rae Fi ry anv } Totty } iia LVMH 0775 iI) Wl 1761 01 UNIVER wich ape ue renee H 3 ats mans PE * pea ke eee ive, ie “34h Pacis, Titty al N Med ! ee bid eat etd Sree = Pars tatss mile! f Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/cabinettimbersof0Obakeuoft ' ee or * i? 2 af K et eign ty. AS fest 7 ove fg -_ DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. fHinister : Tue Hon. A. C. CARMICHAEL, M.L.A. Ander Secretary; PETER BOARD, Esgq., M.A. HRRATUM. Pages 65-90 and coloured plate for Acacia homalophylia, A. Cunn., read A harpophylla, F.v M. TECHNICAL EDUCATION SERIES, No. 18. +> WwW a y } TECHNICAL EDUCATION BRANCH i J. W. TURNER, Superintendent. l J MUSEUM, SYDNEY. CABINET Oo AUSTRALIA. R. T. BAKER, F.L.S., Corr. Memb, Phar Soc, Great Britain. Curator and Economic Botanist. YA Published by the Authority of the = TIMBERS VY aC 1913, x | ZF7— GPSS > Wt Government of the State of N.S.W. SYONeEY: W. A. GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER 1919 P / - - : — b By gob ree & = Sip ac B32 The Passing of the Forest. Keen is the axe, the rushing fire streams bright, J Clear, beautiful and fierce it speeds for man, o)-® The Master, set to. change and stern to smile, @) Ve). . Bronzed pioneer of nations. Ay, but scan The ruined beauty wasted in a night, The blackzned wonder God alone could plan, And build not twice! A bitter price to pay Is this for progress——beauty swept away. A W, P. Reeves. Sh ————— a ~ ‘ce asap = —<— — — — — SY _ a eae. SWE a — ee = her . a7 Eat 4 7 It was in the neighbourhood of Windsor—the Hawkesbury—that the first Cabinet Timber of Australia was obtained, viz., “ Red Cedar,” and this is probably the house —erccted about 1796—in which it was first used. The floors, skirtings, mantelpieces, doors, windows, and even the weatherboards were made of this timber and these are all in a good state of preservation to-day, 1913. Contents. INTRODUCTION Bots aie sty ia wee rs PREFACE... és eS vee res a CABINET TIMBERS OF AUSTRALIA... ee Gee oe List OF TIMBERS, ARRANGED IN BOTANICAL SEQUENCE List OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF TIMBERS IN NATURAL COLOURS List oF ILLUSTRATIONS IN BLACK AND WHITE, SHOWING HOW SOME OF THE ARE UTILISED ... oo vee “or ar see VARIOUS TIMBERS see woe ae DESCRIPTION OF EACH INDIVIDUAL TIMBER, BOTANY OF THE TREE, AND ITS GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE SuGGESTED Uses FOR AUSTRALIAN CABINET TIMBERS Types oF SpeciFIC GRAVITY ... a ves oe SUMMARY OF DATA CONCERNING EACH SPECIES es INDEX SY Je: foe Ee 174-177 179-182 183-186 9 10-15 = -17 18-19 20-23 24-173 278 1. Introduction. se & (BY THE MINISTER OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.) HE esthetic and utilitarian purposes to which our native timbers lend themselves have been emphasised in many directions in the past, but the special adaptation of a section of them for cabinet work is now conclusively shown by Mr. R. T. Baker in this publication. As he mentions, it did not take the first settlers long to find out and appreciate such a valuable cabinet timber as our ‘‘ Red Cedar,” the history of which he has traced back to practically the foundation of the Colony. Such a valuable timber as this should not be lost sight of in the reafforestation now about to be undertaken by the Forestry Department of this State, for after one hundred years it still ranks as a first-class cabinet timber. The colour, figure, and other characteristics here portrayed of the various species, by colour photography, will no doubt come as a revelation to all who are not intimately acquainted with the timbers themselves; and these coloured illustrations speak louder than words, and at the same time demand that action should no longer be delayed in the culture of such fine specimens of the cabinet-maker’s desiderata. Such a technical work as this shows without doubt that our forest trees are worthy of more attention than has been given them in the past, and that they deserve to be still better known in the future. The late Baron von Mueller, the greatest student of the great Australian genus Eucalyptus, never tired of singing the praises of the trees of that genus, for their technological value, but in no instance is there a record where he predicted their utilisation for cabinet work, and yet here Mr. Baker graphically demonstrates that several species are indeed well adapted for this special handicraft. In one particular group of Eucalyptus—the Stringybarks—it has passed the experimental stage, and is now a fait accompli, for in Tasmania and Sydney some fine samples of the cabinet-maker’s art made from these trees are being placed on the market. Facts like these should bring home to the Australian the value of our timbers, and inculcate a higher appreciation of their virtue than perhaps we have been prepared to assign to them in the past. Apart from the cabinet-maker, these illustrations will undoubtedly serve another very useful purpose, for | am sure the technical students of the various branches of decorative art of to-day and the future will use this work for reference, for there they will find ready to hand and true to life, the natural colour and graining of our Australian timbers. ! The purpose of this work is primarily to give information to the trade concerning the specific characteristics of respective woods that may be classed as cabinet ; also to show to the timber merchant the approximate locality where the trees are to be found, and for his field guidance a botanical description of each is added. I think it will be admitted that by the bringing together of such data, Technical Education in New South Wales has placed the cabinet world, and others interested in the subject, under an_ obligation ; and I have little doubt but that the effort of Mr. Baker will be generally appreciated, as will also that of the Government Printer and his staff, who have executed this technical work in the highest class of printer’s art. + CAMPBELL CARMICHAEL. OF nT a ae 2. Preface. | ‘eK SEVERAL factors were instrumental in bringing about the writing of this publication, and not the least important of these is a desire to produce amongst Australians a higher appreciation of their own native timbers in this one particular branch of Technology, viz., cabinet work and its allied trades. Another was that some of these beautiful woods, owing to the rapid advance of the settler, are in jeopardy of being exterminated altogether, and that by bringing these in this form before the commercial world, it is hoped the various Forestry Departments of the Commonwealth may be moved to set apart reserves for their reafforestation before it is too late. To the students of our Technical Colleges it will supply a desideratum by giving a new field of work from which to reproduce the graining of Australian woods instead of the old world’s timbers copied now for generations. As it is, I often look at these timbers and wonder if they will not shortly become as dead as the Dodo, but still I hope their conservation is now near at hand. As far as I am aware, no previously published work is devoted entirely to the subject, nor have coloured illustrations of our timbers been attempted before. ) That our cabinet-makers might be moved to take a greater interest in such a valuable national asset, ) by utilising ina greater measure in the future than has been the custom in the past, also played no small part in its preparation. At any rate, its publication will, I hope, serve at least as another historical record of the varied and valuable resources of Australia’s wonderful forests. R.T.B. IgI2. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. To the following officers of the Museum my thanks are due for assistance rendered in the preparation of this work :—Messrs. C. Still, D. Cannon, and L. G. Irby. eth = sy oe J & 3. Cabinet Timbers of Australia. de «6h MECC NATURE, as in many other directions, has not been niggardly as regards its endowment of beautiful and decorative timbers in this Island Continent of ours, for it is almost impossible to make even a modest collection of woods without the ornamental character of one or other of oe appealing to the artistic eye. This Institution has always made a prominent feature of the timber resources of Australia in particular, and the world in general, so that to-day it probably has only one rival in its comprehensiveness, viz., that of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. The Australian samples here date a long way back in colonial history, for some of the specimens were exhibited at the Great International Exhibition of 1851, at Paris 1855, London 1862, and some of even earlier date than this in local exhibitions, whilst others have a history going back almost from the foundation of the Colony. Many of these specimens were for long scattered amongst the various Government Departments in Sydney, but about 1582 they were brought together, and so was laid the foundation for this extensive collection. Naturally, such a collection, which numbers not less than 5,000, divides itself into groups of various branches of economics. Not the least amongst these is the ssection devoted to cabinet and ornamental timbers, and it is in the interest of these that the present work has been undertaken. Some of the specimens in this category rival those of other countries for figure, grain, weight, texture, and for general decorative purposes, and are unique in many other respects. Thus, whilst these qualities are claimed for them in general, yet it may also be said that they possess characteristic features that distinguish them as Australian. Foremost amongst such timbers is perhaps the ‘‘ Red Cedar,” Cedrela Toona, which has extended its range south from the Malay Peninsula into Queensland and New South Wales. Taken all in all, it is considered the best all-round timber in Australia, and is still in great demand for counters and internal wood- work decoration, although in recent years, for furniture making it has gone out of fashion. It was probably the very first timber to which cabinet-makers’ attention was seriously drawn at the inception of the trade in the early days of the Colony. The first mention of it in the Historical Records is by Collins, vol. i. p. 412, who states that the master of the ship ‘‘ Fancy,” Captain Dell, took to England logs of cedar from the Hawkesbury River in 1795. From then onwards other similarly beautiful timbers were brought to light, as the coastal brush districts north and south of Port Jackson were opened up. Then followed settlement in other States, and so new decorative timbers came to be known, and to these have been added from time to time a few from the interior ; but, it must be admitted that the typical Australian Flora ot - those parts is rather wanting in ornamental woods—at least, produces only a limited number. It is well known that we possess such beautiful woods like Blackwood, Maples (Q., Tas., and N.S.W.), Silky Oak, Walnut, Red Bean, Jarrah, and many others, which are all first-class timbers for this particular industry. At the present time the fashion is ‘‘ Oak,” and so large quantities of Japanese ‘* Oak” (s/c) are being used in the furniture trade as a rival to English Oak, which it resembles in figure, but is. consider- ably lighter in weight and more open in texture. Although Australia has no true Oak of the Quercus family, yet it may be mentioned ex passant, that there is here an extensive supply of so-called native Oaks in our Casuarinas, which extend overa great part of the Continent. With the exception of ‘‘ Belah” these trees have a figure quite like the English Oaks, and are of equal hardness, but show a slight variation of colour through the different species, ranging from a true Oak colour to a deep red, or almost black. There seems no reason why these Australian Oaks should not command a premier position as an ornamental, decorative, and furniture timber, as they possess all the desiderata such as supply, relative cheapness, and capability of sustaining a high polish, combined with a beauty in figure. IL With our Eucalyptus (gum trees) little has been done to test their qualities in this line, although one of the first common names applied to them was in connection with cabinet nomenclature, viz., ‘* Mahogany,”—this designation being bestowed upon Lucalyptus resintfera, Sm., by the first settlers at Port Jackson, where it was then a common tree. Later, however, it was found that there were other trees far more deserving the appellation as they more nearly approached in colour and texture the original Mahogany, Szwzefenza Mahogant from Honduras. Western Australians and Tasmanians, however, are losing no opportunity of bringing their beautiful Eucalyptus timbers before the British public, for at the Imperial Institute there is exhibited some fine suites of furniture and other samples of the cabinet-makers’ art in Karri and Jarrah, and these are an object lesson to the other States in the matter of a better utilisation of some of the Eucalypts in this direction, Our Red Boxes, Red Gums, Slaty Gum, and others are very suitable for special lines of this branch of technology. Before leaving the Eucalypts, a word must be said in praise of our much despised ‘‘ Stringybarks” for cabinet work, for it is in them that Australia has an excellent substitute for the imported ‘‘ Oaks,” and what is of great importance, the supply is unlimited for many years to come. For the utilisation of ‘‘Stringybarks” in Applied Art, credit must be given to the Tasmanian, for in his Island home one finds the ‘‘ Stringybarks’ largely manufactured into furniture, office fittings, church fittings and decoration, wood-carving, panellings, and various other forms of decorative art. For this class of work these have a particularly attractive and pleasing appearance, the two species specially selected being . Delegatensi’s and E. obligua ; the tormer for preference, as it prepares well and makes very attractive articles of an ‘‘ Oak ” colour. Both these species occur on the mainland as well as in Tasmania, and altogether there are something like twenty species of ‘‘ Stringybarks ’—none of which appears ever to have been used in this direction, so here isa big field of investigation for our cabinet- makers. Thousands of ‘‘ Stringybarks” have been cut down and destroyed in the past as worthless. I regard the introduction here of the ‘‘ Stringybarks ” as a cabinet timber as one of the salient points in this work, for apart from other considerations the supply is apparently inexhaustible. 7 2 if Even Ironbark has been utilised for decoration in the past, for the late John Macarthur, Esq., } ! ‘introduced some large fluted columns of this timber in the ornamentation of the Reception or Ball Room at H ‘Camden Park House, erected in 1834. With the usual cabinet timbers becoming scarce, our ‘* Stringybarks” should no longer be neglected ; in this connection. i Some of the iarger ‘‘ Tea trees” are also good timber for this purpose, as well as one or two of the Angophoras—‘‘ Apple Trees.” Amongst soft timbers our Pines or Conifers are deserving of consideration, for, ascan be seen by the i illustrations here given, they possess some good qualities for cabinet work. Queensland Kauri, Brown i Pine, King William Pine, Huon Pine, &c., are beautiful timbers of their kind, and for figure the Callitris ] | are elegant. i I In addition to the above, mention must be made of Tasmania’s contribution to Australia’s cabinet . woods, for besides Blackwood, King William Pine, Huon Pine, and Celery Top Pine, &c., already noted, the first also occurring on the mainland, such timbers as Red Myrtle, Leatherwood, and Stringy- bark are a considerable acquisition to our valuable timbers. In order to show the adaptability of our woods and pour encourage les autres several Government -Offices in the various States are decorated with Australian Timbers, whilst Banks, Commercial Institutions, and private houses exhibit samples of them in Applied Art, and in this Museum are shown specimens of locally manufactured articles from some of these timbers. The New South Wales Government Railway Workshops are at present turning out railway passenger carriages made almost entirely of Australian timbers, the whole either polished or varnished, in order to bring out the natural graining and figure, and the effect is most beautiful. These carriages as they leave the shops are real works of art. Those here given by no means exhaust the list of Australia’s cabinet timbers, but are those ) concerning which most data are available. : ——— ear f (C= ——S ae worenser Ss! Nae - 13 a ee (SS a LER @ As regards the nomenclature of our cabinet timbers, dur settlers were first in the field in bestowing vernacular names, and it is too late to alter them now, so a little care must be exercised when applying the common names, which however are a little nearer the mark than many conferred on our gum trees, for when one mentions Maple, Myrtle, Sycamore, or Walnut, the wood referred to will generally be found !) to possess some of the features of these exotic woods. On the other hand, in the name ‘‘gum tree” we have trees that do not yield gum; Apple trees that do not bear apples; again Blue Fig, a tree that does not bear figs, and so on. I One deplorable feature in connection with the subject has been the wanton waste of hundreds of millions of feet of the finest timber, subsequent upon the opening up of the country forsettlement. Enormous. quantities of the most beautiful timber have been felled ‘‘and cast into the fire,” and ina great measure [ this is going on to-day. If settlement is to take place, of course the clearing of the land is inevitable, but it does seem to show a want of business capacity somewhere that the timber could not be marketed. | As only certain desirable districts are opened out, there yet remains large areas of land eminently suitable for forests, such as mountain ranges and gullies, and a considerable portion of these is practically valueless for any other purpose than timber-growing. The original areas which grew the timber were so extensive, arid the virgin supplies being so- plentiful, they were looked upon as inexhaustible. However, the timber areas are decreasing, and the time has come when timber must be put on a similar footing to other crops, so that fresh supplies should be provided for. | Some choice woods like Cedar are now becoming very scarce on the New South Wales coast. In | Queensland, however, the supplies are larger, and the proportion of standing timber is greater—less. “| 14 = ill ae SS = : * j J) ee exploitation having been going on. The export of timber from Queensland has not yet reached very big \ dimensions, though it is gradually and steadily increasing. ‘‘There are huge areas in Queensland of | forest land occupying many miles of country, estimated at 40,000,000 acres, yet uninspected and unreserved, | which one day will be thrown open to the timber-getter’s axe, and the trader's activities. Masses of Pine trees, Silky Oak, &c., still exist. There are now reserved about three or four million acres, and the operations of the timber merchants cover a considerable area, but yet small in comparison with the extent | of the forest land. . . . . . . . Such choice woods as Silky Oak, Pencil Cedar, Rosewood, Tulip Wood, and Red Oak, besides many others that are abundant, are unrivalled for furniture making, cabinet work, and fine veneers.” (‘* Dalgety’s Review.”’) However, before it is too late, and the supply of our beautiful cabinet timbers completely exhausted, it is hoped the Forest Departments of the Commonwealth States will take action to prevent such a national calamity. If the publication of this letterpress and these illustrations should be productive of action that will lead to the perpetuation of our valuable trees and species in this connection, before the last tree sheds its seed _and passes into the limbo of oblivion, this work will not have been published in vain. / ‘ , ’ 4, Timbers Described. (ARRANGED IN BOTANICAL SEQUENCE.) *r, Crowsfoot Elm (Tarrietia argyro- *17. Yellow Cedar (Rhodosphera rhodan- dendron) ... Sterculiacee. thema) .. Anacardiacez.- *2. Maiden’s Blush (Echinocarpus aus- 4 *18. Black Bean (casaneebenen aus- tralis, Benth.) .. Liliacez. | trale) .. Leguminose.. *3. Blue Fig (Ela@ocarpus grandis) do *19. Eumung (Acacia salicina) do *4. Thorny Yellow Wood (Zanthoxylum *20. Sally (A. Maident) . do brachyacanthum) ... . Rutacee. *21. Blackwood (A. melanoxylon) do *5. Scrub Hickory (Pentaceras australis) do thee Myall (A. pendula) “3 do *6. White Cedar (Melia Azedarach) ... Meliacee. 23: abcess: pepper sissy do *7, Rosewood (Dysoxylon Fraserianum) do spamcipy amnbager) do ° : *25. Tortoise Shell Tulip Cpaecotobiaes *8. Red Bean (D. Muellert) do ; : : Hendersont) . do 9- Onion Wood (Owenta ceptodora) do *26. Coachwood (C sate peste ‘petaliion) Saxifragee.. *ro. Red Cedar (Cedrela Toona, Roxb.)