag. xiii, 1876, p. 151 ¢; M. & de N. (Zophoessa) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 166; Moore (Zophoessa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p- 295, pl. 92, figs. 1, la, g. gd. Wings shaped as in L. baladeva. Upperside ochraceous brown; cilia ochraceous. ore wing: basal area of interspaces 1 and 2 diffusely ochraceous ; cell crossed by an ochraceous, short, broad band bordered on both sides with dark brown; beyond apex of cell irregular zigzag macular, discal and postdiscal bands, the former slightly oblique, reaching from costa to dorsum, the latter shorter, transverse. Hind wing: a postdiscal curved series of black spots superposed on a bright ochraceous band with sinuous margins bordered with dark brown on both sides and an obscure ochraceous subterminal sinuous line. Underside paler, the markings on fore wing similar but bright yellow, the discal band broad and continuous, posteriorly diffuse along its outer margin; the post- discal band obscure, with two or three irregular white spots; an outer somewhat diffuse brown band from tornus not reaching apex and a subterminal dark line. Hind wing posteriorly broadly irrorated with brown scales, basal and subbasal dark ochraceous- brown bands followed by a short, broad, oblique discal band yellow, a postdiscal sinuous dark brown band, a curved series of subequal ocelli superposed on a pale band darkening towards the tornus, and finally a subterminal silvery and terminal ochraceous line. An- tenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; pale ochraceous beneath. Exp. 5 58-61 mm. (2°28-2°4"), Hab. Sikhim above 7000 feet; Bhutan. VOL. I. H 938 NYMPHALIDZ. 111. Lethe jalaurida, de Nicéville (Zophoessa), J..A. S. B. 1880, p. 245; M. &§ de N. (Zophoessa) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 166, pl. 10, fig. 19 ¢ ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 320, pl. 8, fig. 4; Moore (Zophoessa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 296, pl. 92, figs. 2, 2a,3. Zophoessa elwesi, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p.298, pl. 92, fig.3¢. 3 Q. Shape of wings asin L. baladeva. Upperside rich vandyke- brown with a silky gloss and in certain lights a reddish-coppery sheen; cilia brown alternated with white. Fore wing with a transverse broad bar in cell, and a discal zigzag macular band ochraceous white, the cellular bar lmed inwardly and outwardly, and the discal band inwardly with diffuse dark brownish black ; a short preapical bar or spot, ending below in three small spots, ochraceous white; a broad, inwardly diffuse, brownish-black sub- terminal band. Hind wing: a postdiscal sinuous dusky-black band, followed by a curved row of five round black spots superposed on a broad pale band ; finally, a subterminal dark sublunular band. Underside paler and more ochraceous, marked with dark brown. Fore wing: the ceilular discal and preapical ochraceous-white bands as on the upperside, but clearer and more prominent; the preapical band with three or four superposed half obsolescent small ocelli; apex and termen of wing bright ochraceous. Hind wing with a basal, a subbasal, a short median, and a discal trans- verse zigzag white line, the last broadening above vein 3 into an oblique broad band; a postdiscal curved row of black ocelli, each ocellus with a blue centre, an inner ochraceous and an outer brown ring, followed by a subterminal irregular sinuous white and a broader terminal ochraceous line. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; pale ochraceous beneath. Hep. & 2 54-58 mm. (2°1-2°3"). ' Hab. The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikhim; Western China. Moore has separated the Eastern form as Z. elwesi, but a series of specimens in the British Museum Collection from the N.W. Himalayas and from Sikhim show little or no variation. 112. Lethe meelleri, Hiwes (Zophoessa), P. Z. S. 1887, p. 445; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 321, pl. 8, fig. 3; Moore (Zophoessa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 298, pl. 92, figs. 4, 4a, g. g. Closely resembles ZL. jalaurida, but is a sufficiently distinct and constant form. On the upperside, the fore wing lacks the transverse, cellular, ochraceous-white band, while the dusky black lining to the discal band is more angularly sinuous. On the underside, the ocelli on the fore wing are entirely obsolescent, the upper half of the basal portion of the hind wing is crossed by two oblique broad bands of white bordered inwardly (the outer band outwardly also) with dark brown, and the apical four ocelli outwardly with white. Exp. 3 52-56 mm. (2°15-2°25"). Hab. Sikhim at 10,000 feet. I have not seen a 9 of this form. LETHE, 99 113. Lethe baladeva, Moore (Zophoessa), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 769, pl. 41, fic. 55; M. & de N. (Zophoessa) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 167 ; Moore (Putlia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 288, pl. 90, fizs.1, la, go 2. 3 2. Costa of fore wing very slightly arched, hind wing caudate at apex of veins 2 and 4. ¢. Upperside brown, the markings on the underside showing through by transparency, clearly, how- ever, only on the hind wing, where the postdiscal row of ocelli appear as non-pupilled round black spots, and the subterminal pale line is fairly well defined. Underside ochraceous brown ; dorsal margin of fore wing broadly pale brown. Fore wing with the following markings :—base and apex of cell and a broad trans- verse band across it, an oblique broad discal and a subterminal band, ochraceous white; a transverse silvery white postdiscal band followed by a series of five minute, white-pupilled, broadly ochra- _ eeous-ringed, black ocelli, outwardly margined by an ochraceous transverse line; finally, beyond the subterminal band a bright - ochraceous terminal line. Hind wing: a prominent silvery-white band from costa to median vein across apex of cell, another postdiscal similar band with its outer margin sinuous between veins 2 and 6, some oblique streaks and marks, subterminal and slender terminal lines ochraceous white; a postdiscal strongly arched series of silvery-centred, ochraceous-ringed, black ocelli and two prominent reddish ochraceous marks at tornus, Q. Very similar: all the markings similar; those of the underside of the fore wing seen by transparency on the upper- side well defined and prominent. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; the antenne ochraceous at apex. Exp. 3 2 62-65 mm. (2°49-2°6"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kumaun to Sikhim above 7000 feet, extending to Tibet. This is an aberrant form, differing from the very closely allied L. ramadeva and L. anderson in the ¢ being furnished with a secondary sex-mark of a patch of dark specialized scales at base of subcostal vein of the hind wing. 114. Lethe ramadeva, de Micéville (Zophoessa), Proc. A. S. B. 1887, p. 147; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 320, pl. 9, fig.2; Moore (Putlia), Zep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 289, pl. 90, figs. 3,3a, 3 Q. $ 2. The form of the wings identical with that of LZ. baladeva. The ¢ can be recognized by the entire absence of the sexual patch of specialized scales on the upperside of the hind wing. In colour and disposition of markings the two forms are closely alike. The chief differences lie on the underside. Cell in fore wing in L. ramadeva with the white markings at base and apex, the bands on the hind wing much broader, whiter, not at all or only slightly tinged with ochraceous ; the ochraceous subbasal and other streaks, present in L, baladeva, entirely wanting. Exp. 3 2 60-62 mm. (2°35-2°41"). Hab. Sikhim at high elevations. H 2 100 NYMPHALID A. 115. Lethe andersoni, Atkinson (Zophoessa), P. Z. S. 1871, p.- 215, pl. 12, fig. 3; WM. § de N. (Zophoessa) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 168; Moore (Putlia), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 290, pl. 90, figs. 2,2 a, 3d. 3 2. The form of the wings identical with that of LZ. baladeva, from which the males, like the males of ZL. ramadeva, can be recognized by the absence of the sexual patch on the upperside of the hind wing. Underside: ground-colour much brighter ochraceous than in L. baladeva, all the markings pure white, not tinged with ochraceous. Fore wing: the cellular, discal, and postdiscal transverse bands much as in L. ramadeva, followed by a series of obscure pale ocelli and a very slender lunular white line, the subterminal band reduced to a mere slender streak close to the terminal line. Hind wing as in ZL. ramadeva, without the ochraceous subbasal streak ; the other markings as in L. baladeva, only broader and more clearly defined. Exp. 3 2 60-68 mm. (2°35-2°7"). Hab. Recorded from Bhamo in Upper Burma, extending into Yunnan. 116. Lethe goalpara (Pl. II, fig. 18), Moore (Zophoessa), P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 768; M. & de N. (Zophoessa) Batt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 165; Moore (Zophoessa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 294, pl. 91, figs. 4, 4a,d. 3. Upperside: closely resembles L. sura, but of a much lighter brown, showing the dark discal and subterminal bands on the fore wing, and postdiscal and subterminal bands on the hind wing far more plainly, the postdiscal series of spots on the hind wing similar but the spots smaller. Underside pale ochraceous, the dark, transverse, cellular, discal and subterminal bands on fore wing much narrower than in Z. sura, the ocelli entirely wanting or reduced to a single obscure pale ocellus in interspace 5. Hind wing: the basal area not crossed as in L. sura by zigzag purplish lines, but by a subbasal, irregular, obscure dark band and a single sinuous line dividing into two at upper apex of cell, only a little darker than the ground-colour. The row of ocelli and the markings bordering it on both sides similar to but paler than in L. sura. Eap. & 80 mm, (3°15"). Hab, The Himalayas from Simla to Sikhim; Assam. 117. Lethe sura, Doubleday (Zophoessa), in Dbiday., Westw. § Hewits. Gen. Di. Lep. 11, 1851, p. 362, pl. 61, fig) 1 2; Micg dew. (Zophoessa) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 164; Moore (Zophoessa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 291, pl. 91, figs. 1, la, dQ. 3. Upperside dark vandyke-brown ; cilia brown alternated with white. Fore wing: a faint preapical costal ochraceous spot, an obscure broad irregular discal fascia and subterminal sub- macular band darker brown. Hind wing with a postdiscal irre- gularly sinuous band, and a subterminal band of the same shade, the intervening area paler, with a curved series of five round black spots. Underside glossy brown. Fore wing with the fol- lowing markings :—two narrow bands across the cell, a sharply LETHE. 101 defined discal and an inwardly diffuse subterminal band dark brown ; a silvery streak between the two dark bands across the cell, a trifid preapical white sput, traces of three obscure ocelli in vertical order below it, and an obscure terminal brown line. Hind wing: basal portion to apex of cell crossed by broken and irregular silvery-white lines and bands, followed by a broad angulated discal band, a postdiscal curved series of round black ocelli, a subterminal silvery and a terminal ochraceous line. The ocelli white-centred, with an inner ochraceous, an intermediate brown, and an outer silvery ring.— 9. Upperside: differs from the upperside in the ¢ in the outer third of the fore wing and the pale postdiscal band on the hind wing being lighter in colour. The underside also differs by the whole ground-colour being paler. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, paler beneath; antenne an- nulated with white. Exp. 3 2 80-96 mm. (3°15-3°8"). Hab. Sikhim; Assam; Upper Burma. 118. Lethe dura, Marshall (Zophoessa), J. A. S. B. 1882, p. 38, pl. 4, fig. 2 3; M. & de N. (Zophoessa) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 165; Moore (Zophoessa), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 293, pl. 91, fig. 2 3. Zophoessa gammiei, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 294, pl. 91, fig. 3 g. 3 2. This form ought probably to be placed as a mere race of L. sura. It differs on the upperside in the broad terminal margin of the fore wing, and still broader margin of the hind wing, being much paler. In Bhutan specimens in my collection this latter area is a sort of brownish white, with the series of black spots and sub- terminal and terminal dark bands conspicuous. Underside differs in being much paler; the postdiscal series of ocelli outwardly broadly bordered with silvery white. Exp. 3 2 75-80 mm. (3°3"). Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Burma, the Karen Hills; Tenasserim. 119. Lethe bhadra, Moore (Lasiommata), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 227; M. § de N. (Neope) Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 171; Moore (Blanaida), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 300, pl. 93, figs. 1 Wa Tb 2. Neope khasiana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 306; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 172; Moore (Blanaida), Lep. Ind. i, 1890- 92, p. 302, pl. 93, fig. 2 ¢. 3 2. Hind wing broadly caudate at apex of vein 4. Upperside blackish brown; base of fore and anterior half of hind wing clothed with long soft ochraceous hairs. Fore wing: a streak with a spot beyond it in interspace 1, two oblique streaks in cell and three oblique lines of spots beyond decreasing in number to apex, white. Hind wing: posterior half strongly suffused with ochra- ceous, a small patch on the discocellulars and some spots beyond in the interspaces brighter ochraceous, those in interspaces 2, 3 and 4 interrupted by obscure round black ocellar marks. Cilia of 102 NYMPHALIDA. both wings white alternated with brown. Underside similar, the spots and markings somewhat blurred; both fore and hind wing shaded with purple and ochraceous ; the hind wing with a strongly- curved postdiscal series of nine ocelli, the tornal ocellus geminate. Antenne ochraceous ; head, thorax and abdomen brown. The Seasonal form khasiana, Moore, differs in having on the upperside the ground-colour of the hind wing bright ochraceous, the apex of the cell, the costal and the anterior half of the terminal margin broadly, and a curved postdiscal series of six ocellar marks blackish brown. Exp. 5 Q 86-100 mm. (8:4-4"). Hab. Sikhim; Assam, the Naga and Khasi Hills; Upper Burma, Ruby Mines and East Pegu Hills. 120. Lethe pulaha, Moore (Lasiommata), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 227; M. & de N. (Neope) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 170, pl. 11, fig. 25; Moore (Blanaida), Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 303, pl. 94, fig. 1 ¢. Race pulahoides. Blanaida pulahoides, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 304, pl. 94, hee. o @. Hind wing more shortly caudate than in ZL. bhadra. Upperside dark brown ; base of fore and posterior half of hind wing clothed with long, soft, paler brown hairs. Fore wing: basal halves of veins 1 and 2, median vein and discocellulars entirely ochraceous white; irregular discal and subterminal curved transverse rows of ochraceous-white spots from costa to inter- space 2, between the rows a similar spot in interspace 4 and two very short streaks in interspace 1. Hind wing: basal half uniform, outer half with two transverse rows anteriorly of spots similar to those on the fore wing. Cilia brown alternated with white. Underside somewhat similar. Fore wing: basal half of interspaces 1 and 2, some spots and streaks in cell, and the posterior spots of the discal and subterminal series bright ochra- ceous ; apex mottled with purple, white, and dark brown. Hind wing richly blotched and mottled with purple irrorated with brown scales, and dark umber-brown sinuous bands and lines; one or two black, white-centred, ochraceous-ringed ocelli on fore wing, and a strongly curved postdiscal series of similar ocelli on the hind wing. Antenne brown, annulated with white, club ferruginous; head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath. The male differs only in being somewhat paler in colour and larger. Exp. 3 2 70-88 mm. (2°8-3:15"). Hab. The Himalayas from Chamba to Sikhim; Assam, the Naga and Khasi Hills; Burma, East Pegu. Race pulahoides, Moore.—The Eastern forms can only rank as a distinct race. They have been separated by Moore as pula- hoides. Typically they differ in the spots being larger and more prominent, and in the lining to basal portions of veins 1, 2 and median vein of the fore wing being broader. LETHE, 103 121. Lethe muirheadi, Felder (Lasiommata), Wien. ent. Monatsch. 1862, p. 28. Debis segonax, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. 111, 1862, p. 74, Debis, pl. i, fig. 5. Neope bhima, Marshall, J. A, S.B. 1880, p. 246; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 172, pl. ll, fig. 26 9; Moore (Patala), Lep. Ind. 5 1890-92, p- 308, pl. 94, fies, 5, 5a, 3 Q. 3 2. Very like the pale North-west Himalayan form of L. yama. Upperside differs as follows: fore wing with one or two of the ocelli always present, and beyond them ochraceous-white shading; in 2 the ocelli four or five, very distinct and large, bordered outwardly as in the ¢ with ochraceous. Hind wing: the ocelli more distinct. Underside rauch paler ochraceous grey speckled with brown scales ; cell of fore wing crossed by three zigzag bands, the intermediate the broadest, bearing four spots of ochraceous grey; discal, transverse, sinuous, brown band outwardly margined with ochra- ceous grey; ocelli distinct, with irides of ochraceous grey on a brown ground; subterminal and terminal sinuous lines brown, distinct. Hind wing: three brown spots near base, followed by three very irregular, sinuous, transverse brown lines, the inter- mediate line broad and not extending below vein 6; ocelli oval, larger, the series more sinuous than in L. yama, placed on a brown ground, bordered on both sides by ochraceous grey, followed by subterminal and terminal lunular brown lines. Lup. 3 9 74-92 mm. (2°9-3:°65"). Hab. Burma, extending to China. 122. Lethe yama, Moore (Zophoessa), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 221, d 2; M. & de N. (Zophoessa) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 169, pl. 10, fig. 21 ¢; Moore (Patala), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 306, pl. 94, fic. 3d. Patala la yamoides, Moore, Lep. Ind. 1, 1890-92, p. 307, pl. 94, fig. 43. 3 2. Hind wing: termen scal- loped ; angles at apices of veins 2 and 4 more produced than the others. Upperside pale to dark vandyke-brown ;_ cilia conspicu- ously white, the apices of the veins brown. Fore wing with discal and subterminal bands faintly darker; an obscure postdiscal row of two or three dark ocelli, more numerous and better defined in the 2; costa marked narrowly with two white median and two preapical short streaks. Hind wing: a postdiscal series of dark ocelli with their irides obscure brown, and a subterminal faint dark brown band. Underside paler ; fore wing: the cell with four narrow greyish-white transverse bars, a discal and a postdiscal Fig. 23, iaiie yama, 3. Underside. 104 NYMPHALIDA. dark brown band, the former typically slightly oblique, submacular, the latter parallel with termen, obscure, posteriorly bearing a row of broadly pale-ringed ocelli, margined on both sides with greyish-white irrorated with brown scales ; costa as on upperside, posterior area of wing pale brown; subterminal and terminal lines dark brown. Hind wing: basal half variegated by transverse medially pale brown bands, bordered on both sides by slender ochraceous lines; the whole area irrorated with brown scales ; a discal transverse sinuous fascia followed by a curved row of black ocelli, and dark brown subterminal and terminal lines. Antenne ochraceous brown; head, thorax and abdomen pale brown. SATYRUS. 111 the fore wing inwardly bordered by a broad, pale, short line; the raised band of specialized scales absent. Exp. 3 2 56-58 mm, (2°25-2°3"). Hab. The Himalayas eastwards to Sikhim. 130. Satyrus merula, Felder (Lasiommata), Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 496 d; M. & de N. (Amecera) Butt. Ind. 1, 1888, p. 180; Moore (Lasiommata), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 8, pl. 96, fis: 2, 2d, 20,04 2. Lasiommata laurion, de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x (1895), p. 15, pl. R, figs. 5, 6, dQ. $ @. Almost identical in ground-colour and markings with S. schakra, but the ¢ entirely lacks the secondary sex-mark, while the yellow on the disc of the fore wing on the underside is slightly more extended, in both sexes encroaching on the dull pale brown of the cell. Exp. 3 2 56-58 mm. (2°25-2°3"). Hab. Kashmir; Dalhousie; Pangi; Gonas Pass, N.W. Himalayas. — | 131. Satyrus menava, Moore (Lasiommata), P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 499, pl. 80, fig. 3 g¢; Butler (Amecera), A. M. N. H. (8) xix, 1867, p- 163; M. & de N. (Amecera) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 180; Moore (Lasiommata), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 9, pl. 96, figs. 4,4a,5 9. Lasiommata meeroides, Felder, Nov. Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 496, pleco; tis. OF 3. Upperside very dark ochraceous brown, the dark bands or lines on the underside showing through by transparency; cilia white, black at the apices of the veins. ore wing with a sub- apical black, white-centred, yellow-ringed ocellus, and a much smaller but similar ocellus nearer the apex. Hind wing uniform, the lower outer area near the tornus with two, sometimes three, ocelli similar to those on the fore wing, the subtornal one the largest, the next to it above, when present, minute. Q. Upperside similar to the upperside in S. schakra, but the transverse yellow postdiscal band on the fore wing much broader above, more continuous, generally diminishing to a point to- wards the dorsum, not broken into quadrate spots. Hind wing with only two or three ocelli, similar to the ocelli on the hind wing of the d. Underside of both sexes very similar to the underside in the sexes of S. schakra, but the orange-yellow on the disc of the fore wing spreads into the cell, the inner dark brown line crossing the cell is bordered on both sides with white, and the whole of the apex of the cell is white. Hind wing: ground- colour more uniform all over, irrorated with greyish scales. An- tenn, head, thorax and abdomen pale brown ; the antennz ringed with white, the abdomen whitish below. Male sex-mark present. Hep. 3 2 54-56 mm. (2°15-2°25"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Kashmir; Chitral. A. meroides, Felder, seems to me to be only a casual variety of A. menava. 1a NYMPHALID &. Genus PARARGE. Pararge, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 59. Type, P. egerva, Cramer, from Europe. Range. Palearctic Region. In India, the Himalayas. 3 @. Fore wing triangular, the apex subtruncate, rounded ; termen below apex slightly concave ; costa slightly arched ; dorsum nearly straight; cell Jonger than half length of wing; upper discocellular inclined obliquely outwards, middle twice as long as upper, inclined obliquely inwards, lower very long, inclined obliquely outwards; veins 1 to 5 nearly parallel. Hind wing oval, termen scalloped; cell nearly half length of wing ; discocellulars subequal, very oblique ; veins 3 and 4 from apex of cell, latter arched upwards. Antenne not quite half length of fore wing, club gradual, broadly grooved on underside ; palpi porrect, compressed, third joint long, fringed with long hair anteriorly ; eyes hairy ; intermediate femora with long hair beneath. 132. Pararge cashmirensis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 265, pl. 48, fig. 39; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 177; Moore (Amecera), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 12, pl. 97, figs. 1, la, dQ. 3. Upperside ochraceous yellow. Fore wing: a band along the discocellulars, the apical third of the costa, and the termen broadly dusky black ; a black spot towards apex of interspace 3, and one, sometimes two, preapical spots or ill-formed ocelli joining the black terminal border. Hind wing ochraceous brown, with the apex and termen broadly dusky black; a postdiscal series of three or four black spots or ccelli surrounded by rich ochraceous yellow. Underside: fore wing pale yellow; cell crossed by three sinuous lines, a band along the discocellulars, and a curved, sinuous, short, discal transverse line dusky black; termen and ocelli as on the upperside, but much paler; tornal area darker. Hind wing: basal half thickly suffused with dark brown scales ; a subbasal, sinuous, transverse, slender line; termen broadly pale brown with a dark marginal line; area between dark base and pale terminal border distinctly whitish, irrorated with greyish scales and defined on both sides by dark sinuous lines ; a post- discal curved series of six or seven black, white-centred, yellow- ringed ecelli, the apical ocellus bordered inwardly with white, the third shifted out of lme inwards. Cilia white alternated with brown. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous brown, paler beneath; the antenne annulated with white towards the base. ®. Similar, the band along the discocellulars broader, and beyond it the costa white for a short distance on both upper and under sides. Exp. 3 2 64-68 mm. (2°55-2-7"), Hab. Kashmir. A local race of P. eversmanni, Eversmann, from Central Asia. NYTHA. 113 Genus NYTHA. Nytha, Billberg, Enum. Ins. 1820, p. 77 (teste Scudder). Hipparchia, pt., JZ. § de N. (nec Fabr.) Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 182. Type, WV. hermione, Linn., from Central and Southern Europe. Range. Palearctic Region. In India, the Himalayas, Kashmir, Baluchistan. $6 @. Fore wing broadly triangular, costa slightly arched, termen and dorsum straight or very slightly convex, apex some- what produced, tornus rounded; discoidal cell long, well over half length of wing; upper discocellular minute, middle com- paratively long, arched inwards, lower longest, outwardly convex ; veins 10 and il from before apex of cell; vein 12 and median vein greatly inflated at base. Hind wing broadly oval, termen slightly scalloped; cell well over half length of wing; middle _discocellular longest, curved inwards; vein 3 from well before apex of cell, 4 from apex, 6 closer to 7 than to 5. Antenne comparatively short, not half length of fore wing; club abrupt, broadly spatulate (except in the aberrant form parysatis, Kollar); palpi with long porrect hairs anteriorly to apex; third joint short; eyes naked ; intermediate femora with long hair beneath.— ¢. Secondary sex- marks present or absent; when present variable as to size and position, but always of specialized, somewhat densely-packed scales on the fore wing. Nytha is very close to Satyrus, but can be distinguished from that genus by the difference in neuration of the hind wing, by the very broadly spatulate form of the club of the antennex, and by the non-hairy eyes. The forms here enumerated under Wytha cannot be placed under Hipparchia, as that genus has the antenne pointed at apex according to Fabricius’ diagnosis. Key to the forms of Nytha. A. Club of antennz short, broad, spatulate, not pointed at apex. a. A broad, continuous, postdiscal ochraceous band on upperside of fore wing. a’. &. Secondary sex-mark of jet-black specialized scales in a broad short streak in middle of cell on upperside OLMORE” WAN oy keratin se etree, eee N. thelephassa, p. 114. b'. g. Secondary sex-marks of brown specialized scales placed on both sides of median vein on upperside of fore wing. a’. Ground-colour of wings dark brown ; a subtornal round black spot on Tan el swat Oe he es ee eb tensile A N. baldiva, p. 114. b?, Ground-colour of wings paler brown ; no subtornal black spot on hind VATE? oti cAn sae ties napeme MN tor Ah. ar Race lehana, p. 115. VOL. I. I 114 NYMPHALIDZ. 6, A more or less whitish or fulvous series of postdiscal streaks or rectangular spots on upperside of fore wing. a’. Cell of fore wing on upperside wholly brown. a. Ocelli on upperside of fore wing of CQIUAIYSIZE ens ke ci. ape at ee N. diffusa, p. 115. b°. Ocelli on upperside of fore wing unequal, lower ocellus much the largest: .2228 2. at's Rahat Mee ye. Saba . NN. persephone, p. 115. b'. Basal half of cell on upperside of fore AWAITS: Wy IDES 5 5, ) Fis lo ciated ee ore RENE N. shandura, p. 116. b. Club of antennz long, crescentic, some- a what concave beneath and pointed at 2) OS. agi AMR Ae Sm WALA Mi ai a allot eed N. parisatis, p. 117. 133. Nytha thelephassa, Hiibner (Eumenis), Sammi. Ex. Schmett. ii, 1820-26, pl. 85, figs. 1-4, § 9; M. & de N. (Hipparchia) Butt. ee 1883, p. 187; Moore (Eumenis), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 20. 3. Upperside pale brown ; cilia white alternated with brown ; wings crossed by a postdiscal broad ochraceous band, the outer margin of which is defined by a dark line, inner margin on fore wing indented at vein 4, on hind wing somewhat diffuse; within the band there are two white-centred black ocelli, with two inter- mediate white spots, on the fore wing, and a very small subtornal white-centred black ocellus, with one or two white specks above it, on the hind wing. Underside pale greyish white, irrorated with numerous black and dark grey strie; inferior apical half of cell, - the disc, and ocellar area on the fore wing ochraceous. Hind wing: a postdiscal irregular, curved, transverse band, paler than the rest of the wing, and more or less defined on both sides by broken zigzag black lines. Ocelli on both fore and hind wing as on the upperside. Sex-mark a conspicuous broad jet-black streak about middle, rather towards apex of cell, on upperside of the fore wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen greyish brown ; abdomen beneath white. @. Very similar, the ochraceous transverse band crossing the wings broader, the indentation of its inner margin at vein 4 on the fore wing deeper. Exp. & 2 62-68 mm. (2°45-2°7"). Hab. 8. Russia, through Persia to Afghanistan. Within our limits recorded from Quetta in Baluchistan. 134. Nytha baldiva, Moore (Lasiommata), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 499, pl. 30, fig. 4; WM. & de N. (Hipparchia) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 188 ; Moore (Kumenis), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 18, pl. 98, figs. l,la, dQ. face \ehana. Hipparchia lehana, Moore, A. M. N. H. (5) 1, 1878, p. 227; ad. Yarkand Miss., Lep. 1879, p.1, pl i, fig. 4 do; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 188, pl. 16, fig. 48 9; Moore (EKumenis), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 19, pl. 98, figs. 2, 2a, g 2 NYTHA. 115 3 9. This form so closely resembles 1. thelephassa that, but for the remarkable difference in the ¢ secondary sex-mark, it might be mistaken for a rather dark variety of that insect. The eround-colour on the upperside and on the basal half of the hind wing on the underside is much darker, and the two white dots lying between the ocelli on the upperside of the fore wing are rarely present. The secondary sex-mark in the g is a dark band of scales concolorous with the ground-colour and placed on either side of the median vein on the upperside of the fore wing. Kap. S 2 60-65 mm. (2°4—2°6"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas, Spiti, Kunawar. Race lehana, Moore.— Differs from typical WV. baldiva as follows :—Ground-colour paler, the ochraceous postdiscal band crossing the wings very much broader, and the black subtornal spot within the ochraceous band on the upperside of the hind _ wing absent. Male secondary sex-mark as in JW. baldiva. Exp. 3 Q 62-68 mm. (2°45-2°7"), Hab. Ladak, Hunza, Chitral. 185. Nytha diffusa, Butler (Hipparchia), P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 147 3; M.& de N. (Hipparchia) Butt. Ind. i, 1885, p. 186; Moore (EKumenis), Zep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 18. 3. Upperside dusky-brown, a subterminal, indistinct, darker line on both fore and hind wing; cilia white, brown at the apices of the veins. Fore wing broad, dusky-fulvous, short streaks in middle of interspaces 1 to 5, the streaks in second and fifth bearing each a white-centred black ocellus. Hind wing with postdiscal broad similar streaks not reaching termen in inter- spaces 2 to 6, these streaks palest inwardly, that in 2 bearing a small white-centred ocellus near its apex. Underside: fore wing— basal portion to apex of cell ochraceous yellow; remainder not reaching costa and termen paler ; costa, apex broadly and termen irrorated with brown and white scales which extend into the cell ; discocellulars defined by a short brown line; ocelli as on upper- side. Hind wing: basal half darkened by a dense powdering of ochraceous and black scales, the highly sinuous outer border of the dark portion abruptly defined by a broad irregular white band, beyond which the wing darkens to the termen. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Exp. 3 54-64 mm. (2°1-2°51"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas. Recorded from the basin of the Ravi by Mr. A. Graham-Young. It is simply a rather dark form of the European “ grayling ” (Nytha semele). 136. Nytha persephone, Hiibner (Papilio), Eur. Schmett. ii, 1805, pl. 115, figs. 589, 590, & pl. 140, figs. 710,711; Moore (Philareta) Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 23. Hipparchia anthe, MW. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 192. 3 2. Upperside greyish brown, paler towards the base of the 12 y) 116 NYMPHADLID A. wings. Fore wing: apex of cell and the area a little beyond it very dark brown; a discal series of broad streaks and spots white, those in interspaces 2 and 5 medially interrupted by round black spots, inner portion of upper streak prolonged to costa. Hind wing: a broad discal, outwardly diffuse, curved band, not extended to the dorsum, white, a black spot beyond it in inter- space 2. Underside: fore wing—the series of white streaks and the two round black spots as on the upperside, but the streaks broader, forming a continuous band, bordered on each side by a sinuous dark line; wing medially ochraceous, costa, apex and termen mottled black and greyish white, dorsum broadly dark brown except on the white band. Hind wing much mottled with grey and black striz, some transverse black marks near base, followed by two sinuous dark angulated lines. Both wings with terminal dark lines and the cilia dusky greyish white and dark brown alter- nately. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen greyish brown ; club of antenne black, abdomen beneath whitish. Male without any secondary sex-mark. Exp. 3 2 66-80 mm. (2°6-3:15"). Hab. Within our limits recorded from Chaman, in Baluchistan, extending through Persia to Southern Russia. 137. Nytha shandura, Marshall (Hipparchia), J. A. S. B. 1882, p. 38, pl. 4, fig. 39; M. § de N. (Hipparchia) Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p- 191; Moore (Chazara), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 21, pl. 98, figs. 8,5a, dQ. 3 2. Upperside dusky black; cilia white, dusky black at the apices of the veins. Fore wing: basal half of cell and an out- wardly curved discal series of broad streaks in the interspaces white, the streaks in interspaces 2 and 5 completely interrupted in the middle by black, white-centred ocelli. Hind wing: apex of cell and an outwardly curved, diffuse, broad, discal band white. Underside: fore wing—cell white, crossed subapically by a black bar ; discal series of streaks and the ocellias on the upperside, but the former broader and longer, confluent ; a subterminal, somewhat indistinct lunular, and a more distinct terminal black line; apex and costa irrorated with greyish and black scales. Hind wing dusky greyish brown, the apex of cell and discal band, as on upperside, white, the greyish area much irrorated with brownish scales and the white with dusky black scales, giving altogether a mottled appearance. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark greyish brown; legs and abdomen beneath whitish. Male sex-mark a broad band of specialized black scales from lower apex of cell to dorsum. Exp. 3 2 58-66 mm. (2°3-2°6"). Hab. Northern Kashmir. This is simply a race of NV. heidenreichi, Lederer, from the Altai Mountains in Central Asia. NYTHA. july 138. Nytha parisatis, Kollar (Satyrus), Denkschr. Akad. Wien, Math.- nat. Ch. i, 1849, p.52; M. §& de N. (Hipparchia) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 184, pl. 16, fic. 47 9; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 24, figs. 4, 4a, dQ. 3. Upperside dark vandyke-brown; costa preapically, lower half of termen on fore wing narrowly and termen of hind wing more broadly bluish grey, crossed by the dark veins and touched with brown at the apices of the latter; fore wing with a pre- apical black spot pupilled with white, another plain black spot in interspace 2, and two intermediate white dots; hind wing with a subanal white-centred black spot. Underside pale sepia- brown, irrorated with numerous white striz, the discal and tornal area only of the fore wing without striz; both wings crossed by a highly sinuous, broad, white discal band, inwardly defined Fig. 29.—Nytha parisatis, 3. by a dark brown line, subterminal and terminal narrow brown bands; the round black spots as on the upperside, but more distinct and ringed with yellow; hind wing with an additional ocellus in interspace 5. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen concolorous with the wings above, paler below. Sex-mark a large dark brown patch of specialized scales on basal half of fore wing. o Similar, the greyish-white marginal borders broader. Exp. 3 2 76-82 mm. (3°02-3°25"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas, Baluchistan, extending into Afghanistan and 8. Persia. This form is somewhat aberrant : the club of the antenne is not spatulate, but crescentic and concave beneath ; the colouring also is of a different character from the rest of the group. 118 NYMPHALID&. Genus MANIOLA. Maniola, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii, 1801 (1), pp. 152, 170. Epinephele, Hiibner (nec Bloch- Schneid.), Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, 59. Pp: Chortobius, een wn Dblday’s List of Brit. Butt. § Moths, ed. 2, 1859, p. 2 Type, WZ. jurtina, Linn., from Europe. Range. Palearctic Region. In India, N.W. Himalayas, Ladak, Kashmir, Baluchistan. 3 2. Fore wing triangular, costa arched, termen straight or slightly convex, dorsum straight, apex distinct, tornus rounded ; cell under half length of wing, broad; vein 1 thickened, median vein and 12 greatly inflated at base; upper discocellular minute, middle strongly curved inwards, lower outwardly oblique; veins 2-6 equidistant, subparaliel. Hind wing ovate, costa and termen in a regular arch; dorsum very long, straight, slightly emarginate towards apex; tornus well-marked ; cell elongate, well over half length of wing; vein 3 from before apex of cell, 6 equidistant from 5 and 7. Antenne about half length of fore wing, with a long gradual club; palpi normal, third joint comparatively long, hairy anteriorly to the apex ; eyes naked ; intermediate tarsi long, hairy beneath. Male secondary sex-mark a band of specialized dark scales placed obliquely below cell on upperside of fore wing, in one section ; entirely absent in the other section. Key to the forms of Maniola. A. Males with secondary sex-mark of special- ized scales on the fore wing. a, Fore wing: ground-colour of upperside ochraceous. a’, Hind wing: underside with white- ringed black spots or ocelli........ M. davendra, p. 119. 6’. Hind wing: underside without spots Grvocelli tc ute ke Maes hla glen a M., narica, p. 120. 6. Fore wing: upperside ground-colour ereyish brown. a’. $. Fore wing: black preapical ocellus on upperside with broad orange zone. 2. Basal area of fore wing and hind wing outwardly not sharply defined. M. cheena, p. 120. . g. Fore wing : black preapical ocellus on upperside with a narrow pale ring. ©. Basal area of fore and hind wing outwardly sharply defined ........ M, interposita, p. 121. B. Males without secondary sex-mark of pees ee scales on fore wing. a. Fore wing: ground-colour of upperside ochraceous. a'. Ochraceous yellow on upperside of fore wing not shaded or overlaid With FOWL -../0-4 5 aereeee oon eae M. putchella, p. 121. MANTOLA. 119 b'. Ochraceous yellow on upperside of fore wing shaded or overlaid with brown. a>. Fore wing with a diffused trans- verse discal brown band on upper- STAAL ha A ey ea ee aera Race pulchra, p. 122. 6°. Fore wing without such band Var. neoza, p. 122. b. Fore wing: ground-colour of upperside greyish brown. a’. Underside of fore wing without a prominent transverse discal dark [TT RENE ocien cht One ree oe em dee toro M. cenonympha, p. 122. 6’. Underside of fore wing with a more or less distinct transverse discal dark , +, : . Var. maiza, p. 123. INDOLE. Ak Me ae SURE am TOM Seta lt Lie . 6 Var. goolmurga, p. 123. 139. Maniola davendra, Moore (Epinephele), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 502, pl. 380, fig. 7, ¢ 2; M. & de N. (Hpinephele) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 201, pl. 15, fig. 39°9; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 45, pelOs ties ila go. Epinephele roxane, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 491, pl. 69, fies. 12, 13, 9; M. § de NW. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 202. Maniola latistigma, brevistigma, et tenuistigma, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, pp. 46, 47, & 48, pl. 103, figs. 2 & 24,3 & 8a, and 4 &4a,3 9. — 3. Upperside: fore wing orange-yellow, margins somewhat broadly greyish brown sharply defined ; the sex-mark brown, very prominent ; a round, black preapical spot; cilia greyish. Hind wing uniform greyish brown, with obscure subterminal dark line; cilia white ; termen strongly scalloped. Underside similar to the upperside, but on the fore wing the margins are paler brown and not so sharply defined, the orange-yellow on the basal half is bordered by a curved, transverse, somewhat obscure pale band, and on the terminal half by a dark zigzag line, beyond which the termen is narrowly pale; a preapical, white-centred, yellow-ringed, black ocellus with a slender brown outer ring; finally an anticiliary black line. Hind wing paler than on the upperside; a strongly curved, median, narrow white band margined inwardly with ferruginous; three black, white-ringed spots, first near apex of interspace 1, second more inwards in interspace 2, third smaller in interspace 5; beyond these an obscure subterminal, whitisn, narrow band and an anticiliary black line. Antenne brown ringed with white ; head, thorax and abdomen greyish brown. @. Upperside differs from the ¢ in having a curved dark sinuous discal band crossing both wings, sometimes obscure on the hind wing ; the basal area within this band is greyish brown on the fore wing, with a shading of yellow outwardly. Underside similar to that of the ¢, the transverse band more clearly defined. Exp. 3 & 56-60 mm. (2:2-2°38"’). Hab. N.W. Himalayas, Spiti, Kunawar, Ladak; Dras and Indus Valley; Baluchistan. Recorded also by Felder from Kumaun. 120 NYMPHALIDA., Var. latistigma, Moore, has the secondary sex-mark in the ¢ very broad, and in typical specimens of the variety the underside altogether paler; var. brevistigma, Moore, has the sex-mark very short; and var. tenuistigma, Moore, the same very narrow. The size of the insect, the shades of the ground-colour of the wings, the distinctness of the transverse discal band, the presence or absence of ocelli are all variable characters, as variable as the size of the secondary sex-marks on the wings of the males. 140. Maniola narica, Hiibner (Papilio), Eur. Schmett. ii, 1805, pl. 139, figs. 704-707; DM. & de N. (Epinephele), Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p- 204; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 48. 3 2. Very closely resembles on the upperside small specimens of M. davendra, Moore; but on the underside there is no transverse band on the fore wing ; the preapical ocellus is broadly bordered with very pale yellow on the inner side, the colour being continued to the costa in a short oblique streak; the costal and terminal margins and apex of wing white, thickly irrorated with minute brown scales. Hind wing pale greyish white, thickly irrorated with reddish-brown scales that form irregular discal and sub- terminal obscure bands, with the outer margins defined by curved, highly sinuous dark lines ; ocelli entirely absent. Kap. 3 Q 47-52 mm. (1°88-2:03"). Hab. Within our limits, taken at Chaman on the Afghan frontier. Found in 8. Russia; W. Asia; Afghanistan. 141. Maniola cheena, Moore (Epinephele), P. Z. S. 1865, p. 501, pl. 30, fig. 6, 62 ; M. & de N. (Epinephele) Butt. Ind. i, 18883, p- 205; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 50, pl. 104, figs. 1, la : Manjoln ene Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 51, pl. 104, fies. 2,2a, ¢Q. 3. Upperside umber-brown; cilia brown, tipped with grey. Fore wing with a preapical black ocellus having a minute fulvous centre and broad orange zone; in some specimens a similar but much smaller ocellus in interspace 2. Hind wing uniform. Underside: fore wing dull orange, the costa, the apex broadly, the terminal and dorsal margins greyish brown, a discal sinuous and a subterminal straighter transverse dark line ; the preapical ocellus as on the upperside, but ringed with yellow. Hind wing greyish brown with delicate transverse brown striz, crossed by a zigzag curved discal and an obscure subterminal sinuous dark line, the tornal area with one or two minute black yellow-ringed ocelli. 2. Upperside similar, but fore wing with a large postdiscal area orange, bearing a round black spot in interspace 2, a smaller black spot in interspace 3, and a preapical ocellus as in the g. Underside also similar to that in the 3, but on the fore wing with the round black spot in interspace 2 as on the upper- side, only with a zone of yellow. Exp. 3 2 56-62 mm. (2°25-2°5"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Kashmir. MANIOLA. ae Var. kashmirica, Moore, differs only in both sexes being smaller (cap. ¢ 2 44-54 mm.) and the zone round the preapica locellus on the upperside of the fore wing in the ¢ being much narrower, often ill-defined. 142. Maniola interposita, Eyschoff (Epinephele), Fedtschenko, Reise Turkest., Lep. 1874, p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 16 9; M. & de N. (Hpine- phele), Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 206; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 49. 3. Upperside greyish brown, with a powdering of glittering, somewhat copper-coloured scales, visible only in certain lights ; cilia silvery grey. Fore wing with a small round black preapical spot surrounded by a pale ring. Hind wing uniform ; termen somewhat prominently scalloped. Underside much as in MV. cheena, _ but the ground-colour paler and the transverse sinuous lines crossing the hind wing obscure. Q. Upperside brown; basal half, or more, of both fore and hind wing dark, this area with a curved angulated sinuous border sharply defined, margined by a pale broken discal transverse fascia ; preapical round black spot on the fore wing as in the 3 surrounded by a pale yellowish ring; and on both fore and hind wing an obscure subterminal dark band. Underside as in M. cheena, but paler. Hap. 3 2 50-54 mm. (1°95-2°13"). Hab. Within our limits recorded from Chaman in Baluchistan. Spread through Afghanistan and Turkestan. 143. Maniola pulchella, Felder (Epinephele), Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 490, pl. 69, fig. 16 ¢; M. § de N. (Hpinephele) Lutt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 208, pl. 15, fig. 40 9 (left-hand half only) ; Moore (Chortobius), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 54, pl. 105, figs. 1, ia, $8. Race pulchra. Epinephele pulchra, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 491 3; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 209 ; Moore (Chortobius), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 52, pl. 104, figs. 3, 3a, dQ. Hpinephele neoza, Lang, Ent. Month. Mag. 1868, p. 35; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 209; Moore (Chortobius), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 53, pl. 104, figs. 4, 4a, 2. 3. Upperside: fore wing ochraceous yellow; costa, termen and dorsum broadly greyish brown ; a preapical round black spot or non-pupilled ocellus. Hind wing uniform greyish brown ; termen very slightly scalloped. Cilia of both fore and hind wing paler greyish brown. Underside similar, the greyish-brown margins of the fore and the ground-colour of the hind wing of a paler tint than on the upperside and irrorated with dark brown specks and strie, the latter forming on the disc of the hind wing a transverse broken obscure zigzag angulated line; the preapical ocellus on the fore wing white-centred and surrounded by a broad zone of yellow paler than the ground-colour. 22 NYMPHALID A. 2. Similar, slightly larger; upperside of fore wing generally with an additional round black spot near tornus. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen pale greyish brown. Exp. 3 2 42-48 mm. (1:75-1:9"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Kashmir; Chitral; Ladak. Race pulchra, Felder, is a larger insect. ¢. Upperside: the ochre-yellow ground-colour of the fore wing overlaid with brown, which forms a more or less diffuse dark band across the wing, the preapical round black spot as in typical pulchella. Hind wing similar to hind wing of pulchella. Underside as in pulchella, but the greyish-brown colour darker and the margins formed by it on the fore wing broader; obscure discal and subterminal brown sinuous lines on the fore wing; the zone of yellow round the preapical ocellus more distinct than in pulchella.— Q resembles the g, but the ochraceous yellow on the upperside of fore wing is of a brighter tint, and occasionally, as in pulchella, there is an additional black spot. Underside: the transverse discal and subterminal brown lines generally more distinct. Lap. $ 2 46-51 mm. (1°8-2"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Chitral; Kashmir; Ladik; the Ganges Valley, Dalhousie. Var. neoza, Lang, has a larger extent of ochre-yellow on the fore wing than typical pulchra, and the transverse discal line is absent. 144. Maniola cenonympha, Felder (Epinephele), Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 492, pl. 69, figs. 14, 15,9; M. & de N. (Kpinephele), Butt. Ind. i. 1883, p. 210, ¢ 2; Moore (Chortobius), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 54, pl. 105, fig. 2 Q. Hpinephele maiza, Lang, Ent. Month. Mag. v, 1868, p.36 9; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 211, pl. 15, fig. 41 29; Moore (Chor- tobius), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 55, pl. 105, figs.38, 5a, 36,9 9. Epinephele goolmurga, Lang, Ent. Month. Mag. v, 1868, p. 36 Q; M.S de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 212; Moore (Chortobius), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 56, pl. 105, figs. 4, 4a, dQ. 3. Upperside brown, uniform, with a powdering of shining cupreous scales seen only in certain lights; cilia brown; in some specimens a faintly indicated round black preapical spot on the fore wing, surrounded by a narrow pale ring. Underside: fore wing deep ochraceous orange, the costa, apex, termen and dorsum broadly overlaid with brown, the discocellulars and a short streak from the costa beyond brown, the preapical spot as on the upper- side. Hind wing: basal half dark brown, apical half brown with u deep ochraceous tint; a comparatively large ochraceous spot near base; an angulated discal band of six or seven detached whitish unequal spots, and beyond it two minute ochraceous- ringed black ocelli, in interspaces 2 and 5 respectively. 2. Similar: wpperside paler brown, cilia whitish; fore wing with two postdiscal broadly white- or ochraceous-ringed black ocelli. Hind wing with the discal band of spots of the underside showing through. Underside as in the ¢, but the ochraceous MANIOLA.—KARANABA, 123. colour on the fore wing paler, the ground-colour of the hind wing brown, darker basally... Fore wing with a discal and a sub- terminal dark brown line, the former bordered outwardly near the costa by a short white streak, the ocelli as on the upperside. Hind wing as in the g. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Exp. & Q 39-46 mm. (1°53-1-7”). Hab. Ladak; Kashmir. ; Var. maiza, Lang, differs chiefly in both ¢ and 2 having a transverse discal brown line on the underside of the fore wing. Var. goolmurga, Lang, differs in the brown on the costa, termen and dorsum being narrower. The shade of ground-colour, the ocelli, and the spots composing the transverse discal band on the hind wing are variable characters. Genus KARANASA. Karanasa, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893, p. 38. Kanetisa, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 18938, p. 42. Type, AK. huebnert, Felder, from Ladak. _ Range. Kashmir, Baltistan, Ladak, N.W. Himalayas, Baluch- stan. 3 2. Fore wing subtriangular, costa slightly arched, termen straight or slightly convex, dorsum straight, tornus rounded ; diseoidal cell long, over half length of wing; upper discocellular minute, middle angulated inwards, lower outwardly convex; veins 2 to 6 parallel, equidistant, 10 and 11 from before upper apex of cell; vein 12 inflated at base, median vein barely thickened. Hind wing ovate, termen slightly scalloped, discoidal cell about half length of wing; vein 3 from well before, 4 from apex of cell, 6 slightly closer to 7 than to 5. Antenne slightly over halt length of fore wing; club very long and gradual, deeply grooved beneath ; palpi fringed with long hair, third joint short; eyes naked ; intermediate femora longer than tibia, with long hair beneath. Male sex-mark, an oblique, somewhat narrow and gene- rally rather indistinct band of specialized scales, below median nervure on upperside of fore wing. Key to the forms of Karanasa. a. Wings with a broad, transverse ochraceous or orange band on upperside. a’. Fore wing: termen strongly convex. Ex- panse 48-55 mm. 5 ts 5 a”. Basal half of both fore and hind wing ies ene gee 3 vandyke-browm) 5 Wecahe kh os ono: vee | Var. aan tae ta, p. 124. b*. Basal half of both fore and bind wing ochraceous, more or less shaded with [ORO atk Dees A fol Ce St Ae amin Var. leechi, p. 124. b'. Fore wing: termen straight. Expanse 60- GA sans, PME care es iste a chs Ea) cide NN K. digna, p. 125. 6. Wings uniform brown, without an ochraceous or orange band on upperside ............ K. pimpla, p. 124. 124 NYMPHALID#. 145. Karanasa huebneri, Felder (Satyrus), Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 494, pl. 69, figs. 8, 9,2: M.& de N. (Hipparchia) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 189; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 39, pl. 101, figs. 5,38a, dQ. Hipparchia cadesia, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 565, pl. 66, fig. 7 3; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 190. Karanasa leechii et modesta, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 41, pl. 101, figs. 4,4 a, ¢ 9, and pl. 102, fies. 1,1 a, 5 Q. 3. Upperside pale vandyke-brown ; cilia white alternated with brown ; a broad postdiscal bright ochraceous band not reaching the costal or dorsal margin on either fore or hind wing; on the fore wing this band bears an upper and a lower round black spot and has its inner margin angulated ; ou the hind wings it is some- what crescentic in shape, and on both fore and hind wing it is outwardly defined by a zigzag dark line. Underside: fore wing ochraceous, with the spots as on the upperside, the ground-colour paler round the upper spot; a subterminal dark zigzag line and the costal and terminal margins greyish brown. Hind wing thickly irrorated with white, grey, and brown scales, the last forming a broad, curved, median transverse band bordered inwardly by a curved, outwardly by a zigzag, dark line; beyond this is a post- discal zigzag, highly curved similar line ; veins conspicuously pale. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen greyish brown. @. Similar, but much paler. Upperside: the whole fore wing up to the dark terminal margin suffused with ochraceous. Hind wing: the ochraceous transverse band much broader, diffuse inwardly. Exp. 3 9 48-55 mm. (1°9-2°2"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Laddk; Kashmir. Var. leechi, Moore, is paler on the upperside, and has com- paratively longer wings. Var. modesta, Moore, on the contrary, is a very dark form, the ochraceous band contrasting strongly with the dark bases and margins of the wings; in many specimens there is an additional spot on the upperside of the fore wing joining on to the upper spot from the interspace below. 146. Karanasa pimpla, Felder (Satyrus), Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p- 494, pl. 69, figs. 10, 11, 9; M. § de N. (Hipparchia) Butt. Ind, i, 1883, p. 185; Moore (Kanetisa), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 43, pl. 102, figs. 5, 3.a, SQ. 3 2. Upperside glossy dark brown, with, in some lights, a reddish-bronze tint on the fore wing; cilia white alternated with brown. Fore wing with a comparatively large preapical round black spot, often minutely pupilled with white. Underside pale greyish brown; fore wing with the spot as on the upperside, but set in a broad pale zone; cell and disc ochraceous; costa and termen thickly set with brown, white, and grey scales, dorsal margin broadly dark brown. Hind wing: ground-colour as in K. huebneri ; basal area with some short, transverse, dark brown irregular lines; median and subterminal more continuous zigzag KARANASA.—AULOCERA. 125 lines reddish brown. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath. Exp. & 2 58-62 mm. (2°38-2°45"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Baluchistan; Ladak. 147. Karanasa digna, Marshall (Hipparchia), J. A. S. B. 1882, p. 67 9: M.& de N. (Hipparchia) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 189 ; Moore (Kanetisa), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 42, pl. 102, figs. 2, Aang 2. 3 2. Resembles K. pimpla, Felder, but on the upperside both fore and hind wings are crossed by a postdiscal broad orange band which encircles anteriorly the preapical round black spot; the lower spot is absent. On the underside there is a distinct median sinuous band of dark scales, more or less defined inwardly and - outwardly by dark brown lines, and a subterminal zigzag brown _ line shaded inwardly with dark scales. Kap. 3 2 60-64 mm. (2°38-2°52"). Hab. Kashmir ; Chitral. Genus AULOCERA. Oreas, Hiibner (nec Desmarest), Tentamen, 1816, p. 1. Aulocera, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. iv, 1867, p. 121, fig. 1. Type, A. brahninus, from Kashmir. Range. The Himalayas; Tibet; Western China. $6 2. Wings in the typical form rather narrow, in others comparatively broad. Fore wing: costa arched; termen convex or straight, never concave; dorsum straight; cell slightly over half length of wing; upper discocellular minute, middle mode- rately long, straight, lower twice length of middle, angulated obtusely outwards; vein 4 from lower apex of cell, 5 and 6 apart, subparallel, 10 from just before upper apex of cell ; vein 12 greatly, median vein slightly swollen at base. Hind wing ovate; termen moderately arched, scalloped; vein 3 from well before, 4 from apex of cell, 5 and 6 well apart, 6 and 7 closely approximate. Antenne under half length of fore wing; club gradual, slightly flattened; eves naked; palpi strongly compressed, fringed with long porrect hairs; intermediate femora longer than tibie, with long hair at base ; tibie strongly spinose. Key to the forms of Aulocera. A. Termen of fore wing convex. a. Expanse 64-67 mm. White transverse band across wings narrow, of uneven width, not reaching dorsal margin of nwa iC WAtOt Ts, «wus ene Peete er ee eke he salesen A, brahminus, p. 126. 6. Expanse 68-75 mm. White transverse band across wings very broad, of even width, reaching dorsal margin of hind AVATOP ED Waew saa canen Ons te RSA ia onal A, saraswati, p. 128. 126 NYMPHALIDA. B. Termen of fore wing straight. a. Expanse 80-87 mm. White transverse band across wings very broad, of even eee reaching dorsal margin of hind DTPA Da hrate eaee ten coon Soe as naeersuone re eels ke A. padma, p. 127. b. agare 72-76 mm. White transverse band across wings comparatively narrow, of uneven width, not reaching dorsal maromvolhind jwith)...0.2 een. seeeos: A. swaha, p. 126. 148. Aulocera brahminus, Blanchard (Satyrus), Jacquemont, Voy. dans V Inde, iv, 1844, Ins. p. 22, pl. 2, fig. 4 ¢ (nee figs. 5 & 6); M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 198, pl. 16, fig. 49 Ss Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 27, pl. 99, figs. 1, la, $9. Aulocera brahminoides, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p: 29; pl: 29; fi OSD 21 Or Aulocera scylla, Butler, Ent. Month. Mag. iv, 1867, p. 122. 3 2. Upperside black with, in certain lights, a bronzy sheen ; a postdiscal oblique band of white spots in the interspaces crossing both wings, slightly excurved on hind wing, interrupted preapically on the fore wing by a large round black spot, this spot with a white spot on its inner, upper, and outer margins; one or two short white streaks continue the inner white spot to the costa, prominently so in the 9; on the fore wing the upper three or four spots of the band are well separated and are outwardly conical ; on the hind wing the spots form a continuous band not quite reaching the dorsum; cilia alternately black and white. Underside fuscous bronzy brown ; costa and apex broadly, some- times upper half of termen, also of fore wing and the whole of the hind wing, irrorated with minute specks and strive of white ; the lower basal half of hind wing darker; the white transverse band of spots and black preapical spot as on the upperside ; one or two minute white spots beyond the white band and a post- discal lunular, somewhat irregularly curved black band on the hind wing; the margins of both wings defined by a black line. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. Exp. 3 Q 64-67 mm. (2°53-2°65"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Kulu, Kashmir; Sikhim; Sylhet. Var. brahminoides, Moore, is the deeper and richer coloured Eastern form, found in Native Sikhim and the Chumbi Valley. It is glossed with purple at the apex of the fore wing and apices of the veins of the hind wing on the underside. Var. seylla, Butler, differs from brahmina only in having the transverse band on the wings much narrower and in some specimens obsolescent towards the dorsal margin of the hind wing. 149. Aulocera swaha, Kollar (Satyrus), Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, 2, p. 444, pl. 14, fies. 1&2; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, Doe Moore, "Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 38, pl. 100, figs. 2, 2a, 39. 3 2. Differs from A. brahmina as foliows:—Upperside: discal AULOCERA. oz white band crossing both wings broader, not excurved on the hind wing, tinged with creamy yellow; preapical black spot on fore wing less distinct, the white spot on its inner margin not continued to the costa. Underside: the irrorations of transverse ereyish-white striz less numerous on the fore wing; the lower basal area of the hind wing tinged with green: the lunular black postdiscal band straighter, somewhat diffuse; beyond it a broad band of greyish-white striae; the mar- ginal black lines obscure on both wings. Exp. 3 2 72-76 mm. (2:9-3"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to ze East Kumaun. Fig. 30. Larva. There seems to be some doubt Aulocera swaha, 3. as to the true larva of this, the com- monest of the Auloceras. Mr. Grahame Young (fide Moore) says, “‘ probably black, but so thickly covered with bright yellow hairs that it is impossible to see what its sround-colour really is.” Mr. Mackinnon, on the contrary (Journ. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 1897-98, p. 218), says the larva is brown, with ‘‘a rough hairless skin.” The food-plant is said by Mr. Grahame Young to be the wild blue iris; by Mr. Mac- kinnon, “ different grasses.” 150. Aulocera padma, Kollar (Satyrus), Hiigel’s Kaschnur, iv, 1844, p. 445, pl. 15, figs. 1&2 9; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 196; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p- 32, pl. 100, figs. 1, le, dg @. Aulocera loha, Doherty, J. A. S. B. 1886, p- 118; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 30, pl. 99, figs. 4, 4a, 5 Q. Aulocera chumbica, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 30, pl. 99, figs. 3, BI rene o & Q. Differs from A. brahminus as follows :—Larger. Upperside black or dark brown without any bronzy sheen, the discal band crossing both wings very much broader, not tinged with cream-colour as in A. swaha; E the free spots in the band on fore ae wing more or less oval and pointed Be le Anca ea fate adit: the black Sparel spot not prominent, the white spot on the inner margin of the pre- apical spot continued to the costa only in the Q. Underside silky brown, the discal band sharply defined on its inner border, diffuse outwardly; fore wing with a dark brown, broad, sub- terminal band; the basal area of the hind wing very dark, the 128 NYMPHALIDA. ereyish-white striz very delicate and fine; these strie tinged ~ with purplish beyond the discal band; the postdisca! black transverse band broad, consisting of a series of irregular sub- triangular blotches. Exp. 3 9 80-87 mm. (3°2-3°45"). Hab. Himalayas; Kulu to Sikhim. It is with some hesitation I identify -A. loha as only a variety of A. padma, but the points of difference pointed out by Mr. Doherty are eminently variable. Mr. Doherty says: “3 distinguished by the divergent white spots from the median band to the costa; the @ by the band of the hind wing below being narrow, well-defined, and ochreous. The insect is darker than padma, the apex of both wings glossed with lilac below, and the base of the hind wing greenish.” Var. chumbica, Moore, of which there is a series in the British Museum Collection, is smaller than var. loha, with the band on the hind wing narrower than in loha and still narrower than in typical A. padma. 151. Aulocera saraswati, Kollar (Satyrus), Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, 2, p. 445, pl. 14, fies. 3& 4°9 ; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 200; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 35, pl. 100, figs. 3, Bly ee g 2. Can be discriminated at a glance from A. brahminus, swaha, padma, &e., by the proportionately much shorter and broader wings, the fore wing having the costa more strongly arched and the apex and tornus much more rounded. The discal white band is very broad and of nearly even width throughout ; in the @ the white spot on the mner margin of the black pre- apical spot is elongate and large, in the g¢ minute. Underside very strongly washed with ochraceous, and with numerous fine black striz except on the discal and postdiscal bands, the former inwardly margined by a slender dark brown line; the latter very distinct, black, and somewhat diffuse at the edges, very broad towards the dorsal margin of the fore wing. Exp. 3 2 68-75 mm. (2°75-3"). Hab. Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal. Genus (NEIS. (Eneis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 58. Chionobas, Boisduval, Icones Hist. Lép. i, 1832, p. 182. Parceneis, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 36. Type, @. norna, Thunberg, from Northern Europe. Range. Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. Within our limits at high elevations in the Himalayas. 3g 2. Fore wing triangular, costa widely arched, termen slightly convex, dorsum straight ; apex typically produced, in the Indian forms rounded; tornus rounded; discoidal cell well over (NEIS. 129° half length of wing; veins 6 and 7 closely approximate, upper discocellular therefore minute, middle strongly concave, lower oblique ; veins 10 and 11 from before apex of cell, 12 very slightly swollen at base. Hind wing oval, costa somewhat straight ; termen very slightly scalloped; dorsum long; apex and tornus rounded ; discoidal cell well over half length of wing; disco- cellulars long, middle discocellular concave in its upper portion ; vein 3 from well before apex of cell, 4 from apex, 6 closer to 7 than to 5. Antenne short, less than half length of fore wing ; club gradual, flattened on the underside, blunt at apex, proportion- ately thicker and shorter in the Indian forms; palpi short, with long hairs to apex; head and body very hairy ; eyes naked ; inter- mediate femora with long floccus of hair posteriorly. Male sex-mark an oblique broad streak of dark specialized scales below cell in the fore wing. This mark is entirely absent in the Indian forms. Key to the forms of Gneis. a. Upperside ochraceous lightly shaded with PSRONVAM PROT cue hte fecnseh y osine ce nels ais Gi. pumilus, p. 129. b. Upperside ochraceous red deeply overlaid WalbMidatla rows. F250. ks cian. alee on Race sekhimensis, p. 129. 152. Gneis pumilus, Felder (Chionobas), Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. p. 490, pl, 69) fics. 6, 7) G; I. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883) p. 238, pl. 15, fig. 57 ¢ ; Moore (Parceneis), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893- 96, p. 37, pl. 101, figs. 1, la, g 9. Race sikhimensis. (PI. ITI, fig. 21.) (Kneis paleearcticus, var. sikkimensis, Staudinger, Stettin ent. Zeit. 1889, p. 21. Parceneis sikkimensis, Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 38, pl. 101, fies, 2,2a, 3. 3 Q. Upperside ochraceous, slightly shaded with brown darken- ing towards termen ; fore and hind wings each with a curved discal transverse band of yellow spots in the interspaces, broadening on the fore wing round a preapical dusky spot, on the hind wing the third spot shifted a little inwards. Cilia white, alternated with brown. Underside: fore wing ochraceous, hoary along the costa and on apex, with transverse dark strize which extend into the cell; discal band as on the upperside, but with dark brownish- orange borders to the spots. Hind wing with the discal band as above but yellowish white, its inner margin zigzag; a pale sub- basal patch near the costa and the veins hoary; rest of the wing ereyish white, thickly set with dark brown specks and strie. Antenne ochraceous; head, thorax and abdomen dusky brown. Exp. & 2 42-52 mm. (1°68-2°15"). Hab. Tibet and, within our limits, high elevations in the Himalayas. Race sikhimensis, Staudinger, differs on the upperside by the eround-colour being ochraceous red deeply overlaid with dark VOL. I. K 130 NYMPHALIDA. brown; the discal bands of spots are pale ochraceous with paler centres, the band on the fore wing anteriorly widens as in the typical form, surrounding a dusky spot, but the spot is often white-centred. Undersideas in the typical form, but much darker, especially the hind wing, more thickly irrorated with brown scales ; these in the fore wing form irregular, short, narrow transverse marks in the cell; the discal bands white on both fore and hind wing. ae 3 G 42-50 mm. (1°68-2°00"). Hab, Sikhim at high elevations ; the Chumbi Valley. Genus YPTHIMA. Ypthima, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 63; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 212; Moore, pt., Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 75. Thymipa, Kolasa, Nadiria, Pandima, Lohana, et Dallacha, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, pp. 58, 82, 85, 86, 92, & 94. Type, Y. philomela, Johannsen, from Java. Range. Africa; the whole of the Indo-Malayan Region, extend- ing to China and Australia. 3 ¢. Fore wing triangular, costa widely arched ; apex rounded or subacute; termen straight, tornus rounded, dorsum straight ; cell comparatively very broad, of moderate length, about half length of wing; upper discocellular about half length of middle, lower longest, concave and oblique; veins 10 and 11 emitted after apex of cell, 11 and median vein considerably inflated at base. Hind wing ovate, costa and termen arched; dorsum straight, slightly emarginate towards tornus; cell long, well over half length of wing; discocellulars very oblique ; vein 8 bordering costa to apex of wing. Antenne slender, short, less than half length of fore wing, club very slight; palpi long, slender, oblique, with ante- riorly a fringe of long hairs; eyes naked; intermediate and posterior femora scaled, not hairy beneath, longer than tibie. Male secondary sex-mark present in some of the forms in the shape of a patch of specialized scales on the upperside of the fore wing below and above the median nervure. Key to the forms of Ypthima *. A. Underside of hind wing with two subapical ocelli. a. The ocelli on underside of hind wing in pairs in échelon. a’, Expanse under 50 mm. a”, Underside of fore wing without subbasal transverse fascia. a*, Two subapical ocelli on underside of hind wing coalescent, anterior oneminute. Expanse 32-35 mm. _ Y. philomela, p. 133. * Does not nelude Y, megalia, de Nicéville (p. 146), which is unknown to me. YPTHIMA. 6°. ‘lwo subapical ocelli on underside of hind wing separate, sub- equal. Expanse over 40 mm. a’, Termen of fore wing convex .. b*. Termen of fore wing concave in middle: ess salad he elle MO b°. Underside of fore wing with a sub- basal transverse fascia. a’. $ with secondary sex-mark. a‘. Underside of wings covered densely with short, slender, dark brown striz; ground- colour scarcely showing through 6+, Underside of wings with coarser, sparser, more open _ strie ; eround-colour showing plainly GOURDS eee mal ce Beet. a. 6°, § without a trace of a secondary SOR SMIAE Laas cheetahs sem. « NT eh b'. Expanse over 50 mm. a, Underside of fore wing without a subbasal transverse fascia. a>, Paired ocelli on underside of hind wing with narrow irides separate one from the other, irides not THOUCHING aes Hay OIE a bin 6°. Paired ocelli on underside of hind wing with broad irides touching OMe BNO UMEHE Lye vee Reeds. hs es b°. Underside of fore wing with a promi- nent subbasal transverse fascia .... b. Ocelli on underside of hind wing not in échelon, the posterior four in line. a’, Expanse well over 50 mm. .......... b'. Expanse well under 50 mm. a, Discal and subterminal transverse fascize on underside of fore wing distinct, convergent, and broadening posteriorly. a’, Apical two ocelli on underside of hind wing free, or, if touching, posterior thejsmaller:. .. 0.1)... . 6°. Apical two ocelli on underside of hind wing touching, always Coal im SiZzeyy epee ay yay ate Shee: 6°. Discal and subterminal transverse fascize on underside of fore wing indistinct or wanting, when present not convergent nor broadened pos- teriorly. a’, Apical ocellus on upperside of fore wing in G6 ill-defined or NVTLELISS ) co eerenseeeay eek ee atonss are, sae 8h 6°. Apical ocellus on upperside of fore wing in ¢ always present, well-defined na aan y. ale sa 131 Y. sobrina, p. 135. Y. sumilas, p. 135. Y. philomela, race wndecora, p. 158. Y. baldus, p. 134. Y. affectata, p. 155. Y. methora, p. 136. Y. doherty, p. 187. Y, savara, p. 137. Y. sakra, p. 137. Y. avanta, p. 140. Race striata, p. 141. Race singala, p. 141. Race cerealis, p. 141. K 2 ie? NYMPHALID&. B. Underside of hind wing with three subapical OCe UT cise wna Ais sae a RRA RIS crete tate C. Underside of hind wing with one subapical ocellus. a. Underside of hind wing with three, rarely four posterior ocelli; the tornal ocellus geminate, sometimes single and bi- pupilled. a’. Posterior three ocelli not in a line, the subtornal two in échelon with the tornal bipupilled ocellus .......... 6’. Posterior three ocelli in a line. a’. Ocelli on underside of hind wing elongate, appearing compressed in an antero-posterior direction...... 6?. Ocelli on underside of hind wing rounded, not compressed. a’. Posterior three ocelli on underside of hind wing placed on a dark band, margined inwardly and outwardly by irrorated whitish bands a jic.ak gis tr en 6°. Posterior three ocelli on underside of hind wing not placed on a dark band. a‘, Upperside of hind wing brown. a. Underside of fore wing with a more or less distinct discal transverse dark fascia...... 6°. Underside of fore wing with- out any trace of a discal transverse dark fascia...... 6’. Upperside of hind wing partly pureywihite ss oes seek a b. Underside of hind wing with two pos- terior ocelli, the tornal ocellus gemi- nate. a’. Underside of wings marked with trans- verse dark fasciee. a*, Underside of hind wing without a transverse subbasal fascia. a®. Underside of fore wing without a discal but with a subterminal transverse fascia. a‘, Subterminal fascia on underside of fore wing broadening towards dorsal marca is,: sere tee b+. Subterminal fascia on underside of fore wing of even width.... 6°. Underside of fore wing with discal and subterminal transverse fasciee meeting below ocellus and form- Y. bolanica, p. 144. Y. iarba, p. 138. Y. chenui, p. 141. Y. ypthimordes, p. 142. Y. huebneri, p. 142. Race kashmira, p. 148. Race ceylonica, p. 144. Y. nareda, p. 188. Y. newara, p. 139. Y. asterope, p. 145. Y. watson, p. 139. YPTHIMA. 133 6’. Underside of wings not marked with transverse dark fasciz. a, Apical and posterior ocelli on under- side of hind wing inline ........ Y. lycus, p. 140. 6?. Apical and posterior ocelli on under side of hind wing in échelon...... Y. inica, p. 145. 153. Ypthima philomela, Johannsen (Papilio), Amen. Acad. vi, 1764, p- 404; Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. 1, pt. 2, 1767, p. 768. Ypthima tabella, Marshall, in M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 234; Moore (Thymipa),.Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 73, pl. 110, figs. 2,2a, 3. Ypthima baldus, Elwes § Edw. (nec Fabr.) Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893. p. 14, pl. i, figs. 15 & 16. fiace indecora. Ypthima indecora, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 238, pl. 12, fig. 7; MM, & de N. Butt. Ind. i. 1883, p. 218; Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 63, pl. 107, figs. 1, la, 16, ¢. Wet-season form.— 3 2. Upperside brown, terminal margins of wings broadly darker. Fore wing with a slightly oblique bi- pupilled, comparatively large, yellow-ringed, black ocellus near apex. Hind wing with generally two similar but smaller postdiscal poste- rior ocelli. Underside ochraceous white, closely irrorated witk delicate slender transverse brown striz ; both fore and hind wing: with obscure subterminal transverse brown fascize; sometimes wanting. Fore wing with the ocellus as on the upperside, but with the yellow iris broader, surrounded by an obscure brown ring. Hind wing with six unipupilled similar but smaller ocelli, more or less in échelon in pairs; tornal ocellus geminate. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath. Dry-season form.— 3 2. Upperside similar to the wet-season form but paler, subterminal bands less distinct. Underside also similar, the ground-colour more dusky ochraceous, the brown stris somewhat diffuse; oceili on wunGdersitie reduced To mere specks. Exp. 3 2 32-35 mm. (1:27-1°38"). Hab. 8. India, the Nilgiris and Wynaad. Described originally from Java. Race indecora, Moore, closely resembles the typical form both in the wet- and dry-season varieties, but is constantly Jarger with larger ocelli. On the upperside in the ¢ the secondary sex-mark on the fore wing is far more clearly defined, and both the fore and hind wings have more or less distinct transverse discal and sub- terminal dark bands in both sexes. Underside: ground-colour from dull ochraceous white in the wet-season form to almost dark ochraceous brown in the dry-season form, both fore and hind wings irrorated with transverse dark brown short strie# ; the ocelli as In the typical form, but on the hind wing more distinctly in échelon of twos ; in the dry-season variety these ocelli are reduced 134 NYMPHALIDZ. to mere specks. Fore and hind wings with more or less distinct subbasal, discal, and subterminal transverse brown bands. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath. Exp. 3 2 36-40 mm. (1°42-1°68"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas. This is the North-Indian representative form of the Javan and Southern Indian Y. philomela. In some respects, ¢. g. the trans- verse subbasal, discal and subterminal brown bands on the wings, the constantly larger size, and in the females often having more than an indication of the pale transversely-irrorated ocellar area, it approaches Y. baldus. 154, Ypthima baldus, Fadr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. App. 1775, p. 829; Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 58, pl. 106, figs. 1, 1 a—12, larva & pupa. ' Ypthima philomela, M. § de N. (nec Johannsen) Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 216. Ypthima marshalli, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) x, 1882, p. 373; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 217 ; Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 25, pl. 1, figs. 1, La, & 11. Wet-season form.— 3 . Upperside brown, both fore and hind wing with terminal margins much darker, and generally with more or less distinct subbasal and discal dark bands. Fore wing with a large, slightly oblique, oval, bipupilled, yellow-ringed, black, pre- apical ocellus. Hind wing with two postdiscal, round, uni- pupilled, similar but smaller ocelli, and very often one or two minute tornal ocelli also. Underside similar to the underside in Y. philomela, but the ochraceous-white ground-colour paler, the transverse brown striz coarser, the ocelli on the hind wing more distinctly in échelon, two tornal, two median, and two pre- apical, and on both fore and hind wing more or less distinctly defined, subbasal, discal and subterminal brown transversé bands.— 2. Differs on the upperside in having the area surround- ing or bordering the ocelli on both fore and hind wing paler, closely irrorated with brown striz, the discal transverse band generally clearly defined, and very often both the tornal, and at least one of the apical, ocelli distinct. On the wnderside it is paler than the male, and has the subbasal, discal and subterminal transverse dark bands more clearly defined. Dry-season form.— $ 2. Upperside very similar to the above, paler; in the @ often the ground-colour ochraceous white, closely irrorated with brown striz ; ocelli as in the wet-season form, but those on the hind wing often non-pupilled. Underside also paler than in the wet-season form, the subbasal, discal and subterminal bands on the whole more prominent; ocelli on the hind wing reduced to mere specks. Kap. 3 2 38-46 mm. (1°5-1°3"'). Hab. The Himalayas from Chamba to Sikhim and Bhutan. Bengal; Central, Western, and Southern India; Assam; Cachar Burma and Tenasserim. YPTHIMA. 135 155. Ypthima sobrina, Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Sov. 1893, p. 29, pl. i, figs. 17, 18. 3. Upperside pale greyish brown, terminal margins convex and broadly darker brown. Fore wing with a moderately large, round, bipupilled, yellow-ringed, preapical black ocellus ; hind wing with two subtornal similar, smaller ocelli, also a minute tornal ocellus. Underside greyish, covered rather closely with delicate transverse brown striz ; a postdiscal oblique, somewhat faintly-marked trans- verse dark fascia, and a more distinct subterminal fascia on _ both fore and hind wing; six ocelli in pairs in échelon on the hind wing, the apical pair separate and subequal, a single pre- apical ocellus on the fore wing as on the upperside. Antenne, head and abdomen pale grey-brown, paler beneath ; thorax darker above. No visible secondary sex-mark.— @. Similar, larger ; the ocelli on both fore and hind wing placed on a pale broad band - irrorated with transverse short dark striz, defined inwardly by a dark continuous transverse band, outwardly by the brown terminal margins. Hind wing on both upper and underside with six com- plete ocelli in pairs in échelon. Exp. 3 2 48-50 mm. (1:9-2°0"). flab. Recorded hitherto only from the hills north and east of Taungoo in Lower Burma. 156. Ypthima similis, Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 30, mane 19) S. Closely resembles Y. baldus, but the secondary sex-mark so distinct generally in the ¢ of that species entirely absent. As in some males and the generality of females of Y. baldus, the ocelli on the upperside in similis are placed on a pale broad irrorate band crossing both fore and hind wing. ‘This pale area bordered inwardly by a narrow, very much darker band. Underside very similar to the underside in Y. baldus, but the transverse short striz more delicate and regular, and the subbasal dark transverse band that is more or less conspicuous in Y. baldus entirely wanting. Male unknown. Exp. 3 45-50 mm. (1°75-2"). Hab. Recorded hitherto only from the hills north of Taungoo in Lower Burma. 157. Ypthima affectata, Eves § Edw. Trans. Ent.- Soc. 1893, p. 30, pl. i, fig. 30. 3 2. Upperside umber-brown, darker than in Y. baldus, sobrina, similis, &e. Both fore and hind wing crossed by distinct postdiscal and subtermina: dark bands, the space between the bands paler, more or less irrorated with dark brown, short, trans - verse strie, bearing on the fore wing a large preapical ocellus, 136 NYMPHALID#. and on the hind wing two minute tornal and two median ocelli similar to those in Y. baldus and other forms; termen of hind wing generally defined by a pale line. Underside as in many dark specimens of Y. baldus, with the transverse striz more dense, delicate and uniform; the subbasal and discal transverse fascice similar, but the terminal fascia more diffuse; the ocelli as in Y. baldus. Male without secondary sex-marks. Exp. & Q 44-48 mm. (1°73-1:9"). Hab. Assam, Khasi Hills. 158, Ypthima methora, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) ii, 1864, p. 291, pl. 18, figs. 20, 21, 9: M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 215; Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 64, pl. 107, figs. 2, 2a,2b, 6 2; Hlwes & Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 37. Ypthima persimilis, Elwes §& Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 39. Wet-season form.— $. Upperside dark vandyke-brown, the ter- minal margins somewhat narrowly and evenly darker. Fore wing with a very large preapical bipupilled yellow-ringed black ocellus ; hind wing with from three to five similar but smaller unipupilled postdiscal ocelli; ocellar area on both fore and hind wings in many specimens distinctly paler, irrorated with pale transverse strie. Hind wing with an indistinct discal transverse band, the termen defined outwardly by a pale somewhat obscure yellow line. Underside pale yellowish brown, closely and evenly covered with delicate transverse dark brown striz. Fore wing: the ocellus as on the upperside; hind wing with six ocelli in pairs in échelon ; obscure discal and terminal dark brown bands. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. No secondary sex-mark.— @. Similar, larger, paler; the upperside as well as the underside more or less irrorated with transverse strie. Dry-season form.— 3 2. Similar on the upperside to the wet- season form. Underside paler, the discal and terminal dark trans- verse fascize more distinct, with indications in some specimens of a subbasal fascia. The ocelli on the hind wing much reduced in size. Exp. 3 2 62-66 mm. (2°45-2°6"). Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; the hills of Assam. Var. persimilis, Elwes and Edwards, shortly diagnosed from a pair of specimens procured at Mao, Manipur, 7000 feet, is apparently a link between Y. methora and Y. doherty. Like the former, the ¢ is without any secondary sex-mark on the fore wing, while in the shape of the clasp, and by the tornal ocellus on the underside of the hind wing not being divided but simply bipupilled, it resembles the latter. The two forms next described may be merely Hastern races of Y. methora, but following Messrs. Elwes and Edwards I have pro- visionally kept them separate. I would, however, draw attention to Mr. Elwes’s remarks at page 40 of the paper quoted. YPTHIMA. LS 159. Ypthima dohertyi, Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893, p. 65, pl. 108, figs. 1, la, 5; Elwes §& Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 38, pl. 2, fig. 31. 3 2. Closely resembles Y. methora, but in the ¢ the secondary sex-mark is prominent. In colour and markings Y. dohertyi differs from Y. methora as follows :—Upperside a paler brown, the pupils to the ocelli less prominent, often wanting, the tornal ocelli on the hind wing present and geminate. Underside very much paler, dull white with dark brown short striz ; the transverse dark fascize sometimes wanting, generally ill-defined ; five (not six) ocelli on the hind wing; the tornal two ocelli confluent, having the appearance of one bipupilled ocellus; the yellow irides to the ocelli very broad. Exp. 3 2 62-64 mm. (2°45-2°51"). Hab. Hills north of Taungoo, Lower Burma. 160. Ypthima savara, Grose-Smith, A. M. N. H. (5) xx, 1887, p. 267 ; Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, pp. 66, pl. 108, figs. 2, 2a, 3; Elwes §& Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 37, pl. 2, fie. 30; Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1895-1897, p. 645. 3 2. This, like Y. doherty:, resembles Y. methora in both seasonal forms, but the ¢ has a prominent secondary sex-mark, more marked even than in Y. dohertyz; and both sexes are on the upper and under sides very much paler than Y. methora, the ground-colour being a dull white; while, on the underside, Y. savara differs also in having well-defined subbasal, discal and subterminal dark transverse fascie. Exp. 3 2 54-58 mm. (2°12-2°28"). Hab. Hills of Upper and Lower Burma, and Tenasserim. 