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53

THE BUTTERFLY GUIDE

THE BUTTERFLY GUIDE

A POCKET MANUAL FOR THE READY IDENTIFICATION OF THE
COMMONER SPECIES FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA

BY

W. J. HOLLAND, LL.D.

Director of the Carnegie Mu s,eu tr.
Author of "The Butterfly Book/' "The Moth Book," etc.

With 295 Cclared f
Representing 255 Species and Varieties

Garden City New York

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
1920

BIOLOGY
RA
G

Copyright, 1915, by

PAQE & COMPANY

'AH rightfs reserved, including that of
. tr+rptolfim into foreign languages,
« '/« including tie Scandinavian

To the

BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA
I dedicate
this Book

The Author

506689

PREFACE

RECENT advances in the arts make it possible to illustrate books at much less
cost than formerly. An important invention is the process of printing in three
colors from half-tone plates. The author of this manual was one of the first to use
this process in illustrating a work upon the lepidoptera. When "The Butterfly
Book" appeared he received letters from many scientific friends expressing their
wonder. Among those who wrote to him was Dr. Samuel Hubbard Scudder, the
Nestor among American lepidopterists, who has since passed away. He said: "I
am simply astonished at the fidelity to nature displayed by the plates in your book,
and at the low price at which the new process permits it to be sold."

That "The Butterfly Book" met a real need is shown by the fact that more
than thirty thousand copies have already found purchasers. It is, however, a
biggish book. The publishers, Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co., have asked me to
get up a little pocket manual of the butterflies, similar in form to the "Flower
Guide," which has been most cordially received by the public. I have therefore
prepared the following pages, to which in the gracious phrase of our forefathers I
now "invite the attention of the gentle reader."

There are more than six hundred species of butterflies found in North America,

north of the Gulf of Mexico and the Rio Grande. Most of these are figured in
"The Butterfly Book." In this manual two hundred and fifty-five species and
varieties are depicted in their natural colors. They are mainly the commoner
forms, which occur in the more densely inhabited parts of the United States and
Canada. I have, however, included numerous forms from the Southern States,
and not a few of the more showy species from the Pacific Coast.

In some cases only half of the insect is shown. "Half a loaf is better than no
bread." In some cases only one side of the wings is delineated. Usually this is
sufficient for identification. The inhabitants of this earth have never seen but one
side of the moon, but they know it when they see it, unless they be like the tipsy
pair, one of whom said to the other, who was leaning against a lamp post, "Friend,
is that the moon, or a lamp?" and who received the reply: "Don't ask me, I'm a
stranger myself in these parts." By showing only one half, or one side, of a species
I have been able to illustrate many more than I could otherwise have done.

The figures of some of the larger species have been slightly reduced to accom-
modate them to the page, but as the natural size is always given in the description
the student need not be perplexed.

The author hopes that his readers will have as much pleasure in studying the
winged fairies of the woods and the fields as he has had in preparing this small
pocket guide for their assistance.

8

INTRODUCTORY is1 »„;••< :'•• •<-.;

THE PLACE OF BUTTERFLIES IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

The Animal Kingdom is divided Into various subkingdoms. One of these is
the subkingdom of the Arthropoda. This word is derived from the Greek nouns
apBpov (arthron) meaning joint, and wovs (pous) meaning foot. The Arthropoda
are animals the bodies of which are made up of a series of rings or segments jointed
together, and the other organs of which are likewise composed of tubular bodies
similarly united. All arthropods are invertebrates; that is to say, they do not have
backbones and internal skeletons, such as are possessed by fishes, reptiles, birds,
and mammals, including man. Vertebrate animals have endoskeletons, "inside
skeletons." In a ham, for instance, the bone is internal to the muscular parts,
or meat, and lies near the middle. The muscles of a man clothe his bones. In the
arthropods, on the contrary, the hard parts clothe the muscles. Arthropods are
therefore said to have exoskeletons, "outside skeletons." The body, the legs, and
other organs of an insect or a crab consist of a series of hollow tubes held together
\y flexible skin at the points of union, and controlled in their movements by muscles
pull from the inside. The meat of a lobster is inside of the shell, or exo-

9

OF PLATE A

Fig. a. Magnified scales of butterflies. 1, ordinary scale of Papilio; 2, do. of Colias; 3
androconium, or scale from wing of male Neonympha eurytus; 4, do. of male Pieris,
oleracea; 5, do. of male Lyccena pseudargiolus (Figs. 1-2 after Verity; Figs. 3-5
after Scudder).

Fig. b . Patch of scales on wing of Pieris napi (after Verity).
Fig. c . Body of Anosia plexippus.

I. Head. 1, antenna; 2, eye; 3, proboscis; 4, palpus; cl. clypeus; o, occiput.
II. Thorax. 5, prothoracic leg; 6, mesothoracic leg; 7, metathoracic leg; e, e, e,
episterna; c, c, c, coxse; tr., tr., trochanters of last two legs; f, f, femora of
do.; s, s, s, scuta of first, second, and third segments of thorax.
III. Abdomsn. 1-9 segments; sp., sp., spiracles (after Burgess).
Fig. d . Head and legs of (Eneis semidea, showing aborted front leg.
Fig. e. Palpus of Arc/ynnis aphrodite.

Fig. f . Leg of Argynnis idalia. 1, coxa; 2, trochanter; 3, femur; 4, tibia; 5, tarsus.
Fig. g. Knobbed antenna of Arpynnis idalia.
Fig. h. Clubbed anttnna of Basilarchia astyanax.
Fig. i. Hooked antenna ::f Amblyscirtes vialis.

10

skeleton, as everybody who Las eaten a lobster knows. The arrangement is ex-
actly the reverse^of'tb&t whieK w$ fujd*iri<the vertebrates.

The suMmgdQnjL'of-.tne>^r]5to/>o<^a,is divided into six classes, one of which con-
sists of the Insecta (insects). It is estimated that there are three and a half millions
of species of insects upon the globe, not to speak of the vast number of species
which are now extinct, and known only by their fossil remains.

, The Class Insecta is subdivided into many Orders. To attempt even to briefly
speak of all these orders would take more space than the publisher has allotted to
the author, and it is enough to say that butterflies belong to the order Lepidoptera.
The lepidoptera are divided into two Suborders: the Rhopalocera, or Butterflies, and
the Heterocera, or Moths. Both are characterized by having scaly wings, hence
the name, which is derived from the Greek words Xexis (lepis) meaning scale, and
•n-repov (pteron) meaning wing. Lepidoptera are "scale-winged insects." Any one
who has ever handled a butterfly or moth, must have noticed upon his fingers a
dust-like substance, rubbed off from the wings of the captured insect. Upon ex-
amining this substance under a microscope it is seen to be composed of minute
scales (see Plate A, Fig. a), and upon looking at the wing of a butterfly under a magni-
fying glass it is seen to be covered with such scales, arranged somewhat as the scales
upon the sides of a fish, or as the shingles upon the roof of a house (see Plate A, Fig.
6\

It

Butterflies are mainly diurnal in their habits, preferring the sunshine. Moths
on the other hand are nocturnal, and fly in the dusk, or after dark. Butterflies are
therefore often called diurnal lepidoptera, and moths are spoken of as nocturnal
lepidoptera. There are, however, a few butterflies which fly at dusk, and there are
many moths which are diurnal in their habits. Such moths are generally gay in
color, and for the most part inhabit tropical countries, although we have a few such
species in the United States. Ordinarily the best way to distinguish between
butterflies and moths is by examining their antennae, or "feelers," as they are
sometimes incorrectly called. In the case of butterflies the antennae are thread-like,
terminating in a small knob-like, or club-like enlargement. It is this fact which has
led naturalists to call thern Rhopalocera. The word is derived from the Greek
nouns puira\ov (rhopalon) meaning a club, and Ktpas (keras) a horn. Butterflies are
lepidoptera having at the end of their antennae clubs, which are sometimes short, long,
or hooked (see Plate A, Figs, g, h, i.) The forms assumed by the antennae of moths
are very various. The moths are therefore known as Heterocera, the word being
compounded from the Greek adjective erepos (all sorts) and the noun Kepas (keras)
a horn. Moths are lepidoptera having all sorts of antennae, except such as are club-
shaped at their ends. However there is no rule without its exceptions, and there
are a few rare moths in tropical lands which have club-shaped antennae like butter-
flies, but none of these occur in the region with which this book deals.

13

THE ANATOMY OF BUTTERFLIES

The body of a butterfly consists of the head, the thorax, and the abdomen
(see Plate A, Fig. c).

The head carries two relatively large eyes, one on either side. The eyes of
insects are compound, and if examined under a microscope are seen to have a mul-
titude of minute facets, which serve to gather the light from all directions, so that
butterflies can look forward and backward, upward and downward, as well as out-
ward, all at one time. Between the eyes on the upper part of the head arise the
antennae, of which we have already spoken. The precise function of these organs
in insects has been the subject of much discussion. Supposed by some to be ears, by
others to be the seat of the sense of smell, by others to combine within themselves
these two senses, and by still others to represent a sense which is not possessed
by vertebrate animals, their use in the life of insects is not yet clearly under-
stood. The weight of evidence seems to be in favor of the view that they are or-
gans of smell, and it is now quite firmly established by experiment that the organs
of hearing in insects are represented by certain pores and openings on their legs.
In front between the eyes and below the antennae are two little organs, each com-
posed of three joints, which are known as the labial palpi (see Plate A, Fig. e).
Between these, coiled up like a watch-spring, is the proboscis, with which the but-

.14

ferfly sucks up the nectar from flowers or drinks water from moist places (see
Plate A, Figs, c and d). We have not the space in this little manual to go more
deeply into the anatomy of these organs, but enough has been said to enable the
beginner to recognize the various parts. The student realizes that the head in
general supports the principal organs of sense and the proboscis, or mouth.

The thorax carries the organs of locomotion, which consist of four wings and
six feet. The thorax is made up of three segments, or rings, the foremost of which
is called the prothorax, the next the mesothorax, and the hindmost the metathorax.
The subdivisions of the thorax are not easily distinguishable by examining the
body of a butterfly even under a microscope, because the bodies of butterflies are
generally heavily clothed with hairs and scales. In order to clearly make out the
subdivisions, which we are considering, it is necessary to take a specimen and de-
nude it of its scales and hairs, and even dissect it under a glass. The correctness
of the foregoing statements then becomes apparent.

The legs of butterflies are arranged in three pairs, the foremost of which are
known as prothoracic, being attached to the prothorax; the second pair are called
mesothoracic, springing, as they do, from the middle segment of the thorax; and the
last are styled metathoracic legs, rising from the hindmost segment of the chest
(see Plate A, Fig. c). It should be noted here that in the great family of the Nym-
phalidce, or "Brush-footed Butterflies," in both sexes the anterior, or prothoracio

15

pair of legs, are not fully developed, being aborted (see Plate A, Fig. d) and therefore
do not serve for walking; and that in the families of the Eryrinidce, or "Metal-
marks," and the Lycoenidce, or "Blues and Coppers," the females have six legs
adapted to walking, while the males possess only four ambulatory legs, the front
pair being in the latter sex aborted in these families, as in the Nymphalidce. The
legs of butterflies, like those of all other insects, consist of five parts (see Plate A,
Fig. /) the first of which, nearest the body, is called the coxa, with which articulates a
small ring-like piece, known as the trochanter. To the trochanter is attached the
femur, and united with the latter, forming an angle with it, is the tibia. The last
division of the leg is the tarsus, or foot, composed of a series of joints, to the last of
which is attached a pair of claws, which in butterflies are generally rather minute,
though in other orders of insects these claws are sometimes long and powerful, this
being especially true of some beetles. The prothoracic legs of the Nymphalidce and
of the males of the Erycinidce and Lyccenidce have lost the use of the tarsus, only
retaining it in feeble form, and the tibia has undergone modification. In many of
the Nymphalidce the tibia is densely clothed with long hairs, giving this part of the
leg the appearance of a brush, whence the name "Brush-footed Butterflies" (see
Plate A, Fig. d) . The tibiae are often armed with more or less strongly developed
spines.

The most striking parts of butterflies are their wings, which in proportion to

16

the size of their bodies are usually very large, and which are remarkable for the
beauty of the colors and the markings which they display both on the upper and
on the under side.

The wings consist of a framework of horny tubes which are in reality double,
the inner tube being filled with air, the outer tube with blood. The blood of insects
is not, like that of vertebrates, red in color. It is almost colorless, or at most
slightly stained with yellow. The circulation of the blood in the outer wall of the
wing-tubes takes place most freely during the brief period in which the insect is
expanding its wings after emergence from the chrysalis, concerning which we shall
have more to say elsewhere. After the wings of the butterfly have become fully
expanded, the circulation of the blood in the wings ceases almost entirely. The
horny tubes, which compose the framework of the wings of butterflies, support
between them a delicate membrane, to which upon both the upper and lower sides
are attached the scales. The two fore wings are more or less triangular in outline;
the hind wings are also subtriangular, but are generally more or less rounded on the
outer margin, and in numerous forms are provided with tails or tail-like prolonga-
tions.

Inasmuch as in describing butterflies authors generally devote a good deal of
attention to the markings of the wings, it is important for the student to become
acquainted with the terms employed in designating the different parts of the wings

(see Plate B, Fig. 10). That part of the wing which is nearest to the thorax, is
called the base; the middle third of the wing is known as the median or discal area;
the outer third as the external or limbal area. The anterior margin of the wing is
called the costal margin; the outer edge is styled the external margin; the inner
edge is known as the inner margin. The tip of the front wing is called the apex,
which may be rounded, acute, falcate (sickle-shaped), or square (see Plate B,
Figs. 1-4). The angle formed by the outer margin of the front wing with the
inner margin is commonly known as the outer angle. The corresponding angle
on the hind wing is known as the anal angle, and the point of the hind wing,
which corresponds with the tip or apex of the fore wing, is designated as the external
angle. The margins of wings may have different styles of outline, and are spoken
of as entire, crenulate, scalloped, waved, lobed, or tailed (see Plate B, Figs. 5-8).

A knowledge of the veins which form the framework of the wings is important,
because authors have frequently established genera upon the basis of the wing
structure. It is desirable on this account to understand the nomenclature which
has been applied to the veins. This nomenclature is somewhat variant, different
writers having employed different terms to designate the same vein. In what fol-
lows the writer has adopted the designations which are most current, and which are
generally accepted by authors. The best understanding of this matter is to be
derived from the attentive study of the diagrams given on Plate B, Figs, 9 and 10

The veins in both tne lore and hind wings of buttermes may be divided into simple
and compound veins. In the fore wing the simple veins are the costal, the radials,
the submedian, and the internal; in the hind wing they are the costal, the subcostal,
the radials, the submedian, and the internal. The costal vein in the hind wing is,
however, generally provided near the base with a short ascending branch, which is
known as the precostal vein. In addition to the simple veins there are in the fore
wing two branching veins, one immediately following the costal, known as the sub-
costal, and the other preceding the submedian, known as the median. The branches
of these compound veins are known as nervules. The median vein always has
three nervules. The nervules of the subcostal veins branch upwardly and out-
wardly toward the costal margin and the apex of the fore wing. There are always
from four to five subcostal nervules, variously arranged. In the hind wing the sub-
costal is simple. The median vein in the hind wing has three nervules, as in the
fore wing. In both wings between the subcostal and the median veins toward the
base is enclosed the cell, which may be either closed or wholly or partially open at its
outer extremity. The veinlets which close the cell are known as the discocellular
veins, of which there are- normally three. From the point of union of these disco-
cellular veins go forth the i adials, known respectively as upper and lower, though
the upper radial in many genera is emitted from the lower margin of the subcostal
veiu.

19

EXPLANATION OF PLATE B

Fig. 1. Angulated or acuminate apex of fore wing (Grapta).

Fig. 2. Falcate apex of fore wing (Pyrrharuea).

Fig. 3. Square apex of fore wing (Smyrna).

Fig. 4. Rounded apex of fore wing (Euptoietd).

Fig. 5. Hind wing rounded at outer angle, twice-tailed (Thecla).

Fig. 6. Hind wing crenulate, tailed, lobed at anal angle (Papilio).

Fig. 7. Hind wing with outer margin entire (Parnassius).

Fig. 8. Hind wing with outer margin waved (Argynnis).

Fig. 9. Neuration of wings of Anosia plexippus.

Veins: C, costal; SC, subcostal; M, median; SM, submedian; I, internal; PC, pre-
costal; UDC, upper discocellular; MDC, middle discocellular; LDC, lower
discocellular; UR, upper radial; LR, lower radial.
Nervules: SC 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, first to fifth subcostal nervules; M 1, 2, 3, first to third

median nervules.

Pig, 10. Wing of Papilio turnus, showing the names given to the different parts of the wings
of butterflies.

«0

PLATE B
21

Butterflies generally hold their wings erect when they are at rest, with their
upper surfaces facing each other, and only the under surfaces displaying their
colors to the eye. In the genus Ageronia the insect prefers, like some moths, to
settle upon the bark of trees, with the wings spread flat, and the head pointing
downward. Many of the Hesperiidce, or "Skippers," have the habit when they
are at rest of holding the fore wings folded together, while the hind wings are ex-
panded horizontally. Many of the butterflies known as "Hair-streaks," belonging
to the genus Thecla and its allies, have the curious habit, when at rest upon the end
of a twig or leaf, of moving their folded wings backward and forward, first on one
side and then on the other, thus partially displaying with each movement the splen-
did blue surfaces of the upper side of the wings.

The abdomen of butterflies consists normally of nine segments (see Plate A,
Fig. c). In most butterflies except the Ithomiids, the end of the abdomen does not
extend beyond the anal angle of the hind wings. In the moths, on the other hand,
there are multitudes of genera in which the extremity of the abdomen extends far
beyond the hind margin of the posterior wings. This is particularly true of the
hawk-moths. A minute examination of the abdomen of a butterfly reveals in
each segment except the last a little valve-like orifice on either side. These openings
are known as spiracles (see Plate A, Fig. c). Through these the insect breathes.
Insects do not breathe through their mouths, like vertebrates, and their lungs, or

22

what correspond to the lunge of the higher animals, are not located in the thorax
or chest, but in the abdomen. The last segment of the abdomen carries at its ex-
tremity the external organs of generation. The male may be distinguished from
the female by the so-called prehensores, or "claspers," two flattish, scale-like appen-
dages which adhere one on either side to the last segment of the body. These
organs are quite peculiar in their structure, and in recent years have received a great
deal of study, as it has been found possible by means of them to distinguish closely
allied species, especially among the Hesperiidce. It is, however, not possible within
our allotted space to go into a minute discussion of this matter. The abdomen of
the female is devoid of these appendages, and in this sex is generally heavier and
plumper, especially when the eggs, which fill the ovaries, have not as yet been de-
posited.

Thus far we have devoted our attention almost exclusively to the consideration
of the external organs of the suborder of insects which is under discussion. It may
be of interest to devote a few paragraphs to the internal anatomy of butterflies.
To do the subject full justice would require a volume; nevertheless some general
statements may pave the way for a more studious inquiry on the part of readers.

Butterflies take their nourishment in fluid form, principally from the cups
which Flora provides. The organ of ingestion is the proboscis, which communi-
cates with a bulb-like receptacle in the head, known as the pharyngeal sac, con-

trolled by a set of muscles which cause it to alternately expand and contract, very
much like the bulb-syringe used by physicians. When the muscles expand a vac-
uum is created, and the fluid is drawn up from the honeyed chalice of the flower
into the receptacle in the head; when they contract, a valve in front closes, a valve
behind opens, and the honey in the receptacle is forced backward through the
oesophagus into the crop, and thence into the stomach. The stomach lies on the
ventral or under side of the body, but above the nervous cord, which lies still more
ventrad. The stomach opens posteriorly into the small intestine, which is followed
by the colon, the latter in turn being succeeded by the rectum. Connected with
the intestines are certain vesicles, which are known as Malpighian vessels, and by
some are thought to have the function of the liver in higher animals.

Having thus briefly spoken of the nutritive system we may turn to the circu-
latory and respiratory systems. The heart of a butterfly, as in all arthropods, lies
on the dorsal side of the body. Its location corresponds almost exactly to that
occupied in the vertebrate animals by the spinal cord. It is a long tubular organ.
It does not possess chambers — ventricles and auricles — such as are discovered in
the heart of vertebrates, but it has an enlargement in the mesothoracic region known
as the aortal chamber. The movement of the heart is wave-like, analogous to the
peristaltic movement in the intestines of the vertebrates . From the heart there go
out lateral blood-vessels, which ramify and intermingle with the capillary extremi-

24

ties of the trache-1* <or bronchial tubes, through which air is imported by way of
the spiracles, and thus the blood is purified in a manner quite analogous to that in
which the blood of the higher vertebrates is purified and freed from waste matter
by oxydization. The process is, however, as has already been pointed out, mainly
carried on in the abdominal region, and not exclusively in the thorax, as in the case
of vertebrates.

The nervous system of butterflies consists of a cord with ganglia, or nerve-knots,
one for each segment of the body. As there are thirteen segments in the body of a
butterfly, there are normally thirteen such ganglia, or nerve centres. The nervous
cord lies in a position exactly opposite to that which is held by the spinal cord in
vertebrates. It is situated on the ventral side of the body, and more ventrad than
all the other internal organs. The ganglion in the head is the largest of all and
forms a rudimentary brain, the greater portion of which consists of two relatively
large optic nerves.

The internal organs of reproduction in the female consist of the ovaries, from
which the eggs pass by way of the oviduct to the ovipositor, which in butterflies is
not so conspicuous or remarkable an organ as is the case in many other insects.
Communicating with the oviduct are the spermatothecae, which are receptacles in
which is retained the fertilizing fluid received from the male at the time of coition.
As the eggs, one by one, are passed from the ovaries into the oviduct, they are im-

pregnated through absorption of the spermatozoa, which enter their walls, imparting
to them vitality. The internal organs of the male are tubular vesicles, or testes,
which secrete the seminal fluid, which by means of the intromittent organ is intro-
duced into the spermatothecse of the female. Union between the sexes among
insects generally takes place but once, and is not recurrent. The female, having
been impregnated, proceeds at once to lay her eggs upon the tender leaves or the
bark of the plants upon which her progeny are to be nourished, and then promptly
dies. The life of insects in the winged form is usually very brief. Inasmuch as
there are great differences between the sexes in insects alike in size, form, color, and
markings, it is well for the collector to carefully preserve specimens which may be
captured in copulation. Such specimens should be designated as "Taken in coitu."
The writer in such cases uses the formula "A c? in coitu with B 9 ," which is put in
minute handwriting upon a label and placed upon the pin bearing the male insect.
Upon the pin carrying the female insect there is put the label "B 9 in coitu with
Ac?1." The finding of insects in copula is sometimes the only way in which to def-
initely settle the question of sexual relationship between forms. So different are
some insects that the two sexes have in a number of cases been described by early
writers as belonging not merely to different species, but to different genera, and
even families.

26

THE LIFE HISTORY OF BUTTERFLIES

Almost all insects undergo great changes, or metamorphoses, during their
existence. Butterflies furnish no exception to this statement. They exist first
as eggs; then they appear as caterpillars; the third stage is that of the chrysalis; the
final stage is that of the imago, or perfectly developed insect

THE EGGS OF BUTTERFLIES

The eggs of butterflies are beautiful objects when examined under a glass.
They have various forms. Some are spheres or half spheres, some are conical, cylin-
drical or spindle-shaped, others are flat and resemble little cheeses, and still others
have the form of turbans. There is endless variety of form displayed within certain
limits. Their surfaces may be quite smooth or they may be adorned with raised
ribs and sculpturings (see Plate C, Figs. / and g] or marked with little pittings or
depressions arranged in geometrical patterns. They vary in color. Some are
white, some pale green, or blue-green; others are yellow, orange, red, or purple.
They are often spotted and marbled like the eggs of some birds.

The eggs of butterflies are deposited by the female upon the plants which are
appropriate to the development of the larvae. Caterpillars are very rarely promis-

27

cuous feeders, and most species are restricted to certain species or genera of plants.
Even when they feed upon different plants, observation shows that, having begun
to feed upon a certain plant, they prefer this to all others, and do not willingly ac-
cept anything else. I have noticed frequently that larvse which may for instance
feed in nature upon the wild plum or the lilac, having begun to feed upon the one
will steadily refuse the other if offered to them. On several occasions I have lost
broods of caterpillars by attempting to change their diet, though knowing well that
the species is found feeding in nature upon the plants which I have offered to them.
Almost every plant has a butterfly or moth which is partial to it, and one of the
most wonderful things in nature is the way in which the female butterfly, without
having received a botanical education, is able to select the plant which will best
meet the needs of her progeny, which she never lives to see.

The eggs are deposited sometimes singly, sometimes in small clusters, sometimes
in a mass. Fertile eggs, soon after they have been laid, undergo a change in color,
and it is then possible with a magnifying glass to see through the thin shell the form
of the caterpillar which is being developed within.

When the development is completed the caterpillar emerges either from an
opening at the side or at the top of the egg. Many species have eggs provided with
a sort of lid, a portion of the shell being separated from the remainder by a thin
section, which finally breaks under the pressure of the enlarging embryo within,

28

this portion flying off, the rest adhering to the twig or leaf upon which it has been
placed. Many larvae have the habit, as soon as they have emerged from the egg,
of making their first meal upon the shell from which they have just escaped.

CATEitFlLLARS

The second stage in which the insects we are studying exist is known as the
larval stage. When it is reached the insect is spoken of as a larva, or caterpillar
(see Plate C, Fig. K). Caterpillars have long, worm-like bodies, wrhich are often
thickest about the middle, tapering before and behind, and more or less flattened on
the under side. Sometimes caterpillars ctre oval or slug-shaped. Very frequently
their bodies are adorned with hairs, spines, and tubercles of various forms. The
body of the larva, like the body of the butterfly, consists normally of thirteen rings
or segments, of which the three foremost, just behind the head, correspond to the
prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax of the perfect insect, while the re-
maining nine correspond to the abdomen of the imago. These three anterior seg-
ments bear legs, which correspond to the legs of the winged form in their location,
and are known as the true legs of the larva. Besides these the caterpillar has about
the middle of the body and at its posterior end paired pro-legs, as they are called,
which are its principal organs of locomotion in this stage, but which do not reappear

EXPLANATION OF PLATE C

Fig. a . Caterpillar of Anosia plexippu» ready to change into a chrysalis.

Fig. b. Do. after having partly shed its skin.

Fig. c. Do. holding itself suspended in the air by grasping the shed skin between the ^:i~^

of the third and fourth abdominal segments, and feeling about with the crcmasuJi:

for the button of silk above.

Fig. d . Do. after having caught the button and assumed its final form as a chrysalis.
Fig. e . Chrysalis of Papilio philenor, held by button and girdle of silk.
Fig. f . Egg of Basilarchia disippus, greatly magnified.
Fig. g. Egg of Anosia plexippus, greatly magnified.
Fig. h . Caterpillar of Basilarchia disippus.

(All the figures are after Riley.)

30

PLATE C

in the butterfly. The mouth parts of caterpillars are profoundly different from
those of the butterfly. The imago lives, as we have seen, upon fluid nourishment,
and therefore is provided with a sucking organ, the proboscis. The caterpillar, on
the other hand, is armed with a pair of cutting mandibles, with which it shears off
tiny strips of the leaves upon which it feeci«. It holds the edge of the leaf in place
with the three pairs of true legs, while it su»uorts its body upon the pro-legs during
the act of eating.

When the caterpillar emerges from the egg the head is in many cases seen to be
very large in proportion to the rest of th<* ^dy. This relative disparity soon dis-
appears, however, as growth takes place- As the larva increases in size, it soon
reaches a point at which the skin in which *t made its appearance in the world be-
comes too small and tight for further coF^rt and use. Thereupon it proceeds to
moult, or shed, this now uncomfortable gj«-raent. The skin splits along the back
and the caterpillar crawls out of it. Before moulting the caterpillar always takes
the precaution to attach this outer skin hy strands of silk to the leaf or branch
upon which the moult is to take place, having escaped from the cast-off garment,
the caterpillar sometimes turns around and eats it before resuming its vegetable
diet. The process of moulting takes pi— ~« four or five times before the larva
changes into a chrysalis.

Caterpillars differ entirely from butterflies in that they are able to produce

silk. Silk is a viscouy fluid secreted by elongated ^acs located in the dorsal region.
These sacs communicate with a minute tube-like organ, known as the spinneret,
which is located on the under side of the head of the caterpillar, just back of the
mandibles. The fluid silk, as it is ejected through the spinneret, immediately
hardens on contact with the air and is deposited in the form of very fine threads or
filaments which the caterpillar uses for various purposes, sometimes as lines with
which to guide itself from place to place and enable it to retrace its steps to its
favorite resting-place, sometimes to tie together the leaves in which it forms its nest,
or to weave a sort of shelter in which it conceals itself, and finally to make the little
buttons and the girdles by which, as we shall see later, the chrysalis is held in
place. Many moths weave from silk compact structures known as cocoons, in
which the chrysalis is lodged. Butterflies do not weave true cocoons.

The time spent by the insect in the egg is generally short. The time passed in
the larval state may be short or long. When butterflies hibernate, or pass the
winter, as caterpillars, the time spent in this state is long, and especially in the case
of those species which inhabit arctic regions. There are some butterflies which
occur north of the Arctic Circle, and we have ascertained that these, because the
summers are so short in the far north, pass two summers and the intervening winter
in the larval condition, and another winter in the pupal stage, before they emerge
and take wing. On the other hand, under more temperate conditions butterflies of

certain species may produce two or even three broods in a summer, and in sub-
tropical or tropical lands there may be even more broods produced.

While it is true that almost all the larvae of lepidoptera subsist upon vegetable
food, there are nevertheless exceptions, one of which is that of the Harvester,
Feniseca tarqyinius (see Plate LXXXVIII, Fig. 1), the slug-like larva of which feeds
upon scale-insects, or mealy bugs, sharing the habit with certain allied species
which occur in Africa and Asia, as the writer has had occasion to point out a num-
ber of years ago in certain of his writings.

THE PUPA, OR CHRYSALIS

The third stage in the life of lepidoptera is known as the pupal stage. The
caterpillar, having undergone successive moults and reached maturity, is trans-
formed into a pupa, or chrysalis (see Plate C, Figs, d and e). From having been
an active, worm-like creature, greedily feeding upon its appropriate food, it reverts
to a form which is stationary, as was the egg, and ceases to have the power of loco-
motion. An examination of the structure of all chrysalids shows that they contain
an immature butterfly. The segments of the chrysalids enclose the corresponding
segments of the body of the butterfly, and in sheathing plates of chitinous matter
are enfolded the wings and all the other organs which are necessary to the life of

34

the butterfly when it shall have emerged and taken wing. The act of transforma-
tion from the caterpillar stage to the pupal stage is very wonderful. The caterpillar
makes provision for the great change by weaving a little button of silk and, in the
case of many of those larvae, the chrysalids of which are not pendant, by also weav-
ing a little girdle of silk, which it passes around its back, and which holds it in place
very much as an Indian baby is held by the strap which passes over the shoulders
of the squaw (see Plate C, Fig. e). Having made these preliminary arrange-
ments the caterpillar becomes very quiet, its hind pro-legs being securely hooked
and tangled into the silken button to which it is attached. After a while, when the
proper moment has arrived, the skin of the caterpillar splits, just as in the moults
which preceded, and by a series of wriggling or vibratory motions the chrysalis
succeeds in working off the skin of the caterpillar until it has all been shed except
where near the end of the abdomen the skin is caught between the edges of two of
the horny rings which form the abdomen. Then the insect with the cremaster, as
it is called, a little spikelet at the very tip of the chrysalis, which is armed with
small hooks, proceeds to feel about until these hooks become entangled in the silk
of the button which has been provided on the under surface of the twig, the stone,
or the fence rail, where the transformation is occurring. As soon as the chrysalis
is securely hooked into the button of silk it lets go of the little section of the skin
by which it has been supported and rapidly assumes the shape in which it will re-

35

main until the time of its emergence as a butterfly. These changes are illustrated on
Plate C, Figs a-d, which are reproduced from " The Butterfly Book " after the draw-
ings of the late Prof. C. V. Riley. The chrysalids of all the Nymphalidse are
pendant; those of the other families, except the Hesperiidse, are provided with
girdles, as is shown on Plate C, in the figures which represent the chrysalis of
Papilio philenor. The chrysalids of the Hesperiidse, like the chrysalids of moths,
are either formed in loosely woven coverings of leaves tacked together with silken
threads, or lie free under leaves and rubbish upon the ground, thus resembling the
chrysalids of moths.

