ra renee cab Liat! ay na Penis eae ne dda t Its shih eR raat ey Tee a 2s Cx Ss Pyal very seeeekrsss 5 eae TiPtATPPUMEEO ESOS ISS T EE WAVSY SUV AN A NUNUY SIR ao ae a et —_ Py Sey ath Die ere et ihaed filed teeta f Ox hss pores Tr CER DOC SS pC BE a = &, ANN Nes Na Noe ® ’ a, x CV SVAL AV UES Ny S i é ‘ ie > VS hen ot i oie Lye yA Vee EEE CALE EEOLILERD EDEL EGE OLEDOLLE REEF EALEPER z ri ry Ms +7 ’ S a“ & F 4 ? ‘< S ; ba! -_ a ' Sy : 4: | es a =i a — - 22-3 ; me se Pw : : ™- t = a ae 5 && “4 \ : : en = iy Me | : ad : rs me \ 7 x Xi tA lg Fad ES PT Be ee “a! ne — a 5 : : , 503° = ee yy Nee A ay Be pe EPELEOLEET ILS EERE OER EREELEEELAITED * x Ft. Si) we a | io a re . ae f Phe .s) \ ge ak : AN i aes fi af at c Sy hehe pee ill ae et Ne a he Ag Prod) re, = AAAS Dd need Nie PrP Net ig dl Nill al hn BR hy IN NST, ht EPR iy dee te yo ; ras ms ok Figt AAO mye ~ <<" ; ; ; lar vee veel & AS Purchased by the Book Funp Founded A.D. 1893 GLEE Yop 5 L Zz +) pote ie init pane: 4! t pyar e { ~N TC Ce 2 C Wh COIL “— ¢ a SC ) 3h fi i @ y JOHN CHUR COL FC 781 O? th Lt WE “Tr v ° oA /) cv, e mst C BY Js yet, ip PUCU 0 , 5c NDON We ¢ PL O ass we. A fe 6 Printe rit Cabinet of Quadrupeds: CONSISTING OF HIGHLY-FINISHED ENGRAVINGS, BY JAMES TOOKEY; DRAWINGS, BY JULIUS IBBETSON; WITH HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTIONS, BY JOHN CHURCH, FELLOW OF THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. VOL. I. London: PRINTED FOR DARTON AND HARVEY, GRACECHURCH STREET; AND W. BELCH, CARDIFF; By Darton and Harvey, Gracechurck Street. 1805. Re waaay ae ADVERTISEMENT. IT was the original purpofe of this work to gratify the lovers of Natural Hiftory, and the admirers of the fine arts, with a number of picurefque reprefentations of the moft interefting fubjects in the clafs of Quadrupeds; accompanied with fuch a written account of each, as might convey both entertainment and inftruétion. The proprietors had the fatisfa@ion to find that the numbers, as they fucceflively appeared, obtained general approbation, both with refpect to the execution of the artift, and the compofition of the writer: they were therefore induced to proceed fo far, that almoft all the genera of Quadrupeds have had at leaft one reprefentative. The defign was nearly brought to a conclufion, when the death of the gentleman who ' felected the fubjets and wrote the defcriptions occafioned a fufpenfion of its progrefs. It is now prefented to the public in a collective form, provided with means for a fyftematic arrangement. The method adopted by the compiler was that of Mr. Pennant in his Hiftory of Quadrupeds, which, therefore, takes the lead; but for the ufe of thofe who may prefer the Linnzan arrangement, it has been added, according to the plan followed by Dr. Shaw in his valuable work on the Mammalia. Concerning thefe different methods, it may be remarked, that the clafs of Quadrupeds being the leaft numerous in the animal creation, and the bett known from common obfervation, there is lefs neceflity for fubjecting it to GUS ADVERTISEMENT. the forms of artzfczal arrangement, than there is with refpeé to thofe claffes, of which the number of {pecies is fo great, that they could not be identified and retained in the memory without every adventitious aid. The illuftrious and eloquent Buffon was therefore contented with diftributing Quadrupeds into groups of fpecies allied by general refemblances, without being folicitous to eftablith any fundamental charaéters on which to form divifions or fubdivifions. This laxity of method, however, cannot but be regarded as a defect in a fyftem intended to comprehend every individual {pecies, and to ferve for reference and confultation. Our able countryman, Mr. Pennant, following the footfteps of his excellent predeceffor, Ray, has done better, in adopting a claffification, which, embracing feveral circumftances important in the animal economy, has brought together {pecies for the moft part fimilar in their nature and way of life, whilft it has eftablifhed certain fpecific and difcriminating marks to facilitate inveftigation. How far it is an improvement upon fuch an arrangement to take a fingle circumftance for the leading mark of diftinétion, and to form divifions upon a fimilarity in this refpeé& alone, regardlefs of other more obvious and important points in the economy of the fubjeé, will admit of a queftion. Such a method has the advantage of uniformity, but it frequently violates natural connection: it has more of the appearance of fcience, but lefs of the truth of nature. The formation of genera, however, is not materially different in the two fyftems; and the manner in which thefe are difpofed in the fuperior divifions, is of little importance to one who attentively ftudies the generic.and {pecific characters. & ww @ WO SYSTEMATIC LTAGBRLE OF \C ON TEN PS; ACCORDING TO THE ARRANGEMENT Leh MR. PENNANT’S HISTORY OF QUADRUPEDS. DIVISION 1—HOOFED Q2UADRUPEDS. Gene IIl.—SuHeEep. Sect. I. W HOLE-HOOFED. 1 Ram 2 African Sheep Genus I.—Horse. 3 Many-horned Sheep Arabian Horfe 4 Wallachian Sheep Race Horfe Black Horfe _ Genus IV.—Goar. Afs 1 Common Goat Zebra | 2 Ibex offi #2 | 3 Chamois Goat Seer. ID. - Genus V.—GIRAFFE. CLOVEN-HOOFED. 1 Giraffe, or Camelopard Genus II.—Ox. Genus VI.—ANTELOPE. 1 Bull | 1 White-footed Antelope, or Nylghau 2 Buffalo, African 3 Zebu 2 Harnefled Antelope | 3 Chevrotain SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS, Genus VII.—Derr. 1 Elk 2 Rein-Deer 3 Stag, or Red Deer Genus VIII.—Musx. 1 Tibetian Mufk Genus [X.—CamEL. 1 Arabian Camel Bactrian Camel LS) Genus X.—Hoa. 1 Boar | 2 Chinefe Hog 3 African Wild Boar Genus XI.—RuINOCEROS. 1 Rhinoceros Genus XII.—HipporoTaME. 1 Hippopotamus Genus XIII.—Tapur. 1 Long-nofed Tapiir Genus XIV.—ELEPHANT. | 1 Elephant DIVISION I1.—DIGITATED Q2UADRUPEDS. Sect. I. ANTHROPOMORPHOUS. Genus XV.—ApPE. Orang Outang Barbary Ape Ribbed-nofe Baboon Muttache Spotted Monkey _ Egret Gy Ou pS 0S Ses 7 Lion-tailed Baboon 8 Cochin-China Monkey g Four-fingered Monkey 10 Horned Monkey 11 Probofcis Monkey __ 12 Long-armed Ape Genus XVI.—Mavcauco. 1 Ringtail Maucauco 2 Taillefs Maucauco Oo wr & 1 1 yr © a BA © WD Kw SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS. | Sect. II. “SIMPLY DIGITATED. Genus XVII.—Doae. 1 Common Greyhound 2 Terrier 3 Maftif 4 Lion Dog 5 Newfoundland Dog Bull Dog - Pomeranian Dog Englifh Pointer 9 Dalmatian Dog o Fox 1 Wolf Genus XVIII.—Hyana. Spotted Hyzna Striped Hyena Genus XIX.—Car, Lion Royal Tiger Leopard Hunting Leopard Domefiie Cat Ocelot Lynx Genus XX.—Bear. Brown Bear Polar Bear SY) 2G@ir (Om aS. Schoo hoe 3 Wolverene 4 — p= ai 2 33 Raccoon Genus XXI.—BapDGER. Badger Ratel Genus XXII.—OpossumM. Virginian Opoflum Flying Opoffum Kanguru Genus XXIII.—WeaseEt. Common Weatel Martin Ferret Ichneumon Skunk Civet Genet Genus XXIV.—Orrer. Greater Otter Se Sect. III. WITHOUT CANINE TEETH. Genus XXV.—Cavy. Guinea Pig Spotted Cavy Long-nofed Cavy SYSTEMATIC. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Genus XXVI.—Hare. 1 Common Hare p= Rabbit Genus XX VII.—BEAVER. Beaver, or Caftor Genus XX VIII.—PorcuPiNeE. Crefted Porcupine Brafilian Porcupine Genus XXIX.—Marmor. Alpine Marmot (N. B. Hamfter in the fame Plate) Genus XX X.—SaQuiRREL. Common Squirrel 2 Grey Squirrel 3 GroundSquirrel (Striped Dormoufe, ray E> Ste Se Sen Se: RS Penn. Quad. 3d edit.) Genus XX XII.—JerBoa. Egyptian Jerboa — Genus XXXIII.—Rar. Brown Rat Water Rat Common Moufe Dwarf Moufe Long-tailed Field Moufe Short-tailed Field Moufe Hamftter Lemmus, or Lapland Marmot Genus XX XIV.—SHREW. 1 Shrew Moufe (Foetid Shrew, Penn.) 2 Water Shrew | Genus XXXV.—Mote. 1 Common Mole Genus XXX VI.—HEDGE-HOG. | 1 Common Hedge-hog —=—e— Secr. IV. WITHOUT FORE TEETH. Genus XXX VII.—SLoru. 1 Three-toed Sloth Genus XXXVIII.—ArMADILLO. 1 Six-banded Armadillo =e ee Secr. V. WITHOUT TEETH. Genus XX XIX.—Manis. 1 Great Manis (Short-tailed. Manis, Penn.) Genus XL.—ANT-EATER, 1 Great Ant-eater SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS. DIVISION Ill.—PINNATED QUADRUPEDS. Genus XLI.—Watrvs. 1 Walrus (Arctic Walrus, Penn. ) Genus XLII.—SEAL. 1 Common Seal DIVISION IV.—WINGED 2UADRUPEDS. Genus XLIV.—Bar. 1 Common Short-eared Bat 2 Long-eared Bat 8 Ternate Bat * iit ae ie Wee Ee oo Spe TLE asians Ap pes: | V8 ial mecppmiin Da go. ‘ ‘ oe ah oe yigaxgeres T 2 isnte) ata ne TABLE OF THE PRECEDING GENERA, THE SYSTEM OF LINNZZUS, AS ADOPTED BY DR. SHAW. Orper I.—PRIMATES. Genus. Genus. Viverra— W eafel. Simia—Ape. ) -Lutra—Otter. Lemur—Maucauco. Urfus—Bear (including Badger). Vefpertilio—Bat. Didelphis—Opoffum. AS Macropus—Kanguru. Orpver I].—BRUTA. Talpa—Mole. Bradypus—Sloth. Sorex—Shrew. Myrmecophaga—Ant-eater. Erinaceus—Hedge-hog. Manis—Manis. Dafypus—Armadillo. Orver IV.—GLIRES. Rhinoceros—Rhinoceros. Hyftrix—Porcupine. | Elephas—Elephant. 'Cavia—Cavy. Trichechus— Walrus. Caftor— Beaver. Mus—Rat. | Orpver III].—FER&. Ar&tomys—Marmot. Phoca—Seal. Sciurus—Squirrel, Canis—Dog. _ Dipus— Jerboa. Felis—Cat. Lepus—Hare. TABLE OF THE PRECEDING GENERA, Genus. Orper V.—PECORA. Ovis—Sheep., Genus. Bos—Ox. Camelus—Camel. | Mofchus—Mutk. Orver V].—BELLUZ, Cervus—Deer. Equus—Horfe. Camelopardalis—Giraffe. Hippopotamus—Hippopotamus. Antilope—Antelope. Tapir—Tapiir. Capra—Goat. | | Sus—Hog. Publifhed by W Darton SJofephflarvey February ARABIAN HORSE, THE ARABIAN HORSE. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Six cutting teeth in each jaw. The hoof folid and undivided. SYNONIMS. Equus caBALLus, Linn. Sy/t. 100. Generous Horse, Pennant Syn. Quad. 1. Le Cueva, de Buffon, iv. 174. tab. 1. THE Arabian Horfe is certainly the firft in the world, as well for the beauty and elegance of his figure, as for his internal good qualities. It is from this ftock that the fineft Horfes in Europe, Afia, and Africa have been produced. either immediately, or by means of Barbs. It is probable that Arabia is not only the original country where the firft Horfes(a) were found, but that it is likewife the beft fuited to the nature of that noble animal, as the Arabs take particular care to preferve their breed in the utmoft purity, and free from any foreign intermixture; the ftrit attention which they pay to the beauty and qualities of the individuals from which they breed, has brought the Arabian Horfe to much greater perfection, than would have been the cafe, had he been left in a ftate of nature, under the moft favourable circumftances of climate. Pes The Arabians know the value of their Horfes, and treat them accordingly. ‘They kifs and carefs them; they adorn them with jewels, and (a) The Arabians call the Horfe Heffaz, from which, by corruption, the Englith word Horfe may poflibly have been derived. THE ARABIAN HORSE. amulets formed of fentences from the Koran, as a prefervative againft evil eyes(a), and other accidents; in fhort, they treat them almoft like rational beings, which are ready to facrifice their lives for their mafter’s benefit. Some of the Arabians are even fo enthufiaftic as to fay, that the breed of Horfes which they poffefs is defcended from the ftud of Solomon, where it had been miraculoufly brought to perfection, and that it has been preferved pure and unmixed ever fince. The following ftory is quoted by De Saint Pierre(B), as related by the French Conful d’Hervieux, in his journey to Mount Lebanon, and is a ftriking inftance of the ftrong attachment an Arabian feels to his Horfe. “ The whole ftock of a poor Arabian of the Defert confifted of a moft beautiful Mare. The French Conful at Said offered to purchafe her, with an intention to fend her to his matter, Louis XIV. The Arab, prefled by want, hefitated a long time; but, at length, confented, on condition of receiving a very confiderable fum, which he named. The Conful not daring, without inftructions, to give fo high a price, wrote to Verfailles for permiffion to clofe the bargain on the terms ftipulated. Louis XIV. gave orders to pay the money. The Conful immediately fent notice to the Arab, who foon after made his appearance, mounted on his magnificent courfer, and the gold he had demanded was paid down to him. ‘The Arab, covered with a miferable rag, difmounts, and looks at the money; then turning his eyes to the Mare, he fichs, and thus accofts her: ‘To whom am I going to yield thee up? To Europeans, who will tie thee clefe, who will beat thee, who will render thee miferable: return with me, my beauty, my darling, my jewel! and rejoice the hearts - of my children!’ As he pronounced thefe words, he {prung upon her back, and {campered off towards the Defert.” . (4) The Arabs dread what.they-call the eye of envy: -a well-bred perfon, therefore, never expreffes any indifcreet furprize at the fight of a beautiful Child, or a fine Horfe, as the fimple Arab would not fail of attributing to it every accident which might befal them in the courfe of a year. Cuftom. and politenefs only require, that he fhould exprefs himfelf thus; “‘ God is good, and powerful; this Child or this Horfe fhall profper.”-- D’ Obfenville. (s) Studies of Nature, by J..H.B. de Saint Pierre, tranflated by Dr. H. Hunter. THE ARABIAN HORSE. The Arabians, who may be faid to be born horfemen, differ very much from the Europeans in their mode of riding, drefling, and feeding this noble animal. ‘Their ordinary food is cut ftraw, with a little barley once or twice a day; and, if it is to be procured, they turn them to grafs one month in the year, which is generally about March; fometimes they give them dates and Camel's milk. ‘They think that hay, given them at random, makes them large-bellied and unhealthy. ‘They feldom ride them before they have attained the age of two years and a half, until which period they fuffer them to fuck the Camels.. Before this age they never put either faddle or bridle on them; but, after that period, the Arabian Horfes ftand faddled at the | doors of the tents every day, from morning to night. They drefs them morning and evening with fo much care and regularity, that not a {pot is to be feen on their fkin; they wafh their legs, mane, and tail; the latter, they fuffer to grow long, and feldom comb it, for fear of breaking the hairs. They ftain their manes and tails of a yellowith red, with a powder ufed by the men and women to colour their hair and beards. ‘They cut the manes of the Foals when they are a year or eighteen months old, to make them eTow thick. They generally ride upon the Mares, having learned by experience, that they endure hunger, thirft, and fatigue, much better than Horfes; they are alfo lefs. vicious, and-will not hurt each other, although they are left together in great numbers for many days. ‘The faddle they ufe is a fimple pannel, firm and light, detached from the pads made of {oft felt, which jut outa little, and are fo well fitted to the back, that they feldom wring the Horfe, even in the longeft journies. They ride with their ftirrups much fhorter than the Europeans, which they fay, gives them more power and firmnefs, and is alfo ee fatiguing. . In the education they give their Horfes, they do not neglect to teach them elegance and grace; but they lay much greater ftrefs on what is effentially ufeful and beneficial to the warrior. The Arabs have no houfes, but conftantly live in tents, which ferve them alfo for ftables: the hufband, wife, and children lie promifcuoufly with the Mare and Feal; who, inftead of hurting the children, fuffer them to lie on their bodies and necks, without in the leaft incommoding them; nay, the THE ARABIAN HORSE. poor animals feem even afraid to move, left they fhould injure them. | They never let them lie on ftraw, but make their litter of their own dung, which they firft dry in the fun, to take off the ill {mell, then powder it, and make a bed with it in the ftable or tent, four or five inches thick. This litter is very durable, for when it is foiled, it is again dried in the fun, and thereby rendered as free from any unpleafant fmell as at firft. The Arabs treat their Mares with great kindnefs ; they never beat or correct them, but talk to them, and reafon with them; they never prefs their pace beyond a walk, nor do they ever apply the fpur, except in the greateft neceflity, which the well-taught animals underftand fo well, that as {oon as they feel the impreffion of the rider’s heel, they inftantly fet off with incredible velocity, leaping over hedges and ditches with as much agility as fo many Does (a), and fhould the rider chance by accident to fall, the Horfe immediately ftops, to give his mafter time to remount. It has already been obferved, that the Arabians take the greateft care to preferve the breed of their Horfes in the utmoft purity. Of this we have a ftriking inftance in Pennant’s Zoology, where we find the following attefted paper: (Taken before Abdorraman, Kadi of Acca.) « The occafion of this prefent writing or inftrument is, that at Acca, in the houfe of Badi, legal eftablifhed judge, appeared in court ‘Thomas Ufguta, the Englifh Conful, and with him Sheikh Morad Ebn al Hajj Abdollah, Sheikh of the country of Safad; and the faid Conful defired, from the aforefaid Sheikh, proof of the race of the grey Horfe which he bought of him, and he affirmed to be Monaki Shaduhi(s) ; but he was not fatisfied with this, but defired the teftimony of the Arabs, who bred the Horfe, and knew how he came to Sheikh Morad; whereupon there appeared certain Arabs of repute, whofe names are undermentioned, who teftified and declared, that the grey Horfe which the Conful formerly bought of Sheikh Morad is Monaki Shaduhi, of the pure race of Horfes, purer than milk, and that the beginning of the affair was, that the Sheikh of Saleh, Sheikh of (a) Buffon. (8) Their term for the noble race of Horfes. THE ARABIAN HORSE. Alfabal bought him of the Arabs, of the tribe of al Mahommadat, and Sheikh Saleh fold him to Sheikh Morad Ebn al Hajj Abdollah, Sheikh of Safad, and Sheikh Morad fold him to the Conful aforefaid; when thefe matters appeared to us, and the contents were known, the faid gentleman defired a. certificate thereof, and teftimony of the witnefles, whereupon we wrote him this certificate for him to keep as a proof thereof. Dated Friday 28th of the latter Rabi in the year 1135. WIHITNESSES. *“ SHEIKH JUMAT AL FaLiBAN oF THE ARABS, &c. «© Art Epw Tavap au Kaast. <«« Tsrauimo, his Brother. « ManomMapaT At Apura SuHerku ALFARIFAT. « KHAMIS AL KAABI.” The Arabs fhoe their Horfes with iron, but they make the thoes fo light and thin, that a nail may be driven through any part of them: they always form the fhoes out of cold iron, never ufing a fire to forge them ; confequently, they cannot be guilty of a grofs impropriety, too commonly put in pra@ice by thofe whofe province it is to fhoe the Horfes of this country ; namely, that of applying the fhoe to the Horfe’s foot red hot (4), that it may burn a bed for itfelf in the hoof, and thereby, as they fay, fit it for its reception. We fee fo much mifchief attendant on this practice, that we cannot forbear offering a few remarks upon it, before we clofe this article. The hoofs or feet of a Horfe may be confidered as the foundation of the fabric, upon the good condition of which the ftability of the whole will almoft entirely depend; furely then, it becomes an object of great importance to preferve in them the properties with which nature has furnifhed them. The hoof, in its natural ftate, is nourifhed and kept fupple by an oleaginous kind of moifture, fecreted for that purpofe; this is evident from the foft (A) Lord Pembroke with great juftice fays, “ the utmoft feverity ought to be infli@ed upon all thofe who clap fhoes on hot. This unpardonable lazinefs of farriers in making feet thus fit fhoes, inftead of fhoes fitting feet, dries up the hoofs, and utterly deftroys them.”—Merhod of treating Horfis, p. 106, 107. THE ARABIAN HORSE. oilinefs which is fo confpicuous on paring the fole of the foot. In proportion as this moifture is more or lefs abundant, the hoof either - continues fupple, or becomes hard, dry, and fubjec@t to cracks and inequalities: when the hoof is become thus dry, the ufual: method of relieving the complaint, is to turn the Horfe into wet marfhy ground, which ~ foon reftores the hoof to its original ftate of fupplenefs. It is alfo worthy of remark, that Horfes accuftomed to go in marfhy ground, are never liable to have their hoofs crack, but have always the tougheft and moft fupple feet. | Now, the application of hot iron to the hoof cannot fail of having a direct - contrary effect ; it actually dries up the furface, and even renders it friable ; and, it is evident from the ftrong foetid {mell which proceeds from the hoof, during the time it is burning, that the oily nutritious juice is efcaping from it in great abundance, and the fupply of it is prevented from returning to the hoof, at leaft for fome time, by the veflels containing it being corrugated and deftroyed by the action of the hot iron; the hoof is likewife confiderably contracted and lefflened by a frequent repetition of this cruel operation. ‘Thus the poor animal, whom benevolent nature has kindly furnifhed with feet of an elaftic, tough fubftance, well adapted to the different places it is to tread on, is forced, by the ignorance of man, to hobble along on hoofs rendered almoft as hard as a ftone. It is in general remarked, that a Horfe goes awkwardly when he is firft fhod, and it is no wonder, when we reflect how much his hoof has fuffered and been cramped by the action of the hot iron, which effec gradually goes off, in fome meafure, as the hoof begins to recover its elafticity, and the gait of the Horfe recovers alfo in the fame proportion, _ But the evil does not end here. The foot of the Horfe is not the only part which is hurt by this ignorant and cruel practice; the joints, the wind, the eyes fuffer, and, in fhort, the general ftate of health is more or lefs injured by it, as will evidently appear, if we confider the fituation and ftructure of a Horfe’s foot. It is the moft depending part of the animal, and confequently the receptacle for the more grofs and heavy humours of the body, whofe weight naturally difpofes them to gravitate downwards. Now, the foot is of a foft fpongy contexture, full of excrementory pores or veffels, and is fo THE ARABIAN HORSE. formed by nature as to difcharge conftantly what is depofited in it, by infenfible perfpiration, the highly foetid {mell of which is a proof of the bad quality of the humours fo difcharged. It is well known, that obftructed _ perfpiration is frequently the caufe of the moft ferious, and even fatal diforders, and when this obftruction takes place in a part defigned by nature to evacuate the grofleft humours, the mifchief, thereby occafioned, muft be proportionably increafed. Now the application of hot iron to the hoof, inevitably producing this effect, by blocking up and deftroying the mouths of thefe emunctories, the humours of courfe ftagnate in and about the foot, where they often occafion the moft troublefome complaints; and if, by exceflive exercife, they are prevented from fettling there, they are then taken up again into the habit, in a highly vitiated ftate, and, being depofited in various parts, are the caufe of moft of the complaints to which the Englifh Horfes are fubject, from which thofe of Arabia are entirely free. But we truft enough has been faid to point out the mifchievous confequences of this highly injurious practice, and to excite the attention of thofe who value their _ Horfes, to this important fubject. We are well affured, that an Arabian frequently rides his Horfe an hundred miles in a day; and can there be a doubt that this decided fuperiority, in their travelling, arifes from the very great care which is taken of their feet, and not from their being better fed, as the Englifh Horfes have certainly the advantage in that particular? In fhort, it is highly probable, that nine out of ten ftumbling Horfes, are indebted to the farrier for this defect, which fo much leffens their value, as to render them almoft good for nothing; for, of what confequence are all the excellent qualities and elegant forms of a Horfe, if he has not a,foot to ftand upon? The poet Virgil, who never fails to catch the ftriking tints of nature, in his juft and animated defcriptions, lays great {trefs on the hoof of the Horfe, asa moft material part ; and, in his fublimer flights of poetry, is not contented to call the Horfe merely Equus, the fteed, but emphatically adds the epithet fonipes (a), or founding-footed. In the beautiful and {pirited (a) Virg. Zn. 4. 135. 11. 600. 638, THE ARABIAN HORSE. defcription he gives of the Horfe in the third Georgic, he likewife alludes to the fame circumftance. We cannot refift the temptation of tranferibing this charming paflage, with which we: fhall conclude this article. tum, fi qua fonum procul arma dedére, Stare loco nefcit, micat, auribus, & tremit artus; Colle@umque premens volvit fub naribus ignem : Denfa juba, & dextro jaétata recumbit in armo. At duplex agitur per luambos fpina; cavatque Tellurem,*& folido graviter fonat ungula cornu, THUS IMITATED. The fiery courfer, when he hears from far, The fprightly trumpets, and the fhouts of war, Pricks up his ears, and trembling with delight, Shifts place, and paws, and hopes the promis'd fight. On his right fhoulder his thick mane reclin’d, Ruffles at fpeed, and dances in the wind: His horny hoofs are jetty black and round ; His chine is double; ftarting with a bound; He turns the turf, and fhakes the folid ground ; Fire from his eyes, clouds from his noftrils flow ; He bears his rider headlong on the foe. Fat acl SS = Tebetsore sel. ELE, Wi rarteri,_ Jtla: artoh, filarvey, KS WE:eleh Ip 7 2y thy, Lomo. (2) re LTG7. Dookey 52 ¥ Fub lished by RACE HORSE. THE RACE HORSE. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Six cutting teeth in each jaw. The hoof folid and undivided. SYNONIMS. Equus Caparrius, Linn. Syft. 100. Generous Horses, Pennant Syn. Quad. 1. Le Cuevat, de Buffon, iv. 174. tab. 1. THE Englith Race Horfe is derived from the pureft and moft perfect individuals of the Arabian breed, by a judicious mixture with other kinds, whereby many qualities are given to it which the Arabian Horfe does not poffefs. By this careful attention to breeding, by the happy diverfity of foil, and the fuperior {kill and unremitting care in managing this noble and beautiful animal, the Englifh Race Horfe has been brought to the highett pitch of perfection, and may challenge Europe to produce its equal. The Englith Horfe is fwifter and larger than the Arabian, more hardy than the Perfian, and more durable than the Barb. If we had not frequent opportunities of being witnefs to the amazing {peed(a) of this animal, an account of it (a) Mr. Buffon gives a ftriking inftance of the fpeed of Englifh Saddle Horfes, in an extract of a letter he received from the Ear] of Morton, dated London, February 18,1748; which runs thus: “ Mr. Thornhill, a poft mafter of Stilton, wagered that he would ride three times the diftance from Stilton to London, that is two hundred and fifteen Englifh miles, within fifteen hours. In undertaking the performance of which, he fet out from Stilton in the morning of the 29th of April, 1745, and arrived in London in three hours and fifty-one minutes, having taken a relay of eight different Horfes on the road, He immediately fet out again from London, and got back to Stilton in three hours and fifty-two minutes, having changed Horfes but THE RACE HORSE. » would appear almoft incredible: fome have been known to run a mile in little more than a minute, and have frequently performed.a race of four miles in lefs than feven minutes; but this exceeding velocity is confined to a few individuals. ‘The famous Horfe, Bay Childers, has been known to run eighty-two feet and a half in a fecond, which is at the rate of nearly a mile in a minute; he ran round the courfe at Newmarket, a {pace of little lefs than four miles, in fix minutes and forty feconds. Camerarius gives us the following whimfical definition of the requifites neceflary to form a perfee Horfe: “ It mutt,” fays he, «have three parts like thofe of a woman; the breaft muft be broad, the hips round, and the mane long. It muft in three refpects refemble a Lion; its countenance muft be fierce, its courage great, and its fury irrefiftible. It muft have three qualities belonging to the Sheep ; the nofe, gentlenefs, and patience. It mutt have three of a Deer ; head, leg, and fkin. It muft have three of a Wolf; throat, neck, and hearing. It muft have three of a Fox; ear, tail, and trot. It muft have three of a Serpent; memory, fight, and flexibility. And, lafily, three of a Hare ; running, waking, and perfeverance.” The Race Horfe may be completely trained, while rifing three years, and has fufficient ftrength to enter the lifts on the courfe before he is four years old. f We {hall clofe this narrative with an account of fome prizes won by capital Englifh Race Horfes, as related by Bewick, which will ferve to fhew the importance of this breed in England, where fuch large fums frequently depend on the iffue of their exertions: Bay Malton (by Sampfon) the property of the late Marquis of Rockingham, in feven prizes won the amazing fum of 5900]. At York he ran four milés in feven minutes and forty-three feconds and a half; which was in feven feconds and a half lefs time than the fame diftance was ever run before over that courfe. fix times. For the third {pace he fet off again, and with feven of the fame Horfes he completed it in three hours and forty-nine minutes; going over the whole {pace of two hundred and fifteen miles in eleven hours and thirty-two minutes; which is at the rate of above eighteen miles in an hour; an example of {wiftnefs ‘that poflibly is not to be paralleled in ancient hiftory. THE RACE HORSE. Cato, a famous Horfe, bred by George Bowes, Efq. of Gibfide, won the firft king’s plate run for at Newcaftle upon Tyne. Befides which, he won five king’s plates, and near 30001. in fundry places. Childers, well known by the name of Flying Childers, the property of the Duke of Devonfhire, was allowed by fportfmen to be the fleeteft Horfe that ever was bred in the world: he ftarted at Newmarket feveral times againtt the beft Horfes’of ‘his time, and was never beaten. He won, in different prizes, to the amount of nearly 2000]. and was afterwards referved as a ftallion. The fire of Childers was an Arabian, fent by a gentleman as a prefent to his brother in England. Dorimant, a famous Horfe belonging to Lord Offery, won prizes to the amazing amount of 13,363l. Little Driver, (by the famous Childers) won 145o0l. in 5ol. plates; and beat, at different times, forty-four running Horfes, which had collectively won two hundred and three prizes. Gimcrack won prizes to the amount of above 5000]. He likewife ran a match in France, of twenty-two miles and a half, within the hour, for a confiderable fum. | Highflyer was accounted the beft Horfe of his time in England. The fums he won and received amounted to near goool. though he never ftarted after five years old. He was never beat, nor ever paid a forfeit. J Pyrrhus won upwards of 12,5001. _ Shark won, befides a cup, value 120 guineas, and 11 hogfheads of claret, the amazing fum of 15,507 guineas in plates, matches, and forfeits. The moft extraordinary inftance of fleetnefs, in a trotting pace, we remember to have feen recorded, was performed on the 4th of July, 1788, for a wager of thirty guineas, by a Horfe, the property of a gentleman of Billiter Square, London. He trotted thirty miles in an hour and twenty minutes, though he was allowed, by the terms of the bet, an hour and a half. o Fae 0 > tet Ste Lhd Sp ¥ $ nit ate .