ra
renee cab Liat! ay
na Penis eae ne dda t Its shih eR raat ey
Tee
a 2s
Cx
Ss
Pyal very seeeekrsss 5
eae
TiPtATPPUMEEO ESOS ISS T EE
WAVSY SUV AN A NUNUY
SIR ao ae a et —_
Py Sey ath
Die ere et ihaed filed teeta
f
Ox
hss
pores Tr
CER DOC SS pC BE
a
=
&,
ANN
Nes Na Noe
® ’
a,
x
CV SVAL AV UES Ny S
i é
‘
ie
> VS hen
ot
i
oie
Lye yA Vee EEE
CALE EEOLILERD EDEL EGE OLEDOLLE REEF EALEPER
z
ri ry
Ms
+7 ’ S
a“ & F 4 ? ‘< S ;
ba! -_ a '
Sy
: 4: |
es a =i a
— - 22-3 ; me
se Pw : :
™- t =
a
ae 5 &&
“4 \ : : en
= iy Me |
: ad :
rs me \
7 x
Xi
tA lg
Fad
ES PT
Be
ee
“a!
ne
—
a 5 : :
, 503° =
ee
yy
Nee A ay
Be pe EPELEOLEET ILS EERE OER EREELEEELAITED
* x
Ft.
Si) we a |
io
a
re
.
ae
f
Phe
.s)
\
ge
ak
:
AN
i
aes
fi
af
at
c
Sy
hehe pee
ill ae et Ne a
he Ag Prod) re, = AAAS Dd need Nie PrP Net ig dl Nill al hn BR hy IN NST, ht EPR iy dee te yo ; ras
ms ok Figt AAO mye
~ <<" ; ; ;
lar vee veel
& AS
Purchased by the
Book Funp
Founded A.D. 1893
GLEE
Yop
5
L
Zz
+) pote
ie init
pane:
4! t
pyar
e
{
~N
TC
Ce
2
C
Wh
COIL
“—
¢ a SC
)
3h
fi
i @
y
JOHN CHUR
COL
FC
781 O?
th Lt
WE
“Tr
v
°
oA
/)
cv,
e
mst
C
BY
Js
yet,
ip PUCU
0
,
5c
NDON
We ¢
PL
O
ass we. A
fe
6
Printe
rit
Cabinet of Quadrupeds:
CONSISTING OF
HIGHLY-FINISHED ENGRAVINGS,
BY JAMES TOOKEY;
DRAWINGS, BY JULIUS IBBETSON;
WITH
HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTIONS,
BY JOHN CHURCH,
FELLOW OF THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
VOL. I.
London:
PRINTED FOR DARTON AND HARVEY, GRACECHURCH STREET;
AND W. BELCH, CARDIFF;
By Darton and Harvey, Gracechurck Street.
1805.
Re
waaay
ae
ADVERTISEMENT.
IT was the original purpofe of this work to gratify the lovers of Natural
Hiftory, and the admirers of the fine arts, with a number of picurefque
reprefentations of the moft interefting fubjects in the clafs of Quadrupeds;
accompanied with fuch a written account of each, as might convey both
entertainment and inftruétion. The proprietors had the fatisfa@ion to find
that the numbers, as they fucceflively appeared, obtained general approbation,
both with refpect to the execution of the artift, and the compofition of the
writer: they were therefore induced to proceed fo far, that almoft all the
genera of Quadrupeds have had at leaft one reprefentative. The defign was
nearly brought to a conclufion, when the death of the gentleman who
' felected the fubjets and wrote the defcriptions occafioned a fufpenfion of
its progrefs. It is now prefented to the public in a collective form, provided
with means for a fyftematic arrangement. The method adopted by the
compiler was that of Mr. Pennant in his Hiftory of Quadrupeds, which,
therefore, takes the lead; but for the ufe of thofe who may prefer the
Linnzan arrangement, it has been added, according to the plan followed by
Dr. Shaw in his valuable work on the Mammalia.
Concerning thefe different methods, it may be remarked, that the clafs
of Quadrupeds being the leaft numerous in the animal creation, and the bett
known from common obfervation, there is lefs neceflity for fubjecting it to
GUS
ADVERTISEMENT.
the forms of artzfczal arrangement, than there is with refpeé to thofe
claffes, of which the number of {pecies is fo great, that they could not be
identified and retained in the memory without every adventitious aid. The
illuftrious and eloquent Buffon was therefore contented with diftributing
Quadrupeds into groups of fpecies allied by general refemblances, without
being folicitous to eftablith any fundamental charaéters on which to form
divifions or fubdivifions. This laxity of method, however, cannot but be
regarded as a defect in a fyftem intended to comprehend every individual
{pecies, and to ferve for reference and confultation.
Our able countryman, Mr. Pennant, following the footfteps of his
excellent predeceffor, Ray, has done better, in adopting a claffification, which,
embracing feveral circumftances important in the animal economy, has
brought together {pecies for the moft part fimilar in their nature and way of
life, whilft it has eftablifhed certain fpecific and difcriminating marks to
facilitate inveftigation. How far it is an improvement upon fuch an
arrangement to take a fingle circumftance for the leading mark of diftinétion,
and to form divifions upon a fimilarity in this refpeé& alone, regardlefs of
other more obvious and important points in the economy of the fubjeé,
will admit of a queftion. Such a method has the advantage of uniformity,
but it frequently violates natural connection: it has more of the appearance
of fcience, but lefs of the truth of nature.
The formation of genera, however, is not materially different in the two
fyftems; and the manner in which thefe are difpofed in the fuperior divifions,
is of little importance to one who attentively ftudies the generic.and {pecific
characters.
& ww @ WO
SYSTEMATIC
LTAGBRLE OF \C ON TEN PS;
ACCORDING TO THE ARRANGEMENT Leh
MR. PENNANT’S HISTORY OF QUADRUPEDS.
DIVISION 1—HOOFED Q2UADRUPEDS.
Gene IIl.—SuHeEep.
Sect. I.
W HOLE-HOOFED. 1 Ram
2 African Sheep
Genus I.—Horse. 3 Many-horned Sheep
Arabian Horfe 4 Wallachian Sheep
Race Horfe
Black Horfe _ Genus IV.—Goar.
Afs 1 Common Goat
Zebra | 2 Ibex
offi #2 | 3 Chamois Goat
Seer. ID. - Genus V.—GIRAFFE.
CLOVEN-HOOFED. 1 Giraffe, or Camelopard
Genus II.—Ox. Genus VI.—ANTELOPE.
1 Bull | 1 White-footed Antelope, or Nylghau
2 Buffalo, African
3 Zebu
2 Harnefled Antelope
| 3 Chevrotain
SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS,
Genus VII.—Derr.
1 Elk
2 Rein-Deer
3 Stag, or Red Deer
Genus VIII.—Musx.
1 Tibetian Mufk
Genus [X.—CamEL.
1 Arabian Camel
Bactrian Camel
LS)
Genus X.—Hoa.
1 Boar
| 2 Chinefe Hog
3 African Wild Boar
Genus XI.—RuINOCEROS.
1 Rhinoceros
Genus XII.—HipporoTaME.
1 Hippopotamus
Genus XIII.—Tapur.
1 Long-nofed Tapiir
Genus XIV.—ELEPHANT.
| 1 Elephant
DIVISION I1.—DIGITATED Q2UADRUPEDS.
Sect. I.
ANTHROPOMORPHOUS.
Genus XV.—ApPE.
Orang Outang
Barbary Ape
Ribbed-nofe Baboon
Muttache
Spotted Monkey
_ Egret
Gy Ou pS 0S Ses
7 Lion-tailed Baboon
8 Cochin-China Monkey
g Four-fingered Monkey
10 Horned Monkey
11 Probofcis Monkey __
12 Long-armed Ape
Genus XVI.—Mavcauco.
1 Ringtail Maucauco
2 Taillefs Maucauco
Oo wr &
1
1
yr © a BA © WD Kw
SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS. |
Sect. II.
“SIMPLY DIGITATED.
Genus XVII.—Doae.
1 Common Greyhound
2 Terrier
3 Maftif
4 Lion Dog
5 Newfoundland Dog
Bull Dog
- Pomeranian Dog
Englifh Pointer
9 Dalmatian Dog
o Fox
1 Wolf
Genus XVIII.—Hyana.
Spotted Hyzna
Striped Hyena
Genus XIX.—Car,
Lion
Royal Tiger
Leopard
Hunting Leopard
Domefiie Cat
Ocelot
Lynx
Genus XX.—Bear.
Brown Bear
Polar Bear
SY) 2G@ir (Om aS. Schoo hoe
3 Wolverene
4
—
p=
ai
2
33
Raccoon
Genus XXI.—BapDGER.
Badger
Ratel
Genus XXII.—OpossumM.
Virginian Opoflum
Flying Opoffum
Kanguru
Genus XXIII.—WeaseEt.
Common Weatel
Martin
Ferret
Ichneumon
Skunk
Civet
Genet
Genus XXIV.—Orrer.
Greater Otter
Se
Sect. III.
WITHOUT CANINE TEETH.
Genus XXV.—Cavy.
Guinea Pig
Spotted Cavy
Long-nofed Cavy
SYSTEMATIC. TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Genus XXVI.—Hare.
1 Common Hare
p=
Rabbit
Genus XX VII.—BEAVER.
Beaver, or Caftor
Genus XX VIII.—PorcuPiNeE.
Crefted Porcupine
Brafilian Porcupine
Genus XXIX.—Marmor.
Alpine Marmot (N. B. Hamfter in
the fame Plate)
Genus XX X.—SaQuiRREL.
Common Squirrel
2 Grey Squirrel
3 GroundSquirrel (Striped Dormoufe,
ray
E> Ste Se Sen Se: RS
Penn. Quad. 3d edit.)
Genus XX XII.—JerBoa.
Egyptian Jerboa —
Genus XXXIII.—Rar.
Brown Rat
Water Rat
Common Moufe
Dwarf Moufe
Long-tailed Field Moufe
Short-tailed Field Moufe
Hamftter
Lemmus, or Lapland Marmot
Genus XX XIV.—SHREW.
1 Shrew Moufe (Foetid Shrew, Penn.)
2 Water Shrew |
Genus XXXV.—Mote.
1 Common Mole
Genus XXX VI.—HEDGE-HOG.
| 1 Common Hedge-hog
—=—e—
Secr. IV.
WITHOUT FORE TEETH.
Genus XXX VII.—SLoru.
1 Three-toed Sloth
Genus XXXVIII.—ArMADILLO.
1 Six-banded Armadillo
=e ee
Secr. V.
WITHOUT TEETH.
Genus XX XIX.—Manis.
1 Great Manis (Short-tailed. Manis,
Penn.)
Genus XL.—ANT-EATER,
1 Great Ant-eater
SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS.
DIVISION Ill.—PINNATED QUADRUPEDS.
Genus XLI.—Watrvs.
1 Walrus (Arctic Walrus, Penn. )
Genus XLII.—SEAL.
1 Common Seal
DIVISION IV.—WINGED 2UADRUPEDS.
Genus XLIV.—Bar.
1 Common Short-eared Bat
2 Long-eared Bat
8 Ternate Bat
* iit ae
ie Wee Ee
oo Spe TLE asians Ap pes:
| V8 ial mecppmiin Da go.
‘ ‘ oe ah
oe yigaxgeres T 2
isnte)
ata ne
TABLE
OF
THE PRECEDING GENERA,
THE SYSTEM OF LINNZZUS,
AS ADOPTED BY DR. SHAW.
Orper I.—PRIMATES. Genus.
Genus. Viverra— W eafel.
Simia—Ape. ) -Lutra—Otter.
Lemur—Maucauco. Urfus—Bear (including Badger).
Vefpertilio—Bat. Didelphis—Opoffum.
AS Macropus—Kanguru.
Orpver I].—BRUTA. Talpa—Mole.
Bradypus—Sloth. Sorex—Shrew.
Myrmecophaga—Ant-eater. Erinaceus—Hedge-hog.
Manis—Manis.
Dafypus—Armadillo. Orver IV.—GLIRES.
Rhinoceros—Rhinoceros. Hyftrix—Porcupine. |
Elephas—Elephant. 'Cavia—Cavy.
Trichechus— Walrus. Caftor— Beaver.
Mus—Rat. |
Orpver III].—FER&. Ar&tomys—Marmot.
Phoca—Seal. Sciurus—Squirrel,
Canis—Dog. _ Dipus— Jerboa.
Felis—Cat. Lepus—Hare.
TABLE OF THE PRECEDING GENERA,
Genus.
Orper V.—PECORA. Ovis—Sheep.,
Genus. Bos—Ox.
Camelus—Camel. |
Mofchus—Mutk. Orver V].—BELLUZ,
Cervus—Deer. Equus—Horfe.
Camelopardalis—Giraffe. Hippopotamus—Hippopotamus.
Antilope—Antelope. Tapir—Tapiir.
Capra—Goat. | | Sus—Hog.
Publifhed by W Darton SJofephflarvey February
ARABIAN HORSE,
THE ARABIAN HORSE.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Six cutting teeth in each jaw.
The hoof folid and undivided.
SYNONIMS.
Equus caBALLus, Linn. Sy/t. 100.
Generous Horse, Pennant Syn. Quad. 1.
Le Cueva, de Buffon, iv. 174. tab. 1.
THE Arabian Horfe is certainly the firft in the world, as well for the
beauty and elegance of his figure, as for his internal good qualities. It is
from this ftock that the fineft Horfes in Europe, Afia, and Africa have been
produced. either immediately, or by means of Barbs. It is probable that
Arabia is not only the original country where the firft Horfes(a) were found,
but that it is likewife the beft fuited to the nature of that noble animal, as
the Arabs take particular care to preferve their breed in the utmoft purity,
and free from any foreign intermixture; the ftrit attention which they pay
to the beauty and qualities of the individuals from which they breed, has
brought the Arabian Horfe to much greater perfection, than would have been
the cafe, had he been left in a ftate of nature, under the moft favourable
circumftances of climate. Pes
The Arabians know the value of their Horfes, and treat them
accordingly. ‘They kifs and carefs them; they adorn them with jewels, and
(a) The Arabians call the Horfe Heffaz, from which, by corruption, the Englith word Horfe may poflibly
have been derived.
THE ARABIAN HORSE.
amulets formed of fentences from the Koran, as a prefervative againft evil
eyes(a), and other accidents; in fhort, they treat them almoft like rational
beings, which are ready to facrifice their lives for their mafter’s benefit.
Some of the Arabians are even fo enthufiaftic as to fay, that the breed of
Horfes which they poffefs is defcended from the ftud of Solomon, where it
had been miraculoufly brought to perfection, and that it has been preferved
pure and unmixed ever fince. The following ftory is quoted by De Saint
Pierre(B), as related by the French Conful d’Hervieux, in his journey to
Mount Lebanon, and is a ftriking inftance of the ftrong attachment an
Arabian feels to his Horfe. “ The whole ftock of a poor Arabian of the
Defert confifted of a moft beautiful Mare. The French Conful at Said
offered to purchafe her, with an intention to fend her to his matter,
Louis XIV. The Arab, prefled by want, hefitated a long time; but, at
length, confented, on condition of receiving a very confiderable fum, which
he named. The Conful not daring, without inftructions, to give fo high a
price, wrote to Verfailles for permiffion to clofe the bargain on the terms
ftipulated. Louis XIV. gave orders to pay the money. The Conful
immediately fent notice to the Arab, who foon after made his appearance,
mounted on his magnificent courfer, and the gold he had demanded was paid
down to him. ‘The Arab, covered with a miferable rag, difmounts, and
looks at the money; then turning his eyes to the Mare, he fichs, and thus
accofts her: ‘To whom am I going to yield thee up? To Europeans, who
will tie thee clefe, who will beat thee, who will render thee miferable:
return with me, my beauty, my darling, my jewel! and rejoice the hearts -
of my children!’ As he pronounced thefe words, he {prung upon her back,
and {campered off towards the Defert.” .
(4) The Arabs dread what.they-call the eye of envy: -a well-bred perfon, therefore, never expreffes any
indifcreet furprize at the fight of a beautiful Child, or a fine Horfe, as the fimple Arab would not fail of
attributing to it every accident which might befal them in the courfe of a year. Cuftom. and politenefs
only require, that he fhould exprefs himfelf thus; “‘ God is good, and powerful; this Child or this Horfe
fhall profper.”-- D’ Obfenville.
(s) Studies of Nature, by J..H.B. de Saint Pierre, tranflated by Dr. H. Hunter.
THE ARABIAN HORSE.
The Arabians, who may be faid to be born horfemen, differ very much
from the Europeans in their mode of riding, drefling, and feeding this noble
animal. ‘Their ordinary food is cut ftraw, with a little barley once or twice
a day; and, if it is to be procured, they turn them to grafs one month in the
year, which is generally about March; fometimes they give them dates and
Camel's milk. ‘They think that hay, given them at random, makes them
large-bellied and unhealthy. ‘They feldom ride them before they have
attained the age of two years and a half, until which period they fuffer them
to fuck the Camels.. Before this age they never put either faddle or bridle
on them; but, after that period, the Arabian Horfes ftand faddled at the
| doors of the tents every day, from morning to night. They drefs them
morning and evening with fo much care and regularity, that not a {pot is to
be feen on their fkin; they wafh their legs, mane, and tail; the latter, they
fuffer to grow long, and feldom comb it, for fear of breaking the hairs.
They ftain their manes and tails of a yellowith red, with a powder ufed by
the men and women to colour their hair and beards. ‘They cut the manes of
the Foals when they are a year or eighteen months old, to make them eTow
thick. They generally ride upon the Mares, having learned by experience,
that they endure hunger, thirft, and fatigue, much better than Horfes; they
are alfo lefs. vicious, and-will not hurt each other, although they are left
together in great numbers for many days. ‘The faddle they ufe is a fimple
pannel, firm and light, detached from the pads made of {oft felt, which jut
outa little, and are fo well fitted to the back, that they feldom wring the
Horfe, even in the longeft journies. They ride with their ftirrups much
fhorter than the Europeans, which they fay, gives them more power and
firmnefs, and is alfo ee fatiguing. . In the education they give their Horfes,
they do not neglect to teach them elegance and grace; but they lay much
greater ftrefs on what is effentially ufeful and beneficial to the warrior.
The Arabs have no houfes, but conftantly live in tents, which ferve them
alfo for ftables: the hufband, wife, and children lie promifcuoufly with the
Mare and Feal; who, inftead of hurting the children, fuffer them to lie on
their bodies and necks, without in the leaft incommoding them; nay, the
THE ARABIAN HORSE.
poor animals feem even afraid to move, left they fhould injure them. |
They never let them lie on ftraw, but make their litter of their own dung,
which they firft dry in the fun, to take off the ill {mell, then powder it, and
make a bed with it in the ftable or tent, four or five inches thick. This
litter is very durable, for when it is foiled, it is again dried in the fun, and
thereby rendered as free from any unpleafant fmell as at firft. The Arabs
treat their Mares with great kindnefs ; they never beat or correct them, but
talk to them, and reafon with them; they never prefs their pace beyond a
walk, nor do they ever apply the fpur, except in the greateft neceflity, which
the well-taught animals underftand fo well, that as {oon as they feel the
impreffion of the rider’s heel, they inftantly fet off with incredible velocity,
leaping over hedges and ditches with as much agility as fo many Does (a),
and fhould the rider chance by accident to fall, the Horfe immediately ftops,
to give his mafter time to remount.
It has already been obferved, that the Arabians take the greateft care to
preferve the breed of their Horfes in the utmoft purity. Of this we have a
ftriking inftance in Pennant’s Zoology, where we find the following attefted
paper:
(Taken before Abdorraman, Kadi of Acca.)
« The occafion of this prefent writing or inftrument is, that at Acca, in
the houfe of Badi, legal eftablifhed judge, appeared in court ‘Thomas Ufguta,
the Englifh Conful, and with him Sheikh Morad Ebn al Hajj Abdollah,
Sheikh of the country of Safad; and the faid Conful defired, from the
aforefaid Sheikh, proof of the race of the grey Horfe which he bought of
him, and he affirmed to be Monaki Shaduhi(s) ; but he was not fatisfied
with this, but defired the teftimony of the Arabs, who bred the Horfe, and
knew how he came to Sheikh Morad; whereupon there appeared certain
Arabs of repute, whofe names are undermentioned, who teftified and
declared, that the grey Horfe which the Conful formerly bought of Sheikh
Morad is Monaki Shaduhi, of the pure race of Horfes, purer than milk, and
that the beginning of the affair was, that the Sheikh of Saleh, Sheikh of
(a) Buffon. (8) Their term for the noble race of Horfes.
THE ARABIAN HORSE.
Alfabal bought him of the Arabs, of the tribe of al Mahommadat, and Sheikh
Saleh fold him to Sheikh Morad Ebn al Hajj Abdollah, Sheikh of Safad,
and Sheikh Morad fold him to the Conful aforefaid; when thefe matters
appeared to us, and the contents were known, the faid gentleman defired a.
certificate thereof, and teftimony of the witnefles, whereupon we wrote
him this certificate for him to keep as a proof thereof. Dated Friday 28th
of the latter Rabi in the year 1135.
WIHITNESSES.
*“ SHEIKH JUMAT AL FaLiBAN oF THE ARABS, &c.
«© Art Epw Tavap au Kaast.
<«« Tsrauimo, his Brother.
« ManomMapaT At Apura SuHerku ALFARIFAT.
« KHAMIS AL KAABI.”
The Arabs fhoe their Horfes with iron, but they make the thoes fo
light and thin, that a nail may be driven through any part of them: they
always form the fhoes out of cold iron, never ufing a fire to forge them ;
confequently, they cannot be guilty of a grofs impropriety, too commonly
put in pra@ice by thofe whofe province it is to fhoe the Horfes of this
country ; namely, that of applying the fhoe to the Horfe’s foot red hot (4),
that it may burn a bed for itfelf in the hoof, and thereby, as they fay, fit it
for its reception. We fee fo much mifchief attendant on this practice, that
we cannot forbear offering a few remarks upon it, before we clofe this article.
The hoofs or feet of a Horfe may be confidered as the foundation of the
fabric, upon the good condition of which the ftability of the whole will
almoft entirely depend; furely then, it becomes an object of great importance
to preferve in them the properties with which nature has furnifhed them.
The hoof, in its natural ftate, is nourifhed and kept fupple by an oleaginous
kind of moifture, fecreted for that purpofe; this is evident from the foft
(A) Lord Pembroke with great juftice fays, “ the utmoft feverity ought to be infli@ed upon all thofe
who clap fhoes on hot. This unpardonable lazinefs of farriers in making feet thus fit fhoes, inftead of fhoes
fitting feet, dries up the hoofs, and utterly deftroys them.”—Merhod of treating Horfis, p. 106, 107.
THE ARABIAN HORSE.
oilinefs which is fo confpicuous on paring the fole of the foot. In
proportion as this moifture is more or lefs abundant, the hoof either -
continues fupple, or becomes hard, dry, and fubjec@t to cracks and
inequalities: when the hoof is become thus dry, the ufual: method of
relieving the complaint, is to turn the Horfe into wet marfhy ground, which ~
foon reftores the hoof to its original ftate of fupplenefs. It is alfo worthy of
remark, that Horfes accuftomed to go in marfhy ground, are never liable to
have their hoofs crack, but have always the tougheft and moft fupple feet. |
Now, the application of hot iron to the hoof cannot fail of having a direct -
contrary effect ; it actually dries up the furface, and even renders it friable ;
and, it is evident from the ftrong foetid {mell which proceeds from the hoof,
during the time it is burning, that the oily nutritious juice is efcaping from
it in great abundance, and the fupply of it is prevented from returning to the
hoof, at leaft for fome time, by the veflels containing it being corrugated and
deftroyed by the action of the hot iron; the hoof is likewife confiderably
contracted and lefflened by a frequent repetition of this cruel operation. ‘Thus
the poor animal, whom benevolent nature has kindly furnifhed with feet of
an elaftic, tough fubftance, well adapted to the different places it is to tread on,
is forced, by the ignorance of man, to hobble along on hoofs rendered almoft
as hard as a ftone. It is in general remarked, that a Horfe goes awkwardly
when he is firft fhod, and it is no wonder, when we reflect how much his
hoof has fuffered and been cramped by the action of the hot iron, which
effec gradually goes off, in fome meafure, as the hoof begins to recover its
elafticity, and the gait of the Horfe recovers alfo in the fame proportion, _
But the evil does not end here. The foot of the Horfe is not the only
part which is hurt by this ignorant and cruel practice; the joints, the wind,
the eyes fuffer, and, in fhort, the general ftate of health is more or lefs injured
by it, as will evidently appear, if we confider the fituation and ftructure of a
Horfe’s foot. It is the moft depending part of the animal, and confequently
the receptacle for the more grofs and heavy humours of the body, whofe
weight naturally difpofes them to gravitate downwards. Now, the foot is of
a foft fpongy contexture, full of excrementory pores or veffels, and is fo
THE ARABIAN HORSE.
formed by nature as to difcharge conftantly what is depofited in it, by
infenfible perfpiration, the highly foetid {mell of which is a proof of the bad
quality of the humours fo difcharged. It is well known, that obftructed
_ perfpiration is frequently the caufe of the moft ferious, and even fatal
diforders, and when this obftruction takes place in a part defigned by nature
to evacuate the grofleft humours, the mifchief, thereby occafioned, muft be
proportionably increafed. Now the application of hot iron to the hoof,
inevitably producing this effect, by blocking up and deftroying the mouths of
thefe emunctories, the humours of courfe ftagnate in and about the foot,
where they often occafion the moft troublefome complaints; and if, by
exceflive exercife, they are prevented from fettling there, they are then taken
up again into the habit, in a highly vitiated ftate, and, being depofited in
various parts, are the caufe of moft of the complaints to which the Englifh
Horfes are fubject, from which thofe of Arabia are entirely free. But we truft
enough has been faid to point out the mifchievous confequences of this
highly injurious practice, and to excite the attention of thofe who value their
_ Horfes, to this important fubject.
We are well affured, that an Arabian frequently rides his Horfe an
hundred miles in a day; and can there be a doubt that this decided
fuperiority, in their travelling, arifes from the very great care which is taken
of their feet, and not from their being better fed, as the Englifh Horfes have
certainly the advantage in that particular? In fhort, it is highly probable,
that nine out of ten ftumbling Horfes, are indebted to the farrier for this
defect, which fo much leffens their value, as to render them almoft good for
nothing; for, of what confequence are all the excellent qualities and elegant
forms of a Horfe, if he has not a,foot to ftand upon?
The poet Virgil, who never fails to catch the ftriking tints of nature, in
his juft and animated defcriptions, lays great {trefs on the hoof of the Horfe,
asa moft material part ; and, in his fublimer flights of poetry, is not contented
to call the Horfe merely Equus, the fteed, but emphatically adds the
epithet fonipes (a), or founding-footed. In the beautiful and {pirited
(a) Virg. Zn. 4. 135. 11. 600. 638,
THE ARABIAN HORSE.
defcription he gives of the Horfe in the third Georgic, he likewife
alludes to the fame circumftance. We cannot refift the temptation of
tranferibing this charming paflage, with which we: fhall conclude this
article.
tum, fi qua fonum procul arma dedére,
Stare loco nefcit, micat, auribus, & tremit artus;
Colle@umque premens volvit fub naribus ignem :
Denfa juba, & dextro jaétata recumbit in armo.
At duplex agitur per luambos fpina; cavatque
Tellurem,*& folido graviter fonat ungula cornu,
THUS IMITATED.
The fiery courfer, when he hears from far,
The fprightly trumpets, and the fhouts of war,
Pricks up his ears, and trembling with delight,
Shifts place, and paws, and hopes the promis'd fight.
On his right fhoulder his thick mane reclin’d,
Ruffles at fpeed, and dances in the wind:
His horny hoofs are jetty black and round ;
His chine is double; ftarting with a bound;
He turns the turf, and fhakes the folid ground ;
Fire from his eyes, clouds from his noftrils flow ;
He bears his rider headlong on the foe.
Fat acl SS
= Tebetsore sel.
ELE,
Wi rarteri,_ Jtla:
artoh, filarvey, KS WE:eleh Ip 7
2y thy, Lomo. (2) re LTG7.
Dookey 52 ¥
Fub lished by
RACE HORSE.
THE RACE HORSE.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Six cutting teeth in each jaw.
The hoof folid and undivided.
SYNONIMS.
Equus Caparrius, Linn. Syft. 100.
Generous Horses, Pennant Syn. Quad. 1.
Le Cuevat, de Buffon, iv. 174. tab. 1.
THE Englith Race Horfe is derived from the pureft and moft perfect
individuals of the Arabian breed, by a judicious mixture with other kinds,
whereby many qualities are given to it which the Arabian Horfe does not
poffefs. By this careful attention to breeding, by the happy diverfity of foil,
and the fuperior {kill and unremitting care in managing this noble and
beautiful animal, the Englifh Race Horfe has been brought to the highett
pitch of perfection, and may challenge Europe to produce its equal. The
Englith Horfe is fwifter and larger than the Arabian, more hardy than the
Perfian, and more durable than the Barb. If we had not frequent opportunities
of being witnefs to the amazing {peed(a) of this animal, an account of it
(a) Mr. Buffon gives a ftriking inftance of the fpeed of Englifh Saddle Horfes, in an extract of a letter
he received from the Ear] of Morton, dated London, February 18,1748; which runs thus: “ Mr. Thornhill,
a poft mafter of Stilton, wagered that he would ride three times the diftance from Stilton to London, that is
two hundred and fifteen Englifh miles, within fifteen hours. In undertaking the performance of which, he
fet out from Stilton in the morning of the 29th of April, 1745, and arrived in London in three hours and
fifty-one minutes, having taken a relay of eight different Horfes on the road, He immediately fet out
again from London, and got back to Stilton in three hours and fifty-two minutes, having changed Horfes but
THE RACE HORSE. »
would appear almoft incredible: fome have been known to run a mile in
little more than a minute, and have frequently performed.a race of four
miles in lefs than feven minutes; but this exceeding velocity is confined to a
few individuals. ‘The famous Horfe, Bay Childers, has been known to run
eighty-two feet and a half in a fecond, which is at the rate of nearly a mile
in a minute; he ran round the courfe at Newmarket, a {pace of little lefs
than four miles, in fix minutes and forty feconds.
Camerarius gives us the following whimfical definition of the requifites
neceflary to form a perfee Horfe: “ It mutt,” fays he, «have three parts
like thofe of a woman; the breaft muft be broad, the hips round, and the
mane long. It muft in three refpects refemble a Lion; its countenance muft
be fierce, its courage great, and its fury irrefiftible. It muft have three
qualities belonging to the Sheep ; the nofe, gentlenefs, and patience. It mutt
have three of a Deer ; head, leg, and fkin. It muft have three of a Wolf;
throat, neck, and hearing. It muft have three of a Fox; ear, tail, and trot.
It muft have three of a Serpent; memory, fight, and flexibility. And,
lafily, three of a Hare ; running, waking, and perfeverance.”
The Race Horfe may be completely trained, while rifing three years, and
has fufficient ftrength to enter the lifts on the courfe before he is four years
old. f
We {hall clofe this narrative with an account of fome prizes won by
capital Englifh Race Horfes, as related by Bewick, which will ferve to fhew
the importance of this breed in England, where fuch large fums frequently
depend on the iffue of their exertions:
Bay Malton (by Sampfon) the property of the late Marquis of Rockingham,
in feven prizes won the amazing fum of 5900]. At York he ran four milés in
feven minutes and forty-three feconds and a half; which was in feven
feconds and a half lefs time than the fame diftance was ever run before over
that courfe.
fix times. For the third {pace he fet off again, and with feven of the fame Horfes he completed it in three
hours and forty-nine minutes; going over the whole {pace of two hundred and fifteen miles in eleven hours
and thirty-two minutes; which is at the rate of above eighteen miles in an hour; an example of {wiftnefs
‘that poflibly is not to be paralleled in ancient hiftory.