Chrysalids are for the most part rather obscure in coloring, though some are
quite brilliantly marked with metallic spots as in the case of the common Milk-
weed Butterfly, Anosia plexippus, the chrysalis of which is pearly green in color,
ornamented with bright golden spots.

The forms assumed by chrysalids are very various, especially among the
Nyrnphalidse, and they are often ornamented with curious projections and tubercles,
imparting to them very odd outlines.

Some butterflies remain in the chrysalis stage for only a few days or weeks
others pass the winter in this state, and this is true of many of the species which
are found in the colder parts of North America. In temperate regions some butter-
flies have as many as three broods : the spring brood, which comes forth from chrys-

36

alids which have over- wintered, an early summer brood, and a fall brood. In
tropical countries many species retain the form of the chrysalis during the dry
season, and emerge upon the wing at the beginning of the rainy season, when vege-
tation is refreshed and new and tender growths take place in the forests.

THE IMAGO, OR WINGED INSECT

We have already spoken at length of the form and structure of butterflies in
the preceding paragraphs, which were devoted to the anatomy of butterflies. It
remains for us at this point to call attention to the manner in which the butterfly
undergoes transformation from the chrysalis. This change is quite as interesting
as that which takes place when the caterpillar is transformed into the pupa; and
should any of my readers possess chrysalids I would advise them to watch carefully
and observe the curious events which follow one another rapidly when the imago
comes forth from the cerements of the chrysalis. The coverings which ensheathe
the head, the legs, and the antennae split, the head protrudes, the fore legs are dis-
entangled and are thrown forth, followed almost at once by the other legs, and the
insect proceeds to crawl out from the pupal skin, emerging with the wings as minia-
ture objects, the body trailing after as a long worm-like mass. Having liberated
itself from the shea things of the chrysalis, the insect immediately assumes a sta-

37

EXPLANATION OF PLATE D

Fig. L. Illustration showing the way to disable a butterfly in the net by gently pinching

the body where the wings come together.
Fig. 2. A butterfly net.
Fig. 3. a, hoop made of wire, the shanks tied together; 6, ferrule, plugged at c with a piece

of cork; the shanks having been put into the top of the ferrule, melted solder is

poured into the top, and a good net-ring is made.
Fig. 4 . Piece of paper used to cover cyanide at bottom of jar.
Fig. 5 . Collecting jar, with lumps of cyanide and sawdust at bottom, covered by paper, as

shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 6. Expanding block, used to expand and mount insects, the wings of which have a

tendency to droop or sink down.
Hg. 7. Expanding block, used to mount insects, the wings cf which have a tendency to

rise up or close

38

PLATE D

tionary position, head upward, body hanging downward. Then by the action of
the heart the fluids which fill the body begin to be rapidly sent into circulation,
more particularly into the wings, which expand second after second, minute after
minute, the fluids in the body being transferred through the circulatory system of
the wings until the latter, hanging downward, have assumed their full form. The
insect then begins gently to move its wings, to fan them, still remaining in the
position which it first took. After a while the wings become perfectly dry, and the
long worm-like body has shrunk up and has assumed the form which it will retain
through the subsequent life of the insect. Madame Butterfly then begins to
change her position. She carefully crawls a few steps to try her powers of locomo-
tion. She suddenly expands her wings, and, presto ! if you alarm her, she is off,
fluttering about the cage in which you may have her, or darting forth into the
room and through the open window, hieing herself forth in quest of food, which
awaits her in the honeyed cups of the wild flowers.

COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES

In collecting butterflies the first thing is to get a net of some kind with which
to catch the insects without tearing their delicate wings, and thus robbing them
of their beauty (see Plate D, Figs. 1 and 2). When I was a boy I made my own nets.

40

1 took a stick of tough wood about four feet long, which was to serve as the handle.
About seven or eight inches from the upper end I wrapped it with copper wire;
fishing line will do as well. Then I split the stick down to the band I had made
around it. I then with my knife trimmed the two split portions on their inner sides,
so that they might be more flexible. I then fashioned out of a piece of good green
hickory (the white outer wood must be used) a bow or hoop about twelve inches
wide at its widest part, and fitting this between the split ends of the stick put in a
wedge at the bottom of the cleft to keep the split ends well apart and tied it neatly
and securely in place. Upon the frame made in this way I put a covering of green
mosquito netting in the form of a long bag. Many a fine insect I captured with
this simple device, which called only for a good jack-knife, a little ingenuity, ordi-
nary skill in whittling, and a supply of stout string. The cheapest and simplest way
to make the frame for a net is to take a long piece of brass, aluminium, or galvanized
iron wire about an eighth of an inch in diameter and bend it into a circle, leaving
two short shanks at the end. Then fit the shanks into the top of the ferrule of a
fishing-rod plugged in the middle with a thin piece of cork or with clay, and pour
in melted solder. Plate D, Fig. 3 shows how the "trick" is done.

There are many devices for making frames for folding nets, and there are a
number of dealers in the United States who supply such nets at moderate prices.
The material for the bag of the net ought to be of light stuff, and I prefer to use

41

tarletan, preferably green in color, or bobbinet. The latter is more durable though
somewhat heavier than tarletan. The bag of the net ought to be about three times
as long as the diameter of the ring upon which it is placed. It is well, after the net
has been sewed upon the ring, to cover it with a band of stout dark-colored muslin,
as otherwise the edge of the bag surrounding the ring is apt to become speedily
worn and torn.

The collector having provided himself with a net for capturing insects must
also provide himself with one or more collecting jars. It is well to have several of
these of a size convenient for carrying in the pockets. For large specimens a larger
jar is required; for small specimens a smaller receptacle is better. The larger jar
should have the mouth about two and one half or three inches in diameter. Wide-
mouthed glass phials an inch and a half in diameter serve best for the smaller re-
ceptacles. The stopper of the larger jar should be of ground glass, of the smaller
jar of good cork. Jelly tumblers or glasses with tin tops make good collecting jars.
In preparing the jar for use place a few lumps of cyanide of potash about the size
of a filbert at the bottom; then put in a little clean sawdust to keep the pieces of
cyanide from rattling about; over the lumps of cyanide paste a sheet of strong white
paper perforated with a multitude of holes. In doing this the writer has resorted
to a simple method, which is explained in the diagram on Plate D, Fig. 4. A piece
of paper is placed under the jar and a circle the size of the inside of the jar is traced

42

upon it. Then a disk is cut out about three quarters of an inch greater in diameter
than the original circle. The paper is punctured over the entire surface included
within the inner line, and then with scissors little gashes are made from the outer
circumference inward, so as to permit of folding the edge of the disk inwardly. A
little gum tragacanth, or paste, is then applied to these upturned edges, the disk is
then inserted into the jar and pasted securely over the cyanide by means of the up-
turned flaps. A jar thus charged will last for a long time if kept stoppered when
not in use. Cyanide has a tendency to liquefy in the presence of moisture, and it
is well therefore to take care to keep the jar closed when not in use. It must, how-
ever, be borne in mind that the fumes of hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid), which
are active in producing the death of the insect, will not be given off in sufficient
volume unless there is a small amount of moisture in the jar, and in very dry cli-
mates the writer has sometimes found it necessary to moisten the bottom of the jar
with a drop or two of water. Jars also may be charged with lumps of carbonate
of ammonia, but as this substance bleaches the wings of insects, especially those
which are green in color, its use is not strongly recommended. Figure 5 on Plate
D shows a jar prepared for use.

When a butterfly has been caught in the net it is apt to flutter about and
struggle violently, thus injuring its wings. It is well therefore as soon as the in-
sect has been captured to take hold of it at the point where the wings join the body.

13

while it is stiil in the net, and by gently pinching the thorax to disable the insect.
The fingers are applied from the outside, as shown in the illustration (see Plate D, Fig.
1 ) . Then the collector, unstoppering his jar, inserts it into the net and allows the but-
terfly to drop into the jar. Butterflies belonging to the family of the Hesperiidce, or
"skippers," are best captured in the net by holding up the end of the bag. The
insects will then fly upward and settle near the top of the bag. The collector puts
the open jar with his right hand into the ring of the net and holding the bag with
the left hand brings the jar under the butterfly, and then claps his left hand over
the mouth of the jar, thus securing the insect in the jar, where after a couple of
seconds it will be stunned by the fumes and fall to the bottom. Death is speedy,
but not instantaneous, and the insect should be allowed to remain a little while in
the jar. Having been asphyxiated by the fumes of the jar, the insect may then be
removed and either mounted upon a pin and transferred to a collecting box, which
will presently be described, or put into an envelope. It is well not to accumulate
too many insects in the collecting jar, as those which are caught later will injure
in their struggles those which have been caught first. I make it a rule to rapidly
transfer the insects from the collecting jars to the collecting boxes which I carry
with me. The preservation of specimens in perfect freshness, without torn or
ragged wings, is of the utmost importance, and it is better to take fewer specimens,
preserving them in immaculate condition, than to accumulate a quantity of ragged

44

and battered examples. The old adage, "Practice makes perfect," applies in the
use of the net and the poisoning jar. There will necessarily be some failures on
the part of the young collector at the outset, but if he is neat and quick of finger
he will soon acquire the art of taking and preserving perfect specimens.

The field box should be made of tin and should have a sheet of cork securely
fastened at the bottom. In one corner of the box, tied in gauze and securely
fixed in place, there should be a few lumps of cyanide. Into this box the speci-
mens should be pinned as they are taken from the collecting jar, and the lid
of this box should be kept tightly closed most of the time, being opened only
when the transfer of the pinned specimens to the interior of the box is ready to be
made. Inasmuch as pinning insects on the field is not always satisfactorily accom-
plished, the writer prefers not to pin them, but to carry with him a supply of small
pay-roll envelopes, into which the insects are put, and these envelopes are then put
into a box which has some cyanide secured in it, as has already been described.
The writer also carries with him a little phial of chloroform in his vest pocket, and
lie sometimes uses this to stun insects or puts a few drops into the collecting box
and then closes it. The objection to the use of chloroform is that it induces spasms
of the thoracic muscles, and butterflies killed by the use of chloroform are not
nearly so easily mounted as specimens which have been killed with cyanide. Bee-
tles, wasps, and other hard-bodied insects should not be put into the same col-

45

lecting jars as those which are used for butterflies, as xhey are very apt to injure
the latter, tearing and spoiling the wings. If the collector is engaged in taking
other insects besides butterflies and moths, he should have special jars in which to
put the beetles and other hard-bodied and spiny things.

If the collector does not wish immediately to mount his specimens, but to
preserve them for mounting at a future time, they may be left in the envelopes of
which I have spoken, or may be "papered." The simplest way of putting up
butterflies in papers is to take an oblong piece of any kind of moderately good pa-
per and fold it as indicated in the diagram (see Plate E, Fig. 6), first folding on the
line a-b, then on a-d and c-b; then on the lines b-f and e-a, as marked in the dia-
gram. The result is the enclosure of the insect as shown in Plate E, Fig. c. A
hundred or more of such envelopes may be put into an ordinary cigar box. Such
boxes, filled with butterflies, in order to prevent mould and the ravages of pests,
should have some chloroform or carbon bisulphide put into them and afterward a
spoonful or two of naphthaline crystals. Then they should be closed and sealed
up by pasting strips of paper over the edges. Butterflies thus collected on journeys
may be safely carried for long distances without injury, or even transmitted through
the mails provided the boxes are strong enough to resist crushing. When on
journeys the writer of these paragraphs always papers his specimens, bringing them
home to be later carefully mounted at his leisure. It is of the utmost importance

4*

to note on each envelope the place and the date of capture, so that these may later
be placed upon the little labels or tickets which are put upon the pins after the in-
sects have been expanded and mounted for display.

MOUNTING BUTTERFLIES

The writer cannot do better in dealing with this subject than to transfer from
"The Butterfly Book" the substance of the directions there given in relation to this
matter.

When the collector has time enough at his disposal he should at once mount
his specimens as they are intended to be displayed. The insect should first of all
be pinned. For this purpose "insect pins" should be used. These are made
either of soft steel or of pin metal. The first are to be preferred, except in very
damp climates, where they sometimes rust if they have not been properly enamelled
with shellac. The pin should be thrust perpendicularly through the thorax, mid-
way between the wings, and at a considerable elevation upon the pin. It should
then be placed upon the setting board or setting block. Setting boards or setting
blocks are pieces of wood having a groove on the upper surface of sufficient depth
to accommodate the body of the insect and to permit the wings to be brought to

47

EXPLANATION OF PLATE E

Fig. a. Vivarium, or cage in which to breed caterpillars.

a, base, kept even by cleats, g, g; on this is placed a pan 4 inches deep made of
sheet zinc, and filled with earth; to the middle is soldered a tube of zinc, into
which a large bottle fits; the bottle is filled with water to keep the plants placed
in it fresh and green; b, outer case, with sides of glass, fitting closely about the
zinc pan; c, top, covered with wire-cloth, rabbeted on b, and easily lifted off.

Fig. b . Diagram showing way to make paper envelopes for butterflies.

Fig. c. .Envelope folded with butterfly inside.

Fig. d. Stretching board for expanding moths and butterflies. Strips of tracing muslin
are used on this to keep the wings down, paper will also serve the purpose.

Fig. f . Stretching board, showing how wings may be held in place by pieces of thin card-
board.

Fig. e . Showing the way in which the antennae and body may be held in place with inseoi
pins while the insect is drying.

the level of the upper surface, of the board (see Plate D, Figs. 6 and 7; and Plate
E, Figs, d, e,f). They should also be provided either with a cleft or a hole which
will permit the pin to be thrust down below the body of the insect for a considerable
distance. As a rule the wings of all specimens should be mounted at a uniform
elevation of about seven eighths of an inch above the point of the pin. This is
known as the "continental method" of mounting, and is infinitely preferable to
the old-fashioned "English method," in which the insect was pinned low down
upon the pin, so that its wings touched the surface of the box.

Setting blocks are most advantageously employed in mounting small species,
especially the Hesperiidae, the wings of which are apt to be refractory. When the
insect has been pinned upon the setting board or setting block, the next step is to
set the wings in the position which they are to maintain when the specimen is
thoroughly dry. This is accomplished by means of what are known as "setting
needles. " Setting needles may be easily made by simply sticking ordinary needles
into wooden matches from which the tips have been removed; steel insect pins will
serve as well. In drawing the wings into position, care should be taken to plant
the setting needle or pin behind the strong nervure on the costal margin of the wing;
otherwise the wings are liable to be torn and disfigured. The rule in setting lepi-
doptera is to draw the anterior wing forward in such a manner that the hind margin
of this wing is at right angles to the axis of the body, the axis of the body being a

50

line drawn through the nead to the extremity of the abdomen. The hind wing
should then be moved forward, its anterior margin lying under the opposing margin
of the front wing. When the wings have thus been adjusted into the position which
they are to occupy, slips of tracing-muslin or of paper should be drawn over them
and securely pinned, the setting needles being removed.

In pinning down the strips which are to hold the wings in place, be careful
to pin around the wing, but never if possible through it. When the wings have
been adjusted in the position in which they are to remain, the antennae should be
attended to and drawn forward on the same plane as the wings, and secured in place.
This may ordinarily be done by setting pins in such a position as to hold them where
they are to stay. Then the body, if it has a tendency to sag down at the end of
the abdomen, should be raised. This may also be accomplished by means of pins
thrust beneath on either side. Plate E, Fig. e, shows clearly what is intended. When
the insect has been set, the board should be put aside in a place where it will not be
molested or attacked by pests, and the specimens upon it allowed to dry. A box
with shelves in it is often used for this purpose. This box should have a door at
the front covered with wire gauze, and the back should also be open, covered with
gauze, so as to allow a free circulation of air. A few balls of naphthaline placed in
it will tend to keep away mites and other pests. The time which the specimen
should remain on the board varies with its size and the condition of the atmosphere.

51

idlest butterflies and moths in dry weather will be sufficiently dried to permit of
their removal from the setting boards in a week; but large, stout-bodied moths may
require as much as two weeks, or even more time, before they are dry enough to be
taken off the boards. The process of drying may be hastened by placing the boards in
an oven, but the temperature of the oven must be quite low. If too much heat is ap-
plied great injury is sure to result. Only a careful and expert operator should resort
to the use of the oven, a temperature ab<^ve 120 F. being sure to work mischief.
When butterflies or moths have been put up in papers or mounted on pins with-
out having their wings expanded and set, it becomes necessary before setting them
to relax them. This may be accomplished »n several ways. If the specimens have
been pinned it is best to place them on pieces of sheet-cork on a tray of sand which
has been thoroughly moistened and treated with a good dose of carbolic acid.
Over all a bell glass is put. A tight tin box will serve the same purpose, but a
broad sheet of bibulous paper should always be put over the box, under the lid
before closing it, anjd in such a way as to leave the edges of the paper projecting
around the edges of the lid. This is done to absorb the moisture which might settle
by condensation upon the lid and drop upon the specimens. In a bell glass the
moisture generally trickles down the sides. Earthenware crocks with closely fitting
lids are even better than tin boxes, but they must have paper put over them be-
fore closing, in the same way as is done when tin boxes are used. When specimens

have been preserved in papers or envelopes these should be opened a little and laid
upon damp, carbolized sand under a bell glass or in a closed receptacle of some kind.
Papered specimens may also be placed in their envelopes between clean towels,
which have been moistened in water to which a little carbolic acid has been added.
The towels should be wrung out quite dry before using them. Pieces of dampened
blotting paper are even better than towels. The method of placing between towels
should never be used in the case of very small and delicate species and those which
are blue or green in color. Great care must be exercised not to allow the insects to
become soaked or unduly wet. This ruins them. They should, however, be damp
enough to allow the wings and other organs to be freely moved. When the insects
have been relaxed they may be pinned and expanded on setting boards like freshly
caught specimens. It is well in setting the wings of relaxed specimens, after having
thrust the pin through the body, to take a small forceps and seizing the wings just
where they join the body gently move them so as to open them and make their
movement easy before pinning them upon the setting board. The skilful manipu-
lator in this way quickly ascertains whether they have been sufficiently relaxed to
admit of their being readily set. If discovered to be too stiff and liable to break
they must be still further relaxed. Dried specimens which have been relaxed and
then mounted generally require only a short time to dry again, and need rarely be
kept more than twenty-four hours upon the setting boards.

53

The process of setting insects upon setting blocks is exactly the same as when
setting boards are used, with the simple difference that instead of pinning strips
of paper or tracing-muslin over the wings, the wings are held in place by threads
or very narrow tapes, which are wound around the block (see Plate D, Figs 6 and 7).
When the wings are not covered with a very deep and velvety covering of scales
the threads or tapes may be used alone; but when the wings are thus clothed it be-
comes necessary to put bits of paper or cardboard over the wings before wrapping
with the threads. Unless this is done the marks of the threads will be left upon
the wings. Some little skill, which is easily acquired by practice, is necessary in
order to employ setting blocks to advantage, but in the case of small species and
species which have refractory wings they are much to be preferred to the boards.

The work of mounting small insects which have been relaxed must be done
quite quickly and in a cool room or in a moist atmosphere. In a very dry and hot
atmosphere the minuter things dry so quickly that difficulties are at once encoun-
tered.

One of the best ways in which to secure perfect specimens is to breed them
from the caterpillar, or even from the egg. A stylish and very good cage for breed-
ing is shown on Plate E, Fig. 2. As good a cage as this is not necessary, and the
collector will succeed with one or more clean store-boxes covered with a lid consist-'

54

ing of a frame over which gauze or muslin has been stretched. The food-plant on
which the caterpillar feeds is kept fresh in bottles or jars. It is important, after
the plants have been put into the jar of water, to stuff around the stems cotton or
soft paper, so that the caterpillars may not crawl down and, falling into the water,
drown themselves. The bottom of the box may be filled to the depth of four or
five inches with loam and covered with dead forest leaves. The loam should not
be allowed to dry out thoroughly, but should be kept somewhat moist, not wet.
A little sprinkling of water from time to time will suffice when done with care.
The caterpillars feed upon the food-plant, and finally undergo transformation in
the cage into the pupa, and eventually emerge as the butterfly or moth. The
breeding of lepidoptera in this way is a fascinating occupation for those who have
leisure to attend to it. For more minute instructions in reference to this matter
the reader is referred to "The Butterfly Book." The caterpillars and chrysalids
themselves may be preserved in little phials, in alcohol or in a solution of formal-
dehyde. The latter, however, is not to be recommended, because, although it
preserves colors better than alcohol, and does not tend to shrivel up the bodies, it
makes them stiff and difficult to handle and examine. The best way of preserving
caterpillars is to inflate them. Directions for doing this are contained in "The
Butterfly Book."

55

THE PRESERVATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF COLLECTIONS

In order to preserve collections of lepidoptera in beautiful condition, light,
moisture, and insect pests must be excluded. Light bleaches many species, espe-
cially those which are red, brown, or green in color. Moisture produces mold and
/mildew. Insect pests such as mites, Anthrenus, and Dermestes, the two latter being
species of beetles, devour specimens. The receptacles containing collections should
therefore be furnished with covers excluding the light, kept in a dry place, and be so
tight that insect pests will not enter. However, as an additional precaution, it is
well to place in every box or drawer moth balls or lumps of camphor, secured so
that they cannot roll about. These tend to deter predaceous insects from entering
the receptacles. If by any chance they have entered, neither the naphthaline nor
the camphor in some cases will prevent their ravages. In the great collections
which are under the care of the writer it is a rule from time to time to go over all
the cases and put into every receptacle a small quantity of carbon bisulphide.
The fumes of carbon bisulphide kill all grubs and matured insects which may have
hidden themselves in the cases, and it^s believed that it also tends to destroy the
life in eggs which may have been laid in the boxes. Great care should be used,
however, in employing carbon bisulphide, as the fumes mingled with the oxygen
of the atmosphere form an explosive compound. The work should never be done

56

where there is danger of ignition from an open fire or light. Boxes for the preser-
vation of insect collections are made by many firms, and prices for such receptacles
vary according to their size and the materials employed in their construction.
All receptacles, however, should be lined at the bottom with cork or some other soft
material into which the pins sustaining the insects can be put. We employ in the
Carnegie Museum a composition cork covered with white paper, which is made in
sheets of varying sizes, according to requirement, by the Armstrong Cork Manu-
facturing Company of Pittsburgh, Pa., the largest cork-manufacturing establisE-*
ment in the world. This is the most satisfactory material which is made.

Large collections are advantageously preserved in cabinets, the drawers of which
are covered with glass through which the insects may be inspected without handling
them. Here again, for the details of the construction of boxes, trays, and cabinets,
the reader is referred to "The Butterfly Book," which may be found in every public
library, and is in the hands of multitudes of individuals.

In arranging specimens the scientific order should be followed. The species
belonging to a given genus should be placed together. The little labels attached
to the pins should give both the generic and the specific name, the locality where
the specimen was taken, and the sex, if known. For the purpose of designating
the sex naturalists employ what are known as "sex marks," the male being indi-
cated by the sign of Mars, cf, while the female is indicated by the sign of Venus, 9 .

57

The inscription Papilio philenor, cf' , means that the specimen is a male, and the
inscription Papilio philenor, 9 , means that it is a female of the same species.

The classification of the genera and species should be subordinated further to
the classification into families. There are five families of butterflies represented in
the United States and Canada. They are the following :

1. The Nymphalidse, or "Brush-footed Butterflies."

2. The Erycinidse, or "Metal-marks."

3. The Lycrenidae, or "Blues," "Coppers," and "Hair-streaks."

4. The Papilionidse, or the "Swallowtails" and their allies.

5. The Hesperiidae, or the "Skippers."

In every well-arranged collection of butterflies certain drawers or boxes should be
set apart for the reception of the insects belonging to these families, and they should
be placed under their proper genera, according to their species.. Nothing is more
beautiful or interesting to those who have a love of nature than a collection of
butterflies thus classified and displayed.

In recent years an ingenious friend of mine has devised a system of mounting
butterflies under glass in cases made of a shell of plaster of paris, which he backs
with cardboard and seals around the edges with gummed paper. Latterly he has
taken to mounting them between pieces of glass which he secures in the same way.

58

Specimens thus preserved keep well, may be handled readily without fear of injury
to them, and in the glass cases both sides of their wings may be examined. A
collection of butterflies mounted in this way may be stored in shallow trays and
placed in scientific order. The process of mounting in this fashion is, however,
somewhat laborious and expensive, and is not generally adopted by scientific men,
who wish to be free to examine their specimens under the magnifying glass, occa-
sionally touching the wings with benzine to disclose the facts of neuration, and to
minutely investigate the feet and other parts of the body, which, when sealed up
in the way I have described, are not easily accessible.

Having thus briefly outlined the principal facts as to the nature of butterflies
in general, and the best methods of collecting and preserving them, we now pass
on to the description of the commoner species which are found on the continent
of North America, north of Mexico and the Straits of Florida.

Class INSECTA (Insects)
Order LEPIDOPTERA (Scale-winged Insects)

Suborder RHOPALOCERA (Butterflies)
Family NYMPHALID^E (The Brush-footed Butterflies)

The Nymphalidse may be distinguished from all other butterflies by the fact
that in both sexes the foremost or prottoracic, pair of legs is greatly dwarfed, useless

for walking, and therefore carried folded up against the breast. This is the largest of
all the families of butterflies and has been subdivided into many subfamilies.
Some of the genera are composed of small species, but most of them are made up of
large or medium-sized forms. To this family belong many of the most gorgeously
colored butterflies of the tropics, among them the brilliant blue Morphos of equa-
torial America.

The caterpillars, when they emerge from the egg, have heads much greater in
diameter than the rest of their bodies. In the earlier stages the bodies taper from
before backward, and are adorned with little wart-like protuberances, which bear
hairs. In later stages these little protuberances in many genera are replaced by
branching spines and fleshy projections, which impart to the caterpillars a forbid-
ding appearance. The mature caterpillar generally has a cylindrical body, but in
the subfamilies, SatyrincB and Morphines, the larvae are thicker at the middle, ta-
pering forward and backward.

The chrysalids, which are generally marked by metallic spots, always hang
suspended by the tail, except in the case of a few arctic species, which are found
under a frail covering composed of strands of silk woven about the roots of tufts of
grass, under which the larva takes shelter at the time of pupation.

In the region with which this booklet deals all the butterflies belonging to the
Nymphalidce fall naturally into one or the other of the following subfamilies: (1) the

Euplceince, or Euploeids; (2) the Ithomiince, the Ithomiids; (3) the Heliconiince, the
Heliconians; (4) the Nymphalince, the Nymphs; (5) the Satyrince, the Satyrs; (6)
the Libytheince, the Snout-butterflies.

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES OF THE NYMPHALID^ OF TEMPERATE
NORTH AMERICA

I. With the veins of the fore wings not greatly swollen at the base.

A. Antennae naked, not clothed with scales.

(a) Fore wings less than twice as long as broad . . Euplceince.

(b) Fore wings twice as long as broad and often trans-

lucent, the abdomen extending far beyond the in-
ner angle of the hind wings ...... Ithomiince.

B. Antennae clothed with scales, at least above.

(a) Fore wings at least twice as long as broad . . . Heliconiince.

(b) Fore wings less than twice as long as broad.

1 . Palpi not as long as the thorax .... Nymphalince

2. Palpi longer than the thorax Libytheince

II. With some of the veins of the fore wing greatly swollen at the

base .."..,..." Satyrince.

61

Subfamily EUPLCEIN^B (The Euplceids)

Large or medium-sized butterflies; fore wings somewhat produced at apex,
hind wings rounded, never with tails; fore legs greatly atrophied in the males,
somewhat less so in the females; hind wings of the males marked with one or more
sexual brands which in the American species are located on or near the first median
nervule; some of the oriental species are white, many are dark brown or black in
color, shot with purple and violet; all of the American species are of some shade of
reddish brown or fulvous, with the apex of the fore wings and the outer borders of
both fore and hind wings margined widely with darker color, and the veins and
nervules also darker, standing out in bold relief upon the lighter ground-color; the
apex of the primary and the outer border of the secondary wings are more or less
spotted with light color, often with white.

The adult caterpillars are cylindrical in form, adorned with long fleshy filaments,
and with their bodies of some light shade of yellow or green banded with darker
colors. The American species feeds upon the plants belonging to the family of the
Asclepiadacece, or Milkweeds.

The chrysalis is smooth, pale in color, often ornamented with metallic spots,
usually golden.

This subfamily, which is represented in the tropics of the Old World by many
genera and species, is only represented in the United States by one genus, Anosia

62

GENUS ANOSIA HUBNER

Butterfly, large or medium-sized; fore wings triangular, pro-
duced; hind wings rounded, the inner margins clasping the
abdomen when at rest; apex, outer margins, and veins, dark;
male with sex-mark on first median nervule of hind wing.
Egg ovate conical, ribbed perpendicularly and horizontally.
Larva cylindrical, with long, dark, fleshy filaments before and
behind; body usually pale in color, ringed with dark bands.
Chrysalis pendant, stout, cylindrical, abdomen rapidly
tapering, and ending in long cremaster; pale, with metallic
spots.

A large genus, many species being found in the tropics of
both hemispheres, but only two in the United States. The
insects are "protected," being distasteful to other animals,
thus escaping attack.

(1) Anosia plexippus (Linnaeus), The Monarch, Plate I, cf;
Plate C, Fig. g, egg; Figs, a-c, larva pupating; Fig. d, chrysalis.

Upper side of wings reddish brown, apex, margins, and veins
black, under side paler; a double row of whitish spots on outer
borders, apex crossed by two bands of light spots. Expanse
of wings 3.25 to 4.25 inches. Egg pale green. Caterpillar

63

PL.

PL.

feeds on milkweeds, and is found in Pennsylvania from June
onward. Chrysalis pale green spotted with gold.

Breeds continuously. As summer comes the butterflies
move north, laying eggs. The insect spreads until it reaches
its northern limit in the Dominion of Canada. In fall it re-
turns. Swarms of the retreating butterflies gather on the
northern shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario and in southern
New Jersey. Recently the Monarch has become domiciled
in many parts of the Old World.

(2) Anosia berenice (Cramer), The Queen, Plate II, 9 .

Smaller than the Monarch; the ground-color of the wings
livid brown. The markings, as shown by the Plate, are some-
what different from those of the preceding species. Expanse
2.5 to 3 inches.

This butterfly does not occur in the North, but ranges
through New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, and southward.

Subfamily ITHOMIIN^ (THE ITHOMIIDS)

Butterflies of moderate size, though a few species are quite
large. Fore wings at least twice as long as wide; hind wings
64

small and rounded, without tails. Abdomen produced beyond the margin of the hind wing.
Wings more or less transparent. Antennae long and very slender, with a slender club at end,
naked. Fore legs greatly atrophied, especially in the males. Larvce and chrysalids resem-
bling those of the Euplceince, the chrysalids being short,-cylindrical, and marked with metallic
spots. The family, with the exception of the Australian genus, Hamadryas, is confined
to the New World, in the tropics of which there are swarms of genera and species. Like
the Euploeinoe they are "protected." But two genera are reported from our territory.

GENUS CERATINIA FABRICIUS

Distinguished from other allied genera by the strongly lobed costal margin of the hind
wings in the male.

There are fifty species of this genus known from the American tropics, but only one occurs
within the limits of the United States, and only in the extreme southwestern portion of our
territory.

(1) Ceratinia lycaste (Fabricius), Plate III, Fig. 2, 9 (Lycaste Butterfly"!

This insect, which may easily be identified by the figure we give, is reported from southern
California. The plate shows the variety, named negreta, which has a spot at the end of the
cell of the hind wing instead of a black bar, as is the case in specimens from Panama. Ex-
panse 2.1 to 2.25 inches. Wright does not include this species in his list of butterflies of
the west coast.