161. Ypthima sakra, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. EI. C.i, 1857, p. 236; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 232; Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 69, pl. 109, figs. 2, 2a, 26, $2; Hiwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 40. Ypthima nikea, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 567; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p- 232; Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 68, pl. 109, fies. 1, UGE? Thymipa austeni, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 69, pl. 109, figs. 3, 3a, ¢ 9: Elwes §& Edw. (Ypthima) Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 51. 3S Q. Upperside umber-brown, fi (>) terminal margins of the wings dis- NSaase tinctly darker. Fore wing with a Bie 32) Sy dha sala. a large, slightly oval, bipupilled, yellow- Wndexside: ringed, black ocellus, very slightly oblique, and with a dark brown outer ring. Hind wing with four similar unipupilled round ocelli, ‘. & a WS uO ts 138 NYMPHALIDA. the preapical and tornal ocelli frequently absent or faintly marked, the last when present always minute. Underside ochraceous brown, thickly irrorated by transverse, short, dark brown. strie. Fore wing with the preapical ocellus as on the upperside, but the encircling yellow ring broader and the outer brown ring more clearly defined. Some specimens, both from the N.W. Himalayas and from Assam, have a second very much smaller obscure median ocellus, and others have dark discal and subterminal broad brown transverse bands. Hind wing with five prominent similar ocelli; the preapical two large, geminate, encircled in a common yellow ring; the posterior three in échelon with them, with dis- tinct irides ; the tornal ocellus bipupilled; the ocelli on the hind wing typically bordered with a narrow brown line on both sides ; the surrounding area is concolorous with the rest of the wing, but in very many specimens more or less pale, and forms in the variety austent a broad transverse pale band which extends on to the fore wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen umber-brown, paler beneath. Exp. & 2 50-54 mm. (2-2°13”). Hab. The Himalayas, from Kulu to Sikhim; Assam, the Khasi Hills to Upper Burma. 162. Ypthima iarba, de Micéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1895, p. 18, pl. R, figs. 7, 8, ¢ 2 (Sumatra variety); Watson, Jour. Bomb. NV. H. Soc. x, 1895, p. 651, pl. A, fig. 5 g (Manipur variety). 3 2. Closely resembles Y. baldus, but on the upperside a _ very pale vandyke-brown, not greyish sepia-brown ; ocelli, dusky transverse bands, and in @ pale ocellar area on fore wing as in Y. baldus but much less distinctly marked ; terminal slender line pale yellow. Underside as in Y. baldus, but the transverse short. striz irrorating the wings finer and more delicate, the transverse continuous dark bands very faint. Hind wing with only one subapical ocellus. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; the head and thorax somewhat greyish. Male secondary sex-mark present, but very obscure. Exp. & 2 43-50 mm. (1°7-1:95"). Hab. Recorded from Manipur. Notwithstanding that the type specimen (from Sumatra), kindly lent to me by the authorities of the Indian Museum, has only one preapical ocellus on the underside of the hind wing, the form it most closely resembles seems to be Y. baldus. In fact, in describing Y.iarba, de Nicéville seemed to be in doubt whether the Manipur specimen, not the Sumatran, was not a mere aberrational form of Y. baldus. 163. Ypthima nareda, Kollar (Satyrus) in Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, 2,p. 451; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 221, pl. 17, fig. 63 3; Moore (Pandima), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 86, pl. 115, fies. 1, la, o; Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1898, p. 20, pl. 1, fig. 2, pl. 2, fig. 40. 3 2. Upperside pale vandyke-brown; cilia whitish brown, YPTHIMA. 139 with an anticiliary dark line on both fore and hind wings; the broad subterminal fascie on the underside showing through. Fore wing with the usual subapical ocellus. Hind wing with a subtornal and sometimes a minute tornal ocellus. Underside pale ochraceous, thickly irrorated with transverse short dark brown strie, evenly and uniformly spread; ocelli as on the upperside, but the tornal ocelius bipupilled and always present; in addition, a larger preapical ocellus on the hind wing; both fore and hind wings with somewhat obscure, broad, dark subterminal bands, that on the fore wing broadening posteriorly. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; the abdomen paler beneath. Eup. 3 2 42-46 mm. (1:65-1-83"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas, Kashmir to Kumaun. ___ The succeeding two forms are so similar in outward appearance that, without comparing their genitalia, they might be taken for _ mere varieties of Y. nareda. The form of the clasp, however, is very different in all three. 164. Ypthima newara, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 567; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p- 222; Moore (Pandima), Lep. Ind. ii, 1898-96, p. 87, pl. 113, figs. 2, 2a, 5 Q; Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 21, pl. 2, fig. 42. 3 2. Very closely resembling M. nareda, but the subterminal fascia on the underside of the fore wing is of even width throughout, and the striation is slightly coarser and less Vothi ee 3 uniform newara, o. . eee deride, Hep. 6 9 44550mm,. (1-71-1:95'. Hab. Sikhim ; Assam, Khasi hills. 165. Ypthima watsoni, Moore (Pandima), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p- 89, pl. 118, figs. 4, 4a-c, § 2; Elwes & Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1895, p. 47, pl. 1, fig. 25. 3 @. In the wet-season form this closely resembles Y. nareda, from which it differs chiefly on the underside in the very much sparser striation, in the presence and prominence of a discal, and on the hind wing of a subbasal, transverse fascia. These fasciz are particularly well-defined in the dry-season form of this insect ; the ground-colour of the underside of the wings in this latter form varies from greyish white in the Lower Burma speci- mens to ochraceous white in specimens collected in the Karen Hills. The form of the clasp in the male is, as already noted, widely different from that of Y. nareda or Y. newara. Exp. & Q 44-48 mm. (1°72-1°9"). Hab. Burma. 140 NYMPHALID&. 166. Ypthima lycus, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb, N. H. Soc. iv, 1889, p. 165, pl. A, fig. 2 ¢; Moore (Pandima), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p- 88, pl. 118, fig. 3 ¢; Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p- 19, pl. 2, fig. 39. Ypthima motschulzku, M. § de N. (nec Bremer) Butt. Ind. i. 1883, p. 214. 3 2. Upperside glossy brown, perceptibly darker on the basal area inthe $. Fore wing with a comparatively large, obliquely- placed, oval, bipupilled, pale-ringed, black subapical ocellus; hind wing with a similar but much smaller round unipupilled subtornal ocellus. Underside: ground-colour similar, covered with the most delicate fine transverse short ochraceous strie except on the dorsal margin of the fore wing. Fore wing with one subapical ocellus ; hind wing with three ocelli—a large preapical, a smaller subtornal, and a tornal bipupilled ocellus similar to the ocelli on the upperside, but the encircling rings yellow and broad. An- tenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, slightly paler beneath. Exp. & 2 40-42 mm. (1°58-1°68"), Hab. Assam, the Khasi Hills. 167. Ypthima avanta, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 567; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 218, pl. 17, fig. 66 ¢; Moore ('‘Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 70, pl. 109, figs. 4,4a, d 29; Elwes & Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 33, pl. 1, fig. 27. Race striata. Ypthima striata, Hampson, J. A. S. B. 1888, p. 349; Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 73, pl. 110, figs. 3, 34, 36, 69; Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 34, pl. 1, fios. 28, 24. Race singala. Ypthima singala, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1868, p. 283; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 24, pl. 12, figs. 3, 3a, g; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 230; Moore (Thymipa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 72, pl. 110, figs. 1,1a,16,3 2; Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 31, figs. 26, 26 a. Ypthima thora, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 24, pl. 12, figs. 4, 4a: M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 231. Race cerealis. Ypthima cerealis, Watson, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1897, p. 646, pl. A, figs. 3, 4, d. Wet-season form.— 3 2. Upperside umber-brown, with faint darker subterminal narrow bands. Fore wing with the usual bipupilled, yellow-ringed, black preapical ocellus, in the 2 always present, in the ¢ faint or entirely wanting. Hind wing with two postdiscal ocelli in the g, generaily four in the 2. Underside dull brownish white, very closely covered with dark brown trans- verse delicate strie; distinct discal and subterminal dark fascize crossing both wings; in the 9 an additional subbasal fascia. Fore wing with the ocellus perfect. Hind wing with six ocelli in a YPTHIMA. 141 curve, or anterior two slightly in échelon with the rest. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Male secondary sex-mark generally prominent. | Dry-season form.— 3 9. Upperside differs only in being suffused with dull plumbeous. Underside paler; transverse fasciz more distinct ; o¢elli on hind wing reduced in size. Exp. & 2 42-46 mm. (1°65-1°88”"). Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir, Kulu, Simla to Kumaun ; Bengal, Orissa ; Burma and Tenasserim. Race striata, Hampson, differs from the typical form: on the upperside the ocellus on the fore wing is always present in both sexes ; on the underside the ground-colour is a purer white, the striation more open, slender and delicate, the discal and sub- terminal transverse fascie darker and more clearly defined, and the yellow irides to the ocelli broader. Male secondary sex-mark _ obscure. Kap. $ 2 36-42 mm. (1°4-1°62"). Hab. The Nilgiris. A local race. Race singala, Felder, differs from the typical form on the upper- side in being slightly darker with a purplish tinge; in the ¢ uniform or with a single small postdiscal ocellus on the hind wing; in the 2 with the usual preapical ocellus on the fore and from two to four smaller ocelli on the hind wing. Underside: ground-colour whiter than in Y. avanta; the strize and transverse dark fasciz less distinct in the wet-season, more prominent in the dry-season form. Male secondary sex-mark present. Eap. 3 2 35-44 mm. (1°-4-1°7"). Hab. Cevlon Hills. An insular form. Race cerealis, Watson. “This is a well-defined local race of Y. avanta, Moore, from a treeless district ...... differs in its smaller size, in the constant presence of the ocellus on the upper- side of the fore wing, in the white tone and less prominent fascize on the underside, and in the almost entire absence of androconita on the fore wing in the male...... In some ways Y. cereals seems to bear the same relation to Y. avanta that Y. philomela (= tabella) does to Y, baldus.” (Watson, 1. ¢.) Exp. & Q 33-36 mm, (1:3-1:45"), Hab. Recorded from Myingyan, in the dry zone of Upper Burma. 168. Ypthima chenui, Guérin-Méneville. Satyrus chenu, Gwérin-Méneville in Delessert, Voy. dans Inde, ii, 1843, p. 77, pl. 21, fig. 2; Westw.(Ypthima) in Débleday, Westw. &§ Hew. Gen. Di, Lep. 1851, p. 396; Butl. (Ypthima) Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 1868, p. 151. Ypthima chenui, M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 228; Moore (Kolasa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 88, pl. 112, figs. 3, 3a, 5 2. 3S 2. Upperside vandyke-brown. Fore wing with the usual preapical, bipupilled, yellow-ringed, large ocellus, and a more 142 NYMPHALID A. or less obscure transverse subterminal fascia. Hind wing with two small submedian unipupilled black ocelli; no indications of a tornal ocellus. Underside: fore wing—ground-colour dusky greyish brown, covered with short transverse brown strie, very prominent discal and subterminal broad transverse dark brown posteriorly convergent fascize ; the subterminal fascia bordered with whitish on both sides, and a preapical ocellus as on upperside. Hiud wing: ground-colour white, with striz# as on the fore wing; subbasal, discal and subterminal broad transverse brown fasciz, also one apical and three postdiscal, laterally elongate, ocelli in a curve. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull greyish brown; abdomen paler beneath. Male without any secondary sex-mark. In the dry-season form the fasciz on the underside of hind wing are still more prominent, the ocelli smaller. Eep. § 9 44-50 mm. (1°73-1:98"), Hab, 8. India, the Nilgiri and Anaimalai Hills. 169. Ypthima ypthimoides, Moore (Callerebia), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 307; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 230; Moore (Kolasa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1895-96, p. 84, pl. 112, figs. 4, 4a, g@. Ypthima robinsoni, Distant, A. M. N. H. (5) x, 1882, p. 406; MW. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 229. 36 2. Resembles VY. chenui, Guér.; differs, however, on the upperside by being slightly darker; on the underside by the ground-colour being brown, or in some specimens very dull brownish white, especially on the hind wing. Very often the transverse short striz are entirely wanting. In the majority of specimens there is no trace of a fascia on the fore wing, and on the hind wing only obscure discal and subterminal broad transverse dark fascie ; the subterminal fascia is bordered with obscure irrorated whitish bands on either side and bears posteriorly three ocelli. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Male without secondary sex- mark. Exp. 3 Q 46-54 mm. (1°8-2°13"), Hab. Extreme south of India in the Travancore and Cochin hills, (170. Ypthima huebneri, Kirby, Cat. Di. Lep. 1871, p. 95; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1888, p. 226, pl. 17, fig. 653; de Micéville, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 281, pl. 12, fig. 1, a, 6, larva & pupa; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 77, pl. 111, figs. 1, larva & pupa, 1 a-le, 3 2; Elwes & Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 5, genitalia. Ypthima howra, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 17. Ypthima apicalis, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 17; zd. Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 76. Ypthima catharina, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) xviii, 1886, p. 183. Ypthima jocularia, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 896; Elwes & Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 50. YPTHIMA, 148 Race kashmira. Ypthima kasmira, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p.17; ad. Lep. Ind. 1, 1893-96, p. 76, pl. 112, figs. 1, la, ¢ 2; Hlwes §& Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 2. Race ceylonica. Ypthima ceylonica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) 11, 1864, p. 288, pl. 18, figs. 14, 15, g; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 25, pl. 12, figs. 5, 5a, 9; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 228; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 81, pl. 112, figs. 2,2a, g 9; Elwes § Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 8. Wet-season form.— $ 2. Upperside greyish brown. Fore wing with the usual comparatively large, bipupilled, yellow-ringed, black preapical ocellus. Hind wing usually with two, sometimes with three, very rarely without any, smaller similar unipupilled post- discal ocelli. Underside greyish white, not very densely covered - with transverse short brown strie. Fore wing with the preapical ocellus as on the upperside, obscure discal and subterminal dull brown transverse fascize and a narrow brown ring round the ocellus diffusely produced posteriorly. Hind wing with one apical and typically three postdiscal posterior ocelli placed in a curve ; traces of transverse brown discal and subterminal fascize in most specimens. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen greyish brown, the abdomen paler beneath. Male without secondary sex-mark. Dry-season form.— 3 2. Similar, somewhat paler on both upper and under sides ; the discal and subterminal transverse fasci# more pronounced ; the ocelli on the underside of the hind wing minute or absent. Exp. 3 2 40-44 mm. (1°58-1°72"), Hab. Throughout peninsular India, Assam and Burma. Larva. About one inch in length, with two divergent processes from the anal segment pointing backwards. “Colour entirely ereen with a dorsal line somewhat darker green, which becomes white at the fourth segment, and extends right through the crown of the head; there is also a paler green lateral line below the spiracles ” (de Nicéville). Pupa. “Green or brown, with the head rounded, the edges of the wing-cases raised and angled anteriorly; the thorax humped and marked like the abdominal segments, with some dark brown waved lines and spots ” (de Micéville). Ypthima howra, Moore, was founded on a specimen of the dry- season form. i Var. jocularia, Swinhoe, is the pale form from Western India said by Messrs. Elwes and Edwards to be nearest to kashmira, Moore. Race kashmira, Moore, differs from the typical form in the darker and more uniform colour of the upperside, in the ground- colour on the underside being dull brownish not white. and the 144 NYMPHALID A. wings non-fasciated in most specimens, or with only the sub- terminal fascia on the fore wing. The clasp in the male differs, however, considerably from that of Y. huebneri. Exp. 3 ¢ 33-39 mm. (1°25-1°50"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas; Kashmir; 8. India, Mysore and the Anaimalai Hills (fide Awes). Race ceylonica, Hewitson.— ¢ 2. Upperside vandyke-brown to dark sepia-brown. Fore wing uniform, with the usual single preapical ocellus. Hind wing: posterior half, sometimes less than half, pure white, with two or three small posterior ocelli, a lunular incomplete subterminal and an even slender terminal brown line. Underside white, withsomewhat sparse, 2 ioe short, delicate, fine transverse brown Se BBEOE) strie, getting denser towards the apex ace cerylonicu, Hew., 3. © the £ e Ror : th Upper and under sides. oe dina yey Memes se EE the ocellus, a brown ring surrounding it very broad and very broadly and diffusely produced downwards, discal and subterminal transverse fascize obscure. Hind wing with four ocelli in a curve, the anal bipupilled ; traces of a discal trans- verse brown fascia and of a lunular subterminal brown line. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; abdomen white beneath. Kap. 3 Q 34-40 mm. (1°34-1°58”"). Hab. Bengal, Orissa; S. India, the Nilgiris, Travancore ; Ceylon. 171. Ypthima bolanica, Marshall, P. Z. 8.1882, p.759 g; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 231; Moore (Nadiria), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893- 96, p. 85, pl. 112, figs. 5, 5a, 5 Q. 3 9. Upperside umber-brown. Fore wing with a single, slightly oval, oblique, bipupilled, fulvous-ringed, large, black ocellus placed in a paler ocellar area; the ocellus and the sur- rounding area both defined outwardly by a broad darker brown line. Hind wing uniform, with a very much smaller but similar unipupilled ocellus. Cilia brown, with a distinct interior whitish line. Underside brown, irrorated with minute, short, transverse, delicate white striz, the dorsal margin broadly of the fore wing, a curved discal band crossing both fore and hind wings, and some very obscure transverse basal, subbasal and terminal narrow bands free from the white stria; ocelli as on the upperside, but on the hind wing, in addition to the subtornal ocellus, a single smaller geminate tornal and three anterior similar ocelli. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; the antenne annulated with white, ochraceous towards apex. Exp. 3 Q 44-48 mm. (1°73-1°9"). Hab. Baluchistan. YPTHIMA. 145 172. Ypthima inica, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) ii, 1864, p. 284, pl 17, fig. 3; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 225; Moore (Lohana), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 93, pl. 114, fies. 2, 2a-2 Bie) DQ Ypthima ariaspa, Moore, P. Z. 8 1874, Pp: 568 ; “MM. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1883, 1, p. 224. Ypthima dedalia, alkibie, et complexiva, hae P. Z. S. 1886, pp. 422, 423, pl. 40, fig. 2 (complexiva). Wet-season form.— 3 9. Upperside uniform dark brown. Fore wing with one comparatively large rounded preapical black ocellus, bipupilled, with usual yellow iris. Hind wing with a single similar smaller unipupilled subtornal ocellus. Underside light erey, very evenly and closely striated. Fore wing with the ocellus as above. Hind wing with an apical and two posterior similar but smaller ocelli, the apical slightly in échelon with the other two. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath. Dry-season form.— $ 2. Upperside as in the wet-season form. Underside pale grey, transverse brown strize very numerous and fine, evenly spread. Fore wing with a subterminal, ochraceous, broad, somewhat broken fascia. Hind wing crossed in most specimens by four similar fasciz ; ocelli reduced to mere specks or obsolete. Rest similar to the wet-season form. Exp. 3 Q 38-44 mm. (1°51-1-7"). Hab. Recorded from Upper Bengal; Punjab; Central India. 173. Ypthima asterope, K/ug (Hipparchia), Symb. Phys. 1832, pl. xxix, figs. 11-14; UW. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 224; Elwes & Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1898, p. 1], pl. i fig. 4, ‘Dl. 3, fic. 44 b. Ypthima mahratta, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 16; id. (Pandima) Lep. Ind. ii, 1893- 96, p. 90, pl. 114, figs. ie la-le, Ge Qe Wet-season form.— 3 2. Upperside somewhat dull brown; cilia brownish white. Fore wing with the usual subapical ocellus ; in most specimens a pale ocellar area and a subterminal dark brown band. Hind wing uniform, with a single small subtornal ocellus. Underside greyish white, covered with very delicate minute trans- verse striz. Fore wing with the ocellus as on the upperside, discal and subterminal dark brown bands converging and meeting below the ocellus to form a loop. Hind wing more uniform, with a preapical, a subtornal and a tornal comparatively small ocellus. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull brown; abdomen greyish white beneath. Dry-season form.—S 2 similar. Upperside slightly paler. Underside differs only in the ocelli on the hind wing being reduced to mere points or altogether absent. In some specimens an obscure discal sinuous transverse dark fascia on the hind wing ; and in all, the dark brown loop round the lower side of the ocellus as in the wet-season form. Exp. 3 2 36-44 mm. (1°43-1°7"). Hab. Within our limits in the N.W. Himalayas; Punjab ; VOL. I. Ii 146 NYMPHALIDA, Western and Central India; the Deccan; Burma; extending to China on the east, and to Arabia, Aden, Nubia and Abyssinia on the west. 174. Ypthima megalia, de Micéville, J. A. 8. B. 1897, p. 546, pl. 1, fic. 5 ¢. 3. ‘ Upperside : both wings shining hair-brown, with an in- distinct submarginal fuscous fascia; cilia cinereous. Fore wing with the usual subapical deep black ocellus bipupilled with silver, outwardly defined by a dull yellow ring. Hind wing with a similar unipupilled subanal small ocellus. Underside: fore wing pale brown, finely and evenly striolated throughout (except narrowly along the inner margin) with white and ochreous of a curious shade; the ocellus as above but larger, with the pupils metallic blue and the outer yellow ring wider than on the upper- side. Hind wing with no trace of ocelli, striolated as on the fore wing, but the white and yellow striole not so much intermixed, there being an ill-defined broad yellow fascia across the dise from middle of costa to middle of abdominal margin, followed by a still broader but equally ill-defined whitish fascia, which is broken into broadly in the middle of the outer margin by a large tri- angular patch of the yellow striolation.” Hap. Gilsd inches ” (49 mm.). Hab. Northern Shan States, Upper Burma. ‘“* Described from a single example ” (de Nicéville). Unknown to me. Genus EREBIA. Erebia, Dalm. Kong. Vet.-Akad, Handl. xxxvii, 1816, p. 58; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1888, p, 239, pt. Callerebia, Butler, A. M. N. H. (8) xx, 1867, p. 217 5 Ue deo Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 248, pt.; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p- 96, pt. Paralasa, pt., Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893, p. 108. Type, H. ligea, Linn., from Europe. Range. Palearctic Region, and in India the Himalayas at high elevations. Most of the Indian forms have been arranged under Butler’s genus Callerebia, but the structural differences between Callerebia and Erebia are very slight, and the chief differential characters, viz., the shape of the hind wing and of the antenne, are bridged over by the Siberian H. parmenis, Boeb., on the one han and the Indian forms #. mani, H. kalinda and E. shallada on the other. It seems therefore to me that no good purpose can be served by separating the Indian and European forms under different genera. The characters given below have been drawn up from the Indian forms. 3 2. Fore wing broadly triangular or narrow; costa strongly EREBIA. 147 arched ; apex generally broadly rounded ; termen convex or straight, dorsum straight; cell long, over half length of wing; veins 6 and 7 approximate at base, consequently upper disco- cellular short, middle strongly curved inwards, lower long, oblique ; veins 10 and 11 from before apex of cell, 12 inflated at base, subcostal and median normal. Hind wing ovate; costa and termen widely arched (the latter in forms mam, kalinda and shallada strongly arched and rounded); dorsum very long, straight, emarginate towards tornus ; tornus angulate, almost lobed (rounded in mant, kalinda and shallada) ; cell over half length of wing ; discocellulars oblique; vein 3 from well before, vein 4 from apex of cell, vein 6 slightly closer to 7 than to 5 at base. Antenne about half length of fore wing, club long and gradual (short and flattened in mani, kalinda and shallada); palpi comparatively short with porrect hairs anteriorly ; eyes naked ; intermediate and _ posterior femora scaled, not hairy beneath. Key to the forms of Erebia. A. Males with secondary sex-mark of specialized SCAlESVOMMOTe, WIMDRT 2. , Ochraceous-red patch on vpperside of fore wing large; preapical ocellus with a comparatively broad yellow TD ote A A A aN me ees, A 5 Pee ae E. kalinda, p. 149. 6?. Ochraceous-red patch on upperside of fore wing small; preapical ocellus without, or with only an obscure, reddish-yellow narrow ring........ E. shallada, p. 149. 6. Club of antennz not spatulate, subcylin- drical and gradual. a’. Ground-colour of fore and hind wings on underside not alike, or if alike then hind wing irrorated more or less with greyish scales or short transverse dark strie. a’. Two large preapical and two tornal ocelli on underside of hind wing.... £. hyagriva, p. 150. 6. No preapical ocelli, or ocelli in a con- tinuous series of five or six, on under- side of hind wing. a°®, Underside of hind wing with sinuous, transyerse, postdiscal and sub- terminal dark bands, sometimes obscure but always traceable. a*, Underside of hind wing without, or with feeble, grey irrorations, and from two to six ocelli .... . nirmaia, p. 150. hy 2) 148 NYMPHALIDA. . Underside of hind wing with thick-set grey irrorations, never more than two ocelli. 5 = a ino a°. Preapical ocellus on fore wing with narrow obscure ring on upperside. a, Termen of fore wing nearly Straight a. i senha Gah ick E. annada, p. 150. O°. Termen of fore wing strongly COUVEX rc acer ya aed os Race hybrida, p. 151. b°, Preapical ocellus on fore wing with a very broad conspicuous outer ring on upperside...... Race orzva, p. 151. 6°, Underside of hind wing with no trace of sinuous, transverse, post- discal and subterminal dark bands. . scanda, p. 151. 6’. Ground-colour of fore and hind wings on underside alike; no trace of greyish UTPOPAUUONS Fc fen pre se eee eee er E. daksha, p. 162. 175. Erebia narasingha, Moore (Ypthima), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 236; M. & de N. (Ypthima) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, . 225; Moore (Hemadara), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 107, pl ATS ties. aod, 1: 3 Q. Upperside greyish brown; fore wing with a very large preapical black ocellus bipupilled with white and ringed with pale olivascent ochraceous, and a faint subterminal incomplete dark band. Hind wing with a curved series of obscure, very minute pale ocelli, and a broad, more or less distinct, terminal band. Underside: fore wing brown, all except the dorsal margin thickly sprinkled with olivascent scales; preapical ocellus as on the upperside, the surrounding ring broader, bordered above, below, and on the inner side by a margin of brown ; obscure, very short, discal and subterminal dark bands. Hind wing olivascent grey, thickly irrorated with short dark brown transverse strie ; a curved obscure postdiscal series of whitish dots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark greyish brown, paler beneath. Male with a secondary sex-mark of dark brown, densely set, specialized scales in a band below the median vein and extending into the cell. Exp. 3 2 55-62 mm. (2:2-2°48"). Hab. Recorded only so far from Sikhim and Upper Bae This is a somewhat aberrant form, having in the ¢ a secondary sex-mark, but the neuration is that of Erebia. 176. Erebia mani, de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 247; M.S de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 242, pl. 15, fig. 48 3 5 Moore (Paralasa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 106, pl. 118, figs. 2 2a, 2b, Gree 3 2. Upperside brown; cilia white alternated with brown. Fore wing with a very large subtriangular yellow patch, larger in the ¢ than in the 9, extending from apex of cell to a narrow EREBIA. 149 terminal brown border, and from a narrow costal brown border to vein la, enclosing a black preapical ocellus with a minute white centre and a much paler yellow ring. Hind wing uniform. Underside : fore wing—basal area to apex of cell brown tinged with ochraceous red; the yellow patch, ocellus, narrow costal and terminal brown border above and beyond it, as on the upperside, but the ocellus with a broader pale yellow ring, and the costa, apex and termen sprinkled with scales. Hind wing: ground-colour, postdiscal series of white dots, and irrorations of white scales much as in & shallada. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Exp. 3 2 48-55 mm. (1°9-2°25"). Hab. Kashmir, Ladak. 177. Erebia kalinda (Pl. III, fig. 22), Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 501, pl. 30, fig.5 9: M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 241; Moore (Paralasa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 104, pl. 117, figs. 3, 3 a, 3d, 20 3 2. Upperside rich brown; fore wing with a unipupilled, black, preapical ocellus surrounded by a yellow ring, the centre of the wing above vein 1 below the ocellus, and between the apex of the ceil and narrow terminal border, deep ochraceous red. Hind wing without ocelli; a small patch of deep ochraceous red subter- minally in the middle line of the wing. Cilia of both wings white alternated with brown. Underside: fore wing ochraceous red, the preapical ocellus as on the upperside, the costa, apex broadly, termen and dorsal margin, brown, sprinkled with greyish scales. Hind wing very dark blackish brown, thickly irrorated with greyish-white scales; a postdiscal strongly arched series of seven white spots. Antenne brown ringed with white; head, thorax and abdomen brown. Exp. 3 2 50-54 mm. (2-2°18"). Hab. Western Himalayas at high elevations, Kumaun, Kulu, Ulwas, Pangi, the basin of the Ravi. 178. Erebia shallada, Zang, M. § de N. J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 247; ud. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 241, pl. 15, fig. 42 $; Moore (Paralasa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 105, pl. 118, figs. 1, la, 1b, dQ. 3 9. This form, which is found in places together with EH. kalinda, closely resembles it, but the wings are much broader in proportion to length, the ocellus on the fore wing is without, or with only a very obscure, reddish-yellow ring and much larger, the ochraceous-red patch is of a darker colour and much smaller. Underside: fore wing similar to the fore wing in &. kalinda, but the red of a darker shade. Hind wing similar, with a similar curved series of white dots, but the ground-colour very much paler, irrorated with minute white scales. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in #. kalinda. Exp. & 2 58-62 mm. (2°3-2°43"),. Hab. Western Himalayas. 150 NYMPHALIDA. 179. Erebia hyagriva, Moore (Ypthima), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i, 1857, p. 936; I. & de N. (Vpthima) Butt, Ind. i, 1888, p. 226, pl dies 64 0: Moore (Dallacha) Zep Ind. i 1698 Oana pl. 115, figs. lla, 3 9. 3 Q. Upperside rich dark brown, of a paler more umber-brown tint than in EL. daksha. Fore wing with a well-defined sub- terminal darker band and a single bipupilled, black, yellow-ringed preapical ocellus. Hind wing with a similar but less well-defined subterminal dark band and a single unipupilled but similar smaller tornal ocellus. Underside ochraceous brown, the dark sub- terminal bands on the wings as on the upperside but better defined and with a slender terminal dark line. Fore wing uniform, the costal and terminal margins only with brown mottlings, the ocellus as on the upperside. Hind wing covered with short dark transverse strie, with a postdiscal series of four large, black, white-pupilled, yellow-ringed ocelli, two subapical, two subanal, somewhat as in VYpthima. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. Exp. 3 2 50-62 mm. (1:98-2°45"). Hab. 'The Himalayas from Kashmir to Kulu. 180. Erebia nirmala, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 501; M. & de N. (Callerebia) Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. mae Moore (Callerebia), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 100, pl. 116, figs. 2, 2a-2e, 5 Q. Callerebia intermedia et cashapa, ‘Moor 60P OZ. 8. 1882, p. 236. 3 9. Resembles #. scanda, Kollar, but on the upperside the hind wing, in most of the specimens I have seen, has, besides the subtornal ocellus, one or more similar postdiscal ocelli. On the underside the central area of the fore wing is deep ochraceous red; the postdiscal and subterminal dark bands are present and arranged as in H#. annada. Hind wing without, or in some specimens with only traces of, the irroration of grey scales ; there is instead a powdering of minute yellow scales on the posterior area of the wing; the ocelli are as on the upperside, but range up to six in number, varying in size; there are always faint postdiscal and subterminal sinuous dark incomplete bands as in /. annada. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Exp. S$ 2 51-60 mm. (2-2°38"). Hab. Western Himalayas, Kunawar to Kumaun. Vars. intermedia and cashapa, Moore, were founded on specimens having a varying number of ocelli on the hind wing, with the underside of that wing “uniformly sprinkled with grey scales.” 181. eke annada, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 226 ; M. § de N. (Callerebia) Batt. ind. i, 1883, p. 245; ese (Callerebia), Zep. Ind. i, 1893-96, p. 97, pl. 116, figs. 3, 35 oF EREBIA. (5) Race orixa. Callerebia orixa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 555 ¢ ; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 245; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 96, pl. 115, figs. 2 2a, dQ. Race hybrida. Callerebia hybrida, Butler, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 147; MW. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 246, pl. 15, fig. 44 g ; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 98, pl. 116, figs. 1, la, ¢ Q. 3 2. Upperside: ground-colour and ocelli as in E. scanda, but the latter ringed with deep brownish orange, not pale fulvous ; both fore and hind wing with an obscure subterminal dark brown band. Underside: fore wing—a shade of deep ochraceous red- brown, the dorsal margin broadly brown, the apex and the ter- minal margin just below it irrorated with some greyish scales ; the ocellus and subterminal band as on the upperside, the latter joining -an oblique postdiscal dark band below the ocellus. Hind wing dark umber-brown, thickly irrorated with greyish scales and transverse umber-brown strie, the irroration getting denser towards the costa; two subtornal fulvous-ringed blind ocelli; postdiscal and subterminal more or less incomplete umber-brown sinuous transverse bands. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Exp. S 2 62-70 mm. (2°45-2°75"'). Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir to Bhutan. Race orixa, Moore, differs only in the brownish-orange ring surrounding the ocelli on both upper and under sides being very much broader, especially on the fore wing; the ocelli on the hind wing are on the underside less distinct as a rule. ‘The sub- terminal band on the upperside and the postdiscal and sub- terminal bands on the underside of the fore wing are entirely wanting in the majority of the specimens I have examined. Exp. 3 2 56-72 mm. (2°23-2°85"). Hab. Assam, the Khasi Hills; Manipur. Race hybrida, Butler, is more distinct, the fore wing being narrower and much more rounded at apex. Upperside: ground- colour slightly paler brown, the ocelli ringed with yellow. Under- side also paler, the irrorations on the hind wing yellowish not grey, and the postdiscal and subterminal sinuous bands more complete. Exp. 3 9 62-64 mm. (2°45-2°53"), Hab. The Western Himalayas to Mussoorie and Kumaun. 182. Erebia scanda, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 1844, 2, p. 452, pl. 17, figs. 3,4, ¢ ; M. & de N. (Callerebia) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p- 244; Moore (Callerebia), Zep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 101, Dietl7 ess lar Worcs. Or 3 2. Upperside dark velvety brown, broadly paler towards 152 NYMPHALID ZA. apex and termen; fore wing with a bipupilled, very pale fulvous- ringed, oval, dark brown preapical ocellus. Underside uniform brown; fore wing with the ocellus as on the upperside and beyond it a faint subterminal transverse darker brown band. Hind wing more or less irrorated with white scales on the posterior two-thirds; two small subbasal, fulveus-ringed, white-pupilled black ocelli, and in a curve in the interspaces above them four minute white dots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Kap. 3 2 52-72 mm. (2°05-2°85"). Hab. Himalayas, Kashmir to Kumaun. 183. Erebia daksha, Moore (Callerebia), P. Z. S. 1874, p. 266, pl. 43, fig. 1 g¢; M. § de N. (Callerebia) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 248; Moore (Callerebia), Lev. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 102, pl. 117, figs. 2, 2a, ¢. 3 2. Upperside dark brown, paling very slightly towards the terminal margin and apex of fore wing. Fore wing with a bipupilled black preapical ocellus ; hind wing with a unipupilled subtornal similar ocellus. Underside similar; the ocelli encircled with dark ferruginous rings; on the fore wing sometimes an additional small ocellus below the preapical ocellus. Hind wing with a curved subterminal series of white spots above the sub- tornal ocellus, one or two of these sometimes form centres to minute ocelii. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Exp. 3 & 50-52 mm. (2-2°1"). Hab. Kashmir. Genus ERITES. Erites, Westw. Gen. Di. Lep. 11, 1851, p. 392; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 235; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 118. Type, #. madura, Horsf., from Java. Range. The Indo-Malayan Region. 3 2. Fore wing triangular, costa widely arched, termen oblique; dorsum straight, apex rounded, slightly produced ; the Fig. 35.—Hrites angularis, Moore, d. }. termen just below apex in one species angulate; cell long, well over half length of wing; upper discocellular minute, middle a little more than half longer, the two together forming a single ERITES. 153 concave line; veins 4, 5 and 6 parallel, 10 and 11 from before apex of cell, 12 inflated at base, subcostal and median normal. Hind wing pear-shaped, costa and dorsum nearly straight ; termen deeply scalloped, more or less produced at apex of vein 4, cell about half length of wing; discocellulars oblique, middle concave ; vein 3 from before apex of cell, vein 6 closer to 7 than to 5. Antenne slender, about half length of fore wing, club very gradual; palpi erect, fringed with long porrect hairs anteriorly, third joint moderately long; eyes naked; intermediate femora longer than tibiz, scaled not hairy. The forms of Hrites all have more or less transparent delicate wings. Key to the forms of Erites. Apex of fore wing rounded. a’. Fore wing: all the ocelli of underside show- ing through by transparency on upperside. Underside ground-colour rich purplish.... £. argentina, p. 198. b'. Fore wing: only the large ocellus on under- side at tornus showing through by trans- parency on upperside. Underside ground- colour pale grey or pale ochraceous. a>. Ochraceous rings surrounding postdiscal series of black spots on upperside of hind wing narrow, well separated.......... LE. angularis, p. 154. 6°. Ochraceous rings surrounding postdiscal series of black spots on upperside of hind SS a. WAM NOLOAMs COMMUCIIB. 5 aici hc cs sats) ce eens? LE. rotundata, p. 154. 6. Apex of fore wing truncate, termen just below PuIncaMOnANoWAte? Vaccwe, |. Se ste wens E, faleipennis, p. 155. 184. Erites argentina, Butler, Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 1868, p. 188, pl. 5, fig. 8 9 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 118, pl. 121, neo ao oS. ¢ 2. Upperside ferruginous brown, the median and discal transverse bands and the ocelli on the underside of both fore and hind wing showing through by transparency; a _ subtornal ochraceous-ringed black ocellus in interspace 2 and pale sinuous, slender, subterminal and terminal lines on the hind wing being the only definite markings. The ocellar ring in the 9 broader than inthe g$. Underside rich purplish; basal half of both fore and hind wing irrorated with short, transverse, delicate, brown striz and crossed by broad transverse dark bands as follows—an obscure short band at extreme base of wings, a median and a discal band ; the latter two with a stripe of ochraceous down the middle, in @ on both fore and hind wing, in ¢ only on the hind wing. In both sexes the discal dark band strongly angulated outwards on vein 4 of the hind wing and there bordered externally with ochraceous. Beyond on the fore wing there is an anterior series, margined with dark brown on both sides, of four or five, small, silvery-centred, purple-ringed, black ocelli, and a very large similar 154 NYMPHALIDZ. ocellus at the tornus only encircled with a very broad ochraceous ring. Hind wing: a slightly enrved series of five similar ocelli, the posterior two ringed with ochraceous, the anterior three with purplish. Both fore and hind wing with very slender sinuous subterminal and terminal dark lines. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen pale brown, whitish beneath; the antenne annulated with white and ochraceous, on the club. Kap. 3 2 54-60 mm. (2°13-2°38"), Hab. Tenasserim ; and Malayan Subregion to Borneo. 185. Erites angularis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 825 6; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 236, pl. 16, fig. 50 9 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 115, pl. 121, figs. 2, 2a, 26, dQ. 3 2. Resembles /. argentina, but differs as follows :—Fore wing comparatively longer and narrower, the apex more produced, the termen more oblique. Hind wing: the termen more deeply scalloped, decidedly caudate at apex of vein 4. Upperside: the ocelli on the hind wing better defined. Underside: ground-colour much paler. Fore wing: the dark discal and postdiscal bands and the series of small anterior ocelli ill-defined, the tornal large ocellus elongate with a large blue centre. Hind wing: the transverse discal bands outwardly angulate in the middle, not straight ; discal and submedian bands more ochraceous, the curved series of ocelli much smaller. Exp. 3 2 62-64 mm. (2°44-2°5”). Hab. Burma; Tenasserim. 186. Erites rotundata, de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. 1893, pt. 2, p. 4. Erites beelinga, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 114. 3 2. Differs from H. angularis on the upperside in the tornal ocellus on the fore wing and all the ocelli on the hind wing being clearly defined and encircled with very broad ochraceous rings ; there is also a short postdiscal transverse, ochraceous, medially angulated band on the hind wing. Underside much paler, more ochraceous than in F#. angularis; the whole of the wings, not only the basal half as in #. argentina, with short transverse brown striz ; no transverse dark bands on the hind wing; the ocelli on both fore and hind wing, with the exception of the tornal ocellus on the fore, minute, sometimes reduced to mere specks, or alto- gether obsolete. For the rest, shape of the wings, &c., this form is very close to H. angularis. Exp. 3 9 58-62 mm. (2°27-2°43"). Hab. Recorded from the hills between Burma and Tenasserim. According to Mr. Doherty the genitalia of H. angularis and E. rotundata are structurally different. I have therefore kept the forms separate. In any case, HL. angularis, rotundata and the form next described, falcipennis, are very closely allied to each other. ERITES.—RAGADIA. 155 187. Erites falcipennis, W.-M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 237 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 116, pl. 121, figs. 3, 3a, 5 Q. 3. ‘Nearest allied to HZ. angularis, Moore, but differs from that species in the coloration of the upperside being dark fuliginous throughout, in the fore wing being distinctly falcate, the ocellus round and prominently white-pupilled with a very narrow pale iris. Hind wing with the outer fascia and series of blind ocelli hardly defined with ochreous, the outer margin (termen) less waved, especially at the third median nervule, where in L. angularis the wing is produced into a short tail; the marginal lines obsolete. UNDERsIDE: all the markings duller and less ochreous. Fore wing with a small round central pure white pupil to the posterior ocellus, not large, silvery and eccentric as in #. angularis; the iris narrow. On the hind wing the ocelli are small, the two discal fascia wider and of a deeper ochreous, the strize on both wings shorter and more thickly disposed, forming on the hind wing a submarginal purplish band.” “¢ Hep. 2°1—-2°3 mm.” (Butt. Ind.) Hab. Cachar. I quote the original description as I have seen only a single broken specimen, a @ of this form, captured by the late Capt. Watson in the Chin Hills, Upper Burma. This specimen agrees fairly well with the description above of the ¢, but on the underside it more closely resembles L. rotundata in tiie absence of the discal and postdiscal transverse bands on the hind wing and in the minuteness of the ocelli. Genus RAGADIA. Ragadia, Westw. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1851, p. 376; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1888, p. 234; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 110. Type, &. crisia, Hubner, from the Malay Peninsula. Range. Malayan Subregion, extending into China; Burma Assam and Eastern Himalayas. 3d 2. Fore wing: costa widely arched, termen straight, in the @ slightly convex, dorsum straight, apex and tornus distinct but more or less rounded; discoidal cell long, over half length of wing; upper and middle discocellulars inclined very obliquely inwards, lower discocellular strongly bent inwards, concave ; vein 5 closer to 6 than to 4 at base, 10 emitted well beyond apex of cell, 11 from just before apex, 12 greatly inflated at base, median vein normal. Hind wing pear-shaped; termen strongly arched, entire ; discoidal cell very short, much less than half length of wing, very narrow, acute at apex; veins 3 and 4, and 6 and 7 stalked far beyond apex of cell. Antenne short, about half length of fore wing, club gradually formed, long and slender ; palpi moderately long, third joint slender; eyes very slightly hairy ; intermediate femora and tibize subequal, not hairy. The male secondary sex- 156 NYMPHALIDSZ, mark consists of the discocellulars of the hind wing inflated, covered by a tuft of long hairs on the upperside. The forms of Ragadia constitute a well-marked and homo- geneous group very closely allied to each other. In fact, they are all really slightly differentiated races of one form. Three are found within our limits. Key to the forms of Ragadia. a. Veins crossing the discal transverse white band on both fore and hind wing not margined with black. a’. Discal and postdiscal white bands far apart, intervening dark area broader than discal Nveunn diy’, eee Hee Dis nt Deke ee Pan ee R. crisilda, p. 156. 6’. Discal and postdiscal white bands closer, intervening dark area narrower than discal GT MTR Daye a marae ee Aa Ny i lear ue R. critolaus, p. 157. 6. Veins crossing the discal transverse white band on both fore and hind wing margined with blacks S22 we ie eee eee ea ee R. crito, p. 156. 188. Ragadia crisilda (Pl. ILI, fig. 23), Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iii, 1862, Ragadia, pl., figs. 5, 6, 9; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 255, pl. 15, fig. 86 29 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1895-96, p. 110, pls 20 figs: 1, Wa, los GQ 3 2. Upperside dull brownish black. Fore and hind wings crossed by a white oblique discal band attenuate at apex, broader in the @ than in the ¢; the white bands of the underside in- dicated by transparency above; hind wing in addition with a curved narrow postdiscal white band. Underside similar, but both fore and hind wing crossed by five white bands, the post- discal and subterminal bands on the hind wing curved ; between the discal and postdiscal bands there is, on both fore and hind wing, an oblique series of silvery-centred, fulvous-ringed, black ocelli, eight on fore, seven on hind wing ; three of the median ocelli on the hind wing encircled by the same fulvous ring. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brownish, antenne ringed with white ; club of antenne and the body beneath more or less ochraceous. Exp. 3 Q 45-48 mm. (1°78-1°9"). Hab. Assam, Sylhet, Shillong ; Cachar ; Arakan, Tenasserim. 189. Ragadia crito, de Micéville, Jow. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 199, pl. D, figs. 1, 2, ¢ 2 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p- 111, pl. 120, figs. 2,24, 26, dQ. ! 3 2. Upperside dusky black ; cilia blackish. Fore and hind wings crossed obliquely by four white bands, the basal two narrow and less distinct ; the discal band the broadest, broader on the hind wing than on the fore wing; on the latter broken by the veins, which are margined with dusky black, into subquadrate spots decreasing in size towards costa. Beyond this the post- RAGADIA.—MELANITIS, L5G discal white band straight on fore, curved on hind wing, the intervening black space with the ocelli of the underside showing through. Lastly, a faint dusky pale subterminal band on both fore and hind wing. Underside similar, the transverse bands pure white and more clearly defined, the ocelli precisely as in R. crisilda. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in R&R. crisilda. Exp. 3 Q 50-60 mm. (2-2°38"). Hab. Bhutan; Upper Assam. 190. Ragadia critolaus, de Nicéville, Jou. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vii, 1893, pl. H, fig. 1 ¢ ; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 112. 3 2. This local form, apparently confined to Tenasserim, resembles #. crito, from which it can be distinguished as follows :— Upperside: discal white band crossing both wings very much broader than in R. erisilda, postdiscal white band also slightly broader; both much more sharply and clearly defined. Underside similar to the upperside ; all the bands pure white. Exp. 3 Q 42-44 mm. (1°68-1°75"). Hab. Tenasserim. Genus MELANITIS. Melanitis, Fabr. Lihg. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 282; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 14; M. & de N. Butt. Ind.i, 1888, p. 250; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1895-96, p. 117. Type, MJ. leda, Linn., from Amboina. Range. Africa; Madagascar; Mauritius; throughout the Indo- Malayan Region to Australia. 3S 9. Fore wing short, broad, triangular, costa very strongly arched; apex obtuse, acute or falcate, in the dry-seasonal form very falcate ; the termen below the falcation straight, very slightly scalloped ; tornus distinct but rounded, dorsum straight ; cell rather long, well over half length of wing; discocellulars, upper and middle subequal, very short, veins 5, 6 and 7 therefore closely approximate at base ; lower discocellular strongly concave, veins 10 and 11 from well before apex; vein 12, subcostal and median normal. Hind wing irregularly oval, costa arched ; termen straight to vein 4, thence to tornus produced, scalloped, dorsum straight ; cell short, much under half length of wing; disco- cellulars oblique, upper and middle subequal, vein 3 from well before apex of cell; costal margin very broad at base of wing; vein 8 produced along costa to apex. Antenne about half leneth of fore wing, slender, club very gradual, blunt at apex; palpi compressed, long, but with no fringe of long hairs ; eyes naked; intermediate and posterior femora long, not hairy beneath. On the upperside the Indian forms of Melanitis resemble each other a good deal; on the underside they differ remarkably, not so much form from form as individually, and the so-called wet and dry seasonal varieties one from the other. Broadly speaking, the 158 NYMPHALID&. wet season produces an ocellated form, the wings covered with numerous short transverse strie; the dry season a form in which the striz are not so prominent and the ocelli are often reduced to mere specks; but the ocellated and non-ocellated varieties are often captured together. It is impossible within any reasonable limits to give a detailed description of the variations in the colour of the underside of the wings, especially in the dry-weather forms of this genus. Every shade and gradation of ochraceous brown, yellow, grey-black and ochraceous red occur and are arranged in spots, blotches, lines and striz in an endless variety of patterns, but in all specimens closely approximating in shade and markings to the dead and dying leaves among which they are found. Key to the forms of Melanitis. a. Upperside of fore wing without, or with comparatively small narrow markings of ferruginous or ochraceous near apex. a’. The markings bordering a large subapical black spot inwardly and above, but not Extending LOMOSac). 2c: mmo leiaeeeS M. ismene, p. 158. 6’. The markings extending to costa in a short oblique bar 22-42 seme eee M. bela and races, p. 159. b. Upperside of fore wing with a large patch of or ange-yellow near apex. '. Subapical black spots on upperside of fore wing large, confluent, extending inwards and j joining black patch beyond EUS RAOUL ICON dey. bbe itei ays toe ames ached NLA MM. zitenius, p. 161. b'. Subapical black spots on upperside of fore wing small, in rare cases wanting, never extended inwards, surrounded by Oramge pave sie Reis stasis oeemeye te M, bethami, p. 162. 191. Melanitis ismene, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. i, 1775, pl. 26, figs. A,B; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1880, p. 14, pl.10, figs. 2, 2 a, 24, $2; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 256, pl. 12, fig. 28 ¢ ; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 118, pls. 122, 128, figs. 1 a—le, d Papilio leda, Drury (nec Iinn.*), Exot. Ins. 1, 1778, pl. 15, figs. 5 SOMONE Moore (Melanitis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 105 , 1857, p. 922 « td. (Melanitis) Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 15, pl. 10, figs. 1, La, 16, $2; mM. & de. N. (Melanitis) Butt. Ind. 1, 1888, p. 252. Wet-season form.— 3 9. Fore wing: apex subacute ; termen slightly angulated just below apex, or straight. Upperside brown. Fore wing with two large subapical black spots, each with a smaller spot outwardly of pure white inwardly bordered by a ferruginous interrupted lunule ; costal margin narrowly pale. Hind wing with a dark, white-centred, fulvous-ringed ocellus subterminally in inter- space 2, and the apical ocellus, sometimes also others of the ocelli, * The true /eda, Linn., is the Amboina form of which the Indian form “ismene,’ Cramer, is only a race. Drury’s figures represent this dark Indian race, for which, foliowing Moore, I have retained Cramer’s name. MELANITIS, 159 on the underside, showing through. Underside paler, densely covered with transverse dark brown strie ; a discal curved dark brown narrow band on fore wing; a_ post- discal similar oblique band, followed by a series of ocelli: four on the fore wing, that in interspace 3 the largest; six on the hind wing, the apical and subtornal the largest. Dry-season form.— 3 Q. Fore wing: apex obtuse and more or less falcate ; termen posterior to falcation straight or sinuous. Upperside: ground-colour similar to that in the wet-season form, the markings, especially the ferruginous lunules inwardly bordering the black sub- apical spots on fore wing, larger, more extended below and above the black costa. Hind wing: the ocellus in interspace 2 absent, pos- teriorly replaced by three or four minute white subterminal spots. Underside varies in colour greatly, as noted above in the remarks under generic characters. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen in both seasonal forms brown or greyish brown; the antenne annulated with white, ochraceous at apex. Exp. & Q 70-80 mm. (2°78-3-15"). Hab. Has an immense range. Found in Africa from south of a line between Ashanti on the West coast to Abyssinia on the Hast. It occurs also in Madagascar, Mauritius and Bourbon; while from all over the Indo-Malayan Region down to Australia one or other of the local races of this insect has been recorded. Larva. “ Long, slender, somewhat fusiform, rough; terminal segment armed with two divergent setose fleshy processes ” (Moore). ‘* Colour grass-green with a yellow lateral line and many rows of small white spots, with the horn and a continuing cheek- stripe red, and three black spots on the face, but sometimes the head and horns are dark brown with three white spots on the face’? (Aitken). ‘‘ Feeds on grasses ” (Moore). Pupa. “Thick, smooth, abdomen dorsally convex; head-case terminating in an obtuse point in front; colour pale watery green without markings ” (Moore). Fig. 36. Melanitis ismene, $. 7- 192. Melanitis bela, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 228; M.§& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 254; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1293-96, p. 128, pl. 126, figs. 1, la-le, 3 Q. Cyllo aswa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 769 $; M.& de N. (Melanitis) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 253 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1888, p. 329. Race varaha. Melanitis varaha, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i, 1857, p. 224; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 256: Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 181, pl. 127, figs. 1, 1 a-ld, & pl. 128, figs. 1 a-1f, 3. 160 NYMPHALIDA. Melanitis gokala, Moore. Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 224 ; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 256; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 133, pl. 129, figs. 1, la-le, dQ. Melanitis aculeata, Hampson, J. A. S. B. 1888, p. 351. Melanitis ampa, Swinhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) v, 1890, p. 353. Race tambra. Melanitis tambra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 15, pl. 9, figs. 2, 2a-2c, 3 Q, larva & pupa; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 255; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 125, pl. 124, fig. 1, larva & pupa, la-lf, dQ. Wet-season form.— 3 2. Costa more strongly arched ; apex and termen of fore wing as in WM. ismene. Upperside closely resembles M. ismene, but the ferruginous markings near apex of fore wing are entirely wanting, the black subapical spots smaller and very obscure, the smaller white spot absent. Hind wing uniform, without ocelli ; in a few specimens the mere trace of a subterminal ocellus in interspace 2. Underside similar to the underside in M. ismene, but the ground-colour darker and the transverse striz not so clear and well-defined, the transverse brown lines also more obscure. Dry-season form.— $ 9 . Costa of fore wing very strongly arched, apex more falcate thanin M.ismene. Upperside: ground-colour as in M. ismene but often pale purplish towards the terminal margins ; markings near apex ferruginous, very often ochraceous or merely pale, much less definite and more limited in extent than in M. ismene, when present confined to the area inwards from and above the black subapical spots, not extended beyond towards the termen, but generally prolonged to the costa as an oblique short broad stripe. Underside as in M. ismene. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; the antenne annulated and tipped with ochraceous. Exp. 3 2 72-86 mm. (2°83-3°38"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim; Assam, Naga, and Khasi Hills; Burma, and Tenasserim. Race varaha, Moore.—This, the southern form of M. bela, differs in being smaller and much darker, with the ferruginous or ochraceous markings on the upperside near the apex of the fore wing still more obsolete than they are in typical M/. bela. In the wet-season form the subapical large black spots on the upperside of fore wing are very obscure and want the smaller white spots. In the dry-season form the terminal margins on the upperside of fore and hind wings are always purplish, and in the females the ochra- ceous markings are similar to the markings in J. bela and tolerably distinct, the ground-colour being much paler than in the male. Exp. 3 9 68-70 mm. (2°68-2°75"). Hab. Southern India. Var. gokala, Moore, is a form intermediate between typical M. bela and typical MW. varaha. 3 Q. Upperside umber-brown, the black subapical spots diffuse and generally in both wet-season MELANITIS. 161 and dry-season forms without the white smaller spot; the black costal patch beyond apex of cell, more or less obscure in typical M. bela, is prominent in var. gokala and is extended to the upper subapical spot. Race tambra, Moore.—An insular form closely resembling the Southern Indian race varaha, Moore, from which it differs in being slightly larger, and in the ground-colour of the underside in the wet-season form being always a rich dark purplish brown ; in varaha it is dark blackish brown. The ocelli, too, in this form are much more obsolescent than they are in the wet-season form of varaha. Exp. 3 2 70-78 mm. (2°75-3:1"). Hab. Ceylon. Larva. “‘ Klongated, thickened in the middle; head with two long pubescent red processes; anal segment also with two processes ; colour green with longitudinal and transverse darker lines; face striped with red.” (Moore.) Pupa. “Green. Head and thorax flattened.” (Moore.) 193. Melanitis zitenius (PI. III, fig. 24), Herbst (Papilio), Natwrsyst. Schmett. viii, 1796, p. 5, pl. 182, figs. 1, 2; M.S de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 258, pl. xii, fig. 29 9; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1893-96, p. 135, pl. 180, figs. 1, la-ld, 6 9, & pl. 1381, figs. 1, lale oQ. Cyllo duryodana, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 464 ; “M. & dé N. (Melanitis) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 257. Melanitis kalinga, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1894, p. 187, pl. 181, figs. 2,2a, 3. Wet-season form.— ¢ 9. Fore wing : costa strongly arched, apex acute ; termen immediately below apex in ¢ angulate, in 9 falcate. Upperside resembles M. ismene, but ground-colour on the whole somewhat warmer brown, a very broad patch of ochraceous yellow, above and beyond the subapical black spots, larger in the Q than inthe g. Underside closely irrorated with dark brown striz ; the ocelli subequal, very much smaller and less clearly defined than in iM. asmene. | Dry-season form.— g ¢ . Costa of fore wing less strongly arched ; apex in both sexes very falcate. From the wet-season form it differs in the greater amount of ochraceous yellow on the apex of fore wing. This forms a very broad band passing from costa above and beyond the subapical black spots, spreading below and encircling them except for a narrow band which joins the spots to a large black mark beyond apex of cell. Hind wing with two or three white subterminal spots posteriorly. Underside as in MM. ismene but not quite so variable, the ocelli often entirely obsolete. Exp. 3 2 82-90 mm. (3°25-3°5"). Hab. Sikhim ; S. India; Assam ; Burma; Tenasserim ; Andamans ; extending to the Malay Peninsula. Var. kalinga, Moore-—A specimen from Moore’s own col- lection, now in the British Museum, is the onl; one I have seen. VOL, I. M 162 NYMPHALID A. Except that it is slightly smaller it is absolutely indistinguishable from many Sikhim and Burmese specimens of M. zitenius. Two female specimens of M. zitenius in the British Museum, collected by me years ago in Tenasserim, show markings approach- ing those of the doubtfully distinct MW. ambasara, Moore (J. gnaphodes, Butler), from Java. In these two specimens the black subapical spots on the upperside of the fore wing are wanting; the ochraceous-yellow colour forms a very broad, prominent, oblique subapical bar from costa to termen. 194. Melanitis bethami, de Micéville, P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 451; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 127, pl. 125, figs. 1, la-le, g Q. Wet-season form.— 5 2. Shape of the wings as in WM. zitenius. Upperside very dark blackish brown, paler along the terminal margins, the subapical black spots wanting; a tolerably large patch, orange-yellow preapically, on the fore wing, larger and generally extended to the termen in the 9, bearing in interspace 3 a round white central black ocellus. Underside purplish brown, somewhat closely and evenly irrorated with short transverse dark brown strie ; fore wing with four obscure, hind wing with six postdiscal small ocelli. Dry-season form.— ¢ 9. Fore wing more falcate than in the wet- season form. Upperside: ground-colour a warmer richer brown, the terminal margins broadly ashy ; the orange-yellow patch on fore wing much larger, subtriangular, inwardly extending aimost to the apex of the cell, outwardly sometimes to apex and termen of wing; subapical black spots bearing a white spot on their outer margins, small but always present, completely surrounded by the orange- yellow. Hind wing with one or two white spots near tornus. Underside very variable, as in all the forms of Melanitis. Antenne brown, marked with ochraceous yellow in the ¢ ; head, thorax and abdomen dull brown. Exp. & Q 72-84 mm. (2°8-3'3"). Hab. Recorded only as yet from Pachmari in Central India. Genus CYLLOGENES. Cyllogenes, Butler, Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. 1868, p.6; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 260; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 137. Type, C. suradeva, Moore, from Sikhim. Range. Recorded only from Sikhim; Bhutan; Assam, the Naga Hills. 3 ©. Allied to Melanitis. Differs in having comparatively broader wings with much broader discocellular cells. Typically the apex of the fore wing is acute, never rounded or falcate as in Melanitis. Vein 1 of the fore wing is remarkably short in the males, terminating on the dorsal margin at a distance of less than half the length of the latter from base. Hind wing broadly caudate at vein 4; vein 7, and not vein 8, produced to apex of wing, vein 8 terminating on the basal half of the costa. The rest CYLLOGENES. 163 of the venation similar to that of Melanitis. Antenne less than half the length of fore wing, with a shorter and broader club; palpi as in Melanitis; eyes naked ; femora of intermediate and posterior legs scaled, slightly longer than the tibia. So far as is known, there is no seasonal dimorphism ; typically the male is furnished with a very large and conspicuous sex-mark of specialized scales, lying on both sides of the median vein on the upperside of the fore wing. Key to the forms of Cyllogenes. a. Termen of fore wing in both males and females straight, not angulated below apex.......... C. suradeva, p. 165. 6. Termen of fore wing in both males and females distinctly angulated below apex ............ C. janete, p. 163. 195. Cyllogenes suradeva, Moore (Melanitis), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 225; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 260, pl. 18, fio, 30, ¢ 9; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 830; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 138, pl. 132, figs. 1, 1a, 16, 5 Q. 3 Q. Upperside vandyke-brown with in some lights a purplish gloss. Fore wing: a preapical curved broad yellow fascia from costa to a little below vein 5, but not reaching the termen. Hind wing uniform. Underside dull ochraceous white, somewhat closely irrorated with fine short transverse brown strie ; both fore and hind wing with a dark, transverse, slightly diffuse discal band, and an obscure, very incomplete postdiscal series of small white ocellar spots. The discal band broader in the 9 than in the ¢ ; in the latter bordered outwardly by a broad diffuse purplish band. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen pale brown, dull ochraceous white beneath; the antenue bright ochraceous at apex. Male sex-mark as described under generic characters. Exp. 3 2 82-88 mm. (3°25-3-47"). Hab. Recorded hitherto only from Sikhim. 196. Cyllogenes janet, de Micéville, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 453; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 189, pl. 182, figs. 2, 2a, g. ¢ 2. Very closely resembles C. swradeva in colour, but the out- line of the fore wing in both ¢ and @ is different, as noted in the Key to the forms; the preapical yellow band on the upperside of the fore wing is broader, more curved and reaches the termen, along which it is continued narrowly to the tornus ; the termen of the hind wing is broadly, but very obscurely, also yellow; and the 3 is entirely without the conspicuous sex-patch on the fore wing. Underside very much darker than in C. swradeva, the striz coalescing in places and shading the whole area of the wings irregularly with brown. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in C. suradeva, but much darker. Exp. 3 2 96-98 mm. (3°8-3°85"). Hab. Bhutan; the Naga Hills. M2 164 NYMPHALID&. Genus PARANTIRRH@A. Parantirrheea, Wood-Mason, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 248; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 261; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 139. Type, P. marshalli, Wood-Mason, from Travancore. Range. Only known from Southern India, Travancore. “ Male. Fore wing triangular; costal margin moderately and regularly arched ; apex acute ; outer margin almost straight, being only just perceptibly convex; inner angle rounded ; inner margin sinuous, being lobed at the base much as in the males of Clerome and 4imona, genera of Morphine ; subcostal nervure four-branched, the first branch given off before, and the second beyond the end of the discoidal cell, the first, second and third coalescing, successively and respectively, with the costal nervure, the first and the second and ali three in turn becoming free and running off at a tangent like the costal nervure to the anterior margin, the fourth being perfectly free from its origin and running to the apical angle ; lower discocellular nervule long, very slightly concave outwards, almost straight; middle one not quite half the length of the lower one, upper one rudimentary; submedian nervure sinuous, short, termi- nating near the inner margin at about the level of the junction of the basal and second fourth of the length of that margin, being in fact hardly more developed than is the internal nervure of the Papilio- nine, as compared with that of many Heterocerous Lepidoptera ; the first median nervure directed straight outwards and backwards, out of its normal course, to the inner angle and supplying the place of the rudimentary submedian nervure. On turning to the under- side, it is seen that a narrow rounded lobe of the functional sutural area (inner margin), about six times as long as it is broad, is folded back upon the under surface to which it is firmly adherent. The lobe occupies the middle twa-fourths of the length of the inner margin, and is thickly clothed on its surface and fringed at its free edge with firmly attached long and somewhat raised modified scales, rendered conspicuous by their rich dark brown colour and satiny lustre. The outline of this turned-up lobe is marked out on the upperside by a curvilinear groove. Hind wing tailed, subquadrate, with four distinct margins ; viz., a strongly and irregularly-arched costal margin, nearly straight external and hind margins, and an inner or abdominal margin marked out by the obtuse-angled apex ; the tail and the well-rounded anal angle with a black oval sexual mark divided by the submedian nervure near the anal angle ; costal nervure short and straight, terminating before, and the first branch of the subcostal which originates close to the base of its nervure ending beyond the middle of the length of the costal margin, the second branch being given off before the middle of the discoidal cell and extending into the apical angle; the discoidal nervule in the same straight or slightly curved line with the subcostal ; the discocellular nervule sinuous; the third median nervule produced PARANTIRRH@A.—ANADEBIS. 165 to a conspicuous tail. Antenne fine and distinctly clubbed. ... . i ( Wood-Mason. ) A single species only is known, constituting the type of the genus. 197. Parantirrhea marshalli, Wood-Mason, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 250; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 262; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 140, pl. 182, fio. 3, 3 a, 3. 3. * Upperside, both wings dark fuscous suffused with rich deep violet. Fore wing with an outwardly and forwardly arched sub- crescentic pale violet or mauve band, commencing beyond the middle of the wing at the costal nervure, terminating at the inner angle, and crossed obliquely by a series of three small white spots disposed in a straight line parallel to the outer margin, and placed upon folds of as many consecutive interspaces, the last being between the second and third median nervules. Hind wing relatively longer tailed than in Melanitis ismene, Cramer, with the mem- branous parts of the divergent tail almost wholly formed by the produced wing-membrane of the interspace between the second and third median nervules, a very narrow anterior membranous edging being contributed by the interspace next in front; and with rather more than the basal two-thirds of its length in front of the discoidal nervure and subcostal nervure ochreous. Underside : both wings ochreous, obscurely striated with a deeper shade of the same colour, and marked with a submarginal series of incon- spicuous brown specks, the probable rudiments of ocelli.” ( Wood- Mason.) Exp. 2°4 inches (61 mm.). Hab. Trevandrum, Travancore. Genus ANADEBIS. qreoPS: Moore (nec Doubleday), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, 234. Anadebis, Butler, A. M. N. H. (3) xx, 1867, p. 50. Zethera, M. & de N. (nec Felder) Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 97. Kupleamima, Holl. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1887, p. 115; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-1892, p. 155. Type, A. himachala, Butler, from the N.E. Himalayas. Range. Indo-Malayan Region. 3 9. Fore wing very broadly triangular, costa arched from base, termen convex or straight, dorsum slightly sinuous, apex and tornus well-marked ; discoidal cell very broad and short, not half the length of wing; discocellulars oblique, upper and middle sub- equal, lower very long; vein 12 and median vein scarcely thickened towards base, subcostal strongly arched, veins 10 and 11 free. Hind wing broadly ovate; cell short, not half length of wing ; veins 3 and 4 emitted close together, but 3a little before apex of 166 NYMPHALID A, cell, 4 at apex, 6 closer to 5 than to 7. Antenne filiform, about half length of fore wing ; club indistinct, very gradual ; palpi long, subporrect, third joint long, distinct; eyes naked ; intermediate and posterior femora long, not hairy beneath. Sexes alike; male with no secondary sexual characters. Key to the forms of Anadebis. a. Upperside: both wings with postdiscal row of black, white-centred ocelli .......... A. himachalu, p. 166. 6. Upperside: both wings with rows of white spots, not ocelli, subterminal and terminal on fore, postdiscal, subterminal and ter- mma lronvhind wlll ey cece oe eee aren A, diademoides, p. 166. 198. Anadebis himachala, Moore (Mycalesis?, Theope), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 234; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1882, p. 99, pl. 14, fie. 35 9; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 157, pl. 54, figs. 2,2a, dQ. Neorina sita, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. iii, 1859, p. 403. 3 2. Upperside dark umber-brown, somewhat paler in the 2; termen broadly paler, the paler shade on the fore wing being produced angularly inwards along the costa. On this pale portion there is on the fore wing a row of seven (occasionally only six) white-pupilled black ocelli, each surrounded by a ring of pale fulvous and an outer ring of brown, these latter rings touching each other on the veins; beyond this, two somewhat waved lines parallel to the termen and curving inwards opposite the apex ; the termen and cilia brown, touched with pale fulvous. Hind wing similar, with similar ocelli and subterminal lines; ocelli six; the apical ocellus very large but obscure and faintly marked, the middle one of the five distinct ocelli the largest, the anal one bipupilled. Underside similar, the ground-colour on each side of the internal subterminal brown line pinkish, the apical ocellus on the hind wing distinct, very large. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Exp. 3 Q 84-98 mm. (3°3-3°85"). Hab. Sikhim; Assam, Sylhet, Khasi Hills, Cachar; Upper Burma. 199. Anadebis diademoides, Moore (Zethera), P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 824, pl. 51, fig.3 g¢; WM. & de N. (Zethera) Butt. Ind. i. 1882, p. 98, pl. 14, fig. 33 $; Moore (Kuploamima), Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 156, pl. 54, figs. 1, la, S. 3 2. Upperside sepia-brown to dark blackish brown. Fore wing with a subterminal row of white spots decreasing in size towards the costa, a terminal row of smaller, more or less obscure white spots, and between the two series a faintly-white row of lunules. Hind wing with three rows of white spots along the termen: the innermost row of spots very large, broadly oval, decreasing in size ANADEBIS.—NEORINA. 167 towards the apex; the outer two rows much smaller, subequal in size. Underside rather pale vandyke-brown, the white spots on both wings as on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and Fig. 37.—Anadebis diademoides, S. 1. abdomen brown, the sides of the palpi and of the abdomen beneath streaked with white. Exp. 3 29 74-90 mm. (2°9-3°55"). Hab. Upper Burma, Shan States, Ruby Mines, Karen Hills; Lower Burma, Pegu Yoma; throughout Tenasserim. Recorded from Hainan. Genus NEORINA. Neorina, Westw., Doblday., Westw. § Hewits. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 369. Type, NV. hilda, Westw. Range. Indo-Malayan Region. 3 2. Wings comparatively very broad. Fore wing: costa strongly arched, termen and dorsum nearly straight, apex and tornus slightly rounded but distinct. Hind wing oval; costa and termen strongly arched, the latter scalloped, sometimes produced at apex of vein 4; cell in both wings not half length of wing; upper and middle discocellulars in fore wing very short, lower bent inwards near base, then straight; veins 10 and 11 from before apex of cell, vein 12 not at all, or very slightly, swollen at base. Hind wing: discocellulars short, oblique, curved outwards ; veins 3 and 4 from extreme apex of cell, 4,5, 6 and 7 subequally distant from each other. Antenne about half length of fore wing, slender, gradually thickening to apex, but without a distinct club ; eyes naked ; palpi somewhat broad, third joint short ; intermediate femora longer than tibiz, scaled not hairy. 168 NYMPHALIDA. Key to the forms of Neorina. a. Termen of hind wing not produced at apex of WEEE VR Naren ce ae ne ete CER aie as N. hilda, p. 168. 6. Termen of hind wing produced, caudate at apex Of VOU A 7... SE eee cas Sse ici ane NV. westwoodt, p. 168. 200. Neorina westwoodi, Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1892, p. 226, pl. 74, figs. 2, 2a, g Q. Neorina. chrishna, M. & de N. (nec Westw.) Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 135, pl. 14, fig. 34 2. 3 9. Closely resembles WV. hilda, but differs chiefly as follows :— Upperside: ground-colour darker ; fore wing with the oblique band whiter, much broader, extending into the upper third of the cell, and narrowing towards the tornus; discocellulars marked with brown. Hind wing broadly caudate at apex of vein 4; apex and cilia white not yellow. Underside: the disc and posterior portion of hind wing powdered with lilacine grey not yellow scales, the ocellus in interspace 2 larger and more distinct. Exp. S 2 114-128 mm. (4°5-5:05"). Hab. Sikhim ? (Brit. Mus.); Assara, Cachar, Burma. This insect was confounded with a Javan species JV. chrishna, Westw., from which it can be distinguished at once by being larger and by the very much broader tail to the hind wing. 201. Neorina hilda, Westw. m Dbiday., Westw. §& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 370, pl. 65, fig. 2.65 ML. & de N. Butt, Ind. i, 1883, p- 184; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1890-92, p. 225, pl. 74, figs. 1, la, $ @. 3 2. Upperside very dark vandyke-brown. Fore wing with an oblique yellow band, with irregular margins, reaching from the costa above apex of cell, nearly to the tornus ; a large black ocellus, faintly centred paler, in interspace 5; a white spot above and another smaller one below it. Hind wing: the terminal and costal margins near the apex somewhat narrowly yellow; cilia yellow. Both wings with faint, somewhat broad, pale subterminal and terminal incomplete lines. Underside: ground-colour similar, with a powdering of yellowish scales towards the dorsal margin of the hind wing. Fore wing with the yellow oblique band, black ocellus, and white spots as on the upperside; the ocellus white-centred and fulvous-ringed, with an outer ring of black. Hind wing with yellow markings as on the upperside, a preapical ocellus similar to the ocellus on the fore wing, and very much smaller, similar, somewhat obsolescent ocelli in interspaces 2,3, and 4. Both wings with two subterminal lunular dark lines, bordered by lilacine on the inner side and between the lines towards the tornus of the hind wing. Antenne rufescent brown ; palpi with a yellow stripe on the sides ; head, thorax and abdomen dark vandyke-brown. Hep. 3 2 96-104 mm. (3°75-4°1"). Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Assam. ELYMNIAS, 169 Genus ELYMNIAS. Elymnias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 37; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 264. FElymnias, Melynias, Bruasa, Mimadelias, et Agrusia, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1894, p. 144. Type, #. undularis, from India. Range. Africa and the Indo-Malayan Region. 3 2. Wings ample; terminal margins uneven, generally scalloped; entire only in afew forms. Fore wing short and broad or elongate, moderately narrow; cell broad, short, well under halt length of wing; upper discocellular very short, outwardly oblique ; middle discocellular vertical, not half length of lower, lower strongly concave; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell, vein 4 curved strongly upwards; veins 10 and 11 from before upper apex of cell; vein 12 swollen at base. Hind wing short and broad, oval, generally more or less caudate at apex of vein 4, sometimes also shortly caudate at the apices of veins 1 to 3; cell very short and broad ; upper discocellular nearly horizontal], middle vertical, lower concave ; a well-marked prediscoidal cell; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell; vein 8 very short. Antenne short, less than half length of fore wing, club gradual; palpi obliquely porrect, tufted posteriorly, with somewhat thickset,adpressed hairs in front ; eyes naked and prominent; intermediate and posterior femora longer than the tibiz, scaled not hairy. Males with secondary sex-mark of specialized scales covered by a tuft of long hair, placed below vein 1 when present on the fore wing, and near the base within the cell on the hind wing. These sex-marks are, in the majority of the Indian forms, present only on the hind wing. I have taken the genus Hlymnias in the wide sense, distinguished from the rest of the Satyrine by the possession of a prediscoidal cell in the hind wing. The Indian forms can, however, be divided into three fairly well-marked groups:—I. True Hlymmnias, com- prising the forms arranged under Elymnias and Melymas by Moore; II. Bruasa, Moore, with one form from within our limits ; III. Forms comprised in Moore’s genera Mimadelias and Agrusia. Bruasa differs from Elymnias in the shape of the wings, and Mimadelias and Agrusia in the character of the secondary sex-mark in the male. Key to the forms of Elymnias. A. Basal area up to apex of cell on upperside of wings uniform, without markings. a. Markings when present on upperside of wings terminal. a’. Underside of hind wing not ocellated. a’, Upperside: ¢, wings brown, terminal margin of hind wing only chestnut- red or ochraceous; 9, wings tawny, 170 NYMPHALIDZ. terminal margins black with white spots, or wings more or less con- colorous with those of ¢. a’, Upperside: ¢, terminal margin of fore wing with blue spots; , black on terminal margin of hind wing not extending inwards along veins. a*, Upperside: 3, terminal margin of hind wing chestnut-red; Q, oblique preapical white band on fore wing broad, its margins RIGO VOD: | Uh eA i a sanuele logs teres ae b*. Upperside: ¢, terminal margin of hind wing not chestnut -red, ochraceous ; 2, oblique preapical white band on fore wing narrow, Ibs MATSIMS"EVEM eh. WAG ae He 6°. Upperside: ¢, terminal margin of fore wing with white spots; Q, black on terminal margin of hind wing extending inwards along VOUNGh core Giese at aes eis b*. Upperside: ¢ , wings brown, terminal margins of both fore and hind wing chestnut-red; 2, wings more or less concolorous with those of the 3. a°®. T1ind wing in both sexes dentate at apex of vein 4; chestnut -red margins of wings narrow, occupying scarcely one-fourth of wing...... 6°. Hind wing in both sexes distinctly caudate at apex of vein 4; chestnut- red margins of wings broad, occu- pying more than one-third of wing. c’. Upperside: g brown, terminal margins of both fore and hind wing with large blue or greenish spots ............ b'. Underside of hind wing ocellated...... 6. Markings when present on upperside of wings subterminal. a’. Upperside of hind wing with a sub- terminal broad band greenish white, irrorated, broken and interrupted by patches of transverse brown strie. Dex eS MMe une Teta imine ae b'. Upperside of hind wing: ¢ with sub- terminal narrow incomplete band blue; © with a diffuse anterior pale area and a conspicuous red quadrate tornal spot. c. Markings when present on upperside of wing's discal and postdiscal. a’. Apex of fore wing not acute; terminal margins of wings more or less scalloped, uneven. a, Upperside of both fore and hind wing with obliquely transverse broad white discal bands eee ee ee see eee ee ee ew oe E. undularis, p. 171. Race fraterna, p. 172. E. caudata, p. 178. LEE. cottonis, p. 173. Race obnubila, p. 173. E. esaca 3, p. 179. EE. numus, p. 178. E. singhala, p. 174. EE. peal, p. 175. Hoderd, p. 177. - BELYMNIAS. ube 4°, Upperside of both fore and hind wing with discal or postdiscal blue spots, no white bands. a®. Upperside of hind wing uniform, without white spots. Sexes not alike. a’, Underside of wing's brown without any reddish or ferruginous tint Or suffustomot lilac) ii. osnaies E. malelus 3, p. 175. b'. Underside of wings more richly coloured with a reddish or ferru- ginous tint; apical half of fore wing suffused with lilac ...... Race sauert, p. 176. b°. Upperside of fore wing with a curved postdiscal series of small white spotsei Sexesialike, G45). .0. fee. E. patna, p. 177. b'. Apex of fore wing acute; terminal margins ; of wings not ” scalloped, straight ‘and CLS Ss Sanh Ge et et a REA Ee orgs E. penanga, p. 180. B. Basal area of wings not uniform, more or less streaked. a. Underside of hind wing ocellated ........ E, esaca 2, p. 179. b. ee of hind wing not ocellated. . Underside of hind wing with posterior half more or less canary-yellow, without Sa Rea es iene te =. eR «Asia qsbdies Sh. dade Ei. vasudeva, p. 178. ', Underside of hind wing brown or purplish ra with transverse dark striz. >. Upperside : fore wing more or less suffused with blue; hind wing with white streaks in the interspaces .... L. malelas 3, p. 175. b>. Upperside: fore wing not suffused with blue; hind wing with bluish- green streaks in the interspaces .... LE. timandra, p. 177. 202. Elymnias undularis, Drury (Papilio), Il. Evot. Ins. ii, 1773, wl 10; ties: U2, Sy; u.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 266, pl. iy fic. 59, ee ’ Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 145, pl. 133, figs. 1, la-le, 6 Elymnias tinctoria, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 826; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 267 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 148, pl. 133, HOS. eo G0, oO Le Race fraterna. Elymnias fraterna, Butler, P. Z.S. 1871, p. 520, pl. 42, fig. 3 3; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 25, pl. 13, figs. la, 14, ¢ QO; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 268 ; Moor e, Lep. Ind. i, 1893-96, p. 149, pl. 184, figs. 1, 1a-le, larva & pupa, 5 Q. 3. Upperside blackish brown. Fore wing with a subterminal series of blue or sometimes slightly green elongate spots, curving strongly inwards and getting more elongate opposite apex, forming almost an oblique bar up to the costa. Hind wing: the terminal margin broadly bright chestnut, sometimes with a subterminal paler spot in two or more of the interspaces. Underside pale brown, the basal two-thirds of both fore and hind wing densely, U2 NYMPHALIDA, the outer third more sparsely covered with dark ferruginous, somewhat broad, transverse strie. Fore wing with a broadly triangular pale purplish-white preapical mark; both fore and hind wings with a broad subterminal area purplish white. Hind wing with a small white spot opposite middle of the costa and a more or less complete series of more obscure whitish subterminal spots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; abdomen beneath paler.—?. Upperside tawny, veins black. Fore wing: the dorsal margin broadly black; the apical area beyond a line curving from the tornus, round apex of the cell and a little beyond it, to the base of the costa also black, the wing crossed preapically by a conspicuous, broad, oblique white bar, and three subterminal white spots. Hind wing: dorsal margin dusky ; terminal broadly, costal margin more narrowly black ; a subterminal series of four white spots. Underside tawny, with markings similar to those in the ¢; the pale whitish markings more extensive; the dorsal margin broadly without strie. Lep. 3 2 72-86 mm. (2°85-3°4"). Hab. The Himalayas, Mussoorie to Bhutan; Lower Bengal; Central India; Assam; Burma and Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan Subregion. The Burmese variety has been separated as H. tanctoria by Moore. ‘The differences, however, are very slight and very variable, consisting chiefly in the size of the subterminal blue markings on the upperside of the fore wing in the d, and in the extent of black on the upperside of both fore and hind wing in the @. Larva. ‘ Elongate, fusiform, setose; green with longitudinal dorsal and lateral yellow lines, and a subdorsal row of yellow elongated spots, which are centred with red and posteriorly edged with blue; head brownish, armed with two erect brownish setose processes; anal segment also with two red slender hindward- projecting processes.” Pupa. “Similar to £. fraterna and EL. caudata.” (Moore.) Race fraterna, Butler, is an insular representative of E. undularis. The ¢ differs on the upperside in the more or less complete absence of the subterminal and preapical blue markings on the fore wing; and in the broad terminal border of the hind wing being of a much brighter, almost ochraceous chestnut. On the underside the pale markings are somewhat restricted. The male very closely resembles, both on the upper and under side, the male of £. undularis. Exp. 3 2 70-82 mm. (2°75-3:2"). Hab. Ceylon. Larva. Very similar to the larva of E£. undularis, head more yellowish than brown. Pupa. “Green, with longitudinal yellow streaks bordered by red streaks or spots; head and thorax truncate in front, with three short tubercles.” (Moore.) ELYMNIAS., 173 203. Elymnias cottonis, Hewitson (Melanitis), A.M. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874, p. 358; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 268; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 151, pl. 186, figs. 1, la, 16, dQ. Race obnubila. (Pl. ITI, fig. 26.) Elymnias obnubila, Marshall, in M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p- 272; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 1538, pl. 187, figs. 1, la, We; oi) Qe: 3. Upperside rich velvety black; both fore and hind wing with the terminal margins broadly chestnut-red. Underside dull brown, thickly overlaid with transverse striz and blotches of very dark ferruginous, which on the basal two-thirds of the wings are almost continuous; on the terminal third the striz are more scattered and delicate, and the ground-colour in certain lights has a suffusion of minute silvery scales; a prominent subtriangular pale preapical patch on the fore wing and white subcostal spot - on the hind wing. Antenne brown; head, thorax and abdomen darker velvety brown.—@. Similar. Upperside: ground-colour fuscous dark brown; terminal margins paler chestnut-red with a series of diffuse white spots, sometimes more or less obsolescent. Underside: similar to that in the 3, but the transverse ferruginous strie more scattered and open over the whole area of the wings. Exp. 3 2 72-78 mm. (2°85-3°1"). Hab. The Andamans. Race obnubila, Marshall.—Closely resembles the typical form, but the hind wing is more prominently caudate at apex of vein 4, Upperside: ground-colour slightly paler, the terminal margins of both fore and hind wing much more broadly chestnut-red and paler; on the fore wing the apex is brown, the chestnut-red of the terminal margin below the apex being continued as an oblique preapical band to the costa. Underside similar to that in cottonis, but the preapical patch on the fore and both fore and hind wing outwardly paler with a pinkish tint. Hind wing with a curved postdiscal series of six black dots with inward specks of diffuse white. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the typical form. Male with sex-mark on the hind wing. The female is larger and paler, the terminal chestnut-red area much broader; hind wing with two or three postdiscal black spots on the upperside. Exp. 3 9 62-72 mm. (2°:22-2°85"). Hab. Middle and South Tenasserim. 204. Elymnias caudata (PI. III, fig. 25), Butler, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 620, pl. 42, fig. 4; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 270; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 150, pl. 135, figs. 1, 1 a, larva & pupa, 1b-ld, § 2; Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 268, pl. A, figs. 2, 2a, larva & pupa. 3 @. Resembles #. undularis, Drury, but both sexes have the wings longer, proportionately to their breadth, and the tail at apex of vein 4 on the hind wing longer. Upperside: ¢ differs from £. undularis as follows:—the subterminal and preapical 174 NYMPHALIDA. spots on the fore wing white suffused slightly with dark scales ; the terminal half of the hind wing tawny, more or less suffused with dusky black, which in some specimens forms a distinct border along the termen. 9 similar to the 2 of EH. undularis, but the black more extended; veins 2, 3, and 4 on the hind wing broadly bordered with black. Underside: 6 differs from Z£. undularis in the more conspicuous broadly triangular white pre- apical patch on the fore wing, and in the prominence of the broad tawny terminal half of the upperside of the hind wing, which shows through a pale, sometimes pinkish-brown on the underside. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath and much paler in the 9 than in the ¢. Exp. 3 2 86-88 mm. (3°4-3°5"). Hab. South India from Travancore to Mysore and the Nilgiris. “Larva: spindle-shaped, slender, transversely rugose and clothed with short stout bristles ......; head large, surmounted by two stout horns, sloping backwards, slightly branched at the ends; a pair of long straight caudal spines setose like the body; colour bright green with longitudinal yellow lines more or less distinct and two rows of large yellow spots tinged with green and some- times tipped with black on the back; head dark brown, with a yellow cheek-stripe and frontal-line. ‘“* Pupa: suspended by the tail only, but in a rigidly horizontal position, regular with the exception of two small pointed processes from the head and an acute thoracic projection above them ; colour bright green, beautifully ornamented with four irregular rows of large yellow spots bordered with red.” (Davidson & Atticen.) 205. Elymnias singhala, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 568; zd. Lep. Ceyi. i, 1880, p. 26, pl. 13, figs. 2, 22, ¢ 9; M. & de N. (Dyctis) Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 277 ; Moore (Melynias), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893- 96, p. 156, pl. 138, figs. 1, la, 1b, g @. Fig. 38.—Hlymnias singhala, 3. }. ¢. Hind wing: a long narrow tail at apex of vein 4, dentate at apices of veins 1, 2, and 3. Upperside purpurescent dark brown. Fore wing with the terminal margin broadly speckled ELYMNIAS. 175 with greenish white, the specks confluent and prominent on its posterior half; costa also with a few like-coloured spots and specks. Hind wing with a broad subterminal irregular band composed of strize and blotches of the same colour. Underside light brown, irrorated with transverse strie and specks of very dark brown, most dense on the basal halves of the wings; a very broad pinkish-brown irregular subterminal band, on which the dark strie and irrorations are more scattered, followed by a terminal more or less darker border to both fore and hind wing ; the latter with a conspicuous subcostal white spot and a curved series of six or seven small black spots surrounded by white areas. Antenne brown ; head, thorax and abdomen velvety dark brown ; abdomen paler beneath. @ similar, brighter and paler in colour. Exp. 3 2 70-90 mm. (2°8-3°6"), Hab. Ceylon. 206. Elymnias peali, Wood-Mason, A. M. N. H. (5) xi, 1888, p. 62, pl. 2, figs. A, B, od ; UM. & de N. (Dyctis) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p- 276; Moore (Melynias), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 157, pl. 188, fies, 2,2a,26, SQ. 3 2. Shape of wings as in EL. singhala. <&. Upperside deep velvety purpurescent black ; fore wing: terminal margin broadly suffused with pale blue, costa with transverse flecks of the same colour. Hind wing: apex and terminal margin anteriorly with a faint suffusion of pale blue darkening to a postdiscal short transverse band posteriorly ; a red spot at tornus. Underside rich dark ferruginous brown; costa, a large preapical patch, terminal half of fore and of the hind wing with purplish lilacine diffuse transverse striae; a prominent white subcostal and a tornal reddish spot on the latter wing. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen velvety brown. Male sex-mark on hind wing only.— 2. Upperside pale purpurescent brown; fore wing, cell-area much darker; hind wing, cell-area and posterior half of wing much darker; tornal red spot quadrate, larger than in the ¢. Underside similar to that of the g but very much paler, the rich dark ferruginous-brown colour restricted to the cell in the fore wing, to the basal third, the disc posteriorly and the terminal margin in the hind wing; the rest of the wings dull white, crossed by numerous transverse purplish-brown strie. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the g. Exp. 3 2 75-86 mm. (2°98-3°4"),. Hab. Assam, Sibsigar, Margherita. 207. Elymnias malelas (Pl. III, fig. 27), Hewitson (Melanitis), Exot. Butt. iii, 1863, Melanitis, pl. i, figs. 6,7, ; Moore (Melynias), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 159, pl. 140, figs. 1, la, 16, dQ. Elymnias leucocyma, M. § de N. (nec Bovsduval) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 273, pl. 17, fig. 60, 5 Q. 176 NYMPHALID®. Race saueri. Elymnias saueri, Dist. Rhop. Malay. 1882, p. 65, pl. 9, fig. 3 ¢ 3 M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 274 gi Moore (Melynias), Zep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 161, pl. 140, figs. 2, 2a, dQ. $. Upperside dark brown: fore wing suffused with iridescent purple; a spot beyond apex of cell, two discal spots, and a curved series of larger postdiscal spots glistening light purplish blue. Hind wing very dark chestnut-brown suffused with fuscous, uniform or sometimes with a postdiscal series of obscure pale purplish- white spots. Underside dark chestnut-brown; both fore and hind wing irrorated with delicate white transverse strie towards the terminal half; the usual pale preapical patch on fore wing and subcostal white on hind wing absent. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen fuscous black, paler beneath.— 9 similar, but the iridescent purple restricted to the apical half of the fore wing ; the spots asin the ¢ but almost white. Fore wing in addition with an obscure white streak along the dorsum and a broader streak from base in interspace 1. Hind wing with similar whitish streaks in the interspaces not reaching the terminal margin, somewhat broken and interrupted in interspaces 2 to 5, and crossed preapi- cally by a very incomplete row of round black spots; terminal margin broadly and evenly dark brown. Underside much paler than in the 6, far more closely irrorated with the white transverse stria. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dusky brown; thorax and abdomen suffused with whitish beneath. Male sex-mark on hind wing only. Exp. 3 2 94-98 mm. (3°7-3:88"). Hab. Common at low elevations from Kumaun to Bhutan, and spread through the hill-region of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim. Race saueri, Distant.—Closely resembles the typical form. On the upperside it is identical in ground-colour and markings with many Sikhim specimens of the latter. Underside: ground-colour brown, with more or less of a ferruginous or reddish tint on the anterior half of the fore and on the whole of the hind wing. Fore wing suffused on the anterior half with pale lilacine blue, costa flecked and blotched with a paler shade of the same. Both fore and hind wing covered with mottlings, striz and specks of dark velvety brown. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. Exp. S 81 mm. (3° 29""), Hab. The Malay Peninsula, extending into our limits in Southern and Middle Tenasserim. The @ is, I believe, still unknown. Moore assigns L. kunstleri, Honrath, as the 9, but, judging from the shape of the wings and the colour of the latter and from the analogy of the typical form, the 3 and 2 of which are certainly known, I should think it quite improbable that Z. sawert and E. kunstlert are sexes of the same insect. ELYMNIAS., Lit 208. Elymnias timandra (Pl. IJ, fig. 27), Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 326; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 275; Moore (Melynias), Zep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 158, pl. 189, figs. 1, 1 a— ee hy te 3. Upperside black. Forewing: a series of long streaks in the interspaces up to 5, the posterior half of the cell, some transverse short striz on the basal half of the costa, and four or five spots on its apical half bluish green: the streaks cut off short before the terminal margin, that in interspace 4 clavate inwardly, in interspace 5 clavate outwardly. Hind wing with similar streaks and in the posterior interspaces with lunate, white, subterminal markings beyond. Underside purplish white, profusely and some- what irregularly covered with blotches, strie, spots and irrorations of rich dark brown scales, more scattered, with the pale ground- colour showing through broadly, along the costal margin of the fore wing and on the median area posteriorly on the hind wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; the antenne somewhat ochraceous towards apex, the thorax streaked and mottled with greenish white above, the abdomen beneath suffused with greenish white.—@Q. Differs on the upperside in the streaks, especially on the hind wing, being suffused with ochraceous and on the underside in the mottlings being more uniform. Exp. & 2 80-9) mm. (3°15-3:6"). Hab. Sikhim; Sylhet; Burma; Tenasserim. 209. Elymnias patna, Westwood (Melanitis), i Dbdiday., Westw. § Hewits. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 405, pl. 68, fig. 2; I. §& de N. (Dyctis) Butt. Ind. i, 18838, p. 277 ; Moore (Melynias), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 162, pl. 141, figs. 1, la, ¢. Melynias patnoides, Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 163, pl. 141, figs. 2, 2a, 3. 3. Upperside dark velvety brown, paler towards the terminal margins. Fore wing with a series of three discal streaks, increasing in length towards the costa, and a very oblique preapical band, glistening blue. Hind wing with a postdiscal curved series of four to seven small white spots. Underside umber-brown ; fore wing with three, hind wing with seven bluish-white postdiscal spots ; the posterior half of the terminal margin of the hind wing broadly, and the disc of the fore wing occasionally, with short, transverse, pinkish-white strie and minute spots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown.— 2. Similar, larger; sometimes an obscure blue streak beyond apex of cell on upperside of fore wing. Exp. 3 Q 96-104 mm. (3°78-41”"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kumaun to Sikhim; Assam; Burma. Var. patnoides, Moore, can barely be separated even as a variety, its chief difference lying, to judge from the only two specimens I have seen, in the termen of the hind wing being !ess convex than in the typical form, the apex more acute. VOL. I. N 178 NYMPHALID&. 210. Elymnias dara, Distant, A. M. N. H. (5) xix, 1887, p. 50. Elymnias albofasciata, Stdgr. Deutsche ent. Zeit., Lep. 1889, p. 39. Elymnias deedalion, de Nicéville, Jow. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 1890, p- 202, pl. D, fig. 4 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 154, pl. 1387, figs. 2, 2a, 2. 3 . Upperside purplish black; fore and hind wings with a broad postdiscal white band, oblique on the fore wing, not reaching the dorsum or termen, posteriorly continued by one or two ill-defined separate streaks, curved outwards; the band is complete on the hind wing from costa to dorsum, with two or three diffuse black spots along its outer margin. Underside: basal half of both fore and hind wing dark purplish brown, crossed by obscure transverse pale short striz; outer half of both wings white suffused with a very pale lavender tint, and crossed by transverse dark purple-brown strie, getting closer and denser towards the termen ; an ill-defined narrow discal band on the fore wing, and a broader better-defined crescentic discal band on the hind wing without the transverse dark striz. The band on the hind wing bears along its outer margin a curved series of purple-black blue-centred spots. Antenne ochra- ceous ; head, thorax and abdomen brown. Male sex-mark on hind wing only.— 2. Very similar but larger, very much paler on both upper and under sides, the transverse bands broader and pure white. Exp. $ 2 64-70 mm. (2°52-2°8"), Hab. Recorded from Burma from within our limits, extending to the Malayan Subregion. 211. Elymnias mimus, Wood-Mason § de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. 1881, p. 230; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 271; Moore, Lep. Ind. 4, 1893-96, p. 152, pl. 136, figs. 2, 2a, 28, o 9. 3. Upperside dark vandyke-brown, terminal margins paler ; hind wing with one or two postdiscal dusky black spots. Underside brighter ; basal two-thirds or more of both fore and hind wing covered with transverse, rather coarse brown stric; hind wing with the usual subcostal prominent white spot but placed on a black background, and an incomplete series of six oval, lilac-centred, pale-ringed black ocelli, the subapical and subtornal two the largest. — 9. Similar, but very much paler on both upper and under sides, the terminal margins of both fore and hind wing very broadly dusky white ; on the fore wing the whitish marginal band is bent inwards opposite the apex and crosses to the costa as a compara- tively narrow preapical band. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen in both sexes brown. Male sex-mark on the hind wing only. Exp. 3 2 70-76 mm. (2°8-3"). Hab. The Nicobars and Nias Island. 212. Elymnias vasudeva, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 288; M. & de N. (Dyctis) Butt. Ind.i, 1883, p. 278, pl. 17, fig, 61 ¢; Moore (Mimadelias), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 166, pl. 142, figs. 1, la-le, dQ. Elymnias thycana, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 523, ¢ Q. Mimadelias deva et burmensis, Moore, Lep. Ind. i1, 1893-96, pp. 167, 168, pl. 142, figs. 2,2.a, ¢ Q, & pl. 143, figs. 1, la-le, g 9. ELYMNIAS. 179 3 2. Upperside black; fore wing with broad bluish-grey streaks in the cell and in the interspaces; costa flecked with transverse spots of the same. Hind wing white, the costa] margin and apex broadly, the terminal margin more narrowly and decreasingly towards the tornus black ; the cell with a bluish-grey streak in its lower half and vein 4 broadly lined with black on both sides. Underside transversely mottled with black and white; the markings on the posterior half of the fore wing diffuse. Hind wing: a conspicuous red spot at base of interspaces la and 1, followed in those inter- spaces and in 2 by uniform chrome-yellow not extending to the terminal margin; anteriorly the wing is mottled as on the fore wing, crossed at bases of interspaces 3-6 by elongate inwardly rounded white spots; beyond these the mottled area on the apex and termen decreases gradually in width to the tornus. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown, suffused on the abdomen above with bluish grey, paler beneath. Male sex-mark on both fore and hind wing. Exp. 3 2 80-90 mm. (3°2-3°58"). Hab. Sikhim ; Assam; Burma and Tenasserim. The Eastern forms thycana, Wallace, vel deva, Moore, and burmensis, Moore, are good varieties, scarcely more, as they are not differ- entiated enough to form races. Both differ in being paler on both upper and undersides, the mottlings of the underside showing through above on the bluish-grey streaks ; the extent of the black on the upperside of the hind wing is much restricted, and on the underside there is a larger extent of yellow; the mottlings on the underside show larger interspaces of white, and the black transverse strie in var. burmensis are finer, more slender. 213. Elymnias esaca, Westwood (Melanitis), in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 405 6 ; M. & de N. (Dyctis) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 278. Dyctis andersonil, Moore, Jour. Linn. Soc, 1886, p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 5 d ; td. (Agrusia) Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 169, pl. 143, figs. 2, 2 a, 3. Upperside velvety black, in certain lights tinged with olive-green ; a curved series of large bluish-green spots in the inter- spaces of both fore and hind wing, separate one from the other, subterminal and curved inwards opposite the apex on the fore wing, broader, continuous and terminal on the hind wing. Underside fuscous brown, irrorated with pale strie, these strie wider and closer at apex of fore wing, giving it a distinctly white or lilacine- white appearance ; fore wing with one, hind wing with five or six minute white-centred black subapical ocelli ; a comparatively large red spot near base of hind wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, slightly paler beneath. Sex-mark on hind wing only. 2. Upperside dull black, base of both fore and hind wing bluish. Fore wing with obscure diffuse broad whitish streaks in interspaces la to 3, and a series of discal similar spots beyond. Hind wing: a large white patch posteriorly filling all but the bases and apices of Nn 2 180 NYMPHALIDA. interspaces l1a—4. Underside fore wing: ground-colour white, densely covered with fuscous transverse strive, getting sparser posteriorly. Hind wing: a large red spot near base ; basal third fus- cous brown ; a large posterior white patch as on the upperside, but suffused with chrome-yellow from dorsum to vein 3, and extending nearly to costa, followed by a curved series of six minute ocelli as on the upperside; beyond, the apex and termen broadly and closely irrorated with fuscous transverse strize. Antenne ochra- ceous ; head, thorax and abdomen greyish brown, abdomen paler beneath. Hap. 3 2 65-76 mm. (2°55-3"). Hab. Within our limits recorded from Mergui in Southern Tenasserim. Found in Malacca, Sumatra and Borneo. Judging from descriptions and figures, Distant’s HZ. godferyi and de Nicéville’s HE. esacoides are both identical with HE. esaca, Westwood. 214. Elymnias penanga, Westwood (Melanitis), in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Dn, Lep. 1851, p. 405 9 ; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 3, 1883, p. 269. Melanitis mehida, Hewrtson, Exot. Butt. ii, 1863, Melanitis, pl. fies. 2,5, ¢. Elymnias chelensis, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. 1890, p. 200, pl. D, fig. 3 ¢ ; Moore (Bruasa), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 164, pl. 141, figs. 3, 3.4, gd. 3S. Upperside dark chocolate-brown. ore wing richly glossed with dark purple and with postdiscal broad streaks of glistening silvery purple in the interspaces. Hind wing uniform. Underside purplish brown, irrorated with diffuse white striz, which become concentrated into an irregular, very broad postdiscal band from below vein 4 on the fore wing and across the whole width of the hind wing. Fore wing with the costa preapically closely marked with purer white striz, continued as an ill-defined, inwardly oblique band. Hind wing with a white subcostal spot and a postdiscal series of minute white dots in the interspaces. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Sex-mark on hind wing only. Q . Uppersideplumbeous blue. Fore wing with abroad white oblique postdiscal band not quite reaching the termen. Underside similar to that in the male but fuscous brown, very finely irrorated with pale whitish striz, which are more dense and somewhat broader on the apical half of the fore wing, giving it a whitish appearance ; subcostal spot and postdiscal series of dots on the hind wing as in the male. Exp. & 2 72-80 mm. (2°85-3°15"). Hab. Malacca; Sumatra, and within our limits recorded from Tenasserim, the Shan States, Upper Burma, and the Khasi Hills, Assam. I have compared the type of E. chelensis, de Nicéville, kindly lent to me by the Authorities of the Indian Museum, with the type of i. penanga in the Brit. Mus. collection ; it scarcely differs enough to reckon it even as a varietal form. MORPHINE. 181 Subfamily MORPHIN A. Egg. Somewhat similar to that of the Satyrine, but com- paratively flat, not so high in proportion to width, “ translucent, hard, smooth (Discophora, Thaumantis), or obscurely facetted (Clerome) ” (Doherty). Larva. So far as known, not fusiform, cylindrical, hairy, with two setose processes on the anal segment directed backwards. In the genus Amathusia with a pair of palmated lateral processes on the head. (After Moore.) Imago. Wings proportionately to length very broad; cell of fore wing closed, of hind wing open, or at most partially closed by a fold in the membrane only. Fore wing: vein 11 free; vein 10 out of 7 well beyond apex of cell, sometimes entirely absent ; vein 11 very commonly anastomosing with 12, 10 with 11. In all the genera there is a tendency in the fore wing to a crowding of the veins towards the costal margin. Palpi com- paratively short, with densely-set short hairs, more or less convergent towards the middle line of each palpus. Looked at from the front, the palpi often have the appearance of being longitudinally ridged. The distinctive characters of the Eastern Morphine as sepa- rating them from the Nymphaline are of somewhat doubtful value. It is convenient, however, to keep them as a separate group, in some respects intermediate between the Satyrine and the Mym- phaline. The shape of the larve, so far as known, recalls that of the Satyrine, and the forms in the genus Clerome, all of which have vein 12 in the fore wing inflated at base, bear a close resemblance in appearance, mode of flight, and habits to forms of the Mycalesis group. On the other hand, in the Morphine the cell of the hind wing is open, as it is in the bulk of the Nymnphaline. Key to the Indian Genera of Morphine. A. Vein 10 in fore wing present. a. Vein 12 in fore wing swollen at base.. CLEROME, p. 182, 6. Vein 12 in fore wing not swollen at base. a’. Cell of hind wing partially closed by a fold in membrane of wing ...... AMATHUSIA, p. 187. b'. Cell of hind wing entirely open. a. Vein 4 in both fore and hind wing with an upward directed spur .. ZEvxipi4, p. 186. b>. Vein 4 without such spur in either fore or hind wing. a. Vein 11 in fore wing anasto- mosed with vein 12. a‘, Vein 10 in fore wing anasto- mosed with vein 1]........ DiscoPHoRA, p. 199. 182 NYMPHALIDA, 6*. Vein 10 in fore wing not anas- tomosed with vein 11. a. Apex of fore wing acute, produced ; forms of com- paratively small size: ex- panse under 100 mm..... /EMONA, p. 196. 6°. Apex of fore wing rounded, not produced ; of compara- tively large size: expanse well over 100 mm. ...... THAUMANTIS, p. 189. 6°. Vein 11 in fore wing running close to, sometimes touching, but not anastomosed with vein 12. a*, Vein 7 of fore wing emitted from before apex of cell.... THaurta, p. 195. 64. Vein 7 of fore wing emitted fromapex. on eclle sain are XANTHOTANIA, p. 185. B. Vein 10 in fore wing absent. a. Veins 5 and 6 of fore wing from a point and closely approximate at base .... HNuIspEx, p. 197. 6. Veins 5 and 6 of fore wing well separated. a’. § with one secondary sex-mark on hind wing; ¢ and Q, apical half of dorsum of hind wing slightly and widely emarginate, tcrnus pro- HUDDEOLELIUI Ey 5 CEB aes are Une aE STICHOPHTHALMA, p. 191. 6’. $ with two secondary sex-marks on hind wing; ¢ and 2, dorsum of hind wing entirely rounded, tornus NOL’ PLOMMMECME see hc es oi aioe oe MELANocYMA, p. 184. Genus CLEROME. Faunis, Hiibner (nee Montf.), Verz. Schmett. 1816, p. 55. Clerome, Westwood, in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 883: M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 312; Moore, Lep. Ind, 11, 1893-96, p. 206. Type, C. arcesilaus, Westw., from Assam. Range. Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; extending eastward to China and Siam ; southward to the Malayan Subregion. 3 2. Wings rounded, broad. Fore wing: costa strongly arched, termen slightly convex; dorsum in ¢ concave, in 9 nearly straight, slightly convex; cell moderately broad, rather short, not half length of fore wing, upper apex rounded, lower considerably produced ; upper and middle discocellulars equal, short, lower very long, concave anteriorly, then abruptly and strongly produced towards termen; vein 10 from just before apex of cell, 11 from one-third before apex, vein 12 swollen at base. Hind wing broadly oval; cell entirely open ; veins 3 and 4 from a point, vein 8 terminating before apex of wing. Antenne more than half length of fore wing, filiform, club not at all or very little thicker than shaft ; eyes naked ; palpi obliquely porrect, clothed with dense short hairs in front, longer posteriorly, third joint long; anterior legs in. 2 with the tarsi clavate. CLEROME. 183 Key to the forms of Clerome. a. Upperside of wings uniform ochraceous. a’. Underside of wings with ground-colour uniform, not paler towards apex of fore US ETA yest. us baronies cichede Bue ei slotan C, arcesilaus, p. 183. b'. Underside of wings with ground-colour not uniform, distinctly paler on terminal half ROMS UU eer eek eye of c, « Sele’ c. ott ck sats C. assama 3, p. 184. 6. Upperside not uniform. Fore wing with a broad, oblique, preapical bright ochraceous band. a’. Upperside: ground-colour maroon........ C. eumeus, p. 185. b'. Upperside: ground-colour ochraceous SIO MRT A oeia clta, veBeey a Sov cadet e teat ARO C. assama 2, p. 184. 215. Clerome arcesilaus, Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 28; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 3138; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 207, pl. 162, figs. 1, la-le, o 9. 3 2. Upperside ochraceous, uniform in ¢; apex of fore wing and termen in fore and hind wings in @ slightly darker. Under- side slightly ochraceous brown; subbasal and discal narrow dark fascize crossing both fore and hind wing, strongly curved on the latter ; followed by a postdiscal line of minute yellow spots, six on the fore, seven on the hind wing, on the latter posteriorly abruptly curved ; lastly, a subterminal dark sinuous line. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen concolorous with the upperside of the wings. Exp. 3 2 72-82 mm. (2°85-3°23"). Hab. The hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim, extending to Siam and the Malay Peninsula. 216. Clerome eumeus, Drury (Papilio), Ill. Exot. Ent. i, 1773, pl. 2, fig. 3; Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. ii, 1777, pl. 183, figs. C, D. Clerome rope, Leech, Ent. xxiii, 1890, p. 31; 2d. Butt. China, 1892, p. 112, pl. 1, fig. 4 g. 3 2. Upperside: fore wing maroon, with a very broad, oblique, preapical, somewhat diffuse, bright ochraceous band extending from costa to termen and along latter almost to the tornus; this band broader in the 2 than in the ¢. Hind wing brown, shading to dark maroon anteriorly. Underside maroon-brown ; apex of fore wing broadly paler, dorsal margin of same dull brown ; subbasal, discal and postdiscal dark, sinuous, continuous lines crossing both wings; between the latter two a series of prominent round white spots, five or six on the fore wing (straight in ¢, slightly incurved in @ ), six or seven on the hind wing, arched in both sexes. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown. Exp. 6 2 70-86 mm. (2°8-3'37"). Hab. Recorded within our limits from the Southern Shan States, Upper Burma; China; Borneo, 184 NYMPHALID2. 217. Clerome assama, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. (new ser.) iv, 1856, p. 185; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 314, fig. 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 208, pl. 163, figs. 1, 1 a-le, g Q. 3 2. Closely allied to and resembling C. eumeus, but larger ; the ground-colour on the upperside in the ¢ uniform ochraceous, without a preapical oblique band on the fore wing; the ? is more ochraceous brown than maroon, with a preapical bright ochraceous oblique band on the fore wing, broader and more diffuse than in C. eumeus. Underside similar to the underside in C. ewmeus, with the sinuous transverse dark lines and spots much as in that form, but the ground-colour is slightly darker and more uniform. Exp. 3 2 88-102 mm. (3:48-4"). Hab. Hill-ranges of Assam. Genus MELANOCYMA. Melanocyma, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. (new ser.) iv, 1856, p. 186; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 210. Type, VM. faunula, Westw., from the Malay Peninsula. Range. Indo-Malayan Region, but not recorded from beyond the Chin Hills in Upper Burma. 3 @. Fore wing broadly triangular, costa with a regular arch, apex rounded, termen straight, tornus rounded, dorsum slightly sinuous; cell longer than half fore wing, moderately broad ; upper and middle discocellulars short, subequal, lower long, oblique, S-shaped; vein 10 absent, 11 from one-third before upper apex of cell, free. Hind wing broadly pear-shaped ; costa, termen and dorsum all slightly arched; apex rounded; tornus more broadly rounded ; cell open ; veins 5 and 6 shortly stalked, vein 7 terminating at apex, vein 8 on costal margin. Antenne moderately long, about half length of fore wing; club long, very gradual ; palpi compressed, obliquely porrect, third joint short; eyes naked; posterior tibize longer than the tarsi. Male secondary sex-mark a patch of specialized scales at base of vein 8 on upper- side of hind wing, overlapped by a tuft of long hairs; a second similar elongate sex-mark between veins 1 a and 1 near the tornal angle. 218. Melanocyma faunuloides, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soe. ix, 1895, p. 259, pl. N, tig. 2 9; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p- 210, pl. 167, figs. 1, la, . 2. Upperside very pale brownish grey, the dark markings of the underside showing through; hind wing posteriorly canary- yellow, the brownish-grey colour fading to white along the inner margins of the yellow. Underside: fore wing, a spot in the cell, a bar across it, the sides of the median vein up to this bar, a discal and a postdiscal transverse narrow band black, the discal irregularly sinuous, the postdiscal nearly straight. Hind wing with basal, subbasal, discal and postdiscal narrow, transverse MELANOCYMA,—XANTHOTENIA. 185 bands black, the basal and subbasal straight, the other two highly sinuous, finally a subterminal slightly sinuous black line and the dorsal margin and tornus narrowly canary-yellow. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen brownish grey. Male unknown. Kp. 2 104 mm. (4°1”). Hab. Recorded from the Chin Hills in Upper Burma. Apparently a local race of M. faunula, differing chiefly in the postdiscal band on the underside of the fore wing being straight, not crescent-shaped. Genus XANTHOTANIA. Xanthotenia, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. (new ser.) iv, 1856, p. 187 ; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 283; Moore, Lep. Ind. u, 1893- 96, p. 216. Type, X. busiris, Westw., from the Malay Peninsula. Range. Tenasserim ; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra and Borneo. 3 Q. Fore wing broadly triangular; costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen convex, tornus well-marked, dorsum straight ; cell broad, length about half of fore wing; upper discocellular minute, middle short, vertical, lower long, very oblique, slender at base ; veins 8, 9, 10 out of 7, vein 10 from well beyond upper apex of cell, 11 free, 12 terminating about midway on costa. Hind wing more or less subquadrate, costa straight, apex rounded, termen straight, tornus and dorsum strongly convex ; cell open or very obscurely and slenderly closed; vein 8 long, running close along costa nearly to apex. Antenne very long, much over half length of fore wing, slender, filiform, club scarcely formed ; palpi compressed, small, oblique, third joint short, slender and acute. Male secondary sex-mark a tuft of erect hairs one-third from apex of vein 1 on the upperside of the hind wing, covering a small patch of scabrous specialized scales. 219, Xanthotenia busiris (Pl. III, fig. 28), Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. (new ser.) iv, 1856, p. 187; W. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 284, fig. ¢; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 216, pl. 166, noswie aa le, GO: 3 Q. Upperside dark chestnut-red. Fore wing: apical half obliquely dusky black ; a broad, yellow, very oblique discal band from a little before middle of costa to near the apex of inter- space 2, but not reaching the termen, followed by a white preapical spot. Hind wing uniform. Underside ochraceous red shaded with a darker tint of the same. Fore wing: the oblique discal yellow band as on upperside; a highly sinuous line across the cell, a postdiscal similar line from costa to end of discal band and a less sinuous subterminal line dark chestnut-brown ; the apical area between the discal yellow band and the postdiscal dark line chestnut-red, carrying in vertical series a single ocellus with a large and a small white spot above and two minute white dots below it. Hind wing crossed by subbasal, median, postdiscal and subterminal highly sinuous dark chestnut-brown lines; a broad, 186 NYMPHALID A. discal, diffuse, chestnut-brown band carrying a strongly-curved series of seven ocelli, the subapical ocellus the largest, apical and subtornal equal, the others much smaller. Antenne chestnut- red; head, thorax and abdomen chestnut-red, ochraceous red beneath. 3 Exp. 3 9 70-81 mm. (2°8-3°2"). Hab. Tenasserim, extending into the Malay Peninsula; Sumatra and Borneo. Genns ZEUXIDIA. Zeuxidia, Hiibner, Sammi. ex, Schmett. ii, 1816-24, p.2; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 285; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 173. Type, Z. luxert, Hiibner, from Java. fiange. Malayan Subregion, extending to Tenasserim. ¢ 2. Fore wing: costa arched, apex pointed and produced ; termen slightly concave below apex, convex posteriorly ; tornus rounded, dorsum slightly convex; cell broad, moderately long, about half length of fore wing; upper discocellular very short, middle short and vertical, lower slightly concave, long and oblique; vein 1 angulated upwards at base, 4 angulated upwards one-third from base, with a transverse upward-directed spur at the angle ; vein 11 from about one-third before apex of cell, anastomosed with vein 12, but terminally free; 12 terminating a little after middle of costa. Hind wing: cell open; vein 4 angulate, with a spur as in the fore wing; vein 8 terminating on costal margin. Antenne long, over half length of fore wing; labial palpi somewhat slender, third joint long, angularly porrect. Male secondary sex-mark on upper- side of hind wing ; asmall elongate patch of specialized hairs above the subcostal vein, another similar patch in cell, both overlapped by long pencils of hair, and a fold in the membrane below vein 1 with a similar overlapping tuft of hair. 220. Zeuxidia masoni (Pl. IV, fig. 29), Moore, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 826 9; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 286; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 174, pl. 144, figs. 1, la, 16, d @. 3. Upperside brownish black. Fore wing with a broad curved discal bar, narrowing posteriorly, extending from costa to near apex of vein 2; hind wing with a terminal broad patch between veins 1 and 4 metallic purplish blue. Underside brown. Fore wing : cell crossed by three pale lilacine bands and beyond shaded with lilacine. Hind wing shaded on the basal half with the same tint, turning to a more decided pinkish lilac broadly along the dorsal margin. Both fore and hind wing crossed by a conspicuous narrow brown discal bar, followed on the hind wing by an ochraceous ocellus in interspace 2 and another in interspace 6. Antenne dark red; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. Q. Upperside paler brown than in the ¢. Fore wing with a somewhat similar discal band but creamy white in colour, not curved, its margins irregular and uneven, ending near termen ZEHUXIDIA. —AMATHUSIA. 187 in three spots; tornus and terminal margin just above narrowly ochraceous; finally a white preapical spot. Hind wing: the terminal margin irregularly, broadly and somewhat diffusely ochraceous. Underside similar to the underside in the ¢ but paler, shaded more or less with ochraceous and with the white band and preapical spot on the upperside of the fore wing showing through. | Exp. & 2 104-118 mm. (4:1-4:65"). Hab. Burma and Tenasserim, in evergreen forests on the higher hill-ranges. Genus AMATHUSIA. Amathusia, Fabr. Illig. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 279; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 288; Moore, pt., Lep. adh li, 1893- 965 py £7. Amathuxidia, Staudinger, Exot, Schmett. 1, 1887, p. 188; Moore, pt., Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 176. Type, A. phidippus, Johanssen, from the Malay Peninsula. Range. Burma; Tenasserim and southwards to the Malay Peninsula; Borneo; Java and the Philippines. 3 9. Wings very broad and ample. Fore wing triangular, costa strongly arched, apex well-marked but not acute, termen straight, tornus more or less rounded, dorsum straight or slightly convex ; cell short, broad, less than half length of fore wing ; discocellulars: upper minute, middle short, nearly vertical, lower long, very concave at upper third, straight and very oblique for the rest; vein 11 free, vein 10 from basal half of vein 7 well beyond apex of cell, 8,9 and 10 being short and subequal, not anastomosed, 11 anastomosed with or running very close to 12 towards apex. Hind wing subquadrate ; cell partially closed, not by a vein, but by a fold in the membrane of the wing; costa widely arched, termen arched ; tornus produced, broadly caudate ; dorsum widely arched. Antenne about half length of fore wing, club long and gradual; palpi long, suberect, reaching above top of the head, with asharp margin anteriorly clothed with dense short hairs ; legs scaled. Key to the forms of Amathusia. a. Fore wing: upperside brown; no broad discal faseiaMluneluhersexi re tiai speak crasll ae A. phidippus, p. 187. 6. Fore wing: upperside dark brown, ¢ with a blue, Q with a yellow, broad, oblique discal PASCIAR cc ys saspore ciel qevnem sein otann = Mea wav siteco ghee A. amythaon, p. 188. 221. Amathusia phidippus, Johanssen (Papilio), Aman. Acad. vi, 1764, p. 402; Fabricius, Iihg. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 279; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, "1883, p- 289: Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893- 96, p. 179, pl. 146, figs. Peale oo), larva & & pupa, pl. 147, fic. 20 (Andaman form). 3. Upperside umber-brown. Fore wing with the costal margin 188 NYMPHALIDZ. narrowly fulvous near apex, crossing towards the termen, forming an obscure preapical band joining a subterminal lunular band of the same colour. Hind wing uniform, with a subterminal band as in the fore wing but not lunular, straight. Underside pale brown, with the following transverse pale lilac-white bands crossing both fore and hind wing: basal, subbasal, discal, postdiscal, broad subterminal and terminal; the subbasal and discal of equal width, meeting above the tornal angle in V-shape, the space between the two bands with, on the fore wing, two shorter similar bands crossing the cell, on the hind wing a single similar band from costa to median vein ; subterminal band on hind wing bent upwards above tornal area and continued halfway up the dorsal margin, the broadiy-produced tornus with a dark brown spot; finally a large ochraceous ocellus in interspace 2, and a smaller similar one in interspace 6. Antenne reddish; head, thorax and abdomen umber-brown. Secondary sex-mark a glandular fold in membrane of wing shaded by tufts of long hair along vein 1 on upperside of hind wing, and preapically on the abdomen with tufts of stiff long hairs.— 9. Upper and under sides as in ¢ but paler; on the upperside the fulvous along the costal margin widens into a preapical patch, and generally the bands on the underside show through and appear above as pale fulvons bands. Exp. 3 2 112-122 mm. (4:4-4°8"). Hab. Burma; Tenasserim; Andamans; extending to Malay Peninsula. One specimen in the British Museum Collection, a § from the Andamans, is on the upperside a rich warm uniform ochraceous ; on the underside ochraceous with the markings as in the typical form, but with three ocelli on the hind wing. Another specimen, also a 3g, from the same locality has on the underside of the hind wing four ocelli. Larva. Cylindrical, light brown above; fifth to anal segment with rows of short fine hairs, anterior segments and head with longer, anteriorly projecting hairs ; the head with a pair of lateral palmated processes, anal segment with two backward-projecting setose processes. Colour light pinkish brown above, ochraceous beneath, dark brown lateral and dorsal lines, a black transverse band on third and fourth segments. (After Moore.) Food-plant, according to Horsfield, the cocoanut. Pupa. Green; head bifid, elongate boat-shaped. (Joore.) 222. Amathusia amythaon, Doubleday, A. M. N. H. xix, 1847, p- 175; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 291; Moore (Ama- thuxidia), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 176, pl. 145, figs. 1, la, ¢ Q. Amathusia portheus, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. iii, 1867, p. 461; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 298, fie. 3. 3. Upperside brownish black, cilia white. Fore wing with a remarkably broad, curved, pale blue discal band extending from costa to near apex of vein 1. Hind wing uniform without markings. AMATHUSIA,—THAUMANTIS, 189 Underside pinkish buff, with the following dark brown lines crossing both fore and hind wing: basal, extending to little beyond the middle of ven 2 in the hind wing, subbasal crossing from subcostal of fore to median vein of hind wing, discal from costa of fore to near tornus of hind wing, postdiscal from costa of fore to tornus of hind wing, thence bending upwards at an angle and following the dorsal margin of hind wing, and subterminal somewhat indistinct on the fore, well-defined and broadening to- wards tornus of hind wing. Jn addition to these there are on the fore wing a short line of the same colour crossing the cell near apex and a discal line from costa to vein 2, and on the hind wing a large ochraceous postdiscal ocellus in interspace 2 and another in interspace 6. Antenne brown; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. Sex-marks a patch of specialized scales in cell, extending into interspaces 1 and 2, and a glandular fold near base of vein with a stiff brush of hairs beneath it.— 9. Upperside umber-brown. Fore wing with a band as in the ¢, but bright yellow, narrower, reaching to the tornus, its inner margin very irregularly zigzag and sinuous, a spot below it in the middle. Hind wing uniform, apex bright yellow. Underside asin the 3, but the eround-colour paler. Exp. 6 2 118-133 mm. (4°25-5-25"). Hab. The hill-ranges of Assam; Burma and Tenasserim. Genus THAUMANTIS. Thaumantis, Hvibner, Sammi. ex. Schmett. 11, 1816-1824, Index, Syst. p. 2; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 304. Kringana et Thauria, Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1693-96, p. 185. Type, 7’. odana, Godart, from Java. Range. Sikhim; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim, extending to Siam ; the Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo; Java. 3d 9. Wings very broad in proportion to length. Fore wing: costa very strongly arched, apex well-marked, termen slightly convex, tornus rounded, dorsum straight; cell short, not half length of fore wing, very broad; upper discocellular very short, about half length of middle, middle slightly oblique, lower concave, oblique posteriorly ; vein 4 obtusely angled upwards ; 11 from one-third before apex of cell, anastomosed with 12; 10 out of 7 well beyond apex of cell, anastomosed with 11; 9 and 8 not anastomosing. Hind wing: costa and termen widely arched, tornus rounded, dorsum more slightly arched ; cell open, vein 4 strongly obtusely angulated upwards. Antenne long and slender, club long and gradual; palpi suberect, pointed, narrow in front, densely clothed with short hairs; eyes large ; legs scaled. 190 NYMPHALID&, Key to the forms of Thaumantis. a. Fore wing on upperside suffused with brilliant blue, except on a narrow terminal and on broader dorsalsmarcine .2osu4 Sch. whee hee: T. lucipor, p. 190. b. Fore wing on upperside with a broad blue discal bar, basal half of wing uniform brown ...... T. diores, p. 190. 223. Thaumantis diores (PI. LV, fig. 32), Westw. A.M. N. H. xv, 1845, p. 234; M.& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 304; Moore (Nan- dogea), Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 182, pl. 148, figs. 1, 1 a-16,¢ 9. Thaumantis ramde, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 215; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 305. 3 2. Upperside dusky brown; fore wing with a broad beautifully iridescent blue discal band from below vein 8 to dorsum, extending posteriorly towards the base of the wing, out- wardly suffused with a brilliant silvery gloss. Hind wing with a median, similar, somewhat rounded patch, the outward silvery gloss very brilliant, in fresh specimens the blue spreading towards the base of the wings. Underside rich silky brown, terminal margins of the wings broadly paler, sprinkled with lilacine scales near an inward well-defined very pale brownish-yellow sinuous line; the basal five-sixths of the wings darkening perceptibly outwards. Fore wing with two pairs of transverse sinuous dark narrow bands across cell, followed by an oblique discal similar band, from costa to interspace 1. Hind wing with two similar transverse bands divergent posteriorly, an oval yellowish-white spot in interspaces 2 and 6 respectively and a dark tornal spot; the spot in inter- space 2 shaded with brown. Antenne red; head, thorax and abdomen brown. Male secondary sex-mark a small erectile tuft of hair, not covering apparently any specialized scales, near the base of the subcostal vein on the upperside of the hind wing. Exp. 3 Q 110-122 mm. (4°3-48"). Hab. Sikhim to Assam; Burma and Tenasserim, along the hill- ranges at low elevations. 224, Thaumantis lucipor, Westwood, in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 337; M. & de N. Butt.’ Ind. 1, 1883, p. 306 footnote. 3. Upperside dark brown. Fore wing, except the costal margin narrowly, apex and terminal margin more broadly, suffused with the most brilliant metallic, somewhat iridescent blue. Hind wing similar, the terminal and dorsal margins more broadly uniform dark brown. Underside. Fore wing: the basal three-fourths very dark maroon-brown, the dorsal and terminal margins broadly paler, the dark basal area crossed from costa to vein 2 by an oblique bar of irrorated pale scales, irrorations of like scales in the cell, at the apex of wing and on the broad pale terminal margin. Hind wing THAUMAN'TIS.—STICHOPHTHALMA. 191 similar but without the bar ; irrorations of pale scales on the basal dark area and on the lighter brown terminal margin, forming an irregular transverse band on the latter ; close to the outer margin of the dark area there are two black ocelli, with the interior half of the irides surrounding pure white. Antenne red ; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. Secondary sex-mark a small glandular patch above the base of the subcostal vein on the upperside of the hind wing, covered by a tuft of long hair.— 2. Similar, the blue on the upperside restricted to the basal area. Fore wing with a curved discal band of whitish spots from costa to vein 2, and a subterminal zigzag dusky white narrow band. Hind wing with a very dark brown zigzag subterminal narrow band. Under- side similar to the underside in the male but paler ; the hind wing with a discal, slightly sinuous, dark brown band in addition to the other markings. Exp. 3 2 100-106 mm. (4—4°2”"), - Hab. Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, extending into the extreme south of Tenasserim. Genus STICHOPHTHALMA. Sticophthalma, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatsch. vi, 1862, p. 27; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 808; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p- 202. Type, S. howgua, Westw., China. Range. Eastern Himalayas; Assam; Burma; extending to China, Siam and Cambodia. 3 2. Fore wing very broadly triangular, costa arched ; termen straight, slightly convex on posterior half; tornus rounded, dorsnm straight ; cell very broad, short, not half length of fore wing; upper and middle discocellulars short, subequal, lower discocellular strongly concave, oblique in its lower portion ; vein 4 from lower apex of cell and obtusely angulate at one-third from base ; vein 10 absent. Hind wing broadly ovate; costa arched, termen slightly scalloped, apex rounded; dorsum nearly straight along basal half, then slightly emarginate ; cell open, vein 8 ending on costal margin. Antenne filiform, not quite half length of fore wing, club gradual ; palpi erect, projecting above level of head ; eyes not hairy ; intermediate and posterior femora longer than the tibiz. Male secondary sex-mark “a small ovate glandular patch” above base of vein 1 of hind wing shaded by an erectile tuft of long hairs. Key to the forms of Stichophthalma. a. Upperside: terminal markings on both fore and hind wing large and conspicuous. a’. Basal area on upperside of fore wing dark CHOCOLATE PLOW we erelicra tere cai ok « S. camadeva, p. 192. 192 NYMPHALID®. b', Basal area on upperside of fore wing OCHTACEONMS ype be diay icine sts he ists erelAees S. lowisa, p. 194. c’, Basal area on upperside of fore wing rich Reddish TUVOUS: (51 s5 nes athens op Sh wr S. howqua, var. sparta, b. Upperside: terminal markings on both fore (p. 193. and hind wing small and slender. a. Yellow preapical band on upperside of fore wing broad, not continued along . LELIMIeN PO LOMMUSI(T ie. titer eee S. nourmahal, p. 192. b. Yellow preapical band on upperside of fore wing narrow, continued along ter- TIME TN GO LOLMUS I sel. taeee aig pieee een Race nurinissa, p. 193. 225. Stichophthalma camadeva, Westwood (Morpho-Thaumantis), Cab. Or. Ent. p. 9, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2; MM. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 309, fig. 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 203, pl. 158, mee ly Thay Si Se &$ 2. Upperside. Fore wing: basal third chocolate-brown, shading into pale bluish white on the rest of the wing; a broad, irregular, pure white discal bar bounded on each side by sinuous pale blue lines ; a series of two or three large postdiscal brownish spots, succeeded by a series of quadrate dark brown spots touching an outer series of broad lunules of the same colour; finally a subterminal row of narrow whitish crescentic marks and a terminal dark brown line. Hind wing dark chocolate-brown, paler towards base ; a broad postdiscal, bluish-white, curved band formed of paired, large, inwardly angular spots in the interspaces followed by a continuous series of broad brown lunules, a sub- terminal row of narrow crescentic white marks, and a terminal brown line. Underside ochraceous, irrorated with greenish scales on the basal area of the wings and on the discal bar of the hind wing ; fore and hind wings crossed by subbasal and discal, trans- verse, sinuous, dark brown lines, followed by a straw-coloured discal bar, a brownish diffuse band, very dark ochraceous series of partly ocelli and partly obscure spots, and a postdiscal outer, broad, diffuse dark brown band, ending posteriorly in a black spot at the tornus of the hind wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen chocolate-brown. Exp. 3 2 148-160 mm. (5°82-6°30"). Hab. Sikhim; the hill-ranges of Assam ; Cachar; and Manipur. 226. Stichophthalma nourmahal, Westwood (Thaumantis), in Dbolday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 337; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1883, p. 312; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 205, pl. 160, figs. 1, 1a,16, dQ. Race nurinissa. Stichophthalma nurinissa, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 131, pl. C, fig. ¢ 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 206, obey IMG stirs, IS Nae Ika, i. - 3. Upperside bright chocolate-brown. Fore wing with a very STICHOPHTHALMA. 193 broad, curved, oblique preapical band from costa to termen; apex and the termen narrowly dark brown; a subterminal series of delicate, brown, trident-shaped marks.. Hind wing with a band along the terminal margin yellow, bearing paired, lunular, brown marks in the imterspaces. Underside dark ochraceous, paler towards the apex of the fore wing, with the following trans- verse markings—subbasal and median dark brown sinuous lines, bordered, the former on the inside, the latter on the outside, by narrow bands of greenish blue; a discal series of obscure ocelli, some of them defined only as pale spots; a postdiscal and a subterminal dark highly-sinuous line, the former ending in a black tornal spot outwardly margined with pink. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen chocolate-brown above, ochraceous beneath. Q. Upperside similar, a preapical white spot on fore wing. Underside with the transverse markings similar; the ground- colour up to the median black transverse line chocolate-brown ; beyond, the fore wing from costa to vein + light ochraceous, in- wardly paling to white below vein 1 ; the hind wing crossed by a diffuse dark brown band; ocelli as in the male, followed by a dull ochraceous-brown postdiscal area, the terminal margins broadly brown, inwardly defined and crossed subterminally by highly sinuous dark lines. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the <¢. Exp. 3 2 98-118 mm. (3 9—-4:25"), Hab. Sikhim. Race nurinissa, de Nicéville—¢ 2. Upperside differs from the typical form in having the preapical yellow band on the fore wing narrower but continued down to the tornus along the ter- minal margin; the apex more broadly brown, and a row of obscure brown spots instead of the trident- -shaped_ marks. The yellow band on the hind wing broader. Undersede in both sexes almost precisely similar to the underside in S. nowrmahal. Exp. 3 2 104-128 mm. (4:1-5:1"). Hab. Bhutan. 227. Stichophthalma howqua, IWestwood (Thaumantis), Trans. Ent. Soc. (new ser.) i, 1851, p. 147; Leech (var. sutfusa), Butt. China, 1892-94, p. 114, pl. i, fig. 3, var. 2. Stichophthalma sparta, de Nicéville, J. A.S. B. 1894, p. 2, pl. i fig. 4 3; Moore, Lep. Ind. iu, 1893- -96, p. 217, pl. 167, figs. 2: Qa, ee 3 9. Upperside ochraceous yellow suffused with a darker, some- what brownish shade of the same towards base of fore wing anid on hind wing. Fore wing: a postdiscal transverse row of fleur-de-] lys- shaped spots, a subterminal series of broad black lunules, followed by a series of narrow crescentic marks of the ochraceous ground- colour ; apex and a terminal line black. Hind wing: a sub- Eeerinal series of black lunules as on the fore wing, giving out inwards a series of large, shafted, roundly lanceolate marks of the same colour, followed. as on the fore wing, by narrow VOL. I. 0) 194 NYMPHALID ®. ochraceous crescentic marks and a terminal black line, the marks posteriorly rather diffuse and tending to run together. Under- sede ochraceous yellow, with the following transverse markings— subbasal, median, postdiscal, subterminal and terminal dark brown sinuous lines; a discal row of dark ochraceous ocelli, six on fore, five on hind wing; and, bordering the ocelli on the inner side, a variable diffuse dusky-black band, ending posteriorly on the hind wing in a black tornal spot. Antenne dark brown; head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous, abdomen paler beneath.— 2. Upperside similar, the black markings broader and heavier. Underside also similar, but the ground-colour a beautiful pale green with a silky lustre, the median transverse dark brown line outwardly bordered from costa of fore to vein 1 of hind wing with greenish white ; the dusky-black transversely discal band broader and more diffuse ; fore wing with seven ocelli; terminal margins broadly but lhghtly infuscated. . Exp. & 2 120-128 mm. (4°72-5:1"). Hab, China, extending to the west into our limits and recorded from Manipur. The above is a description of S. howqua, var. suffusa, Leech, from W. China ; the typical form, which has the markings lighter and smaller, and the ground-colour on upperside uniform, comes from Central China, while the far west race S. sparta, de Nicéville, from Manipur, differs less from S. suffusa than the latter does from S. howqua. 228. Stichophthalma louisa, Wood-Mason (Thaumantis), P. A. S. B. 1877, p. 163; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1888, p. 311; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 204, pl. 159, figs. 1, la, 3 Q. 3 9. Upperside: basal half of fore and basal two-thirds of the hind wing from pale to rich ochraceous, the outer halves of both wings white tinged with lilacine ; a subterminal series of inwardly pointed, large, hastate black marks coalescing with a terminal series of black angular lunules. Underside: basal half of both fore and hind wing pale dull ochraceous with a powdering of greenish scales; outer half white, the hind wing with the postdiscal area suffused with greenish; the terminal margins of both wings broadly dull ochraceous, darker on the hind wing than on the fore wing; a subbasal and a discal dark brown transverse sinuous line meetingand crossing near the tornus of the hind wing, followed on both fore and hind wing by irregular white and suffused dark brown bands, then a series of ocelli, five on fore and five on the hind wing, the former pale brown, the latter ochraceous red with black irides, the apical and the posterior ocelli the largest; finally a suffused large black tornal spot on the hind wing. Male sex-mark as noted for the genus. Exp. 6 2 183-143 mm. (5:3-5:6"). Hab. The foot of the hill-ranges in Burma and Tenasserim. Appears only in April and May. _ THAURIA. 195 Genus THAURIA. Thaumantis; pt., Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc, (new ser.) iv, 1856, p- 176, pl. 17 9; M. & de N., pt., Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 307. Thauria, Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 185. Type, 7. aliris, Westwood, from Borneo. Range. Lower Burma; Tenasserim; Siam; Malay Peninsula ; Borneo. 3 . Closely allied to Thaumantis, Westwood, but in the fore wing vein 7 is emitted well before and not at apex of cell, vein 10 runs very close to but does not anastomose with vein 11, and similarly vein 11 does not anastomose with vein 12, the upper discocellular is oblique and very much longer than the middle discocellular ; this latter being minute, consequently veins 5 and 6 are closely approximate at base. Hind wing: vein 4 only curved upwards, not obtusely angulate ; cell open as in Thaumanitis, but vein 6 is closer at base to vein 7. Only a single form, very closely allied to the type if not a race of it, is found within our limits. 229, Thauria pseudaliris, Butler (Thaumantis), Jowrn. Linn. Soc., Zool. xiii, 1867, p. 115; M. & de N. (Thaumantis) Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p- 807; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1898-96, p. 186, pl. 149, figs. 1, la-1b, dQ. o. Upperside dark vandyke-brown. Fore wing: the base broadly as far as the apex of the cell clothed with dense, short, dark ochraceous hairs ; a broad oblique discal band and two pre- apical spots white, the former tinged with yellow and extending from costa to the termen just above the tornus. Hind wing: the costa and apex broadly and a large posterior area bright ochraceous, the dark ground-colour between veins 5 and 6 produced broadly to the termen. Underside: basal third of the wings greyish, somewhat densely studded with short woolly ochraceous hairs and with some spots and lines of dark chestnut-red, followed by a dark chestnut-red irregular band crossing both fore and hind wing, broadest: posteriorly on the fore and anteriorly on the hind wing. Fore wing with the oblique white discal band as on the upperside, beyond it a subtriangular area, and beneath it the dorsal margin broadly brown, the apex and termen up to the outer end of the white band very broadly chestnut-red, defined inwardly by an obscure dark line and a white spot below the costa. Hind wing: the dark chestnut-red median band narrowed and sub-interrupted in the middle by a white patch ; two large oval, discal, ochraceous- brown, dark-ringed ocelli inwardly lined with white ; beyond the ocelli the terminal area very broadly bright ochraceous orange, crossed by a subterminal waved chestnut-red narrow band and an obscure incomplete terminal dark line. Antenne chestnut-red ; head, thorax and abdomen brown. Secondary sex-mark a sub- 02 196 NYMPHALIDA. costal dark patch of specialized scales, and a yellow glandular pouch close to the dorsal margin on the upperside of the hind wing.— 9. Similar, of course without the sex-marks; colours brighter, oblique white discal band on fore wing broader. Exp. & Q 120-140 mm. (4°72-5°5"). Hab. Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula. This and 7. aliris, Westwood, from Borneo, are closely similar continental and insular forms respectively. Genus AMONA. AKimona, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. iv, 1868, Aumona pl. figs. 3,4; MW. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 302; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 212. Type, 4. amathusia, Hewitson, from Sikhim. Range. N.E. India; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim. $ 2. Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa arched ; apex acutely produced; termen straight; tornus broadly rounded; dorsum straight ; cell short, broad, not half length of fore wing; upper and middle discocellulars short, subequal, lower strongly concave; veins 8, 9, 10 out of 7, 11 from well before apex of cell, anasto- mosed with 12 till just before its apex, 12 terminating about midway on costa. Hind wing pear-shaped; termen somewhat obtusely angulated at vein 4; cell open; vein 8 terminating on costal margin before apex. Antenne about half length of fore wing, club very long and gradual; eyes large, naked; palpi slender, obliquely porrect, third joint short; legs slender, long, intermediate and posterior femora and tibiz subequal. Male secon- dary sex-mark a row of fine hairs along vein 1 on the upperside of the hind wing, at termination overlapping a fold in the membrane of the wing. Key to the forms of AXmona. a. Fore wing pale ochraceous yellow on upper- side; apex dusky brown ................ 44. amathusia, p. 196. b. Fore wing white, shaded on upperside with dusky brown along veins on apical half, apex and termen dusky brown ..............+6 A, lena, p. 197. 230. AXmona amathusia, Hewitson (Clerome), Trans. Ent. Soc. (3) iv, 1867, p. 566 Q ; ad. Evot. Butt. iv. 1868, Amona pl. figs. 3, 4 ; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 303, front plate, figs. 2, 2a, J ; Moore, Lep. Ind. 1i, 1893-96, p. 212, pl. 164, figs. 1, la-le, g 2. Aimona pealii, Wood-Mason, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 177, pl. 6, fies. 8, 3a; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, p. 303, front plate, figs. 3-3a $; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 214, pl. 165, figs. 1, 1 a. &. Upperside ochraceous yellow, the wings more or less suffused on the basal area in the fore and over the whole of the hind wing = MONA.—BNISPE. 197 with a dusky light brownish tint; the apex of the fore wing dusky brownish, the transverse narrow dark band from apex of fore wing to tornus of hind wing, the ocelli on both, and the sub- terminal zigzag band on the underside of the hind wing faintly showing through. Underside similar, slightly darker, without the - brownish tint. Fore and hind wings with a subbasal and a discal darker ochraceous band from apex of fore to tornus of hind wing, followed by a postdiscal row of ocelli, most of them faint and incomplete, and a subterminal zigzag line very faint on the fore wing; the posterior three ocelli prominently silvery centred. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous.— 9. Upperside: the brownish suffusion darker. Underside: the ground-colour not so bright an ochraceous, the markings better defined, all the ocelli with white centres, the subterminal lines on both wings straight. Exp. & 2 78-94 mm. (3:05-3°75"). Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan; the hill-ranges of Assam. Var. peali, Wood- Mason, is probably, as suggested by Mr. Doherty, the wet-season form of thisinsect. It differs chiefly in the apex of the fore wing not being so produced, the termen straighter and slightly convex, and in the markings on the underside showing through on the upperside more plainly than in typical amathusia. 231. Aumona lena, Atkinson, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 215, pl. 12, fig. 1 ¢ ; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1883, p. 302; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1893-96, p. 215, pl. 165, figs. 2,2a, g. 36. Upperside: fore wing and anterior half of hind wing creamy white, posterior half of latter bright canary-yellow. Fore wing : apex somewhat broadly, a transverse slightly inwardly oblique band from apex to vein 1, and broad streaks along the veins from the termen to the transverse band dusky brown. Hind wing: a similar brown transverse band anteriorly, not descending into the yellow area. Underside from base to a transverse narrow dark ochraceous discal band crossing the wings from apex of fore to tornus of hind wing yellow, crossed by a subbasal ochraceous broad line; the terminal margins beyond the discal band paler on both fore and hind wing; an indistinct series of ocelli. Antenne ochraceous ; head and thorax dusky creamy white; abdomen yellow, paler beneath. Female not known. Exp. 3 82-88 mm. (38°25-3°45"). Hab. Burma and Tenasserim. Genus ENISPE. Enispe, Doubleday, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p- 292; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 299; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1893- 96, p. 198. Type, E. ewthymius, Doubleday, from N.E. India. Range. Sikhim, eastwards through the hills of Assam to Burma and Tenasserim. 198 NYMPHALID#. 3 2. Closely allied to Discophora ; differs from that genus in the absence of vein 10 in the fore wing, and in the d by the difference in the secondary sex-marks, there being no trace of the patch of specialized scales on the disc of the hind wing, though the glandular pouch and tuft of short hairs at the base of the dorsal margin of the hind wing are present. There is in addition a small patch of specialized scales at the base of the abdomen beneath. Antenne very long, longer than in Discophora; eyes naked ; palpi obliquely porrect, third joint short. Key to the forms of Enispe. a. Upperside ground-colour ochraceous orange. a’. Hind wing only with a median black transverse narrow band on upperside .... LZ. euthymius, p. 198. b'. Both fore and hind wing with a median black transverse narrow band on under- SUGLG 5 dc, RT ee eee Ben AEE ele Uhcaimen sce Raa Var. tessellata, p. 198. b. Upperside ground-colour brown............ Li. cyenus, p. 199. 232. Enispe euthymius (Pl. IV, fig. 31), Doubleday (Adolias), A, M,N. H. xvi, 1845, p. 179; M. §& de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p- 300, fig. ¢ ; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 198, pl. 155, digsy aes ee Enispe tessellata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 521 3 2 ; id. Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 200, pl. 156, figs. 1, la-le, g Q. 3 9. Upperside rich ochraceous orange. Fore wing: a spot along the upper portion of the discocellulars, two fine lunate spots beyond, an erect series of four discal spots, a subterminal zigzag narrow band, the apical portion of the costa, the apex and the terminal margin broadly black. Hind wing: a discal irregular transversely elongate suffused mark and two series of lunular continuous marks beyond black; termen narrowly fuscous. Under- side rich bright ochraceous ; a broad transverse band across both wings from costa of fore wing to the tornus of the hind wing slightly darker ochraceous, defined inwardly by an irregular sinuous and broken, and outwardly by a straighter complete ferruginous line ; some ferruginous spots at the bases of the wings, and on the hind wing a discal series of three or four minute dark ocelli, the lowest white-centred ; outer halves of both fore and hind wing uniform, the black markings of the upperside showing faintly through. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen bright ochraceous. Exp. 3 9 82-87 mm. (3°25-3'42"). Hab. Sikhim; Assam; Cachar; Burma and Tenasserim. Var. tessellata, Moore, occurs in the same localities. It is a more richly-coloured form than Z. euthymius. It differs im both sexes in the markings on the upperside of the wings being broader, restricting the orange-ochraceous ground-colour, the bases of the wing also slightly darker. The fore wing with a median black irregular line in continuation of the black line defining the disco- cellulars. ENISPH.—DISCOPHORA. 199 233. Enispe cycnus, Westwood, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1851, p. 380; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 301; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 201, pl. 157, figs. 1, la-le, 3g. 3. Upperside dark brown. Fore wing with a broad oblique bluish-white band beyond cell from costa to vein 4, deflected in- wards below and continued by three large outwardly emarginate spots between the veins; beyond these an erect series of four more or less triangular spots of the same colour. Hind wing: basal area clothed with long hair, a subterminal curved series of obscure small light brown spots, followed by a terminal series of light brown lunular markings between the veins. Underside dark ochraceous, paling towards the terminal margins; a darker ochraceous straight discal band across both fore and hind wing from costa of fore wing to tornus of hind wing, defined inwardly and outwardly by sinuous dark ferruginous-brown lines, the basal area inside the band studded with spots and short transverse sinuous streaks of ferruginous brown, and the terminal halves of the wings with three rows of obscure dusky markings between the veins. Hind wing with a minute silvery ocellus in inter- space 1 anda small black spot in interspace 5. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown above; antenne excepted, ochraceous yellow beneath. 2. Upperside: differs from the ¢ in the fore wing as follows: five inner discal ochraceous spots and the discal band terminating in an ochraceous spot; on the hind wing a discontinuous transverse line, followed by a postdiscal row of large hastate spots; a subterminal series of quadrate spots and a terminal series of lunular marks between the veins bright ochraceous. Underside as in the ¢, but the ground-colour uniformly paler ochraceous. Exp. 3 2 80-90 mm. (3°17-3°53"). Hab. Bhutan; Assam; Upper Burma. Genus DISCOPHORA. Discophora, Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép. i, 1886, pl. 12, fig.3; Moore, Lep, Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 35; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 294 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 187. Type, D. celande, Stoll, from Java. Rtange. Indo-Malayan Region. 3S 9. Fore wing very broadly triangular, costa strongly arched ; apex acute, slightly produced; termen straight, tornus well marked, dorsum straight; cell short, not half length of fore wing, moderately broad; middle discocellular the shortest, lower long, oblique, slightly concave; vein 10 anastomosed with 11, vein 11 with 12, 12 terminating about two-thirds from base. Hind wing: costa slightly arched; termen convex or angulate at apex of vein 4; tornus well marked; dorsum long, straight, shghtly convex in the middle; vein 8 terminating just before apex, costal margin above it wide. Antenne about half length of 200 NYMPHALID”®. fore wing, club long, narrow, gradual ; palpi slender, slight, oblique, 3rd joint short; body stout, robust. Male secondary sex-mark a more or less rounded, thickly packed, large patch of specialized scales on the disc of the hind wing. The forms of Discophora are all very closely allied. There is little doubt that the variation in the size and colour of the spots on the fore wing is to some extent due to seasonal dimorphism or polymorphism, and that the number of distinct forms is really very small. Key to the forms of Discophora. 3 d- a. Upperside suffused with deep indigo-blue .. D. celinde, p. 200. b. Upperside brown, not suffused with indigo- blue. a’. Spots on upperside of fore wing in two rows, anterior three spots of inner row blues larze, obliqne 24 se. ee ye eeaee D. lepida, p. 201. 6’. Spots on upperside of fore wing in three or four transverse rows. a’. Spots on upperside of fore wing more ior less bluish white. °, Upperside of hind wine without SPOLS, UMI@RMI ye oe hae se eee ests D. tullia, p. 202. b°. Upperside of hind wing spotted.... Var. zal, p. 203. b°, Spots on upperside of fore wing ochra- CE OWS SH). crete tata erere ena tere si hotel ee ee Var. spiloptera, p. 208. ee a. Upperside of fore wing with a distinct pre- apical broad oblique band. a’. This band ochraceous yellow .......... D. celinde, p. 201. @ Whis bandebinich whites ey se 7s. fe eee D. lepida, p. 201. b. Upperside of fore wing without a distinct preapical oblique band or at most anterior two spots of transverse discal series obliquely placed. a’. Cell of fore wing on upperside without a patch of ochraceous yellow at apex .. D. tulhia, p. 202. . Cell of fore wing on upperside with a patch of yellow at apex. a>. The yellow patch enclosing a black PE SPOUT ce taisen aire euniriones emadelions (Rar uaa poe Var. zal, p. 208. b’. The yellow patch not enclosing a black SOU: Monier riciesisyaanievso’ ond Reva Sieetee Var. sprloptera, p. 205. 234. Discophora celinde, Stol2 (Papilio), Suppl. Cram. Pup. Ex. v, 1790, pl. 37, figs. 1, la; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 298, fiz. J aS necho, M. & de N. (nec Kelder) Butt. Ind.1, 1888, p. 296. Discophora celinde, yar. continentalis et adamanensis, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. 1, 1887, p. 190. Discophora continentalis, Moore, Lep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, p. 188, pl. 150, figs. 1, La-le, 3 Q, larva & pupa. DISCOPHORA. 201 3S. Upperside purplish brown, the basal four-fifths of both fore and hind wing suffused with dark indigo-blue. Fore wing with two obliquely-placed preapical pale ochraceous-white spots, and a series of four or five subterminal similar spots. Hind wing uniform except for the dark secondary sex-mark on the disc. Underside ochraceous shaded with brown, darkest on the outer half of the hind wing; a broad dark brown discal band across both wings from costa of fore to tornus of hind wing; beyond this a lighter ochraceous band, followed on the hind wing by obscure ocelli in interspaces 2 and 6, and a purplish-white diffuse mark at the tornus.— 92. Upperside paler purplish brown, the terminal margins of the wings narrowly and evenly yellow; a broad yellow oblique preapical bar on the fore wing, curving down- wards and ending in two or three triangular detached spots, two discal spots below middle of bar and an outer series of three sub- terminal large lunular spots. Hind wing on its anterior halt outwardly with some diffuse yellow obscure spots. Underside similar to that of the ¢, but much lighter and brighter ochra- ceous, the brown shading forms obseure transverse bands, of which the discal, broad postdiscal and subterminal crossing both fore and hind wing are the most prominent ; an additional ocellus in interspace 3. Antenne ochraceous; head, thorax and abdo- men above brown, beneath more or less ochraceous. Exp. 5 2 95-99 mm. (3°75-3:9"). Hab, Sikhin, the lower and Eastern provinces of Bengal; Assam; Burma ; Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula. Wain (adult). Anal segment with two slender processes; each segment with dorsal and lateral tubercies studded with tufts of hair; head black; body brown with paler longitudinal dorsal and lateral bands, a short black line on each side of the dorsal line anteriorly on each segment ; legs with a spot of dark red on each. Pupa. ‘“ Boat-shaped, broad across the middle; head-piece prolonged and acuminated into a bifid point; colour pale purpu- rescent-brown.” (Joore.) 235. Discophora lepida, Moore (Enispe), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i, 1857, p. 218 2 ; zd. Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1880, p. 36, pl. 18, figs. 1, la, 16,32; M.§ de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 297 ; Moore, "Lep. Ind. li, 1893-96, p. 190, pl. 151, figs. iL lia, 14, ie Geeks Davidson, Bell & Aitken, "Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soe. X, 1896, p- 246. 3 2. Resembles D. celinde, but in the 3 the ground-colour on the upperside is dark velvety brown without any blue reflections ; the fore wing is crossed preapically by three obliquely-placed, comparatively large, pale-blue spots with an ill-defined series of three or four much. smaller subterminal spots; in the 9? the markings, though similar to those in the @ of celinde, are on the upperside of the fore wing all pale blue, not yellow, and more numerous, larger, and better defined on the upperside of the hind wing. Underside. $: similar to that in ¢ of D. celinde, but a 202 NYMPHALID#. more or less prominent diffuse subterminal band irrorated with lilac scales crosses both fore and hind wing.— ? similar to the 2 of D. celinde, but much paler. Exp. 3 2 80-104 mm. (3°15-4:09"). Hab. 8. India, Ceylon. Larva. “ Cylindrical or slightly fusiform; head large; anal segment furnished with two stout conical processes widely sepa- rated, but scarcely divergent ; colour of head greenish yellow; eyes ‘plack ; body brown, with a broad pure white dorsal band flanked with conspicuous black marks, and a yellow lateral mark on segments 6 to 11; head and body clothed with long reddish or brown hair.” (Davidson, Bell § Aitken.) Pupa...‘‘head-case produced into two long conical adjoined processes, the thorax slightly convex and carinated dorsally, the wing-cases evenly expanded, abdomen strongly curved dorsally ; surface finely rugose ; colour semi-transparent yellowish, like a clean white bone, with the dorsal line and the veins of the wings marked in faint flesh-colour, loosely attached by the tail.” (Zbzd.) 236. Discophora tullia (Pl. IV, fig. 30), Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Erotat, lio, ple ol hes. ie ie M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 298, fig. o Or Discophora zal, Westwood, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. i, 1851, p. 351, footnote ; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p. 299 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. li, 1893- —96, p. 191, pl. 152, figs. 1, la—le, dQ. Discophora tullia, var. indica, Stauding ger, Exot. Schmett. i, S77, p. 120 ee Discophora spiloptera, de N. § Moller, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p- dal. Discophora indica et spiloptera, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, pp. 192 & 195, pl. 153, figs. 1, 1 a-1 d, 8 2, larva & pupa, and pl. 154, figs. ih Ra, SQ. 3S. Upperside dark brown. Fore wing with transverse discal, postdiscal and subterminal series of bluish spots, the latter two series closely approximate. Hind wing uniform except for the prominence of the discal secondary sex-mark, and faint indications of a subterminal series of pale spots. Underside dull ochraceous brown, the basal half of the wing darker, defined outwardly by a still darker but obscure transverse band ending ina lilacine diffuse small patch at the tornus of the hind wing; both fore and hind wing irrorated somewhat sparsely with short transverse brown striz and obscurely tinted with lilac; two ill-defined ocelli on the hind wing as in D. celinde. Antenne ochraceous ; head, thorax and abdomen brown, paler beneath.—@. Upperside purplish brown. Fore wing with three transverse series of white spots, the inner or discal series continued to the costa by two large elongate obliquely-placed white spots. Hind wing also with three transverse rows of somewhat obscure spots, but ochraceous in colour. Underside similar to that in the ¢, but paler. Lap. 3 2 90-102 mm. (3°55-4:05"). Hab. Bengal; Sikhim; Bhutan; through Assam, Burma and NYMPHALIN &, 903 Tenasserim to the Malay Peninsula. Described originally from China. Larva. “On bamboo, living during the day in three or four leaves spun together.... full-fed larva 2 inches long, colour biack mottled with grey ; arather broad yellowish dorsal line ; the junction of the segments marked by a thin irregular yellow line and red spot; body covered with white hairs; head and anus black, the former marked with perpendicular yellow lines. Pupa white, suspended by the tail; the labial palpi prominently projected ; changing to dark brown a few hours before emergence. The perfect insect remains three weeks in pupa.” (Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 519.) Var. zal, Westwood, differs from the typical form as follows :— Upperside. $ paler brown. Fore wing with an additional spot outside cell; the spots in the three transverse series more numerous, the discal row bluish, the outer two rows ochraceous. Hind wing with three rows of ochraceous somewhat obscure spots. Under- side differs only in being paler than in the typical form and more uniform in colour. @: ground-colour above ochraceous; fore wing—apex of cell yellow with a prominent enclosed black spot ; the three series of spots as in typical tullia, but only the discal row bluish white, the rest ochraceous, and an additional inner row at the bases of the interspaces. Hind-wing markings similar to those of tullia. Underside very much paler and more uniform. It is probable, as Mr. Moore suggests, that D. zal is the dry- season form of D. tullia. Var. spiloptera, de Nicéville & Moller, closely resembles the variety or dry-season form D. zal, but on the upperside it is more heavily marked in both sexes, the spots being larger and in the 3 entirely ochraceous. The 2 lacks the black spot enclosed in the yellow patch at the apex of the cell. Subfamily NYMPHALIN A. Lgg. “Very large, few, soft, not so high as wide, strongly reticulate with elevated translucent chitinous lines crossing the surface asymmetrically, enclosing pentagonal and hexagonal spaces, and bearing long, acute, often bifid spines at their intersection.” { Doherty.) Larva. Variable both in form and armature, but in the large majority of the forms cylindrical and spiny. In Apatura and Charaxes the larva is smooth, has horn-like processes on the head, which are often branched, and two posteriorly directed processes on the anal segment, recalling the form of the larva in the Satyrine and Morphine. The larva of Euthalia is very spiny, being armed with a series of long lateral spines, each spine nearly half the length of the larva itself, and fringed along the sides with finer hairs or spines. In Ergolis, on the contrary, the spines are short, dorsal, and many-branched. 