... do *27. Corkwood (Ackama Muelleri) pf do *rr. Long Jack (Flindersia Oxleyana) ... do | *28. A N.S.W. Mountain Ash or Tas- *r2. Queensland Maple (Ff. Chatawai- manian Oak (Eucalyptus Dele- — . ana) ... do gatensis) ,*. : Myrtacee. *13. New South Wales Maple (Fillresia *29. A Stringybark (E. ebiipia) ... do Mooret) he a . Olacinee. | *30. Mahogany (E. resinifera) do 14. Supple Jack tirenidiags viminalis) ... Rhamnee. *31. Jatrah (E. marginata) do 15. Red Ash (Alphitonia excelsa) do *32. Red Box (E. Rudderi) do *16, Tulip Wood (Harpiullia pendula) ... Sapindacee. #33, Spotted Gum (E. maculata) do * Tilustrated in colour. Q Cas) J Zap —$—$$ $____—— ————~ ~- oS —<' { \~ { AE cians —— —————— ——— = ed SSS i — ae a ) ] el Timbers—continued. . Blue Gum (Eucalyptus saligna) . Myrtacee. 49. River Oak (Casuarina Cunninghamit) . Slaty Gum (E£. Dawson) do *50. Swamp Oak (C. glauca) . Musk, Olearia (Aster) argophylla ... Composite. ®& *51. Bull Oak (C. Luehmanni) . Budda (Eremophila Mitchelli) . Myoporinee. *52. Belah (C. Cambaget) ... . Beech (Gmelina Leichhardtit) . Verbenaceze. *53. Forest Oak (C. torulosa) . Sassafras (Doryphora sassafras) . Monimiacez. *54. Red Myrtle (Fagus Cunninghamit)... . Queensland Walnut sceybiovarys *55. Cherry (Exocarpus cupréssiformis) ... Palmerstont) os . Laurinee. #56. White Pine (Callitris glauca) - She Beech, or Bolly Gum (Peron *57. Black Pine (C. calcarata) =f thera retsculata) bie *< do *58. King William Pine (A¢throtaxis selagi- . Silky Oak (Orites excelsa) . Proteacez. noides) Ve f . Silky Oak (Grevillea robusta)... do *59. Hoop Pine (Avaucaria Cunninghamit) . Beefwood (G. striata) do *60. Bunya Bunya (A. Bidwilli) ... . Victorian Waratah (Telopea oreades) do *61. Queensland Kauri (A gathis robusta)... . Tasmanian Waratah (T. ¢runcata) do *62. Huon Pine (Dacridium Franklini) .. . Fire tree (Stenocar pus sinuatus) do *63. Celery Top Pine goin 9 rhom- . White Honeysuckle (Banksia integri- 4 botdalis) vex so folta), plain figure... ‘3 do *64. Brown Pine oF aicas he elata) ~ Illustrated in colour q7 Casuarine- do do do do Cupuliferze. Santalacez. . Conifere. do 5. Illustrations tn Natural Colours. Beech Beefwood ... Belah Black Bean (Plain and Figured) Black Pine or Cypress Pine Blackwood (Plain and Figured)... Blue Fig Blue Gum ... Bolly Gum... Brigalow is i Brown Pine (Plain and Figured) Budda *s S05 Bull Oak (Plain and Figured) Bunya Bunya Cedar (Red) Cedar (White) Celery Top Pine ... Cherry No. of Plate. XLI XLVI LV » XVIII-XIX LX XXII-XXIII Ill XXXVI XLIV XXV . LXVII-LXVIII ue LILI-LIV LXIII x VI LXVI LVIII 18 Coachwood Corkwood Crowsfoot Elm or Ironwood Eumung Fire Tree Forest Oak Gidgea ... Hoop Pine oh Honeysuckle (White) ... Huon Pine Jarrah Kauri (Queensland) King William Pine Long Jack ... =. Maiden’s Blush... Mahogany Maple (Queensland) (Plain and Figured) Maple New South Wales) No. of Plate. XXVIII XXIX r XX XLIX LVI XXVI LXII L-LI LXV XXXII LXIV LXI . XI II XXXII XII-XIII XIV Mountain Ash or Tasmanian Oak Musk (Plain and Rootstock) Myall Oak (Tasmanian) ... Pines Red Ash Se Red Bean (Light and Dark) Red Box Red Cedar ... Red Myrtle (Tasmanian) Ring Gidgea Rosewood ... Sally ze EA Sassafras Scrub Hickory She Beech... No. of Plate. oF XXX XXXVIII-XXXIX XXIV XXX LIX-LXVIII XV VITI-IX XXXIV x LVII XXVI Silky Oak... : Slaty Gum Spotted Gum Stringy Bark Swamp Oak Thorny Yellow Wood ... Tortoise Shell Tulip Tulip Wood Walnut (Queensland) ... Iustrations in Natural Colours—continued. Waratah (Tasmanian) ... Waratah (Victorian) White Cedar White Honeysuckle (Plain and Figured) White or Cypress Pine Yellow Cedar aso NT=— 19 No. of Plate XLV XXXVII XXXV XXXI LI IV XXVII XVI XLII XLVIII XLVII VI L-LI LIX XVII 6 Illustrations in Black and White. Blackwood. Altar, All Saints’ Church, Hobart, Tasmania as Canopy or Portico, Legislative Council Chamber, Hobart. Tanmemee Chair and Table (carved), Hobart . ay 2 Chair (Speaker’s), Legislative Assenbly Chaniber, ‘Hobs, Cansiadiate Chair (President’s), Legislative Council Chamber, Hobart, Tasmania .. Chair and Settee, Mr. Parker’s House, Hobart, Tasmania Chair (Dining-room), Technological Museum, Sydney ... Chair (Hall), Technological Museum, Sydney ae Furniture, Bank of Australasia, Martin-place, Sydney ... Furniture, Fisher Library, Sydney University ... ae ai Furniture, Legislative Assembly Chamber, Hobart, Tasmania Furniture, National Art Gallery, Sydney se Interior Fittings, Church of the Apostles, Launceston, Tasmania Interior Fittings, Colonial Sugar Refining Company, Head Office, en? Interior Fittings, Commercial Bank, Launceston, Tasmania Interior Fittings, Dalgety & Co., Sydney ise Interior Fittings, E. S. & A. Bank, Collins-street, Melbourne Pa . es ae Interior Fittings, St. David’s Cathedral, Hobart, Tasmania ... ba assy) See Interior Fittings, St. Paul’s Cathedral, Melbourne 253 Interior Fittings, Wool Growers’ Exchange, Launceston, ‘Tactaaiie ps Pulpit, Malvern Roman Catholic Church, Melbourne Pulpit, St. Paul’s Cathedral, Melbourne ... ots Staircase, Colonial Sugar Refining Company’s Head Office, Sydney os Staircase and Newel] Posts, H. Jones and Company’s Offices, Hobart, Tasmania And others 20 Door\(Framing only), Technological Museum, Sydney ... ees ae SF xe eo sa a ae OF Panel (carved), Technological Museum, Sydney ... ae 25 ae ae a ase Ris aoe xe OS ‘Table (carved), Technological Museum, Sydney ... oe Ke Re) Sn AG aes Se ies .. 69 Brown Pine. ‘Columns or Pedestals, Technological Museum, Sydney Re oe Ponte ees as aes ee gon ee Cedar. Dado Panelling, Legislative Assembly Chambers, Hobart, Tasmania ead Bie at te ors me AS Dado Panelling, Legislative Council Chambers, Hobart, Tasmania ... rs ete Ree ara id ripe) Doors, Deputy Town Clerk’s Office, Sydney Town Hall ins Seer fos ifs at Ne oe wer Interior Fittings, Council Chamber, Sydney Town Hall i roe ae so oe tae vee sdait49 Panel (carved), Technological Museum, Sydney .. Mee ; By ae ia ar a ane 45 New South Wales Railway Car (State Governor’ a Outside Fienine: 24% mat ave ay Br ens AM Roof, Fisher Library, Sydney University. oe : Ry, oe ag se Nee ‘ae AS Bae AD ‘Seats and Organ, St. James’ Anglican Church, Svlinet EAS Siess? ba oREE ull opal 688) rhe et ee ate eR ‘Staircase, Royal Society’s House, Sydney Ree a7 wae Af ae sw’ Ses tsk Hy she 43 Staircase, Technological Museum, Sydney aes $e yee nas ee ae ae a: ace ica AB Table (Loo), Technological Museum, Sydney _... ee wae = oe ae va se4 ves Seg ar '2) Interior Fittings, Camden ape oe ee Jos as ey rie Te a ae oe ae arial And others... ane Rite ay Pa rie at ee AF abe sn equi 50 Celery-top Pine. New South Wales Railway Car (State Governor’s), Smoke-room Panelling ... “re ay Sa a ce) eH Coachwood. ‘Table (made in 1850), Camden House, Camden ... te < ies re sroena ee? a ns 46. 95 21 Black Bean. PAGE. Colonial or Hoop Pine. Interior Fittings, Glebe Presbyterian Church, Sydney ... Black or Cypress Pine. Column or Pedestal, Technological Museum, Sydney Jarrah. Exhibit of Karri and Jarrah Company’s, Christchurch Exhibition Office Fittings, Furniture and Mantelpiece Staircase and Hall Fittings Maple (Queensland). Bed-room; State Governor’s Car, New South Wales Railways Interior Fittings, Bank of New South Wales, Melbourne Red Bean. Four Panels, D.M. Door (Mouldings only), Technological Museum, Sydney ... Red Mahogany. Floor (Margins of), National Art Gallery, Sydney Red Myrtle (Tasmanian). Interior Fittings, Mr. Parker’s House, Hobart, Tasmania 3 Stool, and Settee Rosewood (N.S.W.). Settee ... 3 ahs 3 ay oe mee Table (Queen Anne) 22 Silky Oak. “Chair (Bedroom) a Chair (Carved Glaltomieey) ; Dining-room, State Governor’s Car, New South Wales Railways Door (Four-panel D.M.), Panels only : Doors, Young Men’s Christian Association, Sydney, _ Doors, ‘ Craignish,’’ Macquarie-street, Sydney Fire Screen Floor, National Art Gallery, Sidney Spotted Gum. Framing, Furniture and Mouldings, Smoke-room, State Governor’s Car,,.New South Wales Railways A Mountain Ash of N.S.W. and Victoria, Tasmanian Oak, or Stringybark. Furniture Manufacturing, Coogan’s, Launceston, Tasmania Interior Fittings, All Saints’ Church, Hobart, Tasmania Interior Fittings, Dining-room, Mr. A. Mault’s House, Hobart, Tava Interior Fittings, Huon Timber Company’s Offices, Hobart, Tasmania Interior Fittings, H. Jones and Company’s Offices, Hobart, Tasmania Interior of Residence é tie Interior of St. John’s Church, iE aaticestee: ‘Wesmania * Prie-Dieu, St. John’s Church of England, Launceston, Tetaania Pulpit, Trinity Church, Launceston, Tasmania ... % Reading Desk, Trinity Church, Launceston, Tasmania ... Reredos, Fingal Church, Tasmania And others. 23 coe L2L 7. Description of each individual Timber, Botany of the Tree, and its Geographical Range. NATURAL ORDER. STERCULIACE. MES ae As a rule this Natural Order in other parts of the world is very poor in its timber production, but one or two of the Australian representatives seem to be an exception in this respect to the rule. There is one endemic genus, the Tarrietia, which produces hard timbers, and in the case of 7. argyrodendron, we have a hard, fairly heavy wood, with a medium specific character. It is known locally as Ironwood or Crowsfoot Elm, and was at one time much more in demand than at present—defective seaSoning causing it to be laid aside. It has. been used for indoor decoration, and when cut on the quarter shows a very pretty neat figure. SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Ironwood or Crowsfoot Elm (Tayrrietia argyrodendron). 24 a see Ironwood or Crowsfoot Elm. (Tarrietia argyrodendron, Bentham.) This tree occurs in New South Wales and Queensland, although it is generally regarded as restricted to the latter State where it is more plentiful, and where supplies are generally looked for. The timber should be cut on the quarter if the best figure is to be obtained for cabinet work, and seasoned quickly, as it is liable to deteriorate rapidly if left in the log. Its chief character is a neat, very pretty figure, the medullary rays being numerous and well marked, as seen in the plate here given ;—is medium in weight, rather open in the grain, dresses well and takes a good polish. It has been used for interior panelling in some of the Queensland Railway carriages, being suitable for most kinds of inside decorative work, especially railway passenger cars and ships’ cabins, also for brush backs, ornamental boxes, turnery, furniture, &c. Description of Tree.—A large, erect tree, the stem often exceeding 5 feet in diameter. Leaves trifoliate, the petioles somewhat angular, mostly 2 to 3 inches long. Leaflets lanceolate, from 4 to 7 inches long and from 1 to 2 inches broad towards the middle, the indumentum more silvery than usual in this genus, but with the same numerous small brown scales. Carpels muricate, oval or globose, } to # inch long by about $ inch diameter, furnished with an oblong, oblique, erect wing 2 to 4 inches long by about 1? inches broad, clothed with the same rusty, stellate scales as the under side of the leaves. Geographical Range.—Coastal districts, from Pine River, Queensland, to Clarence River, New South Wales. . ix ( \ \ ‘NATURAL ORDER. TILIACE. * * THE common Lime or Linden of Europe is a well-known tree of this Order, but in Australia its best representatives for cabinet timbers are :-— Maiden’s Blush (Echinocarpus australis, Benth.), Yellow Carabeen (Sloanea Woollsii, F.v.M.), : ; Blue Fig (El@ocarpus grandis, F.v.M.), and most of the other El@ocar pus. SpEcIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— =: .Maiden’s Blush (Echinocarpus australis, Benth.), Blue Fig (Elzozarpus grandis, F.v.M.). BLUSH. VAIDER a eee ret fy ue 3 SUR Asa T tee tee. ees nat ae 7 me yrs ee ee renee Soe eae bar Maiden’s Blush. (Echinocarpus australis, Benth.) This timber is not often seen in the market, although it has certain qualities that recom- mend it for acceptance in the cabinet line. It has a nice figure, is a warm pink in colour, comparatively soft, easily worked and dressed, and takes a good polish. It could be used for motor-car work on account of its extreme lightness, and is a good wood generally, being suitable for joinery and ornamental purposes, also for planking for small boats. Description of Tree.—A common tree of the northern and southern brushes of the coast of New South Wales and Queensland respectively, where it attains a height of roo feet, and 2 feet or more in diameter. The bark is flat but not smooth. Leaves ovate, acuminate, or obovate, oblong, up to a foot long, paler on the underside, sinuate toothed, narrowed towards the base, but rounded or slightly cordate, coriaceous. Flowers in fairly large axillary or terminal panicles, cernuous, on long slender peduncles. Petals nearly an inch long. Sepals hoary. Capsule thick, woody, echinate, opening into three or four valves about 4 inch long. Geographical Range.—Coast district from Queensland to Kiama, New South Wales. 27 en Blue Fig. (Eleocarpus grandis, F.v.M.) The vernacular name has been unfortunately chosen, as the tree has no connection with the true figs (Ficus), as shown by the systematic name, the timber of figs being notoriously worthless. In this instance we have a splendid pale coloured, light timber, which shows a sheen on planing. It is open in the grain, dresses well, takes a good polish, is much used in the trade, and can by different stains made to imitate various other timbers. It is used for almost any kind of cabinet and joinery work, also interior fittings of carriages, ships’ cabins, &c. The pale yellow colour would look well in contrast with any of our dark Acacia timbers. Description of the Tree.—An average tree of the coast brushes, attaining a height of 100 feet or more, and a corresponding diameter, having a smooth, yellowish tinted bark, and glabrous in all its parts. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, up to 6 inches long, petiole slightly winged, obtuse or acuminate, shining above, domatia often present, crenulate. Flowers large, in short axillary racemes, sepals about 4 inch long, including the subulate points. Petals of equal length having about five fringed lobes, silky pubescent on the margin towards the base. Anthers pointed. Fruit a drupe, globular, r inch in diameter, of a bluish colour. Inner portion or putamen very hard and wrinkled. Nore.—It is from the form of fruit that the tree has received its common name. Geographical Range.—Coast district of Queensland, from Pine River to Northern New South Wales. III. BLUE FIG. M.) : 1D tS aa A 4 te. . - : ° ~ % ‘ ' . ‘ ‘ : | * ¥ .* a . < al ie Ee ee | | =i ‘NATURAL ORDER. { ' | RUTACE&. a * + | | | ‘Tuts natural Order is quite southern in its distribution, and as a timber yielder is not famous out of Australia. The material obtained from our Rutacez is deserving of far more attention than has yet been given it. The genera Bosistoa, Melicope, Pentaceras, Evodia, and Zanthoxylum produce beautiful pale yellow-coloured or even whitish l} timbers. It is to be regretted that groups of such fine woods should be so near extinction. Two are photographed i here, as the others are now less frequently found on the market. These particular illustrations will give the index to the rest of the Rutacee timbers, which are generally of medium weight, close grained, polish and dress well, and ‘would be an acquisition in many branches of cabinet work. 5 Thorny Yellow Wood (Zanthoxylum brachyacanthum, F.v.M.). | : } SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— } | Serub Hickory (Pentaceras australis, J. Hook.). ‘CN ) A= ss Se Z : fs % r ' a -- ¢ 7, oe ee White Gedar: 4 (Melia Azedarach, Linn.) | i This wood is light in colour and weight, and has a figure and texture not at all unlike | very easy to work, and known in the trade as Golden Cedar as well as White Cedar. It is used for cabinet work, veneering, turnery, &c., and any kind of inside joinery, but is not ] English “ Elm” (Ulmus campestris). It is open in the grain, has large annual rings, is | | suitable where it is exposed to climatic changes. / Description of the Tree.—A large forest tree of the coast brush lands, and. now found in cultivation, as the long pendulous pinnate leaves (deciduous) give it quite an ornamental appearance. Bark hard, compact, distinctly ridged or checkered. Leaflets opposite, mostly coarsely lobed or toothed, ovate to lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers lilac-coloured, in fairly large, loose panicles, but shorter than the leaves, covered | with a mealy tomentum. Sepals small, petals nearly } inch long. Staminal tube hirsute inside behind the anthers, ten to twelve-teeth. Fruit a white drupe, ovoid or nearly globular. Geographical Range.—Like most of our cabinet timbers it is found in the middle area of the East Coast districts of the continent in the brushes. Nand eee ee ee = Rosewood. (Dysoxylon Fraserianum, Bentham.) This tree, like its other congeners, flourishes in the brushes, and is still fairly plentiful. The wood has been extensively employed in furniture manufacture, and is so to an extent | now, although it has a serious drawback in some specimens in that it “sweats,” to use a trade expression. It would be a distinct gain if this objection could be removed, for it would add an otherwise most valuable addition to our cabinet timbers. It has a pleasing red colour, although | too light for some tastes, but is often considerably dark stained when made into furniture. It | planes well, is easily worked, light in weight, and fairly hard. The texture is closer than Red Bean or Cedar, and in this character more approaches the Queensland Maple. Description of the Tree.—One of the tallest trees of the Coast brush lands, attaining a height of 200 feet, with a thin, yellowish, flaky—or tessellated bark. Leaflets five to nine, oblong, lanceolate or elliptical, acuminate, 3 to 6 inches long, narrowed and equal at the base. Domatia often present on the underside. Flowers in short panicles in the upper axils, loose, divaricately branched, slightly pubescent. Calyx cupular, very small, | shortly and broadly four-lobed. Petals four, about } inch long; staminal tube eight- | | | SS eee } toothed, glabrous. Fruit a globular or pear-shaped capsule, opening loculicidally in three to five thickly coriaceous valves. Geographical Range.—This is essentially a brush timber of the North Coast of New \} South Wales and the South Coast of Queensland. —— oe a a . ah mane ~ - aes Rosewood. In Technological Museum, Rosewood. 36 - ‘ - - = + “hn 4 ’ ; ’ . i jw * “~ © anal tei “ E - “5 "* . ; Ur 4% >: ‘si Oe ” F Ea — : = > . im , —— mere Red Bean. (Dysoxylon Muellert, Benth.) It is not now one of the best known or most used timbers in the cabinet trade, although possessing many qualities obtaining in this branch of commerce, and was much more appreciated a decade or two ago than it is to-day. The colour is very attractive, being of a warm red character when freshly cut, but becomes lighter in seasoning, and takes a splendid polish. It is easy to work, slightly open in the grain and often has a decorative figure, which places it well in the front rank of red timbers for cabinet work, for which it is most suitable. It is heavier and stronger than cedar, and could be utilised for almost any purpose for which cedar is used. Description of the Tree.—Like its congener, D. Fraserianum (Rosewood), it is one of the giants of the Coast brush lands, and probably measures 200 feet in height, with a proportionate diameter, and a thin, dark yellow flaky bark. It is, however, larger in all its parts than that tree. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long; leaflets eleven to twenty-one, from ovate to almost lanceolate, shortly acuminate, 3 to 6 inches long, very oblique at the base- Flowers numerous, in much branched pyramidal panicles, g inches to 1 footlong. Sepals and petals similar to D. Fraserianum. Tubular disk long and slender. Geographical Range.—This tree occurs in the northern brushes of New South Wales ’ and the southern brushes of Queensland. vay (Us ee ss SAR ise =———=4)) } i} SAX Onion Wood. (Owenia cepiodora, F.v.M.) A good all round cabinet timber such as this, certainly deserves a better common name,. for of all the specimens that have come under my notice, in no instance has an alliaceous odour been detected when seasoned. It has the general facies of the Meliaceous timbers, being reddish in colour, soft, easily worked and dressed, and takes a good polish. It is suitable for all kinds. of cabinet work, such as counters, wainscotting, furniture, doors, panelling, in fact, anything in the cabinet line. It is very similar to Red Cedar, but slightly heavier and closer in the grain. Description of the Tree—A large brush tree with large pinnate leaves. Leaves sometimes measuring 2 feet in length, oblique, thin, shining, with oblong-lanceolate leaflets 5 to 6 inches long, numbering up to twenty. Flowers small, in broad axillary panicles, about a foot long. Fruit a globular drupe with a rugose putamen, rose coloured, under I inch in diameter. Geographical Range.