THE RACE HORSE.
Cato, a famous Horfe, bred by George Bowes, Efq. of Gibfide, won the
firft king’s plate run for at Newcaftle upon Tyne. Befides which, he won
five king’s plates, and near 30001. in fundry places.
Childers, well known by the name of Flying Childers, the property of the
Duke of Devonfhire, was allowed by fportfmen to be the fleeteft Horfe that
ever was bred in the world: he ftarted at Newmarket feveral times againtt
the beft Horfes’of ‘his time, and was never beaten. He won, in different
prizes, to the amount of nearly 2000]. and was afterwards referved as a
ftallion. The fire of Childers was an Arabian, fent by a gentleman as a
prefent to his brother in England.
Dorimant, a famous Horfe belonging to Lord Offery, won prizes to the
amazing amount of 13,363l.
Little Driver, (by the famous Childers) won 145o0l. in 5ol. plates; and
beat, at different times, forty-four running Horfes, which had collectively
won two hundred and three prizes.
Gimcrack won prizes to the amount of above 5000]. He likewife ran a
match in France, of twenty-two miles and a half, within the hour, for a
confiderable fum. |
Highflyer was accounted the beft Horfe of his time in England. The
fums he won and received amounted to near goool. though he never ftarted
after five years old. He was never beat, nor ever paid a forfeit. J
Pyrrhus won upwards of 12,5001.
_ Shark won, befides a cup, value 120 guineas, and 11 hogfheads of claret,
the amazing fum of 15,507 guineas in plates, matches, and forfeits.
The moft extraordinary inftance of fleetnefs, in a trotting pace, we
remember to have feen recorded, was performed on the 4th of July, 1788,
for a wager of thirty guineas, by a Horfe, the property of a gentleman of
Billiter Square, London. He trotted thirty miles in an hour and twenty
minutes, though he was allowed, by the terms of the bet, an hour and a
half.
o
Fae 0 >
tet Ste Lhd Sp
¥ $ nit ate .-
PAO as
AW
AHA
iN
SS
Tobeyon del.
= =~ Toohey Se.
Piblijhed by WDarton, THarvey, & WBelch London May 1277 9 9:
DRAY HORSE.
THE BLACK H ORSE.
fe a ee
Generic CHARACTERS.
Six cutting teeth in each jaw.
The hoof folid and undivided.
SYNONIMS.
Eauus Casatius, Linn. Sy/t. 100.
Generous Horse, Pennant Syn. Quad. 1.
. Le Cuevar de Buffon, iv. 174. tad. 1.
THE general, and almoft univerfal, utility of the Horfe has called forth
the utmoft exertion of arf, on the part of man, fo to vary the breed, as to
render it beft adapted to the different purpofes to which it is applied. The
variety, now under confideration, is a moft ftriking inftance of what may
be done by, what is termed, crofling the breed, united with a proper
attention to food and education. This elegant animal exhibits the
combination of ftrength with beauty in a moft finithed ftyle. It greatly
exceeds the ufual fize of the Horie, and its extraordinary weight contributes
much to that wonderful degree of ftrength, which it is found to poffefs ; fo
wonderful that, in London, there have been many inftances where a fingle
Horfe, of this kind, has drawn, for a {mall {pace of time, the prodigious
weight of three tons, which exceeds by one half the ufual firength of the
Horfe. England is the only country that can boaft of this extraordinary
variety; and the fens of Lincolnfhire are famed for producing it in the
higheft perfection. The heavy cavalry of England ufed to be compofed of
Horfes of this defcription; but their want of {peed, and unfitnefs for
particular fervices, have rendered it neceflary to fubftitute a lighter and more
THE BLACK HORSE.
active breed in fome inftances; but where ftrength, exertion, and perfeverance.
are wanted, no animal is better calculated to meet its mafter’s withes and
execute his commands. Gentle, docile, and tractable in his nature, he is
particularly well adapted to the bufinefs of the brewery, to which his
exertions are chiefly directed, whence he is fometimes called the Dray Horfe ;
and he is remarkable for preferving his health and beautiful appearance,
under almoft any fatigue, provided he is well fed and properly attended to.
This variety is generally called the Black Horfe, on account of its ufual
colour; though fome inftances occur of its being bay, brown, dun, and even
grey, or white, but they are not very common.
oo ie
a ant pore”
diay aa in
a
3
THE ASS.
Generic CHARACTERS.
Six cutting teeth in each jaw.
Hoof undivided.
SYNONIMS.
Eeuus Asinus, Linn. Syft. 100.
Ass, Brit. Zool. 1. ii.
L’Ane, de Buffon, iv. 377.
Asinus, Gefner Quad. 5, Rati Syn. Quad. 63.
Esser, Klean Quad. 6.
THE general appearance of the Afs is fo univerfally known, that an
accurate defcription of it feems unneceffary ; fuffice it then to fay, that its
figure fomewhat refembles a Horfe, with thefe differences, that the ears are
Jong and flouching, the mane fhort, and the tail has no long hairs but at the
end: the body is, in general, of an afh-colour, with a black lift extending
along the back, and another acrofs the fhoulders; its colour, however, varies
to reddifh brown, and dark brown, or chocolate. ‘The length of its hair is
alfo different, according to its manner of life; being rough and fhagey, when
expofed to the hardfhips of the bleak common or heath, and fmoother and
finer when houfed and taken care of.
-'The abject and fubmiffive appearance of the Afs bred in England, affords
but a mean idea of the beauties and excellent qualities of this animal, either
in a ftate of nature, or improved in the breed, as much as poffible, by the
art of man; but if we contemplate this creature in its native wilds,
unabufed by the neglect and barbarity of man, we fhall find it poflefled of
properties, which, were we deprived of the Horfe, would give it a title to
THE ASS.
the firft place in the lift of ufeful quadrupeds. It is comparifon alone
degrades him; we do not confider him merely as an Afs, but as an Afs
compared with a Horfe; in fhort, we blame him for not poffefling figure
and qualities to which he has no pretenfions. Although the A{fs is, in
general, neglected and defpifed, he is neverthelefs highly ferviceable and
profitable to his mafter, to whom he is ftrongly attached. If he is obftinate
and perverfe, he is generally made fo by education. Inftead of perfuafive
and encouraging treatment, he ufually receives hard blows and {everity ;
and if he be fo fortunate as to efcape thefe, he is generally tormented by
ruftics and children, till he contracts habits of refentment which he never
lofes but with his life. However he may be charged with obftinacy, this
difpofition is well compenfated by his fingular patience and perfeverance.
Contented and fubmiflive, he gladly accepts, and even feems grateful for the
provender which is wafted by other animals, and the coarfeft diet is to him
a luxury: thiftles, briars, thorns, leaves, and even ftraw, fatisfy his moderate
appetite. It is neceflary, however, to give him plenty of water, otherwife
he will not thrive (a;) and, in this inftance alone, he is delicate; he will
drink none but the cleareft, and gives the preference to rivulets with which
he is well acquainted (s.) He carefully avoids wetting his feet, and will
turn out of his path rather than walk through a puddle. He is fond of
rolling in the duft, though encumbered with hisload. When he is overladen,
he hangs down his head, and lowers his ears; and, if greatly abufed, opens his
mouth and draws back his lips ina fcornful manner. It is impoffible to make
him move with his eyes covered. His paces are like thofe of the Horfe,
only in miniature: his voice is a difagreeable difcordant bray, produced by an
alternate fucceflion of flats and fharps, at diftant intervals. ‘The voice of the
female is fhriller and clearer than that of the male.
The {kin of this animal is remarkably hard, thick, and dry; this is,
perhaps, the reafon why it is lefs fubject to vermin than any other quadruped,
and lefs fenfible to the whip, and the ftinging of flies. It is elaftic, and is
ufed for different purpofes, fuch as to make drums, fhoes, parchment for the
leaves of pocket-books, &c. |
(a) Dict. Raison. (2) Buffon.
THE ASS.
The flefh of the Afs is hard and unfit for food, although that of the wild
Afs is efteemed a delicacy. The milk is univerfally known, and efteemed as
an approved fpecific in many difeafes; it is confidered as a great blunter of
acrimony, is light and eafy of digeftion, and highly nutritious, and has
maintained its reputation ever fince the time of Hippocrates.
The Afs appears to have been originally a native of Arabia, where the
patriarch Job reckons one thoufand She-Affes as a part of his riches: thence,
it is probable, he pafled through Egypt into Greece, Italy, France, Germany,
England, and Sweden. Warm climates fuit him beft, and he gradually
diminifhes in fize and good qualities, in proportion as he advances
northward. ‘Though the climate of South America is perfe@ly confonant
with the nature of the Afs, none of thefe animals were found there till they
were introduced by the Spaniards. The breed of them is now fo much
increafed, that they are found wild in the woods in great numbers; fo as to
become a nuifance. ‘They equal the Horfe in fwiftnefs, and are not to be
retarded in their career by declivities or even precipices, T hey are
frequently taken in {nares, and having once borne a load, their fleetnefs and
ferocity inftantly forfake them, and they foon affume the dull and ftupid look
of thofe which are tame. ‘They always feed in herds, and will not fuffer a
Horfe to affociate with them.
The Spaniards beft know the value of the Afs; they ufe every method to
improve the breed, and it is common to fee them there above fifteen hands
high. ‘They are ufed to ride’on, as faddle Horfes, and are particularly ufeful
in that mountainous country, being never known to trip or make a falfe
ftep. ‘The Arabians have alfo taken great pains to improve the breed, and
perfect the good qualities of this ufeful animal: they have a race which is far
fuperior to all others, as well for their beauty and vivacity, as for their fure
and eafy pace. is called
Steer.
Generic CHARACTERS.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. -
Horns cylindrical, bending out laterally.
Skin under the neck pendulous, forming what is called the dewlap.
SYNONIMS.
Bos, Gefner Quad. 25. Raw Syn. Quad. 70.
Ocus, Klein Quad. 9.
Bos Taurus(a), Lenn. Syft. 98.
Le Taureau(a), de Buffon, iv. 437. tad. xiv.
THE Bull certainly claims the firft place among ruminant quadrupeds,
as well for its fize, as for its beauty and fervices. As it contributes moft
of any to man’s wants and comfort, fo it is not confined to particular
(a) The Latin word Taurus and the French Tazreau are both derived from the Greek Tateos, which is
formed of the verb réw to extend, and %ea a tail, on account of the extraordinary extenfion or length of that
part in this animal.— Dia. Rais. des Anim.
THE BULL.
climates, but by a wonderful and providential conformation, is capable of
bearing the extremes of all. It endures the heat of the torrid zone, and the
cold of regions covered almoft conftantly with fnow, and all the intermediate
temperatures. ‘This is the caufe of the very great variety obfervable in this
fpecies, and having been long under the fubjection of man, it poffeffes a
degree of humble tractability, which renders it very valuable. The largeft(a)
and moft excellent varieties are found in the ifland of Great Britain; the
climate and rich paftures of which feem peculiarly. adapted to this animal.
But the varieties of fize, obfervable in the Cow, are not lefs remarkable than
what arife from its fhape, hair, horns, &c. Thefe are fo extraordinary as to
have induced fome writers to confider them as different {pecies, and they
have received names accordingly; as the Urus, Bifon, &c. they all, however,
poffefs this certain mark, of having {fprung from one common ftock ; namely,
that all the varieties breed indifcriminately with each other, and their young
ones breed again: add to this, that the offspring of any variety may be made
to refemble any other, by altering the climate and food; thus the Englith
Bull, fent to India, foon degenerates in fize; and the Bifon, on the other
hand, foon lofes the hump on his back, in England; and fo of the reft.
‘The Cow is furnifhed with eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, but has
none in the upper. The two middlemoft fall out at the age of ten months,
and are fucceeded by two others, which are broader, but not fo white; at
fixteen months the two next white teeth are exchanged, in like manner, for
others; and this happens every fix months, till all the cutting teeth are
renewed ; they are then long, pretty white and regular; but become irregular
and black as the animal advances in years, and their inequalities becoming
(a) “ Two Oxen, bred and fed at Howick, in the county of Northumberland, were killed in March, 1787,
at the age of feven years; they meafured, from the head to the rump, nine feet eight inches; the height, at
the fhoulder, was five feet ten inches, and they weighed one hundred and feventy eight-ftone five pounds
each.—Beawick’s Quad.
« It muft, however, be acknowledged, that the extraordinary fize and excellency of the Englith cattle is
owing to the great induftry and attention beftowed on their breed, and to a judicious mixture with thofe of
other countries; fuch as are purely Britifh, being inferior in fize to moft of thofe which are produced on
the continent.” — Pennant’s Syn. Quad.
THE BULL.
foother, the creature is lefs capable of chewing its food, which is the reafon
why old Cows are in general {fo lean. |
The horns, at the age of four years, are {mall, pointed, {mooth, and neat,
but thickeft near the head: this thick part is next year pufhed forwards from
the head, by a horny cylinder, which is alfo terminated by another prominent
part, and, as the horns continue to grow as long as the animal lives, thefe
{wellings become fo many annular knots, by which its age may eafily be
reckoned : in order to do this, three years muft be allowed from the point to
the firft knot, and each fucceeding knot or ring adds one year to the animal’s
age. . |
_ The Bull, Cow, and Ox, generally live about fourteen or fifteen years.
Contrary to all other animals, the Cow enriches the paftures fhe feeds on,
- and always gives more back to the foil than fhe takes from it.
Cows vary much in the quantity of milk they give; fome yield fix quarts
per day, others from ten to fifteen, and even twenty. ‘The quantity depends
a good deal, though not entirely, on the quality of their food. Cows, fed
in rich paftures, have been known to yield upwards of thirty quarts of milk
in one day; fuch require milking thrice a day. The milk yields a great
quantity of butter, infomuch that twelve or fourteen pounds have been made
from the milk of one Cow in a week.
The udder is remarkably large, in proportion to the fize of the animal, which
is the only one of the fame nature that is furnithed with four teats. It
always yields the milk freely to the hand, although it has not a young one to
provide for, which it is well known the Afs will not do, but prefently grows
dry, if the foal either dies or is taken from her: this property of yielding
milk, without a young one, feems to be confined to horned, ruminating
animals, which have cloven hoofs, long inteftines, are furnifhed with fuet,
and deititute of fore-teeth in the upper jaw: this definition includes
Cows, Deer, Sheep, and Goats, though this property is more confpicuous
in the Cow than in any other animal, owing perhaps to the fize and fhape
of its teats, and the capacioufnefs of its udder. It has been remarked,
that the larger the dewlap is, the udder is {maller in proportion, and the
contrary.
THE BULL,"
‘ The Cow goes with young nine months, and, for the moft part, produces
but one at a time (4).
Ox-beef is a very nourifhing and ftrengthening food: the flefh of a Cow, ~
when young and well fatted, is not much inferior: Bull-beef is hard, tough,
and dry, and is, therefore, not much ufed for food. The flefh of the Calf,
which is called veal, is well tafted, eafy of digeftion, and gently aperient.
This animal bears cold better than heat, and is, therefore, found in the
ereateft perfection in the northern countries of Europe, where they are alfo
moft plentiful. America produced none, till the Europeans carried them
there. The largeft are to be met with in Denmark, Podolia, the Ukrain,
and among the Calmuck Tartars. Thofe that are bred in mountainous
countries, as Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, &c. are {mall, but hardy, and
make excellent beef, when fattened. In Lapland, they are in general white,
and want horns. ‘The large hornlefs cattle, bred in fome parts of England,
came originally from Poland.
If we may credit Boethius, a race of wild cattle was found in Scotland
about two hundred years ago, which were as white as fnow, and had manes
like Lions. Mr. Pennant feems to favour this affertion, having feen in the
woods of Drumlanrig, and in the park belonging to Chillingham Caftle, in
Northumberland, herds of cattle, probably derived from the wild breed ;
they had loft their manes, but retained their colour and fiercenefs ; they were
of a middle fize, long legged, and had black muzzles and ears ; their horns
were fine, and had a bold and elegant bend. The keeper of thofe at
Chillingham faid, that the weight of the Bull was thirty-eight ftone; of the
Cow twenty-eight: that their hides were more efteemed by the tanners than
thofe of the tame breed ; and that they would give fixpence per {tone more for
them. Thefe cattle were as wild as Deer, and, like them, would inftantly take
flight, and gallop away full {peed on the approach of a man: they were
never known to breed with the tame fort: they were always killed with a
bullet, which, if it wounded them any where, except in the head, never
(a) The Abbé Nazari, in the Journal Littéraire, gives an account of a Cow, near the town of Rimini,
which, on the 23d of February, 1676, produced four Calves at once, all of the ufual fize, and all of them very
lively, healthy, and ftrong. They all lived, except one, which died through neglect,—Didt. Rais. des Anim.
THE BULL.
failed to render them dreadfully and dangeroufly furious, in which ftate they
continue till they are-quieted by death.
The Ox is capable of being taught, with advantage, to affift man with his
firength. Oxen are, in general, more profitable for the draught than Horfes ;
they are cheaper fed, harnefled, and fhod; and an old working beaft, if
difabled, will fatten as well, and produce as good meat as a young one.
Almott every part of this animal is ufefully applied to the purpofes either
of food or manufactures. The hoofs, horns, hide, hair, bones, liver, {pleen,
blood, fat, marrow, milk, cream, butter, cheefe, whey, gall, urine, and dung,
have each their particular ufe, and the want of moft of them would be
fenfibly felt by man. It appears from the earlieft accounts, that the hide has
ever been eminently ufeful. The ancient Britons ufed to conftrué& their boats
with the twigs of oziers, covered or lined with the hides of Bulls.
Primum cana falix madefacto vimine parvum
Texitur in puppim caefoque induta juvenco,
Vectoris patiens, tumidum fuper emicat amnem:
Sic Venetus ftagnante pado, fufoque Britannus
Navigat Oceano. Lucan, lib. ivy. 131.
The bending willow into barks they twine,
Then line the work with fpoils of flaughter’d kine.
Such are the floats Venetian fifhers know;
When in dull martfhes ftands the fettling Po;
On fuch to neighbouring Gaul, allur’d by gain,
The bolder Britons crofs the {welling main. Rowe.
Even at the prefent time the Irifh ufe veffels of this kind in their lakes,
and call them curach ; they are likewife ufed in the Dee and Severn, and are
called by the Englith caracles ; from the Britifh cwrwgle, which fignifies a
boat of this ftructure(a). The ufe of the hide, when tanned and curried for
making boots, fhoes, and a great many other conveniences of life, is
fufficiently known to all. Vellum is made of the thinneft Calves-tkins.
Boxes, combs, knife-handles, and drinking cups, are made of the horns,
(4) Campbell’s Political Survey.
ro)
—
THE BULL.
which, when foftened by water, become fo pliable as to be formed inte
tran{parent plates for lanthorns. ‘The invention of this has been afcribed to
King Alfred, who is faid to have firft ufed them to preferve his candle time
meafurers from the wind. The fmalleft fragments and duft of horn are very
ferviceable for manuring cold lands. The flough, on which the horn is
formed, is ufed, when dry, for making walls and fences, and is very durable,
if kept from the wet; it is likewife of great ufe in mending foft roads, its
glutinous quality, when diffolved, rendering it amazingly binding with gravel.
Horn faw-dutt, mixed with mould, is an excellent compott for flowers. It is
ufed likewife to harden and give a proper temper to metals. Common glue
is made of the cartilages and griftles, and the finer pieces of the cuttings and
parings of the hides, boiled in water till the gelatinous parts are thoroughly
diffolved, and then dried. Mechanics ufe the bones as a cheap fubftitute for
ivory, and by that means are enabled to furnifh many neat conveniences at
an eafy rate. An oil is procured from fome of the bones, which is much ufed
by coach-makers and others in dreffing harnefs, &c. and the refiners employ
tefts made. of calcined bones. The blood is an excellent manure, and is the
bafis of that beautiful colour called Pruffian blue. Saddlers.and others ufe a
fine fort of thread prepared from the finews, which is much ftronger than
any equally fine. The hair is very valuable, and ufed in many different
manufactures, and the refufe of it makes a very good manure. The fuet, fat,
and tallow are ufed to make candles, and for other purpofes; and the value ~
of cream, milk, cheefe, and butter is well known to every one.
The mott bulky and heavieft of animals neither fleep fo found, nor fo long
as the {maller ones. ‘The fleep of the Bull is therefore fhort and light ; the
leaft noife awakens him. He generally lies on the left fide, and the kidney
_ on that tide is ufually larger than on the other, and has more fat about it(a). _
(as) There is now, April 8, 1794, in the poffeffion of Mr. Talbot, Salefman, in Newgate Market, the hind
quarter of an Ox, the kidney belonging to which is inclofed in a bed of fuet of a moft enormous growth, it
meefures one yard and a half round, and weighs one hundred and twelve pounds. The animal which
produced it was of a middling ftature, and although the fuet is in very fine condition, the fleth is vety
different, being lean and poor; the fat inclofing the other kidney is lefs than ufual: it is probable the
extraordinary increafe of this part was in confequence of the animal having always lain on one fide,
THE BULL.
_ He eats very quick, and foon fills his firft {tomach, after which he lies down
to ruminate or chew the cud. ‘The firft and fecond ftomachs may be
confidered as continuations of the fame bag, and are very capacious.
The fecond chewing reduces the grafs to a fubftance not unlike
boiled fpinach, and in this form it is conveyed into the third ftomach,
where it continues for fome time, and is digefted; the digeftion is not,
however, fully compleated till it is lodged in the fourth ftomach, from
which it defcends to the bowels. ‘The contents of the firft and fecond
ftomachs are a collection of grafs and other vegetables, roughly macerated,
which foon begin to ferment, and in confequence fwell. The fecond ftomach
communicates with the third by an opening much finaller tham the gullet,
and not fufficiently wide for the paflage of the food in this ‘ftate. As foon,
therefore, as the two. firft ftomachs are diftended with food, they begin to
contract, or rather perform a kind of reaction. ‘This reaction comprefles the
food, and makes it, as it were, endeavour to get out: now the gullet being
larger than the paflage between the fecond and third ftomachs, the preflure
of the ftomach neceffarily forces it up the gullet. The ation of ruminating,
however, appears to be ina great meafure voluntary; as animals of this kind
have a power of increafing the reaction of their ftomachs. After the food
has undergone a fecond maftication, it is reduced into a thin pulp, which
eafily pafles from the fecond to the third ftomach, where it is full further |
macerated ; from thence it paffes to the fourth, where it is reduced to a
perfect mucilage, every way prepared for being taken up by the lacteals, and
converted into nourifament. What confirms this account of chewing the
cud is, that, as long as thefe animals fuck or feed upon liquid aliment, they
never ruminate ; and in the winter, when they are obliged to feed upon hay
and other dry victuals, they ruminate more than when they feed upon frefh
_ grafs.
Bulls, Cows, and Oxen, are fond of licking themfelves, efj petially when
lying at reft. But this practice fhould be prevented as much as poffible; for
as the hair, which they neceffarily lick off, is an indigeftible fubftance, it lies
in the ftomach or bowels, and is gradually coated by a glutinous fubftance,
and hardened by time into round ftones, of econfiderable bulk, which
¢
THE BULL.
fometimes kill them, but always retard their fattening, as the ftomach is
rendered incapable of digefting the food fo well as it ought.’ |
The engraving which accompanies this account, is from a portrait of a
Bull of the Warwickthire breed, which is now in the poffeflion of the Earl
of Mansfield, and is allowed, by the beft judges, to be a moft complete —
fpecimen of that particular variety. |
The great improvement this animal is capable of receiving, and has actually
received, from the care and attention paid to what is called crofling the breed,
will appear evident from the following authentic account of the very high.
price for which fome individuals were lately-fold. |
Mr. Fowler, of Rollright, near Chipping Norton, had in his poffeffion a
beautiful Bull and Cow, for which, in the year 1790, he refufed one thoufand
guineas of a nobleman in Norfolk, who had for fome years purchafed his
new fallen Heifer-Calves at ten guineas each(a).
The Cow and the Ox are in general mild and gentle in their nature, unlefs
- much provoked. The Bull, on the contrary, is never to be trufted, efpecially
after a certain age; formidable, as well by his ftrength as his horns, he
becomes, when irritated, tremendoufly dreadful, and carries deftruction before
him wherever he goes. He retains the recollection of injuries for a long
time, and never fails to revenge himfelf when opportunity offers. He is
particularly offended by any thing fearlet, and generally makes towards it
with great ferocity. |
It may not perhaps prove unentertaining to fubjoin fome account of the
Bull fights, which the Spaniards confider as their favourite entertainment.
The bett breed of Bulls is chofen for this diverfion, and their diftinguifhing
characters are fo well known to connoifleurs, that as foon as the Bull appears
upon the arena, they know where he was bred. This arena is a circular
amphitheatre, furrounded by twelve rows of feats, rifing one above another.
The fhow begins by a proceffion round the arena, in which the combatants,
who are to attack the fierce animal; appear both on horfeback and on foot.
After them two alguazils, dreffed in perukes and black robes, advance with
(4) Gentleman’s Magazine, 1791.
THE BULL.
great gravity on horfeback, and afk from the prefident of the entertainment
an order for it to commence. A fignal is inftantly given, and the
animal, which was before fhut up in a kind of hovel, makes his |
appearance. On this the officers of juftice, not liking the company of
their new gueft, prudently retire as faft as they can, and their fright is
a prelude to the cruel pleafure about to be enjoyed by the fpecators.
‘The Bull is received with loud fhouts of extacy; he is firft deftined to
contend with Picadores, mounted on horfeback; who, dreffed after the
ancient Spanifh manner, and as it were fixed to their faddles, wait for him,
each being armed with a ftrong lance. Formerly the greateft lords did not
difdain to practife this exercife, which requires ftrength, courage, and
dexterity; even at prefent fome of the hidalgos folicit for the honour of
fighting the Bull on horfeback, and they are then prefented to the people by
fome of the principal officers of the court.
The fcene is opened by the Picadores. The Bull often darts upon them
‘without any provocation, and this is confidered as an earneft of much
entertainment. If he returns immediately to the charge, undaunted by the
{harp points of the weapons with which his attack is defended, the fhouts
of applaufe are redoubled, and the joy of the fpectators is turned into
enthufiafm ; but if the Bull, ftruck with terror, appears quiet, and fhuns his
antagonifts, by walking round the fquare in a timid manner, he is hifled and
hooted at by the fpectators, and all thofe, near whom he paffes, fail not to load
him with blows. He feems then to be a common enemy, who has fome great —
crime to expiate. If nothing can roufe his courage, he is deemed unworthy
of being tormented by men, the cry of perros, perros, calls forth new enemies
againft him, and large Dogs are let loofe upon him, which feize him by the
neck and ears in a furious manner. The animal then finds the ufe of thofe
weapons with which he is furnifhed by nature, he toffes the Dogs in the air,
who fall down ftunned, and often mangled ; they however recover, and
renew the combat, which generally ends in victory on their fide, and thus
the Bull perifhes ignobly. If, on the other hand, he offers himfelf to the
combat with a good grace, he runs a longer and nobler, but a more painful
career. The firft a& of the tragedy is performed by the combatants on
3
THE BULL.
horfeback : this is the moft animated and bloody of all the {cenes; and often
the moft difgufting. The irritated animal braves the pointed fteel, which
makes deep wounds in his back, attacks with fury the innocent Horfe who
carries his enemy, rips up his fides, and overturns him, together with his
rider. The latter, thus difmounted and difarmed, would be in immediate
danger, did not cembatants on foot, called Chulos; come to divert the Bull’s
attention, and to provoke him, by fhaking before him different pieces of
cloth of various colours. ‘This afliftance, however, which they offer to the
difmounted horfeman, is at their own rifk; for the Bull frequently purfues
them, and they then ftand in need of all their agility. They often efcape
from him, by letting fall in his way the piece of {tuff which was their only
arms, and againtft which the deceived animal {pends ail his fury. Sometimes.
he is not fatisfied with this fubftitute, and the combatant is obliged to throw
himfelf over the barrier, fix feet high, which inclofes the interior part of the
arena. ‘This barrier is fometimes double, and the intermediate {pace forms a _
gallery, behind which the purfued torreadore is fafe. But when the barrier is
fingle, the Bull attempts to jump over it, and fometimes fucceeds. When this
happens, the confternation of the neareft {pectators may be eafily imagined ;
they crowd to the upper feats, and often receive more injury from their hatte
to efcape, than from the fury of the Bull, who {tumbling at every ftep he takes
amongit the narrow feats, attends more to his own fafety than to revenge,
and the blows he receives from all quarters foon bring him down.
If the Bull does not fucceed in his.attempt to jump over the barrier, he
prefently returns. By this time, his adyerfary has recovered, and regained
his feet. He inftantly remounts his Horfe, if it has not been killed or
rendered ufelefs, and renews the attack; in which he is often obliged to
change his Horfe feveral times. Expreffions cannot then be found to
celebrate thefe acts of prowefs, which are the favourite topic of converfation
for feveral days. ‘The poor Horfes, who are very affecting models of patience,
courage, and docility, may be feen trampling on their own bloody entrails;
which drop from their fides, half torn open, and yet obeying, for fome time
after, the hand which conducts them to new tortures. Spectators who poflefs
any feeling, now experience a difguft which converts their pleafure into pain:
THE BULL.
They are foon, however, reconciled to the entertainment, by a new fcene
which is preparing for them. The combatants on horfeback retire, as foon
as it is concluded that the poor animal has been fufficiently tormented by
them, and he is then left to be irritated by thofe on foot. Thefe, who are
called Banderilleros, go before the animal, and, the moment he darts upon
them, plunge into his neck, two by two, a kind of darts, called banderillos,
the points of which are hooked, and which are ornamented with {mall
ftreamers of coloured paper. The fury of the Bull is now redoubled; he
roars, toffes his head, and the vain efforts he makes ferve only to increafe
the anguifh of his wounds: this lait fcene calls for the agility of his
adverfaries. The f{pectators at firft tremble for them, when they behold them
braving fo near the horns of this formidable animal; but their hands, well —
exercifed, aim their blows fo fkilfully, and they avoid the danger fo nimbly,
that, after having feen them a few times, they are neither pitied nor admired,
and this addrefs and dexterity feem only to be a {mall epifode to the tragedy,
which concludes in the following manner: when the vigour of the Bull
is almoft exhaufted ; when his blood, iffuing from twenty wounds,
ftreams along his neck, and moiftens his robuft fides ; and when the people,
tired of one object, demand another victim, the prefident gives the fignal of
death, which is announced by the found of trumpets. The Matador then
advances, and all the reft quit the arena; with one hand he holds a long
dagger, and with the other a flag, which he waves backwards and forwards
before his adverfary. ‘They both ftop, and gaze at each other, and while the
agility of the Matador deceives the impetuofity of the Bull, the pleafure of
the fpectators, which was for fome time fufpended, is again awakened into
life. Sometimes the Bull remains fixed, throws up the earth with his foot,
and appears as if meditating revenge.
An able pencil might not difdain to delineate the group formed by the Bull,
in this condition, and the Matador, who calculates his motions and divines
his projects. An awful filence prevails whilft this dumb fcene is exhibiting.
The Matador at length feizes his opportunity, and gives the mortal blow ;
if the animal inftantly falls, the triumph of the conqueror is proclaimed by
THE BULL.
the fhouts of a thoufand voices; but if the blow does not prove decifive, if
the Bull furvives, and {till feeks to brave the fatal fteel, murmurs are heard
on all fides, and the Matador, whofe glory was about to be raifed to the {kies,
is confidered only as an unfkilful butcher. He endeavours to be foon
revenged, and to difarm his judges of their feverity. His zeal fometimes
degenerates into blind fury, and his partizans tremble for his fafety. He at
length directs his blow better. The animal vomits up blood; he ftaggers
and falls, while his conqueror is intoxicated with the applaufes of the people.