204 NYMPHALID. Pupa. Proportionately to the size of the imago, rather short but broad, with the dorsum more or less curved, and the head and thorax often covered with angular prominences. It is, without any known exception in this subfamily, suspended by the tail and entirely destitute of any medial supporting girth. tmago. Head of medium or large size and more or less hairy ; antennee close together at base, entirely or partly scaled, never entirely without scales as in the Danaine; club variable, long, narrow and gradual, or short, broad and abrupt, often flattened ; eyes naked or hairy; palpi generally broad anteriorly, erect, some- times subporrect ; thorax as a rule robust, in some very broad and stout, remarkably so in Charaxes and in some of the forms of Euthalia; wings ample, broad in proportion to length. Narrow- winged forms, such as Callinaga and some forms of Neptis, or forms with feeble flight and delicate wings, such as Cyrestis, are very few among the Indian Nymphaline. The pattern and colour of the wings in this subfamily are most varied ; there is no leading type of pattern or coloration common to many genera, such as is found, for instance, in the Danainw in the general similarity between the upper and under sides of the wings, or in the Satyrine and Morphine in the very common ocellation of the underside of the hind wing. Discoidal cell in both fore and hind wing very often open or closed only by a slender inconspicuous veinlet; the . closed cell often occurs only in the fore wing. Anastomosis of the branches of the subcostal vein in the fore wing (veins 8-11) is rare, and still more rare is the inflation at base of the costal vein (vein 12)—features so common in the Satyrine. ‘The dorsal margin of the hind wing is channelled to receive the abdomen. The fore legs have the family character of reduction in size very marked. Two exceptions, however, occur: the females of Pseudergolis and Callinaga have the fore legs functionally perfect and well formed. ‘Tn their habits in the perfect state, they (the forms of the Vym- phaline) are pre-eminently bold, sunshine-loving insects, never skulking in the shade amongst trees and bushes as do the butterflies of the subfamilies Morphine and Satyrine. They also usually rest with the wings widely spread open. .... ” (de Nicéville.) Key to the Genera of the Nymphaline. A. Costa of fore wing serrated. a, Cell of both fore and hind wing closed...... CHARAXES, p. 208. 4. Cell of fore wing closed, of hind wing open... Hurts, p. 219. B. Costa of fore wing not serrated. a. Cell of both fore and hind wing closed. a', Kyes hairy. a’. Fore wing: vein 10 out of 7, not free.. Dita, p. 235. b*, Fore wing: vein 10 out of subcostal, free. a°®, Hind wing without prediscoidal cell. a‘, Fore wing: veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell. a’, Hind wing: cell very short, [p. 249. barely one-third length of wing. STIBOCHIANA, — NYMPHALIN &. 205 &°. Hind wing: cell proportionately [p. 248. longer, about half length of wing. DicHorRAGta, 6', Fore wing: vein 3 from well before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex .. VANESSA, p. 363. c', Fore wing: veins 3 and 4 stalked, branching well beyond lower apex 010 (GEIL IA is OP ae ae AT eo TERINOS, p. 411. 6°, Hind wing with a more or less dis- tinct ;prediscoidal cell. . v1.02 had... CALINAGA, p. 460. b', Eyes not hairy. a. Fore wing: vein 12 not swollen at base. a’. Hind wing with a prediscoidal cell .. PARTHENOS, p. 287. 6*. Hind wing without a prediscoidal cell. a’, Fore wing: vein 3 from _ before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex. a’, Hind wing: veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell. a®, Club of antenne short, broad, ADUUPIG ernest cud vig shores 3G ARGYNNIS, p. 429. 6°. Club of antenneze long, narrow, oradual. a’. Precostal vein in hind wing curved strongly inwards .. PENTHEMA, p. 390. b*, Precostal vein in hind wing [p. 247. curved strongly outwards . N&ruROSIGMA, b°. Hind wing: veins 3 and 4 stalked, branching from beyond lower apex of cell. a°. Cell of fore wing short, not half . length of wing, middle disco- _ [p. 386. cellular deeply concave...... HiyPOLIMNAS, 6°. Cell of fore wing long, at least half length of wing, middle discocellular straight ...... LEBADEA, p. 298. 4', Fore wing: veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell. a’, Hind wing: veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell. a°. Fore, wing: vein 10 free .... Dopxuna, p. 255. b°, Fore wing: vein 10 out of 7. a’. Fore wing: vein 11 from well before upper apex of Ce) ae see LCR pone eee . Issorta, p. 415. b", Fore wing: vein 11 from upper apex of cell. a. Club of antenne short, broad, abrupt, flat, or eoncaye below 6 ss. <6: ATELLA, p. 412. 6°. Club of antenne long, narrow, gradual, not flat or concave below ...... CETHOSIA, p. 399. )°. Hind wing: veins 3 and 4 stalked, branching beyond lower apex of cell. a. Fore wing: veins 5 and 6 closely approximate at base.. Avuzaxta, p. 300. 206 NYMPHALIDA. 6°. Fore wing: veins 5 and 6 well separated at base. a’. Hind wing: veins 6 and 7 well separated at base. a’. Hind wing with a long narrow tail at apex of Co Ol eee A ea ea ae 6°. Hind wing with a short tail at apex of vem 4 . b". Hind wing: veins 6 and 7 closely approximate at base. c', Fore wing: veins 5 and 4 stalked, branching beyond apex of cell. a°®, Fore wing: vein 10 out of 7... 6°. Fore wing: vein 10 free........ >, Fore wing: vein 12 swollen at base. a°®, Posterior tibiz and tarsi with rows of spines. a’, Club of antenne short, broad, Ei] OVE1 he Bauer Ae AB ere lcs b*. Club of antenne long, narrow, eradual. 275.6 crs chee tees >. Posterior tibize and tarsi without rows of spies... /./.....,.% Meta aeyet - Cell of fore wing closed, of hind wing open. a’, pas wing: vein 10 ‘out of 7, not free. . Fore wing: veins 3 and ‘4 from lower apex of cell. ST PEIVeSy MOL Wate. set tdtorsiecays rte eens a yes nairy eh oe eee: te b?, Fore wing: vein 3 from before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex............ . Fore wing: vein 10 out of subcostal, free. a?, Fore wing: veins 3 and 4 from lower , apex of cell. a®. Fore pas! vein 10 from upper apex of cell . Wg alickere ls Csi hae ee Ue . Fore wing: vein 10 from well before canbe apex of cell. Ves iaMrys .OMEe. Wok eae ae kyon meee ne Eyes not hairy. SALI A, OIC se BEM, Set 6°. Fore wing: vein 3 from before lower je of cell, 4 from apex. . Fore wing: vein 10 from upper apex OL Cella, eee ect sR Ae Ae b°. Fore wing: vein 10 from well before eter apex of cell. nae not hairy. . Fore wing: veins 8 and 9 from beyond middle of 7 ......... 6°. Fore wing: veins 8 and 9 from well before middle of 7,....... b*.- Hives: H@inysetare welds eo nk ore ce’. Fore wing: veins 3 ‘and 4 stalked, branching well beyond lower apex of Cell: cect Mt Tele, ote © SOME, ee IXALLIMA, p. 394. Yoma, p. 389. CyrEsTIS, p. 348. [p. 353. CHERSONESIA, PsEUDERGOLIS, [p. 463. ByB1ta, p. 455. Hreouts, p. 460. LARINGA, p. 457. CuPHA, p. 416. ARASCHNIA, p. 3/4. ME.LIT™A, p. 450. PANTOPORIA, p. 302. Liminitis, p. 293. ABROTA, p. 290. [p. 252. SYMPHADRA, Mopwza, p. 291. ProtHok, p. 380. SYMBRENTHIA, [p. 376, [p. 419. CIRROCHROA, NYMPHALIN A. ec. Cell of fore wing closed, of hind wing open, but in appearance closed by a fold in the membrane of the wing between veins 4 and 5, well beyond origin of vein3 ............ d. Cell of both fore and hind wing open. a’. Fore wing: vein 10 out of subcostal, free. a, Hind wing: vein 7 at base closer to vein 6 than to vein 8. a’. Fore wing: vein 9 from before middle of 7. a‘, Club of antenne long, narrow, cylin- drical. a’. Fore wing: vein 10 from well before upper apex of cell....... b°. Fore wing: vein 10 from upper AW ER OM COU eect scars ete ieee ee 6'. Club ef antenne short, broad, flat, coneave beneath 75.0.5. 3. 2.. 6°. Fore wing: vein 9 from beyond middle On a*, Hind wing not tailed or lobed .... 6*. Hind wing tailed or lobed or both. a°, Hind wing: terminal margin with a broad lobe near tornus and a tail at apex of vein 5 ........ 6°. Hind wing: terminal margin without lobe, but produced into a broad tail at apex of vein] .. 6°, Hind wing: vein 7 at base as close to vein 8 as to vein 6 or closer. a. Fore wing: vein 9 from well before middle of 7, or if from middle of 7 then vein 11 anastomosed with VENI OME Re lS Mie i. GOS 6°. Fore wing: vein 9 from beyond middle Ob Gs a‘, Palpi broad, with a dense clothing OM SCRIES Pe. BA tic pour ou te ae b*, Palpi narrower, with a clothing of loose lax scales with numerous AUS AIMS fac su Way Sis) oo vayar soe. = cys $ b'. Fore wing: vein 10 out of 7, not free. a>, Intermediate and hind tibize without a row Of spines beneath .............. 6”. Intermediate and hind tibiae with pro- minent rows of spines beneath. a*, Club of antenne short, broad, abrupt . 6°. Club of antennze long, narrow, gradual, oT TMyeswiainy esa. apakatides ais ils ° bt. Eyes not hairy. a°, Hind wing: terminal margin bi- emarginate near tornus........ 6°. Hind wing: terminal margin SUAS OR Ss cabs 8 ae ee Ne 207 Cynruta, p. 405. APATURA, p. 229. HErRona, p. 23 JUNONIA, p. 359. Hzstina, p. 239. [p. 385. RHINOPALPA, |p. 392. DOoOLESCHALLIA, KUTHALIA, p. 267. ATHYMA, p. 314, NEPpTIs, p. 319. Rawinpa, p. 343. HELCYRA, p. 228. [p. 240. PARHESTINA, Eurievus, p. 242. SEPHISA, p. 244. 208 NYMPHALIDE. Genus CHARAXKES. Nymphalis, Latr. (nec Linn.) Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xiv, 1805, p. 82. Charaxes, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv, 1816, p. 18; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 269; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 248; Rothsch. §& Jordan, Nov. Zool. vii, 1900, p. 281. Haridra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1880, p. 30: ad. Lep. Ind. 11, 1895-96, p. 229. Type, C. jason, Linn., from Barbary. Range. Palearctic, Ethiopian, Indo-Malayan, and Indo-Austra- lian Regions. 3 2. “There is a great diversity in the shape of the outline of the wings of Charaxes. The outer margin (termen) of the fore wing varies from being nearly straight to being deeply concave... . The hind wing is abdominally always somewhat, often considerably, longer than costally, and has in most species a triangular form.” (Rothsch. & Jord.) Typical fore wing: costa widely arched, serrated; apex pro- duced; termen concave above vein 2, straight below; tornus rounded; dorsum straight; cell less than half length of wing, slenderly closed; upper discocellular very short, middle twice length of upper, lower long, erect; vein 4 from lower apex of cell, veins 8 and 9 out of 7, approximate at base, emitted from basal half of vein 7,10 and 11 free. Hind wing: costa widely arched, apex very broadly rounded ; termen straight, more or less scalloped, produced at veins 2 and 4 into long slender tails; tornal angle well-marked ; dorsum long, longer than costal margin, straight ; cell narrow, less than half length of wing, slenderly closed, lower discocellular very oblique; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell, veins 5, 6,7 and 8 at base nearly equidistant from one another. Antenne about half length of fore wing, club long and gradual; palpi obliquely porrect, third joint short ; eyes naked ; body large and robust. The venation varies somewhat in the Indian forms of the genus, especially as regards the point of origin of veins 8 and 9 in the fore wing. Key to the forms of Charaxes. A. Basal area of wings on upperside bright | C. dwrnfordi, race Chestnut- prow ott a). eho eae ence nicholt, p. 210. B. Basal area of wings on upperside fulvous or ochraceous. a. Costal margin on underside of fore wing not silvery white. a', With a postdiscal more or less lunular transverse band on upperside of fore wing. a’, Ground-colour on underside of wings purplish tawny. a’, A transverse discal short lunular black line on upperside of hoth | C. polyxena, race fore van dy hung ayes eee ee ) hemana, p. 217. CHARAXES. 209 b°, No transverse discal black line on upperside of either fore or hind NRE’) Ci gee Ate nae cae ee ... ©. aristogiton, p. 218. 6”. Ground-colour on underside of wings ochraceous yellow. a>, Interspace between median two dark sinuous lines crossing hind wing on underside of a darker ochraceous than the ground-colour of wing ; transverse sinuous lines crossing WAM SIETIMeT 5. cys , Black terminal margin on upperside of fore wing very broad, occupying more than one-third of wing on dorsal margin. a>, Subterminal black band on upper- side of hind wing broad and con- EAHANT USS hetero eqeps ajay attiias piace . C. psaphon, p. 214. into detached spots posteriorly .. Race vmna*, p. 215. 6°. Black terminal margin on upperside of fore wing narrower, scarcely occupying one-fourth of wing on dorsal margin. a’. Males without, females with a broad white or very pale fulvous discal band on upperside of fore wing. a‘, Minute white spots traversing subterminal black band of spots on upperside of hind wing in ( C. polyxena, race centres of black spotst........ hierax=watti, b'. Minute white spots traversing p. 216. subterminal black band of spots on upperside of hind wing placed ( Var. harpax, p. 215. on inner margin of black spots . 4 Var. coraz, p. 215. b°. Both sexes with a broad white or [{ Var. agna, p. 216. very pale fulvous discal band on upperside of fore wing. a‘. This discal band not extended | Var. hipponar= below vein 5 on hind wing .. jalinder, p. 215. * C. psaphon and its race tmna resemble each other so closely, that the above differences only hold good in typical forms. +t The white spots are often absent or indistinct on the upperside, but can be readily made out by holding the insect up to the light, as noted by Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan. VOL. I. rs 210 NYMPHALID ZA. b', This band extended to vein 4 ( Var. pleistonaa= or even to vein 3 on hind Khimatara, p. 215. WAND": «toate *e'tstote tote tara cot fore esotete Var. khasianus, p-215, b. Costal margin on underside of fore wing SILVErVs WMI! oh oe su mie fa os ae te eres C. distanti, p. 210. C. Basal area on upperside of wings black .... C. fabius,-p. 217. 237. Charaxes durnfordi, Distant, Entomologist, xvii, 1884, p. 191. Race nicholi (Pl. VIII, fig. 57). Charaxes nicholu, Grose Smith (Nyniphalis), 4. M,N. H. (5) xviii, 1886, p. 150; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. ii, 1895-96, p. 246, pl. 182, fig. 2 3; de ” Mi céville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x11, 1899, p. 330. Charaxes durnfordi nicholi, Rothsch. & Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900, p- 288, pl. 6, fig. 1. 3. Upperside brown, the basal third of fore and nearly the basal half of the hind wing chestnut-brown, the remainder of the fore wing dark ~brown, of the hind wing white suffused inwardly with pale greenish yellow. Fore wing with a very incomplete discal and a more complete postdiscal transverse series of more or less crescentic white markings, followed by a few terminal white specks. Hind wing: the inner margin of the white area irregularly and deeply crenulate, the brown on the basal half projecting along the veins into the white area; a sub- terminal row of white-centred brown ocelli without outer rings, increasing in size anteriorly, and a terminal series, often absent, of slender sagittate brown markings on the veins, the points out- wards, followed by an anticiliary exceedingly slender brown line. Cilia, fore and hind wing, white alternated with brown. Underside purplish brown; a broad discal irregular black-edged darker purple-brown sinuous band across both wings, paler on the hind wing than on the fore, followed by amore or less continuous line of dark lunules, and beyond it a postdiscal series of slightly yellowish-brown lunular markings, bordered outwardly on fore wing by pale purple, on hind. wing by the series of ocelli of the upper- side showing faintly through. Antenne blackish brown finely annulated with white; head, thorax and abdomen chestnut-brown ; purplish brown beneath. 2 unknown. Lap. 3 100- 104 mm. (3°98-4°10"). Hab. Recorded within our limits from Tenasserim and the Karen Hills near Taungoo. 238. Charaxes distanti, Honruth, Berl. ent. Zeitsch. xxix, 1885, p. 277 ; Dist. Rhop. Malay. (App.) 1886, p. 434, pl. 56, fig. 2 ¢; de N. &§ Martin, J. A. S. B. 1895, pt. ii, p. 488; Rothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900, p. 309. 3. Upperside bright ochraceous, ground-colour of terminal margins of wings broadly of a darker shade. Fore wing with .the following chestnut-red markings: a line on each side of the discocellulars, transverse small Iunules or bars near CHARAXES. eA. bases of interspaces 4, 5 and 6, and a terminal series of large inwardly conical spots in the interspaces from 1 to apex of wing, prolonged almost to the base in interspace 7. Hind wing with a subterminal row of minute dark spots, tornal two spots inwardly white, and a terminal very narrow dark ochraceous band. Underside: ground-colour similar; basal half of both fore and hind wing crossed by several sinuous broken slender dark lines, followed by a postdiscal ill-defined lunular line. Fore wing: the basal half of the costal margin beyond vein 12 conspicuously snow-white; a subterminal narrow irre- gular band lilacine white. Hind wing also with a subterminal lilacine transverse band, but much broader than on the fore wing, margined inwardly by a black line and traversed outwardly by a series of small somewhat hastate white spots, all but the apical two with minute black tips; a dark ochraceous narrow terminal band as on the upperside. Antenne dark brown; head, thorax and abdomen bright. ochraceous above and below.— 2. Similar, dise of the wings paler, the white subterminal spots on the under- side of the hind wing larger and more clearly defined. Exp. 3 2 92-104 mm. (3°65-4:1"), Hab. Within our limits I procured this beautiful Charawes in the Thaungyin Valley, and it has been recorded from the Dawnat range in Tenasserim. It occurs also in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. 239. Charaxes marmax (Pl. VIII, fig. 55), Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. 1848, p. 43, pl. 21, ¢ Q; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 281 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 368; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 233, pl. 170, figs. 1, 1 a-le,5 2; Rothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900, p. 312. Charaxes lunawara, Butler, Lep. Exot. 1872, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 2 ; de N. Butt. Ind, 11, 1886, p. 282; Elwes, Trans. Ent, Soc. 1888, p. 368. 3. Upperside rich ochraceous tawny. Fore wing: a black subcostal spot at the discocellulars and a. pale chestnut line on either side of them; a very short slightly curved discal narrow band from vein 7 to vein 5, a postdiscal broad oblique band from costa to vein 6, anda broad terminal band from apex to vein 1, jet- black ; the extreme margin of the termen touched interruptedly with fulvous tawny; the postdiscal band continued as a curved lunular narrow chestnut band to vein 1, and the black at apex continued along the costa, joing the postdiscal band above. Hind wing: costal margin broadly pale yellow, terminal third of wing of a darker tawny shade than the base, a short discal broken black line from costa to vein 6; a subterminal slightly curved series of outwardly pointed black spots, inereasing in size to interspace 6, the tornal two centred with white; the terminal margin somewhat broadly dark reddish brown. Underside bright ochraceous yellow. Fore and hind wings crossed by the usual sinuous black lines, the postdiscal line outwardly lunular. Fore wing: the discocellulars defined by dark lines, the apex with two R2 212 NYMPHALID#. short white streaks continued as a line of obscure white dots to interspace 1. Hind wing: the space between base of wing and subbasal dark line and between the median two dark lines darker ochraceous than the ground-colour; the postdiscal lunular line with a dark shade beyond, traversed by a series of heavy slate- black lunules, and white, black-tipped obscure dots; the terminal reddish-brown band as on the upperside. Antenne black annulated with white; head, thorax and abdomen tawny; beneath paler, the palpi white.— 9°. Similar, the ground-colour on the disc paier. Fore wing: the short discal band very broad, continued as a series of lunules in the interspaces to vein 1; the postdiscal lunular line slender above, not joined on to the black on the termen, and sometimes black, sometimes chestnut-coloured; the black on the margin formed into a subterminal series of large black inwardly conical spots, the termen beyond dusky ochraceous. Hind wing: the subterminal row of black spots with white central transverse very short lines. Underside much as in the 3, but the slate-black lunules on the hind wing form a broad obliquely placed line ; the subterminal series of white spots larger and more conspicuous both on fore and hind wing; upper tail spatulate, much longer than in ¢. Exp. & 996-120 mm. (3°8-4°72"). Hab. Sikhim; Assam; Burma and Tenasserim. 240. Charaxes kahruba, Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 235, pl. 171, figs. 1, la-le, 62; Butler, Jown. Linn. Soe., Zool. xxv, 1896, p. 398; Rothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900, p. 310. Charaxes lunawara, de N. (nec Butler) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 282; ad. (id.) in Risley’s Gazetteer of Sikhim, 1894, p. 148. ‘¢ Differs from the closely allied species constantly in a number of characters, and is most easily recognized by the strongly pro- — nounced markings of the underside.” (tothsch. & Jord.) 3 2. Closely allied to and resembling C. marmav, Westw. On the upperside in the ¢ two points of difference are easily observable and seem to be constant—the short oblique portion of the postdiscal band on the fore wing near the costal margin is narrower than in CO. marmax, and the broad black terminal band on fore wing which in C. marmax terminates at vein 1, 1m kahruba extends to the dorsal margin. Underside: the ground-colour paler yellow than in C. marmaw, the transverse black lines crossing both wings more sinuous and more heavily marked, the space between the sinuous transverse lines immediately below apex of cell of fore wing, and the space between the continuations of the same lines on the hind wing, rich dark ochraceous chestnut. On both fore and hind wing the space beyond the lunular, postdiscal, transverse line heavily marked with ochraceous chestnut, especially on the hind wing; the subterminal line of silvery spots on the fore wing forms a continuous band; the terminal narrow reddish- brown band on the hind wing very strongly marked. In the female CHARAXES. Fis the differences on the underside from C. marmax are similar in character and as conspicuous and marked as in the male. Exp. $ 290-115 mm. (3°55-4:5"), Hab. The Himalayas from Kumaun to Sikhim; Assam hill- ranges ; Arrakan and Tenasserim. 241. Charaxes aristogiton, Felder, Nov. Reise, "Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 445; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 282 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 368; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Tnd. li, 1893-96, p. 236, pl. 173, fies 1, la, 3 2; Rothsch. §& Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900, p. 313. Charaxes desa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 832; zd. (Haridra) Zep. Ind. 11, 1893-96, . 235, pl. 172, figs. if 1a-l CDi. Haridra adamsoni, Moore, Lep. "Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 236, pl. 178, fios. 2, 2a, gd. 3 2. Closely allied to andresembling C.marmav. 6. Upper- side differs as follows: the postdiscal transverse band on the fore wing black throughout, much more heavily marked, and above vein 4 fused with the black terminal band, traversed by a sub- terminal band of lunules of the tawny ground-colour, which decrease in size towards the costal margin. On the hind wing the sub- terminal black spots often form a continuous band, decreasing in width posteriorly and separated only by the fulvous veins; in many specimens, however, the posterior spots are separate, but the apical two spots are always fused together and each bears outwardly a more or less conspicuous white spot. Underside: the ground-colour differs from that in C. marmax in being a purplish tawny with no trace of yellow, but suffused with an iridescent chalybeous tint ; the usual slaty-black transverse highly sinuous lines are present; a series of subterminal obscure dark spots anteriorly on the fore wing ; on the hind wing the oblique postdiscal slaty-black lunular line better defined anteriorly than in C. marmax. —Q. Upperside: the postdiscal transverse lunular band on the fore wing more heavily marked throughout and much broader anteriorly than in C. marmav 2. Underside: ground-colour purplish tawny as in the ¢ but much paler, the basal half of both fore and hind wing a shade darker than the terminal half, the oblique postdiscal slate-black band on the hind wing broad and outwardly diffuse. Exp. 3& 294-114 mm. (3°7-4°45"). | Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Sylhet; Assam; Cachar; Burma; Tenasserim. Vars. desa and adamsoni, Moore, from Tenasserim differ slightly in the width and in the direction of the inner edge of the black terminal band, characters which are very variable even in the forms from Sikhim. 214 NYMPHALIDS. 242. Charaxes psaphon (Pl. VIII, fig. 56), Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. 1848, p. 48, pl. 21, figs. 1, 2,5; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 30, pl. 15, fig. 2 ¢; de N. Butt. ind. ii, 1886, p. 284 ; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 230, pl. 168, figs. 1, la-le, 6 2; Rothsch. §& Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900, p. 336. Haridra serendib, Moore, Lep: Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 30, pl. 15, fig. 39. Race imna. Charaxes imna, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 122, pl. 4, fig. 2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 285; Davidson § Arthken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, p. 278, pl. A, figs. 4, 4a, larva & pupa; Moore (Haridra), Zep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 231, pl. 169, figs. 1, 1 a-lc, 3 Q, larva & pupa. Charaxes psaphon imna, Rothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900, p. 337. 6. Upperside deep reddish fulvous. Foré wing: a short bar defining the discocellulars and the apical half jet-black. Hind wing: a short sinuous black line from the costa to vein 7, a broad posteriorly much narrower subterminal black patch from apex of wing to interspace 3, with a black detached spot below it in interspace 4, and two inwardly white-margined black spots at tornus ; the fulvous terminal margin beyond the black patch very narrow at apex, gradually widening to the tail at apex of vein 4. Underside purplish brown, suffused with a shining chalybeous tint in parts. ore and hind wings crossed transversely by a number of highly sinuous fine dark purple lines more or less narrowly margined with white; the interspace between the outer two of these limes forms an irregular discal band, bordered outwardly towards the tornal area in the fore wing, and along its whole length in the hind wing, by a dark reddish-brown shade; this is exteriorly defined on the latter wing by a broad dark purplish-black line, beyond which is a minute row of white, succeeded by a row of black dots ; terminal portion of both fore and hind wing ochraceous brown.— 2. Upperside: ground-colour similar; a broad slightly oblique white discal band transversely crossing fore wing and continued on hind wing to vein 6, posteriorly both on fore and hind wing suffused with pale fulvous, with some of the dark markings of the underside showing through on the white ground as pale blue lunules; the broad black terminal portion of fore wing and the black subterminal patch on the hind wing much as in the ¢, but the former with a fulvous diffuse spot near the tornus, the latter continued in detached spots to the tornal angle and traversed by a series of small white spots; the terminal margin of the hind wing dark reddish brown; the tail at apex of vein 4 spatulate. Underside paler than in the <6, but similarly crossed by several highly sinuous dark purple lines; the discal band pale yellow, the dark shading beyond it inwardly bordered with yellow, forming a sinuous band from apex of fore to tornus of hind wing; the dark reddish-brown terminal margin is on the fore wing traversed by an obscure ochraceous line and on the CHARAXES. 215 hind wing bordered inwardly by a band of the same colour. Antennee hlack ; head, thorax and abdomen reddish fulvous ; paler beneath. Exp. & 292-106 mm. (3°63-4:2"). Hab. Ceylon. Race imna.—“ 3. The black colour in most specimens a little more restricted than in Ceylonese examples, tail shorter on an average, submedian and median bars less: obviously bordered white. @. Wings above brighter tawny orange than in psaphon, discal band of fore wing posteriorly more extensively shaded over with orange-ochraceous ; postdiscal tawny interspaces of fore wing more often developed than in the Ceylonese form, the outer edge of the wing often somewhat tawny.” (Lothschild § Jordan.) Exp. & 292-110 mm. (3°63-4:35"), _ Hab. Lower Bengal to South India. Larva. “ Of the usual shape (i. ¢. slug-shaped) ; head very broad, outer pair of horns longest, last segment flat, square, and ending in two points ; last pair of legs almost aborted ; colour rich dark green, with a large semicircle of pinkish-white in the middle of the back and a yellow lateral line; horns and sides of face rusty- brown.” (Davidson § Artken.) Food-plant, Aglaia roxburghiana. Pupa. ‘Thick, cylindrically oval; dorsum much arched; head obtuse ; colour green.” (Moore.) It is very doubtful whether imna can be kept separate from psaphon even as a race, the points of difference are so very slight. 243, Charaxes polyxena, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. i, 1779, pl. 54, fies. A BO. Race hierax. Charaxes hierax, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 442 ; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 290; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p- 369; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 239, pl. 176, Hoss loa, LoS 2. Charaxes hipponax, Felder, t. c. p. 443; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 290; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 242, pl. 178, figs. 1, La, Gi: Charaxes pleistonax, Felder, t. c. p. 443; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p- 292; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 369 ; Moore (Haridya), Lep. Ind. ils 1893- -96, p. 244, pl. 181, figs. Eiete, oo. Charaxes corax, Felder, t.c. p. 444; ‘de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 287 ; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. li, 1893-96, p. 238, pl. 175, figs. 1, ‘La, 1d, larva & pupa, d @. Charaxes harpax, Felder, t. c. p. 444; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 288, pt.; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind.i ui, 1893-96, p. 237, pl. 174, fies. iu La, Qe Charaxes khimalara, Butler, Lep. Evot. 1872, p. 97, pl. 37, fig. 1; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 292. Charaxes khasianus, Butler , Hep. Hrot. 1872, p. 98, pl/37; fis./6: de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p- 293; Moore (Hayridra), Lep. "Ind. li, 1893-96, p. 245, pl. 182, figs. 1, la, 5 Q. Charaxes jalinder, Butler, Lep. ” Exot. 1872, p. 98,. pl. 37, fig. 4; 216 NYMPHALIDSE. de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 291; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 243, pl. 179, figs. 1, la-le, 3 @. Charaxes hindia, Butler, Lep. ‘Exot. 1872, p. 99, pl. 37, fig. 5; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 291; Moore (Haridra jalinder, seasonal form), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 244, pl. 180, figs. 1,la, ¢. Charaxes agna, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 832; de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 289. Charaxes watti, Butler, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 148, pl. 15, fig. 2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 287. Charaxes polyxena hierax, Rothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900, p. 331. Race hemana. Charaxes bernardus, Kollar (nec Fadr.), in Hiigel’s Kaschnur, iv, 2, 1844, p. 494, pl. 11, fig. 2 ¢. Charaxes hemana, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 122, pl. 4, fig.1; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 283; Moore (Haridra), Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 240, pl. 177, figs. 1, 1a, 1b, 3 9. Charaxes polyxena hemana, Fothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. vii, 1900, p- 334. Race hierax, Felder.— 3. Upperside rich fulvous tawny. Fore wing with the discocellulars defined with black on either side ; outer portion of the wing from a little beyond midway on the costa to a point on the apical third of the dorsum jet-black, the inner margin of the black portion below vein 2 diffuse and showing a tawny obscure spot. Hind wing with a subterminal band of black spots, decreasing in size towards the tornus, the apical three fused together and studded with two small white dots, the posterior spots separate, outwardly acutely angular. Underside purplish tawny, suffused with irides- cent chalybeous broadly on apex and along a subterminal band on the fore and over the whole of the hind wing except on a postdiscal oblique band and along the terminal margin. Fore Fic. 39.—Charaxes polyxena, 0d hind wings with the usual trans- ~ — yace hieraz, 3. verse highly sinuous black lines; the transverse discal interspace between the outer two lines somewhat irregularly margined with bright ochraceous on the inner side ; postdiscal and terminal sinuous bands dark ochraceous brown, the former broad on the fore, narrowing posteriorly on the hind wing; a subterminal series of white dots on the hind wing, the posterior five or six each margined outwardly with a blue and then a black speck. Antenne black ; head, thorax and abdomen fulvous ; beneath paler, the palpi white. — 2. Upperside: tawny fulvous, paler than in the 6, the basal area of both fore and hind wing with a brownish tint. Fore wing: a broad white discal transverse band, the terminal portion of the log YHARAXES. 2A wing black traversed inwardly by an irregular incomplete row of yellowish-white lunules. Hind wing as in the 6, but the white discal band of fore wing continued on to vein 4 somewhat tinted with yellow posteriorly, the black subterminal band or series of spots as in the g, but traversed throughout its length by a series of white spots. Underside much as in the ¢ but paler, the discal band outwardly shaded with ochraceous. Exp. 3 292-118 mm. (3°61—4:65”). Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan; Sylhet; Assam ; Manipur; throughout the hills of Burma and Tenasserim. A highly variable race of the Chinese C. polywena. I have followed Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan in considering the forms with white or pale discal bands as mere varieties of C. polyxena race jierax. The differences between the chief varietal forms are _ briefly noticed in the key. _ ace hemana, Butler.— $. Upperside bright ochraceous. Fore wing with dark chestnut lines defining the discocellulars ; a short transverse discal series of slender chestnut lunules in interspaces 2-4; a postdiscal transverse, somewhat diffuse, lunular,dusky fascia from vein 5 to dorsum; the apex broadly above vein 6, and a sub- terminal broad band black, the former margined on the inner side with two subquadrate spots, and the latter with a series of detached lunules of the ochraceous ground-colour. Hind wing: the outer third darker ochraceous, traversed by a subterminal black band or series of spots exactly as in Azeraw; and a short transverse lunular dark chestnut line not extending below vein 5. Underside as in dieraw but paler. Antenne dark chestnut-brown ; head, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous brown ; beneath paler, palpi white.— 2. Upperside very bright ochraceous. Fore wing: an irregular short series of broad black lunules beyond apex of cell, bordering the discocellulars and continued to vein 1; followed by a broad discal interspace or band, white anteriorly and bearing a subcostal short black bar, a postdiscal black zigzag line below vein 5 and an anteriorly broadening black subterminal wide band ; a series of triangular spots of the ground-colour are included between the postdiscal line and subterminal band; lastly a narrow band on the termen of dark ochraceous brown. Hind wing with a short discal lunular line, and subterminal band or series of spots as inthe g. Underside pale yellow suffused with pale purple on the basal area and along a broad subterminal band; otherwise the markings in character similar to those in the ¢ but much paler. Exp. 3 294-100 mm. (3°72-3°95"). Hab. The N.W. Himalayas ; Mussoorie; Kumaun ; Nepal. 244. Charaxes fabius, Fabr. (Papilio) Spec. Ins. ii, 1781, p. 12; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 29, pl. 15, fig. 1; de N. Buct. Ind. 11, 1886, p- 280 ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 368 ; Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 278, pl. A, figs. 3,3 a, larva & pupa; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1893-96, p. 249, pl. 183, figs. 1, 1 a ld, 3 Q, larva & pupa. 218 NYMPHALID A. Charaxes fabius sulphureus et fabius fabius, Rothsch. § Jord. Nov. Zool. vil, 1900, p. 468. 3 2. Upperside black: basal area of wings suttused with brown. Fore and hind wings crossed by a conspicuous sinuous discal band of sulphur-yellow spots, separate on fore, continuous on hind wing, and a subterminal series of similar but smaller spots, often in- complete towards apex of fore wine. The spots of the discal band increase in size posteriorly on the fore wing, the spot in interspace 1 being the largest ; on the hind wing they are subequal, but the spots in interspaces 7 and 8 are conspicuously paler, almost white. Fore wing, in addition, with a sulphur-yellow spot beyond lower apex of cell, and a costal spot obliquely beyond, traversed by veins 8 and 9. Hind wing with an outer subterminal incomplete line of sul- phur spots posteriorly, ending in a larger blue spot at the tornal angle. Underside lilacine grey; basal area with two series of broken inter- rupted black, lines; the discal band of spots and spots beyond apex of cell on fore wing as on the upperside, but white, diffuse outwardly and margined on the inner side by short black lines. This is followed by an irregular sinuous transverse row of ochraceous spots surrounded by black shading, crossing both fore and hind wing; on the fore wing the lower spots are margined, beyond the black, with diffuse white, and on the hind wing the posterior spots are margined inwardly by white lunules. he hind wing bears in addition an inner subterminal series of white dots, an outer subterminal series of ochraceous spots lined inwardly with black, followed by a few white spots, and a posterior terminal black line. Exp. & 282-94 mm. (3°21-3°7"). Hab. The Himalayas from Chamba to Sikhim ; Oudh ; Bhutan; Central Provinces; W. India; Bombay; S. India; Ceylon; Burma ‘and Tenasserim. Larva, ‘ Bluish green, with a small semicircle of white in the middle of the back.” (Davidson § Artken.) Pupa. ‘ Like that of C. (Hulepis) athamas but uniformly eveen.” (lidem. Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan have separated the Burmese form as. a subspecies. The discal band of spots in this form is, as a rule, of a paler yellow than in the Continental form Fig. 40. Charaxes fabius, S. i. EULEPIS. 219 Genus EULEPIS. Charaxes, pt., Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv, 1816, p. 18; Felder, Ein Neues ‘Lep. HSGiy p: 39" dey. ahs Ind. ats 1886, », 269, Eulepis, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i 1880, p. 2 Type, £. athamas, Drury, from een Range. Indo-Malayan Region.. 3 2. Closely allied to Char aves, but can at once be distin- guished by the cell of the hind wing being entirely open. Other minor points of difference are “the costal edge of the fore wing is never so highly specialized as in the large species of Charaxes” (Rothschild & Jordan) ; the colour-pattern is absolutely different ; and there are considerable differences in the genitalia, the Hulepis group having the genitalia more uniform, Charaves more variable. Key to the forms of Kulepis. ’ A. Ground-colour on upperside black or deep indigo-blue. a. Discal area or band on upperside of fore and hind wing's not margined outwardly with fue eae area or band pale yellow. . Fore-wing underside: inner black margining line of chocolate-brown band bordering discal area on inner side very oblique, terminating on sub- costal vein close to upper apex of cell. £2. athamas, p. 220. 6?. ore-wing underside: inner black margining line of chocolate-brown band bordering discal area on inner side straighter, terminating about middle of subcostal vein, remote from MPPEr apex Omen, gare owes cas Var. agraris, p. 221. b’. Discal area or band pale greenish white. £. arya, p. 222. 6. Discal area or band on upperside of fore and hind wines margined outwardly with blue. £. schretbert, p. 222. B. Ground-colour on upperside yellowish white. a. Fore-wing upperside with only one or two, often without white spots on black apex of wing; no postdiscal row of spots. bh Fore-wing underside : a prominent cho- colate-brown band on inner side of discal area. a>. Black on terminal margin on upper- side of fore wing decreasing in width towandsitormusas . Anterior three spots of discal band smmaller(thane Testy ss 6 piss 2's 26s DT iCuid pa 2. b>. Anterior three spots of discal band in ¢ smaller than rest; in 9 of equal size with rest or larger...... Race teutordes, p. 258. 6’, With a crimson spot at tornal angle of hind Witte see ate caer a pate Race recta, p. 258. b. White or yellowish-white macular discal band crossing wings: ¢ complete; 9 in- complete and with spots separate. Underside either ochraceous white or pale lilacine grey. a. S$ underside pale ochraceous white ; © discal band not continued below interspace 4 on hind wing .......... D. goodrichi, p. 258. b'. 2 underside pale lilacine grey; 9 macular discal band confined to fore SWAIN Sel) eo aN coe ee ey eatans lane a. FSU Race gupta, p. 259. 256 NYMPHALID®. B. Upperside ground-colour some shade of green. a. Fore wing: upperside without a crimson spot in cell. aw. Fore and hind wings with a broad, slightly curved snow-white discal band. a>. Lateral margins of discal band on hind wing sinuous .... arane} . Lateral margins of discal band on hing wine 6ven on ./ J jae. ‘ u'. Fore wing only with an “oblique white or whitish discal band. Hind wine without a complete discal band. a>. d: upperside of hind wing with a broad yellow patch anteriorly ; 9°: underside of fore wing with the whole posterior area up to inter- space 2 purplish black). -)2 2.27.5 + b°. J: upperside of hind wing without a broad yellow patch anteriorly; 9: underside of fore wing without any purplish black, or such colour much restricted. a’. Fore wing: spot in interspace 2 short, broad, quadrate, subquad- rate or round, not longer than broad. a*. Underside ground-colour ochra~ ceous green; g expanse over SOs AON el ast ete eye Bhan b*. Underside ground-colour green- ish blue; o Bape under GO pms eee ee Seog °, Fore wing: spot in interspace 2 long and narrow, much longer than broad. a4, Hind wing: underside with white or pale bluespots widely separate 6*. Hind wing: underside with white or pale blue spots more or less continuous, separated only by the veins. . Fore wing : interspace 1 with- out any white spot ...... ai 6°. Kore wing: interspace 1 with a geminate sometimes single white spot always present in apicalNaMes ce dan one ). Fore wing: upperside with a crimson spot an cell. . Fore wing: upperside 3 without a sub- costal blue patch ; 2 without any broad blne discalboandty cece. anne : bo’. Fore wing: upperside 3 with a sub- costal blue patch; @ with a broad blue discal band’ ue gee ere sas D. durga, p. 260. D. duda, p. 260. D. negra, p.. 26k. D. sahadeva, p. 262. Race narayana, p. 263. D. wva, p. 268. D, patala, p. 264. . Race taooana, p. 264. D. evelina, p. 265. Race laudabilis, p. 265 DOPHLA. DASE C. Upperside ground-colour rich hair-brown, no shade of black. a. Fore wing: upperside with a crimson spot ay GIL a cag es pean Sie etme eee tes D. derma, p. 266. 6. Fore wing: upperside without a crimson Sep ance (Mey. Nice tans siicyaytfeters © «ays sta vious Hye D. dunya, p. 266. 279. Dophla teuta, Doubleday (Adolias), in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, p. 291, pl. 44, tig. 2 ¢; de N. (Sympheedra) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 187; Moore (Bassarona), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 60, pl. 210, figs. 1, la,16, dQ. Race teutoides. Sympheedra teutoides, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 586; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 188; Moore (Bassarona), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 61, pl. 210, figs. 2, 24,26, 5 2. Race recta. Symphedra recta, de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 188; Moore (Bassarona), Zep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 64, pl. 212, figs. 3, 3a ; ao monilis, Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 64, p]. 212, figs. °2, 2a, 5. 3. Upperside very dark blackish brown. Fore and hind wings with a comparatively broad cream-coloured discal band composed of a continuous series of more or less rectangular spots in the interspaces, separated broadly on the fore wing by the veins; the inner margin of the spots on the hind wing even, on the fore wing irregular, their outer margin obtusely angulated on the hind wing, irregular on the fore wing; the series of spots on the fore wing extends up to interspace 6, which has also a second spot nearer the apex; the spots on this wing decrease in size anteriorly. Underside pale brown, the basal area on fore wing below cell, a postdiscal diffuse shade on both fore and hind wing, broadening on the fore wing near tornus, darker brown; the discal yellowish-white band across both wings and the preapical spot on the fore wing as on the upperside, but defined on both sides by fine reddish-brown lines, continuous on tke hind wing, encircling each spot on the fore wing. Cell of fore wing with a medial round spot and an apical transverse narrow bar, crimson, both prominently defined by black lines ; cell of hind wing with a similar but much narrower transverse bar; finally, a postdiscal row of short black streaks in the middle of the interspaces on both fore and hind wing.— 2. Uppersede: ground-colour similar to that in the 3, but much paler on terminal half of wings beyond the discal band; discal band as in the 3, but pale bluish white, its inner margin on the hind wing crenulate. Fore and hind wings with a postdiscal series of large lunular spots dark brown. Underside as in the ¢, but with a purplish tint, the transverse discal band defined with dark not reddish brown, the interspaces VOL. I. S 258 NYMPHALID®, on the hind wing, inside the postdiscal series of black spots, touched with pale purple. Exp. & 2 82-98 mm. (3:23-3°78"). # Hab. Recorded from Assam ; Sylhet; Khasi Hills ; Arrakan. Race teutoides, Moore.— ¢ 9. Differs from the typical form on the upperside in the slightly straighter discal band; on the wnder- side by the paler ground-colour and by the crimson cellular marks being represented only by a few diffuse scales—@Q. Upper- side much paler than in D. teuta, the spots composing the discal band acutely pointed on the outer side, the anterior two spots on the fore wing elongate, very large, the posterior two on the same conspicuously smaller, and narrowed transversely. Underside paler, the lilacine tint on the terminal half of the wings more decided. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the sexes of the typical form. Exp. 3 2 72-88 mm. (2°83-3:45"). Hab. S. Andamans. Race recta, de Nicéville, is a closely allied but sufficiently distinct form. It is doubtful, however, whether it is more than a well-marked race, possibly a dimorph of teuta. ¢ 9. Upperside: differs from that of the typical form as follows :—Discal band on both fore and hind wings with the inner and outer margins more even, barely smuous. Hind wing with, in the ¢, one, in the ? two crimson dots always present on the tornal angle. Underside : ground-colour a more uniform deep purple-brown, the black edgings to the discal band, especially in the 9, strongly defined, the crimson cellular marks on the fore wing as in the typical form, the crimson dots at tornal angle of hind wing as on the upperside. Exp. 3 2 74-93 mm. (2°94-3-7"). Hab. Assam; Siam. This form probably occurs also in Burma, though it has not yet been recorded from that country. 280. Dophla goodrichi, Distant (Kuthalia), Entomologist (January), — 1886, p. 11 9; Moore (Bassarona), Lep. Ind. iti, 1896-99, p. 63, pl. 212, figs. 1, la, dQ. Euthalia bellata, Distant (nec Druce), Rhop. Malay. 1886, p. 436, pl. 37, fig. 4 ¢, & pl. 43, fir. 12 9. Race gupta. 2a-20,5 2. Bassarona ira, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 61, pl. 211, nos. alae 3. Closely resembles D. teuta S. Upperside differs in the spots that compose the macular discal band crossing the wings being outwardly more pointed and the three anterior spots very small. Underside differs in the very much paler tint of the ground- DOPHLA. 259 colour ; the bases of the wings, the costal margin preapically of the fore wing, and the terminal half of both fore and hind wings slightly suffused with grey. Antenne dark ochraceous; head, thorax and abdomen very dark brown, beneath brownish white, paler than in D. teuta 6.— 2. “ Larger and very much paler than the male; anterior wings above with the transverse pale spots with a slight bluish tinge, the lowermost broken and duplex, the dark submarginal fascia (as in male) broken into a series of spots in female, and placed in a more or less bluish-grey area; posterior wings above with the pale spots very small, and not extending beneath the upper median nervule, a small dark spot at end of cell and a waved submarginal dark fascia placed on a somewhat paler area. Wings beneath much paler than above ; anterior wings with the spots in the cell larger and _ brighter, greyish-white spots as above, followed by a series of dark purplish spots, much smaller than those above; posterior wings with a small spot in cell as above, and a discocellular spot at end of cell, the series of pale spots as above but continued to abdominal margin a little above anal angle, the last spot being longest, the waved fascia above being replaced by a series of small dark spots as on anterior wings.” (Distant.) Eup. & 2 78-81 mm. (3°08-3°20"). Hab. Malay Peninsula, extending to the extreme south of Tenasserim within our limits. Race gupta, de Nicéville.— ¢. Differs from the ¢ of the typical form in being much smaller. Upperside: ground-colour slightly paler; the postdiscal series of dark spots on both wings more conspicuous ; the spots composing the macular discal band with their inner margins more even; the anterior three spots of the band on the fore wing proportionately not so small. Underside : ground-colour more uniform, of a pale lilacine brown, the lilac tint iridescent, strong only in certain lights. Antenne ochra- ceous ; head, thorax and abdomen brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous. @. ‘ Differs from the same sex of Symphedra teuta in its smaller size; the. upperside has the ground-colour paler. Fore wing with the discal macular white band reduced to five decreasing triangular spots, of which the largest is placed beneath the subcostal nervure, the two subcostal spots obsolete, and the submarginal diffuse spots very small. Hind wing with no trace whatever of the broad white band present in S. ¢euta, the submarginal black dentated band reduced to a fine dentated line with the diffused obsolescent whitish spots above and below it in each interspace. Underside: fore wing with the same differences as above. Hind wing with a small white spot on the middie of the costa below the costal nervure, followed by five discal small indistinct blackish spots, one in each interspace, with white linear mark in continuation from the middle of the submedian interspace to the inner margin, and the dentate line of the. upperside obsolescent, represented by an $2 260 NYMPHALID 2. obscure diffuse dentate mark on the middle of each interspace.” (de Nicéville.) Kxp. 3 2 62-81 mm. (2°46-3:20"). Hab. Recorded from Lower Burma and Tenasserim. 281. Dophla durga, Moore (Adolias), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 196; de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 199; Moore (Labranga), Zep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 1389, pl. 246, figs. 1, Tetons o. Ee 3 &. Upperside very dark green; a short transverse black line and two very broad, incurved, slender black loops in cell of fore wing; two short transverse black lines at apex of cell in hind wing; a broad, slightly curved, pure white macular discal band across both fore and hind wings, narrowing posteriorly and ter- minating on vein 1 of the latter, its outer and inner margins very sinuous and irregular, especially on the fore wing, on which the spots in interspaces 2 and 4 project beyond the others. This band inwardly bordered with pale blue, on the hind wing well defined by sinuous black lines on both sides. Beyond the band posteriorly on the fore and along its whole length on the hind wing is a broad shading of blue extending posteriorly to the dorsal margin of the latter. Fore and hind wings with a broad, post- discal, dark obscure band, on the fore wing with two superposed, preapical, snow-white, obliquely placed spots, followed by a transverse band of the green ground-colour from apex to dorsal margin ; on the hind wing the postdiscal band is followed by a much narrower interrupted transverse band of pale blue; both wings with the terminal margin velvety black ; cilia white, alter- nated with black. Underside: the broad, white, macular discal band as on the upperside, but on both fore and hind wings defined by sinuous black lines; these lines somewhat obsolescent anteriorly on the fore wing; basal area within the band bright metallic greenish blue, this colour on the hind wing extending a little diffusedly below and beyond the discal band ; ground-colour of terminal portion of wings beyond the discal band dark ochra- ceous green. Fore and hind wings with the usual basal black markings; fore wing with the preapical white spots and post- discal dark band as on the upperside, the latter narrower, sinuous, much more clearly defined and broadening posteriorly ; postdiscal band on hind wing less distinct, terminating at tornal angle in a black ——-shaped mark. Antenne dark ochraceous brown; head, thorax and abdomen dark greenish brown; palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath, white. Exp. 3 2 110-123 mm. (4°35-4°85"). Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan. 282. Dophla duda, Staudinger (Euthalia), Exot. Schmett. 1886, p. 152, pl. 53; Moore (Labranga), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 140, pl. 247, tigs. 1, la, 16, 39. 3. Very closely resembles D. durga 3. It is smaller, with a DOPHLA. 261 proportionately narrower discal band tbat differs trom that in D. durga in the shape and arrangement of the spots on the fore wing as follows:—Posterior three spots diffuse, decreasing in size upwards (in D. durga they are nearly of the same width). On the hind wing the discal band is not bordered by black lines and its inner and outer margins are more even. Underside: eround-colour entirely metallic greenish blue, the terminal halves of the wings concolorous with the basal portions within the discal band. @ unknown. Ezp. 3 78-80 mm. (3°08-3:11"). Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Assam, the Khasi Hills. 283. Dophla nara, Moore (Adolias), Trans. Ent. Soc. new ser. v, 1859, p- 78, pl. 8, fig. 1 9; de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 197 ; Moore (Limbusa), Zep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 130, pl. 240, fizs. 2,2a—2e, 3 Q. Adolias anyte, Hewztson, Exot. Butt. i111, Ad. 1862, pl. 2, fig. 5; de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 198 ¢. 3 2. Fore wing differs from that of the typical form in the more acute apex and the slightly, not deeply, concave termen. The hind wing has the tornus more produced. 6. Upper- side dusky olive-green. Fore wing: cell with a medial and an apical pair of short, transverse, black, sinuous lines, the medial pair extending into base of interspace 1; a dark-shaded very diffuse and broad discal, somewhat curved area, margined on the outer side anteriorly by four pale spots placed obliquely, below these interspace 1 is broadly pale; a dark incurved postdiscal band and a terminal slender dark line. Hind wing: the discal dark-shaded area and postdiscal band of the fore wing continued as diffuse discal and postdiscal bands; a large conspicuous subcostal pale yellowish patch in interspaces 6 and 7, divided longitudinally by vein 7, the lower portion divided transversely by the discal band. Underside greenish ochraceous. fore wing: the markings as on the upperside, but the pale markings are much more clearly defined, and form a prominent, posteriorly widening, oblique discal band. Hind wing with slender, black, loop-like basal markings and a nearly straight pale yellow discal band, defined on both sides by rather diffuse black lines ; the postdiscal band as on the upperside. Antenne ochraceous; head, thorax and abdomen dusky greenish ; beneath paling to yellowish.—?. Upperside similar, but darker. Fore wing: a broad oblique discal band from costa to interspace 2, composed of elongate detached white spots in the interspaces, two white spots beyond, nearer apex ; the discal dark-shaded area and postdiscal dark diffuse band as. in the ¢. Hind wing: no discal diffuse band or yellow sub- costal patch ; a subcostal white spot in interspace 7 and another in 6; postdiscal dark band as in the $. Underside olive-green. Fore wing: cellular markings, oblique white discal band, preapical costal white spots, and postdiscal dark band as on the upperside; a. large discal area up to bases of interspaces 1, 2 and 3 purplish 262 NYMPHALID ®. dark brown. Hind wing with the usual slender basal black markings; a sinuous, comparatively broad, macular transverse discal band followed by a faintly marked postdiscal dark diffuse band as on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the ¢. Exp. & 2 74-97 mm. (2°92-3°83"). Hab. Sikhim ; Nepal; Assam, the Naga Hills. 284. Dophla sahadeva, Moore (Adolias), Trans. Ent. Soc. new ser. v, 1859, p. 80, pl. 8, fig. 3; de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p- 199; Moore (Mahaldia), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 152, pl. 241, figs. 1, la-le, & pl. 242, figs. 1,1la,16,¢ 9. face narayana. Euthalia narayana, Girose-Smuth § Kirby, Rhop. Exot. 1891, Euth. p. 6, pl. 2, figs. 4,5, 9; Moore (Mahaldia), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896— 99, p. 133, pl. 242, figs. 2, 2a, 2. 3 9. Shape of fore wing differs from that of the typical form in the apex, which, though rounded, is not produced or subfalcate ; termen only very slightly concave. Termen of both fore and hind wing, but especially of the latter, conspicuously scalloped. <¢. Upperside dark velvety green. Fore wing : aslender black circular loop at base of interspace 1; a basal, two medial, and two apical, vel- vety-black, short, sinuous transverse lines in cell, the space between the medial and apical pair of lines brownish yellow; a broad, brownish-yellow, oblique discal band from interspace 6 to 2 divided by the dark veins and outwardly margined by a pale area traversed by an ante- riorly broad, posteriorly narrow, dark postdiscal band, above which are two obliquely placed subcostal spots before Fig. 51, apex of wing, the lower spot the larger Dophla sakadeva. and white. Hind wing: a slender loop- like black mark at apex of cell; a discal, outwardly pale-berdered series of from three to six detached brownish-yellow spots, decreasing in size posteriorly, and a black lunular postdiscal transverse fascia; cilia white alternated with brown. Underside ochraceous green. Fore wing with the markings much as on the upperside; interspaces 1 a and 1 purplish black, joining on to the postdiscal black fascia, which is diffused and ill-defined. Hind wing: the usual loop- like slender black markings at base, the discal transverse series of spots as on the upperside, but pale green, and the black post- discal transverse fascia reduced to a series of diffuse spots.— The @ differs from the ¢ as follows:—Upperside: ground- olour darker green. Fore wing: the discal band pure white, the postdiscal dark fascia macular. Hind wing: ground-colour DOPHLA., 263 of terminal third paler green, the discal spots white, reduced to two or entirely absent, and the postdiscal lunular black curved fascia better defined. Underside similar but paler, the purplish black in interspaces 1 a and 1 less uniform. In both sexes the antenne are dark brown with the apex ochraceous; head, thorax and abdomen dark green ; beneath greenish white. Kup. 3 9 88-110 mm. (3:49-4:35), Hab. Nepal; Sikhim ; Assam, the Naga and Khasi Hills. The ground-colour in this form varies as it does in D. evelina. Race narayana, Grose-Smith and Kirby, is known only from a single specimen, a 9, in the collection of Mr. H. Grose-Smith. It is described as smaller, paler, with the white discal spots on fore wing smaller than in the typical form. On the upperside of the hind wing the discal spots are reduced to two, as in some specimens of the 2 of the typical form. On the underside the eround-colour differs; it is entirely greenish blue over both fore -and hind wing, getting slightly paler towards the terminal margin of the fore wing. “Kap. 9 2-2 in.” (66 mm.). Hab. Recorded from the Ruby Mines, Upper Burma. 285. Dophla iva, Moore (Adolias), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p- 195; de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 197; Moore (Mahaldia), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 154, pl. 245, figs. 1, la, 9. 3 2. Upperside very dark green. Fore wing with the usual transverse short black lines across cell, followed by a broad, curved, obscure, black, discal, more or less diffuse band; this bears a series of pure white elongate outwardly-pointed spots extending from the costa to interspace 2; interspace 1 with two small white spots, sometimes absent in the 9, and a diffuse whitish patch near its apex ; two obliquely placed preapical white spots, followed by an obscure, postdiscal, broad black transverse band. Hind wing with a slender black loop-like mark at apex of cell, discal and postdiscal obscure dark bands; the former bears anteriorly three or four pure white spots. Underside: the greater part of the fore wing and the apical area broadly of the hind wing yellowish green, the base of the fore and the rest of the hind wing greenish blue; the usual basal black markings. Fore wing: the discal series and the preapical two white spots as on the upperside, each spot defined narrowly in black; the greater portion of interspace 1 purplish black; the postdiscal dark band as on the upperside, but narrower, better defined and macular. Hind wing with a regular curved series of six black discal spots encircled with white, the postdiscal dark band indicated by a row of somewhat obscure small black spots. Antenne reddish brown, ochraceous at apex; head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish green ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochra- ceous white. Exp. & 2 107-120 mm. (4°2-4°75"). Hab. Sikhim ; Manipur. 264 NYMPHALID®. 286. Dophla patala, Kollar (Adolias), Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 2, 1844, p. 435; de N. (Euthalia) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 196; Moore (Zalapia), Lep. Ind. iti, 1896-99, p. 135, pl. 244, figs. 1, la-Le, ores | Race taooana. Adolias taooana, Moore, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 831: de N. (Euthalia) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 197; Moore (Zalapia), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896- 99, p. 137, pl. 2438, figs. 2, 2a, d. 3 2. Upperside pale olive-green; basal area of wings with the usual slender black markings. Fore wing with an oblique white discal macular band, from costa to near apex of inter- space 2, the spots of irregular width, the inner and outer margins, therefore, of the band irregular, sinuous ; one or two of the spots defined on the outer or the inner side by black; below the band, towards apex of interspace 1, two short diffuse transverse black obscure marks; beyond the discal band two obliquely placed small white spots and below them a postdiscal dark sinuous diffuse transverse band. Hind wing more uniform ; a quadrate, outwardly emarginate, large white spot midway in interspaces 6 and 7, and a curved, somewhat obscure, dark post- discal band. Underside similar with similar markings, with the addition on the fore wing of two small bluish-white spots in interspace 1 below the termination of the discal band, and on the hind wing three bluish-white spots in continuation posteriorly of the white spots in interspaces 6 and 7. Antenne ochraceous brown ; head, thorax and abdomen pale olive-green, beneath pale ochraceous white. Exp. S 2 100-110 mm. (38°95-4°32"). Hab. Himalayas ; Chamba to Nepal. Race taooana, Moore, very similar to the typical form, but larger, with proportionately larger spots in the discal band ; eround-colour darker. On the upperside, in all the specimens I have seen, there is a small oval white spot in interspace 1, below termination of discal band; on the underside are two, not one, white spots in the same position; the basal and postdiscal black markings more prominent on both fore and hind wing ; and on the latter an additional white spot in interspace 5 with two dark spots in continuation in interspaces 3 and 4. Underside pale greyish green. Hore wing with the macular discal band and black markings as on the upperside, but somewhat blurred and paler. Hind wing with the usual slender black basal markings, and a discal macular pale band of five spots in interspaces 3 to 7, the posterior three narrow. Female unknown. Eup. & 9 115 mm. (4:54”"). Hab. The higher ranges of hills in Lower Burma and Tenas- serim, extending into the Malay Peninsula. DOPHLA. 265 - 287. Dophla evelina (Pl. V, fig. 37), Stoll (Papilio), Cramer’s Pap. Exot. Suppl. v, 1790, p. 132, pl. figs. 2, 2B, 3: Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 34, pl. 17, figs. 1, la, g; de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind. ui, 1886, p. 195, ¢ only ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 104, pl. 228, figs. 1, la-le, SQ. Race laudabilis. Euthalia laudabilis, Swenhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) v, 1890, p. 355; Moore (Dophla), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 104, pl. 229, fie. 1,. larva & pupa, figs. 1 a, 16, ¢ 2; Davids. Bell § Aitk. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1896, p. 255. EKuthalia evelina, de N. (nec Stoll) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 195, 2 only. 3. Upperside somewhat dark metallic green. Fore wing: cell with two median sinuous short black transverse lines with a crimson spot between them, two similar lines beyond, one before, one after apex of cell; followed by a dark irregular transverse - shading between the veins; apex of wing broadly and termen narrowly edged with an obscure dark shading. Hind wing with a slender black loop in cell; very obscure discal and subterminal dark macular bands and the anterior third of the wing purplish. Underside sap-green, largely suffused with plumbeous grey. Fore wing: the transverse black slender lines and crimson spot as on, the upperside ; a very obscure subterminal series of dark spots parallel to terminal margin. Hind wing: three crimson spots encircled by slender black loops near base, and a very obscure subterminal series of dark spots in continuation of that on the fore wing, but obsolescent posteriorly. Antenne brown; head with a crimson streak behind the eyes; thorax and abdomen greenish brown, beneath greyish.— 9 very similar, with precisely similar markings above and below, but the ground-colour on upperside paler and especially pale on the terminal halves of the wings, in contrast with the darker basal portions. Eep. 3& 2 83-110 mm. (3°38-4:32"), Hab. Ceylon. The shade of the ground-colour in this form is variable, the females especially often have a bronzy-brown tint. Race laudabilis, Swinhoe.—The Southern Indian continental representative of D. evelina seems to form a very distinct race. The male differs in the costa of the fore wing on the upperside beyond the dark obscure discal band being broadly greyish white with a silvery lustre up to a little distance before the apex of the wing; this colour spreads downwards diffusely, but does not extend below vein 6. In the female there is a similar patch, very wide on the costa, extending as a broad transverse band with outer diffuse and inner sinuous margin right across the wing to vein 1; on the hind wing it is represented by a very much narrower transverse diffuse band or irroration of grey scales. Underside, S$ @,as in the typical form, but more densely suffused with 266 NYMPHALID 2. plumbeous grey. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the typical form. Exp. & 9 93-112 mm. (3°68-4:4"). Hab. South India, from Bombay southwards. Larva. “The larva of Huihalia laudabilis feeds on Diospyros candolleana (Ebenacez), and is green with a vinaceous dorsal patch on each segment, enclosing a whitish dark-centred ocellus. These patches vary in size, those on the fourth, seventh and tenth segments being usually the largest, and those on the fifth and sixth small or obsolete.” (Davidson, Bell § Aitken.) Pupa. ‘* Green, with silver spots and a bright line of the same colour along the sides of the dorsal triangle.” (Davidson, Bell & Aitken.) 288. Dophla derma, Kollar (Adolias), Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, 2, 1844, p. 436; de N. (uthalia) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 194: Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 106, pl. 230, figs. 1, la-le, 5 Q. Adolias eva, Felder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 452; de N. (Euthalia), Butt. Ind.-ii, 1886, p. 195. 3 2. Upperside rich warm brown. Fore wing with four short transverse sinuous black lines in pairs in cell, the inner pair with a bright crimson crescent-shaped spot between ; the space between the inner and outer pair darker brown than the ground-colour ; beyond cell a dark, broad, somewhat obscure, discal band of the same tint, not reaching the costa. Hind wing: cell with transverse short black lines and crimson spot, beyond it an obscure discal band similar to that on the fore wing. Underside paler brown washed with pale lilac; fore and hind wings with the usual slender basal black markings, one crimson spot on fore wing as on upperside, two spots on hind wing; the dark interspace between the inner and outer pair of short transverse cellular black Imes on upperside ot fore wing and the discal band on both fore and hind wings indicated by the pale brown ground-colour of the wings not overlaid with the pale lilac tint ; in addition, on fore wing similar obscure broad transverse subterminal and terminal bands of the ground-colour. Antenne ochraceous brown; head, thorax and abdomen brown, the head with a line of crimson behind each eye ; beneath pale lilacine brown. Exp. $ 2 81-113 mm. (3°2-4:4"). Hab. Sylhet; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim, extending far into the Malayan Subregion. Kollar gives Mussooree as a locality ; but D. derma has not, of late years at any rate, been procured further west than Sylhet. 289. Dophla dunya, Doubleday (Adolias), Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1850, p. 291, pl. 44, fig. 3 g ; de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind, ii, 1886, p. 195; Moore (Rangasa), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 66, pl. 215, figs. 1, la, 5 Q. 3 2. Upperside rich brown. Fore wing with a subcostal black DOPHLA.—EUTHALIA. 267 spot in middle of cell, minute white spots on both inner and outer side, and a short reddish band at apex of cell, the latter two margined with black; a minute spot at base of interspace 6, another at base of interspace 8, and a discal row of spots in inter- spaces 1, 2 and 3, white; latter varying in size but all encircled with diffuse black. Hind wing: a dusky black short transverse bar across apex of cell, a much curved discal row of detached white spots, encircled with diffuse black, the anterior two much larger than the others, quadrate and outwardly emarginate, the others small, round or oval, the posterior four placed in a slightly con- cave line. Both fore and hind wing with a more or less indistinct dusky-black band of marks in the interspaces. Underside pale green, the markings as on the upperside but very pale, the cellular spot and band pink, the white spots paler green than the ground- colour ; the postdiscal band of spots only more distinct than on - the upperside, the spots connected by a diffuse shade between - them, giving the appearance of a continuous band. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; the palpi, thorax, and abdomen beneath greenish white. Hep. & Q 84-100 mm. (3°3-3°95”"). Hab. South Tenasserim, Tavoy and Mergui; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra; Borneo. Genus EUTHALIA. Kuthalia, Hiibner, Verz..bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 41; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 31; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 191; Moore, Lep. Ind. ui, 1896-99, p. 111, pt. . Nora, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. viii, 1893, p. 44. Saparona, Haramba, Cynitia, Kirontisa, Tasinga, Sonepisa, et Chucapa, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1897, pp. 85, 86, 93, 100, 101, 110, & 137. Type, £. lubentina, Cramer, from India. Range. Indo-Malayan Region, extending to China. 3 Q@. Fore wing typically triangular ; costa arched ; apex sub- acute ; termen straight anteriorly, then slightly concave; tornus well-marked, dorsum slightly sinuous ; cell to upper apex not half length of fore wing; upper discocellular minute, middle strongly concave, lower absent; cell open; veins 10 and 11 free, 11 often anastomosed with 12 in one or both sexes. Hind wing more or less subquadrate ; costa slightly arched; apex broadly rounded, termen slightly arched; tornus generally produced, often angulated ; abdominal fold broad, dorsum consequently much arched ; cell open, vein 7 as close to 8 as to 6 or closer. Antenne considerably longer than half length of fore wing; club long, narrow and . eradual; palpi generally short, broad anteriorly, densely clothed with scales or short scale-like hairs, third joint conical, sometimes attenuate ; eyesnaked. Sexes generally unlike. One section with secondary sex-mark of specialized scales at base of upperside of hind wing in ¢. 268 - NYMPHALID”. The shape of the wings is slightly variable in this genus ; that of: the fore wing depends upon the apex being only subacute as in the type form and many others, or strongly produced, falcate, and acutely angular as in Z. anosia. Sometimes the apex of the fore wing is truncate, as in L. lepidea and its close allies. In the hind wing the tornus is sometimes acutely produced as in L. anosia, or more or less rounded as in EH. appiades. The widespread forms in this genus have one or more geo- graphical races and are remarkable for the similarity between the males of the typical form and of the race, while the difference between the females of the same is very striking and almost suffi- cient to allow of their separation as distinct forms. Key to the forms of Kuthalia. A. Fore wing: vein 9 emitted from middle of veins oe a, Sexes not similar: ¢ upperside blackish brown with a very broad grey band on hind wing occupying fully terminal half of wing; 2 upperside dark brown with a transverse inwardly-oblique darker discal band, no terminal band on hind wing .. £. cocytus, p. 271. b. Sexes similar: ¢ Q upperside blackish brown with a comparatively narrow band on hind wing occupying about terminal third of wing. aw Uhisyband palevorey *)). ee. sieees ) En depidea,tpe2a2. OM nistband bright biue.,s. ve) aa: .. Race andersoni, p. 278. B. Fore wing: vein 9 emitted from basal half of vein 7. a. Apical joint of palpi attenuate from base to apex. a. $ Q. Interspace between discal and postdiscal transverse lines on upper and under sides of fore and hind wings pune wilties® Aise, BM SERIO See) cet RS 344 b'. Interspace between discal and_ post- discal transverse lines on upperside of fore and hind wings, in ¢ concolorous with ground-colour of wing; in 9 more or less concolorous with ground- colour on hind wing, paling to white or brownish white anteriorly on fore wing. a*, Hind wing: 3 upperside with a blue terminal band: @ ground-colour underside more or less washed with greenish blue. 4 ; ; a’. $. Hind wing upperside: terminal blue band comparatively narrow, not extending on inner side beyond postdiscal dark fascia. 2. Fore- wing upperside: interspace be- tween discal and postdiscal dark E. cibaritis, p. 2738. EUTHALIA. 269 fascize equal to space between post- | 2. appiades typical, discal fascia and termen........ p- 274, and var. 6°, g. Hind wing upperside : terminal sedeva, p. 275. blue band comparatively broad, extending on inner side to beyond postdiscal dark fascia. @. Fore wing upperside: space between discal and postdiscal dark fascize less than space between post- discal fascia and termen........ Race juli, p. 275. b*. Hind wing: ¢ upperside without a blue terminal band: 2 ground-colour not washed with greenish blue .... L. jahnu, p. 276. 4. Apical joint of palpi conical, stout, not attenuated. a’. Fore and hind wings, upper and under sides, with numerous crimson spots .. L. lubentina, p. 278. b'. Fore and hind wings, upper and under sides, without any crimson spots. a. $ Q. Fore and hind wings: upper and under sides crossed by a promi- nent white or yellowish-white discal band, band not forked or widened anteriorly on fore wing .......... EK. france, p. 279. 6*, Fore and hind wings: upper and under sides, g, not crossed by white discal band; @ similar, or if white or brownish-white discal band present, this band either widened or forked anteriorly on fore wing. a*. Upperside ground-colour some shade of brown or blackish brown; fore wing: apex rounded or acute but never falcate. a‘, $ hind wing upperside with a blue subterminal or terminal band: 9 fore wing upperside with a very oblique, white, dis- cal band, or a curved series of detached white discal spots. a’. Fore wing upperside: ¢ with a series of slender white streaks beyond apex of cell; © with a comparatively broad white discal band, breadth of band equal one-fifth of length OF LOTESWANG) J6)0s er WS jokes 2 LE. phemius, p. 280. 6°. Fore wing upperside: ¢ with- out any white streaks beyond cell: 2 without white discal band. a°, Fore wing upperside: ¢ a small patch of blue on tor- nal angle: 2 witha curved series of four or five white discal spots, no spots be- WONG eaten of Sakis ap L. telchinia, p. 281, 270 NYMPHALID-¥. 6°. Fore wing upperside: without any blue on tornal angle: 9 unknown. a’. Hind wing underside : ground-colournot washed over with greenish blue . 6°. Wind wing underside: eround - colour largely washed over with green- ish blue...... LiL. BRS ¢. Hind wing upperside without a blue subterminal or terminal band; 92 fore wing upperside with a broad, more or less ver- tical greyish or white, or very oblique narrow discal band, or acurved series of detached white discal spots. a®. Underside more or less yellow a bright ochraceous. , Fore and hind wing upper- side: ¢ with a more or less vertical broad discal band irrorated with greyish scales, inver margin “of this band: on fore wing not sinuous: Q with similar discal band traversed by a dark broad lunular sinuous PAS CLAN son, 22) hence A ee 6°. Fore and hind wing upper- side: ¢ with discal band similar to that in typical form, but with inner margin of band on fore wing sinuous: Q with narrow brownish-whitediscal band broadening below costa on TOKO MWATIO YE cnet ee siate eee 6°. Underside brown, sometimes slightly ochraceous, never yellow. a’. 3. Fore wing upperside with white discal spots: 9 hind wing underside not suffused ee ereenish blue. 21d) o: Fore wing upper- side: curved series of four or five white discal spots present.......... 6’, Kore wing upperside: 3 discal white spots faint, ill-defined, ar.d more or less obsolescent ; under- side ochraceous brown: © with a very narrow and oblique white discal E. ziehrt, p.. 281. L. binghami, p. 282. Li. kesava, p. 276. Lp. Nace rangoonensis, Lh. garuda, p. 282. Dies EUTHALIA. ial band, breadth of band about one-ninth length GE VOTO WAND £56 5 ic x'onehs Race vasanta, p. 283. c’, Fore wing upperside: discal white spots as in race vasanta, but under- side suffused with lilacine white: 92 with a broad more or less vertical white discal band con- tinued on to hind wing anteriorly, forking below costa of fore wing .... hate acontius, p. 283. b". g$. Fore wing upperside without white discal spots : © hind wing underside not suffused or suffused with greenish blue. a. 6 Q. Fore wing upper- side with a series of slender white strealis be- yond apex of cell. Q. Hind wing underside not suffused with greenish Whwes + Syl ube eee 2058: L. gama, p. 284. b". § 2. Fore wing upper- side without such streaks. a’. 3 9. Fore wing under- sideapex touched with pale lilac. ©. Hind wing underside more or less suffused with . greenish blue ...... Li. apicalis, p. 285. 6°. ¢. Fore wing underside apex not touched with lilac. 9 unknown ,. £. kanda, p. 286. b®, Upperside ground-colour greenish grey ; fore wing faleate, apex very PEI v oh 8 rie aly 2k oo Cee ae ate a EL. anosia, p. 286. c®, Upperside ground-colour orange with black markings; fore wing apex more or less rounded...... EE. nais, p. 287. 290. Euthalia cocytus, Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 29 3 ; Moore (Cynitia), Lep. Ind. 111, 1896-99, p. 94, pl. 224, figs. 1, la-ld, 3 Q@. Adolias satropaces, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag. xiii, 1876, p. 150, 3 2; de N, (Euthalia) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 206. 3 9. Fore wing: apex produced, strongly falcate, costa much arched ; apex above falcation truncate, termen below falcation slightly concave, tornus broadly rounded, dorsum straight. Hind wing much as in typical forms. 3. Upperside dark velvety brown. Fore wing: the cellular area and a spot beyond with three broad transverse bars irrorated with bluish scales, those in the cellular 272 | NYMPHALID &. area bordered with lines of very dark brown. Hind wing: basal half uniform. A broad terminal band on both wings commencing below falcation on the fore wing and gradually widening up to the dorsal margin and tornus of the hind wing, dull greenish blue. Underside ochraceous yellow. Fore wing: cellular area crossed by four very slender sinuous dark brown lines. Fore and hind wings crossed postdiscally by a straight, somewhat lunular dark brown narrow band. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, beneath ochraceous.—@. Upperside pale brown. Fore wing: cellular area crossed by a basal and two medial, short, sinuous, dark lines continued irregularly below the cell, followed by two postapical dark lines and a discal curved row of dingy white spots as follows :—small oval spots in mterspaces 2 and 4, much larger spots placed obliquely to the costa in interspaces 5 and 6, with a minute spot beyond in interspace 6; a slight irroration preapically of bluish scales, an inwardly oblique dark brown band from apex of falcation to midway on the dorsal margin, the termen narrowly below the falcation dark brown. Hind wing: four transverse short lines in cellular area, a discal band in con- tinuation of the oblique band on the fore wing, a more obscure postdiscal incomplete band and the terminal margin broadly, dark brown. Underside bright ochraceous yellow, the dark lines across cellular area on both fore and hind wing and the white spots on the fore wing as on the upperside, the latter encircled with irrorations of black scales; a black postdiscal lunular band on both fore and hind wing and an apical white patch on fore wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the ¢ but paler. Exp. 3 2 68-86 mm. (2°7-3°4"). Hab. Burma and Tenasserim, extending to Siam. 291. Euthalia lepidea, Butler (Adolias), A. M. N. H. (4) i, 1868, p- 71; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 203, pl. 19, fig. 78 3; Moore (Cynitia), Zep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 96, pl. 225, figs. 1, la-le, 3d 2; Davidson § Aitk. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 276. Race anderson. Euthalia andersoni, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 18; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 208; Moore (Cynitia), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 98, pl. 226, figs. 2, 2a2¢, GQ. 3 @. Shape of fore wing as in L. cocytus. Upperside dark brown, paler in the 9, with very obscure black markings of transverse lines across the cells of both fore and hind wings and an oblique discal fascia on the fore wing; an ash-grey continuous band along the termen of both fore and hind wings, gradually broaden- ing from the apex of the fore, where it is very narrow, to the tornus of the hind wing, where it covers about one-third of the wing. In the Q this band is outwardly narrowly bordered with brown. Cilia white. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown above; beneath, the antenne ochraceous, the rest dusky white washed with ochraceous. Underside: ¢ ochraceous brown, BUTHALIA. De ? bright ochraceous. In both sexes the colours paler on the hind wing; the fore wing somewhat narrowly, the hind wing much more broadly suffused with lilacine-grey on the terminal margins and along the dorsal margin of the hind wing; cells of : both wings with dark brown sinuous transverse lines and loop- like markings; both fore and hind wings crossed by some- what diffuse broad discal and narrower postdiseal dark bands, prominent on the fore, obscure on the hind wing. Male with a patch of specialized dark scales above vein + on the upperside of the hind wing. Exp. 3 2 70-80 mm. (2°75- 3°15"). Hab. On the continent of India in the low hot valleys of the Himalayas eastward from Al- mora; in Orissa, Bengal and south- 52.—Euthalia lepidea, 9. 1. wards in the Central Provinces, the Nilgiris, Canara, Mysore and Travancore. East of the Bay of Bengal from Assam to the Malay Peninsula. : Larva. “Of the usual Luthatia form; colour green with dorsal row of light red ocelli with blue centres; spines tipped with yellow.” (Davidson & Aitken.) Pupa. “More narrowed at the head than E. garuda, green, all the points golden tipped with black, and a few large spots of gold between.” (Davidson & Aitken.) Food-plant, Melastoma malabatharicum. Fi g. ka) Race andersoni, Moore.— $ 2. Closely resembles the typical form in the shape of the wings, in colour and markings ; but on the upperside the terminal band on both fore and hind wing is rich purplish blue, not grey, and in the 2 has a more or less distinct outer edging of the ground-colour of the wings. On the underside the resemblance is still greater, the colours only being brighter, the markings identical. Exp. 3 2 66-76 mm. (2°6-3"). Hab. Recorded so far only from Tavoy and Mergui in Tenas-. serim. 292. Euthalia cibaritis, Hewitson (Adolias), A. M. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874, . 