—Southern Coast districts of Queensland to Richmond River, New South Wales. oa rea git dy Red Cedar. (Cedrela Toona, Roxb.) This—the first cabinet timber ever used in Australia—was the pride of the early timber-getters, and was for long the champion of the “brushes’’ as regards its dimensions, but almost all the giants of its race have fallen a victim to the ruthless war of the axe- man. Traces of this monarch of the forest will, however, still remain with us, for its name is perpetuated in such localities as Cedar Gully and Cedar Mountain, and these are fairly common in the Coast districts wherever the Cedar previously flourished, but is now a tree of the past. It has always appealed to cabinet makers and joiners as par excellence amongst our timbers for this particular purpose, and no native timber has been so extensively used as this one in cabinet work. Nor is this to be wondered at, for no finer timber exists in Australia. It has a deep red colour, is specifically light, open, soft, easily worked or dressed, and takes a beautiful polish, and what is most dear to the heart of the cabinetmaker, has very often a beautiful figure. Some of the finest office decorations, counters, &c., of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Hobart, Adelaide, and Perth, are made from Cedar. In the early days of the Colony it was used for doors, tables, wainscotting, panels, and stairs, but it is too soft for the latter. For carving it has no compeers,—some beautifully carved newel posts made from it can be seen in our leading offices. It is also a fair timber for show-case framing. It is a rapid growing tree, and a specimen in the Museum cut from a tree 1g years old measures over 2 feet in diameter. See remarks under frontispiece. Description of the Tree.—A giant, if not the giant, tree of the Australian brushes. It is essentially a brush and gully tree. Leaves pinnate, large, deciduous; leaflets eleven to seventeen, opposite, irregularly alternate, lanceolate oblique, up to 5 inches long, pale underneath, thin. Flowers in a large, many-flowered pyramidal panicle, glabrous. Sepals orbicular, ciliate, very small. Petals white or pinkish, under } inch long. Fruit a capsule, glabrous, oblong, I to 1} inches long. Geographical Range.—It occurs in the brushes of the east Coast of Australia, almost as far south as the Victorian border. ‘BIUvUSeT, Qreqoy{ ‘flounoD sArzR|sIs07] *Adoueg poomyoeig ‘sijsueq seeped peyYy ‘PEgI ying *A\\‘S'N ‘osnoyy uspweg "SowWEI4Y MOPUIAA PUe S100q Jepsg ‘OPO T “URDUALL *AL “LS 40 *M‘S'N ‘asnoyyT uepureg "s}UsWaSeD Jepeg poy 0,0Ud ‘UIMMIALL “ML 41 ‘AoupAs ‘TTR UMOT, *Ss100g sepeg psy povueD ae } Cutan) ) \¢ Perayee seo” ra wes 1s See Tr ee Royal Society, Sydney. | * } tye SS a, *e, > . iy y Technological Museum, . ; Sydney. v , ; b 5 ‘ x ro ‘ Red Cedar. 43 Red Cedar Exterior. State Governor’s Car, N.S.W. Government Railways. 44 tg U Mala Mala ila Barca (hola aks Goal tea de oka bait daca (nokd sie cars rs A alas Ald UK sha a sha Uh dnb Uta Ub Pad (a da sad ahd nad ita ' 1 45 4? ee HOE Garved Cedar Pane). | a Sr \ Sie / @il bf bs (nfl r a | =) ai ia = hm Red Cedar Seats and Organ. St. James’ Church, Sydney. 406 Red Cedar Wardrobe. Camden House, N.S.W. 1834. 47 - wes Red Cedar Roof and Blackwood Furniture. Fisher Library, University, Sydney. om” Psy Bi "wepag poy f Red Cedar Fittings. Council Chamber, Town Hall, Sydney. Red Cedar Pews. St. Matthew's Church, Windsor. 1820. 50 LONG JACK . te eS - a eee ae ~ ‘ f -. wre of ’ - : . ‘ rH * - . * ay Long Jack. (Flindersia Oxleyana, F.v.M.) This timber is also known vernacularly as Mountain Ash and Yellow Wood, but these are only recorded here for identification of the wood and not to be perpetuated, as it is a distinct advantage for a timber to have only one commercial name, and that, if possible, a descriptive one of the wood, or at least one that shall give some index to its qualities. In this case the adjective evidently has been given by timber-getters in reference to the long straight stem, for the tree attains an average height of 120 feet, with an average diameter of 3 feet. The name Mountain Ash is retained for the Eucalypts going under that appellation, and Yellow Wood for Rhodosphaera rhodanthema, so that it is as well now to keep Long Jack for F. Oxleyana. It isa light yellowish coloured timber, fairly hard, strong, durable, heavy, and close grained, especially the latter in a transverse section. There is no sapwood, so that it cuts out to advantage. It is suitable for bedroom suites, coachwork, panelling, picture frames, and other joinery and cabinet work. The timber is sold in the markets under its several common names. Description of the Tree.—A large forest tree of the Coastal brush land, attaining a height of over 1oo feet, with a thin, lightish coloured, compact, fairly smooth bark. Leaves opposite, crowded under the flowering panicles; leaflets four to ten, with or without a terminal odd one, broadly lanceolate, oblique, inclining to falcate, narrowed into a distinct petiolule, sometimes with minute stellate hairs underneath. Flowers in a loose many flowered panicle, shorter than the leaves. Sepals very small. Petals a little larger, glabrous, obovate, oblong. Fruit an oblong hard capsule, muricate, opening septicidally into five boat-shaped valves or cocci, without any persistent axis. Geographical Range.—The tree is fairly plentiful in the brushes of the North Coast of New South Wales and South Coast of Queensland. 51 Queensland Maple. (Flindersia Chatawaiana, Bail.) The common name might conjure up in one’s mind a replica of the familiar maple of Canada; but, if so, one would err, for there is very little resemblance between these two timbers. In this instance the colour is slightly darker than the Canadian timber, and the figure, which is different, being less “ bird’s eye,’ is obtained by the waving lines caused by the interlocking texture, and is very effective. It is fairly hard, takes a beautiful polish, and is eminently suited for all kinds of cabinet work. It is being extensively employed in the trade for furniture, piano panels, and interior decoration. There is no timber on the Sydney market at the present time used for such a variety of joinery purposes and cabinet work, as it can be stained to imitate Walnut or Mahogany, or used in its natural state. Description of the Tree.—A large tree with a trunk diameter from 4 to 8 feet. Leaves opposite, petioles and rhachis more or less sharply angular ; leaflets usually seven, oblong falcate, obtuse, or with a more or less acuminate obtuse point, sometimes very oblique at the base, 3 to 44 inches long, 14 to 2} inches broad, underside somewhat pale. Panicles rather large and spreading. Flowers not known. Fruit 3 inches or more long, oblong, but tapering at each end, pentagonal, prominently marked with dark mussel- shaped scars, which gives to the fruit somewhat the appearance of a fir cone. (F. M. Bailey, Queensland Flora, Part I, p. 240.) Geographical Range.—Cardwell to Herberton, Queensland. : ie = = — : = = LF Se ee =—— — \ ee — —— = ==> an SSS Se ee QV?) i : i F a es ome ees a Tt e's ; ah , q Tove ? \ 7 : ( ..% oe Z . Tt. : ? en a : : ‘os : J : r q . es 7 ret 7 t as ; 4 : _ ’ a, . z San ee | : ‘ ¥ 3) rh Fe 5 a: « > .t - i - = . * r a: J, . x = 1) “ ru ge. 4 K = ‘t . ( Ne Stas Phe: “fate o? | Ae ' b. “rl A te m te ; é : bet tg eS eas urs Ser 2 eases teal eee i ee 2S REPS. a a ok i by ° s . eek . . ~ : . i T OAs yo tee wits sar gaan in Coca, ted -1.S Fae se me P « . ‘ ' ~— ‘en : és = rit ji - = t G ? ¥ a ‘ ie - he are © bs: ) puejsusene® 53 Queensland Maple. Bank N.S.W., Melbourne. ‘olde puejsuseny —— f NATURAL ORDER. OLACINE. we UNFORTUNATELY, not many representatives of this Order are found in Australia, for it is from this family that the timbers of the common Ashes (Fraxinns excelsior and kindred species) of other countries are derived. The species occurring in New South Wales is commonly known as ‘ Maple,” a not well chosen term, as it has not the facies of any - of the other timbers passing under that name. and, perhaps, some Oaks (Quercus). SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Maple (Villaresia Moorei, F.v.M.). In figure it more nearly approaches the North American Sycamore. ™ XIV. N.S.W. MAPLE. (VILLARESIA Moork1, F.v.M.) New South Wales Maple. (Villaresia Mooret, F.v.M.) Our local names are not always expressive of a distinctiveness of some well-known characters, and this is an instance. One generally associates Maple with Canada, and expects in this connection to find a timber that possesses some of the well-known features of that class of wood, but those are just what are not found in this case. It certainly is somewhat light in colour, but that is about all that obtains in the connection. The figure more nearly approaches that of English Beech, and the same may be said of the texture, hardness, and colour. It could be used for all purposes to which English Beech is applied, and would make very pretty panels or whole bedroom suites when the tout ensemble is white, or pale coloured. Description of the Tree.—A tall, handsome tree, found in the brush lands of the coast, with a pale, comparatively thin, yellowish corrugated bark. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or oval, acuminate, varying in size up to 3 inches broad, and 6 inches long; petiole short, coriaceous and shining, pale on underside. Flowers in lateral raceme-like panicles 2 to 4 inches long. Fruit a drupe, globular, $ inch diameter, the putamen hard, rugose outside, Geographical Range.—Brush forests, Bunya Mountains, Queensland, to Bulli, New South Wales. NATURAL ORDER. RHAMNE&, | * Tuts Order is fairly well distributed over the earth, and Australia has one or two good representatives of its timbers. Red Ash is a particularly fine timber for cabinet use, the texture, weight, and colour being suitable for this special class of work. It is rarely found in the market and so is not in ordinary use. SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Red Ash (Alphitona excelsa, Reiss). ”~ 58 y A. Supple Jack. (Ventilago viminalis, Hook.) This is a timber that is little known outside its geographical area. It is hard, heavy, dark coloured, and so would only be useful for special cabinet work; it much resembles in some respects the dark hearted Acacia timbers, and amongst these features may be mentioned its difficulty to dress. It is suitable for any kind of ornamental turnery, brush backs, fancy boxes, &c. | Description of the Tree-——A small glabrous tree occurring in the interior of New South Wales and Queensland and Northern Territory. Leaves alternate, narrow lanceolate to lanceolate up to 5 inches long, entire, lateral veins very oblique and sometimes parallel with the edge, rather thin. Flowers small, clustered in the branches of axillary or terminal panicles. Fruit globular at the base, produced into an oblong or linear coriaceous wing, one cell, one seed, about 1 inch long. Geographical Range.—Interior of Queensland and New South Wales. Red Ash. (Alphitona excelsa, Reiss.) This is a little known timber, and rarely found on the market, but it is, nevertheless, one of our finest native cabinet woods. It is close-grained, hard, fairly heavy, but with practically no figure—its special recommendation for this particular work being the ) bright red colour of the duramen. When first planed only a tinge of red is seen, but on exposure the colour deepens to a bright cardinal. It could be used for panelling, decorative tables, carving, and turning. Description of the Tree.—A tall tree, found near water or ridges overlooking water, open country or brush forests, the young branches with a rusty tomentum. Bark hard, compact, often with a whitish coating. Leaves characteristic, alternate, ovate to lanceolate, large, entire, subcoriaceous, glabrous above, white or hoary underneath with a close tomentum, veins prominent. Flowers in small umbel-like cymes arranged in dichotomous cymes in the upper axils or in a terminal corymbose panicle. Fruit globular or broadly ovoid, separating into two or three hard carpels. Seeds shining, enclosed in a red-brown arillus. Geographical Range.—Curtis Island, Queensland, to Mount Dromedary, New South Wales. is ! NATURAL ORDER. , ~ the tea at i SAPINDACE. "Ee EE As a timber-yielder outside Australia this Order does not seem to rank very high. In Australia the timbers are fairly numerous, hard, close-grained, tough and strong, but lacking in figure except in the case of. Tulip Wood, i Harpullia pendula, and perhaps Nephelium semiglaucum, which, although suitable timbers for many purposes, yet are rarely found on the market. SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Tulip Wood (Harpullia pendula, Planch.). Tulip Wood (Harpullia pendula, Planch.) A list of the cabinet timbers would not be complete, perhaps, without a few remarks. on this one, and if the tree were only more numerous the timber would be much in request. At present it only finds its way into the market in very limited supplies, so is not often now found in the cabinet-makers’ workshops. That it was a regular article of commerce in the past is proved by the following quotation taken from a Toy and Fancy article advertisement in a Sydney Directory of 1848 : SEG also Ebony, Australian Tulip Wood, . . . *Henry Parkes, Ivory and Bone Toy Manufacturer, No. 20 Hunter:street.” é The wood is close-grained, hard and heavy, yet works easily, and has a pretty figure produced by a dark brown or almost black colouring, with whitish streaks. It is very suitable i for turning, and has been used for small legs of ornamental drawing-room tables, and is. specially suited for small mallets, and cases for medical and other scientific instruments. ; Apart from its cabinet qualities, the tree itself makes a very ornamental park addition, and is- well worthy of cultivation. The wood looks well in ornamental boxes, picture-frames, salvers,. &c., ornamented with silver, when a contrast is produced between the white metal and the { H dark streaked colours. } : * Afterwards Sir Henry Parkes, K.C.M.G., Premier of New South Wales. Description of the Tree.—A tall tree of the northern brush« Leaves pinnate, leaflets ; usually three to six, ovate to elliptical oblong, obtusely acuminate, 3 to 5 inches long, thin or membraneous, veins prominent underneath. Flowers in loose, slender terminal, little-branched panicles, small. Sepals under } of an inch long. Petals ovate, slightly larger. Stamens five to seven, much longer than.the calyx, with slender filaments in the males, small and short in the females. Fruit a glabrous capsule, 1 to 14 inch broad, the lobes inflated. Seeds without any arillus. Geographical Range.—In the brushes of the North Coast district of New South Wales and Queensland. ral 62 4 cae 7 4 a “« ; ¥ * “ - » ee eee * ‘ ay a te 3 t "NATURAL ORDER. - ANACARDIACE/:. ae is a beautiful timber, and might be used by cabinet makers in greater quantity. SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Yellow Cedar (Rhodosphera rhodanthema, Engl.). ‘Tus is an Order with a fairly extensive distribution in the tropics and sub-tropics, and is famous for many of its economics, but the timber is, perhaps, the least known of them. The Yellow Cedar (Rhodosphera rhodanthema, Engl.) Yellow Cedar. (Rhodosphera rhodanthema, Eng.) Rarely eee on the market, but the pale yellow colour of its wood should create for it something of a demand, as it could be utilised in various ways in cabinet-work, being hard, fairly heavy, close-grained, as well as taking a good polish, and dresses easily. It should be suitable for any cabinet-work or turnery, or any kind of ornamental cases or caskets requiring a special colour. Description of the Tree.—An average forest tree of the coastal (eastern) brushes, less than 100 feet in height generally, having a smoothish, flaky brown bark. Leaves pinnate, with a round common petiole or stalk; leaflets from seven to nine, oblong, obtusely acuminate, entire shortly petiolate, venation distinct on the underside, where also occur domatia. Flowers large, red-coloured, in dense panicles, dicecious, very shortly pedicellate.. Sepals very small, broadly ovate, very obtuse. Petals very small, recurved, ovate. .Stamens ten, styles three, short, thick, diverging with capitate stigmas. Fruit a globular drupe, shining, under an inch in diameter. Seeds orbicular, flat. Geographical Range.—A brush tree of the central Coast districts of the continent. 64 YELLOW CEDAR. DA EMA XVII a) ‘fe « 2 GR x a LEGUMINOS:. | ° NATURAL ORDER. Tuts is a very extensive Order, and has representatives in almost all parts of the world, the number of species numbering some thousands, the Australian specimens even running into hundreds. Many of these are very ornamental and eminently fitted for cabinet-work, such timbers as Black Bean, Tortoise-shell Tulip, Myall, Eumung, Blackwood, and other Acacias form a varied selection of fine cabinet woods, and occupy no mean space in the collections in this Museum. / SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Black Bean (Castanospermum australe, A, Cunn.). Myall (A. pendula, A. Cunn.). Eumung (Acacia salicina, Lindl.). Brigalow (A. homalophylla, A. Cunn.). Sally (A. Maideni, F.v.M.). Gidgea (A. Cambagei, R. T. Baker). Blackwood (A. melanoxylon, R.Br.). Tortoise-shell Tulip (Pithecolobiwm Hendersont, F.v.M.). ee eS 65 Black Bean. (Castanospermum australe, A. Cunn.) Timber-getters of the two neighbouring States have given distinctive names to this wood, the northern men having bestowed the appellation of Moreton Bay Chestnut, evidently from the big seed of the pod resembling the Horse chestnut of Europe, whilst the Walesian has derived his designation of it from the pod, prefixed by an adjective suggestive of the colour of the timber. It is really remarkable how vernacular names are applied, as for instance, Red Bean, where the fruit is not a bean, but the timber has much the same character as this, although not the colour, and hence the family (sic) name. It is an attractive wood, much resembling English and American Walnut in colour and often in figure, being dark or almost black, with a pronounced grain. In some specimens exhibited in the Museum the figure is most beautiful, excelling anything seen in exotic Walnut woods. The texture is close, and a good surface is easily produced by planing. It is fairly heavy, and is a good carving timber. It requires careful seasoning, otherwise it readily warps and twists. For doors, desks, panels, particular kinds of furniture, it is well suited, and may be regarded as a good all-round heavy cabinet timber. The tree is a fairly quick grower. Description of the Tree.—One of the large trees of the coastal brush lands, distin- guished by its large pinnate leaves and big pod. Bark thin, compact, pale-coloured, smooth. Leaves from 1 to nearly 2 feet long; leaflets eleven to fifteen, ovate, elliptical or broadly oblong, shortly acuminate, up to 6 inches long, shortly petiolulate. Flowers large, orange- coloured, in loose axillary or lateral racemes, under 6 inches long, occurring sometimes on the trunks and branches removed'from the leaves. Standard about 1 inch in diameter. Pod 8 or g inches long, about 2 inches broad, three to five cells, each containing a large chestnut-like seed. Geographical Range.—A native of the brushes of the North Coast district of New South Wales and Southern Queensland. it ‘thesnyy peorsojouyse f, 1h 4eO AXIS pue ueeg yoRIg nvag OV1g 67 joueg ueeg 4OR|g PEAIeD 68 —— (eeteciay Sie _— se ~ ~~ 1 ee am = > —e A ae ees = eae % Hose oy HEL ae lee I ek Tran? wera ‘a Black Bean. 69 * eee . e, —— ‘ ( Stee ee S ee) Eumung. (Acacia salicina, Lindl.) As regards its ornamental character, this species of timber is a rival to Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon), and by some it is thought to be superior in this respect, for it often has very beautiful wavy markings. In texture it is more open than Blackwood, but has about the same specific gravity, although it has a more showy figure, while the colour is somewhat like Honduras Mahogany. It is necessary to use the scraper to work it up to a smooth surface before polishing. A rich appearance is produced when polished, and it would look handsome in panels, counters, internal decoration of railway carriages, and would also be very suitable for all kinds of fancy boxes, brushes, rings, cutlery cases, caskets, &c. Description of the Tree.—One of the largest of the Acacia family, probably the | largest species of the interior, as it attains quite full tree size with a diameter of over 2 feet, branches often pendulous, branchlets angular, but soon terete. Phyllodes pale-coloured or glaucous, straight or falcate, narrow to broadly lanceolate, narrowed towards the base, 3 to over 6 inches long, occasionally over } inch broad, but mostly much narrower, midrib prominent, lateral veins not prominent, gland wanting. Racemes sometimes as long as the leaves, often reduced to one head on slender peduncles, about twenty flowers in each globular head. Calyx short, petals quite smooth. Pod straight or curved, I to 3 inches long, under } inch broad, not much constricted between the seeds; valves hard and thick. Seeds orbicular, longitudinal, funicle red, forming several folds under the seed. i Geographical Range.—Open forest lands on the Balonne and Suttor Rivers, i] Queensland, to the Lachlan River, Barrier Range, and Western Plains, New South Wales. aires 7a : 4 ve ‘y S £ — cas ie aie . 