' 65

PL. Ill

GENUS DIRCENNA DOUBLEDAY

Medium-sized butterflies, with quite transparent wings.
Abdomen not as long as in the preceding genus. Hind wing of
male strongly bowed forward at middle, the costal vein tend-
ing to coalesce with the subcostal. Only one species occurs
in our region. There are many species in the American tropics.

(1) Dircenna klugi (Hiibner), Plate III, Fig. 1, d" (Klug's
Dircenna).

The wings are pale brown, narrowly margined with darker
brown; the fore wings have a pale yellowish diagonal bar at
the end of the cell, followed by two bands of similar spots,
curving from the costa to the inner margin. Expanse 2.5 to
2 75 inches.

Habitat: Southern California and Mexico according to Rea-
kirt. The citation of California by this authority may refer
to Lower California. In recent years no specimens have been
taken in Upper California. It may be that with the changes
which have taken place in the development of the country the
insect has become extinct about Los Angeles and San Diego,
where Reakirt collected.

SUBFAMILY HELICONIIN^E (THE HELICONIANS)

Moderately large butterflies. Fore wings twice as long as
wide. Antennae nearly as long as the body; club tapering, but
stouter than in the Ithomiids, clothed with scales above. Fore
legs feeble La both sexes. Color black, sometimes shot with
blue, and variously marked with white, yellow, orange, or
crimson spots. Eggs cylindrical, twice as high as wide, taper-
ing and truncate above* ribbed. Caterpillar, when mature,
with six branching spines on each segment. Chrysalis angu-
lated, covered with curious projections, making it look like a
shrivelled leaf, dark in color.

These insects, which are strongly "protected, " abound in the
forests of tropical America. There are many species, but only
one occurs in our region.

GENUS HELICONIUS LATREILLE

(1) Heliconiuscharithonius(lAnn3sus). Plate IV, 9 (The
Zebra).

The figure suffices for identification. The caterpillar feeds
upon the foliage of different species of Passion-flower. Com-

67

PL. IV

mon in the hot parts of the Gulf States, thence ranging all over the American tropics. Ex
panse 2.5 to 3.5 inches.

SUBFAMILY NYMPHALIN^ (THE NYMPHS)

The butterflies belonging to this subfamily are usually medium-sized or large, although
some are very small. Antennae usually as long as, or longer than, the abdomen, more or
less heavily clothed with scales. Palpi stout, densely clothed with hairs and scales. Thorax
stout or very robust. Fore wings relatively broad, ^xcept in certain forms which mimic
the HeliconiincB, produced at apex, more or less excavated on outer margin; discoidal cell
generally less than half the length of wing, and in most genera closed; costal vein ter-
minating behind the middle of the front margin of the wing; the two inner subcostal nervules
given off before, the outer subcostals beyond, the end of the cell. Hind wings rounded, or
angulated, with the outer border either rounded, scalloped, or tailed, the inner border always
forming a channel for the reception of the abdomen; discoidal cell often open, or closed by
an almost imperceptible veinlet. Eggs conoid, barrel-shaped, or globular, variously orna-
mented. Larva when hatched with minute wart-like eminences, each bearing a hair, the hairs
in later stages being replaced in many forms by branching spines. Chrysalis suspended,
variously ornamented, often having on the dorsal surface raised eminences, and the head
bifurcate.

68

There are about thirty genera, containing somewhat less
than two hundred species, which belong to this subfamily in
the United States.

GENUS COL^ENIS DOUBLEDA*

The butterflies of this genus mimic the Heliconlans in form;
their fore wings are long and narrow. The cell in the hind
wing is open. There are a number of species, two of which
are found in the hot parts of the Gulf States. The larvae re-
semble those of the genera, Dione and Euptoieta, and, like
them, feed on the Passifloraceae.

(1) Colcenis Julia (Fabricius) (Julia). Plate V, <?.

The figure on the plate obviates the necessity for a descrip-
tion. The insect occurs sparingly in Florida and in Texas,
especially about Brownsville. It is very common in Mexico,
and thence southward. Expanse 3 to 3.5 inches.

(2) Colcenis delila (Fabricius), Delila.

Imagine all the dark markings shown in the figure of Colcenis

69

PL. V

PL. VI

.

----- -••:-.,

julia on Plate V effaced, and replaced by the lighter ground-
color, only all of the wing a shade paler and yellower, and the
fore wings a trifle more pointed at the tip, and you have a
mental picture of this species, which has the same range as
the one shown. Expanse 2.75 to 3.3 inches.

GENUS DIONE HUBNER

This genus has the fore wings elongated, but less so than in
Colcenis. The cell hi the hind wing is open. The palpi are
much more robust and heavily clothed with hairs than in
Colcenis, thus resembling those of the genus Argynnis. Like
Argynnis the under side of the wings of all species of Dione
is spotted with silver.

There are a half dozen species of Dione in the New World,
all but one of which occur outside of our limits. They are
gloriously beautiful insects.

(1) Dione vanilla (Linnaeus) (The Gulf Fritillary). Plate
VI, cf .

This lovely insect ranges from southern Virginia southward
70

and westward to southern California, and thence further south,
wherever the sun shines and Passion-flowers bloom. The
figure on the plate does not show the magnificent markings of
the under side of the wings, but catch one, and you will see
that you have a beauty in your possession. Expanse 2.75
to 3.25 inches.

GENUS EUPTOIETA DOUBLEDAY

There are two species of this genus found in the United
States. The butterfly has the cell of the fore wing closed by a
feeble veinlet and the cell of the hind wing open. The an-
tennae and palpi resemble those of the genus Argynnis. The
under sides of the win^s are not spotted with silvery marks.

(1) Euptoieta claudia (Cramer), The Variegated Fritillary.
Plate VII, Fig. 1, d"; Fig. 2, under side.

The caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of Passion-flowers and
violets. It is reddish yellow in color, with black spines on the
segments, white spots on the back, and dark broTvn bands
running the long way on the sides. The chrysalis is pearly
white mottled with black spots and streaks. The insect

71

PL. VII

PL. VIII

ranges from southern New England south and west, and is
reported from as far north as Alberta. It goes as far as Ar-
gentina in the south. Expanse d\ 1.75 to 2.25 inches; 9 , 2.25
to 2.75 inches.

(2) Euptoieta hegesia (Cramer), The Mexican Fritillary.

Very much like the preceding species, only the wings, es-
pecially the hind wings, have very few dark markings, except
about the borders, and the insect is smaller. Expanse cf, 1.6
to 2.25; 9 , 2.25 to 2.5 inches.

Found in Texas, Arizona, and southward.

GENUS ARGYNNIS FABRICIUS

Butterflies of medium or large size, generally of some shade
of reddish-fulvous, conspicuously marked on the upper side
with dark spots and waved lines, which are less conspicuously
repeated on the under side, and in many species in part re-
placed by silvery spots. In some species the males and the
females are dimorphic, that is, very different in appearance
from each other. The palpi are strongly developed and
clothed heavily with hairs. The antennae have a short, well-
72

defined, flattened, somewhat spoon-shaped club. The cells of
both fore and hind wings are closed. Eggs cone-shaped, flat-
tened, and depressed at the top, rounded at the base, ribbed
both ways, mostly near the base. Caterpillars dark in color,
spiny, with the spines on the first segment the longest; feeding
on violets at night, and hiding during the day. Chrysalis
angular, adorned with more or less prominent projections,
head bifid.

This large genus has many species. It occurs in both
hemispheres. Its metropolis is North America, and we can
speak of only a few of the commoner and more conspicuous
forms.

PL. IX

(1)
VIII,

Argynnis idalia (Drury), The Regal Fritillary. Plate

The figure given will help the student to recognize this insect.
The caterpillar, when fully grown, is about 1.75 inches in
length, black, banded and striped with ochreous and orange-
red, and ornamented with fleshy spines, of which the two rows
on the back are white tipped with black, those on the sides
black tinged with orange where they spring from the body.
The chrysalis is brown mottled with yellow.

73

PL. X

Ranges from Maine to Nebraska, and southward among the
Appalachian highlands into West Virginia. Expanse 2.75 to
4 inches.

\ (2) Argynnis diana (Cramer), Plate IX, cf; Plate X, 9

(Diana).

This lovely insect is dimorphic, the male having the outer
borders of the wings orange-fulvous, while the female has the
wings bordered with blue spots. Expanse 3.75 to 4.5 inches.

It belongs to the southern Appalachian region, and ranges
from West Virginia and the Carolinas to northern Georgia,
thence westward to the Ozarks, being found sparingly in
southern Ohio and Indiana, and commonly in parts of Ken-
tucky.

(3) A rqynn is leto Edwards, Plate XI, 9 CLeto).

The male of this species is in some respects not unlike the
two following species, but with the wings darker at their bases:
the female, on the other hand, is quite different, the dark spots
on the inner half of the wings running together and giving this
part of the wings a dark brown or black appearance, while the
outer borders are pale yellow. Expanse 2.5 to 3.25 inches.
74

This beautiful form occurs on the western side of the Rocky
Mountains, in California and Oregon.

(4) Argynnis cybele (Fabricius), Plate XII, 9 , under side
(The Great Spangled Fritillary).

The male is bright reddish-fulvous on the upper side of the
wings, with the characteristic dark markings of the genus; on
the under side the wings are heavily silvered. There always
is a pale yellowish submarginal band shown on the under side
of the hind wings which does not appear in the next species,
and by the presence or absence of which they may be discrim-
inated from each other. The caterpillars hibernate as soon as
hatched, and pass the winter in this state, feeding up and ma-
turing in the following spring when the violets begin to grow.
Expanse 3 to 4 inches.

This species ranges from Maine to Nebraska and southward
to Georgia and Arkansas. It is our commonest species in the
Middle States.

(5) A rgynnis aphrodite (Fabricius). Plate XIII, 9 , under
side (Aphrodite).

Closely resembling the preceding species, but smaller. The

75

PL. Xi

PL. XII

under side of the hind wings has the submarginal band nar-
rower than in A. cybele and often wholly wanting, as shown in
the figure. The fore wings on the under side are redder at the
base than in A. cybele. Expanse 3 to 3.5 inches.

The range is the same as that of the preceding species.

The two species A. cybele and A. aphrodite usually are
found flying at the same time and in the same places, and when
on the wing it is often very difficult to distinguish them from
each other. In fact they seem to intergrade into each other,
and in a long series of specimens such close resemblances often
occur that it is puzzling to decide which is which. The deeper
red of the fore wing of A. cybele is the best diacritical char-
acter. The paler outer margin of the hind wing of A. aphro-
dite, which is typically shown in Plate XII, sometimes occurs
also in A. cybele, and I have specimens of the latter which
very closely approximate the former in this regard. In se-
lecting specimens for illustration I have chosen the two extreme
forms in which the pale wing of A. aphrodite is seen to contrast
on the under side with the darker wing of A. cybele shown on
Plate XIII.

76

It may be remarked in passing that the genus Argynnis is
very difficult, and the writer has been in the habit of compar-
ing it to the genus Salix, the willows, among flowers. Botan-
ists know how the willows seem to run together, and how hard
it is to discriminate the species. The same thing is true of
tkis great genus of butterflies with which we are now dealing.
It is particularly true of the species which occur in the region
of the Rocky Mountains, of which the writer has probably the
largest collection in existence, including all of the types of the
late William H. Edwards. The test of breeding has not been
fully applied as yet to all of these forms, and it is doubtful
whether some of them are more than varieties or local races.
There is here a field of inquiry which should tempt some young,
ardent, and careful student. The day for more thorough
work is at hand, and I hope some reader of these pages may
be converted to the task. Entomological study should become
more intensive, as well as extensive. The fathers of the science
have paved the way and laid foundations; it remains for the
rising generation to complete the work which the fathers have
begun.

PL. XIII

.. -

77

PL. XIV

(6) Argynnis attantis Edwards. Plate XIV, d" (The
Mountain Silverspot).

Smaller than A. aphrodite, with narrower wings, darker at
the base on both the upper and lower sides. The submarginal
band below is pale yellow, narrow, distinct, and always present.
Expanse 2.25 to 2.5 inches.

Ranges from Quebec to Alberta and southward, but is con-
fined to the Appalachian mountain ranges in southern Penn-
sylvania and West Virginia.

The specimen figured on the Plate is the type of the male
contained in the collection of the late William H. Edwards.
Although taken long ago, it retains all its original freshness and
beauty.

There used to be near Cresson on the summit of the Alle-
gheny Mountains a field surrounded by woodland in which
violets grew. When the clover was in bloom myriads of
Fritillaries, belonging to the species aphrodite, cybele, and
atlantis, congregated there. What captures we made! Many
a collection on both sides of the Atlantic contains specimens
taken in that field, but no possessor of these specimens can
have the happy memories of the days passed in that field by
their captor.
78

(7) Argynnis callippe Boisduval. Plate XV, 9 , under side
(Callippe).

Wings on the upper side obscured with dark brown on which
the pale buff spots, margined with black, stand out conspicu-
ously. On the under side the wings are pale buff, with a
greenish cast, the spots well silvered. Expanse 2.3 to 3 inches.

Abundant in southern California, according to W. G-
Wright, preferring plains, and being confined mainly to the
little hot valleys which traverse them. According to the same
author the life of the insect as an imago is very brief, "the
shortest of any Argynnid that I know of, being only a few days
in length."

Many of the western species do not have the spots on the
under side silvered, but are none the less beautiful for that.
One of these species, without silvery spots, the spots being
creamy white, without metallic lustre, is the beautiful insect
figured on Plate XVI, A. rhodope, the under side of the female
type of wThich we show. There are nearly a dozen species of
Argynnis belonging to the same group with A. rhodope, but the
latter is the most beautiful of all of them.

79

PL. XV

PL. XVI

(8) Argynnis rhodope Edwards. Plate XVI, 9 under side
(Type) (Rhodope).

The wings of the two sexes are quite alike on the under side.
On the upper side, which we do not figure, the wings are bright
fulvous, dark at the base, marked with heavy, black, confluent
spots. Expanse 2.2 to 2.4 inches.

Found in Washington and British Columbia.

GENUS BRENTHIS HUBNER

(THE LITTLE FRITILLARIES).

Small or medium-sized butterflies, closely resembling those
of the genus Argynnis. The chief difference is that in Brenthis
only the first subcostal nervule branches off before the end
of the cell, while in Argynnis the first and second are thus
given off; palpi not so stout as in Argynnis; the basal spur
of the median vein of the fore wing, found in Argynnis,
is wanting in Brenthis. Eggs subconical, twice as wide as
high, truncated, vertically ribbed. Caterpillars like those, of
Argynnis, but smaller, and often lighter in color, feeding on
80

violets. Chrysalis pendant, about 0.6 inch long; two rows
of conical tubercles on back.

Sixteen species are found in North America, all of which
but two are subarctic or occur on high mountains.

(1) Brenihis myrina (Cramer), Plate XVII, Fig. 1, cT, upper
side; Fig. 2, cf , under side (The Silver-bordered Fritillary).

Well depicted in the figures we give. Expanse 1.40-1.70
inch. Eggs pale greenish yellow. Caterpillar, when fully
grown, about 0.87 inch long, dark olive-brown, marked with
lighter green, and covered with spiny, fleshy tubercles. Chrys-
alis yellowish brown marked with darker brown spots, some
having a pearly lustre.

Ranges from Nova Scotia to Alaska and southward as far
as the mountains of the Carolinas.

(2) Brenthis montinus Scudder, Plate XVII, Fig. 3, 9 , under
side (The White Mountain Fritillary).

Upper side fulvous, the wings at base darker than in B.
myrina, the black markings heavier. Hind wings below much
darker than in B. myrina, the silvery spots being quite differ-

81

PL. XVII

PL. XVIII

ently arranged, the most conspicuous being a bar at the end
and a round spot at the base of the cell of the hind wing. Ex-
panse, cf, 1.50 inch; 9, 1.75 inch.

A small species living on the summit of Mt. Washington,
New Hampshire, where a little colony has survived the glacial
epoch, when the northeastern parts of the United States were
covered with glaciers, as Greenland is to-day.

(3) Brenthis bellona (Fabricius), Plate XVIII, J1 (The
Meadow Fritillary).

The only species of the genus, except B. myrina, found in
the densely settled portions of the continent. Easily dis-
tinguished from myrina by the absence on the under side of
the wings of the silvery spots, which make the Silver-bordered
Fritillary so attractive. It is generally found upon the wing
in the late summer and the fall of the year. In Pennsyl-
vania it may be found when the asters are in bloom.

Common throughout Canada and the northern United
States as far west as the Rocky Mountains and as far south
as the Carolinas. Expanse 1.65-1.80 inch.

82

GENUS MELIT^EA (THE CHECKER-SPOTS) PL. XIX

Generally small or medium-sized butterflies. Palpi not
swollen; the third joint finely pointed; clothed with long
hairs. Antennae about half as long as the costal margin of
fore wing, ending with a short, heavy, spoon-shaped knob.
The cell hi the fore wing is closed, in the hind wing open.
The spots and markings are differently arranged from those
in Argynnis and Brenthis; the wings are never silvered on the
under side. Eggs subconical, flattened on top, fluted on the
sides. Caterpillars gregarious when young, then separating;
cylindrical, covered with short spines set with diverging
hairs; feeding upon the Scrophulariacece, Castileja, and allied
plants. Chrysalis rounded at the head, with sharply pointed
tubercles on back, white or pale gray, adorned with dark
markings and orange spots on back.

There are many species in the north temperate zone. Most
of the more than thirty species in North America are confined
to the western part of the continent, only two being found east
of the Mississippi.

(1) Melitcea phaeton (Drury), Plate XIX, tf (The Balti-
more).

S3

PL. XX

Easily recognized by the figure. One of the larger species,
the male having a width of 1.75-2.00, the female of 2.00-2.60
inches. Eggs brownish yellow when laid, changing to crim-
son, and later to black; deposited in clusters on balmony
(Chelone glabra). Hatching in early fall, the little cater-
pillars spin a web or tent of silk, where they pass the winter.
When spring comes, they scatter, fall to feeding, and after
the fifth moult turn into chrysalids, from which the butter-
flies soon emerge.

Found locally in colonies in swampy places, where balmony
grows, from Quebec to west of Lake Superior and south to
the Carolina mountains.

(2) Melitoea chalcedon Doubleday and Hewitson, Plate
XX, Fig. 1, d" (Chalcedon).

A common species in northern California, ranging eastward
as far as Colorado and Wyoming. One of the larger species,
expanding 1.75-2.5 inches. The caterpillar feeds on Mimulus
and Casiileja. The butterfly is variable, the females in par-
ticular differing ^n the size of the light spots on their wings.

(3) Melitcea macglashani Rivers, Plate XX, Fig. 2, 9 (Mac-
glashan's Checker-spot).

84

One of the largest species in the genus, exceeding in size
the two foregoing, having a width of from 1.85-3.00 inches;
closely resembling M . chalcedon, but the outer marginal red
spots always bigger and the yellow spots paler and larger than
in that species. Occurs in Utah, Nevada, and California.

(4) M elitcea harrisi Scudder, Plate XXI, Fig. 1, 9 , under
side (Harris' Checker-spot).

Fulvous on upper side; base of wings and outer margins
black, black margins widest at apex. Five fulvous spots in
cell of fore wing, two below it; two white spots on apex.
Under side of wings well shown in the figure we give. Ex-
panse 1.5-1.75 inch. Eggs lemon-yellow, conoid, flattened
at top, ribbed. Adult caterpillar reddish, with a black stripe
on middle of back, nine rows of black, branching spines on
body. On each segment a black band in front of the spines,
and two black bands behind them. Food-plants Aster and
Diplopappus. Chrysalis pale gray or white, blotched with
dark brown.

Ranges from Nova Scotia to Lake Superior.

(5) Melitata perse Edwards, Plate XX, Fig. 3, cT- Type.
(The Arizona Checker-spot).

85

PL. XXI

PL. XXII

One of the very small species of the genus. The specimen
we figure is the type, that is to say, the specimen upon which
Edwards founded his description of the species. Expanse <? ,
1.00 inch; 9, 1.10 inch.

Habitat Arizona and northern Mexico.

(6) Melitcea dymas Edwards, Plate XX, Fig. 4, 9 . Type
(The Least Checker-spot).

Even smaller than the preceding, having an expanse of only
0.85 to 1.00 inch. It is much paler on the upper side than
M. perse, and the markings are different.

Ranges from southwestern Texas and Arizona to Mexico.

GENUS PHYCIODES DOUBLEDAY

(THE CRESCENT-SPOTS). ,

Usually quite small butterflies, the species found in our
region being some shade of fulvous or reddish, above with
dark markings, which are less distinctly reproduced on the
paler under side of the wings. Of the spots on the under side
the most characteristic is the crescent between the ends of the
86

second and third median nervules. This, when present, is pearly white or silvery in color.
Structurally these insects differ most markedly from the preceding genus in the enlarged second
and the fine very sharp third joint of the palpi. Eggs higher than wide, slightly ribbed on top,
pitted below, giving them a thimble-like appearance. Caterpillars cylindrical, with rows of
short tubercles, much shorter than the spines in Melitcea, dark in color, marked with paler
longitudinal stripes. Chrysalis with head slightly bifid, generally pale in color, blotched
with brown.

Numerous species occur in Central and South America, but only about a dozen in the
United States and Canada, most of them in the Southwestern States.

(1) Phyciodes nycteis Doubleday and Hewitson, Plate XXI, Fig. 2, cT (Nycteis).
Easily mistaken on the wing for Melitcea harrisi, which it closely resembles on the upper

side, and with which it is often found flying, but an examination of the under side at once
reveals the difference. The redder fore wings, paler hind wings, and the crescent on the lower
outer border of these are marks which cannot be mistaken. Expanse o71, 1.25-1.65 inch; 9 ,
1.65-2.00 inches.

Ranges from Maine to the Carolinas and westward to the Rocky Mountains.

(2) Phyciodes tharos (Drury), Plate XXII, Fig. 1, d". Variety marcia Edwards, Plate
XXII, Fig. 2, c? (The Pearl Crescent).

A very common little butterfly, which everybody must have noticed in late spring or early
summer flitting about lawns and gardens, and in fall abounding upon clumps of asters. It
may easily be recognized from the figures given. Expanse from 1.25-1.65 inch. The variety

87

marcia comes from larvae which have hibernated during the winter, and is lighter and brighter
in color, especially beneath, than butterflies of the later summer and fall broods.

Eggs laid on asters and related plants; greenish yellow. Matured caterpillar dark brown,
dotted on the back with yellow; adorned with short, bristly, black spines, yellow at base.
Chrysalis pale gray, blotched with spots of brown.

Ranges from southern Labrador to Florida and westward to the Pacific Coast.

(3) Phyciodes batesi (Reakirt), Plate XXII, Fig. 3, cT, upper side; Fig. 4, underside, 9
(Bates' Crescent-spot).

Above closely resembling P. tharos, but with the dark markings much heavier; below hind
wings quite uniformly pale yellowish fulvous, with a row of very pale marginal crescents; ends
of veins tipped with brown. Expanse 1.25-1.65 inch.

Ranges from New England to Virginia and westward to the Mississippi.

(4) Phyciodes pratensis (Behr), Plate XXIII, Fig. 1, J> (The Meadow Crescent).
Closely resembling the preceding, but fore wings not as curved on the costal margin,

and relatively longer and narrower; the pale markings more whitish, not so red, and more
clearly defined. On the under side, especially in the female, the markings are heavier than
in P. batesi. Expanse 1.15-1.40 inch.

Ranges from Oregon to southern California, Arizona, and northern Mexico.

(5) Phyciodes camillus Edwards, Plate XXIII, Fig. 2, cT. under side (The Camillus
Crescent).

Resembling P. pratensis, but the pale spots on fore wings paler, and on hind wings

brighter fulvous. Below the dark markings not nearly so
pronounced as in P. pratensis. Expanse 1.3-1.6 inch.

Ranges from British Columbia to Colorado and Kansas and
south into Texas.

(6) Phydodes picta Edwards, Plate XXIII, Fig. 3, 9 , under
side (The Painted Crescent).

Below fore wings red on median area, with base, costa, apex,
and outer margin pale yellow. The dark spots on thi$ wing
stand out prominently. Hind wings nearly uniformly bright
yellow. Expanse 0.8-1.25 inch.

Ranges from Nebraska as far as Mexico. The larvae feed
on asters.

GENUS ERESIA DOUBLEDAY

Closely allied to Phyciodes, but distinguished from it by
having the fore wing more or less deeply excavated on the
outer margin about its middle, and the light spots on the
hind wings arranged in regular bands. There are also differ-
ences in the form of the chrysalids and caterpillars. The
genus is best represented in Central and South America, where
there are many very beautiful species. Only three occur in
our region. We have figured two of these.

89

PL. XXIII

PL. XXIV

(1) Eresia frisia (Poey), Plate XXIII, Fig. 4, tf (Poey'g
Crescent).

Our figure of the upper side will enable any one to recognize
it. Below the wings are fulvous, mottled with dark brown
and white, and the spots of the upper side reappear as white
bands and markings. Expanse 1.4-1.5 inch.

Occurs in the extreme south of Florida about Key West, and
is not uncommon in the Antilles, Mexico, and Central America

(2) Eresia texana (Edwards), Plate XXIV, Fig. 1, 9 (The
Texan Crescent).

Well represented in our illustration. Below the fore wings
are fulvous at base, and broadly marked with dark brown be-
yond the middle. Hind wings at base marbled wood-brown,
and dark externally like the fore wings. The light spots of
upper side reappear on lower side, but not so distinctly. Ex-
panse 1.25-1.75 inch.

Ranges through Texas into Mexico, and South America.
The genus Eresia is undoubtedly one of those which originated
in the warm neotropical regions and which since the glacia\
epoch have spread northward. Many of our genera have
come to us from the South.
00

GENUS SYNCHLOE BOISDTJVAL (THE PATCH-SPOTS)

Medium-sized or small butterflies, often very gayly colored. Wings generally more pro-
duced than in the two foregoing genera, more excavated on outer margin of primaries, and
third joint of palpus spindle-shaped, not sharp like the point of a needle, as in Phyciodes
and Eresia. The lower discocellular vein in the fore wing is straight and not angled, as in
the two last-named genera. Eggs, which are laid in clusters upon sunflowers (Helianthus),
like those of Phyciodes in general appearance; the caterpillars and chry solids like those of
Melitcea. There are nlany species of the group found in the American tropics, and among
them are many curious mimetic insects, which resemble minature Heliconians and Itho-
miids. Three species occur in our southland, one of which we figure.

(1) Synchloe janais (Drury), Plate XXIV, Fig. 2, cf (The Crimson-patch).

The upper side of a small male specimen is well shown in our figure. Below the markings of
the upper side are reproduced in the fore wings. Hind wings on this side black at base and
on outer third. The basal area crossed by a yellow bar, on middle of wing a broad yellow
band, washed externally with crimson, in which are numerous black spots. There is a
marginal row of yellow, and a limbal row of white spots parallel to the outer border.
Expanse 2.50-3.00 inches.

Ranges through southern Texas, Mexico, and Central America.

91

PL. XXV

GENUS GRAPTA KIRBY (THE ANGLE-WINGS)

Medium-sized or small butterflies; fore wing strongly
acuminate at end of upper radial, deeply excavated on outer
and inner border; hind wing tailed at end of third median
nervule; cells on both wings closed; palpi heavily scaled be-
neath. Upper side of wings tawny, spotted with darker,
under side mimicking the color of bark and dead leaves, often
with a silvery spot about middle of hind wing. The butter-
flies hibernate in winter. Eggs taller than broad, tapering
toward top, which is flat, adorned with a few longitudinal
ribs, increasing in height upward, laid in clusters, or strung
together, then looking like beads. Larva with squarish head;
body cylindrical, adorned with branching spines. Chrysalids
with head bifid; prominent tubercle on back of thorax; two
rows of dorsal tubercles on abdomen; compressed laterally
in thoracic region; color wood-brown or greenish. The
caterpillars feed upon plants of the nettle tribe, including the
elm and hops, though willows, azalea, and wild currants are
affected by different species.

The genus is confined to the northern temperate zone. We
have about a dozen species in America, of which five have been
selected for illustration.

(1) Grapta interrogationis (Fabricius;, tormfabricii Edwards,
Plate XXV, tf (The Question-sign).

The largest species of the genus in our fauna. Dimorphic,
the upper sides of the hind wings in the form fabricii being
fulvous with dark markings, those of the form umbrosa Lintner
being uniformly dark, except at base. In the Middle States
double-brooded. The second brood hibernates in the winged
form. Expanse 2.50 inches.

Found throughout Canada and the United States, except
on the Pacific Coast.

(2) Grapta comma (Harris), form dry as Edwards, Plate XXVI,
d1 (The Comma Butterfly).

Larvae feed on nettles; some are almost snow-white. The
species is dimorphic. In the form dryas Edwards the hind
wings are dark above, in the form harrisi Edwards they are
lighter in color. Expanse 1.75-2.00 inches.

The range is much the same as that of the Question-mark.

(3) Grapta faunus Edwards, Plate XXVII, 9 (The Faun).
Readily recognized by the deep indentations of the hind

wings, the heavy black border, and the dark tints of the under

93

PL. XXVI

PL. XXVIt

side mottled conspicuously with paler shades.
2.00-2.15 inches. The larva feeds on willows.

Expanse

Ranges from New England and Ontario to the Carolinas,
thence westward to the Pacific.

As I have remarked of the genus Argynnis that it is difficult,
so also I may say of the genus Grapta that it provokes much
discussion among those who have not had the opportunity
to study full series of specimens of the various species. The
resemblances are very great, and the differences are not ac-
centuated, so that the superficial observer is easily led astray.
The differences are, however, valid, even on the upper side
of the specimens, which are more nearly alike than the lower
side. Take the two species here presented to view on opposite
pages. They resemble each other closely, but the student
will soon see that there are differences, and these are constant.
On the under side they are very great, G. faunus being light
in color below, while G. silenus is very dark. In both species
at the end of the cell of the hind wing there is on the under
side a silvery spot which has the form of an inverted L (rl),
or is rudely comma-shaped.

(4) Grapta sdenus Edwards, Plate XXVIII. tf. Type (The
Toper).

Wings in form very much like those of G. faunus, but the
fore wing not as strongly produced at the ends of the upper
radial, and the hind wing at the end of the first submedian.
The wings are much darker below than in faunus, without
large pale spots, at most sprinkled with white scales. Expanse
2,00-2.30 inches.

Occurs in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon.

The life history of this species is not as yet known. It is
highly probable that the insect has the same tastes as the other
species of the genus, and lives upon much the same food-plants.
The late W. G. Wright, who was a careful observer, states that
the butterfly haunts partially wooded places upon hillsides in
the region where it is found. It is to be hoped that some
bright young person in Oregon or Washington may succeed in
breeding the larvae to maturity, giving us an account of his
observations. It is a mistake to suppose that everything
which is worth knowing is already known about our lepidoptera.
There is much for the students of the future to find out.

PL. XXVIII

PL. XXIX

(5) Grapta progne (Cramer), Plate XXIX, <? (The Currant
Angle- wing).

Somewhat smaller than any of the foregoing species. Fore
wings light fulvous shading into yellow outwardly. The dark
markings are smaller than in the other species, but pronounced
and clearly defined. Wings below very dark, sprinkled with
lighter scales. Expanse 1.85-2.00 inches.

The larva feeds upon all kinds of plants belonging to the
currant family.

Ranges from Siberia to Nova Scotia, thence south to the
latitude of Pennsylvania.

GENUS VANESSA FABRICIUB
(THE TORTOISE-SHELLS).

Butterflies of medium size. Eyes hairy; palpi somewhat
heavily scaled; cell of fore wings may or may not be closed, that
of hind wing always open. Fore wings more or less excavated
about middle and somewhat produced at ends of upper radial
and first median, but not so strongly as in Grapta. Hind'wings,
with outer margin toothed at ends of veins and strongly pro-
duced at end of third median nervule. Eggs short, ovoid
80

tapering above, and having a few narrow longitudinal ribs,
which increase in depth upward; laid in large clusters. Cater-
pillars when mature, cylindrical, with longitudinal rows of
branching spines. Feeding upon elms, willows, and poplars.
Chrysalis not unlike that of Grapta.