Three mules, ornamented with bells and ftreamers, come to terminate the
tragedy. The Bull is dragged ignominioufly from the arena by a rope tied
round his horns, and leaves only the traces of his blood, and the remembrance
of his exploits, which are foon effaced on the appearance of a fucceffor. On
each of the days fet apart for thefe entertainments at Madrid, fix Bulls are
thus facrificed in the morning, and twelve in the afternoon. The three laft
are given exclufively to the Matador, who, without the affittance of the
Picadores, exerts his ingenuity, to vary the pleafure of the {pectators.
Sometimes he caufes the Bull to be combated by fome intrepid ftranger, who
attacks him mounted on the back of another Bull ; and fometimes he matches
him with a Bear, to pleafe the populace. The Bull, when thus engaged, has
fomething wrapped round the points of his horns, which prevents him from
giving mortal wounds. The animal, in this ftate, is called embolzdo, and has
not power to pierce or tear his antagonift. The amateurs then defcend in
great numbers to torment him, and often expiate their cruel pleafure by
violent contufions ; but the Bull at length falls under the ftroke of
the Matador. ‘The few fpectators, who are not infected by the general
madnefs for this {port, regret that the wretched animals do not, at leaft,
purchafe their lives, at the expence of fo many torments, and fo many efforts
of courage, and would willingly affift them to efcape from their perfecutors.
In fuch minds difguft fucceeds to compaflion, and fatiety fucceeds to difeuft.
Such a feries of uniform fcenes makes that intereft become languid, which was
excited by an expectation of entertainment at the beginning of the fpe@acle.
But to connoiffeurs, who have ftudied all the ftratagems of the Bull, the
THE BULL.
refources of his addrefs and fury, and the different methods of irritating,
tormenting, and deceiving him, none of thefe fcenes refembles another, and
they pity thofe frivolous obfervers who cannot remark all their varieties (a.)
It was formerly the cuftom in England, to bait Bulls with a particular
breed of Dogs, trained for that purpofe, and called Bull-Dogs, in order to
render their flefh more tender when killed; and this cuftom became, at
length, a fubjecé for entertainment, to the lefs civilized clafs of people, who
ufed frequently to bait Bulls, merely for their diverfion; but this favage and
barbarous practice feems now to be nearly left off, and to have given way
toa voluntary refinement of manners.
This animal is much expofed to the attacks of a fly with two wings, the
Oeftrus Bovis of Linnzus; the female of which makes a number of {mall
punctures in the backs of horned cattle, and in each of them depofits an egg,
which is afterwards hatched by the warmth of the creature’s body, and
produces a worm or maggot, which foon finds a lodging perfectly fuitable
to it.
The places where thefe worms are lodged are eafily to be perceived, by a
tumour raifed above the furface, within which the infect is to be found under
the fkin of the animal.
Thefe maggots may, with fome degree of propriety, be faid to be the
inhabitants of the galls or excrefcences of animals, fince they are contained
in tumours fimilar to the galls of the oak and other vegetables, which are
well known to be the production of infects in like manner.
The aperture made by the female fly never clofes, but enlarges with the
tumour, and ferves both as a breathing place for the young infect, and as a
_paflage through which the fuperfluous humour contained in the tumour
difcharges itfelf, which would otherwife, if confined, occafion a large abfcefs,
and fuffocate the little creature.
Happily for the Ox, this little worm is not furnifhed with thofe hooks,
obfervable in the maggot of the common flefh-fly, wherewith it lacerates and
pulls the flefh in pieces, or its fituation would be truly wretched, with fo
(4) This account is chiefly taken from the Encyclopedia Britannica.
4
‘THE BULL.
many devourers gnawing and tearing its back at once, of which it could not
poflibly rid itfelf: this infect, on the contrary, being perfeétly fatisfied with
the moifture it finds in the tumour, gives the animal it feeds on little or no
uneafinefs.
As foon as the worm has attained its full growth, it works itfelf by
degrees out of the tumour, through the hole, and falls on the ground, where
it crawls about, till it has found a place of fafety to repofe in during its
feveral transformations: here it foon lofes all motion, and the {kin becomes
hard and black, forming a fhell to prote@ it from accidents, till the fly is
ready to make its appearance. When it is perfectly formed, it breaks
through one end of its prifon, and comes forth furnithed with only two
wings, yet at firft fight fo very like fome of the fmaller humble-bees, as to
be eafily miftaken for them. On attentive examination, however, it will be
found to poffefs a mouth without teeth or lips, fhort gloffy antennz rounded
at the ends, and reticular chefnut-coloured eyes. Inthe hinder and under
part of the body of the female, there is a cylindrical tube, which fhe can
protrude at pleafure, and with which the pierces the {kin of the animal, to
lodge her eggs, as has been already obferved.
Le
SS
Mig:
Bon rs a Meee
Why
biota’ anh at
are gs Lary Vee
neti Cte) Leese ae ey ton
ae :
=
March
L
A, Londor
anton, | Harvey. EWE
I
y WD
Pihfhed
)
Uy
B
THE AFRICAN BUFFALO.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Horns bending out laterally.
Hight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. —
Skin, along the lower fide of the neck, pendulous.
SYNONIMS.
Bos Inpicus, Plin. lib. viii. c. 45.
Bos CorniBUS RESUPINATIS INTORTIS ANTICE PLANIS,
Linn. Syl. 99. |
Bos Cornisus compressis, Briffon Quad. 54.
Busarus, Gener Quad, 122. Raw Syn. Quad, 72.
Burrato, Dellon Voy. 72.
Le Burrie, de Buffon, xi. 284. tab. xxv.
Bury ELEPHANTS, Ludolph Eth. 52.
THE general external appearance of the Buffalo fo nearly refembles that
of the common Bull or Cow, that we might at firft eafily fuppofe them to be
mere varieties of the fame animal; but if we contemplate the habits and
difpofition of each, and minutely examine the difference of particular parts,
we are inftantly &ruck with the difimilari ty, and ready to pronounce the two
_ fpecies totally diftiné. - The averfion for each ether which fubfifts between
‘them is fo great, that it has hitherto been found impoffible to make them
breed together. Dr. Sparrman indeed feems to hint at the poffibility of fuch
an union, confidering it as a curious experiment; but an infurmountable
difficulty prefents itfelf, if we remark the different periods of their geftation:
_ the Cow, as is well known, goes only nine months with young; whereas the
THE AFRICAN BUFFALO.
female Buffalo goes twelve. A circumftance, furely, which puts the matter
beyond all doubt, and muft for ever preferve the two {fpecies diftinct.
The Cape Buffalo, according to Dr. Sparrman, is eight feet in length, and
its height is five feet and a half. The limbs are remarkably {tout and robutt,
in proportion to its fize. The fetlocks hang nearer the ground than they do
in the Cow.
The horns are the moft remarkable feature they poflefs, both as to their
fhape and fituation: thefe are placed at the diftance of only one inch from
each other at the bafes, each horn being about thirteen inches in width at
that part ; from the jundtion at the bafe, which forms a narrow channel or
furrow, they rife upwards, in a {pherical form, to the height of three inches ;
in this manner they extend over a great part of the head, to the diftance of three
inches and a half from the eyes; fo that the part from which they proceed
occupies a {pace of eighteen or twenty inches in circumference; from
thence bending downwards on each fide of the neck, they become gradually
more cylindrical, and each of them forms a curye, the convex part of which
is turned towards the ground, and the direction of the point is upwards: the
diftance from point to point is frequently more than five feet. The horns are
black, and two thirds of their furface, meafured from the bafe, are very rough
and craggy, with cavities lodged in them, fometimes an inch deep. The ears
are a foot long, and are apparently defended by the fituation of the horns;
notwithftanding which, the edges of them are often notched and torn by
the briars and almoft impenetrable thickets through which they pafs. The eyes
alfo are fo placed as to receive great protection from the horns ; befides which,
they are funk deep in their own prominent orbits: an inftance of the kind
care of the Creator, in thus providing for the defence and fafety of a part fo
effential to the well-being of the animal.
The hair of the Buffalo, which is of a dark brown colour, is long and
harfh, and thinly {cattered over the body, efpecially on the fides; it is rather
longer on the knees, and lies as it were in whirls.
The Buffalo ufually carries its head inclined to one fide; this, with the
fingular appearance of its horns, gives it a fierce and malignant afpe&t, and
THE AFRICAN BUFFALO.
warns the traveller to beware of an animal who carries fuch true traits of
his real difpofition in his countenance. ‘Treacherous in the extreme, he
conceals himfelf among the trees, and there ftands lurking till fome paflenger
comes by, when he rufhes out at once into the road, and attacks the unwary
traveller, who has no chance of :efcape, but by climbing up a tree, if he is
fortunate enough to be near one. Flight-is of no avail, he is {peedily overtaken
by the furious beaft, who, not content with throwing down and killing him,
ftands over him for a long time afterwards, trampling him with his hoofs,
and crufhing him with his knees, and not only mangles and tears the body to
pieces with his horns and teeth, but likewife ftrips off the fkin, by licking it
with his tongue. Nor does he perform all this at once, but often retires to
fome diftance from the body, and returns with favage ferocity to gratify
afrefh his cruel appetite.
The Buffalo may, notwithftanding, be hunted, éhough he will fometimes
turn and hunt his purfuers, whofe greateft fecurity, in this cafe, is the {wiftnefs
of their horfes. }
Like the Hog, he delights to wallow in the mire, which, {ticking to the
hair on his fides, fometimes gives him the appearance of having a broad belt
round his body.
The flefh of this animal is ee but full of juice, of a high flavour. The
hide is fo thick and tough, that targets, mufket proof, are made of it; it
likewife affords the ftrongeft and beft thongs for harnefs. It is fo tough in
the living fubject, that it is impenetrable to a leaden mufket ball ; nor can the
Aaiinal be killed but with balls hardened with a mixture of tin; and eyen
then, thefe are often flatted.
We thall clofe this account of the Buffalo with a narrative of an attack
made upon one of thefe formidable animals, as related by Dr. Sparrman, from
ocular obfervation : this may ferve to give a competent idea of its nature
and difpofition.. ‘ As foon as we had got a glimpfe of our game, each of
us ftrove to fire before his neighbour, fo that we appeared entirely to have
loft fight of all prudence and caution. When we had advanced to within
twenty or thirty paces of the animal, we difcharged our pieces almoft at the
THE AFRICAN BUFFALO.
fame time; at which inftant the Buffalo, which was upon rather lower
ground than we were, behind a thin bufh, appeared to turn his head round,
in order to make towards us. The moment, however, we had difcharged
our guns, we had the pleafure to fee him fall, and directly afterwards get up
again, and run down into the thickeft part of the wood. Induced, from this,
to hope, that our fhot had proved mortal, we had the imprudence to follow
him down into the clofe thickets, where, fortunately for us, we could get
no farther. We had, however, as we found afterwards, only hit the hindmoft
part of the chine, where the balls, which lay at the diftance of three inches
from each other, had been fhivered to pieces againft the bones. Several of ©
eur Hottentots now came to us, and threw ftones down into the dale, in
order to difcover, by the bellowings of the beaft, whither he had retired, but
without fuccefs. Afterwards, however, he appeared to have recovered his
courage, for at laft he came up out of the dale, of his own accord, to the
{kirts of the wood, and placed himfelf fo as to have a full view of us on the
{pot, where we were refting ourfelves fomewhat higher up: his intention, in
all probability, and in the opinion of our old fport{men, being to revenge
himfelf on us, if we had not feen him in time, and fired at him directly.
What, perhaps, in fome degree, put a ftop to his boldnefs was, that we ftood
on higher ground than he did: for feveral veteran fportf{men have affured
me, as a fact, that Buffalos do not willingly afcend any hill, in order to make
their attack. The third {hot, which we afterwards difcovered to have entered
at the belly, proved fatal. ‘This forced the Buffalo to defcend again into the
vale, dying the ground and bufhes all the way he went with his blood.
Though {till hot upon the chafe, yet we advanced with the greateft caution,
accompanied by two of our Hottentots, through the thin and more pervious
part of the wood, where the Buffalo had taken fhelter. He, on the other
hand, was advancing again, in order to attack fome of us, when Mr. Immel man,
from the place where he was pofted, fhot him in the lungs. Neyverthelefs,
he had ftill ftrength enough left to make a circuit of a hundred and fifty -
paces before we heard him fall. During his fall, and before he died, he
bellowed in a moft Rupendous manner; and this death-fong of his filled
THE AFRICAN BUFFALO.
us all with no fmall degree of joy, on account of the victory we had gained :
and fo thoroughly is the human heart fometimes fteeled to the fufferings of.
the brute creation, that we haftened forwards, in order to have the pleafure
of feeing the Buffalo ftruggle with the pangs of death. I chanced to be firft
at the {pot ; but think it impoffible ever to behold anguifh, accompanied by
a favage fiercenefs, painted in ftronger colours than they were in the
countenance of this Buffalo. I was within ten fteps of him, when he
perceived me, and, bellowing, raifed himfelf fuddenly again on his legs. rE
_had fince reafon to believe, that | was at the time very much frightened ;
for, before I could well take my aim, I fired off my gun, and the fhot
miffed the whole of his huge body, and only hit him in the hind legs, as we
afterwards difcovered by the fize of the ball. Immediately upon this I ran
away like lightning, in order to look out for fome tree to climb up into;
but my apprehenfions were groundlefs, he was too much exhautted to purfue
. me, and died foon after.” |
The Buffalo is a gregarious animal. It inhabits the interior unfrequented —
parts of Africa and India; but is found in the greateft abundance in the
countries near the Cape of Good Hope. |
Z
bo is
iM
MPAs oval ees ip ZZ
ee / Z
ee
i
i
Gi
;
a
by
Wey
Wy
Li
Darton, and. J. Harvey, Londaow, 2790.
by Th
Lub ished:
ZEBU.
THE ZEBU, OR INDIAN OX.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Horns bending out laterally.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper.
Skin along the lower fide of the neck pendulous.
SYNONIMS.
Inp1an Ox ¢. Pennant Syn. Quad. 6.
Lirrte Burraro, Edwards, p. 200.
ZeEBU, de Buffon, xi. 439. tad. xlii.
THE Zebu, or Indian Ox, varies much in refpect to fize; fome are as
large as the common Englifh Ox ; others as fmall as the Alderney Cow.
From the latter of thefe the annexed figure was drawn.
This animal differs from the European Ox in the fituation of its horns,
and in having a lump on the fhoulders ; which, in the larger variety, will
fometimes grow to the weight of forty or fifty pounds. This lump, or
protuberance, is confidered as a very delicate article of food, and, when well
drefied, has much the tafte and-appearance of udder. The horns of this
variety are fhort, and generally bend forwards rather than fideways,
whereas thofe of the larger kind bend backwards.
The Zebu is capable of being tamed and rendered -very docile and
gentle; it is then ufed in India as a fubftitute for horfes, in travelling; and
particularly in China and Chinefe Tartary. Its ufual pace is a foft trot,
with which it will travel at the rate of forty or fifty miles a day, for fixty
days together. They are guided by means of a cord paffed through the
THE ZEBU.
cartilage of their noftrils, which is faftened to a longer cord, and ufed as a
bridle. They are rode with a faddle, like horfes, and their motion is far
from unpleafant to the rider. The white. ones are the moft efteemed for
this purpofe. They likewife ufe them to draw chariots and carts, which
fervice they perform in a very tractable and expeditious manner.
However widely the: Zebu may appear to differ from the common Bull
and Cow, it is certainly only a variety of the fame {pecies, as they ‘breed
together very kindly, and, in a few generations, the hump on the back
entirely. difappears. The Cow is {ubject to a great many varieties, which
have given rife to a long lift of names in the nomenclature of quadrupeds;
fuch as the Urus, the Bifon, the Bonafus, the Hog Cow, the Siberian Cow,
and many others, which are all of them mere varieties of the fame animal.
But however thefe animals feem to differ in their outward appearance,
they perfectly agree in the internal conformation of their parts, which is the
true criterion of the fpecies, and keeps the animal diftin& from all others.
This quadruped is found all over India, in Arabia Petra, and moft
parts of Africa. : |
|
af
a
Lpitte tb leiee
THE RAM.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Horns twifted fpirally, and pointing outwards.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper.
SYNONIMS.
Ovis Aries, Linn. Sy/t. 97.
Far, Faun. Suec. No. 45. Brit. Zool. 1. 22.
Ovis, Plin. lib. viii. c. 47. Rait Syn. Quad. 73.
Wipper Scuaar, Klein Quad. 13.
Le Bresis, de Buffon, v. i. tab. 1. 2.
THE Ram is the male of that well-known and ufeful animal, the Sheep,
of which the female is called Ewe ; the young one, whether male or female,
Lamb ; and the male deprived, Wether: the Ram is alfo called Tup, in fome
parts of England. This animal is fo well known, that a particular defeription
of its figure feems unneceflary ; it is, however, fubject to numberlefs varieties,
arifing from crofs-breeding, food, and climate, the effect of which is more
remarkable in this, than in any other animal.
The Sheep is certainly the moft ufeful of the leffer quadrupeds; and the
bounty of the Creator has fo tempered its conftitution, as to enable it to exift,
and even thrive, in almoft every variety of climate, rendering moft effential
fervices to mankind wherever it goes. Mild, innocent, and gentle in its
mature, it feems confcious of its defencelefs ftate, and looks to man for that
protection, which it feeks in vain from its own {pecies; yet, however timid
it may be, the female follows the impulfe of nature, fo evident in all its fex,
in the care and protection of its young, which it attempts to defend in time
THE RAM. |
of danger, by ftamping with its feet in a menacing manner, and pufhing with
its horns. It muft, however, be allowed that, notwithftanding the apparent
timidity. of this animal, when under the immediate protection of man, it
affumes a very different conduct on the extenfive, wild mountains, where
numerous flocks range uncontrolled and unprotected by the fhepherd, except
at morning and evening. In fuch fituations, a Ram will boldly attack a.
fingle Dog, and frequently proves victorious. But when the attack is more
formidable, they unite in the common caufe, and draw themfelves up in a
body, the females and young, as being perfectly defencelefs, occupying the
centre, while the Rams, placing themfelves clofe to each other, form a circle
round them, and prefent a formidable battery of horns on all parts, which
cannot be attacked without imminent danger to the affailant. Thus they
wait with firmnefs the approach of the enemy, on whom the Rams dart with
fuch impetuofity and force, as to lay him dead at their feet,. untefs he has
the addrefs to fave himfelf by flight. A Ram will fometimes engage a Bull,
and, from the fuperior hardnefs of his fkull, often comes off victorious. The
Sheep delights in the fociety of its own fpecies, and feems fond of a tinkling
noife, which induces the fhepherds to hang a bell round the neck of the
leader of the flock, thence called the Bell- Wether, or Weder, the found of
which the others never fail to follow.
This animal is fubject to many difeafes, the moft dangerous of which,
namely the rot, is chiefly occafioned by its being kept in wet paftures, and
too commonly proves fatal. It is likewife fubje& to the dropfy, vertigo,
jaundice, and worms in the liver(a); it is alfo tormented by feveral kinds of
infects, but chiefly by a fpecies of oeftrus, or gad-fly, which lays its eggs
fo high in the noftrils, that the maggots, when hatched, make their way into
the frontal finuffes, and give the poor animal exquifite torture. The French
{hepherds have a method of relieving this complaint, by trepanning the part,
and taking out the maggots. This operation is likewife performed in fome
parts of England, though not with equal fuccefs. The {kin is much infefted
(a) Fafciola hepatica. Linz. Sy/. 648.
THE RAM.
with a large acarus, or tick, which is eagerly fought after by magpies and
ftarlings.
It has already been remarked, that the Sheep is the moft valuable of the
lefler quadrupeds, of which the immenfe profits arifing to this country from
the different branches of the woollen manufacture, afford fufficient proof.
How it came to be fo long neglected in England, is matter of juft
aftonifhment, as it does not appear to have been much encouraged till the
reign of Queen Elizabeth, fince which period it has thriven fo much, that
it is now generally allowed to be the ftaple commodity of Britith
commerce(a). But, befides the wool, there is hardly any part of this
creature that is not applied to the various neceflities of man: the flefh is
a nutritious and wholefome food, and never cloys the appetite; the milk
produces butter’ and cheefe' in great abundance ;, the fkin is ufed for making
gloves, parchment, and the covers of books ;. and of the entrails, ftrings are
manufactured for mufical inftruments, and to cover the handles of whips;
the bones, calcined, are ufed by the refiners, and the dung is a rich article of
manure in -hufbandry(sB):
The Sheep bred in Great Britain are by far fuperior to thofe produced in
any other country; thofe reared in Herefordthire, Devonthire, and Cotfwold
Downs have the fineft fleeces, and the Lincolnfhire and Warwickthire breed
are the largeft, and exceed all others in the quantity and goodnefs of their
wool. A lock, from one of Mr. Chaplin’s Lincolnthire breed, meafured
twenty three inches in length: the individual from which it was taken
weighed. thirty ftone, feven pounds, reckoning eight pounds to the ftone ;
and a Wether, of three years old, produced twenty-fix pounds and three
quarters of wool. Fifty guineas are commonly given for a Ram of the
Lincolnfhire breed; and, at Mr. Chaplin’s fale, three Lambs were fold as
follows, one for 1741. one for 150]. and one for 1261. and many others came
(a) “ The annual value of wool fhorn in England, is efimated at two millions fterling, which produces,
when manufa@ured, the prodigious fum of fix millions.”
(s) Buffon fays, that one hundred Sheep, properly folded, will in one fummer fertilize eight acres of
land for fix years.
THE RAM.
within a few pounds of the laft price. The Ewes were fold, in lots of five
each, from thirty to twenty guineas, which laft was the loweft price per lot.
The late Mr. Bakewell of Leicefterfhire, had likewife taken infinite pains in
improving the breed of Sheep, and thofe, bred by him, are thought to be as
valuable as the Lincolnshire.
Like all other ruminating animals, Sheep have no upper cutting, or fore,
teeth; but they have eight in the lower jaw: two of thefe are fhed and
replaced by new ones at the age of two years; four of them at the age of
three years ; and at four years old the mouth is full. There are, however,
fome breeds in England, called by the fhepherds Leather-mouthed Cattle,
which do not change their teeth at all, thefe are fuppofed to thew the marks
of old age fooner than the reft.
The Ewe goes five months with young, and generally brings one Lamb
at a time, though fome bring two; and fometimes, though very rarely, three
and four: the firft Lamb is reckoned of inferior value, and the third is
always the beft. It is remarkable that the Ewe can diftinguith its own
Lamb, and the Lamb its mother, even in the largeft flocks; and, at the time
of fhearing, when the Ewes are fhut up in a pen from the Lambs, and
turned loofe one by one as they are fhorn, it is pleafing to fee the meeting
between the mother and her young one: the Ewe immediately bleats, to call
her Lamb, which inftantly obeys the well-known voice, and returning the
bleat, comes {fkipping to its dam; but is ftartled at firtt by her new
appearance, and approaches her with diffidence, till fhe has corre&ted the
fenfe of fight by thofe of {fmelling and hearing, when, laying afide her
fears, fhe feizes the much-loved teat.
The Ram will live fifteen years, and the Ewe ten; but they feldom attain
to that age.
In purchafing Sheep, care fhould be taken to buy them from a {oil
inferior to that for which they are deftined. A good Sheep may be known
by the largenefs of its bones, and the length, oilinefs, and clofe twit of the
wool: fuch fheep always produce the fineft fleeces, and fetch the bett price at
market.
Ot
a asa t's. Oh
\i |
\\
AN
aN
Lublifhed ty WDarton THary ey ava WBetch, London, Jucy UW 1802. Z
AFRICAN SHEEP.
BROAD ‘TAILED D°
THE BROAD-TAILED SHEEP.
2
| Generic CHARACTERS.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper.
Hornlefs,
: SYNONIMS.
Ovis Arapica, Catz Opufe.72. Gefner Quad. Icon. 15.
- BRoab-TAILED SHEEP, Pennant Hi/t. Quad. vol. i. p. 41.
Ovis LaTicaupa, Rait Syn. Quad.74. Linn. Syft. 97.
Le Mouton pe Barzariez, de Buffon, xi. 555, tab. xxxiii.
THE tail of this animal, which conftitutes its greateft peculiarity, is
accounted a choice delicacy, and is ufually eaten with the lean of the mutton,
its fubftance partaking equally of the nature of fat and marrow. It is faid
to be twelve inches broad; of fo great a length as to trail upon the ground; |
and fo uncommonly heavy as to require the fupport of a {mall carriage, which
the fhepherds ufually provide, to keep it from galling,
This, however, is not the only particular in which the Broad-tailed Sheep
excels, as its fleece is equally long, fine, and beautiful, with the boafted wool
of Caramania; and is actually purchafed with avidity by the Cachemirian
factors, who fend it to Cachemir, where it is fabricated into thawls (a) of
an exquifite quality and fuperior elegance.
(4) These articles of luxury were always supposed to have been made with goats’ hair, till the public
were undeceived by Mr. Bogle’s instructive and entertaining account of Thibet, noticed in the Philosophical
Transactions.
THE BROAD-TAILED SHEEP.
Thefe animals feem to have been known to the ancients: fome of whom
have afferted that the tails were a cubit broad, and others that they meafured
a cubit in length. | |
A variety, called by Mr. Pennant the fhort thick-tailed Sheep, abound in
all the deferts of 'Tartary, but the quantity of their fat is proportioned to the
quality of their pafture; the fineft being ebferved to inhabit fuch places as
produce vernal plants, or are impregnated with faline waters.
The fubjeét of our Plate is commonly. found in Syria, Barbary, and
Ethiopia, where its tail is faid to grow to the weight of fifty pounds,
ee ee ee ee
THE AFRICAN SHEEP.
Ih mm we a sm
Generic CHARACTERS.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper.
Horns fhort, ears pendant.
SY NONIMS.
Ariss Guineensis, Margrave Brafil.134. Rati Syn. Quad. 75.
La Brezis DE Guineez, Briffon Quad, 51.
SHEEP oF SanARA, Shaw's Travels, 241. |
Le Bevier ves Inpgs, de Buffon, xi. 362. tab. xxxiv.
AFrRicaNn SHEEP, Pennant Hit. Quad. vol. i, p. 40.
Ovis GuineEEnsis, Linn. Sy/t.98. Zimmerman, 131.
CarneRo or Bett Weruer, Deélla Valle Trav. 91.
THIS animal, known to the Portuguefe by the name of Cabritto, and
fuppofed by Mr. Pennant to have been the Adimain, which Leo Africanus
mentions as furnifhing the Lybians with milk and cheefe, pofleffes none of
thofe attractive qualities, that produce an involuntary admiration in the
breait of the fpectator who contemplates either the flocks or individuals of
other countries. Neither the formation of its body, the appearance of its
coat, nor the quality of its flefh, is worthy of attention : the firft being
meagre and ill proportioned; the fecond confifting of rough hair, inftead of
the beautiful wool that ufually adorns the other varieties; and the latter
| proving equally deftitute of flavour and nutrition.
The African Sheep is about the fize of an Afs, though its fhape refembles
that of the Ram. Its horns are fhort ; its ears pendulous, and, like its body,
covered with fhort hair inftead of wool; its legs are extremely long; and
THE AFRICAN SHEEP.
the under part of its neck is furnifhed with a fort of dew-lap. It is faid to
be uncommonly ftrong and fwift; and, though domefticated, to approach
near to a ftate of nature. |
Della Valle afferts, that he faw, at Goa, a Wether of this defcription,
faddled and bridled, which carried a boy of twelve years of age.
It is an inhabitant of Guinea, and is found in moft of the tropical
climates. : |
Pubtifhed by WDartan F: arvey KWBelch, London Dee’ 2472 1603.
Many HorNED SHEED.
0)
0
WALACHIAN ID
THE MANY HORNED SHEEP.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Horns twifted {pirally, and pointing outwards.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper.
| SYNONIM.
Ovis Porycrrata, Linn. Sy/t.97. De Buffon, xi. tab. xxxi. Suppl. iii. p. 73.
THESE animals are commonly-found in Iceland, Mufcovy, and other
northern parts. They are fimilar to thofe of England in the form of their
bodies, but vary materially in the number of their horns; having commonly
four, and fometimes eight, branching out from the forehead. ‘Their fleeces
are of a tolerable length, fmooth, and of a fubftance between hair and wool;
and beneath the external coat, which falls off at certain periods, is another
covering that refembles a fine foft fur. The quantity produced by each
animal ufually weighs about four pounds.
Mr. Pennant has defcribed an individual of this fpecies as having two
erect and two lateral horns; the fore part of its neck covered with yellowith
hairs, that meafured fourteen inches in length; and the other parts of its
body covered with wool.
he fame gentleman mentions an elegant fpecies brought from Guinea,
which was fmall of ftature, but beautifully limbed. Its hair was of the fineft
texture, and exhibited a filvery whitenefs; that which fhaded the neck was of
a confiderable length. Its nofe was partially marked with a glofly black,
each knee and ham was prettily fpotted, and the feet were completely black.
So evident was the effect of climate upon this animal, that in the month
of November it began to affume a foft woolly coat. Its difpofition, for fome
time, was extremely gentle, but it afterwards contraéted fuch vicious habits
as obliged its owner to fend it to a mountain inclofure, where it died.
hand? * s a?
.
2 E Pitkin bel ape Mac baie
EGS Chee ac eRe “eps ;
{Ou AOT9 St OMe Sue, Bont:
THE WALLACHIAN SHEEP,
Generic CHARACTERS.
Horns twifted {pirally, and pointing outwards.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper.
SYNONIMS.
Ovis STREPSICEROS, Rait Syn. Quad. 75.
La Cuevre vE Crete, Briffon Quad. 48. |
STREPSICHEROS ov Mouron bE Crete, Gefner Quad. 308.
Cretan SHEEP, Pennant Hift. Quad. vol. i. p. 38.
CoRNIBUS RECTIS CARINATIS FLEXUOSO sPIRALIBUS, Linn. Sy/t. 98.
THIS variety is faid to refemble the common Sheep both in the fize
and formation of its body; but it is juftly confidered as a curious animal,
by naturalifts, on account of the long thaggy fleece with which it is clothed
by nature, and the upright fpiral horns that embellith its head.
It is an inhabitant of Wallachia, Mount Ida in Crete, and of feveral of
the iflands of the Archipelago.
This Animal is diftinguifhed in Auftria by the name of Zackl, and is
almoft the only kind which the butchers of that country deal in. It is.alfo
faid to be the Strepficheros of the ancients.
et cw
k %," } eA ‘Ai J i ha Aa 25
€ WA ith .
PR eer oe if :
rittatecmoninsyenconr dimen coaiheneia,
mn
+
. ols
eiee Se ee * y f
7 “2% Ma;
AGns wa mingts
ox wu) io
‘ ~
Mag ie nate trae
Ae: sre teneeeey
5 ie.
wg ubily hed Ly U4: Der for Tiarvey LMWeBeleh Lovedoun
A July / "1206. be
: GOAT
THE GOAT.
Generic CHaracters.
Horns bending backward, almoft clofe at their bafe.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper.
The male in general bearded.
SYNONIMS.,
Capra Hircvus, Linn. Sy/t. 94.
Ger, Faun, Suec. No. 44.
SIEGEN BOCK, S1eG_e,. Klein Quad. 15.
Goat, Pennant’s Brit. Zool. I. 29.
Le Bouc, La Cuevre, de Buffon, v. 59. tad. viii.