- PAO as AW AHA iN SS Tobeyon del. = =~ Toohey Se. Piblijhed by WDarton, THarvey, & WBelch London May 1277 9 9: DRAY HORSE. THE BLACK H ORSE. fe a ee Generic CHARACTERS. Six cutting teeth in each jaw. The hoof folid and undivided. SYNONIMS. Eauus Casatius, Linn. Sy/t. 100. Generous Horse, Pennant Syn. Quad. 1. . Le Cuevar de Buffon, iv. 174. tad. 1. THE general, and almoft univerfal, utility of the Horfe has called forth the utmoft exertion of arf, on the part of man, fo to vary the breed, as to render it beft adapted to the different purpofes to which it is applied. The variety, now under confideration, is a moft ftriking inftance of what may be done by, what is termed, crofling the breed, united with a proper attention to food and education. This elegant animal exhibits the combination of ftrength with beauty in a moft finithed ftyle. It greatly exceeds the ufual fize of the Horie, and its extraordinary weight contributes much to that wonderful degree of ftrength, which it is found to poffefs ; fo wonderful that, in London, there have been many inftances where a fingle Horfe, of this kind, has drawn, for a {mall {pace of time, the prodigious weight of three tons, which exceeds by one half the ufual firength of the Horfe. England is the only country that can boaft of this extraordinary variety; and the fens of Lincolnfhire are famed for producing it in the higheft perfection. The heavy cavalry of England ufed to be compofed of Horfes of this defcription; but their want of {peed, and unfitnefs for particular fervices, have rendered it neceflary to fubftitute a lighter and more THE BLACK HORSE. active breed in fome inftances; but where ftrength, exertion, and perfeverance. are wanted, no animal is better calculated to meet its mafter’s withes and execute his commands. Gentle, docile, and tractable in his nature, he is particularly well adapted to the bufinefs of the brewery, to which his exertions are chiefly directed, whence he is fometimes called the Dray Horfe ; and he is remarkable for preferving his health and beautiful appearance, under almoft any fatigue, provided he is well fed and properly attended to. This variety is generally called the Black Horfe, on account of its ufual colour; though fome inftances occur of its being bay, brown, dun, and even grey, or white, but they are not very common. oo ie a ant pore” diay aa in a 3 THE ASS. Generic CHARACTERS. Six cutting teeth in each jaw. Hoof undivided. SYNONIMS. Eeuus Asinus, Linn. Syft. 100. Ass, Brit. Zool. 1. ii. L’Ane, de Buffon, iv. 377. Asinus, Gefner Quad. 5, Rati Syn. Quad. 63. Esser, Klean Quad. 6. THE general appearance of the Afs is fo univerfally known, that an accurate defcription of it feems unneceffary ; fuffice it then to fay, that its figure fomewhat refembles a Horfe, with thefe differences, that the ears are Jong and flouching, the mane fhort, and the tail has no long hairs but at the end: the body is, in general, of an afh-colour, with a black lift extending along the back, and another acrofs the fhoulders; its colour, however, varies to reddifh brown, and dark brown, or chocolate. ‘The length of its hair is alfo different, according to its manner of life; being rough and fhagey, when expofed to the hardfhips of the bleak common or heath, and fmoother and finer when houfed and taken care of. -'The abject and fubmiffive appearance of the Afs bred in England, affords but a mean idea of the beauties and excellent qualities of this animal, either in a ftate of nature, or improved in the breed, as much as poffible, by the art of man; but if we contemplate this creature in its native wilds, unabufed by the neglect and barbarity of man, we fhall find it poflefled of properties, which, were we deprived of the Horfe, would give it a title to THE ASS. the firft place in the lift of ufeful quadrupeds. It is comparifon alone degrades him; we do not confider him merely as an Afs, but as an Afs compared with a Horfe; in fhort, we blame him for not poffefling figure and qualities to which he has no pretenfions. Although the A{fs is, in general, neglected and defpifed, he is neverthelefs highly ferviceable and profitable to his mafter, to whom he is ftrongly attached. If he is obftinate and perverfe, he is generally made fo by education. Inftead of perfuafive and encouraging treatment, he ufually receives hard blows and {everity ; and if he be fo fortunate as to efcape thefe, he is generally tormented by ruftics and children, till he contracts habits of refentment which he never lofes but with his life. However he may be charged with obftinacy, this difpofition is well compenfated by his fingular patience and perfeverance. Contented and fubmiflive, he gladly accepts, and even feems grateful for the provender which is wafted by other animals, and the coarfeft diet is to him a luxury: thiftles, briars, thorns, leaves, and even ftraw, fatisfy his moderate appetite. It is neceflary, however, to give him plenty of water, otherwife he will not thrive (a;) and, in this inftance alone, he is delicate; he will drink none but the cleareft, and gives the preference to rivulets with which he is well acquainted (s.) He carefully avoids wetting his feet, and will turn out of his path rather than walk through a puddle. He is fond of rolling in the duft, though encumbered with hisload. When he is overladen, he hangs down his head, and lowers his ears; and, if greatly abufed, opens his mouth and draws back his lips ina fcornful manner. It is impoffible to make him move with his eyes covered. His paces are like thofe of the Horfe, only in miniature: his voice is a difagreeable difcordant bray, produced by an alternate fucceflion of flats and fharps, at diftant intervals. ‘The voice of the female is fhriller and clearer than that of the male. The {kin of this animal is remarkably hard, thick, and dry; this is, perhaps, the reafon why it is lefs fubject to vermin than any other quadruped, and lefs fenfible to the whip, and the ftinging of flies. It is elaftic, and is ufed for different purpofes, fuch as to make drums, fhoes, parchment for the leaves of pocket-books, &c. | (a) Dict. Raison. (2) Buffon. THE ASS. The flefh of the Afs is hard and unfit for food, although that of the wild Afs is efteemed a delicacy. The milk is univerfally known, and efteemed as an approved fpecific in many difeafes; it is confidered as a great blunter of acrimony, is light and eafy of digeftion, and highly nutritious, and has maintained its reputation ever fince the time of Hippocrates. The Afs appears to have been originally a native of Arabia, where the patriarch Job reckons one thoufand She-Affes as a part of his riches: thence, it is probable, he pafled through Egypt into Greece, Italy, France, Germany, England, and Sweden. Warm climates fuit him beft, and he gradually diminifhes in fize and good qualities, in proportion as he advances northward. ‘Though the climate of South America is perfe@ly confonant with the nature of the Afs, none of thefe animals were found there till they were introduced by the Spaniards. The breed of them is now fo much increafed, that they are found wild in the woods in great numbers; fo as to become a nuifance. ‘They equal the Horfe in fwiftnefs, and are not to be retarded in their career by declivities or even precipices, T hey are frequently taken in {nares, and having once borne a load, their fleetnefs and ferocity inftantly forfake them, and they foon affume the dull and ftupid look of thofe which are tame. ‘They always feed in herds, and will not fuffer a Horfe to affociate with them. The Spaniards beft know the value of the Afs; they ufe every method to improve the breed, and it is common to fee them there above fifteen hands high. ‘They are ufed to ride’on, as faddle Horfes, and are particularly ufeful in that mountainous country, being never known to trip or make a falfe ftep. ‘The Arabians have alfo taken great pains to improve the breed, and perfect the good qualities of this ufeful animal: they have a race which is far fuperior to all others, as well for their beauty and vivacity, as for their fure and eafy pace. is called Steer. Generic CHARACTERS. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. - Horns cylindrical, bending out laterally. Skin under the neck pendulous, forming what is called the dewlap. SYNONIMS. Bos, Gefner Quad. 25. Raw Syn. Quad. 70. Ocus, Klein Quad. 9. Bos Taurus(a), Lenn. Syft. 98. Le Taureau(a), de Buffon, iv. 437. tad. xiv. THE Bull certainly claims the firft place among ruminant quadrupeds, as well for its fize, as for its beauty and fervices. As it contributes moft of any to man’s wants and comfort, fo it is not confined to particular (a) The Latin word Taurus and the French Tazreau are both derived from the Greek Tateos, which is formed of the verb réw to extend, and %ea a tail, on account of the extraordinary extenfion or length of that part in this animal.— Dia. Rais. des Anim. THE BULL. climates, but by a wonderful and providential conformation, is capable of bearing the extremes of all. It endures the heat of the torrid zone, and the cold of regions covered almoft conftantly with fnow, and all the intermediate temperatures. ‘This is the caufe of the very great variety obfervable in this fpecies, and having been long under the fubjection of man, it poffeffes a degree of humble tractability, which renders it very valuable. The largeft(a) and moft excellent varieties are found in the ifland of Great Britain; the climate and rich paftures of which feem peculiarly. adapted to this animal. But the varieties of fize, obfervable in the Cow, are not lefs remarkable than what arife from its fhape, hair, horns, &c. Thefe are fo extraordinary as to have induced fome writers to confider them as different {pecies, and they have received names accordingly; as the Urus, Bifon, &c. they all, however, poffefs this certain mark, of having {fprung from one common ftock ; namely, that all the varieties breed indifcriminately with each other, and their young ones breed again: add to this, that the offspring of any variety may be made to refemble any other, by altering the climate and food; thus the Englith Bull, fent to India, foon degenerates in fize; and the Bifon, on the other hand, foon lofes the hump on his back, in England; and fo of the reft. ‘The Cow is furnifhed with eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, but has none in the upper. The two middlemoft fall out at the age of ten months, and are fucceeded by two others, which are broader, but not fo white; at fixteen months the two next white teeth are exchanged, in like manner, for others; and this happens every fix months, till all the cutting teeth are renewed ; they are then long, pretty white and regular; but become irregular and black as the animal advances in years, and their inequalities becoming (a) “ Two Oxen, bred and fed at Howick, in the county of Northumberland, were killed in March, 1787, at the age of feven years; they meafured, from the head to the rump, nine feet eight inches; the height, at the fhoulder, was five feet ten inches, and they weighed one hundred and feventy eight-ftone five pounds each.—Beawick’s Quad. « It muft, however, be acknowledged, that the extraordinary fize and excellency of the Englith cattle is owing to the great induftry and attention beftowed on their breed, and to a judicious mixture with thofe of other countries; fuch as are purely Britifh, being inferior in fize to moft of thofe which are produced on the continent.” — Pennant’s Syn. Quad. THE BULL. foother, the creature is lefs capable of chewing its food, which is the reafon why old Cows are in general {fo lean. | The horns, at the age of four years, are {mall, pointed, {mooth, and neat, but thickeft near the head: this thick part is next year pufhed forwards from the head, by a horny cylinder, which is alfo terminated by another prominent part, and, as the horns continue to grow as long as the animal lives, thefe {wellings become fo many annular knots, by which its age may eafily be reckoned : in order to do this, three years muft be allowed from the point to the firft knot, and each fucceeding knot or ring adds one year to the animal’s age. . | _ The Bull, Cow, and Ox, generally live about fourteen or fifteen years. Contrary to all other animals, the Cow enriches the paftures fhe feeds on, - and always gives more back to the foil than fhe takes from it. Cows vary much in the quantity of milk they give; fome yield fix quarts per day, others from ten to fifteen, and even twenty. ‘The quantity depends a good deal, though not entirely, on the quality of their food. Cows, fed in rich paftures, have been known to yield upwards of thirty quarts of milk in one day; fuch require milking thrice a day. The milk yields a great quantity of butter, infomuch that twelve or fourteen pounds have been made from the milk of one Cow in a week. The udder is remarkably large, in proportion to the fize of the animal, which is the only one of the fame nature that is furnithed with four teats. It always yields the milk freely to the hand, although it has not a young one to provide for, which it is well known the Afs will not do, but prefently grows dry, if the foal either dies or is taken from her: this property of yielding milk, without a young one, feems to be confined to horned, ruminating animals, which have cloven hoofs, long inteftines, are furnifhed with fuet, and deititute of fore-teeth in the upper jaw: this definition includes Cows, Deer, Sheep, and Goats, though this property is more confpicuous in the Cow than in any other animal, owing perhaps to the fize and fhape of its teats, and the capacioufnefs of its udder. It has been remarked, that the larger the dewlap is, the udder is {maller in proportion, and the contrary. THE BULL," ‘ The Cow goes with young nine months, and, for the moft part, produces but one at a time (4). Ox-beef is a very nourifhing and ftrengthening food: the flefh of a Cow, ~ when young and well fatted, is not much inferior: Bull-beef is hard, tough, and dry, and is, therefore, not much ufed for food. The flefh of the Calf, which is called veal, is well tafted, eafy of digeftion, and gently aperient. This animal bears cold better than heat, and is, therefore, found in the ereateft perfection in the northern countries of Europe, where they are alfo moft plentiful. America produced none, till the Europeans carried them there. The largeft are to be met with in Denmark, Podolia, the Ukrain, and among the Calmuck Tartars. Thofe that are bred in mountainous countries, as Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, &c. are {mall, but hardy, and make excellent beef, when fattened. In Lapland, they are in general white, and want horns. ‘The large hornlefs cattle, bred in fome parts of England, came originally from Poland. If we may credit Boethius, a race of wild cattle was found in Scotland about two hundred years ago, which were as white as fnow, and had manes like Lions. Mr. Pennant feems to favour this affertion, having feen in the woods of Drumlanrig, and in the park belonging to Chillingham Caftle, in Northumberland, herds of cattle, probably derived from the wild breed ; they had loft their manes, but retained their colour and fiercenefs ; they were of a middle fize, long legged, and had black muzzles and ears ; their horns were fine, and had a bold and elegant bend. The keeper of thofe at Chillingham faid, that the weight of the Bull was thirty-eight ftone; of the Cow twenty-eight: that their hides were more efteemed by the tanners than thofe of the tame breed ; and that they would give fixpence per {tone more for them. Thefe cattle were as wild as Deer, and, like them, would inftantly take flight, and gallop away full {peed on the approach of a man: they were never known to breed with the tame fort: they were always killed with a bullet, which, if it wounded them any where, except in the head, never (a) The Abbé Nazari, in the Journal Littéraire, gives an account of a Cow, near the town of Rimini, which, on the 23d of February, 1676, produced four Calves at once, all of the ufual fize, and all of them very lively, healthy, and ftrong. They all lived, except one, which died through neglect,—Didt. Rais. des Anim. THE BULL. failed to render them dreadfully and dangeroufly furious, in which ftate they continue till they are-quieted by death. The Ox is capable of being taught, with advantage, to affift man with his firength. Oxen are, in general, more profitable for the draught than Horfes ; they are cheaper fed, harnefled, and fhod; and an old working beaft, if difabled, will fatten as well, and produce as good meat as a young one. Almott every part of this animal is ufefully applied to the purpofes either of food or manufactures. The hoofs, horns, hide, hair, bones, liver, {pleen, blood, fat, marrow, milk, cream, butter, cheefe, whey, gall, urine, and dung, have each their particular ufe, and the want of moft of them would be fenfibly felt by man. It appears from the earlieft accounts, that the hide has ever been eminently ufeful. The ancient Britons ufed to conftrué& their boats with the twigs of oziers, covered or lined with the hides of Bulls. Primum cana falix madefacto vimine parvum Texitur in puppim caefoque induta juvenco, Vectoris patiens, tumidum fuper emicat amnem: Sic Venetus ftagnante pado, fufoque Britannus Navigat Oceano. Lucan, lib. ivy. 131. The bending willow into barks they twine, Then line the work with fpoils of flaughter’d kine. Such are the floats Venetian fifhers know; When in dull martfhes ftands the fettling Po; On fuch to neighbouring Gaul, allur’d by gain, The bolder Britons crofs the {welling main. Rowe. Even at the prefent time the Irifh ufe veffels of this kind in their lakes, and call them curach ; they are likewife ufed in the Dee and Severn, and are called by the Englith caracles ; from the Britifh cwrwgle, which fignifies a boat of this ftructure(a). The ufe of the hide, when tanned and curried for making boots, fhoes, and a great many other conveniences of life, is fufficiently known to all. Vellum is made of the thinneft Calves-tkins. Boxes, combs, knife-handles, and drinking cups, are made of the horns, (4) Campbell’s Political Survey. ro) — THE BULL. which, when foftened by water, become fo pliable as to be formed inte tran{parent plates for lanthorns. ‘The invention of this has been afcribed to King Alfred, who is faid to have firft ufed them to preferve his candle time meafurers from the wind. The fmalleft fragments and duft of horn are very ferviceable for manuring cold lands. The flough, on which the horn is formed, is ufed, when dry, for making walls and fences, and is very durable, if kept from the wet; it is likewife of great ufe in mending foft roads, its glutinous quality, when diffolved, rendering it amazingly binding with gravel. Horn faw-dutt, mixed with mould, is an excellent compott for flowers. It is ufed likewife to harden and give a proper temper to metals. Common glue is made of the cartilages and griftles, and the finer pieces of the cuttings and parings of the hides, boiled in water till the gelatinous parts are thoroughly diffolved, and then dried. Mechanics ufe the bones as a cheap fubftitute for ivory, and by that means are enabled to furnifh many neat conveniences at an eafy rate. An oil is procured from fome of the bones, which is much ufed by coach-makers and others in dreffing harnefs, &c. and the refiners employ tefts made. of calcined bones. The blood is an excellent manure, and is the bafis of that beautiful colour called Pruffian blue. Saddlers.and others ufe a fine fort of thread prepared from the finews, which is much ftronger than any equally fine. The hair is very valuable, and ufed in many different manufactures, and the refufe of it makes a very good manure. The fuet, fat, and tallow are ufed to make candles, and for other purpofes; and the value ~ of cream, milk, cheefe, and butter is well known to every one. The mott bulky and heavieft of animals neither fleep fo found, nor fo long as the {maller ones. ‘The fleep of the Bull is therefore fhort and light ; the leaft noife awakens him. He generally lies on the left fide, and the kidney _ on that tide is ufually larger than on the other, and has more fat about it(a). _ (as) There is now, April 8, 1794, in the poffeffion of Mr. Talbot, Salefman, in Newgate Market, the hind quarter of an Ox, the kidney belonging to which is inclofed in a bed of fuet of a moft enormous growth, it meefures one yard and a half round, and weighs one hundred and twelve pounds. The animal which produced it was of a middling ftature, and although the fuet is in very fine condition, the fleth is vety different, being lean and poor; the fat inclofing the other kidney is lefs than ufual: it is probable the extraordinary increafe of this part was in confequence of the animal having always lain on one fide, THE BULL. _ He eats very quick, and foon fills his firft {tomach, after which he lies down to ruminate or chew the cud. ‘The firft and fecond ftomachs may be confidered as continuations of the fame bag, and are very capacious. The fecond chewing reduces the grafs to a fubftance not unlike boiled fpinach, and in this form it is conveyed into the third ftomach, where it continues for fome time, and is digefted; the digeftion is not, however, fully compleated till it is lodged in the fourth ftomach, from which it defcends to the bowels. ‘The contents of the firft and fecond ftomachs are a collection of grafs and other vegetables, roughly macerated, which foon begin to ferment, and in confequence fwell. The fecond ftomach communicates with the third by an opening much finaller tham the gullet, and not fufficiently wide for the paflage of the food in this ‘ftate. As foon, therefore, as the two. firft ftomachs are diftended with food, they begin to contract, or rather perform a kind of reaction. ‘This reaction comprefles the food, and makes it, as it were, endeavour to get out: now the gullet being larger than the paflage between the fecond and third ftomachs, the preflure of the ftomach neceffarily forces it up the gullet. The ation of ruminating, however, appears to be ina great meafure voluntary; as animals of this kind have a power of increafing the reaction of their ftomachs. After the food has undergone a fecond maftication, it is reduced into a thin pulp, which eafily pafles from the fecond to the third ftomach, where it is full further | macerated ; from thence it paffes to the fourth, where it is reduced to a perfect mucilage, every way prepared for being taken up by the lacteals, and converted into nourifament. What confirms this account of chewing the cud is, that, as long as thefe animals fuck or feed upon liquid aliment, they never ruminate ; and in the winter, when they are obliged to feed upon hay and other dry victuals, they ruminate more than when they feed upon frefh _ grafs. Bulls, Cows, and Oxen, are fond of licking themfelves, efj petially when lying at reft. But this practice fhould be prevented as much as poffible; for as the hair, which they neceffarily lick off, is an indigeftible fubftance, it lies in the ftomach or bowels, and is gradually coated by a glutinous fubftance, and hardened by time into round ftones, of econfiderable bulk, which ¢ THE BULL. fometimes kill them, but always retard their fattening, as the ftomach is rendered incapable of digefting the food fo well as it ought.’ | The engraving which accompanies this account, is from a portrait of a Bull of the Warwickthire breed, which is now in the poffeflion of the Earl of Mansfield, and is allowed, by the beft judges, to be a moft complete — fpecimen of that particular variety. | The great improvement this animal is capable of receiving, and has actually received, from the care and attention paid to what is called crofling the breed, will appear evident from the following authentic account of the very high. price for which fome individuals were lately-fold. | Mr. Fowler, of Rollright, near Chipping Norton, had in his poffeffion a beautiful Bull and Cow, for which, in the year 1790, he refufed one thoufand guineas of a nobleman in Norfolk, who had for fome years purchafed his new fallen Heifer-Calves at ten guineas each(a). The Cow and the Ox are in general mild and gentle in their nature, unlefs - much provoked. The Bull, on the contrary, is never to be trufted, efpecially after a certain age; formidable, as well by his ftrength as his horns, he becomes, when irritated, tremendoufly dreadful, and carries deftruction before him wherever he goes. He retains the recollection of injuries for a long time, and never fails to revenge himfelf when opportunity offers. He is particularly offended by any thing fearlet, and generally makes towards it with great ferocity. | It may not perhaps prove unentertaining to fubjoin fome account of the Bull fights, which the Spaniards confider as their favourite entertainment. The bett breed of Bulls is chofen for this diverfion, and their diftinguifhing characters are fo well known to connoifleurs, that as foon as the Bull appears upon the arena, they know where he was bred. This arena is a circular amphitheatre, furrounded by twelve rows of feats, rifing one above another. The fhow begins by a proceffion round the arena, in which the combatants, who are to attack the fierce animal; appear both on horfeback and on foot. After them two alguazils, dreffed in perukes and black robes, advance with (4) Gentleman’s Magazine, 1791. THE BULL. great gravity on horfeback, and afk from the prefident of the entertainment an order for it to commence. A fignal is inftantly given, and the animal, which was before fhut up in a kind of hovel, makes his | appearance. On this the officers of juftice, not liking the company of their new gueft, prudently retire as faft as they can, and their fright is a prelude to the cruel pleafure about to be enjoyed by the fpecators. ‘The Bull is received with loud fhouts of extacy; he is firft deftined to contend with Picadores, mounted on horfeback; who, dreffed after the ancient Spanifh manner, and as it were fixed to their faddles, wait for him, each being armed with a ftrong lance. Formerly the greateft lords did not difdain to practife this exercife, which requires ftrength, courage, and dexterity; even at prefent fome of the hidalgos folicit for the honour of fighting the Bull on horfeback, and they are then prefented to the people by fome of the principal officers of the court. The fcene is opened by the Picadores. The Bull often darts upon them ‘without any provocation, and this is confidered as an earneft of much entertainment. If he returns immediately to the charge, undaunted by the {harp points of the weapons with which his attack is defended, the fhouts of applaufe are redoubled, and the joy of the fpectators is turned into enthufiafm ; but if the Bull, ftruck with terror, appears quiet, and fhuns his antagonifts, by walking round the fquare in a timid manner, he is hifled and hooted at by the fpectators, and all thofe, near whom he paffes, fail not to load him with blows. He feems then to be a common enemy, who has fome great — crime to expiate. If nothing can roufe his courage, he is deemed unworthy of being tormented by men, the cry of perros, perros, calls forth new enemies againft him, and large Dogs are let loofe upon him, which feize him by the neck and ears in a furious manner. The animal then finds the ufe of thofe weapons with which he is furnifhed by nature, he toffes the Dogs in the air, who fall down ftunned, and often mangled ; they however recover, and renew the combat, which generally ends in victory on their fide, and thus the Bull perifhes ignobly. If, on the other hand, he offers himfelf to the combat with a good grace, he runs a longer and nobler, but a more painful career. The firft a& of the tragedy is performed by the combatants on 3 THE BULL. horfeback : this is the moft animated and bloody of all the {cenes; and often the moft difgufting. The irritated animal braves the pointed fteel, which makes deep wounds in his back, attacks with fury the innocent Horfe who carries his enemy, rips up his fides, and overturns him, together with his rider. The latter, thus difmounted and difarmed, would be in immediate danger, did not cembatants on foot, called Chulos; come to divert the Bull’s attention, and to provoke him, by fhaking before him different pieces of cloth of various colours. ‘This afliftance, however, which they offer to the difmounted horfeman, is at their own rifk; for the Bull frequently purfues them, and they then ftand in need of all their agility. They often efcape from him, by letting fall in his way the piece of {tuff which was their only arms, and againtft which the deceived animal {pends ail his fury. Sometimes. he is not fatisfied with this fubftitute, and the combatant is obliged to throw himfelf over the barrier, fix feet high, which inclofes the interior part of the arena. ‘This barrier is fometimes double, and the intermediate {pace forms a _ gallery, behind which the purfued torreadore is fafe. But when the barrier is fingle, the Bull attempts to jump over it, and fometimes fucceeds. When this happens, the confternation of the neareft {pectators may be eafily imagined ; they crowd to the upper feats, and often receive more injury from their hatte to efcape, than from the fury of the Bull, who {tumbling at every ftep he takes amongit the narrow feats, attends more to his own fafety than to revenge, and the blows he receives from all quarters foon bring him down. If the Bull does not fucceed in his.attempt to jump over the barrier, he prefently returns. By this time, his adyerfary has recovered, and regained his feet. He inftantly remounts his Horfe, if it has not been killed or rendered ufelefs, and renews the attack; in which he is often obliged to change his Horfe feveral times. Expreffions cannot then be found to celebrate thefe acts of prowefs, which are the favourite topic of converfation for feveral days. ‘The poor Horfes, who are very affecting models of patience, courage, and docility, may be feen trampling on their own bloody entrails; which drop from their fides, half torn open, and yet obeying, for fome time after, the hand which conducts them to new tortures. Spectators who poflefs any feeling, now experience a difguft which converts their pleafure into pain: THE BULL. They are foon, however, reconciled to the entertainment, by a new fcene which is preparing for them. The combatants on horfeback retire, as foon as it is concluded that the poor animal has been fufficiently tormented by them, and he is then left to be irritated by thofe on foot. Thefe, who are called Banderilleros, go before the animal, and, the moment he darts upon them, plunge into his neck, two by two, a kind of darts, called banderillos, the points of which are hooked, and which are ornamented with {mall ftreamers of coloured paper. The fury of the Bull is now redoubled; he roars, toffes his head, and the vain efforts he makes ferve only to increafe the anguifh of his wounds: this lait fcene calls for the agility of his adverfaries. The f{pectators at firft tremble for them, when they behold them braving fo near the horns of this formidable animal; but their hands, well — exercifed, aim their blows fo fkilfully, and they avoid the danger fo nimbly, that, after having feen them a few times, they are neither pitied nor admired, and this addrefs and dexterity feem only to be a {mall epifode to the tragedy, which concludes in the following manner: when the vigour of the Bull is almoft exhaufted ; when his blood, iffuing from twenty wounds, ftreams along his neck, and moiftens his robuft fides ; and when the people, tired of one object, demand another victim, the prefident gives the fignal of death, which is announced by the found of trumpets. The Matador then advances, and all the reft quit the arena; with one hand he holds a long dagger, and with the other a flag, which he waves backwards and forwards before his adverfary. ‘They both ftop, and gaze at each other, and while the agility of the Matador deceives the impetuofity of the Bull, the pleafure of the fpectators, which was for fome time fufpended, is again awakened into life. Sometimes the Bull remains fixed, throws up the earth with his foot, and appears as if meditating revenge. An able pencil might not difdain to delineate the group formed by the Bull, in this condition, and the Matador, who calculates his motions and divines his projects. An awful filence prevails whilft this dumb fcene is exhibiting. The Matador at length feizes his opportunity, and gives the mortal blow ; if the animal inftantly falls, the triumph of the conqueror is proclaimed by THE BULL. the fhouts of a thoufand voices; but if the blow does not prove decifive, if the Bull furvives, and {till feeks to brave the fatal fteel, murmurs are heard on all fides, and the Matador, whofe glory was about to be raifed to the {kies, is confidered only as an unfkilful butcher. He endeavours to be foon revenged, and to difarm his judges of their feverity. His zeal fometimes degenerates into blind fury, and his partizans tremble for his fafety. He at length directs his blow better. The animal vomits up blood; he ftaggers and falls, while his conqueror is intoxicated with the applaufes of the people. Three mules, ornamented with bells and ftreamers, come to terminate the tragedy. The Bull is dragged ignominioufly from the arena by a rope tied round his horns, and leaves only the traces of his blood, and the remembrance of his exploits, which are foon effaced on the appearance of a fucceffor. On each of the days fet apart for thefe entertainments at Madrid, fix Bulls are thus facrificed in the morning, and twelve in the afternoon. The three laft are given exclufively to the Matador, who, without the affittance of the Picadores, exerts his ingenuity, to vary the pleafure of the {pectators. Sometimes he caufes the Bull to be combated by fome intrepid ftranger, who attacks him mounted on the back of another Bull ; and fometimes he matches him with a Bear, to pleafe the populace. The Bull, when thus engaged, has fomething wrapped round the points of his horns, which prevents him from giving mortal wounds. The animal, in this ftate, is called embolzdo, and has not power to pierce or tear his antagonift. The amateurs then defcend in great numbers to torment him, and often expiate their cruel pleafure by violent contufions ; but the Bull at length falls under the ftroke of the Matador. ‘The few fpectators, who are not infected by the general madnefs for this {port, regret that the wretched animals do not, at leaft, purchafe their lives, at the expence of fo many torments, and fo many efforts of courage, and would willingly affift them to efcape from their perfecutors. In fuch minds difguft fucceeds to compaflion, and fatiety fucceeds to difeuft. Such a feries of uniform fcenes makes that intereft become languid, which was excited by an expectation of entertainment at the beginning of the fpe@acle. But to connoiffeurs, who have ftudied all the ftratagems of the Bull, the THE BULL. refources of his addrefs and fury, and the different methods of irritating, tormenting, and deceiving him, none of thefe fcenes refembles another, and they pity thofe frivolous obfervers who cannot remark all their varieties (a.) It was formerly the cuftom in England, to bait Bulls with a particular breed of Dogs, trained for that purpofe, and called Bull-Dogs, in order to render their flefh more tender when killed; and this cuftom became, at length, a fubjecé for entertainment, to the lefs civilized clafs of people, who ufed frequently to bait Bulls, merely for their diverfion; but this favage and barbarous practice feems now to be nearly left off, and to have given way toa voluntary refinement of manners. This animal is much expofed to the attacks of a fly with two wings, the Oeftrus Bovis of Linnzus; the female of which makes a number of {mall punctures in the backs of horned cattle, and in each of them depofits an egg, which is afterwards hatched by the warmth of the creature’s body, and produces a worm or maggot, which foon finds a lodging perfectly fuitable to it. The places where thefe worms are lodged are eafily to be perceived, by a tumour raifed above the furface, within which the infect is to be found under the fkin of the animal. Thefe maggots may, with fome degree of propriety, be faid to be the inhabitants of the galls or excrefcences of animals, fince they are contained in tumours fimilar to the galls of the oak and other vegetables, which are well known to be the production of infects in like manner. The aperture made by the female fly never clofes, but enlarges with the tumour, and ferves both as a breathing place for the young infect, and as a _paflage through which the fuperfluous humour contained in the tumour difcharges itfelf, which would otherwife, if confined, occafion a large abfcefs, and fuffocate the little creature. Happily for the Ox, this little worm is not furnifhed with thofe hooks, obfervable in the maggot of the common flefh-fly, wherewith it lacerates and pulls the flefh in pieces, or its fituation would be truly wretched, with fo (4) This account is chiefly taken from the Encyclopedia Britannica. 