7) Baie SS OE eee ee Sally. (Acacia Maident, F.v.M.) and texture from the type or main group, such as Myall, Gidgea,; Brigalow, &c, It is pale- coloured, fairly hard and light in weight, and being a rapid grower the annual rings are prominent, and when cut tangentially give a big figure. Suitable for chair-making, carriage-work, or’ any purpose where medium strength is required. Description of the Tree.—A tree about 50 feet high, occurring in the brush lands of the Coast. Phyllodia large, falcate lanceolate, or oblanceolate, many veined, thin. Flowers in almost sessile spikes, the spikes solitary or two or three together, their rachis tomentose. Pod narrow, compressed, much twisted. Seeds longitudinal, shining, funicle pale-reddish, almost encircling the seed in a double fold. be » Geographical Range.—Southern parts of Queensland to near Sydney, New South Wales. th a This timber is illustrated here as it is one of the group of Acacias ‘that differ in colour =e C 3 a - = SH — ~~~. wa ce _— TMT =a Y BESSA a Sous Qe — a my f As a cabinet timber for all-round usefulness this one might, perhaps, be placed next to Red Cedar (Cedrela Toona), and its utilisation in this connection dates probably almost as far back It can be made into beautiful furniture, as it takes a good polish, which It is fairly close-grained, in the State’s history. gives it a satiny sheen, thus enhancing its often ornamental figure. ' strong, comparatively light in weight, and dresses with a beautiful finish and is frequently Apart from its utilisation for furniture and cabinet-work, it has It is extensively used in the construction found with a ringed figure. also been tried for gun-stocks and given satisfaction. H of railway passenger cars, office, bank, and shop fittings, also interior joinery work of passenger ] boats, in fact almost every purpose to which good cabinet timber can be utilised. The Central Railway Booking Office fittings, Sydney, are made from it. — Blackwood. (Acacia melanoxylon, R.Br.) Description of the Tree.—This probably is the giant of Acacias, as it attains a height of 80 or 100 feet with a good diameter. Bark hard, rough, furrowed, and of a compact texture. Phyllodia straight, lanceolate or falcate, up to 6 inches in length and 4 to I inch broad, much narrowed towards the base, with several longitudinal nerves and numerous anastomosing veins. Inflorescence either on a solitary peduncle or a short raceme. Flowers in head of forty or fifty. Pods flat, much curved, about } inch broad with thickened margins. Seeds orbicular, funicle red, encircling the seed in a double fold. Geographical Range.—One of the widest distributed of our cabinet timbers, as it is found in Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland. / & ; aia ? ‘ nap ‘oe! :> i . ‘ x , -. 3 , ' ‘ i ‘ tt. © A ry . ‘4 2 ‘ > a $ “a — _ "‘ . ee ‘ouinoqdypeyy “yueg “vy » 'S *poomyxoe|g ‘oD AouosW SIOMOID [OOA, ‘sHul}4 poomyoesg “a ee { s o wld Bast = e Blackwood Tables and Chairs. Bank of Australasia, Sydney. 74 ‘eluewses ‘weqoy ‘poomyorig prays “eluewusey ‘uojsIOUNeT] ‘Yue yeIo1OUIWO *poomyxdeig Fo ee x "5a Se Ss Tyr Pgs Ta 4) 75 Blackwood Fittings. 76 i At “A te; —— - tt Blackwood Fittings C.S.R. Co., Sydney. 77 -Aoupds “0D “yW°S"d "OSBOUIE}G POOMADRIG 78 Blackwood Fittings. Board Room, Dalgety’s, Sydney. 79 SOSSEC EC LAC LG He 2 a 3 ° ° 3 & ° s a 80 Pies Blackwood and Cedar. Legislative Council Chambers, Hobart, Tasmania. ’ or * * Blackwood. | Blackwood and Cedar. 83 House of Assembly, Hobart. Blackwood. President’s Chair, Legislative Council, Tasmania. 84 Blackwood Pulpit- R.C. Church, Malvern, Melbourne. Blackwood Settee. Blackwood. C. B. Brady's Residence, Launceston. Speaker’s Chair, Tasmanian Assembly. 85 Blackwood Pulpit. Church of the Apostles, Launceston, Tasmania. 86 =. \* >) { 2Y. (+ ; \ »¥ ( Blackwood Pews. St. David’s Cathedral, Hobart. 87 Blackwood. St. Paul’s Cathedral, Melbourne. 88 Blackwood Pulpit. St. Paul’s Cathedral, Melbourne. 77 aT? <. « Myall. (Acacia pendula, A. Cunn.) . This is one of the hardest and heaviest of the Acacia timbers, and is only suitable for dark heavy furniture, being in this feature a rival to the famous black Oak of the Old Country, so much in vogue in the 15th and 16th centuries, and even later. It is close in texture, not too distinctly figured, polishes and turns well; it could also be utilised for all kinds of small ornamental articles, such as cutlery cases, &c., and would have a very rich appearance if mounted with silver. Description of the Tree.—An Acacia which attains tree size and is easily distinguished by its willowy character, which gives it an attractive appearance; branchlets slightly angular, soon terete. Phyllodia of a glaucous hue, linear lanceolate, falcate, acuminate, narrowed towards the base, 2 to 3 inches long, coriaceous, indistinctly finely striate, often with a recurved point. Inflorescence in short axillary racemes, each head containing from twelve to twenty flowers. Pod linear, very flat, nearly 3 inches long and ? inch broad, the valves reticulate, the sutures bordered by a very narrow wing. Seeds oval, placed obliquely; arillus with three or four short folds near the hilum. Geographical Range.—From the Maranoa River, Queensland, to morasses of the Lachlan and Western Plains, New South Wales. Brigalow. (Acacia homalophylla, A. Cunn.) Brigalow trees differ in one respect from many of their congeners, as they are gregarious, and the term Brigalow scrub is common over a fair area of the States of New South Wales and Queensland. The timber is dark-coloured, hard, heavy, and suitable for heavy work of a smaller size, as only on rare occasions does it reach large dimensions. The remarks concerning Myall are also applicable to this timber. Description of the Tree.—A fair-sized tree found well to the west of the Eastern Coast Range, with a hard, compact, furrowed bark. Phyllodia pale or glaucous, varying in length from 3 to g inches, narrowed at both ends, coriaceous, pale or glaucous, with several veins fairly well marked. Inflorescence in axillary clusters with slender peduncles under 1 inch long, the globular head of flowers containing about twelve to fifteen flowers. Pods narrow, under 6 inches long, constricted between the seeds, oval ; arillus short and straight. _ Geographical Range.—Abundant on the barren heaths of the interior from the Lachlan River to the Barrier Range ; also in Victoria. Ahi aes Gidgea. (Acacia Cambaget, R.T.B.) Like most Acacias of the interior, the timber is very dark coloured, close grained, and heavy. When the fibres are interlocked or cross grained, it is then known as “ringed Gidgea,” and this is in great request for turnery, for then the wavy appearance of the wood produces a pretty figure, the undulations of light and shade being very effective. For this reason it is much in request for walking sticks, table legs, balusters, newel posts, &c. When the late Sir George Dibbs was in “ durance vile,” for conscience’ sake, he turned a walking stick, and presented it to King Edward VII, who graciously accepted it. The result of this little exchange of courtesy was that the Museum was inundated with letters from Home from walking-stick makers desiring to be supplied with timber of Ring Gidgea. This ring character is found to obtain in other Australian woods. The straight grained timber would be very suitable for heavy cabinet work, and other solid specimens of Applied Art. In the Western area of New South Wales, especially at Bourke and beyond, it is fairly plentiful, and forms the principal fuel where coal is scarce. Description of the Tree.—A medium-sized tree with pendulous branchlets, the foliage of a pale or glaucous hue; branchlets angular; phyllodia falcate, lanceolate, obtuse or slightly acuminate, up to 5 inches long, and from 5 to g lines broad, with numerous fine parallel veins, two or three more prominent than the rest, thin or membraneous. Peduncles about 3 lines long, slender in axillary clusters of about six, each bearing a globular head of about twelve flowers. Sepals broad, spathulate, ciliate on the upper edge, free, and less than half aslong as the petals. Petals glabrous. Pod flat, straight, about 3 lines long and 4 lines broad, veined, valves thin, not contracted between the seeds. Seeds ovate, longitudinal, or slightly oblique, funicle short, filiform, not folded nor dilated. Geographical Range.—Interior of New South Wales and Queensland. gl Tortoise Shell Tulip. (Pithecolobium Henderson, F.v.M.) The greatest recommendation in this timber is the fine figure and colour of its grain, the latter being a mixture of pink and yellow, and these are further enhanced by polishing. It is a light, soft timber, with a sap wood which must be removed, as it is liable to the attacks of borers, therefore only the duramen can be used for cabinet work. It planes well, and has a free and open grain, and looks handsome polished. It is suitable for any kind of internal decoration, such as railway and elevator cars, fancy ornamental boxes, cabinets, trays, &c. Description of the Tree.—A fair-sized tree of the brush lands of the Coast, with a thin, comparatively smooth, bark. Leaves consisting of pinne from one to two; leaflets, four to six, oblique, sessile, without any gland but one at the junction of the pinne- Flowers large, sessile, in globular heads. Corolla about 3? inch“long. Stamens about 14 inches long, greenish-white. Pods curved, } to 1 inch broad, outer margin undu- late, deep red inside. Seeds black, shining. Geographical Range.—Southern Queensland and Northern New South Wales Coast districts. 92 (CS ee BR a — Un WA Cy) ae \ . ig L "NATURAL ORDER. SAXIFRAGE. ” + THE representatives of this world-wide Order occur in almost every State of the Commonwealth, and range in ‘size from a small herbaceous annual to a fair-sized forest tree. The principal Australian timbers in this connection -are :— . Coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum, D. Don). Corkwood (Ackama Muelleri, Benth.). (Weinmannia rubifolia, F.v.M.). Plumwood (Eucryphia Moorei, F.v.M.). Coachwood is a first-class timber, and the supply is plentiful, but the wood 1s not appreciated so much to-day -as previously. Coachwood’s day will yet come in Australian cabinet work. SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum, D. Don). Corkwood (Ackama Muelleri, Benth.). 93 Coachwood. (Ceratopetalum apetalum, D. Don.) This timber, often known also as “ Leatherjacket,’”’ was one of the earliest used in coachbuilding, but is not much employed now, although the reason for its being discarded is not obvious. It is a timber that is readily differentiated from others, being characterised by a sweet perfume, named by chemists as Courmarin. This feature should be known by the trade, as other timbers are sometimes sold for Coachwood, but the odour test is an infallible one. It is fairly light in weight, and has a colour inclining to pale pink. The figure: is marked, and sometimes ornamental. It takes a splendid polish, is easily worked, and strong, and it is difficult to explain how its utilisation in the cabinet trade is neglected. It has been used for gun stocks, broom heads, bodies of buggies, and can be bent to any shape: required. It should be very useful for chair-making, or for any purpose where a light, tough timber is required. Some regard it as a good substitute for English Ash, and not very inferior to American Hickory. The late Sir William Macarthur exhibited in the London Exhibition, 1851, a table of it, made in Paris from wood taken home by himself. This piece of furniture is- now at Camden Park, and demonstrates what a splendid timber it is for this purpose. Description of the Tree.—A beautiful, fragrant. tree, found in the Mountains and East Coast district, having a smooth, whitish, hard bark, attaining”a height of about 60 feet or more. Leaflets usually solitary, only occasionally found in threes in early growth, up to 12 inches long, but commonly under 6 inches, ovate, lanceolate, obtusely serrate, sometimes shining, reticulations well marked on under side, articulate on a petiole of 3 to Linch long. Flowers numerous in terminal dense corymbose cymes or panicles, usually shorter than the last leaves. Petals, none. Calyx-lobes acute, about } inch in flower and } inch long in fruit. Geographical Range.—Common in all the brushes of the East Coast. 94 Camden House, = ae Coachwood Table. N.S.W. (Exhibited at the International Exhibition, 1851.) 95 Corkwood. (Ackama Muelleri, Benth.) | | It is only occasionally that this timber finds its way into the Sydney market. It is. H specifically light, very easy to plane, soft, with a close grain, having a small neat figure when cut on the quarter. The colour is a warm chocolate. It is only suitable for indoor work, and even then only when little strength is required. It could be used for the interior decoration of aeroplane taxi-cabs, owing to its lightness and rich red colour, and also for skirtings, mouldings, sashes, and flooring. Description of the Tree.—An average brush tree, with a slightly corky bark. Leaves opposite, pinnate; leaflets usually five, rarely seven, ovate elliptical, or ovate lanceolate, acuminate, obtusely and. very shortly serrate, varying in length up to 9 inches, penni- veined, venation well marked on the underside. Domatia present in the axils of the primary veins. Flowers very small, very numerous, in compound panicles in terminal pairs, becoming axillary by the elongation of the central shoot. Fruit a small capsule, turgid, septicidally dehiscent. Geographical Range.—Scrubs along North Coast Railway, Queensland, and south to brush forests, Gosford, New South Wales. | eS i wives = - . ye oP pee Ee ne Caray ce ee: cas ee { at —. NATURAL ORDER. MYRTACE. EE FE AN Order fairly well distributed over the world, more particularly in the tropics and warmer parts of the temparate zones, and strongly represented in the Australian Flora, especially in the Eucalyptus. Although one of, if not the most prolific producer of timber in Australia, yet as cabinet woods they have not been much in demand, principally owing, in ‘some cases, to the heavy specific gravity. The Jarrah of Western Australia is a cabinet wood of the first class, especially in counters and fittings in commercial houses and offices, and there are many other red woods that could be used for similar purposes. Amongst pale coloured timbers, (E. Delegatensis) a Mountain Ash of N.S.W. and (E. obliqua) the Stringybark of Tasmania are now being largely manufactured into furniture, bank, house and office fittings of all kinds, and these make a splendid substitute for English Oak. Other Stringybarks are worthy of attention in this direction. Besides the Genus Eucalyptus there are other genera suitable for this particular industry, such as Tea Trees (Melaleuca leucadendron and other species), Lilly Pilly (Eugenia Smithit), and Apple Tree (Angophora spp.). A SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Mountain Ash or Tasmanian Oak (Eucalyptus Red Box (E. Rudderi, J.H.M.). Delegatensis, R.T.B.). Spotted Gum (£. maculata, Hook.). Stringybark (£. obliqua, L’Her.). Sydney Blue Gum (£. saligna, Sm.). Red Mahogany (EF. resinifera,Sm.). - Slaty Gum (£. Dawsoni, R.T.B.). Jarrah (E£. marginata, Sm.). daa SSS ——— | ae tere Ge ee \V oF) a j A Mountain Ash or Tasmanian Oak. (Eucalyptus Delegatensis, R.T.B.) A straight-grained, fissile timber with the general facies of English Ash when first cut, but tones down ‘in colour, when it acquires quite an Oak appearance. It planes well, and is specifically on the light side, is strong, with a good resilience; a first class bending timber, and does not warp if carefully seasoned. Ae The tree is a quick grower, and so is one of the best for forest cultivation. - It is a splendid furniture timber, and is extensively manufactured into various articles in this connection in Tasmania, where it is also used for Church decoration such as carved screens, office fittings, panelling, &c. The original common name of Ash is now being superseded by that of Oak, as manu- factured articles have a great resemblance to that timber, and are exported under the name of Tasmanian Oak.” Description of the Tree.—It is a very fine specimen of the forest giant, with a stringybark stem and smooth branches, and glaucous branchlets. The leaves are fairly large in size, of the usual lanceolate, oblique shape pertaining to the Genus, often glaucous, with a well marked venation—the lateral veins forming an acute angle with the midrib. They are quite aromatic when kept in a closed box. The buds are numerous in axillary peduncles, operculum hemispherical, depressed. The fruits are variable inshape, ranging from hemispherical in some Tasmanian forms to oval-pyriform in the New South Wales species ; rim truncate, slightly domed or countersunk, under 4 inch long. Geographical Range.—South-east highlands of New South Wales and Victoria, and the highlands of Tasmania, where it is known in the field as “‘ Gum-topped Stringy- bark.” XXX, Tei pstiyempie in 7 eal eee: _ sapttimananaee WEIS ree - al —_e — SN Pk OE A Nee AP ETN RN TET salcstest } : a es 7. FL eapeeceaa a 5e HURET eee eee oom a a sehemrtateme mead CNEL > 1 A N.S.W. MOUNTAIN ASH OR TASMANIAN OAK. (Eucatyprus DeLecaTensis, R.T.B.) ee Soe eee ‘ ‘ aS he | ‘ ——— oe Se ee Ba, ESTED EIS ae Cy SRE | a a ; ; : estar Sea's ka , ae s 7 ‘s eat = be ; ai 2% ~ vy i = <* + + ’ 5 ie ~ ¥ / “9 : < , +. : " te } ey mie he } - Wow? 4 ee 1 * aa * v 4 A " 7 ‘ y i - * ay Sf fore Sapient 71 or speek? se are ets Manufacturing Furniture from Tasmanian Oak and Stringybark, Launceston. 99 *JOPURWUZAQ YIeGABuI}G 4O YEO UBIUeWse] I00 A N.S.W. Mountain Ash Wardrobe. IOL *weqoyy ‘yueqhBuiyg pownbi4 I02 “udjsaoUNeT ‘soUNpIsey o}FeALIG ‘aun}iuin4 yueqhBuij}g vo 4eO URlUeWSse] ol at hes ES wn “e0uapIsey WeqoH sHhuly4 yveqAGuljg Jo yeQ uelueWse] 103 ‘yeqoH “OD “LH ‘sBuiyiy yveqABuliyg ayy é "weqoH ‘eseouje}S Yepeg YM JONWe}U; yseGABuUId3g OA\ JouTqeD ut (sesuappSajaqT *]) JOquITy sty} JO soTyT[IqQIssod ) 0} FINE “Vy “AIM 972] 943 AQ FING AlTeIDeds *yueqhBuiyg sO HeO Ue!UBWUSe] SPM oSnoy SIT, I04 Tasmanian Oak or Stringybark Carved Screen. ll Saints’ Church, Hobart, A 105 "uoysoounr’y ‘younyd s,ugof 4S "spuq Med JO sije}G WIOYO—HeO UelUeWse] "RIURUISeT, “YOInYyD jesury ‘sopousy yyeqhBuiijs 106 Tasmanian Oak or Stringybark Pulpit and Reading Desk. Trinity Church, Launceston. 107 os : e. : a ; 4 Tasmanian Oak or Stringybark Seats and Prie-Dieu. asmania. T ’ Launceston ohn’s Church, J t. S ro8 Ete 4 ee Sr emma” ashi Tasmanian Oak Carved Altar Panel. St. John’s Church, Launceston, ee ree 109 Hall Grille of Tasmanian Oak. C. B. Brady’s Residence, Launceston, dass Specimens of Carved Tasmanian Timbers. II0 eas mh. Ts relied 38 : Pat! oat» emt =~ he * ; " a 1G a f { < 4 Shoe, oy < - 7 _ j ' \ wall c, a t i - » . Ee : ~ v4 ee af . rit ; ; J “Sina "Hats ¥ , * rin ie i - {Mets told — ho ae . as ie eee ial a nae b >) We) A Stringybark. (Eucalyptus obliqua, L’ Her.) This wood is not quite so straight-grained as that of E. Delegatensis, a circumstance that | rather enhances its value than otherwise, as a cabinet timber. l It is light medium in weight, pale brown in colour, planes and dresses well, and is a good | serviceable cabinet timber, but care must be taken to remove the sapwood, which is subject | to the attack of borers. It is easily seasoned. In Tasmania, quantities of furniture are made from it, andit could be used for general interior fittings. Occasionally found with a ringed figure. Description of the Tree.—It is one of our largest forest trees, with a stringybark right | out to branchlets. Leaves lanceolate, oblique, varying in size up to7 inches long and ~ i} 2 or 3 inches wide. Venation distinct, lateral veins oblique, forming an acute angle with | mid-rib. Buds numerous, in lateral peduncles, tapering into the peduncles, operculum domed. Fruits oval up to 4} inch long and 4 inch broad, rim countersunk. | Geographical Range.—On the Coast Range from Queensland to Victoria and all over Tasmania, except the highlands. a Oo ~) {woo SS) ———— — — TT et { SS (es <= —QS = SW '*»S’ Iil ce Red Mahogany. (Eucalyptus resinifera, Sm.) Only rarely now is this timber found in cabinet work, and it requires careful selection i before use, as it is subject to borers, which of course detracts considerably from its value. If obtained free of these it looks very well when worked up into various articles of cabinet work, especially if the choice rest with a red coloured timber. It is hard, heavy, close grained, dark- red in colour, dresses well and takes a good polish, and is in many respects very similar to Jarrah, and could be used for the same purposes. Description of the Tree.—A tall forest tree extending nearly throughout the whole range of the Coast district of New South Wales to Queensland. Leaves lanceolate, rather large and broad, thick, drying a light green colour on both sides; venation faint, the lateral veins almost transverse and parallel, the intramarginal vein close to the edge. Oil glands few. Umbels axillary; stalk compressed, number of flowers varying up to’ twelve in an umbel. Buds pedicellate; calyx hemispherical. Operculum conical (some- times several lines long) or hemispherical and acuminate. Stamens all fertile ; anthers attached to a comparatively large connective parallel, broad “at the top. Fruit hemi- spherical, usually 3 lines in diameter, rim thick, capsule sunk, valves acutely acuminate, well exserted. Geographical Range.