Briffon Quad. 38.
THE Goat may be confidered as a kind‘of auxiliary {pecies, well adapted
by the beneficent Creator, to fupply the abfence or imperfections of the
Sheep, in fuch climates and fituations as are not congenial to the
conititution and habits of that ufeful animal. In like manner, the AfS is a
fubftitute for the Horfe, and the Llama of the Peruvian mountains for the.
Camel. All thefe auxiliary fpecies are, however, completely diftinct, and
feparated by a boundary which nature cannot exceed; they are all wilder
and more hardy than their principals(a); they require lefs care, and are lefs
fubject to difeafe or accidents. | } |
The fprightly and active difpofition of the Goat feems well calculated to
adorn and enliven the gloomy mountainous wilds of nature, and to give a
pleafing animation to thofe awful and dreary fcenes, which are inacceflible
(4) Buffon.
THE GOAT.
to almoft every other quadruped. Delighted to browfe on fhrubs and the tops
of trees, which it reaches from the contiguous rocks, it finds, in thefe retired
folitudes, an abundant fupply of food, and perfect fecurity from its enemies.
The feet of this animal are admirably well adapted to the rocky
precipices, on which it loves to climb, being furnifhed with two hoofs,
made hollow underneath, and fharp at the edges, like the infide of a fpoon,
whereby it is prevented from fliding in théfe dangerous fituations.
Although the Goat is well adapted for a favage life, being hardy, lively,
active, and pofleffed of a great fhare of animal inftinét, it neverthelefs
attaches itfelf readily to man, appears fenfible of his carefles, and offers him,
as it were, voluntarily, thofe fervices which it is capable of rendering him,
and which are by no means inconfiderable, in the mountainous countries it
inhabits. Its fkin, which is foft, clean, and wholefome, furnithes a
comfortable bed for the hardy inhabitants of thofe folitudes; its milk not
only ferves them as a wholefome and nourifhing drink, but likewife yields
them cheefe and butter, to eat with their oat-cakes. Its flefh, too, is
excellent food; but this is a luxury in which they feldom indulge, as being
too expenfive. The flefh of the Kid is efteemed a dainty even by epicures,
and, when properly prepared, is little inferior to venifon.
The Count de Buffon relates an anecdote, which proves, that this animal
is naturally fond of the fociety of man, even in uncultivated countries.
« In 1698,” fays he, “ an Englith veffel having put into harbour at the
ifland of Bonavifta, two negroes went on board, and offered the captain as
many Goats as he chofe to carry away; he exprefled his furprife at this
offer, when the negroes informed him there were only twelve perfons on
the ifland, and that the Goats multiplied fo faft, as to become exceedingly
troublefome ; for, inftead of being hard to be caught, they followed them
about with a degree of obftinacy, like other domeftic animals.
The Goat will leap from one precipice to another with the greateft care, —
and moft perfect fecurity; and when two of them are yoked together, that
they may not ftray too far from home, they will, as it were by mutual
confent, take the moft dangerous leaps together, and exert their efforts with
fuch perfect unifon, that they generally accomplith their purpofe unhurt.
THE GOAT.
This ufeful animal requires little or no care, and is eafily fuftained ; it is
therefore generally the property of the poor; it prefers browfing on heathy
mountains and commons, or fhrubby rocks and neglected wilds, to grazing
in the moft luxuriant paftures; it is particularly fond of the tender bark of
young trees, to which it often does great damage. It is not in the leatt
affected by wind or rain, nor does it endeavour to avoid either; it prefers
heat to cold, which, when .immoderate, often produces a fatal vertigo; it
delights to bafk in the fun, and will fleep in the hotteft fituations: playful,
capricious, and vagrant, it is with difficulty fed in flocks, as Sheep are, but
prefers ftraying from its companions, and felecting its own paftures. The
irregularity of its motions ftrongly marks the inconftancy of its difpofition ;
it advances, retires, jumps, runs, and ftops, merely from caprice and natural
vivacity.
The milk of the.Goat is much recommended in confumptive cafes, as
a reftorative and blunter of acrimony, and is often found to be highly
beneficial. ‘The mountainous parts of England, Scotland, and Wales are
much reforted to for the purpofe of drinking it in perfe@ion, and great
advantage is frequently derived from the ufe of it. The tafte of Goat’s milk
is {weet and pleafant, and it acquires a peculiar flavour from the fhrubs it
feeds on, which to fome is highly grateful; it is eafier digefted than Cow’s
milk, and is therefore well adapted to thofe who have weak ftomachs. ‘The
Goat is likewife ferviceable to man in many more inftances; its {kin is
ufed for feveral purpofes; with it the knapfacks of foldiers are generally
made, and, in the country, the peafants make waiftcoats and caps of it:
wigs, and even cloth are made of its hair; its horns are ufed as handles for
knives and other inftruments; and its fuet is highly efteemed for making
candles, which are fuperior, for durability and whitenefs, to thofe made
from any other tallow. | |
Both male and female have horns, except a very few individuals; and
it is faid that thofe which are white, and have no horns, always give the
moft milk, but that the black ones are the ftrongetft (a).
(4) Buffon.
_ THE GOAT.
-'The Goat is fattened in the fame manner as the Sheep; but, in our
climate, notwithftanding every poffible precaution, the flefh is never fo. good
or fo fweet as mutton. Between the tropics the cafe is different ; there the
mutton becomes lean and flabby, whereas the flefh of the Goat rather
improves, and is by {ome preferred to the mutton. Thus it appears that this
animal feems well adapted to fupply the neceflities of man in both extremes,
in almoft every part of the world. In northern countries, where the pafture
is barren and coarfe, the Goat finds a fubfiftence among the fhrubs well
fuited to his nature; between the tropics, where the exceffive heat caufes_
other cattle to degenerate, the Goat is on the contrary nourifhed by the
genial warmth, and his fleth improves accordingly. |
The female goes five months with young, and produces from two to
four at a birth. The Goat will breed with the Sheep, and the animal fo
produced will breed again, but no new race will refult from the intermixture;
which clearly proves that, although the Goat and Sheep greatly refemble
each other in many particulars, the fpecies are, and ever will be, difting.
The Goat is fubject to great varieties, as to its fize, horns, colour, and
hair, which in fome is very rough and fhaggy, in others perfectly {mooth,
in fome curled, in others long and ftraight ; thefe variations depend much on
the country in which it is produced, and the food it meets with; it is an
animal much diffufed, and will breed freely in any country, except in
thofe which are very cold, as Canada, where they are obliged to preferve a
fucceflion by importation. It is remarked, that the fize of the Goat decreafes.
in proportion to the warmth of the climate in which it is bred, but that it
becomes more prolific, and in very warm countries, has been known to bring
forth even five young ones at a birth. It is libidinous even to a proverb,
and the period of its life is frequently. fhortened by its ardor. The
individual, reprefented in the plate, is the portrait of one bred on the
mountains of Wales, and the {cenery is the place of his nativity.
Publifhed by Wharton, Tiare AWRelch,Lon dow, TunelQ ISL.
IBEX
HAMOIS=GOAT.
4
‘wl
THE IBEX.
| GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Horns bent backwards, and almoft clofe at their bafe.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper.
The male bearded,
Sy NONIMS.
Ipex, Plan. lib. viii. c. 53.
Le Bovevetin, de Buffon, xii. 136, tad. xiii. xiv. Zimmerman, 114.
STeEInBocK, Kramer Auftr. 321. Redingere kleine There, No. 71.
THE Ibex is mentioned by Buffon as being the ftock from whence the
Common or Domeftic Goat has defcended. It greatly refembles that
animal in the formation of its body; but its knotty and incurvated horns
are confiderably larger, fometimes growing to the length of three feet.
The head of this quadruped is {mall, that of the male adorned with a dufky
beard; the eyes are large; the hair is rough; the top of the back marked
with a black line. The legs are diverfified with black and white; the thighs
and belly are of a delicate fawn colour; and the other parts of a deep brown,
mingled with hoary.
The female is confiderably fmaller than the male: her horns feldom
exceed eight inches in length, and have but few knobs on the u pper furface.
Thefe animals are extremely wild, ftrong, and agile; and fometimes turn
with fuch fury upon the incautious huntfman, as to throw him headlong
down the eminence, unlefs he has time to elude the danger, by prottrating
himfelf on the earth till they have paffed over him.
THE IBEX.
Some authors have afferted, that if the Ibex is clofely purfued, and cannot
poflibly efcape by any other method, it will precipitate itfelf from the brow
of the mountain, and light upon its horns (a) in fuch a manner as generally
fecures its body from injury: or that it will otherwife fufpend itfelf from
fome projecting tree, over a precipice, and there remain till the enemy has
paffed by, or abandoned his fruitlefs efforts. From thefe circumftances it
muft be fufficiently obvious, that it is difficult to be fhot, and that the
chace of it is peculiarly dangerous.
During the feafon of love, the braying of the males re-echoes through the
excavations of the rocks with a horrible noife. At the time of parturition,
the females retire to the fide of fome neighbouring rill, and there bring forth
their young. They have feldom more than one Kid at a time, and the length
of their lives is faid to be inconfiderable. cans
In the moft fevere part of winter, they defcend a little, in quett of pafturage.
Their blood was formerly accounted ufeful in pleurifies, and their fleth is
efteemed excellent.
They inhabit the Pyrenean and Carpathian mountains; the moft elevated
piers of the Sierra de Ronda, in the province of Granada; the Grifons country;
and the higheft points of the Rheetian Alps. They are likewife found on the
mountainous chain which ftretches between eaftern T artary and Siberia; the
tract beyond the Lena; the province of Hedojes, in Arabia; and the lofty
hills of Crete, where they are faid to cure the wounds of arrows by browfing
on the herb dittany.
(4) This assertion seems to be justified by the frequent and well-known circumstance of the Ibex being
found with only one horn, the other being broken by a fall,
THE CHAMOIS GOAT.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
‘Horns flender, erect, and hooked.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper.
Hoofs fhort and much divided.
SYNONIMS.
Rupicapra, Plin. lib. viii. c. 15. Gefner Quad. 290. Razz Syn.
Quad. 78. Scheuchzer. It. Alp. i.155. &ce.
Capra ruprcapra. C. Cornisus ERECTIS UNCINATIS, Linn. Syft. 95.
Cuamots ov Ysarp, Belon Of. 54.
Ysarus ov Sarris, Gaflon de Foix, 99. Briffon Quad. 41. de Buffon,
xii, 136. tad. xvi.
Gemse, Klezn Quad. 18. Ridinger Kleine Thiere, No. 72.
ANTILOPE RUPICAPRA, Pallas Mifcel. 4. Spicil. xii. 12.
TRAVELLERS, who have beheld the fublime and pi@turefque {cenery of
Dauphiné, Swifferland, Italy, Greece, Crete, the Sierra de Ronda, the
Pyrenean mountains, and thofe of Taurus and Caucafus, have generally
{poken of the Chamois Goat with that peculiar warmth of expreflion which
refults from the contemplation of fome pleafing and favourite obje&. It
may, indeed, be naturally fuppofed that, while the eye wanders over a fine
extent of mountainous country, or refts in aftonifhment on the declivity of
fome lofty eminence, the fight of this beautiful quadruped, bounding over
the misfhapen rocks, pafling through the trees with incredible {wiftnefs, or
haftening to quench its thirft at the cryftal ftreamlet, mutt infpire the
fufceptible heart with delight and admiration.
THE CHAMOIS GOAT.
The Chamois is of the fize of the tame Goat, to which it approximates
in feveral particulars. Its head is embellifhed with two flender, black horns,
rifing from the centre of the forehead, to the height of fix inches; but inftead
of reclining backwards, like thofe of other animals, they ftand forward,
being only recurved at their extremities, which are remarkably acute. The
pofition of the ears is extremely graceful. Exclufive of two black ftripes,
that defcend from the horns to the fides of the face, the colour of the head
is a yellowifh white; the body of a brown, or dufky red; and the belly
tinged with yellow: the length of the tail is inconfiderable, and its colour
fable on the under furface; the hoofs are fhort and goat-like, and the upper
lip is a little divided. A variety, probably that of fex, has been obferved, in
which the cheeks and chin are of a dufky hue, and the forehead white. This
quadruped is univerfally admired for the roundnefs, vivacity, and penetration
of its eye; and its fcent and hearing are fo exquifitely fine, that it will
difcover a man at the diftance of half a league, provided the wind blows ina
favourable direction.
The Chamois felects the moft tender buds, delicate flowers, and aromatic
herbs for its food; particularly the genipay and carline thiftle, which, being
the hotteft productions of the Alps, are well adapted to the warmth of its
conftitution; yet it is fo greatly incommoded by the beams of the fun, that
it is only to be feen at pafture previoufly to the rifing of that luminary, or in
the cool of the evening. ° During the fummer it frequents the excavated
rocks that are lined with eternal fnows, or the tall forefts which crown
the northern fides of the rugged mountains. In the depth of winter it feeks
a retreat, from the falls of the avalanches, in the lower thickets, or caverns,
where it fubfifts on fuch flender twigs of trees, roots, or tender bufhes, as
it can find beneath the furface of the fnow. When it feeds upon fucculent
herbage, it drinks but fparingly, and ruminates at intervals like the common
Goat.
Each herd is faid to have a leader, who commonly takes his ftation on
fome commanding {pot, while his followers are at food, and faithfully
performs the duty of a fentinel. If he either hears or {mells any thing
THE CHAMOIS GOAT.
approaching, which he cannot immediately fee, he whiftles or hiffes with
fuch force, that the neighbouring rocks reverberate the found, and the Goats
are warned to feek their fafety in inftant flight. He then ftops for a moment,
in order to look around him, and afterwards refumes his friendly intimation,
firiking the ground with his feet, and leaping impatiently from one eminence
to another, till the confirmation of his fears induces him to elude purfuit by
an exertion of his natural {peed.
The whittling or hiffing, here alluded to, is purely nafal, and is in reality
no other than a ftrong breath exhaled, with great violence, through a {mall
aperture. It is ufed exclufively as a fignal of danger, the voice of the
Chamois at all other times being confined to a gentle bleating.
Thefe animals, whofe agility and vivacity are equally interefting, are of
a focial difpofition, and generally appear in little parties of from three to
twenty, though probably fixty or a hundred individuals occupy the declivity
of the fame mountain.
The large males ufually feed at a diftance from the others, except in the
months of October and November, when they join the females, and beat
away the young. ‘Their ardour is then exceflive, and they bleat frequently,
as they traverfe their native rocks with aftonifhing rapidity. The feafon of
parturition isin March and April, when the females bring forth one, and
occafionally two at atime. The young ones remain with their dams for
about five months, and, if not deftroyed by the voracity of the wolves, or
the ftratagems of the hunters, they will live to the age of twenty or even
thirty years. ‘Their blood is faid to poflefs fome medicinal virtues, like that
of the wild Goat, and is confequently an object of importance to the hunters.
The horns are ufed for the heads of canes. ‘Thofe of the females are {maller
and lefs hooked than the others. ‘The fkins, when dreffed, are nervous,
ftrong, and fupple, and were formerly ufed for gloves, vefts, and other
articles of raiment; but, fince the art of tanning has arrived to fo great
perfection, the leather denominated /hammoy is alfo made from the {kins of
the domeftic Goat, the Deer, and the Sheep. The fleth of the Chamois is
accounted excellent, and one of thefe animals will fometimes yield from ten
THE CHAMOIS GOAT.
to twelve pounds of fuet, of a fuperior quality to that of the common
Goat. |
They climb and defcend fuch parts of the {cabrous hills as are perfeétly
inacceffible to men, and even to dogs, with great facility, always purfuing
their courfe in an oblique direction. When defcending, they throw themfelves
acro{s a rock, of twenty or thirty feet in height, without having any
intermediate fupport; they ftrike, however, twice or thrice with their
hoofs, in their defcent, till they reach a proper refting place. The ftrength
and elafticity of their tendons is fuch that, when feen at a diftance, bounding
from one precipice to another, a f{pectator might be almoft inclined to
imagine that nature had fupplied them with wings, rather than with fuch
limbs as are common to quadrupeds. Their legs are remarkably long and
pliant, and the hinder ones are crooked, a formation which favours their
fpringing to fuch great diftances, and tends to break their fall, when they
precipitate themfelves from the heights of the mountains.
The chace of the Chamois is replete with difficulty and danger: it is
generally performed in winter, and the moft common method is, to fhoot
them with rifle-barrelled guns, from behind fome large mafs of ftone, or the
clefts of the hills. Some, however, deem themfelves more prudent in
ftationing proper perfons at all the outlets of a glade or valley, and fending
in others to roufe thegame. Dogs are entirely ufelefs in this chace, as they
would merely alarm without overtaking, and would either provoke the
objects of purfuit to turn upon the hunters, and throw them down the
precipice, or to fly off to the diftance of feveral leagues. |
A hairy fubftance, covered with a hard cruft, of an oblong form, has been
frequently found in the ftomachs of thefe animals. Their ordinary ftations
are lefs elevated than thofe of the Ibex, but they are commonly {feen in
greater numbers.
eres
Pullifned by W Darton, F. Harvev & WRetch London July 111706:
GIRAFFE or CAMELOPARD
THE GIRAFFE.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Horns fhort, upright, truncated.
The neck and fhoulders of an extraordinary length.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, the two outermott bilobated.
No cutting teeth in the upper jaw.
SYNONIMS.
Cervus CaMEeLoparpa.is, Linn. Sy/t. 92.
» Tracus Girarra, Klewn Quad. 22.
CaAMELOoPARDALIS, Plin. lib. viii. c. 18.
CaMELoparD, Pennant Synn. Quad, 12.
La GIRAFFE, QUE LES ARABES NOMENT ZuRNAPA, Belon Obs.
118. Gefner Quad. 160. de Buffon, xiii. 1.
THIS moft extraordinary creature is fo very different in its make from
any other known quadruped, that it would be difficult to form.an adequate
idea of it, without feeing either the animal or its portrait; the unufual length
of its neck and fore legs gives it a moft fingular appearance. The head is
about two feet long, and fomewhat refembles that of a Stag; it is adorned
_ by two fubftances, which have the appearance of horns, though in fact the
animal never ufes them as fuch, they being only two prominences perpendicular
and parallel to each other, arifing from the fkull between the ears, and
extending to the height of eight or ten inches: thefe prominences are covered
all over with fhort hair, and appear as if cut off at the top, being terminated
by a convexity feveral lines wide, adorned with a rim of ftraight, briftly hair,
THE GIRAFFE.
There is befides a tubercle on the forehead, about two inches high, which
refembles a third horn {prouting out. ‘The ears are fharp and pointed;
the upper lip is longer and thicker than the under, and both of them are
covered with {tiff hairs; the eyes ‘are large and beautiful. It has eight
cutting teeth in the lower jaw, but none in the upper; and fix grinders on
each fide, both above and below. The tongue is pointed and rough; the neck
flender and elegant; it is above five feet long, and adorned on the upper fide
with a fhort mane, of a reddifh brown colour. The fhoulders are of an
extraordinary length, which makes the fore legs appear much longer than the
hind ones, though, in fact, they are not really fo. In confequence of this
fingular conformation, the creature is a foot and a half higher at the
fhoulders than at the rump, fo that the back appears floped like the roof
of a houfe. This animal is from fourteen to fifteen feet high, from the
crown of the head to the foles of the fore feet. From the top of the
fhoulder to the fole of the fore foot it meafures ten feet; whereas from
the rump to the bottom of the hind foot it is only eight feet two inches
high. This difference arifes partly from the length of the fhoulder-blades,
and partly from a fharp procefs of the firft vertebra of the back, which
projects more than a foot beyond the reft(a). ‘The tail is nearly three feet
long, flender, and adorned at the end by a bunch of hairs two feet in length.
The hoofs are divided into two, like the Ox; but it has no {mall hoofs at
the fetlock joint.
The colour of the Giraffe is a dirty white, with large {pots difperfed all
over, pretty clofe to each other, of a reddifh yellow colour; thefe {pots are
of a lighter colour in the younger animals, and become darker as the creature
grows older. |
This animal is of a mild and timid difpofition; when purfued, it will trot
fo faft, that even a good Horfe finds it difficult to keep up with it; it will
likewife pace and gallop. As often as it lifts up its fore feet, it throws its
neck back; though, at other times, it holds its head and neck erect, except
when grazing. When it leaps, it lifts up firft its fore legs, and then
(4) Sparrman,
THE GIRAFFE.
the hinder ones, fimilar to a Horfe whofe fore legs are tied together.
Although it runs badly, it will continue running for a long time without
ftopping. It has been fuppofed that it poffefles neither ftrength nor means
to defend itfelf; but Mr. Vaillant fays, “he knows, patt all doubt, that, by
its kick, it wearies, difcourages, and diftances the Lion.”
The Giraffe feeds on the leaves of trees, particularly.on a fpecies of
Mimofa, which is common in the parts it frequents. The extraordinary
length of its neck and legs are admirably well adapted to reach the tender
fhoots which grow on the upper parts of the trees, and it can even add to
its ordinary height, by bringing its fore and hind legs nearer together.
Grafs is likewife a part of its food, to reach which it is obliged to extend the
fore legs, on each fide; and it fometimes bends one knee as Horfes do when
grazing. It frequently lies down to fleep or chew the cud, which occafions
callofities on the breaft and knees. It is difficult to diftinguith this creature
at any diftance, the extraordinary length of the neck, joined to fo thort a
_ body, giving the animal the appearance of a decayed tree, to which the
colour does not a little contribute.
The flefh of the young ones is faid to be good eating, but it is often
ftrongly flavoured by the Mimofa on which it feeds. The Hottentots think
the marrow a great delicacy, and hunt the creature chiefly for the fake of it.
They ufe the fkin to make veffels, for holding water and other liquids.
The Giraffe appears to have been known early to the. Romans, as its
figure is among the eaftern animals which are on the celebrated Preeneftine
Pavement, made by the direction of Sylla; it is there reprefented both
grazing and browfing in its natural attitudes, which is a clear proof that they
had feen the animal alive; it was likewife exhibited at Rome by the popular
Cefar among other animals at the Circeean games(a).
This animal inhabits the vatt forefts of Ethiopia, and the interior parts
of Africa which have been undifturbed by the refidence of man.
(4) Pennant Hift. Quad. Vol. I. p. 67.
* a
ey ff a
* Di Nb)
" rey ;
: ‘er er hes a sail vost - havi! vant 3
2 ‘ “> S
bie. s
; ‘
m ’
+ . < ;
‘ - ee : i ' .
‘ . * 13.33 th ne chy i
ad 3 a rake 3
| “ ee RAIL e LG
ot ~ 7 --4 +. & ie "_" y fr ct ‘: :
: a Sante Py RHA Oy RR) NEw val oi e4
eatin By eee
(Fat creer is
die tes iy ide wed : “ nitabs'9 Hrrgy same add
ry = ie + 8 6 HW eri het Crus ae A shin ie yi is OF me gals mre’ ven ae
: seen Pout — Pay: evaiee cei aT
has eeu
ni la 9
PoE AR fy
CA ate
dA Ne a
7
ibbetson ae. Published by WDarton,S Hiarvey,.& WBeich, London Sepe21798 Tooke so.
« F
NYLGHAU. ‘
-
-
THE WHITE-FOOTED ANTELOPE.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Horns annulated, or twifted. |
Eight broad cutting teeth in the lower jaw; none in the upper.
The body and limbs light, and elegantly formed.
SYNONIM.
Nyx Guaw, Bernier.
THIS beautiful animal has not been known in Europe more than thirty
years. Since that period, it has been frequently imported from India,
particularly in the year 1767, when feveral of them were brought into this
country; and, notwithftanding the great difference of climate, they bred,
and continued to breed for fome years; whence it is probable that, with a
little care, this animal might be naturalized, and would be an elegant
ornament to the parks of the nobility and gentry, as well as an additional
article of luxury to their tables, its flefh having an exquifite flavour; and it
might poflibly be tamed fo as to become highly ufeful for many purpofes, on
account of its extraordinary {peed and confiderable ftrength.
The head of the White-footed Antelope is adorned with two horns,
which bend a little forwards; they are about feven inches in length, and fix
in circumference at the bafe, from whence they gradually taper, till they end
ina point. The ears are feven inches long, broad at the extremities, and
beautifully marked, on the infide, with two black bands on a white ground ;
the neck is adorned with a black mane, which extends to half the length of
the back ; a tuft of long, black hair grows likewife out of the fore part of the
neck ; above which is a large white fpot, and another of the fame colour
THE WHITE-FOOTED ANTELOPE.
on the cheft, which extends between the fore legs; each fore foot is prettily
marked with one white {pot, and each hind foot with two: the tail is long,
and tufted at_the extremity with black hairs: The general colour of the
animal is a dark grey. Its height, to the top of the fhoulders, is about four
feet. ‘The foregoing defcription refers to the male, which is the animal
reprefented in the engraving. The female differs in a few particulars. Her
general colour is a:pale brown; fhe has no horns, and each foot is adorned |
with three tranverfe bands of black and two of white, placed alternately ;
fhe generally produces one young one at a birth, and fometimes two ; fhe has
four nipples, and is f{uppofed to go nine months with young.
The late Sir Afhton Lever had one of thefe animals alive at Leicefter
Houfe, where we have often feen it. It was gentle, appeared perfectly
harmlefs, was fond of being careffed, and always licked the hand by which
it was either ftroked or fed. Its fenfe of {melling appeared to be exquifite,
as it always applied to it for information, when any new object prefented
itfelf, particularly when either food or drink was offered to it. The males,
however, are very vicious during the rutting feafon, and will then attack
and fight each other with the greateft ferocity. ‘Their manner of fighting is
fingular ; they begin the attack at fome diftance from each other, by dropping
on their knees, in which pofture they fhuffle on, till they have approached
within a few yards, when, fuddenly making a {pring, they dart againft each
other with confiderable force. Nor are their attacks during that period -
confined to thofe of their own {pecies ; for a labouring man happening to go
up to the outfide of an inclofure which contained one of thefe animals,
without knowing he was near it, as foon as he approached it, the creature
darted violently againtt the wood work, which he fhattered in pieces, and
broke off one of his own horns clofe to the root, which probably coft him
his life, as he did not Jong furvive the event(4).
(a) Bernier.
Publifhed by WDarton.SHarvey.d-WBeich London. JanVIG#S00.
HARNESSED ANTELOPE,
THE HARNESSED ANTELOPE.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Horns annulated or twitted.
Eight broad cutting teeth in the lower jaw; none in the upper.
Body and limbs of a light and elegant form.
SYNONIMS.
AwteLore Scripra, Pallas Mifcell. Zool. 8. Sprcil. 15.
Harnessep ANTELOPE, Pennant Syn. Quad. 27.
Le Guis, de Buffon, xii. 327. tad. xl.
Bonti-Box, Sfarrman’s Voy.
"THE Antelope-feems to form the connecting link, in the great chain of
nature, between the Goat and the Deer: like the former, their horns are
hollow, and they never fhed them; while, on the other hand, they refemble
the Deer in the elegance of their form and their extraordinary {peed, in
which they far furpafs any other quadruped. They foon diftance the
Greyhound; and the Hunting Leopard, which is trained to catch them in
India, cannot approach them, except by crawling, imperceptibly, through
the thick grafs, on its belly, till it has attained the proper diftance, from which
it fprings on its pray with unerring aim, and foon fubdues it. The feveral
{pecies of them differ greatly from each other in their general form, as well
as in the ftructure of their horns; thofe which inhabit the continent of —
Africa are, in general, more elegant in their form, and their horns are
annulated ; whereas thofe found in Africa, and, particularly, in the country
about the Cape of Good Hope, fo much refemble the Goat, that they are
called, by the inhabitants, the Wood Goat, the Blue Goat, the Striped Goat, |
THE HARNESSED ANTELOPE.
&c. though the horns of even thefe fufficiently diftinguifh them from the
Goat, by being twifted {pirally, and the horns of all the fpecies are furnifhed
with longitudinal grooves, which extend their whole length.
The immenfe plains and forefts of Africa abound with numerous herds
ef thefe animals, which, by their playful activity, abundantly enliven thofe
dreary fcenes, and afford an ample fupply of food to their fierce inhabitants,
the Lion, Leopard, Panther, &c.. They are fometimes found in flocks,
confifting of from one to two thoufand, though fome fpecies are met with in
companies of only five or fix individuals.
The Harneffed Antelope, though its figure is not fo elegant as fome
others, is neverthelefs equal, if not fuperior to moft, in confequence of the
elegance and beauty difplayed in the arrangement of the ftripes with which
it is adorned. ‘The general colour of this animal is a deep tawny, and the
belly is brown, though in moft other fpecies that part is white. The horns
are ftraight, pointing backwards : they are nine inches long, flightly twifted,
and marked with two fpiral ribs: the ears are broad: beneath each eye, on
the lower jaw, is a white fpot. The back, fides, and rump are elegantly
marked with white lines, fo difpofed, as to give the animal the appearance
of being harneffed: two of thefe lines extend, from the fhoulders along the
fides to the haunches, at fuch a diftance as to divide the fide into three nearly
equal parts; thefe are crofled by two others, which extend from the back
towards the belly, but do not reach lower down than the undermoft of the
horizontal ftripes. On the rump are three white lines, pointing downwards,
half the length of the flanks. The thighs are {potted with white. _
Large herds of this {pecies are frequently found in the plains and woods
of Senegal.
: }
aU
r nee h
Sei:
B
Mf
Yi
LY GHEE
iG,
Y
tify
Fublifhed by WDarton THarvey &WEelch, London, Oct? Yh “1800.
- CHEVROTAIN,
THE CHEVROTIN,
Or LITTLE GUINEA DEER.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Horns annulated or twifted. ¥
Eight broad cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper.
Body and limbs of a light and elegant form.
SYNONIMS.
CervuLa parvuLa Arricana, Seb. Muf. i. 70. tad. xiii.
Le CuHEevrortain DE Guinea, de Buffon, xii. 315. tad. xiii.
Petite Bicue, des Marchats, i. 312. .
Kine or tar Harts, Bofman’s Voy. 236.
Roya Anretope, Pennant’s Syn. Quad. 28.
AS the Chevrotin is the leaft of all cloven-footed quadrupeds, fo it is
decidedly the moft’ beautiful and elegant. Its height is not more than nine
inches, and it is about twelve inches in length, from the point of the nofe to
the infertion of the tail. The legs are fo delicate, that the fmalleit part of
“them does not exceed the ftem of a tobacco pipe in thicknefs: they run
exceedingly fwift, and poflefs fo much attivity, that they can {pring over a
wall twelve feet high, which is more than fixteen times their own height,
and is perhaps the moft aftonifhing inftance of agility found in any
quadruped. ‘The head of the male is adorned with two horns, not quite two
inches long, which are fhining, and as black as jet. ‘The females are without
horns. The ears are broad. ‘The colour of the hair is a reddith brown.
THE CHEVROTIN.
Thefe beautiful and elegant little animals are found, in great abundance,
in Guinea, and, though they are amazingly {wift, in proportion to their fize,
the negroes often take them, by knocking them down with fticks. They
are very eafily tamed, and foon become familiar and entertaining; but their
conftitution is fo very delicate, that they cannot exift in any climate, except
the hotteft, and always fall a facrifice to the rigour of our climate, whenever
they are brought over. | :
Naturalifts notice two varieties, or rather, perhaps, diftinét fpecies, of this
animal; giving, to that juft defcribed, the appellation of, the Chevrotin of
Guinea ; and to the other, which is found in the Eaft Indies, and particularly
in the iflands of Java and Ceylon, the name of the Chevrotin of the Indies.