4 ‘THE BULL. many devourers gnawing and tearing its back at once, of which it could not poflibly rid itfelf: this infect, on the contrary, being perfeétly fatisfied with the moifture it finds in the tumour, gives the animal it feeds on little or no uneafinefs. As foon as the worm has attained its full growth, it works itfelf by degrees out of the tumour, through the hole, and falls on the ground, where it crawls about, till it has found a place of fafety to repofe in during its feveral transformations: here it foon lofes all motion, and the {kin becomes hard and black, forming a fhell to prote@ it from accidents, till the fly is ready to make its appearance. When it is perfectly formed, it breaks through one end of its prifon, and comes forth furnithed with only two wings, yet at firft fight fo very like fome of the fmaller humble-bees, as to be eafily miftaken for them. On attentive examination, however, it will be found to poffefs a mouth without teeth or lips, fhort gloffy antennz rounded at the ends, and reticular chefnut-coloured eyes. Inthe hinder and under part of the body of the female, there is a cylindrical tube, which fhe can protrude at pleafure, and with which the pierces the {kin of the animal, to lodge her eggs, as has been already obferved. Le SS Mig: Bon rs a Meee Why biota’ anh at are gs Lary Vee neti Cte) Leese ae ey ton ae : = March L A, Londor anton, | Harvey. EWE I y WD Pihfhed ) Uy B THE AFRICAN BUFFALO. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Horns bending out laterally. Hight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. — Skin, along the lower fide of the neck, pendulous. SYNONIMS. Bos Inpicus, Plin. lib. viii. c. 45. Bos CorniBUS RESUPINATIS INTORTIS ANTICE PLANIS, Linn. Syl. 99. | Bos Cornisus compressis, Briffon Quad. 54. Busarus, Gener Quad, 122. Raw Syn. Quad, 72. Burrato, Dellon Voy. 72. Le Burrie, de Buffon, xi. 284. tab. xxv. Bury ELEPHANTS, Ludolph Eth. 52. THE general external appearance of the Buffalo fo nearly refembles that of the common Bull or Cow, that we might at firft eafily fuppofe them to be mere varieties of the fame animal; but if we contemplate the habits and difpofition of each, and minutely examine the difference of particular parts, we are inftantly &ruck with the difimilari ty, and ready to pronounce the two _ fpecies totally diftiné. - The averfion for each ether which fubfifts between ‘them is fo great, that it has hitherto been found impoffible to make them breed together. Dr. Sparrman indeed feems to hint at the poffibility of fuch an union, confidering it as a curious experiment; but an infurmountable difficulty prefents itfelf, if we remark the different periods of their geftation: _ the Cow, as is well known, goes only nine months with young; whereas the THE AFRICAN BUFFALO. female Buffalo goes twelve. A circumftance, furely, which puts the matter beyond all doubt, and muft for ever preferve the two {fpecies diftinct. The Cape Buffalo, according to Dr. Sparrman, is eight feet in length, and its height is five feet and a half. The limbs are remarkably {tout and robutt, in proportion to its fize. The fetlocks hang nearer the ground than they do in the Cow. The horns are the moft remarkable feature they poflefs, both as to their fhape and fituation: thefe are placed at the diftance of only one inch from each other at the bafes, each horn being about thirteen inches in width at that part ; from the jundtion at the bafe, which forms a narrow channel or furrow, they rife upwards, in a {pherical form, to the height of three inches ; in this manner they extend over a great part of the head, to the diftance of three inches and a half from the eyes; fo that the part from which they proceed occupies a {pace of eighteen or twenty inches in circumference; from thence bending downwards on each fide of the neck, they become gradually more cylindrical, and each of them forms a curye, the convex part of which is turned towards the ground, and the direction of the point is upwards: the diftance from point to point is frequently more than five feet. The horns are black, and two thirds of their furface, meafured from the bafe, are very rough and craggy, with cavities lodged in them, fometimes an inch deep. The ears are a foot long, and are apparently defended by the fituation of the horns; notwithftanding which, the edges of them are often notched and torn by the briars and almoft impenetrable thickets through which they pafs. The eyes alfo are fo placed as to receive great protection from the horns ; befides which, they are funk deep in their own prominent orbits: an inftance of the kind care of the Creator, in thus providing for the defence and fafety of a part fo effential to the well-being of the animal. The hair of the Buffalo, which is of a dark brown colour, is long and harfh, and thinly {cattered over the body, efpecially on the fides; it is rather longer on the knees, and lies as it were in whirls. The Buffalo ufually carries its head inclined to one fide; this, with the fingular appearance of its horns, gives it a fierce and malignant afpe&t, and THE AFRICAN BUFFALO. warns the traveller to beware of an animal who carries fuch true traits of his real difpofition in his countenance. ‘Treacherous in the extreme, he conceals himfelf among the trees, and there ftands lurking till fome paflenger comes by, when he rufhes out at once into the road, and attacks the unwary traveller, who has no chance of :efcape, but by climbing up a tree, if he is fortunate enough to be near one. Flight-is of no avail, he is {peedily overtaken by the furious beaft, who, not content with throwing down and killing him, ftands over him for a long time afterwards, trampling him with his hoofs, and crufhing him with his knees, and not only mangles and tears the body to pieces with his horns and teeth, but likewife ftrips off the fkin, by licking it with his tongue. Nor does he perform all this at once, but often retires to fome diftance from the body, and returns with favage ferocity to gratify afrefh his cruel appetite. The Buffalo may, notwithftanding, be hunted, éhough he will fometimes turn and hunt his purfuers, whofe greateft fecurity, in this cafe, is the {wiftnefs of their horfes. } Like the Hog, he delights to wallow in the mire, which, {ticking to the hair on his fides, fometimes gives him the appearance of having a broad belt round his body. The flefh of this animal is ee but full of juice, of a high flavour. The hide is fo thick and tough, that targets, mufket proof, are made of it; it likewife affords the ftrongeft and beft thongs for harnefs. It is fo tough in the living fubject, that it is impenetrable to a leaden mufket ball ; nor can the Aaiinal be killed but with balls hardened with a mixture of tin; and eyen then, thefe are often flatted. We thall clofe this account of the Buffalo with a narrative of an attack made upon one of thefe formidable animals, as related by Dr. Sparrman, from ocular obfervation : this may ferve to give a competent idea of its nature and difpofition.. ‘ As foon as we had got a glimpfe of our game, each of us ftrove to fire before his neighbour, fo that we appeared entirely to have loft fight of all prudence and caution. When we had advanced to within twenty or thirty paces of the animal, we difcharged our pieces almoft at the THE AFRICAN BUFFALO. fame time; at which inftant the Buffalo, which was upon rather lower ground than we were, behind a thin bufh, appeared to turn his head round, in order to make towards us. The moment, however, we had difcharged our guns, we had the pleafure to fee him fall, and directly afterwards get up again, and run down into the thickeft part of the wood. Induced, from this, to hope, that our fhot had proved mortal, we had the imprudence to follow him down into the clofe thickets, where, fortunately for us, we could get no farther. We had, however, as we found afterwards, only hit the hindmoft part of the chine, where the balls, which lay at the diftance of three inches from each other, had been fhivered to pieces againft the bones. Several of © eur Hottentots now came to us, and threw ftones down into the dale, in order to difcover, by the bellowings of the beaft, whither he had retired, but without fuccefs. Afterwards, however, he appeared to have recovered his courage, for at laft he came up out of the dale, of his own accord, to the {kirts of the wood, and placed himfelf fo as to have a full view of us on the {pot, where we were refting ourfelves fomewhat higher up: his intention, in all probability, and in the opinion of our old fport{men, being to revenge himfelf on us, if we had not feen him in time, and fired at him directly. What, perhaps, in fome degree, put a ftop to his boldnefs was, that we ftood on higher ground than he did: for feveral veteran fportf{men have affured me, as a fact, that Buffalos do not willingly afcend any hill, in order to make their attack. The third {hot, which we afterwards difcovered to have entered at the belly, proved fatal. ‘This forced the Buffalo to defcend again into the vale, dying the ground and bufhes all the way he went with his blood. Though {till hot upon the chafe, yet we advanced with the greateft caution, accompanied by two of our Hottentots, through the thin and more pervious part of the wood, where the Buffalo had taken fhelter. He, on the other hand, was advancing again, in order to attack fome of us, when Mr. Immel man, from the place where he was pofted, fhot him in the lungs. Neyverthelefs, he had ftill ftrength enough left to make a circuit of a hundred and fifty - paces before we heard him fall. During his fall, and before he died, he bellowed in a moft Rupendous manner; and this death-fong of his filled THE AFRICAN BUFFALO. us all with no fmall degree of joy, on account of the victory we had gained : and fo thoroughly is the human heart fometimes fteeled to the fufferings of. the brute creation, that we haftened forwards, in order to have the pleafure of feeing the Buffalo ftruggle with the pangs of death. I chanced to be firft at the {pot ; but think it impoffible ever to behold anguifh, accompanied by a favage fiercenefs, painted in ftronger colours than they were in the countenance of this Buffalo. I was within ten fteps of him, when he perceived me, and, bellowing, raifed himfelf fuddenly again on his legs. rE _had fince reafon to believe, that | was at the time very much frightened ; for, before I could well take my aim, I fired off my gun, and the fhot miffed the whole of his huge body, and only hit him in the hind legs, as we afterwards difcovered by the fize of the ball. Immediately upon this I ran away like lightning, in order to look out for fome tree to climb up into; but my apprehenfions were groundlefs, he was too much exhautted to purfue . me, and died foon after.” | The Buffalo is a gregarious animal. It inhabits the interior unfrequented — parts of Africa and India; but is found in the greateft abundance in the countries near the Cape of Good Hope. | Z bo is iM MPAs oval ees ip ZZ ee / Z ee i i Gi ; a by Wey Wy Li Darton, and. J. Harvey, Londaow, 2790. by Th Lub ished: ZEBU. THE ZEBU, OR INDIAN OX. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Horns bending out laterally. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. Skin along the lower fide of the neck pendulous. SYNONIMS. Inp1an Ox ¢. Pennant Syn. Quad. 6. Lirrte Burraro, Edwards, p. 200. ZeEBU, de Buffon, xi. 439. tad. xlii. THE Zebu, or Indian Ox, varies much in refpect to fize; fome are as large as the common Englifh Ox ; others as fmall as the Alderney Cow. From the latter of thefe the annexed figure was drawn. This animal differs from the European Ox in the fituation of its horns, and in having a lump on the fhoulders ; which, in the larger variety, will fometimes grow to the weight of forty or fifty pounds. This lump, or protuberance, is confidered as a very delicate article of food, and, when well drefied, has much the tafte and-appearance of udder. The horns of this variety are fhort, and generally bend forwards rather than fideways, whereas thofe of the larger kind bend backwards. The Zebu is capable of being tamed and rendered -very docile and gentle; it is then ufed in India as a fubftitute for horfes, in travelling; and particularly in China and Chinefe Tartary. Its ufual pace is a foft trot, with which it will travel at the rate of forty or fifty miles a day, for fixty days together. They are guided by means of a cord paffed through the THE ZEBU. cartilage of their noftrils, which is faftened to a longer cord, and ufed as a bridle. They are rode with a faddle, like horfes, and their motion is far from unpleafant to the rider. The white. ones are the moft efteemed for this purpofe. They likewife ufe them to draw chariots and carts, which fervice they perform in a very tractable and expeditious manner. However widely the: Zebu may appear to differ from the common Bull and Cow, it is certainly only a variety of the fame {pecies, as they ‘breed together very kindly, and, in a few generations, the hump on the back entirely. difappears. The Cow is {ubject to a great many varieties, which have given rife to a long lift of names in the nomenclature of quadrupeds; fuch as the Urus, the Bifon, the Bonafus, the Hog Cow, the Siberian Cow, and many others, which are all of them mere varieties of the fame animal. But however thefe animals feem to differ in their outward appearance, they perfectly agree in the internal conformation of their parts, which is the true criterion of the fpecies, and keeps the animal diftin& from all others. This quadruped is found all over India, in Arabia Petra, and moft parts of Africa. : | | af a Lpitte tb leiee THE RAM. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Horns twifted fpirally, and pointing outwards. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. SYNONIMS. Ovis Aries, Linn. Sy/t. 97. Far, Faun. Suec. No. 45. Brit. Zool. 1. 22. Ovis, Plin. lib. viii. c. 47. Rait Syn. Quad. 73. Wipper Scuaar, Klein Quad. 13. Le Bresis, de Buffon, v. i. tab. 1. 2. THE Ram is the male of that well-known and ufeful animal, the Sheep, of which the female is called Ewe ; the young one, whether male or female, Lamb ; and the male deprived, Wether: the Ram is alfo called Tup, in fome parts of England. This animal is fo well known, that a particular defeription of its figure feems unneceflary ; it is, however, fubject to numberlefs varieties, arifing from crofs-breeding, food, and climate, the effect of which is more remarkable in this, than in any other animal. The Sheep is certainly the moft ufeful of the leffer quadrupeds; and the bounty of the Creator has fo tempered its conftitution, as to enable it to exift, and even thrive, in almoft every variety of climate, rendering moft effential fervices to mankind wherever it goes. Mild, innocent, and gentle in its mature, it feems confcious of its defencelefs ftate, and looks to man for that protection, which it feeks in vain from its own {pecies; yet, however timid it may be, the female follows the impulfe of nature, fo evident in all its fex, in the care and protection of its young, which it attempts to defend in time THE RAM. | of danger, by ftamping with its feet in a menacing manner, and pufhing with its horns. It muft, however, be allowed that, notwithftanding the apparent timidity. of this animal, when under the immediate protection of man, it affumes a very different conduct on the extenfive, wild mountains, where numerous flocks range uncontrolled and unprotected by the fhepherd, except at morning and evening. In fuch fituations, a Ram will boldly attack a. fingle Dog, and frequently proves victorious. But when the attack is more formidable, they unite in the common caufe, and draw themfelves up in a body, the females and young, as being perfectly defencelefs, occupying the centre, while the Rams, placing themfelves clofe to each other, form a circle round them, and prefent a formidable battery of horns on all parts, which cannot be attacked without imminent danger to the affailant. Thus they wait with firmnefs the approach of the enemy, on whom the Rams dart with fuch impetuofity and force, as to lay him dead at their feet,. untefs he has the addrefs to fave himfelf by flight. A Ram will fometimes engage a Bull, and, from the fuperior hardnefs of his fkull, often comes off victorious. The Sheep delights in the fociety of its own fpecies, and feems fond of a tinkling noife, which induces the fhepherds to hang a bell round the neck of the leader of the flock, thence called the Bell- Wether, or Weder, the found of which the others never fail to follow. This animal is fubject to many difeafes, the moft dangerous of which, namely the rot, is chiefly occafioned by its being kept in wet paftures, and too commonly proves fatal. It is likewife fubje& to the dropfy, vertigo, jaundice, and worms in the liver(a); it is alfo tormented by feveral kinds of infects, but chiefly by a fpecies of oeftrus, or gad-fly, which lays its eggs fo high in the noftrils, that the maggots, when hatched, make their way into the frontal finuffes, and give the poor animal exquifite torture. The French {hepherds have a method of relieving this complaint, by trepanning the part, and taking out the maggots. This operation is likewife performed in fome parts of England, though not with equal fuccefs. The {kin is much infefted (a) Fafciola hepatica. Linz. Sy/. 648. THE RAM. with a large acarus, or tick, which is eagerly fought after by magpies and ftarlings. It has already been remarked, that the Sheep is the moft valuable of the lefler quadrupeds, of which the immenfe profits arifing to this country from the different branches of the woollen manufacture, afford fufficient proof. How it came to be fo long neglected in England, is matter of juft aftonifhment, as it does not appear to have been much encouraged till the reign of Queen Elizabeth, fince which period it has thriven fo much, that it is now generally allowed to be the ftaple commodity of Britith commerce(a). But, befides the wool, there is hardly any part of this creature that is not applied to the various neceflities of man: the flefh is a nutritious and wholefome food, and never cloys the appetite; the milk produces butter’ and cheefe' in great abundance ;, the fkin is ufed for making gloves, parchment, and the covers of books ;. and of the entrails, ftrings are manufactured for mufical inftruments, and to cover the handles of whips; the bones, calcined, are ufed by the refiners, and the dung is a rich article of manure in -hufbandry(sB): The Sheep bred in Great Britain are by far fuperior to thofe produced in any other country; thofe reared in Herefordthire, Devonthire, and Cotfwold Downs have the fineft fleeces, and the Lincolnfhire and Warwickthire breed are the largeft, and exceed all others in the quantity and goodnefs of their wool. A lock, from one of Mr. Chaplin’s Lincolnthire breed, meafured twenty three inches in length: the individual from which it was taken weighed. thirty ftone, feven pounds, reckoning eight pounds to the ftone ; and a Wether, of three years old, produced twenty-fix pounds and three quarters of wool. Fifty guineas are commonly given for a Ram of the Lincolnfhire breed; and, at Mr. Chaplin’s fale, three Lambs were fold as follows, one for 1741. one for 150]. and one for 1261. and many others came (a) “ The annual value of wool fhorn in England, is efimated at two millions fterling, which produces, when manufa@ured, the prodigious fum of fix millions.” (s) Buffon fays, that one hundred Sheep, properly folded, will in one fummer fertilize eight acres of land for fix years. THE RAM. within a few pounds of the laft price. The Ewes were fold, in lots of five each, from thirty to twenty guineas, which laft was the loweft price per lot. The late Mr. Bakewell of Leicefterfhire, had likewife taken infinite pains in improving the breed of Sheep, and thofe, bred by him, are thought to be as valuable as the Lincolnshire. Like all other ruminating animals, Sheep have no upper cutting, or fore, teeth; but they have eight in the lower jaw: two of thefe are fhed and replaced by new ones at the age of two years; four of them at the age of three years ; and at four years old the mouth is full. There are, however, fome breeds in England, called by the fhepherds Leather-mouthed Cattle, which do not change their teeth at all, thefe are fuppofed to thew the marks of old age fooner than the reft. The Ewe goes five months with young, and generally brings one Lamb at a time, though fome bring two; and fometimes, though very rarely, three and four: the firft Lamb is reckoned of inferior value, and the third is always the beft. It is remarkable that the Ewe can diftinguith its own Lamb, and the Lamb its mother, even in the largeft flocks; and, at the time of fhearing, when the Ewes are fhut up in a pen from the Lambs, and turned loofe one by one as they are fhorn, it is pleafing to fee the meeting between the mother and her young one: the Ewe immediately bleats, to call her Lamb, which inftantly obeys the well-known voice, and returning the bleat, comes {fkipping to its dam; but is ftartled at firtt by her new appearance, and approaches her with diffidence, till fhe has corre&ted the fenfe of fight by thofe of {fmelling and hearing, when, laying afide her fears, fhe feizes the much-loved teat. The Ram will live fifteen years, and the Ewe ten; but they feldom attain to that age. In purchafing Sheep, care fhould be taken to buy them from a {oil inferior to that for which they are deftined. A good Sheep may be known by the largenefs of its bones, and the length, oilinefs, and clofe twit of the wool: fuch fheep always produce the fineft fleeces, and fetch the bett price at market. Ot a asa t's. Oh \i | \\ AN aN Lublifhed ty WDarton THary ey ava WBetch, London, Jucy UW 1802. Z AFRICAN SHEEP. BROAD ‘TAILED D° THE BROAD-TAILED SHEEP. 2 | Generic CHARACTERS. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. Hornlefs, : SYNONIMS. Ovis Arapica, Catz Opufe.72. Gefner Quad. Icon. 15. - BRoab-TAILED SHEEP, Pennant Hi/t. Quad. vol. i. p. 41. Ovis LaTicaupa, Rait Syn. Quad.74. Linn. Syft. 97. Le Mouton pe Barzariez, de Buffon, xi. 555, tab. xxxiii. THE tail of this animal, which conftitutes its greateft peculiarity, is accounted a choice delicacy, and is ufually eaten with the lean of the mutton, its fubftance partaking equally of the nature of fat and marrow. It is faid to be twelve inches broad; of fo great a length as to trail upon the ground; | and fo uncommonly heavy as to require the fupport of a {mall carriage, which the fhepherds ufually provide, to keep it from galling, This, however, is not the only particular in which the Broad-tailed Sheep excels, as its fleece is equally long, fine, and beautiful, with the boafted wool of Caramania; and is actually purchafed with avidity by the Cachemirian factors, who fend it to Cachemir, where it is fabricated into thawls (a) of an exquifite quality and fuperior elegance. (4) These articles of luxury were always supposed to have been made with goats’ hair, till the public were undeceived by Mr. Bogle’s instructive and entertaining account of Thibet, noticed in the Philosophical Transactions. THE BROAD-TAILED SHEEP. Thefe animals feem to have been known to the ancients: fome of whom have afferted that the tails were a cubit broad, and others that they meafured a cubit in length. | | A variety, called by Mr. Pennant the fhort thick-tailed Sheep, abound in all the deferts of 'Tartary, but the quantity of their fat is proportioned to the quality of their pafture; the fineft being ebferved to inhabit fuch places as produce vernal plants, or are impregnated with faline waters. The fubjeét of our Plate is commonly. found in Syria, Barbary, and Ethiopia, where its tail is faid to grow to the weight of fifty pounds, ee ee ee ee THE AFRICAN SHEEP. Ih mm we a sm Generic CHARACTERS. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. Horns fhort, ears pendant. SY NONIMS. Ariss Guineensis, Margrave Brafil.134. Rati Syn. Quad. 75. La Brezis DE Guineez, Briffon Quad, 51. SHEEP oF SanARA, Shaw's Travels, 241. | Le Bevier ves Inpgs, de Buffon, xi. 362. tab. xxxiv. AFrRicaNn SHEEP, Pennant Hit. Quad. vol. i, p. 40. Ovis GuineEEnsis, Linn. Sy/t.98. Zimmerman, 131. CarneRo or Bett Weruer, Deélla Valle Trav. 91. THIS animal, known to the Portuguefe by the name of Cabritto, and fuppofed by Mr. Pennant to have been the Adimain, which Leo Africanus mentions as furnifhing the Lybians with milk and cheefe, pofleffes none of thofe attractive qualities, that produce an involuntary admiration in the breait of the fpectator who contemplates either the flocks or individuals of other countries. Neither the formation of its body, the appearance of its coat, nor the quality of its flefh, is worthy of attention : the firft being meagre and ill proportioned; the fecond confifting of rough hair, inftead of the beautiful wool that ufually adorns the other varieties; and the latter | proving equally deftitute of flavour and nutrition. The African Sheep is about the fize of an Afs, though its fhape refembles that of the Ram. Its horns are fhort ; its ears pendulous, and, like its body, covered with fhort hair inftead of wool; its legs are extremely long; and THE AFRICAN SHEEP. the under part of its neck is furnifhed with a fort of dew-lap. It is faid to be uncommonly ftrong and fwift; and, though domefticated, to approach near to a ftate of nature. | Della Valle afferts, that he faw, at Goa, a Wether of this defcription, faddled and bridled, which carried a boy of twelve years of age. It is an inhabitant of Guinea, and is found in moft of the tropical climates. : | Pubtifhed by WDartan F: arvey KWBelch, London Dee’ 2472 1603. Many HorNED SHEED. 0) 0 WALACHIAN ID THE MANY HORNED SHEEP. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Horns twifted {pirally, and pointing outwards. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. | SYNONIM. Ovis Porycrrata, Linn. Sy/t.97. De Buffon, xi. tab. xxxi. Suppl. iii. p. 73. THESE animals are commonly-found in Iceland, Mufcovy, and other northern parts. They are fimilar to thofe of England in the form of their bodies, but vary materially in the number of their horns; having commonly four, and fometimes eight, branching out from the forehead. ‘Their fleeces are of a tolerable length, fmooth, and of a fubftance between hair and wool; and beneath the external coat, which falls off at certain periods, is another covering that refembles a fine foft fur. The quantity produced by each animal ufually weighs about four pounds. Mr. Pennant has defcribed an individual of this fpecies as having two erect and two lateral horns; the fore part of its neck covered with yellowith hairs, that meafured fourteen inches in length; and the other parts of its body covered with wool. he fame gentleman mentions an elegant fpecies brought from Guinea, which was fmall of ftature, but beautifully limbed. Its hair was of the fineft texture, and exhibited a filvery whitenefs; that which fhaded the neck was of a confiderable length. Its nofe was partially marked with a glofly black, each knee and ham was prettily fpotted, and the feet were completely black. So evident was the effect of climate upon this animal, that in the month of November it began to affume a foft woolly coat. Its difpofition, for fome time, was extremely gentle, but it afterwards contraéted fuch vicious habits as obliged its owner to fend it to a mountain inclofure, where it died. hand? * s a? . 2 E Pitkin bel ape Mac baie EGS Chee ac eRe “eps ; {Ou AOT9 St OMe Sue, Bont: THE WALLACHIAN SHEEP, Generic CHARACTERS. Horns twifted {pirally, and pointing outwards. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. SYNONIMS. Ovis STREPSICEROS, Rait Syn. Quad. 75. La Cuevre vE Crete, Briffon Quad. 48. | STREPSICHEROS ov Mouron bE Crete, Gefner Quad. 308. Cretan SHEEP, Pennant Hift. Quad. vol. i. p. 38. CoRNIBUS RECTIS CARINATIS FLEXUOSO sPIRALIBUS, Linn. Sy/t. 98. THIS variety is faid to refemble the common Sheep both in the fize and formation of its body; but it is juftly confidered as a curious animal, by naturalifts, on account of the long thaggy fleece with which it is clothed by nature, and the upright fpiral horns that embellith its head. It is an inhabitant of Wallachia, Mount Ida in Crete, and of feveral of the iflands of the Archipelago. This Animal is diftinguifhed in Auftria by the name of Zackl, and is almoft the only kind which the butchers of that country deal in. It is.alfo faid to be the Strepficheros of the ancients. et cw k %," } eA ‘Ai J i ha Aa 25 € WA ith . PR eer oe if : rittatecmoninsyenconr dimen coaiheneia, mn + . ols eiee Se ee * y f 7 “2% Ma; AGns wa mingts ox wu) io ‘ ~ Mag ie nate trae Ae: sre teneeeey 5 ie. wg ubily hed Ly U4: Der for Tiarvey LMWeBeleh Lovedoun A July / "1206. be : GOAT THE GOAT. Generic CHaracters. Horns bending backward, almoft clofe at their bafe. