COSC LOL CLAASSEN Pye) ea wey meant Nat : Ai See siete Ae nth oy) Nokes VaR ORR Bae ts Ay aah a i eeaiey 2S i sae | Si a at fot eh Phe Nee Foe, jetige, Vee dete iva deen Ne ae ‘ fy ‘jeSnoqow (L'a Aq ydessoioyd 9 “euOZTTY UT JJeseq Snloe) V THE CACTACEAE DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PLANTS OF THE CACTUS FAMILY BY N. L. BRITTON anv J. N. ROSE Volume I LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Tue CaRNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON Wasuincton, 1919 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON PUBLICATION No. 248, VOLUME I Copies of this Book were first isaued JUN 21 1918 PRESS OF GIBSON BROTHERS WASHINGTON CONTENTS. amilyACactacea ckprerersiicre ieichereistee feeie srerienckee Kev stombribese mmr ai seein decseicueunne ees ne ebribeyeereskiea ey cecivssyetersts sphere toe erereteceroneuet IRERES EN So ouse.ce ad CRO obo ERA ccon eon IKeeystOV OPECleS i. esis Masse oh crave cvolens cuslenelene elribel@ punticaceererer cern nena ren Keevat ol Generaerpmerrict cicickeiisiciereriecvss1 sare BereskiopsiSeserincrc Cais cee aesiaeececaiokerels IAWETOCAUSogagnddoosocascadsanooounD bod Nopaleasereeeieernricriocicieiicr tent iemncrsrey ARG a dduS ocoopedgubaooeModsedonaooule Math weniasrrrritactcracneisteveisileeici ste rotors nel oys @puUntiaenyesvo ere ee econ eliceer a oer tereuerenersile Key to Subgenera and Series.............. Subgenus Cylindropuntia................. SeriessRamosissimae see ie ieraieisie as Series eptocaules...-...:.....---+-.-- Senieswihntinberiandes errr ret nreiet Series Echinocarpae..................-- Senes Bigelovianaes.. a2 seer elses eee Senlestimbricataceereeeeerirn enn Senlesprulcidaesrny errr ier aerate ieee Seniesmuestitaeseryryannerrceteracteclersterelle Series. Clavanioidesmerem eerie eck eater Seniespoalmiana coer ere retrace a kerr tri Senlesisubulatacsspeee neice SerlesmVugtielianaeeeer ener ernie ar SeniesiClavataeteneernc ascii tetris Subgenus Tephrocactus.........:.....:.. SeniesnwWiebenlanacsrerecenennerer ion raat ‘Seriesphloccosaceep eerie eerie: Series Glomeratae..............-..-.-- Series Pentlandianae................... PAGE. Family Cactaceae—continued. Tribe Opuntieae—continued. Opuntia—continued. Subgenus Platyopuntia................... 99 Series 1ebrM®. ogoconuscdsoadasooan00 100 Werles) Curassavicaesenerneon eee iciiae 102 Series;Atirantiacaemaennm eee 106 Series hunaee ry wescisii eect error ae IIo SerieseBasilaresma racic ree 118 Seriestinamoenaderteeeenenc ore eer eer 12 Serieslontispinaesaeheeeenencrnmi ee 126 Seriesioulphtireaemnneeeereee eerie 133 SeriesiStrigilessacnuicas ie tea vesoraenecoienats 136 Series) Setispinae’pere ee reer oriobereeer 136 Serieswahaecacanthacwenr rrr riiiel. 139 SeriestPlatiores! tires e nme aoe 149 SeriessElataciaen wien cee ech ere 156 Seriesiocheerianaesennrt orl 159 Series) Dillenianaes.2..2-+- ++ - soe 159 Series Macdougalianae ................. 169 Series omentosae: s44.- 5-69 in eee 172 Seriespivertcotrichaehseneeenee reece 174 Senies!Oxbiculataeseeiieeereersecint: 176 Series Ficus-indicae................---- 177 Series Streptacanthae...3....---.-....- 181 SeriesvRobustaeieas aciiacrerrieitere clio 191 Series Polyacanthae................-.-- 193 Series Stenopetalae.. 2.352 .6-6- ec er 200 Seniespealmadoraetpeneeeerier tricia 201 Series Spinosissimae.................... 202 Series) Brasilienses!s5ca.- ose eenee eel 209 Series Ammophilae...................-. 211 Seriesi@hatteyanaeeeeere eerie cece 213 Grisoniar mse ee ele eeeerou cree 215 Append ixerey reer oie cer 216 WRI sav oocowoycoooD AOD ODO aD ODDO DODO OOO ROUS 227 ILLUSTRATIONS. FACING PLATES PAGE Gis nT, (CaaS IDEsemitmn VEE. abe coco en on soon cous onde ooap no Sddoe cag SDE RCs S Ke ROUSSSOURSC Frontispiece PLaTE 2. (1) Flowering branch of Pereskia pereskia. (2 and 3) Fruit of Pereskia pereskia. (4) Leafy branch of Pereskia sacharosa (5) Proliferous fruit of Pereskia sacharosa.....................-.--- Io PLATE 3. (1) Flowering branch of Pereskia grandifolia. (2) Leafy branch of Pereskiopsis chapistle. (3) Leafy branch‘ of Pereskiopsis:pititache® <2. 24 be se ak cc cin os es oe cise em aie cnusn craves chs te teh enetebepereroneienees 20 PLaTE 4. (1) Upper part of flowering joint of Nopalea cochenillifera. (2) Upper part of flowering joint of Nopalea auberi. (3) Fruit of Nopalea auberi. (4) Flowering joint of Nopalea dejecta..... 