The genus is restricted to the north temperate zone and the
colder mountain regions of subtropical lands. The butterflies
hibernate, and are among the first to be seen in the springtime.

(1) Vanessa antiopa (Linnaeus), Plate XXX, 9 (The Mourn-
ing Cloak; The Camberwell Beauty).

This familiar insect needs no description. It occurs every-
where in the north temperate zone. Eggs laid in large masses
on willows, poplars, and elms. There are two broods in the
Middle States, the second hibernating under eaves and in
hollow trees. Expanse 2.75-3.25 inches.

There is a rare variety of this insect in which the yellow
border becomes broad, reaching the middle of the wings.
Only two or three such "sports" are known, one in the posses-
sion of the author. There are some collectors who set great
store by such "freaks" or "aberrations," as they are called.

PL. XXX

97

PL. XXXI

(2) Vanessa j-album Boisduval & Leconte, Plate XXXI, cf
(The Compton Tortoise).

No description is necessary as our figure will enable it to be
immediately recognized. A close ally of the European Vanessa
van-album. Expanse 2.60-2.75 inches.

Larva feeds upon willows. Confined to the northern parts
of the country, only occurring ift Pennsylvania upon the sum-
mits of the higher mountains, and ranging thence to Labrador
in the east and to Alaska in the northwest.

(3) Vanessa milberti Godart, Plate XXXII, 9 (Milbert's
Tortoise-shell).

Easily distinguished by the broad yellow submarginal band
on both wings, shaded outwardly by red. Expanse 1.75 inch.
The larva feeds upon nettles (Urtica).

Found at high elevations in the Appalachian highlands,
ranging northward to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, thence
westward to the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast, its
distribution being determined by temperature and the presence
of its food-plant, though its distribution seems to be more de-
pendent upon climate than upon food, as nettles abound in the
Southern States, where the insect is never found.

PL XXXII

In addition to the three species of Vanessa, which we have
figured upon our plates, it should be mentioned that there is a
very pretty species, known as Vanessa californica, which oc-
curs upon the Pacific Coast. It somewhat closely resembles
the European Vanessa urticae. In southern California it is
only found upon the mountains, but about Vancouver and
elsewhere in British Columbia it occurs at sea-level. It is a
pugnacious little thing, and fights at sight any other butterfly
which comes near. The food-plant of the larva is Ceanothus
thyrsiflorus. W. G. Wright informs us that the butterfly in
the spring delights to feed upon the gum of Abies concolor,
when it is still fluid.

GENUS PYRAMEIS DOUBLEDAY
(THE RED ADMIRAL AND PAINTED LADIES).

The butterflies of this are like those of the last genus in the
structure of their wings, except that the hind wings are not
angulate, and below the hind wings are generally marked with
eye-like spots. Egg ovoid, closely resembling that of Vanessa.
Larva like that of Vanessa, but spines relatively not so large
and not so distinctly branching. Form of chrysalis very like

99

that of Vanessa. The genus includes comparatively few spe-
cies, but most have a very wide range, Pyrameis cardui being
almost cosmopolitan in its distribution, having a wider range
than that of any other butterfly.

(1) Pyrameis atalanta (Linnaeus), Plate XXXIII, 9 (The
Red Admiral). .1

This familiar butterfly is found throughout temperate North
America, Europe, northern Africa, and temperate Asia. Ex-
panse 2.00-2.50 inches.

Larva feeds on the leaves of hop vines, on nettles, and
Bcehmeria.

(2) Pyrameis huntera (Fabricius), Plate XXXIV, cf (Hunt-
er's Butterfly).

Marked much like P. cardui, but easily discriminated from
it by the two large eye-like spots on the under side of the hind
wings. Expanse 2.00 inches.

Caterpillar feeds on cud-weed (Gnaphalium) and Antennaria.
Ranges from Nova Scotia to Mexico and Central America,
being comparatively rare in California, but more abundant
east of the Sierras.
100

We all know Hunter's Butterfly. How many know that its
name commemorates that of a most remarkable American,
John Dunn Hunter? Captured by the Indians in his infancy,
he never knew who his parents were. He was brought up
among the savages. Because of his prowess in the chase they
called him "The Hunter." Later in life he took the name of
John Dunn, a man who had been kind to him. He grew up as
an Indian, but after he had taken his first scalp he forsook the
red men, no longer able to join them in their bloody schemes.
He went to Europe, amassed a competence, became the friend
of artists, men of letters, and scientists. He was a prime favor-
ite with the English nobility and with the King of England
He interested himself in securing natural history collections
from America for certain of his acquaintances, and Fabricius
named the beautiful insect shown on our plate in his honor.
His Memoirs of Captivity Among the Indians are well worth
reading. In that charming book, Coke of Norfolk and His
Friends, which recently has been published, there are some
most interesting reminiscences of this American gentleman, for
gentleman he was, although reared by savages. The pre-
sumption is established that his unknown progenitors were
gentlefolk. "Blood will tell."

101

Pl_. XXXIV

PL. XXXV

(3) Pyrameis cardui (Linnaeus), Plate XXXV, $ (The
Painted Lady; The Thistle Butterfly).

Easily distinguished from the preceding by the numerous
and much smaller eye-spots forming a band on the under side
of the hind wings. Expanse 2.00-2.25 inches.

Found all over the world, except in the tropical jungles of
equatorial lands.

The caterpillars feed on various species of thistles, nettles,
and marshmallows.

GENUS JUNONIA HUBNEB

(PEACOCK BUTTERFLIES).

Medium-sized butterflies with eye-spots on upper side of
wings. Neuration almost exactly like that of the genus Pyra-
meis, save for the fact that the cell of the fore wing is usually,
and of the hind wing always, open. Egg broader than high,
flattened on top and adorned by ten very narrow and low ver-
tical ribs. Caterpillars cylindrical, longitudinally striped, and
with several rows of branching spines. Chrysalis arched on
back, curved inwardly in front, and somewhat bifid at head,
with the two projections rounded.
102

There are a score of species, most of which are found in the
tropics of the Old World. Three occur in our region, two of
which are found in the extreme south. The one which is com-
mon we have figured.

(1) Junonia ccenia Hubner, Plate XXXVI, d1 (The Buck-
eye).

The spots of the upper side reappear on the lower side, but
are much smaller, especially on the hind wings. Expanse 2.00-
2.25 inches.

The larva feeds most commonly on plantains (Plantago),
snapdragons (Antirrhinum), and Gerardia.

Very common in the Southern States, ranging as far north
as New England, west to the Pacific, and south into South
America.

GENUS ANARTIA DOUBLEDAY.

v ' i . * •'.'•... .

Medium-sized butterflies, having a weak, hovering flight,
and keeping near the ground. Palpi have the second joint
thick, the third joint tapering, lightly clothed with scales.
Fore wings rounded at apex, the outer and inner margins
lightly excavated, cell closed by a feeble lower discocellular,

' 103

PL. XXA.I

PL. XXXV-li

which often is wanting, thus leaving the cell open Outer
margin of hind wings sinuous, produced at end of third median
nervule, cell open. First and second subcostal nervules in
fore wing fuse with costal.

There are four species of this genus, one of which occurs in
the United States, the rest being found in tropical America.

(1) Anartia jatrophce (Linnaeus), Plate XXXVII, cT (The
White Peacock).

The figure we give will readily serve to identify this insect,
which occurs in Florida and Texas, and ranges thence south-
ward to Argentina. Expanse 1.75-2.00 inches.

GENUS EUNICA HUBNER
(THE VIOLET-WINGS).

Rather small butterflies. Antennae long and slender, with
enlarged club, having two grooves. Third joint of palpi of
female longer than that of male. The fore wing has the costal
and median vein enlarged and swollen at the base. The upper
discocellular vein is wanting, the cell is lightly closed. The
hind wing is rounded, with its outer margin entire.
104

The species of the genus have the upper side of the wings
dark brown or black glossed with violet, blue, or purple. Be-
low the wings are very beautifully marked. There are about
seventy species which have been described, all of them from
the American tropics, two of which, however, come within our
borders, Eunica tatila, occurring in Florida, and the following:

(1) Eunica monima (Cramer), Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 1, cf;
Fig. 2, 9 (The Dingy Purple-wing).

This obscure little butterfly represents its genus in Texas
and Florida, and gives but a faint idea of the beauty of many
of its congeners. It ranges southward and is common in
Mexico and the Greater Antilles. Expanse 1.35-1.50 inch.

GENUS CYSTINEURA BOISDUVAL
(THE BAG-VEINS).

Small, delicate butterflies with elongated fore wings, having
the costal vein much swollen near the base, somewhat as in the
SaiyrinoE, The upper discocellular is lacking in the fore wing,
and the cell is feebly closed. Outer margin of the hind wing

105

FL. XXXVI I ;

PI XXX IX

— ™« feebly crenulate; cell open; the two radials spring from a com-
mon point. •

A number of species and local races have been described.

,/VT' (1) Cystineura amymone Mene cries, Plate XXXIX, cf (The

Texas Bag- vein).

On the under side the gray markings of the upper side are
replaced by yellow, and on the hind wings there is a transverse
white band near the base and an incomplete row of white spots
on the limbal area. Expanse 1.50 inch.

Ranges from Kansas southward through Texas into Central
America.

GENUS CALLICORE HUBNER
(THE LEOPARD-SPOTS).

Small butterflies; the upper side of the wings dark in color
marked with bands of metallic blue or silvery green, the lower
side more or less brilliantly colored, the fore wings of some
shade of crimson or yellow, banded near the apex, the hind
wings silvery white or some pale tint, with circular bands of
black enclosing round or pear-shaped black spots. ?

106

There are about thirty-five species of the genus thus far
known, all of which are found south of our limits, except the
one we figure.

(1) Callicore clymena Hiibner, Plate XL, Fig. 1, cf, upper
side; Fig. 2, 9 , under side (The Leopard-spot).

Found in Florida, but though quite common farther south,
appears to be rather local and rare in the peninsula. Expanse
1.75 inch.

GENUS TIMETES BOISDUVAL (THE DAGGER- WINGS).

Medium-sized butterflies. Palpi moderately long, thickly
clothed with scales, the last joint pointed. Fore wing usually
somewhat falcate at apex, deeply excavated on outer margin;
hind wing greatly produced at the end of the third median
nervule, the wings being tailed in such a way as to make them
resemble some species of Papilio. There is also a prolongation
of the outer margin of the wing between the extremity of the
submedian vein and the first median nervule. On the upper
side the wings are generally dark in color, often marked with

107

PL. XLI

transverse bands and lines; on the lower side they are light in
color, with pronounced darker bands.

Of the thirty species thus far known four occur within our
territory, all of them being found far south.

(1) Timetes coresia (Godart), Plate XLI, cf, under side
(The Waiter).

Easily recognized by the figure we give. As I stated in "The
Butterfly Book" it deserves the trivial name I have given it,
its black upper side and the white vest it wears suggesting the
functionary who attends us at table. Expanse 2.50 inches.

Occasionally found in Texas.

GENUS HYPOLIMNAS HUBNER
(THE TROPIC QUEENS).

Large butterflies, our species being one of the smallest of
the genus. Palpi produced, heavily scaled, rising above the
head. Fore wings excavated on the outer margin; costal and
median veins stout; upper discocellular vein wanting, and lower
discocellular feeble or lacking. Hind wings somewhat crenu-
late on the outer margin, the cell, which is relatively quite
small, being feebly-closed b'y an attenuated veinlet.
108

The genus, which is quite large, reaches its greatest develop-
ment in the tropics of the Old World, and there is only one
species in the western hemisphere, which may have been in-
troduced in the old days of the slave trade. Most of the species
are mimics and the strange thing is that the mimicking form
is generally the female, which has the color a.**A markings of
some one or other of the milkweed butterflie" ~~ the African
and oriental tropics. The female of our species patterns after
the markings of Danais chrysippus, a common milkweed but-
terfly of Africa. This adaptation of species t~ *^e form and
color of "protected" insects is of course not con&**nzs. It is the
result of a long evolution in past ages.

(1) Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus), Plate ^ri-TT, tf ; Plate
XLIII, 9 (The Mimic).

Occurs in Florida, the Antilles, and northern Jioiith America.
While very abundant in Africa, it seems to be scarce in the New
World. The female differs greatly from the male on the upper
side of the wings, but resembles that sex OP *-ke. lower side.
Expanse &t 2.50 inches; $ , 3.00 inches.

PL. XLII

PL. XLIII

GENUS BASILARCH1A SCUDDEB
(THE WHITE ADMIRALS).

Rather large butterflies. Fore wings subtriangular, rounded
at the apex, and lightly excavated on the lower two thirds of
the outer margin. Hind wings rounded, somewhat crenulate.
Egg nearly spherical (see Plate C, Fig. /) pitted with large
hexagonal cells. The caterpillar in its mature state cylindrical,
with the second segment adorned with two prominent club-
shaped tubercles, and the fifth, ninth, and tenth segments also
having raised tubercles (see Plate C, Fig. h). They feed upon
oaks, birches, willows, and lindens, preferably the two latter.
The caterpillars after hatching hibernate in little winter quar-
ters, which they make out of the fragment of a small leaf,
which they tie together with silken threads, and also secure
to the twig by a few strands. The chrysalis has a projecting
boss on the back; the head is either rounded or slightly bifid.

There are a number of species in the United States, several
of which mimic other butterflies in a singular manner, B.
disippus closely resembling Anosia plexippus. The caterpil-
lars do not pupate until summer has come; the butterflies take
wing when the lindens bloom. * . * • . ••„. .- *

110

(1) Basilarchia astyanax (Fabricius), Plate XLIV, 9 (The
Red-spotted Purple).

Our figure gives a good idea of the upper side of the wings.
On the lower side the wings are brown, banded with black on
the margins, the inner row of marginal spots being red, with
two red spots at the base of the fore wings, and four such spots
at the base of the hind wings. Palpi white below; a white
stripe along the sides of the abdomen. Expanse 3.00-3.25
inches. The egg and caterpillar are shown on Plate C. The
caterpillar is found on a variety of plants, but most commonly
on lindens, willows, and wild cherry trees.

Found all over the United States and Canada, as far west
as the Rocky Mountains, but not in the very hot lowlands of
the Gulf region. Is said to occur on the uplands of Mexico.

Between B. astyanax and the following species, B. arthemis,
there is more or less affinity. They represent two lines of evo-
lution from a common ancestry, and there are evidences cf
atavic reversion to type constantly occurring in both forms.
They even occasionally interbreed with each other, and hy-
brids are not altogether uncommon. The whole genus in fact
is in a more or less plastic state, and well deserves the careful
attention of biologists.

Ill

PL. XLIV

pi XIV

(2) BanlarcMa arthemis (Drury), Plate XL V, tf (The Banded
Purple).

Our figure shows the upper side of the form which is most
usual. It will be seen that there are red spots on the hind
wings behind the white band. There is a variety called proser-
pina in which the white band becomes very narrow and the
red spots almost or entirely disappear. When the white band
and the red spots wholly disappear, as they sometimes do, it is
almost impossible to distinguish this species from B. astyanax.
Expanse 2.50-2.75 inches. The egg has "kite-shaped" cells.
The caterpillar feeds on willows, hawthorns, and wild apple
and plum trees.

Found in Canada, New England, and southward in Penn-
sylvania upon the higher ranges of the mountains. It is a
northern form. It has not thus far been recorded , from thf
western half of the continent, where it is replaced by a some
what similarly marked, but larger, species, known as /
W eidemeyeri. The latter insect is found as far east as westei
Nebraska and Colorado. I have taken it very frequently ii-
. Wyoming about Laramie Peak, where it seems to be a common
snsect in the wooded canyons-

PL. XLVI

(3) Basuarchia disippus
(Godart), Plate XLVI, rf ;
Plate C, Fig. /, egg; Fig.
h, larva. (The Viceroy).

Mimics Anosia plexip-
pus. Range from Canada
to the Gulf.

This is one of the most
striking cases of mimicry
which occurs in our fauna.

(4) Basilarchia lorquini
(Boisdnval), Plate XLVII,
tf (Lorquin's Admiral).

Easily distinguished by
white bar at end of cell of
fore wing and red spot at
apex. Expanse 2.25-2.75
inches.

HL. XLV'll

113

PL. XLVlll GENUS ADELPHA HUBNER (THE SISTERS).

Cell of fore wing lightly closed, of hind wing open; outer
margin of wings rarely excavated. The chrysalids have pe-
culiar forms, having bifid heads and broad wing-cases; marked
with metallic spots on a brown ground.

There are many species in tropical America, some of which
are very showy; only one occurs within our limits.

(1) Adelpha californica Butler, Plate XLVIII, 6" (The Cali-
fornian Sister).

The insect, well displayed in our figure, has ah expanse of
from 2.50-3.00 inches. The caterpillar feeds upon oaks. The
range is through southern California, Nevada, southern Utah,
Arizona, and Mexico.

GENUS CHLORIPPE BOISDUVAL
(THE EMPEROR BUTTERFLIES).

Small butterflies generally of some shade of fulvous, with a
submarginal row of eye-like spots on the hind wings, and in a
114

few species with a similar spot on the fore wings. The apex of
the fore wing is somewhat truncated and the lower two thirds
is slightly excavated. Hind wings somewhat elongated pos-
teriorly at the anal angle. Outer margins more or less crenu-
late. Eggs nearly globular, broad on top, ornamented with
eighteen to . twenty broad, but low, vertical ribs, between
which are delicate crosslines; laid in clusters. Head of cater-
pillar squarish, crowned by two diverging spines on which are
many little spinules. Back of the head there is a frill of spines.
Body thickest at the middle, tapering fore and aft. Hind pair
of pro-legs long and diverging. They feed upon hackberry
trees (Cdtis). The chrysalis has a very remarkable arrange-
ment of the cremaster, which is disk-like, studded with hooks;
the- whole so arranged that the pupa, when suspended, hangs
with the ventral or belly side parallel to the supporting surface.

There are numerous species in the genus, many of them trop-
ical and very brilliant, only two commonly occur in the north-
ern portions of our territory, the others found within our limits
being inhabitants of the Southern States.

(1) Chlorippe celtis Boisduval & Leconte, Plate XLIX, Fig.
1, c? (The Hackberry Butterfly).

Under side grayish purple, with the spots and markings of

115

PL. XLIX

PL.

the upper side reappearing. Female larger, and, as always is
the case in the genus, with the fore wings not so pointed as in
the male, and the ground-color paler. Expanse cT, 1.80 inch;
9 ,- 2.10 inch.
Ranges from New Jersey west and south to the Gulf.

(2) Chlorippe clyton Boisduval & Leconte, Plate XLIX,
Fig. 2, <? (The Tawny Emperor).

A larger species than the preceding; tawnier on the upper side
of the wings and lacking the red-ringed eye-spot on the fore
wing. Female much larger than the male, paler in color, with
the eye-spots on the hind wings black and conspicuous. Ex-
panse cf, 2.00 inches; 9 , 2.50-2.65 inches.

Occurs rather rarely in New England, and extends westward
to Michigan, thence southward to the Gulf of Mexico.

(3) Chlorippe flora Edwards, Plate L, Fig. 1, cT , Type (The
Red Emperor).

Like C. clyton this species has no red-ringed eye-spot on the
fore wing. The ground-color on the upper side is bright red-
dish fulvous; the hind wings are not heavily obscured with
brown, as is the case in C. clyton, and the black ocelli stand
forth very prominently upon the lighter ground. The hind
116

wings are more strongly angulated than in any other North
American species, and are solidly bordered with black. Ex-
panse cf , 1.75; 9 , 2.35 inches. Ranges from Florida westward
along the borders of the Gulf of Mexico to Texas.

(4) Chlorippe alicia Edwards, Plate L, Fig. 2, d\ Type (The
Buff Emperor),

Resembles C. cettis in having an ocellus in the fore wing, but
it may at once be distinguished by its larger size in both sexes,
the paler color of the wings on the upper side, which shade from
pale fulvous at the base into light buff outwardly, upon which
the eye-spots on the hind wings show up very prominently.
Expanse cT, 2.00; 9 , 2.50 inches.

The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding.

GENUS HYPANARTIA HUBNER (THE BANDED REDS)

Medium-sized butterflies. Palpi well clothed with scales,
the second and third joints very nearly of the same size, the
latter blunt. Fore wings square at the apex, slightly excavated
about the middle, the cell being closed by a stoutdower disco-
cellular vein, moJe-'o^fess continuous with the third median
nervule. Hind wing strongly produced at the end of the third

117

PL. LI

•B

PL. Lit

median nervule, rounded at the outer angle, with two short
tooth-like projections before the anal angle.

There are less than a dozen species of the genus, most of
which are South American, but there are two in Africa and one
in Madagascar. Only one occurs within the United States,
and is confined to the extreme south.

(1) Hypanartia lethe (Fabricius), Plate LI, c? (The Orange-
banded Red).

Occurs as a straggler in our fauna in the extreme southern
part of Texas, but is very abundant farther south. Expanse
2.00 inches.

GENUS SMYRNA HUBNER

There are only two species of this genus and they closely
resemble each other, so that it is hard to tell them apart. The
one which occurs in our borders has the hind wing rounded at
the anal angle, the other, S. blomfildi, has the anal angle of the
hind wing squared, with a slight tail-like prolongation. On
the under side both species are marked in much the same way.

(1) Smyrna Jcarwinskii Hiibner, Plate LIT, 9 (Karwinski's
Beauty).

118

The insect may be at once recognized by the figure we give.
Expanse 3.00-3.25 inches.

It occurs in southern Texas and ranges southward into Brazil.

GENUS C(EA HUBNEB

This is a monotypic genus, that is to say, it contains only
one species. It is therefore not necessary to take up much
space in describing it, because the figure we give will enable
the reader at once to recognize it. It is a very powerful in-
sect on the wing.

(1) Ccea acheronta (Fabricius), Plate LIII. <3» (The Dash-
wing).

This lovely insect, which has a certain resemblance to the
following species, is common in the Greater Antilles, Mexico,
and Central America. It occurs about Brownsville, Texas,
but is not common there. Expanse 3.00-3.25 inches.

GENUS AGANISTHOS BOISDUVAL

The genus, like the preceding, is monotypic, and contains
but the one species A. odius (Fabricius). It is so striking and

110

PL. LIII

LlV

? y .-r so easily recognizable by the figure we give on Plate LIV that
nothing more need be said, except that it has a wide range
through the American tropics, being found in southern Florida
and Texas, the Greater Antilles, and from Mexico to southern
Brazil. Expanse 3.75-4.00 inches.

GENUS PYRRHAN^EA SCHATZ

Medium-sized butterflies. Front wings falcate at apex;
hind wings tailed at end of third median nervule. Costal
margin of fore wing angulated at base, inner margin straight.
Upper side of wings generally fulvous or red; lower side mottled
and marked so as to resemble dried leaves.- Egg spheroid,
flattened at base, depressed on top, marked with a few rows of
raised points about summit. Caterpillar with head globular,
first segment behind it much smaller than head; body cylin-
drical tapering behind. Chrysalis short, stout, keeled on sides;
cremaster globular at tip, and so arranged as to cause the
chrysalis to hang at a slant.

This is a large genus characteristic of the American tropics.
The larvae feed on euphorbiaceous and lauraceous plants, after
the third moult making hiding-places for themselves by rolling
120

up leaves and tying them with silk. There are three species
in the United States, two of which we figure.

(1) Pyrrhanoea andria (Scudder), Plate LV, tf (The Goat-
weed Butterfly).

Bright red above, margins dusky; on under side gray dusted
with brown scales. Females marked by incomplete pale bands
on the limbal area. Expanse cf » 2.50; 9 > 3.00 inches. Larva
feeds on Croton capitatum. Ranges from Illinois and Nebraska
to Texas.

(2) Pyr.'ancea morrisoni (Edwards), Plate LVI, ? (Mor-
r son's Goatv eed Butterfly).

More brilliantly and deeply red on upper side than preceding
species. Both male and female have the wings with bands of
lighter color on the limbal area, but these are not solid, as in the
female of P. andria, but made up of spots, as shown in the
figure. Expanse 2.25-2.50 inches.

Found in Arizona and Mexico. f

The genus which is here engaging our attention is one
which is wonderfully well represented in the New World,
where it takes the place of the magnificent insects belonging

121

PL. LV

PL. LVI

to the genus Charaxes of the tropics of the Old World. On
the under side they closely mimic dried leaves. This assim-
ilation to the color of dead leaves is protective.

GENUS AGERONIA HUBNER (THE CALICOES).

Medium or moderately large-sized butterflies. Costal and
subcostal fused near base; cells of both wings closed. Upper
side of wings curiously marked with checkered spots, generally
some shade of blue with white; under side with broad paler
shades: white, yellow, or red. They are rapid fliers, alight on
the trunks of trees head downward, wings expanded against
the bark of the tree. When they fly they make a clicking
sound with their wings. The manner in which this sound is
produced is a mystery. Bates in his A Naturalist on the Ama-
zons writes about it but gives no explanation. In my rambles
in tropical forests I have heard it as the insects gyrated above
my head, but I do not know how the sound is made.

There are about thirty species of the genus in tropical
America, two of which are occasionally found in southern
Texas.

122

(1) Ageronia feronia (Linnaeus), Plate LVII, <? (The White-
skirted Calico).

The ground-color of the under side is broadly white, while
that of the other species in our fauna, A. fornax, is yellow.
They may thus be easily told apart.

GENUS VICTORINA BLANCHARD
(THE MALACHITES).

Large butterflies, conspicuously marked with pale green
spots surrounded by darker color. On the under side the
wings are paler, and have a satiny lustre, the edges of the light
spots on this side marbled with brown. Neuration of fore
wing singular in that the upper and lower discocellulars are
wanting and the radials seem to spring from the lower side of
the subcostal before the middle; the third median is strongly
bowed upward. Hind wing tailed at end of the third median
nervule.

There are five species of the genus thus far known, all be-
longing to the American tropics, one of which occurs in Florida
and Texas.

123

PL. LVII1

(1) Victorina steneles (Linnaeus), Plate LVIII, cf (The Pearly
Malachite).

There is no need of an elaborate description of this species,
as it is the only one of its genus in our borders, and the figure
we give is fully recognizable. Expanse 3.50-4.00 inches.

SUBFAMILY SATYRIN^E (THE SATYRS).

Butterflies generally of medium size, obscure in color, their
wings, especially on the under side, ornamented with dark
eye-like spots, pupilled in the centre with a light point and
ringed around with one or more circles of lighter color. They
have a weak flight, dancing about in the herbage and often
hiding among grasses and weeds. Most of them are forest-
loving, but some live on the summits of bleak and cold moun-
tains, others on the verge of arctic snows, and some on ( the
prairies. Veins of the fore wings generally greatly swollen at
the base, thus enabling them to be distinguished from almost
all other butterflies. Eggs subspherical, somewhat higher than
broad, ribbed on the sides, particularly at the apex, and
rounded at the base. Caterpillars, when they emerge from the
egg, have their heads much bigger in diameter than the rest of
124

the body, but as they mature they lose this feature, and gen-
erally taper from the middle of the body in either direction.
Anal pro-legs bifurcating, thus readily distinguished from all
other caterpillars, except those of the genus Chlorippe. They
feed upon grasses and sedges, concealing themselves in the day-
time and coming forth to feed at night. Chrysalids short and
stout, plain both in color and outline.

There are about sixty species of Satyrince in the region with
which this manual deals, falling into ten genera. We shall
only deal with the commoner species.

GENUS DEBIS WESTWOOD
(THE EYED NYMPHS).

This is a large genus, especially well represented in Asia and
the Indo-Malayan region. Dr. S. H. Scudder set apart the
two species we have in our fauna from the Asiatic forms, under
the new name Enodia, but I have never been able to see any
good reason for this, and keep the generic name as it has long
stood. The creation of new genera upon the basis of slight
differences is to be deprecated and avoided.

125

PL LIX

PL I X

(1) Debts portlandia (Fabricius), Plate L1X, rf (The
Pearly Eye).

The butterfly which is well depicted in our figure has a
series of beautiful ocelli on the under side. There is no great
difference between the sexes. In the Northern States it is
single-brooded, in the South it is double-brooded. Expanse of
wing 1.75-2.00 inches.

The caterpillar feeds on grasses. The insect ranges from
Maine to the Gulf, and westward to the Rocky Mountains.

(2) Debis creola Skinner, Plate LX, d\(The Creole).
Easily distinguished from the foregoing by the elongated

patches of dark raised scales upon the fore wings. Expanse
2.25 inches. The specimen figured is a paratype received
from the author of the species.

Ranges from Florida to Mexico along the Gulf.

GENUS SATYRODES SCUDDER
(THE GRASS-NYMPH).

This genus was erected by its author to receive the single
species, which we figure. As there is no likelihood of mistaking
it for anything else, we forego a long generic description.
126

(1) Scuyroots canthus (Boisd'ival & Leconte), P.ate LXI, $
(The Grass-nymph).

The butterfly always haunts meadows and hides among
tufts of tall grass in moist places. It is quite common in New
England and Canada, and is found in the cool regions of the
Appalachian uplift as far south as North Carolina. It has a
peculiar jerking flight and is easily captured. Expanse 1.65-
1.90 inch.

The caterpillar feeds on grasses, and its early stages and
transformations have often been described.

GENUS NEONYMPHA WESTWOOD

(THE SPANGLED-NYMPHS).

Small butterflies, rather obscure in color. Both fore and
hind wings evenly rounded; the fore wings with the costal and
median veins much swollen at the base. Antennae short
without a distinctly defined club. Egg globular marked with
polygonal cells. Caterpillar with a large head, bifid above, and
produced as two cones thickly studded with little raised pro-
jections. Chrysalis comparatively long, pointed at the head,
with a blunt tubercle on the thorax; green.

127

PL. LX!

PL. LXIF

Some writers maintain that this genus is identical with the
genus Euptychia Hiibner, which contains over one hundred
species, principally found in the American tropics. Seven
species are found in our region, of which we shall delineate
five.

(1) Neonympha gemma (Hiibner), Plate LXII, Fig. 1, d",
under side (The Gemmed Brown).

The upper side of the wings are mouse-colored, with a couple
of twinned dark spots on the outer margin of the hind wings.
On the under side the wings are reddish gray, marked with
irregular rusty lines, and at the point where the dark spots
appear upon the upper side there is a row of silvery spots.
Expanse 1.25-1.35 inch.

Ranges from West Virginia to Mexico.

(2) Neonympha phocion (Fabricius), Plate LXII, Fig. 2, 9
(The Georgian Satyr).

A trifle larger than the preceding species, which it closely re-
sembles above, but from which it may at once be distinguished
by the form of the markings of the lower side of the hind
wings, which are depicted in our illustration. Expanse 1.25 -
1.45 inch.

128

Ranges from southern New Jersey to the Gulf as far west as r, —
Texas. Very common in Georgia.

(3) Neonympha eurytus (Fabricius), Plate LXIII, <J» (The
Little Wood-satyr).

Readily distinguished from the other species in our fauna
by the two well-developed eye-spots on the fore wings, as well
as on the hind wings on the upper side. Expanse 1.75 inch.

The caterpillar and chrysalis are pale brown, the latter
marked with darker brown.

Ranges from New England and Ontario to Georgia and west-
ward to Kansas and Texas.

(4) Neonympha sosyUus (Fabricius), Plate LXIV, Fig. 1, cT
(The Carolinian Satyr).

Upper side unspotted dark mouse-gray. On the under side
the wings are paler, crossed by three lines, one defining the
basal, the second the median area, and the third just before the
outer margin. Between the last two are rows of ocelli, which
are obscure, except the first on the fore wing and the second
and last two on the hind wing. Expanse 1.25-1.50 inch.

Ranges from the latitude of New Jersey southward through

129

the lower half of the Mississippi Valley to Mexico and Central
America.

(5) Neonympha rubricata Edwards, Plate LXIV, Fig. 2, cf.
Type (The Red Satyr).

Most nearly related to N. sosybius, but readily distinguished
by its much redder color, and by having but one eye-spot or
the upper side of the fore wing. Expanse 1.40-1.75 inch.