But it isto be obferved, that the latter is defcribed as being of a beautiful
yellow colour, with a white neck and belly, and as having two canine teeth,
or rather tufks, proceeding from the upper jaw, which evidently refers that
anima] to the genus Mofchus, or Mufk Deer. -Whether that {pecies, which
is found in Guinea, has thefe tufks or not, remains to be afcertained by fome
accurate obferver; and muft, for the prefent, remain among the obfcure parts
of natural hiftory.
i 4
vk
BAS Yat
san tla ie!
ri
* 1797.
fh, _Sharvey, SWhelch, London, June 1§
Praiblished bp WDarto
ELK,
THE ELK,
Generic CHARACTERS.
Horns upright, folid, branched, and renewed every year.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper.
SYNONIMS. —
Cervus Aces, Linn. Sy/ft.92. —
Auce Macutis, Plin. lib. viii. c. 15. Gefner Quad. 1. 3.
Cervus patmatus, Atca, Exvant, Klein Quad. 24.
“ite, Linn. Faun. Suec. No. 39.
Los, Rzaczinfkt Polon. 212.
LiEvan, de Buffon, xii. 79. tad. vii. viii.
Evx, Pennant’s Syn. Quad. 35, Raiz Syn. Quad. 86.
NATURALISTS and travellers differ much in their accounts of the
height of the Elk, fome afferting that ittis twelve feet, or thirty-three hands
high(a); while others fay it is not much larger than a Stag(s), although more
robuft. ‘The truth feems to lie between, and it is probable that the ufual
height of the American Elk, or Moofe-Deer, is from fifteen to feventeen
hands; but that the European kind does not exceed fifteen hands.
Mr. Pennant fays(c), he has been informed that’ the Indians {peak of a beatt
of this kind, which they call Watkeffeu, far fuperior in fize to that with
which we are acquainted: they fay it is found feven or eight hundred miles
fouth-weft of York Fort. If the enormous foffil horns, fo often found in
Ireland, have ever belonged to the Moofe-Deer, perhaps Joffelyn’s account
may be right; though even then it appears to be a variety, as thefe horns
(a) Joffelyn and Dudley. (8) Dapper, Lev. &c. (c) Syn. Quad, p. 45.
THE ELK.
differ in fhape from thofe of the American and European Elk. Upon the
whole, this muft be confidered as one of thofe facts which want elucidation.
This animal is found both in the old and new continent ; and
D’Obfonville fays it is alfo common in India, where it delights in woody and
marfhy places, and folitary vales ; and is always found in {mall herds, which
appear to be under the direétion of a chief. It is called in Europe the Elk,
and in America the Moofe-Deer(a); it is rarely found in the forefts of
Germany and Ruffia, but is very common in the vaft woods of North
America, ‘The American Elk is larger than that which is found in Europe,
becaufe it meets with lefs difturbance in the forefts of that unpeopled
country, and confequently attains a more full and perfect growth. Wherever
it is found, it is timorous and gentle: content and happy in its fituation, it
readily admits other animals to a quiet and unmolefted participation of that
nourifhment, with which the bountiful Creator has fo abundantly fupplied all
his creatures.
The general colour of the Elk is a hoary black, except about the face,
where it is greyer. The head is much longer than the neck, which is
remarkably fhort, in proportion to the fize of the creature; hence it is
probable, that this animal feeds chiefly on the boughs and leaves of trees, as
grazing muft be a painful pofture to it: the ftructure of the upper lip feems
likewife to favour this fuppofition, which being confiderably longer than the
lower, ferves as a fort of hand to convey the leaves and boughs into its
mouth. They likewife feed on water-plants, which they can get at eafily by
wading; and Mr. Sarrafin fays, they are fo fond of the anagyris foetida, or
ftinking bean-trefoil, that they will dig for it with their feet, when covered
with fnow(z). ‘The fhape of the upper lip is {quare, and it has a furrow
along the middle fo deep, as to make it appear to be divided into two parts ;
the eyes are fmall, the ears long, broad, and flouching; the nofe is broad,
the noftrils remarkably large; the neck is adorned with a thick, fhort, ere@
(a) From Mufu, which, in the Algonkin language, fignifies an Elk ; vide Kalm iter. Vo}. III. 5. 10.
Germ. ed. de Laé. 73.
(8) Martyn’s Abridg. Mem. and Hift. Acad. iv. 253. quoted by Pennant.
THE ELK.
mane, of alight brown colour; there is a fmall excrefcence under the throat,
_ from whence grows a long tuft of coarfe black hair; the withers are very
high and the legs long; the hoofs are much divided, and the tail is fhort,
- dufky above and white beneath.
Winter, when the ground is covered with fnow, is the feafon in which
the American Indians prepare to hunt thefe animals, more efpecially when
the fun begins to melt the furface of the {now, which at night is frozen into
an icy cruft, too weak to fupport the weight of the creature, whofe progre{fs
is confequently retarded by it, the poor animal finking and plunging at every
ftep it takes, and cutting its feet with the fharp ice: its lofty horns are
likewife entangled in the branches of the trees, which is an additional
impediment to its flight ; they are, however, broken with eafe by the ftrength
of the animal, whofe track may be readily traced by the {cattered fragments
of them, fome eyen as thick as a man’s thigh. Notwithftanding thefe
obftacles, the chafe generally lafts during the whole day, and fometimes
continues for two or even three days together. The perfeverance of the
Indian, however, generally fucceeds, who is affifted in his purfuit by the
broad {now-fhoes he wears on his feet, which prevent him from finking
in the now. As foon as he comes near enough, he darts his lance, with
unerring aim, which, fticking in the poor animal, excites him to redouble
his exertions, and diftance his purfuer. His ftrength, however, again failing
him, he is obliged to flacken his pace, and expofe himfelf to a frefh wound
from his purfuer, which produces a fecond momentary exertion, till, tired
and fpent ‘with the lofs of blood, he is compelled to fubmit to his fate, and
becomes an eafy prey to the hunter, who is amply rewarded for his exertions
by his flefh, which is very well tafted and nourifhing.
In Canada they often take them in the following manner. Before-the
froft {ets in, the natives aflemble in large bodies, in their canoes, on the lakes,
and form an extenfive femicircle, each end of which touches the fhore; at
the fame time another party of hunters, with their Dogs, encompa({s a large
tract of land. The Dogs, which are trained to the fport, are let loofe, and
' direct their courfe towards the water, barking and crying as they run:
THE ELK.
alarmed by the noife, the Deer naturally fly to avoid it, and plunge into the
lake for fafety, where they are inftantly furrounded by the people in the
canoes; and, being out of their element, are eafily overpowered, and killed
with lances and clubs.
The hide of this animal is very ftrong, and fo thick, that it-has been often
known to turn a mufket ball; it is foft and pliable, and the leather, when
tanned, is extremely light and durable. The Indians ufe it to make their
fnow-fhoes and canoes. In fome individuals the fur is greyer than in others ;
and when the hairs are greatly magnified, they appear fpongy, like a bulruth, |
and thickeft in the middle. The hair lies quite f{mooth on the fkin, and,
however difturbed, always returns to its former ftate.
The length of this animal’s legs enables it to cover a great deal of ground,
and to travel with vaft fwiftnefs ; its ufual pace is a high {hambling trot,
which gives a fingular appearance to its gait. In pafling through woods, it
carries its head horizontally, to prevent, as much as may be, the entanglement
of its horns in the branches of the trees.
The Elk was formerly ufed in Sweden to draw fledges; but the efcape of
criminals being often facilitated by its {peed, the ufe of it for that purpofe is
now prohibited, under heavy penalties(a).
Though naturally timid and inoffenfive, the Elk, when provoked, is a
formidable animal, from its ftrength and horns; it ftrikes both with horns
and hoofs with fuch agility and force, that a fingle blow of one of the fore
feet is fufficient to kill a Wolf. ‘The female is not fo large as the male, and
is deftitute of horns. She brings forth fometimes one, but oftener two young
ones at a time, in the month of April. The young do not arrive at their full
growth till they have attained their fixth year.
The Elk appears to poffefs feelings which are exceedingly delicate; he
exprefles defire, anger, or impatience, not only by agitated motions and
tramplings, but alfo by a deep rattling bellow. The following narrative, .
related by D’Obfonville, will ferve to fhew, that the Elk may be eafily
tamed, if taken young, and is in fome meafure capable of education and
‘ (a) Pennant,
THE ELK.
attachment. “ I procured one in India,” fays he, “ of ten or twelve days
old, and had it for about two years, without ever tying it up. ‘I even let it
tun abroad, and fometimes amufed myfelf with making it draw in the yard,
or carry little burdens. I accuftomed it to eat any thing ; it came when called,
and I found few figns of impatience, except when it was not allowed to
remain near me. When I departed for the Ifland of Sumatra, I begged
Mr. Law, of Lawrifton, governor-general, who had always teftified a
remarkable degree of efteem and friendfhip for me, to accept it. This
gentleman had no opportunity of keeping it about his perfon, as I had done,
but fent it to his country houfe, where it wanted for nothing ; but being
kept alone, and chained in a confined corner, it prefently became fo furious
as not to be approached; infomuch, that the perfon who daily brought its
food was obliged to leave it at a diftance. After fome months abfence, I
returned ; it knew me afar off, and as I obferved the efforts it made to get
at me, I ran to meet it; and I confefs I can never forget the impreffion
which the carefles and tranfports of this unhappy animal made upon me.
A friend of mine, who was prefent at this meeting, could not forbear to
fympathize with me, and partake of my feelings.’
|
Via del.
lbbe
eV. Be
1
TTT.
Ame
W Darton.
V
Fublihed By
y a
/
LORAO
REIN “DEER
THE REIN-DEER.
\
Generic CHARACTERS.
Horns upright, folid, branched, annually deciduous.
Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw; none in the upper.
SYNONIMS.
Cervus Taranpus, Linn. Sy/l. 93.
‘Ruen, Linn. Faun. fuec. No. 41.
Rennrueir, Klein Quad. 23.
Cervus Raneirer, Rai Syn. Quad. 88. Gefner Quad. 839, 840.
Le Rewne, de Buffon, xii. 79. tad. x. Xi. xii.
Le Raneier, ov Ranewier, Gaffon de Foix, 98.
Cariso, Ponano, MacartB, FJoffelin’s New England Rarities, 20.
Le Carizsov, Charlevoix Hifl. nouv. France, v. 190.
THERE is no inftance, in the whole creation, in which the kind care of
Providence is more remarkably difplayed, than in the conformation of this
animal. Deftined to adminifter to the wants and comfort of the inhabitants
of regions covered with perpetual fnow, during a great part of the year, its
conftitution is fo well adapted to the rigour of the climates it inhabits, that,
if it is removed from them, and brought into warmer countries, it does not
long furvive the change, but gradually dwindles away, and at length perifhes
in the midft of apparent plenty. Contrary in its nature to all other kinds of
Deer, its exiftence feems to depend on what would infallibly prove their
deftruction; and although timidity is the leading character of all other
animals of this clais, the Rein-Deer, when bred tame, readily affociates with
his keeper, receives carefles from him with evident fatisfaction, and contributes’
THE REIN-DEER.
all in his power towards the comfort and fupport of his friend and benefactor.
The male confents with readinefs to be faftened to his mafter’s fledge, and
tran{ports him with incredible fwiftnefs through otherwife impafiable fnows ;
while the female as readily offers her milk for the fupport of his family at
home. ‘Thus the Rein-Deer may be truly faid to conftitute the riches of the
Laplander, and from this fingle animal, the inhabitants of thefe defolate regions
derive not only the neceflaries, but even the comforts of life, and find init an
ample compenfation for the want of the Horfe, the Cow, and the Sheep. This
will evidently appear, if we compare the benefits and comforts which the
Laplander derives from the Rein-Deer, with thofe which our domettic
animals afford us, and the comparifon will demonftrate, that he alone, in
value, furpafles feveral of them. He is ufed in drawing fledges, and
tranfports them over frozen {nows, where a Horfe could not ftir a fingle ftep
without falling; and this important fervice he performs with fuch amazing.
perfeverance and velocity, that he will travel thirty leagues in a day with
great eafe, and will run with as much certainty upon the ice as on the mofly
ground. His ufual pace is a trot, which he will continue during the whole
day without appearing fatigued. T he milk of the female is more nourifhing
than that of the Cow, and the fleth of both fexes is excellent food. ‘The hair
of-the Rein-Deer makes an excellent fur, and his hide furnifhes leather, which
is ftrong, fupple, and durable; in fhort, the milk, hide, hair, horns, hoofs,
finews, flefh, and bones are all ferviceable. With the milk cheefe is made;
the hide ferves for clothing; the hair for fur; the horns and hoofs are boiled
into glue; the finews are {plit into thread, which is very ftrong ; with the
tendons bow ftrings are made; the flefh is ee food; andthe bones
are manufactured into {poons.
The horns of the Rein-Deer bear fome refemblance to thofe of the
American Elk; but the animal is much’ fmaller, being not quite fo large as
the Stag, although it is ftronger built than that animal, and its legs are
proportionably fhorter and thicker; its hoofs are broader than thofe of the
Stag, and are moveable in the cleft, fo that, as the foot prefles on the ground,
the hoofs naturally {pread, and prevent the animal from finking too deep in
THE ‘REIN-DEER.
the fnow. ‘This occafions it to make a loud cracking noife as it goes, for
every time the foot is lifted up from the ground, the divifion clofes again,
and the fides of the hoof ftrike again{t each other. The head of the Rein-Deer
1s adorned with two large and flender horns, which bend forwards, and are
furnifhed at the bafe with broad, palmated, brow antlers, which likewife
na forwards, and nearly cover the face; affording a ftriking inftance of
the kind care of the beneficent Creator, in forming his creatures in a manner the
beft adapted .to their well-being; for, were it not for this particular ftructure
of the horns, the poor animal would ftarve in the midit of plenty, from
inability to get at a fufficient quantity of its favourite mofs(4), which lies
buried during the winter at the bottom of the fnow; and this accounts fora
circumftance which would otherwife appear fingular; namely, that, contrary
to the nature of all other Deer, the female is furnifhed with horns as well as
the male, though they are not fo large. ‘The body of this animal is clothed
with thick, warm hair, which is longer and coarfer about the neck; it grows
fo thick over the whole body, that if it is any where feparated, the fkin does
not appear uncovered ; and it is thus furnifhed with a comfortable clothing,
fufficiently warm to refift the rigour of the inhofpitable climates it is deftined
to inhabit.
The general colour of the Rein-Deer is brown, but as fummer approaches,
it gradually becomes whiter, till at length the animal is nearly grey; but the
{pace about the eyes is always black. The feet are furrounded with a ring
of white, juft at the infertion of the hoof. Both male and female thed their
horns annually, and renew them like other Deer. 'The female begins to breed
at’ three years old, when fhe generally produces two young ones in the month
of May, and continues to do {fo yearly, till fhe is grown old. She continues
to give mill till about the middle of October. The dam poffefles a wonderful
affection for her young; for, when they are feparated from her, the will
return from the pafture, calling continually round the cottage for them; nor
will fhe defift till they are brought to her, either alive or dead. .The Rein-Deer
will live to the age of fifteen or fixteen years; but it is generally killed before
; (4) Lichen rangiferinus, Lizz. Sp. Pl. 11. 1620. Fi. Lap. 331.
THE REIN-DEER.
that time, for the fake of its flefh, which is dried and preferved for food. The
Laplanders kill them by thrufting a knife through the hinder part of the neck,
between the vertibree, into the {pinal marrow, which inftantly deprives them
of life and fenfation; and thus do thefe poor favages furnifh their more
enlightened neighbours with a leflon of humanity well worthy of imitation.
‘he female is milked every night and morning, and yields about a pint
each time. ‘They make cheefes of this milk, which are tolerably well tafted ;
thefe they keep as ftores; and the whey, which remains after making them, is
warmed again, and becomes of the confiftence of hafty pudding. On this
fimple food the inhabitants of thefe unproductive regions exift during a
confiderable part of the fammer. |
So eflentially neceflary is the Rein-Deer to the well-being and comfort of
the Laplander, that the care and management of this valuable animal occupy
almott the whole of his time and thoughts. Some of the richeft individuals
poflefs a thoufand of them at a time, and few even of the pooreft have lefs:
than a hundred. The Rein-Deer is fed on the lower grounds during the
winter, but the genial warmth of the approaching fummer ealls to life
myriads of gnats, which are bred in the ftagnant waters, and annoy both
men and deer fo much by their ftings, that they are obliged to feek for
refuge in the mountains, which are covered with {now during the fummer,
where they remain all the day time, and are driven down to pafture at
night. The gad-fly is alfo their formidable enemy, which depofits its eggs
under the fkin of the poor creature, whence maggots are produced, and
fometimes in fuch numbers as to bring on an incurable difeafe.
Such of the Rein-Deer as are deftined to draw the fledge, in which the
Laplander travels, are accuftomed to it early; the fledge is very light, and
fhod at the bottom with the fkins of young Deer, faftened on fo as that the
direCtion of the hair points backwards, which greatly affifts its fliding on the
frozen fnow : to this the animal is yoked by a ftrap, which goes round the
neck, and pafles backwards between the legs. The perfon who fits in the
fledge, guides the Deer with a cord faftened to his horns, and encourages it
to proceed with his voice, and fometimes with a goad. In this manner they
THE REIN-DEER.
will travel thirty miles without halting, and, if hard pufhed, will trot between
fifty and fixty Englifh miles at one ftretch; but this extraordinary exertion
is always at the expence of the poor creature’s life.
This animal, like all others which have entered into the fervice of man, is
liable to more diforders, in a ftate of fubje@ion, than when he ranges his
native forefts unfubdued. The females are liable to a cracking and bleeding
of their teats; and both male and female are troubled with ulcers near the
hoof. At times they feem to loath their food, and on fuch occafions ftand
full, ruminating or chewing the cud. »They are likewife fubjec&t to the
vertigo, and will often turn round till they die. But the moft fatal
. diforder, to which this animal is fubject, is called, by the natives, the
fuddataka. On the firft attack, the Deer begins to breathe with great
difficulty, its eyes ftare, and its noftrils are expanded.. It foon becomes
| unufually ferocious, indifcriminately attacking all it meets. It ftill continues
to feed as if in health, but ceafes to ruminate, and frequently lies down.
Thus it goes on, daily confuming, till at length it dies from mere inanition.
None were ever yet known to recover from this cruel diforder, which is,
unhappily, highly contagious, and often defolates whole provinces ; the only
way, therefore, to prevent the increafe of the evil, is to kill the infeed
animal inftantly. On diffection, a frothy fubftance is found on the lungs
and in the brain; the inteftines are lax and flabby; and the {pleen is wafted
almoft to nothing.
The Rein-Deer is naturally an inhabitant of the countries bordering on
the arétic circle, and is found in great plenty in Lapland, Siberia, North
_ America, and Kamtichatka.
Many attempts have been made to bring this animal into England, but
none proved fuccefsful, until, in the year 1786, the late Sir H. G. Liddell,
Bart. brought four from Lapland, and five more the following year. Thefe
produced young ones, and there was a reafonable expectation that this ufeful
animal might be naturalized; but they all died, perhaps from unfkilful
management, of a diforder fimilar to what is called the rot in Sheep, and
thus this laudable attempt proved abortive.
wer
ay
TZ.
2.
a“
794 by BW Dartorn
7
THE STAG, OR RED DEER.
Generic CHARACTERS.
Fight cutting teeth in the lower jaw ; none in the upper.
Horns folid, upright, branched, renewed every year.
SYNONIMS.
Cervus Exvaruus, Linn. Sy/t. 93.
Cervus Nositis, Klein Quad. 23.
Rep Deer, Stage, or Harr, Rai Syn. Quad.
Le Cerr, de Buffon, vi. 63. tad. ix. x.
The female is called a Hind.
The young one a Calf.
THE Stag is the ornament of the foreft, and gives a beautiful animation
to the folitudes of nature. Its ufual height is three feet and a half, and it
meafures fix feet from the end of the nofe to the tail, which is very fhort and
generally erect ; its horns are two feet and a half in length ; its eyes are large,
its neck long, its thighs and legs flender, and its hoofs divided into two. Its
general colour in England is reddifh brown, with a black ftripe down the
neck and between the fhoulders, and fome black about the face. This colour |
differs fomewhat in other countries. The whole form of the animal is
excellently calculated for fpeed; it is no wonder, therefore, that the chace of
it has ever been a favourite diverfion to thofe who delight in fuch amufements.
The Stag has been faid to be very long lived, and many wonderful ftories
have been related by naturalifts in fupport of this opinion; but, as it arrives
at maturity in five or fix years, and the length of an animal’s life is ufually
feven. times that period, it is very probable that its utmoft age does not
THE STAG, OR RED DEER.
exceed forty years. The ftate of the horns is the criterion which ferves
to determine its age: thus, during the firft year, the Stag has no horns,
but only a fhort, rough, horny excrefcence, covered with a thin hairy {kin ;
the next year the horns are ftraight and without branches; the third year .
they have two antlers or branches; the fourth year three, the fifth four,
and the fixth five: this number however is not uniformly to be depended on,
_ but is fubje& to fome variation. At fix years old the antlers do not always-
increafe ; and although they may then amount to fix or {even on each horn,
yet the age of the animal is after that period calculated more from the fize of
the antlers and the thicknefs of the branch which fuftains them, than from
their number. ‘The texture of the horns, when full grown, is very firm and
folid, and theyare ufed for making knife-handles and other purpofes; but when
the horn is young, it is tender and exquifitely fenfible: the animal at thefe times
quits his companions, and, feeking the mott retired thickets and folitudes,
never ventures out to feed, except by night, for fear of the flies, which would
not fail to fettle on the foft horns, and keep the poor creature in continual
torture. The Stag fheds and renews his horns every year, and this event
happens early in the {pring ; at thefe times it retires to pools of water, into
which the old horns drop, when they fall off, and this is the reafon they are fo
feldom found : the new horn does not immediately make its appearance, but,
in a fhort time after the old one has fallen off, its place is occupied bya foft
tumour full of blood, and covered with a downy fubftance like velvet. This
increafes daily, and at length fhoots out the antlers on each fide, and a few
days complete the whole head. ‘The young horns are covered with a fort of
bark; which is foft like velvet: it is in fa@ia continuation of the covering of
the f{kull, and is furnifhed with blood-veftels;: which nourifh the increafing
horns: it is the preflure of thefe blood-vetlels that gives thofe furrows and
inequalities to the horns, which they keep ever after. As foon as the horns
have acquired their full growth, this covering and blood-veffels dry up, and
begin to fall off; which operation the animal affifts, by rubbing its antlers
againft the trees. The fize and beauty of the horns mark the ftrength and
vigour of the animal, and thofe are always the largeft which grow on Stags
THE STAG, OR RED DEER.
that have been fed in rich, fertile paftures. The horns continue to increafe
yearly in fize till the creature has attained its eighth year, at which period they
generally bear twenty or twenty-two antlers: they retain this ftate of
perfection during the vigour of life, and -gradually decline as the animal
grows old. The Stag is very furious during the rutting feafon, which
happens in Auguft and September; at this time they have defperate
engagements with each other, which never end till one is either killed or put
to flight: they are in continual agitation, and fcarce ever eat, fleep, or take
repofe, fo that at the clofe of this period, the creature, that was before fierce,
fat, and fleek, becomes timid, lean, and rough. He then retires from the
| herd, which he does not rejoin till he has recovered his former ftrength and
beauty. Although the Stag is bold and even fierce, when urged by neceflity,
he is naturally a cautious and timid animal, and being amply furnifhed with
the means of felf prefervation, he avails himfelf of then continually.
Imprefied by thefe inftinctive faculties, he always feeds in herds, and appoints
one to acd as fentinel, to give an alarm, in cafe of danger. He poffefles the
fenfes of hearing and {melling in high perfection, and will {cent an enemy,
that approaches in the fame direction as the wind, at a great diftance: he
feems delighted with the found of the fhepherd’s pipe, and is fometimes
allured by it to his deftruction.
T he Stag is delicate in the choice of his pafture, and eats flowly ; when
he has fatisfied his appetite, he retires to fome thicket to chew the cud in
fecurity, which operation he performs with more difficulty than the Cow, in
confequence of the length and narrownefs of his throat. He feldom drinks,
while the plants are tender and covered with dew, except in the rutting
feafon: he {wims with great eafe, and has been known to venture out to fea,
in fearch of the female, and to fwim from one ifland to another, although at
the diftance of fome leagues. ‘
It is almoft unneceflary to obferve, that the Hind, or female, has no horns,
and that fhe is lefs and weaker than the male. She goes with young
between eight and nine months, and generally produces but one at a time ;
this fhe carefully and courageoufly guards, and defends againft the attacks of
THE STAG, OR RED DEER. -
the Eagle, Falcon, Wolf, Dog, and many other rapacious animals who are
conftantly in purfuit of it. But her moft unnatural enemy, is the father of
her offspring, from whom fhe is obliged to exert all her fkill and addrefs to
: ‘conceal her young. ‘The flefh of this animal is coarfe and rank, but the {kin
is very ferviceable, and it is from the horns that the celebrated {pirit and falt
of hartfhorn are extracted.
The Stag, in a wild ftate, is become fearce in England; fome few however
are {till to be found in the forefts of Cornwall and Devonfhire, and on the
high mountains of Ireland and Scotland. They are alfo kept in parks with
Fallow Deer; and it is this {pecies that treats the citizens of London with
-their annual hunt on Eafter Monday.
ea
ONHAOM,
by Warten /Harvey KRW ele LT
(S05
2
LPublithed Fez
MUSK.
IN
TIBE TIA
THE TIBETIAN MUSK.
(GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Without horns.
Two long tufks in the upper jaw.
Eight fmall cutting teeth in the lower jaw; none in the upper.
. SYNONIMs.
Carreotus Moscui, Gefner Quad. 695.
aAnmmat Moscuirerum, Raw Syn. Quad. 127. Nieremb. Hift. Nat.
p.184. Gmelin Nov. Comm. Petrop. iv.
Moscuus Moscurrervus. M. Forricuno umBiticaLt, Linn. Sy/t.
mat..gl. — ePis
Musx Anima, Tavernier, Le Brun, Bell, Stirahlenberg.
_ Le Muse, de Buffon, xii. 361.
THE production, from which this animal takes its name,. was long
‘known ‘and valued, before ‘any certain account of the animal itfelf had: been:
obtained by naturalifts. A-native of the remote parts of the eaft, and an.
inhabitant of the defert, it was confidered -only as an object of the chace,,
‘and confounded with the different fpecies of Deer or Antelopes abounding
in thofe regions. © !
The general:appearance of the Mufk is that of a fmall Roebuck. Its.
length is about three feet three inches: its height, from the top. of the
fhoulders to the bottom of the fore feet, is about two feet three inches ;
from the :top of the haunches to the bottom-of the hind feet, two feet niné
inches. ‘The upper jaw «projects confiderably ‘beyond the lower, and is.
THE TIBETIAN MUSK.
furnifhed on each fide with a curved flender tufk, about two inches long,
which are expofed to view when the mouth is clofed, and form the moft
obvious diftinction of the fpecies. Thefe tufks are fharp on their inner -
furface, like a knife; their fubftance refembles ivory. The ears of the Mufk
are long and narrow, pale yellow on the infide, deep brown on the outfide ;
the chin yellowifh; the general colour of the body deep iron grey, the tips
of the hairs being ferruginous, the remainder blackith, growing paler
towards the roots; the hairs are long, erect, waved, and very thick fet.
‘The fore part of the neck is, in fome, marked on each fide with a long
white ftripe, from the head to the cheft; and the flanks and fides are
ob{curely ftreaked’ with whitifh: in others, the colour is uniform. The
hoofs are long, black, and much divided; the tail extremely fhort, and hid
in the fur. The female is lefs than the male, and is without tufks.
The principal places of refidence of this animal are the kingdom of
Tibet, Bontan, Tonquin, and the province of Mohang Meng in China. It
alfo reforts to the neighbourhood of the lake Baikal; and: of the rivers
Janefea\ and Argun. Its favourite haunts are the tops of pine-clad
mountains, and the moft inacceflible wilds; where it lives, like the Chamois
and other mountain quadrupeds, difplaying great activity in its motions, and
flying with precipitation at the approach of man. Sometimes, in deep fnow,
they are compelled by hunger to defcend to the fouthern plains, where they
feed on young corn and rice. Though the chace of them is difficult, and
even dangerous, they are taken in confiderable numbers; for the traveller
Tavernier informs us, that in one journey he purchafed feven thoufand fix
hundred and feventy-three mufk bags.
The drug, for which they are fo much valued, is contained in an oval
bag, or tumour, of the fize of a hen’s egg, hanging from the middle of the
belly of the male only. The mufk is a fecretion from the animal’s fluids,
made in the form of an unctuous, brownifh matter, which may be fqueezed
through two external apertures in the bag. When dry, it is of a dark,
reddifh brown, or rufty black colour, and of a granulated texture. ‘This
fubitance is one of the ftrongeft and moft durable perfumes in nature; and,
THE TIBETIAN MUSK.
when frefh, is fo penetrating as to be almoft infupportable in a large
quantity. It is much employed in perfumery, and alfo in medicine, where
it ads as a powerful ftimulant and antifpafmodic. The mufk of ‘Tibet is
more efteemed than that of any other country. The dearnefs of this drug
renders it very liable to adulteration. The flefh of the male animal is’
greatly infected with the odour, efpecially during the rutting feafon. The
hunters cut off the bag as foon as taken, otherwife the fleth would not be
eatable.
a
= .
* gf bs BY,
WW SOFMOSIE fil
5 set
~
tan Yoon batt. of) Siw eilio. easl ae
*
i}
SH
ae
"Belch London. Leb vil 1200
APE & ORA
Y
Pubtithed by WD arton.J Harvey 71
BARBAR
THE ORANG OUTANG.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Four cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw.
-. Each foot formed like a hand, the nails generally flat, and, except in
oi one inftance, have four fingers and a thumb.
Eye-brows above and below.
SYNONIMS.
Satyrus, Gef/ner Quad. 863.
Homo Syrvestris, Tyfon’s Anat. Pigmy, 1699.
Homo Troctroeytes, Linn. Sy/t. 33.
CHIMPANZEE, Scotin’s Print. 1738.
NO animal has been more confufed by naturalifts and travellers than the
fubject of our prefent difcuffion. The general love of the marvellous, fo
common to mankind, has given rife to numberlefs incredible ftories relating
to its conduct, as extraordinary as they are in general unfounded, which
have not a little added to the confufion, Of the numerous reprefentations
which have been given of this animal, none are to be depended on except
thofe by Dr. Tyfon and the Count de Buffon, the latter of whom candidly
confefles his figure to be incorrect. To thefe we mutt add an elegant, and,
we believe, correct figure, lately publifhed at. Paris, by M. Audebert, in his —
Hitt. Nat. des Singes, a moft beautiful work, not yet finithed; and one
given by M. Schreber, in his Hift. of Quad. in German.
- The ftrength of this animal is faid to be prodigious; and, to make this
appear more probable, travellers, and fome naturalifts, have given it the.
height of fix feet, when full grown; but, perhaps, this extraordinary ftature
THE ORANG OUTANG.
is fomewhat exaggerated, as we have not met with a well authenticated
account of any individual exceeding the height of two feet and a half, when.
erect ; though, it is probable, thefe had not attained their full growth.
The face of the Orang Outang is flat, naked, and furrowed; it is of a
tawny colour, and has a fingular projection where the eye-brows are
placed. ‘The eyes are round, and approach near to each other. Linnzus
fays they are furnifhed with a nictitating membrane, like Owls and other
no@turnal animals; but this we haye never had an opportunity to examine.