358; de N. (Tanecia) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 223, pl. xix, tig. 77 3 ; Moore (Saparona), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 85, pl. 220, figs. 1, la-ld, 3 Q. 3 Q. Upperside warm dark brown. Fore and hind wings with slender black loop-like marks on the basal third, a postdiscal, VOL: I. T 274 NYMPHALIDE. transverse, very sinuous, broad white band followed by a subterminal row of triangular black marks, their apices pointed inward and bordered on the fore wing with pale brownish white; on the hind wing in the ¢ the tornal triangular spot, in the 9 the posterior four spots, are bordered inwardly with bluish violet. The white band is at the costa very broad, its inner margin angu- late or squarely indented in interspace 4. Underside, §: greyish blue, the basal area on the fore wing below the median vein pinkish brown, the black loop-shaped marks, the white postdiscal sinuous transverse band and the subterminal series of black triangular spots as on the upperside, the outermost of the loop- shaped marks ochraceous within; the white band tinged with pink and defined on both sides by black spots. Underside, 9: differs as follows—the ground-colour of the fore wing is somewhat ochraceous brown, touched here and there with bluish green; the hind wing entirely bluish green, of a brighter, more metallic tint than in the ¢, the terminal margin narrowly brown; the markings as in the 3 but better defined, except the portion of the postdiscal band on the hind wing, which outwardly is defined by a somewhat obscure series of black lunular markings. Antenne dark brown; head, thorax and abdomen brown, beneath greenish white. Exp. & Q 72-88 mm. (2°87-3°5"), Hab. The Andamans, Nankauri in the Nicobars *. 4 293. Euthalia appiades, Ménétriés (Adolias), Exum. Corp. An. Mus. Petr., Lep. ii, 1857, p. 120, pl. 9, tig. 4 6; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 207; cd. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 350; Moore (Haramba), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 88, pl. 221, figs. 2, 2a, 26 : Adoles ee Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. 1857, p. 194;. de N. (Euthalia) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 210; Moore (Haramba), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 90, pl. 222, tigs. 1, la-le, 3 @. Adolias sedeva, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1859, new ser. v, p. 68, pl. 4, fig. 3; zd. (Haramba) Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 91, pl. 223, nace Ika enG y Adolias balarama, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 766, pl. 41, fig. 3 3; de N. (Kuthalia) Butt. Ind. i, 1886, p. 208. ; Euthalia khasiana, Swinhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) v, 1890, p. 354 ¢. Raee juli. Nymula julii, Bougainville, Voy. ‘ Thetis,’ 11, 1837, p. 845, pl. 44, figs. 4,4 bis, 9; Moore (Haramba), Lep. Ind. 111, 1896-99, p. 92. Adolias xiphiones, Butler, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 609, pi. 45, fig. 6 3; de N. (Buthalia) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 209. Adolias parvata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 831, pl. 52, fig. 3 9. 3S. Upperside dark brown. Fore wing: basal area crossed by five sinuous short black lines, of which the fifth defines the disco- cellulars ; a slightly oblique discal series and an erect postdiscal series of obscure dusky lunular markings. Hind wing: some * Mr. Gilbert Rogers, of the Indian Forest Department, my indebtedness to whom I have already acknowledged, has sent me long series of this beautiful form from both the Andamans and the Nicobars. EUTHALIA. 275 slender loop-shaped black marks at base and across the cell, followed by transverse discal and postdiscal slender lunular black lines in the interspaces and a broad terminal blue band narrowing towards but not reaching the apex of the wing; abdominal fold pale brown. Underside dull ochraceous; hind wing at base suffused obscurely with olive-green, broadly posteriorly, more nar- rowly along the terminal margin; black markings similar to but larger and more clearly defined than those on the upperside, the postdiscal lunular markings of the upperside forming spots below, on both fore and hind wing, on the latter edged inwardly with blue; no terminal blue band on the hind wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown ; palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous beneath.— 2. Upperside pale brown, the dark markings similar to those in the ¢ but larger; the obscure discal and post- discal series of marks on the fore wing have a dull whitish mark close to the costal margin, on the discal band outwardly, on the postdiscal inwardly ; no terminal blue band on the hind wing. Underside ochraceous brown; on the hind wing overlaid with greenish blue, except narrowly along the terminal margin ; markings as on the upperside but more clearly defined ; a large diffuse spot of lilacine white at\apex of fore wing, the discal series of lunules on the hind wing on a brown ground, the postdiscal series of spots obsolescent posteriorly. : Exp. 3 9 76-94 mm. (3-3°7"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kumaun to Sikhim; Bhutan ; Assam, Cachar; Arrakan; Upper Burma. C. appiades towards the east of its range becomes highly variable, the typical form being found as well as C. adima and C. sedeva, which, so far as I can judge, are nothing more than varieties. Var. C. adima, Moore, differs as follows :—d. The blue band on the upperside of the hind wing entirely wanting or with only a few detached terminal spots posteriorly (=Huthalia khasiana, Swinh.).— @ resembles the 9 of the typical form, or it sometimes has the area between the discal and postdiscal series of markings on both fore and hind wings paler than the ground-colour of the rest of the wings, gradually changing into dusky white towards the costal margin of the fore wing. Var. sedeva, Moore.— 3. Similar to the § of the typical form, but the ground-colour on the upperside paler, the discal and post- discal series of markings on the fore wing closer together (this is variable), and the intervening ground-colour slightly paler than on the rest of the wing.— 2 either resembles the 9 of the typical form or, as in var. adyma, has the area between the discal and postdiscal series of markings distinctly paler, merging into two jarge dusky-white subcostal spots on the fore wing. Race julii, Bougainville=azphiones, Butler, is the Southern form, and differs from typical C. appiades as follows :—d. Upperside hind wing: the blue terminal band invariably very much broader. T 2 276 NYMPHALIDA. Underside hind wing: the ground-colour entirely metallic blue- green, the black spots below the cell and in the terminal series more distinctly margined with blue-—@ more variable; some specimens resemble the typical form of 2 appiades, others have the dusky-white subcostal spots between the discal and postdiscal series of markings, but the ground-colour of the fore wing on the underside is always brighter ochraceous than in appiades and its varieties. Exp. 3 2 68-78 mm. (2°68-3°07"). Hab. Lower Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula. 294. Euthalia jahnu, Moore (Adolias), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p- 192; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 211; Moore (Haramba) Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 87, pl. 221, figs. 1, la-le, ¢ @. Adolias sananda, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. new ser. v, 1859, p. 76, ple 1, fis. @ "2 3. Upperside rich purplish brown. Fore wing: basal and subbasal transverse sinuous black lines; a dusky brown trans- verse bar at apex of cell, defined on both ‘sides by black lines; a — discal lunular narrow black band double from costa to vein 4, the outer band outwardly angulate above vein 4, and then bent in- wards and concave ; followed by an erect postdiscal similar band. Hind wing: four transverse black lines across the cell followed by discal and postdiscal transverse lunular curved narrow black bands ; the abdominal fold pale brown. Underside ochraceous ferruginous, the markings as on the upperside, but more clearly defined, the postdiscal bands on hind wing not lunular, but formed into a series of dots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen purplish brown ; the palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath ochraceous.— 9. Upper- side vandyke-brown, the basal markings and the postdiscal lunular band on both fore and hind wing as in the ¢, but dark brown and broader, the discal band much broader and diffuse inwardly ; the area between the discal and postdiscal bands very pale brown with a purplish gloss, in some specimens getting markedly whitish towards its broadened costal end. Underside yellowish brown, the markings much as on the upperside, but on the fore wing an elongate preapical and somewhat broader apical spot, white; the postdiscal band on the inner margin and sometimes also along the outer margin touched with white. Hind wing: the basal half anteriorly up to the discal band, and posteriorly below vein 4 up to the termen, suffused with blue. Exp. & 2 74-81 mm. (2°92-3°2"). Hab. Sikhim; Assam; Arrakan; Burma; Tenasserim. ? 295. Euthalia kesava, Moore (Adolias), Trans. Ent. Soc. new sev. v, 1859, p. 67, pl. 3, fig. 5, donly ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 212; Moore (Nora), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 107, pl. 251, figs. 1, la-ld, SQ. Euthalia discispilota, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 831 Q. EUTHALIA, 214 Race rangoonensis. Kuthalia rangoonensis, Swinhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) v, 1890, p. 35 Moore (Nora), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 109, pl. 232, figs. la-ld,3Q. 3. Upperside velvety black. Fore wing: cellular area with five deeper black, short, sinuous, transverse narrow bands, and a very broad vertical discal fascia, irrorated with greyish-blue scales, this fascia not reaching the costa, narrowest in the middle and very broad on the dorsal margin. Hind wing: the anterior third with a yellowish-red tint, the cell with some obscure deep black transverse marks, the terminal half of the wing, except a narrow outer margin, densely irrorated with greyish-blue scales. Under- side rich chrome-yellow, the cellular area of both fore and hind wing with the usual transverse dark lines, a black spot at base of interspace 1, and an ill-defined postdiscal transverse dark band on the fore wing; the discal margin broadly of the hind wing paler yellow than the ground-colour. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen velvety black; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen yellow.— 2. Upperside dark vandyke-brown; fore and hind wings crossed by a very broad discal pale grey band, traversed by a narrow lunular postdiscal broad dark line ; the inner margin of the band crenulate, marked at base of interspaces 3 and 6 on fore wing by a white spot, the outer margin of the band diffuse ; the cellular area of both fore and hind wing with the usual dark transverse markings. Underside somewhat bright ochraceous ; the usual five dark transverse short lines in cellular area of fore wing and slender dark loops on basal area of hind wing; both fore and hind wing with discal and postdiscal somewhat lunular and diffuse dark lines, the former with the white spots in interspaces 3 and 6 as on the upperside, the latter on the fore wing terminating posteriorly in a large diffuse spot, on the hind wing faint and macular; dorsal margin broadly washed with greyish blue. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen much as in the 6. Exp. S$ 2 66-76 mm. (2°6-3”). Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan ; the hill-ranges of Assam. 04; 1, Race rangoonensis, Swinhoe.—Very closely resembles the typical form, the males being practically identical. 92. Upperside much paler brown, the discal fascia dingy white, not grey, narrowed from the outside and thus having the appearance of being farther from the terminal margin than in the typical form ; its outer margin very sinuous and crenulate. On the hind wing the discal fascia terminates above vein 4. Underside differs from that of the typical form as follows: ground-colour of a paler ochra- ceous, the broad dingy white discal band as on the upperside but continued on the hind wing down to vein 1, the whole basal and dorsal area of the hind wing suffused with greyish blue. Exp. 3 Q 62-78 mm. (2°43-3:07"). Hab. Lower Burma; Tenasserim. 278 NYMPHALIDA. A male labelled as from Taungoo and a stunted female labelled as collected by Limborg in Tenasserim, in the British Museum collection, belong, the former possibly, the latter certainly, to the kesava form, but I think both localities are open to doubt. In two fairly long series which I have had an opportunity of examining no true kesava 2 occurs further south than the hill-ranges in Assam. 296. Euthalia lubentina (PI. V, fig. 33), Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. ii, 1779, pl. 155, figs. C, D; Htibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 41,; Moore, Lep. Cey. 1, 1880, p. Sli) pl WG ese la, 16, ¢ Q, larva & pupa; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 220; Moore, Lep. Ind. iti, 1896-99, p. 112, pl. 233, figs. 1, 1 a-Le, larva & pupa, 5 Q. 3. Upperside dark greenish brown. Fore wing: a bar across middle and a bar beyond apex of cell crimson bordered with black : a slightly oblique transverse discal series of small white spots from costa to interspace 1, followed by a preapical curved row ot four similar spots and a transverse subterminal series of elongate black spots forming an obscure band. Hind wing: a crescent- shaped black loop near apex of cell-area; a curved postdiscal series of four or five crimson spots outwardly bordered with black, the subcostal spot the largest, followed by a subterminal ‘series of velvety-black subquadrate spots, the anterior three and the tornal spot outwardly crimson. Underside dark purplish brown suffused slightly with ochraceous, the markings as on the upperside but larger and more clearly defined, and in addition :— fore wing: two small black spots at base; basal half of costal margin crimson ; hind wing: four crimson spots bordered with black at base; costal and dorsal margins crimson ; another spot in the postdiscal series; the velvety-black spotting of the upperside more or less obsolete. Antenne dark brown, club beneath crimson ; head, thorax and abdomen dark greenish brown ; beneath, the palpi and the fore legs crimson, the rest pale brown.— Q@. Similar, paler. Upperside. Yore wing: the transverse crimson bands in cell obscure with a broad black-bordered white band interposed, the diseal series of white spots very large, very irregular in shape. Hind wing: the ground-colour suffused with greenish blue on terminal posterior half of wing; markings similar to those of the ¢. Underside brown, the tornal halt of the hind wing bluish green. Fore wing: the markings as on the upperside with the addition of two small black spots at base and an obscure broad terminal pale band. Hind wing with four black-bordered transverse crimson spots at base in addition to the markings as on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the d, but paler; the palpi beneath with a stripe of pink, the fore legs whitish. Exp. 3 2 68-84 mm. (2°68-3°35"). Hab. The lower foot-hills of the Himalayas from Hardwir to EUTHALIA. 279 Sikhim, but recorded from Mussooree, at 10,000 ft.; Oudh; Bengal; eastward through Bhutan, Assam, Cachar to Burma, Tenasserim, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. On continental India southward from Bombay. Larva. “ Armed with ten pairs of long, horizontally projected, very delicately-branched spines. Colour grass-green with a dorsal row of large purplish-brown angulated spots each with or without a small pure white diamond-spot in its middle, these dorsal spots placed on the anterior half of the 4th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th segments ; the lateral spines green tipped with purple- brown.” (Moore.) Pupa. “ Green, but with two lateral brown marks, each with a dirty-white centre and two brown points equally with whitish centres between these and the terminating projection.” (A. Grote apud Moore.) 297. Euthalia francie (Pl. V, fig. 35), Gray (Adolias), Lep. Ins. Nep. 1846, p. 12, pl. 14; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 202; Moore (Chueapa), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 138, pl. 245, figs. 1, la-ld, 39. 3 9. Upperside dark blackish green; fore wing near tornus and dise of hind wing posteriorly suffused with blue. Fore wing: cellular area with the usual short transverse dark lines. Fore and hind wings with a prominent, slightly curved, discal, macular white band traversed by the dark veins; on the fore wing the spot in the band at base of interspace 3 out of line, angulated outwards ; beyond this two obliquely-placed spots in interspaces a and 6 respectively, followed by an obscure broad dark post- discal macular band, and a subterminal row of obscure white somewhat diffuse spots. Hind wing with the dark postdiscal and subterminal markings of the fore wing continued to the tornus, the former better defined, the latter distinct only subapically, the spots obsolescent towards the tornus. Underside a beautiful silvery blue. Fore and hind wings with the usual slender cellular and basal dark marks respectively; the two oblique spots on fore wing, the discal white band and subterminal row of white spots on both wings, as on the upperside, but the last more continuous, forming a narrow band, all traversed outwardly by a narrow border of pale lilac; on the fore wing the dark postdiscal band of the upperside indicated near the tornal angle by a large patch of dusky black, and on the hind wing by a somewhat obscure narrow sinuous white band. Antenne dark brown, ochraceous at apex beneath; head, thorax and abdomen dark green, beneath pale blue. Exp. & 2 78-111 mm. (3:07-4-4’). Hab. Nepal; Sikhim ; Bhutan; Assam; Upper Burma, Ruby Mines district and Northern Shan States. 280 NYMPHALID &. 298. Euthalia phemius, Doubleday (Itanus), wm Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. 1848, pl. 41, fig. 4 3 ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 218; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 128, pl. 238, mals INS IG ves Sp Se 3. Upperside brown. Fore wing: the basal half and a broad postdiscal transverse band of a darker brown than the ground- colour; cellular area with six short transverse blackish-brown lines, in pairs, the space between each pair conspicuously paler ; two spots at. base of interspace 3, and a series of slender lines above them in interspaces 4, 5 and 6, dingy white, the upper three lines broadly interrupted, their apices forming mere dots. Hind wing: basal half uniform ; a postdiscal pale blue band, broad in interspace 1, gradually narrowing to a point in interspace 5, followed by a narrow subterminal white band and a slender black terminal line. Underside pale ochraceous brown, the terminal Fig. 53. margins of both fore and hind wing Euthalia phemius, $. 1. somewhat broadly pale lilac, bounded outwardly by an anticiliary black ~ line ; cilia white. Fore wing: a small circular loop at base of interspace 1, and five short sinuous transverse lines in cellular area black ; white spots at base of interspace 3 and the streaks above them as on upperside ; the postdiscal broad brown transverse band of the upperside showing as a series of much narrower diffuse transverse spots. Hind wing with four short transverse black lines in cellular area, and slender oval black loops at base of interspaces 6 and 7. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark ; beneath, the antenne excepted, ochraceous.— 2. Upperside paler brown than in ¢, the tornus of the fore and the terminal half of the hind wing still paler. Fore wing: cellular transverse black lines as in the 3, followed by a broad, very oblique, discal white band from costa to near termen at apex of interspace 2, two pre- apical white spots and the dark brown postdiscal transverse band as inthe ¢. Hind wing: two transverse short black lines in cellular area and a postdiscal series of obscure transverse short broad bars in the interspaces. Underside: ground-colour and terminal lilac border to the wings as in the ¢, but very much paler, the oblique white discal band and preapical spots as on the upperside; the basal and cellular markings and postdiscal transverse dark diffuse bands similar to those in the ¢. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen paler brown than in the ¢. Exp. & 9 64-84 mm. (2°53-3°35”). Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan, through the hill-ranges of Assam, Burma, and Tenasserim to the Malay Peninsula, extending to Siam and China. EUTHALIA. 281 299. Euthalia telchinia, Ménétriés (Adolias), Enum. Corp. An. Mus. Petr., Lep. ii, 1857, p. 120, pl. 9, fig. 3; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, oO p: 206 ; Moore (Kirontisa), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 100, pl. 2 227, fies. 1, la-le, og. 3 2. Fore wing: costa strongly arched, not falcate below apex, which is slightly truncate ; termen slightly concave, tornus rounded but very distinct, dorsum straight. Hind wing broadly pear- shaped, the costa, apex and termen roundly curved ; tornus slightly produced; dorsum arched, slightly emarginate above tornus. 3. Upperside dark velvety brown. Fore wing: basal area, cell and wing beyond apex of latter crossed by broad, short, paler brown bars, and a pale brown preapical patch. Hind wing uniform. Fore and hind wings with a brilliant metallic blue terminal band, commencing just above the tornus on the fore and gradually widening to the tornus on the hind wing. Underside rich fuliginous brown, basal area below the cell of the fore and basal area of the hind wing with loop-like black markings; cellular area of fore wing crossed by five transverse, short, sinuous, black lines ; both fore and hind wing with broad, lunular, very obscure, dark discal broad and postdiscal narrow transverse bands.— The © curiously resembles the 2 of EF. cocytus, but apart from the difference in the shape of the fore wing the ground-colour on the upperside is a darker brown ; there are five not four dingy white discal spots, the upper two and the lower two subequal; the inwardly oblique postdiscal dark band very diffuse and much broader. The underside is of a much paler ochraceous, but the markings are similar, Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown in both sexes ; beneath in the ¢ pale brownish, in the 2 ochraceous. Exp. 3 2 78-101 mm. (3°1-4”). Hab. Nepal; Sikhim; Assam ; Cachar. 300. Euthalia zichri, Butler (Adolias), Cist. Ent. i, 1869, p. 6 o ; Mist. Rhop. Malay. 1886, p. 488, pl. 43, fig. 6 ¢ ; Moore, Lep Ind. iti, 1896-99, p. 126, pl. 240, figs. 1, 1a, d. y 3. Resembles HL. phemius, Doubleday, but on the upperside the eround-colour is slightly darker, the fore wing entirely lacks the white postcellular streaks and preapical two white spots. Hind wing: the terminal third of the wing paler brown, traversed by a postdiscal row of dark spots and a broad shining metallic blue terminal band between veins 1 and 6. Underside pale brown, the usual cellular and basal dark markings on fore and hind wing respectively, followed by a common broad irregular dark brown discal band; a postdiscal similar band broadening poste- riorly on the fore wing, faint, indistinct on the hind wing, traversed by a well-marked row of very dark brown spots. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, the antenne red; the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous brown.— Female unknown. 282 NYMPHALID®. Exp. 3 FO mm. 2-76"). fab. Recorded within our limits from Lower Burma and Tenasserim (rare); found in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. 301. Euthalia binghami, de Micéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix, 1895, p- 264, pl. N, fig. 7, ¢ only; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 128, pl..239, fies. 2,24, 1G... — 3. Closely resembles £. zichri, Butler, of which it is probably only a very dark aberration with the underside of the hind wing more or less suffused with greenish blue. So far as I know, the type, which was taken by myself in a pass in the Dawnat Range in Tenasserim, is the only specimen recorded.—Female unknown. Hep. S$ 7 mm, (2787), flab, Tenasserim. The © described and referred to this form by the late Mr. de Nicéville turns out to be the 2 of &. apicalis, Butler. 302, Kuthalia garuda, Moore (Adolias), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 186, pl. 6, figs. 2, 2a, larva & pupa; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 216; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 115, pl. 234, figs. 1, 1 a—1 d, larva & pupa, dQ. Euthalia merilia, Seeznhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1895, p. 286. ftace vasanta. Adolias vasanta, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. new ser. v, 1859, p. 77, pl. 7, fig. 2 2 ; ed. (Huthalia) Zep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 33, pl. 17, figs.2,2a,26, 3 Q, larva & pupa; de N. (Euthalia) Butt. Ind. ui, 1886, p. 217 ; Moore (Kuthalia), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 120, pl. 236, figs. 1, la-ld, g Q, larva & pupa. Race acontius. Adolias acontius, Hewitson, A. M. N. H. (4) xiv, 1874, p. 357; de N. (Euthalia) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 215; Moore (Euthalia), Zep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 121, pl. 235, figs. 2, 2a, 28, SQ. 3. Upperside olivaceous brown. Fore wing: two transverse short black lines at base, a black loop across middle, and another beyond apex of cell, with their centres dark brown, followed by an angulated discal dark brown band bordered outwardly by a series of five white spots; two preapical white spots beyond and a broad, somewhat diffuse, subterminal black band broadening over the apex and angulated inwards in interspace 1. Hind wing shaded with dark brown at base, two crescent-shaped dark brown loop-like marks in cell; a discal series of dark brown, elongate, out- wardly acute, inwardly diffuse, somewhat hastate spots, followed by a subterminal series of small spots of the same colour. Underside ochraceous brown. Fore wing: five transverse slender black lines across cell; a black spot below median nervure; discal and preapical white spots as on the upperside, succeeded by a postdiscal series of somewhat diffuse crescent-shaped black marks, EUTHALIA. 283 and a broad terminal pale lilac band not reaching the apex, bordered narrowly along the termen with dark brown. Hind wing with four or five slender black loops at base, a posteriorly obsolescent postdiscal series of diffuse black marks and a subterminal series of black dots; the termen near apex touched with pale lilac. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the antenne ochraceous at apex, the body paler beneath.— 2. Similar but of a paler shade. Upperside: fore wing differs from that of the ¢ in the absence of the dark discal and subterminal bands, and in the series of discal spots being elongate, much larger. Hind wing: the discal series of outwardly pointed black markings nearly obsolescent. Underside similar to that of the g, but the ground- colour more ochraceous, the markings larger, more diffuse. Exp. & 2 68-79 mm. (2°65-3°1"). Hab. Throughout peninsular India, except in the desert tracts, and the higher ranges of the Himalayas; Assam; Burma; - Tenasserim, extending to the peninsula, and Sumatra. Moore gives Ceylon as a habitat, but I have seen no typical specimen from there. Var. merilia, Swinhoe, is probably a seasonal form of garuda. It differs in the paler shade of both upper and under sides, while the discal series of white spots is reduced to two or altogether absent ; the dark tranverse fasciz obsolescent. Exp. 3 2 64-77 mm. (2°5-3”). Race vasanta, Moore.—Closely resembles the typical form, but in the ¢ the white spots on the fore wing are entirely absent, above and below ; the discal band on both fore and hind wing on the upperside is more irregular and not nearly so well-defined ; on the fore wing the interspace between it and the subterminal band and on the hind wing the posterior half suffused with dark green; the terminal margin of the fore and anterior half of the hind wing tinged with pink. Underside similar, but both the ground-colour and markings paler; the latter less prominent.— @. Differs prominently on both upper and under sides in the discal row of white spots being more oblique and complete, extending from the costa to near the apex of interspace 2. The rest much as in HL. garuda 9°. Exp. & Q 67-76 mm. (2°7-3"). Hab. Ceylon. Race acontius, Hewitson.— 3. Closely resembles the ¢ of the typical form, but the ground-colour is very much darker and consequently the blackish-brown markings, though similar, are less prominent. There are on the upperside of the fore wing only traces of the discal and preapical white spots so conspicuous in the typical form. On the underside, with the exception that the discal white spots are absent, the markings are similar, but the brownish ground-colour is overlaid, especially on the basal halves of both fore and hind wings, with lilacine white.— 284 NYMPHALIDA. 2 differs considerably. Upperside rich umber-brown, the usual slender black markings on both fore and hind wing. Fore wing with a somewhat oblique broad macular discal band from costa to interspace | lilacine white, the spot in interspace 2 very large, outwardly emarginate, the spot in interspace 1 shifted inwards. Fore and hind wings with a broad lilacine-white postdiscal band, outwardly margined by a series of very dark brown spots; those on the fore wing large and acutely pointed on the inner side; on the fore wing also there are three or four subcostal white spots before the apex; apex of hind wing lilacine white. Underside : the pale brown ground-colour overlaid with bluish green on the basal halves of both fore and hind wing; the markings nearly as on the upperside, the lilacine-white postdiscal band absent on the fore, present on the hind wing; both fore and hind wing with a broad subterminal band beyond the row of spots pale lilac, the terminal margin narrowly brown. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the typical form. Kap. 3S 2 66-86 mm. (2°71-3:4"). Hab. The Andamans. 303. Euthalia jama, Felder (Adolias\, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1866, p. 481; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 219; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 122, pl. 287, figs. 1, la-le, $ @. 3. Upperside brown. Fore wing: cellular area with five transverse, sinuous, very short blackish lines, the four outer form- ing a pair of irregular loops; discal and postdiscal dark-shaded obscure bands, both inclined obliquely inwards, and a subcostal series of five somewhat obscure white streaks above vein 5. Hind wing with a pair of irregular dark loop-like marks in cellular area and the discal and postdiscal dark-shaded obscure bands as on the fore wing. Underside: basal half of wings dull pale ochraceous, shading into ochraceous brown towards the terminal margins. Fore wing: cellular area with the dark transverse lines as on the upperside but not forming loops, a small slender oval mark below cell at base of interspace 1, and a dark-shaded broad postdiscal somewhat diffuse band. Hind wing: basal and cellular area with four slender dark loops and a postdiscal series of small dark spots. Antenne brown, club ochraceous; head, thorax and abdomen brown, beneath ochraceous white.— 2 very similar. Upperside: the white subcostal streaks on fore wing broader and more pronounced, the discal dark shade spreading to bases of interspaces 1, 2 and 3; the postdiscal band on both fore and hind wing much narrower, better defined and Junular ; apex of fore wing touched with lilacine white. Underside asin ¢ but paler, markings similar. Fore wing : the discal dark shading beyond cellular area irregularly curved, the white subcostal streaks beyond it broader than on upperside, forming a conspicuous more or less triangular patch ; postdiscal band lunular, well-defined. Hind wing as in the dg, but a faint discal band in addition to the postdiscal series of spots. EUTHALIA. 285 Apices of both wings touched with pale lilac. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of the ¢. Exp. 3 2 70-86 mm. (2°75-3°4"), Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; the hills of Assam and Burma. 304. Euthalia apicalis, Vollenhoven (Adolias), Tijd. v. Ent. 1862, p: 186, pl. 10; fie. 1 g ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p.. 125, pl. 239, tigs. 1, la-le, dQ. Kuthalia binghamil, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix, 1895, p- 264, pl. N, fie. 8, 2 only. Euthalia eriphyle, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 359, pl. F, fig. 7 g¢ ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 127, pl. 238, figs. 2, 2a, 3. Kuthalia delmana, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 287 3. 3. Upperside resembles LE. garuda &, but the ground-colour is of a duller brown, the black markings similar but very indistinct, -and the white spots on the fore wing entirely absent. Underside like that in #. garuda, but the ground-colour of a duller darker ochraceous brown, no white spots on the fore wing, instead of these a discal dark obscure band from costa beyond cell curved downwards and continued somewhat faintly across the hind wing, followed by a subterminal series of minute black dots, crossing both fore and hind wing, the two spots in interspaces 1 and 2 of fore wing much larger and diffuse; apex of fore wing touched with blue. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown ; beneath, the antennz ochraceous red, the palpi, thorax and abdomen whitish brown.— @. Differs on the upperside from EH. garuda 2 in being much paler, the cellular markings on both fore and hind wings broad and diffuse, the discal short series of whitish spots on the fore wing smaller; the fore as well as the hind wing with a distinct postdiscal series of small dark spots. Underside: eround-colour a yellower brown than in &. garuda 2, the usual slender cellular and basal dark markings on fore and hind wing respectively ; the hind wing, except the apical area, broadly, and the termen narrowly, overlaid with metallic blue; the white discal spots on fore wing as on the upperside, but placed on a dark brown diffuse discal band which is continued across the hind wing into the blue area; on the hind wing this band is lunular; finally, a subterminal row of dark dots on the fore wing bordered outwardly by a narrow lilac band broadening over the apex of the wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the ¢ but paler. Eup. 3 9 68-77 mm. (2°68-3:05"). Hab. Lower Burma and Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. Moore is probably right in identifying as the 2 of this form the insect named and figured by de Nicéville as the @ of K. binghamt. I am quite unable, however, to accept, as Moore has, EH. eriphyle, de Nicéville=#. delmana, Swinhoe, as distinct from #, apicalis, Butler. 286 NYMPHALIDA, 305. Euthalia kanda, Moore (Adolias), Trans. Ent. Soc. new ser. v, 1859, p. 69, pl. 4, fig. 5; ed. (Sonepisa) Lep. Ind. i111, 1896-99, p. 110, pl. 228, fies. 2, 2a, ¢. Euthala elicius, de N. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 205, pl Dis. 8.6. $. Fore and hind wings as in type of genus, but apex of fore wing more pointed, tornus less rounded, and in hind wing tornus more produced. Upperside very dark umber-brown, with the following darker brown markings :—Fore wing: cellular area with tive short transverse sinuous lines. Hind wing: cell with two similar lines; both fore and hind wing with fairly distinct discal and very obscure postdiscal transverse lunular bands. Underside pale ochraceous; basal area of hind wing and cell of fore wing with four or five slender transverse short dark lines, followed by discal and postdiscal ill-defined narrow dark bands.—Female unknown. Keep. 5 66 mm. (2°61"). Hab. Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula. 306. Euthalia anosia, Moore (Adolias), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i,— 1857, p. 187 ; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1882, p. 222; Moore (Tasinga), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 101, pl. 227, figs. 2,24, ¢ Q. S. Upperside dark greyish green. Fore wing: basal area to a little beyond the apex of cell, apex of wing and terminal margin broadly darker, almost fuliginous ; cell-area and interspaces below it with three irregular transverse sinuous black lines, bordered with greyish-green scales on both sides; beyond cell-area two similar short lines not descending below vein 4, and a postdiscal line of obscure, black, inwardly pale greenish-bordered spots, curving outwards to the apex. Hind wing: the irroration of greyish-green scales confined to the cell-area and the disc pos- teriorly, former with two transverse black loops bordered with ereyish scales; the costal margin broadly and the anal fold pinkish brown ; the postdiscal row of obscure spots as in the fore wing. Underside pale olivescent grey. Fore wing: interspace 1 at base with two, cell-area with three transverse irregular black loops ; basal area outwardly margined by a diffuse lunular broad line of black scales; a patch of similarly diffuse black scales near the tornus; the postdiscal row of black spots as on the upperside but very indistinct. Hind wing: two black loops in cell-area, smaller loops in interspaces 5, 6 and 7; discal and post- discal transverse rows of black irrorations, but very diffuse and ill-defined. Antenne ochraceous brown, paler beneath; head, thorax and abdomen dark greyish green, whitish beneath.— 2 similar; vein 11 in fore wing anastomosed with vein 12. Upper- side: fore wing with a short strongly-curved discal row of outwardly-pointed large white spots from interspace 2 to costa. Hind wing very similar to that of the ¢. Underside also similar to that of the ¢, except that on the fore wing the curved discal row of white spots and all the black irrorations are more prominent. EUTHALIA.—PARTHENOS, 287 Exp. 3 2 66-84 mm. (2°6-3°3"). Hab. Sikhim; through Assam and Cachar to Burma down to the south of ‘Tenasserim. 307. Euthalia nais, Forster (Papilio), Nov. Spec. Ins. Cent. i, 1771, p. 73; Moore (Sympheedra), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 35; de N. (Sympheedra), Butt. Ind. 11. 1886, p. 186; Moore (Symphedra), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 56, pl. 209, figs. 1, 1 a-1 g, larva & pupa, 3g. Sympheedra alcandra, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 40. 3 2. Upperside tawny yellow, base of both fore and hind wing dusted with fuscous scales; cilia black, alternated with white. Fore wing with the following black markings: a trans- verse line below apex of cell, an oval transverse spot beyond encircling a small yellow spot, a broad short oblique discal bar -and an angulated postdiscal lunular band; the costa narrowly _and the termen shaded with black. Hind wing: a comparatively large triangular patch below the middle of the costa, a post- discal evenly-curved series of spots and a broad band along the termen black. Underside dark ochraceous red. Fore wing: the base shaded with fuscous black, two spots at base of cell and a transverse line beyond crimson-pink, edged with black; a very broad oblique discal band, angulated downwards below vein 4, bordered posteriorly by a large black spot on the inner side and outwardly and anteriorly by an oblique broad black band, followed by tour anterior obliquely-placed ochraceous-white spots, and beyond by a very narrow lunular black band bent downwards below vein 6. _Hind wing: a crimson short line at extreme base, two crimson black-bordered spots in cell; a compara- tively broad transverse discal white band often broken up into a large spot below middle of costa, with two or three spots in line below it; finally, a postdiscal series of small black spots. Antenne black, bright ochraceous at apex; head, thorax and abdomen tawny red above, brown shaded with crimson-pink below. Exp. & 2 58-70 mm. (2:2-2°75"). Hab. The plains of India and the Lower Himalayas ; Southern India ; Ceylon. Larva. “ Light green with a dorsal row of purple spots, the sides armed with a row of ten very long horizontally-projected fleshy spines numerously covered with fine green hairs of a non- irritating character.” (Moore.) Pupa. ‘“ Short, broad, dorsum keeled ; broadly triangular across the middle; head bifid ; colour green, with dark gold spots and lines.” (Moore.) Genus PARTHENOS. Parthenos, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 38; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p.46; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 146; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 49. Mimetra, Boisduval, Voy. Astrol., Lép. 1832, p. 126. Type, P. sylvia, Cramer, from Java. 288 _. NYMPHALIDA. Range. Indo-Malayan Region. 3 @. Fore wing elongate triangular; costa slightly arched ; apex broad, rounded; termen slightly scalloped ; dorsum short, the tornus forming an obtuse angle; cell closed, comparatively long, about half length of wing, narrow; discocellulars oblique, upper minute or wanting, veins 6 and 7 consequently from a point, middle short, shghtly concave, lower long, coneave ; vein 4 directed upwards and then bent downwards at an obtuse angle; veins 8 and 9 out of 7, almost from a point, 10 and 11 free, 10 touching 11 but not anastomosing with it. Hind wing subquadrate, costa slightly arched ; termen scalloped, from apex to vein 4 straight posteriorly, from vein 4 to tornus slightly produced; dorsum angulate in the middle; cell closed, vein 4 bent strongly upwards ; a narrow transverse prediscoidal cel] present. Antenne long, over half length of fore wing, slender, gradually clavate ; palpi short, pointing forwards, third joint short ; eyes naked. The forms in this genus are very closely allied and greatly resemble one another. They have a peculiar flight, soaring on outstretched wings with only an occasional flap, but often turning suddenly with a jerk, so that they are not easy to catch. Key to the forms of Parthenos. Subhyaline white spots forming discal band on fore wing continuous, separated only by veins. a’. A diffuse bluish patch at posterior ter- mination of discal band on upperside of LORE NENG TS TAD: Bhs sR Rs oA liars P. gambrisius, p. 288. b'. No bluish patch at posterior termination of discal band on upperside of fore wing. Race rvepstorffi, p. 289. b. Subbyaline white spots forming discal band on fore wing not continuous, posterior spots widely separated. a’. Upperside ground-colour bright eneous a. ~ SEEOOUI ATs uctara Pesnedolede mci ysas marta nts the eden P, virens, p. 289: b'. Upperside ground-colour pale greyish biue,-no trace ol green) an). e-slaees Race cyaneus, p. 290. 308. Parthenos gambrisius (PI. V, fig. 38), Pub. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p.12; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p.147 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 52, pl. 207, figs. 1,la, 5 Q. Parthenos apicalis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 829. Race roepstorfii. Parthenos roepstorfi, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p, 54, pl. 207, fig. 2 3. 3 2. Upperside dark olive-green. Fore wing with two broad black streaks from base, the upper along both sides of the median vein giving off a slender upward spur inside cell; a transverse PARTHENOS. 289 oblique black line across cell, followed by a white transverse bar, two more or less triangular subhyaline white spots and, beyond, a white subcostal similar but elongate spot, all these spots bordered by black on both sides. Following these is an inwardly-oblique discal band of large subhyaline white spots of varying shape, running from the costa, just before the apex, to interspace 1, where it terminates in a bluish diffuse patch; black postdiscal and terminal macular broad bands; the narrow line of green ground-colour between the bands sinuous. Hind wing: a basal and a subbasal transverse black streak, ending outwardly in white spots, a transverse discal series of black spots decreasing in size anteriorly, succeeded by a postdiscal series of narrow linear paired streaks in the interspaces, each pair more or less confluent in the middle; a postdiscal curved series of triangular black spots and a terminal broad black band. Underside: fore wing diffusely pale bluish green, the broad discal band and the markings in cell and beyond it towards apex very similar to those on the upperside, the two black streaks from base wanting, the postdiscal and terminal black bands faint and very ill-defined. Hind wing: basal half pale bluish green, apical half white or in some specimens ochra- ceous grey ; the transverse basal and subbasal black streaks absent ; a discal, highly sinuous, somewhat interrupted, transverse black line and the postdiscal, subterminal and terminal black markings as on the upperside, but very faint and ill-defined. Antenne black, head, thorax and abdomen olive-green barred with black ; beneath whitish. Exp. $ 2 98-120 mm. (3°87-4:75"). Hab. Eastern Bengal; Manipur; Assam; Burma, and Tenas- seri. Var. apicalis, Moore, is a slight variety, having the apex of the fore wing pale as if rubbed—a variation which becomes constant in the Andaman race. Many specimens from Tenasserim have the base and the space between the black bars and discal line of spots on hind wing blue—a feature which is constant in the Chinese and Malaccan race (sylla, Donovan=lliacinus, Butler). Race roepstorffi, Moore.—Similar both on the upper and under sides to the typical form. Differs in being on the whole smaller and in the entire absence either on the fore or the hind wing of any suffusion of blue on the upperside; the apex of the fore wing always has a rubbed appearance. Exp. 3 2 94-104 mm. (3°7-4-1”). Hab. Andamans and Nicobars. 309. Parthenos virens, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 47; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 149; Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 274, pl. B, figs. 3, 3a, larva & pupa; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 51, pl. 206, figs. 1, 1 a-le, larva & pupa, a VOL. I. U 290 NYMPHALID&. Race cyaneus (Pl. V, fig. 38). Parthenos cyaneus, Moore, A. M. N. H. (4) xx, 1877, p. 46; td. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1880, p. 46, pl. 24, figs. 1, la; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 149, pl. 21, fig. 95 § ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 54, pl. 208, tigs. 1, 1 a-c, larva & pupa, ¢ @. 3 Q. Closely allied to and resembling P. gambrisius, from which it differs as follows :— Upperside: ground-colour a bright bronze-green, the subhyaline white spots near apex of cell in the fore wing more opaque, the broad discal band of large white spots proportionately more basal further from the termen and very irregular, the spots, especially towards the hinder part of the wing, more widely separated, the spot in interspace 5 more acutely tri- angular and smaller, the two spots above shifted obliquely inwards towards the costa, making the outer margin of the discal band angulate at interspaces 5 and 6. Hind wing: the postdiscal and sub- terminal markings broader and more diffuse than in P. gambrisius, giving a dark shade to the whole of the apical half of the wing. Underside pale greenish grey. ore wing: the spots and markings except the basal black streaks as on the upperside, the ground-. colour fading to an ashy grey towards the terminal margin. Hind wing similar to the underside of hind wing of P. gambrisius, but the discal transverse sinuous black line very broken and incomplete, the postdiscal, subterminal and terminal black mark- ings somewhat better defined. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen bronze green, barred with black above ; beneath whitish. Exp. 6 Q@ 112-120 mm. (4-4°75"). Hab. 8S. India from Canara to Travancore. Larva. Cylindrical ; head and anal segment with short simple spines; segments 3 to 12 with longer branched spines, reddish brown in colour, those on 3 and 4 comparatively very long. Colour pale green, with yellowish-white lateral stripes one on each side. Pupa “brown, boat-shaped.” (After Davidson g Aitken.) Race cyaneus, Moore, differs from P. virens on the upperside in the ground-colour being of a beautiful pale greyish blue, the discal band of spots on the fore wing proportionately closer to the termen, and the spots, especially towards the hinder part of the wing, even more widely separate. In the hind wing the postdiscal paired streaks in the interspaces do not generally coalesce, but are separate ; the subterminal black spots are more lunular than triangular in shape, and the terminal black band more sinuous. Underside pale greyish green, the markings similar to the markings in the typical form. Exp. & 2 110-126 mm. (3:97-4:97). Hab. Ceylon. Larva. ‘Cylindrical ; pale yellowish purplish brown, darker beneath, with dark brown longitudinal dorsal lines and transverse white-doitted segmental lines; head and legs dark brown, head and anal segment spined; other segments slightly hairy ; third and twelfth segments armed with erect rather long dark purplish MODUZA. 291 branched spines, which are longest on the 3rd, 4th, 11th and 12th segments.” (Moore.) ‘‘ Feeds on Modecea.” (Thwaites.) Pupa. “ Boat-shaped, pale purplish brown ; head pointed and cleft.” (Moore.) Genus MODUZA. Liminitis, pt., Felder, Ein Neues Lep. 1861, p. 30; de NV. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 155. Moduza, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 47; 2d. Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 161. Type, WM. procris, Cramer, from India. Range. Indo-Malayan Region. 3 9. Fore wing: costa arched; apex produced, rounded ; termen scalloped, concave in the middle, slightly convex below _ apex and above tornus; dorsum straight; cell about half length of wing, slenderly closed; upper discocellular very short, middle sloping outwards, lower transverse, outwardly convex ; vein 3 from well before apex of cell, 4 from apex, 10 and 11 free. Hind wing subtriangular ; costa much arched at base, then nearly straight to apex, which is well marked; termen arched, scalloped ; dorsum slightly arched ; cell open; vein 7 at base closer to 8 than to 6. Antenne long, well over half length of fore wing ; club very long, narrow and gradual ; palpi broad, third joint short, conical; eyes naked. Key to the forms of Moduza. a. Ground-colour of upperside of wings ferru- ginous red. a’. Ground-colour bright; white spot at apex of cell on upperside of fore wing generally HaEce, always presemt) 2.5 )ats «cts oho oe M. procris, p. 291. b'. Ground-colour dark; white spot at apex of cell on upperside of fore wing small or EMPIRE AW ANTAIG: 5), 0184 acl aie . Hind wing underside: spots com- posing postdiscal macular band with Dlackvcentre 1m:eachia es) .2) 5: A, asura, p. 317. 6°. Hind wing underside: spots com- posing postdiscal macular band without black centre spots ...... Race zdita, p. 318. b'. No spot beyond apex of discoidal SUSIH ECU Ma MY Ba eon ese, PUR Beant ek een A. pravara, p. 318. AREY CO MTV iep nets aut shspeuey orn = a ep ahe, aaa ee aia. A. yma, p. 319. 331. Athyma perius, Linn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. x, 1758, p.471; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 166, pl. 20, fig. 89 9 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 184, pl. 260, figs. 1, 1 ald, larva & pupa, dQ. 3 2. Upperside black (in the @ blackish brown) with the following white markings :—Fore wing: a clavate discoidal streak, twice divided, a cone-shaped large spot beyond ; a much curved discal macular band, the spots composing it in interspaces la, 1 and 2 broad, rectangular, in interspace 3 small, subtriangular, in interspace 4 cir- cular or oval, in 5 and 6 elongate, shifted obliquely inwards; a post- discal sinuous line of narrow trans- verse spots, and a subterminal line of obscure short lunules. Hind Fig, 58.—Athyma perius. }. wing: discal band of fore wing continued subbasally across, broad and not macular, traversed only by the veins; a_postdiscal macular band, inwardly margined by a series of round black dots, and a subterminal line of obscure lunules as on the fore wing. Underside golden ochraceous yellow; the white markings as on the upperside but heavily margined and defined with black ; interspace 1a with subbasal and preapical patches in interspace 1 316 NYMPHALIDE, of fore wing fuliginous black; postdiscal band on hind wing margined inwardly with pale blue, bearing a superposed series of black spots, the pale blue extended along the veins crossing the band; both fore and hind wing with a prominent terminal narrow black band; the cilia white alternated with brown. Antenne black ; head with a spot of golden ochraceous between the eyes; thorax with a band or two of bluish spots anteriorly and posteriorly ; abdomen transversely and narrowly barred with bluish white; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pure white ; in the 2 the abdomen has a double lateral row of minute black dots. Exp. 3 2 60-76 mm. (2°38-3"). JTab. Throughout the Himalayas; the hills of Central, Hastern and Western India; Southern India, but not, so far as is known, Ceylon ; Burma; Tenasserim ; extending to Siam and the Malay Peninsula. Larva. “ Cylindrical, of equal thickness throughout its length ; head larger than the following segment, black, thickly covered with obtuse castaneous spines ; body pale green ; beneath and legs castaneous, armed with a subdorsal series of long and a spiracular— series of shorter spined castaneous tubercles, one in each series on each segment, those on the fourth, sixth, eighth, tenth and thirteenth segments in the subdorsal series shorter than the others, spiracles black.” (de Nicéville.) Pupa. ‘“ Brown, richly gilt, head ending in two points, thorax foliaceous.” (de Nicévitle. ) Food-plants recorded, Glochidion lanceolatum and G. velutinum. 332. Athyma larymna, Doubleday (Liminitis), in Dblday., Westw. s Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1850, pl. 35, fig. 1; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, Bs 167 ; Moore (Tacola), Lep. Ind. ‘iii, 1896-99, p. 192, pl. 262, figs. Ih Ma, ANGy GF, Qin 3 2. Upperside black, in Q very dark brownish black, with pure white markings. Fore wing: discoidal streak divided into four, the basal two divisions very narrow, the intervening portion forming a small round spot, the preapical and apical portions of the streak broad, triangular, very acute at their apices; a discal, macular, broadly interrupted band, composed as follows: an elongate spot in interspace 1a, an outwardly conical, inwardly truncate or slightly emarginate large spot in interspace 1, an oval large spot in interspace 2, no spots in interspace 3, elongate narrow spots in interspaces 4, 5 and 6 respectively, with two slender streaks above them on costa; the posterior three spots in an oblique line from middle of dorsum towards apex of wing, the anterior three in an oblique line from just beyond middle of costa towards upper portion of termen; beyond these a sinuous series of transverse, short, somewhat lunular lines in interspaces 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6, and a pale subterminal broad line. Hind wing: a trans- verse subbasal band in continuation of the discal band on the fore ATHYMA, Filey, wing ; a postdiscal macular band, the spots composing it broadly divided by the veins and a pale subterminal broad line as on the fore wing. Underside ochraceous brown, in @ dull grey-brown ; the white markings as on the upperside with, on the posterior half of the fore wing and between the subbasal and postdiscal bands on the hind wing, darker brown intervening shadings and blotches ; the basal two divisions of the discoidal streak in fore wing obscure, the subterminal markings somewhat diffuse. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black; the thorax anteriorly and the base of the abdomen crossed by a bar of bluish white. Exp. 3 Q 82-96 mm. (3:23-3°8"). Hab. The Malayan Subregion, extending into Tenasserim. 333. Athyma asura, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 171, pl. 5a, fiz. 1 g ; de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 168; Moore (Tacorea), Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 177, pl. 257, figs. 1, 1 a— le, SQ. Race idita. Athyma idita, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 16, pl. 51, fig. 3 g ; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 168; Moore (Tacorea), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 178, pl. 258, figs. 1, la, ¢. 3 2. Upperside black with white markings. Fore wing: dis- coidal streak slender, narrow, undivided ; an obscure reddish lunule below its apex and an irregular white spot beyond, followed by a small obscure round reddish spot ; discal band macular, composed of spots decreasing in size and directed obliquely outwards from middle of dorsum to interspace 4, and two short streaks shifted inwards obliquely towards costal margin in interspaces 5 and 6 respectively ; beyond this a postdiscal series of short transverse lines diminishing to dots, curved slightly inwards, followed by a minute dot anteriorly in interspaces 5 and 6, and an obscure, pale, transverse, subterminal lunular line. Hind wing: the discal band of the fore wing continued subbasally across, not macular, traversed only by the veins ; a postdiscal series of somewhat shield- shaped spots, each spot centred with black, and a broad obscure subterminal band. Underside bright chestnut, the white markings much as on the upperside but broader. Fore wing: the postdiscal series of spots black, encircled with diffuse white, the subterminal pale line replaced by a series of very short transverse lines in the interspaces, a black spot at base of interspace 1; inter- spaces la and 1 blotched with blackish. Hind wing: base of interspace 8 white ; subbasal broad white band bordered with pale blue; the postdiscal band of white spots larger; and the sub- terminal pale band replaced by a series of short white lines in the interspaces. Cilia of wings white, alternated with black. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black; thorax glossed with ereen, abdomen with a pale blue transverse band at base ; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen white. Exp. 3 2 78-90 mm. (3:09-3-53"), 318 ; NYMPHALID. Hab. Himalayas, Kulu and Simla to Mussooree ; recorded from the hills of Assam, Arrakan, and Tenasserim. The dry-season form is smaller, the markings whiter, the discal spots on fore wing larger ; the subbasal band and postdiscal series of spots on hind wing broader ; the ground-colour on the under- side a shade darker. Race idita, Moore.—Differs from the typical form as follows :— Upperside purpurescent black, the markings purer white and on the whole smaller and narrower. The most striking difference is on the hind wing, where in the postdiscal series the spots, though shield-shaped as in asura, are entirely without the black centres so conspicuous in that form. ‘These are also wanting on the under- side, while the ground-colour is darker, more of a chocolate-brown. Kap. 3 2 72-84 mm. (2°84-3°3"). Hab. Mergui, southwards into the Malayan Subregion as far as Borneo. ' 304, Athyma pravara, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i, 1857, p. 173,. pl. 5a, fig 49; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 170; Moore (Chendrana), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 182, pl. 259, figs. 2, 2a, Ss 2) 3 Q. Upperside dark brownish black with the following white markings :—Fore wing: discoidal streak long, strongly clavate ; discal band macular, composed of three large spots piaced in an outwardly oblique line from the middle of the dorsum, in inter- spaces la, 1 and 2, and three smaller, somewhat elongate spots in an inwardly oblique line from middle ot interspace 4 to inter- space 6; a postdiscal series of transverse, slender, short lines in the interspaces and a pale subterminal line; the interspaces between the white markings shaded with jet-black, most prominent on the inner side of the postdiscal series of short lines. Hind wing: the discal band on the fore wing continued subbasally across, not macular, traversed only by the dark veins; a postdiscal somewhat sinuous band of quadrate spots and a pale subterminal band. Underside pale brown, the markings as on the upperside but somewhat broader; the ground-colour on the fore wing blotched between the white markings with dark brown; on the hind wing, between the subbasal and postdiscal bands, there is a row of similarly coloured large diffuse spots ; the pale subterminal bands on both tore and hind wings more clearly defined and broader than on the upperside ; dorsal margin of hind wing broadly greyish. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, antenn dark ochraceous, palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous white. | Kup. 3 2 60-68 mm. (2°38-2-69"). Hab. The hills of Assam; through Cachar, Arrakan, Burma to Tenasserim ; extending into the Malayan Subregion. . ATHYMA.—NEPTIS. O19 330. Athyma jina, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 172, pl. 5a, fig. 3 6 ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 169; Moore (Tharasia), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 181, pl. 259, fies, 1, la Weeks 7H, WY rt » gs. 1, 1a, Os . 3 2. Upperside fuliginous black, with pale creamy-white mark- ings. Fore wing: discoidal streak long and comparatively broad, widening towards the apex, which is bluntly pointed; discal macular band complete, not interrupted, composed of somewhat elongate spots ; postdiscal band widely interrupted, consisting ot a short lunular line in interspace | and four preapical spots placed in a curve; subterminal pale band very obscure. Hind wing: subbasal band moderately broad, not macular, traversed by the dark veins; postdiscal band macular, of quadrate or conical spots de- creasing in size towards the costa ; subterminal pale band lunular. Underside bright ochraceous chestnut; the markings as on the upperside but broader, especially the postdiscal and subterminal markings on both fore and hind wings; interspaces 1a, 1 and the greater part of 2 on fore wing brown ; interspace 8 on hind wing white. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black ; base of abdomen with a transverse white band; beneath, club of antenne dark ochraceous, palpi, thorax and abdomen white ; eyes hairy. Exp. 3 2 74-84 mm. (2:93-3°33"). Hab. Sikhim, Nepal. Genus NEPTIS. Neptis, Fabr. Ilhg. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 282; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 54; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 75; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 226. Andrapana, Bimbasara, Pandassana, Stabrobates, et Lasippa, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1898, p. 146. Type, NV. aceris, Linn., from Europe. Hab. Eastern and Southern Europe; Western, Southern and Eastern Africa; Madagascar ; Mauritius ; India; China; Japan, and southwards through the Malayan Subregion to Australia. 3 @. Fore wing elongate, triangular; costa slightly arched; apex blunt or subacute; termen variable, straight, slightly convex, in some forms slightly concave; dorsum sinuous; cell open ; upper and middle discocellulars only present, short, variable, but the latter typically concave; vein 9 from middle of 7, 10 and 11 free. Hind wing broadly ovate; costa variable from slightiy to strongly arched; apex rounded; termen arched, sometimes scal- loped ; tornus rounded ; dorsum slightly arched ; cell open ; vein 7 closer to 6 than to 8 at base; vein 8 typically not extending to apex of wing, terminating on the costal margin. Antenne slender, about half length of fore wing ; club long, narrow, gradual ; palpi slender, short, clothed with somewhat loose, lax scales and hairs, third joint short, pointed; eyes naked; thorax and body com- 320 NYMPHALID®. paratively slender; tibie and tarsi beneath of intermediate and posterior legs spined. The forms of Neptis are in the minor details of shades of ground- colour and markings extremely variable, in consequence of which the number of so-called “ species” has been enormously multiplied. Races of WV. eurynome, the most widely distributed form of the genus, have in India alone received about a dozen names. The coloration on the upperside in the majority of the forms is black with white markings. These latter on the fore wing consist of a prominent discoidal streak with or without a separate spot beyond, and a discal curved series of spots ; those on the posterior portion of the wing in a line directed obliquely outwards from the middle of the dorsum, those on the anterior portion of the wing in a line directed obliquely outwards from beyond the middle of the costa; beyond the discal spots the markings are smaller and less clearly defined. On the hind wing there is always a subbasal more or less continuous transverse band in continuation of the discal series of spots on the fore wing, and a postdiscal series of spots with generally faint ill-defined discal and subterminal lines. In many forms the white is replaced by orange-yellow, in a few the white markings are strongly suffused with fuliginous brown. Key to the forms of Neptis. A. Upperside fore wing: discoidal streak with a more or less well-separated triangular spot beyond. a, Underside hind wing: transverse subbasal band and postdiscal series of spots always more or less margined by black lines. a’. Underside hind wing: transverse sub- basal band nearly of even width throughout, not broadest in middle ; ground-colour ochraceous. a’. Upperside hind wing: spots in post- discal series quadrate, often longer han ,pwoads 15 Cab 2eeA taken... Lae N. eurynome, p. 328. b°, Upperside hind wing: spots in post- discal series transverse not quadrate, always broader than long ........ Race andamana, p. 325. 6’. Underside hind wing: transverse sub- basal band not of even width, narrower at either end, broadest in middle ; eround-colour always darker........ Race nicobarica, p. 325. 4. Underside hind wing: transverse subbasal band and postdiscal series of spots not margined by black lines. a’, Hind wing: subbasal band not extend- ing to costal margin. a’. Underside ground-colour ochraceous brown. a®*. Underside fore wing: interspaces between veins without dark chest- nut-browmn markings) (se. ec N. columella, p. 326. sy) bo paar NEPTIS. b°. Underside fore wing: interspaces between veins with prominent dark chestnut-brown markings .. . swmbah, p. 327. 4°. Underside ground-colour dusky pur- plish brown. a, Upperside hind wing: spots of postdiscal series rounded or conical. a*. Underside hind wing: band be- yond subbasal band white .... NV. magadha, p. 328. b*. Underside hind wing: band be- yond subbasal band distinctly PUD Nee oe ae ole cee ann ort ins Race khastana, p. 328. b°. Upperside hind wing: spots of postdiscal series transverse, never Founded oniconical 2 7, foc ve N. nata, p. 329. 4’, Hind wing: subbasal band extending to costal margin. a>. Hind wing: subbasal band distinctly widening towards costal margin. a>. Upperside fore wing: spot beyond apex of discoidal streak short, Comical lumi tes. ee ee 3 op N. mahendra, p. 329. b°, Upperside fore wing: spot beyond ; apex of discoidal streak movye elongate, acutely pointed ...... N. yerburi, p. 380. 4°, Hind wing: subbasal band of nearly even width throughout or slightly attenuated at each end. a®, Hind wing: subbasal band not at- tenuated at each end. a‘, Upperside markings not pure white, more or less sullied with USC OWS 3.53) 2) smite ia at cue Navan. N. soma, p. 330. b*. Upperside markings pure white. a. Kore wing underside: mark- ings broad; spots of discal series in interspaces 2 and 3 outwardly rounded ........ race hampsont, p. ddl. L°, Wore wing underside: mark- ing’s narrower ; spots of discal series in interspaces 2 and 3 outwardly truncate or emar- CANNES COPMENE EGE NSE, epee eR rT eee Race celinia, p. 332. 6°, Wind wing: subbasal band dis- tinctly attenuate at each end.... Race kallaura, p. 331. B. Upperside fore wing: discoidal streak joined to triangular spot beyond. a. Upperside: colour brownish or fuliginous black with white markings, not sullied but sometimes slightly irrorated with dusky dark scales. a’. Upperside fore wing: no white spot at base of interspace 3. a’. Upperside fore wing: discal series of white spots completed by a small spot in interspace 4. VOL, I. Y o22 NYMPHALID&. a>, Lower and upper spots of this series respectively not connate among themselves, not forming separate short bands .......... WN. sankara, p. 332. 6°. Lower and upper spots respec- tively of this series connate among themselves el ae separate short bandsene Mee Bee icMreee | ELACe AT, Daaaar “, Upperside fore wing : discal series of white spots not complete. No spot in interspace 4. a’. Upperside fore wing: lower por- tion of discal series consisting of four spots, in interspaces la, 1, \ N. cartica, p. 333. DP aL Bin so Se petegtteseseterns | RACesOummerannaey se 6°. Upperside fore wing: lower por- tion of discal series consisting of three spots, in interspaces la, 1 ANd 2. , 2... eee ress eene errs Lace nashona, p. 334, b’. Upperside fore wing : a white spot at nines of interspace 3. . This spot small, triangular’ ...... . LV. narayana, p. 334. . This spot large, forming with dis- coidal streak a curved “club-shaped mark. Underside: ground-colour pale ochraceous yellow 0-7. 2s...) Na mandse meat: 6°. Underside: ground-colour rich purplish brown, ochraceous only at apex and tornus of fore and along costa and termen of hind NUN MR ee enter since cepts rent .. Race nyctea, p. 336 6. Upperside : colour brownish or fuliginous black with white markings strongly suffused with yellow. w, Underside: ground-cclour dark ferru- N. narayana, SAMOUSHOLONVIN sete). Se aR asaesiele } Race nana, p. 335. b'. Underside : eround- colour “ violaceous (Ny. narayanda, with markings of dark reddish brown” | Race asterastilis, p. 335. c’. Underside : eround- colour pale ochra- CEOUST 4h aie. cbs Sitiont Sue scone nee Cane ene . WN. zarda, p. 336. c. Upperside: colour brownish or fulicinous black, with whitish markings strongly suffused with dusky brown. a’. Upperside hind wing: interspace be- tween postdiscal ‘and subterminal markings formed into a series of black spots darker than ground-colour .... WV. harita, p. 337. ', Upperside hind wing: interspace be- tween postdiscal inl subterminal | NV. vikasz, [p. 338. markings not macular.............. | Race pseudovikast, d. Upperside: colour very dark brown or black with pale brown markings, no tint Ae white or fuliginous white. . Underside markings as on the upperside, pale brown ........ fs ccke tes A elgmnosas so. . Underside markings rich violaceous .. WV. anjand, p. 339. NEPTIS. See e. Upperside: colour deep velvety black with orange-yellow markings. a'. Underside markings more orless strongly suffused with violaceous orsilvery purple. a*, Of large size: expanse over 80 mm. Upperside fore wing: an orange spot aibase of interspace’ a... . 6s sy ws N, radha, p. 339. b?, Smaller: expanse under 80 mm. Upperside fore wing without any spot at base of interspace 38. a®, Upperside fore wing: medial spot of discal series large, rounded, well separated from spot next belowit. NN. ananta, p. 340, b°. Upperside fore wing: medial spot of discal series comparatively small, quadrate, separated from spot next below only by vein. a‘. Upperside hind wing: subbasal band always much narrower than space between it and post- discalbandyy:. sees yuna - N. miah, p. 41. b'. Upperside hind wing: subbasal band equal in width to space between it and postdiscal band. Race nolana, p. 341. 6’. Underside markings not suffused with violaceous or silvery purple. a’. Of comparatively large size, expanse over55mm. Underside hind wine : subterminal band very narrow, PIR WACIME LEA. oy, fad pnN ae. Sakura Nabe <= N. viraja, p. 342. 6°. Of comparatively small size, expanse under 55 mm. — Underside hind wing: subterminal band _ broad, OTADPEVEULOM) ANE fa faatar sce N. heliodore, p. 342. 336. Neptis eurynome (Pl. IX, fig. 64), Westwood (Liminitis), Donovan's Ins. China, 2nd ed. 1842, p. 66, pl. 35, fig. 4. Neptis astola, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 560; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 99; Moore, Lep. Ind. ii, 1896-99, p. 227, pl. 274, figs aaloe oD. Neptis emodes, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 561, pl. 32, fig. 2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 99. Neptis varmona, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 561; td. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 54, pl. 28, figs. 1, la, SJ, 16, larva & pupa; de N. Butt. Ind, i. 1886, p. 95; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 230, pl. 276, figs. 1, 1 a-Lh, larva & pupa, d @. Neptis kamarupa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 570; de N. Butt. Ind. i1, 1886, p. 98. Neptis disrupta, Moore, A. M. N. H. (8) xx, 1877, p. 339; zd. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1857, p. 55, pl. 28, figs. 4, 4a, 2 (aberration). Neptis adara, Moore, P. Z. S, 1878, p. 830; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 97; Moore, Lep. Ind. i, 1896-99, p. 229, pl. 275, figs, [yl alg, o: Neptis meetana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 830; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 97. Mie, of B24 NYMPHALID®, Neptis swinhoel, Butler, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 145, pl. 24, fig. 9. Neptis eurymene, Butler, ELS. 1883, p. 145, pl. 24, fig. a6. Race andamana. Neptis andamana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 586; de N. Butt. Ind. il, 1886, p. 94; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896- 99, p. 282, pl. 277, figs, ii, 1 a-lg, 3 Qe Race nicobarica. Neptis nicobarica, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 586; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, .1886, p. 94; Moore, Lep. Ind. iui, ” 1896-99, p. 2383, pl. 278, fies. l,la-lg, S o.. Dry-season form—d 2. Upperside black, with pure white markings. Fore wing: discoidal streak clavate, apically truncate, subapically either notched or sometimes indistinctly divided; triangular spot be- yond broad, well-defined, acute at apex, but not elongate ; discal series of spots separate, not connate, each about twice as long as broad; postdiscal transverse series of small spots incomplete, but some are always present. Hind wing: subbasal band of even or nearly even width ; discal and subterminal pale lines obscure ; postdiscal series of spots well separated, quadrate or subquadrate, very seldom narrow. Underside from pale golden ochraceous to dark ochraceous almost chocolate ; white markings as on the upperside, but broader and defined in black. Fore wing: interspaces 1 a@and1 from base to near the apex shaded with black, some narrow transverse white markings on either side of the transverse postdiscal series of small spots. Hind wing: a streak of white on costal margin at base, a more slender white streak below it; the discal and subterminal pale lines of the upperside replaced by narrow white lines with still narrower margins of black. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black; the palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath dusky white. Wet-season form.—Ditiers only in the narrowness of the white markings and in the slightly darker ground-colour and broader black margins to the spots and bands on the underside. Exp. & 2 44-70 mm. (1°75-2°75"). Hab. Throughout Continental India; Ceylon; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim, extending to China and the Malayan Subregion. Larva (varmona = eurynome). Moore describes this from a drawing by Mr. 8. N. Wards as follows :—“ Head larger than anterior segment, vertex with two short pointed spines, cheeks obtusely spined ; third, fourth, sixth and twelfth segments armed with a subdorsal pair of stout fleshy spiny processes, those on the fourth segment longest. Colour pale green ; face, tip of processes Fig. 59. Neptis eurynome. }. NEPTIS. avo and segments slightly washed with pale pinkish, a slight pinkish oblique lateral fascia from anal process; a small, dark, lateral spot on sixth segment.” Pupa. “ Rather short; head-piece bluntly cleft in front, vertex pointed ; thorax dorsally prominent and angular ; dorsum angular at base ; abdominal segments slightly angled dorsally ; wing-cases somewhat dilated laterally. Colour pale brownish ochreous, with lateral thoracic golden spots.” I have united under Westwood’s name a very large number of forms separated by Moore and Butler on what, so far as I have been able to find out, are variable characters. I have not done this without prolonged and careful study and comparison of large numbers of specimens of the so-called distinct forms from Dr. Moore’s own collection. All I can say is, that I have been unable to find one single character that could serve invariably, or indeed in the majority of cases, to distinguish the forms restricted under the various names. The Andaman and the Nicobar forms, however, seem to be somewhat constant, and I have, but still with much hesitation, retained them as slightly differ- entiated insular races of VV. ewrynome, Westwood. Regarding the rest, typically the Eastern form eurynome is larger than typical varmona or astola, and has the subbasal band on the underside of the hind wing heavily black-bordered, but this bordering is not so wide as in the above-mentioned insular races, nor is its width constant. Typical varmona has this same bordering slightly more pronounced than in astola, while the ground-colour on the under- side of the latter is, in the majority of specimens, a shade darker than in varmona. It is, however, worthy of note that in the specimens now in the collection of the British Museum, marked as types of .V. varmona and N. astola respectively, the shade of this eround-colour is identical. Race andamana, Moore, ¢ 2 .—Almost identical in colour and markings with some of the wet-season Burmese specimens of the typical form, but in every specimen (and I have examined some two hundred) the spots of the postdiscal series on the upperside of the hind wing are very narrow, and the subbasal band on the underside of the same wing very heavily bordered with black. Exp. $ 2 52-59 mm. (2:08-2°34"), Hab. The Andamans. Race nicobarica, Moore, ¢ 9 .—Ditfers from the typical form in the much darker colouring of the ground-colour on the under- side, and in the subbasal band of the hind wing being slightly fusiform, narrower at dorsal and costal margins than in the middle. This is more clearly apparent on the underside. Like the Andaman race, the above band is very heavily bordered with black on the underside of the wing. Lup. & 2 56-64 mm. (2°23-2°52"), Hab. The Nicobars. 326 NYMPHALID®., I have been able to make this careful examination through the kindness of Mr. Gilbert Rogers, Deputy Conservator of Forests in the Andamans, from whom I have received some hundreds of specimens. 337. Neptis columella (Pl. LX, fig. 66), Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. 3 iv, 1782, pl. 296, figs. A, B,2; Moore (Andrapana), Lep. Ind. 111, 1896-99, p. 218, pl. 271, figs. I, la-le, ¢ Q. Neptis ophiana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 561 g; de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 105. Neptis martabana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 310; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 106. Neptis ophiana, var. nilgirica, Moore, Hampson, J. A. S. B. 1888, pt. 2, p. 353. 3 2. Upperside black, with white markings. ore wing: dis- coidal streak widening towards apex, notched preapically on the anterior margin and obliquely truncate at apex ; spot beyond large, broadly triangular, well separated ; discal spots in pairs varying in size, spot of this series in interspace 1 a always elongate; spots in transverse postdiscal series obscure, not all well defined, margined on both sides with deeper black than that of the ground-colour ; the space between the series and the discal spots and also the terminal margin beyond it with obscure transverse pale markings. Hind wing: costal margin broadly greyish brown; subbasal band not extending to the costa, of varying width; discal and sub- terminal pale transverse lines, the space between them darker than the ground-colour, traversed by a prominent series of postdiscal spots of varying size. Cilia white alternating with black. Under- side ferruginous brown; white markings as on the upperside but broader ; the pale markings between the discal and postdiscal series of spots, the subterminal markings on the upperside of the fore wing, and the discal and subterminal pale lines on the upperside of the hind wing represented by pale lunular transverse whitish markings. The costal margin of the hind wing above vein 8 very broad, especially in the 9. Antenne dark brown to black ; head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black ; beneath white. Exp. & 2 66-75 mm. (2°59-2:98"). Hab. Western and Southern India, recorded from Mahableshwar near Bombay, and the Nilgiris ; Sikhim, Bhutan, through the hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim to the Malay Peninsula, Siam and Sumatra. The dry-season form has the white markings generally broader and the ground-colour of the underside brighter. I have received a single specimen, a 2, of a Neptis from the Nicobars which I refer provisionally to this form. It differs from typical JV. colu- mella as follows :—Upperside: fore wing with only five, not six, spots in the discal series, the small spot in interspace 1 being absent. Underside dark chocolate-brown, the markings beyond he discal series on the fore wing very broad and diffuse, placed NEPTIS. Ook on a fuliginous background. Hind wing: the terminal margin beyond the line of postdiscal spots completely and strongly suffused with lilacine white, traversed by an outer postdiscal and a subterminal series of black lunular markings. It is quite possible this is only a casual aberration. 338. Neptis jumbah, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i, 1857, p. 167, pl. 4a, fie. 5 9; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 106; Davidson Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 273; Moore (Andra- pana), Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 220, pl. 272, figs. 1, 1 a, larva & pupa, 1d-1f, 3 Q. Neptis jumba, Moore, Lep. Ceyl.i, 1881, p. 55, pl. 28, figs. 2, 2a, d, 2b, larva & pupa. 3 2. Somewhat resembles JV. columella, but differs as follows :— Upperside fuliginous black, the interspaces between the veins deeper black, very conspicuous in certain lights, particularly so between the subbasal and postdiscal markings on the hind wing; the white mark- ings suffused with very pale bluish green; the posterior two spots of the discal series on the fore wing subequal; the postdiscal macular band on the hind wing with a tendency to obsolescence, varying from a narrow series of white lunules to a somewhat diffuse transverse narrow pale band. On the underside the ground-colour Fig. 60.—Neptis jwmbah. }. ig paler than in N. columella, the in- terspaces between the veins conspi- cuously much darker; the postdiscal and subterminal markings on both fore and hind wings diffuse and very ill-defined. IV. gumbah can besides be at once recognized by the discal transverse series of comparatively large dark brown spots. Jn the 2 the spots on the fore wing and the subbasal band on the hind wing are com- paratively broader than they are in the ¢ ; in the dry-season form of both sexes, as compared with the wet-season form, often conspicuously broader. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in WV. columella. Exp. 3 2 62-70 mm. (2°-45-2°75"). Hab. Bengal; Southern India, the Nilgiris, Canara, Travan- core; Ceylon; Burma; Tenasserim ; the Andamans. Specimens from the Andamans have the lilacine white ter- minal markings on the underside very broad and diffuse. Larva. “Somewhat fusiform, anterior and anal segments nar- rowed, the middle segments being thickened laterally, armed with two dorsal, long, anteriorly-divergent fleshy processes on the fourth segment, and two shorter posteriorly-divergent similar processes on the twelfth segment, also two very short dorsal spiny tubercles on the third and sixth segments. Head cleft and pointed at the 328 NYMPHALIDA, vertex. Colour brownish-purple, anal segments dark purple- brown spotted with green and bordering an oblique line extending laterally from anal spine to base of spine on fourth segment; two short, oblique, dorsal anteriorly-oblique (?) lateral streaks along middle segments.” (Moore.) Pupa. “Suspended vertically ; slender in the abdominal part with a sharp dorsal ridge, much stouter and broader in the thoracic region ; with wing-cases expanded laterally; two sharp points on the head; colour varying from dark brown to dull white, suffused and touched at points with gold.” (Davidson & Aitken.) 339. Neptis magadha, Welder, Novara Reise, Lep. Rhop. 1867, p. 427 3; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 100; Moore (Andrapana), Lep. Ind. ili, 1896-99, p. 223, pl. 273, figs. 2, 24, 2b, 5 Q. Neptis charon, Butler, d. M. N. H. (8) xx, 1867, p. 400, pl. 9, fig. 1 9; Dist. Rhop. Malay. 1886, p. 155, fig. 43 &. Race khasiana. Neptis khasiana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 562, pl. 32, fig. 7 3; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 100; Moore (Andrapana), Lep. Ind. ili, 1896-99, p. 224, pl. 273, figs. 1, la, 16, dQ. 3 Q. Upperside black, with white markings. Fore wing: dis- coidal streak very slender, not mcised; spot beyond its apex triangular ; discal series of spots in pairs, as in V. columella, but smaller, spot in interspace 2 the largest ; postdiscal white spots and subterminal pale markings as in that form. Hind wing: transverse subbasal band very narrow, discal and subterminal pale lines obsolescent ; postdiscal spots rounded, small. Cilia of both fore and hind wing black alternated with white. Underside pur- purescent brown; the markings as on the upperside but pale blue and slightly larger ; the inner and outer postdiscal and subterminal series of transverse markings on the fore wing and the discal, postdiscal and subterminal markings on the hind wing very distinct and broad; base of costal margin of hind wing broadly, conspicuously white. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen sullied white, the abdomen with a lateral stripe on each side. Exp. & 2 66-70 mmm. (2°61-2°75"). Hab. Burma; Tenasserim; extending to the Malayan Sub- region. 3 Race khasiana, Moore.—d @. Differs only from the typical form in the ground-coleur on both upper and under sides being a shade darker, also conspicuously in the attenuation of the white markings, which are smaller than in any other known form of Neptis from India. These differences seem to be constant. Hap. & 2 66 min. (2°6"). Hab. Bhutan; Assam ; Upper Burma. NEPTIS. 329) 340. Neptis nata, Moore, Cut. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 168, pl. 4a, fig. 6 3; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 100; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 243, pl. 286, figs. 1, la-ly, 3d 9. 3 2. Closely resembles VV. magadha in the ground-colour of both upper and under sides. The markings differ as follows :— Upperside fore wing: the discoidal streak comparatively broader, more clavate, the triangular spot beyond narrower, more atten- uated and elongated at apex. Hind wing: the spots of the post- discal series narrow, transverse, never rounded or cone-shaped, sometimes lunular. Underside: the spots and markings as on the upperside but larger and slightly diffuse, the triangular spot beyond discoidal streak on fore wing often joined with it; the discal and postdiscal lines on the hind wing more continuous and greyish white. Exp. 3 9 56-68 mm. (2:22-2°75”). Hab. Malayan Subregion, extending into South Tenasserim. 341. Neptis mahendra (PI. IX, fig. 65), Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 560, pl. 32, fig. 3g; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 104; Moore, Lep. Ind. iti, 1896-99, p. 234, pl. 279, figs. 1, la-ly, 3 @. Dry-season form.— 3 &. Upperside fuliginous dull black, mark- ings pure white. Fore wing: discoidal streak clavate, obliquely truncate at apex, spot beyond it broad, cone-shaped, acute at apex, but not elongate; spots in discal curved row twice as long as broad, the spot in interspace 2 always bluntly truncate, abruptly truncate in the 2; postdiscal transverse series of small spots generally incomplete, the middle spots absent; in the 9 more complete and with very obscure inner postdiscal and subterminal transverse pale markings. Hind wing: subbasal transverse band comparatively broad, widening slightly towards costa in ¢, broader and of even width in Q; discal and sub- terminal pale obscure lines more clearly defined in the 92 than in the ¢ ; a prominent series of more or less quadrate spots. Underside rich golden brown, the white maakings as on the upper- side but broader, especially the postdiscal series of spots on both fore and hind wing ; the obscure pale markings of the upperside replaced by more clearly defined white transverse markings. Cilia white alternated with black. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath fuliginous, the abdomen whitish. Wet-season form.— $ 2. Differs from the dry-season form in the somewhat duller black of the ground-colour and in the con- spicuously narrower white markings. kup. & 2 54-64 mm. (2°14—2°5"). Hab, Seems to be confined to the N.W. Himalayas from Busahir and Kashmir to Kumaun. I have a dry-season specimen, a ¢ kindly given me by Col. E. R. Johnson, I.M.8., the envelope of which has the locality and date as “‘ Shillong 5-83,” but as Col. Johnson collected both at Shillong and at Simla, it seems possible that some mistake has been made. 330 NYMPHALID#., 342. Neptis yerburil, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 360; Moore, Lep. Ind. 111, 1896-99, p. 235, pl. 280, figs. 1, la-lyg, dg @. Neptis nandina, pt., Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i, 1897, p- 168; de N. (apud Moore) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 104. 