Found in Texas, Arizona, Mexico, and Central America.

GENUS CCENONYMPHA WESTWOOD
(THE RINGLETS),

Small butterflies. Costal, median, and submedian veins of
fore wing strongly swollen at base. Both wings evenly rounded
on outer margin. Egg conical, rounded at the bottom, trun-
cated, with low ribs and cross-lines near the top. The cater-
pillar has a globular head and cylindrical body, which tapers
backward from about the middle, and on the last segment has
two cone-like backward projections. Chrysalis straight ven-
trally, convex dorsally, with a rounded keeled eminence over
130

the thorax, pointed at tl>e end; green or drab, marked with
darker spots.

The genus is found throughout the north temperate zone,
and we have in our fauna a number of species and varieties,
most of which are confined to the Pacific Coast and to Alaska.

(1) Coenonympha ochracea Edwards, Plate LXV, Fig. 1, cT
(The Ochre Ringlet).

Glossy ochreous yellow above, without dark markings ex-
cept as those of lower side faintly show through. On under
side the fore wing has an eye-spot near apex, and the hind wing
has a submarginal row of incomplete eye-spots, which in some
specimens is wanting. Ground-color of under side of fore
wings as above; of hind wings gray, interrupted about middle
by a lighter band, and lighter rays about the cell near base.
Expanse 1.25-1.50 inch. Ranges from British Columbia to
Arizona eastward to Kansas and Nebraska.

(2) Coenonympha inornata Edwards, Plate LXV, Fig. 2, c?
(The Plain Ringlet).

Reddish ochraceous on upper side with outer margin of fore
wings and hind wings laved with darker. On the under side

131

PL. LXV

PL. LXVI

there is an ocellus near the apex of fore wing and on the hind
wing, which is dark gray, a yellow curved mark beyond the
cell and a couple of pale yellow spots near the anal angle.
Expanse 1.25-1.50 inch.

Occurs in Montana, Minnesota, Ontario north of Lake
Superior, thence eastward to Newfoundland.

GENUS EREBIA DALMAN (THE ALPINES)

Rather small butterflies, dark in color, with eye-spots on the
wings, most numerous on the under side. Veins of fore wing
thickened at base; lower radial in some cases projected in-
wardly into the cell at point of origin. • Outer margin of both
wings evenly rounded. Egg subconical, ribbed, the ribs often
intersecting each other. Larva with globular head, body ta-
pering backward, last segment bifurcate. Chrysalis convex
dorsally and ventrally, humped on thorax, produced at head,
light brown or ashen gray.

The genus is arctic and confined to the far north, or to the
summits of high mountains, which have an arctic climate.
There are many species in the northern hemisphere, of which
we select two for representation.
132

(1) Erebia discoidalis Kirby, Plate LXVI, Fig. 1, tf (The
Red-streaked Alpine).

Easily distinguished from all other species in our fauna by
the plain dark wings streaked on the costa and suffused over
the outer three fourths of the middle of the fore wings with
dark red or maroon. Expanse 1.75-2.00 inches.

Habitat region of Hudson Bay, thence westward to Alaska
and southward among snowy peaks of British Columbia.
Probably found on high mountains of Idaho and Montana.

(2) Erebia epipsodea Butler, Plate LXVI, Fig. 2, <? (The
Common Alpine).

The upper side is shown in our cut; the under side repeats
the markings of the upper side more or less clearly, and besides
has on the hind wing a broad, curved, median, blackish band.
Expanse 1.75-2.10 inches.

Ranges from the alpine summits of New Mexico northward
at suitable elevations to Alaska, where it is common.

GENUS GYROCHEILUS BUTLER
(THE BLACKAMOORS).

Medium-sized ^butterflies, very dark in color, with eye-
spots on fore wings, and hind wings bordered with brown.

133

Pu. LXVIM

f

There is only one species found in our region, and a detailed
account of its structure may therefore be spared.

(1) Gyrochdlus tritonia Edwards, Plate LXVII, & (The
Arizona Blackamoor).

Upper side shown in our figure. The under side is much the
same, except that the submarginal band is purplish red sprin-
kled with white and dark brown scales, and has on the inner
side a row of imperfectly developed eye-spots partially ringed
about on the side of the base by yellow. Expanse 2.25-2.50
inches.

Occurs in southern Arizona and northern Mexico.

GENUS NEOMINOIS SCUDDER

For a detailed account of the structure and metamorphoses
of these insects the reader is referred to "The Butterfly Book."
There are only two species found in our territory and we give
figures of the upper side of both of them, so that the student
will be able to recognize them when he gets them.

(1) Neominois ridingsi (Edwards), Plate LXVIII, Fig. 1, tf .
Type (Ridings' Satyr).
134

The upper side is well shown in our figure. The under side
is paler than the upper, and the basal and mesial areas are
mottled with narrow pale brown streaks, while the hind wing
is crossed about the middle by a dark band, the outer margin of
which is sharply indented. Expanse 1.50 inch. Larva pupates
under ground.

Inhabits the mountain states of the Pacific Coast.

(2) Neominois dionysius Scudder, Plate LXVIII, Fig. 2, c?
(Scudder's Satyr).

On the under side the mesial band of the hind wings is nar-
rower and more irregularly curved than in the preceding species
and the outer indentations are more strongly produced. Ex-
panse 1.90 inch. Occurs in Colorado, Utah, and Arizona.

GENUS SATYRUS WESTWOOD (THE WOOD-NYMPHS)

Medium-sized or small butterflies. Wings marked with eye-
spots, or ocelli. On upper side generally very obscurely col-
ored with some shade of gray or brown, occasionally marked
by yellow bands; under side frequently beautifully streaked
and spotted, with the ocelli more prominent than on the upper
side. The veins of the fore wing are much swollen at the base.

135

FL. LXIX

PL. LXX

The outer margin of the fore wing is evenly rounded, that of
the hind wing somewhat scalloped. Egg barrel-shaped, trun-
cated on top, ribbed on the sides, the ribs at the top connected
by a waved, raised elevation. Caterpillar with globular head,
cylindrical body, tapering both ways from the middle, and
furnished with diverging anal horns. Chrysalis in form like
those of many of the genera belonging to this subfamily; green
in color. The genus is quite large, and many of the species
are very variable.

(1) Satyrus pegala (Fabricius), Plate LXIX, 9, under side
(The Southern Wood-nymph).

Easily recognized by its large size, it being the largest species
in our fauna, and by the broad subterminal yellow band on the
fore wing marked in the male by one eye-spot, and in the fe-
male by two such spots. Expanse 2.75-3.00 inches.

Common in the Gulf States and occasionally occurring as far
north as New Jersey.

(2) Satyrus alope (Fabricius), Plate LXX, ? (The Common
Wood-nymph).

Closely resembling the preceding species, but only two
136

thirds its size. The number of the ocelli is not constant, and
some specimens lack them entirely. This is the form which
is common on the Atlantic seaboard from New Jersey to New
Hampshire, and westward to the Mississippi. Expanse 1.75-
2.25 inches.

(3) Satyrus alope form nephele Kirby, Plate LXXI, Fig. 1, (?
(The Clouded Wood-nymph).

This form, long held to be a valid species, has been ascer-
tained by breeding to be a dimorphic variety characterized by
the partial or entire suppression of the yellow band on the
fore wings and the tendency of the eye-spots to disappear. It
is a northern form, and is common in Canada, northern New
England, and in corresponding latitudes from the Atlantic to
the Pacific. Expanse 1.85-2.25 inches.

(4) Satyrus paulus Edwards, Plate LXXI, Fig. 2, J>, Type,
under side (The Small Wood-nymph).

Somewhat smalle^ than S. nephele. Upper side dark brown
in both sexes; fore wings always with two ocelli, one near apex,
the other near inner angle; hind wing with two ocelli near anal
angle. Expanse 1.75-2.00 inches.

Occurs in California and Nevada.

137

PL. LXXI

PL.. LXXH

(5) Satyrus meadi Edwards, Plate LXXII, Fig. lf cT (Mead's
Satyr). ^

Readily distinguished from all others by the bright red on
the limbal area above and below. Expanse 1.60-1.75 inch.

Ranges from Arizona to Montana in the region of the Rocky
Mountains.

(6) Satyrus charon Edwards, Plate LXXIII, Fig. l,d\ Type
(The Dark Wood-nymph).

The type of the species is darker on the under side of the
wings than many specimens in the possession of the writer;
the under side is in fact somewhat variable. There may or
may not be ocelli on the under side. Mr. Edwards named the
form without ocelli Satyrus silvestris, but this form is doubt-
lessly a good species. Both fore and hind wings on the under
side are marked abundantly and evenly by little streaks darker
in color than the ground, and are crossed on either side of the
median area by dark lines, which sometimes are wanting,
and are quite variable. Expanse 1.50-1.75 inch.

Ranges from British Columbia to New Mexico, and appears
to be common, wherever it occurs.

138

(7) Satyrus sthenele Boisduval, Plate LXXIII, Fig. 2, cT,
under side (The Least Wood-nymph).

Quite small, on the upper side resembling 8. char on, but very
different on the under side. The distinguishing mark of the
species is the dark, twice-strangulated band of the hind wings,
bordered outwardly on either side by lighter shades. This is
shown in our figure. Expanse 1.40-1.50 inch.

Found in California.

GENUS PARAMECERA BUTLER

There is only one species in this genus thus far known. The
insect closely resembles those of the genus Satyrus, but may
readily be told apart by the patch of heavy, dark, raised scales
in the region of the median nervules of the fore wing. On the
under side the insect is paler, ruddy, and the fore wings have a
large pupilled eye-spot, followed by a blind, much smaller eye-
spot at the apex. ^ The hind wing has a pale mesial band bor-
dered by darker lines and a submarginal row of eye-spots.

(1) Paramecera xicaque (Reakirt), Plate LXXII, Fig. 2, c?
CReakirt's Satyr).

139

Pi_. LXXII!

PL. LXXIV

The insect has an expanse of wing varying from 1.35-1.75
inch. It is not uncommon in southern Arizona and northern
Mexico.

GENUS (ENEIS HUBNER (THE ARCTICS)

Medium-sized butterflies, above some shade of light or dark
brown; below marbled and mottled, often with a dark median
band crossing both wings. The fringes are brown checkered
with white. They live in the cold north or on the tops of
high mountains. One of the best-known species is the White
Mountain Butterfly, 0. semidea, which exists on the summit of
Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. The eggs are ovate-
spheroid, ribbed, and are laid on dry grasses near the spot
where grass will grow in the following spring. The caterpillars,
when mature, are cylindrical, tapering from the middle both
ways, pale green or brown, with darker longitudinal stripes,
feeding on grasses. The chry solids are stout, a little angu-
lated, and are formed, unattached, under stones or at the roots
of grass in a slight depression where the caterpillar has depos-
ited a few threads of silk.
HO

There are a score or more of species in our fauna, of which
most occur on the tops of high northern mountains or near
the Arctic Circle.

(1) (Eneis jutta (Hiibner), Plate LXXIV, Fig. 1, & ; Fig. 2,
9 (The Nova Scotian).

This species, found also in Europe, is one of the most conspic-
uous of its tribe. It is not uncommon in the State of Maine,
ranging northward from Bangor through Nova Scotia, thence
westward to Ottawa and the Hudson Bay country. Expanse
1.80-2.10 inches.

(2) (Eneis semidea (Say), Plate LXXV, Fig. 1, $ (The White
Mountain Butterfly).

The wings are very thin and semi-translucent. Restricted to
the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, and some
of the alpine peaks in the Rocky Mountains. It is also found
in Labrador, and no doubt in corresponding latitudes about
Hudson Bay and westward. Expanse 1.75 inch.

(3) (Eneis katahdin Newcomb, Plate LXXV, Fig. 2, d1
(The Katahdin Butterfly).

Closely allied to the preceding species, from which it may
be distinguished by its paler wings and the irregular dark

141

PL. LXXV

PL. LXXVI

band on the under side of the hind wings about their middle.
Expanse 1.75 inch.

This insect in recent years has been found to inhabit the
summit of Mount Katahdin in Maine.

(4) (Eneis macouni (Edwards), Plate LXXVI, tf. Type
(Macoun's Arctic).

More like 0. jutta in the form of the wings, but differs in
coloration. It belongs to a group of species included in this
genus, most of which are found in the region of the Rocky
Mountains, which are larger and yellower on the upper side of
the wings than the two preceding species. Expanse 2.00-
2.25 inches.

Not uncommon about Lake Nipigon, north of Lake Superior.

SUBFAMILY LIBYTHEIN^E (THE SNOUT-BUTTERFLIES)

These insects may readily be distinguished from all others by
their long projecting palpi, and by the fact that the males have
only four feet adapted to walking while the females have six, a
fact which seems to ally them to the ErycinidcB, On the other
hand, the chrysalis is pendent as in the Nymphalidce. There
is but one genus of the group represented in our faunal region
142

LIBYTHEA FABRICIUS (TnE SNOUT-BUTTERFLIES)

Small butterflies, the palpi enormously produced in compari-
son with other butterflies. The fore wings are strongly ex-
cavated on the outer margin, and produced at the end of the
lower radial. The hind wing is upwardly lobed at the base,
excised before the outer angle, and the outer margin is some-
what scalloped. The egg is ovoid, nearly twice as high as wide,
ribbed, every other rib'being higher than the one beside it and
increasing in height toward the top. The caterpillar has a
small head, overarched by the anterior swollen segments; it
lives upon the hackberry (Celtis). The chrysalis has the ab-
domen conical, the head pointed, with two raised ridges run-
ning from the head on either side to the middle of the first
segment of the abdomen; between these ridges is a low tubercle.

There are numerous species found in all parts of the world,
but only three occur within our limits. Of these we figure the
one which is most widely distributed.

(1) Libythea bachmani Kirtland, Plate LXXVII, o1 (The
Common Snout-butterfly) .

The figure we give will enable the student to immediately
recognize the insect.

143

PL. LXXVII

It ranges from New England and Ontario southward and westward over the whole country
as far as Arizona and northern Mexico.

FAMILY ERYCINID^E (THE METAL-MARKS)

This is a great family of small or rather less than medium-sized butterflies, which is found
in both the eastern and western hemispheres, but is mostly confined to the American tropics,
where there are known to be about a thousand species, some of them remarkably beautiful in
their colors and markings. The males have the fore legs aborted as in the case of the Nympha-
lidas, while the females have six legs for walking. In this respect they resemble the Lyccenidce.
The chrysalids are not pendent as are those of all the insects which we have hitherto de-
scribed in this book, but are held in place by a silken girdle, and are closely appressed to the
supporting surface. The strongest mark of distinction from other butterflies is the fact that
the precostal vein of the hind wing is located on the extreme inner margin of the wing and
sends out a little free hook, very much as is the case in many of the moths. The antennae are
very long and slender, distinctly knobbed at the end. Many genera have the peculiarity
when alighting of not folding their wings, but carrying them flat, and they have also the habit
of hiding under leaves, like moths. Most of the species found in our region occur in the South-
western States, two alone are found in the Eastern States.

GENUS CHARTS HUBNER (THE METAL-MARKS)

There are nearly fifty species of this genus found in the American tropics. There are
but two species in the eastern parts of the United States, and two others in California. The
figures we give will enable any one to tell apart the two species found in the Atlantic region.

144

(1) Charis ccsnius (Linnaeus), Plate LXXVIII, Fig. 3, tf (The Little Metal-mark).
Very small, brighter red on the under side than on upper. Wings both above and below

spotted with small steely-blue metallic markings. Common in Florida, ranging northward
to Virginia and westward to Texas. Expanse 0,75 inch.

(2) Charis borealis (Grote & Robinson), Plate LXXVIII, Fig. 4, cT (The Northern
Metal-mark).

Larger than the preceding species. Upper side sooty brown marked with blacker spots
and a marginal and submarginal row of coppery red spots. On the under side the wings are
light red with a multitude of small black spots arranged in transverse rows. The metallic
spots of the upper side reappear below. Expanse 1.15 inch.

Range from New York to Illinois and Michigan and south to the Carolinas. Rare.

GENUS APODEMIA FELDER (THE MORMONS)

There are about ten species of this genus confined mainly to the Southwestern States
and northern Mexico. Some, like the one we figure, are quite small, others are larger, spread-
ing as much as 1.50 inch. They are rather gayly colored, usually with the wings on the upper
side checkered or spotted with red, black, and white, and lighter on the under side. None
of them have metallic markings on either side.

(1) Apodemia palmeri (Edwards), Plate LXXVIII, Fig. 2, c? (Palmer's Mormon).
One of the smallest species of the genus, mouse-gray, spotted with white above; on the un-

145

PL. LXXVII!

der side whitish gray, laved with pale red at the base of the
fore wings, the spots of the upper side reappearing on this side.
Expanse 0.75-0.95 inch.

Ranges from Utah to Mexico.

GENUS POLYSTIGMA SALVIN & GODMAN

There is thus far but one species known to belong to this
genus, which is marked off from all others by the fact that the
males have normally developed fore legs as well as the females,
and thus are the "exception" in the family, "which proves the
rule."

(1) Poly stigma nais (Edwards), Plate LXXVIII, Fig. 1, 6%
Type (The Many-spot).

The lower side of the wings is pale red mottled with buff on
the hind wings; the marks of the upper side reappear below
and stand out boldly upon the paler ground. Expanse 1 .00-
1.25 inch.

P. nais occurs from Colorado to Mexico, east of the Rocky
Mountains.

148

FAMILY LYC^ENID^E (THE HAIR-STREAKS, COPPERS, AND BLUES)

Small butterflies. The males have the first pair of legs more or less aborted, and not
adapted to walking. Many of the genera are brilliantly blue on the upper side of the wings,
others are coppery red. In Africa there are numerous genera which mimic other butterflies
in the form and color of their wings. The eggs are turban-shaped adorned with ridges,
minute eminences, and networks of raised lines. Under the microscope some of them look
like sea-urchins after the spines have fallen off. The caterpillars are slug-shaped, flat; and
while most of them feed on vegetable matter a few feed on scale-insects and aphids, and
some on the larvae of ants. The latter are African and Oriental forms. The chrysalids are
attached to the place where the caterpillar has pupated by a cincture or girdle.

The family is very large and is represented in all parts of the world, but there are prob-
ably more species in the American tropics than in any other quarter of the globe, unless it be
in the Malaysian Archipelago and New Guinea, from which a host of species have been de-
scribed in recent years.

A multitude of refinements in classification have been invented by recent authors and a
lot of generic names have been proposed which in this book we shall in part ignore, as they
are based upon such slight points that nobody but a man armed with a big microscope can
make them out. They puzzle common people, and this book is for laymen and not for the
supertechnical.

GENUS EUM^EUS HUBNER (THE BLUE-SPOTS)

Medium-sized or small. Dark in color, with the borders on the upper and lower sides and
the hind wings below beautifully adorned with spots of metallic blue or green. There are three

PL. LXXIX

species in the genus, two of which occur in our territory, E.
atala, which we figure, and E. minyas, which may be distin-
guished from the former by its larger size,

4(1) EumcBus atala (Poey), Plate LXXIX, Fig. 1, &, under
side (The Florida Blue-spot).

The figure accurately represents the lower side of this charm-
ing insect. Expanse 1.65-1.75 inch.

It is common in southern Florida and Cuba. The other
species, E. minyas, which is much larger and equally beauti-
fully marked, is found in southern Texas and thence ranges*
southward into Brazil.

GENUS THECLA FABRICIUS (THE HAIR-STREAKS)

Mostly small butterflies. On the upper side very often col-
ored with iridescent blue, green, or purple, sometimes reddish
or dark brown; on the under side marked with lines and spots
variously arranged and often very strikingly colored. What
has been said as to the eggs, larvae, and chrysalids of the
148

family apply as well to this as to many of the following genera, and need not be here
repeated.

While students of this group have subdivided extensively, and with scientific propriety
have erected a number of genera which are acceptable to specialists, there seems to the writer
no need for going into these things in this book, as most of the distinctions drawn are too fine
to be appreciated by any but specialists.

(1) Thecla halesus (Cramer), Plate LXXIX, cT (The Great Purple Hair-streak).

The upper side is deep purplish blue, as shown in our figure; on the lower side the thorax
is black spotted with white, the abdomen orange-red; the wings warm sepia spotted with
crimson at their bases, in the males glossed with a stripe of metallic green on the fore wings,
und in both sexes adorned at the anal angle by spots of metallic green, red, and iridescent blue.
Expanse 1.35-1.50 inch.

Common in Central America and Mexico, ranging north through the hotter parts of the
Gulf States, and has been recorded from southern Illinois. Occurs in southern California
and Arizona. The larva feeds on mistletoe.

(2) Thecla m-album Boisduval & Leconte, Plate LXXX, Fig. 1, tf (The White-M Hair-
streak).

Smaller than the preceding species, bluer, and not inclined to greenish at base of wings on
upper side; on undf r side fore wing crossed by a submarginal and a median line of white, contin-

149

PL. LXXX

ued on the hind wings, zigzagged at anal angle so as to look like
an inverted M; near this is a rounded crimson patch; anal angle
black glossed with blue. Expanse 1.35-1.45 inch.
Ranges from New Jersey and Wisconsin to Venezuela.

(3) Thecla crysalus Edwards, Plate LXXX, Fig. 2, tf (The
Colorado Hair-streak).

Upper side as in our figure, under side marked with white
lines edged with brown. Orange spots of upper side reappear
below, but at anal angle are transformed into red eye-spots
pupilled with black and margined with metallic green. Ex-
panse 1.50 inch.

Ranges from Colorado to eastern Arizona.

(4) Thecla favonius Smith & Abbot, Plate LXXXI, Fig. 1,
r? (The Southern Hair-streak).

On the under side the wings are marked much as in T. m-
album, but in the region of the median nervules is a rather
broad transverse carmine streak inwardly edged with dark
lines. Expanse 1.00-1.15 inch.

Found in the Gulf States and as far north as South Caro-
lina.

150

(5) Thecla wittfeldi Edwards, Plate LXXXI, Fig. 2, 9 , PLl LXXXI
Type (Wittf eld's Hair-streak).

On the lower side both wings are crossed beyond the middle
by two parallel pale lines bordered with darker tints, and at
the end of the cells have each a short whitish bar. The anal
angle is adorned with blue scales, before which is a red eye-spot
of large size, externally marked with black. Expanse 1.25-
1.35 inch.

Found in the region of Indian River, Florida.

(6) Thecla autolycus Edwards, Plate LXXXII, Fig. 1, cf
(The Texas Hair-streak).

The carmine spots on the under side of the wings are not
arranged across the median nervules as in T. favonius, but are
located in the vicinity of the anal angle crowning the black cres-
cents near the inner end of the outer margin. Expanse 1.15-
1.30 inch.

Ranges from Missouri and Kansas to Texas.

(7) Thecla melinus Hiibner, Plate LXXXII, Fig. 2, ? (The
Common Hair-streak).

This common little butterfly may easily be recognized by its
its plain slaty upper surface, marked by a large black spot

151

PL. LXXXII

KMBHHfi crowned with crimson between the origin of the two tails on
the hind wings. Expanse 1.10-1.20 inch.

The caterpillar feeds on hop vines. The insect is found
throughout temperate North America, thence southward into
Mexico and Central America on the highlands.

(8) Thecla grunus Boisduval, Plate LXXXIII, Fig. 1, d71
(Boisduval's Hair-streak).

Wings on the upper side are as shown in our figure, but
tawnier. On the under side the wings are pale tawny with
transverse marginal and submarginal rows of small dark spots
on both wings. Two or three of the marginal spots near the
anal angle are conspicuously black crowned with a metallic
green crescent. Expanse 1.10-1.20 inch.

The larva feeds upon the leaves of the live-oak (Quercus
chrysolepis). Found in California and Nevada.

(9) Thecla edwardsi Saunders, Plate LXXXIII, Fig. 2, cf
under side (Edwards' Hair-streak).

Our figure shows the under side; on the upper side the wings
are dark, brown glossed with plumbeous, with a pale sex-

152

PL. LXXXII1

mark on the fore wing of the male near the costa. Expanse
1.15 inch.

The caterpillar feeds upon the young leaves of various
kinds of oak. The species ranges from Quebec westward to
Colorado and is not uncommon in New England, New York,
and western Pennsylvania.

(10) Thecla acadica Edwards, Plate LXXXIII, Fig. 3, <?
(The Acadian Hair-streak).

The wings on the under side are pale wood-brown, with a
black bar at the end of the cells, and submarginal and median
bands of small black spots surrounded with white; on the hind
wings there is a submarginal row of red crescents, growing
smaller from the anal angle toward the outer angle. Near the
anal angle are two conspicuous black spots separated by
a broad patch of bluish green scales. Expanse 1.15-1.25
inch.

The caterpillar feeds upon willows. The insect ranges from
Quebec to Vancouver Island.

(11) Thecla calanus Hiibner, Plate LXXXIV, Fig. 1, cT
(The Banded Hair-streak).

153

On the upp~r side resembling T. edwardsi, but warmer brown
in color; on the under side wings are marked by fine white lines
on the outer half, which are not broken as in T. edwardsi, but
form continuous bands. Expanse 1.15 inch.

The larva feeds on oaks. The insect ranges from Quebec to
Colorado and Texas, and is common in western Pennsylvania.

(12) Thecla liparops Boisduval & Leconte, Plate LXXXIV,
Fig. 2, 9 , under side (The Striped Hair-streak).

Dark brown on the upper side. On the under side the lines
are arranged much as in T. edwardsi, but farther apart, quite
narrow, and scarcely defining the darker bands between them.
The spots at the anal angle are obscure and blackish. 'Expanse
1.15 inch.

The larva feeds on oaks, willows, wild plum, and many
other plants. The insect ranges from Quebec through the
northern Atlantic States as far west as Montana and Colorado,
but is never common.

(13) Thecla damon (Cramer), Plate LXXXV, Fig. 2, o",
urder side; var. discoidalis Skinner, Plate LXXXV, Fig. 1, d",
upper side (Olive Hair-streak).

In our plate we have given in Fig. 1 a representation of the
upper side of the form called discmdalis, which in the central
part of the fore wing is broadly marked with reddish fulvous.
In Fig. 2 we have a representation of the under side of typical
T, damon. With the help of these figures the student may
recognize both forms of the species.

The caterpillar feeds on the red cedar (Juniperus virgiwiand) .
It is double-brooded in the North and triple-brooded in the
South. The species ranges from Ontario to Texas over the
whole eastern hah* of the United States.

(14) Thecla simcethis (Drury), Plate LXXXV, Fig. 3, d" un-
der side (The Brown-margined Hair-streak) .

Closely resembling in many respects the preceding species,
especially on the upper side, but the white band oh the hind
wings is straight and the outer margins are heavily marked
with bright reddish brown. Expanse 0.85-1.00 inch.

This pretty species ranges from Texas well into South Amer-
ica.

(15) Thecla augustus Kirby, Plate LXXXV, Fig. 4, 9 (The
Brown Elfin).

Brown above, paler below. The fore wings on the lower

155

PL. LXXXV

PL. LXXXVI

side are marked by a straight incomplete median band; the
hind wings by an irregular curved median band. Back of
these lines toward the base both wings are darker brown.
Expanse 0.90 inch.

The insect is found in New England, thence northward and
westward into the British possessions.

(16) Thecla niphon (Hiibner), Plate LXXXVI, Fig. 1, 9,
under side (The Banded Elfin).

Our cut gives an excellent idea of the markings of the under
side. On the upper side the insect is plain reddish brown.
Expanse 1.10 inch.

The caterpillars feed upon pines. The insect ranges from
Nova Scotia to Colorado in the Northern States, and is only
found in pine woods, but is never very abundant.

(17) Thecla irus (Godart), Plate LXXXVI, Fig. 2, <?
(The Hoary Elfin).

Grayish brown on the upper side, on the under side of the
same color, but paler on the outer margins and darker toward
the base; small crescents appear on the outer margins of the
hind wings below, or they may be absent. Expanse 1.10 inch.

The larva feeds on young wild plums just after the petals of
156

the flower have dropped away. The species ranges from the
Atlantic to the Pacific in the latitude of New England.

(18) Theda henriri Grote & Robinson, Plate LXXXVI,
Fig. 3, W (Henry's Hair-streak).

Very much like the preceding species, but with the outer
half of the wings laved with reddish brown. The hind wings
on the under side are blackish brown; on the basal half of the
outer margin paler, the division between the dark and light
shades being irregular and sharply defined. Expanse 1.00-
1.10 inch.

This species, like the preceding, feeds on young plums. It
ranges from Maine to West Virginia, and is not very common/

(19) Theda lada Edwards, Plate LXXXVI, Fig. 4, <? (Early
Hair-streak) .

Wings brown glossed with bright blue on the upper side; on
the under side pale fawn, with a band of pale red spots on both
wings about the middle, and a few similar spots on the outer
and inner margins of the hind wings. Expanse 0.75-0.85 inch.

The species ranges from Quebec to southern New Jersey
and westward and southward to WTest Virginia and Arizona.
It is a rare species, and appears in the early spring.

157

PL. LAAXVII

.(20) Thecla dumetorum Boisduval, Plate LXXXVII. Fig. l,cf , under side (The Green
White-spotted Hair-streak).

Dark fawn above; on the outer third of the wings often shaded with reddish; on the
under side both wings are green, the fore wings with a short band of white spots on the outer
third; the hind wings with a white spot on the costa beyond the middle and two or three con-
spicuous white spots near the anal angle. Expanse 1.10 inch.

The eggs are laid on the buds of Hosackia argophylla. The insect ranges from Oregon
and California eastward as far as Colorado.

(21) Thecla behri Edwards, Plate LXXXVII, Fig. 2, cf, under side (Behr's Hair-streak).
On the upper side the wings are broadly reddish fulvous on the disk, with the costa and

outer margins of both wings broadly dark brown or black. The under side is accurately
shown in our cut, and therefore needs no description. Expanse 1.10 inch.

This species is also found in Oregon and California, and ranges as far east as Colorado.

(22) Thecla titus (Fabricius), Plate LXXXVII, Fig. 3, d", under side (The Coral Hair-
streak).

On the upper side uniformly gray-brown, although occasionally specimens of the female
sex have a few red spots on the hind wing at the anal angle. On the under side the hind
wings have a conspicuous submarginal band of coral-red spots, as shown in our cut. Expanse
1.30 inch.

The caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the wild cherry and wild plum. The insect ranges
from the Atlantic to tne Rocky Mountains and from Maine to the latitude of northern Georgia.

158

(23) Theda dyiie Edwards, Plate LXXXVII, Fig. 4, d"
(Clytie).

The upper side of this pretty little insect is well delineated
in our figure. On the lower side the wings are white, with the
usual marginal and transverse markings quite small and faint.
Expanse .90 inch. The species occurs in Texas, Arizona, and
northern Mexico.

GENUS FENISECA GROTE (THE HARVESTER)

Small, bright orange-yellow on the upper side, the costal and
outer margin of the fore wings and the basal half of the hind
wings dark brown. On the under side more or less mottled
with gray and brown, the markings of the upper side reappear-
ing. Egg sub-globular, much wider than high, marked with a
multitude of fine and indistinct raised ridges disposed in the
form of polygonal cells. Caterpillar slug-shaped, covered with
bristling spines, upon which it gathers the scales of the mealy
bugs upon which it feeds. Chrysalis brown in color, showing
a remarkable likeness to the face of a monkey, a phenomenon
which also appears in the case of its allies of the genus Spalgis
found in Africa and Asia, as the writer has pointed out.

Only one species of the genus is known.

159

PL. LXXXVIII

PL. LXXXIX

(1) Feniseca tarquinius (Fabricius), Plate LXXXVIII, Fig.
1, <? (The Harvester).

There is considerable variation in the size of the dark mark-
ings on the upper side of the wings, and in some specimens they
almost entirely disappear. Expanse 1.30 inch. Ranges from
Nova Scotia to the Carolinas, and through Mississippi valley.

GENUS CHRYSOPHANUS DOUBLEDAY (THE COPPERS).