The -nofe is fhort, the mouth large and fituated at a confiderable diftance
from the nofe. The ears are much larger than in the generality of Apes,
and the hands and feet are remarkably fhort. The fingers and toes are
divefted of hair, and all furnifhed with nails. The top of the head, the
back, and the fore parts of the arms and legs are covered with coarfe black
hair, except a fpot on the hips, which is naked; but this does not appear to
be a conftant character, fome individuals having that part covered with
hair. The breaft, belly, and inward parts of all the limbs are almoft naked.
The direétion of the hair on the fore arm is rather fingular ; being all pointed
upwards from the wrift to the elbow. The general afpect of this animal
feems to warrant the idea of its poffefling great bodily ftrength; his breaft
is broad and large, and his limbs very mufcular.
The Orang Outang inhabits the interior parts of Africa, it frequents —
defert places, and thickets which produce the tree called, by Linnzus,
Adanfonia baobab, of which it is remarkably fond. _
Travellers aflert that it conftructs habitations, which it covers with the
leaves of trees: thefe it relinquifhes to the females with their young, and
lives out of doors (4).
This animal poffeffes great appearance of intelle&; it is eafily tamed
when taken young, and fhews marks of attachment to thofe perfons with
whom. it affociates; never forgetting either good or bad treatment. It
learns to walk erect, though its gait is rather awkward. Some have
afferted, that it may be taught to perform particular fervices; fuch as,
(4) Matthews’ Voyage to Sierra Leona.
THE ORANG OUTANG.
fetching water, pounding in a mortar, turning a {pit, and handing drink to
others; that it will learn to fit at table, ufe a knife and fork at its meals: in
fhort, perform any actions which are confiftent with its organization,
divefted of the operations of the mind. ‘The Chimpanzee, which was
publicly fhewn in London, in 1738, was extremely mild, affeCtionate, and
good-natured; ate like a human creature; would lie down in bed with its
hand under its head ;- fetch a chair to fit down on; drink tea; pour it into
a faucer, if too hot; cry like a child; and be uneafy at the abfence of its
keeper (4).
A young female, of this {pecies, is now in the Leverian Mufeum. It was
fent to the late Sir Athton Lever by Mr. Smeathman, who received it from
the internal parts of Africa. During fix months that it lived with him, it
_ was very much attached to him, imitated human actions, fed itfelf with a
fpoon, and lay in bed with its head on a pillow, and its body and limbs
covered with the bed clothes.
If any credit is to be given to the relations of travellers, the Orang
Outang is faid to be paffionately fond of women, and that they will carry off
negrefles by force. Although they are capable of being rendered mild and
gentle, they are naturally fierce and favage, and, when wild in their defert
haunts, feem to have a fixed averfion to the human {pecies, attacking and
killing the negroes who wander by themfelves in the woods. They live
entirely on fruits and nuts, fleep in trees, and will throw ftones at thofe who
offend them. They affect folitude, are grave and melancholy in their
appearance, and never difpofed to frolic, even when young.
The learned Dr. Tyfon, who diflected one of thefe animals, very
accurately remarks (s), that the principal external differences between this
animal and the human {pecies confifts in the following particulars : the arms
are much longer, and the thighs fhorter, the thumb is {maller, and the palm
of the hand longer and narrower ; it differs likewife in the form of the feet,
the toes being much longer, and the large toe placed at a greater diftance
(a) Pennant.
(8) Tyfon’s Anat. of a Pigmy, fol. London, 1699.
THE ORANG OUTANG.
from the others; the forehead is higher, the nofe flatter, and the eyes much —
funk: he has likewife enumerated many eflential differences in its internal
conformation. | |
Mr. Pennant thinks Sir John Mandeville certainly meant this animal,
when he fays, in his travels, p. 361, that he came to “ another yle where
the folk ben alle fkynned roughe heer, as a rough beft, faf only the face and
the pawme of the hand.”
There is certainly a ftriking refemblance between the external form of
fome Apes, particularly of the Orang Outang, and that of the human
{pecies; and, as an ingenious writer obferves (a), fo great is the fimilitude
between their movements and phyfiognomy, that man, aftonithed as it were,
at the unexpected afpect of thefe animals, and afhamed of the many
refemblances, fo degrading to human nature, has been willing to allow Apes
an underftanding fuperior to the reft of the brute creation: This has, in a
great meafure, given rife to the marvellous hiftories, and dreams of a heated
imagination, with which our predeceffors have loaded us, when treating of
thefe animals. ‘Thefe relations, frequently hazarded and repeated, have led
to the belief, that a race of animals really -exifted, which occupied the
intermediate fpace between man and the brute creation.
It is worthy of remark, that the fingers of Apes, Baboons, and Monkeys
haye not the faculty of moving feparately as in man, but that they open and
fhut all together. It is perhaps greatly owing to this circumftance that
their imitation falls fo far fhort of perfection.
| Camper, in his “ Differtation of the natural Varieties which charaerize
the Phyfiognomy of Men of different Climates and different Ages,” after
having examined the profile of the head of a perfect man, fuch as the
Greeks have left us as a model, finds that the facial line is perpendicular to
a horizontal line pafling from the bottom of the nofe to the auditory paflages;
and that it departs more or lefs from its perpendicular, in proportion as
the fubject is more or lefs civilized ; or, in other words, in proportion as
the intellectual faculty is more or lefs cultivated.
(a) Audebert.
THE ORANG OUTANG.
If we carry this idea to the Orang Outang, we fhall certainly find he
approaches nearer to man in that particular than any other animal does;
yet, after all, as the Count de Buffon finely obferves, “ the interval which
feparates the two fpecies is immenfe: the ape’s refemblance in figure and
organization, and the movements of imitation which feem to refult from
thefe fimilarities, neither make him approach the nature of man, nor elevate
him above that of a brute; no difpofition of matter will give mind, and the
body, how nicely foever formed, is formed in vain, when there is not infufed
a foul, to direct its operations.”
Wty A
Hea
ee ae
Wray
te Jaz
he ~ we
Reese: ECHS bs eee
a
f,
ue rent ts
PU GE TaD
THE BARBARY APE.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Four cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Each foot formed like a hand, the nails generally flat, and, except in
one inftance, has four fingers and a thumb.
Eye-brows above and below.
SYNONIMS.
Kuvoxegaros, Arift. Hit. An. lib. ii. c. 8.
Crnocepuatus, Plin. lib. vill. c. 54. Gefner Quad. 859.
Simia Invuvs, Linn. Syft. Nat. 35.
Simius CynocepuaLus, Pr. Alp. Egypt. i. 241. tab, xv. xvi.
Le Macor de Buffon, xiv. 109. tad. vil. viii.
Le Since Crnocepuare, Briffon Quad.
Barpary Ape, Pennant’s Syn. Quad. 100.
Yerrow Ars, Du Halde Chin. i. 120. La Roque Voy. Arab. 210.
IT appears from the writings of Ariftotle, Pliny, and others, that the
ancient naturalifts were acquainted with this animal; but they have made
two fpecies of it, calling it Pithecus in its young ftate, and Cynocephalus
after it had attained its full growth. ‘They defcribed the Pithecus as having
very fhort canine teeth, no longer than the cutting teeth, and a muzzle
equally fhort; whereas their Cynocephalus had very long and large canine
teeth, and the nofe confiderably lengthened, like that of a Dog. The mittake
was eafily made; but a circumftance which happened to the late Count de
Buffon puts the matter out of all difpute. That celebrated naturalift, in
his fupplement, gives a figure of an Ape, under the name of Pithéque, which
THE BARBARY APE.
had been fent to him alive, from Barbary, by Profeflor des Fontaines. This
animal had all the characters afcribed to the Pithecus of the ancients ; but it |
was young when he received it; and fome time afterwards the canine teeth
increafed greatly in length and fize, the muzzle became larger and longer,
and the animal proved to be the true Cynocephalus, or Barbary Ape. There
is another circumftance which may perhaps have likewife contributed to this
miftake: the individuals of every {pecies of Monkeys and Apes differ greatly
in their fize and colour, owing to the climate they are in, the kind of
nourifhment they receive, and the ftate of liberty or flavery in which they
live. | | Aue
The Barbary Ape has no tail, but only a little appendage of {kin, about
fix lines in length. It has pouches, callofities on its thighs, and very
{trong canine teeth. Its face is tawny, {potted with brown; it is whitith
under the eyes, which are of a greenifh grey. ‘The body is covered with
hairs of a greenifh brown; they are very thick fet on the back, but thinner
on the belly, where they are likewife more inclining to white. It is from
three to four feet high, when in an erect pofture. It walks more on all four
feet than on two, and, when fitting, fupports its body on two callofities
fituated on the buttocks. |
This animal, when full grown, is very dull, fullen, ill-natured, fierce,
and mifchievous, and not to be tamed; but, when taken young, it is capable
of receiving a fort of education, and may, by difcipline, be taught to
perform fome tricks. It is very common in exhibitions of animals. -Dellon
fays (A) they will aflemble in great troops, in the open fields, in India; will
attack women going:'to market, and take their provifions from them. ‘The
females carry their young in their arms, and will Jeap from tree to tree with
them. Apes were formerly worfhipped in India, and had magnificent
temples erected to them (s). Linfchotten relates (c), that when the
Portuguefe plundered one of thefe temples, in the Ifland of Ceylon, they
found, in a little gold cafket, the’ tooth of an Ape; a relic held by the
(4) Dellon’s Voy. 83. (8) Pennant. (c) Linfchotten Voy. 53.
ee RecN” 7k: Nig ae ae Aa
THE BARBARY APE. |
natives in fuch veneration, that they offered. 700,000 ducats to redeem it;
but in vain, for it was burned by the viceroy, to ftop the progrefs of idolatry. |
This {pecies is very diffufe; it is found in moft parts of India, and in all
parts of Africa, except Egypt, where it ig never found (p). A few breed on
the hill of Gibraltar, which are probably defcended from a pair efcaped from
confinement, as none are to be found in any other part of Spain. They are
fo common in Barbary, that the trees are fometimes covered with them:
they live on fruits. Their flefh is eaten by the wild Arabs.
{p) Pennant,
NANG
NN
LIN
wife
HA
Ue
ide
i f} i Wi by OY) i { ay Wy fis H i AHN Ah sue: SE
F rupee ) Yi Wy LY {
(i
Hea ‘yes y Ais (t
aioe Y i y uy y Wh)
PAM
PONS
ESS
SSS
dhifhed by Wharton THarvey dW eich London. Deo! 10P1602.
MUSTACHE &
BED NOSE BABOON.
THE RIBBED-NOSE BABOON.
Generic CHARACTERS.
Four cutting, and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Each foot formed like a hand, generally with flat nails, and, except
in one inftance, has four fingers and a thumb.
Eyebrows above and below. :
Tail fhort.
SYNONIMS.
Le Manpritu, de Buffon, xiv. 154. tad. xvi. xvii.
Simia Marmon, Linn. Sy/t. 35.
- Le Maimon, Schreber, 90. tab. vii.
RIBBED-NOSE Baxsoon, Pennant Hifi. Quad. vol. i. p. 190.
WHETHER we confider this fingular animal with refpect to its fize~
and ftrength, or contemplate the variety of beautiful colours with which its
body is embellithed, we muft of neceflity allow it a diftinguifhed place —
among the objects of curiofity and admiration.’
Its long naked nofe, partly refembling that of a hog, is marked on either
fide with broad ribs of violet blue; a vermilion line begins a little above its
_ eyes, and defcends on each fide the face to the tip of its nofe; its chin is
furnifhed with a fhort and tapering orange beard; the infide of its ears are
blue, gradually foftening to purple, and terminating in vermilion; its rump is
likewife of a vermilion colour,.and the admirable tints on its hips are
gradations from red to blue: the hair on its forehead, being long and
inclining backward, forms a fort of pointed ereft; its back and legs are
covered with fhort foft hair, of a dufky colour mottled with yellow; but on
its breaft.and belly the hair is long, whitith, and fprinkled with fmall dark
THE RIBBED-NOSE BABOON.
fpots. Its tail is very hairy, and meafures about two inches in length; its.
feet and hands are black and naked; its nails sae and its length about two
feet from the nofe to the tail. | |
The animal diftinguithed in the writings of Barbot and: ‘Bofman(a) by
9
the name of “the Smitten,” is a large f{pecies to be referred to this genus:
it is defcribed as having a great head and fhort tail, growing to the furprifing
height of five feet, and being of a moufe colour; it is alfo faid to be
extremely fierce, libidinous, and powerful. One of this kind was exhibited,
_fome years ago, in the north of England. Its ftrong harfh voice was
fomewhat fimilar to the ordinary growl of a lion; its, moft common attitude
was fitting upon its rump, with its arms placed before it; but when it
changed its ftation it went upon all fours, unlefs compelled by. its keeper
to walk erect.
The Tretretretre(p) of Madagafcar is another member of this truly
remarkable family. It is faid to be equal in fize to a calf of two years old;
to have a round head, with the ears and vifage of a man; the feet of an ape;
curling hair, and a very fhort tail. This fpecies, though of a folitary
difpofition, appears to be an object of terror to the natives, who avoid its
haunts as feduloufly as it fies from the vicinage of their habitations.
The Ribbed-nofe Baboon inhabits the hotteft parts of Africa. It feeds
on nuts and fucculent fruits; and is faid to be fond of eggs, feveral of which
it will depofit in its pouches at once, and then take them. out fingly, for the.
purpofe of breaking them at the end and {wallowing the contents,
(a) Barbot’s Guinea, 212. Bofman’s Guinea, 242.
{s) Vide Pennant’s Hifory of Quadrupeds, Vol, I. page 191;
THE MUSTACHE.
Generic Cuaracrers.
Lower jaw furnifhed with pouches for the reception of food.
Pofteriors (generally) naked.
Tail ftraight, and longer than the body.
SYNONIMS.
Le Movsrac, de Buffon, Xiv. 283. tab. xxxix.
Simia cepuHus, Linn. Sy/t. 39.
CreRcoPITHECUS ALIUS GuINEENSIS, Raiz Syn. Quad. 156.
Mousracue, Pennant Hit. Quad. vol. i. p. 205.
SEVERAL travellers have confounded this animal with another f{pecies,
called the White-nofed Monkey, and this miftake has probably arifen from
a white tranfverfe line which appears deneath the nofe of the Muttache.
The difference, however, is very obvious, as the other {pecies have a white
nofe, confiftent with their name; but the nofe of the Muttache, exclufive of
the above mentioned mark, is of the {ame colour with the ret of his face.
The face and ears of the Muftache are of a dirty blue colour; the
eyelids are of a flefh colour; the edge of the lips, and the fpace round the
eyes, are black; and the cheeks are adorned with two tufts of yellow hair,
refembling muftaches. The hair on the body is brown; the throat, breatt,
and belly are of a greyifh blue; the tail is brown at the infertion, and
orange coloured towards the extremity. ‘The length of the body is about
one foot, and that of the tail eighteen inches.
We know nothing particularly refpecting the habits of thefe beatts ;
they are, however, very gentle whilft in a ftate of bondage.
‘This fpecies is found in Africa.
par
THE SPOTTED MONKEY.
Generic CHARACTERS.
Lower jaw furnifhed with pouches for the reception of food.
Buttocks (generally) naked.
Tail ftraight, not prehenfile.
. SYNONIMS.
Srmra Diana, Linn. Sy/ft. 38.
L’Exeuima, de Buffon, xv. 16.
Spottep Monxey, Pennant Hift. Quad. vol. i. p: 201.
La Diane, Schreber 115, tab. xiv.
CERCOPITHECUS BARBATUS GuUINEENSIS, Exquima, Rati Syn.
Quad. 156. |
THIS animal differs from all other Monkeys by its beard, which is
extremely long, thin, and pointed at the end: the face of the Spotted
Monkey is long and triangular; its nofe prominent: the under part of its
head of a blackifh grey colour: its forehead is adorned with fhort white
hairs, and its jaws are thickly covered with the fame: the top of its back,
with the fides, arms, thighs, legs, and tail, is of a dark flate colour: its breatt
and the infide of its arms are white: a large ftripe of reddith brown extends
itfelf, in the form of a pyramid, from the tail to the fhoulders: the made of
the thighs is orange coloured, and a white line extends from the outer part
of the thigh to the knee: the upper parts of the body are marked with white
{pecks. } :
Thefe creatures are inhabitants of Guinea; they ufually meafure eighteen
inches, and the tail is of a confiderable length.
THE SPOTTED MONKEY.
Linnzus seems to vary from this defcription in his account of his Simia
Diana, which, he fays, is about the fize of a large Cat; of a black colour,
{potted with white: the forehead marked with an arched, white line, pafling
over each eye to the ears: the beard pointed; black above, white beneath,
and placed on a fat excrefcence: the throat and breaft white: the thighs
marked with a white line, that defcends from the rump: the tail long,
straight, and black: the ears and feet of the fame colour: and the mouth
furnithed with large canine teeth.
THE EGRET.
Generic CHARACTERS.
Lower jaw furnifhed with pouches for the reception of food.
Pofteriors (generally) naked.
Tail ftraight, and longer than the body.
SYNONIMS.
Simra ayeura, Linn. Syft. 39. Ofbeck’s Voy, i. 151.
L’Atcretre, de Buffon, xiv. 190. tab. xxi. Schreber, 129. tad, xxii.
Eeret, Pennant Hift. Quad. vol. i. p. 207.
THESE animals are extremely ugly ; they have a habit of grinding their
teeth and wrinkling up thew faces: they are inhabitants of Africa, and live
in great numbers together. They make dreadful havoc in cultivated fields,
by fcratching up a great deal more corn than they can poffibly confume.
When in a ftate of confinement they are docile, and fometimes remarkably
gentle. M. Audebert obferves, that he once faw a female of this defcription,
tending and carefling her little one in a granary: the fight was very
interefting, and the owner of the granary afferted, that he had confined the
creature, for feveral years, in a cage.
The face of the Egret is of a livid colour; and the hair that furrounds it
is grey, mixed with a little white and black, which, {tanding out in different
directions, gives the animal a very extraordinary appearance: the whole of
the body is grey, and the belly is of a whitifh colour: the length of the tail
is eighteen inches.
Pennant informs us, that thefe animals will fawn on men, dogs, and their
own {pecies; that, on feeing a Monkey of another kind, they greet him with
a variety of grimaces; and that, when a large company of them {fleep, they
put their heads together, and make a continual noife during the night.
| ee. ae £ b 3 e
+ “Sabhy ep 2X
hee ka oe
I cg hg itn &
wht estat
\
\
\
\
Lt
OC
?
v
ON IA
{
SAL VT
Cli
C
LION
THE LION-TAILED BABOON.
Generic CHARACTERS.
Four cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Each of the feet formed like hands, with flat nails. |
Eye-brows above and below.
SYNONIMS.
SIMIA VETER. SIMIA CAUDATA BARBATA ALBA, BARBA NIGRA,
Linn, Syft. 36. Briffon Quad. 147. ,
Le SINGE BARBU NoIR, Schreber, 107. tad. xi.
Lion-Taitep Bazsoon, Pennant’s Hit. Quad. vol. i. p. 189.
CERCOPHITHECUS BARBATUS PRIMUS, Clufiz Exot. 371. Raw Syn.
Quad. 159. Klein Quad. 89.
OvanveERou, de Buffon, xiv. 169. tad. xviii.
THE length of this curious animal is about fifteen inches, from the
crown of the head to the infertion of the tail; its bulk is that of a middling
fized Dog; its vilage is long, canine, and completely encircled with a full
bufhy. beard ; its nails are flat; its teeth large - and its tail terminated with
a tuft of hair like that of the Lion: the cheeks and pofteriors are bare; the —
hair on the belly is grey, exclufive of which the body is generally black.
The fpecies, however, appears to be various, as the Grey Lion-tailed Baboon
is feen with a white beard, the black with a grey beard, and others are
defcribed as being perfealy white.
Thefe animals refide in the forefts, where an exuberant produce of fruit
and foliage affords them an abundant fubfiftence. ‘They are extremely
mifchievous, and will not permit any of the other kinds either to affociate
THE LION-TAILED BABOON.
with them, or to dwell in their neighbourhood, fo that the pretended refpect
of the other Baboons, for thefe ill-difpofed quadrupeds, is in reality nothing
more than the refult of timidity. They are likewife very fierce, and are faid
to attempt outrages on fuch females as they occafionally find ftraying in the
_woods(a); yet, if taken young, their ferocity gradually fubfides, and they
finally become tame and familiar.
Mr. Pennant mentions a fierce and ill-natured animal, of this fpecies,
that was exhibited fome years ago in London. Its tail was exactly the length
of its back, and its beard reached entirely up the cheeks, as far as the eyes.
The Lion-tailed Baboon inhabits the Eaft Indies and the hotteft parts of
Africa. |
(a) Hiftoire Naturelle des Singes, par Audebert, Famille ii. sec, i.
THE COCHIN-CHINA MONKEY.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Each lower jaw furnifhed with a pouch for the reception of food.
Buttocks (generally) naked.
Tail ftraight, and longer than the body.
SYNONIMS.
Le Douc, de Buffon, xiv. 298. tad. xli.
Le Granp SINGE DE LA Cocuin-CuHiIneE, Schreber, 137, tab. xxiv.
AMONG the various and numerous claffes of quadrupeds that excite our
curiofity, or claim our admiration, the Cochin-China Monkey is indifputably
the moft remarkable, as preferving the greateft purity and harmony of
colour, in that robe with which he is adorned by nature. His fhort, flat
face, is of a reddifh brown, fhaded on each fide bya long yellow beard: his
forehead is black, and the reft of his head grey: a ftrong tinge of purplifh
brown furrounds his. neck, in manner of a collar: his arms, on the upper
part, are grey; but, from the elbows to the hands, they are perfectly white;
his fingers are black; his back, belly, and fides grey, tinged with yellow;
his loins and tail are white; his thighs fable; his knees and legs of a chefnut
colour, and his feet black. ;
Thefe colours are all pure, never mingling with each other; and as their
{hades are not very lively, the aflemblage is perfectly harmonious and
inexpreflibly pleafing.
The generality of digitated quadrupeds, found in Afia and Africa, have
their pofteriors naked, but thofe of this animal are covered with hair. An
THE COCHIN-CHINA MONKEY.
individual of this defcription will fometimes ‘abate four feet in length,
from the nofe to the infertion of the tail.
Thefe Monkeys inhabit Cochin-China and Madagafcar. They frequently |
walk on their hind legs; are faid to fubfift on beans; and to aaa a
fubftance known by the name of Bezoar du Singe(a).
(4) Hiftoire Naturelle des Singes, par Audebert, Famille iv, sec. i.
~
vee
———
Ss
Dhets on Gel.
9 Lt: PORE
AchLondon Aayast 26° 1602,
Lublifhed bo WD artan THar ey
FOUR FINGERED &HORNED MONKEYS
THE FOUR-FINGERED MONKEY.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Pofteriors covered with hair.
No pouches in the jaws.
Tail prehenfile.
SYNONIMS. :
Le Coarra, De Buffon, xv.16. Schreber, 140. tad, xxvi.
Srm1a Paniscus, Lenn. Sy/l. 37.
Quato, Bancroft Guiana, 131.
_ SprpeR Monkey, Edw. Gleanings, ili. 222.
CERCOPITHECUS MAJOR NIGER, FACIEM HUMANAM REFERENS,
Quovara. Barrere France A:quin. 150.
THE limbs of this animal are fo extremely long and flender, that fome
authors have given it the appellation of the Spider Monkey. Its face is of a
livid flefh colour. The hair that covers its body is long, black, and rough.
Its tail is rather bare of hair at the extremity, and very long. Its hands, or
fore feet, are diftinguifhed from thofe of every other variety by wanting a
thumb; but, ona minute examination, we perceive a fort of tufted fubftance
that indicates the place where the thumb fhould have been. The length of
the body is about eighteen inches, and that of the tail near two feet.
M. Audebert informs us, in his Natural Hiftory of Monkeys, that he has
feen an individual of this fpecies take up ftraw with its tail, in the fame
manner as an Elephant would have done with his trunk. He alfo afferts,
that he has feen the fame animal climb up the trees at Paris, hang by its
THE FOUR-FINGERED MONKEY.
tail from the branches, and form a link, in order to reach the neighbouring
tree; and, at other times, it would hold an apple in its tail, to the great
delight of the {pectators, who amufed themfelves with throwing fruit to it
and obferving its fingular geftures.
Notwithftanding the air of melancholy which feems imprefled on the
_countenances of thefe animals, they are in reality extremely vivacious, and
fufficiently daring to attack a fingle traveller. ‘They are, however, greatly
terrified at Dogs, whofe prefence they feduloufly avoid, and the difcharge of
a gun puts the boldeft of them to immediate flight. Indeed they poffefs but
a {mall fhare of real bravery, as, notwithftanding their frequent {kirmithes,
they always run away in time of danger. j
Thefe animals are very numerous in Guinea, where they walk together
in great troops, and fubfift on fruits, (principally that of the palm tree,) |
worms, infects, &c. We are likewife aflured that, by the affiftance of their
tails, they are able to catch fifh, and know extremely well how to open the
fhell of an oyfter, fo as to get at the contents.
If an individual of this defcription be wounded with an arrow, he will
draw it out, and throw it, in revenge, at the perfon who difcharged it. If
he is wounded by a gun, his comrades exhibit many figns of terror, and
inftantly carry him under a tree, where they endeavour, by holding their
hands over the wound, to ftop the effufion of blood: but, when mortally
wounded, he will cling by his hands and tail to the branches, and continue
thus fufpended a confiderable time after he is dead.
It feems a difficult tafk to kill one of thefe animals, even after they are
brought to the ground; as they are more tenacious of exiftence than other
quadrupeds, and in the time of extreme danger make {fo ftrong an appeal, by
their looks and motions, to the humanity of their difturbers, as fometimes
compels the young and generous fportfman to relinquifh his amufement in
favour of the {pecies. When the Four-fingered Monkey finds himfelf in
the power of his enemy, he ftretches forth his arms towards him, looks in
his face with unfpeakable earneftnefs, and, moving his jaws, feems to
petition for mercy. ‘Thefe expreffive looks and geftures, from an animal
fo refembling man, are well adapted to roufe the tendereft emotions in
THE FOUR-FINGERED MONKEY.
the fufceptible bofom; nor can we poffibly be furprifed at any perfon’s
refufing to deftroy thefe creatures, when we picture to ourfelves a wounded
_ Monkey ftretched on the ground, covered with blood, ftruggling with death,
ftretching his little hands towards his foe, and turning towards him a
face almoft human; while the expreflive looks of his dying eyes are
evidently defigned to reproach him for the agonies he feels from approaching
death.
Stedman, having wounded one of thefe Monkeys, held it by the tail, and
twirling it round in the air, ftruck its head forcibly againift a tree; the
blow, however, proved ineffeGtual, and the piteous looks of the fuffering
animal forbade a repetition of the cruelty. Stedman, therefore, unable
longer to bear the affecting fight, plunged the animal in water, and thus
terminated its mifery with its exiftence.
Dampier’s remarks on thefe animals are very entertaining. ‘‘ There
was, fays he, “‘a great company dancing from tree to tree over my head,
making a terrible noife, and exhibiting many antic geftures. Some broke
down dry fticks and flung at me, others {cattered their excrements on my
head, and one, bigger than the reft, approached fo near as to make me leap
back ; but the animal fufpended itfelf from a branch by the tip of its tail,
and there continued {winging to and fro, making mouths at me. The
females,’ fays the fame author, “ are much troubled to leap after the males,
as they are commonly encumbered with two young ones. ‘They are very
fullen when taken, and difficult to be procured when {fhot, as they will
cling with their feet or tail to a bough while any life remains. When I
have fired at one and broken a leg or arm, I have actually pitied the creature
while it gazed in anguifh on the fraétured limb, and turned it cautioufly
from fide to fide.”
Pennant informs us, that thefe auamials are extremely active, and are faid
to enliven the American forefts, where they facilitate their removal to the
tops of diftant trees by hanging down in a fort of chain, linked to each
other by their tails; and thus fwinging till the lowermott catches hold of a
branch and draws up his affociates. They will occafionally pafs rivers by
the fame curious method.
THE FOUR-FINGERED MONKEY.
When domefticated, they are very docile and frolicfome, and will return
to a cage of their own accord; they are, however, very tender, and feldom
live long in our climate.
_ Both travellers and anatomitts agree, that the body of the Four-fingered
Monkey contains a long thin worm, which is invariably found in the {pecies,
whether diffected in a ftate of confinement, or examined when killed in the
forefts, where they have free liberty and the choice of their own food.
THE HORNED MONKEY.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Pofteriors covered with hair.
No pouches in the jaws.
Tail prehenfile.
SYNONIMS.
Simia Fatueryvus, Linn, Sy/t. 42.
Hornep Monxey, Pennant Hift. Quad. vol. i. p. 221.
CERCOPITHECUS EX NIGRO ET FUSCO VARIEGATUS, FASCICULIS
DUOBUS PILORUM CAPITIS CORNICULORUM MULIS. LE
Sapayou cornu, Briffon Quad. 138.
THE Horned Monkey is not above eleven inches long, from the tip of
the nofe to the infertion of the tail. Its face is of a flefh colour, but the
hair on the cheeks is blackith; the lips are of a greyifh white. The hair on
the forehead is fhort and white, and terminates on each fide in two long
black tufts, in the form of horns, and of a woolly fubftance like that which
covers the head of an owl. The hair that covers the top of the head is quite
black; and that which furrounds the face is black mingled with red. The
whole of the back and thighs are of a yellow brown; but the upper part of
the arms, with the cheft and belly, are of a very light yellow. ‘The arms,
from the elbow to the wrift, with the hands, legs, feet, and tail, are black.
The tail is long and curly, and is entirely covered with hair; that is to fay,
it is not naked at the extremity.
Thefe animals are extremely familiar, yet, when under confinement, they
frequently utter a melancholy cry, expreflive of their difcontent. Few of
them will live in Europe; and they muft be kept in very hot places to
preferve them at all. ‘They are inhabitants of America.
4
2 e
’ 2
st}
AMIN “
el
Mh il iy
5 i { > Ir) i jj i)
aH) yy LUNN
NNW | MG
Li
Tn Ke Fae OW, aecnerteiee sees
PROBOSCIS MONKEY,
Phe Fi
a
‘
:
THE PROBOSCIS MONKEY.
Generic CHARACTERS.
Lower jaw furnifhed with pouches for the reception of food.
Buttocks (generally) naked.
Tail ftraight, and longer than the body.
SYNONIMS.
Simra Nasitca, Daubenton, Memoire lu a UInflttut National de
France. re.
Le Kauav, Cercorituecus Larvatus, Wurmbs, Memoires de la
Société de Batavia. — :
La Nasieve, Cuvier, Tableau Elémentaire del’ Hiftoire Naturelle des
Anumaux.
Bantansan, the Name of this Animal in its native Country. —
Le Guenon a tone Nez, De Buffon, Supplem. vii. 53. tab. xi, xi.
Progposcis Monkey, Pennant, Syn. Quad. vol. ii. p. 322.
AN exceffively long, trunk-like nofe, which projects very far beyond the
mouth, has given an appellation to this fingular-looking animal. It is a
rare fpecies, and one of the largeft of the Monkey tribe, being three’ feet
four inches in height, when ftanding ere. Its face, which is deftitute of
hair, is of adark brown colour; and, from the flatnefs of the fkull, the
eyes appear very prominent. ‘T he nofe is four inches long ; the nottrils are
placed at the extremity. The hair on the forehead and crown of the head
c of a dark reddifh brown; that which encircles the face is brighter, and
terminates in a point at the chin. The back is alfo of a dark reddith
brown, {potted with yellow; the breaft and belly are of a reddifh grey;
and there is a diftiné line of a lighter colour acrofs the cheft. ‘The upper
THE PROBOSCIS MONKEY.
part of the arms is of a brightith red, with a line of white over the fhoulders 3
the lower parts of the arms and legs are of a yellowith grey; and the four
extremities are of the fame colour. The loins and tail are white: the latter
is above two feet in length.