3 2. In both dry- and wet-season forms closely resembles N. mahendra, Moore, but the following differences seem to be constant in long series of both insects :— Upperside, $ 2: the triangular spot beyond apex of discoidal streak on fore wing conspicuously more elongate and attenuate at apex ; the posterior three of the discal series of spots shorter and more obliquely placed; the postdiscal transverse series of small spots more complete. In many specimens the markings are not pure white as in NV. mahendra, but cream-coloured. Underside: eround-colour paler respectively in both seasonal forms, the general appearance of the insect paler and more whitish than in V. mahendra, the elongate triangular spot beyond apex of discoidal streak much closer to the latter, very often touching it. Lap. 3 2 56-65 mm. (2°22-2°58"). Hab. Himalayas from Campbellpur and Abbotabad to Sikhim ; the hills of Assam and Upper Burma. 343. Neptis soma, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 9, pl. 49. fig. 6 2; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 102, pl. 28, fig. 108 g ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 241, pl. 284, tigs. 1, la-1lfd Q. Neptis adipala, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 563, pl. 32, fis. 8 3; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 102; Moore, Lep. Ind. 111, 1896-99, p. 242, pl. 285, figs. 1, la-lg, dQ. Neptis susruta, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 563, pl. 32, fig. 4 dg; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 102; Moore, Lep. Ind. i111, 1896-99, p. 239, pl. 283, figs. 1, la-lg, 5d @. Neptis cacharica, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 3 9; de W. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 102. Neptis leuconota et gononata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser. Zool. i, 1879, p. 541, pl. 69, figs. 1 & 2. Race kallaura. Neptis kallaura, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 309; de N. Butt. ind. ii, 1886, p. 103; Moore, Lep. Ind. in, 1896-99, p. 237, pl. 281, figs: 2,24, 2.6, 6. Race hampsoni (Pl. 1X, fig. 67). Neptis hampsoni, Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 237, pl. 281, fies. 1, 1 a-ld. Race clinia. Neptis clinia, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 568, pl. 32, fig. 5 g; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 104; Moore, Lep. Ind. iii, 1896-99, p. 238, pl. 282, fies], la—-lg, 6 2. Neptis mananda, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 586, pl. 58, fig. 4 9; de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 101. Wet-season form.— 3 2. Upperside fuliginous black, with some- NEPTIS. Bol what sullied white markings. Fore wing: discoidal streak narrow, the apex truncate, triangular spot beyond narrow, very elongate; discal spots small, oval, all well separated; postdiscal trans- verse series of spots complete. Hind wing: subbasal band very narrow, slightly sinuous ; discal and subterminal pale lines very ob- scure ; postdiscal series of spots transverse, very narrow, often indicated only by a pale band. Underside chocolate reddish brown, markings as on the upperside, but broader and slightly diffuse. Fore wing with the discoidal streak and the triangular spot beyond it diffusely connate, some transverse linear white markings on either side of the postdiscal series of spots; the wing below _vein 1 pale greyish brown. Hind wing: the discal and sub- _ terminal pale markings of the upperside represented by more clearly defined, very narrow, white bands, with, in the female, the addition of a terminal white similar band. Antenne black; head, thorax and abdomen fuliginous black ; beneath dusky white. Dry-season form.— g 9. Upperside: ground-colour a more dusky fuliginous; the markings broader and slightly whiter, not sullied white. Underside: ground-colour a shade brighter. Exp. & 2 64-68 mm. (2°53-2°69"). Hab. Himalayas, Kumaun to Sikhim; Assam; Burma and Tenasserim. I am unable to separate NV. adtpala, Moore, and 1. susruta, Moore, from this most unstable form. Even the races briefly described below are only slightly differentiated, and it is with much hesitation [ keep them apart as local representatives of NV. soma. Fig. 61. Neptis soma. +. Race kallaura, Moore.—Of this form I have seen only a few specimens. Judging by the types, which are now in the collection of the British Museum, it differs less from the typical form than do any of the other races. As in JV. soma, the markings are small and narrow; the subbasal band of the hind wing is, however, attenuated at each end, and not of even width. Under- side: ground-colour very much paler and somewhat ochraceous, the anterior and posterior sets of spots of the discal series closer together respectively ; the postdiscal band on the hind wing equal in width to the subbasal band. Exp. 3 Q 60-67 mm. (2°38-2°67"'). Hab. Recorded only so far from Travancore. Race hampsoni, Moore.-—¢ 2. Very closely allied to the typical form, but the markings pure white and broader in both seasonal forms, as in the race chinia. Upperside fore wing: the spots of the discal series oval, outwardly rounded. Underside: eround-colour dark ferruginous, the markings broad as on the upperside; the spots of the discal series, though closer to each aoe NYMPHALID&. other than in the typical form, still not connate, or forming an upper and lower band as in the race elinia. Eup. 3 Q 57-62 mm. (2°25-2°45"). Hab. Recorded from the Nilgiris; Anaimalai Hills and Mysore. ftace clinia, Moore.— $ 2. Differs in both the dry- and wet- season broods from the typical form as follows :—Upperside fore wing: discoidal streak and spot beyond generally much closer together, only separated by a narrow line; discal spots much larger, outwardly truncate. Hind wing: subbasal band on the whole broader. Underside: ground-colour paler, almost ochraceous in some specimens; differences in the markings from the typical form similar to those on the upperside; discoidal streak on fore Wing continuous, only indented above and below ; the lower four spots of the discal series by themselves and the’ upper three by eee hae connate ; subbasal band on hind wing as a rule very roa Lxp. $ 2 55-62 mm. (2:18-2°45”). Hab. The Andamans. 344. Neptis ae (Pl. IX, fig. 68), Kollar (Liminitis), Hiige I’ Kaschmir, iv, 2, 1844, p. 428 2; de N. (Athyma) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 175; Moore ’(Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 4, pl. 289, fies. 1, la-lg, SQ. Neptis amba, Moore, p ZS. NSOSs pr i ple 20, fhe 4 $3; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 88. Neptis quilta, Swinhoe, A, M. N. H. (6) xix, 1897, p. 408; Moore (Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 6, pl. 290, figs. 1, 1 a— Leesiie, Se Race nar. Neptis nar, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 349, pl. F, fig. 6 92; Moore (Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p:/6;,pl. 288; fies. 25/24, 2. Wet-season form.—- $ 2. Upperside fuliginous dusky black, with pure white markings. Fore wing; discoidal streak long, acutely pointed, attenuated at apex, anteriorly notched ; discal curved series of spots complete, the spots elongate, separated only by the veins, the spot in interspace 4 very small; a postdiscal transverse series of jet-black lunular spots, and a subterminal sullied white line. Hind wing: a subbasal comparatively broad transverse band ; a very obscure pale discal transverse shading ; a postdiscal transverse narrow band crossed by the dark veins, bordered out- wardly by a rather obscure, somewhat lunular, black band, and i. pale broad subterminal transverse line. Underside purplish brown ; the white markings as on the upperside but broader, their margins diffuse; in addition, on the hind wing, a short streak on the costal margin at base, a broader and longer streak from base below vein 8; and a discal transverse series of purplish-brown spots of a shade darker than the ground-colour. Cilia white, alternated narrowly with black. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen above very dark brownish black; palpi, thorax and abdemen beneath whitish. NEPTIS, aoe Dry-season form.-—— 3 2. Upperside: ground-colour paler ; white markings conspicuously broader both on the upper and under sides. Exp. 3 Q 63-74 mm. (2°48-2°94"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaun ; Nepal. Var. quilta, Swinhoe.—A slightly differentiated Eastern form. Typical specimens from Cherra Poonjee, in Assam, have the white markings in both seasonal forms sullied olivescent white and nar- rower than in the corresponding seasonal forms of WV. sankara. On the underside the ground-colour is darker than in the typical form. In Sikhim and Bhutan specimens intermediate between the two occur. This form is recorded from Sikhim; Bhutan ; through the hills of Assam to Upper Burma. Race nar, de Nicéville—An insular form, the female only known. It differs from NV. sankara, in the white markings being narrower and sullied with brownish on the upperside; the ~ anterior and posterior spots of the discal series on the fore wing connate among themselves respectively, so that the anterior spots form a short band sloping obliquely outwards from the costa, and the posterior spots a short band sloping obliquely outwards from the dorsum. Underside: ground-colour much darker than in the typical form, the white markings as on the upperside, but strongly suffused with lilacine; the subbasal band on the hind wing not extending to the costa. Hap. 9 70;mm. (2:77 :). Hab. The Andamans. 345. Neptis cartica, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 562, ¢ 9: de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 89 ; Moore (Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, palpl 2st fics, haSlan oO: Neptis carticoides, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 309; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 90. Race burmana. Neptis burmana, de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. 1886, pt. 2, p. 251, pl. 11, fig. 9; ad. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 89; Moore (Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 3, pl. 287, figs. 2, 2a, 3. Race nashona. Neptis nashona, Swnhoe, A. M. N. H. (6) xvii, 1896, p. 357; Moore (Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 3, pl. 288, ass We WEG, ie Dry-season form.— & 9. Upperside fuliginous brown, with some- what sullied white markings. Fore wing: discoidal streak long, narrow, joined on to the triangular spot beyond, the division between them indicated by an incision anteriorly ; apex of spot attenuate, elongate ; the posterior spots of the curved discal series very obliquely placed, somewhat diffuse ; anterior spots separated ; a postdiscal series of spots lunular and pale brownish, with some- what indistinct transverse pale markings on either side of it, the 304. NYMPHALID#. inner pale markings anteriorly curving towards the costa and bordering the anterior spots of the discal series. Hind wing: subbasal band white; discal and subterminal narrow bands pale brownish ; spots of the postdiscal series narrow, transverse, slightly diffuse. Underside: dark brown markings as on the upperside, but broader, whiter, and somewhat more clearly defined. Fore wing: the costa at base ochraceous ; the postdiscal series of lunular spots and the markings bordering them on either side white. Hind wing: the costal margin at base broadly white, the discal narrow brown band bordered outwardly by a series of very dark brown markings in the interspaces; the subterminal band white and much broader than on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; the palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath sullied white. Wet-scason form.—Differs only in the slightly darker ground- colour on both upper and under sides, and in the narrowness of the markings. Exp. 3 9 70-78 mm. (2°75-3:08"). Hab. Sikhim ; Nepal; hills of Assam. Race burmana, de Nicéville.—Very close to the typical form, only very slightly differentiated ; the markings broader and purer white, occasionally very slightly sullied with fuliginous. Exp. 3 2 58-72 wm, (2°3-2°85"). Hab. Burma and Tenasserim. Race nashona, Swinhoe.—Differs from the typical form in having the markings on the upperside more or less sullied with fuliginous, but not quite so dark as in WV. pseudovikasi. Further, there are only three, not four, spots in the posterior half of the discal series on the upperside of the fore wing. Exp. 3 9 60-69 mm. (2°35-2°73"). Hab. Recorded from the Khasi Hills, Assam. 346, Neptis narayana, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 6, pl. 49, fig. 3 3; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 87 ; Moore (Stabrobates), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 17, pl. 295, figs. Ily Ihe, Ges Race nana. Neptis nana, de Nicéville, J. A. S. B. lvii, 1888, pt. 2, p. 276, pl. 18, inoe IL eS Moore (Stabrobates), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, PH 18, pl. 295, figs. 2, 2a, ¢. Race asterastilis. Neptis asterastilis, C. Oberthir, Etudes d@’ Ent. No. 15, June 1891, 0 JNO}, polls aby ales Oy 3 9. Upperside fuliginous black with white markings, in the female slightly tinted with ochraceous. Fore wing: discoidal streak long, clavate, indented anteriorly before the apex, the latter NEPTIS. 33) blunt, extended slightly into base of interspace 3; a small costal spot above apex of streak; discal spots in pairs well separated, the spots in interspaces 1a and 1 connate, divided only by the vein, spots in 2 and 3 similarly connate, the spots in 2 large and quadrate; the anterior spots very obliquely placed, elongate ; beyond these an obscure subterminal line pale anteriorly, white posteriorly. Hind wing: subbasal band of even width, comparatively broad ; postdiscal band narrower with uneven margins, followed by a very obscure pale subterminal line. Underside ochraceous golden brown; markings as on the upperside, but broader and diffuse. On the hind wing there are in addition the following rather obscure lilacine markings: a broad streak at bases of inter- spaces 6 and 7, a discal highly sinuous, a subterminal somewhat curved transverse narrow band, and a narrow border to the post- discal band. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath, palpi and thorax greyish white, abdomen white touched with ochraceous. Exp. 3 2 62-72 mm. (2°45-2°83"). Hab. The Himalayas, Kulu to Kumaun. Race nana, de Nicéville-—Differs from the typical form as follows:— ¢. Upperside: ground-colour darker; markings ochra- ceous or warm cream-colour ; the posterior pairs of discal spots not so widely separated, anterior spots larger and closer together. Underside: ground-colour dark ferruginous brown: markings as in the typical form, but the margins of those on the fore wing slightly ochraceous; the lilacine markings on the hind wing broader and more clearly defined. Female unknown. Exp. 3 66 mm. (2°6"). Hab. Sikhim ; Bhutan. ftace asterastilis.—“ Momeit in Upper Burma (Doherty). “This Neptis appears to me to be new. I publish herewith a very exact figure of it by means of which the species may be easily recognized. “Tt is black, with pale yellow markings which are disposed in a manner somewhat similar to that in ananta, but of a darker shade on the disc and paler beyond. ‘¢ Below it is violaceous with spots and markings of rather dark reddish brown. The yellow spots of the upperside appear very pale and transparent in certain lights. ‘The colours recall those of ananta, Moore, but the lines are more sinuous.” (Oberthur.) T have translated M. Oberthiir’s diagnosis in full. The form is unknown to me, but judging from the coloured figure in the ‘Etudes,’ I should say that it is much closer to WV. narayana, Moore, than to VV. ananta, Moore. 336 NYMPHALIDA. 347. Neptis manasa, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 165, pl. 4 a, fig. 2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 87; Moore (Stabro- bates), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 18, pl. 295, figs. 3, 3a, ¢. face nyctea. Neptis nycteus, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 208, pl. D, fig. 7 $; Moore (Stabrobates), Zep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 19, pl. 295, figs. 4,44, ¢. 3. Upperside dull ferruginous black, markings white. Tore wing: discoidal streak long, very slightly indented before apex anteriorly, acutely pointed at apex, joined on to the middle two spots of the discal series, so that the streak and the spots together have the shape of a hockey-club ; the other discal spots and the costal spots above the streak as in V. narayana, but the spot in interspace 6 long, oval, acutely pointed on the outer side, the spot in interspace 5 small and quadrate; beyond the discal series a subterminal pale lunular line. Hind wing as in WV. narayana, but the white bands broader, and a discal pale transverse line indi- cated. Underside pale ochraceous yellow, the markings as on the upperside but broader and slightly diffuse ; on the fore wing the discoidal streak and both posterior pairs of discal spots coalescent, forming a broad crook-shaped mark; the bases of interspaces 1 a, 1 and 2 with a broad dusky black patch; on the hind wing in addition to the white markings, as on the upperside, there are fairly distinct small hlacine spots between veins 6, 7 and 8, and broad diffuse discal and subterminal lines. Antenne dark brown; head, thorax and abdomen dusky black; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen white. Hap. AS 5 mimnn(2:31 Hab. Recorded from N. India. This form is at present known only from a single specimen of a 6, the type, now in the British Museum. ‘The precise locality where it was taken is unknown. Race nyctea, de Nicéville— 3. Upperside differs from that of the typical form only in the size of the anterior spots of the discal series, which are smaller, more oval and separate. Underside differs in the ground-colour being a rich purple-brown, ochraceous only on the fore wing at base of costa, just before the apex, and near the tornal angle, on the hind wing along the costa from base to middle, and broadly along the terminal margin; the subbasal band on the hind wing also is very much broader and the post- discal more blurred, margined on the inner side with pale purple ; there is also no subterminal lilacine line. Female unknown. Exp. 3 64 mm. (2°52"). Hab. Sikhim, at from 6000-12,000 ft. 348. Neptis zaida, Doubleday, in Dolday., Westw. §& Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. p. 272, pl. 35, fig. 3 (1850) ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, L8s6y p.se ; Moore (Stabrobates), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 20, ‘vl. 296, fio, i la-le,¢o OF Dry-season form.— 3 2. Upperside brownish black, marking NEPTIS, ST pale ochraceous white. Fore wing: discoidal streak broad and long, not indented anteriorly, acutely pointed at apex; ex- tending slightly below vein 4 into base of interspace 3; two obliquely placed broad lower discal patches separated by half the width of interspace 1, and an obliquely placed anterior broad bar from beyond the middle of the costa, followed by a broad obscure pale subterminal transverse line. Hind wing: a broad subbasal and much narrower postdiscal band; a very faint broad pale subterminal line. Underside pale ochraceous; markings as on the upperside but broader and whiter. Fore wing: bases of interspaces 1, 2 and sometimes of 3 dark brownish black; the markings beyond the discal patches obscure and ill-defined. Hind wing: an obscure pale narrow discal transverse band in addition to the markings as on the upperside; in some specimens the postdiscal and subterminal bands bordered faintly on the inner side with lilacine. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen dull greyish white. Wet-season form.— gd 2. Differs only in the cream-white mark- ings being of a darker shade of ochraceous yellow and in the darker ground-colour of the underside, which is more or less of a dull chestnut-brown. Exp. & Q 62-70 mm. (2°45-2°75"). Hab. The Himalayas from Murree to Sikhim. 349. Neptis harita, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 571, pl. 66, fig. 8 2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 92: Moore (Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 8, pl. 291, figs. 2, 2a-2¢, gd @. 3 Q. Upperside rich velvety brown, with fuliginous pale mark- ings. Fore wing: discoidal streak shorter than in J. cartica, preapically notched by the point of a pale, dark-bordered, obliquely placed, subcostal Iunule; the spots of the discal series obscure, succeeded by two transverse series of irregular very dark brown lunular markings, the outer series bordered inwardly by a zigzag row of pale markings, and outwardly by a transverse pale line. Hind wing: subbasal band narrow, succeeded somewhat closely by a discal pale ill-defined line, bordered outwardly by a dark brown band; a postdiscal somewhat narrower sublunular band of the same colour, margined inwardly and outwardly by broad pale transverse lines. Underside paler brown; the markings somewhat as on the upperside but more diffuse, ill-defined and slightly purplish; the interspaces between the veins with dark brown markings. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, paler beneath. Exp. & 9 58-64 mm. (2°3-2°54"). Hab. E. Bengal; Cachar; the hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan Subregion. “The type in the British Museum labelled E. Bengal has the outer markings on both fore and hind wings obsolescent. WO i Z 338 NYMPHALID®. 350. Neptis vikasi, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C..1829, pl. 5, figs..2, 2a. Race pseudovikasi. Neptis pseudovikasi, Moore (Bimbisara), Zep. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 7, pl. 291, figs. 1, la-le, dQ. Race pseudovikasi, Moore.— ¢ 2. Upperside very dark brown with fuliginous-white markings. Fore wing: discoidal streak long and narrow, much longer than in WJ. harita, preapically notched by the point of a pale blacik- bordered subcostal lunule as in that form ; the spots of the diseal series in interspaces 1a and 3 obsolescent, the intervening two outwardly truncate ; the anterior spots of the same series elongate, narrow, placed very obliquely to the costa and in a curve; the trans- verse postdiscal series consists of short lines in the interspaces, inwardly bor- dered by a series of obliquely placed similar short pale lines. Hind wing: _ Fig. 62. subbasal and postdiscal bands narrow, Neptis pseudovikasi. +. discal and subterminal bands more or less obsolescent. Underside purpures- cent brown, the markings as on the upperside but broader and whiter suffused with pale purple; the discal pale band on the hind wing outwardly bordered by a broad band of very dark brown. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; the palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath somewhat paler. Hep. & 2 66-74 mm. (2°61-2°82"). Hab. Sikbim ; Bhutan; the hills of Assam. 351. Neptis fuliginosa, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 310; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 90; Moore (Pandasana), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 12, pl. 293, figs. 1, la-lg, ¢ Q. Neptis thamala, Moore, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. xxi, 1889, p. 36, ple option wily Wet-season form.— $ 9. Upperside fuliginous brown, markings much paler brown, or brownish white. Fore wing with a non- indented, entire, somewhat narrow discoidal streak ; an ill-defined lunular mark above it just beyond middle, and two elongate spots above its apex ; a discal curved series of spots each longer than broad; the spot in interspace 4 small; an irregularly sinuous postdiscal broken line, curved sharply inwards at interspace 4 and again outwards in interspace 3; an inner subterminal straighter transverse line, interrupted at interspace 4 by a more or less inwardly conical spot; an outer subterminal slender line. Hind wing with transverse subbasal and postdiscal bands com- paratively broad, and transverse discal and inner subterminal bands narrower; also a very ill-defined outer subterminal line. NEPTIS, 309 Underside brown, the markings as on the upperside, but broader and ochraceous white ; in addition, the fore wing along the sub- costal vein from base and the hind wing below vein 8 from base with a similarly coloured streak. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen fuliginous brown; beneath, the thorax and abdomen ochraceous white. Dry-season form.—Similar in both sexes and on both upper and under sides to the wet-season form, but the ground-colour is a shade paler and the markings distinctly broader. Exp. 3 9 51-56 mm. (2-2°2"). Hab. Recorded from Tenasserim, Sumatra and Borneo. oo2. Neptis anjana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 309 ¢; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 92; Moore (Bimbisara), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 9, pl. 292, figs. 2, 2.a,26, 5 Q. 3 2. Upperside blackish brown. Fore wing: discoidal streak brownish yellow, long, narrow, obscure ; subapical anterior inden- tation ill-defined ; discal series of spots slightly paler and whiter than the streak, the anterior obliquely placed spots reduced to two, well separated from one another; postdiscal markings transverse, very obscure, and of the same colour as the discoidal streak. Hind wing: subbasal band narrow, sullied white, no discal pale line, postdiscal band narrow, submacular, prominently crossed by the veins, curved inwards towards costa, meeting subbasal band ; subterminal band brownish yellow, narrower than the postdiscal. Underside dark purplish brown; markings as on the upperside but broader and very diffuse, and, except the discal spots of fore wing and subbasal band of hind wing, which are more or less white, pale lilac; the subapical markings beyond the curved discal series of spots on the fore wing very broad; on the hind wing, in addition to the other markings, the costal margin at base broadly, and a discal sinuous broad line pale lilac. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black; beneath, the antenne brown, the palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish white.—@ similar, the bands and markings slightly broader. Exp. 3 Q 68-72 mm. (2°68-2°85"). Hab. Lower Burma; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula ; Sumatra and Borneo. 353. Neptis radha, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i, 1857, p. 166, pl. 4a, fig. 4 ¢; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 84; Moore (Stabrobates), Lep. Ind. iv. 1899-1900, p. 15. pl. 294, figs. 1 WE e éi Sa 3 2. Upperside deep black with orange-yellow markings, paler and broader in the 2 thanin the g. Fore wing: discoidal streak long, comparatively narrow, very slightly indented ante- riorly, attenuate and slightly curved downwards at apex, a spot below its apex at base of interspace 3, and two minute streaks Z2 340 NYMPHALID &. above it on the costa; posterior two of the discal series of spots oblique, middle two quadrate, transverse, anterior spots oblique from the costa, the lowest conical, outwardly truncate, the middle elongate, the one on the costa consisting of two short slender streaks ; the space intervening between the middle and upper discal spots often conspicuously paler than the rest of the ground- colour ; finally, a pale transverse subterminal line. Hind wing with the usual subbasal and postdiscal transverse bands ; a sub- terminal pale transverse line observable in some, obsolescent in others. Underside dark chestnut-brown, the markings as on the upperside but paler, broader and somewhat diffuse; on the fore wing the preapical area and a transverse postdiscal line, on the hind wing the base of the cell, the bases of the interspaces above it, and the terminal third of the wing with an anteriorly coalescent zigzag discal narrow band conspicuously overlaid with lilacine scales. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen dusky grey. Hep. 3 2 84-95 mm. (3°2-3°75"). Hab. Nepal; Sikhim; Bhutan; the hills of Assam and Upper Burma. 304, Neptis ananta, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 166, pl. 4a, fig.3; de N. Butt. Ind. ii. 1886, p. 85; Moore (Stabro- bates), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 22, pl. 297, figs.1,la-lg, dQ. 3 2. Upperside deep black with orange markings, broader and . paler in the 9 than in the ¢. This form closely resembles N. radha, but it is invariably smaller and differs in the markings as follows :— Wet-season form.—Fore wing: discoidal streak proportionately narrower though not so attenuate at apex, no spot below it at base of interspace 3; the middle spot of the discal series proportion- ately larger. Underside: ground-colour of a redder chestnut tint than in WV. radha; the markings similar to those on the upperside but more diffuse and paler, the large middle spot only of the discal series on the fore wing tinged with orange ; the subbasal band on the hind wing white, the postdiscal band pale ochraceous, very often margined with lilacine blue or in some specimens entirely of that colour; complete discal and subterminal narrow bands are generally present and conspicuous. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen asin NV. radha. Dry-season form.—Differs‘on the upperside from the wet-season form in the markings, which are much broader and pale yellow, not orange. On the underside the ground-colour is of an ochraceous brown; the markings very ill-defined, almost obsolescent on the terminal half of the hind wing. Exp. 3 2 64-77 mm. (2°53-3:02"). * Hab. The Himalayas, Dalhousie, Chamba, Simla to Sikhim ; the hills of Assam and Upper Burma, extending to the Malay Peninsula. NEPTIS. 341 355. Neptis miah (Pl. IX, fig. 69), Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i 1857, p.164, pl. 4a, fig. 1 ¢ ; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 85 ; Mocre (Stabrobates), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 25, pl. 299, nose ll a libs Gh) 2s Face nolana. Neptis nolana, Druce, P.Z. 8. 1874, p. 105 9 ; Moore (Stabro- bates), Zep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 27, pl. 298, figs. 2, 2a, 3 Q. Wet-season form.— 3 2. Upperside black with orange-yellow markings, slightly broader and paler im the female than in the male. Fore wing: discoidal streak narrow, indented anteriorly before the apex; discal series of spots proportionately large, the spots in interspaces 1 a, 1 very oblique, the spots in 2 and 3 and in4 and 5 placed transversely to the wing and nearly joined in interspace 4, Spot in interspace 6 and the two short slender streaks above it inclined very obliquely outwards from the costa; beyond the discal series of spots a pale transverse subterminal line. Hind wing with the usual transverse subbasal and postdiscal bands; the former whitish near the dorsal end, the latter narrow, sub- lunular, and margined on either side by a transverse series of broad patches in the interspaces, of a deeper black than the ground- colour. Underside deep purplish brown; the orange markings as on the upperside, but pinkish white, very slightly tinged with orange; on the fore wing the discal series of spots is margined anteriorly on the outer side by a pale lilac line ; the subterminal line of the upperside replaced by a bluish-lilac line; on the hind wing the costa at base, a diffuse streak below vein 7 and in base of cell, and discal and subterminal narrow transverse bands paie lilac- biue ; the subbasal band with two or three short lilac-blue streaks above its costal termination ; the postdiscal band diffuse. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish. Dry-season form.— 3 2. Upperside: the orange markings much broader and paler. Underside: ground-colour brighter purplish brown, the markings more diffuse than in the wet-season form ; the discal and subterminal lilac-blue bands broader and more diffuse, the former zigzag. Exp. 3 2 64-68 mm. (2°5-2°73"). Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; hills of Assam. Race nolana, Druce.— ¢ 2. This can be distinguished from the typical form by the much broader markings. On the upperside the discal spots on the fore wing are placed as in NV. muah, but the middle spots are joined by an outward slender extension of spots in interspaces 3 and 4; on the hind wing the postdiscal band has the margins more or less sinuous, while on both fore and hind wings the subterminal line is orange-yellow, not pale brownish. Underside as in N. miah, but the markings broader, more neatly defined, and on the fore wing pale orange. On the hind wing the 342 NYMPHALID®. subbasal band pale yellowish white, the postdiscal strongly suffused with pink. Hep. & 2 50-56 mm. (1°98-2°2"). Hab. Upper Burma; Siam ; Malay Peninsula. 3506. Neptis viraja (Pl. IX, fig. 70), Moore, P. ZS. 1872, p. 563, pl32, tie. 6 gs de IN: ‘Butt. Ind. ll, 1886, p-. 86; Davidson g ‘Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p- 351 larva ; Davidson, Bell § Aitken, vb. x, 1896, p. 251, pl. "2, fig. ea larva & pupa; Moore (Stabrobates), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899- 1900, p. 23, pl. 298, figs. 1, la—ld, larva & pupa, dQ. 3 2. Upperside black; markings orange-yellow. Fore wing: discoidal streak very broad and long, descending a little below vein 4; ashort broad band sloping obliquely outwards from middle of dorsum to beyond vein 3, another short broad and somewhat clavate band sloping obliquely outwards from apical third of costa to below vein 5; beyond these, a subterminal slender line. Hind wing: a subbasal, transverse, very broad, somewhat paler yellow band; a postdiscal slightly narrower transverse band, not quite reaching the costa, anteriorly attenuate, curved slightly inwards; a very faint and ill-defined pale subterminal line. Underside — dusky brownish black, the markings as on the upperside but much blurred. Fore wing with two subterminal slender lines, the outer not clearly defined. Hind wing: the costa at base yellowish ; discal and subterminal pale narrow bands. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen ereyish white, the abdomen slightly ochraceous. Exp. 3 Q 56-68 mm. (2°2-2°73"). Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Bengal; Orissa; S. India; Assam; Burma and Tenasserim. There is very little difference between the sexes, or between the wet- and dry-seasonal broods; the latter are on the whole paler both in ground-colour and markings. Larva. ‘* Feeds on the blackwood tree (Dalbergia latifolia) and also on Dalbergia racemosa, and has similar habits to those of N. hordonia, Stoll, which it resembles in form, but the head is bifid at the top, and the dorsal points are wanting, while the last segment is produced into a single blunt point. The colour is dark greenish brown, the fore part, as in VV. hordonia, being much darker than the rest, but bordered with pale grey.” (Davidson, Bell & Aitken.) Pupa. ‘Like that of NV. hordonia, but rather broader and the wines more evenly expanded.” (Davidson, Bell g Aitken.) This form, as recorded by Mr. Bell, feeds, like VV. hordonia, on decayed (not fresh) leaves. 357. Neptis heliodore, Fabr. (Papilio) Ent. Syst. ii, 1793, p. 180; Moore (Lasippa), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 40, ‘pl. 304, fies, mM lale gQ. Neptis tiga, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 4; de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 82. NEPTIS.—RAHINDA. 343 Neptis dorelia, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool. i, 1879, p. 542, 1. 68, fig. 3. Reni sattanga, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 311 9; de N. (Neptis) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 85; Moore (Lasippa), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 42, pl. 305, figs. 1, la-le, ¢ Q. Neptis kuhasa, de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 84; Moore (Lasippa), Lep. Ind. iv, 1889-1900, p. 41, pl. 304, figs. 2, 2a, ¢. Dry-season form.— 3 & . Upperside black, with very broad ochra- ceous orange markings as follow :—Fore wing: discoidal streak anteriorly thrice indented, the preapical indentation centred with an ochraceous wedge-shaped mark ; a crescentic spot in the middle of the dorsum extending into interspace 1; a large obliquely placed spot in interspace 2 extending narrowly into interspace 3, and emarginate on the outer side; a large obliquely placed pre- apical irregular spot from below to interspace 4, a postdiscal continuous transverse series of triangular spots in the interspaces, _and a narrow subterminal transverse line. Hind wing with the usual subbasal and postdiscal bands, and subterminal somewhat slender line. Underside similar, but the ground-colour dusky black, the markings much broader and slightly diffuse. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black; beneath, the palpi and thorax greyish white, abdomen pale ochraceous. Wet-season form.— 3 2. Upperside: the markings of a deeper yellow and narrower; subterminal line on both fore and hind wing more distinct. Underside similar, the discoidal streak on the fore wing extending slightly below the cell; all the markings broader than on the upperside. Exp. & 2 44-52 mm. (1:74-2°05”). Hab. Assam, Cachar; Upper and Lower Burma; Tenasserim : the Malayan Subregion to Borneo and Java. Two slightly differentiated varieties ol this insect have been described. V. sattanga, Moore, from Upper Burma, differs, ac- cording to Dr. Moore, in the paler yellow markings, but in neither the type specimen nor in others that I have examined is this difference appreciable. Further, the subterminal line on the upperside of the hind wing is said to be grey not ochraceous. In the type it is certainly obscure, but very pale ochraceous in certain lights. NW. kuhasa, de Nicéville, from Cachar, is said to differ from JV. sattanga in the width of the ochraceous- yellow subterminal band on the hind wing, but this is a variable character. Genus RAHINDA. Rahinda, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 56; id. Lep. Ind. iv, 1899- 1900, p. 29. Type, R. hordona, Stoll, from India. Range. The Indo-Malayan Region ; China. 3 2. Fore wing: costa arched ; apex bluntly angular; termen slightly concave in the middle; tornus truncate; dorsum slightly 344 NYMPHALID2. sinuous; cell open; upper and middle discocellulars subequal, very short ; vein 10 out of 7 well beyond base of latter, 11 out of subcostal, free. Hind wing: costa arched; apex distinct ; termen arched and in the typical form scalloped; dorsum arched ; tornus rounded; cell open. Antenne slender; club long, narrow, gradual ; palpi as in Weptis, with lax loose scales and long porrect hairs ; eyes naked. Male sex-mark large patches of specialized dark scales on the costal margin of the upperside of the hind wing and on the dorsal margin of the underside of the fore wing where the two wings overlap each other. Key to the forms of Rahinda. a. Upperside hind wing: subbasal and postdiscal bands not coalescing along dorsal margin. a’. Underside irrorated with numerous trans- verse short brown strie. a’, Upperside hind wing: subbasal band ochraceous orange. a>. Upperside fore wing: outer margin of both anterior and posterior portions of discal markings evenly curved ...... R. hordonia, p. 344. b°. Upperside fore wing; outer margin of both anterior and posterior portions of discal markings not evenly curved, SUMUGUS 42 © «78: tds © Melee Lee .. Race senuata, p. 546. 6°, Upperside hind wing: subbasal band WiIEG yal deni pase eh es « acne s emcee eed R. cnacals, p. 346. b’ Underside not irrorated with transverse striz. a>. Upperside fore wing: subterminal trans- verse line forming two wide curves.... &. paraka, p. 346. b°. Upperside fore wing: subterminal- trans- verse line parallel to terminal margin, interrupted in middle, but not curved .. #. aurelia, p. 347. b. Upperside hind wing: subbasal and postdiseal bands coalescing along dorsal margin ...... R. assamica, p. 347. 358. Rahinda hordonia (Pl. TX, fig. 71), Stoll (Papilio), Cramer’s Pap. Exot. Suppl. 1791, pl. 33, figs. 4,4. D; de N. (Neptis) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 78; Davidson, Bell § Artken (Neptis), Jour. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. x, 1896, p. 250, pl. 2, figs. 1, la, 18, larva & pupa; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 30, pl. 300, fies. 1, 1 a-1f, larva & pupa, ¢ @. Neptis plagiosa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 830; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 79. Race sinuata. Neptis sinuata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 186; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 79; Moore (Rahinda), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 56, pl. 28, figs. 3, 8a; td. (Rahinda) Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 33, pl. 501, figs. a Ce Wet-season form.— § 2. Upperside black with orange markings. Fore wing: discoidal streak broad, anteriorly twice indented, at apex extending into base of interspace 3; posterior discal spots RAHINDA, 348 coalescent, forming an irregular oblique short broad band ; anterior spots also coalescent, oblique from costa ; a postdiscal obscure grey bicurved transverse line, and a very slender, also obscure, orange transverse subterminal line. Hind wing: a subbasal transverse broad band, and a much narrower postdiscal band curved inwards at the ends; beyond this the black terminal margin is traversed by a still blacker subterminal line. Underside chestnut-brown, covered with short, slender, transverse brown striz on the margin of the orange markings, which are similar to those on the upperside but broader, paler, and less clearly defined. Fore wing: the pale transverse postdiscal and orange subterminal lines of the upperside replaced by a postdiscal lilacine narrow band, defined by somewhat crenulate chestnut-brown lines on each side, and a pale subterminal line. Hind wing: the base suffused with lilacine; the subbasal and postdiscal bands bordered outwardly by narrow hlacine bands, the orange-yellow of the postdiscal band much obscured by the - transverse brown striz; the terminal margin with a sinuous obscure broad lilacine line. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black; beneath, the palpi and thorax greyish, abdomen ochraceous. Dry-season form.— 3 Q. Similar to the wet-season form, but the markings very much broader ; on the upperside of the fore wing the postdiscal line generally and the subterminal line always clearly defined, the former sometimes like the latter, orange- yellow. Underside paler, the markings more blurred, the trans- verse short brown striz in many specimens covering nearly the whole surface of the wings. Exp. 3 2 38-54 mm. (1°5-2°13"). Hab. Continental india, from the Himalayas to Travancore ; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim, extending into the Malayan Sub- region. ! Larva. ‘Has two forms. In the first the head is large and roughly triangular, the segments of the body increase to the fourth and then diminish gradually, and the third, fourth, sixth and twelfth have each two obtuse dorsal points. The fore part from the fourth segment is generally inclined downwards at an angle with the rest of the body and is with the underparts of a dark greenish-brown colour. The rest is just that shade of greenish-erey which the leaves assume when withered, and is crossed by diagonal dark bands exactly representing the spaces between the leaflets asa painter would paint them—a most perfect disguise. The second form of the larva differs in having the head fureate, while the dorsal points are replaced by long spine-like processes. ‘The figure will give a better idea of the difference than any description. ...... The butterfly resulting from the larva with spines has a light male-mark ; that resulting from the other a dark male-mark. ...... The two forms of larva are never found together; the smooth type of caterpillar is often found in quantities on one bush .... the smooth caterpillar feeds on Acacia and Albizzia, the spined one has never been found on any plant but Acacia.” (Davidson, Bell § Aitken.) 346 NYMPHALID®#. Race Staaene Moore.—This is a slightly differentiated insular —— race. It differs constantly from the typical form in the margins of the discal markings (especially the outer margins) on the upperside of the fore wing and the margins of the subbasal and postdiscal bands of the hind wing being more sinuous. : Exp. 39 44-56 mm. (1-77- Fig. 63.—Rahinda hordenia, 2-2"). Stoll. Race sinuata. Hab. Ceylon. 359. Rahinda cnacalis (Pl. IX. fie. 72), Hewitson (Neptis), Ad. MW. N. HM. (4)’xiv, 1874, p. 357 ; de N. (Neptis) Butt. Ind. ii, Bee) p78; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 33, pl. 801, 'fios, 2 2 a2e, & 2 Closely resembles /. evan Stoll, in both seasonal forms ; the most striking point of difference is the conspicuous white instead of ochraceous subbasal band on the upperside of the hind wing. 3 2. Upperside: the sinuous transverse postdiscal and sub- terminal grey lines in the fore wing more distinct; the post- discal ochraceous band in the hind wing much narrower. Under- side: ground-colour darker ; the transverse short dark striz more numerous ; the ochraceous and white markings of the upperside replaced by pinkish-white, similar but broader and more diffuse markings, the discoidal streak on the fore wing only slightly ochraceous ; the terminal half of the hind wing suffused with pur- plish over the dark markings and more closely set with transverse dark strie. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomenas in R. hordoma. In the dry-season form the ochraceous and white markings on the upperside are broader ; between the postdiscal and subter- — minal transverse grey lines is a more or less distinct transverse ochraceous line ; the postdiscal band on the hind wing slightly broader, sinuous, and more sharply defined. Underside similar _ to that in the wet-season form, but the short transverse dark strie more numerous, as they are in the dry-season form of R. hordona. Exp. & Q 41-52 mm. (1°62-2:04"). Hab. The Andamans and Nicobars. 360. Rahinda paraka, Butler (Neptis), Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. i, 1879, p. 542, pl. 68, fig. 2; de N. (Neptis) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p- 80; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 36, pl. 302, figs, 9 2 a2 d, ref Neptisdindinga, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. 1, 1879, p. 542, pl. 68, fig. 6; de N. Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 80 Moore (Rehinday. Lep. Ind. i IV, 1899- 1900, p. 38, pl. 203, fios. 2 ,2a2e, SQ. Dry-season form.— go 9. Upperside dusky aes black with very broad ochraceous-yellow markings. Fore wing: discoidal , RAHINDA. 347 streak very broad, indented anteriorly, posteriorly descending below median vein and vein +; discal markings also remarkably broad, those on the posterior portion of the wing sometimes confluent with the discoidal streak; beyond this three slender bisinuate ochraceous transverse lines, sometimes ill-defined. Hind wing with a very broad subbasal, and a much narrower postdiscal transverse band; the dusky black termen traversed by a very slender ill-defined ochraceous transverse line. Underside pale ochraceous yellow ; the intervening spaces of the black ground- colour of the upperside replaced by somewhat diffuse pale brownish markings defined by darker lines, a few dark brown specks in cellular areas and below costa of both fore and hind wing. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous white. Wet-season form.— § 2. Similar, but the markings on the upperside of a slightly deeper shade of ochraceous yellow, distinctly narrower; the three transverse ochraceous slender lines on the termen of fore wing more clearly defined. Underside: the pale brownish markings as in the dry-season form but some-- what broader. Exp. 3 9 44-50 mm. (1°74-1°98"). Hab. The hills of Assam, Burma, and Tenasserim, extending to the Malay Peninsula. Var. dindinga, Butler, is larger, with the markings more neatly defined ; the fore wing on the upperside with the transverse lines crossing the termen generally greyish. 361. Rahinda aurelia, Staudinger. Exot. Schmett. 1886, p. 145; de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. x, 1898, p. 24, pl.§, fig. 15 ©. 3 2. Closely resembles R. peraka, Butler; but on the upper- side the orange markings are of a deeper darker shade and narrower even than in the wet-season specimens of that form. Upperside. Fore wing: the discal markings more macular, the spots well divided from one another ; subterminal line parallel to the terminal margin broad, slightly interrupted at vein 4, not forming two wide arches as they do in &. peraka. Hind wing: the subbasal line narrow and straight ; the subterminal line very distinct. Underside: the markings as on the upperside but broader ; on the hind wing slightly suffused with violaceous pink ; the interspaces of ground-colour dusky black, somewhat mottled. Exp. & 2 40-50 mm. ( 1:59-1:98"). Hab. Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; extending to the Malayan Subregion. 362. Rahinda assamica, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 311 3 ; de N. (Neptis) Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 80; Moore, Lep. a lV, 1889- 1900, p. 37, pl. 308, figs. 1, la, 3g. 3. Upperside black with rich orange markings. Fore wing: 348 NYMPHALID A, discoidal streak very broad, extending above into interspace 5 and below into interspace 3; discal markings very broad, the spots composing the upper and lower portions respectively connate among themselves, the lower portion constricted in the middle; a complete narrow transverse subterminal line. Hind wing: subbasal and postdiscal bands remarkably broad, meeting and coalescing along the dorsal margin, a subterminal line as on the fore wing. Underside dull ochraceous orange, with the following obscure dusky-black markings:—Fore wing: a narrow band along the costa to about the middle, an oblique band from thence to near apex of interspace 3, meeting another similar band from middle of vein 1, and a subterminal slender jine. Hind wing: subbasal and discal straight bands, the latter extended to the dorsum. Tore and hind wings with the margin narrowly shaded with dusky black. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black ; beneath, the palpi and thorax bluish grey, abdomen touched with ochraceous. Exp. 3 43 mm. (1°7"). Hab. Recorded from Assam. Genus CYRESTIS. Cyrestis, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, 1832, p. 117 ; de N. Butt. Ind. il, 1886, p. 248; Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1883, p. 139 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 46. Apisithra, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899, p. 58. Type, C. thyoneus, Cramer, from Europe. Range. Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions, and westwards to Africa. 3 9. Typically the fore wing is very broadly triangular, the costa slightly arched, the apex obtusely pointed, the termen straight, the tornus truncate, the dorsum slightly sinuous; the cell short, not half the length of the wing, very slenderly closed (in the cleared wing the lower discocellular is just visible); veins 4 and 5 from lower apex of cell; veins 6 and 7 almost from a point, 8 and 9 out of 7,10 and 11 free. Hind wing irregularly subtriangular, the costa very slightly arched; apex truncate, in some forms rounded ; termen more or less scalloped, produced at vein 4 into a tail; tornus elongate, produced into a broad lobe; dorsum nearly straight, apical half bi-emarginate near tornal angle ; cell very short, slenderly closed; veins 3 and 4 shortly stalked, from lower apex of cell, 6 and 7 closely approximate. Body slender; antennze about half the length of fore wing, club gradual; palpi long, subporrect, third joint long; eyes naked ; legs slender. Key to the forms of Cyrestis. a. Apex of hind wing abruptly truncate. a’, Ground-colour on upperside rich dark ochra- COOUS | cs SEEN Ne, OM RARUREN SE. cob BUM ROR eae C. tabula, p. 349. b'. Ground-colour on upperside white or very pale ochraceous white. CYRESTIS. 349 a>, Terminal margin and apex of fore wing narrowly black. a. Terminal margin of hind wing ochraceous p- 349. on tornal lobe and below tail only .... C. thyodamas, b?, Terminal margin of hind wing entirely CRCMBEAEO OMS, YRS oUt tio tus, Pet oad clacd adv ee Race andamanica, 6°, Terminal margin and apex of fore wing [p. 351. Poly ae ky sia ave . Upperside of hind wing without a sub- terminal series of blue. SPOLS arses 6. Costa of fore wing studded with stiff an- teriorly proj ecting hairs. a'. Upperside eround-colour deep maroon ; terminal margins of both fore and hind wings broadly creamy white.......... 6’. Upperside ground-colour dark orange- yellow; terminal margins of both fore and hind wings narrowly brown ...... B. Dorsum of fore wing strongly sinuous, tornus lobed. a. Upperside ground-colour dark indigo-blue- black; fore and hind wings crossed by a pr ominent broad postdiscal blue band. a’. Upperside fore wing: postdiscal blue band continued ae, to preapical VE HIDE ISOLA ysis taceatetaeiae oie meats eens b'. Upperside fore wing: postdiscal blue band not continued anteriorly to pre- apical wittte Spots cme. cn. eee b. Upper eround-colour fulvous. . Upperside hind wing: dorsal margin very broadly dusky brown irrorated with orey scales. V. cardui, p. 365. > . indica, p. 366. in lend a ) LP: 367 ° . cashmirensis, ~ V. rizana, p. 368. V. ladakensis, p. 368. V. vau-album, p. 369. V. antiopa, p. 370. [p. 369. V. canthomelena, V. canace, p. 371. [p- 372. Race haronica, VANESSA. 365 a’, Upperside fore and hind wings with a subterminal series of pale yellow spots. a’, These spots small, round, traversing broad dusky terminal margin of hind SYAUIMSaCGey UM vagsiar sisutuar 2 Wiel ateseen lel hes V. c-album, p. 372. 6°. These spots transverse, bordering broad dusky terminal margin of hind! wineron inmersidé . 9.7... . Var. cognata, p. 373. b°. Upperside fore and hind wings without a [p. 373. subterminal series of pale yellow spots. Race agnicula, b'. Upperside hind wing: dorsal margin paler brown irrorated with golden scales .... J”. egea, race inter- posita, p. 374. 376. Vanessa cardui, Zinn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 475; Moore (Pyrameis), Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 50, pl. 27, figs. 1, La; de N. (Pyrameis) Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 227; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 105, pl. 320, figs. 2, 2a, 2b, dQ. 3 2. Upperside fore wing: interspace 1 and extreme base of wing dusky black, irrorated with golden scales ; apical half of wing and termen dusky black ; discal and median area of wing ochraceous orange, with the following black markings: an irregular oblique } band consisting of two detached spots across middle of cell, a patch in base of interspace 2 and a curved transverse bar across interspace 1; on the black apical area an obliquely placed series of three quadrate white spots from costa, followed by a curved transverse series of four white spots, and on the broad dusky-black terminal margin an obscure transverse series of pale slender lunular marks. Hind wing dusky brown, covered with long silky brown hairs at base; a large Vanessa cardui. spot beyond apex of cell; a broad trans- verse discal irregular band and _ the termen ochraceous orange; the ochraceous discal band does not extend to the costa and bears a round black spot in each of the interspaces 2 to 6; on the termen there is an inner transverse series of black lunules and an outer series of black spots at the apices of the veins. Underside fore wing: cell and discal area from vein | irregularly to vein 4 ochraceous orange, rest of wing ereyish brown; base of cell red, apical portion white; black marking in and below cell much as on the upperside; beyond the cell the white markings on the apical area and on the termen as on the upperside. Hind wing mottled with olive-brown and ochra- ceous, the olive-brown markings with slender white margins; a postdiscal transverse series of ocelli in interspaces 2 to 6, those in interspaces 3 and 4 with blue, the rest with black centres; all with inner rings of ochraceous and outer rings of black; a series of black subterminal lunules and terminal black spots as on the 366 NYMPHALIDA, upperside, but not so distinct. Antenne brown, ochraceous yellow at apex; head, thorax and abdomen with ochraceous pubescence, the thorax beneath the pubescence metallic green; on the underside, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous white. Exp. 6 2 58-68 mm. (2°2-2°7"). Hab. The “ Painted Lady ” is distributed over the whole world. It occurs in and is recorded from all parts of India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma and Tenasserim ; more plentifully in the hills and often sporadically in certain districts. Larva. ‘* Blackish brown, with a longitudinal pale interrupted line on each side, the segments armed with short branched spines. Feeds on Artemisia.” (Moore.) Pupa. ‘‘ Tuberculate ; head bluntly cleft, pale ochreous or brown, more or less spotted with yellow.” (Moore.) Mr. E. H. Aitken records the larva as feeding on different species of Blumea (fide de Macéville, t. ¢.). 377. Vanessa indica, Pl. VI, fig. 39, Herbst (Papilio atalanta indica), Natursyst. Schmett. vii, 1794, p. 171, pl. 180, Hee 126 Moore (Pyrameis), Lep. Ceyl. 1, ‘1881, p- 50, pl. 27, fig. 2 de N. (Pyrameis) Batt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 2 299, pl. 18, fic. 74 OF ‘Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 103; pl. 330, fies. He le, 16, 6 23 36 2. Resembles V. cardwi, but the ground-colour is darker both on the upper and under sides, and the orange markings deeper and richer in tint. Differs also as follows :—Upperside fore wing: the ochraceous orange-red on disc and across cell proportionately of less extent, and uniform, not getting paler towards apex of cell; the upper four spots of the preapical trans- verse series on the black apical area minute. Hind wing: the postdiscal transverse band much narrower and shorter, not extending below vein 1, margined inwardly by a series of broad black subcrescentic marks ; the tornal angle with a small patch of violet scales bordered inwardly by a short black transverse line. Underside very much darker than in V. card, the orange-red on dise and in cell of fore wing restricted as on the upperside; three small transversely placed blue spots beyond the cell. Hind wing: the mottling comparatively very dark, purplish black, with slender white margins, shaded on dise with rich dark olive-brown ; the postdiscal series ef ocelli dark and somewhat obscure ; an inner subterminal transverse series of blue, and an outer very much slenderer transverse series of black lunules. Cilia of both fore and hind wings white, alternated with brown. Antenne black, tipped with pale ochraceous ; head, thorax and abdomen with dark olive- brown pubescence ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous brown. Lap. & 2 58-70 mm. (2° 32°75"). Hab. Throughout our limits, in the hills above 2000 feet ; only VANESSA. 867 sporadically taken in the plains, more common in the higher hills at elevations above 4000 feet. This form extends to Southern Europe and the Canaries, and eastwards to China, Japan and the Malay Peninsula. 378. Vanessa cashmirensis, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv, pt. 2, 1844, p. 442, pl. 11, figs. 3,4; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 233; Moore (Aglais), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 87, pl. 316, figs. 8, 3a, dQ. 3 2. Upperside fore wing: basal half of costa and the termen pale brown, the former flecked with pale yellow, the latter bordered inwardly by a narrow darker brown band bearing a series of black lunules ; outwardly traversed by sinuous slender subterminal and more slender terminal black lines; base of wing and the greater part of interspace 1 @ and of 1 posteriorly brown, irrorated with golden scales, the rest of the wing anteriorly yellow, posteriorly and at base of cell red, with the following black markings: a broad band across the cell, another broader short band beyond, touching the discocellulars, not extending below vein 4, and a third not extending below vein 5, with a white patch beyond before apex, all three short bands rounded posteriorly ; on the disc there is a large oval black spot, followed by a yellow patch in interspace 1, and above it smaller black spots in interspaces 2 and 3. Hind wing: basal half dusky brown, covered posteriorly with long brown hairs ; anteriorly beyond the bases of veins 5, 6 and 7 black, followed by a broad red band anteriorly turning to yellow ; a broad terminal brown band, traversed by a series of black- bordered blue lunules, and beyond them by very slender inner and outer black sinuous lines. Underside brown, with closely-set transverse short black strie ; basal half of wings clouded with dark purplish brown, the outer margin of the dark portion defined by a highly sinuous jet-black transverse line, most distinct on the hind wing, and also crossed, nearer the base of the wings, by two or three similar, much interrupted lines ; terminal half of the wines paler, with two dark irregular patches below costa of fore wing ; finally a sinuous transverse subterminal narrow dark blue band across both fore and hind wings, bordered on both sides by slender black lines, widening into spots on the veins of the fore wing. This band is more distinct in the 9 than in the g. Antenne dark brown, minutely ringed with white; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown above and below. Exp. S$ 2 52-62 mm. (2:05-2°43"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim at elevations of 2000 to 18,000 feet. The two forms next described are very closely allied to but distinguishable from V. cashmirensis ; both occur at high elevations in the Himalayas. 368 NYMPHALID&. 379. Vanessa rizana, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 559; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 284; Moore (Aglais), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 89, ploki anes ang ey 3 @. “Markings and colours disposed as in V. kashmirensis, but more sharply defined and the colours much brighter” (Moore). Upperside fore wing: the black spot on the dise in interspace 1 not oval, quadrate, the two spots above it also quadrate, placed on a transverse broad yellow band which crosses the wing in continuation of the intervening yellow space between the short broad black band beyond the discocellulars and the preapical similar band. Hind wing: the dusky black on the basal area more extensive, covering about two-thirds of the wing and produced to the tornus, its outer margin very sinuous, bordered outwardly by a narrow sinuous band of bright yellow. Both fore and hind wings with a comparatively broad terminal border, dusky brown, traversed by a series of triangular black spots centred with blue, that are outwardly margined by a more or less continuous obscure pale line. ‘ Underside much darker than in kashmirensis, markings similar.” (Moore.) Exp. 3 Q 47-52 mm. (1:85-2-05"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikhim at high ele- vations ; not recorded from below 10,000 feet. 380. Vanessa ladakensis, Moore, A. M. N. . (5) i, 1878, p. 227 ; zd. Yarkand Exped., Lep. 1879, p. 2, pl. 1, fig. 2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 234; Moore (Aglais), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 90, pl. 317, figs. 2,24, 5 Q. é 9. Differs from V. cashmirensis as follows :—Fore wing: termen convex, not faicate, not produced between veins 5 and 6. Upperside: colours and markings similar to and disposed as in V. rizana; but the lower blackish discal spot or patch in fore wing much broader, extended to the median vein joining the transverse band across the cell, joined also by a triangular patch at base of interspace 3 to the short band beyond the discocellulars ; two small rounded spots in interspaces 2 and 3 respectively placed on a yellew band, as in V. rizana. Hind wing with the sub- terminal series of conical black spots larger, each centred with a large spot of blue. Underside much paler than in either V. cash- mirensis or V. rizana, not so thickly studded with dark transverse short striz. Fore wing: the cell with an ochraceous subbasal and a whitish median transverse broad band; beyond apex of cell a curved, broad, whitish, irregular postdiscal band from costa to dorsum, and a short oblique preapical whitish mark. Hind wing: basal two-thirds dusky brown, outwardly margined by a sinuous jet-black line ; both fore and hind wings with the transverse series of triangular dark marks of the upperside showing through. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in V,. cashmirensis. Exp. 3 2 46-53 mm. (1°8-2-1"). Hab. The Northern Himalayan ranges, Ladak; Chitral; W. Tibet ; Nilang Pass beyond Mussooree ; Sikhim, Chumbi Valley. VANESSA. 369 381. Vanessa vau-album, Denis § Schieffermiiller (Papilio), Wien. Verz. 1776, p. 176; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 286; Moore (Polygonia), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 96, pl. 317, figs. 3,34, 3. 3 2. Upperside dark fulvous; base of wings suffused with brown, extending on the hind wing along dorsum towards tornus. Fore wing: two confluent spots across the cell, a short broad band beyond tbe discocellulars, another similar, more oblique, slightly sinuous band, followed by a narrow sinuous transverse postdiscal band, margined inwardly by a row of pale yellow spots, and finally twoinner and three outer comparatively large discal spots, all black. The apex of the cell and the subcostal space between the two short broad black bands a paler yellow than the ground- colour; a narrow transverse white preapical spot on the inner side of the postdiscal band; the terminal margin beyond the latter dusky black, traversed by a darker sinuous line. Hind wing: two short transverse broad black bands from costa, not extending below interspace 4, the outer band diffuse posteriorly, the space between ‘the two bands white from costa to vein 6 ; a postdiscal transverse incomplete series of pale yellow spots followed by a narrow black band, outwardly sharply defined by a pale yellow line ; the terminal margin beyond this pale brown, traversed by an obscure subterminal dark line. Underside pale brown, irrorated with transverse dark brown striz; basal half of wings darker brown, the outer margin of this colour sharply defined and on the hind wing margined by a slender black ine. Fore wing: anterior half of cell pale ochra- ceous, with three elongate oval dark spots, the terminal margin between veins 1 and 5 dark brown, traversed by a slender obscure pale line, inwardly bordered by a narrow blue band, defined on either side by dark lines. Hind wing with a very conspicuous white L-shaped mark at apex of cell ; a subterminal narrow brown sinuous transverse band, blue in the middle; the terminal margin narrowly but evenly of a darker brown than the ground-colour. Fore and hind wings crossed by a transverse postdiscal line of small black dots in the interspaces. ‘Exp. 3 2 64-71 mm. (2°51-2°79"). Hab. A Palearctic form recorded within our limits from Kashmir and Chitral. 382. Vanessa xanthomelena, Denis § Schieffermiiller (Papilio), Wien. Verz. 1776, p. 176; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 235, pl. 18, fiz. 73 ¢; Moore (Eugonia), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 89, pl: SiG; figs. 2) 2a, oD. 3 Q. Upperside rich orange-yellow. Fore wing: costal margin dusky black on the basal half flecked with brown; two oval black spots in cell, a quadrate subcostal black patch just beyond the discocellulars, a second more obligue irregular black patch beyond this, and three large oval discal black spots, with a smaller dusky patch beyond the lowest spot. Hind wing uniform, with a large subcostal black patch. Fore and hind wings with a common Ola i 2B 370 NYMPHALID &, sinuous transverse subterminal black band, and a terminal dusky band flecked with golden brown; the black subterminal band on the hind wing with an outer border of blue lunules margined outwardly by a slender black line; the fore wing just below the costa, between the black patches beyond the cell and between the outer black patch and subterminal band, prominently pale yellow. Inthe 2 an incomplete series of yellow lunules also borders the subterminal black band on the outer side. Underside dull ochraceous brown, the basal half of both fore and hind wings and a broad terminal margin darker brown ; the wings entirely and thickly covered with slender transverse dark brown striz ; irregular cell-marks on the fore wing and a transverse highly sinuous subterminal band of dark blue lunules on both wings; these lunules defined by slender black lines on both sides. Bases of the wings with a clothing of long stiff black hairs, which are blunt at their apices, and on the fore wing extend along the basal half of the costal margin, pro- jecting outwards beyond it. Antenne, head and thorax very dark brown, abdomen fulvous ; beneath very hairy ; palpi, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the abdomen towards the apex paler. Exp. 3 Q 63-68 mm. (2°49-2:7"). Hab. E. Europe: the Himalayas from Kashmir to Mussooree ; China and Japan. “ Larva. Cylindrical, shghtly hairy. Head subquadrate, vertex sharply indented in front, shghtly hairy, front and cheeks with several small pointed tubercles. Third to last segments armed with a dorsal row of short spines, and three lateral rows of long rigid branched spines. Colour dark purpurescent-brown, almost black, palest beneath ; with two dorsal slender yellowish macular lines, and a single similar lateral line, the subdorsal and sublateral areas longitudinally speckled with numerous irregular-shaped yellow dots. Spines black; head black. Reared on willow.” (Moore.) 383. Vanessa antiopa, Linneus (Papilio), Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p- 476; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 232; Moore (Kuvanessa), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 88, pl. 316, figs. 1, la, go. 3 2. Upperside rich dark maroon-red ; costal margin of fore wing broadly black, flecked with rich creamy-white on basal half and with two short broad cream-ccloured oblique bands on the apical half; the terminal margins of the maroon ground-colour on both fore and hind wings darkening into a comparatively broad black postdiseal band with a row of superposed spots, deep blue in the female, violet-blue in the male; the outer margin of the black band on the fore wing sinuous, on the hind wing evenly rounded ; terminal margins of wings very broadly creamy-white flecked with minute black dots somewhat closely on the anterior half of the margin of the fore wing, thus forming a distinct slender black border; dorsal margin of the hind wings broadly dull blackish brown. Underside rich purpurescent black, densely set with short slender VANESSA. orl jet-black striz ; the short oblique subcostal cream-coloured oblique bands on the fore wing and the broad cream-coloured terminal margins of both fore and hind wings much as on the upperside but sprinkled with minute black dots; the short oblique bands much narrower than on the upperside ; small cream-coloured spots also at the apices of the cells in both wings ; finally, numerous stiff black hairs extend along the basal half of the costal margin of the fore wing and project prominently beyond it. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen very dark brownish black above and beneath; the antennz ochraceous at apex; the palpi, thorax and base of the abdomen beneath very hairy. Exp. 3 2 74-80 mm. (2:91-3:17"). Hab. Within our limits the “Camberwell Beauty ” has been taken only in the Chumbi Valley east of Sikhim and in Bhutan. It occurs in Europe, Central Asia, China and Japan. _ 384. Vanessa canace, Johanssen (Papilio), Centur. Ins. 1763, p. 23; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 231; Hampson, J. A. S. B. 1888, pt. 2, p. 355; Moore (Kaniska), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 92, pl sloy nes, 1 la, 2. Race haronica (PI. VI, fig. 40). Vanessa haronica, Moore, P. Z.S. 1879, p. 157; zd. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 49, pl. 25, figs. 2,2 a, 5, larva & pupa; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 232; Moore (Kaniska), Lep. Ind.iv, 1899-1900, p. 94, pl. 315, figs. 2, 2 a, 26, larva & pupa, JQ. 3 2. Upperside deep indigo-blue black; a postdiscal slightly sinuous blue band crossing both fore and hind wings, on the fore wing commencing immediately below a preapical white spot just beneath the costa and broadening gradually to the dorsum, on the hind wing broadening from the costa and extending to veinl. On the fore wing this band is crossed by the black veins, the portion in each interspace, except in 1 a@ and 1, rounded interiorly ; ante- riorly beyond the cell a short bread obliquely-placed bar joins the band almost to the costa. Onthe hind wing this band is traversed along its outer margin by a series of small black dots. On both wings there are some transverse, more or less broken, subterminal and terminal linear blue marks, more clearly defined and more continuous on the hind wing. In the @ the postdiscal band is broader than in the ¢. Underside brownish black, covered thickly with short transverse jet-black strize; the basal halves of the wings defined outwardly by a highly sinuous, somewhat broken, jet-black broad line; some similarly coloured transverse short broad marks in and below cell of fore wing; apex of fore wing broadly pale brown, that colour continued as a very broad irregular discal band to the dorsum; touched at the costa and outwardly near the tornus with greyish white; beyond this band a curved postdiscal sinuous series of jet-black lunules followed by a black subterminal ill-defined line, both the latter commencing at the faleate angle of the termen and extending to the tornus. Hind 2B 2 oie NYMPHALIDA. wing with a white spot at apex of cell and a continuation of the pale discal band of the fore wing, but far less prominent, much narrower and sinuous ; beyond this the terminal half of the wing dull biack, the transverse short strie very sparse, but with a transverse postdiscal series of minute black dots as on the upper- side. Antenne black, flecked with minute ochraceous dots ; head and thorax dark blue ; abdomen dull black; beneath, the palpi and thorax with slightly bluish long hairs, the abdomen black flecked with white. Hep. $ 2 61-75 mm. (2°4-2°95"). Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir to Sikhim ; Southern India, the Nilgiris, Mysore and Travancore; the hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim above 3000 ft. Larva, ‘“‘ Segments alternately orange and white, with numerous black spots on the orange segments and black streaks on the white ; seven white, branching, black-tipped spines on each orange segment.” (G. F. Hampson.) Pupa. “ Variegated reddish brown, with frontal gold and silver spots ; head produced and bifid.” (G. #. Hampson.) Race haronica, Moore.— ¢ 2. Closely resembles the typical form, but on the upperside the ground-colour at the bases of the wings is sometimes suffused with green, the transverse broad blue band is discal not postdiscal, and anteriorly is continuous with the broad short oblique bar beyond the cell, not commencing as in canace below the preapical white spot. On the hind wing the band is without the series of black dots, but beyond it there is a trans- verse postdiscal row of small blue spots. Underside as in canace, but the ground-colour paler. Exp. & 2 slightly greater than in the typical form. Hab. The hills of Ceylon. Larva. “ Light red; spotted with black, the segments divided by blackish and purple lines ; ; anal segment slightly humped ; segments armed with eight longitudinal rows of yellow branched spines ; head and legs black. Feeds on Smilax.” (Moore.) Pupa. ‘“‘ Reddish brown; abdominal segment with two dorsal rows of small reddish pointed tubercles ; thorax angular ; head- piece produced and bifid.” (Jfoore.) 385. Vanessa c-album, Zinn. (Papilio) Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 477 ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 287; nee: (Polyg -onia), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 97, pl. 318, figs. 2, 2a-2e, SQ. Polygonia cognata, Moor 2, Lep. ia ‘iv, 1899- 1900, p. 98, pl. 319, fies. 1, l a— 1d, GQ Race agnicula. Grapta agnicula, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 559 (¢ only); Moore (Polygonia), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899- 1900, i 99, pl. 319, figs. 2, 2a— 2¢ rai OF. Wenteeral c-album, var. tibetana, Elwes, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1888, p. 363, pl. 10, fig. 1 Wet-scason form — 6. Upperside deep fulvous. Fore wing VANESSA. ole with the following black markings: two spots transversely across middle of cell, three spots placed in an oblique line in interspaces 1, 2 and 3 respectively, and a short band beyond the discocellulars not descending below vein 4; a very dark chestnut similar short preapical band ; a postdiscal, somewhat obscure, transverse series of pale yellow spots ; and a broad dark chestnut terminal band, irrorated along the outer margin with grey scales; the costa between the short discocellular and preapical bands paler than the sround-colour. Hind wing: the costal margin above cell and above vein 7, the termen broadly and the dorsal margin below the cell and vein Z dusky brown, the latter covered with long hairs and irrorated with grey scales; a spot at base of interspace 3; a transverse spot across bases of interspaces 4 and 45, and a larger spot near base of interspace 6, black; terminal margin traversed by a row of small pale yellow spots and outwardly irrorated with erey scales. Underside: brownish-grey variegated with dark - brown and irrorated with numerous transverse slender dark strie. Fore wing: a dark, short, linear and a similar transverse zigzag mark in cell; beyond the cell a transverse outwardly produced or angulated dark irregular discal band, followed on the posterior portion of the wing by a mottled-grey subtriangular area; a transverse obscure series of greenish ocelli and a series of greenish lunules ; a dark terminal band between veins 1 and 6; the costal margin above vein 7 grey, the apex clouded darker. Hind wing: cellular transverse markings, the markings along the dorsum, and a transverse discal irregular band darker than the ground- colour, the last outwardly margined by an interrupted black line and crossed, just beyond lower apex of cell, by a snow-white C-shaped mark ; beyond this, a postdiscal row of obscure greenish ocelli, the ocellus in interspace 6 surrounded by a diffuse brown spot, and a subterminal series of obscure black-margined greenish lunules. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown: beneath, the abdomen slightly paler.— 2. Upperside similar. Underside more uniform brown, not so mottled; the greenish ocelli and lunules still more obscure; the C-shaped mark beyond apex of cell less clearly defined, forming only a short, curved, slender line. Dry-season form.— S 2. Similar to the wet-season form, but paler fulvous above and paler brownish grey below; the black markings above similar, smaller. Exp. & 9 56-60 mm. (2:2-2°37). Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir to Kumaun. The larva and pupa, so far as I know, have not yet been found in India. Var. cognata, Moore, differs as follows:— ¢ 2. Upperside: the two medial cellular black spots connate, an obscure spot at base of interspace 2; the terminal dark brown margin of the hind wing less broad, the pale yellow spot traversing it larger, trans- verse, almost lunular. Underside: the postdiscal transverse series of obscure ocelli and lunules pink not greenish. 374 : NYMPHALID2. Race agnicula, Moore, differs from the typical form as follows :-— 3 2. Upperside: ground-colour a deeper richer fulvous, terminal margins of both fore and hind wings jet-black, the black much narrower on the hind wing ; the inner margin more sharply defined and without the border of yellow spots, the irroration of grey scales along their outer margin less conspicuous. Underside: ground- colour brown, more uniform in both sexes; the transverse series of ocelli more conspicuous, the ocelli smaller, the series of lunules very obscure. Exp. 3 2 58-62 mm. (2°3-2°43"). Hab. Recorded from Eastern Kumaun, Nepal and the Chumbi Valley east of Sikhim. 386. Vanessa egea, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Evot. i, 1775, pl. 78, hese C5 1); Race interposita. Vanessa egea, de N. (nec Cramer) Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 237. Vanessa c-album, var. interposita, Staudinger, Stett. ent. Zeit. 1881, p- 286; Moore (Polygonia), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 100, OA willis wie, WS Wa, ey S22 Race interposita, Staudinger.— <3 2. Closely resembles V. c-album, Linn., but differs as follows :—Upperside: ground-colour paler fulvous, black markings much smaller, the terminal dusky black margin of both fore and hind wings much narrower ; the discal spots on fore wing variable in number, often reduced to only one in interspace 1; the spot at base of interspace 4 in hind wing wanting, the dorsal margin of the same wing fulvous brown, in certain lights golden. Underside pale ochraceous brown, the slender transverse strize not so short as in V. c-album, the basal area of both wings, from below the cell in the fore wing, dark, sharply defined on the outer side, the markings somewhat similar to those in V. c-album, but the white mark beyond cell of hind wing L-shaped not C-shaped: the greenish ocelli absent ; the ereenish lunules present. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown ; the palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath much paler. Eup. S$ Q 56-58 mm. (2°2-2°3"). Hab, Recorded within our limits from Chitral. From typical V. egea this race differs in the darker shade of both upper and under sides of the wings. Genus ARASCHNIA. Araschnia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 37; Leech, Butt. China, i, 1892, p. 267; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 108. Type, A. levana, Linn., from Europe. Range. Europe; Western Asia; Japan; China, extending to the hills of Assam ; Manipur; Northern Burma. 3 2. Fore wing: costa very slightly arched; apex broadly rounded ; termen concave in the middle ; tornus rounded ; dorsum straight ; cell slenderly closed ; upper discocellular minute, middle ARASCHNIA, ae concave, lower oblique; vein 3 from a little before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 9 and 10 from basal half of 7,11 free. Hind wing: costa nearly straight, strongly curved at base; termen slightly scalloped, strongly arched; tornus angulated; dorsum slightly arched ; cell open; vein 7 about four times as far from 8 as from 6 at base. Antenne about half length of fore wing; club well-marked, but long and gradual; palpi porrect, acutely pointed at apex ; third joint long ; eyes hairy. A single form, a local race of the Chinese Araschnia prorsoides, Blanchard, is recorded from the Naga Hills, in Assam. 337. Araschnia prorsoides, Blanchard (Vanessa), Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci, Ixxii, 1871, p. 810. Race doherty. Araschnia prorsoides, Elwes (nec Blanchard), P. Z. S. 1891, p. 285, pl. 27, fies. 0, 6, g 2. Araschnia dohertyi, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 108, pl. 320, figs. 3, 3a,36, dQ. Race dohertyi, Moore.— 3 9. Upperside dark brown: three or four very slender transverse white lines across cell of fore wing, the middle one continued across the base of the hind wing; a lunular white spot beyond apex of cell in fore wing, followed by an ochraceous small spot, an outwardly oblique series of two very slender, short, ochraceous subcostal lines, two larger white spots in interspaces 5 and 6 and a minute white spot in interspace 4; a short, broad, oblique, white, somewhat macular discal band, not extending beyond interspace 2, two detached white spots in con- tinuation of it above in interspaces 3 and 4, and above them three ochraceous preapical spots in interspaces 6, 7 and 8; beyond these there is a very incomplete subterminal line of broad, somewhat lunular, ochraceous transverse markings on fore wing; on the hind wing the discal band is continued transversely across the wing to vein 1 a, and the subterminal line of ochraceous lunnles to a little above the tornus; there is also a slender ochraceous postdiscal line on the posterior half of the wing. Underside beautifully variegated with bands and lines of chestnut-purple ochraceous, creamy white and black; the pale cream-coloured discal band as on the upperside. Fore wing: the basal half erossed by pale yellow-margined broad bands, the basal ochraceous, the outer two castaneous purplish posteriorly and with outer black lines ; the veins pale yellow; a pale yellow, short, oblique bar from costa beyond the cell with a purplish patch below it bearing two white spots, the apex and the termen medially creamy white ; an inner and an outer subterminal, sinuous, black line. Hind wing: basal area similarly banded; beyond the broad discal band is a sinuous, irregular, very narrow, transverse cream-white broad line followed by a medial purplish patch ; a postdiscal series of pale ochraceous lunules bordered by dark ochraceous, and subterminal and terminal black lines as on the fore wing. Antenne, head, 316 NYMPHALIDA. thorax and abdomen dark brownish black; palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath dusky pale brown. Exp. 3 9 51-54 mm. (2-2:15"). Hab, Manipur, the Naga Hills, 6000-8000 feet. A slightly divergent form. Differs from prorsoides in the white, not ochraceous discal band on the upperside of the wings and the more slender subterminai markings. Genus SYMBRENTHIA. Symbrenthia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 43; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 238; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 110. Type, S. hippoclus, Cramer, from Amboina. Range. Indo-Malayan Region, extending into China. 3 2. Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa regularly and widely arched ; apex blunt; termen entire, slightly concave in the middle ; tornus rounded; dorsum straight; cell closed, about half length of wing; upper discocellular minute, middle concave, about half length otf lower, lower oblique ; vein 3 from before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 8 and 9 from apical half of 7, 10 and 11 free. Hind wing pear-shaped, costa widely arched, apex rounded ; termen slightly scalloped, produced at apex of vein 4 into a short tail; tornus angular ; dorsum straight, slightly emarginate above tornus. Antenne longer than half length of fore wing; club rather broad but gradual; palpi broad in front, third joint short, conical; eyes hairy ; body comparatively robust. Key to the forms of Symbrenthia. A. Underside with ferruginous markings; without blacktesselationsie . ce 745) SC eee ant ie S. lucina, p: 376. B. Underside with black tesselations. a. Underside hind wing: subterminal lunules oe ay green. i’. Upperside fore wing: preapical oblique fulvous or yellow ‘irregular short band not extended to costal margin ........ S. hypselis, p. 378. b'. Upperside fore wing: preapical oblique fulvous or yellow irregular short band extended to costal margin. a*, Underside fore wing: discoidal streak Oghvaceous Orange a). ester ie cise &. brabira, p. 378. 6*, Underside fore wing : discoidal streak wioite-or pinkish white. cl. 02... 8 S. niphanda, p. 379. b. Underside hind wing: subterminal lunules metallic cermleau bluem Avis scene face selana, p. d80. 388. Symbrenthia lucina, Cramer (Papilio), Fap. Evot. iv, 1780, p-. 82, pl. 330, figs. E, F, 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, po (Lele 321, fies. i lel g, larva & pupa, 5 Q. Symbrenthia hippoclus, de Nicéville (nec Cramer), Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 240; ed. Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi, 1891, p. 354, pl. F, fic. 10 csr hientli khasiana, Moore, P. Z, S. 1874, p. 569 5 Q; de N. "Butt. Ind. il, 1886, p. 241. SYMBRENTHIA. By Wet-season form.—. Underside hind wing: subterminal lunular band distinct. a*, Upperside hind wing: spots in transverse discal series small; subterminal black band anteriorly more or less coalescent with black on terminal margin? (90) eo, C. bayadeta, p. 424. b®, Upperside hind wing: spots in transverse discal series very large ; subterminal black band ante- riorly not coalescent with black on terminal margin, separate CHLOUCHOUTT:: om ce pete. 4 Se ee C’. nicobarica, p. 425, 62, Underside hind wing: subterminal lunular band very obscure. a, Upperside ground-colour rich fulvous; OG with sex-marks of specialized scales on veins 5, 6 and 7 of fore wing; 9 expanse Over GO NaN! Foto. see erate C. thats, p. 421. C. aoris, p. 427. @ expanse under 65 mm....... C. surya, p. 424. 421. Cirrochroa fasciata, Felder (Atella), Ween. ent. Monats: iv, 1860, p. 286; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 119; Moore (Ducapa), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 209, pl. 363, figs. 3,3a-36,d2. — 3 2. Upperside fuliginous brown. Fore and hind wings with a broad, inwardly oblique, pale ochraceous band extending from interspace 3 on the fore wing to interspace 1 on the hind wing; a * One form (C. thais) is an exception. The males of this have sex-marks similar to those of C. fasciata ¢, but extending also along the apical portion of vein 7 on the upperside of the fore wing. CIRROCHROA. 