Small butterflies with the upper side of the wings some shade
of coppery red or orange, often glossed with deep purple. On
the under side the wings are marked with a multitude of spots
and lines. Egg hemispherical, flattened on the base, pitted
above with polygonal or circular depressions. Larva slug-
shaped, thickest in the middle and tapering either way, head
very small. Chrysalid rounded at either end, and supported
by a silken girdle a little forward of the middle.

The genus is found in both hemispheres. There are over a
dozen species in the United States, five of which we have se-
lected for illustration.

(1) Chrysophanus xanth&ides (Boisduval), Plate LXXXVIII,
Fig. 2,c? (The Great Copper).
16C

This is the largest species of the genus in America. On the under side the wings are
creamy white, and the spots of the upper side reappear as black markings, which show forth
very distinctly on the lighter ground. Expanse 1.50-1.65 inch.

The species is confined to the western half of the continent.

(2) Chrysophanus hypophlceas (Boisduval), Plate LXXXIX, Fig. 1, 9 (The American
Copper).

This is one of the commonest butterflies in the United States. Everybody has seen it flit-
ting about upon lawns and in gardens. The figure we give is unmistakable. Expanse 1 .00 inch.

The caterpillar feeds upon common sorrel (Rumex acetoselld). The insect ranges from
Hudson Bay to the Gulf States, but does not invade the hot belt about the Gulf.

(3) Chrysophanus epixanthe (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate LXXXIX, Fig. 2, cf (The
Least Copper).

The smallest species in the genus, confined to the north. The male above has the wings
fuscous, shot with violet, with a few red spots near the anal angle of the hind wings. The female
is pale gray above, more profusely marked with dark spots than the male. Below the wings are
pale gray sprinkled with bluish scales at the base, marked as above. Expanse 0.85-0.95 inch.

Common from Newfoundland to British Columbia, never south of New England.

(4) Chrysophanus thoe (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate LXXXIX, Fig, 3, rf1 (The Bronze
Copper).

The female differs from the male in having the fore wings bright coppery red, marked with
a number of dark spots, three in the cell, one below it, and an irregular transverse band

161

PL. XC

of them crossing the limbal area. The outer margin is heavily
banded with fuscous. Below the fore wing is tawny red in
both sexes, pale gray at the apex; the hind wings are bluish
gray with a broad band of carmine on the outer margin. Both
wings underneath profusely adorned with small black spots.
Expanse 1.30-1.40 inch.

Ranges from Maine to Colorado, southward to northern
Virginia.

(5) Chrysophanus helloides (Boisduval), Plate XC, Fig. 1, tf
(The Purplish Copper).

The male has the wings on the upper side broadly shot with
iridescent purple; the female, which is larger than the male,
has th- wings red, with less iridescence. Below the fore wings
in both sexes are pale red, the hind wings reddish gray with a
marginal row of brick-red crescents. Expanse 1 .15-1 .30 inch.

Ranges from northern Illinois to British Columbia.

GENUS LYC^ENA FABRICIUS (THE BLUES)

The butterflies in this group are generally small, with the

upper side of some shade of pale blue. On the under side the

wings are paler in color, variously marked with spots and lines.

The genus in recent years has been subdivided into smaller

162

subgenera but as an ability to discriminate these involves a knowledge of minuter anatomical
details, which is only possessed by specialists, the writer has not deemed it worth the while
in a little manual like this to go deeply into these matters. The old name Lycoena, which has
been in vogue for a century, and which is still applied to part of the group, is sufficiently
characteristic. It we were reviewing all the species of the world, of which there are many
hundreds in this assemblage of forms, we would be forced to use the minuter methods of classi-
fication. The eggs are turban-shaped; the caterpillars are slug-shaped, feeding on the petals
and bracts of flowers or tender terminal leaves; the chrysalids are short, rounded at either
end, supported by a silken girdle and closely appressed to the supporting surface.

(1) Lycama couperi Grote, Plate XC, Fig. 2, cf, under side (Couper's Blue).

On the upper side the wings of the male are pale shining blue with a narrow black border;
of the female darker blue broadly margined with dusky. On the under side in both sexes
the wings are brownish gray relieved with white spots, having dark pupils. Expanse 1.25
inch. It is a boreal form.

(2) Lycoena aster Edwards, Plate XC, Fig. 3, tf, under side (The Aster Blue).

On the upper side the male is pale lilac-blue, the female darker blue, with a submarginal
row of paler blue spots on the margin of the hind wing. On the under side the fore wings
have a dark bar at the end of the cell followed on the limbal area with a curved band of small
dark spots. This style of decoration is repeated on the hind wings, and in addition there is
a marginal band of pale yellow oval spots, each surrounded by a fine black encircling line.
Expanse 0.95-1.00 inch. The insect is known thus far only from Newfoundland.

163

PL. XCI

(3) Lycoena.melissa Edwards, Plate XC, Fig. 4, 9 (The
Orange-margined Blue).

The male on the upper side is pale blue, with a narrow black
marginal line and white fringes. The female is brown 01
lilac-gray with a series of orange-red crescents on the outer
margin of both wings. The wings below are stone-gray with
the usual spots, but on the hind wings the orange crescents are
oblong tipped inwardly with black and outwardly with me-
tallic green. Expanse 0.90-1.15 inch.

Ranges from Arizona to Montana.

(4) Lyccena scudderi Edwards, Plate XCI, Fig. 1, cT (Scud-
der's Blue).

Our figure gives a good idea of the upper side of the male,
which is hard to discriminate from the same sex of L. melissa.
The female is darker, and has only a few orange crescents on
the outer margin of the hind wing on the upper side. On the
under side the wings are shining white, the spots much re-
duced in size, the large orange spots found in L. melissa being
replaced by little ochreous spots very obscurely tipped ex-
ternally by a few greenish scales.

164

The caterpillar feeds on lupine and allied plants. The in-
sect is very common in the basin of the St. Lawrence River
and the Great Lakes. It abounds in central New York.

(5) Lycoena pseudargiolus (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate XCI,
Fig. 2, rf ; Fig. 3, 9 . Form negle'cta Edwards, Plate XCI, Fig.
4, rT ; Fig. 5, 9 . Form lucia Kirby, Plate XCII, Fig. 1, rf1,
under side. Form marginata Edwards, Plate XCII, Fig. 2, <~? ,
under side; Fig. 3, nf upper side. Form nigra Edwards, Plate
XCII, Fig. 4, ^ (The Common Blue).

This insect which is very common and may be found upon
the wing from early spring until late in the autumn illustrates
in a remarkable manner the phenomenon of polymorphism;
that is to say, it has a number of forms, some of which are sea-
sonal, some of which are sexual, some of which are climatic.
It is in fact only through the labors of the late William Henry
Edwards that some of the mysteries were cleared up, he having
by breeding established the fact that some of the so-called
species could be raised from eggs derived from one common
stock. The great series of specimens upon which his conclu-
sions were founded are in the possession of the writer, and have
from time to time been supplemented by a vast amount of
other material all of which confirms his teachings.

165

PL. XCII

The forms lucia and marginata are winter forms, coming from chrysalids which have en-
dured the long cold of the winter months and are the first to appear in spring. They are the
only forms which occur in the far north near the Arctic Circle.

The forms pseudargiolus and neglecta are summer forms of the second and third genera-
tions, produced from eggs laid by lucia and marginata. Nigra is a dimorphic female form be-
longing to the summer broods and is melanic; that is to say, it is a form in which dark color
prevails. Students of biology recognize a tendency in some animals to become black, while
there is also a tendency to become white, or to produce albinoes. These tendencies in op-
posite directions in color are often observed in butterflies, and the melanic female of the
species under consideration illustrates it. There is still another form, piasus, which occur!
in Arizona and Mexico, and is climatic, or due to the influence of environment.

The winter forms are dwarfed and darkly marked on the under side as our figures show
the summer forms are larger, pale on the under side and dark on the outer borders above.

The species has a range in the expanse of wing of from 0.85-1.25 inch.

It occurs from Alaska to Florida, and from Anticosti to northern Mexico.

(G) Lyccena amyntula Boisduval, Plate XCIII, Fig. 1, cT ; Fig. 2, $ (The Western Tailed
Blue).

Male pale blue on upper side; female darker, the hind wings with a submarginal row of
orange crescents pupilled with black. Expanse 1.00-1.25 inch.

Ranges from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific in British America and southward as
far as Colorado.

(7) Lycaenacomyntas (Godart), Plate XCIII, Fig. 3,6"; Fig. 4, $ (The Eastern Tailed Blue).

166

Somewhat closely resembling the preceding, but appreciably
smaller. Expanse 1.00-1.10 inch.

Ranges from the Saskatchewan to Costa Rica, and from the
Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains.

(8) Lycoena isophthalma Herrich-Schaffer, Plate XCIII, Fig.
5, 9 (The Dwarf Blue).

Light brown above in both sexes, with a row of dark spots on
outer margin of hind wings; below pale brown profusely marked
by light spots and bands, the dark marginal spots of the upper
side reappearing, and defined by circlets of metallic scales.
Expanse 0.75 inch.

Found in the Gulf States and the Antilles.

(9) Lyccena exilis Boisduval, Plate XCIII, Fig. 6, c? (The
Pygmy Blue).

The smallest of North American butterflies,, closely resem-
bling the foregoing, but distinguished by the white spot on
fringe near inner angle of fore wing, and the white fringes of the
same wing near apex. Expanse 0.65 inch.

The Pygmy occurs in the Gulf States and in tropical America.

(10) Lyccena theona Lucas, Plate XCIII, Fig. 7, 9 (The
West Indian Blue).

167

PL. XCMi

PL. XCIV

Male shining lavender-blue; this color also glosses the dark
outer borders of the wings; female white, with outer borders
heavily blackish; fore wings shot with shining sky-blue at base.
Hind wings near anal angle have conspicuous eye-spots both
above and below. Expanse 0.80 inch.

Occurs in the Gulf States and throughout the tropics of the
New World.

(11) Lyccsna acmon Doubleday & Hewitson, Plate XCIV,
Fig. 1, cT (Red-margined Blue).

In many respects resembling L. melissa, but somewhat smaller.
Male on upper side brighter blue, and female not as brown
as L. melissa, though darker than the male, her wings
broadly shot with violet-blue. In both sexes a broad deep
red submarginal band on hind wings, marked with black spots.
Expanse 0.85-1.10 inch.

Ranges from" Arizona to Washington and Montana. The
larva feeds on Hosackia.

(12) Lycaena ammon Lucas, Plate XCIV, Fig. 2, 9 , under
side (The Indian River Blue).

Male brilliant lilac-blue on upper side; female violet-blue
168

with wide black borders on fore wings, and one or two conspicuous eye-spots near anal angle cf
hind wings, each surmounted by a carmine crescent. Expanse 0.95-1.10 inch.

Not uncommon in southern Florida; abundant in the Antilles and tropical America.

(13) Lycosna marina Reakirt, Plate XCIV, Fig. 4, O (The Marine Blue).

Male on upper side pale dusky lilac, the dark bands of the under side showing through ot»
upper side. Female dark brown above, with wings at base shot with lilac-blue; the dark
bands on the disk are prominent in this sex, especially on fore wings. Expanse 1.10 inch.

Occurs in Texas, Arizona, southern California, and southward. The larva feeds on
alfalfa and allied plants.

(14) Lycosna lygdamus (Doubleday), Plate XCIV, Fig. 3, cf (The Silvery Blue).

The upper side is well shown in our illustration. The under side is pale chocolate-brown,
having on both wings a submarginal band of black spots encircled with white, similar spots
at the end of the cells, and one or two also on the costa of the hind wing. Expanse 0.85-
1.00 inch.

Ranges from Michigan to Georgia.

(15) Lycana heteronea Boisduval, Plate XCIV, Fig. 5, & ; Fig. 6, $ (The Varied Blue).
The largest species of the genus. Male blue, female brown; the markings on upper side

of latter recalling the female of the genus Chrysophanus. Expanse 1.25-1.40 inch. Below the
wings are white marked with faint brown spots on the hind wings and more distinct spots
on the fore wings.

Ranges from Colorado to California at suitable elevations among the mountains.

169

FAMILY PAPILIONID^E

(THE SWALLOW-TAILS AND ALLIES).

The butterflies of this group are provided in both sexes with six legs adapted to walking.
The internal vein of the hind wing is wanting, its place being taken by the submedian. Cat-
erpillars elongate, and in the genus Papilio provided with osmateria or protrusive forking scent-
organs, which, when excited, they thrust forth from the pouch back of the head in which they
usually lie concealed. Chrysalids in all the genera more or less elongate, attached at anal ex-
tremity to a button of silk, and held in place by a silk girdle, but 'never closely appressed tc
the supporting surface as is the case in the Erycinidce and Lyccenidoe.

SUBFAMILY PIERIN^E
(THE YELLOWS, SULPHURS, AND WHITES).

For the most part small or medium-sized butterflies, white or yellow in color, with dark
marginal markings. The eggs are spindle-shaped, marked with vertical ridges and horizontal
cross-lines. The caterpillars are cylindrical, relatively long, generally green in color, with longitu-
dinal stripes. The chrysalids are more or less pointed at the head, with the wing-cases greatly
developed on the ventral side, forming a more or less keel-shaped projection upon this surface.

The subfamily is very large, and is well represented in the tropics of both the eastern
and western hemispheres. Certain genera are also widely distributed in the colder regions of
both the north and the south, among them the genus Colias, species of which occur from Green-
land to Patagonia and from the North Cape to the Cape of Good Hope.

170

GENUS TACHYRIS WALLACE
(THE FLORIDA WHITE).

There are about seventy species in this genus, all of which
are found in the Old World, except the one which occurs in our
fauna, and which has a very wide range throughout the tropics
of the New World.

(1) Tachyris Uaire (Godart), Plate XCV, Fig. 1, cT ; Fig. 2, 9 .
Our plate gives such an excellent reproduction of the upper
side of the wings of this species that no formal description
seems necessary. A melanic form of the female sometimes
occurs in which the wings are almost wholly dull blackish on
both sides. Normally the under side of the wings in the female
is pearly white marked with bright orange at base of fore
wings. Expanse 2.50-2.75 inches.

Occurs in southern Florida and throughout tropical America.

GENUS PIERIS SCHRANK
(THE WHITES).

Medium-sized butterflies, generally white in color, marked
on both upper and under sides with darker lines and spots.
Antennae clubbed; palpi short, compressed, with the last joint

171

\
"-^if

PL. XCVI

short and pointed. Eggs spindle-shaped, with vertical raised
ridges. Caterpillar elongate, head hemispherical, feeding upon
cruciferous plants. Chrysalis attached by anal extremity and
held in place by a silk girdle; concave on the ventral side, con-
vex on the dorsal side, with a hump-like or keel-shaped emi-
nence on the thorax. Head conical.

An extensive genus, confined principally to the northern
hemisphere.

(1) Pieris monuste (Linnaeus), Plate XCVI, Fig. 1, cT; Fig-
2, V (The Great Southern White).

Our figure gives a perfect idea of the upper side of the wings.
Hind wing on under side grayish saffron, crossed by a poorly
defined pale brown transverse band of spots, the veins pale
brown, between them pale brown rays on the interspaces.
Expanse 1.65-2.35 inches.

Has a wide range in tropical America. Common in the Gulf
States.

(2) Pieris protodice Boisduval & Leconte, Plate XCVII.
Fig. 1, cT; Fig. 2, 9 (The Common White).

Our illustration of both sexes obviates the necessity for a
description. Expanse 1.90-2.15 inches.
172

Ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and from
southern Canada to the Gulf States.

(3) Pieris napi (Linnaeus), variety oleracea (Harris), Plate
XCVIII, Fig. 1, rf1; variety pallida Scudder, Plate XCVI1I,
Fig. 2, cJ*; variety bryonice (Ochsenheimer), Plate XCVIII,
Fig. 3, ? (The Mustard White). (See p. 174.)

Occurs throughout temperate and boreal North America,
ranging well up to the Arctic Circle; also occurs in the eastern
hemisphere, ranging from north Africa to the North Cape, and
all over temperate and subarctic Asia. There are a multitude
of forms which have been named and described; we give but
three of those found in America. Oleracea is a winter form;
pallida is the common form; and bryonice is a subarctic form
found in Alaska, Siberia, and the Alps in Europe.

The species ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from
Alaska to the northern boundaries of the Gulf States. Ex-
panse 1.50-2.00 inches.

(4) Pieris rapce (Linnaeus), Plate XCIX, Fig. 1, c? ; Fig. 2, 9
(The Cabbage Butterfly). (See p. 174.)

This excessively common insect has been in comparatively

• .« 173

PL. xcvn

PL. XCVIi

f

recent years introduced
from Europe. It first ap-
peared about Quebec in
1860; since then it has
come to occupy the conti-
nent, and wherever cab-
bages are grown hundreds
of these butterflies may be
seen. The loss to garden-
ers which it causes is
estimated to run into mil-
lions of dollars annually.
It feeds on all the Cruci-
ferce. The multiplication
of P. rapce has been fol-
lowed by the partial ex-
tinction of our native Pie-
rids just as our birds have
disappeared before the
English Sparrow. Expanse
2.00 inches.

PL. XCIX

174

GENUS NATI1ALIS BOISDUVAL

Small yellow butterflies margined with black. Fore wings
somewhat narrow and produced; antennae quite short; upper
radial vein in fore wing wanting. There are three species found
in the subtropical regions of the New World, one of which in-
vades our territory.

(1) Naihalis iole, Boisduval Plate C, Fig. 1, tf ; Fig. 2, 2
(The Dwarf Yellow).

This little species, of which we give excellent figures, cannot
be mistaken. Expanse 1.00-1.25 inch.

It ranges from southern Indiana and Illinois to Arizona,
southern California, and northern Mexico. The larva feeds on
Erodium cicutarium or pin-clover, and other Geraniaceoe.

GENUS EUCHLOE HOBNER
(THE ORANGE-TIPS AND MARBLE-WINGS).

Small butterflies, white in color, with the apex of the fore
wings dark brown, marked with spots and bands of orange-
yellow or crimson; on the under side the hind wings are gen-
erally more or less mottled with green spots and striae. Eggs

17/5

PL. C

PL.

spindle-shaped; caterpillar relatively long, with small headJ
chrysalis with the head greatly produced, wing-cases compressed
forming a keel-shaped projection.

(1) Euchloe ausonides (Lucas), Plate C, Fig. 3, <j\ under
side (The Western Orange-tip).

On upper side wings at apex tipped with dark fuscous, and
lack altogether the orange or red which is characteristic of
most of the other species of the genus. On under side fore
wings have a very pale greenish tint; hind wings marked with
three irregular green bands, more or less broken up, forking in
various directions. Expanse 1.65-1.90 inch.

Ranging from Arizona to Alaska and eastward to Colorado.

(2) Euchloe genutia (Fabricius). Plate C, Fig. 4, tf (The
Falcate Orange-tip).

Readily recognized by the hooked tip of the fore wings.
The female has rio orange marking on the tip. Single-brooded
in the Northern States, but double-brooded in the Carolinas.
Expanse 1.30-1.50 inch. The caterpillar feeds on Sisybrium,
Arabis, Cardamine, and other cruciferous plants.

Ranges from New England to Texas.
176

(3) Euchloe sara (Lucas) Plate CI, Fig. 1, ft (Lucas' Orange-tip).

There are numerous varieties of this beautiful insect. On the under side the hind wings
are marked with irregular patches of greenish scales having a "mossy" appearance. Expanse
1.75 inch. Occurs in Pacific States.

(4) Euchloe rosa (Edwards), Plate CI, Fig. 2, d\ under side (The Rosy Marble- wing).
Above pure white without any red at the tip of the primaries; a transapical black band,

broken in the middle, and a small black bar closes the cell. Under side well shown in our figure
except that there fails to appear a faint rosy tint in the hind wings which is characteristic of all
specimens which we have examined. Expanse 1.35-1.40 inch. Found in Texas.

(5) Euchloe hyantis (Edwards), Plate CI, Fig. 3, 9 , under side (Edwards' Marble-wing).
This species also is without orange at the tip of the fore wings; the wings on the under

side are as shown in our figure, heavily marbled on the hind wings with dark green bands and
spots. Expanse 1.65-1.85 inch. Habitat California.

GENUS CATOPSILIA HUBNER (THE GREAT SULPHURS)

Large butterflies; brilliant lemon-yellow or orange-yellow marked with a few darker spots
and with a narrow band of brown, especially in the female, on the outer margin of the fore
wings. Very quick in flight. Eggs spindle-shaped and acutely pointed, vertically ribbed.
Caterpillars relatively long, head small, segments resembling beads strung together, surface
covered with minute papillae in transverse rows. Chrysalis concave dorsally, head conical,
projecting, wing-cases compressed, forming a wide keel-shaped projection on ventral side.

177

PL. Cll

The genus is mainly tropical; one species, however, range*
as far north as Long Island and western Pennsylvania.

(1) Catopsilia eubule (Linnaeus), Plate CII, Fig. 1, cT ; Fig. 2,
$ (The Cloudless Sulphur).

Well depicted in our plate and requiring no special descrip-
tion. Expanse 2.50 inches. The caterpillar feeds on legu-
minous plants, preferably the species of Cassia.

GENUS KRICOGONIA REAKIRT

Medium-sized butterflies, whitish or yellow on upper side,
with some dark markings, especially in the male; fore wings
somewhat falcate.

The genus is confined to the New World; one species occurs
in our territory.

(1) Kricogonia lyside (Godart), form terissa (Lucas), Plate
CIII, Fig. 1, c?i Fig. 2, 9 (Godart's Sulphur).

Our plate gives a very good idea of this insect in both sexes,
the male being always marked near the outer angle of hind
wings by a short black bar. Expanse 1.90-2.10 inches.

Found in southern Texas and Mexico.

There are a number of forms of this insect, slightly variant.
178

GENUS MEGANOSTOMA REAKIRT (THE DOG-FACE BUT-
TERFLIES)

Closely resembling the insects of the next genus, from which
they may be distinguished by the more pointed fore wings,
and the fact that the rude outlines of the head of a dog are
shown in yellow silhouette upon the fore wings. There are
two species in our territory, one of which, M . eurydice Bois-
duval, found in California, may be distinguished from the other
by the splendid purplish iridescence of the fore wings of the male.

(1) Meganostmna ccesonia (Stoll), Plate CIV, cT (The South-
ern Dog-face). (See p. 180.)

The sexes are much alike in this species, which ranges from
Florida and the Gulf States northward as far as southern
Illinois. Expanse 2.25 inches.

GENUS COLIAS FABRICIUS (THE SULPHURS)

Medium-sized butterflies, yellow, orange, and sometimes
white or greenish yellow with dark-bordered wings, the borders
generally heaviest in the female. Eggs spindle-shaped, taper-
ing at top and bottom, and attached to the surface where laid
by a flat disk-like expansion; vertically and horizontally ribbed.

PL. cm

PL. CIV

Caterpillars elongated; head small; body generally green, striped
longitudinally. They feed upon leguminous plants, and
especially upon the various species of clover (Trifolium) and
Astragalus, though some boreal species are known to feed upon
the foliage of huckleberries (V actinium) and willows.

The genus is large and is found on every continent except
Australia. It is lacking in the very hot tropical regions of
both the New and Old Worlds, but is found in Greenland and
thence ranging south among the cordilleran uplifts to Pata-
gonia. It is represented from Japan to Norway, and turns up
at the Cape of Good Hope.

(1) Colias philodice Godart, Plate CV, Fig. 1, tf\ Fig. 2,
albino, $ (The Common Sulphur).

This is the common "Puddle-butterfly" or "Clover-
butterfly" which every child has seen gathered in swarms about
moist places, or hovering by the score or hundreds over the
blossoming clover fields. There are many variations both in
size and color. The females are frequently albinoes, that is
to say they are white, rather than yellow. Now and *hen
melanic males turn up, but they are rare. In these the wings
are black, of the same color as the borders in normal specimens:
Expanse 1.25-2.25 inches.
180

Ranges from Canada to Florida and westward to the Rocky
Mountains.

(2) Colias eurytheme Boisduval, Plate CVI, Fig. 1. & ; Plate
CVII, ? ; form keewaydin Edwards, Plate CVI, Fig. 2, J1 (The
Orange Sulphur). (See pp. 182 and 183.)

This is a form which is known to be very strongly polymor-
phic, having quite as many varieties and races as Lycoena
pseudargiolus, for instance. C. keewaydin is a large winter
form, which has the wings strongly washed with orange; there
is a small winter form called C. ariadne, which is also laved with
orange, though not so strongly. There is another form called
C. eriphyle, which belongs to the summer brood, which has no
orange on the wings, but is plain yellow; and there are still
other forms. Expanse 1.60-2.15 inches.

The Orange Sulphur has a wide range, extending from the
Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Canada to the northern por-
tions of the Gulf States, though not invading the hotter parts
of these states.

GENUS TERIAS SWAINSON (THE YELLOWS)

Small butterflies, generally some shade of orange or yellow,
with wings more delicate in structure than most of the genera

181

PL. CV

PL. CVI

belonging to the Pierince. Both wings generally rounded, but
in a few species produced at the apex of the fore wing and at
the end of the second median nervule of the hind wing. Eggs
spindle-shaped, much swollen at the middle. Larva cylindri-
cal, with a very small head, and the three first segments larger
than those after them giving the body a humped appearance
in front. Chrysalis compressed laterally, with the wing-cases
forming a deep keel on the ventral side, more pronounced than
in any other American genus, except Catopsilia.

This is a very large genus represented by many species in the
tropical and subtropical regions of both the eastern and western
hemispheres. Many of the species are dimorphic or poly-
morphic, and there is a vast deal of confusion as to their classi-
fication.

(1) Terias nicippe (Cramer), Plate CVIII, Fig. 1, cT ; Fig-
2, 9 (The Small Orange). (See Plate on p. 184.)

The species is subject to considerable variation. Rare in
New England, but common south of latitude 40° as far as the
Rocky Mountains; also reported from Southern California,
where it is rare. Expanse 1.50-2.00 inches.

(2) Terias mexicana Boisduval, Plate CVIII, Fig. 3, 6"
ihe Mexican Yellow). (See Plate on p. 184.)

Easily recognizable by our figure. Expanse 1 .75-1 .85 inch.
Found in Texas and Arizona, thence southward.

(3) Terias lisa (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CIX, Fig. 1,
c? (The Little Sulphur). (See Plate on p. 184.)

Allied to the three following species, but may be told apart
at once by the solid black outer borders of the wings and the
absence of the black band on the hind margin of the fore wing.
Expanse 1.25-1.60 inch.

Ranges from New England to Honduras, east of the Rockies.

(4) Terias elathea (Cramer), Plate CIX, Fig. 2, cT (The
Florida Yellow). (See Plate on p. 184.)

May be told from the next two species by the white hind
wings. Expanse 1.25-1.40 inch.
Found in Florida, Mexico, and the Antilles.

(5) Terias delia (Cramer), Plate CX, Fig. 1. tf; Fig. 2. 9
(The Gulf Yellow). (See Plate on p. 185.)

183

PL. CVII

PL. CVIII

Almost exactly like the
preceding species, but the
hind wings are yellow
above and red below, and
the apex of the fore wing
is red below. Expanse
1.25-1. 50 inch.

Common in the Gulf
States.

This species and the one
preceding and following
are very closely related but
perfectly distinct. They
are apt to puzzle the be-
ginner, but by comparison
he will soon learn to dis-
criminate them.

(6) Terias jucunda
(Boisduval & Leconte),
Plate CX, Fig. 3, tf (The
Fairy Yellow).

PL.

184

Separable from the preceding species by the black border
surrounding the hind wing, and the pale under surface. Ex-
panse 1.60-1.75 inch.

Found in the Gulf States.

(7) Terms proterpia (Fabricius), Plate CX, Fig. 4, 6" (The
Cadmium Orange).

Our figure will enable the student to immediately recognize
it. Expanse 1.50-1.75 inch.

Found in Texas, Arizona, and Mexico.

SUBFAMILY PARNASSIIN^)

(THE PARNASSIANS).

This peculiar group of butterflies is classed with the Papilio-
nidse because the internal vein of the hind wings is always
wanting, a characteristic of all papilionine genera. The cater-
pillars are not provided with osmateria, or offensive scent-
organs, and pupation takes place upon the ground among
loosely scattered leaves which are interwoven by the larva
with a few loose strands of silk. The insects are mainly in-
habitants of the mountain regions of the northern hemisphere.

185

PL. CX

PL. CXI

GENUS PARNASSIUS LATHE ILLE
(THE PARNASSIANS).

What has been said of the family will suffice to characterize
the genus.

(1) Parnassius smintheus Doubleday & Ilewitson, Plate
CXI, Fig. 1, cT; Fig. 2, 9 (The Colorado Parnassian).

This is a somewhat variable species, but may easily be
recognized by the figures we give. Expanse d\ 2.00-2.50;
9 , 2.25-3.00 inches.

Ranges from New Mexico and Colorado west to California
and north to Montana. The caterpillar feeds upon Sedum and
Saxifraga.

SUBFAMILY PAPILIONIN^
(THE SWALLOW-TAILS).

Large butterflies. As shown on Plate A, Fig. 10, the hind
wings lack the internal vein, its place being held by the sub-
median vein. There is great diversity of form in this group.
Many species are tailed, as are the three occurring in Europe.
186

and the name common in England has come in popular phrase
to be loosely applied to the whole genus.

There are many hundreds of species and varietal forms,
most of which occur in the tropics of the eastern and western
hemispheres. There are only three species found in all Europe;
there are about thirty found in the United States and Canada.

GENUS PAPILIO LINN^US

(THE SWALLOW-TAILS).

•

This great genus has been subdivided for purposes of classi-
fication into a number of smaller groups or subgenera, which
are useful when dealing with the whole assemblage of species,
but which in a manual like this, dealing with only a few forms,
may consistently be overlooked.

(1) Papilio ajax Linnaeus. Winter form walshi Edwards,
Plate CXII, cf; summer form marcellus Boisduval, Plate
CXIII, rf1 (The Papaw Butterfly).

The species is more or less polymorphic. Plate CXII repre-
sents the form which emerges in the spring of the year from
chrysalids which have overwintered; Plate CXIII shows the
form which appears in the second brood and in which the tails

187

PL. CXII!

are twice as long as in the first. There are other forms. Ex-
panse 2.50-3.25 inches.

The caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of the Papaw (Asimina
trilobd) and wherever this plant grows the insect may be found.
It ranges from New England and Ontario to Florida and far
westward through the valley of the Mississippi.

(2) Papilio turnus Linnseus, Plate CXIV, rf; Plate CXV,
P. glaucus Linnseus, dark dimorphic 9 , under side (The Tiger
Swallow-tail)*

In the Middle States and southward a large proportion of
the females are black, belonging to the form glaucus; in Ontario
and northward and westward to Alaska the females are yellow,
like the males. The Alaskan form is very small, dwarfed by
the cold and poor feeding. The figure on Plate CXIV is that
of a male from Alaska of the natural size; a specimen taken in
Pennsylvania would be nearly twice as large. The metropolis
of the species is the Appalachian uplift; but it ranges north-
westward to Alaska and south to the Gulf States. Expanse
3.00-5.00 inches.

The caterpillars are partial to the foliage of wild cherry trees,
but are found on a great variety of plants.
188

FL. CX1V

The dark female form
reveals its relationship to
the paler form by the
stripes on the under side.
On the upper side the in-
sect shown on Plate CXV
is very black and shows no
stripes at all. I possess
females with yellow wings
on one side and black on
the other. The identity
of the forms named by
Linnaeus turnus and g Cau-
cus could not be more
forcibly shown than by
these specimens in which
the two are united by the
vital force which called
them into being.

189

PL. CXV

PL. CXVI

PL. OXVM

190

(3) Papilio rutulus Boisduval Plate, CXVI, rf1 (The Pacific
Tiger).

Closely resembling P. turnus, which it replaces on the Pacific
Coast in Washington and southward. The female is never di-
morphic; the marginal light spots on the under side of the fore
wings run together forming a continuous band, and are not
separate as in P. turnus. Expanse 3.50-4.25 inches.

The larva feeds on alder and willows.

(4) Papilio eurymedon Boisduval, Plate CXVII, d" (The
White-striped Tiger).