—From Rockingham Bay, Queensland, to Port Jackson, New i South Wales. @ \\ i : ds) \Y/ | (S “ee -*, . Red Mahogany and Silky Oak Parquetry Floor. National Art Gallery, Sydney. P 113 O— ee ERD = Se a ye ——— oF Pe Cer . y | | iF eae ty (Eucalyptus marginata, Sm.) One might at first think that this Eucalyptus could hardly be classed as a cabinet timber, yet some excellent specimens of the tradesman’s art made from it are to be seen in Australia, and this species is particularly suitable for this technical application. A very fine H Jarrah suite of furniture is on view at the Imperial Institute in London. It is certainly heavy, but not more so than English Oak: The colour is a rich red, and this is one of, if not its greatest recommendation in this direction. For office fittings it looks particularly rich, and is preferred by many to Mahogany or Cedar. It is very suitable for billiard tables, | wainscotting, baluster rails, railway carriage decoration, dining-room or library furniture, or for shop and office fittings, being now extensively used for these purposes. Description of the Tree.—One of the finest forest trees of Western Australia, some- times attaining a height of 150 feet, with a persistent and fibrous bark, and could be i} classed as a ‘‘ Stringybark.”” Normal leaves lanceolate, curved, not long but variable, lateral veins oblique, spreading, very distinctly marked as well as the reticulations, } coriaceous, pale on the underside, intramarginal vein removed from the edge. Flowers H in axillary umbels or forming small terminal panicles. Calyx top shaped, surmounted by | a conical operculum, the whole about 1 inch long. Fruit about ? inch long, ove: }inch in diameter, ovate, globular, rim truncate or contracted, valves not exserted. Geographical Range.—Western Australia. CS) Y Hn ’ —$$_$_$__— ~ — SS See —— a { {) = ee ee ae = eS al FAR PCI Ie St 0 = = — —— —— — (Sines : yeue Its ‘aseouleyg pue shuli4 yewer 116 \ Jarrah Fittings and Furniture. 117 Jarrah. From a church in Perth, W.A. 118 " . f t sri 6: mF ee ay on ak ae ve Arc) ene a 2 ee or re Red Box. (Eucalyptus Ruddert, J.H.M.) This is an excellent hard, red wood, suitable for heavier kinds of cabinet work, but little known on the market at present. Except for colour, it somewhat resembles English Beech, and could be used for similar purposes. Description of the Tree.—A red box tree 120 feet high and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Sucker or abnormal leaves lanceolate to oval, acuminate, 4 to 5 inches long and 1} inches broad; intramarginal vein removed from the edge. Normal leaves narrow to broad lanceolate, under 6 inches long, venation fairly distinct, lateral veins oblique, intramar- ginal vein removed from the edge; drying a bluish colour. Flowers in panicles, with about three to six in the umbel, calyx top shaped, operculum conoid. Fruits small, 4 inch long and } inch in diameter, pear shaped, rim thin, valves not exserted, almost identical with those of E. crebra. Geographical Range. South Wales. Thirlmere, Grose River, Taree, Bohnock to Gloucester, New Spotted Gum. (Eucalyptus maculata, Hook.) Exception might be taken by some to the inclusion of this species as a cabinet timber ; in fact, it was not till this work was about to go to print that specimens of its adaptation in this respect were produced. The waving of the grain is a distinct advantage in this connection, and materially assists in the decorative side of the furniture recently made locally and exhibited. in Sydney. The colour somewhat resembles that of English Oak, and it is probably just as hard and of the same texture to work. It is open in the grain and is not recommended to be polished, as, like Oak, it shows to better effect in the unpolished or waxed condition. A press of this timber was exhibited in the window of a Sydney firm lately, and looked really handsome, although it was from a Eucalypt. This piece of furniture is now at the Common- wealth Offices in Melbourne. For chairs, couches, &c., where strength is required, and the size of the timber to be used has to be limited, it ought to give every satisfaction. Description of the Tree.—An average forest tree amongst Eucalypts, with a smooth, dull, lead-coloured bark. The sucker or abnormal leaves large, sometimes a foot long, and 3 inches broad, lanceolate, venation oblique, well marked, intramarginal vein close to edge. The normal leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 4 to 6 inches long, lateral veins oblique and distant, the intramarginal one remeyed from the edge. The flowers occur in a corymb or panicle formed by three-flowered umbels with several together in short leafless branches. Buds shortly cylindrical, operculum hemispherical, or some- times conical. The fruit ovoid-urceolate, usually about }inch long and } inch broad; rim narrow; capsule sunk. Geographical Range.—From Brisbane River, Queensland, to southern Coast districts of New South Wales. oe nn 3) BST: KAS Ses : om) £ % ; . a ats % *3 Fe he . Fi : , . eX “~ i \. : ‘ TF Fe : ae er x ve ow oe ee he. ee ~ A oer ee - <é “e % ’ pe ne ree Se ee ee ee ~ as - cans - al Saar any ee Ok a a er Sigel en SNe SR i i = ; ’ n j P - : , te “ TJ 4 Y ; | Sm oh tee Nem * Bras eh oe Spotted Gum Framing, Celery Top Pine Panels. Smoking-room, State Governor’s Carriage, N.S.W. Government Railways. an CE 9° I2r Sydney Blue Gum. (Eucalyptus saligna, Sm.) The inclusion of this species amongst our cabinet timbers might also be challenged by some, as it is rarely so used, but that does not lessen its claims to rank as one, for it possesses a rich, pleasing, red colour, and looks handsome when polished. It is perhaps a shade lighter than Jarrah, and more open in the grain, but it is specifically one of the lightest of the Eucalyptus timbers, much more so than Forest Red Gum, Murray Red Gum, &c. Its introduction in cabinet work is yet a desideratum, but judging from polished specimens in this Museum it should rank as a first-class one for this purpose. Perhaps its non-use is due to fashion, as this is not the age of red timbers, for the king of all such—the Cedar—is discarded in this day of changing tastes; but fickle fashion will come again to its own, and may then turn to some of our red timbers. Sydney Blue Gum is a rapid grower, with an even, open-grained texture ; planes, polishes, and turns well. The fact of its being used so extensively in coachbuilding is sufficient evidence of its strength, durability, and reliability, and for the heavier classes of furniture it ought to give every satisfaction. Description of the Tree.—A tall tree, growing to its greatest height and perfection in the gullies of the coast and mountains. Bark, either smooth, bluish-white with a silvery sheen, or rough at the base, similar to that of E. robusta: “Sucker” leaves alternate, janceolate. Mature leaves lanceolate, occasionally falcate, drying a bluish green, pale on the underside, intramarginal vein close to the edge; transverse veins numerous, fine and parallel, slightly oblique. Peduncles axillary, with a few, mostly five to seven, flowers, either on a slender pedicel or almost sessile. Calyx turbinate or conical. Operculum hemispherical, shortly acuminate. Ovary flat-topped. Fruit hemispherical, about 3 lines in diameter, rim thin, valves very slender and well exserted. Geographical Range.—Southern parts of Queensland to Port Jackson, New South Wales. I22 gg Slaty Gum. (Eucalyptus Dawsoni, R.T.B.) Slaty Gum has a rather comparatively restricted distribution, but, nevertheless, amongst ee. = | red timbers it is one of the finest, for it is hard, heavy, close-grained, and polishes well. It could be turned to splendid use where strength, weight, and durability are required, such as billiard gd tables, newel posts, handrails, railway carriage parts, &c. At present it is quite unknown on the Sydney market. Description of the Tree.—One of the finest upstanding trees of the Australian bush, having a clean white or slaty coloured bark. It is characterised by its long, clean barrel, absence of lateral branches, and glaucous foliage and branchlets. The leaves are glaucous in both forms, but the ‘‘ sucker”’ of the younger trees are oval, 2 to 5 inches long, or oval lanceolate 5 inches long, and petiolate; venation well marked, oblique. The normal leaves are lanceolate or narrow lanceolate, but rather small for so tall a tree generally ; measuring up to5 inches long. The venation is not too distinct, lateral veins oblique, no intramarginal vein. Flowers mostly in terminal panicles, or axillary racemes at the end of the branchlets. Geographical Range.—Murrumbo, Goulburn River, and to the north-west and ranges i surrounding the Liverpool Plains. 123 esl Fiuted Ironbark Columns. Camden House, N.S.W. 124 NATURAL ORDER. ——E—EE———— oe ‘ In this class of the botanical kingdom one has the most widely distributed plants in the whole world, species being found at all altitudes and in all climes. Only rarely do they attain tree size, and, of course, Australia possesses this exception in an Olearia (Aster), viz. :—Olearia argophylla, the Musk of the Coast district. This Composite attains ‘tree size, and produces an attractive timber of a fawn colour, and a very ornamental root stock. The odour from. which it takes its common name is found in the leaves, but so far has not yet been isolated. SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Musk (Olearia argophylla, F.v.M.). COMPOSIT &. vr r + ~ y eich rr Musk. (Olearia argophylla, F.v.M.) This tree is a giant amongst its class, as it is quite unusual for a Composite to attain arboreal proportions, but still at the same time another Composite, the Cotton Tree or Dogwood (Senecio Bedfordit), exceeds it in height. It is recorded as having a height of 25 feet, and a diameter of 12 inches. The timber is straight-grained, not hard, of a light chocolate colour, - easily dressed, takes a good polish, and should not be kept in the log, but cut into planks as soon as felled ; the sapwood, as well as the bark, being removed before stacked for seasoning. The root stock is large and spreading, and sometimes two or more stems grow from it. It is beautifully figured, not unlike American Bird’s Eye Maple, and so is a valuable decorative wood for veneers, being quite unique in character. The range of its usefulness would, perhaps, be limited by the quantity available. It would be very useful for many ornamental articles, especially to be used in contrast with some of the lighter coloured timbers. Description of the Tree.—Often a fair-sized tree with a stout stem, found in the brush lands of the Coastal districts. Bark light coloured, coming off in strips. Leaves alter- nate, petiolate, from oval-elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, more or less callous denticulate, or rarely quite entire, 3 to 5 inches long, reticulate and glabrous above, silvery silky underneath. Flowers small, numerous in large terminal corymbs. Involucre oblong-turbinate; ray florets about three to five; disk florets, six to eight. i| Geographical Range.—This tree covers a rather restricted area in the brushes of I the South Coast districts. } 126 NATURAL ORDER. Tuts is a Natural Order with a limited world distribution—the genus Evemophila—from which at least one specimen of cabinet timber is obtained, being endemic to Australia. ‘“‘ Budda,” Evemophila Mitchelli,has an extensive range in the interior, and, unfortunately, has also had the name Sandalwood applied to it, which is likely to mislead timber dealers, as it is not the true Sandalwood of commerce, Santalum. However, with its characteristic features, it has a future before it. MYOPORINE/. rv SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Budda (Evemophila Mitchelli, Benth.). Budda or Sandalwood. (Eremophila Mitchelli, Benth.) In some parts of New South Wales and Queensland this tree is fairly plentiful. It is a comparatively hard, close-grained, sepia-coloured timber, possessing a pleasing aromatic principle, which has given it the common name of Sandalwood in some parts, an appellation that is unfortunate, for it has led to the wood being ‘exported under that name, to the loss of the exporters. The true Australian Sandalwood occurs in Western Australia, and is Santalum acuminatum. This timber might, however, be used for veneers, boxes, brushes, and fancy or | ornamental goods generally. It is rarely. found on the Sydney market, as its habitat is away in the interior of the country. Description of the Tree.—A medium-sized tree (50 to 60 feet) with a rough bark, and a strong aromatic timber. Leaves linear, lanceolate, I to 3 inches long, obtuse or with a recurved point. Flowers solitary in the axils on pedicels Pe about } inch. Calyx segments oblong or cuneate-oblong, obtuse, membraneous veined, glabrous or pubescent, nearly } Py inch long. Corolla white or purplish, almost $ inch long. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Fruit ovoid, almost acuminate, half as long as the calyx, the exocarp thin and membraneous, the endocarp separating into four nuts, each with one or with two super- posed seeds. ? 5 Geographical Range.—Found in the interior of Queensland, New South Wales, | We and South Australia. f } \ L 2 I 128 ane em 5 vee OP A EO ee Se oh Sale a 1 am —— ee >a 7 \ | NATURAL ORDER. . VERBENACEEZ. mo | | It is from a genus of this Order that the famous Indian Teak is obtained, and its best representatives occur in the tropics, although some good specimens are found in the temperate zones. The finest trees in Australia are those i going under the generic name of Gmelina, or commonly, in New South Wales at least, ‘‘ Beech.” Some of them are ! ‘giants of the coastal brushes. The timber has been much more used in the past than at the present day, although still ! a favourite with wood carvers. There are several other good woods in the order, but they have not yet come to the front. : | SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Beech (Gmelina Leichhardtii, F.v.M.). | _ (Ad —————————e—E—e — = Ks — a ST ee ES s SSS ee ema Ww ~ 2 5) Ce 2 | C >, = “ = —— (QA) —_—_—_—_—_—_—_—— = ——$———— — ae — OO UAV ~~) C7 pe | Beech. (Gmelina Letchhardti, F.v.M.) The common name selected for this timber is unfortunate, as it is not a true Beech, like Negro-head Beech of New South Wales or the Red Myrtle of Tasmania. It is, however, too late to alter it now, but the warning is placed here that timber merchants abroad may not be misled. The timber, a light grey in colour, is highly prized by the trade in general, being light in weight, durable, easily worked, and strong. It is a great favourite with wood carvers, and is in general use for flooring (where exposed to weather), deck planking, and all kinds of turnery. It seasons s!owly and does not crack on the end grain. Description of the Tree.—One of the tallest trees in the brush lands of the Eastern Coast, with a comparatively smooth, light-coloured bark. Leaves on long petioles (2 inches), ovate, large, up to and over 6 inches, glabrous above, tomentose and with raised veins underneath, subcoriaceous. Flowers white, with purplemarkings in opposite cymes or pyramidal terminal panicles. Calyx small, broadly-turbinate, campanulate, truncate, enlarged under the fruit. Corolla villous outside, the tube broad and dilated upwards. Fruit a succulent drupe, depressed, globular, under 1 inch diameter. Geographical Range.—Southern brush forests, Queensland, and northern brush forest, New South Wales. —> we » pee een @ bn 4 a ae oe oe 5 é . S ” a apr é ‘ EA : | S i ea a 4 ; NATURAL ORDER. MONIMIACE:. Ee FE E A RATHER limited Order, and found mostly in the southern continents. The two best representatives here amongst cabinet timbers are the Sassafras, Doryphora sassafras and Atherospeima moschata, both fair timbers, the former being light yellow in colour and without any particular figure, but the latter has often a very dark, irregular stain in long | angular blotches, which produces a unique figure and looks well in panelling. | SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Sassafras (Doryphora sassafras, Endl.). 131 Sassafras. (Doryphora sassafras, Endl.) This is a yellowish timber when first felled, but darkens when exposed so that it requires to be used almost as soon as cut, for it seasons quickly. Some specimens in the Museum have large black markings, which are not a figure as generally understood, but nevertheless give a very distinct feature, and should be effective if artistically employed. It is close-grained, light in weight, and dresses well. It is used for flooring, linings, mouldings, &c., and could to some extent be employed in furniture and cabinet work. Description of the Tree.—A fairly tall tree, with a. yellowish, tesselated, aromatic Sees bark. Leaves petiolate, ovate lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely toothed, up to 6 inches long and 2} inches broad, nearly smooth in upper surface, |prominently reticulate on the under surface. Flowers usually three together on an axillary short peduncle, with two deciduous bracts. Perianth tube very small when in flower, enlarged and irregularly split when in fruit. Fruit, a capsule, slightly haiiy, the styles lengthening after fecun- dation into long plumose awns. Geographical Range.—Logan River, Queensland, south to Dromedary Mountain, New South Wales. SASSAFRAS. (DORYPHORA SASSAFRAS, Endl.) NATURAL ORDER. LAURINE. | } a oe | REPRESENTATIVES of this Order are found in the four quarters of the globe, but they are essentially tropical trees, i a3 there the species and genera are more numerous. The Camphor Laurel, so extensively grown in Australia, although not a native, belongs to this Order. Most of the Australian trees yield good timbers for cabinet work, but are not used except in the case of Bolly Gum and Queensland Walnut, which often have a large, well-defined figure. | Species ILLUSTRATED IN CoLouR :— Queensland Walnut (Cryftocarya Palmerstoni, Bail.). —* ! Bolly Gum (Tetranthera reticulata, Meissn.). Queensland Walnut. (Cryptocarya Palmerston, Bail.) The botanical origin of this wood is rather in doubt at the present time. It is capable of being employed in cabinet work and artistic furniture, being very effective when so used. It is fairly heavy, of a chocolate colour near to English and American Walnut, rather open in the grain, planes and dresses up well, takes a good polish, and possesses a fine figure, and hence i ranks as a first-class cabinet timber, its position in this direction being due, amongst its other qualities, to its quick seasoning. It is altogether a good useful joinery and cabinet wood. Description of the Tree.—A tree of a large size, attaining a height of over 100 feet. Leaves alternate, oval oblong, rounded or slightly tapering at the base, 4 to 5 inches long and about 2 inches broad, upper surface glabrous and shining, with a tomentum on the lower side ;. primary veins prominent, secondary veins indistinct. Fruit about 24 inches long and about the same in diameter, with longitudinal corrugations, pericarp hard and brittle, enclosing a round free nut of more than I inch diameter. Geographical Range.—Russell and Barron Rivers, Queensland (Bailey). 134 =e dee XLIV. SHE BEECH OR BOLLY GUM. [TETRANTHERA RETICULATA, Meissn.) Pwr * oy 2 aoe aos vs ra 3 : ve o rs 4 She Beech or Bolly Gum. (Tetranthera reticulata, Meissn.) It would be difficult to explain the origin of the vernacular names, as the timber has little in common with other Beeches. The wood is rather open in texture, soft, and a pronounced figure often characterises it, when it looks very attractive under polish, which it takes very well. It is light in weight, and seasons quickly, whilst it does not warp or twist under heat. In joinery it could be used for panelling, sashes, sash frames, and fanlights, but care should be taken not to use any sapwood on account of borers. Description of the Tree.—A full-sized tree, having a thin, smoothish, reddish-coloured bark, but sometimes rough and tesselated. Leaves obovate-oblong or oblong-elliptical, i} obtuse or scarcely acuminate, narrowed into the petiole, mostly 3 or 4 inches long, not ! thick, green on both sides; primary veins not very prominent, the reticulations much i| more conspicuous on the upper than on the lower surface. Flowers dicecious, in cymes reduced to small umbel heads or clusters within an involucre of four concave deciduous bracts. Fruit ovoid, resting in the enlarged, truncate, cup-shaped perianth-tube. I } Geographical Range.—From Rockingham Bay, Queensland, south to Gosford, New i South Wales. || | | | * NATURAL ORDER. PROTEACE/:. vr In this Natural Order Australia possesses some of the finest of figured cabinet timbers, and perhaps the best known of these is ‘Silky Oak,” as the two species going under this name have a fairly extensive geographical range in New South Wales and Queensland. There are other beautiful woods to be found in it, such as:— . Silky Oak (Grevillea robusta, A. Cunn.). Nut Tree (Macadamia ternifolia, F.v.M.). Honeysuckle (Banksia species). Beefwood (Stenocarpus salignus, R.Br.). Needlewood (Hakea lecucoptera, R.Br.). Foley Wood (H. saligna, R.Br.). Possum Nut (Helicia prealta, F.v.M.). SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :-—~ Silky Oak (Ovites excelsa, R.Br.). Beefwood (Grevillea striata, R.Br.). Victorian Waratah (Telopea oreades, F.v.M.). Tasmanian Waratah (7. ‘runcata, R.Br.). Fire Tree (Stenocarpus sinuatus, Endl.). White Honeysuckle (Banksia integrifolia, Linn.). . » Ms . 