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. The male in general bearded. SYNONIMS., Capra Hircvus, Linn. Sy/t. 94. Ger, Faun, Suec. No. 44. SIEGEN BOCK, S1eG_e,. Klein Quad. 15. Goat, Pennant’s Brit. Zool. I. 29. Le Bouc, La Cuevre, de Buffon, v. 59. tad. viii. Briffon Quad. 38. THE Goat may be confidered as a kind‘of auxiliary {pecies, well adapted by the beneficent Creator, to fupply the abfence or imperfections of the Sheep, in fuch climates and fituations as are not congenial to the conititution and habits of that ufeful animal. In like manner, the AfS is a fubftitute for the Horfe, and the Llama of the Peruvian mountains for the. Camel. All thefe auxiliary fpecies are, however, completely diftinct, and feparated by a boundary which nature cannot exceed; they are all wilder and more hardy than their principals(a); they require lefs care, and are lefs fubject to difeafe or accidents. | } | The fprightly and active difpofition of the Goat feems well calculated to adorn and enliven the gloomy mountainous wilds of nature, and to give a pleafing animation to thofe awful and dreary fcenes, which are inacceflible (4) Buffon. THE GOAT. to almoft every other quadruped. Delighted to browfe on fhrubs and the tops of trees, which it reaches from the contiguous rocks, it finds, in thefe retired folitudes, an abundant fupply of food, and perfect fecurity from its enemies. The feet of this animal are admirably well adapted to the rocky precipices, on which it loves to climb, being furnifhed with two hoofs, made hollow underneath, and fharp at the edges, like the infide of a fpoon, whereby it is prevented from fliding in théfe dangerous fituations. Although the Goat is well adapted for a favage life, being hardy, lively, active, and pofleffed of a great fhare of animal inftinét, it neverthelefs attaches itfelf readily to man, appears fenfible of his carefles, and offers him, as it were, voluntarily, thofe fervices which it is capable of rendering him, and which are by no means inconfiderable, in the mountainous countries it inhabits. Its fkin, which is foft, clean, and wholefome, furnithes a comfortable bed for the hardy inhabitants of thofe folitudes; its milk not only ferves them as a wholefome and nourifhing drink, but likewife yields them cheefe and butter, to eat with their oat-cakes. Its flefh, too, is excellent food; but this is a luxury in which they feldom indulge, as being too expenfive. The flefh of the Kid is efteemed a dainty even by epicures, and, when properly prepared, is little inferior to venifon. The Count de Buffon relates an anecdote, which proves, that this animal is naturally fond of the fociety of man, even in uncultivated countries. « In 1698,” fays he, “ an Englith veffel having put into harbour at the ifland of Bonavifta, two negroes went on board, and offered the captain as many Goats as he chofe to carry away; he exprefled his furprife at this offer, when the negroes informed him there were only twelve perfons on the ifland, and that the Goats multiplied fo faft, as to become exceedingly troublefome ; for, inftead of being hard to be caught, they followed them about with a degree of obftinacy, like other domeftic animals. The Goat will leap from one precipice to another with the greateft care, — and moft perfect fecurity; and when two of them are yoked together, that they may not ftray too far from home, they will, as it were by mutual confent, take the moft dangerous leaps together, and exert their efforts with fuch perfect unifon, that they generally accomplith their purpofe unhurt. THE GOAT. This ufeful animal requires little or no care, and is eafily fuftained ; it is therefore generally the property of the poor; it prefers browfing on heathy mountains and commons, or fhrubby rocks and neglected wilds, to grazing in the moft luxuriant paftures; it is particularly fond of the tender bark of young trees, to which it often does great damage. It is not in the leatt affected by wind or rain, nor does it endeavour to avoid either; it prefers heat to cold, which, when .immoderate, often produces a fatal vertigo; it delights to bafk in the fun, and will fleep in the hotteft fituations: playful, capricious, and vagrant, it is with difficulty fed in flocks, as Sheep are, but prefers ftraying from its companions, and felecting its own paftures. The irregularity of its motions ftrongly marks the inconftancy of its difpofition ; it advances, retires, jumps, runs, and ftops, merely from caprice and natural vivacity. The milk of the.Goat is much recommended in confumptive cafes, as a reftorative and blunter of acrimony, and is often found to be highly beneficial. ‘The mountainous parts of England, Scotland, and Wales are much reforted to for the purpofe of drinking it in perfe@ion, and great advantage is frequently derived from the ufe of it. The tafte of Goat’s milk is {weet and pleafant, and it acquires a peculiar flavour from the fhrubs it feeds on, which to fome is highly grateful; it is eafier digefted than Cow’s milk, and is therefore well adapted to thofe who have weak ftomachs. ‘The Goat is likewife ferviceable to man in many more inftances; its {kin is ufed for feveral purpofes; with it the knapfacks of foldiers are generally made, and, in the country, the peafants make waiftcoats and caps of it: wigs, and even cloth are made of its hair; its horns are ufed as handles for knives and other inftruments; and its fuet is highly efteemed for making candles, which are fuperior, for durability and whitenefs, to thofe made from any other tallow. | | Both male and female have horns, except a very few individuals; and it is faid that thofe which are white, and have no horns, always give the moft milk, but that the black ones are the ftrongetft (a). (4) Buffon. _ THE GOAT. -'The Goat is fattened in the fame manner as the Sheep; but, in our climate, notwithftanding every poffible precaution, the flefh is never fo. good or fo fweet as mutton. Between the tropics the cafe is different ; there the mutton becomes lean and flabby, whereas the flefh of the Goat rather improves, and is by {ome preferred to the mutton. Thus it appears that this animal feems well adapted to fupply the neceflities of man in both extremes, in almoft every part of the world. In northern countries, where the pafture is barren and coarfe, the Goat finds a fubfiftence among the fhrubs well fuited to his nature; between the tropics, where the exceffive heat caufes_ other cattle to degenerate, the Goat is on the contrary nourifhed by the genial warmth, and his fleth improves accordingly. | The female goes five months with young, and produces from two to four at a birth. The Goat will breed with the Sheep, and the animal fo produced will breed again, but no new race will refult from the intermixture; which clearly proves that, although the Goat and Sheep greatly refemble each other in many particulars, the fpecies are, and ever will be, difting. The Goat is fubject to great varieties, as to its fize, horns, colour, and hair, which in fome is very rough and fhaggy, in others perfectly {mooth, in fome curled, in others long and ftraight ; thefe variations depend much on the country in which it is produced, and the food it meets with; it is an animal much diffufed, and will breed freely in any country, except in thofe which are very cold, as Canada, where they are obliged to preferve a fucceflion by importation. It is remarked, that the fize of the Goat decreafes. in proportion to the warmth of the climate in which it is bred, but that it becomes more prolific, and in very warm countries, has been known to bring forth even five young ones at a birth. It is libidinous even to a proverb, and the period of its life is frequently. fhortened by its ardor. The individual, reprefented in the plate, is the portrait of one bred on the mountains of Wales, and the {cenery is the place of his nativity. Publifhed by Wharton, Tiare AWRelch,Lon dow, TunelQ ISL. IBEX HAMOIS=GOAT. 4 ‘wl THE IBEX. | GENERIC CHARACTERS. Horns bent backwards, and almoft clofe at their bafe. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. The male bearded, Sy NONIMS. Ipex, Plan. lib. viii. c. 53. Le Bovevetin, de Buffon, xii. 136, tad. xiii. xiv. Zimmerman, 114. STeEInBocK, Kramer Auftr. 321. Redingere kleine There, No. 71. THE Ibex is mentioned by Buffon as being the ftock from whence the Common or Domeftic Goat has defcended. It greatly refembles that animal in the formation of its body; but its knotty and incurvated horns are confiderably larger, fometimes growing to the length of three feet. The head of this quadruped is {mall, that of the male adorned with a dufky beard; the eyes are large; the hair is rough; the top of the back marked with a black line. The legs are diverfified with black and white; the thighs and belly are of a delicate fawn colour; and the other parts of a deep brown, mingled with hoary. The female is confiderably fmaller than the male: her horns feldom exceed eight inches in length, and have but few knobs on the u pper furface. Thefe animals are extremely wild, ftrong, and agile; and fometimes turn with fuch fury upon the incautious huntfman, as to throw him headlong down the eminence, unlefs he has time to elude the danger, by prottrating himfelf on the earth till they have paffed over him. THE IBEX. Some authors have afferted, that if the Ibex is clofely purfued, and cannot poflibly efcape by any other method, it will precipitate itfelf from the brow of the mountain, and light upon its horns (a) in fuch a manner as generally fecures its body from injury: or that it will otherwife fufpend itfelf from fome projecting tree, over a precipice, and there remain till the enemy has paffed by, or abandoned his fruitlefs efforts. From thefe circumftances it muft be fufficiently obvious, that it is difficult to be fhot, and that the chace of it is peculiarly dangerous. During the feafon of love, the braying of the males re-echoes through the excavations of the rocks with a horrible noife. At the time of parturition, the females retire to the fide of fome neighbouring rill, and there bring forth their young. They have feldom more than one Kid at a time, and the length of their lives is faid to be inconfiderable. cans In the moft fevere part of winter, they defcend a little, in quett of pafturage. Their blood was formerly accounted ufeful in pleurifies, and their fleth is efteemed excellent. They inhabit the Pyrenean and Carpathian mountains; the moft elevated piers of the Sierra de Ronda, in the province of Granada; the Grifons country; and the higheft points of the Rheetian Alps. They are likewife found on the mountainous chain which ftretches between eaftern T artary and Siberia; the tract beyond the Lena; the province of Hedojes, in Arabia; and the lofty hills of Crete, where they are faid to cure the wounds of arrows by browfing on the herb dittany. (4) This assertion seems to be justified by the frequent and well-known circumstance of the Ibex being found with only one horn, the other being broken by a fall, THE CHAMOIS GOAT. GENERIC CHARACTERS. ‘Horns flender, erect, and hooked. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. Hoofs fhort and much divided. SYNONIMS. Rupicapra, Plin. lib. viii. c. 15. Gefner Quad. 290. Razz Syn. Quad. 78. Scheuchzer. It. Alp. i.155. &ce. Capra ruprcapra. C. Cornisus ERECTIS UNCINATIS, Linn. Syft. 95. Cuamots ov Ysarp, Belon Of. 54. Ysarus ov Sarris, Gaflon de Foix, 99. Briffon Quad. 41. de Buffon, xii, 136. tad. xvi. Gemse, Klezn Quad. 18. Ridinger Kleine Thiere, No. 72. ANTILOPE RUPICAPRA, Pallas Mifcel. 4. Spicil. xii. 12. TRAVELLERS, who have beheld the fublime and pi@turefque {cenery of Dauphiné, Swifferland, Italy, Greece, Crete, the Sierra de Ronda, the Pyrenean mountains, and thofe of Taurus and Caucafus, have generally {poken of the Chamois Goat with that peculiar warmth of expreflion which refults from the contemplation of fome pleafing and favourite obje&. It may, indeed, be naturally fuppofed that, while the eye wanders over a fine extent of mountainous country, or refts in aftonifhment on the declivity of fome lofty eminence, the fight of this beautiful quadruped, bounding over the misfhapen rocks, pafling through the trees with incredible {wiftnefs, or haftening to quench its thirft at the cryftal ftreamlet, mutt infpire the fufceptible heart with delight and admiration. THE CHAMOIS GOAT. The Chamois is of the fize of the tame Goat, to which it approximates in feveral particulars. Its head is embellifhed with two flender, black horns, rifing from the centre of the forehead, to the height of fix inches; but inftead of reclining backwards, like thofe of other animals, they ftand forward, being only recurved at their extremities, which are remarkably acute. The pofition of the ears is extremely graceful. Exclufive of two black ftripes, that defcend from the horns to the fides of the face, the colour of the head is a yellowifh white; the body of a brown, or dufky red; and the belly tinged with yellow: the length of the tail is inconfiderable, and its colour fable on the under furface; the hoofs are fhort and goat-like, and the upper lip is a little divided. A variety, probably that of fex, has been obferved, in which the cheeks and chin are of a dufky hue, and the forehead white. This quadruped is univerfally admired for the roundnefs, vivacity, and penetration of its eye; and its fcent and hearing are fo exquifitely fine, that it will difcover a man at the diftance of half a league, provided the wind blows ina favourable direction. The Chamois felects the moft tender buds, delicate flowers, and aromatic herbs for its food; particularly the genipay and carline thiftle, which, being the hotteft productions of the Alps, are well adapted to the warmth of its conftitution; yet it is fo greatly incommoded by the beams of the fun, that it is only to be feen at pafture previoufly to the rifing of that luminary, or in the cool of the evening. ° During the fummer it frequents the excavated rocks that are lined with eternal fnows, or the tall forefts which crown the northern fides of the rugged mountains. In the depth of winter it feeks a retreat, from the falls of the avalanches, in the lower thickets, or caverns, where it fubfifts on fuch flender twigs of trees, roots, or tender bufhes, as it can find beneath the furface of the fnow. When it feeds upon fucculent herbage, it drinks but fparingly, and ruminates at intervals like the common Goat. Each herd is faid to have a leader, who commonly takes his ftation on fome commanding {pot, while his followers are at food, and faithfully performs the duty of a fentinel. If he either hears or {mells any thing THE CHAMOIS GOAT. approaching, which he cannot immediately fee, he whiftles or hiffes with fuch force, that the neighbouring rocks reverberate the found, and the Goats are warned to feek their fafety in inftant flight. He then ftops for a moment, in order to look around him, and afterwards refumes his friendly intimation, firiking the ground with his feet, and leaping impatiently from one eminence to another, till the confirmation of his fears induces him to elude purfuit by an exertion of his natural {peed. The whittling or hiffing, here alluded to, is purely nafal, and is in reality no other than a ftrong breath exhaled, with great violence, through a {mall aperture. It is ufed exclufively as a fignal of danger, the voice of the Chamois at all other times being confined to a gentle bleating. Thefe animals, whofe agility and vivacity are equally interefting, are of a focial difpofition, and generally appear in little parties of from three to twenty, though probably fixty or a hundred individuals occupy the declivity of the fame mountain. The large males ufually feed at a diftance from the others, except in the months of October and November, when they join the females, and beat away the young. ‘Their ardour is then exceflive, and they bleat frequently, as they traverfe their native rocks with aftonifhing rapidity. The feafon of parturition isin March and April, when the females bring forth one, and occafionally two at atime. The young ones remain with their dams for about five months, and, if not deftroyed by the voracity of the wolves, or the ftratagems of the hunters, they will live to the age of twenty or even thirty years. ‘Their blood is faid to poflefs fome medicinal virtues, like that of the wild Goat, and is confequently an object of importance to the hunters. The horns are ufed for the heads of canes. ‘Thofe of the females are {maller and lefs hooked than the others. ‘The fkins, when dreffed, are nervous, ftrong, and fupple, and were formerly ufed for gloves, vefts, and other articles of raiment; but, fince the art of tanning has arrived to fo great perfection, the leather denominated /hammoy is alfo made from the {kins of the domeftic Goat, the Deer, and the Sheep. The fleth of the Chamois is accounted excellent, and one of thefe animals will fometimes yield from ten THE CHAMOIS GOAT. to twelve pounds of fuet, of a fuperior quality to that of the common Goat. | They climb and defcend fuch parts of the {cabrous hills as are perfeétly inacceffible to men, and even to dogs, with great facility, always purfuing their courfe in an oblique direction. When defcending, they throw themfelves acro{s a rock, of twenty or thirty feet in height, without having any intermediate fupport; they ftrike, however, twice or thrice with their hoofs, in their defcent, till they reach a proper refting place. The ftrength and elafticity of their tendons is fuch that, when feen at a diftance, bounding from one precipice to another, a f{pectator might be almoft inclined to imagine that nature had fupplied them with wings, rather than with fuch limbs as are common to quadrupeds. Their legs are remarkably long and pliant, and the hinder ones are crooked, a formation which favours their fpringing to fuch great diftances, and tends to break their fall, when they precipitate themfelves from the heights of the mountains. The chace of the Chamois is replete with difficulty and danger: it is generally performed in winter, and the moft common method is, to fhoot them with rifle-barrelled guns, from behind fome large mafs of ftone, or the clefts of the hills. Some, however, deem themfelves more prudent in ftationing proper perfons at all the outlets of a glade or valley, and fending in others to roufe thegame. Dogs are entirely ufelefs in this chace, as they would merely alarm without overtaking, and would either provoke the objects of purfuit to turn upon the hunters, and throw them down the precipice, or to fly off to the diftance of feveral leagues. | A hairy fubftance, covered with a hard cruft, of an oblong form, has been frequently found in the ftomachs of thefe animals. Their ordinary ftations are lefs elevated than thofe of the Ibex, but they are commonly {feen in greater numbers. eres Pullifned by W Darton, F. Harvev & WRetch London July 111706: GIRAFFE or CAMELOPARD THE GIRAFFE. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Horns fhort, upright, truncated. The neck and fhoulders of an extraordinary length. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, the two outermott bilobated. No cutting teeth in the upper jaw. SYNONIMS. Cervus CaMEeLoparpa.is, Linn. Sy/t. 92. » Tracus Girarra, Klewn Quad. 22. CaAMELOoPARDALIS, Plin. lib. viii. c. 18. CaMELoparD, Pennant Synn. Quad, 12. La GIRAFFE, QUE LES ARABES NOMENT ZuRNAPA, Belon Obs. 118. Gefner Quad. 160. de Buffon, xiii. 1. THIS moft extraordinary creature is fo very different in its make from any other known quadruped, that it would be difficult to form.an adequate idea of it, without feeing either the animal or its portrait; the unufual length of its neck and fore legs gives it a moft fingular appearance. The head is about two feet long, and fomewhat refembles that of a Stag; it is adorned _ by two fubftances, which have the appearance of horns, though in fact the animal never ufes them as fuch, they being only two prominences perpendicular and parallel to each other, arifing from the fkull between the ears, and extending to the height of eight or ten inches: thefe prominences are covered all over with fhort hair, and appear as if cut off at the top, being terminated by a convexity feveral lines wide, adorned with a rim of ftraight, briftly hair, THE GIRAFFE. There is befides a tubercle on the forehead, about two inches high, which refembles a third horn {prouting out. ‘The ears are fharp and pointed; the upper lip is longer and thicker than the under, and both of them are covered with {tiff hairs; the eyes ‘are large and beautiful. It has eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, but none in the upper; and fix grinders on each fide, both above and below. The tongue is pointed and rough; the neck flender and elegant; it is above five feet long, and adorned on the upper fide with a fhort mane, of a reddifh brown colour. The fhoulders are of an extraordinary length, which makes the fore legs appear much longer than the hind ones, though, in fact, they are not really fo. In confequence of this fingular conformation, the creature is a foot and a half higher at the fhoulders than at the rump, fo that the back appears floped like the roof of a houfe. This animal is from fourteen to fifteen feet high, from the crown of the head to the foles of the fore feet. From the top of the fhoulder to the fole of the fore foot it meafures ten feet; whereas from the rump to the bottom of the hind foot it is only eight feet two inches high. This difference arifes partly from the length of the fhoulder-blades, and partly from a fharp procefs of the firft vertebra of the back, which projects more than a foot beyond the reft(a). ‘The tail is nearly three feet long, flender, and adorned at the end by a bunch of hairs two feet in length. The hoofs are divided into two, like the Ox; but it has no {mall hoofs at the fetlock joint. The colour of the Giraffe is a dirty white, with large {pots difperfed all over, pretty clofe to each other, of a reddifh yellow colour; thefe {pots are of a lighter colour in the younger animals, and become darker as the creature grows older. | This animal is of a mild and timid difpofition; when purfued, it will trot fo faft, that even a good Horfe finds it difficult to keep up with it; it will likewife pace and gallop. As often as it lifts up its fore feet, it throws its neck back; though, at other times, it holds its head and neck erect, except when grazing. When it leaps, it lifts up firft its fore legs, and then (4) Sparrman, THE GIRAFFE. the hinder ones, fimilar to a Horfe whofe fore legs are tied together. Although it runs badly, it will continue running for a long time without ftopping. It has been fuppofed that it poffefles neither ftrength nor means to defend itfelf; but Mr. Vaillant fays, “he knows, patt all doubt, that, by its kick, it wearies, difcourages, and diftances the Lion.” The Giraffe feeds on the leaves of trees, particularly.on a fpecies of Mimofa, which is common in the parts it frequents. The extraordinary length of its neck and legs are admirably well adapted to reach the tender fhoots which grow on the upper parts of the trees, and it can even add to its ordinary height, by bringing its fore and hind legs nearer together. Grafs is likewife a part of its food, to reach which it is obliged to extend the fore legs, on each fide; and it fometimes bends one knee as Horfes do when grazing. It frequently lies down to fleep or chew the cud, which occafions callofities on the breaft and knees. It is difficult to diftinguith this creature at any diftance, the extraordinary length of the neck, joined to fo thort a _ body, giving the animal the appearance of a decayed tree, to which the colour does not a little contribute. The flefh of the young ones is faid to be good eating, but it is often ftrongly flavoured by the Mimofa on which it feeds. The Hottentots think the marrow a great delicacy, and hunt the creature chiefly for the fake of it. They ufe the fkin to make veffels, for holding water and other liquids. The Giraffe appears to have been known early to the. Romans, as its figure is among the eaftern animals which are on the celebrated Preeneftine Pavement, made by the direction of Sylla; it is there reprefented both grazing and browfing in its natural attitudes, which is a clear proof that they had feen the animal alive; it was likewife exhibited at Rome by the popular Cefar among other animals at the Circeean games(a). This animal inhabits the vatt forefts of Ethiopia, and the interior parts of Africa which have been undifturbed by the refidence of man. (4) Pennant Hift. Quad. Vol. I. p. 67. * a ey ff a * Di Nb) " rey ; : ‘er er hes a sail vost - havi! vant 3 2 ‘ “> S bie. s ; ‘ m ’ + . < ; ‘ - ee : i ' . ‘ . * 13.33 th ne chy i ad 3 a rake 3 | “ ee RAIL e LG ot ~ 7 --4 +. & ie "_" y fr ct ‘: : : a Sante Py RHA Oy RR) NEw val oi e4 eatin By eee (Fat creer is die tes iy ide wed : “ nitabs'9 Hrrgy same add ry = ie + 8 6 HW eri het Crus ae A shin ie yi is OF me gals mre’ ven ae : seen Pout — Pay: evaiee cei aT has eeu ni la 9 PoE AR fy CA ate dA Ne a 7 ibbetson ae. Published by WDarton,S Hiarvey,.& WBeich, London Sepe21798 Tooke so. « F NYLGHAU. ‘ - - THE WHITE-FOOTED ANTELOPE. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Horns annulated, or twifted. | Eight broad cutting teeth in the lower jaw; none in the upper. The body and limbs light, and elegantly formed. SYNONIM. Nyx Guaw, Bernier. THIS beautiful animal has not been known in Europe more than thirty years. Since that period, it has been frequently imported from India, particularly in the year 1767, when feveral of them were brought into this country; and, notwithftanding the great difference of climate, they bred, and continued to breed for fome years; whence it is probable that, with a little care, this animal might be naturalized, and would be an elegant ornament to the parks of the nobility and gentry, as well as an additional article of luxury to their tables, its flefh having an exquifite flavour; and it might poflibly be tamed fo as to become highly ufeful for many purpofes, on account of its extraordinary {peed and confiderable ftrength. The head of the White-footed Antelope is adorned with two horns, which bend a little forwards; they are about feven inches in length, and fix in circumference at the bafe, from whence they gradually taper, till they end ina point. The ears are feven inches long, broad at the extremities, and beautifully marked, on the infide, with two black bands on a white ground ; the neck is adorned with a black mane, which extends to half the length of the back ; a tuft of long, black hair grows likewife out of the fore part of the neck ; above which is a large white fpot, and another of the fame colour THE WHITE-FOOTED ANTELOPE. on the cheft, which extends between the fore legs; each fore foot is prettily marked with one white {pot, and each hind foot with two: the tail is long, and tufted at_the extremity with black hairs: The general colour of the animal is a dark grey. Its height, to the top of the fhoulders, is about four feet. ‘The foregoing defcription refers to the male, which is the animal reprefented in the engraving. The female differs in a few particulars. Her general colour is a:pale brown; fhe has no horns, and each foot is adorned | with three tranverfe bands of black and two of white, placed alternately ; fhe generally produces one young one at a birth, and fometimes two ; fhe has four nipples, and is f{uppofed to go nine months with young. The late Sir Afhton Lever had one of thefe animals alive at Leicefter Houfe, where we have often feen it. It was gentle, appeared perfectly harmlefs, was fond of being careffed, and always licked the hand by which it was either ftroked or fed. Its fenfe of {melling appeared to be exquifite, as it always applied to it for information, when any new object prefented itfelf, particularly when either food or drink was offered to it. The males, however, are very vicious during the rutting feafon, and will then attack and fight each other with the greateft ferocity. ‘Their manner of fighting is fingular ; they begin the attack at fome diftance from each other, by dropping on their knees, in which pofture they fhuffle on, till they have approached within a few yards, when, fuddenly making a {pring, they dart againft each other with confiderable force. Nor are their attacks during that period - confined to thofe of their own {pecies ; for a labouring man happening to go up to the outfide of an inclofure which contained one of thefe animals, without knowing he was near it, as foon as he approached it, the creature darted violently againtt the wood work, which he fhattered in pieces, and broke off one of his own horns clofe to the root, which probably coft him his life, as he did not Jong furvive the event(4). (a) Bernier. Publifhed by WDarton.SHarvey.d-WBeich London. JanVIG#S00. HARNESSED ANTELOPE, THE HARNESSED ANTELOPE. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Horns annulated or twitted. Eight broad cutting teeth in the lower jaw; none in the upper. Body and limbs of a light and elegant form. SYNONIMS. AwteLore Scripra, Pallas Mifcell. Zool. 8. Sprcil. 15. Harnessep ANTELOPE, Pennant Syn. Quad. 27. Le Guis, de Buffon, xii. 327. tad. xl. Bonti-Box, Sfarrman’s Voy. "THE Antelope-feems to form the connecting link, in the great chain of nature, between the Goat and the Deer: like the former, their horns are hollow, and they never fhed them; while, on the other hand, they refemble the Deer in the elegance of their form and their extraordinary {peed, in which they far furpafs any other quadruped. They foon diftance the Greyhound; and the Hunting Leopard, which is trained to catch them in India, cannot approach them, except by crawling, imperceptibly, through the thick grafs, on its belly, till it has attained the proper diftance, from which it fprings on its pray with unerring aim, and foon fubdues it. The feveral {pecies of them differ greatly from each other in their general form, as well as in the ftructure of their horns; thofe which inhabit the continent of — Africa are, in general, more elegant in their form, and their horns are annulated ; whereas thofe found in Africa, and, particularly, in the country about the Cape of Good Hope, fo much refemble the Goat, that they are called, by the inhabitants, the Wood Goat, the Blue Goat, the Striped Goat, | THE HARNESSED ANTELOPE. &c. though the horns of even thefe fufficiently diftinguifh them from the Goat, by being twifted {pirally, and the horns of all the fpecies are furnifhed with longitudinal grooves, which extend their whole length. The immenfe plains and forefts of Africa abound with numerous herds ef thefe animals, which, by their playful activity, abundantly enliven thofe dreary fcenes, and afford an ample fupply of food to their fierce inhabitants, the Lion, Leopard, Panther, &c.. They are fometimes found in flocks, confifting of from one to two thoufand, though fome fpecies are met with in companies of only five or fix individuals. The Harneffed Antelope, though its figure is not fo elegant as fome others, is neverthelefs equal, if not fuperior to moft, in confequence of the elegance and beauty difplayed in the arrangement of the ftripes with which it is adorned. ‘The general colour of this animal is a deep tawny, and the belly is brown, though in moft other fpecies that part is white. The horns are ftraight, pointing backwards : they are nine inches long, flightly twifted, and marked with two fpiral ribs: the ears are broad: beneath each eye, on the lower jaw, is a white fpot. The back, fides, and rump are elegantly marked with white lines, fo difpofed, as to give the animal the appearance of being harneffed: two of thefe lines extend, from the fhoulders along the fides to the haunches, at fuch a diftance as to divide the fide into three nearly equal parts; thefe are crofled by two others, which extend from the back towards the belly, but do not reach lower down than the undermoft of the horizontal ftripes. On the rump are three white lines, pointing downwards, half the length of the flanks. The thighs are {potted with white. _ Large herds of this {pecies are frequently found in the plains and woods of Senegal. : } aU r nee h Sei: B Mf Yi LY GHEE iG, Y tify Fublifhed by WDarton THarvey &WEelch, London, Oct? Yh “1800. - CHEVROTAIN, THE CHEVROTIN, Or LITTLE GUINEA DEER. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Horns annulated or twifted. ¥ Eight broad cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. Body and limbs of a light and elegant form. SYNONIMS. CervuLa parvuLa Arricana, Seb. Muf. i. 70. tad. xiii. Le CuHEevrortain DE Guinea, de Buffon, xii. 315. tad. xiii. Petite Bicue, des Marchats, i. 312. . Kine or tar Harts, Bofman’s Voy. 236. Roya Anretope, Pennant’s Syn. Quad. 28. AS the Chevrotin is the leaft of all cloven-footed quadrupeds, fo it is decidedly the moft’ beautiful and elegant. Its height is not more than nine inches, and it is about twelve inches in length, from the point of the nofe to the infertion of the tail. The legs are fo delicate, that the fmalleit part of “them does not exceed the ftem of a tobacco pipe in thicknefs: they run exceedingly fwift, and poflefs fo much attivity, that they can {pring over a wall twelve feet high, which is more than fixteen times their own height, and is perhaps the moft aftonifhing inftance of agility found in any quadruped. ‘The head of the male is adorned with two horns, not quite two inches long, which are fhining, and as black as jet. ‘The females are without horns. The ears are broad. ‘The colour of the hair is a reddith brown. THE CHEVROTIN. Thefe beautiful and elegant little animals are found, in great abundance, in Guinea, and, though they are amazingly {wift, in proportion to their fize, the negroes often take them, by knocking them down with fticks. They are very eafily tamed, and foon become familiar and entertaining; but their conftitution is fo very delicate, that they cannot exift in any climate, except the hotteft, and always fall a facrifice to the rigour of our climate, whenever they are brought over. | : Naturalifts notice two varieties, or rather, perhaps, diftinét fpecies, of this animal; giving, to that juft defcribed, the appellation of, the Chevrotin of Guinea ; and to the other, which is found in the Eaft Indies, and particularly in the iflands of Java and Ceylon, the name of the Chevrotin of the Indies. But it isto be obferved, that the latter is defcribed as being of a beautiful yellow colour, with a white neck and belly, and as having two canine teeth, or rather tufks, proceeding from the upper jaw, which evidently refers that anima] to the genus Mofchus, or Mufk Deer. -Whether that {pecies, which is found in Guinea, has thefe tufks or not, remains to be afcertained by fome accurate obferver; and muft, for the prefent, remain among the obfcure parts of natural hiftory. i 4 vk BAS Yat san tla ie! ri * 1797. fh, _Sharvey, SWhelch, London, June 1§ Praiblished bp WDarto ELK, THE ELK, Generic CHARACTERS. Horns upright, folid, branched, and renewed every year. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. SYNONIMS. — Cervus Aces, Linn. Sy/ft.92. — Auce Macutis, Plin. lib. viii. c. 15. Gefner Quad. 1. 3. Cervus patmatus, Atca, Exvant, Klein Quad. 24. “ite, Linn. Faun. Suec. No. 39. Los, Rzaczinfkt Polon. 212. LiEvan, de Buffon, xii. 79. tad. vii. viii. Evx, Pennant’s Syn. Quad. 35, Raiz Syn. Quad. 86. NATURALISTS and travellers differ much in their accounts of the height of the Elk, fome afferting that ittis twelve feet, or thirty-three hands high(a); while others fay it is not much larger than a Stag(s), although more robuft. ‘The truth feems to lie between, and it is probable that the ufual height of the American Elk, or Moofe-Deer, is from fifteen to feventeen hands; but that the European kind does not exceed fifteen hands. Mr. Pennant fays(c), he has been informed that’ the Indians {peak of a beatt of this kind, which they call Watkeffeu, far fuperior in fize to that with which we are acquainted: they fay it is found feven or eight hundred miles fouth-weft of York Fort. If the enormous foffil horns, fo often found in Ireland, have ever belonged to the Moofe-Deer, perhaps Joffelyn’s account may be right; though even then it appears to be a variety, as thefe horns (a) Joffelyn and Dudley. (8) Dapper, Lev. &c. (c) Syn. Quad, p. 45. THE ELK. differ in fhape from thofe of the American and European Elk. Upon the whole, this muft be confidered as one of thofe facts which want elucidation. This animal is found both in the old and new continent ; and D’Obfonville fays it is alfo common in India, where it delights in woody and marfhy places, and folitary vales ; and is always found in {mall herds, which appear to be under the direétion of a chief. It is called in Europe the Elk, and in America the Moofe-Deer(a); it is rarely found in the forefts of Germany and Ruffia, but is very common in the vaft woods of North America, ‘The American Elk is larger than that which is found in Europe, becaufe it meets with lefs difturbance in the forefts of that unpeopled country, and confequently attains a more full and perfect growth. Wherever it is found, it is timorous and gentle: content and happy in its fituation, it readily admits other animals to a quiet and unmolefted participation of that nourifhment, with which the bountiful Creator has fo abundantly fupplied all his creatures. The general colour of the Elk is a hoary black, except about the face, where it is greyer. The head is much longer than the neck, which is remarkably fhort, in proportion to the fize of the creature; hence it is probable, that this animal feeds chiefly on the boughs and leaves of trees, as grazing muft be a painful pofture to it: the ftructure of the upper lip feems likewife to favour this fuppofition, which being confiderably longer than the lower, ferves as a fort of hand to convey the leaves and boughs into its mouth. They likewife feed on water-plants, which they can get at eafily by wading; and Mr. Sarrafin fays, they are fo fond of the anagyris foetida, or ftinking bean-trefoil, that they will dig for it with their feet, when covered with fnow(z). ‘The fhape of the upper lip is {quare, and it has a furrow along the middle fo deep, as to make it appear to be divided into two parts ; the eyes are fmall, the ears long, broad, and flouching; the nofe is broad, the noftrils remarkably large; the neck is adorned with a thick, fhort, ere@ (a) From Mufu, which, in the Algonkin language, fignifies an Elk ; vide Kalm iter. Vo}. III. 5. 10. Germ. ed. de Laé. 73. (8) Martyn’s Abridg. Mem. and Hift. Acad. iv. 253. quoted by Pennant. THE ELK. mane, of alight brown colour; there is a fmall excrefcence under the throat, _ from whence grows a long tuft of coarfe black hair; the withers are very high and the legs long; the hoofs are much divided, and the tail is fhort, - dufky above and white beneath. Winter, when the ground is covered with fnow, is the feafon in which the American Indians prepare to hunt thefe animals, more efpecially when the fun begins to melt the furface of the {now, which at night is frozen into an icy cruft, too weak to fupport the weight of the creature, whofe progre{fs is confequently retarded by it, the poor animal finking and plunging at every ftep it takes, and cutting its feet with the fharp ice: its lofty horns are likewife entangled in the branches of the trees, which is an additional impediment to its flight ; they are, however, broken with eafe by the ftrength of the animal, whofe track may be readily traced by the {cattered fragments of them, fome eyen as thick as a man’s thigh. Notwithftanding thefe obftacles, the chafe generally lafts during the whole day, and fometimes continues for two or even three days together. The perfeverance of the Indian, however, generally fucceeds, who is affifted in his purfuit by the broad {now-fhoes he wears on his feet, which prevent him from finking in the now. As foon as he comes near enough, he darts his lance, with unerring aim, which, fticking in the poor animal, excites him to redouble his exertions, and diftance his purfuer. His ftrength, however, again failing him, he is obliged to flacken his pace, and expofe himfelf to a frefh wound from his purfuer, which produces a fecond momentary exertion, till, tired and fpent ‘with the lofs of blood, he is compelled to fubmit to his fate, and becomes an eafy prey to the hunter, who is amply rewarded for his exertions by his flefh, which is very well tafted and nourifhing. In Canada they often take them in the following manner. Before-the froft {ets in, the natives aflemble in large bodies, in their canoes, on the lakes, and form an extenfive femicircle, each end of which touches the fhore; at the fame time another party of hunters, with their Dogs, encompa({s a large tract of land. The Dogs, which are trained to the fport, are let loofe, and ' direct their courfe towards the water, barking and crying as they run: THE ELK. alarmed by the noife, the Deer naturally fly to avoid it, and plunge into the lake for fafety, where they are inftantly furrounded by the people in the canoes; and, being out of their element, are eafily overpowered, and killed with lances and clubs. The hide of this animal is very ftrong, and fo thick, that it-has been often known to turn a mufket ball; it is foft and pliable, and the leather, when tanned, is extremely light and durable. The Indians ufe it to make their fnow-fhoes and canoes. In fome individuals the fur is greyer than in others ; and when the hairs are greatly magnified, they appear fpongy, like a bulruth, | and thickeft in the middle. The hair lies quite f{mooth on the fkin, and, however difturbed, always returns to its former ftate. The length of this animal’s legs enables it to cover a great deal of ground, and to travel with vaft fwiftnefs ; its ufual pace is a high {hambling trot, which gives a fingular appearance to its gait. In pafling through woods, it carries its head horizontally, to prevent, as much as may be, the entanglement of its horns in the branches of the trees. The Elk was formerly ufed in Sweden to draw fledges; but the efcape of criminals being often facilitated by its {peed, the ufe of it for that purpofe is now prohibited, under heavy penalties(a). Though naturally timid and inoffenfive, the Elk, when provoked, is a formidable animal, from its ftrength and horns; it ftrikes both with horns and hoofs with fuch agility and force, that a fingle blow of one of the fore feet is fufficient to kill a Wolf. ‘The female is not fo large as the male, and is deftitute of horns. She brings forth fometimes one, but oftener two young ones at a time, in the month of April. The young do not arrive at their full growth till they have attained their fixth year. The Elk appears to poffefs feelings which are exceedingly delicate; he exprefles defire, anger, or impatience, not only by agitated motions and tramplings, but alfo by a deep rattling bellow. The following narrative, . related by D’Obfonville, will ferve to fhew, that the Elk may be eafily tamed, if taken young, and is in fome meafure capable of education and ‘ (a) Pennant, THE ELK. attachment. “ I procured one in India,” fays he, “ of ten or twelve days old, and had it for about two years, without ever tying it up. ‘I even let it tun abroad, and fometimes amufed myfelf with making it draw in the yard, or carry little burdens. I accuftomed it to eat any thing ; it came when called, and I found few figns of impatience, except when it was not allowed to remain near me. When I departed for the Ifland of Sumatra, I begged Mr. Law, of Lawrifton, governor-general, who had always teftified a remarkable degree of efteem and friendfhip for me, to accept it. This gentleman had no opportunity of keeping it about his perfon, as I had done, but fent it to his country houfe, where it wanted for nothing ; but being kept alone, and chained in a confined corner, it prefently became fo furious as not to be approached; infomuch, that the perfon who daily brought its food was obliged to leave it at a diftance. After fome months abfence, I returned ; it knew me afar off, and as I obferved the efforts it made to get at me, I ran to meet it; and I confefs I can never forget the impreffion which the carefles and tranfports of this unhappy animal made upon me. A friend of mine, who was prefent at this meeting, could not forbear to fympathize with me, and partake of my feelings.’ | Via del. lbbe eV. Be 1 TTT. Ame W Darton. V Fublihed By y a / LORAO REIN “DEER THE REIN-DEER. \ Generic CHARACTERS. Horns upright, folid, branched, annually deciduous. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw; none in the upper. SYNONIMS. Cervus Taranpus, Linn. Sy/l. 93. ‘Ruen, Linn. Faun. fuec. No. 41. Rennrueir, Klein Quad. 23. Cervus Raneirer, Rai Syn. Quad. 88. Gefner Quad. 839, 840. Le Rewne, de Buffon, xii. 79. tad. x. Xi. xii. Le Raneier, ov Ranewier, Gaffon de Foix, 98. Cariso, Ponano, MacartB, FJoffelin’s New England Rarities, 20. Le Carizsov, Charlevoix Hifl. nouv. France, v. 190. THERE is no inftance, in the whole creation, in which the kind care of Providence is more remarkably difplayed, than in the conformation of this animal. Deftined to adminifter to the wants and comfort of the inhabitants of regions covered with perpetual fnow, during a great part of the year, its conftitution is fo well adapted to the rigour of the climates it inhabits, that, if it is removed from them, and brought into warmer countries, it does not long furvive the change, but gradually dwindles away, and at length perifhes in the midft of apparent plenty. Contrary in its nature to all other kinds of Deer, its exiftence feems to depend on what would infallibly prove their deftruction; and although timidity is the leading character of all other animals of this clais, the Rein-Deer, when bred tame, readily affociates with his keeper, receives carefles from him with evident fatisfaction, and contributes’ THE REIN-DEER. all in his power towards the comfort and fupport of his friend and benefactor. The male confents with readinefs to be faftened to his mafter’s fledge, and tran{ports him with incredible fwiftnefs through otherwife impafiable fnows ; while the female as readily offers her milk for the fupport of his family at home. ‘Thus the Rein-Deer may be truly faid to conftitute the riches of the Laplander, and from this fingle animal, the inhabitants of thefe defolate regions derive not only the neceflaries, but even the comforts of life, and find init an ample compenfation for the want of the Horfe, the Cow, and the Sheep. This will evidently appear, if we compare the benefits and comforts which the Laplander derives from the Rein-Deer, with thofe which our domettic animals afford us, and the comparifon will demonftrate, that he alone, in value, furpafles feveral of them. He is ufed in drawing fledges, and tranfports them over frozen {nows, where a Horfe could not ftir a fingle ftep without falling; and this important fervice he performs with fuch amazing. perfeverance and velocity, that he will travel thirty leagues in a day with great eafe, and will run with as much certainty upon the ice as on the mofly ground. His ufual pace is a trot, which he will continue during the whole day without appearing fatigued. T he milk of the female is more nourifhing than that of the Cow, and the fleth of both fexes is excellent food. ‘The hair of-the Rein-Deer makes an excellent fur, and his hide furnifhes leather, which is ftrong, fupple, and durable; in fhort, the milk, hide, hair, horns, hoofs, finews, flefh, and bones are all ferviceable. With the milk cheefe is made; the hide ferves for clothing; the hair for fur; the horns and hoofs are boiled into glue; the finews are {plit into thread, which is very ftrong ; with the tendons bow ftrings are made; the flefh is ee food; andthe bones are manufactured into {poons. The horns of the Rein-Deer bear fome refemblance to thofe of the American Elk; but the animal is much’ fmaller, being not quite fo large as the Stag, although it is ftronger built than that animal, and its legs are proportionably fhorter and thicker; its hoofs are broader than thofe of the Stag, and are moveable in the cleft, fo that, as the foot prefles on the ground, the hoofs naturally {pread, and prevent the animal from finking too deep in THE ‘REIN-DEER. the fnow. ‘This occafions it to make a loud cracking noife as it goes, for every time the foot is lifted up from the ground, the divifion clofes again, and the fides of the hoof ftrike again{t each other. The head of the Rein-Deer 1s adorned with two large and flender horns, which bend forwards, and are furnifhed at the bafe with broad, palmated, brow antlers, which likewife na forwards, and nearly cover the face; affording a ftriking inftance of the kind care of the beneficent Creator, in forming his creatures in a manner the beft adapted .to their well-being; for, were it not for this particular ftructure of the horns, the poor animal would ftarve in the midit of plenty, from inability to get at a fufficient quantity of its favourite mofs(4), which lies buried during the winter at the bottom of the fnow; and this accounts fora circumftance which would otherwife appear fingular; namely, that, contrary to the nature of all other Deer, the female is furnifhed with horns as well as the male, though they are not fo large. ‘The body of this animal is clothed with thick, warm hair, which is longer and coarfer about the neck; it grows fo thick over the whole body, that if it is any where feparated, the fkin does not appear uncovered ; and it is thus furnifhed with a comfortable clothing, fufficiently warm to refift the rigour of the inhofpitable climates it is deftined to inhabit. The general colour of the Rein-Deer is brown, but as fummer approaches, it gradually becomes whiter, till at length the animal is nearly grey; but the {pace about the eyes is always black. The feet are furrounded with a ring of white, juft at the infertion of the hoof. Both male and female thed their horns annually, and renew them like other Deer. 'The female begins to breed at’ three years old, when fhe generally produces two young ones in the month of May, and continues to do {fo yearly, till fhe is grown old. She continues to give mill till about the middle of October. The dam poffefles a wonderful affection for her young; for, when they are feparated from her, the will return from the pafture, calling continually round the cottage for them; nor will fhe defift till they are brought to her, either alive or dead. .The Rein-Deer will live to the age of fifteen or fixteen years; but it is generally killed before ; (4) Lichen rangiferinus, Lizz. Sp. Pl. 11. 1620. Fi. Lap. 331. THE REIN-DEER. that time, for the fake of its flefh, which is dried and preferved for food. The Laplanders kill them by thrufting a knife through the hinder part of the neck, between the vertibree, into the {pinal marrow, which inftantly deprives them of life and fenfation; and thus do thefe poor favages furnifh their more enlightened neighbours with a leflon of humanity well worthy of imitation. ‘he female is milked every night and morning, and yields about a pint each time. ‘They make cheefes of this milk, which are tolerably well tafted ; thefe they keep as ftores; and the whey, which remains after making them, is warmed again, and becomes of the confiftence of hafty pudding. On this fimple food the inhabitants of thefe unproductive regions exift during a confiderable part of the fammer. | So eflentially neceflary is the Rein-Deer to the well-being and comfort of the Laplander, that the care and management of this valuable animal occupy almott the whole of his time and thoughts. Some of the richeft individuals poflefs a thoufand of them at a time, and few even of the pooreft have lefs: than a hundred. The Rein-Deer is fed on the lower grounds during the winter, but the genial warmth of the approaching fummer ealls to life myriads of gnats, which are bred in the ftagnant waters, and annoy both men and deer fo much by their ftings, that they are obliged to feek for refuge in the mountains, which are covered with {now during the fummer, where they remain all the day time, and are driven down to pafture at night. The gad-fly is alfo their formidable enemy, which depofits its eggs under the fkin of the poor creature, whence maggots are produced, and fometimes in fuch numbers as to bring on an incurable difeafe. Such of the Rein-Deer as are deftined to draw the fledge, in which the Laplander travels, are accuftomed to it early; the fledge is very light, and fhod at the bottom with the fkins of young Deer, faftened on fo as that the direCtion of the hair points backwards, which greatly affifts its fliding on the frozen fnow : to this the animal is yoked by a ftrap, which goes round the neck, and pafles backwards between the legs. The perfon who fits in the fledge, guides the Deer with a cord faftened to his horns, and encourages it to proceed with his voice, and fometimes with a goad. In this manner they THE REIN-DEER. will travel thirty miles without halting, and, if hard pufhed, will trot between fifty and fixty Englifh miles at one ftretch; but this extraordinary exertion is always at the expence of the poor creature’s life. This animal, like all others which have entered into the fervice of man, is liable to more diforders, in a ftate of fubje@ion, than when he ranges his native forefts unfubdued. The females are liable to a cracking and bleeding of their teats; and both male and female are troubled with ulcers near the hoof. At times they feem to loath their food, and on fuch occafions ftand full, ruminating or chewing the cud. »They are likewife fubjec&t to the vertigo, and will often turn round till they die. But the moft fatal . diforder, to which this animal is fubject, is called, by the natives, the fuddataka. On the firft attack, the Deer begins to breathe with great difficulty, its eyes ftare, and its noftrils are expanded.. It foon becomes | unufually ferocious, indifcriminately attacking all it meets. It ftill continues to feed as if in health, but ceafes to ruminate, and frequently lies down. Thus it goes on, daily confuming, till at length it dies from mere inanition. None were ever yet known to recover from this cruel diforder, which is, unhappily, highly contagious, and often defolates whole provinces ; the only way, therefore, to prevent the increafe of the evil, is to kill the infeed animal inftantly. On diffection, a frothy fubftance is found on the lungs and in the brain; the inteftines are lax and flabby; and the {pleen is wafted almoft to nothing. The Rein-Deer is naturally an inhabitant of the countries bordering on the arétic circle, and is found in great plenty in Lapland, Siberia, North _ America, and Kamtichatka. Many attempts have been made to bring this animal into England, but none proved fuccefsful, until, in the year 1786, the late Sir H. G. Liddell, Bart. brought four from Lapland, and five more the following year. Thefe produced young ones, and there was a reafonable expectation that this ufeful animal might be naturalized; but they all died, perhaps from unfkilful management, of a diforder fimilar to what is called the rot in Sheep, and thus this laudable attempt proved abortive. wer ay TZ. 2. a“ 794 by BW Dartorn 7 THE STAG, OR RED DEER. Generic CHARACTERS. Fight cutting teeth in the lower jaw ; none in the upper. Horns folid, upright, branched, renewed every year. SYNONIMS. Cervus Exvaruus, Linn. Sy/t. 93. Cervus Nositis, Klein Quad. 23. Rep Deer, Stage, or Harr, Rai Syn. Quad. Le Cerr, de Buffon, vi. 63. tad. ix. x. The female is called a Hind. The young one a Calf. THE Stag is the ornament of the foreft, and gives a beautiful animation to the folitudes of nature. Its ufual height is three feet and a half, and it meafures fix feet from the end of the nofe to the tail, which is very fhort and generally erect ; its horns are two feet and a half in length ; its eyes are large, its neck long, its thighs and legs flender, and its hoofs divided into two. Its general colour in England is reddifh brown, with a black ftripe down the neck and between the fhoulders, and fome black about the face. This colour | differs fomewhat in other countries. The whole form of the animal is excellently calculated for fpeed; it is no wonder, therefore, that the chace of it has ever been a favourite diverfion to thofe who delight in fuch amufements. The Stag has been faid to be very long lived, and many wonderful ftories have been related by naturalifts in fupport of this opinion; but, as it arrives at maturity in five or fix years, and the length of an animal’s life is ufually feven. times that period, it is very probable that its utmoft age does not THE STAG, OR RED DEER. exceed forty years. The ftate of the horns is the criterion which ferves to determine its age: thus, during the firft year, the Stag has no horns, but only a fhort, rough, horny excrefcence, covered with a thin hairy {kin ; the next year the horns are ftraight and without branches; the third year . they have two antlers or branches; the fourth year three, the fifth four, and the fixth five: this number however is not uniformly to be depended on, _ but is fubje& to fome variation. At fix years old the antlers do not always- increafe ; and although they may then amount to fix or {even on each horn, yet the age of the animal is after that period calculated more from the fize of the antlers and the thicknefs of the branch which fuftains them, than from their number. ‘The texture of the horns, when full grown, is very firm and folid, and theyare ufed for making knife-handles and other purpofes; but when the horn is young, it is tender and exquifitely fenfible: the animal at thefe times quits his companions, and, feeking the mott retired thickets and folitudes, never ventures out to feed, except by night, for fear of the flies, which would not fail to fettle on the foft horns, and keep the poor creature in continual torture. The Stag fheds and renews his horns every year, and this event happens early in the {pring ; at thefe times it retires to pools of water, into which the old horns drop, when they fall off, and this is the reafon they are fo feldom found : the new horn does not immediately make its appearance, but, in a fhort time after the old one has fallen off, its place is occupied bya foft tumour full of blood, and covered with a downy fubftance like velvet. This increafes daily, and at length fhoots out the antlers on each fide, and a few days complete the whole head. ‘The young horns are covered with a fort of bark; which is foft like velvet: it is in fa@ia continuation of the covering of the f{kull, and is furnifhed with blood-veftels;: which nourifh the increafing horns: it is the preflure of thefe blood-vetlels that gives thofe furrows and inequalities to the horns, which they keep ever after. As foon as the horns have acquired their full growth, this covering and blood-veffels dry up, and begin to fall off; which operation the animal affifts, by rubbing its antlers againft the trees. The fize and beauty of the horns mark the ftrength and vigour of the animal, and thofe are always the largeft which grow on Stags THE STAG, OR RED DEER. that have been fed in rich, fertile paftures. The horns continue to increafe yearly in fize till the creature has attained its eighth year, at which period they generally bear twenty or twenty-two antlers: they retain this ftate of perfection during the vigour of life, and -gradually decline as the animal grows old. The Stag is very furious during the rutting feafon, which happens in Auguft and September; at this time they have defperate engagements with each other, which never end till one is either killed or put to flight: they are in continual agitation, and fcarce ever eat, fleep, or take repofe, fo that at the clofe of this period, the creature, that was before fierce, fat, and fleek, becomes timid, lean, and rough. He then retires from the | herd, which he does not rejoin till he has recovered his former ftrength and beauty. Although the Stag is bold and even fierce, when urged by neceflity, he is naturally a cautious and timid animal, and being amply furnifhed with the means of felf prefervation, he avails himfelf of then continually. Imprefied by thefe inftinctive faculties, he always feeds in herds, and appoints one to acd as fentinel, to give an alarm, in cafe of danger. He poffefles the fenfes of hearing and {melling in high perfection, and will {cent an enemy, that approaches in the fame direction as the wind, at a great diftance: he feems delighted with the found of the fhepherd’s pipe, and is fometimes allured by it to his deftruction. T he Stag is delicate in the choice of his pafture, and eats flowly ; when he has fatisfied his appetite, he retires to fome thicket to chew the cud in fecurity, which operation he performs with more difficulty than the Cow, in confequence of the length and narrownefs of his throat. He feldom drinks, while the plants are tender and covered with dew, except in the rutting feafon: he {wims with great eafe, and has been known to venture out to fea, in fearch of the female, and to fwim from one ifland to another, although at the diftance of fome leagues. ‘ It is almoft unneceflary to obferve, that the Hind, or female, has no horns, and that fhe is lefs and weaker than the male. She goes with young between eight and nine months, and generally produces but one at a time ; this fhe carefully and courageoufly guards, and defends againft the attacks of THE STAG, OR RED DEER. - the Eagle, Falcon, Wolf, Dog, and many other rapacious animals who are conftantly in purfuit of it. But her moft unnatural enemy, is the father of her offspring, from whom fhe is obliged to exert all her fkill and addrefs to : ‘conceal her young. ‘The flefh of this animal is coarfe and rank, but the {kin is very ferviceable, and it is from the horns that the celebrated {pirit and falt of hartfhorn are extracted. The Stag, in a wild ftate, is become fearce in England; fome few however are {till to be found in the forefts of Cornwall and Devonfhire, and on the high mountains of Ireland and Scotland. They are alfo kept in parks with Fallow Deer; and it is this {pecies that treats the citizens of London with -their annual hunt on Eafter Monday. ea ONHAOM, by Warten /Harvey KRW ele LT (S05 2 LPublithed Fez MUSK. IN TIBE TIA THE TIBETIAN MUSK. (GENERIC CHARACTERS. Without horns. Two long tufks in the upper jaw. Eight fmall cutting teeth in the lower jaw; none in the upper. . SYNONIMs. Carreotus Moscui, Gefner Quad. 695. aAnmmat Moscuirerum, Raw Syn. Quad. 127. Nieremb. Hift. Nat. p.184. Gmelin Nov. Comm. Petrop. iv. Moscuus Moscurrervus. M. Forricuno umBiticaLt, Linn. Sy/t. mat..gl. — ePis Musx Anima, Tavernier, Le Brun, Bell, Stirahlenberg. _ Le Muse, de Buffon, xii. 361. THE production, from which this animal takes its name,. was long ‘known ‘and valued, before ‘any certain account of the animal itfelf had: been: obtained by naturalifts. A-native of the remote parts of the eaft, and an. inhabitant of the defert, it was confidered -only as an object of the chace,, ‘and confounded with the different fpecies of Deer or Antelopes abounding in thofe regions. © ! The general:appearance of the Mufk is that of a fmall Roebuck. Its. length is about three feet three inches: its height, from the top. of the fhoulders to the bottom of the fore feet, is about two feet three inches ; from the :top of the haunches to the bottom-of the hind feet, two feet niné inches. ‘The upper jaw «projects confiderably ‘beyond the lower, and is. THE TIBETIAN MUSK. furnifhed on each fide with a curved flender tufk, about two inches long, which are expofed to view when the mouth is clofed, and form the moft obvious diftinction of the fpecies. Thefe tufks are fharp on their inner - furface, like a knife; their fubftance refembles ivory. The ears of the Mufk are long and narrow, pale yellow on the infide, deep brown on the outfide ; the chin yellowifh; the general colour of the body deep iron grey, the tips of the hairs being ferruginous, the remainder blackith, growing paler towards the roots; the hairs are long, erect, waved, and very thick fet. ‘The fore part of the neck is, in fome, marked on each fide with a long white ftripe, from the head to the cheft; and the flanks and fides are ob{curely ftreaked’ with whitifh: in others, the colour is uniform. The hoofs are long, black, and much divided; the tail extremely fhort, and hid in the fur. The female is lefs than the male, and is without tufks. The principal places of refidence of this animal are the kingdom of Tibet, Bontan, Tonquin, and the province of Mohang Meng in China. It alfo reforts to the neighbourhood of the lake Baikal; and: of the rivers Janefea\ and Argun. Its favourite haunts are the tops of pine-clad mountains, and the moft inacceflible wilds; where it lives, like the Chamois and other mountain quadrupeds, difplaying great activity in its motions, and flying with precipitation at the approach of man. Sometimes, in deep fnow, they are compelled by hunger to defcend to the fouthern plains, where they feed on young corn and rice. Though the chace of them is difficult, and even dangerous, they are taken in confiderable numbers; for the traveller Tavernier informs us, that in one journey he purchafed feven thoufand fix hundred and feventy-three mufk bags. The drug, for which they are fo much valued, is contained in an oval bag, or tumour, of the fize of a hen’s egg, hanging from the middle of the belly of the male only. The mufk is a fecretion from the animal’s fluids, made in the form of an unctuous, brownifh matter, which may be fqueezed through two external apertures in the bag. When dry, it is of a dark, reddifh brown, or rufty black colour, and of a granulated texture. ‘This fubitance is one of the ftrongeft and moft durable perfumes in nature; and, THE TIBETIAN MUSK. when frefh, is fo penetrating as to be almoft infupportable in a large quantity. It is much employed in perfumery, and alfo in medicine, where it ads as a powerful ftimulant and antifpafmodic. The mufk of ‘Tibet is more efteemed than that of any other country. The dearnefs of this drug renders it very liable to adulteration. The flefh of the male animal is’ greatly infected with the odour, efpecially during the rutting feafon. The hunters cut off the bag as foon as taken, otherwife the fleth would not be eatable. a = . * gf bs BY, WW SOFMOSIE fil 5 set ~ tan Yoon batt. of) Siw eilio. easl ae * i} SH ae "Belch London. Leb vil 1200 APE & ORA Y Pubtithed by WD arton.J Harvey 71 BARBAR THE ORANG OUTANG. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Four cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw. -. Each foot formed like a hand, the nails generally flat, and, except in oi one inftance, have four fingers and a thumb. Eye-brows above and below. SYNONIMS. Satyrus, Gef/ner Quad. 863. Homo Syrvestris, Tyfon’s Anat. Pigmy, 1699. Homo Troctroeytes, Linn. Sy/t. 33. CHIMPANZEE, Scotin’s Print. 