Belonging to the same group as the two preceding species,
but distinguished by the pale creamy white color of the ground-
color of the wings, and by the fact that the submarginal spots
on the under side of the fore wings form, as in P. rutulus, a
continuous band. Expanse 3.50-4.00 inches.

The caterpillar feeds on Rhamnus californicus and other
plants. The insect ranges from Mexico to British Columbia
and eastward to Colorado.

(5) Papilio daunus Boisduval, Plate CXVII1, cf (The
Two-tailed Swallow-tail).

PL. CXIX

PL. CXX

This fine insect is even larger than P. turnus, which it some-
what resembles, but from which it can at once be distinguished
by the two tails on the hind wings, followed by a lobe at the
anal angle. Expanse 4.00-5.25 inches.

Found in the region of the Rocky Mountains from Idaho
south to Mexico, but not found west of the Sierra Nevada and
Coast Ranges in California.

(6) Papilio pilumnus Boisduval, Plate CXIX, d" (The
Three-tailed Swallow-tail).

Easily recognized from our figure. The lobe at the anal angle
is so much produced as to give the hind wing the appearance
of having three tails. Expanse 3.80-4.30 inches.

A Mexican species which occasionally is found in Arizona.
It is one of the most beautiful species of the group to which it
belongs and is rare in collections.

(7) Papilio cresphontes Cramer, Plate CXX, ? (The
Giant Swallow-tail).

One of the largest and most showy species of the genus found
in our territory. The caterpillar feeds upon Ptelea, Xan-
thoxylon, and Citrus. It has a wide range from southern On-
tario to Florida and through the Mississippi Valley to Mexico.
Expanse 3.75-5.50 inches.
192

(8) Papilio troilus Linnaeus, Plate CXXI, rf1 (The Spice-
bush Swallow-tail).

The caterpillar, which is green, with two big eye-spots on the
back a little behind the head, lives on the foliage of the sassa-
fras and spice-wood, where it folds together a leaf, in which it
conceals itself from view during the daytime, coming out to
feed at night. The insect is found throughout the eastern
United States and the Mississippi Valley, wherever its food-
plant occurs. Expanse 3.75-4.25 inches.

(9) Papilio palamedes Drury, Plate CXXII, c? (The
Magnolia Swallow-tail). (See next page.)

The upper side of this fine insect is well shown on our plate;
the under side is prevalently yellow. The larva feeds on the
foliage of Magnolia glauca and the Lauracece. Expanse 3.50-
4.50 inches.

Ranges from southern Virginia near the coast to the extreme
southern end of Florida and westward to southern Missouri
and eastern Texas.

(10) Papilio polyxenes Fabricius, Plate CXXIII, cf (The
Eastern Swallow-tail). (See next page.)

193

PL. CXXI

PL. CXXII

PL. CXXIH

PL. CXXIV

194

This butterfly and the three which follow belong to a group
of the genus which in England is represented by P. machaon
of the fens of Cambridgeshire and Norfolk. There are many
species evidently derived in past time from common stock,
which are found in America, and the writer believes that
the original centre of dispersion was this continent, and that the
English SwallowT-tail represents the most western range of the
migration, which probably began in Tertiary times, wrhen
the horse, the camel, and other North American animals passed
over into Asia and became subsequently extinct in the land
of their origin. P. machaon still exists in Alaska as the variety
P. aliaska Scudder.

P. polyxenes, more commonly known by its later name P.
asterius, or P. asterias, is found all over the Atlantic States
and the Mississippi Valley. The caterpillar feeds upon
umbelliferous plants, and is very partial to fennel. Expanse
2.75-3.25 inches.

(11) Papilio brevicauda Saunders, Plate CXXIV, ? (The
Newfoundland Swallow-tail).

There are two forms, one found on Anticosti, in which the
spots on the upper side of the wings are bright yellow, the

195

PL. cxxv

PL. CXXVI

other in which they are more or less red in color. The latter
form is common in Newfoundland, and is shown in the Plate.
Closely related to P. polyxenes, but with shorter tails. Ex-
panse 2.75-3.00 inches.

(12) Papilio indra Reakirt, Plate CXXV, cT (The Moun-
tain Swallow-tail).

The resemblance to P. polyxenes is marked, but it will be
observed that the tails have undergone even greater reduction
in length than in P. brevicauda, and that the band of yellow
spots traversing the wings has been reduced in width. Ex-
panse 2.50-2.75 inches.

Found on the high mountains of Colorado, Nevada, and
California.

(13) Papilio zelicaon Boisduval, Plate CXXVI, cf (The
Western Swallow-tail).

Jn many respects like P. polyxenes, but having the median
bands of yellow greatly widened, until on the hind wing the
band covers almost the entire basal half of the wing. Ex-
panse 2.75-3.25 inches.

Ranges from Vancouver Island to Arizona and eastward as
far as Colorado.
196

(Note. The name zolicaon, often given by authors, must
be replaced by the original name zelicaon.}

(14) Papilio philenor Linnseus, Plate CXXVII, tf (The
Pipe-vine Swallow-tail).

The caterpillar feeds upon the foliage of Aristolochia sipho,
or the "Dutchman's Pipe," a plant extensively grown about
verandas and porches, and native to the Allegheny Mountains.
It also eats the leaves of Aristolochia serpentaria, a smaller
plant of the same genus. The wings have an expanse of 3.75-
4.25 inches.

The range is from Massachusetts to California and south
into Mexico.

(15) Papilio polydamas Linnaeus, Plate CXXVIII, J1 (The
R-ef Butterfly). (See Plate on p. 198.)

This is the sole representant in our fauna of a great group of
splendid butterflies peculiar to the tropics of the New World,
which are true papilionids, but without tails, their wings
generally of some shade of green, and wonderfully adorned
with spots of other colors, generally yellow or crimson. It may

197

PL. CXXVIl

PL. CXXVIU

— *— - easily be recognized from our figure. Expanse 3.00-.-

inches.

It is found in the extreme southern part of Florida and on

the adjoining reefs. It also has a wide range through the

Antilles, Mexico, and Central America.

FAMILY HESPERIID.E (THE SKIPPERS)

Generally quite small butterflies, with stout thorax. Both
sexes have six feet adapted to walking. Tibiae of hind legs,
with few exceptions, have spurs. Lower radial of hind wing
in many genera wanting, being represented by a fold in the
wing. Eggs hemispherical, flat on base. Larvce cylindrical
tapering from the middle before and behind, with large globular
heads, smooth. Chrysalids generally formed on the ground or
among leaves and rubbish lightly tacked together with a few
strands of silk, in which the cremaster is caught.

A large family, most numerously represented in the tropics
of both the Old and New Worlds. About three thousand
species are known, of which over one hundred occur within our
limits.

198

SUBFAMILY PYRRHOPYGIN.E
(THE RED-TAILED SKIPPERS).

Rather large butterflies when compared with others in the
family. The antennae terminate in a long, thick, blunt club,
forming a regular curve, looking in outline like the handle of
an old-fashioned walking-stick. Most of the species are red
at the end of the abdomen. Confined to the New World.
Only one genus and species of this family occurs within our
borders.

GENUS PYRRHOPYGE HUBNER

(1) Pyrrhopyge araxes Hewitson, Plate CXXIX, Fig. 1, 6\
Upper side correctly shown in our figure. Below the wings
are prevalently yellow. Expanse 2.25-2.50 inches.
Found in Texas, Arizona, and southward.

SUBFAMILY HESPERIIN^ (THE HESPERIDS)

Fore wing generally provided with a costal fold, but never
marked with a sexual brand or raised patch of scales on the
disk. The hind wing may be provided with a lengthy tail
or simply lobed at the anal angle. Antennae terminating in a

199

PL. CXXIX

PL. CXXX

fine point, which in some genera is bent backward at right
angles to the shaft.

GENUS EUDAMUS SWAINSON
(THE LONG-TAILED SKIPPERS).

Hind wings more or less produced at the anal angle in the
form of a long tail. There are a number of species found in
Central and South America.

(1) Eudamus proteus (Linmeus), Plate CXXIX, Fig. 2, $
(The Long-tailed Skipper). (See p. 199.)

The caterpillar feeds upon Wistaria and various leguminous
plants. Common in Florida, the American tropics, and oc-
casionally found as far north as New York.

GENUS EPARGYREUS HUBNER

(1) Epargyreus tityrus (Fabricius), Plate CXXX, Fig, l,cT;
Fig. 2, y , under side (The Silver-spotted Skipper).

A very common and beautiful insect. Expanse 1.75-2.00
inches.

The caterpillar usually feeds upon Robinia and Wistaria.
200

Has a wide range from Quebec to Vancouver Island and south
to the Isthmus of Panama.

GENUS THORYBES SCUDDEB
(THE DUSKY- WINGS).

(1) Thorybes pylades Scudder, Plate CXXXI, Fig. 1, 9
(The Northern Dusky- wing).

Below wings dark brown shading into gray outwardly; hind
wings crossed by irregular brown bands; spots of upper side
reappearing below. Expanse 1.60 inch.

Common in New England, thence westward and southward.

(2) Thorybes bathyllus (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXXXI,
Fig. 2 (The Southern Dusky -wing).

Distinguished from preceding species by the larger spots on
fore wing.

Ranges from Connecticut to Texas.

GENUS ACHALARUS SCUDDER

(1) Achalarus lycidas (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXXXII,
Fig. 1,$ (The Hoary-edge).

201

PL. CXXXI

PL. CXXXII

Upper side strongly recalls E. tityrus but the hoary edge of
the hind wings and the absence of the silvery spots found in
tityrus at once separate the two. Expanse 1.65-1.95 inch.

Rare in southern New England, common in Southern States
as far west as Texas.

(2) Achalarus cellus (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CXXXII,
Fig. 2, of1 (The Golden-banded Skipper).

On upper side as shown in our figure; on under side hind
wings banded as in E. proteus, no silver spots. Expanse 2.00
inches.

Found in the Virginias and southward to Arizona and
Mexico.

GENUS HESPERIA FABRICIUS

(1) Hesperia tessellata Scudder, Plate CXXXIII, Fig. 1, J'
(The Tessellated Skipper).

Paler on under side than on upper side, with spots enlarged.
Expanse 1.00-1.35 inch.

Ranges from Canada to the Gulf and from the Atlantic to
the Pacific.

202

(2) Hesperia centaurece Rambur, Plate CXXXIII, Fig. 2,
c? (The Grizzled Skipper).

Below darker than preceding species, white circle at end of
cell surrounding black spot, thus forming an eye-like spot;
hind wings below brown scaled with green, crossed by three
bands of quadrate spots. Expanse 1.15 inch.

Found in northern Europe and Asia and from Alaska to
Labrador; extending south on the high mountains both in the
West and in the Carolinas.

(3) Hesperia xanthus Edwards, Plate CXXXIII, Fig. 3, cf
(The Checkering).

Resembling H, tessellata, but much smaller and darker at
base of wings, spots more crowded. Expanse 1.00 inch.
Found in Colorado and Rocky Mountains to west and south.

GENUS PHOLISORA SCUDDER
(THE SOOTY-WING).

(1) Pholisora catullus (Fabricius), Plate CXXXIV, Fig. 1,
9 (The Common Sooty- wing).

Easily recognizable by means of our figure. Expanse 0.80-
1.15 inch.

203

PL. CXXXIII

PL CXXXIV

HHBHBI The caterpillar feeds on " Jamb's-quarter " (ChenopodiunC,

Ranges over all temperate North America.

(2) Pholisora hayhursti (Edwards), Plate CXXXIV, Fig.
2, 9 (Hayhurst's Sooty- wing) .

Easily distinguished from preceding by white color of under
side of abdomen as well as by the different arrangement of
spots on fore wing. Expanse 0.90-1.15 inch.

Ranges from Pennsylvania to the Gulf as far as the Rocky
Mountains.

(3) Pholisora lybia Scadder, Plate CXXXIV, Fig. 3, tf
(The Mohave Sooty-wing).

Distinguished from the two preceding by the white fringes
of the wings and by the markings of the upper side. Expanse
0.80-1.40 inch.

Found from western Texas to Nevada and Arizona.

(4) Pholisora alpheus (Edwards), Plate CXXXIV, Fig. 4,d"
(New Mexican Sooty- wing).

More checkered on the upper side than the other species, tip
of fore wing white. Expanse 0.95-1 .00 inch.
Ranges from New Mexico to Arizona.
204

GENUS THANAOS BOISDUVAL
(THE DUSKY-WINGS).

{I) Thanaos brizo Boisduval & Leconte, Plate CXXXV,
Tig. 1, 9 (The Sleepy Dusky-wing) .

The two rows of light yellow spots on the outer margin of
the hind wings appear more distinctly on the under side.
Expanse 1.25-1.60 inch-

Larva feeds on oaks and other plants. Ranges from the
Atlantic to the Pacific, from New England to Florida and Ari-

(2) Thanaos icelus Lintner, Plate CXXXV, Fig. 2, d1 (The
Dreamy Dusky- wing).

Under side paler than upper, marked with many small, in-
distinct yellow spots, not forming well-defined bands as in
preceding species. Expanse 1.00-1.20 inch.

Caterpillar feeds on aspen, oaks, and witch-hazel. Ranges
:from Nova Scotia to Oregon, south to Florida and Arizona.

(3) Thanaos lucilius Lintner, Plate CXXXV, Fig. 3, d"
((Lucilius' Dusky- wing).

Closely related to preceding, but distinguished by more

205

PL. CXXXV

PL. CXXXVI

regularly checkered fringes of the fore wing and the different
arrangement of the spots on the under side. Expanse 1.20-
1.40 inch.

Larva feeds on columbine (Aquilegia). Ranges from New
England to Georgia, and westward through the valley of "the
Mississippi.

(4) Thanaos juvenalis (Fabricius), Plate CXXXVI, Fig. 1, $
(Juvenal's Dusky-wing).

A large species with translucent spots arranged as an in-
terrupted band beyond middle of wing. Expanse 1.35-1.60-
inch.

Ranges from Quebec to Florida and westward to Arizona.

(5) Thanaos petronius Lintner, Plate CXXXVI, Fig. 2, <?
(Petronius' Dusky- wing).

Somewhat resembling the preceding, but translucent spots
much fewer in number and upper side much darker. Under
side uniformly dusky with few light spots. Expanse 1.50-1.75
inch.

Confined to Florida so far as known.
206

(6) Thanaos martialis Scudder, Plate CXXXVII, Fig. 1, rf1
(Martial's Dusky- wing).

Upper side paler than in most species, with a purplish gray
cast, all light spots of upper side repeated more distinctly on
underside. Expanse 1.25-1.40 inch.

Ranges from Massachusetts to Georgia, westward to Mis-
souri and New Mexico.

(7) Thanaos horatius Scudder, Plate CXXXVII, Fig. 2, tf
(Horace's Dusky- wing).

Smaller than T. juvenalis, which it resembles; paler above
on both wings, below more profusely mottled on hind wings.
Expanse 1.65 inch.

Ranges from Massachusetts to Texas.

(8) Thanaos funeralis Lintner, Plate CXXXVII, Fig. 3, <?
(The Funereal Dusky- wing).

Hind wings very dark, partly fringed with pure white.
Expanse 1.35 inch.

Found from western Texas to Mexico.

207

PL. CXXXVII

PL. CXXXVIII

SUBFAMILY PAMPHILIN^E (THE PAMPHILIDS)

The male never has a costal fold on the fore wing, but in
most of the genera has a discal stigma on the fore wing, the
only exceptions to this in our fauna being in the case of the
three genera Amblyscirtes, Pamphila, and Oarisma. The
antennse are short, in some genera very short, clubbed at the
end and provided in many genera with a little finely pointed
tip at the end of the club, which sometimes is bent backward.
The third joint of the palpi is generally small, inconspicuous,
and often pointing forward. The lower radial in the fore wing
always is nearer to the median than to the upper radial; the
lower radial in the hind wing is generally lacking. When at
rest they raise the fore wings, folding them together, while the
hind wings are held horizontally. This attitude is character-
istic of this subfamily.

GENUS AMBLYSCIRTES SCUDDEB

(1) Amblyscirtes vialis (Edwards), Plate CXXXVIII, Fig.
1, rf1 (The Roadside Skipper).

Wings below much as on upper side, except that outwardly
they are lightly laved with gray. Expanse 1,00 inch.
208

Ranges from Canada to Florida, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

(2) Amblyscirtes samoset (Scudder), Plate CXXXVIII, Fig. 2, rf1 (The Pepper-and-Salt
Skipper). (See Plate on p. 208.)

Below wings pale gray, the light spots of upper side reappearing. Hind wing marked
by semicircular median band of white spots, a small spot at end of cell, and conspicuous white
spot about middle of costa. Expanse 1.00-1.10 inch.

Ranges from Maine to Michigan and south on the Allegheny Mountains to West Virginia.

(3) Amblyscirtes textor (Hubner), Plate CXXXVIII, Fig. 3, cf , under side (The Woven-
winged Skipper). (See Plate on p. 208.)

Easily recognized by means of our figure. Expanse 1.25-1.45 inch.
Ranges from North Carolina to Florida and westward to Texas.

GENUS PAMPHILA FABRICIUS

(1) Pamphila mandan Edwards, Plate CXXXVIII, Fig. 4, rf1 (The Arctic Skipper).
Recognizable from our figure. It is totally unlike any other species in the fauna. Ex-
panse 1.10 inch.

Found from Labrador to Alaska, and on the mountains of Idaho and Montana.

GENUS OARISMA SCUDDER

(1) Oarisma garita (Reakirt), Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 1, tf (The Little Dun). (See Plate
on p. 210.)

PL. CXXXIX

On the under side both wings are somewhat brighter than
on the upper side, the hind wings inclining to leaden gray, with
the inner margin bright fulvous. Expanse 0.75-1.00 inch.

Ranges from southern Colorado to Arizona.

(2) Oarisma powesheik (Parker), Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 3, cf
(The Iowa Dun).

Larger than the preceding species and dark on upper side;
on under side fore wings black, edged on costa with light ful-
vous. Hind wings dusky below, veins and nervules white,
conspicuous on darker ground. Expanse 1.00-1.25 inch.

Ranges from Wisconsin to Dakota and Colorado, common in
Iowa.

GENUS ANCYLOXYPHA FELDER

(1) Ancyloxypha numitor Fabricius, Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 2,
cf (The Least Skipper).

Below fore wings black, bordered on costa and outer margin
with reddish fulvous ; hind wings pale fulvous. Expanse 0.75-
0.95 inch.

Ranges from Quebec to Florida and westward to the Rocky
Mountains.

2JO

(Th<

GENUS COPCEODES SPEYER

Copandes procris (Edwards), Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 4, d"
e Golden .Skipper).
Below wings as on upper side, a trifle paler than on the up-
per side. The fore wings blackish on inner margin near base.
Expanse 0.80-1.00 inch.

Ranges from southern Texas to southern California.
(2) Copcsodes wrighti (Edwards), Plate CXXXIX, Fig. 5, <?
(Wright's Skipper).

Distinguished from C. procris by dark fringes on both wings
.-and different arrangement of stigma on fore wings. Expanse
0.85-1.07 inch.

Found in southern California and eastward as far as eastern
Arizona.

GENUS ERYNNIS SCHRANK

(1) Erynnis manitoba (Scudder), Plate CXL, Fig. l,cf (The
Canadian Skipper).

On the lower side all the light spots of the upper side reap-
pear, but more distinctly defined and pearly white in color.

Ranges north of the boundary between the United States
and the Dominion of Canada, descending into the United States

211

PL. CXL

as far south as Colorado and northern California upon the highr
mountain ranges.

(2) Erynnis sassacus (Harris), Plate CXL, Fig. 2, c? (The-
Indian Skipper). (See p. 211.)

Below wings pale fulvous, spots of upper side feebly repro-
duced as faint lighter spots; fore wings black at base on this;
side. Expanse 1.10-1.35 inch.

Ranges from New England to Georgia, west to Colorado.

(3) Erynnis attains (Edwards), Plate CXL, Fig. 3, rf (The
Wisconsin Skipper). (See p. 211.)

Below both wings are dusky, with the light spots appearing;
in faint gray. The female is darker. Expanse 1 .25-1 .45 inch.

Ranges from New England to Wisconsin and Iowa, thence
to the region of the Gulf.

(4) Erynnis metea (Scudder), Plate CXL, Fig. 4, d" (Tfoe
Cobweb Skipper). (See p. 211.)

Below wings are brown, much darker than above, the pale
marks of upper side repeated as pearly white spots, and on
hind wings near base is a curved band of similar white spots*
Expanse 1.20-1.30 inch.

Ranges from New England to Wisconsin.
212

(5) Erynnis uncas (Edwards), Plate CXLVIII, Fig. 4, cf (Uncas' Skipper). (See p. 220.)
Below in both sexes wings beautifully marked with pearly white spots on greenish gray

ground, the spots defined inwardly and outwardly by dark olive shades. Expanse 1.30-1.55
inch.

Ranges from Pennsylvania to Montana.

(6) Erynnis leonardus (Harris), Plate CXLI, Fig. 1, cf; Fig. 2, 9 (Leonard's Skipper).
Larger than most of the preceding species. Below wings dark brick-red. Spots of

upper side reappearing more or less faintly. Expanse 1.25-1.35 inch.

Ranges from New England and Ontario to Florida, west throughout the Mississippi
Valley.

GENUS THYMELICUS HUBNEB

(1) Thymelicus brettus (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CXLI, Fig. 3, d"; Fig. 4, 9 (The
Whirlabout).

This insect, which is rare in the Northern States, is common in the South and has a wide
range through the American tropics. Expanse 1.15-1.25 inch.

(2) Thymelicus otho (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXLII, Fig. 1, cT; Fig. 2, 9 .

The upper side is sufficiently well shown in our plate. Below the wings are yellowish
brown with outer half of the fore wings blackish; spots of fore wing repeated except last.
Hind wings below with an obscure yellowish band of five or six spots. A variable species. The
northern form, with fewer spots, is called egeremet, and is not very common in New England,

213

PL. CXLII

but southward the species is abundant. Expanse 1.20-1.25
inch.

Found in New England, Florida, and west throughout the
Mississippi Valley.

(3) Thymelicus mystic (Scudder), Plate CXLII, Fig. 3, cf;
Fig. 4, 9 (The Long-dash).

Upper side of both sexes well shown in our plate. Below
fore wings fulvous on costa near base; remainder of wings on
this side dark ferruginous, with the light spots of the upper side
repeated, greatly enlarged, pale, contrasting strongly with dark
ground-color. Hind wings pale brown on inner margin. Ex-
panse 1.10-1.25 inch.

Ranges from southern Canada to Pennsylvania and west to
Wisconsin.

GENUS ATALOPEDES SCUDDER

(1) Atalopedes huron (Edwards), Plate CXLII, Fig. 5, cf ;
Fig. 6, 9 (The Sachem).

Easily distinguished from the figures we give. Expanse
1.15-1.35 inch.
214

Ranges from New York to Florida, westward and south- r
westward into Mexico.

GENUS POLITES SCUDDEB

(1) Polites peckius (Kirby), Plate CXLIII, Fig. 1, d* ; Fig. 2,
9 (Peck's Skipper).

This small species is dark brown below, with the light spots
of the upper side reappearing, greatly enlarged, especially in
the middle of the wings, fused together and pale yellow, thus
cont rasting strongly with the rest of the wings . Expanse 1.00-
1.25 inch.

Peck's Skipper ranges from Canada to Virginia west to
Kansas and Iowa.

GENUS HYLEPHILA BILLBERG

(1) Hylephilahy ploeus (Drury), Plate CXLIII, Fig. 3, cf;
Fig. 4, 9 (The Fiery Skipper).

Easily recognized from our figures. Expanse 1.15-1.25 inch.
Ranges from Connecticut to Patagonia everywhere.

215

PL. CXLIII

PL. CXLIV

GENUS PRENES SCUDDEB.

(1) Prenes ocola (Edwards), Plate CXLIII, Fig. 5, d1 (The
Ocola Skipper). (See p. 215.) ^

This common southern species, which sometimes ranges as
far north as the latitude of Pennsylvania, ranges south as far
as Bolivia in South America. Expanse 1.45-1.60 inch.

The figure is that of the type.

GENUS CALPODES HUBNEB

(1) Calpodes ethlius (Cramer), Plate CXLIV, d* (The
Brazilian Skipper).

Easily recognized from our plate. Wings below dull olive.
Expanse 2.00-2.15 inches.

The larva feeds on Canna. Common everywhere in tropical
America and has been known to stray as far north as New
York.

GENUS LERODEA SCUDDEB

(1) Lerodea eufala (Edwards), Plate CXLIX, Fig. 3, cf (The
Eufala Skipper). (See p. 221.)
216

On the wing looks like a small specimen of Prenes ocola, from
which it may be distinguished at once by the white under side
of the abdomen. Expanse 1.10-1.20 inch.

Not uncommon in Florida.

GENUS LIMOCHORES SCUDDER

(1) Limochores thaumas (Fabricius), Plate CXLV, Fig. 1,
cf; Fig. 2, 9 (The Fawn-edged Skipper).

Easily distinguished by means of our figures. Below in
both sexes wings dull olive, with spots of upper side repeated;
costa of male edged with red on this side as well as above.
Expanse 1.00-2.07 inches.

Ranges from Canada to the Gulf, west to the Rocky Moun-
tains.

(2) Limochores pontiac (Edwards), Plate CXLV, Fig. 3, cf ;
Fig. 4, 9 (Pontiac's Skipper).

Well represented in our figures of both sexes . Expanse 1.15-
1.25 inch.

Ranges from Massachusetts to Nebraska, being very com-
mon about the southern end of Lake Michigan.

217

PL. CXLV

75 V

PL. CXLVI

(3) Limochores palatka (Edwards), Plate CXLV, Fig. 5, rf
(The Palatka Skipper). (See p. 217.)

A large and rather showy species, the female expanding as
much as two inches. Expanse, d", 1.50 inch; 9, 1.90-2.00
inches.

Found on Indian River, Florida.

GENUS EUPHYES SCUDDEB

(1) Euphyes verna (Edwards), Plate CXLVI, Fig. 1, cf; Fig.
2, 9 (The Vernal Skipper).

Below wings paler, inclining to purplish red, about middle
of hind wings a semicircle of pale spots. Expanse 1.15-1.35
inch.

Ranges from southern New England to Virginia, west to
Kansas, and north to Alberta. Very common in Ohio, In-
diana, and Illinois.

(2) Euphyes metacomet (Harris), Plate CXLVI, Fig. 3, d";
Fig. 4, d" (The Dun Skipper).

The markings of upper side reappear on lower side, the
ground-color below ranging from pale brown to purplish brown.
Expanse 1.15-1.30 inch.
218

Found from Quebec to the Carolinas, west to Texas and
Alberta and Assiniboia.

GENUS POANES SCUDDER

(1) Poanes massasoit (Scudder), Plate CXLVI, Fig. 5, rf1 ;
Fig. 6, 9 (The Mulberry- wing).

Below hind wings bright yellow, bordered on costa and outer
margin with reddish brown; the wings of the female not so
orightly colored as those of the male. Expanse 1 .15-1 .20 inch.

Ranging from New England to Nebraska, but not extending
south of Pennsylvania in the east, though occurring in the
west in Colorado and northern Texas.

GENUS PHYCANASSA SCUDDER

(1) Phycanassa viator (Edwards), Plate CXLVII Fig. 1, cf;
Fig. 2, 9 (The Broad- winged Skipper).

Below paler than above, the light spots of the upper side re-
appearing less distinctly; the hind wing traversed from base to
middle of outer margin by a light-colored longitudinal ray
which is not as plain in the female as in the male. Expanse
1.45-1.60 inch.

219

PL. CXLVIII

Rare in the Northern States from New Jersey to Wisconsin,
but quite abundant in the Southern States as far west as
Texas.

(2) Phycanassa aaroni Skinner. Plate CXLVII, Fig. 3, d"
(Aaron's Skipper). (See p. 219.)

Below fere wings black at base, middle area tawny, paler
than above, with the outlines of the borders the same, but
their color cinnamon-brown, and not fuscous, as above; hind
wings below uniformly cinnamons-brown, without any spots.
Female like the male, but larger. Expanse 1.00-1.25 inch.

Found in the salt marshes near Cape May, New Jersey, but
probably has a wider range to the south.

GENUS ATRYTONE SCUDDER

(1) Atrytone vitellius (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXLVII, Fig.
4, cf;Fig. 5, 9 (The Iowa Skipper).

Below the wings are pale yellow, the inner margin of the fore
wings clouded with brown. Expanse 1.25-1.45'inch.

Common in the Gulf States, ranging north to Iowa and
Nebraska.

220

(2) Atrytone zabulon (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CXLVIIL
Fig. 1, d" (The Zabulon Skipper).

Very closely related to the following species from which it
may be distinguished by its somewhat smaller size and the
presence of the heavier dark markings at the apex of the fore
wings above. Expanse 1.25-1.50 inch.

Ranges from New England to Georgia and westward to the
Rocky Mountains.

(3) Atrytone hobomok (Harris), Plate CXLVIII, Fig. 2, d";
variety pocohontas Scudder, Plate CXLVIII, Fig. 3, 9 (The
Hobomok Skipper).

In the male the small apical spots are not enclosed by a
band of dark color as in the preceding species, and the pale
area on the middle of the hind wings is more restricted, the
inner margin of this wing being more widely fuscous. The
variety of the female called pocohontas by Dr. Scudder is
melanic, and is, as shown in our figure, very dark with con-
spicuous light spots in the fore wing. Expanse 1 .25-1 .50 inch.

Ranges from New England southward and westward over
the greater part of the Atlantic region and the valley of the
Mississippi.

221

GENUS LEREMA SCODDER

(1) Lerema accius (Smith & Abbot), Plate CXLIX, Fig. 1, <f (The Grimy Skipper).
The wings on the under side are dark fuscous clouded with still deeper brown or black

Expanse 1.40-1.50 inch.

Occurs from Connecticut to Central America, being quite rare in the north but very
common in the hot lands of the south.

(2) Lerema hianna (Scudder), Plate CXLIX, Fig. 2, d* (The Dusted Skipper).

The upper side is well represented in our figure. On the under side the wings are a little
paler, especially the hind wings, which on their outer half are dusted with gray, in certain
lights having a bluish cast. Expanse 1.15-1,25 inch.

Ranges from New England to Nebraska and southward, but. so far as the writer know?
not reaching the Gulf States.

SUBFAMILY MEGATHYMIN/E (THE GIANT SKIPPERS)

These curious insects have been by some writers placed among the Castniidce, a family
of day-flying moths, but as the author stated in 1898 in "The Butterfly Book," they appear
to have much more in common with the Hesperiidse than the Castniidse. The proposition
to include them in the Hesperiidse as a subfamily under the name given above has since
that time been generally accepted by systematists. There are a number of species belonging
to the genus Megathymus, several of which occur within our faunal limits, but we shall con-

222

tent ourselves with figuring only the one, which those readers
of this book who live in Missouri and south and west of that
state are likely to see.

GENUS MEGATHYMUS RILET

(1) Megathymv* yuccce (Boisduval & Leconte), Plate CL, 9
(The Yucca Skipper).

The caterpillar of this species is a wood-borer, feeding in the
pith and on the underground roots of different species of Yucca.
The life history has been beautifully worked out by the late
Prof. C. V. Riley, who published a full account of his ob-
servations in his "Eighth Annual Report of the State Ento-
mologist of Missouri," pp. 169 el seq., and in the "Transactions
of the St. Louis Academy of Science, " Vol. Ill, pp. 323 et seq.
The student will do well to refer to these interesting papers.
The figure we give on the plate is that of a female specimen
bred by Professor Riley in Missouri and presented by him to
the late W. H. Edwards, whose collection is now the property
of the writer.