3 ry ~ ~ _: ee Sa tra ae : ee Be Se i . ‘ ‘ < ‘ ‘ ’ . * ets e ‘ , y “ Silky Oak. (Orites excelsa, R.Br.) A description of the timber of “ Silky Oak” (Grevillea robusta) applies equally to this timber, for macroscopically there is no difference. The wood of this species, according to the researches of Henry G. Smith, F.C.S., Assistant Curator of this Museum, contains large quantities of succinate of alumina in some instances. It is, however, more frequently placed on the market than G. robusta, and is extensively used in cabinet work, the figure being its chief recommendation in this connection. It is a timber much in request by coachbuilders, and also saddle makers, who assert that it has a capacity for holding nails not possessed by other timbers. It is strong and durable, with a beautiful figure, being suitable for any kind of office or shop fittings, general cabinet or joinery work. If the natural colour is not acceptable it can be stained to any shade without obscuring the grain. The timber of this species may always be distinguished from that of Grevillea robusta by the presence of large quantities of alumina in the ash of the former. Description of the Tree.—A very tall and stout tree of the brush lands of the coast, with a ‘thin, red, smoothish bark, having a coating of white. Leaves on the flowering branches lanceolate, obtuSe or acute, tapering into a rather long petiole, entire or slightly toothed, 4 to 6 inches long, reticulate, shining above, glaucous underneath; those of the barren branches often larger, toothed or deeply divided into three or five lanceolate toothed lobes. Flowers small in axillary spikes, sessile or nearly so, in pairs within each bract, interrupted shorter than the leaves, usually glabrous, the flowers in distinct pairs. Perianth glabrous, under } inch long. Fruit a follicle, acuminate, about I inch long. Seeds flat, under } inch long. Geographical Range.—This occurs in the brushes of the wie Coast of New South Wales and coast of Queensland. 138 k, Silky Oa “ye fe) AX| IS i 139 Silky Oak Screen. (/— \ WS» | S7)/ i Hf 140 LA Macquarie-street, Sydney. Silky Oak Doors. I4I Y.M.C.A., Sydney. Beefwood. (Grevillea striata, R.Br.) This timber is characterised by a pronounced ‘ Oak ”’ figure and a deep red colour, from which it takes its vernacular name. The tree attains a fair height" so that some good flitches can be produced. It is rather open in the grain, but dresses well and takes a good polish, is fairly heavy, and for decoration in heavy cabinet work would be very suitable ; but so far has not been used in the trade, as it is not a common tree, and so is seldom found in the eastern markets. It should look well in all kinds of ornamental boxes, brushes, cutlery cases, scientific instrument cases, &c. Description of the Tree.—A large tree with a great geographical range, found on the north and east coast and extending into the dry interior of the continent, with a rough, thick, furrowed bark. Leaves undivided, linear or linear-lanceolate, 6 to 18 inches long, often curved, from under a quarter to over } an inch broad, striate underneath, with nine to thirteen raised parallel nerves. Flowers smallwin slender spike-like erect racemes of 2 or 3 inches, shortly pedunculate, and usually several together in a leafless panicle shorter than the leaves, the rachis tomentose. Pedicels very short, perianth silky- pubescent outside, glabrous inside. Ovary glabrous on a slender stipe. Fruit broad, very oblique, compressed, about ? inch long. Geographical Range.—All the States but Tasmania. 142 a a a? ~ hs ¢ ae een frees i. Rage vi A 2 } as ithe . S e Me FS he Zz lt Oo = 7 aad 1 site me 2 i “ff oe io ; eae | ‘g Boe i he Se fi aa ' i ~ s oF “ ‘i - Ply : “7% a ; , eae at ( hy ' i + t i! : at r *, ’ = - > ’ mn . oi By ‘I . # Fr Va = : q 4 < - we : i P : f 2 eee i ii ie 1 wae ‘ 4 yl ‘ - i re f ae c: a T, . ete ee ne i <2 en es ee Ce PR re 7 ESS SS Se ee =a Victorian Waratah. (Telopea oreades, F.v.M.) Here is one of our prettiest figured Australian ornamental timbers. In figure, character, and texture it is a replica of the American Sycamore, so much admired in light-coloured suites of furniture, and so largely used in veneers for decorative work. At one time the latter timber was much in vogue for picture frames, but is not now so used. It-is a close grained, medium in weight, light coloured timber, which planes and polishes well, and only requires to be better known to be appreciated in the trade. Description of the Tree.—A fair sized tree with a very thin, fairly smooth, dark coloured bark. Leaves on the young plants large, a foot long, and nearly 3 inches wide, oblanceolate, acuminate, much narrowed towards the base. A few of the main veins prominent, glabrous pale on the under side. Normal leaves alternate, obovate-oblong, entire 4 to 8 inches long, tapering into a long petiole, glaucous underneath. Flowers crowded in a large terminal crimson head-like raceme, surrounded by comparatively small coloured involucral bracts, under I inch long. Perianth glabrous, over I inchlong. Fruit a recurved coriaceous follicle about 5 inches long. Geographical Range.—Southern Coast district, New South Wales, into Gippsland, Victoria. 143 Tasmanian Waratah. (Telopea truncata, R.Br.) A rather small tree, with timber having a figure similar to the Victorian Waratah, but having a darker heartwood ; of a pale red colour. It could be utilised in the smaller kinds of cabinet work. | = % } Deseription of the Tree.—A much smaller tree than the Victorian Waratah, about 20 feet being its maximum height, which appears to be the only distinguishing feature from that species. The leaves perhaps are a shade shorter than that species. Geographical Range. Tasmania, principally on the Mountains. XLVIII PAA \ q ; 3! AW he MS ue at ty Nien, SA S *? 4 es See T Mo ‘- SMANIAN WARATAH. | 2 se Ne, OR - ee ade WE —— ee ie Ae oe \ i =? , HATA Wee pei Aa oe (ANA Afsana) = - » * A EERE EPO II I paler tracheids of the secondary wood, thus stand out very distinctively. American Sycamore, and is not easy to distinguish from it in general facies. Fire Tree. (Stenocarpus sinuatus, Endl.) i for which English, American or Silky Oaks are adapted. Description of the Tree.—A large tree of the brush lands of the coast, having a fairly smooth bark. It is often found in cultivation on account of its showy and remarkable flowers. Leaves either entire and oblong-lanceolate, and 6 to 8 inches long, or pinnatifid, and above 1 foot long, with one to four oblong lobes on each side mostly obtuse, quite glabrous or reddish underneath, penniveined. Flowers in umbels on axillary peduncles, each peduncle 2 to 4 inches long, twelve to twenty bright red flowers in each umbel, radiating in a single row round the disc-like dilated summit of the peduncle. Perianth tube about r inch long. Fruit a follicle, narrow, coriaceous; seeds produced at the lower end into a membraneous wing. Geographical Range.—Occurs in the brushes of the North Coast of New South Wales and Southern Queensland. A most attractive, delicate-looking wood, being light in colour, and fairly so in weight. | The medullary rays are comparatively small, but showy, having a sheen, and embedded in the It is somewhat like It dresses well and takes a good polish, and could be used for indoor decoration and furniture with most artistic effect. This timber much resembles Silky Oak (Orites excelsa), and is suitable for any purpose White Honeysuckle. (Banksia integrifolia, Linn.) In this species of Proteacee we have another characteristic timber of the genus as regards figure, but not so in texture, strength, and colour, for being light and strong, it is the most suitable timber for flying machines yet tested at this Museum. It could be used most effectively for panelling if cut on the quarter or otherwise. It takes a good polish, works fairly well, is an ornamental timber of a distinctive nature, and is suitable for almost any kind of fancy or decorative work, the colour and figure being attractive. Description of the Tree.—A tree attaining the full size of a forest tree. Leaves obtuse, retuse, or pointed, scattered, lanceolate to oblanceolate, sometimes irregularly verticillate, quite entire or irregularly toothed, up to 9 inches long, white underneath, with transverse veins more or less distinct, shining and smooth above. Flowers straw- coloured, silky-pubescent, sessile in pairs round the thick rachis of a large dense terminal spike 5 inches long and 2 inches in diameter, bracts and bracteoles villous. Fruit a capsule consolidated with the rachis in a thick, woody, cylindrical-like mass, slightly tomentose or almost glabrous. Geographical Range.— Coastal ranges and districts of Victoria, New South Wales, | and Queensland. humeark § 3 © a Dio 4 . 1 a we ‘ La : a ‘ i) 7 ‘ 4 . > - n Ly - ‘ fe =) } . , " b a ‘ i ; j 1 ’ a iy ‘ 7 1 wd ‘ . ’ yi ' 4 = oA. — =x i nie a eons — ms is 4 = 4 atl rere lee — Ds Se SR TS a OT OE ee ice. ~ we ~~ ey a x J " ; ‘ a ; - ~ , « af — | ,* ; 4 7 a sy p oe) NATURAL ORDER. CASUARINE/. A SL 3 Srl 5 Tue “Oak” figure of these woods is so well marked that in Australia they, with one,exception, are”called “She Oaks,”’ but are often designated specifically under such names as Swamp Oak, Bull Oak, Forest Oak, River Oak Mountain Oak, &c. The one exception is ‘‘ Belah” (Casuarina Cambaget), and, strange to relate, the absence of any figure, or, for the matter of that, any resemblance to the wood of its congeners, is so marked, that the man on the land refuses to acknowledge its claims to rank as an “‘ Oak.’ These trees are plentiful in certain parts of the States, so that if the trade could be prevailed upon to start a fashion in our “ Oaks,” Australians; would have furniture that would compare with any ornamental timbers of other countries. The wood is heavy, but not more so than English Oak. The Belah wood more nearly approaches. Walnut in colour and texture, but is rather heavier. It has not, however, the figure of commercial Walnut. SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Swamp Oak (Casuarina glauca, Miq.). Belah (Casuarina Cambaget, R.T.B.). Bull Oak (Casuarina Leuhmanni, R.T.B.). Forest She Oak (Casuarina torulosa, Ait.). — = J GR & River Oak. (Casuarina Cunninghamit, Miq.) Amongst Australian “She’’ Oaks this species ranks as the largest, for some fine noble specimens are to be found on the banks of fresh-water streams included in its range. The timber rarely reaches the Sydney markets, as the trees are scarcely ever cut down, being regarded, perhaps, as a necessary adjunct to the riverscape. The wood takes a good polish, although hard, having a close texture. The heartwood is pale chocolate in colour, and the outer portion almost white. The figure is well brought out on the quarter, and looks elegant in panelling, drapery poles, rods, &c., and it should make up well in heavy furniture, and in carving, although of course it is hard—but so is English Oak, which is perhaps more carved than any other timber. It is very strong and durable, and for this reason it is utilised for bullock yokes in some places, but care is required in seasoning. The two distinctive colours would give it a unique appearance in turnery, such as serviette rings, cornice pole rings, &c. Description of the Tree.—One of, if not the largest tree of the genus, occurring on the banks of fresh-water streams or rivers. The timber is the palest of all the Casuarinas. The branchlets are slender and wiry, with usually seven teeth in the whorl. Fruiting cones are small, scarcely exceeding } inch in diameter. Geographical Range.—Coastal ranges and districts, and central New South Wales and Queensland. \\ | | | | | \ d) | es 2 JS) SAM & ZZ ) Swamp Oak. (Casuarina glauca, Sieb.) As the common name implies, this tree, which attains a considerable height, with a corresponding diameter, occurs in the river swamps of the coast, and does not extend far inland. The flitches have limited dimensions, but nevertheless of sufficient sizes to be utilised in many ways | in cabinet work, either in the solid or veneers. It is a particularly hard, close-grained wood, and the medullary rays, being well pronounced, show a “‘flower’’ when cut on the quarter; but what gives an additional value to the figure is the dark, almost black duramen or heartwood, which is peculiar ) to this species amongst ‘‘ She Oaks.” It takes a good polish, but is rather difficult to dress by | hand, but this slight defect does not obtain when machine prepared. When one sees how - 1 . | the English Oak was used so extensively in the past, and even now, for furniture, this timber l could certainly be used for some of the purposes to which that noble timber has been utilised. It ! i should make, in the solid, beautiful hall stools, benches, tables, dining chairs; and in veneer, i many are the directions in which it could be used, as well as for coachbuilding in various ways. | Such a wood certainly deserves more appreciation in the directions here particularised than has i been bestowed upon it in the past, but is only used at present for firewood. . | Description of the Tree.—A very fair-sized tree found growing in water-courses or . | banks of the streams that flow east in the coastal district, but always near salt water. The bark is very compact and hard, and fairly rough. Branchlets slender and wiry, drooping. The leaves are very slender and adnate to the branchlets on one side, the upper free end being called teeth or scales. These leaves vary in number and length, according to the species, and give the branchlets a ribbed appearance; in this case the number varying from nine to sixteen. Flowers unisexual, the males in cylindrical spikes, 3 to 1 inch long, the females in globular or ovoid spikes or cones, both sexes sessile and solitary in the axils of the whorled leaf tips. Fruit a short cylindrical compact cone, flat topped, about 4 inch in diameter, made up of numerous whorls of woody bracts. Seed compressed laterally, smooth and shining, produced at the apex in to a membraneous wing. i} : \ Geographical Range.—Coastal districts of South Australia, Victoria, New South & me Wales, and Queensland. pe, BS [FX i ASN ———S— ——= S>- ——— = ——————— —==—— |) \ Bull Oak. (Casuarina Luehmanni, R. T. Baker.) For pride of figure the Bull Oak surpasses all its congeners; the medullary rays are more strongly developed than in that of any other species of Casuarina, or perhaps any other Australian tree. They are a very marked feature of the timber when cut on the quarter, some of them measuring one-eighth of an inch in thickness and over an inch in depth. These rays also possess some property that enables them to resist weathering long after the other parts of the wood have decayed,—a fact noted by Mr. R. H. Cambage in his field experience. It looks beautiful polished, having a full oak character; is a hard, heavy timber, close grained, and only requires an original mind in the trade to turn it to good account, for it could be made useful in very many directions in cabinetry. Description of the Tree.—A fair-sized tree, attaining a height of 70 to 80 feet, or rarely 100 feet, and a diameter of from 1 to 14 feet, rarely 2feet. Bark furrowed, brittle and easily removed. Branchlets robust, light coloured or glaucous, under a line (#) in diameter, about the same thickness as in C. glauca; the internodes ribbed, 6 lines long, glaucous, the nodes yellow, sheath teeth brown or black, short, acute, nine to twelve in the whorl, mostly eleven. Flowers dicecious. Male spikes about an inch long, of a light golden-brown colour, clustered at the nodes toward the end of the branchlets ; internodes straw coloured, teeth golden coloured, erect, short acuminate, constricted at the nodes. Fruit cones flattened, about 4 inch in diameter, and consisting almost uniformly of three discs or rows of valves, but often irregwlarly shaped, owing appar- ently to only a few of the seeds being developed. Valves protruding, prominent, sometimes pubescent at the back and front, with a well defined dorsal protuberance extending from the base of the valve to half its length and ending in an abrupt angle broadly obtuse or shortly acuminate. Nuts small, dark brown, shining, with a short samara. Geographical Range.—lInterior of New South Wales and Queensland. pn Le ——— ee ole rtC Chel ST.TmC ee en Belah. (Casuarina Cambagei, R. T. Baker.) The common name, which is of aboriginal origin, stands alone amongst its congeners, for the rest of the group of these trees have more descriptive local names, such as Bull Oak, She Oak, Forest Oak, &c. It is now a well-known tree of the interior, and is differentiated without difficulty from its family, “Oaks,” both in the field and herbarium, but more especially in a ligneous classification, for the timber is quite characteristic and has no resemblance to that of any of the other Casuarinas. The common name, Oak, has been applied to all the Australian Casuarinas except this one, a fact probably due to the nature of the timber, which is quite devoid of the Quercus feature of all the other woods of the genus. It is very dark in colour, hard, close grained, without a figure, and but for this latter defect might be classed as a ‘‘ Walnut” coloured timber. It dresses to a hard, firm, even surface, takes a good polish, and could be used for several forms of cabinet work where solidity is a sine gud non. The coloured illustration is given in connection with this species to show the contrast between it and other Casuarina timbers, and it will be seen, there is nothing macroscopically to associate it with the timbers of other Casuarinas, the medullary rays being wanting ; the colour is also quite exceptional ; in fact, as shown by me before our local Linnean Society in I1gI1, it may be regarded as the anomalous species of the genus. At a casual glance it might easily be mistaken for a Myall or Brigalow, from its colour and texture, although it has no aroma such as obtains in their case. Description of the Tree.—A tree attaining a height of from 70 to 100 feet, dicecious, glabrous; branchlets glaucose or dark green in the slender form, ascending, internodes varying in length up to half an inch, not prominently angled. Whorls nine to ten, merous, the sheath teeth acute. Male spikes at the ends of the branchlets, in the slender variety from 1 to 12 inches long, in the glaucous variety usually I inch long, sheathing teeth erect. Cones cylindrical, about 12 to 14 lines long, and 10 to 12 broad, truncate, valves obtuse, very prominent, glabrous or minutely hoary, pubescent on the exposed dorsal half, with a dorsal prominence or thickening. Nuts pale coloured, 3 lines long, including samara. Geographical Range.—Interior of South Australia, New South Wales, and Queens- land. The Red or Forest Oak. (Casuarina torulosa, Ait.) This tree is not difficult of identification either in the field or from the fruits—cones as they are sometimes called, for when once seen it can easily be differentiated from those of its congeners, the valves being less prominent than in other species, and the intervening ligneous substance being strongly rugose. The timber is also distinct, being of a uniform warm, red colour throughout. The rays are well marked, producing the usual ‘“ Oak figure ”’ of the genus. It is hard, close grained, yet fissile, polishes into a warm rich colour, and could be utilised in many ways in fancy cabinet work, but not in large slabs, as the tree is at its full size 50 feet high, and 18 inches in diameter. Like the rest of the species, it requires to be sawn methodically as soon as felled, and stacked for seasoning, for if not it splits in a very uneven manner, and so much timber is wasted. It is very suitable for balusters or any kind of small turnery, being very strong. Specimens exhibited at the Christchurch Exhibition were much noticed. Description of the Tree.—A rather small tree growing away from water, with a fairly rough bark. Branchlets very slender, in fact, more s@ than perhaps any other species. Leaves generally four, adnate, the slender branchlets giving a ribbed appearance. Male spikes very slender, $ tor inch long. Cones very shortly cylindrical or approaching globular shape, about ? inch in diameter and long, the dorsal appendages of the woody valves covered with numerous small tubercles. Geographical Range.