In the National Mufeum of France there are two individuals of this
{pecies; the one a male, the other a female. The back of the male is not
{potted with yellow, agreeable to the above defcription; however, this is
not confidered as a conftant character, and it is probable that their colours
vary according to their age. ‘The female in queftion is fmaller than the
male; but as they have been known to. have young ones when only a foot
in height, it is concluded that they begin to breed long before they have
attained their full fize.
The only account of the manners of thefe animals, which we have been —
able to procure, is contained in the following extra& from the defcription
of Wurmbs, in the Memoirs of the Society of Batavia. <'Thefe Monkeys.
keep in great herds; in their cry, which is very deep, one may diftin@ly
hear the word kahau, from which the Europeans, by changing the / into 5,
have given the animal the name of Kabau; while the natives of Pontiana,
in Borneo, where it is principally found, call it Bantanjan, from the form
of its nofe. The brain perfe@tly refembles that of man; the lungs are
white; there is much fat about the heart, which is almoft the only part of
the body where it is to be found; the ftomach is very large, and of an
irregular form; and, from the under jaw to the clavicles, a fack is extended
under the {fkin.
“'Thefe animals aflemble mornings and evenings, at the rifing and fetting
of the fun, on the borders of rivers, where, in playing among the branches
of the great trees, they offer an agreeable {pectacle, leaping with agility the
diftance of fifteen or twenty feet, at the fame time {preading out their hands
and feet in a remarkable manner; but I have never obferved them to hold
their nofe in leaping, as has been afferted. Their food is unknown, which
makes it impoffible to keep them alive.”
THE LONG-ARMED APH.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Four cutting, and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Each of the feet formed like hands, generally with flat nails, and,
except in one inftance, have four fingers and a thumb.
Eye-brows above and below.
SYNONIM.
Le cranp Grszon, de Buffon, xiv. 92. tab. it. Schreber, 78. tab. iil.
THE appearance of this Ape is rendered peculiarly difgufting by its arms,
which are of fo difproportional a length as to reach to the ground when its
body is in an erect pofition. Its flat, {warthy face is completely furrounded
with grey hairs; its eyes are large, but deeply funk; and, exclufive of its
ears and pofteriors, it is covered on every part with black, rough hair; its
difpofition is gentle, inoftenfive, and tractable; and it commonly grows to
the height of four feet.
A variety of this fpecies is noticed by Mr. Pennant, as greatly refembling
the former, but differing in its coat, which is brown and grey ; and being
-fhorter of ftature. ,
The fame gentleman mentions an (a) animal (lately in the pofleffion of
a Britifh nobleman) which was fo nearly allied to this variety in fhape as to
be indivifible ; yet its arms were fhorter, and its form more elegant ; its face,
ears, hands, and feet, were black; but the other parts of its body were
covered with filvery hairs; it was about three feet high, good-natured,
vivacious, and frolickfome.
Thefe animals are found in great numbers among the woods of Malacca,
Sumatra, and the Molucca Ilands; where they fubfift on leaves, fruits, and
barks of trees. t vi
(4) Pennant’s Hiftory of Quadrupeds, Vol. I. page 184,
4 ite or Ree
Cat A SMP SUT
fl 5 os Pray
ee ~."
2 es
a
TAUCAUTCO
ai\
ai
IRING TAIL
THE TAILLESS MAUCAUCO.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Six cutting teeth, and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Feet formed like hands.
Vifage fharp, pointed like a Fox.
SYNONIMS.
Lemur TARDIGRADUS, Lin. Syft. 44.
SIMIA UNGUIBUS INDICIS PEDUM POSTERIORUM LONGIS, INCURVIS, ET
acutis, Briffon Quad. 134. |
ANIMALCULUM CYNOCEPHALUM, Ceylonecum, Seb. Mus. |. tab. 35.
Cercopituecus, Ceylonicus, Kleen Quad. 86.
ANIMAL ELEGANTISSIMUM, Rodinfont, Rait Syn. Quad. 161.
Le Loris, de Buffon, xiii. 210.
THIS animal is fixteen inches long, from the nofe to the rump. The head
is {mall, and the nofe fharp pointed; the ears {hort ; the eyes furrounded firft
| by a white circle, and then by a black one; the {pace between them is white:
a dark ferruginous line extends from the top of the head along the middle
of the back to the rump, it is bifurcated on the forehead, and each divifion,
joining to the black circle which furrounds the eyes, makes the animal look
as if it wore fpectacles: the toes are deftitute of hair, and furnifhed with flat.
nails, except the inner toe of each hind foot, the nails of which are long,
fharp, and crooked: the body is covered all over with foft, fhort, and filky
fur, of a reddith ath-colour : it is very inactive and flow in its motions, and,
in thefe particulars, refembles the Sloth, though it differs from it eflentially
THE TAILLESS MAUCAUCO.
in its generic characters. It is very tenacious of its hold, and makes a
plaintive noife. It frequents the woods and feeds on fruits: it will likewife
devour {mall birds very greedily, and is fond of eggs: it inhabits Bengal and
the ifland of Ceylon. |
Mr. Pennant remarks, that the figure given by M. de Buffon, which he
calls Le Loris, has a much longer vifage than this; that it correfponds with
Seba’s figure, ad. 35. And that each of them is much lefs than the animal
juft defcribed ; but it is not eafy to afcertain whether they differ in {pecies,
or are only varieties.
THE RINGTAIL MAUCAUCO.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Feet formed like hands.
Vifage fharp pointed like a Fox.
SYNONIMS.
LEMUR CATTA, Linn. Syft. 45.
Le Mococo, de Buffon, Kite 7S. taby xu:
Maucauco, Edw. 197.
Mocawkx, Grofe’s Voy, 41.
ProsimMia CINEREA, Briffon Quad. 157.
Vari, Flacourt’s Hift, Madag. 153.
THIS animal is the moft beautiful and elegant of the tribe to which it
belongs; it is about the fize of a Cat, but the body and limbs are longer and
more flender; the top and hind part of the head are covered with hair of a
dark afh colour; the back and fides incline more to red ; the limbs are of a
| paler colour on the outfide, and white within; the belly is white; the end
of the nofe is black; the ears are large and erect; the face white, with a
black circle round each eye; the hair is all of a delicate foft contexture, very
fmooth to the touch, and ftanding almoft erect like the pile of velvet; the
hinder legs are confiderably longer than thofe before, which caufes it to ufe a
_kind of galloping motion ; the toes are furnifhed with flat nails, particularly
we thumbs on the hind feet. The tail is twice the length of the body, and
3 highly beautiful and ornamental, being marked all the length of it with
black and white rings placed alternately ; it is raifed over its back, and kept
THE RINGTAIL MAUCAUCO.
in continual motion, when it plays; but when it is afleep, it brings its tail
over its head, and its nofe to its belly. It appears to be a harmlefs and
gentle animal, eafily to be tamed when young: its cry is weak ; it loves the
fociety of its own fpecies, and generally, when wild, they go in troops of
thirty or forty together ; it is very cleanly and good natured ; it is a reftlefs
creature, and like all four-handed animals, moves in an oblique direction,
when it walks, It feems to poflefs all the vivacity of the Monkey, without
its malice or mifchief.
This animal is a native of the Ifland of Madagafcar, and, according to
Flacourt, is fometimes found white; Cauche in his voyage to Madagafcar(a)
alfo {peaks of a white kind, which, he fays, grunts like fwine, and is called
there Amboimenes.
(A) P. 53, cited by Mr. Pennant.
W\ Le
ay
hi Za
eee
SSG
NM
5
;
i —h th
) i A
MU PUAKE bel
ET 5 or 2, ert f= Ji OA,
Dart) by Fae vey So Wace
THE COMMON GREYHOUND,
. Generic CHARACTERS.
Six cutting and two canine teeth in each Jaw.
Five toes before; four behind (a).
Vilage long. »
| SYNONIMS.
Common Grenounpn, Pennant Syn. Quad. 147.
Canis cratus, Linn. Sy/t. 57.
| Canis venaticus craius, Rai Syn. Quad. 176.
CANIS LEPORARIUS ET Scoticus, Merrett Pinax rer. nat. 168.
Le Levrier, de Buffon, xxvii. i
THIS is one of the varieties of that faithful and ufeful animal, the Dog;
which, though they are all derived from one common ftock, differ from each
other as much in their habits as in their general appearance: they are, for the
moft part, ftrongly attached to man, and are all capable of rendering him
fervice fome way or other. The variety to which our attention is at prefent
directed, has always been confidered as a companion for a gentleman, who
was formerly known by his Horfe, his Hawk, and his Greyhound; and it
was enacted by the forett laws of King Canute, that no perfon, under the
rank of a gentleman, fhould prefume to keep one.
(a) This chara&er is invariable in the wild fpecies, as the Wolf, the Fox, &c. but the common Doge
have often five toes on each foot.—Peznant.
THE COMMON GREYHOUND.
The Greyhound contributes much to the health of his mafter, by inviting
him to wholefome exercife, at the fame time that he puts him readily in
pofleflion of an elegant and nutritious dith for histable. He is ufed for that
kind of {port which is called Courfing the Hare; and to this he is particularly
well adapted, by the extraordinary length of his legs, and the flendernefs of
his body; to which may be added, the length and fharpnefs of his nofe,
which enable him to cut the air in running, in the fame manner as the fharp
bills of birds affift them greatly in flying; the length of his tail is alfo of
fingular fervice to him in turning and guiding his courfe, and for thefe
purpofes he ufes it like the rudder of a fhip; and fo neceflary is this part of
the animal, that, if it is cut off, he is thereby rendered unfit for the courfe.
The acute fenfe of {melling which fome Dogs, and particularly Hounds,
poflefs in fo eminent a degree, is denied to the Greyhound; but this ap-
parent deficiency is amply fupplied by a wonderful fharpnefs of fight, which
he enjoys in a degree far fuperior to any other Dog. Could the Greyhound
{mell as well as he can fee, it would be impoffible that any Hare fhould ever
efcape him, fo great is his fpeed; but as he only hunts by the fight, if the
Hare is fortunate enough to reach a covert before fhe is overtaken, fhe faves
her life; but this good fortune fhe feldom experiences, if the country is
tolerably open. A Hare will, indeed, fometimes efcape from a young,
inexperienced Greyhound, by fuddenly {quatting behind a clod of earth, and
fuffering him to dart over her, when, inftantly altering the direction of
her courfe, the Greyhound is foon bewildered and lofes fight of her; but an
old, experienced Dog is not to be impofed on; fhould the Hare venture to
attempt fucha deception with him, aware of the trick, he inftantly feizes his
prey, and puts an end to her life and her fears. It is obferved that the
Greyhound barks but feldom, perhaps from an inftinctive confcioufnefs that
it would affright the Hare, and facilitate her efcape.
There are three varieties of this kind of Dog. 1. The Common Englifh
Greyhound, ufed for courfing, of which we have juft been fpeaking. 2. ‘The
Oriental Greyhound, which is tall, flender, has very pendulous ears, and the
tail is covered with very long hairs. 3. The Italian Greyhound, which is
THE COMMON GREYHOUND.
fmall, {mooth, and of a delicate ftructure. This little creature is of uncommon
beauty, and generally a great favourite with the ladies, who permit him to
have the honour of attending them in their walks: it is not, however, very
common in England, the climate being too fevere for its delicate conftitution.
The Dog,. taken in a general view, may be confidered as an animal
felected by man from.all other quadrupeds, as his fervant, his companion,
and his friend; and he fills thefe feveral pofts with diftinguifhed propriety ;
grateful in his temper, and conftant in his attachments, he feems happy when
he can render his mafter any fervice, and when he cannot, he loads him with
carefles; he patiently fubmits to chaftifement for real or imaginary offences;
and his attachment appears to be even increafed by correction; thefe
difpofitions, it is true, vary in degree in different individuals, and feem to
depend much on the treatment they receive, and the habits in which they
are educated. .
The fportfman’s Dog partakes of his mafter’s pleafure, and while he
contributes to promote it, is himfelf enjoying the higheft gratification: this
is evident from the tranfpert he fhews at the fight of a gun, and his
indefatigable ardour in the field of fport; thus endeared to each other by a
participation of enjoyment, fatigue, and danger, it is no wonder that he is
united to his mafter by an attachment which only ends with his death. The
more domettic Dog is attached to the family by the care that is taken of
him, the carefles he receives, and the habits of aflociation; which he amply
repays, by guarding faithfully the property of his mafter, even at the expence
of his own life. . |
The Dog is highly fufceptible of the impreflions of education; this is
evident by the wonderful fagacity of thofe ufed by fhepherds and drovers, who
need but a fingle look from their mafter to comprehend fully his will, which
they inftantly execute with the utmoft cheerfulnefs and accuracy; and fome
Dogs have even been taught to compofe words with letters placed before
them, to perform calculations with numbers, and in many other inftances to
difcover proofs of a highly imitative, if not intelligent faculty; not to mention
thofe taught to dance, whofe drolleries are fo well known every where.
THE COMMON GREYHOUND.
The Dog is a very diffufed animal; it is found in fome variety or other
all over the known world; in South America multitudes of them breed
in holes like Rabbits: when thefe are found young, they inftantly attach
themfelves to mankind, and never again defert their mafters to rejoin the
fociety of the wild Dogs, from which they fprang(a).”’ Thofe Dogs have
the appearance of the Greyhound, carry their ears crect, are very vigilant,
and excellent in the chace(s).
It appears by the accounts of Captain Cook and other late voyagers, that
the flefh of the Dog is eaten by the natives of the South Sea lands, who
confider it as a great delicacy; but the Dogs which are deftined to be eaten,
are not fuffered to feed at large, but are kept up and fattened with
farinaceous diet, by which treatment they lofe the sabia {mell fo difagreeable
in Dogs fuffered to feed at large.
The ingenious Count de Buffon fays, that all Dogs are derived from one
original, which he calls Le Chien de Berger, or Shepherds’ Dog; which is
alfo fometimes called Le Chien-Loup, or the Wolf-Dog ; and the reafon he
gives for this opinion is, that this Dog is naturally the moft fenfible of any.
He fays the amazing varieties with which we are acquainted are the refult
of climate, food, and crofs breeding ; and has given an ingenious genealogical
table, in which he afcertains the refults of the different combinations, to
which we beg to refer the more curious reader.
(a) Narrative of the Diftreffes of Ifaac Morris, &c. belonging to the Wager ftore-fhip of Commodore
Anfon’s fquadron, p. 27, &c. quoted by Mr. Pennant.
(8) Pennant.
THE TERRIER (a).
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Five toes before; four behind.
Vifage long.
», THIS little animal is a ufeful and almoft conftant attendant ona pack of
Hounds. He poflefles the fenfe of fmelling in a much greater degree of
perfection than moft other Dogs: this faculty enables him to. find. out the
game with great readinefs; and his fize permitting him to enter the holes of
Foxes, &c. he foon forces them from their retreat, and obliges them to feek
their fafety in flight. ‘The Terrier is the natural enemy of all thofe animals
which are commonly, though improperly, called vermin;.as Badgers, Polecats,
Weafels, Rats, Mice, &c. It is poffefled of great perfonal bravery, and not
only attacks the Badger with great courage, but fuftains the combat with
determined fortitude, though it is fometimes very roughly handled by it.
-'There are two varieties of the Terrier, one fmooth, fleek, and well.
proportioned; the other rough, long-backed, very ftrong, fhort-legged, and
generally of a black or yellowish colour, mixed with white; whereas the
former is generally of a reddifh brown colour, or black, with tan-coloured
legs. The difpofitions of both nearly correfpond, but the {mooth one is neither
fo large, fierce, nor ftrong as the other.
It is faid the Hound, the Harrier, and the Terrier conftitute but one race;
for it has been remarked, that, in the fame litter, Hounds, Harriers, and
(4) The name is derived from Terra, the Earth; becaufe he fecks his game in holes dug in the ground.
THE TERRIER.
Terriers have been brought forth, though only one of thefe had been
admitted to the female Hound (a). |
Mr. Hope(s) relates an anecdote of a Terrier, which fhews that this
animal is not only capable of refentment, and great contrivance to
accomplifh it, but that it is even poffefled of a certain power, however
limited, of combining ideas and communicating them to one of its own
{pecies, fo as to produce a certain preconcerted confequence. The narrative
is thus related: “‘ Mr. M. of Whitmore in Staffordfhire, ufed to come twice
a-year to town, on fome family bufinefs; and being a gentleman fond of
-exercife, he commonly made the journey on horfeback, accompanied moft
part of the way by a faithful little Terrier Dog, which, for fear of lofing in
town, he always left to the care of my kind, good-natured landlady, Mrs.
Langford, at St. Alban’s; and, on his return into the country, he was fare
to find his little companion well taken care of, and perfeétly recovered from —
the fatigues of his journey. But Mr. M. calling for the Dog one time, as
ufual, good Mrs. Langford appeared with a woful countenance before
him :—‘ Alas! Sir, your little Terrier is loft! and I have been fretting my
heart out about him. Our preat Houfe-Dog and he had a quarrel together,
and the poor Terrier was fo worried and bit, before we could part them,
that I verily believed he would never have got the better of it. He made a
thift, however, to crawl out of the yard, and no mortal here fet eyes upon
him for almoft a week after. He then returned; and (will you believe it,
Sir?) he brought along with him another Dog, bigger by far than ours, and
they both fell upon our great Houfe-Dog, and bit him fo unmercifully, that he
has fearcely fince been able to go about the yard, or eat his meat. After that
your little Dog and his companion difappeared, and they have never fince
been feen at St. Alban’s.’ Mr. M. heard the old lady’s ftory with no fmall
aftonifhment; but he bore his lofs with perfec refignation, and foon received
(a) Encyclopedia Britannica,
(8) Thoughts, in Profe and Verfe, by John Hope, p, 47.
THE TERRIER.
a reward for his philofophy.. On his arrival at Whitmore, he found his little
Terrier was got fafe home before him; and on enquiring into circumftances,
he alfo found, that the Terrier had been down at Whitmore, and coaxed °
his great Dog to follow him back to St. Alban’s, where he was fure of being
revenged on his enemy. ‘Thefe facts have been well authenticated to me,
and one of the parties concerned I have often feen; I mean the little,
fagacious, revengeful animal.”
nie Me aa
*:
at
i ’ " : se
hea ons
¥
See ns
nt
g;
hed
i
;
Wy
ata A
ie
P ,, ee
~ Aan
oa rt § . a
yan Oe
ever
hk
Ta
THAT
=
>
I Storer “fe:
Lbbetfon ded.
London. Lublijned by WeDarton, 5 Hervey. Welch December 12 L790:
MASTIFF
& LION-=D 0G
THE MASTIFF.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Five toes on the fore feet, four(a) on the hinder ones.
Vilage long.
, SYNONIMS.
Cawis Motossus, Linn. Syft. 57.
Mastivus, Rai Syn. Quad. 176.
Le Docvue ve Fort Race, de Buffon, tad. xlv.
_ THE Maftiff is a variety of the Dog kind, to which the people of Great
Britain are.much indebted, for his fingular-fidelity and care in guarding
whatever property is placed under his protection, which he never fails to:
defend from attacks of all kinds, even at the rifk of his own life; and this
office he is particularly well enabled to perform, by his extraordinary fize,
firength, and courage. His head is large, his under lips hang down on each
fide, and his countenance is majeftic and noble, he appears to treat all other
Dogs with a contempt which clearly indicates a confcioufnefs of his
fuperiority over them. His difpofition is generous, and ‘he will not abufe the
power with which he is intrufted, nor call it forth to action, unlefs provoked
by injuries; and even then he will not refent trifling infults, farther than by
fhewing his power to do it: of this an anecdote, mentioned by Mr. Bewick, is
a ftriking inftance. “ A large Dog of this kind, belonging to the late
M. Ridley, Efq. of Heatton, near Newcattle, being frequently molefted by a.
(a) Mr. Pennant remarks that this charater is invariable in the wild {pecies of Dogs; as the Wolf, the
Fox, &c. but that the common Dogs have often five toes on each foot.
THE MASTIFF.
mongrel, and teazed by its continual barking, at laft took it up in his mouth
by the back, and with great compofure dropped it over the quay, into the
river, without doing any farther injury to an enemy fo much his inferior.”
The Mattiff is generally kept confined by a chain during the day time, and
when night approaches, he is turned loofe, to guard and defend the premifes
committed to his care; thefe he examines all over with great attention
and accuracy, to fee that allis fafe, and then by his loud barkings, announces
his prefence, and readinefs to acquit himfelf faithfully of the truft repofed in
him. It appears from Stow’s Annals (a), that the Mattiff will attack even a
Lion, and an account is there given of an engagement between a Lion and
three Maftiffs, in the prefence of King James I. One of the Dogs being put
into the Lion’s den, was foon difabled: another was then fet at the Lion,
and prefently met with the fame fate: but the third inftantly feized the Lion
by the lip, and held him faft for fome time, till at length, being terribly
wounded by the Lion’s claws, he was forced to quit his hold; when the
Lion, who was no doubt much fatigued by the combat, declined renewing
the engagement, and leaping over the Dogs, fled away into the interior part
his den. The two firft Dogs did not long furviye, but the third recovered —
and became a great favourite of the king’s fon.
In the time of the Roman emperors, the Englith Maftiffs were held in
high eftimation at Rome, for their ftrength and courage, and an officer was |
appointed in Britain, on purpofe to breed and tran{fport fuch as he thought
would prove equal to the combats of the amphitheatre.
Mr. D’Obfonville relates a fingular inftance of the memory of a Mattiff
he had brought up in India, and which accompanied him from Pondicherry
to Benglour, a ftrong place of High Maiffour, where he loft him:
«Mr. Maifonpre and myfelf,” fays he, ‘‘ were near three weeks on our
journey thither, the diftance being more than a hundred leagues by the road
we took, during which we traverfed plains and mountains, forded rivers and
followed bye-paths; befides that, we twice made a ftay. This animal,
however, which had lived with me ever fince he was two months old, and
(A) Stow’s Annals, 1427,
‘THE MASTIFF.
which moft affuredly had never been in that county before, loft us at
Benglour, and immediately returned to Pondicherry. He went directly to
the houfe of M. Beylier, then commandant of artillery, my friend, and with
whom I had generally lived. Now the difficulty is, not to know how the
Dog fubfitted upon the road, he was very ftrong and able to procure himfelf
food; but by what means could he find his way, after an interval of more
than a month? ‘This then feems to be one of the inftinétive faculties of
many fpecies of animals, which have the power to direct their fteps and
- zetrace their route, by efforts of memory that are to us fcarcely conceivable.”
Manwood(a) fays, this variety of the Dog derivés its name from ma/fe
thefefe, being fuppofed to frighten away robbers by its tremendous voice.
(a) Manwood’s Foreft Law.
THE LION DOG.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Five toes on the fore feet, four on the hinder ones.
Vilage long.
SYNONIMS.
CATULUS MELIT£US, CANIS GETULUS, sEU IsLanDICUS, Ratz
Syn. Quad.177. Linn. Syft. 57.
Le Cuien ve Ma re, ov Bicuon, de Buffon, tab, xl. fig. 1. &
Le Cuien Lion, fig. 2.
SHock, Pennant Syn. Quad. 146.
THE Lion Dog is a far-removed variety of the Water Spaniel; it does
not poffefs any of the good qualities of its progenitor, and is only fought
after as a curiofity ; it takes its name from its miniature refemblance of the
Lion, as to external form, the hair which erows on the head and fhoulders
being extremely long, while that on the hinder parts is altogether as fhort.
The nofe is fhort, and the tail-long and tufted at the end like the Lion. So
far it may be thought to bear fome refemblance to that noble animal ; but it
differs from it in almoft every other inftance, being remarkably {mall, feeble,
timid, and inactive. ‘The breed came originally from Malta, where it is
found fo {mall, that women carry it about in their fleeves. It is now become
very {earce in England.
ih Wie
Wy
Hf
a)
ij My
i
==
\
JTookey Sc.
Publithed by WDarton, THarwey, & Welch London Ja c¥ 1? 1998.
YDLAND DOG.
THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOG.
Generic CHARACTERS.
Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Five toes before; four behind.
Vilage long.
THIS is the largeft animal of the canine {pecies, meafuring frequently
upwards of fix feet in length, from the nofe to the extremity of the tail, which
it ufually carries in a curl over the rump. It is proportionably large in all its
members, and poflefles an uncommon degree of ftrength and courage, united
with the greateft fagacity and fidelity to its mafter; thefe qualities, added to
the faculty of fwimming in a very fuperior ftyle, and diving to any depth,
render this animal the moft ufeful of the clafs to which it belongs. When
young, it is gentle and engaging in its manners; but, as it advances in years,
its ferocity eradually increatfes, efpecially under confinement, and at length, |
when arrived at maturity, it becomes a moft formidable, and {oinietimes
dangerous, animal. The body is covered with long, thick hair, well
calculated to refift the rigour of the climate of which it is indigenous. The
toes are connected by membranes, the conformation of which is fuch as to
enable it to fwim very rapidly, and to dive with the greateft eafe ; and its
eager appetite for raw fifh feems to bear fome analogy with its attachment
to the water. |
This beautiful animal has been only known of late years in England; but |
as it breeds very freely, and the climate feems well adapted to its conftitution,
it is now become pretty common, and has hitherto fhewn no figns of
degeneracy, nor loft any of its good qualities. It was originally brought
from Newfoundland, where the inhabitants find it of effential fervice. Its
THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOG. _
ereat ftrength enables it to draw confiderable weights, and four of them
yoked to a fledge, will trail three hundred weight of wood, with apparent
eafe, for the {pace of feveral miles. Their docility is no lefs confpicuous, in the
manner of performing this fervice, which they execute without a driver, and
having delivered their load at the deftined place, return in the fame order to
the woods whence, they were difpatched, and where their labours are
commonly rewarded with a meal of dried fith.
The Newfoundland Dog is of infinite fervice to featatine perfons,
particularly in coafting veflels, and thofe which navigate rivers; as, in cafe
of any one’s accidentally falling overboard, the Dog will inftantly jump after
the perfon, and either bring him fafe to land, or keep him from finking, till
proper afliftance be procured. Of this, numberlefs inftances have occurred,
fufficient to eftablifh the fact beyond a poffibility of doubt.
They alfo make excellent houfe or yard Dogs, and guard the Breas
committed to their care with the ftricteft fidelity. They have often been
known to feize, and even kill, houfe-breakers, which have intruded on the
houfes configned to their protection ; and lately, at the royal hunt, in
Windfor Foreft, the Deer in chafe, which was of the large red kind, in
attempting to leap over the palings of a park at Warfield, was inftantly
feized by the throat, by a large Newfoundland Dog, which happened to be
loofe in the park, and feverely punithed for its intrufion.
Dar cha£24799-
,
London.
and. W.Beloh
J. Harver
Published by WDarton,
BULL DOG aa POMERANIAN DOG.
THE BULL-DOG.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Five toes on the fore feet ; four on thofe behind.
Vifage long.
SYNONIM.
Le Docue de Buffon, tab. xliv.
- THIS variety of the Dog is not fo common, or held in fo high efteem
now, as it ufed to be, when the favage diverfion of bull-baiting attracted
the notice of the public; which, to the honour of humanity, is now almoft
entirely abolithed. |
The ftriking characters of the Bull-Dog are the following: the under
jaw is longer than the upper, and the tail curls upwards; the predominant
colour is tawny; but it is fometimes brindled, and marked with white; and
fometimes, though very rarely, entirely black or white. Savage and
malignant in his nature, the Bull-Dog oft bites, in fullen filence, without
giving the leaft warning of his approach. Inured to battle and cruelty, he
is infenfible of the carefles of any one, except his mafter ; and even thefe he
feems eager to relinquifh, for his more favourite entertainment. He is
remarkably firong, in proportion to his fize, and is equally fierce and cruel.
Such is the ftrength and favage ferocity of this animal, that four of them
‘have been found to be an over-match for a Lion ; and when they have once
properly feized a Bull, nothing can make them quit their hold, but the
giving way of the part, or the lofs of their life. So great is their ardour for
the combat, that it is impoffible to reftrain them from it. This is fully
THE BULL-DOG.
confirmed by a cruel experiment, which was tried fome time fince at a
bull-baiting, where a Bull-Dog fuffered his feet to be cut off in fucceffion, ©
notwithftanding which, he continued to feize the Bull after each amputation ;
and when all were cut off, he again attacked him with as much eagernefs as
if nothing had been done to him.
When the barbarous amufement of. bull-baiting was in fafhion, many
other inftances of favage fortitude were recorded of this animal, which
would now fcarcely be credited. ,
THE POMERANIAN DOG.
GeneRICc CHARACTERS.
Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Five toes on the fore feet ; four on thofe behind.
Vilage long. |
SYNONIMS.
Le Cuter Loup de Buffon, tad. xxix.
Fox Dos, var.
THIS variety of the Dog is nearly allied to the Shepherd’s Dog ; it mutt,
however, be allowed to have the advantage of it, in external appearances,
though it falls infinitely fhort in point of fagacity. In its difpofition, it
retains more natural wild ferocity than is ufual in domefticated animals ;
particularly in thofe accuftomed to be favourites, which this Dog generally
is. It is not fond of carefles from any but thofe with whom it is acquainted,
and will frequently {narl, fhew its teeth, and fometimes even bite while it is
ftroked.
- The Pomeranian Dog is covered all over with a thick coat of very long
hair, which makes it look twice as large as it really is: its general colour is
a dirty cream-colour; but it is fubject to varieties of black, brown, and even
{potted, though thefe are rare. It is in general confidered as a ufeful houfe
dog.
oe 4
shout, % tao earn pk
4
él moni Teas Pe ak ft tos
afi ih a renga Ye
ry)
F
io: i ve te fhe tt non patie
eam
Py ey fae anid a9 va fit ‘nck bat b fot aii
SASS
WN
yp WBA. London Nov 731803.
VDartorw, THary &
hed ay Tv
f
i
bi,
Tuth
THE ENGLISH POINTER.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Five toes on the fore feet, four on thofe behind.
Vilage long.
THIS variety of the Dog was unknown to our anceftors ; it is not even
mentioned by Linneus, nor has it been more than noticed by any other
naturalift: it was firft produced in Spain, whence it was tranfported into
England, where the breed has been afliduoufly improved.
The good qualities of the Pointer are held in fuch eftimation by the
fportfman, that every precaution is ufed to preferve the breed pure and
unmixed. ‘The greateft pains and attention are required in the education of
this animal, before it can be properly broken and trained to the {port ; while
the Spanifh Pointer receives the inftructions given it with a degree of docility
which is truly furprifing. In fhort, the Spanifh Pointer feems naturally to
poflefs thofe inftincts in high perfection, which do not difcover themfelves in
the Englith Pointer, till they are called forth by a moft laborious courfe of
education. In this refpect the Spanifh Pointer has certainly the advantage ;
but then, on the other hand, the Englifh breed is much more hardy and
durable, and can fupport the fatigue of an extenfive range much better than
the Spanith. It is neceflary to keep the Englith Pointer in practice, otherwife
it will foon forget the inftructions it has received. A Dog, thus educated
and kept in good order, has been frequently fold for ten or twelve euineas.
Its chief ufe is in finding out game, either for the gun or net, and pointing to
the place where it lies, which a well-trained Dog will do with remarkable
precifion.
THE ENGLISH POINTER.
The Setting Dog, now in general ufe, is a mixed breed between the
Englith and Spanith Pointer, and confequently partakes of the good qualities
of both. : | | |
Robert Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, is faid to have been the firft
perfon who broke a Setting Dog to the net.