223

INDEX OF ENGLISH OR TRIVIAL NAMES, AND COMMON TERMS

Aaron's Skipper, 220

Abdomen of butterfly, 22

Acadian Hair-streak, The, 153

Admiral, Lorquin's, 113; Red, 99,100; White, 110

Alpines, The; Common, 133; Red-streaked, 133

American Copper, The, 161

Angle-wings, The, 92; Currant, 96

Antennae, 13

Aphrodite, 75

Araxes Skipper, The, 199

Arctics, The, 140; Katahdin, 141; Macoun's 142

Arctic Skipper, The, 209

Arizona Blackamoor, The, 134; Checker-spot, 85

Bag-veins, The, 105; Texas, 106

Baltimore, The, 83

Banded Elfin, The, 156

Banded Hair-streak, The, 153

Banded Purple, The, 112

Banded Reds, The, 117

Bates' Crescent-spot, 88

Beauty, Karwinsky's, 118

Behr's Hair-streak, 158

Blackamoors, The, 133; Arizona, 134

Blues, The, 58, 147, 162; Aster, 163; Common, 165;
Cowper's, 163; Dwarf, 167; Eastern-tailed, 166;
Indian River, 168; Orange-margined, 164; Ma-
rine, 169; Pygmy, 167; Red-margined, 168;

Scudder's, 164; Silvery, 169; Varied, 169; West
ern-tailed, 166; West Indian, 167

Blue-spots, The, 147; Florida, 148

Boisduval's Hair-streak, 152

Brazilian Skipper, 216

Broad-winged Skipper, 219

Bronze Copper, The, 161

Brown Elfin, The, 155

Brown-margined Hair-streak, 155

Brown, The Gemmed, 128

Brush-footed, The, 15, 16, 58, 59

Buckeye, The, 103

Buff Emperor, The, 117

Butterflies, anatomy of, 14; how to breed, 54; cater-
pillars of, 29; chrysalids of, 34; how to collect
40; eggs of, 27; habits of, 13; life-history of, 27 j
how to mount, 47; how to preserve, 56

Butterfly, Papaw, 187; Reef, 197

Cabbage Butterfly, The, 173
Cadmium Orange, The, 185
Calicoes, The, 122; White-skirted, 12?
Californian Sister, The, 114
Callippe, 79

Camberwell Beauty, The, 97
Carrinlus Crescent-spot, The, 88
Canadian Skipper, The, 211
Carbonate of ammonia, 43

224

Carbon bisulphide, 46

Carolinian Satyr, The, 129

Caterpillars of butterflies, 29

Chalcedon, 84

Checkering, The, 203

Checker-spots, The, 83; Arizona, 85; Harris's, 85;

Least, 86; Macglashan's, 84
Chloroform, 45
Chrysalids, 34

Clouded Wood-nymph, The, 137
Clytie Hair-streak, 159
Cobweb Skipper, The, 212
Colorado Hair-streak, The, 150
Colorado Parnassian, The, 186
Comma Butterfly, The, 93
Common, Alpine, 133; Blue, 165; Hair-streak, 151 ;

Snout-butterfly, 143; Sulphur, 180; White, 172;

Wood-nymph, 136
Compton Tortoise, The, 98
Coppers, The, 58, 147, 160; American, 161; Bronze,

161; Great, 160; Least, 161; Purplish, 162
Coral Hair-streak, 158
Cork for lining boxes, 45, 57
Couper's Blue, 163
Creole, The, 126
Crescent-spots, The, 86; Bates, 88; Camillus, 88;

Meadow, 88; Painted, 89; Pearl, 87; Poey's, 90;

Texan, 90

Crimson-patch, The, 91
•Currant Angle-wing, The, 96
•Cyanide of potash, 42

r-wings, The, 107
Wood-nymph, The, 138
Dash-wing, The, 119
Delila, 69
Diana, 74

Dingy Purple-wing, The, 105
Dog-face Butterflies, The, 179; Southern, 179
Dreamy Dusky-wing, The, 205
Dun, Iowa, 210; Little, 209
Dun Skipper, The, 218
Dusky-wings, The, 201; Dreamy, 205; Funereal,

207; Horace's, 207; Juvenal's 206; Lucilius', 205;

Martial's, 207; Northern, 201; Petronius, 206;

Sleepy, 205; Southern, 201
Dusted Skipper, 222
Dwarf, Yellow, 175; Blue, 167

Early Hair-streak, The, 157

Eastern Swallow-tail, The, 193

Eastern-tailed Blue, 166

Edwards' Hair-streak, 152; Marble-wing, 177

" — of butterflies, 27

Elfin, Banded, 156; Brown, 155; Hoary, 156
Emperor Butterflies, The, 114; Buff, 117; Red,

Tawny, 116

Envelopes for holding butterflies, 45
Eufala Skipper, 216
Eye, The pearly, 126
Eyed Nymphs, The, 125

Fairy Yellow, The, 184

225

Falcate Orange-tip, The, 176

Faun, The, 93

Fawn-edged Skipper, 217

Feet of butterflies, 16

Fiery Skipper, 215

Florida Blue-spot, The, 148

Florida White, The, 171; Yellow, 183

Fritillary, The Great-Spangled, 75; Gulf, 70; Little,
80; Meadow, 82; Mexican, 72; Regal, 73; Silver-
bordered, 81; White Mountain, 81; Variegated, 71

Funereal Dusky-wing, 207

Gemmed Brown, The, 128
Georgian Satyr, The, 128
Giant Skippers, The, 222
Giant Swallow-tail, The, 192
Goat-weed Butterfly, The, 121; Morrison's, 121
Godart's Sulphur, 178
Golden-banded Skipper, The, 202
Golden Skipper, The, 211
Grass-nymph, The, 126, 127

Great, Copper, 160; Purple Hair-streak, 149; South-
ern White, 172

Green White-spotted Hair-streak, 158
Grimy Skipper, 222
Grizzled Skipper, 203
Gulf Yellow, The, 183

Margined, 155; Clytie, 159; Colorado, 150; Coral,
158; Common, 151; Early, 157; Edwards', 152;
Great Purple, 149; Green White-spotted, 158;
Henry's, 157; Olive, 154; Southern, 150; Striped,
154; Texas, 151; White-M, 149; Wittfeld's, 151

Harris' Checker-spot, 85

Harvester, The, 34, 159

Hayhurst's Sooty-wing, 204

Head of butterfly, 14

Heliconians, The, 61, 67

Henry's Hair-streak, 157

Hesperids, The, 199

Hoary-edge, The, 201

Hoary Elfin, The, 156

Hobomok Skipper, 221

Horace's Dusky-wing, 207

Hunter's Butterfly, 100

Indian Skipper. The, 212
Indian River Blue, 168
Iowa Dun, The, 210
Iowa Skipper, 220
Ithomiids, 22, 61, 64

Jars for poisoning insects, 42

Julia, 69

Juvenal's Dusky wing, 206

Hackberry Butterfly, The, 115 Karwinsky's Beauty, 118

Hair-streaks, The, 22, 58, 147, 148; Acadian, 153; Katahdin Arctic, The, 141
Banded, 153; Bahr's, 158; Boisduval, 152; Brown Klug's Dircenna, 66

. 226

ceast, Checker
Wood-nym
Legs of butterflies, 15
Leonard's Skipper, 213
Leopard-spots, The, 106
Leto, 74

Little Dun, The, 209
Little Metal-mark, The, 145
Little Sulphur, The, 183
Little Wood-satyr, The, 129
Long-dash, The, 214
Long-tailed Skipper, The, 200
Lorquin's Admiral, 113
Lucilius' Dusky-wing, 205
Lycaste Butterfly, 65

t, 86; Copper, 161; Skipper, 210;
139

Macglashan's Checker-spot, 84

Macoun's Arctic, 142

Magnolia Swallow-tail, The, 193

Malachites, The, 123; Pearly, 124

Many-spot, The, 146

Marble-wings, The, 177; Edwards', 177; Rosy, 177

Marine Blue, 169

Martial's Dusky-wing, 207

Meadow, Crescent-spot, The, 88; Fritillary, 82

Mead's Satyr, 138

Metal-marks, The, 16, 58, 144; Little, 145; Northern,

145

Mexican Yellow, The, 183
Milbert's Tortoise-shell, 98
Milkweed Rutterfly, 36

Mimic, The, 109

Mohave Sooty-wing, The, 204

Monarch, The, 63

Mormons, The, 145; Palmer's, 145

Morrison's Goat-weed Butterfly, 121

Mountain Silver-spot, The, 78; Swallow-tail, 196

Mourning Cloak, The, 97

Mulberry-wing, The, 219

Mustard White, The, 173

Nets, for taking butterflies, 40
Newfoundland Swallow-tail, The, 195
New Mexican Sooty-wing, The, 204
Northern Dusky-wing, The, 201
Northern Metal-Mark, The, 145
Nova Scotian, The, 141

Ochre Ringlet, The, 131
Ocola Skipper, 216
Olive Hair-streak, 154
Orange-banded Red, The, 118
Orange-margined Blue, The, 164
Orange, Cadmium, 185
Orange, Small, 182
Orange Sulphur, The, 181

Orange-tips, The, 175; Falcate, 176; Lucas, 177;
Western, 176

Pacific Tiger, 191

Painted Crescent-spot, The, 89

Painted Lady, The, 99, 102

227

Palatka Skipper, 218

Palmer's Mormon, 145

Pamphilids, The, 208

Papaw Butterfly, The, 187

Parnassians, The, 185

Parnassian, Colorado, 186

Patch-spots, The, 91

Peacock Butterflies, 102

Peacock, The White, 104

Pearl Crescent, The, 87

Pearly Eye, The, 126

Pearly Malachite; The, 124

Peck's Skipper, 215

Pepper-and-salt Skipper, 209

Petronius' Dusky-wing, 206

Pinching butterflies to disable them, 43

Pins, insect, 47

Pipe-vine Swallow-tail, The, 197

Plain Ringlet, The, 131

Poey's Crescent-spot, 90

Pontiac's Skipper, 217

Proboscis of butterflies, 14

Purple, The Banded, 112

Purple, The Red-spotted, 111

Purple-wing, The Dingy, 105

Purplish Copper, The, 162

Pygmy Blue, 167

Queen, The, 64
Question-sign, The, 93

Reakirt's Satyr, 139

Red Admiral, The, 99, 100

Red Emperor, The, 116

Red-margined Blue, 168

Red, The Orange-banded, 118

Red Satyr, The, 130

Red-spotted Purple, The, 111

Red-streaked Alpine, The, 133

Reds, The Banded, 117

Reef Butterfly, The, 197

Relaxing dried butterflies, 52

Rhodope, 80

Ridings' Satyr, 134

Ringlets, The, 130

Ringlet, The Ochre, 131; The Plain, 131

Roadside Skipper, The, 208

Rosy Marble-wing, The, 117

Sachem, The, 214

Satyrs, The, 61, 124; Carolinian, 129; Georgian, 128;

Mead's, 138; Reakirt's, 139; Red, 130; Ridings',

134; Scudder's, 135
Scales on wings of butterflies, 10
Scudder's, Blue, 164; Satyr, 135
Setting blocks, 47
Silver-spot, The Mountain, 78
Sisters, The, 114; Californian, 114
Skippers, The, 22, 58, 198; Aaron's, 220; Araxes, 199;

Arctic, 209; Brazilian, 216; Broad-winged, 219;

Canadian, 211; Cobweb, 212; Dun, 218; Dusted,

222; Eufala, 216; Fawn-edged, 217; Fiery, 215;

228

Giant, 222; Golden, 211; Golden-banded, 202;
Grimy, 222; Grizzled, 203; Hoary-edge, 201;
Hobomok, 221; Indian, 212; Iowa, 220; Least,
210; Leonard's, 213; Long-tailed, 200; Ocola, 216;
Palatka, 218; Peck's, 215; Pepper-and-salt, 209;
Pontiac's, 217; Red-tailed, 199; Roadside, 208;
Silver-spotted, 200; Tessellated, 202; Uncas', 213;
Vernal, 218; Wisconsin, 212; Woven-winged,
209; Wright's, 211; Yucca, 223; Zabulon, 221

Sleepy Dusky-wing, 205

Small, Orange, The, 182; Wood-nymph, 137

Snout-butterflies, The, 61, 142, 143; Common, 143

Sooty-wings, The, 203; Catullus', 203; Common, 203;
Hay hurst's, 204; Mohave, 204; New Mexican,
204

southern, Dog-face, 179; Dusky -wing, 201; Hair-
streak, 150; Wood-nymph, 136

Spangled-Nymphs, The, 127

Spice-bush Swallow-tail, The, 193

Striped Hair-streak, The, 154

Sulphurs, The, 179; Common, 180; Cloudless, 178;
Godart's, 178; Little, 183; Great, 177; Orange,
181

Swallow-tails, The, 58, 170, 186; Eastern, 193; Giant,
192; Magnolia, 193; Mountain, 196; Newfound-
land, 195; Pipe- vine, 197; Pacific Tiger, 191;
Spice-bush, 193; Three-tailed, 192; Tiger, 188;
Two-tailed, 191; Western, 196; White-striped
Tiger, 191

fawny Emperor, The, 11§

Tessellated Skipper, The, 202

Texan Crescent-spot, The, 90

Texas, Bag- vein, The, 106; Hair-streak, 151

Thistle-butterfly, The, 102

Thorax of butterfly, 15

Three-tailed Swallow-tail, 192

Tiger, Pacific, 191

Tiger Swallow-tail, The, 191

Toper, The, 95

Tortoise-shells, The, 96; Compton, 98; Milbert's, 98

Tropic Queens, The, 108

Two-tailed Swallow-tail, 191

Uncas' Skipper, 213

Varied Blue, 169
Vernal Skipper, 218
Viceroy, The, 103
Violet-wings, The, 104

Waiter, The, 108

Western, Swallow-tail, The, 196; Tailed Blue, 166;

Orange-tip, 176
West Indian Blue, 167
Whirlabout, The, 213
Whites, The, 171; Cabbage, 173; Common, 172;

Florida, 171; Great Southern, 172; Mustard, 173
White Admirals, The, 110
White-M Hair-streak, The, 149
White Mountain Butterfly, The, 141
White Mountain Fritillary, The, 81

229

White Peacock, The, 104 Woven-winged Skipper, 209

White-skirted Calico, The, 123 Wright's Skipper, 211

White-striped Tiger Swallow-tail, 191

Wings of butterflies, 16 Yellows, The, 181; Dwarf, 175; Fairy, 184; Florida,

Wisconsin Skipper, The, 212 183; Gulf, 183; Mexican, 183

Wittfeld's Hair-streak, 151 Yucca Skipper, 223

Wood-nymphs, The, 135; Clouded, 137; Common,

136; Dark, 138; Least, 139; Small, 137; South- Zabulon Skipper, 221

ern, 136 Zebra, The, 67
Wood-satyr, The Little, 129

INDEX OF FAMILIES, SUBFAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES, ACCORDING

TO THEIR SCIENTIFIC OR LATIN NAMES

aaroni, Phycanassa, 220 Amblyscirtes, genus, 208; samoset, 209; textor, 209:

acadica, Thecla, 153 vialis, 10, 208

accius, Lerema, 222 ammon, Lycaena, 168

Achalarus, genus, 201; cellus, 202; lycidas, 201 amymone, Cystineura, 106

acheronta, Ccea, 119 amyntula, Lycaena, 166

acmcn, Lycaena, 168 Anartia, genus, 103; jatrophae, 104

Adelpha, californica, 114 Ancyloxypha, genus, 210; numitor, 210

Agerqnia, feronia, 123; fornax, 123 andria, Pyrrhanaea, 121

Aganisthos, odius, 119 Anosia, genus, 62, 63; berenice, 64; plexippus, 10, 20,

ajax, Papiliq, 187 30, 36, 63

aliaska, Papilio, 195 antiopa, Vanessa, 97

alicia, Chlorippe, 117 aphrodite, Argynnis, 75

alope, Satyrus, 137 Apodemia, genus, 145; palmeri, 145.

alpheus, Pholisora, 204 araxes, Pyrrhopyge, 199

230

Argynnis, genus, 20, 72; aphrodite, 10, 75; atlantis, 78;

callippe, 79; cybele, 75; diana, 74; idalia, 10, 73;

leto, 74 rhodope, 80
arthemis, Basilarchia, 112
Arthropoda, Subkingdom, 12
aster, Lycaena, 163
asterias, Papilio, 195
asterius, Papilio, 195
astyanax, Basilarchia, 111
atala, Eumaeus, 148
atalanta, Pyrameis, 100
Atalopedes, genus, 214; huron, 214
atlantis, Argynnis, 78
Atrytone, genus, 220; hobomok, 221; pocohontas, 221;

vitellius, 220; zabulon, 221
attalus, Erynnis, 212
augustus, Thecla, 155
autolycus, Thecla, 151
ausonides, Euchloe, 176

bachmani, Libythea, 143

Basilarchia, genus, 110; arthemis, 112; astyanax, 10,

111; disippus, 30, 113; lorquini, 113; Weidemeyeri,

112

batesi, Phyciodes, 88
bathyllus, Thorybes, 201
behri, Thecla, 158
bellona, Brenthis, 82
herenice, Anosia, 64
oorealis, Charis, 145

Brenthis, genus, 80; bellona, 82; montinus, 81; myrina,

brettus, Thymelicus, 213
brevicauda, Papilio, 195
brizo, Thanaos, 205
bryoniae, Pieris, 173

caenius, Charis, 145

caesonia, Meganostoma, 179

calanus, Thecla, 153

californica, Adelpha, 114

Callicore, genus, 106; clymena, 1C?

callippe, Argynnis, 79

Calpodes, genus, 216; ethlius, 216

camillus, Phyciodes, 88

canthus, Satyrodes, 127

cardui, Pyrameis, 102

Catopsilia, genus, 177; eubule, 178

catullus, Pholisora, 203

cellus, Achalarus, 202

celtis, Chlorippe, 115

centaureae, Hesperia, 203

Ceratinia lycaste, 65

chalcedon, Melitasa, 84

Charis, genus, 144; borealis, 145; caenius, 145

charithonius, Heliconius, 67

charon, Satyrus, 138

Chlorippe, genus, 114; alicia, 117; celtis, 115; clytonr

116; flora, 116
Chrysophanus, genus, 160; epixanthe, 161; helloides,

162; hypophlaeus, 161; thoe, 161; xanthoides, 16O

231

Claudia, Euptpieta, 71

clymena, Callicore, 107

clytie, Thecla, 159

clyton, Chlorippe, 116

Ccea, genus, 119; acheronta, 119

coenia, Junonia, 103

Coenonympha, genus, 130; inornata, 131; ochracea,

Colaenis, genus, 69; delila, 69; Julia, 69

Colias, genus, 179; eury theme, 181; keewaydin,

philodice, 180
comma, Grapta, 93
comyntas, Lycaena, 166

Copceodes, genus, 211; procris, 211; wrighti, 211
coresia, Timetes, 108
couperi, Lycaena, 163
creola, Debis, 126
cresphontes, Papilio, 192
crysalus, Thecla, 150
cybele, Argynnis, 75
Cystineura, genus, 105; amymone, 106

damon, Thecla, 154

daunus, Papilio, 191

Debis, genus, 125; creola, 126; portlandia, 126

delia, Terias, 183

delila, Colzenis, 69

diana, Argynnis, 74

Dione vanillae, 70

dipnysius, Neqminois, 135

Dircenna klugi, 66

discoidalis, Erebia, 133

discoidalis, Thecla, 155
disippus, Basilarchia, 30, 113
dumetorum, Thecla, 158
dymas, Melitsea, 86

edwardsi, Thecla 152

131 elathea, Terias, 183 »

Epargyreus, genus, 200; tityrus, 200
181; epipsodea, Erebia, 133

epixanthe, Chrysophanus, 161

Erebia, genus, 132; discoidalis, 133; epipsodea, 133

Eresia, genus, 89; frisia, 90; texana, 90

Erycinidse, Family, 16, 58, 144

Erynnis, genus, 211; attalus, 212; leonardus, 213; man-

itoba, 211; metea, 212; sassacus, 212; uncas, 213
ethlius, Calpodes, 216
eubule, Catopsilia, 178
Euchloe, genus, 175; ausonides, 176; genutia, 176;.

hyantis, 177; rosa, 177; sara, 177
Eudamus, genus, 200; proteus, 200
eufala, Lerodea, 216

Eumaeus, genus, 147; atala, 148; minyas, 148
Eunica, genus, 104; monima, 105
Euphyes, genus, 218; metacomet, 218; verna, 218
Euploeinae, Subfamily, 61, 62
Euptqieta claudia, 71
eurydice, Meganostoma, 179
eurymedon, Papilio, 191
eury theme, Colias, 181
eurytus, Neonynapha, 129
exilis, Lycaena, 167

232

fabricii, Grapta, 93

faunus, Grapta, 93

favqnius, Thecla, 150

Feniseca, genus, 159; tarquinius, 34, 160

feronia, Ageronia, 123

flora, Chlorippe, 116

fornax, Ageronia, 123

frisia, Eresia, 90

funeralis, Thanaos, 207

garita, Oarisma, 209

gemma, Neonympha, 128

genutia, Euchloe, 176

glaucus, Papilio, 188

Grapta, genus, 20, 92; comma, 93; fabricii, 93; faunus,

93; interrogationis, 93; progne, 96; silenus, 95
grunus, Thecla, 152
Gyrocheilus, genus, 133; tritonia, 134

halesus, Thecla, 149

harrisi, Melitaea, 85

hayhursti, Pholisora, 204

Heliconiinae, Subfamily, 61, 67

Heliconius charithonius, 67

helloides, Chrysophanus, 162

henrici, Thecla, 157

Hesperia, genus, 202; centaureae, 203; tessellata, 202;

xanthus, 203

Hesperiidse, Family, 22, 36, 58, 198
Hesperiinae, Subfamily, 199
Heterocera, Suborder, 12, 13

heteronea, Lycaena, 169

hianna, Lerema, 222

hobomok, Atrytone, 221

horatius, Thanaos, 207

huntera, Pyrameis, 100

huron, Atalopedes, 214

hyantis, Euchloe, 177

Hylephila, genus, 215; phylasus, 215

Hypanartia, genus, 117; lethe, 118

Hypolimnas, genus, 108; misippus, 109

hypophlaeus, Chrysophanus, 161

icelus, Thanaos, 205
idalia, Argynnis, 73
ilaire, Tachyris, 171
indra, Papilio, 196
inornata, Coenonympha, 131
Insecta, Class, 59
interrogationis, Grapta, 93
iole, Nathalis, 175
irus, Thecla, 156
isophthalma, Lycaena, 167
Ithomiinae, Subfamily, 61, 64

j -album, Vanessa, 98

janais, Synchloe, 91

jatrophse, Anartia, 104

jucunda, Terias, 184

julia, Colaenis, 69

Junonia, genus, 102; crania, 103

jutta, CEneis, 141

233

uvenahs, Thanaos, 206

karwinskii, Smyrna, 118

katahdin, CEneis, 141

keewaydin, Olias, 181

klugi, Dircenna, 66

Kricogonia, genus, 178; lyside, 178; terissa, 178

Iseta, Thecla, 157

leonardus, Erynnis, 213

Lepidoptera, Order, 59

Lerema, genus, 222; accius, 222; hianna, 222

Lerodea, genus, 216; eufala, 216

lethe, Hypanartia, 118

leto, Argynnis, 74

libya, Pholisora, 204

Libythea, genus, 143; bachmani, 143

Libytheinae, Subfamily, 61, 142

Limochores, genus, 217; palatka, 218; pontiac, 217;
thaumas, 217

liparops, Thecla, 154

lisa, Terias, 183

lorquini, Basilarchia, 113

lucia, Lycaena, 165

lucilius, Thanaos, 205

Lycjena, genus, 162; acmon, 168; ammon, 168; amyri-
tula, 166; aster, 163; comyntas, 166; couperi,
163; exilis, 167; heteronea, 169; isophthalma, 167;
lucia, 165; lygdamus, 169; marginata, 165; marina,
169; melissa, 164; neglecta, 165; nigra, 165; pseu-
dargiolus, 165; scudderi, 164; theona, 167

Lycaenidse, Family, 16, 58, 147
lycaste, Ceratinia, 65
lycidas, Achalarus, 201
lygdamus, Lycaena, 169
lyside, Kricogonia, 178

m-album, Thecla, 149

macglashani, Melitaea, 84

machaon, Papilio, 195

macouni, CEneis, 142

mandan, Pamphila, 209

manitoba, Erynnis, 211

marcellus, Papilio, 187

marcia, Phyciodes, 87

marginata, Lycaena, 165

marina, Lycsena, 169

martialis, Thanaos, 207

massasoit, Poanes, 219

meadi, Satyrus, 138

Meganostoma, genus, 179; caesonia, 179; eurydice, 179

Megathyminae, Subfamily, 222

Megathymus, genus, 223; yuccae, 223

melinus, Thecla, 151

melissa, Lycaena, 164

Melitaea, genus, 83; chalcedon, 84; dymas, 86; harrisi..

85; macglashani, 84; perse, 85; phaeton, 83
metacomet, Euphyes, 218
metea, Erynnis, 212
mexicana, Terias, 183
milberti, Vanessa, 98
minyas, Eumaeus, 148

misippus, Hypolimnas, 109
monima, Eunica, 105
montinus, Brenthis, 81
monuste, Pieris, 172
Morphinae, Subfamily, 60
morrisoni, Pyrrhanaea, 121
myrina, Brenthis, 81
mystic, Thymelicus, 214

nais, P9lystigma, 146

napi, Pieris, 173

Nathalis, genus, 175; iole, 175

neglecta, Lycaena, 165

Neominois, genus, 134; dionysius, 135; ridingsi, 134

Neonympha, genus, 127; eurytus, 129; gemma, 128;

phocion, 128; rubricata, 130; sosybius, 129
nephele, Satyrus, 137
nicippe, Terias, 182
nigra, Lycaena, 165
niphon, Thecla, 156
numitor, Ancyloxypha, 210
nycteis, Phyciodes, 87
Nymphalidce, Family, 15, 16, 36, 58, 59
Nymphalinae, Subfamily, 61, 68

Oarisma, genus, 209; garita, 209; powesheik, 210
ochracea, Ccenonympha, 131
ocola, Prenes, 216
odius, Aganisthos, 119

JEneis, genus, 140; jutta, 141; katahdin, 141; mac-
ouni, 142; semidea, 141

oleracea, Pieris, 173
otho, Thymelicus, 213

palamedes, Papilio, 193

palatka, Limochores, 218

pallida, Pieris, 173

palmeri, Apodemia, 145

Pamphila, genus, 209; mandan, 209

Pamphilinae, Subfamily, 208

Papilio, genus, 10, 20, 187; ajax, 187; aliaska, 195;
asterias, 195; asterius, 195; brevicauda, 195; cres-
phontes, 192; daunus, 191; eurymedon, 191;
glaucus, 188; indra, 196; machaon, 195; marcel-
lus, 187; palamedes, 193; philenor, 30, 36, 197;
pilumnus, 192; polydamas, 197; polyxenes, 193'
rutulus, 191; troilus, 193; turnus, 10, 188; walsh .
187; zelicaon, 196; zolicaon, 197

Papilionidae, Family, 58, 170

Papilioninae, Subfamily, 186

Paramecera, genus, 139; xicaque, 139

Parnassiinae, Subfamily, 185

Parnassius, genus, 20, 186; smintheus, 186

paulus, Satyrus, 137

peckius, Polites, 215

pegala, Satyrus, 136

perse, Melitaea, 85

petronius, Thanaos, 206

phaeton, Melitaea, 83

philendr, Papilio, 30, 36, 197

philodice, Colias, 180

phocion, Neonympha, 128

235

Pholisora, genus, 203; alpheus, 204; catullus, 203; hay-

hursti, 204: libya, 204

Phycanassa, genus, 219; aaroni, 220; viator, 219
Phyciodes, genus, 86; batesi, 88; camillus, 88; marcia,

87; nycteis, 87; picta, 89; pratensis, 88; tharos, 87
phylaeus, Hylephila, 215
picta, Phyciodes, 89
Pierinae, Subfamily, 170
Pieris, genus, 171; bryoniae, 173; monuste, 172; napi,

173; oleracea, 173; pallida, 173; protodice, 172;

rapae, 173

pilumnus, Papilio, 192
plexippus, Anosia, 10, 20, 30, 36, 63
Poanes, genus, 219; massasoit, 219
pocphontas, Atrytone, 221
Polites, genus, 215; peckius, 215
polydamas, Papilio, 197
Polystigma, genus, 146; nais, 146
polyxenes, Papilio, 193
pontiac, Limochores, 217
portlandia, Debis, 126
powesheik, Oarisma, 210
pratensis, Phyciodes, 88
Prenes, genus, 216; ocola, 216
procris, Copoeodes, 211
progne, Grapta, 96
proterpia, Terias, 185
proteus, Eudamus, 200
protodice, Pieris, 172
pseudargiolus, Lycaena, 165
pylades, Thorybes, 201

Pyrameis, genus, 99; atalanta, 100; cardui, 102; huntera-

100

Pyrrhanaea, genus, 120; andria, 121; morrisoni, 121
Pyrrhopyge, genus, 199; araxes, 199
Pyrrhopyginae, Subfamily, 199

rapte, Pieris, 173
rhodope, Argynnis, 80
Rhopalocera, Suborder, 12, 13
ridingsi, Neominois, 134
rosa, Euchloe, 177

rubricata, Neonympha, 130
rutulus, Papilio, 191

samoset, Amblyscirtes, 209

sara, Euchloe, 177

sassacus, Erynnis, 212

Satyrinae, Subfamily, 60, 61, 124

Satyrodes, genus, 126; canthus, 127

Satyrus, genus, 135; alope, 137; charon, 138; meadi,

138; nephele, 137; paulus, 137; pegala, 136; sthen>

ele, 139

scudderi, Lycasna, 164
semidea, (Eneis, 141
silenus, Grapta, 95
simaethis, Thecla, 155
smintheus, Parnassius, 186
Smyrna, genus, 20, 118; karwinskii, 1J8
sosybius, Neonympha, 129
steneles, Victorina, 124

-thenele, Satyrus, 139
Synchloe, genus, 91; janais, 91

Tachyris, genus, 171; ilaire, 171

tarquinius, Feniseca, 34, 160

Terias, genus, 181; delia, 183; elathea, 183; jucunda,

184; lisa, 183; mexicana, 183; nicippe, 182; pro-

terpia, 185

lerissa, Kricogonia, 178
tessellata, Hesperia, 202
texana, Eresia, 90
textor, Amblyscirtes, 209
Thanaos, genus, 205; brizo, 205; funeralis, 207; horatius,

207; icelus, 205; juvenalis, 206; lucilius, 205; mar-

tialis, 207; petronius, 206
tharos, Phyciodes, 87
thaumas, Limochores, 217
Thecla, genus, 20, 22, 148; acadica, 153; augustus, 155;

autolycus, 151; behri, 158; calanus, 153; clytie,

159; crysalus, 150; damon, 154; discoidalis, 155;

dumetorum, 158; edwardsi, 152; favonius, 150;

grunus, 152; halesus, 149; henrici, 157; irus, 156;

fata, 157; liparops, 154; m-album, 149; melinus,

151; niphon, 156; simaethis, 155; titus, 158; witt-

feldi, 151

theona, Lycaena, 167
thoe, Chrysophanus, 161

Thorybes, genus, 201; bathyllus, 201; pylades, 201
Thymelicus, genus, 213; brettus, 213; mystic, 214;

otho, 213
Timetes, genus, 107; coresia, 108

titus, Thecla, 158
tityrus, Epargyreus, 200
tritonia, Gyrocheilus, 134
troilus, Papilio, 193
turnus, Papilio, 20, 188

uncas, Erynnis, 213

Vanessa, genus, 96; antiopa, 97; j -album, 98; milberti,

98

vanilfa, Dione, 70
verna, Euphyes, 218
vialis, Amblyscirtes, 208
viator, Phycanassa, 219
Victorina, genus, 123; steneles, 124
vitellius, Atrytone, 220

walshi, Papilio, 187
weidemeyeri, Basilarchia, 112
wittfeldi, Thecla, 151
wrighti, Copoeodes, 211

xanthoides, Chrysophanus, 160
xanthus, Hesperia, 203
xicaque, Paramecera, 139

yuccae, Megathymus, 223

zabulon, Atrytone, 221
zelicaon, Papilio, 196
zolicaon, Papilio, 197

237

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