—Coastal ranges and districts of New South Wales and Queensland. we et NATURAL ORDER. : , | 1 CUPULIFER, oe | \ | THESE trees are famous the world over for their valuable timbers, which are more commonly known as Oaks, Hornbeams, and Beeches. The two former do not occur here, for what are known as Oaks belong to quite a different : Natural Order, viz., the Casuarineze. There are, however, three true Beeches here, but only two suitable for our purpose, viz., Negro Head Beech of New South Wales, and Myrtle of Tasmania. The latter is by far the better timber for cabinet work, as it is light in weight, reddish in colour, and seasons well; the New South Wales tree is rather a refractory one as regards seasoning. They are both fine upstanding, tall trees, and probably taller than their congeners of the Northern hemisphere. SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Red Myrtle or Beech (Fagus Cunninghamii, Hooker). YW Se SS fo an en - — eC SSS ~Y => Red Myrtle or Beech. (Fagus Cunninghamii, Hooker.) In the matter of Beeches, Tasmania shares with the mainland the privilege of having | one true species, and in this case a superior one, for it seasons much quicker and better than | Fagus Mooret of New South Wales. . The wood could not be confounded with the European Beech, as the colour is quite different, being a brick red or terra cotta, and neither is the figure so distinct as characterises the European species. It is a soft, yet close-grained, easy working timber, light in weight, and polishes well, and could be used for doors and sashes of show cases. It has been used in constructing one of the large show cases in this Museum, and is giving much satisfaction, and for other reasons could be classed as a really first-class joinery and cabinet | timber, and is an excellent carving wood. in Tasmania, attaining sometimes a height of over 100 feet and a diameter up to 4 feet, with a very dense foliage. Leaves evergreen, very shortly petiolate, broadly ovate, deltoid, rhomboid or orbicular, flat or slightly convex, coriaceous, } to I inch long. Flowers moneecious. Male flowers solitary and pedicellate in the lower axils of small axillary I branchlets. Perianth six lobed, very small. Female involucre; sessile in the upper axils, ) containing each three flowers. Perianth limb of three small teeth on the angles of the ovary. Fruit about } inch long, consisting of one or more nuts placed upon, or more or | less enclosed in the usually enlarged persistent involucre. Nuts two, with three wings, ] and a central flat one with two wings. \ | Description of the Tree.—This is a true Beech, and is one of the largest trees found | } Geographical Range.—Ranges of Victoria and Tasmania. 154 ‘yreqoyy ‘asnoyy s,1oyieg soley *sHulyi4 a1WAW poy 155 sIWAW Peay NATURAL ORDER. SANTALACE, | °F 3 | | A FAIRLY well distributed Order over the world, and famous more particularly as yielding the Sandalwood of the East. There are one or two species in Australia that call for remark in this work, and one produces the Sandalwood of Western Australia, although the tree occurs throughout most of the States, but is only exported from the West. Most of the other representatives of the Order in Australia are small shrubs, but there is one exception that might be mentioned, namely, the Native Cherry (Exocarpus cupressiformis). The figure of this wood is small, but pretty, and looks well when used to aid decoration in cabinet work. SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— Exocar pus cupressiformis, Labill. | 156 4 i 2 = a = . ‘ ' 2 4 antes t 5 f ti Ww - ; rs . , . f yt ‘ , } 2 > H 4 a} t h) < b 1 7 . i! ‘ 4 : e . 2 ’ en | ‘ P| 5 j ; im ‘ . “ { ba - Ae F . sy j ; = ( aps 2 ‘ = i , = y ;" eee Se ade 4 Cherry Tree. - (Exocarpus cupressiformis, Labill.) A list of our cabinet timbers would, perhaps, not be complete without the inclusion of i this timber, although it is rarely seen on the Sydney market. The tree sometimes attains a i diameter of 18 inches, and a height of 50 feet, so that some large specimens could be obtained ! for cabinet work. It is a close-grained, lightish red coloured, fairly heavy timber, having a very neat little figure; polishes well and dresses easy. Description of the Tree.—Only occasionally does this tree attain a height of over 50 feet. It is quite gregarious, that is, will only grow in company with other bush } trees. The bark is rough, regularly ridged, and divided into sections. Leaves reduced l to minute alternate scales. Flowers minute in little terminal or lateral, very shortly pedunculate spikes, up to } inch long. Perianth segments five, very small. Fruit a drupe or nut, ovoid or globular, resting on the enlarged succulent red pedicel, about } inch in diameter, and known as Native Cherry. Geographical Range.—Throughout the Commonwealth. \U NATURAL ORDER. CONIFER 4. 7 AUSTRALIA possesses a valuable asset in its timbers of this world-wide Order. Taking first the most extensively distributed genus of the Order—Cailitrisfone finds in it a timber of high decorative character. These timbers are used extensively in building construction in the districts where it is plentiful, and when polished or varnished the dark heartwood with its figure adds considerably to the attractiveness of the home. They also make beautiful columns, and could be used to decorate artistic furniture. The Brown Pine, Queensland Kauri, King William Pine, Huon Pine, and Celery-top Pine are all valuable cabinet timbers. SPECIES ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR :— White Pine (Cailitris glauca, R.Br.). Queensland Kauri (Agathis robusta, C. Moore). Black Pine (C. calcarata, R.Br.). Huon Pine (Dacrydium Franklini, Hooker). King William Pine (Athrotaxis selaginoides, Don). Celery-top Pine (Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, Rich.). Hoop Pine (Avaucaria Cunninghamit, Ait.). Brown Pine (Podocarpus elata, R.Br.). Bunya Bunya (A. Bidwilli, Hook.). 158 Se er WHI ee oe a fem ‘wi & hel White or Cypress Pine. (Callitris glauca, R.Br.) The common name appears pretty general throughout its distribution, and is used to distinguish it from its congener, C. calcarata, R.Br., which occurs in the ridges or hills con- tiguous to the plains where C. glauca is found. It attains its maximum height on the eastern and southern portions of its distribution, and gradually diminishes in stature as it spreads towards the interior of the Continent. It is an aromatic timber, due to the presence of Phenol, but this is no deterrent to its seasoning, which gives little trouble. It is what might be called a fissile timber. It is eminently suited for panelling ; its dark colour and wavy figure often gives it a beautiful character. Turned into columns for vestibules, it is probably unsurpassed for beauty amongst Australian timbers for this special purpose. Several such columns are on view at the Technological Museum, and some were exhibited at the Franco-British Exhibition in London in 1909, and were much admired. The Callitris as a group present a variety of timbers amongst its species, and this particular species has in itself also a variety of woods of various shades. Sometimes it is quite pale, being almost white; whilst more commonly it is from a light to a dark chocolate colour, when it is much preferred for interior wall decoration of houses in the far West, and looks particularly well when polished or varnished. It also makes handsome picture frames, mouldings, and skirtings, and would look well in panelling, but is not recommended for chairs or tables. 159 It is a close-grained timber, light in weight, short in the grain, and splits so readily that it is necessary to bore holes before using nails. decorative timber. be secured in cabinet work by a careful selection of the timber. Description of the Tree.—An evergreen tree, varying in height according to environment. In the far interior it is stunted in growth, whilst towards the main Dividing Ranges it attains a height of over 100 feet, with a diameter from 2 to 3 feet, The bark is hard, compact, furrowed, but lighter in colour than that of C. calcarata, which forms with it the principal pines of the interior. Leaves are at first pyramidal, then decurrent in whorls of three, glaucous, the © internodes being shorter than obtain in most species; free end short, acute, the decurrent portion rounded. Male amenta small, 2 to 4 lines long, cylindrical, oblong, or ovoid, very numerous, occurring in general, in threes at the end of the leaf series, the stamens in whorls of threes, the scale-like apex concave, cordate, anther cells two to four. Female amenta solitary or not often found in clusters, situated generally at the lower part of the branchlets. Fruiting cones globular, rarely pointed at the top, about half an inch, exception- ally three-quarters of an inch in diameter, slightly scabrous, valves six, alternately large and -mall, the latter about a quarter less in size than, the larger ones, valvate, channelled at the base, dorsal point scarcely perceptible. Seeds two to three-winged; the central columella under 2 lines. Geographical Range.—No Callitris has so wide a distribution as C. glauca. It occurs on the western slopes of the coastal ranges of the continent, right across the far interior from east to west and north to south. It is easily distinguishable from its congeners by its glaucous foliage. The numerous knots rather add to its beauty as a Having such a great variety of colour and grain, a very artistic effect could BLACK OR CYPRESS PINE. t. Br.) a - j es “Sauter le Uae Bop pe Ms “ 5 * —— Black Pine, Red or Mountain Pine. (Callitris calcavata, R.Br.) This timber has sometimes a duramen almost as dark as that of .C. intratropica, the darkest of all Callitris, but with a far more ornamental figure, and so is in much request for inside boards, for lining houses, wainscotting, panelling, &c. The timber, however, is seen to best advantage along with other and quieter-looking woods, for when used alone the figure is perhaps too pronounced. For general purposes, such as those in which our eastern coast pine timbers are employed, it is not recommended, being too short in the grain, and too thickly studded with knots. But in the interior districts it is invaluable, being used for building, fencing, post and rails—lasting in the ground, according to some correspondents, twenty-five years or more. Others say it is not so durable. For turning into columns or pedestals for halls and statuary it is particularly well adapted, the numerous knots and wavy “flower” producing a very effective natural decoration. It takes a high polish. > 161 account is highly valued for house-building in the interior of the country. It often contains a good quantity of guaiol, which crystallises out on the surface of the freshly-cut timber. Description of the Tree.—An evergreen tree attaining a height of 60 to 8o feet, with a dark, hard, compact, deeply furrowed bark. The leaves are not glaucous, and occur in whorls of threes, decurrent, sharply convex on the back, free end obtuse or acute with almost scarious edges; in the very young plants the internodes are very short and the ridges flattened. Male amentum mostly solitary and axillary, and when / terminal in twos and threes, 14 lines long, compact, rather paler in colour than those of other species. Anthers two or three, rarely four. Female amentum as in other species. The cones are in clusters or solitary, smooth, sometimes rugose, globose, or oval, obtuse, 9 lines long and about 6 lines in diameter, the three larger valves being slightly dilated upwards; the dorsal point not far removed from the apex of the valves; valves valvate before opening, but the edges rounded afterwards, central columella short, with { three narrow sides. Seeds black, wings varying in size up to 6 tines. Geographical Range.—As one of the common names would suggest, this pine has a preference for high ground, but it is not solely restricted to elevations. It is, however, from its occurrence in such situations that has given rise to the term “‘ Pine Ridge,” so frequently found on our maps. It is fairly well distributed on the Eastern States of the Commonwealth. Like its congener (C. glauca) it has a reputation for immunity from termites, and on this "BUI ‘yoeig Ag .0 ssoud 163 King William Pine. } (Athrotaxis selaginoides, Don.) i This is one of Tasmania’s finest softwood timbers. It has hardly the usual pale colour of | the Pines, having a pinkish tint, but is, nevertheless, a beautiful timber, being easy to work, light in weight, very evenly grained, the autumnal rings contrasting with the vernal ones and producing a soft, pleasing effect. It planes well and easy, takes a good polish, and is eminently ) suited for violins, and for various forms of cabinet work requiring lighter shades of colour. It is very similar to Californian Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), and, like it, very suitable for }* mouldings, skirtings, or any kind of joinery work not requiring strength, and in addition has a great reputation for durability. Description of the Tree.—Leaves small, homomorphic, decussate or in close spires, \ appressed or spreading. Male amentum terminal, catkin-like; microsporophylls spirally i arranged, imbricate, shortly attached, scale or leaf-like expansion, oblong, sagittate and peltate, bearing two-celled sporangia; the pollen cells are globose or three-sided, with two or three bands. Female amentum is composed of spirally arranged imbricate macro- sporophylls, bearing from three to six pendulous ovules. Fruit cones terminal, sessile, small, globular, composed of woody scales wedge- shaped at the base, thickened upwards, dilated at the apex, below which is a dorsal point. Seeds few under each scale, ovate, compressed, with a transverse hilum and two longi- tudinal wings, the integument being crustaceous. The cotyledons number two. This is a larger tree than either of its congeners, and has loosely spreading slightly imbricate leaves, measuring about 4 lines long. Cones about } inch in diameter. Geographical Range.—Tasmania. 164 ; KING WILLIAM PINE, (ATHROTAXIS SELAGINOIDES, Do a ’ oA A er Ss al ie eg a SEaS 2 seetin a Le 2 eat ath ; t a o oo a0 x 5 y rt Pe . Pp ig © = i. ~ ag . —- baal . ; > et # Eee & : —_—_—————— = 2 a nee =A =A > Hoop Pine. (Araucaria Cunninghamit, Ait.) This Conifer is one of the giants of these scrubs, and some millions of feet have been drawn from these primeval forests since the occupation of this continent by the white man, being one of the few pale, soft timbers of this country. It is light in weight and colour, free working, possesses all the characteristics of a Pine timber, and is used extensively for flooring , linings, mouldings, skirtings, doors, and joinery generally, in addition to all the cheaper kinds of cabinet work, It can also be used for panelling in railway carriages. Decays quickly on exposure to dampness. Description of the Tree.—This is one of the largest of Australian Pines, attaining sometimes a height of 200 feet. The bark is characteristic, having the appearance of horizontal bands (hence the name Hoop Pine), and is hard, compact, and permeated with oleo-resin cells. Leaves are dimorphic, being crowded, spirally arranged, imbricate, incurved, 3 to 4 lines long, ribbed, pungent, pointed, in one case, and on the lower branches spreading, straight, vertical, decurrent, and sometimes over an inch long. Male amentum sessile, cylindrical, compact, 2 to 3 inches long, about 4 lines in diameter; the scale-like apices of the stamens are ovate-rhomboidal and acute. i Fruit cones ovoid, about 4 inches long and 3 inches in diameter, the scales broadly cuneate, the original sporophyll apex developing into a recurved, rigid, acute point. Geographical Range.—Confined to the scrubs of the North Coast districts of New South Wales and Southern Queensland. 165 wneneRitRiEEE b Hoop or Colonial Pine Pews. Presbyterian Church, Glebe, Sydney. 166 XIII. BUNYA BUNYA. Bunya Bunya Pine. (Araucaria Bidwilli, Hook.) In this species of Araucaria, Queensland has one of its principal sources of supply of soft timbers. It is very pale, even grained, easily worked, and useful wherever a pale indoor timber is required, Description of the Tree.—This is a beautiful forest tree attaining over 150 feet in height, and now much cultivated for its symmetrical shape and the remarkable appearance of its whorled branches, with their spirally arranged leaves, which give it a facies more nearly approaching the South American A. imbricata than its Queensland congener, A. Cunninghamii. It is, however, a very much quicker grower than the South American Pine. The leaves are numerous, homomorphic, imbricate, spirally arranged, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile, under 2 inches long, shining, and broad at the base, midrib not more developed than the numerous lateral veins, very sharply pointed. Male amentum is sessile, arranged in closely and spirally packed catkins towards the end of the branches, | sometimes over 6 inches long, and 4 inch in diameter, the imbricate scale-like apices of ial the stamens four-sided. ) Fruit cones on the higher branches, ovoid, globose up to 12 inches high, and 9 inches ] in diameter; the scales imbricate, 4 inches long and 3 inches broad, tapering towards ! their winged base, the point of the sporophyll recurved and spinescent. A cone 10 Ib. in weight was obtained from a tree, having also male catkins. l Geographical Range.—Coastal ranges of Queensland. 4 ; Queensland Kauri or Dundathu Pine. (Agathis |[Dammara] robusta, C. Moore.) The occurrence of a true Kauri timber in Australia is perhaps of more commercial im- portance than scientific. It adds another soft wood to our all too short list, and demonstrates that if such will grow here under natural conditions, they will flourish all the better under cultivation. The timber of this Kauri is rather more attractive than the New Zealand of the same genus. It is a shade darker in colour, being pale brownish; dresses easily, takes a good polish, and is suitable for table tops, furniture, or anything in the cabinet trade, also for mouldings, architraves, skirtings, and the cheaper kinds of furniture. Description of the Tree.—This is a fine, tall, upstanding tree, attaining a height of 150 feet and over, generally with a long straight barrel free from branches. Leaves more often ovate than lanceolate, thick, from 4 to 6 inches long, and up to I inch wide, mostly obtuse, shortly petiolate, midrib not prominent, finely striated longitudinally from secondary bundles. Male amentum catkin-like, axillary or lateral, surrounded by a few imbricate scales at the base, under 2 inches long. Fruit cones ovoid-globular, under 5 inches long, and rather less than 4 inches in diameter; macrophylls as broad as long, closely imbricate, deciduous, flattened, broadly cuneate, more or less winged. Seeds oblong-cuneate, flattened or emarginate, at the end one margin produced into a horizontal, erect, or decurrent wing. Geographical Range.—Coastal ranges of Queensland. 168 i j . \ a be he ‘ ' | 7% ’ re ; li ; meetin neat Se Dac HUON PINE. RYDIUM FRANKLINI, Hor k.) Huon Pine. (Dacrydium Franklini, Hooker.) Too much praise can hardly be given to this representative of the Coniferee family for its good qualities, and it is justly appreciated by the trade, for it is one of the finest soft-wood timbers grown in Australia. For a Conifer timber it is close grained, light in weight, with scarcely any figure, but having a pale canary colour, which considerably adds to its value as a decorative timber. It dresses and polishes well, and could be used for panelling, or any kind of joinery or cabinet work, and is one of the best softwoods in the market at the present day. An essential oil has been obtained from this timber, which is fully described in ‘“ Pines of Australia,” Baker and Smith, p. 404. Description of the Tree.—This tree is one of the best known in Tasmania, and yields one of its finest Pine timbers. It attains a height sometimes of over 100 feet. Leaves small, acute, and spreading on the young plant, in the mature plant closely appressed, thick, keeled, spirally arranged. Male amentum small, terminal, cylindrical, with twelve to fifteen stamens. Fruit cones very small, terminal, about same size as the leaves, scales about four to eight in number. Seeds globular, about 1 line in diameter. Geographical Range.—Restricted to Tasmania. This timber is pale coloured and rather harder than King William Pine (Athrotaxis selagi- notdes. It planes well and has an attractive figure, a close yet short grain, and is suitable for violins, panels, and almost anything that a light, easy working timber can be put to, either in Celery Top Pine. (Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, Rich.) joinery, cabinet work, or rolling stock on railways. Description of the Tree.—A small tree, reaching its maximum height (60 feet) on the lower levels, and becoming dwarfed on the higher altitudes of the mountain ranges, the branches showing a tendency to a verticillate form of growth; the cladodia cuneate, or rhomboidal, obtuse, bluntly toothed or lobed, 1 to 2 inches long, the leaf scales very small, and subulate. Male amentum cylindrical, stalked, solitary, or two or three together in the axils of leafy bracts; microsporophylls imbricate, on a short stipes, with a small connective having an apiculation or crest; the microsporangia are adnate, and two in number. The female amentum very small, terminal, occurring along the edges of the phylloclade, consisting of a few macrosporophylls in a short spike, or a single one, and individually bearing a solitary, erect macrosporangium, the upper macrosporophyll occasionally being sterile. Fruiting scales thick, and fleshy, enclosing the base of the seed, which is ovoid, in a cup-shaped disc, the outer integument membraneous and not winged ; the inner one crustaceous. Geographical Range.