421 short similarly coloured streak above it in interspace 5 on the fore wing; a transverse postdiscal series of pale ochraceous spots in the interspaces below 5 on the fore wing, complete on the hind wing; on the latter wing these are closely contiguous and mar- gined inwardly by a prominent series of black spots, extending on the fore wing only to interspace 1; an inner transverse sub- terminal series of pale ochraceous lunules, those on the fore wing transversely very short ; finally, an obscure outer subterminal pale Ime. Underside very pale greyish ochraceous, the markings as on the upperside but faint and blurred, except the transverse series of black spots, which are as prominent as on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen very pale ochraceous. Male sex-mark: veins 5 and 6 on the fore and veins 6 and 7 on the hind wing with a broad edging of pale specialized scales on each side, extending irom close to the bases of those veins nearly up to the postdiscal series of ochraceous spots. Exp. 3 Q 49-53 mm. (1:93-2°1"). Hab. Tenasserim; extending in the Malayan Subregion as far as the Philippines. 422. Cirrochroa flavo-brunnea, Grose-Smith (Paduca), A. M. N. H. (5) xx, 1887, p. 266; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 211, pl. 363, fie. 4g. 3. Closely resembles C. fasciata. Upperside differs as follows : ground-colour ochraceous, a very broad medial transverse area on both fore and hind wings much brighter ochraceous yellow, terminal margins of both wings dark brown. The darker basal area very sharply defined, on the fore wing angulated broadly outwards in interspace 4; the postdiscal transverse series of ochraceous spots so conspicuous in C. fasciata coalescing with the broad, bright ochraceous, transverse medial area noted above, but the transverse series of black spots and the subterminal markings as in C. fasciata. Underside similar to that in C. fascata but much yellower and paler. Male sex-mark as in C. fasciata. Exp. & 45 mm. (1°8"). Hab, Yenasserim. This, as Moore remarks, is probably only the dry-season form of C. fasciata ; but specimens seem to be very rare in collections, so that there is not enough material to judge from. The general appearance is strikingly different. 423. Cirrochroa thais, Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 64; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 63, pl. 32, figs. 2, 2a, 9; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 117; Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 273, larva & pupa; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 218, pl. 368, figs. 1, la-Lh, dQ. Cirrochroa lanka, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 557; 2d. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 63, pl. 32, figs.4,4.a, g; de N. Butt. Ind, 11, 1886, p. 116 ; 492 NYMPHALIDA. Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 220, pl. 369, figs. 1, la-1 f, larva & pupa, dQ. Cirrochroa swinhoei, Butler, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 604 9 ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 118. Cirrochroa cognata, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 64, pl. 52, figs. 3, 3b, S, larva & pupa; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 117. Cirrochroa relata, de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 116, 3 @. Wet-season form.— 3. Upperside rich tawny with the following black markings:—Fore wing: a narrow band along the disco- cellulars ; three transverse spotsin the interspaces beyond ; a spot at the base of interspace 3, short transverse slender lines in con- tinuation of it in interspaces 1 and 2; the three spots beyond the apex of cell in échelon forward of the last-mentioned three mark- ines ; a postdiscal transverse series of lunules inwardly diffuse in interspaces 5 and 6, obsclescent in interspace 1; the apex and | termen broadly black, the latter coalescing with an obscure sub- terminal transverse lunular line and enclosing a series of detached obscure lunules of the tawny ground-colour. Hind wing: the markings dusky black, very similar to those in the hind wing of C. mithila ; the white subcostal patch on the outer margin of the discal line as in that form, but more prominent, the costal margin beyond it to apex broadly fuliginous grey. Underside dark ochraceous tawny suffused with purplish; basal area with some short, transverse, slender dark lines, the discocellular transverse streak on the fore wing as on the uppersidé ; a prominent, trans- yerse, white discal band across both fore and hind wings, very broad at costa of fore wing, narrowing to the dorsum; similarly but not quite so broad at costa of hind wing and narrowing to the dorsum; its Inner margin sinuous, its outer margin straighter, both defined, but very obscurely, by dark lines; faint lunular markings beyond on the terminal half of both wings as in all the forms of the genus; the black spots in the transverse discal series on the hind wing very small. Antenne brown ; head and abdomen more or less fulvous tawny, thorax with bright pale green pubes- cence; beneath pale ochraceous. Sex-mark: the veins on the upperside of the disc of the fore wing black; veins 5, 6 and apical portion of 7 with very narrow short bands of specialized scales on each side; nosuch scales on the hind wing.— 2 . Upperside. similar, the black edging to the apex and along the termen conspicuously broader, as are all the dark markings; the special ¢ sex-marks of course absent. Underside similar; ground-colour paler, more ochraceous, not suffused with purplish, the markings similar to those in the 3, but the inner margin of the discal band more than sinuous, zigzag ; the band on the fore wing much attenuated at all the veins below vein 5, on the hind wing narrower than in the g. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the 6. Dry-season form.—Similar to the wet-season form, but on the upperside the ground-colour is a shade duller and paler, the markings very slightly more restricted and of a dusky black. On the underside the purplish suffusion is generally restricted to the CIRROCHROA. 423, terminal half of the wings in the ¢; the discal transverse band in both sexes is slightly broader, in the 2 sometimes margined outwardly with a very broad diffuse dusky-black shading in the interspaces. | Exp. & 2 62-75 mm. (2°48-2°98”). Hab. Southern India, Ceylon. After carefully examining long series of specimens from Southern India and Ceylon, I am quite unable to find any constant characters that would serve to distinguish C. lanka, Moore, from C. thais, Fabr. 424, Cirrochroa mithila, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 558 3; Anderson, Yunnan Exp. 1878, p. 924; de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1886, p. 114; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 215, pl. 366, figs. 1, 1 a—le, Cirrochroa rotundata, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. i, 1877, p. 543 6; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 114. Cirrochroa anjira, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 584; de N. Butt. Ind. | 11, 1886, p. 115; Moore, Lep. Ind, iv, 1899-1900, p. 216, pl. 367, firs. I, la-le, gO. 3 2. Closely allied to C. aoris, but in both sexes the apex of the fore wing is rounded, not truncate, the termen straighter, more erect, the wing not apically produced.— ¢. Upperside rich fulvous tawny, the basal area limited by the transverse discal black line, darker on both fore and hind wings than the discal and terminal portions of the wings. The black markings are similar to those in C. aoris, but differ as follows:—Fore wing: veins not black, concolorous with the ground-colour of the wing ; discal transverse black line not so sinuous; subterminal black zigzag line heavily marked, complete from apex to vein 1, black at apex more diffuse ; the terminal edging of black slightly more even in width. Hind wing: black markings absolutely identical with those on hind wing of C. aorts. Underside: ground-colour a darker, more uniform ochraceous than in C. aoris, slightly suffused with purple; the markings similar, but the transverse discal band of a much more even width on the fore wing ; there is a distinct shade on the middle of the terminal half of both fore and hind wings, darker than the rest of the ground-colour; the subterminal markings are slightly more distinct, and the fore wing is without the white apical patch so conspicuous in C. aoris. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in C. aorvs. @. Resembles the dry-season form of the 2 C. aoris, but in addition to the difference in the shape of the fore wing mentioned above, the ground-colour and markings differ as follows :—Upper- side: ground-colour a richer, brighter yellow. Fore wing: the black line defining the inner and outer margins of the broad bright yellow transverse discal band much less sinuous, less sharply defined; the subterminal lunular transverse line more clearly separated from the black edging to the terminal margin. Hind wing differs less, but the black line defining the inner margin of the discal band is less sinuous and less curved, terminating on 494 NYMPHALID#. the dorsal margin closer to the tornus than it does in C. aoris; the terminal markings are heavily defined and very distinct. Underside as in C. aoris, but the ground-colour slightly darker, the transverse discal band broader and, as in the ¢, of more even width ; all the markings more distinct. Exp. & 2 638-83 mm. (2°50-3°25”), Hab. Sikhim; Behar; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; the Andamans. Extends also through the Malayan Subregion to Java. Iam unable to separate the Andaman form (C. avira, Moore) from Tenasserim specimens of thisform. The next form (C. surya, Moore) is, 1 think, quite distinct though very closely allied to C. mithila ; the difference in certain characters is constant, and its range is restricted, coinciding, however, in part with that of the far more widely spread C. mithila. 425. Cirrochroa surya, Moore, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 827; de N. Butt. Ind. li, tees) Dp. at Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 217, pl. 367, figs. 2, 2a-2e, dQ. Closely resembles C. mithila, but the sexes are more alike, are constantly smaller, and have the apex of the fore wing produced, the termen consequently conspicuously more oblique.— ¢. Upper- side a brighter fulvous tawny than in C. mithila. Fore wing: a short narrow dusky-black band along the discocellulars; discal markings reduced to some irregular black transverse short lines beyond the cell; the edging of black on the apex and termen of the fore wing broad, extending diffusely to the subterminal trans- verse line. Hind wing: markings similar to those in C. mithila, but the transverse dark discal line much interrupted, straight or slightly curved, not sinuous. Underside: ground-colour as in C. mithila, the transverse discal band on fore wing comparatively broader anteriorly, narrower posteriorly ; the markings similar, but the tinge of purplish and the dark shading on the middle of the terminal area of both fore and hind wings entirely wanting. Antenne brown; head, thorax and abdomen brownish fulvous ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous.—Female resembles the ¢,, but on the upperside the ground-colour is slightly paler, the black edging to the apex and termen of the fore wing broader. Underside: discal band more prominent, margined out- wardly by a purplish dark line, inwardly by a slightly sinuous line of an ochraceous shade darker than that of the ground-colour. Eup. 3 2 49-63 mm. (1°95-2°5"). Hab. Recorded only from Tenasserim. 426. Cirrochroa bajadeta, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 150, pl. 3, figs. 3, 3a, larva & pupa; Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1888, p. 179, pL. LO igs 26 Ok Cirrochroa ravana, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. £. I. C.1, 1857, p. 150. CIRROCHROA. 495 3 2. Fore wing: apex produced but rounded, termen slightly concaye.— ¢. Upperside rich reddish fulvous; bases of wings lightly shaded with ochraceous brown ; basal halves of both fore and hind wings a shade darker than the terminal haives, the outer margin of this colour defined by an obscure outwardly-curved dark line crossing both wings. Tore wing: the usual short transverse discocellular dark streak; apex and termen jet-black, the edging very broad on the costal margin, decreasing in width to the dorsum, the black area on the apex encircling a very short obliquely- placed streak of the ground-colour. Hind wing: the usual white patch in interspace 7; discal row of transverse black spots and postdiscal transverse lunular black line; terminal margin somewhat broad, coalescing with the subterminal black transverse lunular line anteriorly, more or less distinct from it posteriorly. Underside ochraceous ; some transverse dark subbasal marks; fore and hind wings with an irregular transverse discal band, pale ochraceous on the fore, white on the hind wing; on the fore wing this band is broad on the costal margin, gradually narrows to the dorsum, and is defined on either side by dark diffuse ochraceous lines; on the hind wing it is attenuated below vein 6 to middle of interspace 4. Fore wing: a dusky fuliginous shade on apex and termen ; a preapical oblique short white streak; subterminal and terminal dark ochraceous lunular bands, their margins clearly defined. Hind wing: the usual discal series of small black spots, followed by dark ochraceous subterminal and terminal bands as on the fore wing. Antenne dark brown; head and abdomen fulvous ; thorax with greenish pubescence ; beneath, paipi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous.— 2. Upperside: basal halves of both fore and hind wings ochraceous brown, the outer margin of the colour crenulate; terminal halves pale yellow. Fore wing with the usual discocellular transverse short dark streak and black edging to the apex and termen as in the g. Hund wing: the discal transverse series of black spots, postdiscal, subterminal and terminal markings as in the ¢, but less clearly defined and somewhat diffuse. Underside: ground-colour of basal and terminal halves of wings as on the upperside, but much paler, the markings similar to those in the ¢. Exp. 3 Q 76-84 mm. (3:05-3'34"), Hab. 1 have received two males from Victoria Point in the extreme south of Tenasserim within our limits. Found from the Malay Peninsula to Java. 427, Cirrochroa nicobarica, W.-M. § de N. J. A. S. B. 1881, p. 231; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 112; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 221, pl. 370; figs. I, La-le, og 2. sg 9. Termen of fore slightly, of hind wing strongly scalloped, more strongly in the @ than in the ¢ ; apex of fore wing in both 426 NYMPHALID&. sexes slightly produced, broadly rounded.— 3. Upperside: a paler, somewhat duller tawny yel- low than in C. mithila, the bases of the wings slightly shaded with dusky oliva- ceous. ore wing: a short narrow dusky black band along the discocellulars ; the costal margin narrowly, the apex and termen very broadly, from about the upper third of the costa in a curved line af to near apex of vein 3, and Fig. 78.— Cirrockroa nicobarica, 3. 2 thence in a straighter line to the dorsal margin, opaque black, enclosing in the lower two or three interspaces very obscure lunules of the ground-colour. Hind wing: a straight slender discal black line from middle of costa to near apex of vein 1; a trans- verse series of large oval black spots in interspaces | to 3 and 6 to 73; avery much smaller black spot in interspace 4; postdiscal, subterminal and terminal narrow dull black sinuous bands: a short, transverse, narrow subcostal white bar borders on the inner side the discal black spot in interspace 7: beyond the spot the space between it and the postdiscal band and between the latter and subterminal band is conspicuously whitish. Underside pale ochraceous. Fore wing: discocellular narrow band and an oblique dark discal line very obscure; the black on the apex and termen, on the upperside, showing through as a dark shade, traversed subterminally by a very obscure series of whitish lunules. Hind wing: the markings as on the upperside, but the discal transverse line, postdiscal and subterminal bands, white not black ; the sub- terminal band very narrow, the postdiscal band very broad, the latter formed of a series of cone-shaped marks very narrowly bordered on the inner side with diffuse black; the terminal margin narrowly ochraceous.—Female similar. Upperside: ground- colour paler, the black on the apex and termen of the fore wing narrower, more restricted ; the black markings on the hind wing narrower. Underside: ground-colour much paler than in the d, the basal area darker than the rest and sharply defined, its outer margin angulated outwards on vein 2 of the fore wing ; markings almost identical with those in the 3, but on the hind wing the spot of the discal series in interspace 3 sometimes absent; the cone-shaped white markings composing the postdiscal white band more confluent and continuous. Antenne dusky black in the 4, ochraceous in the 2; head, thorax and abdomen fulvous ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous. Exp. 3 @ 48-70 mm. (1:9-2°75"),. Hab. The Nicobars. CIRROCHROA, AQT 428. Cirrochroa aoris, Doubleday, in Dblday., Westw. & Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. i, 1848, p. 157, pl. 21, fig. 2 9 ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 109; Moore Lep. ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 212, pl. 364, figs. 1, 1 a— Lee AB Cirrochiroa abnormis, Moore, J. A. S. B. 1884, p. 19; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 110; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 214, pl. 365, figs. 1, la, ¢. : Cirrochroa jiraria, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1888, p. 281. Race olivacea. Cirrochroa olivacea, de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 110, pl. 24, fig. 111 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 214, pl. 365, fies. 2,2a-2¢, 5 Q. Wet-season form.— ¢ . Upperside tawny, base of the wings shaded with olivaceous. Fore wing: atrans- verse, dusky, ohscure, short narrow band along the discocellulars ; a trans- verse dusky black sinuous discal line, terminating in an oblique short black streak at base of interspace 7 ; a trans- verse series of very obscure diffuse dark spots; apex broadly, termen narrowly black; from ‘the former is emitted downwards a subterminal slender zig- zag black line. Hind wing: a trans- verse dark discal sinuous line and series of black spots in continuation of those on the fore wing, the spots much more clearly defined; a post- 7 discal transverse series of slender Fig. 79. lunular dark markings, followed by an Cirrochroa aoris, 3 . inner and an outer dark subterminal line; the inner line lunular, the outer straight. The discal transverse line and postdiscal series of lunules each bordered by a prominent white subcostal spot. Underside ochraceous. Fore and hind wings with a common pinkish-white conspicuous transverse discal fascia, its inner margin highly sinuous, its outer straight, followed by a transverse series of spots as on the upperside; a common subterminal transverse lunular narrow band and a straight narrow border to the termen, the latter two of a darker ochraceous than the ground-colour. The basal area of both fore and hind wings with some dark ochraceous transverse sinuous short lines; the apex of the fore wing white ; the subterminal lunular line on the hind wing bordered inwardly and outwardly by obscure broad pinkish-white lunules. Antenne brown ; head, thorax and abdomen fulvous brown; beneath, the palpi white, the thorax and abdomen ochraceous.— 9. Upperside pale brown; fore and hind wings crossed transversely by a very broad white discal band, its inner and outer margins irregularly zigzag, but sharply defined ; anteriorly the band widens on the Colo 498 NYMPHALID”. costal margin of the fore wing and is medially traversed through- out its length by a narrower brown band bearing a transverse superposed row of spots similar to that in the ¢ ; the medial band and the spots well defined on the hind wing, somewhat diffuse on the fore wing; beyond the discal band is a transverse series of broad white lunular markings succeeded by a terminal brown band inwardly defined by a darker line. Underside a pale ochraceous drab; the discal band as in the ¢ but lilacine white, inwardly bordered by a highly sinuous pale brown narrow band; a transverse sinuous narrow subbasal pale brown band, and short transverse similar bands defining the apices of the cell-areas in both fore and hind wings; beyond the discal band the transverse series of spots and the subterminal and terminal markings similar to those in the ¢, but the latter very much paler. Antenne ochraceous brown ; head, thorax and abdomen brown, pale drab- white beneath. Dry-season form.— 3. Upperside ditters from that in the wet- season form in the greater or less obsolescence of the transverse black markings on both fore and hind wings. On the fore wing the black apex and terminal inargin and black subterminal zigzag line are the only markings clearly defined; on the hind wing the discal and subterminal transverse lines are more or less broken and ill-defined. Underside: ground-colour and markings similar to but paler than in the wet-season form.— 2. Upperside tawny golden yellow ; dark markings nearly as in the wet-season form, but the discal band and outer transverse lunular markings not white, of the same shade as the ground-colour of the wings. Underside very pale ochraceous, the markings of the upperside showing through by transparency ; the markings on the basal area of “the wings as in the wet-season form. Exp. 3 9 88-94 mm. (3°47-3°72"). Hab. Sikhim; Bhutan; Assam, the Khasi and Naga Hills ; Cachar. CO. abnormis, Moore, said to be from Darjiling, and of which the type, a male, is the only specimen on record, is, I think, a casual aberration of C. doris. Like C. aoris, it has the fore wing truncated at apex; it differs, however, on the upperside in the very heavily-marked transverse discal and subterminal lines cross- ing both fore and hind wings; the apex and termen of the fore wing are dusky black, not jet-black, and on the hind wing the discal spots are much smaller, the postdiscal series of lunules absent, and the inner subterminal transverse line not lunular. On the underside the type-specimen is dull dark ochraceous, and all the markings are more or less obsolescent. Race olivacea, de Nicéville.— 3. Upperside differs from the typical form as follows:—Fore wing, apex and termen more broadly black, the black on the latter extending to and coalescing with the subterminal zigzag line except in interspace 1, where CIRROCHROA.—ARGYNNIS., 499 the subterminal line is distinct. Hind wing much as in the dry-season specimens of doris, with the discal and subterminal markings also obsolescent. Underside similar to that in aoris, but the inner margin of the pale discal band crossing both fore and hind wings is nearly straight, not highly sinuous, and the outer margin is very sharply defined by a dark line; the apex of the fore wing is white, as in aoris, but the black on the apex and ou the termen on the upperside shows through as a dark, almost brownish terminal band.— 2. Upperside differs from the typicai form conspicuously in the broad white transverse discal band confined to the fore wing ; on the hind wing the space between the transverse black line limiting the basal area and the postdiscal series of slender lunular black markings is of the same shade as the ground-colour of the wing, except that the discal black line is anteriorly bordered on the outer side by a small white patch. On the fore wing, the inner margin of the white discal band is bordered by a broad black line, and the apex and termen, beyond its outer margin, are broadly dusky black. Underside purplish white ; the markings somewhat as in the <3, but the white discal band on the upperside of the fore wing shows through by trans- parency, and the discal band on the hind wing is pale blue; the dark line defining the band on the hind wing crosses also the fore wing and is prominent on both wings; the markings beyond the discal band on the hind wing are suffused with pale blue. Exp. 3 2 80-90 mm. (3°18-3°55"), Hab. Burma; Tenasserim. Genus ARGYNNIS. Dryas, Lubner, Tentamen, 1806 (no desc.) ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iw, 1899--1900, p. 228. Argynnis, Fabr. Illig. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 283; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 128; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 287. Acidalia, Miibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 31; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 250. Rathora et Boloria, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, pp. 241 & 243. Type, A. aglaia, Linn., from Europe. Range. Palearctic, Indo-Malayan, and Nearctic Regions. Within Indian limits, the Himalayas; Hills of Central and Southern India; Ceylon; Assam; Burma. Found also in China; Japan; Java to Australia. 3 9. Fore wing: costa widely arched ; apex rounded; termen straight, in a few forms somewhat falcate, in others slightly convex; tornus obtuse; dorsum straight; cell closed, a little less than half length of wing; veins 6 and 7 from a point, upper discocellular therefore wanting, middle and lower respectively concave, inclined obliquely inwards; vein 3 from well before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex; 10 and 11 free, from well before upper apex of cell, or 10 not free, 11 free. Hind wing: costa 430 NYMPHALID 2. bluntly angular at base, thence almost straight to apex; apex rounded; termen broadly arched, more or less scalloped ; tornus rounded ; cell slenderly closed; lower discocellular oblique ; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of celi; vein 7 closer to 6 than to 8 at base. Antenne about half length of fore wing; club short, broad, abrupt; palpi comparatively broad and thick, densely hairy, third joint attenuate, acute at apex ; eyes naked. In the ‘ Lepidoptera Indica,’ the rather extensive group of the Fritillaries, as the forms of Arg gyunis are popularly called, are arranged under a number of genera, but as the coloraticn of the whole group is so distinctive, and the venation so little varied, for the Indian forms at any rate this division does not seem necessary. . this work Argynnis includes all the forms found within our limits. Key to the forms of Argynnis. A. Fore wing: vein 10 out of subcostal. a. Underside hind wing: basal two-thirds or more dark green or shining metallic green, continuous, not broken up into patches or spots. a’, Underside hind wing with silvery mark- ings Close to base. a°*, Underside hind wing: silvery mark- ings arranged in detached spots. a°*, Underside hind wing without a transverse postdiscal series of ferru- ip. 432. GINOMUSIS POL ree Mew seeNs eitah resiale A. aglaia, race vitatha, b°. Underside hind wing with a trans- verse postdiscal series of ferruginous BOUS (tee ete cas eget eet ep lates ore te Ole A. jainadeva, p. 438. . Underside hind wing: silvery mark- ines arranged in transverse bands. Oe Upperside hind wing: terminal margin posteriorly not suffused with blue. a*, Underside hind wing: basal area crossed by three ‘short een euinehs jah cote etre ce . A. kamatla, p. 433. 6*. Underside hind wing : basal area crossed by one short silvery LOFTON aes AWM Ae a a pce a Sy Boe Sar A A. maia, p. 434, 4°, Upperside hind wing: terminal margin posteriorly broadly suttused hae blue. *, Upperside ground-colour rich fulvous ; blue suffusion on hind wing wery broad 0.00) tea. ke A. childreni, p. 485. 4. U pperside eround ~colour pale fulvous; blue suffusion on hind [p. 437. WING MALYOW AVES Veal sista oe ees Race sakontala, b’. Underside hind wing without silvery markings close to base-......-...-20% A, rudra, p. 437. - ARGYNNIS. 431 4. Underside hind wing: basal half brownish olive-green broken up into patches or large spots. a’. &. Upperside hind wing: subterminal line of lunules blue ou posterior half of wing. ©. Upperside fore wing with an oblique white conspicuous band ...... A. hyperbius, p. 438. b'. 3. Upperside hind wing: subterminal line of lunules tawny yellow throughout. ©. First form: upperside fore wing with an oblique white conspicuous band ; second form: upperside fore wing without oblique white band; similar COLOKAGIOM 10, fy sh = ceteris ae Bisa Race castets?, p. 440. c. Underside hind wing without a trace of green. a. Hind wing: tornus angulate ; underside [essea, p. 441. silvery spots comparatively large...... A, lathonia, race 6’. Hind wing: tornus rounded; underside silvery spots comparatively small .... A. gemmata, p. 442. B. Fore wing: vein 10 out of 7. _ a. Underside hind wing more or less strongly suffused with green. a’. Underside hind wing: green not ex- tending to terminal margin, latter MALO Ny GENTACEOUS Li: Cele sa os 5's A. clara, p. 443. b'. Underside hind wing: green extending up to terminal margin, no ochraceous CUS Ah aas Uelrlert Tse eytiety bakae oer Race manis, p. 444. 4. Underside hind wing with no trace of green. a’. Underside hind wing: terminal series of white or silvery spots elongate, oval. a>. These spots very narrow, not placed on a red terminal edging. Expanse 34- CSOSA AMER HAG.) sistent eee aemians minnles A, altissima, p. 445. b?. These spots shorter and broader, placed on a red terminal edging. Expanse |p. 446. SO— LONE prey an eles, yes re se Race mackinnoni, 6’. Underside hind wing: terminal series of white or silvery spots quadrate. G. eiind: wanorapexrounded:. 2% 1... . 4366 A. gerdont, p. 446. 6?. Hind wing apex angulated. a®. Upperside: ground-colour fulvous tawny, black markings compara- tively large. Expanse 88-42 mm.. A. pales, p. 447. 6°. Upperside: ground -colour bright fulvous, black markings compara- [p. 449 tively small. Expanse 49-51 mm.. Race generator, c’. Underside hind wing: terminal series of white or silvery spots conical or ' scutiform, pointed on the inner side..., A. hegemone, p. 449. 429. Argyunis aglaia, Linneus (Papilio), Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p- 465. Race vitatha. Argynnis vitatha, Moore, P. Z. S. 1874, p.568 ¢ ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 1386 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 239, pl. 37 4, figs. 2,24,26, § Q. 432 NYMPHALID 2, Race vitatha, Moore.— $. Upperside rich tawny yellow with the following black markings :—Fore wing: a medial, inwardly curved, broad, Joop-jike mark and a short transverse sinuous pre- apical broad line in cell, the latter not reaching the median vein ; a line along the discocellulars and a broad short irregular line almost coalescent with it beyond ; a zigzag discal series of spots twice angulated as in most forms of the genus; transverse post- discal and subterminal series of spots, with a short subcostal patch in interspace 6 on the inner side of the former and a terminal narrow band. The subterminal spots inwardly pointed, hastate, the terminal band inwardly dentate. Hind wing: a broad line along the lower discocellular, a discal sinuous narrow outwardly angulated band, a series of five postdiscal spots ; sub- terminal spots and terminal narrow bands as on the fore wing. Underside fore wing: ground-colour ochraceous tawny, fading to very pale yellow along the costal margin and on apex; black markings as on the upperside but less clearly defined, more or less obsolescent or turning to greenish on apex and along termen. Hind wing pale ochraceous yellow, the basal two-thirds suffused with pale green: the terminal margin also somewhat broadly pale green ; the following silvery markings on the green area : two transverse detached basal and three transverse detached medial spots; the middle spot of the latter in apex of cell; a disca], somewhat macular, transverse band angulated outwards in interspace 4, and a transverse series of broad subterminal lunules ; the silvery markings margined on one or both sides by slender black lines. Antenne dark brown, annulated with white below the club; head, thorax and abdomen brownish fulvous ; beneath, palpi and thorax pale greyish, abdomen ochraceous white.— @. Similar, with similar markings. Upperside: ground-colour typically paler, the irroration of dusky-black scales at the bases of the wings more extended, on the hind wing in some specimens reaching the terminal margin at apex of veins 1 and 2. Fore and hind wings: the terminal black band broader than in the 3, the subterminal series of dentate spots coalescing with it along the veins, the intervening prominent line of spots thus formed much paler than the ground-colour, almost white, but the tint on these is variable ; abdominal fold paler than in the ¢. Underside as in the ¢, the markings slightly broader, the apical area marked with green, the subterminal spots anteriorly conspicuously silvery. Exp. 3 2 56-78 mm. (2°2-3°1"). Hab. N. Kashmir, Gurais, Skoro-la, 15,000 ft. ; Chitral. This form so closely resembles 4. a glaia that in the ‘ Butterflies of India’ de Nicéville considered it quite sufficient to give a description of typical aglaia. Though very slightly differentiated, Indian specimens can always be discriminated by the comparatively smaller size of the black markings on the wings in the ¢, and in the 2 by the generally darker colouring. In both sexes also the subterminal series of spots on both fore and hind wings are as a rule inwardly more acutely pointed. Chitral specimens of ARGYNNIS. 433. the 2 seem to be always darker, and in my own and in the British Museum collections there are, from Chitral, a few very melanoid specimens of the 92, unlike any I have seen from other localities. In these the ground-colour and markings on the upperside are as in the ordinary form, but very strongly suffused with a dark purplish-black bloom that extends all over the wings : on the fore wing the costal margin beyond the discal band bears a white spot; the upper two spots of the postdiscal series have a small white spot on either side, the subterminal series of inwardly pointed spots on both fore and hind wings are margined on the outer side by a series of white spots, and the cilia are prominently white. 430. Argynnis jainadeva, Moore, Ent. Month. Mag. i, 1864, p. 131 ; td. Yarkand Miss., Lep. 1879, p.2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p- 135; Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 238, pl. 374, figs. 1, la-le, dQ 5 2. Closely resembles A. aglaca race vitatha, but the black markings on the upperside are broader as a rule than in that form. There is, however, considerable variation, probably seasonal or extremely local, and many specimens are much paler than typical forms, with the markings distinctly narrower and smaller. On the upperside both sexes can generally be distinguished from vitatha by the more rounded inner margins of the subterminal series of spots on both fore and hind wings; on the underside by the very prominent transverse series of silvery-centred dark ferruginous spots bordering the discal row of silvery spots on the hind wing. This is very distinctive, not a trace of such spots occurs in vitatha. Exp. S 2 60-68 mm. (2°35-2°68"). Hab. The Himalayas; Chitral to Kumaun above 9000 ft. The Chitral forms seem to run larger and darker. 431. Argynnis kamala, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 156 ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 184; Moore (Dryas), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 224, pl. 371, figs. 1,144,106, 6 Q. 3. Upperside golden yellow with black spots and markings as below ; basal area of the wings darkened by an irroration of olivaceous-brown scales. Fore wing: two short sinuous trans- verse lines across middle of cell, with an inverted N-shaped mark beyond; a somewhat zigzag series of large spots, angulated outwards in interspace 4 and inwards in interspace 2, followed by a short transverse subcostal streak in interspace 6, a trans- verse, slightly sinuous postdiscal and a straighter subterminal series of spots; a transverse narrow edging to the termen, the last traversed by a very slender interrupted line of the yellow eround-colour. Hind wing: base clothed with long soft yellow hair extending over the cell and along vein 1, a transverse short streak near apex of cell, another in the interspace below it ; VOL. I. QR 434 NYMPHALIDA. a sinuous discal line of transverse spots in interspaces 4 to 6, followed by a postdiscal series of smaller spots, a subterminal complete series of transverse spots and a narrow band on the terminal margin, the last traversed by an interrupted line of the yellow ground-colour as on the fore wing, only broader and more distinct. Underside fore wing pale ochraceous yellow, apex and postdiscal short subcostal streak in interspace 6 green, the black markings as on the upperside, but the postdiscal trans- verse series of spots reduced to two, the spots in the subterminal series blurred, the upper two white, the terminal black edging replaced by an inner and an outer very slender greenish line. Hind wing metallic green with silvery transverse fascize and spots as follows: a basal fascia from below precostal nervure to base of interspace 1, a subbasal fascia from costa to lower apex of cell, a series of small irregular discal spots, a postdiscal macular fascia from costa to dorsum, continued obscurely up the dorsal margin to base, and a subterminal similar fascia from costa to tornus, these silvery fascize and spots margined on one or on both sides by slender black lines; the space between the postdiscal and sub- terminal fasciz traversed by an obscure series of transverse dark spots outwardly bordered with yellow; the termen narrowly greenish yellow with an inner and an outer darker green slender transverse line parallel to the margin. Antenne dark brown ; head, thorax and abdomen fulvous, the head and thorax with a mixture of bright green pubescence; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous. Sex-mark: veins 1 and 2 on upperside of fore wing ridged and clothed with dark specialized scales.— 2. Upperside similar to that in the ¢, but the base and inter- space la on the fore wing shaded with greenish brown, the posterior three-fourths of the hind wing with a brighter green ; the ground-colour of the rest of the fore wing and of the hind wing anteriorly ochraceous; markings on both fore and hind Wings similar to those in the g but much broader; on the fore wing the spots of the discal series very large, continuous, formed into a zigzag band, the anterior two spots of the subterminal series white. Underside similar, the markings much broader. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the ¢. Exp. 3 2 64-68 mm. (2°53-2°7''). Hab. Western Himalayas ; Kashmir to Kumaun. 432. Argynnis maia, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Exot. i, 1775, pl. 25, figs. B, C, 2 ; Moore (Dryas), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 227. Papilio pandora, Denis § Schiff. Wien. Verz. 1776, p.176; de N. (Argynnis) Butt. Ind. 1, 1886, p. 133. 3. Upperside yellow suffused strongly with green over the base and posteriorly on the fore wing and over the whole of the hind wing; markings black. Fore wing: cell with two medial bands and a broader subapical short sinuous transverse one, the last impinging on a line along the inner side of the discocellulars ; a ARGYNNIS, 435 much broader sinuous short band beyond apex of cell, joined above to the discocellular line; a zigzag discal transverse band, attenuate posteriorly ; an inner and an outer postdiscal transverse series of spots, the anterior spots in the latter decreasing markedly in size, and a slender transverse subterminal line continued along the margin of the dorsum and broadened at the crossing of the veins along the termen. Hind wing: an obscure, transverse, short narrow bar near base of interspace 4; a zigzag, somewhat inter- rupted, transverse discal band; an inner and an outer postdiscal transverse series of spots, not extending beyond interspace 6; an elongate streak above them in interspace 7, and a subterminal transverse line broadening at the veins as on the fore wing, but not continued along the dorsum. Underside fore wing: basal half pale terracotta-red, costal margin broadly from base and the apex pale ochraceous, the costal margin and the outer portion of the apex suffused with green; the black markings as on the upperside - but smaller and ill-defined ; the zigzag discal band macular, the anterior spots of the two postdiscal series obsolete, the subterminal line entirely absent. Hind wing pale metallic green, with the following pale ochraceous transverse markings: a broad line across interspace 6 near base, continued along on the outer side of the discocellulars to the lower apex of cell; a discal broken sinuous line from above tornus to vein 8; a postdiscal series of five very small spots, and an obscure, slender, subterminal, broken, sinuous line. Antenne brown ; head and thorax green, abdomen brownish fulvescent ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen very pale ochraceous tinged with pale green. Sex-mark: a raised line of specialized scales from near base to middle, along veins 2 and 3 on the upperside of the fore wing.— 2 very similar. Upperside heavily suffnsed with green, the black markings conspicuously broader. Underside fore wing: the ground-colour on basal half slightly darker, the black markings on the fore and the ochraceous- white markings on the hind wing like those in the ¢, but much broader; those on the latter wing tinged with silvery blue in certain lights. Exp. & Q 78-92 mm. (3:1-3°62"). Hab. S.E. Germany; S. Europe; Western Asia. A _ single specimen from within our limits recorded as ‘“* probably taken near Gilgit.” 433. Argynnis childreni, Gray, Zool. Misc. i, 1831, p. 33; id. Lep. Ins. Nepal, 1846, p. 11, pl. 11, fig. ¢; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 182; Moore (Dryas), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 228, pl. 372, figss a hb) oo. Race sakontala. Argynnis sakontala, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschnur, iv, pt. 2, 1844, p. 439, pl. 12, 6 9; Moore (Dryas), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p- 229, pl. 372, figs. 2, 2a, 3d &. 3g. Upperside rich fulvous, with the following jet-biack 22 436 NYMPHALID®. markings :—Fore wing: cell with three transverse short bands, the outermost the broadest, a spot at bases of interspaces 4 and 5 respectively, along the middle and lower discocellulars ; a discal zigzag series of large spots, the upper three connate, forming a short oblique band from the middle of the costa, the series angulated outwards in interspace 4 and inwards in interspace 2 ; a postdiscal transverse sinuous series of rounded spots, a sub- terminal series of similar spots, and a transverse narrow ter- minal band broadening at the LER veins, traversed by a slender interrupted line of the fulvous eround-celour; cilia fulvous. Hind wing: a slight transverse black mark at apex of cell, a discal series of six transverse spots from costa to interspace 2, angulated outwards in interspace 4, a post- discal transverse series of five rounded spots, a subterminal com- plete series of similar spots, the posterior three or four crescentic, and a terminal narrow band; the posterior portion of the ter- minal area below vein 5 broadly and for a short distance narrowly Fig. 80. along the dorsum indigo-blue ; Argynnis childreni,3. 2. the black on the terminal mar- ein traversed by a very slender series of lunules, light blue up to interspace 4, dusky fulvous anteriorly ; cilia prominently white, interrupted by black at the apices of the veins. Underside: fore wing a beautiful terracotta- red ; black markings much as on the upperside; the costal margin above the subcostal vein pale yellow ; the apex broadly to vein 4 pale green, the space between the upper portion of the discal series of black spots and the inner margin of the green area yellow; a preapical broad silvery loop superposed on the green apical area across interspaces 5 to 7; the spots of the postdiscal series above interspace 4 and of the subterminal series green, the black edging to the terminal margin replaced by an inner and an outer slender interrupted black line. Hind wing rich metallic green, with transverse silvery black-margined broad fascize and lines as follow: a fascia along vein la, a basal fascia from costa to median vein, thence dividing and rejoiing Jower down, enclosing a small oval patch of the ground-colour, continued along vein 1, with short cross-streaks to vein 1 a, and lower to vein 2 ; a subbasal fascia from costa crossing the cell continued along vein 2; a slender line along the discocellulars crossing at the lower apex of cell to vein 2, a triangular spot at base of inter- space 3; a median short fascia from costa to vein 5; a discal broader straight fascia from costa to above tornus, thence curving ARG YNNIS. 437 upwards and continued more narrowly along the dorsal margin ; a postdiscal, transverse, slightly-curved lunular line ; a narrow continuous subterminal and a lunular terminal similar band, the two divided and the latter outwardly margined by a slender black line; finally, a velvety-black spot at tornus, with a diffuse bluish spot aboveit. Antenne brown ; head, thorax and abdomen rich fulvous ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous tinged slightly with green.—@Q similar. Upperside ground- colour slightly paler, the spots as a whole more rounded, the indigo-blue termina! patch on hind wing extending up to vein 5. Underside similar to that of the ¢. Male sex-mark as in A. kamala. Exp. 3 2 90-95 mm. (3°57-3°95"). Hab. Sikhim ; Nepal; the hills of Assam and Upper Burma ; extending to Western and Central China. Race sakontala, Kollar.—A slightly differentiated form from the western drier region of the Himalayas. Differs from childrene as follows:—d 2 smaller. Upperside ground-colour slightly duller fulvous, in the 2 paler than in childrent 2 , the indigo-blue terminal patch on the hind wing duller in both sexes, and not so broad as in the typical form. Underside similar, but the markings all narrower than in childrent. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen in both sexes, and the sex-mark in the ¢, as in childrenz, but vein 1 also ridged with specialized scales. Exp. & 2 82-84 mm. (3:25-3°32"). Hab. Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaun. 434. Argynnis rudra, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. £. I. C. i, 1857, p. 157 ; Anderson, Yunnan Evped. 1878, p. 924; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 152, pl. 18, fig. 75 ¢; Moore (Dryas), Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 226, pl. 371, figs. 2, 24,26, 3 Q. 3. Upperside rich ochraceous orange, with the following black spots and markings:—Fore wing: a broad loop and a short transverse band across cell, a broad line along the outer side of the discocellulars, a zigzag discal band of large spots, a postdiscal sinuous and a subterminal series of round spots, both anteriorly curved inwards, the spots in the subterminal series decreasing in size towards costal margin, the subcostal two spots elongate; finally, a narrow marginal line on the termen bordered inwardly by a row of spotson the veins. Hind wing: a transverse short streak along lower discocellular, a discal series of six spots from costa to inter- space 2, the spots in interspaces 3 and 4 shifted outwards out of line; a postdiscal slightly curved series of larger spots in inter- spaces 2 to 6; a complete subterminal series of spots, and the terminal margin with its inner border of spotsas in the fore wing, but broader. Underside: fore wing ochraceous, paler anteriorly, the apex broadly suffused with pale green, the markings, except the postdiscal and subterminal series of spots and terminal black 438 NYMPHALID. edging as on the upperside; of the postdiscal series the spots in interspaces 2 and 3 only present; of the subterminal series spots in interspaces 1, 2 and 3 present ; the rest of the spots of both series obsolescent, showing through only by transparency from the upperside ; the black edging to the termen absent, indicated only by an obscure slender dark line. Hind wing: basal area bright green, crossed by a comparatively broad basal ferruginous fascia from vein 1 to 8; followed by a short, very slender, sinuous ferruginous line from vein 5 to 8, a pale yellowish patch in interspace 6; a sinuous transverse silvery discal line, bordered irregularly by dusky diffuse ferruginous markings; postdiscal and subterminal transverse series of somewhat obscure green spots, the latter series superposed on a lilacine-white background, and a terminal broad edging of green with an outer dark line. Cilia, on fore and hind wings brownish. Antenne brown above, ochraceous red beneath ; head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous tawny; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous tinged with Bao, Sex-marks as in A. kamala, but placed on veins 1 and 2 of the fore wing.— 2. Upper and under sides as in the ¢, the basal area of the wings on the upperside broadly suttused w ith olivaceous brown. Exp. & 2 68-76 mm. (2°69-3"). Hab. The hills of Assam and Upper Burma. 435. Argynnis hyperbius (Pl. V, fig. 36), Johanssen (Papilio), Amen. Acad. vi, 1764, p. 408 9; Moore (Acidalia), Zep. Ind. iv, 1899- 1900, p. 282, pl. 378, figs. 1, 1 a, 14, 6 2. Papilio niphe, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xl, 1767, 1, pt. Lope meee Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 60, pl. 31, ‘figs. 2, 2.a,2b, 3 ©, larva. & pupa; de N. (Areynnis) Butt. Ind. ii. "1886, poke: Acidalia taprobana, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899- 1900, p: 237. Race castetsi (Pl. VI, fig. 42). Areynnis niphe, var. castetsi, Oberthir, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1889, p. 235. Acidalia castetsi, Moore, Lep. Ind. iv, 1899-1900, p. 236, pl. 373, fies. 2,2a, 3 2. 3. Upperside: fore wing rich orange-yellow, hind wing paler yellow, with the following bl cell with a basal short transverse streak, a medial broad oval loop. its outer margin sinuous; a broad transverse streak beyond cell not reaching the median nervure; a broad streak along the disco- cellulars ; a zigzag discal series of large spots, angulated out- wardly in interspace 4, inwardly in interspace 2, a minute spot at base of interspace 1 ; a somewhat diffuse large postdiscal spot below the costa in interspace 6; a postdiscal sinuous series of round spots, those in interspaces 1 and 4 very small; an inner complete subterminal sinuous series of round spots; an outer subterminal line, widening on the veins, and a terminal slender ARGYNNIS, 439 line. Hind wing: a basal, transverse, obscure narrow mark in cell, another above it in interspace 7, a transverse lunule across the middle of the cell; a smali spot outwardly bordering the lower discocellular ; a discal series of transverse spots from inter- spaces 1 to 7, sinuous posteriorly ; a postdiscal series of five spots in interspaces 2 to 6; a subterminal series of somewhat lunular spots; finally, a narrow band on termen traversed pos- teriorly by a series of blue, anteriorly by a series of ochraceous lunules. Underside fore wing pale terracotta-red, shading into ochraceous towards the apex, the apex broadly suffused with that colour ; markings as on the upperside, with the following excep- tions :—subcostal spot in interspace 6, upper two spots of post- discal series, upper four spots of the inner subterminal series, and the anterior portions of the outer subterminal and of the terminal line olivaceous brown; the upper two postdiscal spots centred with white, with a white spot on each side; the upper four spots of the subterminal series connate, forming a short curved band. Hind wing variegated with ochraceous, olivaceous-brown and silvery-white markings, the last for the most part narrowly margined on the outer side by short black lines; the veins prominently pale ochraceous; the medial silvery markings form a well-marked sinuous discal series, followed by a curved postdiscal series of five olivaceous round spots ; each spot and the olivaceous- brown quadrate patch near base of cell with a minute white central spot; a slender black subterminal line widening at the veins, as on the fore wing, followed by an ochraceous narrow lunular band and an outer slender black anticiliary line; the subterminal black line margined on the inner side by a series of slender white lunules, bordered inwardly by a series of broad olivaceous-brown markings in the interspaces. Antenne brown above, ochraceous red beneath ; bead, thorax and abdomen olivas- cent tawny ; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous. —®. Similar. Differs from the ¢ as follows :—Upperside: apical half of fore wing from about the middle of the costa obliquely to just above the tornus black, inwardly suffused with purple, crossed by a broad white band from costa to the sub- terminal series of black spots; four preapical white spots, the upper three bordering on each side and above a very obscure ocellus scarcely visible on the black background, an inner and an outer subterminal transverse series of slender white lunules. Underside : fore wing markings similar to those on the upperside, but the apex of the wing beyond the white oblique band ochraceous ereen. Hind wing as in the ¢, but the markings slightly broader. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the 6, the abdomen paler beneath. Exp. 3 Q 80-98 mm. (3°25-3:35"). Hab. The Himalayas, in the outer ranges from Campbellpur in the Punjab to Sikhim ; Oudh; Agra; Manbhum in Bengal ; Assam, the Khasi Hills; Upper Burma; extending to China and Formosa; Sumatra; Java. 440 NYMPHALID#. Larva. ‘“‘ Head and legs black; body black, this colour, however, obscured by orange-tawny markings. A broad orange- tawny dorsal stripe. Four straight horizontal simple black spines on head; spines on pectoral segments black; on abdominal segments pink tipped with black; on caudal segments pink faintly black-tipped.” Pupa. “Head and wing-cases pale Indian red; ten pale metallic spots on back ; abdomen dark pink; spines faintly black- tipped.” (A. Graham, fide de Nicéville.) Mr. de Nicéville adds : “The head ends in two well-separated blunt points; there are | a pair of spines anteriorly, another in the middle, and a third smallest pair posteriorly on the thorax, the latter being hunched and keeled, on the abdominal segments there are eight pairs of spines, the third anterior pair the largest.” (Butt. Ind. 11, p. 131.) Var. taprobana, Moore, is a slightly darker race from Ceyion, with markings similar in both sexes to those of hyperbius. Moore, however, states that taprobana is “ intermediate between the S. Indian form (castetsi) and typical hyperbius.” # dish Race gautama, p. 466. VOL. I. 20 466 : NYMPHALID A. 5. Upperside: crimson pubescence covering the whole of the thorax. |} e . . a. Upperside hind wing: tornal area not ochraceousivellow:: (0 eeu istics sou Race brahma, p. 467. 6’. Upperside hind wing: tornal area bright ; ochraceous vellow, (ors). 50.8 ce foe ue C. sudassana, p. 467. 451, Calinaga buddha, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i, 1857, p. 163, pl. da, fig. 5 g; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 143, pt.; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 45, pl. 390, figs. 1, la, 16, dQ. Race gautama. Calinaga gautama, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 46, pl. 390, figs. 2,2.a,¢-9: de N. Butt. Ind. i1, 1886, p. 143, pt., front plate fig. 122 3. Race brahma. Calinaga brahma, Butler, A. M. N. H. (5) xvi, 1885, p. 309; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 47, pl. 391, figs. 1, la, g Q. 3 2. Upperside fuliginous black ; the veins prominently black. Fore and hind wings with the following white markings, sometimes slightly tinged with cream-colour :— Fore wing: basal half of celi; a transverse spot at its apex; basal two-thirds of interspace 1 a small diffuse spot at bases of interspaces 4 and 5; a discal transverse series of elongate spots from interspace 2 to costa, becoming slender streaks in interspuces 9 and 10; and a postdiscal series of more rounded spots, mimute in interspaces 7 and 8. The elongate white mark in interspace 1 traversed by a slender black streak. Hind wing with the following similar white markings :—The dorsal margin broadly up to vein 1; the basal half of interspace 1; nearly the whole of the discoidal cell; spots at base of interspaces 4,5, 6 and 7; an upper discal transverse series of four elongate spots, and a postdiscal similar series of more rounded smaller spots. Underside: fore wing pale fuliginous . black; white markings as on the upperside, but larger, more diffuse. Hind wing: ground-colour ochraceous; white markings as on the upperside, but interspaces 1a and 1 strongly tinged with ochraceous; discal and postdiscal series of six, not four, spots each ; veins chestnut-brown. Antenne, head, thorax posteriorly | and abdomen black; pronotum and mesonotum anteriorly and on the sides with crimson pubescence; beneath, antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black. Exp. & 2 88-100 mm. (3°47-3:95"). Hab. N.W. Himalayas, Dalhousie, Kulu. Race gautama, Moore.—The Eastern race differs from buddha in the white markings being, as a rule, smaller and more restricted, but prominently by the brown not ochraceous ground-colour on the underside of the hind wing. ‘These differences seem constant. Exp. & 2 slightly greater than in the Western form. Hab. Sikhim. CALINAGA. A67 Race brahma, Butler, is the still darker form found in the high hills further east. It differs from buddha as follows :—Upperside: fore and hind wings, the white markings very much smaller and not pure white or cream-coloured, but irrorated slightly with fuliginous scales. Thorax entirely clothed with crimson pubes- cence. Underside: ground-colour of hind wing purplish or a sort of sepia-brown. Exp. & 2 94-110 mm. (3°67-4°35"). Hab. Recorded from the high hills between Manipur and Assam. 452. Calinaga sudassana, Melvill, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 121, pl. 7, figs. 1,2,¢; Watson, Mem. Manch. L. § P. Soc. 1889, pl. 4, figs. 2, 2a,d ; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 48, pl. 391, figs. 2, 24,3. 3. Upperside resembles C’. buddha, but the ground-colour is darker, the white markings more diffuse, those in the cell and interspace 1 of the fore wing thickly irrorated with fuliginous scales, the spots at bases of the interspaces beyond the apex of the cell in both fore and hind wings are diffusely produced up to the discal spots in those interspaces ; the discal and postdiscal series of spots are much asin C. buddha, but there are on the fore wing indications also of a terminal series of whitish spots. On the hind wing the disposition of the white markings is similar to that in C. buddha, but the posterior half of the dorsal margin and the tornus are suffused with bright ochraceous yellow. Underside fore wing: the white markings and spots as on the upperside, but more clearly defined and tinged with blue, the apex of the Fic. 83. wing very broadly and the terminal Calinaga sudassana, d. >. margin dull ochraceous purple. Hind wing entirely suffused with ochraceous purple, the white markings of the upperside faintly indicated except the upper discal series of four elongate spots and the postdiscal series of six rounded spots, which are tolerably distinct ; the ochraceous yellow on the tornal area showing through by transparency. Antenne, head and abdomen black, thorax entirely covered with crimson pubescence; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen dull black, the sides of the thorax with crimson pubescence. Exp. & 94-108 mm, (3°67-4-25"). Hab. Recorded from Siam, and the hills of Upper and Lower Burma. 22 468 NYMPHALIDA, Subfamily ACRAUIN A. Egg. Said by Mr. Doherty to be similar to that of the Danaine. Larva. Cylindrical, armed with branched spines, in the Indian orms in a series of six longitudinal rows; generally conspicuously coloured and of a disagreeable odour. 7 Pupa. *“‘Suspended perpendicularly ; long, slender, smooth ; two lateral angles on the thorax ; head quadrate.” (Davidson & Aitken.) Conspicuously coloured. Imago. Wing elongate, somewhat sparsely covered with scales (Indian forms) or more or less diaphanous (some African and Malayan forms); terminal margins always entire, never dentate, scalloped or caudate. Hind wing not channeled to receive the abdomen. Venation in the two Indian genera variable within certain limits, especially with regard to the origin of the branches of the subcostal nervure in both fore and bind wings; vein 1 not forked, none of the veins swollen at base. Antenne proportion- ately rather short, with two grooves on the underside; in the Indian forms more or less scaled dorsally but not on the ventral surface. ‘‘ On the not-scaled ventral area of each joint there are two deep impressions which become shallow towards the middle carina, so that the two more impressed portions are rather widely apart.” * Palpi cylindrical, more or less tumid and _ sparsely covered with hairs; third joint short. Eyes never hairy. Fore tarsi in ¢ with one to four joints, but always functionally imper- fect; in 2 perfect. This subfamily is chiefly African, and represented within our limits by only two genera with one form in each genus. The forms seem to be protected from insectivorous enemies in all stages. In the imago the slightest pressure causes the exudation of a yellow, disagreeable smelling, somewhat acrid fluid. Key to the Genera of the Acreine. a. Antenne with a gradually formed club; hind wing, veins 6 and 7 stalked well beyond upper APEMCOracell Neon. arases oh threes Genet one Enea PAREBA, p. 468. b, Antennz with a short abrupt club; hind wing, veins 6 and 7 not stalked, vein 7 given off before upper apex iolueellig Healiue bloga leo iene. 26 TELCHINIA, p. 470. Genus PAREBA. Acrea (sect. 5. Pareba), Doubleday, in Dbiday., Westw. § Hewitson, Gen. Di. Lep. 1, 1848, p. 142; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1888, p- 318; Moore, Lep. Ind. vy, 1901-1908, p. 80. Type, P. vesta, Fabr., from China. Range. The Lower Himalayas; Assam; Burma; extending to China and the Malayan Subregion. * Jordan, Nov. Zool. v, 1898, p. 387. PAREBA. 469 _ & @. Fore wing elongate ; costa straight, slightly arched along its apical third; apex rounded; termen very oblique; tornus rounded; dorsum straight; cell elongate, somewhat more than half the length of the wing; upper discocellular obsolete or very short, middle deeply concave, lower inclined very obliquely outwards; vein 3 from well before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex; origin of veins 6,10 and 11 variable, 6 sometimes from upper apex of cell, sometimes a little below it, 10 always out of 7 but at varying distance from upper apex of cell, 11 free or from upper apex of cell, 12 long, terminating on apical third of the costal margin. Hind wing elongate: costa sharply straight ; apex rounded ; termen strongly curved ; tornus rounded; dorsum straight, slightly convex towards base; cell long; vein 3 from before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex; 6 and 7 stalked, more or less well beyond upper apex of cell; 8 very long, straight, running parallel to costal margin, terminating at apex. Antenne a little less than half length of wing; club gradual, rounded at apex, slightly flattened; palpi short, cylindrical, sparsely hairy ; eyes naked.— 9. Last segment of abdomen, after impregnation, with a corneous appendage or pouch somewhat like that of Parnassws. 453. Pareba vesta, Fabr. (Papilio) Mant. Ins. ii, 1787, p. 14; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 318; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 31, pl. 387, fies. 1, 1 a-1f, larva & pupa, ¢ @. _ &. Upperside yellow. Fore wing: veins along the costal margin broadly and apical half of those along the terminal margin narrowly black ; a broad curved mark along the discocellulars, the apex and terminal margin more or less broadly also black, the last traversed bya series of spots of the ground-colour. Hind wing: apical half of the veins from 1a to 8, subterminal zigzag and Fig. 84.—Pareba vesta. 1. terminal slender lines, black, the subterminal line coalescing with the terminal along the veins. Underside: fore wing ground-colour yellow, getting paler towards apex, the veins conspicuously darker, the black discocellular mark showing through by transparency. Hind wing: ground-colour a delicate pinkish white, the veins conspicu- ously black ; a broad subterminal ochraceous lunular band margined 470 NYMPHALID A. on both inner and outer sides by black tines, and a terminal, slender black line continued along the dorsum. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen black, the thorax with a little ochraceous yellow pubescence anteriorly ; thorax and abdomen beneath black sparingly marked and spotted with very pale ochraceous.— 9. Upperside: ground-colour a paler duller ochraceous yellow than in the ¢, with similar but broader black markings. Under- side: ground-colour duller than in the g, the black markings showing through by transparency. Exp. 3 9 64-74 mm. (2°54-2°9"). Hab, The Himalayas, at 3000 or 4000 ft.; the hills of Assam ; Burma, Tenasserim ; extending to China. A variable insect both in the shades of ground-colour and in the markings. The above description is of the palest form. Other specimens have the ground-colour fulvous, with on the upperside additional black marks, such as a band along the costa at base of the fore wing, the apex and termen very broadly black, a black transverse mark across the cell, another oblique mark from costa beyond the apex of cell and black transverse marks on the disc; on the hind wing the black subterminal and terminal lines are sometimes very broad, and the ochraceous-red subterminal band of the underside shows through by transparency. Some female specimens have the ground-colour of the tore wing on the upper- side fuliginous, a broad streak at base of cell, a quadrate spot at its apex, a discal irregular series of elongate marks and a sub- terminal series of spots pale ochraceous. Hind wing: ground- colour pale ochraceous, with the usual subterminal and terminal markings rendered blurred and diffuse by a shading of fuliginous black over the terminal third of the wing. Larva. “ Elongated; head unarmed; segments armed with a subdorsal and a sublateral row of long, sharp-peinted, branched spines and a lateral row of shorter naked spines. Head reddish ochraceous, black-spotted, front with a white stripe; segments dark purplish violet, with longitudinal rows of short transverse white bars; spines ochreous with black tips; legs ochreous with black bands.” (Moore.) Pupa. “Suspended. Elongated narrow’; head with two short frontal points; thorax ccnvex and uneven; abdominal segments with a dorsal and two lateral rows of short tubercular points. Colour white, tubercles and streaks on wing-cases ochreous.” (Moore.) . Genus TELCHINIA. Telchinia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 1816, p. 27; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1, 1881, p. 65; M. § de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 319; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 35. Type, 7. viole, Fabr., from India. Range. Throughout peninsular India in the regions of heavy rainfall ; Ceylon. Closely allied to and resembling Pareba, but differs as follows :— Wings not quite so elongate; fore wing: termen more convex ; TELCHINIA. 471 venation similar and as variable. Hind wing: vein 7 not stalked, upper discocellular therefore present. Antenne with the club short, broad and abrupt ; palpi cylindrical, gradually incrassate to apex of second joint, third joint minute, very sparsely clothed; eyes naked. 454, Telchinia viol, Fudr. (Papilio) Syst. Ent. 1775, p. 460; Moore, Lep. Ceyl.i, 1881, p. 66, pl. 33, figs. 1, 1 a-16, 3 Q, larva & pupa; M. & de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1883, p. 320, fig. ¢ ; Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 268; Moore, Lep. Ind.v, 1901— 1903, p. 36, pl. 388, figs. 1, la—lg, larva & pupa, 5 Q. 3. Unperside tawny. Fore wing: a transverse black spot in cell, and another irregular, oblique and broader at the disco- cellulars ; a discal series of spots in interspaces 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10, and the apex and termen black. The upper four spots of the discal series inclined obliqueiy outwards, the lower two obliquely inwards: the black edging to apex and termen narrowing poste- riorly, but with slender linear projections inwards in the interspaces. Hind wing: a basal series of four or five black spots with a similar spot beyond in middle of cell and a subcostal black spot above it, followed by a discal series of obscure blackish spots and a minute postdiscal black dot in interspaces 4 and 6 respectively ; finally,a broad black terminal band medially traversed by a series of small spots of the ground-colour. Most of the macular black markings are obscure, being only the spots on the underside seen by the trans- parency of the wing-membrane ; the inner edge of the black terminal band crenu- late. Underside: ground-colour ochraceous yellow ora paler tawny yellow. Fore wing paling to whitish on the apex, with the Fig. 85. black markings as on the upperside but Telchinia viole, §. 4. somewhat blurred and diffuse. Hind wing: the black spots and black terminal band as on the upperside, but the spots more clearly defined, none obscure ; the series of spots traversing the black terminal margin very much larger and white, not tawny; the base of the wing black, separated from the basal transverse series of black spots by two or three large whitish spots. Antenne black, head and thorax black spotted with ochraceous and white ; abdomen anteriorly black, posteriorly ochraceous yellow with narrow transverse black lines; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous, the thorax spotted with ochraceous, the abdomen with a longitudinal line of black at base.-— Q@. Similar. Upperside: ground-colour duller; the black spots on fore and hind wings larger, the upper discal spots often coalescing and forming an irregular oblique short band; the black edging to apex and termen on the fore wing and the black terminal band on the hind wing proportionately broader, the spots traversing the latter larger and whitish. Underside: ground-colour much paler and duller, markings as on the upperside and, as in the 6, A472 NYMPHALID&. the spots on the hind wing better defined than on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the ¢. Exp. 3 Q 53-64 mm. (2°1-2°53"). Hab. Peninsular India, in regions of heavy rainfall ; Ceylon. Larva. “ Cylindrical, slender, with six longitudinal rows ef fine branched spines; colour reddish brown with an oily gloss, much paler on the head, second and last segment; an unwholesome looking insect, doubtless protected like the butterfly.” (Davidson & Aitken.) Pupa. ‘“ Perpendicularly hung, long, slender, smooth; two lateral angles on the thorax; head quadrate; colour creamy white, with broad longitudinal bars of purplish-black spotted with orange.” (Davidson &§ Aitken.) Food-plant, the wild Passion-flower (Modecca palinata). Subfamily LIBYTH EIN A. Eqq. *‘ Ampulliform, shaped like a soda-water bottle, twice as high as wide, forming a short neck or stalk close to the apex, radiate with strong anastomosing ribs.” (Doherty.) Larva. In general appearance strongly resembling the larve of some of the Prerzde ; cylindrical, smooth or with minute bristles, head small. Pupa. Suspended perpendicularly. Short, smooth, not angu- lated ; head square, broad. Imago. Wings short and broad, termen angular and emarginate in fore wing. Venation similar to some of the Nymphaline ; vein 1 of fore wing with a slender fork at base; cell closed in both fore and hind wings. Antenne short, thick, club gradual, scaling restricted to the dorsal surface; palpi very long, thick, porrect, the two closely approximate, forming a remarkable beak-like projection in front of the head. Eyes naked; fore tarsi in g abbreviated brush-like, of 2 functionally perfect. Contains only a single genus. Genus LIBYTHEA. Libythea, Faor. Illig. Mag. vi, 1807, p. 284; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 67; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 800; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 50. Type, L. celtis, Fuessly, from S. Europe. ftange. HKurope; Africa; India; Malay Archipelago; N. and S. America. Mauritius. 3 2. Fore wing: costa widely arched; apex somewhat pro- duced ; termen slightly concave below apex, angulated at apex of vein 5; below emarginate to tornal angle; tornus rounded ; dorsum straight; cell broad, not quite half length of wing, slenderly closed; upper discocellular minute, middle and lower concave, not oblique ; vein 3 from well before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex,10 an l11lfree. Hind wing: costa sinuous; termen LIBYTHEA. 473 slightly oblique and sinuous to apex of vein 6, then erect and scalloped to tornus; tornus angulate; dorsum slightly curved ; cell not quite half length of wing, slenderly closed ; vein 3 from a little before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 5, 6 and 7 well separated at base. Antenne short, not half length of fore wing ; club well marked, short but gradual; palpi remarkably long, closely appressed ; eyes naked. Key to the forms of Libythea. A. Upperside: no trace of violaceous; ground- colour dark brown, markings orange-yellow or white. a. Upperside fore wing with a cellular streak. a’. Upperside fore wing with a small orange-yellow spot in interspace ] b'. Upperside fore wing with no spot in interspace 1. a’. Upperside fore wing: orange-yellow spot beyond lower apex of cell quadrate. . a’. Upperside fore wing: orange- yellow streak in cell not divided, CONMPIMUOUS, Struc a 9. tes 6°. Upperside fore wing: orange- yellow streak in cell divided prenpica lyase ii eid 2s UES « 6°. Upperside fore wing: orange-yellow spot beyond lower apex of cell NGM Oy OW AN aren! cidinn fe. say of eyaks Seat b. Upperside fore wing without a distinct cellular streak ..... as eratnansiete 2) cic sates B Upperside: bases of wings violaceous ; eround-colour pale brown. a. 3 2. Upperside fore wing with preapical white spots; violaceous area at base of BSAA SS SANT U Le ag) cart 2} tern sis] Wenig bay gfaree b> b. gS. Upperside fore wing with no preapical white spots except those seen by trans- parency from underside. @ unknown . L, celtis, p. 478. Race lepita, p. 474. Race lepitoides, p. 474. L. myrrha, p. 475. L. rohini, p. 476. [alompra, p. 477. L.. geoffroyz, race L. hauxwellr, p. 478. 455. Libythea celtis, Fuessly (Papilio), Arch. Ins. 1782, pl. 8, figs. 1-3 ; Lang, Butt. Eur. 1884, p. 152, pl. 52, fig. 2. - Libythea lepita, Leslie § Evans (nec Moore), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xiv, 1903, p. 671. Race lepita. Libythea lepita, Moore, Cat. Mus. E. I. C. 1, 1857, p. 240; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 803 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 56, pl. 393, figs. 2,2a-2e, dQ. Race lepitoides. Libythea lepita, Hampson (nec Moore), J. A. S. .B. 1888, p. 355. Libythea lepitoides, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 57, pl. 394, figs. 1, l a-c, 3. 474 NYMPHALIDZ. 3 2. Upperside rich silky brown. Fore wing: cell filled with a broad orange-yellow streak subapically deeply indented above ; a small discal orange-yellow spot in interspace 1; a very much larger, similarly coloured discal spot between veins 2 and 4, on the inner side impinging on the cell between veins 3 and 4; a sub- costal white preapical spot and a quadrate double spot in inter- spaces 4 and 5, placed obliquely forward to the subcostal spot; this spot whitish above, orange below. Hind wing uniform, with an irregular curved, transverse, upper postdiscal orange patch extending from just below vein 3 to interspace 6, the portion in interspace 6 often detached. Underside ground-colour: fore wing brown, apex pale purplish irrorated with minute dark transverse striz and dots, orange markings as on the upperside but paler ; hind wing uniform pale purplish irrorated with minute dark dots and transverse strie. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown ; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen concolorous with the tint of the underside of the hind wing. Kap. 3 2 46-54 mm. (1°81-2°13"). Hab. Southern Europe; Asia Minor. Within our limits recorded only from Chitral. Race lepita, Moore.—Differs from celtis as follows:— 3 Q. Up- perside ground-colour a slightly darker brown. Fore wing: orange- yellow streak in cell much narrower for two-thirds of its length from base, then abruptly expanded anteriorly so as to fill the apex of the cell, the inner margin of the apical portion and the anterior margin of the basal portion forming a clearly defined right angle ; lower discal spot absent, upper larger discal spot somewhat diamond-shaped ; subcostal spot and preapical spot placed ob- liquely outwards from it more distinctly double, the lower portion of the subapical spot orange-yellow, the upper portion and the subcostal spot white. Hind wing: the upper postdiscal orange patch narrower, forming a short band which is not curved but placed obliquely transverse, reaching from vein 2 to vein 6, some- times but rarely with a detached orange spot above it in interspace 6. Underside : ground-colour variable, generally vinous-brown, paler along the costal and dorsal margins of the fore wing; sometimes dark brown on the fore wing, dark greyish on the hind wing, with the costal margin broadly of the fore and the whole of the hind wing irrorated with minute dark strie and spots. Orange and white markings on the fore wing as on the upperside, but the preapical double spot entirely white. The hind wing is more variable ; in some specimens it is uniform without any markings, in others it is shaded transversely light and dark, and in a few specimens the wing is longitudinally divided by a dark-brown diffuse band from base along the median vein to apex of vein 5. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in L. celtss. Exp. & 2 50-58 mm. (1:97—-2:28"). Hab. The Himalayas, from below Simla to Sikhim; Assam ; Upper Burma ; extending to China and Japan. Face lepitoides, Moore.—Differs from lepita as follows :— LIBYTHEA. 475 3 2. Hind wing: tornus narrowly produced, dentate or even, subcaudate. Upperside: ground-colour darker brown. Fore wing: the orange-yellow streak in cell divided from the spot in the apex of the cell, the large discal spot smaller, the subcostal and subapical spots more distinctly double, the latter pure white. Hind wing: the transverse short band narrower and more horizontal ; a diffuse quadrate pale spot in the middle of interspace 7, larger in the 2 than in the g¢. Underside fore wing: ground-colour dark brown, the apex, the termen narrowly and slightly, and the dorsal margin somewhat broadly touched with grey, irrorated with minute dark dots and transverse striz; the orange-yellow and white markings as on the upperside, the former broader and fuller, the cellular streak not interrupted. Hind wing pale grey, shaded broadly at base, on the disc and posteriorly, with brown, the pale grey ground-colour prominently replacing the transverse orange streak and pale subcostal spot of the upperside. In some specimens there is a very dark brown shading from base of the wing along the median vein. The entire surface of the wing is irrorated with minute dots and transverse short strie. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in celtis. Kup. 3 2 58-61 mm. (2°28-2°41"), Hab. Southern India ; Ceylon. 456. Libythea myrrha, Godart, Encycl. Méth. ix, 1819, p.171; de N. | Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 302. Libythea rama, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 556; ed. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 68, pl. 33, figs. 2,2a; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 302; es Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 53, pl. 393, figs. 1, la, Libythea myrrha, var. sanguinalis, Pruhstorfer, Berl. ent. Zerts. xliii, 1898, p. 169. Libythea sanguinalis, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 51, pl. 392, figs. 1, la-lg, 3 Q. A ‘variable insect in the extent and breadth of the orange- yellow markings and in the mottling and ground-colour of the underside. Typically ¢ 2 have the ground- colour on the upperside dark brown, with the following orange-yellew markings :— Fore wing: a streak from base along the median vein extending narrowly on each side of it and continued beyond as a comparatively large oval spot in base of interspace 2; two preapical double spots placed obliquely to the costa. Hind wing ee a. uniform, with a slightly oblique narrow Libythea myrrha, sg. +. medial band extending- from vein 1 to vein 5. Underside fore wing: ground- colour brown; orange-yellow markings as on the upperside, but broader, more diffuse; apex and dorsal margin broadly shaded with pale grev irrorated with minute dark spots and transverse short strie. Hind wing greyish brown irrorated with minute 476 NYMPHALID#. dark spots and short transverse striz, and shaded in the cell, on the middle of the costal margin, and on the middle of the termen with diffuse brown. Antenne, head, thorax and ab- domen dark brown ; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish brown. Exp. 3 Q 46-58 mm. (1°81-2°28"). Hab. The Himalayas, from Kulu to Sikhim; Western India, recorded from Bombay; Southern India; Ceylon; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim ; the Malayan Subregion ; China. The larger varieties, with very broad orange markings on both fore and hind wings, have been separated as sanguinalis. This is chiefly a Himalayan and Hastern form. Var. rama, Moore, is the smaller Southern and Ceylon form, with the orange markings much narrower and restricted and the preapical double spots entirely white, or white slightly suffused with yellow. Every gradation between the two forms, however, can be found. Many specimens are identical with typical forms from Java. Larva. “* Colour dark green, sometimes with a brownish tinge, with a thin dorsal light yellow line from segments 4 to 12 and a narrow yellow supra-spiracular band from the head to the anal end.” (de Nicéville.) ' Pupa. “The front of the pupa seen from above is absolutely square, the head ending in a broad straight edge; .... thorax somewhat convex and highly carinated along the dorsal line....; wings slightly thickened at and behind the shoulder; .... colour light green with the tops of all the carinations yellow, with a black speck on the abdominal peak; the surface of the pupa smooth, somewhat shiny.” (de Nicéville.) ‘* Food-plant, Celtis tetranda, Roxb. ( Urticacee).” (de Nicéville.) 457. Libythea rohini, Marshali, J. A. S. B. 1880, p. 248 9; de N. Butt, Ind. ii, 1886, p. 303, pl. 24, fig. 1149 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. v. 1901-1903, p. 59, pl. 394, tigs. 3, 8a, Q. Libythea libera, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 207, pl. D, fig. 6; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 58, pl. 394, figs. 2,2a, 3. 3 2. Upperside very dark glossy brown, bases of the wings slightly paler. Fore wing with the following white spots: a transverse spot filling the apex of the cell, a large discal sub- quadrate spot, and three smaller spots in a curve preapically. Hind wing: a white subcostal spot and a horizontal medial short narrow white band, generally macular. Underside fore wing: ground-colour brown, the costal margin, the apex, and the dorsal margin more or less greyish white with minute transverse short dark strive; a pale clavate cellular streak above the median vein, not reaching the white transverse spot at apex of cell; all the white spots as on the upperside, but larger and somewhat diffuse at the edges; the lower two of the preapical spots generally touching. Hind wing: ground-colour pale lilacine-white closely irrorated with transverse dark strie ; the white spot on the costal LIBYTHEA. ATT margin and the medial white band as on the upperside, but the latter not clearly defined, broader not macular; the posterior half of wing at base, the dise below the medial band, the costal margin near apex, and the posterior two-thirds of the terminal margin shaded with dark brown. Exp. & 9 56-60 mm. (2°19-2°38"). Hab. The hills of Assam; Burma; Tenasserim ; extending to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Var. libera, de Nicéville, is probably a race or a dimorph of rohini; it differs chiefly in the “spot in the cell and the one below it in the first median interspace (interspace 2) of the fore wing not being ‘ pure white’ but outwardly defined with ochreous the discal band ochreous instead of pure white.” It occurs with rohint in Assam, but seems to be the common form in Burma. The next two forms are possibly dimorphs or seasonal forms of one insect, but, so far as I know, only the males of the smaller form have been procured, and I have not access to a sufficient series to more than hazard this conjecture. 458. Libythea geoffroyi, Godart, Encycl. Méth. ix, 1823, p. 813. Race alompra. Libythea alompra, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 59, pl. 394, figs. 4,4 a, 3S. Libythea geoffroyi, de Nicéville (nec Godart), Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. v, 1890, p. 205, pl. D, fie. 5 g. Race alompra, Moore.— 3. Upperside pale brown. Fore wing: the cell, basal two-thirds of interspaces la, 1, 2 and 3, and the extreme base of interspace 4 suffused with a beautiful pale violescent blue; a curved series of three subquadrate preapical white spots. Hind wing: cell sutfused with violescent blue extending faintly into interspaces 4,5 and 6; a faintly-marked dull orange band below the lower apex of cell. Underside pale brown. Fore wing: apex grey, irrorated with minute dark spots; cell with a broad dull orange streak from base, followed by a violescent transverse spot in apex of cell; a large discal dull violescent spot in interspace 2 spreading slightly into interspace 3, the curved series of three preapical spots as on the upperside but faintly dull violescent. Hind wing greyish brown, irrorated with dark spots and transverse dark striz and shaded with darker brown; the medial dull orange band replaced by a similar pale well- marked band. Antenne, head and abdomen pale brown ; thorax darker brown with a little greenish pubescence posteriorly ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen pale greyish brown.— 2. “ Upper- side: fore wing with the violet area duller and confined to the immediate base of the wing; a quadrate white spot at the end of the discoidal cell; a tripartite subcostal spot; another elongated spot from the third median to the upper discoidal nervule, placed outwardly below it; a large quadrate discal spot, completely 478 NEMEOBID #. filling the interspace between the first and third median nervules. Hind wing with no violet gloss at the base, otherwise as in the male. Underside: fore wing with the cell orange but outwardly terminated by a large white spot; the other spots as on the upperside. Hind wing as in the male, but all the markings more obscure.” (de Nicéville.) Exp. 6 Q 61 mm. (2°4"). Hab. Tenasserim. 459. Libythea hauxwelli, Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p.61, pl. 394, figs. 5,54, 3. 3. Upperside: fore wing a beautiful iridescent pale violet, the costal margin, apex, and terminal margin pale brown, the dull white discal and preapical spots of the underside showing faintly through by transparency. Hind wing pale brown, the cell and bases of interspaces 4, 5 and 6 pale iridescent violet ; beyond the violet there is a very obscure series of pale discal marks, only indicating the usual horizontal band. Underside as in L. alompra but much paler; the spot in cell, the discal and preapical spots dull white, obscure. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dull brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish brown. Exp. 3 49 mm. (1°9"). Hab. 'enasserim. Family NEMEOBID. Egg. ‘“‘ Not so high as wide, smooth, granulate or prickly, neither reticulate nor radiate, in the few genera examined by me.” (Doherty.) ; Larva. According to Sharp, “neither the larve nor the pupz present any well-marked characteristic feature, but exhibit con- siderable variety.” So far as the Indian forms of this family are concerned, the larvee and pupz of only two of the forms have been described and figured. The former is onisciform, broadest in the middle, attenuated at each end, covered with short erect hairs. Pupa. Short, either slightly or not angulated or fusiform, flattened anteriorly; head bifid, or truncately rounded in front; recumbent, attached to a leaf by the tail and a median girdle (teste Moore, Davidson 5 Aitken). Imago. Mostly of small size. Wings variable in shape. Fore wing generally short and broad; cell broad, closed; veins 1-12 present, point of origin of vein 10 variable, from upper apex of cell or free. Hind wing in some of the Indian forms produced at the tornus, lobed, and in a few with a filamentous short tail as in many of the Lycwnide. 1n some others dentate or tailed at apex of vein 4, the termen more or less emarginate above the produced portion ; cell closed ; veins 1 a-8 present, veins 6 and 7 very often DODONA. A479 stalked, precostal nervure always present. Antenne generally long, over half length of fore wing; club broad, abrupt, spatulate, or long and gradual, but always distinct and grooved or hollow on the ventral surface in the Indian forms; palpi short, generally porrect, with the third joint comparatively long in one genus, short or even minute in others; eyes hairy or naked. Fore legs of ¢ imperfect, brush-like, tarsus one-jointed, without claws ; fore legs of © functionally perfect but smaller than the intermediate and posterior pair. The best known name Erycinidw, Swainson, 1827, for this family cannot be used. as Lamarck employed the same term in 1804, for a family of the Mollusca; nor is Lemonide, Kirby 1871, admissible, as the type of Hiibner’s genus Lemonias is closely altied to Melitea. Moore adopts Grote’s name Rrodinide for the family, but Avodina is American; and as the whole of the Indian forms are classed under the subfamily Nemeobine, Bates, and Grote in his paper separates the forms in this subfamily as Nemeobide from the Riodinide, I have adopted the former name for the family. Key to the Genera of the Nemeobide. A. Eyes hairy. a. Hind wing: tornus produced and lobed...... Dovona, p. 479. b. Hind wing: tornus not produced or lobed. a’. Hind wing: termen angulate or produced Bia ee Ol VEIN Aner iaine lhl 6-4 Safar 6 bi01 sees ey ABISARA, p. 489. b'. Hind wing: termen not angulate or pro- anced: OUNCE! \mlaies-di stele ss knme , These markings small, not er -very obscurely continued on to the hind wing ; ground-colour brown...... 