1738. NO animal has been more confufed by naturalifts and travellers than the fubject of our prefent difcuffion. The general love of the marvellous, fo common to mankind, has given rife to numberlefs incredible ftories relating to its conduct, as extraordinary as they are in general unfounded, which have not a little added to the confufion, Of the numerous reprefentations which have been given of this animal, none are to be depended on except thofe by Dr. Tyfon and the Count de Buffon, the latter of whom candidly confefles his figure to be incorrect. To thefe we mutt add an elegant, and, we believe, correct figure, lately publifhed at. Paris, by M. Audebert, in his — Hitt. Nat. des Singes, a moft beautiful work, not yet finithed; and one given by M. Schreber, in his Hift. of Quad. in German. - The ftrength of this animal is faid to be prodigious; and, to make this appear more probable, travellers, and fome naturalifts, have given it the. height of fix feet, when full grown; but, perhaps, this extraordinary ftature THE ORANG OUTANG. is fomewhat exaggerated, as we have not met with a well authenticated account of any individual exceeding the height of two feet and a half, when. erect ; though, it is probable, thefe had not attained their full growth. The face of the Orang Outang is flat, naked, and furrowed; it is of a tawny colour, and has a fingular projection where the eye-brows are placed. ‘The eyes are round, and approach near to each other. Linnzus fays they are furnifhed with a nictitating membrane, like Owls and other no@turnal animals; but this we haye never had an opportunity to examine. The -nofe is fhort, the mouth large and fituated at a confiderable diftance from the nofe. The ears are much larger than in the generality of Apes, and the hands and feet are remarkably fhort. The fingers and toes are divefted of hair, and all furnifhed with nails. The top of the head, the back, and the fore parts of the arms and legs are covered with coarfe black hair, except a fpot on the hips, which is naked; but this does not appear to be a conftant character, fome individuals having that part covered with hair. The breaft, belly, and inward parts of all the limbs are almoft naked. The direétion of the hair on the fore arm is rather fingular ; being all pointed upwards from the wrift to the elbow. The general afpect of this animal feems to warrant the idea of its poffefling great bodily ftrength; his breaft is broad and large, and his limbs very mufcular. The Orang Outang inhabits the interior parts of Africa, it frequents — defert places, and thickets which produce the tree called, by Linnzus, Adanfonia baobab, of which it is remarkably fond. _ Travellers aflert that it conftructs habitations, which it covers with the leaves of trees: thefe it relinquifhes to the females with their young, and lives out of doors (4). This animal poffeffes great appearance of intelle&; it is eafily tamed when taken young, and fhews marks of attachment to thofe perfons with whom. it affociates; never forgetting either good or bad treatment. It learns to walk erect, though its gait is rather awkward. Some have afferted, that it may be taught to perform particular fervices; fuch as, (4) Matthews’ Voyage to Sierra Leona. THE ORANG OUTANG. fetching water, pounding in a mortar, turning a {pit, and handing drink to others; that it will learn to fit at table, ufe a knife and fork at its meals: in fhort, perform any actions which are confiftent with its organization, divefted of the operations of the mind. ‘The Chimpanzee, which was publicly fhewn in London, in 1738, was extremely mild, affeCtionate, and good-natured; ate like a human creature; would lie down in bed with its hand under its head ;- fetch a chair to fit down on; drink tea; pour it into a faucer, if too hot; cry like a child; and be uneafy at the abfence of its keeper (4). A young female, of this {pecies, is now in the Leverian Mufeum. It was fent to the late Sir Athton Lever by Mr. Smeathman, who received it from the internal parts of Africa. During fix months that it lived with him, it _ was very much attached to him, imitated human actions, fed itfelf with a fpoon, and lay in bed with its head on a pillow, and its body and limbs covered with the bed clothes. If any credit is to be given to the relations of travellers, the Orang Outang is faid to be paffionately fond of women, and that they will carry off negrefles by force. Although they are capable of being rendered mild and gentle, they are naturally fierce and favage, and, when wild in their defert haunts, feem to have a fixed averfion to the human {pecies, attacking and killing the negroes who wander by themfelves in the woods. They live entirely on fruits and nuts, fleep in trees, and will throw ftones at thofe who offend them. They affect folitude, are grave and melancholy in their appearance, and never difpofed to frolic, even when young. The learned Dr. Tyfon, who diflected one of thefe animals, very accurately remarks (s), that the principal external differences between this animal and the human {pecies confifts in the following particulars : the arms are much longer, and the thighs fhorter, the thumb is {maller, and the palm of the hand longer and narrower ; it differs likewife in the form of the feet, the toes being much longer, and the large toe placed at a greater diftance (a) Pennant. (8) Tyfon’s Anat. of a Pigmy, fol. London, 1699. THE ORANG OUTANG. from the others; the forehead is higher, the nofe flatter, and the eyes much — funk: he has likewife enumerated many eflential differences in its internal conformation. | | Mr. Pennant thinks Sir John Mandeville certainly meant this animal, when he fays, in his travels, p. 361, that he came to “ another yle where the folk ben alle fkynned roughe heer, as a rough beft, faf only the face and the pawme of the hand.” There is certainly a ftriking refemblance between the external form of fome Apes, particularly of the Orang Outang, and that of the human {pecies; and, as an ingenious writer obferves (a), fo great is the fimilitude between their movements and phyfiognomy, that man, aftonithed as it were, at the unexpected afpect of thefe animals, and afhamed of the many refemblances, fo degrading to human nature, has been willing to allow Apes an underftanding fuperior to the reft of the brute creation: This has, in a great meafure, given rife to the marvellous hiftories, and dreams of a heated imagination, with which our predeceffors have loaded us, when treating of thefe animals. ‘Thefe relations, frequently hazarded and repeated, have led to the belief, that a race of animals really -exifted, which occupied the intermediate fpace between man and the brute creation. It is worthy of remark, that the fingers of Apes, Baboons, and Monkeys haye not the faculty of moving feparately as in man, but that they open and fhut all together. It is perhaps greatly owing to this circumftance that their imitation falls fo far fhort of perfection. | Camper, in his “ Differtation of the natural Varieties which charaerize the Phyfiognomy of Men of different Climates and different Ages,” after having examined the profile of the head of a perfect man, fuch as the Greeks have left us as a model, finds that the facial line is perpendicular to a horizontal line pafling from the bottom of the nofe to the auditory paflages; and that it departs more or lefs from its perpendicular, in proportion as the fubject is more or lefs civilized ; or, in other words, in proportion as the intellectual faculty is more or lefs cultivated. (a) Audebert. THE ORANG OUTANG. If we carry this idea to the Orang Outang, we fhall certainly find he approaches nearer to man in that particular than any other animal does; yet, after all, as the Count de Buffon finely obferves, “ the interval which feparates the two fpecies is immenfe: the ape’s refemblance in figure and organization, and the movements of imitation which feem to refult from thefe fimilarities, neither make him approach the nature of man, nor elevate him above that of a brute; no difpofition of matter will give mind, and the body, how nicely foever formed, is formed in vain, when there is not infufed a foul, to direct its operations.” Wty A Hea ee ae Wray te Jaz he ~ we Reese: ECHS bs eee a f, ue rent ts PU GE TaD THE BARBARY APE. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Four cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw. Each foot formed like a hand, the nails generally flat, and, except in one inftance, has four fingers and a thumb. Eye-brows above and below. SYNONIMS. Kuvoxegaros, Arift. Hit. An. lib. ii. c. 8. Crnocepuatus, Plin. lib. vill. c. 54. Gefner Quad. 859. Simia Invuvs, Linn. Syft. Nat. 35. Simius CynocepuaLus, Pr. Alp. Egypt. i. 241. tab, xv. xvi. Le Macor de Buffon, xiv. 109. tad. vil. viii. Le Since Crnocepuare, Briffon Quad. Barpary Ape, Pennant’s Syn. Quad. 100. Yerrow Ars, Du Halde Chin. i. 120. La Roque Voy. Arab. 210. IT appears from the writings of Ariftotle, Pliny, and others, that the ancient naturalifts were acquainted with this animal; but they have made two fpecies of it, calling it Pithecus in its young ftate, and Cynocephalus after it had attained its full growth. ‘They defcribed the Pithecus as having very fhort canine teeth, no longer than the cutting teeth, and a muzzle equally fhort; whereas their Cynocephalus had very long and large canine teeth, and the nofe confiderably lengthened, like that of a Dog. The mittake was eafily made; but a circumftance which happened to the late Count de Buffon puts the matter out of all difpute. That celebrated naturalift, in his fupplement, gives a figure of an Ape, under the name of Pithéque, which THE BARBARY APE. had been fent to him alive, from Barbary, by Profeflor des Fontaines. This animal had all the characters afcribed to the Pithecus of the ancients ; but it | was young when he received it; and fome time afterwards the canine teeth increafed greatly in length and fize, the muzzle became larger and longer, and the animal proved to be the true Cynocephalus, or Barbary Ape. There is another circumftance which may perhaps have likewife contributed to this miftake: the individuals of every {pecies of Monkeys and Apes differ greatly in their fize and colour, owing to the climate they are in, the kind of nourifhment they receive, and the ftate of liberty or flavery in which they live. | | Aue The Barbary Ape has no tail, but only a little appendage of {kin, about fix lines in length. It has pouches, callofities on its thighs, and very {trong canine teeth. Its face is tawny, {potted with brown; it is whitith under the eyes, which are of a greenifh grey. ‘The body is covered with hairs of a greenifh brown; they are very thick fet on the back, but thinner on the belly, where they are likewife more inclining to white. It is from three to four feet high, when in an erect pofture. It walks more on all four feet than on two, and, when fitting, fupports its body on two callofities fituated on the buttocks. | This animal, when full grown, is very dull, fullen, ill-natured, fierce, and mifchievous, and not to be tamed; but, when taken young, it is capable of receiving a fort of education, and may, by difcipline, be taught to perform fome tricks. It is very common in exhibitions of animals. -Dellon fays (A) they will aflemble in great troops, in the open fields, in India; will attack women going:'to market, and take their provifions from them. ‘The females carry their young in their arms, and will Jeap from tree to tree with them. Apes were formerly worfhipped in India, and had magnificent temples erected to them (s). Linfchotten relates (c), that when the Portuguefe plundered one of thefe temples, in the Ifland of Ceylon, they found, in a little gold cafket, the’ tooth of an Ape; a relic held by the (4) Dellon’s Voy. 83. (8) Pennant. (c) Linfchotten Voy. 53. ee RecN” 7k: Nig ae ae Aa THE BARBARY APE. | natives in fuch veneration, that they offered. 700,000 ducats to redeem it; but in vain, for it was burned by the viceroy, to ftop the progrefs of idolatry. | This {pecies is very diffufe; it is found in moft parts of India, and in all parts of Africa, except Egypt, where it ig never found (p). A few breed on the hill of Gibraltar, which are probably defcended from a pair efcaped from confinement, as none are to be found in any other part of Spain. They are fo common in Barbary, that the trees are fometimes covered with them: they live on fruits. Their flefh is eaten by the wild Arabs. {p) Pennant, NANG NN LIN wife HA Ue ide i f} i Wi by OY) i { ay Wy fis H i AHN Ah sue: SE F rupee ) Yi Wy LY { (i Hea ‘yes y Ais (t aioe Y i y uy y Wh) PAM PONS ESS SSS dhifhed by Wharton THarvey dW eich London. Deo! 10P1602. MUSTACHE & BED NOSE BABOON. THE RIBBED-NOSE BABOON. Generic CHARACTERS. Four cutting, and two canine teeth in each jaw. Each foot formed like a hand, generally with flat nails, and, except in one inftance, has four fingers and a thumb. Eyebrows above and below. : Tail fhort. SYNONIMS. Le Manpritu, de Buffon, xiv. 154. tad. xvi. xvii. Simia Marmon, Linn. Sy/t. 35. - Le Maimon, Schreber, 90. tab. vii. RIBBED-NOSE Baxsoon, Pennant Hifi. Quad. vol. i. p. 190. WHETHER we confider this fingular animal with refpect to its fize~ and ftrength, or contemplate the variety of beautiful colours with which its body is embellithed, we muft of neceflity allow it a diftinguifhed place — among the objects of curiofity and admiration.’ Its long naked nofe, partly refembling that of a hog, is marked on either fide with broad ribs of violet blue; a vermilion line begins a little above its _ eyes, and defcends on each fide the face to the tip of its nofe; its chin is furnifhed with a fhort and tapering orange beard; the infide of its ears are blue, gradually foftening to purple, and terminating in vermilion; its rump is likewife of a vermilion colour,.and the admirable tints on its hips are gradations from red to blue: the hair on its forehead, being long and inclining backward, forms a fort of pointed ereft; its back and legs are covered with fhort foft hair, of a dufky colour mottled with yellow; but on its breaft.and belly the hair is long, whitith, and fprinkled with fmall dark THE RIBBED-NOSE BABOON. fpots. Its tail is very hairy, and meafures about two inches in length; its. feet and hands are black and naked; its nails sae and its length about two feet from the nofe to the tail. | | The animal diftinguithed in the writings of Barbot and: ‘Bofman(a) by 9 the name of “the Smitten,” is a large f{pecies to be referred to this genus: it is defcribed as having a great head and fhort tail, growing to the furprifing height of five feet, and being of a moufe colour; it is alfo faid to be extremely fierce, libidinous, and powerful. One of this kind was exhibited, _fome years ago, in the north of England. Its ftrong harfh voice was fomewhat fimilar to the ordinary growl of a lion; its, moft common attitude was fitting upon its rump, with its arms placed before it; but when it changed its ftation it went upon all fours, unlefs compelled by. its keeper to walk erect. The Tretretretre(p) of Madagafcar is another member of this truly remarkable family. It is faid to be equal in fize to a calf of two years old; to have a round head, with the ears and vifage of a man; the feet of an ape; curling hair, and a very fhort tail. This fpecies, though of a folitary difpofition, appears to be an object of terror to the natives, who avoid its haunts as feduloufly as it fies from the vicinage of their habitations. The Ribbed-nofe Baboon inhabits the hotteft parts of Africa. It feeds on nuts and fucculent fruits; and is faid to be fond of eggs, feveral of which it will depofit in its pouches at once, and then take them. out fingly, for the. purpofe of breaking them at the end and {wallowing the contents, (a) Barbot’s Guinea, 212. Bofman’s Guinea, 242. {s) Vide Pennant’s Hifory of Quadrupeds, Vol, I. page 191; THE MUSTACHE. Generic Cuaracrers. Lower jaw furnifhed with pouches for the reception of food. Pofteriors (generally) naked. Tail ftraight, and longer than the body. SYNONIMS. Le Movsrac, de Buffon, Xiv. 283. tab. xxxix. Simia cepuHus, Linn. Sy/t. 39. CreRcoPITHECUS ALIUS GuINEENSIS, Raiz Syn. Quad. 156. Mousracue, Pennant Hit. Quad. vol. i. p. 205. SEVERAL travellers have confounded this animal with another f{pecies, called the White-nofed Monkey, and this miftake has probably arifen from a white tranfverfe line which appears deneath the nofe of the Muttache. The difference, however, is very obvious, as the other {pecies have a white nofe, confiftent with their name; but the nofe of the Muttache, exclufive of the above mentioned mark, is of the {ame colour with the ret of his face. The face and ears of the Muftache are of a dirty blue colour; the eyelids are of a flefh colour; the edge of the lips, and the fpace round the eyes, are black; and the cheeks are adorned with two tufts of yellow hair, refembling muftaches. The hair on the body is brown; the throat, breatt, and belly are of a greyifh blue; the tail is brown at the infertion, and orange coloured towards the extremity. ‘The length of the body is about one foot, and that of the tail eighteen inches. We know nothing particularly refpecting the habits of thefe beatts ; they are, however, very gentle whilft in a ftate of bondage. ‘This fpecies is found in Africa. par THE SPOTTED MONKEY. Generic CHARACTERS. Lower jaw furnifhed with pouches for the reception of food. Buttocks (generally) naked. Tail ftraight, not prehenfile. . SYNONIMS. Srmra Diana, Linn. Sy/ft. 38. L’Exeuima, de Buffon, xv. 16. Spottep Monxey, Pennant Hift. Quad. vol. i. p: 201. La Diane, Schreber 115, tab. xiv. CERCOPITHECUS BARBATUS GuUINEENSIS, Exquima, Rati Syn. Quad. 156. | THIS animal differs from all other Monkeys by its beard, which is extremely long, thin, and pointed at the end: the face of the Spotted Monkey is long and triangular; its nofe prominent: the under part of its head of a blackifh grey colour: its forehead is adorned with fhort white hairs, and its jaws are thickly covered with the fame: the top of its back, with the fides, arms, thighs, legs, and tail, is of a dark flate colour: its breatt and the infide of its arms are white: a large ftripe of reddith brown extends itfelf, in the form of a pyramid, from the tail to the fhoulders: the made of the thighs is orange coloured, and a white line extends from the outer part of the thigh to the knee: the upper parts of the body are marked with white {pecks. } : Thefe creatures are inhabitants of Guinea; they ufually meafure eighteen inches, and the tail is of a confiderable length. THE SPOTTED MONKEY. Linnzus seems to vary from this defcription in his account of his Simia Diana, which, he fays, is about the fize of a large Cat; of a black colour, {potted with white: the forehead marked with an arched, white line, pafling over each eye to the ears: the beard pointed; black above, white beneath, and placed on a fat excrefcence: the throat and breaft white: the thighs marked with a white line, that defcends from the rump: the tail long, straight, and black: the ears and feet of the fame colour: and the mouth furnithed with large canine teeth. THE EGRET. Generic CHARACTERS. Lower jaw furnifhed with pouches for the reception of food. Pofteriors (generally) naked. Tail ftraight, and longer than the body. SYNONIMS. Simra ayeura, Linn. Syft. 39. Ofbeck’s Voy, i. 151. L’Atcretre, de Buffon, xiv. 190. tab. xxi. Schreber, 129. tad, xxii. Eeret, Pennant Hift. Quad. vol. i. p. 207. THESE animals are extremely ugly ; they have a habit of grinding their teeth and wrinkling up thew faces: they are inhabitants of Africa, and live in great numbers together. They make dreadful havoc in cultivated fields, by fcratching up a great deal more corn than they can poffibly confume. When in a ftate of confinement they are docile, and fometimes remarkably gentle. M. Audebert obferves, that he once faw a female of this defcription, tending and carefling her little one in a granary: the fight was very interefting, and the owner of the granary afferted, that he had confined the creature, for feveral years, in a cage. The face of the Egret is of a livid colour; and the hair that furrounds it is grey, mixed with a little white and black, which, {tanding out in different directions, gives the animal a very extraordinary appearance: the whole of the body is grey, and the belly is of a whitifh colour: the length of the tail is eighteen inches. Pennant informs us, that thefe animals will fawn on men, dogs, and their own {pecies; that, on feeing a Monkey of another kind, they greet him with a variety of grimaces; and that, when a large company of them {fleep, they put their heads together, and make a continual noife during the night. | ee. ae £ b 3 e + “Sabhy ep 2X hee ka oe I cg hg itn & wht estat \ \ \ \ Lt OC ? v ON IA { SAL VT Cli C LION THE LION-TAILED BABOON. Generic CHARACTERS. Four cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw. Each of the feet formed like hands, with flat nails. | Eye-brows above and below. SYNONIMS. SIMIA VETER. SIMIA CAUDATA BARBATA ALBA, BARBA NIGRA, Linn, Syft. 36. Briffon Quad. 147. , Le SINGE BARBU NoIR, Schreber, 107. tad. xi. Lion-Taitep Bazsoon, Pennant’s Hit. Quad. vol. i. p. 189. CERCOPHITHECUS BARBATUS PRIMUS, Clufiz Exot. 371. Raw Syn. Quad. 159. Klein Quad. 89. OvanveERou, de Buffon, xiv. 169. tad. xviii. THE length of this curious animal is about fifteen inches, from the crown of the head to the infertion of the tail; its bulk is that of a middling fized Dog; its vilage is long, canine, and completely encircled with a full bufhy. beard ; its nails are flat; its teeth large - and its tail terminated with a tuft of hair like that of the Lion: the cheeks and pofteriors are bare; the — hair on the belly is grey, exclufive of which the body is generally black. The fpecies, however, appears to be various, as the Grey Lion-tailed Baboon is feen with a white beard, the black with a grey beard, and others are defcribed as being perfealy white. Thefe animals refide in the forefts, where an exuberant produce of fruit and foliage affords them an abundant fubfiftence. ‘They are extremely mifchievous, and will not permit any of the other kinds either to affociate THE LION-TAILED BABOON. with them, or to dwell in their neighbourhood, fo that the pretended refpect of the other Baboons, for thefe ill-difpofed quadrupeds, is in reality nothing more than the refult of timidity. They are likewife very fierce, and are faid to attempt outrages on fuch females as they occafionally find ftraying in the _woods(a); yet, if taken young, their ferocity gradually fubfides, and they finally become tame and familiar. Mr. Pennant mentions a fierce and ill-natured animal, of this fpecies, that was exhibited fome years ago in London. Its tail was exactly the length of its back, and its beard reached entirely up the cheeks, as far as the eyes. The Lion-tailed Baboon inhabits the Eaft Indies and the hotteft parts of Africa. | (a) Hiftoire Naturelle des Singes, par Audebert, Famille ii. sec, i. THE COCHIN-CHINA MONKEY. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Each lower jaw furnifhed with a pouch for the reception of food. Buttocks (generally) naked. Tail ftraight, and longer than the body. SYNONIMS. Le Douc, de Buffon, xiv. 298. tad. xli. Le Granp SINGE DE LA Cocuin-CuHiIneE, Schreber, 137, tab. xxiv. AMONG the various and numerous claffes of quadrupeds that excite our curiofity, or claim our admiration, the Cochin-China Monkey is indifputably the moft remarkable, as preferving the greateft purity and harmony of colour, in that robe with which he is adorned by nature. His fhort, flat face, is of a reddifh brown, fhaded on each fide bya long yellow beard: his forehead is black, and the reft of his head grey: a ftrong tinge of purplifh brown furrounds his. neck, in manner of a collar: his arms, on the upper part, are grey; but, from the elbows to the hands, they are perfectly white; his fingers are black; his back, belly, and fides grey, tinged with yellow; his loins and tail are white; his thighs fable; his knees and legs of a chefnut colour, and his feet black. ; Thefe colours are all pure, never mingling with each other; and as their {hades are not very lively, the aflemblage is perfectly harmonious and inexpreflibly pleafing. The generality of digitated quadrupeds, found in Afia and Africa, have their pofteriors naked, but thofe of this animal are covered with hair. An THE COCHIN-CHINA MONKEY. individual of this defcription will fometimes ‘abate four feet in length, from the nofe to the infertion of the tail. Thefe Monkeys inhabit Cochin-China and Madagafcar. They frequently | walk on their hind legs; are faid to fubfift on beans; and to aaa a fubftance known by the name of Bezoar du Singe(a). (4) Hiftoire Naturelle des Singes, par Audebert, Famille iv, sec. i. ~ vee ——— Ss Dhets on Gel. 9 Lt: PORE AchLondon Aayast 26° 1602, Lublifhed bo WD artan THar ey FOUR FINGERED &HORNED MONKEYS THE FOUR-FINGERED MONKEY. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Pofteriors covered with hair. No pouches in the jaws. Tail prehenfile. SYNONIMS. : Le Coarra, De Buffon, xv.16. Schreber, 140. tad, xxvi. Srm1a Paniscus, Lenn. Sy/l. 37. Quato, Bancroft Guiana, 131. _ SprpeR Monkey, Edw. Gleanings, ili. 222. CERCOPITHECUS MAJOR NIGER, FACIEM HUMANAM REFERENS, Quovara. Barrere France A:quin. 150. THE limbs of this animal are fo extremely long and flender, that fome authors have given it the appellation of the Spider Monkey. Its face is of a livid flefh colour. The hair that covers its body is long, black, and rough. Its tail is rather bare of hair at the extremity, and very long. Its hands, or fore feet, are diftinguifhed from thofe of every other variety by wanting a thumb; but, ona minute examination, we perceive a fort of tufted fubftance that indicates the place where the thumb fhould have been. The length of the body is about eighteen inches, and that of the tail near two feet. M. Audebert informs us, in his Natural Hiftory of Monkeys, that he has feen an individual of this fpecies take up ftraw with its tail, in the fame manner as an Elephant would have done with his trunk. He alfo afferts, that he has feen the fame animal climb up the trees at Paris, hang by its THE FOUR-FINGERED MONKEY. tail from the branches, and form a link, in order to reach the neighbouring tree; and, at other times, it would hold an apple in its tail, to the great delight of the {pectators, who amufed themfelves with throwing fruit to it and obferving its fingular geftures. Notwithftanding the air of melancholy which feems imprefled on the _countenances of thefe animals, they are in reality extremely vivacious, and fufficiently daring to attack a fingle traveller. ‘They are, however, greatly terrified at Dogs, whofe prefence they feduloufly avoid, and the difcharge of a gun puts the boldeft of them to immediate flight. Indeed they poffefs but a {mall fhare of real bravery, as, notwithftanding their frequent {kirmithes, they always run away in time of danger. j Thefe animals are very numerous in Guinea, where they walk together in great troops, and fubfift on fruits, (principally that of the palm tree,) | worms, infects, &c. We are likewife aflured that, by the affiftance of their tails, they are able to catch fifh, and know extremely well how to open the fhell of an oyfter, fo as to get at the contents. If an individual of this defcription be wounded with an arrow, he will draw it out, and throw it, in revenge, at the perfon who difcharged it. If he is wounded by a gun, his comrades exhibit many figns of terror, and inftantly carry him under a tree, where they endeavour, by holding their hands over the wound, to ftop the effufion of blood: but, when mortally wounded, he will cling by his hands and tail to the branches, and continue thus fufpended a confiderable time after he is dead. It feems a difficult tafk to kill one of thefe animals, even after they are brought to the ground; as they are more tenacious of exiftence than other quadrupeds, and in the time of extreme danger make {fo ftrong an appeal, by their looks and motions, to the humanity of their difturbers, as fometimes compels the young and generous fportfman to relinquifh his amufement in favour of the {pecies. When the Four-fingered Monkey finds himfelf in the power of his enemy, he ftretches forth his arms towards him, looks in his face with unfpeakable earneftnefs, and, moving his jaws, feems to petition for mercy. ‘Thefe expreffive looks and geftures, from an animal fo refembling man, are well adapted to roufe the tendereft emotions in THE FOUR-FINGERED MONKEY. the fufceptible bofom; nor can we poffibly be furprifed at any perfon’s refufing to deftroy thefe creatures, when we picture to ourfelves a wounded _ Monkey ftretched on the ground, covered with blood, ftruggling with death, ftretching his little hands towards his foe, and turning towards him a face almoft human; while the expreflive looks of his dying eyes are evidently defigned to reproach him for the agonies he feels from approaching death. Stedman, having wounded one of thefe Monkeys, held it by the tail, and twirling it round in the air, ftruck its head forcibly againift a tree; the blow, however, proved ineffeGtual, and the piteous looks of the fuffering animal forbade a repetition of the cruelty. Stedman, therefore, unable longer to bear the affecting fight, plunged the animal in water, and thus terminated its mifery with its exiftence. Dampier’s remarks on thefe animals are very entertaining. ‘‘ There was, fays he, “‘a great company dancing from tree to tree over my head, making a terrible noife, and exhibiting many antic geftures. Some broke down dry fticks and flung at me, others {cattered their excrements on my head, and one, bigger than the reft, approached fo near as to make me leap back ; but the animal fufpended itfelf from a branch by the tip of its tail, and there continued {winging to and fro, making mouths at me. The females,’ fays the fame author, “ are much troubled to leap after the males, as they are commonly encumbered with two young ones. ‘They are very fullen when taken, and difficult to be procured when {fhot, as they will cling with their feet or tail to a bough while any life remains. When I have fired at one and broken a leg or arm, I have actually pitied the creature while it gazed in anguifh on the fraétured limb, and turned it cautioufly from fide to fide.” Pennant informs us, that thefe auamials are extremely active, and are faid to enliven the American forefts, where they facilitate their removal to the tops of diftant trees by hanging down in a fort of chain, linked to each other by their tails; and thus fwinging till the lowermott catches hold of a branch and draws up his affociates. They will occafionally pafs rivers by the fame curious method. THE FOUR-FINGERED MONKEY. When domefticated, they are very docile and frolicfome, and will return to a cage of their own accord; they are, however, very tender, and feldom live long in our climate. _ Both travellers and anatomitts agree, that the body of the Four-fingered Monkey contains a long thin worm, which is invariably found in the {pecies, whether diffected in a ftate of confinement, or examined when killed in the forefts, where they have free liberty and the choice of their own food. THE HORNED MONKEY. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Pofteriors covered with hair. No pouches in the jaws. Tail prehenfile. SYNONIMS. Simia Fatueryvus, Linn, Sy/t. 42. Hornep Monxey, Pennant Hift. Quad. vol. i. p. 221. CERCOPITHECUS EX NIGRO ET FUSCO VARIEGATUS, FASCICULIS DUOBUS PILORUM CAPITIS CORNICULORUM MULIS. LE Sapayou cornu, Briffon Quad. 138. THE Horned Monkey is not above eleven inches long, from the tip of the nofe to the infertion of the tail. Its face is of a flefh colour, but the hair on the cheeks is blackith; the lips are of a greyifh white. The hair on the forehead is fhort and white, and terminates on each fide in two long black tufts, in the form of horns, and of a woolly fubftance like that which covers the head of an owl. The hair that covers the top of the head is quite black; and that which furrounds the face is black mingled with red. The whole of the back and thighs are of a yellow brown; but the upper part of the arms, with the cheft and belly, are of a very light yellow. ‘The arms, from the elbow to the wrift, with the hands, legs, feet, and tail, are black. The tail is long and curly, and is entirely covered with hair; that is to fay, it is not naked at the extremity. Thefe animals are extremely familiar, yet, when under confinement, they frequently utter a melancholy cry, expreflive of their difcontent. Few of them will live in Europe; and they muft be kept in very hot places to preferve them at all. ‘They are inhabitants of America. 