The Pointer is not fo fubject to canine madnefs as fome other kinds are,
and makes a very ufeful Houfe Dog.
“te
N
8
N
a
g
SS)
Ss
8
1803,
a
cae
A Mey? 2
Lublifhed by Wharton TSHarvey Se WBRetch London
\TIAIN DOG .
ID ATL
THE DALMATIAN DOG.
GeNERIC CHARACTERS.
Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Five toes before; four behind.
Vifage long.
SyNONIM.
Le. Braque vE Bencan, de Buffon, tab. xxxiv.
THIS is, perhaps, the moft elegant and beautiful variety of the Dog.
It is generally called the Danith Dog, although it is difficult to fay how: it
came by that appellation, as Mr. Pennant feems to think Dalmatia is its native
country. Some, indeed, are found in India, but they are generally {mall,
and very ugly; and thofe which are bred in Europe, if carried to India,
immediately degenerate, in common with all other Dogs.
The Dalmatian Dog is, at prefent, very common in England, where the
breed is carefully preferved from mixture. It keeps up to its fize and figure,
and is held in high eftimation, both for its elegant fhape, and for the
beautiful fpots with which it is adorned, which vary in every individual.
It is now univerfally received as a fathionable and genteel attendant on a
carriage, which feems to be the only ufe made of it. It. is certainly a very
innocent article of luxury; but we cannot help remonftrating againft the
cruelty and prefumption of cutting off the poor animal’s ears, from an idea,
that its beauty is thereby increafed : as if we knew how to form the creature
better than the great Creator himfelf!
{t is remarked, that thofe animals, which bring forth many young ones
at a birth, do not produce them fo perfect as thofe which bring but one or
THE DALMATIAN DOG.
two. The Dog, when firft whelped, is not completely formed ; his eyes are
not opened till he is ten or twelve days old, during which period the bones
of the fkull are incomplete, the body is puffed up, the nofe is fhort, and
the whole body but indifferently fketched out. In lefs than a month, the
puppy begins to exercife all his fenfes, and, from that period, makes rapid
advances to its perfection, which it attains at the age of twelve months: it
goes with young nine weeks, and lives about twelve or thirteen years.
Water appears to be more neceflary to the Dog than food; he drinks
frequently, though not abundantly ; and, it is imagined, he runs mad when
abridged of water. This dreadful malady is the greateft inconvenience that
refults from the keeping this faithful domeftic: this diforder, however, is
not fo frequent as the terrors of the timorous lead them to fuppofe ; and the
Dog has been often accufed of madnefs without a fair trial. Happy would
it be, if a certain and infallible remedy were known for this moft horrid
difeafe; but, it is feared, none yet difcovered can be abfolutely depended
on. Perhaps the moft probable preventative is, inftantly to wath the
wound with water as hot as it can be borne, and to repeat the wathings
inceflantly for three hours.
1,
} ;
ey mary
Pi ete)
tublished by W: Darton, and Harvey, London, 2799
FOX.
THE FOX.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Five toes before; four behind. :
Vifage long.
SYNONIMS.
Canis Vuures, Linn. Sy/t. 59.
Canis Furvus, Briffon. Quad. 173.
VuLrEs, Gefner Quad. 966. Raz. Syn. Quad. 177.
Fucus, Klein Quad. 43.
Fox, Brit. Zool. 1. 58.
Le Renarp, de Buffon, vil. 75. tad, vi.
THE Fox, the Wolf, and the Dog are in general fo like each other, in
their external and internal ftructure, that it is almoft impoffible to form an
accurate idea of either from bare defcription.
The internal parts of the Fox greatly refemble thofe of the Dog. His
external form and appearance, however, differ confiderably from that animal;
to which he is in many refpeéts nearly related: his head is larger in proportion,
and his ears fhorter: his eyes are fituated more oblique, and his tail is more
bufhy: he has a ftrong, offenfive fmell, which is peculiar to his fpecies,
and which the Dog has not: he differs alfo from the dog in his difpofition:
crafty and fufpicious by nature, he is never entirely tamed, or rendered
familiar and domeftic, but is always forced to be confined, and foon dies of
chagrin at the lofs of his liberty.
THE FOX.
The grand object of the Fox is felf prefervation, he, therefore, never
trufts to his fpeed or cunning, but always takes care to provide for himfelf
a fure afylum, to retreat to, in cafe of danger: in chufing this, fafety is
not his only object; he ufually fele&s the edge of a wood, in the
neighbourhood of fome farm or village; here he pafles his day, though not
idly, for as foon as fleep has taken off the fatigue of the preceding night’s
excurfions, he liftens attentively to the crowing of the Cocks and cackling
of the Hens, marks their abodes, to direct his attack by night; and thofe who
are imprudent enough to ramble too far from their home by day, are in
imminent danger from his fubtilty and vigilance; thefe he fcents at a
diftance, and creeping flyly towards them, chufes his time of attack’ fo
judicioutly, that he feldom returns without his booty. When he gets into
a’hen-rooft by night, he kills all he can come at, and retreating with as much
as he can carry off, hides his prey at fome convenient diftance, and prefently
returns for more, which he likewife hides, though in a different place, and
then continues his vifits, until he has either carried off all, or is difturbed by
the approach of day or otherwife, when he inftantly retires to his den.
The Fox is extremely voracious, and, befides flefh, will greedily devour
milk, cheefe, butter, eggs, fruit, and particularly grapes, of which he is fo
fond, that he foon becomes fat by eating them. Poultry, Leverets, and
Partridges feem to be his dainty morfels, but when he cannot find thefe in
plenty, he devours Serpents, Toads, Lizards, Rats, and Mice in abundance, and
thus he renders the farmer one piece of fervice, asa fort of compenfation for
the reft of his depredations. He frequently difappoints the fowler, by
vifiting the fnares he has fet early in the morning, and artfully taking from
them the birds which are caught. Crabs, Infects, and even Hedge-Hogs are
fometimes his prey; and he will attack bee-hives and wafps’-nefts for the
fake of what he can find to eat; itis true he frequently meets with fo rough
a reception as to force him to retire, that he may roll on the ground dad
_crufh thofe which are ftinging him; having thus rid himfelf of his
troublefome companions, he inftantly returns to the charge, and obliges
THE FOX.
them at length to forfake their combs, and leave them to him as the reward
‘of his victory (a). i
The Fox enjoys the fenfe of {melling with ‘more acutenefs than the
Wolf, and the organs of his voice are moft flexible and perfect: he yelps,
barks, and often utters a mournful ery like the Peacock. During the winter
feafon, and more efpecially in frofty weather, he is continually yelping, but
is almoft entirely filent in fummer, at which time he fheds his hair. He
fleeps very found, and liesina round pofition like a Dog; but when he only
wants to reft himfelf, he lies flat on his belly with his legs ftretched out, and
in this pofture watches for birds, who no fooner perceive him than they fet up
fhrill, difcordant cries, to warn their companions of his prefence. Magpies and
Jays are particularly obferved to give this kind of alarm at his approach, and
they will even follow him a confiderable way, conftantly repeating their
cries(B). The hunters know this fact, and avail themfelves of it, to difcover
where their game is concealed.
The female Fox brings forth from four to fix young ones every year; fhe
goes with young about fix weeks, during which time fhe feldom ftirs out, but
bufies herfelf in preparing a proper bed for them, and making it as fecure as
poffible. If the finds they have been difturbed in her abfence, fhe removes
them, one by one, to a place of greater fecurity. Dr. Goldfmith(c)
relates a remarkable inftance of this animal’s parental affection, which’ he
fays happened near Chelmsford in Effex. ‘“ A fhe Fox that had, as it fhould
feem, but one cub, was unkennelled by a gentleman’s Hounds, and hotly
purfued. In fuch a cafe, when her own life was in imminent peril,
one would think that it was not a time to confult the fafety of her young ;
however, the poor animal, braving every danger, rather than leave her cub
behind te be worried by the Dogs, took it up in her mouth, and ran with it
in this manner for fome miles. At laft, taking her way through a farmer's
yard, fhe was aflaulted by a Mattiff, and at length obliged to drop her cub,
which was taken up by the farmer.” We are happy to add, that this
afietionate creature efcaped the purfuit, and at laft got off in fafety.
(4) Buffon, (8) Buffon. (c) Goldfmith’s Hift. Vol. HI. p. 330.
THE FOX.
The Fox affords high entertainment to thofe who are fond of hunting,
and the Dogs, from their natural averfion to this animal, prefer the chace of
it even to that of the Hare or the Stag. A large kind of Harrier or Hound
is generally ufed for this fport, affiftted by Terriers, which, being fmaller,
‘follow the Fox into his kennel, and attack him there. As foon as the
Fox finds himfelf purfued, he inftantly makes towards his hole, and
penetrating to the bottom of it, lofes for a time the dreadful found of his
enemies: but the whole pack foon arriving at the fpot, redouble their cries,
and the little Terrier courageoufly ventures in. If the kennel is under a
rock or the roots of trees, as is often the cafe, the Fox bids defiance to his
enemies, and remains there perfectly fecure, the Terrier being no match for
him at the bottom of his den; nor can he be dug out of it by the hunt{men.
But the ufual way of hunting the Fox is, to carry him ina bag to fome open
country, and then turn him loofe in fight of the Hounds; the {cene which
follows is too well known to need explanation. When all retreat to his
kennel is cut off, his ftratagems and fhifts to efcape are as furprifing as they
are various. He always takes to the moft woody parts of the country, and
prefers the paths which are moft embarrafled with thorns and briars. He
runs ina direct line before the Hounds, and at no very great diftance from
them; and, if hard pufhed, feeks out the low, wet grounds, where the {cent _
will be lefs apt to lie; being at laft overtaken, he becomes obftinately
defperate, and defends his life in filence to the laft gafp. |
Of all the wild animals, the Fox is the moft fubje@ to variety from the
influence of climate. It is well known that the generality of Foxes in
England are red; there are, however, three varieties found in Great Britain,
which differ rather in fize than colour. The Greyhound Fox is the largeft,
talleft, and boldeft, and will attack a grown Sheep. ‘The Maftiff Fox is lefs, |
but ftronger. The Cur Fox is the leaft and moft common, and does the
greateft mifchief to the hufbandman and farmer. ‘This kind is more
univerfally ,diffufed than any other, being found in Europe and the temperate
parts of Afia and America, but rarely in Africa. In the cold regions,
towards the pole, Foxes are found of various beautiful colours, and their fur
THE FOX.
of excellent quality; their {kins are purchafed with great avidity, for the fake
of their warmth and beauty, and form a confiderable article of commerce.
The {kins of blue Foxes are very {carce and valuable; but the black ones are
moft efteemed, and are frequently fold for forty or fifty crowns each. The
hair of thefe animals grows in fo fingular a manner, that it is not poffible to
tell which way the grain lies; for if the {kin is held by the head, the hair
falls down {mooth and even towards the tail; and, if it is held by the tail,
the hair inftantly takes a contrary direction, equally regular. In Siberia and |
Kamtfchatka, Foxes are caught by different devices, for the fake of their
fkins; and it is there remarked, that the moft valuable Foxes are the moft
cunning and difficult to be taken. The general method of catching them, is
either by poifon, traps, or bows; but they are fo cunning, that great addrefs
is neceflary to accomplith the end. “ (a)The Kuriles, who live upon the
Lopatka, catch Foxes in a manner peculiar to themfelves. ‘They have a net |
made of whale’s beards, compofed of feveral rings; this is fpread upon the
ground, and to a ring in the middle they bind a Magpie; round the net is
drawn a cord, the ends of which are held by a perfon concealed in a pit near
at hand, who, when the Fox fprings upon the bird, draws the cord, and
gathers together the net, which furrounds the Fox, as a drag net does a fith.”
The Fox bites with great feverity, like the Wolf, and his bite is very
dangerous and difficult to cure.
(a) Kratheninicoff’s Hiftory of Kamtfchatka, by Grieve, p. 9.
fag a
,
ane ahs iis
Fim & ght
Hoy dees Bing
3 =
=F
‘ah Viaitaoo 2 ead ey ashtats afi fe
& a “bs
CR Rae er
hive Vd sedis”
“|
9 A
Pe
ait
ve
(soe
Lbbeson Jel .
Q5-
, & WHhelele, LOREM. AUGUSE 2,17,
Published by WDaron, J Harvey
o
4
WOoOLrF
THE WOLF.
Generic. CHARACTERS,
Two canine, and fix cutting teeth in each jaw.
Five-toes before, four behind.
Vifage long.
SYNONIMS.
Canis Lupus, Lenn, Syft. 58.
Wour, Bre. Zool. 1.61. tab, i.
Lupus, Gefner Quad. 634. Rai Syn. Quad. 170.
Cawis EX GRiszo Fravescens, Briffon Quad. 173.
Le Loup; de Buffon, vii. 39. tad. 1.
Canis Syitvesrris, Reackinfky Hit. Polon. p. 219.
ALTHOUGH the Wolf fo much refembles the Dog, both in his external
and internal form, as to induce fome naturalifts to confider him as the fame
animal, in its fayage ftate of freedom, yet no two animals can have a ftronger
antipathy to each other; the fight, and even the {cent of a Wolf, makes a
young Dog fhudder, and comé trembling to his mafter for protection. ‘The
Dog and the Wolf never meet without either flying or fighting, and. the
combat generally ends in the death of one or both; if the Wolf conquer, he
tears and devours his adverfary ; the Dog, more generous, contents himielf
with the victory, and leaves his enemy where he falls, equally defpifed and
hated. In thort the Wolf feems to patil all the bad qualities of the Dog,
without any of his good ONES. ))
The Wolf is about three feet feven inches in oul from ne tip of his
nofe to the infertion of his tail,.and about two feet five inches high. His
eyes are fituated more obliquely in his head than thofe of the Dog, and his
~*~
THE WOLEP.
eye-balls are of a fiery-green colour, which greatly contributes to the fierce
and formidable air with which he is fo ftrongly marked. His ears are fharp
and erect ; his jaws and teeth are large and {trong ; his tail long and bufhy,
bending inwards between his hind legs. His body is covered with long
harfh hair, the colour of which is a mixture of brown, black, and grey, with
a tinge of yellow; beneath the hair he is well clothed with an afh-coloured
fur, which enables him, without inconvenience, to endure the feverity of the
climates he inhabits. |
The Wolf is naturally dull and cowardly, but being driven from the
habitations of man, and obliged to live in the foreft, where he finds but few
animals to fatisfy his rapacious appetite, he is often on the brink of ftarving.
Impelled thus by neceflity, he becomes regardlefs of danger, and boldly
attacks thofe animals which are under man’s protection. Lambs, Sheep,
and even Dogs, or any animal he can carry off, are equally his prey. Thefe
depredations he renews, till having been harafled and intimidated by the
Dogs, he becomes prudent by experience, hides himfelf during the day, and
only ventures out by night, when numbers of them, affembled together,
prowl round the villages, deftroying every creature they meet. Poffefled of
great ftrength in the mufcles of his neck and jaws, the Wolf runs off with
a Sheep or Lamb with the greateft facility. Indeed, theep-folds have always
been devoted to fcenes of his devaftation and carnage; and when he
perceives, by his exquifite {mell, that the flocks are houfed, he undermines
the threfhold of the door with his claws, where he enters to the terror and
deftruction of the harmlefs, fleecy tribe, difplaying the moft ferocious and
favage cruelty, by immolating all he finds, ere he carries any off, or his thirtt
for blood feems fatiated. It has been afferted that, when the Wolf has once
tafted human blood(a), he always prefers it to any other; this prevailing notion
has given rife to many fuperiftitious ftories. The old Saxons imagined it was
poffeffed by fome evil fpirit, and called it the Were-Wolf, or Man-Wolf(s),
and, to this day, the French peafants entertain fimilar notions.
. (a) Pennant.
(s) Mr. Verftigan, who wrote in the year 1634, gives the following curious account of this fort of
fuperftition, « The Were-Wolves,” fays he, “ are certain forcerers, who having annoynted their bodies, with
THE WOLF.
Although the Wolf is the moft gluttonous of quadrupeds, devouring even
his own fpecies, when prefled by hunger, his rapacity does not exceed his
cunning ; always fufpicious and miftruftful, he imagines every thing he fees
is a {nare laid to betray him. If he find a Rein-Deer tied to a pott, to be
milked, he dares not approach, for fear the animal fhould be placed there
only to entrap him; but no fooner is the Deer fet at large, than he inftantly
purfues and devours it().
The female produces five or fix, and fometimes even nine at a litter(s) ;
they are brought forth with the eye-lids clofed, and nourifhed. with the
mother’s milk for fome weeks; when they acquire ftrength, fhe teaches them
to eat flefh, by chewing it for them, and early inures them to flaughter, by
bringing birds or fmall animals, half dead, with which they are inftructed
to play as a Cat with a Moufe, till at laft the vidtims receive the coup
de grace, and are devoured. The cubs feldom quit the den till they are
near two months old, nor leave their dam till they have fhed their firtt
teeth, and completed the new fet, which does not happen before they
attain the age of ten or twelve months. ‘The mother, now confidering them
fufficiently trained in the means of defence, and capable of providing for
themfelves, deferts them, to bring up a new family.
The Wolf fleeps as foon as he has filled his belly, or is fatigued, and for
this refrefhment he prefers the day to the night; like the Dog, he is eafily
an oyntment which they make by the inftinét of the divell: and putting on a certayne inchaunted girdle, doe
‘not only unto the view of others, feeme as Wolves, but to ECR Obeh thinking have both the fhape and nature
of Wolves, fo long ‘as they weare:the fayd girdle. And they doe difpofe themfelves as very Wolves, in
wourrying, and killing, and moft of humane creatures.
« Of fuch, fundry have been taken, and executed in fundry parts of Germany and the Netherlands. One
Peter Stump, for being a Were-Wolf, and having killed thirteen children, two women, and one man, was at
Bedbur, not farre from Cullen, in the yeere 1589, put unto a very terrible death. The fleth of divers parts
of his body was pulled out with hot iron tongs, his armes, thighes, and legges broken on a wheele, and his
body laftly burnt. He dyed with very great remorfe, defiring that his body might not be {pared from any
torment, fo his foule might be faved.” Verfligan’s Antig. p. 237. °
It is not long fince the punifhment of death was inflifted in this country, under the idea of witchcraft,
when confeffions of imaginary crimes were often extorted from the poor diftra€ted victims of this fatal
fuperftition.
(4) Dic. Raifon. (8) Buffon.
THE WOLF.
awakened. He bears hunger better than thirft, and will live four or five
days without food, provided he is well fupplied with water. | ;
Hunting the Wolf is a favourite diverfion among the great men in fome
countries, for which purpofe they ufe Greyhounds, which are let fiy at him
in leafhes, one after the other. He defends himfelf well, threatens them on
all fides, and frequently efcapes, unlefs the hunters come in time to the
afliftance of the Dogs, and difpatch him with their cutlafles. He is alfo
frequently taken in pitfalls, where he is fo confounded, that he may be either
killed or taken alive without much danger, though at other times he enjoys
his fenfes in the higheft degree of perfection.
Wolves inhabit the continents of Europe, Afia, Africa, and America ; they
formerly abounded in Great Britain, but have long fince been deftroyed. King
Edgar is faid to have been the firft who attempted to rid this kingdom of
them, by accepting a number of Wolves heads as a punifhment for certain
crimes(a). Notwithftanding which, they continued increafing till the time
of Edward I. when they again became the object of royal attention, and one
Peter Corbet was vefted with powers to fuperintend and aflift in the
deftruction of them, till at length the breed was totally extirpated. They
were not entirely deftroyed in Ireland, till the year 1710, though their
Wolf-Dogs have been fo celebrated.
The Wolf is fubjec&t to great variety of colour, difpofition, and fize,
according to the climate in which he is bred. Some are found quite black,
fome white, and fome inclining to yellow. The Wolves of Senegal are much
larger and more favage than thofe found in Europe. .Thofe of Egypt, on the
other hand, are {maller and certainly not fo ferocious, for they are there taught
to dance and play anticks, which confer on them an imaginary value, being
often fold for four or five hundred crowns(s).
No part of the Wolf is of ufe, except his fkin and fur; he refpires a
moft foetid vapour; and his flefh is univerfally difliked. << In fhort, every
way offenfiye, a favage afpect, a frightful howl, an infupportable odour, a
perverfe difpofition, fierce habits, he is hateful while living, and ufelefs when
dead(c).”
(a) Brit. Zoology, p. 62. (s) Goldfmith. (c) Buffon.
THE SPOTTED HYANA.
| GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Six cutting and two canine teeth in each jaw.
Four toes on each foot.
Tail fhort, a tranfverfe orifice between it and the anus.
SYNONIMS.
JACKALL, or WILD Doc, Bofman’s Guinea, 293.
QuumMBENGO, Churchill’s Voy. v. 486.
Ticer-Wouxr, Kolben’s Cape, ii. 108.
Sporrep Hyana, Pennant’s Syn. Quad. 119.
Hy zna, or Crocuta, Ludolph. Gth. 57.
CaNI-APRO-LUPO-VULPES, Dejlandes Hi/t. de l Acad. xxviii. 50. 8vo. edit.
THIS animal greaty refembles the Striped Hyzna in its form and habits,
although it is evidently a diftin& fpecies, and is not fo courageous. It
appears to have been undiftinguifhed by naturalifts till lately, and we are
obliged to Mr. Pennant for the firft accurate delineation and account. of a
Its general colour is a reddith brown, marked with diftin@, round, black
fpots, with tranfverfe, black bars on the hind-legs; its head is large and flat,
ornamented with long whifkers over each eye, and on the lips; its face and
the upper part of its head are black: its ears are fhort and pointed, black on
the outfide and afh-coloured within. The top of the back and neck are
furnifhed with a fhort, black mane.
It is very common at the Cape of Good Hope, where the inhabitants call it
the Tiger-Wolf. Dr. Sparrman defcribes it as a formidable, mifchieyous, and
cruelanimal. It lurks near the farm houfes, where cattle are kept, and prowls
ae! a Pl, ft
THE SPOTTED HYANA.
about for its prey, fending forth the moft horrid yells every night. The
farmers guard their cattle by large Dogs, of which the Hyena, though larger
and ftronger, is much afraid, and will not face them if it can avoid it.
Neither will it dare to attack Oxen, Horfes, or any of the larger animals,
whilft they defend themfelves, or even if they do Heat feem afraid.
It fometimes attempts to difperfe a herd of cattle, by its hideous roaring ;
in which, if it fucceeds, it purfues one of them, and foon difables it by a
deadly bite, and then devours it.
The Hottentots were formerly much molefted by thefe animals, which
were fo bold as to attack their huts, and carry off their children; but the
introduction of fire-arms has put an end to thefe depredations. It is certain,
however, that numbers of thefe animals attend almoft every dark night
about the fhambles, at the Cape, to carry off the offals and bones left there by
the inhabitants, who take care never to difturb their fcavengers; the Dogs
too, who, at other times, are in a continual ftate of enmity with them, never
then moleft them, and it is remarked that they are feldom known to do any
mifchief on thefe occafions.
The howlings of the Hyzena are dreadful and alarming beyond defcription,
and an ingenious writer (a) remarks, that, ‘* perhaps, Nature has kindly
impreffed this involuntary difpofition to yelling upon this animal, that every
living creature might be upon. its guard, and fecure it from the attacks of fo
cruel an enemy.” Whatever the phyfical reafon may be, it appears that a
difpofition to yelling or howling in the night is abfolutely implanted in this
animal by Nature, as a young one, which Dr. Sparrman faw at the Cape,
though it had been brought up tame by a Chinefe refident there, and was
then chained, was faid to be filent in the day time, but very often in the
night was heard to emit the yelling cry peculiar to its fpecies. In
compenfation for this faculty, by which the animal is, as it were, obliged to
give warning of its own approach, it is, on the other hand, actually poflefied
of a power, in fome degree, to imitate the cries of other animals; by which
means it often fucceeds in deceiving and attracting Lambs, Calves, Foals, &c.
THE SPOTTED HY ANA.
The peafants in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope fay, that this
animal is poflefied of great fagacity, and that a party of them, half flying and
half defending themfelves, will decoy a whole pack of Dogs to follow them
_ to the diftance of a gun fhot or two from the farm, with a defign to give the
reft of their companions an opportunity to come out from their retreat, and
carry off fufficient booty both for themfelves and their flying brethren, before
the Dogs can return to prevent them.
The voracious gluttony of this animal is a ftriking inftance of the provident |
care of the great Creator, who has furnifhed it with a difpofition to confume
every animal fubftance it meets with. Were it not for the ravenous and
infatiable appetite of the Tiger-Wolf, the flowery fields of the Cape would
foon become loathfome and disfigured with the carcafes of all kinds of game
which graze and die there fucceffively; they ferve likewife to keep up the
neceflary equilibrium in the increafe of the animal kingdom ; fo that it may
not exceed the fupplies afforded it by the vegetable part of the creation.
Dr. Sparrman relates a ftory of this animal, the truth of which he does not
vouch, it is, however, diverting enough, we {hall therefore make no apology
for introducing it. “One night, at a feaft, near the Cape, a trumpeter, who
had got himfelf well filled with liquor, was carried out of doors, in order to
cool and fober him. The fcent of him foon attracted a Tiger-Wolf, which
threw him on his back, and dragged him along with him like a corpfe, and
confequently a fair prize, up towards Table Mountain. Mean time, however,
our drunken mufician awaked, fufficiently fenfible to know the danger of his
fituation, and to found the alarm with his trumpet, which he carried faftened
to his fide. ‘The wild beatt, as may eafily be imagined, was not lefs frightened
in his turn.” Any perfon but a trumpeter in fuch a fituation would doubtlefs
have furnifhed the Tiger- Wolf with a fupper.
a Tatty
rant
Li :
reo
we E
O
‘yy omnes
erbi
peeks
ae a7
niee A
50) bee
‘i an
UO w ares
= ———
z = =
ee
eee
:
tFE Kp
tj
n Funes the 27 T8O0
Hiaian de WEE,
STRIPED HYENA.
THE STRIPED HYANA.
‘GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Six cutting teeth, and two canine teeth, in each jaw.
Four toes on each foot.
Tail thort; a tranfverfe orifice between it and the anus.
SYNONIMS.
Tawa, Arift. Hit. An. lib. vi. c. 32.
Lupus marinus, Belon Aquat. 33. Gefner Quad.
Taxus porcinus, Kempfer Amen. Exot. 411.
Dusua, Shaw's Travels, 246. .
Canis Hyana, Linn. Sy/l. 58. —
L’Hyzwa, de Buffon, ix. 268. tad. xxv.
THERE are two animals which bear the name of Hyena, the Striped
and the Spotted; the former is the fubjec&t now treated of. As it appears to
have been but imperfectly known to the Greeks and Latins, it is not to be
wondered that the accounts they give of it are replete with the moft
ridiculous abfurdities; as, that it changes its fex and colour, &c. but the
diligent obfervations of more modern naturalifts have entirely exploded all
fuch fabulous nonfenfe, and its hiftory and properties are now as well
afcertained as thofe of any other wild beatt. ,
The characters of this animal are fo fingular and ftrongly marked, that
itis impoflible to miftake them. It differs from moft quadrupeds, in having
only four toes on each foot. The fore-legs are longer than the hind ones,
its ears are pointed and devoid of hair, and the look of its eyes is
remarkably wild, accompanied with a peculiar, fullen fiercenefs. They thine
THE STRIPED HY.ANA.
in the dark; hence it is probable that it can fee as well by night as day. Its
head is broad and flat, and the nofe is fhorter in proportion than that of the
Wolf. Its body is covered with long, coarfe, afh-coloured hair, marked
with long black ftripes, which are difpofed in waves from the back
downwards, and are highly ornamental; the legs are likewife adorned with
fome of thefe ftripes placed croffwife. The back is furnithed with a_
briftly mane, extending from ‘the’ head’ to the tail, which, added to the
ftooping pofture ‘in which “it holds’its head, gives it fomething of the
appearance of a Hog. It is probable: that it owes its name to this
circumftance,'‘the Greek word huaina, by which they diftinguifhed this
animal, being derived from hus, a Sow. Its tail is fhort, and well filled with
long, buthy hair, which is fometimes of one colour and fometimes barred
with black. This animal hasan opening juft under the tail, like the Badger,
which leads to a fort of pouch, furnifhed in the infide with glands, which
fecrete a thick fubftance, not unlike civet, but of a rank, difagreeable {mell ;
this might perhaps furnifh the ancients with the idea that it changed its fex.
The Hyzna refembles the Wolf in many particulars, but it poffeffes more
cunning and malice, and is more voracious and cruel. Its difpofition is fo
extremely ferocious, that it can never be tamed, though taken when young.
When it cannot procure other provifions, it invades the facred manfions of
the dead, ranfacks the graves, and devours the putrid bodies they contain,
even though they have been long buried.
Its courage is not inferior to its rapacity. It boldly enters the lifts with
much larger quadrupeds, and fights with great obftinacy. It fears neither
the Lion nor Panther, will often attack the Ounce, and is in general
victorious. Kempfer relates that he faw one which had put two Lions to
flight, regarding them with the utmoft coolnefs. |
The voice of the Hyzna is very fingular; the beginning of it fomewhat
refembles the groaning of a human voice, wp;ch gradually changes to a noife —
not unlike that made by‘a violent effort to vomit.
Savage and unfociable in its manners, it delights to lurk in caverns and
clefts of rocks, or in holes in the earth, which it digs like the Fox; ‘thefe are
THE STRIPED HYANA.
its gloomy abodes during the day, and it never forfakes them till the
approach of night favours its horrid depredations; it then rufhes furioufly
on all kinds of cattle, and will fometimes attack men: it ravages fheepfolds,
- and deftroys whatever comes in its way, with infatiable voracity: in fhort, it
is ferocious without generofity, and cruel from innate principle ; when it can
get no other food, it will eat the roots of plants and tender fhoots of palm
trees. It is ever growling, except when receiving its food; it then erects the
briftles on its back, its eyes gliften, and it fhews its teeth, and appears
_ truly frightful.
This animal inhabits Afiatic Turkey, Syria, Perfia, Barbary, and the
internal parts of Africa. ‘The fuperftitious Arabs have a notion that its head
may be applied to magical purpofes, to prevent which they always bury that
part.
*y
naa
cir Fs Neat Sr,
Ay eds AR ae
ak eet a
or seat Nase a
tes
J 4 ( fe
eas
-
i
sens
Rey ati
ae
ta
a
phe
‘
os
‘
>;
he
fa pe AD WAS Wt iv LEAS ERIE PoC wr Bere po
es
: Dar 0A 068 ASD LEW REI DS DIONE a ‘
FONDNESS PU! fl Pe AS UP Wa fee he he Po ee gene Ee Te BT Oe
EP ADERTERE IAT TI ARI INVADE EATER EN TT TPAD ATE P ATTA AANA AAA TITAN Saas
fear emrawerien on pues neuer .
NRT
ie
WY
AAW AMER BUSA NEA Ack aves MO LOR RT
ve
PTAA)
ws MS
ANNA WTA ees Ne zy
WONZ
NOt
ATAUOA ACLU UAWATAUA URUAVATANL UNI
ee ee ee
==> rr SE
} t ihre i
(
f WRONG
WEI NEN
\
Lone |
Nf SW
PRU ANAVAY AN, AV ARATAS ANAL RE EIT
WF
Pe ee
=
ss
-_
jee Ae,
See
Wert y
7A
7 BID CEG Bet
am, se
2 ZFS E
o
(2
sip Edis ant
Ah (ME RATT =
rar ra eas ——
FUNEAA STUNT AADV ENA N AAA NAA NAATAS VARNA ACNE RAN NC MYPANVAANWV EUAN YL ATIA Lt aad
ss Ni Ni Nea ‘ ie el LN wan A ae wn ; 329088 005747993