—Endemic to Tasmania. CELERY TOP PINE, (PHYLLOCLADUS RHOMBOIDALIS, [tich.) -* > tree . a 7. LXVII. (P BROWN ODOCARPI PINE. ELATA } KK By.) a } j i ; i ‘ ‘ » . . ™ Brown Pine or Yellow Pine. (Podocarpus elata, R.Br.) It is a straight-growing tree in its native habitat, giving out few lateral branches, and consequently some fine planks can be procured of it. The timber is at first white, but tones down on exposure to a very pale brown. It is light in weight, soft, close grained, dresses beautifully, and is altogether a first-class pale-coloured timber for panelling, but when found with a figure, as occasionally happens, it is especially attractive. A column of this latter exhibited in the Museum is very beautiful. It is also suitable for wood carving, and is a useful, serviceable timber in either joinery or furniture, or internal decoration of railway cars,—seasoning well, and is fairly strong for a Pine. Description of the Tree.—One of the largest trees of the brushes of the North Coast district of New South Wales and Southern Coast district of Queensland, where it attains a height of over 100 feet. Leaves variable in length, measuring from 2 to 6 inches and occasionally 9 inches long, and about } to 3 inch broad, oblong, lanceolate, obtuse, midrib alone prominent, shortly petiolate. Male amenta, two or three together, sessile up to 2 inches long, subtended by short bracts. Female amentum very short, 4 cm. long, solitary in the lower axils of the leaves. Fruiting receptacle 14 cm. long, with one ovoid or globular seed 1} cm. in diameter. Geographical Range.—It has rather a limited area of distribution, occurring as it does only in brushes of the East Coast of the continent. 17I "auld UMOIG 172 LXVIII. NE. (Figured.) PI BROWN ay BSE Sz: Oy ai Aste x AY AG CIR vit (An ACY A 173 AZ » = aay © ox r a) ay 4 feel a; ae ar" y 4 ow Parquetry of N.S.W. Timbers. 8. Suggested Uses for these Cabinet Timbers. Architraves, Mouldings, Skirtings, &c.—Maiden’s Blush, Blue Fig, Cedar, Corkwood, Sassafras, She Beech or Bolly Gum, White Pine (Callitris glauca), Black Pine, King William Pine, Hoop Pine, Bunya Bunya Pine, Queensland Kauri, Huon Pine, Celery Top Pine, Brown Pine. Balusters.—See under Turnery. Banks, Hotels, Libraries, Offices, Shops, Ships’ Cabins, Ships’ Saloons, &c. (Fittings for)—Crowsfoot Elm, Blue Fig, Rosewood, Red Bean, Onion Wood, Cedar, Queensland Maple, Black Bean, Blackwood, Jarrah, Sydney Blue Gum, Red Mahogany, Queensland Walnut, Silky Oak, White Honeysuckle, Red Myrtle, Hoop Pine, Queensland Kauri, Huon Pine, Mountain Ash, or Tasmanian Oak, Stringybark, Celery Top Pine, Brown Pine. Billiard Tables —See under Heavy Furniture. Brush Backs.—See under Toilet Boxes. Carving.—Beech, Black Bean, Cedar, Blackwood, Queensland Walnut, Red Myrtle, Brown Pine, Silky Oak, Fire Tree, Hoop Pine, Red Bean, Blue Fig, Queensland Kauri. - Coachbuilding, Road Vehicles (Finishing and Decorating).—Crowsfoot Elm, Maiden’s Blush, Cedar, Black and Red Bean, Sally, Myall, Blackwood, Coachwood, Spotted Gum, Sydney Blue Gum, Silky Oak, Beefwood. Columns.—See under Turnery. Cornice Pole and Rings.—See under Toilet Boxes. 174 i Cottage Furniture —Maiden’s Blush, Blue Fig, Sassafras, King William Pine, Hoop Pine, Bunya Bunya iI 4 : Pine, Queensland Kauri, Huon Pine, Celery Top Pine, Brown Pine. i Cutlery Cases.—See under Toilet Boxes. i Dining Rooms.—See under Heavy Furniture. Doors.—See under General Joinery Work. Elevator Cars.—See under Railway Cars. ! Flying Machines.—White Honeysuckle, Grey Plum. | Entrance Hall.—See under Heavy Furniture. Framing.—See under General Joinery. Furniture (Superior Class)—White Cedar, Rosewood, Red Bean, Cedar, Long Jack, Queensland Maple, New South Wales Maple, Red Ash, Yellow Cedar, Black Bean, Eumung, Sally, Blackwood, Coachwood, Spotted Gum, “Mountain Ash, or Tasmanian Oak, Jarrah, Queensland Walnut, Silky Oak, Fire Tree, White Honeysuckle, Red Myrtle. . Furniture (Heavy).—See under Heavy Furniture. General Joinery Work, Doors, Framing, Mantelpieces, Wainscotting, &c.—Maiden’s Blush, Blue Fig, White | Cedar, Rosewood, Red Bean, Onion Wood, Cedar, Queensland Maple, Black Bean, Blackwood, Coachwood, Corkwood, ; : Jarrah, Red Mahogany, Queensland Walnut, She Beech or Bolly Gum, Silky Oak, Red Myrtle, King William Pine, Mountain Ash, or Tasmanian Oak, Hoop Pine, Queensland Kauri, Huon Pine, Celery Top Pine, Brown Pine. Crowsfoot Elm, Red Bean, Long Jack, Queensland Maple, New South Wales Maple, Red Ash, Black Bean, Blackwood, Myall, Brigalow, Spotted Gum, Jarrah, Sydney Blue Gum, Slaty Gum, Red Box, Red Mahogany, River Oak, Swamp Oak, Belah, Forest Oak. |i Hotels —See under Banks. . | Jewellery Cases —See under Toilet Boxes. | | Heavy Furniture for Entrance Halls, Dining Rooms, Offices, Public Reception Rooms, Billiard Tables, &c.— | | Libraries (Interior Fittings) —See under Banks. Mantel pieces—See under General Joinery. Mathematical Instrument Cases.—See under Toilet Boxes. Mouldings.—See under Architraves. Newels.—See under Turnery. Offices (Heavy Furniture).—See under Heavy Furniture. Offices—See under Libraries. Pillarettes—See under Turnery. _ Public Reception Rooms.—See under Heavy Furniture Railway Cars, Tramway, and Elevator Cars (Interior Finishing and Decorating).—Crowsfoot Elm, Maiden’s Blush, Blue Fig, Scrub Hickory, Rosewood, Red Bean, Cedar, Queensland Maple, Black Bean, Blackwood, Tortoise Shell Tulip, Coachwood, Queensland Walnut, Silky Oak, Fire Tree, White Honeysuckle, Beefwood, Red Myrtle, White Pine, Black Pine, King William Pine, Hoop Pine, Queensland Kauri, Huon Pine, Celery Top Pine, Brown Pine. I . d . . Road Vehicles—See under Coachbuilding. Ships’ Cabins.—See under Banks. Scientific Instrument Cases.—See under Toilet Boxes. | ’ Shops.—See under Libraries. ee ee ae Skirting.—See under Architraves. Toilet Boxes, Brush Backs, Cutlery Cases, Jewellery Cases or Caskets, Mathematical and Scientific Instrument Cases, Cornice Pole and Rings, Trays, &c.—Crowsfoot Elm, Thorny Yellow Wood, Scrub Hickory, Rosewood, Red Bean, New South Wales Maple, Supple Jack, Tulip Wood, Yellow Cedar, Black Bean, Eumung, Sally, Myall, Brigalow, Gidgea, Tortoise Shell Tulip, Red Box, Musk, Budda, Silky Oak, Beefwood, Victorian Waratah, Tasmanian Waratah, Fire Tree, White Honeysuckle, Swamp She Oak, Bull Oak, Belah, Forest Oak, Cherry Tree, White Pine, Black Pine. Tramway Cars.—See under Railway Cars. Trays.—See under Toilet Boxes. Turnery Work, Newels, Balusters, Columns, Pillarettes, &c.—Rosewood, Red Bean, Onion Wood, Cedar, Supple Jack, Red Ash, Tulip Wood, Yellow Cedar, Eumung, Blackwood, Myall, Brigalow, Gidgea, Corkwood, Red Box, Red Mahogany, Musk, Budda, Beech, Silky Oak, River Oak, Swamp Oak, Bull Oak, Forest Oak, Cherry Tree, White Pine (Glauca), Black Pine, Hoop Pine, Queensland Kauri, Celery Top Pine, Brown Pine. Violins —King William Pine. W ainscotting.—See under General Joinery. ore ie ee Z 177 9. Types of Specific Gravity. In the following Summary (10) under the column of weights, timbers are specified as light, medium, and heavy. These results were obtained by taking three specimens of Australian timbers, standard testing size, as types of each class, and then comparing the data of exotic timbers of equal dimensions with these three, and thus in some degree, a comparative weight classification was arrived at. Typres oF EACH CLASs. The specimens were all well seasoned. Class, Australian. Exotic. Size. Weight. I. Light eed Gedatet sexism asel t--o ccapie naeen arte D saab eee 38 in. x 3 in. x 3 in. 52 lb. American Redwood do 52 Ib. American Ash do 64 Ib. 2. Medium Lt ACK WOOU mate sasiay kivs:|5" i wrehacasbales irdemiealgass 2 do 7% |b. American Walnut .. 2 do 7 lb. 10 oz. Indian Teak do 8 Ib. 3. Heavy potted Gini Re om es oo. ja cdmedcancisenves ne ave sVews do Ir lb. English Oak do 9 Ib. 178 SX 10. Summary. |Spoctic Gravity or Weight, | Relative, facility in, working 3) _ Name of Timber. Ep eens Colour. paeeee® at Sa . Hi Light. Medium.| Heavy.| Easy. a difficult. oqo | Crowsfoot Elm ror or ieee er a ee | x ae, Light brown with silvery! Radial face shows a pretty é streaks. figure, finer than Silky Oak. 2 Maiden’s Blush ns ef aX . xi Warm pink after exposure| Radial section shows pretty, | : small figure similar to New | | South Wales Maple. Siete Big 6) 35° cs raf ieie | ; x | |... | Almost white with faint] Plain, but takes a stain re- } | tinge of yellow. markably well. 4 Thorny Yellow: Wood ae x : x Yellowish wood with dark} Small wavy figure. streaks, 5 | Scrub Hickory aaa a Sor x - x Bright yellowish when) Plain, but fairly strong and ; ; polished. tough. 6 White Cedar ... tee “ x ee ee x ; Pale brown aa .| Large pronounced figure, simi- | : lar to English Elm, 7 | Rosewood ... yen Kine < 2 ig < x E Pale red .../ Good figure, similar in some | respects to Spanish Ma- . } hogany. 4 ss ag 40 “% os ¢ : | Se | . as } Red “ve des -.-| Very similar to Rosewood. to Onion Wood ..- ee £8 RED x peal 1 ge Reddish brown .| Very like Cedar in grain, but / slightly harder and heavier. II | Cedar (Red) ... ae Syl Cp gaan (ame reed ct x | Bright to dark red ... Good ornamental figure with . - great variations. 12 | Long Jack ... Saleen % lees F x Yellow or straw colour a Comparatively plain. 13 Maple (Queensland) ... Sbelinazee Se x es Lightish brown m Good ornamental figure with . | considerable variety. ; 14| De (New South Wales) ...| ... x | 1 eiyrs x 4 Pale colour, slight yellow Rather small, pretty, flowery ; | | tinge. figure. 15 | Supple Jack . ie Besharocs a x. | 4 x Outside white, heartwood Fairly good, very like Myall. |. \ dark chestnut. BT i 5G) Wade! ays | dec Rhga tinea | ; x a Heart portion red, outer portion light. ——s — —~~ By) ee. (SS 3 = roe ee —Y f\ fe GF H} <, ” if SUMMARY—continued. i| : a | « Specific Gravity or Weight. Relative facility on working | Name of Timber. Colour. Bie sil Bs / SS- y Zz Light. | Medium. | Heavy. | Easy. dimeutt, grained and cult. i| 17 | Tulip Wood . Sagi | x x Centre portion very dark,| Centre of log prettily marked | outside light grey. by irregular bands and i | waves of a chocolate colour. i 18 | Yellow Cedar... x x r | Light yellow Has an attractive, wavy figure. j 19.} Black Bean ... sk x ae - | Very dark, similar ‘to Wal-| A very good figure, very like 20 | Figured Bean x | x 5 ey nut. Walnut. | 21 | Eumung sys ase ea ties x Dark with reddish sl A very pretty, bold figure. : 22 | Sally. ... ns x x Light brown rn ..| Alternate light and dark streaks i giving it a rather pleasing r appearance } 23 | Blackwood | x x Varies from light brown to} Good figure, not unlike Red i dark reddish. Cedar. 24 | Myall ... “as as x x Nearly black ...| Not much figure. 25 | Brigalow ae peees x x Very dark... ...| Very like Myall. 26 | Ring Gidgea ... x x do aay .| Similar to Myall, but with : sometimes a very pretty, wavy, ring-like appearance, 27 | Tulip (Tortoise see x 68 x rik! Pinkish with light streaks} Very little grain. 28 | Coachwood ... oes x aa x Grey with a tinge of pink) Very like Ash in texture and : grain, ~ i 29 | Corkwood ... SS x 4 Dark brown or chocolate...) Comparatively plain. 30 | Mountain Ash, or Tasmanian x x Very pale. .| Straight grained, not unlike Oak. 2 some Oaks in colour, 31 | A Stringybark x x Light ...| Straight grained, but occasion- z | ally curved, producing an é ornamental figure. 32 | Jarrah “a ae + x x A rich dark red ... ...| A very fair grain for a hard ; a timber. 33 | Red Box eae aia x x Light red ... “4 ...| Ordinary figure found in most - | hard timbers. Spotted Gum... ... z x iaee ee Greyish yellow or light] Wavy, interlocked grain. | brown. — - SS ee — — ——- ———— nn a ee —_> Us y es = J) are q& — = ——— —/ a SuMMARY—continued. .. . . eC} ive : Specific Gravity or Weight. | Relat Pt on begs veyed Name of Timber. = = Colour. os Description of figure, ; , a fee Cross flower, or grain. Light. eae Heavy. | Easy. difficult. eats oe / 35 | Blue Gum ... aS ais ee One Laer aa Red .| Plain, but sometimes a wavy 36 | Slaty Gum ... we Saelh xe x | a x } figure. _ 37 | Mahogany ... re 7) GLa x 1 ABS Se ath Dark red ... .| A rather attractive, wavy, " interlocked figure. 38 | Musk . oes ca} ote x x Light chocolate or fawn) Comparatively plain. : 39 | Musk Root Stock <., etipeiexs |) | 2X | heresy do do ..-| A very pretty, small intottied | I figure, not unlike honey- | } comb or Bird’s-Eye Maple. 40 | Budda ane a 1 BAR x x Dark reddish brown with} A rather pretty striped grain. J ~ ; white sapwood. 41 | Beech... fn res x Ye ae | Pale greyish .| Very little figure. UOTE OAT Ss ee ee es be Be) abo hf mage Pale yellow a do { 43 Walnut (Queensland) SS) Saye x ane er ey x Dark brown or chocolate... An attractive figure, very simi- | | | lar to American Walnut. 44 | She Beech or BollyGum .... x | Se ae Brownish with a tinge of| A wavy figure with a silk-like . | grey. sheen. : 45 | Silky Oak... swe ea. } x Light chocolate or yellow-| A very pretty Sevitee varied | ish brown. according to the way it is cut, from a large open oak flower to an interlaced net- / like grain. 46 | Beefwood... cee ah eS x x Dark purple brown ...| Similar to Silky Oak. ~ 47 Waratah (Victorian) meatenress x x 1 | From light grey to brown} A very pretty speckled figure, 48 Do (Tasmanian) ee see x J similar to Silky Oak. 49 | FireTree :.. oe ada)! ise x x Pale yellow .| A very pretty figure, and ‘ | flower similar in some re- | spects to Silky Oak. White Honeysuckle (plain)..., x ... Sia iitees x Lightish brown (| Cut radially it shows a very pretty figure, similar to the Oaks; the size of the flower | is regulated by the angle of Do (showing flower)| x | dae aus ved x do | the cut with the medullary \ SUMMARY—continued. ; - Relative facility i ki g Specific Gravity or Weight. with cedinaty ane viene’ aes, N Timber, < aoe figure, 2 ame of Timber ; ibe etree - Colour flower, or grain Z ~ Light. | Medium.) Heavy. | Easy. | gigicult, war artes ! A Pe 52 | River Oak % ak | ate x Heart dark red, outer por-| The usual Oak ame but very | tion light grey. © little variation. — 53 | Swamp Oak .. x | vey | x Centre very dark, outside) The usual Oak figure found in ‘ ; pale yellow. other Casuarinas. - : 54 | Bull Oak oa See rr. 5 SE ctrl x Heartwood red, outerwood) Has the largest figure of all the 55 Do oe pee 5 base ly ete oS light grey. ** Oaks ”’ (Casuarinas). zo. Gav Bela hapten! es x | ae | x | .. | Dark brown ae .| Very little or no fi ns i 4 The usual “ Oak “ flower and 57 | Forest Oak (large figure) Nd el We r x - low eddish fi re 58 | Do (small figure) Daeei dy ret x | Saeaeey | prcpgksbar = gd See ee 59 Red Myrtle ea i ks A. A warm reddish .. .| A rather pretty, small figure, | | | not unlike English Beech, 60 _ Cherry tx We x | x ee do ors do do : | : | | Varies from almost white A great variety of figure, much 61 | White Pine x ee: cas \ | on the outer portion to of it very attractive. 62 Black Pine sal} le” ea tomers i a very dark brown in i H the centre. 63 | King William Pine ... x x | ha A lightish pink pale-col- In appearance very like Ameri- | oured timber. can Redwood. 64 | Hoop Pine oe x th gh eee x .. Yellowish white ... . Fairly plain figure. | 65 Bunya Bunya Pine ... PE ak? ee | ear se ... | Nearly white do J 66 Kauri (Gneepaland) eal oe el ose x | Very jight brownish yellow do 67 | Huon Pine ve x ot x Pale yellow do | | 68 Celery Top Pine x aus ih | Nearly white with a faint) The usual figure for a Pine. } tinge of pink. 69 Brown Pine ... x * ail, 4% | Wellow \)..2 tse ++» Plain. Tek rs: (figured or mottled)) x A | “ | x do ...| A very pretty mottled figure. Neds). Acacia Cambagei des aa $e eel ioe yee Teak A. homalophylla ish = oe ie roi ia OO A. Maideni ... oe +86 “i Seehee e Heath i: A. melanoxylon sap = vey Fs A Rees <2 r A. salicina..,. Ee ex < Bae wn bewg Pee Agathis robusta - aoe ke ree Ree ee AOS 3 | Alphitonia excelsa .... “fy tis A an See OD Angophora sp. es pea oe S PF ae 2 OF Apple Tree... ee wee Ser ar wa wa OF Araucaria Cunninghamiit... AP ae aie i369 165 A. Bidwilli... oe oe wae oa oe aoe), “EOF Ash (Moun tain) = 4 “We = iH as OS Atherosperma moschata Poa aes an wee Breese Athrotaxis selaginoides aoe ie Zan ade Gun TO4 Banksia integrifolia (showing flower) pac ee ove" (140 Do (plain figure) ... ean sa recta FAG Bean (Black) ... oo ven nak os st va. 1:00 Bean (figured) e. ait 436 x05 yS we 5-06 Bean (Red)... erat» Oey rie aye od a SF Beech ... 53 a ra Rye eae ees aS 130, 135 Beeches and Hornbeam sae eA aa Sr pale 5. Beech (Negro Head) ... aa? ae 43a 78 Ave ee Beech (She) ... ae ae Bee rr es a AS Belah ... Black Bean Black Pine Blackwood Blue Fig Blue Gum Bolly Gum Box (Red) Brigalow Brown Pine Budda ... “oe aes Bull Oak ao x Bunya Bunya ... Callitris calcavrata C. glauca Camphor Laurel Cavafa muluccensis Castanospermum australe... Casuarinez ‘ Casuarina Cambaget ... C. Cunninghamit ie = ies C. glauca C. Luehmanni ... sa its ss C. torulosa (small figure) 4 She Do (largefigure) ... Cedar (Honduras) ak ger aie Cedar (Red)... 455 oon > Cedar (White) ... bh by bets bt Cedrela Toona ... Celery Top Pine Ceratopetalum apetalum Cherry ... “ Coachwood Composite Conifer Cupulifere Corkwood Crowsfoot Elm... Cryptocarya Palmerstoni Cypress Pine Dacrydium Franklini ... Doryphora sassafras Dysoxylon Fraserianum D. Muelleri D. rufum Echinocarpus australis Elaocarpus grandis Elm (Crowsfoot) Evemophila Mitchell ... Eucalyptus Dawsoni ... . Delegatensis... maculata . marginata ene obliqua are tes . vesinifera .. te Rudderi saligna oe tse Eucryphia Mooreti ... Eugenia Smithii sas INDEx—continued. PAGE. 39 170 94 157 94 125 158 153 96 25 134 159 169 132 34 37 32 27 28 25 128 123 98 120 114 III 112 119 122 93 97 184 Eumung Exocarpus cupressiformis . Fagus Cunninghamii ... Figured Bean ... Fire Tree Flindersia Chatawatine - F, Oxleyana Forest Oak (large azure Do (small figure) Fraxinus excelsior Gidgea (Ring) -.. Gmelina Leichhardtii ... Grevillea robusta G. striata ae 36 Gum (Slaty) Gum, Spotted ... Harpullia pendula... Hickory (Scrub). Honduras Cedar en Honduras Mahogany ... Honeysuckle (White) ... Hoop Pine nee Hornbeam and pies Huon Pine Indian Teak Indian Satin Wood Jarrah ... see ove Kauri, Queensland... King William Pine ... iL eae ) Laurinee ws : HY Lime ... me rere a Linden ... rey oes Se Long Jack... aie es Maiden’s Blush <2 +3 Mahogany iol is nee Mahogany, Honduras... = Maple (New South Wales) ... Maple (Queensland) ... ae Meliaceze aia ox 2: Melaleuca leucadendron ere Melia Azedarach Monimiacee ... Mountain Ash (A) Mountain Pine... Musk ... evs Musk (Root Stock) Myoporinee ... tee Myrtacee nae aaa Myall ... a «ee Myrtle (Red) . Negro Head Beech . oan Nephelium semiglaucum nae North American Sycamore ... Oak (Bull)... a aes Oak, Forest (large figure) ora Do (small figure) Oak, River or, INDEX—continued. PAGE. 133 Oak (Tasmanian)... 65 Olacinez ae 26 Olearia (Aster) angophyltus 26 Onion Wood ... 51 Orites excelsa ... Owenia acidula Ree 27 O. cepiodora 112 32 Pine (Black) 57 Pine (Celery Top) 52 Pine (Huon) 32 Pine (Hoop) 97 Pentaceras australis 33 Phyllocladus rhomboidalis 131 Pithecolobium Hi endersont 98 Podocarpus elata 101 P. elata (figured) 126 Proteaceze 126 127 Queensland Kauri 97 Queensland Maple 89 Queensland Walnut . 154 Quercus joke Red Ash, 61 Red Bean a6 56 Red Box nes Red Cedar of doasteali: 150 Red Myrtle ..... 152 Red Pine 152 Rhamneze 148 Rhodosphara vhodakiheons 185 +) aut & g Ary INDEX—continued. PAGE. PAGE. Ring Gidgea . Saiy) OE Tea Trees eA as tee eas ae River Oak “thes wee, = 24S Teak (Indian) ie se ime aaa tay (TRO Rosewood 34 Telopea oreades 143 Rutacez 29 T. truncata se 144 Sally . 71 Tetranthera reticulata nee en anm AY: bee a ae 128 Thorny Yellow Wood aad See ie ae 29 Santalacesx 156 Tiliacee ie a 26 Sapindacee 61 Tortoise Shell Talip see vse tn te eee ote he Sassafras 132 Tulip Wood __.. a es ae wee as MOS Saxifragee 93 Types of Specific Gravity ose ns 178 Scrub Hickory... a 31 oe She Beech or Bolly earn AF cba Waratah 143 erbenacee 129 She Oak ras 147-152 Vesulthans sibuetokadiy Suggested Uses ‘tor These ‘Timbers eae 174-177 Teagan Re Seated se ec Silky Oak is 7 137 Villaresia Mooret ay xa 57 Slaty Gum : 123 Walnut (Queensland) és 138 ser on 26 Waratah (Tasmanian) 135 po um... 120 Waratah (Victorian) 143 Stenocarpus sinuatus .. 145 Weinmannia rubtfolia ave Fs * go Sterculiaceze 24 White Cedar * is 32 Stringybark III White Honeysuckle (plait) <. IE PT eet ates = 59 “Do sig on ies wed seo bE wamp ae y us 149 White Pine... no oe eh 159 Sycamore, North American ... 56 Wood (Indian Satify) Mee sey oss ae mae ae Synoum glandulosum 32 . Tarvieti ‘isd Yellow Cedar... ae Sees Wee ose ous sow, | OF po ee iss a Yellow Pine ... Bs ae a see eae menpclyt Tasmanian Waratah ... Po mus eee: RA Xanthoxylon brachyacanthum ae ose sx 130 Sydney: W, A. Guilick, Government rrinter,—1913. SSS — ——— —_ far .4 @ Alaa ee —<« 5 .* ie he) 7 or 2 . ? ‘ 4 he. , 6 +0 90 8 so Ol 6€ 2 WALI SOd JIHS AV JONVHY a NIN