4 2 e ’ 2 st} AMIN “ el Mh il iy 5 i { > Ir) i jj i) aH) yy LUNN NNW | MG Li Tn Ke Fae OW, aecnerteiee sees PROBOSCIS MONKEY, Phe Fi a ‘ : THE PROBOSCIS MONKEY. Generic CHARACTERS. Lower jaw furnifhed with pouches for the reception of food. Buttocks (generally) naked. Tail ftraight, and longer than the body. SYNONIMS. Simra Nasitca, Daubenton, Memoire lu a UInflttut National de France. re. Le Kauav, Cercorituecus Larvatus, Wurmbs, Memoires de la Société de Batavia. — : La Nasieve, Cuvier, Tableau Elémentaire del’ Hiftoire Naturelle des Anumaux. Bantansan, the Name of this Animal in its native Country. — Le Guenon a tone Nez, De Buffon, Supplem. vii. 53. tab. xi, xi. Progposcis Monkey, Pennant, Syn. Quad. vol. ii. p. 322. AN exceffively long, trunk-like nofe, which projects very far beyond the mouth, has given an appellation to this fingular-looking animal. It is a rare fpecies, and one of the largeft of the Monkey tribe, being three’ feet four inches in height, when ftanding ere. Its face, which is deftitute of hair, is of adark brown colour; and, from the flatnefs of the fkull, the eyes appear very prominent. ‘T he nofe is four inches long ; the nottrils are placed at the extremity. The hair on the forehead and crown of the head c of a dark reddifh brown; that which encircles the face is brighter, and terminates in a point at the chin. The back is alfo of a dark reddith brown, {potted with yellow; the breaft and belly are of a reddifh grey; and there is a diftiné line of a lighter colour acrofs the cheft. ‘The upper THE PROBOSCIS MONKEY. part of the arms is of a brightith red, with a line of white over the fhoulders 3 the lower parts of the arms and legs are of a yellowith grey; and the four extremities are of the fame colour. The loins and tail are white: the latter is above two feet in length. In the National Mufeum of France there are two individuals of this {pecies; the one a male, the other a female. The back of the male is not {potted with yellow, agreeable to the above defcription; however, this is not confidered as a conftant character, and it is probable that their colours vary according to their age. ‘The female in queftion is fmaller than the male; but as they have been known to. have young ones when only a foot in height, it is concluded that they begin to breed long before they have attained their full fize. The only account of the manners of thefe animals, which we have been — able to procure, is contained in the following extra& from the defcription of Wurmbs, in the Memoirs of the Society of Batavia. <'Thefe Monkeys. keep in great herds; in their cry, which is very deep, one may diftin@ly hear the word kahau, from which the Europeans, by changing the / into 5, have given the animal the name of Kabau; while the natives of Pontiana, in Borneo, where it is principally found, call it Bantanjan, from the form of its nofe. The brain perfe@tly refembles that of man; the lungs are white; there is much fat about the heart, which is almoft the only part of the body where it is to be found; the ftomach is very large, and of an irregular form; and, from the under jaw to the clavicles, a fack is extended under the {fkin. “'Thefe animals aflemble mornings and evenings, at the rifing and fetting of the fun, on the borders of rivers, where, in playing among the branches of the great trees, they offer an agreeable {pectacle, leaping with agility the diftance of fifteen or twenty feet, at the fame time {preading out their hands and feet in a remarkable manner; but I have never obferved them to hold their nofe in leaping, as has been afferted. Their food is unknown, which makes it impoffible to keep them alive.” THE LONG-ARMED APH. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Four cutting, and two canine teeth in each jaw. Each of the feet formed like hands, generally with flat nails, and, except in one inftance, have four fingers and a thumb. Eye-brows above and below. SYNONIM. Le cranp Grszon, de Buffon, xiv. 92. tab. it. Schreber, 78. tab. iil. THE appearance of this Ape is rendered peculiarly difgufting by its arms, which are of fo difproportional a length as to reach to the ground when its body is in an erect pofition. Its flat, {warthy face is completely furrounded with grey hairs; its eyes are large, but deeply funk; and, exclufive of its ears and pofteriors, it is covered on every part with black, rough hair; its difpofition is gentle, inoftenfive, and tractable; and it commonly grows to the height of four feet. A variety of this fpecies is noticed by Mr. Pennant, as greatly refembling the former, but differing in its coat, which is brown and grey ; and being -fhorter of ftature. , The fame gentleman mentions an (a) animal (lately in the pofleffion of a Britifh nobleman) which was fo nearly allied to this variety in fhape as to be indivifible ; yet its arms were fhorter, and its form more elegant ; its face, ears, hands, and feet, were black; but the other parts of its body were covered with filvery hairs; it was about three feet high, good-natured, vivacious, and frolickfome. Thefe animals are found in great numbers among the woods of Malacca, Sumatra, and the Molucca Ilands; where they fubfift on leaves, fruits, and barks of trees. t vi (4) Pennant’s Hiftory of Quadrupeds, Vol. I. page 184, 4 ite or Ree Cat A SMP SUT fl 5 os Pray ee ~." 2 es a TAUCAUTCO ai\ ai IRING TAIL THE TAILLESS MAUCAUCO. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Six cutting teeth, and two canine teeth in each jaw. Feet formed like hands. Vifage fharp, pointed like a Fox. SYNONIMS. Lemur TARDIGRADUS, Lin. Syft. 44. SIMIA UNGUIBUS INDICIS PEDUM POSTERIORUM LONGIS, INCURVIS, ET acutis, Briffon Quad. 134. | ANIMALCULUM CYNOCEPHALUM, Ceylonecum, Seb. Mus. |. tab. 35. Cercopituecus, Ceylonicus, Kleen Quad. 86. ANIMAL ELEGANTISSIMUM, Rodinfont, Rait Syn. Quad. 161. Le Loris, de Buffon, xiii. 210. THIS animal is fixteen inches long, from the nofe to the rump. The head is {mall, and the nofe fharp pointed; the ears {hort ; the eyes furrounded firft | by a white circle, and then by a black one; the {pace between them is white: a dark ferruginous line extends from the top of the head along the middle of the back to the rump, it is bifurcated on the forehead, and each divifion, joining to the black circle which furrounds the eyes, makes the animal look as if it wore fpectacles: the toes are deftitute of hair, and furnifhed with flat. nails, except the inner toe of each hind foot, the nails of which are long, fharp, and crooked: the body is covered all over with foft, fhort, and filky fur, of a reddith ath-colour : it is very inactive and flow in its motions, and, in thefe particulars, refembles the Sloth, though it differs from it eflentially THE TAILLESS MAUCAUCO. in its generic characters. It is very tenacious of its hold, and makes a plaintive noife. It frequents the woods and feeds on fruits: it will likewife devour {mall birds very greedily, and is fond of eggs: it inhabits Bengal and the ifland of Ceylon. | Mr. Pennant remarks, that the figure given by M. de Buffon, which he calls Le Loris, has a much longer vifage than this; that it correfponds with Seba’s figure, ad. 35. And that each of them is much lefs than the animal juft defcribed ; but it is not eafy to afcertain whether they differ in {pecies, or are only varieties. THE RINGTAIL MAUCAUCO. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw. Feet formed like hands. Vifage fharp pointed like a Fox. SYNONIMS. LEMUR CATTA, Linn. Syft. 45. Le Mococo, de Buffon, Kite 7S. taby xu: Maucauco, Edw. 197. Mocawkx, Grofe’s Voy, 41. ProsimMia CINEREA, Briffon Quad. 157. Vari, Flacourt’s Hift, Madag. 153. THIS animal is the moft beautiful and elegant of the tribe to which it belongs; it is about the fize of a Cat, but the body and limbs are longer and more flender; the top and hind part of the head are covered with hair of a dark afh colour; the back and fides incline more to red ; the limbs are of a | paler colour on the outfide, and white within; the belly is white; the end of the nofe is black; the ears are large and erect; the face white, with a black circle round each eye; the hair is all of a delicate foft contexture, very fmooth to the touch, and ftanding almoft erect like the pile of velvet; the hinder legs are confiderably longer than thofe before, which caufes it to ufe a _kind of galloping motion ; the toes are furnifhed with flat nails, particularly we thumbs on the hind feet. The tail is twice the length of the body, and 3 highly beautiful and ornamental, being marked all the length of it with black and white rings placed alternately ; it is raifed over its back, and kept THE RINGTAIL MAUCAUCO. in continual motion, when it plays; but when it is afleep, it brings its tail over its head, and its nofe to its belly. It appears to be a harmlefs and gentle animal, eafily to be tamed when young: its cry is weak ; it loves the fociety of its own fpecies, and generally, when wild, they go in troops of thirty or forty together ; it is very cleanly and good natured ; it is a reftlefs creature, and like all four-handed animals, moves in an oblique direction, when it walks, It feems to poflefs all the vivacity of the Monkey, without its malice or mifchief. This animal is a native of the Ifland of Madagafcar, and, according to Flacourt, is fometimes found white; Cauche in his voyage to Madagafcar(a) alfo {peaks of a white kind, which, he fays, grunts like fwine, and is called there Amboimenes. (A) P. 53, cited by Mr. Pennant. W\ Le ay hi Za eee SSG NM 5 ; i —h th ) i A MU PUAKE bel ET 5 or 2, ert f= Ji OA, Dart) by Fae vey So Wace THE COMMON GREYHOUND, . Generic CHARACTERS. Six cutting and two canine teeth in each Jaw. Five toes before; four behind (a). Vilage long. » | SYNONIMS. Common Grenounpn, Pennant Syn. Quad. 147. Canis cratus, Linn. Sy/t. 57. | Canis venaticus craius, Rai Syn. Quad. 176. CANIS LEPORARIUS ET Scoticus, Merrett Pinax rer. nat. 168. Le Levrier, de Buffon, xxvii. i THIS is one of the varieties of that faithful and ufeful animal, the Dog; which, though they are all derived from one common ftock, differ from each other as much in their habits as in their general appearance: they are, for the moft part, ftrongly attached to man, and are all capable of rendering him fervice fome way or other. The variety to which our attention is at prefent directed, has always been confidered as a companion for a gentleman, who was formerly known by his Horfe, his Hawk, and his Greyhound; and it was enacted by the forett laws of King Canute, that no perfon, under the rank of a gentleman, fhould prefume to keep one. (a) This chara&er is invariable in the wild fpecies, as the Wolf, the Fox, &c. but the common Doge have often five toes on each foot.—Peznant. THE COMMON GREYHOUND. The Greyhound contributes much to the health of his mafter, by inviting him to wholefome exercife, at the fame time that he puts him readily in pofleflion of an elegant and nutritious dith for histable. He is ufed for that kind of {port which is called Courfing the Hare; and to this he is particularly well adapted, by the extraordinary length of his legs, and the flendernefs of his body; to which may be added, the length and fharpnefs of his nofe, which enable him to cut the air in running, in the fame manner as the fharp bills of birds affift them greatly in flying; the length of his tail is alfo of fingular fervice to him in turning and guiding his courfe, and for thefe purpofes he ufes it like the rudder of a fhip; and fo neceflary is this part of the animal, that, if it is cut off, he is thereby rendered unfit for the courfe. The acute fenfe of {melling which fome Dogs, and particularly Hounds, poflefs in fo eminent a degree, is denied to the Greyhound; but this ap- parent deficiency is amply fupplied by a wonderful fharpnefs of fight, which he enjoys in a degree far fuperior to any other Dog. Could the Greyhound {mell as well as he can fee, it would be impoffible that any Hare fhould ever efcape him, fo great is his fpeed; but as he only hunts by the fight, if the Hare is fortunate enough to reach a covert before fhe is overtaken, fhe faves her life; but this good fortune fhe feldom experiences, if the country is tolerably open. A Hare will, indeed, fometimes efcape from a young, inexperienced Greyhound, by fuddenly {quatting behind a clod of earth, and fuffering him to dart over her, when, inftantly altering the direction of her courfe, the Greyhound is foon bewildered and lofes fight of her; but an old, experienced Dog is not to be impofed on; fhould the Hare venture to attempt fucha deception with him, aware of the trick, he inftantly feizes his prey, and puts an end to her life and her fears. It is obferved that the Greyhound barks but feldom, perhaps from an inftinctive confcioufnefs that it would affright the Hare, and facilitate her efcape. There are three varieties of this kind of Dog. 1. The Common Englifh Greyhound, ufed for courfing, of which we have juft been fpeaking. 2. ‘The Oriental Greyhound, which is tall, flender, has very pendulous ears, and the tail is covered with very long hairs. 3. The Italian Greyhound, which is THE COMMON GREYHOUND. fmall, {mooth, and of a delicate ftructure. This little creature is of uncommon beauty, and generally a great favourite with the ladies, who permit him to have the honour of attending them in their walks: it is not, however, very common in England, the climate being too fevere for its delicate conftitution. The Dog,. taken in a general view, may be confidered as an animal felected by man from.all other quadrupeds, as his fervant, his companion, and his friend; and he fills thefe feveral pofts with diftinguifhed propriety ; grateful in his temper, and conftant in his attachments, he feems happy when he can render his mafter any fervice, and when he cannot, he loads him with carefles; he patiently fubmits to chaftifement for real or imaginary offences; and his attachment appears to be even increafed by correction; thefe difpofitions, it is true, vary in degree in different individuals, and feem to depend much on the treatment they receive, and the habits in which they are educated. . The fportfman’s Dog partakes of his mafter’s pleafure, and while he contributes to promote it, is himfelf enjoying the higheft gratification: this is evident from the tranfpert he fhews at the fight of a gun, and his indefatigable ardour in the field of fport; thus endeared to each other by a participation of enjoyment, fatigue, and danger, it is no wonder that he is united to his mafter by an attachment which only ends with his death. The more domettic Dog is attached to the family by the care that is taken of him, the carefles he receives, and the habits of aflociation; which he amply repays, by guarding faithfully the property of his mafter, even at the expence of his own life. . | The Dog is highly fufceptible of the impreflions of education; this is evident by the wonderful fagacity of thofe ufed by fhepherds and drovers, who need but a fingle look from their mafter to comprehend fully his will, which they inftantly execute with the utmoft cheerfulnefs and accuracy; and fome Dogs have even been taught to compofe words with letters placed before them, to perform calculations with numbers, and in many other inftances to difcover proofs of a highly imitative, if not intelligent faculty; not to mention thofe taught to dance, whofe drolleries are fo well known every where. THE COMMON GREYHOUND. The Dog is a very diffufed animal; it is found in fome variety or other all over the known world; in South America multitudes of them breed in holes like Rabbits: when thefe are found young, they inftantly attach themfelves to mankind, and never again defert their mafters to rejoin the fociety of the wild Dogs, from which they fprang(a).”’ Thofe Dogs have the appearance of the Greyhound, carry their ears crect, are very vigilant, and excellent in the chace(s). It appears by the accounts of Captain Cook and other late voyagers, that the flefh of the Dog is eaten by the natives of the South Sea lands, who confider it as a great delicacy; but the Dogs which are deftined to be eaten, are not fuffered to feed at large, but are kept up and fattened with farinaceous diet, by which treatment they lofe the sabia {mell fo difagreeable in Dogs fuffered to feed at large. The ingenious Count de Buffon fays, that all Dogs are derived from one original, which he calls Le Chien de Berger, or Shepherds’ Dog; which is alfo fometimes called Le Chien-Loup, or the Wolf-Dog ; and the reafon he gives for this opinion is, that this Dog is naturally the moft fenfible of any. He fays the amazing varieties with which we are acquainted are the refult of climate, food, and crofs breeding ; and has given an ingenious genealogical table, in which he afcertains the refults of the different combinations, to which we beg to refer the more curious reader. (a) Narrative of the Diftreffes of Ifaac Morris, &c. belonging to the Wager ftore-fhip of Commodore Anfon’s fquadron, p. 27, &c. quoted by Mr. Pennant. (8) Pennant. THE TERRIER (a). GENERIC CHARACTERS. Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw. Five toes before; four behind. Vifage long. », THIS little animal is a ufeful and almoft conftant attendant ona pack of Hounds. He poflefles the fenfe of fmelling in a much greater degree of perfection than moft other Dogs: this faculty enables him to. find. out the game with great readinefs; and his fize permitting him to enter the holes of Foxes, &c. he foon forces them from their retreat, and obliges them to feek their fafety in flight. ‘The Terrier is the natural enemy of all thofe animals which are commonly, though improperly, called vermin;.as Badgers, Polecats, Weafels, Rats, Mice, &c. It is poffefled of great perfonal bravery, and not only attacks the Badger with great courage, but fuftains the combat with determined fortitude, though it is fometimes very roughly handled by it. -'There are two varieties of the Terrier, one fmooth, fleek, and well. proportioned; the other rough, long-backed, very ftrong, fhort-legged, and generally of a black or yellowish colour, mixed with white; whereas the former is generally of a reddifh brown colour, or black, with tan-coloured legs. The difpofitions of both nearly correfpond, but the {mooth one is neither fo large, fierce, nor ftrong as the other. It is faid the Hound, the Harrier, and the Terrier conftitute but one race; for it has been remarked, that, in the fame litter, Hounds, Harriers, and (4) The name is derived from Terra, the Earth; becaufe he fecks his game in holes dug in the ground. THE TERRIER. Terriers have been brought forth, though only one of thefe had been admitted to the female Hound (a). | Mr. Hope(s) relates an anecdote of a Terrier, which fhews that this animal is not only capable of refentment, and great contrivance to accomplifh it, but that it is even poffefled of a certain power, however limited, of combining ideas and communicating them to one of its own {pecies, fo as to produce a certain preconcerted confequence. The narrative is thus related: “‘ Mr. M. of Whitmore in Staffordfhire, ufed to come twice a-year to town, on fome family bufinefs; and being a gentleman fond of -exercife, he commonly made the journey on horfeback, accompanied moft part of the way by a faithful little Terrier Dog, which, for fear of lofing in town, he always left to the care of my kind, good-natured landlady, Mrs. Langford, at St. Alban’s; and, on his return into the country, he was fare to find his little companion well taken care of, and perfeétly recovered from — the fatigues of his journey. But Mr. M. calling for the Dog one time, as ufual, good Mrs. Langford appeared with a woful countenance before him :—‘ Alas! Sir, your little Terrier is loft! and I have been fretting my heart out about him. Our preat Houfe-Dog and he had a quarrel together, and the poor Terrier was fo worried and bit, before we could part them, that I verily believed he would never have got the better of it. He made a thift, however, to crawl out of the yard, and no mortal here fet eyes upon him for almoft a week after. He then returned; and (will you believe it, Sir?) he brought along with him another Dog, bigger by far than ours, and they both fell upon our great Houfe-Dog, and bit him fo unmercifully, that he has fearcely fince been able to go about the yard, or eat his meat. After that your little Dog and his companion difappeared, and they have never fince been feen at St. Alban’s.’ Mr. M. heard the old lady’s ftory with no fmall aftonifhment; but he bore his lofs with perfec refignation, and foon received (a) Encyclopedia Britannica, (8) Thoughts, in Profe and Verfe, by John Hope, p, 47. THE TERRIER. a reward for his philofophy.. On his arrival at Whitmore, he found his little Terrier was got fafe home before him; and on enquiring into circumftances, he alfo found, that the Terrier had been down at Whitmore, and coaxed ° his great Dog to follow him back to St. Alban’s, where he was fure of being revenged on his enemy. ‘Thefe facts have been well authenticated to me, and one of the parties concerned I have often feen; I mean the little, fagacious, revengeful animal.” nie Me aa *: at i ’ " : se hea ons ¥ See ns nt g; hed i ; Wy ata A ie P ,, ee ~ Aan oa rt § . a yan Oe ever hk Ta THAT = > I Storer “fe: Lbbetfon ded. London. Lublijned by WeDarton, 5 Hervey. Welch December 12 L790: MASTIFF & LION-=D 0G THE MASTIFF. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw. Five toes on the fore feet, four(a) on the hinder ones. Vilage long. , SYNONIMS. Cawis Motossus, Linn. Syft. 57. Mastivus, Rai Syn. Quad. 176. Le Docvue ve Fort Race, de Buffon, tad. xlv. _ THE Maftiff is a variety of the Dog kind, to which the people of Great Britain are.much indebted, for his fingular-fidelity and care in guarding whatever property is placed under his protection, which he never fails to: defend from attacks of all kinds, even at the rifk of his own life; and this office he is particularly well enabled to perform, by his extraordinary fize, firength, and courage. His head is large, his under lips hang down on each fide, and his countenance is majeftic and noble, he appears to treat all other Dogs with a contempt which clearly indicates a confcioufnefs of his fuperiority over them. His difpofition is generous, and ‘he will not abufe the power with which he is intrufted, nor call it forth to action, unlefs provoked by injuries; and even then he will not refent trifling infults, farther than by fhewing his power to do it: of this an anecdote, mentioned by Mr. Bewick, is a ftriking inftance. “ A large Dog of this kind, belonging to the late M. Ridley, Efq. of Heatton, near Newcattle, being frequently molefted by a. (a) Mr. Pennant remarks that this charater is invariable in the wild {pecies of Dogs; as the Wolf, the Fox, &c. but that the common Dogs have often five toes on each foot. THE MASTIFF. mongrel, and teazed by its continual barking, at laft took it up in his mouth by the back, and with great compofure dropped it over the quay, into the river, without doing any farther injury to an enemy fo much his inferior.” The Mattiff is generally kept confined by a chain during the day time, and when night approaches, he is turned loofe, to guard and defend the premifes committed to his care; thefe he examines all over with great attention and accuracy, to fee that allis fafe, and then by his loud barkings, announces his prefence, and readinefs to acquit himfelf faithfully of the truft repofed in him. It appears from Stow’s Annals (a), that the Mattiff will attack even a Lion, and an account is there given of an engagement between a Lion and three Maftiffs, in the prefence of King James I. One of the Dogs being put into the Lion’s den, was foon difabled: another was then fet at the Lion, and prefently met with the fame fate: but the third inftantly feized the Lion by the lip, and held him faft for fome time, till at length, being terribly wounded by the Lion’s claws, he was forced to quit his hold; when the Lion, who was no doubt much fatigued by the combat, declined renewing the engagement, and leaping over the Dogs, fled away into the interior part his den. The two firft Dogs did not long furviye, but the third recovered — and became a great favourite of the king’s fon. In the time of the Roman emperors, the Englith Maftiffs were held in high eftimation at Rome, for their ftrength and courage, and an officer was | appointed in Britain, on purpofe to breed and tran{fport fuch as he thought would prove equal to the combats of the amphitheatre. Mr. D’Obfonville relates a fingular inftance of the memory of a Mattiff he had brought up in India, and which accompanied him from Pondicherry to Benglour, a ftrong place of High Maiffour, where he loft him: «Mr. Maifonpre and myfelf,” fays he, ‘‘ were near three weeks on our journey thither, the diftance being more than a hundred leagues by the road we took, during which we traverfed plains and mountains, forded rivers and followed bye-paths; befides that, we twice made a ftay. This animal, however, which had lived with me ever fince he was two months old, and (A) Stow’s Annals, 1427, ‘THE MASTIFF. which moft affuredly had never been in that county before, loft us at Benglour, and immediately returned to Pondicherry. He went directly to the houfe of M. Beylier, then commandant of artillery, my friend, and with whom I had generally lived. Now the difficulty is, not to know how the Dog fubfitted upon the road, he was very ftrong and able to procure himfelf food; but by what means could he find his way, after an interval of more than a month? ‘This then feems to be one of the inftinétive faculties of many fpecies of animals, which have the power to direct their fteps and - zetrace their route, by efforts of memory that are to us fcarcely conceivable.” Manwood(a) fays, this variety of the Dog derivés its name from ma/fe thefefe, being fuppofed to frighten away robbers by its tremendous voice. (a) Manwood’s Foreft Law. THE LION DOG. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw. Five toes on the fore feet, four on the hinder ones. Vilage long. SYNONIMS. CATULUS MELIT£US, CANIS GETULUS, sEU IsLanDICUS, Ratz Syn. Quad.177. Linn. Syft. 57. Le Cuien ve Ma re, ov Bicuon, de Buffon, tab, xl. fig. 1. & Le Cuien Lion, fig. 2. SHock, Pennant Syn. Quad. 146. THE Lion Dog is a far-removed variety of the Water Spaniel; it does not poffefs any of the good qualities of its progenitor, and is only fought after as a curiofity ; it takes its name from its miniature refemblance of the Lion, as to external form, the hair which erows on the head and fhoulders being extremely long, while that on the hinder parts is altogether as fhort. The nofe is fhort, and the tail-long and tufted at the end like the Lion. So far it may be thought to bear fome refemblance to that noble animal ; but it differs from it in almoft every other inftance, being remarkably {mall, feeble, timid, and inactive. ‘The breed came originally from Malta, where it is found fo {mall, that women carry it about in their fleeves. It is now become very {earce in England. ih Wie Wy Hf a) ij My i == \ JTookey Sc. Publithed by WDarton, THarwey, & Welch London Ja c¥ 1? 1998. YDLAND DOG. THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOG. Generic CHARACTERS. Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw. Five toes before; four behind. Vilage long. THIS is the largeft animal of the canine {pecies, meafuring frequently upwards of fix feet in length, from the nofe to the extremity of the tail, which it ufually carries in a curl over the rump. It is proportionably large in all its members, and poflefles an uncommon degree of ftrength and courage, united with the greateft fagacity and fidelity to its mafter; thefe qualities, added to the faculty of fwimming in a very fuperior ftyle, and diving to any depth, render this animal the moft ufeful of the clafs to which it belongs. When young, it is gentle and engaging in its manners; but, as it advances in years, its ferocity eradually increatfes, efpecially under confinement, and at length, | when arrived at maturity, it becomes a moft formidable, and {oinietimes dangerous, animal. The body is covered with long, thick hair, well calculated to refift the rigour of the climate of which it is indigenous. The toes are connected by membranes, the conformation of which is fuch as to enable it to fwim very rapidly, and to dive with the greateft eafe ; and its eager appetite for raw fifh feems to bear fome analogy with its attachment to the water. | This beautiful animal has been only known of late years in England; but | as it breeds very freely, and the climate feems well adapted to its conftitution, it is now become pretty common, and has hitherto fhewn no figns of degeneracy, nor loft any of its good qualities. It was originally brought from Newfoundland, where the inhabitants find it of effential fervice. Its THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOG. _ ereat ftrength enables it to draw confiderable weights, and four of them yoked to a fledge, will trail three hundred weight of wood, with apparent eafe, for the {pace of feveral miles. Their docility is no lefs confpicuous, in the manner of performing this fervice, which they execute without a driver, and having delivered their load at the deftined place, return in the fame order to the woods whence, they were difpatched, and where their labours are commonly rewarded with a meal of dried fith. The Newfoundland Dog is of infinite fervice to featatine perfons, particularly in coafting veflels, and thofe which navigate rivers; as, in cafe of any one’s accidentally falling overboard, the Dog will inftantly jump after the perfon, and either bring him fafe to land, or keep him from finking, till proper afliftance be procured. Of this, numberlefs inftances have occurred, fufficient to eftablifh the fact beyond a poffibility of doubt. They alfo make excellent houfe or yard Dogs, and guard the Breas committed to their care with the ftricteft fidelity. They have often been known to feize, and even kill, houfe-breakers, which have intruded on the houfes configned to their protection ; and lately, at the royal hunt, in Windfor Foreft, the Deer in chafe, which was of the large red kind, in attempting to leap over the palings of a park at Warfield, was inftantly feized by the throat, by a large Newfoundland Dog, which happened to be loofe in the park, and feverely punithed for its intrufion. Dar cha£24799- , London. and. W.Beloh J. Harver Published by WDarton, BULL DOG aa POMERANIAN DOG. THE BULL-DOG. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw. Five toes on the fore feet ; four on thofe behind. Vifage long. SYNONIM. Le Docue de Buffon, tab. xliv. - THIS variety of the Dog is not fo common, or held in fo high efteem now, as it ufed to be, when the favage diverfion of bull-baiting attracted the notice of the public; which, to the honour of humanity, is now almoft entirely abolithed. | The ftriking characters of the Bull-Dog are the following: the under jaw is longer than the upper, and the tail curls upwards; the predominant colour is tawny; but it is fometimes brindled, and marked with white; and fometimes, though very rarely, entirely black or white. Savage and malignant in his nature, the Bull-Dog oft bites, in fullen filence, without giving the leaft warning of his approach. Inured to battle and cruelty, he is infenfible of the carefles of any one, except his mafter ; and even thefe he feems eager to relinquifh, for his more favourite entertainment. He is remarkably firong, in proportion to his fize, and is equally fierce and cruel. Such is the ftrength and favage ferocity of this animal, that four of them ‘have been found to be an over-match for a Lion ; and when they have once properly feized a Bull, nothing can make them quit their hold, but the giving way of the part, or the lofs of their life. So great is their ardour for the combat, that it is impoffible to reftrain them from it. This is fully THE BULL-DOG. confirmed by a cruel experiment, which was tried fome time fince at a bull-baiting, where a Bull-Dog fuffered his feet to be cut off in fucceffion, © notwithftanding which, he continued to feize the Bull after each amputation ; and when all were cut off, he again attacked him with as much eagernefs as if nothing had been done to him. When the barbarous amufement of. bull-baiting was in fafhion, many other inftances of favage fortitude were recorded of this animal, which would now fcarcely be credited. , THE POMERANIAN DOG. GeneRICc CHARACTERS. Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw. Five toes on the fore feet ; four on thofe behind. Vilage long. | SYNONIMS. Le Cuter Loup de Buffon, tad. xxix. Fox Dos, var. THIS variety of the Dog is nearly allied to the Shepherd’s Dog ; it mutt, however, be allowed to have the advantage of it, in external appearances, though it falls infinitely fhort in point of fagacity. In its difpofition, it retains more natural wild ferocity than is ufual in domefticated animals ; particularly in thofe accuftomed to be favourites, which this Dog generally is. It is not fond of carefles from any but thofe with whom it is acquainted, and will frequently {narl, fhew its teeth, and fometimes even bite while it is ftroked. - The Pomeranian Dog is covered all over with a thick coat of very long hair, which makes it look twice as large as it really is: its general colour is a dirty cream-colour; but it is fubject to varieties of black, brown, and even {potted, though thefe are rare. It is in general confidered as a ufeful houfe dog. oe 4 shout, % tao earn pk 4 él moni Teas Pe ak ft tos afi ih a renga Ye ry) F io: i ve te fhe tt non patie eam Py ey fae anid a9 va fit ‘nck bat b fot aii SASS WN yp WBA. London Nov 731803. VDartorw, THary & hed ay Tv f i bi, Tuth THE ENGLISH POINTER. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw. Five toes on the fore feet, four on thofe behind. Vilage long. THIS variety of the Dog was unknown to our anceftors ; it is not even mentioned by Linneus, nor has it been more than noticed by any other naturalift: it was firft produced in Spain, whence it was tranfported into England, where the breed has been afliduoufly improved. The good qualities of the Pointer are held in fuch eftimation by the fportfman, that every precaution is ufed to preferve the breed pure and unmixed. ‘The greateft pains and attention are required in the education of this animal, before it can be properly broken and trained to the {port ; while the Spanifh Pointer receives the inftructions given it with a degree of docility which is truly furprifing. In fhort, the Spanifh Pointer feems naturally to poflefs thofe inftincts in high perfection, which do not difcover themfelves in the Englith Pointer, till they are called forth by a moft laborious courfe of education. In this refpect the Spanifh Pointer has certainly the advantage ; but then, on the other hand, the Englifh breed is much more hardy and durable, and can fupport the fatigue of an extenfive range much better than the Spanith. It is neceflary to keep the Englith Pointer in practice, otherwife it will foon forget the inftructions it has received. A Dog, thus educated and kept in good order, has been frequently fold for ten or twelve euineas. Its chief ufe is in finding out game, either for the gun or net, and pointing to the place where it lies, which a well-trained Dog will do with remarkable precifion. THE ENGLISH POINTER. The Setting Dog, now in general ufe, is a mixed breed between the Englith and Spanith Pointer, and confequently partakes of the good qualities of both. : | | | Robert Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, is faid to have been the firft perfon who broke a Setting Dog to the net. The Pointer is not fo fubject to canine madnefs as fome other kinds are, and makes a very ufeful Houfe Dog. “te N 8 N a g SS) Ss 8 1803, a cae A Mey? 2 Lublifhed by Wharton TSHarvey Se WBRetch London \TIAIN DOG . ID ATL THE DALMATIAN DOG. GeNERIC CHARACTERS. Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw. Five toes before; four behind. Vifage long. SyNONIM. Le. Braque vE Bencan, de Buffon, tab. xxxiv. THIS is, perhaps, the moft elegant and beautiful variety of the Dog. It is generally called the Danith Dog, although it is difficult to fay how: it came by that appellation, as Mr. Pennant feems to think Dalmatia is its native country. Some, indeed, are found in India, but they are generally {mall, and very ugly; and thofe which are bred in Europe, if carried to India, immediately degenerate, in common with all other Dogs. The Dalmatian Dog is, at prefent, very common in England, where the breed is carefully preferved from mixture. It keeps up to its fize and figure, and is held in high eftimation, both for its elegant fhape, and for the beautiful fpots with which it is adorned, which vary in every individual. It is now univerfally received as a fathionable and genteel attendant on a carriage, which feems to be the only ufe made of it. It. is certainly a very innocent article of luxury; but we cannot help remonftrating againft the cruelty and prefumption of cutting off the poor animal’s ears, from an idea, that its beauty is thereby increafed : as if we knew how to form the creature better than the great Creator himfelf! {t is remarked, that thofe animals, which bring forth many young ones at a birth, do not produce them fo perfect as thofe which bring but one or THE DALMATIAN DOG. two. The Dog, when firft whelped, is not completely formed ; his eyes are not opened till he is ten or twelve days old, during which period the bones of the fkull are incomplete, the body is puffed up, the nofe is fhort, and the whole body but indifferently fketched out. In lefs than a month, the puppy begins to exercife all his fenfes, and, from that period, makes rapid advances to its perfection, which it attains at the age of twelve months: it goes with young nine weeks, and lives about twelve or thirteen years. Water appears to be more neceflary to the Dog than food; he drinks frequently, though not abundantly ; and, it is imagined, he runs mad when abridged of water. This dreadful malady is the greateft inconvenience that refults from the keeping this faithful domeftic: this diforder, however, is not fo frequent as the terrors of the timorous lead them to fuppofe ; and the Dog has been often accufed of madnefs without a fair trial. Happy would it be, if a certain and infallible remedy were known for this moft horrid difeafe; but, it is feared, none yet difcovered can be abfolutely depended on. Perhaps the moft probable preventative is, inftantly to wath the wound with water as hot as it can be borne, and to repeat the wathings inceflantly for three hours. 1, } ; ey mary Pi ete) tublished by W: Darton, and Harvey, London, 2799 FOX. THE FOX. GENERIC CHARACTERS. Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw. Five toes before; four behind. : Vifage long. SYNONIMS. Canis Vuures, Linn. Sy/t. 59. Canis Furvus, Briffon. Quad. 173. VuLrEs, Gefner Quad. 966. Raz. Syn. Quad. 177. Fucus, Klein Quad. 43. Fox, Brit. Zool. 1. 58. Le Renarp, de Buffon, vil. 75. tad, vi. THE Fox, the Wolf, and the Dog are in general fo like each other, in their external and internal ftructure, that it is almoft impoffible to form an accurate idea of either from bare defcription. The internal parts of the Fox greatly refemble thofe of the Dog. His external form and appearance, however, differ confiderably from that animal; to which he is in many refpeéts nearly related: his head is larger in proportion, and his ears fhorter: his eyes are fituated more oblique, and his tail is more bufhy: he has a ftrong, offenfive fmell, which is peculiar to his fpecies, and which the Dog has not: he differs alfo from the dog in his difpofition: crafty and fufpicious by nature, he is never entirely tamed, or rendered familiar and domeftic, but is always forced to be confined, and foon dies of chagrin at the lofs of his liberty. THE FOX. The grand object of the Fox is felf prefervation, he, therefore, never trufts to his fpeed or cunning, but always takes care to provide for himfelf a fure afylum, to retreat to, in cafe of danger: in chufing this, fafety is not his only object; he ufually fele&s the edge of a wood, in the neighbourhood of fome farm or village; here he pafles his day, though not idly, for as foon as fleep has taken off the fatigue of the preceding night’s excurfions, he liftens attentively to the crowing of the Cocks and cackling of the Hens, marks their abodes, to direct his attack by night; and thofe who are imprudent enough to ramble too far from their home by day, are in imminent danger from his fubtilty and vigilance; thefe he fcents at a diftance, and creeping flyly towards them, chufes his time of attack’ fo judicioutly, that he feldom returns without his booty. When he gets into a’hen-rooft by night, he kills all he can come at, and retreating with as much as he can carry off, hides his prey at fome convenient diftance, and prefently returns for more, which he likewife hides, though in a different place, and then continues his vifits, until he has either carried off all, or is difturbed by the approach of day or otherwife, when he inftantly retires to his den. The Fox is extremely voracious, and, befides flefh, will greedily devour milk, cheefe, butter, eggs, fruit, and particularly grapes, of which he is fo fond, that he foon becomes fat by eating them. Poultry, Leverets, and Partridges feem to be his dainty morfels, but when he cannot find thefe in plenty, he devours Serpents, Toads, Lizards, Rats, and Mice in abundance, and thus he renders the farmer one piece of fervice, asa fort of compenfation for the reft of his depredations. He frequently difappoints the fowler, by vifiting the fnares he has fet early in the morning, and artfully taking from them the birds which are caught. Crabs, Infects, and even Hedge-Hogs are fometimes his prey; and he will attack bee-hives and wafps’-nefts for the fake of what he can find to eat; itis true he frequently meets with fo rough a reception as to force him to retire, that he may roll on the ground dad _crufh thofe which are ftinging him; having thus rid himfelf of his troublefome companions, he inftantly returns to the charge, and obliges THE FOX. them at length to forfake their combs, and leave them to him as the reward ‘of his victory (a). i The Fox enjoys the fenfe of {melling with ‘more acutenefs than the Wolf, and the organs of his voice are moft flexible and perfect: he yelps, barks, and often utters a mournful ery like the Peacock. During the winter feafon, and more efpecially in frofty weather, he is continually yelping, but is almoft entirely filent in fummer, at which time he fheds his hair. He fleeps very found, and liesina round pofition like a Dog; but when he only wants to reft himfelf, he lies flat on his belly with his legs ftretched out, and in this pofture watches for birds, who no fooner perceive him than they fet up fhrill, difcordant cries, to warn their companions of his prefence. Magpies and Jays are particularly obferved to give this kind of alarm at his approach, and they will even follow him a confiderable way, conftantly repeating their cries(B). The hunters know this fact, and avail themfelves of it, to difcover where their game is concealed. The female Fox brings forth from four to fix young ones every year; fhe goes with young about fix weeks, during which time fhe feldom ftirs out, but bufies herfelf in preparing a proper bed for them, and making it as fecure as poffible. If the finds they have been difturbed in her abfence, fhe removes them, one by one, to a place of greater fecurity. Dr. Goldfmith(c) relates a remarkable inftance of this animal’s parental affection, which’ he fays happened near Chelmsford in Effex. ‘“ A fhe Fox that had, as it fhould feem, but one cub, was unkennelled by a gentleman’s Hounds, and hotly purfued. In fuch a cafe, when her own life was in imminent peril, one would think that it was not a time to confult the fafety of her young ; however, the poor animal, braving every danger, rather than leave her cub behind te be worried by the Dogs, took it up in her mouth, and ran with it in this manner for fome miles. At laft, taking her way through a farmer's yard, fhe was aflaulted by a Mattiff, and at length obliged to drop her cub, which was taken up by the farmer.” We are happy to add, that this afietionate creature efcaped the purfuit, and at laft got off in fafety. (4) Buffon, (8) Buffon. (c) Goldfmith’s Hift. Vol. HI. p. 330. THE FOX. The Fox affords high entertainment to thofe who are fond of hunting, and the Dogs, from their natural averfion to this animal, prefer the chace of it even to that of the Hare or the Stag. A large kind of Harrier or Hound is generally ufed for this fport, affiftted by Terriers, which, being fmaller, ‘follow the Fox into his kennel, and attack him there. As foon as the Fox finds himfelf purfued, he inftantly makes towards his hole, and penetrating to the bottom of it, lofes for a time the dreadful found of his enemies: but the whole pack foon arriving at the fpot, redouble their cries, and the little Terrier courageoufly ventures in. If the kennel is under a rock or the roots of trees, as is often the cafe, the Fox bids defiance to his enemies, and remains there perfectly fecure, the Terrier being no match for him at the bottom of his den; nor can he be dug out of it by the hunt{men. But the ufual way of hunting the Fox is, to carry him ina bag to fome open country, and then turn him loofe in fight of the Hounds; the {cene which follows is too well known to need explanation. When all retreat to his kennel is cut off, his ftratagems and fhifts to efcape are as furprifing as they are various. He always takes to the moft woody parts of the country, and prefers the paths which are moft embarrafled with thorns and briars. He runs ina direct line before the Hounds, and at no very great diftance from them; and, if hard pufhed, feeks out the low, wet grounds, where the {cent _ will be lefs apt to lie; being at laft overtaken, he becomes obftinately defperate, and defends his life in filence to the laft gafp. | Of all the wild animals, the Fox is the moft fubje@ to variety from the influence of climate. It is well known that the generality of Foxes in England are red; there are, however, three varieties found in Great Britain, which differ rather in fize than colour. The Greyhound Fox is the largeft, talleft, and boldeft, and will attack a grown Sheep. ‘The Maftiff Fox is lefs, | but ftronger. The Cur Fox is the leaft and moft common, and does the greateft mifchief to the hufbandman and farmer. ‘This kind is more univerfally ,diffufed than any other, being found in Europe and the temperate parts of Afia and America, but rarely in Africa. In the cold regions, towards the pole, Foxes are found of various beautiful colours, and their fur THE FOX. of excellent quality; their {kins are purchafed with great avidity, for the fake of their warmth and beauty, and form a confiderable article of commerce. The {kins of blue Foxes are very {carce and valuable; but the black ones are moft efteemed, and are frequently fold for forty or fifty crowns each. The hair of thefe animals grows in fo fingular a manner, that it is not poffible to tell which way the grain lies; for if the {kin is held by the head, the hair falls down {mooth and even towards the tail; and, if it is held by the tail, the hair inftantly takes a contrary direction, equally regular. In Siberia and | Kamtfchatka, Foxes are caught by different devices, for the fake of their fkins; and it is there remarked, that the moft valuable Foxes are the moft cunning and difficult to be taken. The general method of catching them, is either by poifon, traps, or bows; but they are fo cunning, that great addrefs is neceflary to accomplith the end. “ (a)The Kuriles, who live upon the Lopatka, catch Foxes in a manner peculiar to themfelves. ‘They have a net | made of whale’s beards, compofed of feveral rings; this is fpread upon the ground, and to a ring in the middle they bind a Magpie; round the net is drawn a cord, the ends of which are held by a perfon concealed in a pit near at hand, who, when the Fox fprings upon the bird, draws the cord, and gathers together the net, which furrounds the Fox, as a drag net does a fith.” The Fox bites with great feverity, like the Wolf, and his bite is very dangerous and difficult to cure. (a) Kratheninicoff’s Hiftory of Kamtfchatka, by Grieve, p. 9. fag a , ane ahs iis Fim & ght Hoy dees Bing 3 = =F ‘ah Viaitaoo 2 ead ey ashtats afi fe & a “bs CR Rae er hive Vd sedis” “| 9 A Pe ait ve (soe Lbbeson Jel . Q5- , & WHhelele, LOREM. AUGUSE 2,17, Published by WDaron, J Harvey o 4 WOoOLrF THE WOLF. Generic. CHARACTERS, Two canine, and fix cutting teeth in each jaw. Five-toes before, four behind. Vifage long. SYNONIMS. Canis Lupus, Lenn, Syft. 58. Wour, Bre. Zool. 1.61. tab, i. Lupus, Gefner Quad. 634. Rai Syn. Quad. 170. Cawis EX GRiszo Fravescens, Briffon Quad. 173. Le Loup; de Buffon, vii. 39. tad. 1. Canis Syitvesrris, Reackinfky Hit. Polon. p. 219. ALTHOUGH the Wolf fo much refembles the Dog, both in his external and internal form, as to induce fome naturalifts to confider him as the fame animal, in its fayage ftate of freedom, yet no two animals can have a ftronger antipathy to each other; the fight, and even the {cent of a Wolf, makes a young Dog fhudder, and comé trembling to his mafter for protection. ‘The Dog and the Wolf never meet without either flying or fighting, and. the combat generally ends in the death of one or both; if the Wolf conquer, he tears and devours his adverfary ; the Dog, more generous, contents himielf with the victory, and leaves his enemy where he falls, equally defpifed and hated. In thort the Wolf feems to patil all the bad qualities of the Dog, without any of his good ONES. )) The Wolf is about three feet feven inches in oul from ne tip of his nofe to the infertion of his tail,.and about two feet five inches high. His eyes are fituated more obliquely in his head than thofe of the Dog, and his ~*~ THE WOLEP. eye-balls are of a fiery-green colour, which greatly contributes to the fierce and formidable air with which he is fo ftrongly marked. His ears are fharp and erect ; his jaws and teeth are large and {trong ; his tail long and bufhy, bending inwards between his hind legs. His body is covered with long harfh hair, the colour of which is a mixture of brown, black, and grey, with a tinge of yellow; beneath the hair he is well clothed with an afh-coloured fur, which enables him, without inconvenience, to endure the feverity of the climates he inhabits. | The Wolf is naturally dull and cowardly, but being driven from the habitations of man, and obliged to live in the foreft, where he finds but few animals to fatisfy his rapacious appetite, he is often on the brink of ftarving. Impelled thus by neceflity, he becomes regardlefs of danger, and boldly attacks thofe animals which are under man’s protection. Lambs, Sheep, and even Dogs, or any animal he can carry off, are equally his prey. Thefe depredations he renews, till having been harafled and intimidated by the Dogs, he becomes prudent by experience, hides himfelf during the day, and only ventures out by night, when numbers of them, affembled together, prowl round the villages, deftroying every creature they meet. Poffefled of great ftrength in the mufcles of his neck and jaws, the Wolf runs off with a Sheep or Lamb with the greateft facility. Indeed, theep-folds have always been devoted to fcenes of his devaftation and carnage; and when he perceives, by his exquifite {mell, that the flocks are houfed, he undermines the threfhold of the door with his claws, where he enters to the terror and deftruction of the harmlefs, fleecy tribe, difplaying the moft ferocious and favage cruelty, by immolating all he finds, ere he carries any off, or his thirtt for blood feems fatiated. It has been afferted that, when the Wolf has once tafted human blood(a), he always prefers it to any other; this prevailing notion has given rife to many fuperiftitious ftories. The old Saxons imagined it was poffeffed by fome evil fpirit, and called it the Were-Wolf, or Man-Wolf(s), and, to this day, the French peafants entertain fimilar notions. . (a) Pennant. (s) Mr. Verftigan, who wrote in the year 1634, gives the following curious account of this fort of fuperftition, « The Were-Wolves,” fays he, “ are certain forcerers, who having annoynted their bodies, with THE WOLF. Although the Wolf is the moft gluttonous of quadrupeds, devouring even his own fpecies, when prefled by hunger, his rapacity does not exceed his cunning ; always fufpicious and miftruftful, he imagines every thing he fees is a {nare laid to betray him. If he find a Rein-Deer tied to a pott, to be milked, he dares not approach, for fear the animal fhould be placed there only to entrap him; but no fooner is the Deer fet at large, than he inftantly purfues and devours it(). The female produces five or fix, and fometimes even nine at a litter(s) ; they are brought forth with the eye-lids clofed, and nourifhed. with the mother’s milk for fome weeks; when they acquire ftrength, fhe teaches them to eat flefh, by chewing it for them, and early inures them to flaughter, by bringing birds or fmall animals, half dead, with which they are inftructed to play as a Cat with a Moufe, till at laft the vidtims receive the coup de grace, and are devoured. The cubs feldom quit the den till they are near two months old, nor leave their dam till they have fhed their firtt teeth, and completed the new fet, which does not happen before they attain the age of ten or twelve months. ‘The mother, now confidering them fufficiently trained in the means of defence, and capable of providing for themfelves, deferts them, to bring up a new family. The Wolf fleeps as foon as he has filled his belly, or is fatigued, and for this refrefhment he prefers the day to the night; like the Dog, he is eafily an oyntment which they make by the inftinét of the divell: and putting on a certayne inchaunted girdle, doe ‘not only unto the view of others, feeme as Wolves, but to ECR Obeh thinking have both the fhape and nature of Wolves, fo long ‘as they weare:the fayd girdle. And they doe difpofe themfelves as very Wolves, in wourrying, and killing, and moft of humane creatures. « Of fuch, fundry have been taken, and executed in fundry parts of Germany and the Netherlands. One Peter Stump, for being a Were-Wolf, and having killed thirteen children, two women, and one man, was at Bedbur, not farre from Cullen, in the yeere 1589, put unto a very terrible death. The fleth of divers parts of his body was pulled out with hot iron tongs, his armes, thighes, and legges broken on a wheele, and his body laftly burnt. He dyed with very great remorfe, defiring that his body might not be {pared from any torment, fo his foule might be faved.” Verfligan’s Antig. p. 237. ° It is not long fince the punifhment of death was inflifted in this country, under the idea of witchcraft, when confeffions of imaginary crimes were often extorted from the poor diftra€ted victims of this fatal fuperftition. (4) Dic. Raifon. (8) Buffon. THE WOLF. awakened. He bears hunger better than thirft, and will live four or five days without food, provided he is well fupplied with water. | ; Hunting the Wolf is a favourite diverfion among the great men in fome countries, for which purpofe they ufe Greyhounds, which are let fiy at him in leafhes, one after the other. He defends himfelf well, threatens them on all fides, and frequently efcapes, unlefs the hunters come in time to the afliftance of the Dogs, and difpatch him with their cutlafles. He is alfo frequently taken in pitfalls, where he is fo confounded, that he may be either killed or taken alive without much danger, though at other times he enjoys his fenfes in the higheft degree of perfection. Wolves inhabit the continents of Europe, Afia, Africa, and America ; they formerly abounded in Great Britain, but have long fince been deftroyed. King Edgar is faid to have been the firft who attempted to rid this kingdom of them, by accepting a number of Wolves heads as a punifhment for certain crimes(a). Notwithftanding which, they continued increafing till the time of Edward I. when they again became the object of royal attention, and one Peter Corbet was vefted with powers to fuperintend and aflift in the deftruction of them, till at length the breed was totally extirpated. They were not entirely deftroyed in Ireland, till the year 1710, though their Wolf-Dogs have been fo celebrated. The Wolf is fubjec&t to great variety of colour, difpofition, and fize, according to the climate in which he is bred. Some are found quite black, fome white, and fome inclining to yellow. The Wolves of Senegal are much larger and more favage than thofe found in Europe. .Thofe of Egypt, on the other hand, are {maller and certainly not fo ferocious, for they are there taught to dance and play anticks, which confer on them an imaginary value, being often fold for four or five hundred crowns(s). No part of the Wolf is of ufe, except his fkin and fur; he refpires a moft foetid vapour; and his flefh is univerfally difliked. << In fhort, every way offenfiye, a favage afpect, a frightful howl, an infupportable odour, a perverfe difpofition, fierce habits, he is hateful while living, and ufelefs when dead(c).” (a) Brit. Zoology, p. 62. (s) Goldfmith. (c) Buffon. THE SPOTTED HYANA. | GENERIC CHARACTERS. Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw. Four toes on each foot. Tail fhort, a tranfverfe orifice between it and the anus. SYNONIMS. JACKALL, or WILD Doc, Bofman’s Guinea, 293. QuumMBENGO, Churchill’s Voy. v. 486. Ticer-Wouxr, Kolben’s Cape, ii. 108. Sporrep Hyana, Pennant’s Syn. Quad. 119. Hy zna, or Crocuta, Ludolph. Gth. 57. CaNI-APRO-LUPO-VULPES, Dejlandes Hi/t. de l Acad. xxviii. 50. 8vo. edit. THIS animal greaty refembles the Striped Hyzna in its form and habits, although it is evidently a diftin& fpecies, and is not fo courageous. It appears to have been undiftinguifhed by naturalifts till lately, and we are obliged to Mr. Pennant for the firft accurate delineation and account. of a Its general colour is a reddith brown, marked with diftin@, round, black fpots, with tranfverfe, black bars on the hind-legs; its head is large and flat, ornamented with long whifkers over each eye, and on the lips; its face and the upper part of its head are black: its ears are fhort and pointed, black on the outfide and afh-coloured within. The top of the back and neck are furnifhed with a fhort, black mane. It is very common at the Cape of Good Hope, where the inhabitants call it the Tiger-Wolf. Dr. Sparrman defcribes it as a formidable, mifchieyous, and cruelanimal. It lurks near the farm houfes, where cattle are kept, and prowls ae! a Pl, ft THE SPOTTED HYANA. about for its prey, fending forth the moft horrid yells every night. The farmers guard their cattle by large Dogs, of which the Hyena, though larger and ftronger, is much afraid, and will not face them if it can avoid it. Neither will it dare to attack Oxen, Horfes, or any of the larger animals, whilft they defend themfelves, or even if they do Heat feem afraid. It fometimes attempts to difperfe a herd of cattle, by its hideous roaring ; in which, if it fucceeds, it purfues one of them, and foon difables it by a deadly bite, and then devours it. The Hottentots were formerly much molefted by thefe animals, which were fo bold as to attack their huts, and carry off their children; but the introduction of fire-arms has put an end to thefe depredations. It is certain, however, that numbers of thefe animals attend almoft every dark night about the fhambles, at the Cape, to carry off the offals and bones left there by the inhabitants, who take care never to difturb their fcavengers; the Dogs too, who, at other times, are in a continual ftate of enmity with them, never then moleft them, and it is remarked that they are feldom known to do any mifchief on thefe occafions. The howlings of the Hyzena are dreadful and alarming beyond defcription, and an ingenious writer (a) remarks, that, ‘* perhaps, Nature has kindly impreffed this involuntary difpofition to yelling upon this animal, that every living creature might be upon. its guard, and fecure it from the attacks of fo cruel an enemy.” Whatever the phyfical reafon may be, it appears that a difpofition to yelling or howling in the night is abfolutely implanted in this animal by Nature, as a young one, which Dr. Sparrman faw at the Cape, though it had been brought up tame by a Chinefe refident there, and was then chained, was faid to be filent in the day time, but very often in the night was heard to emit the yelling cry peculiar to its fpecies. In compenfation for this faculty, by which the animal is, as it were, obliged to give warning of its own approach, it is, on the other hand, actually poflefied of a power, in fome degree, to imitate the cries of other animals; by which means it often fucceeds in deceiving and attracting Lambs, Calves, Foals, &c. THE SPOTTED HY ANA. The peafants in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope fay, that this animal is poflefied of great fagacity, and that a party of them, half flying and half defending themfelves, will decoy a whole pack of Dogs to follow them _ to the diftance of a gun fhot or two from the farm, with a defign to give the reft of their companions an opportunity to come out from their retreat, and carry off fufficient booty both for themfelves and their flying brethren, before the Dogs can return to prevent them. The voracious gluttony of this animal is a ftriking inftance of the provident | care of the great Creator, who has furnifhed it with a difpofition to confume every animal fubftance it meets with. Were it not for the ravenous and infatiable appetite of the Tiger-Wolf, the flowery fields of the Cape would foon become loathfome and disfigured with the carcafes of all kinds of game which graze and die there fucceffively; they ferve likewife to keep up the neceflary equilibrium in the increafe of the animal kingdom ; fo that it may not exceed the fupplies afforded it by the vegetable part of the creation. Dr. Sparrman relates a ftory of this animal, the truth of which he does not vouch, it is, however, diverting enough, we {hall therefore make no apology for introducing it. “One night, at a feaft, near the Cape, a trumpeter, who had got himfelf well filled with liquor, was carried out of doors, in order to cool and fober him. The fcent of him foon attracted a Tiger-Wolf, which threw him on his back, and dragged him along with him like a corpfe, and confequently a fair prize, up towards Table Mountain. Mean time, however, our drunken mufician awaked, fufficiently fenfible to know the danger of his fituation, and to found the alarm with his trumpet, which he carried faftened to his fide. ‘The wild beatt, as may eafily be imagined, was not lefs frightened in his turn.” Any perfon but a trumpeter in fuch a fituation would doubtlefs have furnifhed the Tiger- Wolf with a fupper. a Tatty rant Li : reo we E O ‘yy omnes erbi peeks ae a7 niee A 50) bee ‘i an UO w ares = ——— z = = ee eee : tFE Kp tj n Funes the 27 T8O0 Hiaian de WEE, STRIPED HYENA. THE STRIPED HYANA. ‘GENERIC CHARACTERS. Six cutting teeth, and two canine teeth, in each jaw. Four toes on each foot. Tail thort; a tranfverfe orifice between it and the anus. SYNONIMS. Tawa, Arift. Hit. An. lib. vi. c. 32. Lupus marinus, Belon Aquat. 33. Gefner Quad. Taxus porcinus, Kempfer Amen. Exot. 411. Dusua, Shaw's Travels, 246. . Canis Hyana, Linn. Sy/l. 58. — L’Hyzwa, de Buffon, ix. 268. tad. xxv. THERE are two animals which bear the name of Hyena, the Striped and the Spotted; the former is the fubjec&t now treated of. As it appears to have been but imperfectly known to the Greeks and Latins, it is not to be wondered that the accounts they give of it are replete with the moft ridiculous abfurdities; as, that it changes its fex and colour, &c. but the diligent obfervations of more modern naturalifts have entirely exploded all fuch fabulous nonfenfe, and its hiftory and properties are now as well afcertained as thofe of any other wild beatt. , The characters of this animal are fo fingular and ftrongly marked, that itis impoflible to miftake them. It differs from moft quadrupeds, in having only four toes on each foot. The fore-legs are longer than the hind ones, its ears are pointed and devoid of hair, and the look of its eyes is remarkably wild, accompanied with a peculiar, fullen fiercenefs. They thine THE STRIPED HY.ANA. in the dark; hence it is probable that it can fee as well by night as day. Its head is broad and flat, and the nofe is fhorter in proportion than that of the Wolf. Its body is covered with long, coarfe, afh-coloured hair, marked with long black ftripes, which are difpofed in waves from the back downwards, and are highly ornamental; the legs are likewife adorned with fome of thefe ftripes placed croffwife. The back is furnithed with a_ briftly mane, extending from ‘the’ head’ to the tail, which, added to the ftooping pofture ‘in which “it holds’its head, gives it fomething of the appearance of a Hog. It is probable: that it owes its name to this circumftance,'‘the Greek word huaina, by which they diftinguifhed this animal, being derived from hus, a Sow. Its tail is fhort, and well filled with long, buthy hair, which is fometimes of one colour and fometimes barred with black. This animal hasan opening juft under the tail, like the Badger, which leads to a fort of pouch, furnifhed in the infide with glands, which fecrete a thick fubftance, not unlike civet, but of a rank, difagreeable {mell ; this might perhaps furnifh the ancients with the idea that it changed its fex. The Hyzna refembles the Wolf in many particulars, but it poffeffes more cunning and malice, and is more voracious and cruel. Its difpofition is fo extremely ferocious, that it can never be tamed, though taken when young. When it cannot procure other provifions, it invades the facred manfions of the dead, ranfacks the graves, and devours the putrid bodies they contain, even though they have been long buried. Its courage is not inferior to its rapacity. It boldly enters the lifts with much larger quadrupeds, and fights with great obftinacy. It fears neither the Lion nor Panther, will often attack the Ounce, and is in general victorious. Kempfer relates that he faw one which had put two Lions to flight, regarding them with the utmoft coolnefs. | The voice of the Hyzna is very fingular; the beginning of it fomewhat refembles the groaning of a human voice, wp;ch gradually changes to a noife — not unlike that made by‘a violent effort to vomit. Savage and unfociable in its manners, it delights to lurk in caverns and clefts of rocks, or in holes in the earth, which it digs like the Fox; ‘thefe are THE STRIPED HYANA. its gloomy abodes during the day, and it never forfakes them till the approach of night favours its horrid depredations; it then rufhes furioufly on all kinds of cattle, and will fometimes attack men: it ravages fheepfolds, - and deftroys whatever comes in its way, with infatiable voracity: in fhort, it is ferocious without generofity, and cruel from innate principle ; when it can get no other food, it will eat the roots of plants and tender fhoots of palm trees. It is ever growling, except when receiving its food; it then erects the briftles on its back, its eyes gliften, and it fhews its teeth, and appears _ truly frightful. 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