6°, These markings large, continued as an unbroken broad band on the hind wing; ground-colour black, suttused with ochraceous at base.......... 6’. Upperside fore wing: discal transverse markings not macular, continuous, forming a band. a’, Underside ground-colour ochraceous red, hind wing without distinct transverse bands; 2 with a broad white discal band on fore wing .... b°. Underside ground-colour _ bright ochraceous yellow; hind wing with clearly defined jet-black transverse pemrdish ts key ah a as ts bheh bed aac: 6. Upperside markings black and white. a’. White transverse medial area on both fore and hind wings occupying only medial third or less of dorsal margin of fore wing. a’, White transverse medial area extend- ing from costal margin of fore wing to just above tornal area on hind wing D. durga, p. 481. D. dipea, p. 482. D. dracon, p. 485. D, eugenes, p. 484. D. egeon, p. 484. D. ourda, p. 485. D. adontra, p. 486. - D, deodata, p. 487. DODONA. 481 6°. White transverse medial area extend- ing from subcostal vein of fore wing to vein 2 on hind wing’ 7..5...... D. longicaudata, p. 488. b’. White transverse medial area on both fore and hind wings occupying more than medial half of dorsal margin of fore wing. a’. This white medial area not extending to tornal angle of fore wing ...... D. binghami, p. 488. b°. This white medial area extending to tornal angle of fore wing ...... D. angela, p. 489. 460. Dodona durga, Kollar (Melita), Hiigel’s Kuschmir, iv, pt. 2, 1844, p. 441, pl. 13, figs. 3,4; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 310 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 64, pl. 395, figs. 1, la-le, Ouse 3. Upperside vandyke-brown, spotted and marked with ochra- ceous and black as follows:—Fore wing: a transverse band crossing the middle of the ceil, continued to vein 1; a similar band at apex of cell continued below as a round spot in inter- space 2 and a transverse spot in interspace 1; a macular similar band beyond apex of cell; three upper discal spots in interspaces 3, 6 and 8, followed by a sinuous transverse inner subterminal series of small spots and an outer subterminal series of trans- versely linear spots. Hind wing: a small spot in interspace 7, two spots beyond apex of cell continued towards 3 the tornus in a series of more obscure Fig. 87. smaller spots, and an inner and an Dodona durga, S. + outer transversely linear series of spots, the inner and outer spots in interspaces 5 and 6 with an intervening prominent black spot, a similar black spot also in interspace 1 and another on the lobe of the tornus. Underside: veins on the basal halves of wings pale ochraceous white ; ground-colour ochraceous brown, with pale ochraceous-white markings as follow :—Fore wing: a streak along basal half of costal margin, a patch at base of cell centred with a small triangle of the ground-colour, a broad oblique band across middle of cell continued below towards the dorsum, similar bands at apex and just beyond apex of cell, with a spot below them near base of interspace 2, a transverse discal series of spots in interspaces 1, 3, 6 and 8; a transverse uneven postdiscal series and a ‘subterminal transverse linear row of spots, the last ex- tending from interspaces 1 to 5; the lower spots of the postdiscal and subterminal series bright ochraceous, with some obscure blackish spots on the inner side of the former and at the tornus. Hind wing: a narrow streak along the dorsal margin, another across interspaces 1a and 1, with a forked similar streak along VOL. I. 2 482 NEMEOBID!, vein 1; none of these reaching the tornus; a patch at base of wing enclosing a large spot of the ground-colour ; an oblique band from costa crossing the middle of the cell, an interrupted similar band crossing the apex of the cell, very slender along the disco- cellulars; two upper discal short streaks in échelon; subterminal black spots in interspaces 1a, 1, 4 and 5, the former two bordered internally with ochraceous, the latter two encircled with white; a transverse line of white between the lower two and upper two black spots, and another short terminal similar line between vein 1 and vein 3; cilia of both wings white alternated with brown. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen whitish, the palpi tipped with black.—Female similar, larger; ground-colour slightly paler; markings whiter and broader. Kap. 3 2 30-42 mm. (1°19-1-65"). Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir to Nepal. 461. Dodona dipxa, Hewitson, Ev. Butt. iii, 1866, Dodona, pl. 1, fig. 3 de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 311, pl. 24, fig. 116 ¢; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 66, pl. 395, figs. 2,2a-2¢, 5 Q. 3 2. Upperside dark brown, with the following pale ochra- ceous markings :—Fore wing : a narrow band across middle of cell continued below in interspace 1, a slightly oblique, macular, short, narrow band beyond apex of cell with a transverse spot below in interspace 2 ; a transverse discal series of spots, two in interspace 1, one each in interspaces 3, 6 and 8, followed by a postdiscal trans- verse series of spots, of which the spots in interspaces 4 and 5 are shifted inwards out of line, and a very obscure subterminal row of transversely linear spots somewhat as in D, durga. Hind wing also with the markings somewhat as in D. durga but pale dull brown rather than ochraceous, the black spots at apex and on the lobe as in D. durga. Underside ochraceous brown. Fore wing: a spot at base of costal margin, basal, subbasal and discal oblique transverse bands, the last macular and interrupted in interspace 3, and a transverse subterminal sinuous series of spots. Between the discal and subterminal markings is a short subcostal transverse band and a transverse spot in interspace 3; succeeding the subterminal series of spots is an obscure pale line. All the markings are white, bordered on the inner side by dusky dark- brown shadings, their terminations along the costal margin silvery. Hind wing: an ochraceous-white streak along the dorsum not reaching the tornus, similar, very slender streaks along veins la and 1, a slightly broader silvery subbasal streak from costa across middle of cell, a similar streak beyond at apex of cell very slender almost interrupted along the discocellulars, a short upper discal similar streak between veins 3 and 6, followed by a slender zigzag black line margined with white from above the tornal lobe to vein 3; two black subapical white-margined spots, a large black DODONA. 483 reniform spot on the lobe and a subterminal dark reddish-brown band with pale outer and inner margins. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, the antenne annulated with white, the palpi, thorax and abdomen dark grey. Exp. 3 2 43-52 mm. (1°7-2:07"). Hab. The Himalayas from Kulu to Sikhim; Bhutan; Assam, the Naga Hills. 462. Dodona dracon, de Micéville, J. A. S. B. 1897, p. 555, pl. 2, fig. 14 $; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 67, pl. 395, fie. 3 fg. “ g. Upperside. Both wings glossy hair-brown. Fore wing bears on the disc numerous pale ferruginous spots, those towards the costa being whitish. Hind wing bears on the outer half four somewhat obscure pale ferruginous bands; anal lobe is black, bisected longitudinally by an ochreous line, which line is continued along the submedian nervure almost to the base of the wing. Underside. Both wings clear brownish-ochreous, with pure white markings ; two subcostal decreasing white bands commencing broadly on the fore wing at the costa, ending on the submedian nervure (vein 1), commencing again on the hind wing at the costa, near the anal angle approaching each other and becoming very narrow, recurved to the abdominal margin. Fore wing with two short parailel white lines at the end of the discoidal cell ; placed anteriorly midway between these two lines is a trifid white spot which reaches the costa, and posteriorly are two other spots also placed midway between the cell-lines, the anterior one in the first median interspace, the posterior one placed a little outwardly as regards the spot anterior to it in the submedian interspace ; beyond these two last-named spots are three other spots, the uppermost is white and is in the second median interspace, the other two are black and placed posterior to it; a trifid subapical spot from the costa to the upper discoidal nervule, a submarginal series of small white spots, and a fine white marginal line. Hind wing with a short narrow white line on the middle of the disc from the second subcostal to the second median nervule; two fine submarginal white lines; the anal lobe black, bisected as above by an ochreous line, the lobe anteriorly defined by a white line, anterior to this again is a fine black zigzag line extending from the abdominal margin to the second median nervule; the abdominal margin bears three fine parallel white lines, the innermost on the extreme margin. Cilia whitish. Thorax and abdomen above black, beneath whitish ; antenne black. “ Exp. S 15 inch” (88 mm.). “‘ Hab. North Shan States.” (de Nicéville.) Unknown to me. ‘ Described from a single example.” Die, 484 NEMEOBID®. 463. Dodona eugenes, Bates, Jour. Linn. Soc., Zool. ix, 1867, p. 871; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 315; Mackinnon, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. xi, 1898, p. 378, pl. 8, fig. 12 a-d, larva & pupa; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 68, pl. 396, figs. 1, la-ld, 3 Q, larva & pupa. ; 3. Upperside: closely resembles D. dipea in the ground-colour and markings, but on the hind wing the markings are broader and more diffuse, and the lobe has ashort filamentous black white- edged tail. Underside a brighter brown than in D. dipwa; the markings very similar, but twice as broad. Eep. & 2 38-49 mm. (1:5-1-98’). Hab. The Himalayas from Murree to Bhutan; Assam, the Khasi and Jaintea Hills. Larva. More or less onisciform, “ pale emerald-green with two dorsal blue lines,” somewhat sparingly covered with short hairs. ‘“‘ Feeds on grasses and hill-bamboo.” Pupa pale green, with cross check of darker green lines. Head bifid, flat in front and angulated below. 464. Dodona egeon, Doubleday (Taxila), in Dblday., Westw. § Hew. Gen. Di. Lep. ii, 1851, p. 422, pl. 69, fig. 2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 314; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 69, pl. 396, figs. 2,2a-2e, dg Q. 3. Upperside. Fore wing black, the basal area to the middle of the cell dark ochraceous red ; ashort, broad, oblique yellow subbasal band from subcostal vein to vein 1; discal yellow spots beyond in interspaces 1, 2, 4 and 5, the upper two and lower two spots respectively separated by the veins only, the latter two spots joined to the subbasal band by an elongate reddish-yellow spot in interspace 1a; a postdiscal series of a yellow crescentic mark surmounted by a yellow spot in interspaces 2 and 3, and three upper postdiscal whitish smaller spots in interspaces 4, 5, 6 shifted somewhat further towards the termen ; lastly, two preapical white dots. Hind wing ochraceous yellow, the dorsal margin broadly shaded with brown, a medial straight fascia and an upper shorter discal fascia dark brown; a postdiscal macular, subterminal and terminal more continuous dark brown bands, all three coalescing at the apex ; tornal lobe and slender tail black. Underside chestnut- red, with the following more or less silvery markings:—Fore wing: a short streak at base of costal margin, transverse basal, medial and discal broad bands, a postdiscal irregular series of transverse spots and a very slender and delicate transverse series of short subterminal lines; between the discal and postdiscal markings there are two silvery subcostal and a transverse similar spot in interspace 3; the other markings are silvery anteriorly, - ochraceous posteriorly. Hind wing: a short transverse silvery streak at base, a narrow similar streak along vein 1 not reaching the tornus, a silvery streak along the dorsal margin turning upwards and joining an interrupted discal silvery transverse fascia from the costa, a broader straight transverse medial fascia between DODONA. 485 the discal fascia and base of wing, a very broad elongate triangular upper postdiscal silvery patch, followed by a series of transverse slender black markings terminating at the apex in two black spots set in a quadrate silvery patch ; lobe and slender tail jet-black, mar- gined on the inner side by a white line and surmounted by a grey tornal patch. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen blackish brown ; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen greyish white.— 2. Upperside brownish black, much paler than in the ¢; markings similar but very much larger and paler, especially the upper postdiscal spots on the fore wing. Underside similar to that of the ¢; ground- colour paler, silvery markings much broader. Exp. 3 2 44-50 mm. (1°75-1:99"), Hab. The Himalayas, Kashmir to Bhutan; Assam, Khasi and Naga Hills. 465. Dodona ouida, Moore, P. ZS. 1865, p. 771; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 311; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 70, pl. 397, fies. 1, La-le, dQ. 3. Upperside ochraceous brown. fore wing with a yellow oblique band from subcostal vein crossing cell to vein 1, followed by a broader similar dark brown band, then a yellow oblique band, broadest in the middle, extending from costal margin to above tornus ; a dark brown oblique band broadest anteriorly from costal margin to tornus ; an erect, somewhat irregular, subterminal yellow band ; and the apex and termen dark brown, the apex with two minute white dots. Hind wing: postdiscal and inner and outer subterminal obscure incomplete yellow bands, all three bordered on the inner side with blackish brown; the outer subterminal band with two superposed black spots near apex; tornal lobe dark chestnut-red, margined on the inner and outer sides by short slender white lines. Underside dark ochraceous red, the yellow bands as on the upperside, but not clearly defined, the inmost band more or less whitish, the medial band terminating in a compara- tively large white spot on the costa, the subterminal band very obscure, terminating in two white spots on the costa, the minute white preapical spots as on the upperside. Hind wing: ground- colour darker than on the fore wing: obscure subbasal, discal, inner and outer subterminal pale purplish macular fasciz; the subbasal and discal fascize angulated upwards on vein 1 towards the dorsum, the subterminal two fascie terminating on the margin of a grey tornal patch placed above the lobe; this last black with white linear margins on inner and outer sides ; the subbasal fascia terminating on the costal margin in a white spot, the discal fascia in a black spot outwardly margined by a prominent white dot; the subapical two spots encircled with white. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous brown ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and legs bright ochraceous red; abdomen whitish. — Q. Upperside brown, the apical half of the fore wing of a darker shade than the basal half. Fore wing with a broad oblique white 486 NEMEOBID 2. band from middle of costa to near the tornus ; a subterminal pale lunular line bent inwards towards the costa and terminating in two white spots, and two subapical white dots. Hind wing: an obscure pale sinuous short discal fascia, a subterminal similarly pale broad band traversed by a narrow dark brown band ter- minating in two subapical black spots, and a terminal very slender dark line; tornal lobe rusty red, margined slenderly on inner and outer sides by white. Underside: ground-colour similar to that of the $ but more brown. Fore wing: the white oblique band and preapical dots as on the upperside, very obscure subbasal and sub- terminal transverse fascie, the latter terminating on the costal margin in two white spots asinthe ¢. Hind wing with the obscure pale purplish fascize and other markings as inthe g. Antenne dark ochraceous, club black tipped with ochraceous; head, thorax and abdomen brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen as in the o. | Exp. 3 2 46-48 mm. (1°8-1:9"). Hab. The Himalayas from Mussoorie to Bhutan; the hills ot Assam, Upper Burma and Western China. 466. Dodona adonira, Hewitson, Ev. Butt. iii, 1866, Dodona, pl. J, figs. 1, 2,56; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p..812; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 72, pl. 397, figs. 2, 2a2e, 5 Q. 3 Q. Upperside dark brownish black. Fore wing with the base suffused slightly with ochraceous ; subbasal, discal and post- discal transverse orange bands, the subbasal straight, the other two slightly curved, smuous and somewhat macular, the subbasal and discal bands joined posteriorly in interspace 1a: 2 with or without three or four transversely-placed upper subterminal orange-yellow spots. Hind wing: a pale yellow fascia parallel to the dorsal margin; oblique subbasal, discal, postdiscal and inner and outer subterminal orange-yellow fasciz, all, except the post- discal, converging from the costa and meeting above the tornal lobe; the postdiscal fascia broad at costal margin, narrowing to a point and terminating on vein 3; bilobed, the lobes margined outwardly by a very slender continuous white line, beyond which the cilia are black; the rest of the cilia on both fore and hind wings ochraceous white in 9, black in g. Underside ochraceous, suffused with a darker ochraceous on the tornal area of the hind wing. Fore and hind wings transversely crossed by the following jet-black narrow bands :—fore wing with basal, subbasal, inner and outer discal, postdiscal, subterminal and terminal bands; the inner discal band terminating on vein 1, the outer discal on vein 3; the postdiscal interrupted posteriorly on vein 2; the postdiscal and subterminal widened on the costa. Hind wing with a band along vein 1; basal and subbasal bands in continuation of those on the fore wing, the latter turning upwards above tornus and continued to the base of the wing parallel to the dorsal margin; a discal band from costa to vein 3, a very slender postdiscal band from costa to DODONA. 47 dorsum, and closely approximate subterminal and termina! bands ; the postdiscal slender band or line twice interrupted across the tornal area; lobes black, narrowly edged with white on the outer side. Antenne dark brown annulated with white ; head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous white. Exp. 3 Q 43-47 mm. (1°7-1°85"). flab. Nepal; Sikhim over 5000 ft.; Assam, the Khasi and Naga Hills; Upper Burma. 467. Dodona deodata, Hewitson, Ent. Month. Mag. xiii, 1876, p. 151 ; de N. Butt. Ind. 11,1886, p. 312; Elwes, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 288, pl. 27, fio. 8; Moore (Balonca), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-19038, p. 74, pl. 398, fest ras Ss. 3 2. Upperside: basal third of both fore and hind wings fuliginous black, followed by a very broad white discal band, that is broadest in the middle and extends from the costa of fore to just above the tornal area of the hind wing; on the latter wing it tapers posteriorly to a point with both inner and outer margins straight; on the fore wing it broadens from costa to dorsum and has its inner margin straight, its outer margin curved outwards. Beyond this white medial area both wings are black from apex broadly along the termen ; the fore wing with a curved row of white spots and some preapical white dots; the hind wing with an inner and an outer narrower subterminal series of short white transverse lines in the interspaces ; tornal lobe and _fila- mentous tail of hind wing fuliginous black, slenderly margined with white; dorsum broadly sullied white, with two fuliginous black stripes parallel to the margin and some curved black marks above the tornal lobe. Underside white, with the following chest- nut-red transverse bands and markings: a basal and subbasal even band from costa of fore to just above tornal area of hind wing, there angulated and continued upwards along the dorsal margin to the base of the wing ; an inner and an outer postdiscal similar band, coalescing below vein 4 on the fore wing and continued as a single band to just above the tornal area of the hind wing; the upper portion of this band on the hind wing and the lower portion of it on the fore wing traversed medially by very slender white broken lines ; posteriorly on the hind wing this band has two yellow spots below it, with two black spots on its outer margin; finally, a similar chestnut-red terminal band medially traversed on the fore wing by a broken white line, irregular and incomplete on the hind wing ; this band at the apex of the fore wing is widened inwardly and bears two round white spots; lobe of hind wing and fila- mentous tail black, with some bluish marks above on the tornal area. Antenne dark brown; head, thorax and abdomen dark greyish brown ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen white. Exp. & 2 48-52 mm. (1:9-2°03"). Hab. Recorded only so far from Lower Burma. 488 NEMEOBID &. Of the three forms next described, one, D. longicaudata, may be a local race of D. deodata; the other two, possibly distinct, more probably dry-season forms of D. deodata, but so few specimens are available for examination that I have described the forms separately. 468. Dodona longicaudata, de Nicéville, Proc. A. S. B. 1881, p. 121; td. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 313, pl. 24, fig. 117 S$ ; Moore (Balonca), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 75, pl. 898, figs. 2, 2a, 3. 3. Closely resembles D. deodata. Differs as follows :—Upper- side: the medial white transverse band crossing fore and hind wings not one-half the width it is in D. deodata, and shorter, extending from the subcostal vein (not the costal margin) of the fore wing to vein 3 on the hind wing; other white spots and markings more or less obso- lescent, especially on the hind wing; on the fore wing the curved row of white spots on the black apical area much as in D. deodata, but the spot in interspace 3 small and a second larger spot nearer the base; hind wing: the filamentous tail on the upperside of the lobe dis- tinctly longer. Underside: the white ground-colour more re- S stricted, the chestnut-red bands Fig. 88. broader. On the fore wing the Dodona longicaudata, S. 3. terminal half beyond the discal band chestnut-red, traversed by an inner broken postdiscal series of more or less transversely white linear markings, an outer transverse series of large white spots, and a subterminal series of white markings as in D. deodata. On the hind wing the postdiscal, subterminal and terminal bands are coalescent, traversed by transverse broken white lines. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in D. deodata.— 2 unknown. Exp. 3 50 mm. (nearly 2”). Hab. Recorded only from the Khasi Hills in Assam. I have two males of this form kindly given me by Col. EH. R. Johnson, I.M.S. Mr. Moore records a specimen in Mr. Godman’s collection. The types are in the Indian Museum at Calcutta. 469. Dodona binghami, Moore (Balonca), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 75, pl. 398, fic. 4g. 3. Resembles D. deodata. Differs as follows:—Upperside: basal fuliginous-black area reduced to two broad bands, with a third band parallel to the dorsal margin of the hind wing; terminal black area on the fore wing much restricted, bearing a DODONA,.—-ABISARA. 489 curved transverse white ae in interspaces 1 @ and 1,a small white spot in interspace 2, a larger white spot in interspace 3, a short white transverse band from costa to base of interspace 4, and a preapical white dot; terminal black area on the hind wing traversed by a broad uneven white band and an outer subterminal slender line. Underside very similar to that in D. deodata, the chestnut-red band very much narrower and paler. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in D, deodata. Exp. 3 +5 mm. (1°78"). Hab. Burma. 470. Dodona angela, Grose-Smith, Rhop. Ex. iii, 1901, v. 9, pl. Dical- laneura 2, fig. 10; Moore (Balonca), Lep. Ind. v, 1901- 1903, p- 76, pl. 398, fies, 3, 34a-38.c, 6 &. 3 2. Closely resembles D. deodata, and still more closely D. binghani. Upperside black, much more restricted on the fore wing, confined to a broad posteriorly narrowing terminal edging, connected along the costa to a postdiscal broad Y-shaped black mark extending from costa to vein 2, its lower portion faintly fuliginous in ¢, somewhat blacker in the 9 ; the basal fuliginous transverse bands narrow and very faintly marked ; on the hind wing the black colour forms irregular postdiscal and terminal transverse bands with a very broad intervening band of white. Underside: ground-colour white, markings as on the upperside but more clearly defined and chestnut-brown in colour; the markings on the lobe and tornal area similar to but smaller than those in D. deodata. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in D, deodata. Exp. 3 2 46-51 mm. (1°8-2"). Hab. Recorded only, so far, from the hills north of Taungoo in Lower Burma. Genus ABISARA. Abisara, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. iv, 1860, p. 397 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 68; de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1886, p. 319; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 82. Sospita, Hewitsen, Ev, Butt. 11, 1861, Erycinide. Type, A. echerius, Stoll, from China. Range. Ethiopian and Indo-Malayan Regions. 3 9. Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa slightly arched ; apex obtuse ; termen more or less convex ; tornus somewhat rounded ; dorsum straight; cell short, not half length of wing, slenderly closed ; veins 6 and 7 closely approximate from upper apex of cell, upper discocellular therefore obsolete, middle and lower subequal, concave; vein 3 from before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 10 and 11 free. Hind wing variable in shape, angulate, broadly produced or narrowly tailed at apex of vein 4; in the latter two cases the portion of the termen just above vein 4 concave or emarginate ; costa very slightly arched, nearly straight ; apex broadly rounded ; termen slightly scalloped ; tornus rounded ; dorsum nearly straight; cell short, slenderly closed ; vein 3 from 490 NEMEOBID &. before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 6 and 7 stalked. Antenne slender, slightly over half length of fore wing; club fusiform, narrow ; palpi very short, porrect, third joint short ; eyes hairy. Key to the forms of Abisara. a. Hind wing terminal margin not concave or emarginate above vein 4...............- A, fylla, p. 490. b. Hind wing terminal margin concave or emar- ginate above vein 4. a’. Upperside: ground-colour dull hair- brown. a’, Fore wing: discal oblique white fascia distinctly narrowing posteriorly, ex- vended so: vein Mme rere teres A. neophron, p. 491. b>. Fore wing: discal oblique white fascia not or very slightly narrowed pos- teriorly, not extended to vein]...... A, chela, p. 492. b'. Upperside: ground-colour purplish or maroon-brown. a, Upperside fore wing without any white markings, or if present restricted to anterior portion of discal fascia ...... A, echerius, p. 492. b°. Upperside fore wing with more or less conspicuous white markings. a°®. Upperside fore wing witha preapical . Giffuse white patel... ... ss .45 Race kausambi, p. 494. b°. Upperside fore wing with discal and | postdiscal fascize white anteriorly.. Race bifasciuta, p. 494. 471, Abisara fylla, Doubleday (Taxila), List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 2, 1847, p.2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 821; Moore (Sospita), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 78, pl. 399, figs. 1, la-le, 6 9. 3. Upperside rich dark brown. Fore wing with a cream- coloured even band from middle of costa to tornus, bent slightly inwards at each end; a subterminal transverse, very obscure, pale fascia ending anteriorly in a white dot and two subapical white dots. Hind wing: postdiscal and subterminal very obscure pale transverse fascize; the latter with a superposed series of seven oval black spots, each with a white dot on the outer margin and inwardly pale-edged ; the preapical two and posterior two of these spots only clearly defined, the others obsolescent, the preapical two the larger. Underside duller browa ; the markings as on the upperside ; ; the hind wing with indications of a sub- Fie. 89, basal pale fascia in addition to the others. Abisara fylla, §. ¥. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen paler; antenne with a white dot at apex.— 9. Similar ; the termen of the hind wing more distinctly but very broadly ABISABA. 491 angulated outwards in the middle. Upperside: the ground-colour paler duller brown, the oblique band on the fore wing pure white, not cream-coloured; six (not seven) black spotsin the subterminal series on the hind wing, the spots larger and more clearly defined than in the g. Underside: ground-colour paler than on the upperside : markings similar ; no trace of a subbasal band on the ‘hind wing, the middle two spots of the subterminal series more or less obsolescent. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen concolorous with the ground-colour of the wings, a white spot at apex of the antenne ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen paler, marked with white. Exp. 3 2 52-62 mm. (2°07-2°43”). Hab. The Himalayas, Mussoorie to Sikhim ; the hills of Assam ; Burma and Tenasserim. 472. Abisara neophron, Hewitson (Sospita), Ev. Butt. ii, 1861, Sos- pita, pl. 1, fig. 3; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 321; Moore (Sospita), Zep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 79, pl. 400, figs. 1, la-ld, 5 Q. 3 9. Termen of hind wing with a long tail at apex of vein 4, the portion above it prominently emarginate. Upperside brown varying in tint, but generally paler in the Q than in the ¢. Fore wing with a comparatively broad oblique white band from middle of costa to near apex of vein 1 above the tornal angle, nar- rowed posteriorly ; beyond this an ill-defined narrow, somewhat more erect, pale dusky- white fascia from costa to dorsal margin, curving slightly round the tornal termina- tion of the inner broader band; an inner and an outer slender abbreviated subter- minal line extending in the 2 from vein 1 to vein 4, shorter in the 6. Hind wing: a postdiscal sinuous, ill-defined, broad trans- Abisara neophron,3. %- verse fascia, paler than the ground-colour, bordered on the inner and outer sides by very obscure lunular dull whitish lines, followed by two slender pure white subterminal broken lines that in interspaces 4 and 5 are bordered inwardly by large jet-black spots ; these spots divided by a conspicuous ferruginous line along vein 5; the cilia and apex ot tail, and in some specimens the apex of wing and the costal margin, narrowly snow-white. Underside similar, with similar markings, but the ground-colour much paler, especially on the basal halves of the wings, the markings more clearly defined and broader; on the hind wing the white lines bordering the post- discal broad fascia have a purplish tinge, and in interspace 1 there are two inner obscure subterminal triangular black spots. Antenne brown, ringed with white ; head, thorax and abdomen pale brown ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen more or less whitish. Exp. 3 2 50-58 mm. (1:97-2°29"). 492 NEMEOBIDA. Hab. Nepal; Sikhim; Bhutan; the Hills of Assam, Burma and Tenasserim ; extending to the Malay Peninsula. The next form so closely resembles neophron as to be easily confounded with it. It is found over the same ground, but has so far been recorded from a more restricted area. 473. Abisara chela, de Nicévilie, J. A. S. B. 1886, p. 252, pl. 11, fio. 7 3; wd. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 822; Moore (Sospita), Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 80, pl. 399, figs. 2, 2a-2¢, dQ. 3 2. Closely resembles A. neophron, but is smaller in both sexes and differs as follows :—Upperside: fore wing, discal white band comparatively broader and shorter, not extending to vein 1, of more even widtb, not so conspicuously narrowed posteriorly ; postdiscal white fascia more clearly defined and ending anteriorly in a prominent subcostal white spot. Hind wing differs in the subterminal broken white lines being bordered inwardly in inter- spaces 1 to 3 by much darker brown spots than in A. neophron; the conspicuous oval black spots near apices of interspaces 5 and 6 much as in A. neophron, but the outer of the two subterminal short lines beyond them ochraceous, not white; tail at apex of vein 4 as in A. neophron, but proportionately shorter. Underside as in A. neophron, but the postdiscal fascia on the fore wing com- paratively broader and more clearly defined; the postdiscal area broadly lilacine. Exp. 3 9 44-47 mm. (1°73-1°85"’). Hab. Sikhim; the hills of Assam. 474. Abisara echerius, Stoll (Papilio), Cramer, Pap. Evot. v, 1790, prod cnest pala aleD: Abisara angulata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 883; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 823; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-19038, p. 84, pi. 401, figs. 2, Z2a-2e, 6 Q. Abisara prunosa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 187; id. Lep. Ceyl. i, 1881, p. 69, pl. 33, figs. 8, 8a, 36, 6 2; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 825 ; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 85, pl. 402, figs. 1, la-1h, larva & pupa, dQ. Abisara suffusa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 244; de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1886, p. 325. Abisara abnormis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 582, pl. 49, fig. 3 Jd ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 824; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1201-1903, p- 89, pl. 403, figs. 2,2 a-27, dQ. Abisara traterna, Moore, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 532; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 325; Davidson § Aitken, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc.v, 1890, . 302, : Race kausambi. Abisara kausambi, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. iv, 1860, p. 397; Distant, Rhop. Malay. 1883, p. 189, pl. 18, fig. 11 2 ; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 323, footnote; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901- 1908, p. 83, pl. 401, figs. 1, la-le, g Q. Race bitasciata. Abisara bifasciata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 587, pl. 58, fig. 1 92; ABISARA. 493 de N. Butt. Ind. ii. 1886, p. 323, pl. 24, fig. 118 g¢ ; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 88, pl. 403, figs. 1, la-le, ¢ Q A very variable form. Termen of hind wing more or less broadly angulate or produced at apex of interspace 3, but not narrow or tailed asin A. neophron. Wet-season form.— 3. Upper- side rich purple-brown or maroon-brown with a blue gloss. Fore wing with discal and postdiscal transverse fasciee very obscure and only slightly paler than the ground-colour. Hind wing uniform ; two inwardly conical small black spots near apex of interspace 1, and single similar but Jarger black spots near apices of interspaces 5 and 6; all these spots bordered slenderly and somewhat obscurely on the outer side with white. Underside dull maroon-brown. Fore wing with a broad, slightly curved discal, narrower post- discal and subterminal transverse pale fascize; the discal fascia broadening anteriorly. Hind wing: a slightly curved narrow discal pale fascia ; the black spots as on the upperside, but bordered on the inner and on the outer sides by an obscure pale luuular line. Antenne black with scattered pale specks; head, thorax and abdomen maroon-brown ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen paler brown.— 92. Upperside hazel-brown, the terminal halves of the wings paler. Fore wing : discal and postdiscal broad, obscure, pale transverse fascie, followed by similarly obscure, somewhat broken, inner and outer subterminal pale transverse lines. Hind wing with a transverse series of obscure postdiscal pale lunular spots; the black white-margined spots as in the ¢ but smaller, the anterior two superposed on the pale spots; terminal margin below vein 4+ with inner and outer, and above vein 4 with single subterminal transversely linear markings. Underside: ground- eolour similar but paler on the basal, very much paler on the terminal halves of the wings; the markings as on the upperside, but the fascie on the fore and hind wings broader, more diffuse ; the black subterminal spots in interspaces 1, 5 and 6 of the hind wing smaller. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the ¢ but paler. Dry-season form.— ¢ - Upperside dull maroon-brown not glossed with purple; the transverse fascia on the fore and the black markings on the hind wing much as in the wet-season form, but the former more obscure, more diffuse, the latter smaller. Underside as in the wet-season form but paler.—Q. Upper and under sides similar to those of the wet- season form but conspicuously paler, the contrast between the dark basal and pale terminal halves more prominent, the Fig. 91. discal fascia on the underside of the fore Abisura echerius, $. t- wing very broad, diffuse and pale, often Dap-sensOni toa: nearly white. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen in both sexes as in the wet-season form but paler. Exp. gb @ 41-52 mm. (1°62-2:03"). 49-4 NEMEOBID#. Hab. The Himalayas, Chumba to Kumaon, Nepal and Bhutan ; Umballa; Fyzabad; Malda; Calcutta; Ganjam ; Southern India from below Poona and Bombay; Ceylon; Burma; Tenasserim ; China. Larva. “ Flat, very broad in the middle, tapering to both ends, clothed sparsely with short hairs ; head small, not enclosed in the 2nd segment; colour light green.” (Davidson § Aitken.) Pupa. ‘“ Also clothed with hairs, and altogether so like the larva that it is difficult to note exactly when the change takes place. It is closely attached to a leaf by the tail and a girdle.” (Davidson G Aitken.) Var. angulata, Moore, and var. abnormis, Moore, have been described from Burma and Tenasserim. ‘Typically, these differ slightly from echercus as follows :—Upperside with no purple gloss; the discal and postdiscal transverse bands more clearly defined, the former sometimes white anteriorly on the upperside, generally white or whitish on the underside and extending across both fore and hind wings; underside of hind wing with an extra subterminal black spot. The white markings and the extra black spot are variable characters, and specimens intermediate between typical echerius and typical angulata or abnormis are not uncommon. Race kausambi, Felder.— $. Upperside: differs from echerius Stoll (= prunosa, Moore) as follows :—Ground-colour dark maroon-brown, without any purple gloss ; fore wing, the discal and postdiscal transverse pale bands merging anteriorly into a large diffuse preapical pale or whitish patch; hind wing very dark, the black subterminal spots as in echerius but smaller, less prominent. Underside: ground-colour similar to that on the upperside, markings more clearly defined ; the discal and postdiscal transverse bands on the fore wing dull white, diffuse and merging into a preapical white patch anteriorly as on the upperside, inner and outer sub- terminal incomplete white lines from tornal angle to vein 6. Hind wing: a discal angulated white diffuse line, followed by a subterminal series of seven spots narrowly encircled with white, the spots in interspaces 3 and 4 of the same tint as the ground- colour, the rest black. Antenne maroon-brown spotted with white ; head, thorax and abdomen maroon-brown ; beneath some- what paler.— 2. Similar to the 3, but the ground-colour-brighter and paler, the markings similar but very much broader both on the upper and under sides. Exp. 3 2 46-51 mm. (1°72-2:01"). Hab. Within our limits, recorded from Mergui; spread over the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. Race bifasciata, Moore.—Differs from echerius as follows :— 3. Upperside uniform dark maroon-brown, not so dark as in the wet-season forms of echertus, the transverse pale bands on both wings broad and diffuse. Underside: ground-colour and markings ABISARA.—TAXILA. 495 as on the upperside, the latter more clearly defined; the transverse pale bands on both wings very broad and slightly sinuous.— 2. Upperside: ground-colour paler than inthe ¢. Fore wing: a broad discal outwardly angulated fascia, anteriorly white, poste- riorly shaded with maroon; its inner margin anteriorly oblique and sharply defined, posteriorly sinuous, diffuse; a postdiscal _ similar but straighter and narrower fascia ; followed by less clearly defined inner and outer subterminal whitish lines; the anterior portions of the discal and postdiscal bands, more or less coalescing along the veins, form a conspicuous white patch. Hind wing as in the ¢, but the transverse pale bands more clearly defined. Underside similar to the upperside, but all the markings broader and more clearly defined. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen in both sexes as in echerius. Exp. 3 2 52-56 mm. (2°04—2°2"). Hab, Tne Andamans. Genus TAXILA. Taxila, Doubleday, List Lep. Brit. Mus. pt. 2, 1847,p. 2; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 316; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 90. Type, 7. haquinus, Fabr., from the Malayan Subregion. Range. Indo-Malayan Region. 3 2. Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa arched, apex blunt ; termen straight in g, somewhat convex in 9; dorsum straight ; cell closed; veins 6 and 7 very closely approximate, upper discocellular therefore obsolete, middle and lower subequal, concave; vein 3 from before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex; 10 and 11 free, the latter often anastomosed with apex of 12. Hind wing pear-shaped ; costa slightly arched; termen strongly curved, margin in ¢ almost even, in 2 scalloped, angulate, dentate or produced at apex of vein 4; apex and tornus rounded, dorsum curved; cell closed very short, barely one-third the length of the wing; vein 3 from before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 6 and 7 variable, some- times stalked. Antenne long, over half length of fore wing; club gradual, fusiform; palpi very short, somewhat compressed, third joint very minute; eyes naked. Key to the forms of Taxila. a. Underside: hind wing with two prominent sub- apical spots)as im Abssara 2.1) iin. ss o T. burnin, p. 495. b. Underside: hind wing without such spots. a’, Underside: fore wing with a prominent plumbeous streak obliquely across cell...... T. thuisto, p. 497. 6’. Underside : fore wing without such streak .... 7. hagquinus, race fasciata, p. 497. 475. Taxila burnii, de Nicéville, Jour. Bomb. N. H. Soc. ix, 1895, p. 266, pl. N, fig. 9 2; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 93, pl. 404, figs. 2, 2a, 2. “0. Upperside: both wings light ferruginous, with all the 496 NEMEOBID &. markings of the underside showing through, more or less by transparency. Fore wing with an outer discal or submarginal series of diffused or irrorated rounded whitish spots arranged in a slightly outwardly curved line across the wing from the costa to the first median nervule, more prominent anteriorly, obsolete posteriorly ; a similar marginal linear series, each spot on both sides (?) outwardly defined with black. Hind wing with the marginal series of spots as in the fore wing, but the two anterior- most spots divided by the discoidal nervule larger than the others. Underside: both wings a little paler than above, rather more ochreous in shade. Fore wing with the inner margin as far as the submedian nervure whitish ; “the discocellular nervules narrowly defined by a dark ferruginous line; an inner discal macular white fascia, the anterior portion of which from the costa to the third median nervule is formed of spots divided only by the crossing veins and arranged in one straight line, followed by three spots placed in échelon in the median and submedian interspaces, these three spots forming an inwardly oblique straight line; an outer discal curved series of white spots arranged regularly across the wing from the third subcostal nervule to the median nervure; a marginal narrow, almost continuous, series of white spots promi- nently defined on both sides by a fine black line. Hind wing with — an inner discal series of white spots, very similar to that on the fore wing, but the anterior portion ending on the third median nervule is wider; followed by an indistinct castaneous macular fascia, which is continued somewhat indistinctly on to the disc of the fore wing; two marginal apical large rounded black spots divided by the discoidal nervule, each spot bears outwardly a large white area, inwardly each spot bears a tew white scales; in the median, submedian and internal interspaces are large conical- outline silvery-white spots, the base of the cone is on the margin, the apex is towards the base of the wing, the spot in the internal interspace the smallest and oval in shape. Cilia of both wings dusky, just touched inwardly with whitish. Antenne above black, beneath prominently annulated with white, the base of the club also white. Thorax and abdomen above concolorous with the wings, beneath white. Legs with the femur white, the tibia and tarsi ochreous. “ Exp. 2 1:9 inches” (nearly 49 mm.). Hab. Described from a single specimen taken at Loi-Maw, 5000 ft., Katha District, Upper Burma. “1 burnii is an aberrant species and seems to form a link, as far as the markings go, between the known species of the genus Taxila and the typical group of the genus Abzsara (A. echerws, Stolle res sya It posseses the two prominent apical black spots on the underside of the hind wing which are characteristic of all the species of Abisara, but are lacking in Taxila.” (de Micéville, l. c.) TAXILA. 497 476. Taxila thuisto, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii, 1861, Taxila; pl. 1, figs, 5, 6; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 317; Moore, Lep. Ind. v. 1901 1908, p. 92, pl. 404, fies. 3, 3a-Be, 39. 3. Upperside deep brownish black, the apex of fore and dorsal margin of hind wing slightly paler. Underside dark ochraceous red; apical area of fore wing slightly paler; dorsal margin of the _ same broadly dusky. Fore wing with the following pale plumbeous, sometimes cobalt-blue, markings edged more or less inwardly and outwardly with dull black in the interspaces, the outer edgings narrow and obscure: an oblique streak in cell; a sinuous inner discal transverse narrow fascia; an outer discal transverse series of spots not extending below vein 1; a postdiscal transverse curved series of spots, the lower three broadly linear, the subcostal spot elongate, narrow ; finally a subterminal series of transversely linear spots. Hind wing with the following similar markings: a basal and a subbasal transverse streak, the latter short, not reaching the upper apex of the cell; a strongly curved discal series of transverse spots; a postdiscal series of transverse linear spots, the inner bordering of black spots to these very broad and conspicuous ; lastly a subterminal series of transverse slender streaks in the interspaces. Cilia of fore and hind wings dark brown. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black; beneath, the antenne, palpi, head, thorax and abdomen paler brown; the palpi with a white lateral streak.— 9. Upperside more or less bright ochraceous red ; the spots, especially the dark spots of the under- side, showing through. Fore wing: a postdiscal curved transverse series of white spots, those in interspaces 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9 very large and conspicuous, and a subterminal transverse series of much smaller white spots inwardly bordered with black. Hind wing more or less uniform, only the postdiscal and subterminal series of transverse spots of the underside showing through ciearly. Underside paler ochraceous red ; markings more or less as in the 3, but the spots a paler plumbeous blue, the postdiscal and sub- terminal series on the fore wing white, the anterior spots of the former large and conspicuous as on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous brown ; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen paler; the palpi with a white lateral streak as inthe ¢. Exp. & 2 40-42 mm. (1:56-1-65’’). | Hab. Tenasserim from the Karen Hills north of Taungoo south- wards ; extending to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. 477. Taxila haquinus, labr. (Papilio) Ent. Syst. iii, 1793, p. 55. Race fasciata. Taxila_fasciata, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 882, pl. 52, fiz. 1 g; de N. Butt. Ind. 11, 1886, p. 318; Elwes, P. Z. 8. (haquinus, var. fasciata) 1891, p.287; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 91,. pl. 404, figs. 1, la-le, JQ. Race fasciata, Moore.— $. Upperside dark reddish brown or VOL. I. 2K 498 NEMEOBID 2. plum-brown ; fore wing with the apical area paler and traversed preapically by a very obscure and diffuse broad greyish fascia. Hind wing uniform withont markings. Underside brighter ochraceous red, the preapical grey fascia on the fore wing as on the upperside but much more clearly defined, traversed by veins 6, 7 and &, and inwardly margined with brownish; fore and hind wings with numerons black spots, the outer row margined with grey on the outer side. the rest more or less with silvery blue, terminal margins with a prominent sub- eee ee terminal series of transversely linear race jusciata a .» grey spots margined on both sides by brown; a terminal slender dark line. Antenne reddish brown; head, thorax, and abdomen brown beneath very pale ochraceous brown.— ? . Similar. Upperside dull ochraceous red, the preapical oblique bar on fore wing as in the 3, but much broader and more distinct ; the spots of the under- side on both fore and hind wings showing faintly through by transparency. Underside very bright ochraceous red; the white preapical band on the fore wing as on the upperside; the spots on both fore and hind wings as in the g¢, but smaller, of a rich dark red, outwardly margined with silvery grey ; the subterminal series of transversely linear spots as in the ¢, but further from the margin; the terminal dark line more clearly defined. Exp. 3 2 52-55 mm, (2°15-2:17"). Hab. Burma; Tenasserim. A slightly differentiated form of the Malayan Tawxila haquinus, Fabr. Differs from it chiefly in the less prominent spotting on the underside and in the white, not grey, preapical patch on the fore wing in the 9. Genus ZEMEROS. Zemeros, Boisduval, Spéc. Gén. Lép. i, 1836, pl. 21, fig. 5; de N. Butt. Ind, 11, 1886, p. 307; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 96. Type, Z. flegyas, Cramer, from India, China, &c. Range. Indo-Malayan Region. 3 9. Fore wing very broadly triangular; costa slightly arched, apex subacute; termen scalloped, convex, more strongly convex in the 9 than in the d¢; tornus obtuse; dorsum straight; cell slenderly closed, short, not half length of wing; veins 6 and 7 very closely approximate, upper discocellular therefore obsolete, middle and lower subequal, concave ; veins 3 and 4 from lower apex of cell, 19 and 11 free; 12 very short, terminating before middle of costa. Hind wing broadly pear-shaped ; costa arched ; apex broadly rounded; termen scalloped, uneven, angulated at vein 4, and below that to tornus, slightly more produced outwards ZEMEROS. 499 than the upper portion; tornus angulate; dorsum long, curved ; cell very short, not half length of wing; middle and lower disco- cellulars concave ; veins 6 and 7 from upper apex of cell, sometimes shortly stalked. Antenne a little longer than half length of fore wing; club fusiform, gradual; palpi very short, porrect, third Joint minute ; eyes naked. A single form is recorded from within our limits. 478. Zemeros flegyas, Cramer (Papilio), Pap. Ev. iii, 1780, pl. 280, figs. E, F, 6; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p. 308, pl. 24, fig. 115 $; Dudgeon Proc. A. S. Beng. 1890, p. 140; Moore, Lep. Ind. vy, 1901-1903, p. 96, pl. 405, figs. 1,la-ly, 3 9. Wet-season form.—d. Upperside dark vinaceous brown, the veins ochraceous brown. Fore and hind wings crossed by four series of minute white spots, the postdiscal series very often obscure, each spot bordered inwardly by a more or less elongate black spot ; a terminal very slender black line; cilia alternately black and white. Underside bright ochraceous brown, the veins conspicuously paler, the white black-bordered spots as on the upperside but larger, more clearly defined and prominent. Antenne brown ringed with white; club black, ochraceous at apex ; head, thorax and abdomen concolorous with the wings; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen slightly paler than the wings. Dry-season form.— 3 . Upperside: ground-colour darker than in the wet-season form ; the spots smaller, duller in colour. Onthe fore wing the postdiscal series of spots often obsolescent except the spots in interspaces 3, 6 and 8, the latter two very large and prominent; subterminal series of spots also often obsolescent. The veins on both fore and hind wings not paler than the ground-colour. Under- side: similar to the underside in the wet-season form, but the ground- colour a shade darker; the veins not F; conspicuously paler ; the white spots ig. 93. bean toate SOs ¢ gh Ae ae as in the wet-season form, except the LESS 1 Tiegeton oan postdiseal and subterminal series on the fore wing, which are as on the upperside, the anterior large white spots of the postdiscal series being very prominent; the inner black bordering to the white spots much smaller than in the wet-season form. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the wet-season form.— 9. Upper and under sides very similar to those of the wet-season form, but the ground-colour brighter and paler; markings also similar, but the black bordering to the white spots less prominent. Exp. 3 2 40-48 mm. (1°59-1°9"). Hab. The Himalayas, Mussoorie to Sikhim and Bhutan; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim; extending to the Malay Peninsula and China. 2 eg 500 NEMEOBID A. Larva. “ Adult: length -75 of an inch. Ovate, extremely flattened, inconspicuous. Colour pale green, head and anal segment slightly lhghter; all the segments laterally rounded, covered with a whitish down, especially at the sides; an indistinct double longitudinal dorsal darker-green line throughout, enclosing a minute orange spot on seventh and eleventh segments; middle segments more than twice as broad as they are long; legs pale green, set well beneath the animal and rather close together. Full-grown at the end of March. Feeds on Masa montana. Larva when about to change into the pupal state attaches itself to a patch of silky web, by the last segment, to the underside of a leaf of the food-plant, with the head towards the apex, and is girt about the middle with another web.” (Dudgeon.) Pupa. “ Length -55 to °70 of an inch. Fusiform, broadest in the middle .... anterior end truncate-rounded, distinctly broader than the posterior ; the whole pupa flattened and of very slight depth even in the thickest part; the divisions between the segments well-marked ; posterior segment bluntly rounded; head also rounded and divided in the middle at the apex into two lobes by a shallow notch........ colour bright yellowish green throughout, marked above with rich emerald-green narrow lines arranged in an arabesque-like pattern on the two outer-thirds ; a series of round spots along the middle of the back on the abdomen only, and a subdorsal line on either side interrupted at the segmental constrictions. Under surface pale yellowish green throughout, entirely unmarked ..... The whole surface of the pupa smooth, without any hairs or shagreening whatever.”— (Dudceon.) Genus STIBOGES. Stiboges, Butler, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 308; de N. Butt. Ind. ii, 1886, p- 315; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1903, p. 100. Type, S. nymphidia, Butler, from Penang. Range. Indo-Malayan Region. 3 9. Fore wing broadly triangular ; costa very slightly arched, nearly straight ; apex more or less acute, slightly rounded ; termen convex, strongly convex in the @ ; tornus rounded; dorsum straight ; cell slenderly closed, about half length of wing; upper discocellular obsolete, middle and lower concave; vein 3 trom before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex; 10 and 11 free; 12 closely approximate to subcostal, turning abruptly outwards and terminating opposite upper apex of cell. Hind wing oval, costa obliquely convex; apex and tornus rounded, termen strongly arched ; dorsum nearly straight; cell half length of wing, slenderly closed ; vein 3 from before lower apex of cell, 4 from apex, 3 and 7 stalked, 8 short. Antenne slightly longer than half length of fore wing, articulations prominent; club long, flattened, gradual ; palpi very short, porrect, third joint minute ; eyes naked. A single form is recorded from within our limits. STIBOGES. 501 479. Stiboges nymphidia, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 309, pl. 22, fig. 1 é; de N. Butt. Ind. i, 1886, p- 316, pl. 24, a 119 Q; Moore, Lep. Ind. v, 1901-1908, p. 101, pl. 405, figs. 2 eng 2. 3. Upperside pure white, base of wings narrowly, costal margin of fore wing very broadly; with the apical and terminal third of the fore wing and terminal third of the hind wing black, the inner margin of this colour irregularly crenulate. Fore wing with subterminal and terminal very incomplete transverse series of white spots, the anterior two of the former series being the largest. Hind wing with a subterminal undulated pale line, in some specimens white where it crosses the veins, Fig. 94.—Stiboges and a terminal series of white lunules. Cilia nymphidia, @. %. White alternated with black. Underside similar, the markings generally more clearly defined, the pale subterminal line on the hind wing replaced by a line of obscure minute spots. Antenne black with white rings at the articulations; head, thorax and abdomen black; beneath, the palpi and abdomen white, the thorax black.— 2 . Similar; fore wing with the black apical and terminal areas proportionately narrower ; hind wing with a series of spots instead of the sub- terminal pale line on the upperside. Antenne, head, thorax and abdomen as in the ¢. Exp. & 2 36-47 mm. (1°4-1°85"), Hab. Bhutan ; the hills of Assam and Upper Burma ; extending to the Malay Perens, Sumatra, and eastwards to China. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. abiasa (Pantoporia), 314. Abisara, 489. abnormis (Abisara), 492. abnormis (Cirrochroa), 427. : Abrota, 250. aceris (Neptis), 319. Acidalia, 429. Acontia, 247. acontius (Adolias), 282. acontius (Euthalia), 282. Acreeine, 468. Acrea, 468. aculeata (Melanitis), 160. adamsoni (Ccelites), 72. adamsoni (Haridra), 213. adamsoni (Mycalesis), 54. adamsoni (Parathyma), 303. adara (Neptis), 328. adima (Adolias), 274. adipala (Neptis), 330. Adolias, 248, 249, 252, 255. adolphei (Mycalesis), 61. adonira (Dodona), 486. /&mona, 196. zerope (Clerome), 183. zropus (Symphedra), 252. affectata (Ypthima), 135. agamarschana (Hestia), Agapetes, 108. aglaia (Argynnis), 431. Aglais, 363. aglea (Danais), 18. agleoides (Danais), 20. agna (Charaxes), 216. agnicula (Grapta), 372. agnicula (Vanessa), 372. agrarius (Charaxes), 220. Agrusia, 169. alberta (Lethe), 92. albotasciata (Elymnias), 178. albofasciata (Kallima), alcandra (Sympheedra), 287 aleathoé (Euplea), 36. alcathoéoides (Euripus), 242, alcippe (Atella), 413. alcippoides (Atella), 413. alcippoides (Limnas), 11. alcippus (Papilio), 11. aliris (Thauria), 195. alkibie (Ypthima), 145. almana (Junonia), 361. alompra (Kallima), 397. alompra (Libythea), 477. altissima (Argynnis), 445. Amathusia, 187. amathusia (Atmona), 196. Amathuxidia, 187. amba (Neptis), 332. ambica (Apatura), 230. Amecera, 109. amoenula (Melita), 451. ampa (Melanitis), 160. amythaon (Amathusia), 188. Anadebis, 165. ananta (Neptis), 340. anarta (Liminitis), 291. anaxias (Mycalesis), 54. anaxioides (Mycalesis), 54. andamana (Calysisme), 0. andamana (Herona), 237. andamana (Neptis), 324. andamanensis (Euplcea), 35. andamanensis (Eurytela), 459. andamanensis (Laringa), 459. andamanica (Cupha), ie andamanica (Cyrestis), 350. andamanica (Dole- schallia), 398. andersoni (Huthalia), 272. andersoni (Lethe), 100. andersonii (Dyctis), 179. Andrapana, 319. angela (Dodona), 489. angelica (Prothoé), 381. angularis (Hrites), 154. angulata (Abisara), 492. angustata (Herona), 237. anjana (Neptis), 539. anjira (Cirrochroa), 423. annada (Hrebia), 150. anosia (Euthalia), 286. anthe (Hipparchia), 115. antiopa (Vanessa), 370. anyte (Adolias), 261. aoris (Cirrochroa), 427. Apatura, 229, 386. apicalis (Euthalia), 285. apicalis (Pademma), 42. apicalis (Parthenos), 288. apicalis (Ypthima), 142. appiades (Kuthalia), 274. Apsithera, 348. Araschnia, 374. arcesilaus (Clerome), 183. Arge, 108. argentina (Hrites), 153. Argynnis, 429. ariadne (Ergolis), 461. ariaspa (Ypthima), 145. aristogiton (Charaxes), 213. arja (Eulepis), 222. arsinoé (Cynthia), 405. asela (Cynthia), 409. asela (Euplcea), 32. asita (Athyma), 305. asita (Pantoporia), 305. aspasia (Danais), 20. assama (Clerome), 184. assamica (Rahinda), 847. O04 | asterastilis (Neptis), 334. asterie (Papilio), 361. asterope (Ypthima), 145. asthala (Symbrenthia), 379. astola (Neptis), 323. asura (Athyma), 317. aswa (Cyllo), 159. atalanta (Vanessa), 363. Atella, 412. athamas (Hulepis), 220. Athyma, 302, 314. atkinsoni (Kallima), 395. atkinsonia (Lethe), 97. atlites (Junonia), 359. attenuata (Lebadea), 299. augusta (Pademma), 39. Aulocera, 125. aurelia (Rahinda), 347. austeni (Thymipa), 137. austenia (Auzakia), 301. Auzakia, 300. avanta (Ypthima), 140. avesta (Pseudergolis), 463. Badacara, 7. Bahora, 7. bajadeta (Cirrochroa), 424. baladeva (Lethe), 99. balarama (Adolias), 274. balbita (Meliteea), 451. baldiva (Nytha), 114. baldus (Ypthima), 134. Balonea, 479. baralacha (Argynnis), 447. Bassarona, 255. beelinga (Hrites), 154. bela (Melanitis), 159. belisama (Prothoé), 382. bellata (EKuthalia), 258. bernardus (Charaxes), 216. bethami 162. bethami (Samanta), 64, bhadra (Lethe), 101. Bhagadatta, 300. bhairava (Lethe), 89. bbarata (Charaxes), 220. bhavana (Apatura), 230. bhima (Neope), 103. biblis (Cethosia), 402. (Melanitis), bifasciata (Abisara), 492. Bimbasara, 319. binghami (Ceelites), 72. binghami (Crastia), 34. binghaii (Dodona), 488. ALPHABETICAL INDEX, binghami (Euthalia), 282 binghami (Penthema), 392. binghamii (Huthalia), 285. binotata (Stictopleea), 30. bisaltide (Doleschallia), 393. bisaltide andamanensis (Doleschallia), 393. bisaltide continentalis (Doleschallia), 393. bisaltide malabarica (Doleschallia), 393. biseriata (Euplcea), 26. biseriata (Tronga), 26. Blanaida, 72. blasius (Mycalesis), 57. boisduvali (Kallima), 395. boisduvalli (Kallima), 395. bolanica (Ypthima), 44, bolina (Hypolimnas), 386. Boloria, 429. brabira (Symbrenthia), 378. brahma (Calinga), 466. brahminoides (Aulocera), 126. brahminus 126. bremeri (Eupleea), 26. brevistigma (Maniola), 119. brisanda (Lethe), 82. Bruasa, 169. buckleyi (Kallima), 395. buddha (Calinaga), 466. burmana (Neptis), 333. burmeisteri (Pademma), 42. burmensis (Mimadelias), (Aulocera), burnii (Taxila), 495. busiris (Xanthoteenia), 185. Byblia, 455. cacharica (Neptis), 330. cadelli (Hestia), 5. cadesia (Hipparchia), 124. Caduga, 7. c-album (Vanessa), 372. c-album, var. interposita (Vanessa), 374. c-album, var. tibetana (Vanessa), 372. calidasa (Liminitis), 291. calidasa (Moduza), 291. Calinaga, 465. Callerebia, 146. Calliploea, 22. calydonia (Prothoé), 382. Calysisme, 49. cama (Pantoporia), 309. camadeva (Stichoph- thalma), 192. comet ane (Eupleea), 25. camiba (Apatura), 233. camiba (Rohana), 233. camilla (Liminitis), 293. camorta (Euplea), 34. canace (Vanessa), 371. cardui (Vanessa), 365. carpenteri (Isamia), 25. cartica (Neptis), 333. carticoides (Neptis), 333. cashapa (Callerebia), 150. cashmirensis (Pararge), 112. cashmirensis (Vanessa), 367. castelnaui (Euplea), 27. castelnaui (Laringa), 458. castetsi (Acidalia), 438. castetsi (Argynnis), 438. catharina (Ypthima), 142. caudata (Elymnias), 173. celinde (Discophora), 200. celinde,var. andamanensis (Discophora), 200. celinde, var. continentalis (Discophora), 200. celtis (Libythea), 473. cerealis (Ypthima), 140. Cethosia, 399. ceylanica (Danais), 18. ceylonica (Atella), 413. ceylonica (Ypthima), 143 chandica (Lethe), 94. chandra (Sephisa), 246. charaka (Mycalesis), 55. Charaxes, 208. charon (Neptis), 328. cheena (Maniola), 120. chela (Abisara), 492. chelensis (Hlymnias), 180. Chendrana, 314. chenu (Satyrus), 141. chenui (Ypthima), 141. Chersonesia, 353. chevana (Apatura), 232. childreni (Argynnis), 435. chionippe (Helcyra), 228. Chionobas, 128. Chitoria, 229. chitralensis (Boloria), 446. chitralensis (Melitza), _ 458. Chittira, 7. Chortobius, 118. chrishna (Neorina), 168. chrysippus (Danais), 11. Chucapa, 267. chumbica (Aulocera), 127. cibaritis (Euthalia), 278. cinnamomeus (Huripus), 242. circe (Cynthia), 406. Cirrochroa, 419. clara (Argynnis), 443, clara manis (Argynnis), 443, clarissa (Terinos), 411. claudia (Argynnis), 443. clerica (Athyma), 314. Clerome, 182. clinia (Neptis), 330. enacalis (Rahinda), 346. cocles (Cyrestis), 352. cocles, var. andamanica (Cyrestis), 352. cocytus (Euthalia), 271. Ceelites, 70. cenonympha (Maniola), cognata (Cirrochroa), 422. cognata (Polygonia), 372. _eolumella (Neptis), 326. complexiva (Ypthima), 145. Condochates, 302. confusa (Lethe), 82. consimilis (Euripus), 244. consimilis, var. meridio- nalis (Euripus), 244. continentalis (Disco- phora), 200. corax (Charaxes), 215. core (Euplcea), 32. coreoides (Euplea), 29. coresia (Stibochiana), 249. coreta (Euplea), 29. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. corus (Euploea), 27. ‘ cotanda (Symbrenthia), 378. cottonis (Elymnias), 178. crassa (Euplcea), 42. Crastia, 22, 31. crisia (Ragadia), 155. crisilda (Ragadia), 156. crito (Ragadia), 156. critolaus (Ragadia), 157. crocea (Danais), 20. erowleyi (Stictopleea), Culapa, 49. Cupha, 416. cupreipennis (Crastia), 24 eyane (Cethosia), 400. cyaneus (Parthenos), 290. eyanipardus (Symphe- dra), 253. cycnus (Enispe), 199. cydippe (Cethosia), 399. Cyllogenes, 162. Cynitia, 267. Cynthia, 405. Cyrestis, 348. deedalia (Ypthima), 145. dexdalion (Elymnias), 178. daksha (Erebia), 152. Dallaecha, 130. damaris (Orinoma), 106. Danaine, 2. Danais, 7. Danaus, 7. danava (Auzakia), 300. Danisepa, 22. dara (Elymnias), 178. daraxa (Liminitis), 295. daretis (Lethe), 81. darlisa (Penthema), 391. davendra (Maniola), 119. davisoni (Samanta), 64. Debis, 72. deliades (Debis), 87. delmana (Euthalia), 285. delphis (Eulepis), 224. deodata (Dodona), 487. derma (Dophia), 266. desa (Charaxes), 213. deva (Mimadelias), 178. dharma (Pademma), 39. Diadema, 386. diademoides (Anadebis), 166. Dichorragia, 248. dichroa (Sephisa), 245. didyma (Melitza), 450, 453. 505 diffusa (Nytha), 115. digna (Karanasa), 125. Dilipa, 235. dinarbas (Debis), 82. dindinga (Neptis), 346. diocletiana (Kuplea), Dionana, 72. dione (Euplcea), 35. diores (Thaumantis), 190. dipzea (Dodona), 482. dirtea (Sympheedra), 255. discispilota (Euthalia), 276. Discophora, 199. disrupta (Neptis), 323. distans (Lethe), 95. distanti (Charaxes), 210. Dodona, 479. dohertyi (Araschnia), 375. dohertyi (Ypthima), 137. Doleschallia, 392. dolon (Eulepis), 226. dolopes (Debis), 92. Dophla, 255. dorelia (Neptis), 343. dorippus (Danais), 12. dorippus (Eupleea), 12. doubledayi (Kallima), 397. doubledayi(Neurosigma), 247. dracon (Dodona), 483. Dravera, 229. drusia (Calysisme), 58. drusia (Mycalesis), 60. drusia (Papilio), 58. Dryas, 429. drypetis (Lethe), 79. Ducapa, 419. duda (Dophla), 260. dudu (Liminitis), 296. dunya (Dophla), 266. dura (Lethe), 101. durga (Dodona), 481. durga (Dophla), 260. durnfordi (Charaxes), 210. durnfordi nicholi (Cha- raxes), 210. duryodana (Cyllo), 161. dynsate (Lethe), 91, dyrta (Lethe), 80. echerius (Abisara), 489, egea (Vanessa), 374. egeon (Dodona), 484. 506 egeria {Pararge), 112. egista (Issoria), 415. elicius (Kuthalia), 286. elisa (Euploa), 27. elwesi (Zophoessa), 98. Elymnias, 169. emodes (Neptis), 323. Enispe, 197. epiminthia (Ccelites), 72. Epinephele, 118. Krebia, 146. Ergolis, 460. erichsoni (Hupleea), 42. eriphyle (Euthalia), 285. Erites, 152. erota (Cynthia), 406. erota, var. pallida (Cyn- thia), 406. erymanthis (Cupha), 417. erymanthismaja(Cupha), 418. erymanthis, var. nico- barica (Messaras), 417. esaca (EHlymnias), 179. esperi (Kupleea), 33. eudamippus (Eulepis), 27. eugenes (Dodona), 484. Eugonia, 363. Eulaceura, 229. Eulepis, 219. eumeus (Clerome), 183. EKupleea, 22, 27. Euplceamima, 165. Euripus, 242. europa (Lethe), 77. eurymene (Neptis), 324. eurynome (Neptis), 323. Eurytela, 457. Euthalia, 267. euthymius (Knispe), 198. Euvanessa, 363. eva (Adolias), 266. evadne (Mycalesis), 49. evelina (Dophla), 255, 265. evelina (Euthalia), 265. exprompta (Danais), 14. fabius (Charaxes), 217. fabius fabius (Charaxes), 218. fabius sulphureus (Cha- raxes), 218. falcipennis (Erites), 155. fasciata (Cirrochroa), 420. fasciata (Taxila), 497. Faunis, 183. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. faunula 184. faunuloides cyma), 184. flavo-brunnea chroa), 421. flegyas (Zemeros), 499. franciz (Euthalia), 279. francki (Prothoé), 381. fraterna (Abisara), 492. fraterna (Atella), 413. fraterna (Elymnias), 171. fraterna (Neurosigma), 248. fuliginosa (Neptis), 338. fulva (Rhinopalpa), 384. fumata (Danais), 21. fylla (Abisara), 490. (Melanocyma), (Melano- (Cirro- galathea (Agapetes), 108. gambrisius (Parthenos), 288. gammiel LOW ganga (Abrota), 251. Gareris, 49. . garuda (Euthalia), 282. gautama (Calinaga), 466. gautama (Danais), 17. gautamoides (Danais), 17. gemmata (Argynnis), 442. generator (Argynnis), 447. genutia (Papilio), 10. geoffroyi (Libythea), 477. (Zophoessa), glaucescens (EKurytela), 458. glaucescens (Laringa), 458. goalpara (Lethe), 100. godarti (Eupleea), 33. gokala (Melanitis), 160. gononata (Neptis), 330. goodrichi (Dophla), 258. goolmurga (Epinephele), 122. gopa (Mycalesis), 55. grammica (Danais), 18. grantii (Salpinx), 39. grotei (Euplcea), 30. gulnihal (Lethe), 89. gupta (Dophla), 258. gupta (Sympheedra), 258. hadeni (Hestia), 6. halimede (Agapetes), 108. halitherses (Euripus), 242. hallirothius (Huripus), 244. hamasta (Hulepis), 220. hamiltoni (Pademma), 39. hampsoni (Neptis), 330. Hanipha, 72. haquinus (Taxila), 497. Haramba, 267. Haridra, 208, harita (Neptis), 337. haronica (Vanessa), 371. harpax (Charaxes), 215. harrisi (Eupleea), 30. hauxwelli (Libythea), 478. hegemone (Argynnis), 449. hegesippus (Danais), 11. Helcyra, 228. heliodore (Neptis), 342. hemana (Charaxes), 216. hemina (Helcyra), 228. here (Apatura), 231. heri (Mycalesis), 66. hermione (Nytha), 113. Herona, 237. hesione (Papilio), 69. Hestia, 3. Hestina, 239. hierax (Charaxes), 215. hierta (Junonia), 360. hilda (Neorina), 168. himachala (Anadebis), 166. hindia (Charaxes), 216. Hipparchia, 113. hippocius (Symbrenthia), 3716 hipponax (Charaxes), 215. hopei (Eupleea), 30. hordonia (Rahinda), 344. horsfieldi (Kallima), 397. horsfieldi (Laringa), 458. howqua (Stichoph- thalma), 191, 193. howra (Ypthima), 142. huebneri (Karanasa), 124. huebneri (Ypthima), 142. higelii (Paphia), 395. huttoni (Kallima), 395. hyagriva (Erebia), 150. hybrida (Callerebia), 151. hybrida (Erebia), 151. hydaspes (Liminitis), 298. hyperbius (Argynnis), 438. ———— Hypolimnas, 386. hypselis (Symbrenthia), 378. hypsina (Cethosia), 402. hyrania (Lethe), 81. hysudra (Symbrenthia), 378, iarba (Ypthima), 138. idita (Athyma), 317. ilia, var. serarum (Apa- tura), 231. ilithyia (Byblia), 455. illustris (Salpinx), 39. imna (Charaxes), 214. imperialis (Pademma), inachis (Kallima), 395. inachus (Kallima), 395. inara (Liminitis), 305. indecora (Ypthima), 133. indica (Discophora), 202. indica (Doleschallia), 393. indica (Ergolis), 461. indica (Vanessa), 366. indigofera (Pademma), 39 inica (Ypthima), 145. insana (Lethe), 81. intermedia (Callerebia), 150. intermedia (Calysisme), _ 59. interposita (Maniola), 121. interposita 374. iphita (Junonia), 356. ira (Bassarona), 258. irawada (Euploea), 43. iris (Apatura), 229. Tsamia, 22. ismene (Liminitis), 299. ismene (Melanitis), 158. issea (Argynnis), 441. Issoria, 415. iva (Dophla), 263. (Vanessa), jahnu (Euthalia), 276. jainadeva (Argynnis), 433 jalaurida (Lethe), 98. jalinder (Charaxes), 215. jalysus (Eulepsis), 223. jama (Huthalia), 284. jJanetz (Cyllogenes), 163 jason (Charaxes), 208. jasonia (Hestia), 9. jasonia (Nectaria), 5. ALPHABETICAL INDEX, jerdoni (Argynnis), 446. jina (Athyma), 319. jiraria (Cirrochroa), 427. jocularia (Ypthima), 142. julii (Euthalia), 274. julii (Nymula), 274. jumba (Neptis), 327. jumbah (Neptis), 327. jumna (Abrota), 252. Junonia, 355. junonia (Mycalesis), 67. jurtina (Maniola), 118. justina (Papilio), 58. Kabauda, 49. kahruba (Charaxes), 212. kalinda (HErebia), 149. kalinga (Euploea), 45. kalinga (Melanitis), 161. kallaura (Neptis), 330. Kallima, 394. kamala (Argynnis), 433. kamarupa (Neptis), 323. kanarensis (Hestia), 4. kanda (Euthalia), 286. Kanetisa, 123. Kaniska, 363. kansa (Lethe), 92. kanwa (Pantoporia), 307. Karadira, 22. Karanasa, 123. kashmirica (Maniola), 120. kasmira (Ypthima), 143. kausambi (Abisara), 492. Kerrata, 72. kesava (Euthalia), 276. khasiana (Euthalia), 274. khasiana (Neope), 101. khasiana (Neptis), 328. khasiana (Symbrenthia), 76. khasiana (Symphedra), 253. khasianus (Charaxes), 215 khimalara (Charaxes), 212 Kironga, 302. Kirontisa, 267. klugii (Euplea), 39. klugii (Limnas), 12. knyvetti (Kallima), 398. Kolasa, 130. kollari (Euploea), 41. kresna (Pantoporia), 308. 507 Kringana, 189. kuhasa (Neptis), 343. Labranga, 255. ladakensis (Vanessa), 368 laudabilis (Huthalia), 265. langi (Mycalesis), 65. lanka (Cirrochroa), 421. laomedia (Papilio), 359. Laringa, 457. larymna (Athyma), 316. Lasiommata, 107, 109. Lasippa, 319. lathonia (Argynnis), 441. latiaris (Lethe), 90. latistigma (Maniola), 119. laudabilis (Dophla), 265. laurion (Lasiommata), 111. lavinia (Junonia), 355. layardi (Hupleea), 34. Lebadea, 298. leda (Melanitis), 157. leda (Papilio), 158. ledereri (Euplcea), 28. leechii (Karanasa), 124. lehana (Hipparchia), 4 lehana (Nytha), 114. lemonias (Junonia), 357. lena (AXmona), 197. lepcha (Mycalesis), 64. lepcha (Samanta), 64. lepida (Discophora), 201 lepidea (Euthalia), 272, Lepidoptera, 1. lepita (Libythea), 473. lepitoides (Libythea), 473. Lethe, 72. leucocyma (Elymnias), 175. leucogonis (Salpinx), 39. leuconota (Neptis), 330. levana (Araschnia), 374. Lexias, 252. libera (Libythea), 476. Libythea, 472. Libytheine, 472. ligea (Erebia), 146. ligyes (Liminitis), 298. limborgi (Eupleea), 35. limborgii (Kallima). 395. Limbusa, 255. Liminitis, 293. 508 Limnas, 7. limniace (Danais), 16. linnei (Trepsichrois), 43 linteata (Hestia), 4. lisarda (Penthema), 390. Loesa, 49. loha (Aulocera), 127. Lohana, 130. ; longicaudata (Dodona), louisa (Stich ophthalma), 194. lubentina 278. lucina (Symbrenthia), 76. (Euthalia), lucipor (Thaumantis), 190. lunawara 222s luxeri (Zeuxidia), 186. lycus (Ypthima), 140. lyncea (Hestia), 3. lynceus (Hestia), 4. lyneus (Lethe), 96. (Charaxes), macclellandi (Pademma), 42. mackinnoni 4405. mackwoodi (Kallima), 397. madura (Hrites), 152. mera (Satyrus), 109. meeroides (Lasiommata’, 111. meerula (Satyrus), 111. magadha (Neptis), 328. magnifica (Eupleea), 35. Mahaldia, 255. mahendra (Neptis), 329. mahesa (Athyma), 312. Mahintha, 22. mahratta (Cethosia), 403. mahratta (Ypthima), 145. maia (Argynnis), 434. maitrya (Lethe), 87. maiza (Epinephele), 122. malabarica (Hestia), 4. malelas (Elymnias), 175. malsara (Mycalesis), 64. malsarida (Mycalesis), (Argynnis), mamerta (Papilio), 58. mananda (Neptis), 330. manasa (Neptis), 336. mandata (Mycalesis), 69. mandosa (Mycalesis), 60. mani (Erebia), 148. ALPHABETICAL INDEX, manii (Mycalesis), 53. Maniola, 118. manis (Argynnis), 443. marathus (Herona), 237. margarita (Hupleea), 44. margaritze (Lethe), 83. marmax (Charaxes), 211. marshalli (Parantirrheea), 165, marshalli (Ypthima), 134 martabana (Neptis), 326. martha (Lebadea), 299. masoni (Lethe), 84. masoni (Salpinx), 42. masoni (Zeuxidia), 186. meda (Orsotricena), 69. meetana (Neptis), 323. megalia (Ypthima), 146. mehida (Melanitis), 180. mekara (Lethe), 95. Melanargia, 108. melanea (Danais), 14. Melanitis, 157. Melanocyma, 184. melanoides (Parantica), 18. melanoleuca (Danais), 19. Melitza, 450. Mellicta, 450. Melynias, 169. Menama, 22, 24. menava (Satyrus), 111. menetriesi (Euploea), 36, merilia (Kuthalia), 282. merione (Ergolis), 462. mestra (Mycalesis), 63. methora (Ypthima), 136. miah (Neptis), 341, microsticta (Stictoplea), 30 midamus (Eupleea), 45. midamus (Papilio), 45. midamus (Trepsichrois), 45. Mimadelias, 169. Mimathyma, 229. Mimetra, 287. mimus (Elymnias), 178. minerva (Lethe), 90. mineus (Calysisme), 58. mineus (Myealesis), 58, 60. minorata (Ergolis), 461. mirus (Abrota), 251. mirus (Papilio), 251. tmisenus (Mycalesis), 66. misippus (Hypolimnas), 388 mithila (Cirrocbroa) 423. munasicles (Mycalesis), modesta (Huploa), 24. modesta (Karanasa), 124. Moduza, 291, meelleri (Lethe), 98. monilis (Bassarona). 257. montana (Eupleea), 29. moorei (Rhaphicera), 108. moori (Hulepis), 224. morgiana (Dilipa), 236. Morphine, 181. motschulzkii (Ypthima), 40 muirheadi (Lethe), 103. mulciber (EHupleea), 45. mulciber (Papilio), 40. Mycealesis, 49, 69. myrrha (Libythea), 475. myrrha, var. sanguinalis (Libythea), 475. Myrtilus, 49. mystes (Mycalesis), 67. Nadiria, 130. naga (Lethe), 83. nais (Huthalia), 287. Najas, 293. nama (Hestina), 239. namouna (Apatura), 230. nana (Neptis), 334. nandina (Neptis), 330. nar (Neptis), 332. nara (Dophla), 261. narasingha (Erebia), 148. narayana (Dophla), 262. narayana (Kuthalia), . 2. narayana (Neptis), 334. nareda (Ypthima), 138. narica (Maniola), 120. Narmada, 22. Narsenga, 229. nashona (Neptis), 333. nata (Neptis), 329. necho (Discophora), 200. Nectaria, 3. neelgheriensis (Lethe), nefte (Pantoporia), 304. Nemeobide, 478. Nemetis, 72. neophron (Abisara), 491. Neorina, 167. neoza (Epinephele), 121. nepenthes (Hulepis), 226. Neptis, 319. nesimachus(Dichorragia), 2 nesippus (Danais), 11. Neurosigma, 247. newara (Ypthima), 139. nicea (Stibochiana), 250. nicetas (Lethe), 86. nicetella (Lethe), 86 nicevillei (Parhestina), 241. nicevilli (Hupleea), 26. nicholii (Charaxes), 210. nicobarica (Calysisme), nicobarica 401 nicobarica (Cirrochroa), 425. nicobarica (Danais), 14. nicobarica (Neptis), 324. nicotia (Mycalesis), 55. nietneri (Cethosia), 404. nikzea (Ypthima), 187. nilgiriensis (Danais), 20. nilgiriensis (Lethe), 81. nipalensis (Danais), 10. niphanda (Symbrenthia), 379. niphe (Papilio), 438. niphe, var. castetsi (Ar- gynnis), 438. nirmala (Erebia), 150, Nisanga, 49, nivalis (Cyrestis), 351. nivea (Cyrestis), 351. nivifera (Athyma), 304. nivifera (Pantoporia), 304. nolana (Neptis), 341. Nora, 267. norna (Qineis), 128. nothis (Celites), 71. nourmahal (Stichoph- thalma), 192. novare (Huplea), 39. nurinissa (Stichophthal- ma), 192. nycteus (Neptis), 336. Nymphalide, I. Nymphaline, 203. Nymphalis, 208. nymphidia (Stiboges), 501. Nytha, 113. (Cethosia), obnubila (Elymunias), 173. oculata (Sadarga), 59. oculus (Myealesis), 62. odana (Thaumantis), 189. Gineis, 128. cenone (Junonia), 360. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. olivacea 427. olivacea (Tronga), 26. opalina (Pantoporia), 312, ophiana (Neptis), 526. ophiana, var. nilgirica (Neptis), 326. ; Oreas, 125. orientalis (Athyma), 312. Orinoma, 106. orithya (Junonia), 358. orithyia (Junonia), 358. orixa (Callerebia), 151. orixa (Erebia), 151. orseis (Mycalesis), 56. Orsotricena, 69. osteria (Apatura), 235. otrea (Papilio), 58. ouida (Dodona), 485. (Cirrochroa), Pachama, 49. Pademma, 22. padma (Aulocera), 127. palearcticus (Cineis), 9) pales (Argynnis), 447. Pandassana, 319. Pandima, 130. pandora (Papilio), 434. Pantoporia, 802. Papilionina, 1. paraka (Rahinda), 346. Paralasa, 146. paralekta (Kallima), 394. Parantica, 7. Parantirrheea, 164. Pararge, 112. Parasarpa, 293. Pareba, 468. Parhestina, 240. parisatis (Apatura), 233. parasitis (Nytlia), 117. Pareeneis, 128. Parthenos, 287. parvata (Adolias), 274. parvata (Apatura), 234. Patala, 72. patala (Dophla), 264. patna (Elymnias), 177. patnia (Mycalesis), 66. patnoides (Melynias), Wit peali (Elymnias), 175. pealii (Aimona), 196. peguana (Rangbia), 89. pembertoni (Pademma), 42. penanga (Elymnias), 180. Penoa, 22. Penthema, 390. 509 peraka 355. periander (Cyrestis), 353. perius (Atbyma), 315. persea (Melitzea), 453. perseoides (Mycalesis), 59. persephone (Nytha), 115. perseus (Calysisme), 58. perseus (Mycalesis), 57. perseus, var. indistans (Mycalesis), 60. perseus, var. visala (Myealesis), 60. persimilis (Parhestina), 240. persimilis(Ypthima), 156. phalanta (Atella), 412. phalantha (Atella), 412. phemius (Huthalia), 280. phidippus (Amathusia), 187 (Ohersonesia), philarchus (Kallima), 397. philomela (Ypthima), 133, 134. pheebus (Eupleea), 27. pimpla (Karanasa), 124. placida (Cupha), 418. plagiosa (Neptis), 544. pleistonax (Charaxes), 215. plexippus (Danais), 10. poeyi (Eupleea), 35. polibete (Doleschallia), 398. polydecta (Mycalesis), 58. polydecta (Papilio), 58. Polygonia, 363. polynice (Rhinopalpa), 384, polyxena (Charaxes), 215. polyxena hemana (Cha- raxes), 216. polyxena hierax (Cha- raxes), 216. portheus (Amathusia), 188. Potamis, 229. pravara (Athyma), 318. Precis, 355. procris (Moduza), 291. prorsoides (Araschnia), 375. Prothoé, 380. prunosa (Abisara), 492. psaphon (Charaxes), 214. psaphon imna (Charaxes), 214. pseudaliris 95. (Thauria), 510 Pseudergolis, 463. pseudovikasi (Neptis), 338. pulaha (Lethe), 102. pulahoides (Blanaida), 102. pulahoides (Lethe), 102. pulchella (Maniola), 121. pulchra(Epinephele),121. pulchra (Maniola), 121. pumilis (Gineis), 129. pura (Cynthia), 406. Putlia, 72. pyginea (Stictoploea), 30. Pyrameis, 363. quilta (Neptis), 332. Radena, 7. radha (Neptis), 339. radza (Mycalesis), 53. Ragadia, 155. Rahinda, 343. rahria (Chersonesia), 354. rahria (Cyrestis), 354. rabroides (Chersonesia), 354. rama (Libythea), 475. rama (Mycalesis), 61. ramadeyva (Lethe), 99. ramdeo(Thaumantis),190. ramsayl (Danisepa), 58. ramsayi (Eupleea), 38. ramsayi (Kallima), 395. ranga (Pantoporia), 312. Rangasa, 255. Rangbia, 72. rangocnensis (Huthalia), 277. Rathora, 429. ravana (Cirrochroa), 424. recta (Dophla), 257. recta (Sympheedra), 257. regalis (Pademma), 39. regalis (Prothoé), 382. regina (Stictoploea), 30. relata (Cirrochroa), 422. rhadamanthus (Eupleea), 38. rhadamanthus (Papilio), 38 Rhaphicera, 107. Rhinopalpa, 383. risa (Chersonesia), 304. rizana (Vanessa), 368. robertsi (Melitza), 453. robinsoni(Ypthima), 142. roepstorfi (Euploea), 44. roepstorffi (Parthenos), 288. rogenhoferi (Huplea), 43. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Rohana, 229. rohini (Libythea), 476. rohria (Debis), 82. rohria (Lethe), 80, 82. rothneyi (Isamia), 41. rotundata (Cirrochroa), 423. rotundata (Erites), 154. roxane (Epinephele), 119. rudis (Samata), 64. rudra (Argynnis), 437. rufula (Pautoporia), 307. runeka (Mycalesis), 69. Sadarga, 49. sahadeva (Dophla), 262. saitis (Zipoetis), 105. sakontala (Argynnis), 435. sakra (Ypthima), 137. Salatura, 7. saloma (Cynthia), 409. Salpinx, 22, 37. Samanta, 49. samatha (Charaxes), 220. samba (Mycalesis), 57. Samundra, 49. sananda (Adolias), 276. sanatana (Mycalesis), 55. sanguinalis (Libythea), 475. ‘ sankara (Neptis), 332. Saparona, 267. saraswati (Aulocera), 128. satricus (Rhaphicera), 107. satropaces (Adolias), 271. sattanga (Rahinda), 343. satyavati (Lethe), 93. Satyrinz, 47. Satyrus, 109. saueri (Klymnias), 176. savara (Ypthima), 157. scanda (Erebia), 151. scanda (Lethe), 88. schakra (Satyrus), 110. schreiberi (Eulepis), 222. - scylax (Zipeetis), 105. seylla (Aulocera), 126. sedeva (Adolias), 274. segonax (Debis), 103. selenophora(Pantoporia), 310. Sephisa, 244. septentrionis (Danais), serbonis (Lethe), 93. serendib (Haridra), 214. shallada (Erebia), 149. shandura (Nytha), 116. siamensis (Eupleea), 33. siderea (Lethe), 86. sidonis (Lethe), 85. sihala (Lethe), 91 sikhimensis (Mellicta), 451. sikkimensis (Parceneis), 129 silana (Symbrenthia), 3719. similis (Danais), 14. similis (Ypthima), 135. simplex (Hypanis), 455. simulatrix (Kuploea), 25. Sinchula, 72. sindura (Melitza), 451. singala (Ypthima), 140. singhala (Elymnias), 174. sinha (Issoria), 415. sinhala (Euploea), 41. sinis (Symbrenthia), 378. sinorix (Lethe), 94. sinuata (Neptis), 344. sinuata (Rahinda), 344. sipora (Argynnis), 447. sita (Danais), 13. sita (Neorina), 166. siva (Adolias), 247, 248. sivokana (Symbrenthia), 379. sobrina (Ypthima), 135. soma (Neptis), 330. Sonepisa, 267. sordida (Apatura), 232. Sospita, 489. sparta (Stichophthalma), 193 spiloptera (Discophora), 202. splendens (Kupleea), 43. Stabrobates, 319. Stibochiana, 249. Stiboges, 500. Stichophthalma, 191. Sticophthalma, 191. Stictoploea, 22, 28. striata (Ypthima), 140. strophia (Liminitis), 303. suaveolens (Mycalesis), 63 subdita (Kuplea), 34. subdita (Mycalesis), 60. subfasciata (Calysisme), 58. subrata (Athyma), 308. sudassana (Calinaga),467. suffusa (Abisara), 492. sulpitia (Pantoporia), 3038. Sumalia, 293. sura (Lethe), 100. suradeva (Cyllogenes); 163 Suralaya, 49. surkha (Mycalesis), 68. surya (Cirrochroa), 424. susruta (Neptis), 330. swaha (Aulocera), 126. swinhoei (Cirrochroa), 422. swinhoei (Neptis), 324. sylvia (Parthenos), 287. Symbrenthia, 376. Sympheedra, 252. tabella (Ypthima), 133. tabula (Cyrestis), 349. Tacola, 314. Tacorzea, 314. tambra (Melanitis), 160. tamuna (Lethe), 78. Tansima, 72. taooana (Adolias), 264. taooana (Dophla), 264. tapestrina (Ergolis), 462. taprobana (Acidalia), 438. taprobana (Danais), 21. taprobana (Ergolis), 462. Tasinga, 267. Tatisia, 302. tavoyana (Menama), 24. Taxila, 495. Telchinia, 470. telehinia (Huthalia), 281: Telinga, 49. tenuistigma (Maniola), 119 Terinos, 411. tessellata (Enispe), 198. teuta (Dophla), 257. teutoides (Dophla), 257. teutoides (Sympheedra), 257. thais (Cirrochroa), 421. thamala (Neptis), 338. Tharasia, 314. Thaumantis, 189, 195. Thauria, 189, 195. thebava (Cethosia), 402. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. thelephassa (Nytha), 114. Theope, 165. thora (Ypthima), 140. thuisto (Taxila), 497. thycana (Elymnias), 178. Thymipa, 130. thyodamas (Cyrestis), 349. thyodamas, var. anda- manica (Cyrestis), 350. thyoneus (Cyrestis), 348. tiga (Neptis), 342. timandra (Elymnias), id. tinctoria (Elymnias), (ie Tirumala, 7. todara (Lethe), 79. Trepsichrois, 22, 45. tristigmata (Lethe), 96. trivena (Liminitis), 297. Tronga, 22. tullia (Discophora), 202. tullia, var. indica (Disco- phora), 202. tytia (Danais), 13. ulupi (Apatura), 234. undularis (EKlymnias), 171. uniformis (Pademma), 42. vaivarta (Lethe), 85. Vanessa, 365. varaha (Melanitis), 159. varmona (Neptis), 323. vasanta (Adolias), 282. vasanta (Euthalia), 282. vasudeva (EKlymnias), 18 vasuki (Yoma), 385. vau-album (Vanessa), 369. verma (Lethe), 84. vermiculata (Huplcea), vesta (Pareba), 469. vestigiata (Huplcea), 39. oll _vikasi (Neptis), 338. vindhya (Lethe), 92. violx (Telchinia), 471. viraja (Neptis), 342. Virapa, 49. virens (Parthenos), 289. visala (Mycalesis), 60. visrava (Lethe), 87. vitatha (Argynnis), 451. vulgaris (Danais), 14. wardi (Kallima), 397. wardii (Eulepis), 222. watsoni (Ypthima), 139. watti (Charaxes), 216. wedah (Pseudergolis), 464. westwoodi 168. (Neorina), xanthomelena (Vanessa), Son fihaisorta 185. xiphiones (Adolias), 274. yama (Lethe), 103. yamoides (Patala), 105. yerburii (Neptis), 330. Yoma, 385. Ypthima, 130. ypthimoides (Ypthima), 142. zaida (Neptis), 336. zal (Discophora), 202. Zalapia, 205. zanoa (Apatura), 230. zayla (Liminitis), 294. zella (Hestina), 240. zella (Parhestina), 240. Zemeros, 498. zeroca (Pantoporia), 311. Zethera, 165. Zeuxidia, 186. zichri (Euthalia), 281. Zipeetis, 104. zitenius (Melanitis), 161. Zophoessa, 72. zulema (Liminitis), 297. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. yee Risnee BI m CFO DN Sp On PLATE . Danais chrysippus, Linneus, . Danais aspasia, Fabricius, 3 . Huplea harrisi, Felder, 3 . Huplea mulciber, Cramer, 3 I . Danas hegesippus, Cramer, Gijon. ae ee 3 CuomouOO Odo Ino cad Oo eo eee © © @ © © we © eo ow o} Fe) a) a hee). a hie ie 1 @)) 0) (We) Cee mene) » Hupleadioclevana, Mabricms, (G50. e se.) we ee ee 6 e 6 © © © © © oe eo Oe ioe Be dal 20; . 30. . 38. . 45. BUTTERFLIES. VOL. I. PLATE I. HORACE KNIGHT, ded. Hentschel Colou;type. PAgeB, ls 7. Miycalesis san. ana, Moores =). 7... oe ee p. 55, 8. Mycalesis mineus, Linneus, 2 (Wet-seasonform) p. 58. 9. Mycalesis mineus, race polydecta, Cramer, 3 (Dry-season form)... 6..000) aoe) e eee Pun O68: 10, Mycalesis oculus, Marshall. 0... 2 eee p. 162. I. Miycateses (patnia, Moores G02). a) eee p- ‘be. 12. Macatesisigunonia, Butler. 2). =< oe ee Dp: 6a. 13. Mycalesis'suricha, Marshall, o-. 2.3). ) ase p.. 63. 14. Lethe minenva, Pabriciis, 2) 5h. .0 ee eee p. Oo; le: Lethe vindhya, Welder. igen. ee i. on eee p. 92: iG. Lethe drypetis, Hewitsom, Sy 4.05 p. a; 7. Lethe sidoms, Hewitsons iO) so. 2 ol eee p.. 85. 18; Lethe goulpara, Moore, Go oh ee ee ee p- 100. 19: Lethe atkinsonia, Hiewitson,