34 PHATE) ss Nopaleaaubert asutsrows near Matlay MexicOnaenia riya a oct cieteis ei oie letersi ioe erties iersterreisiele 38 PLATE 6. (1 and 2) Branch of Opuntia mortolensis. (3 and 4) Branch of Opuntialeptocaulis. (5) Flowering branch of Opuntia arbuscula. (6) Flowering branch of Opuntia kleiniae.................. 48 PuLateE 7. (1) Leafy branch of Opuntia Kleiniae. (2) Terminal branch of Opuntia vivipara. (3) Branch of Opuntia parryi. (4) Flowering branch of Opuntia echinocarpa. (5) Fruiting branch of Opuntiayversicolor ry over oa easel ay ee eee eee een ae SER eile ache Cie ete 50 PLaTE 8. (1) Type plant of Opuntia vivipara, near Tucson, Arizona. (2) A much branched plant of Opuntia Alors 0) 0) GR eR ee ane pe eee PER Sey Gram eG Dem EIS SA Mae OS COO EO OOS 52 PLATE 9. (1) Joint of Opuntia tetracantha. (2, 3, 4, 5) Flowering joint of Opuntia versicolor. (6) Proliferous fraits;of Opuntia fuleida s 72% 2 Aceves oxcrsvsom So eee Se eae ene eS 54 PLATE 10. (1) Joint of Opuntia tunicata. (2, 3, 4, 5) Joint of Opuntia spinosior.................-----.---.- 66 PLATE 11. (1) Leafy branch of Opuntia imbricata. (2) Flowering branch of Opuntia prolifera. (3, 4) Form of Opuntiavaleahes® \(556)! (Opuntiavestitave «cs sen ania ae eee eee eee eee 68 PLATE 12. (1) Clump of plants of Opuntia fulgida. (2) A very open plant of Opuntia spinosior.............. 70 PLATE 13. (1) Opuntia exaltata as seen in the highlands of Peru. (2) Clump of Opuntia floccosa asit growsin thetvalleys ofithevAndesj of easternP entins exe epee oe eer eee eee n eee 76 PLATE 14. (1) Flowering branch of Opuntia burrageana. (2) Opuntia cylindrica. (3, 4) Joint of Opuntia stanlyi. (G)eRlowenns joint of Opuntiaymacrorhizass eeeeee ee eee eee eee eee eee 78 PLATE 15. (1, 2) Part of joint of Opuntia exaltata. (3) Upper part of joint of Opuntia macrarthra. (4) Upper part/of jointiof Opuntiastortispina---ce wee eee ee ono ie eee Roe eee 80 PLATE 16. (1) Top of Opuntia miquelii. (2) Old and young joints of Opuntia invicta. (3) Upper part of joint Of Optintiasignescensys 2 a5 /sj.y. apace sete wie el a ralnos er a fnrsreyau suas cutaynteh avene ere e Seoe neo ee 98 PLATE 17. (1) Joint of Opuntia pascoensis. (2) Joints of Opuntia taylori. (3, 4) Form of Opuntia repens. (5) Flower of Opuntia repens. (6) Flowering joint of Opuntia drummondii............... 102 PLATE 18. (1) Two plants of Opuntia drummondii. (2) Joints of Opuntia retrorsa with flower. (3) Joints of Opuntia triacantha. (4) Joint of Opuntia jamaicensis. (5) Section of fruit of Opuntia JAMIAICENSIS':s He See misthe eter Eideizeslo aves srade Sens) sree ateesna atehase ie eter nieete te a eyatane ete ees eae eee 104 PLATE 19. (1) Plant of Opuntia jamaicensis. (2, 3) Flower of Opuntia jamaicensis. (4) Longitudinal section of flower of Opuntia jamaicensis. (5, 6) Stamen of Opuntia jamaicensis. (7) Style of Opuntiavjamaicensis yy (ae ee Ces eke ee soars ee Le eee OnE Oe ee ees 112 PLATE 20. (1) Flowering joint of Opuntia decumbens. (2) Fruiting joint of Opuntia decumbens. (3) Hybrid 116 PLaTE 21. Group of hardy Opuntia, mostly Opuntia tortispina, in grounds of New York BotanicalGarden.... 126 PLATE 22. (1) Joints of Opuntia microdasys. (2) Flowering joint of Opuntia macrarthra. (3) Fruit of Opuntia macrarthra. (4) Seed of Opuntia macrarthra. (5) Flowering joint of Opuntia opuntia..... 128 PLATE 23. (1) Flowering joint of Opuntia fuscoatra. (2) Upper part of joint of Opuntia sulphurea. (3) Joint Of Opuntia: tentuspina scsi es a6 aie atc ease ae Sas se OLE a oe TES trey ee ee ee 132 BRAT 24581) eelantioh Opuntia santa-titas (2) selantol@puntialdiscatass = eee eee Ene ere eee oreo ener 142 PLATE 25. (1) Flowering joint of Opuntia atrispina. (2) Flowering joint of Opuntia phaeacantha. (3) Upper paxctrofjonton Opuntiavengelmanniten- ma ee nee eee CECE 144 PLATE 26. (1) Flowering joint of Opuntia bergeriana. (2) Flowering joint of Opuntia elatior. (3) Flowering joint of Opuntia boldinghii. (4, 5) Joint of Opuntia elata.............................-. 152 PLATE 27. (1) Upper part of fruiting joint of Opuntia schumannii. (2) Flower of Opuntia schumannii. (3) Flowering joint of Opuntia vulgaris. (4) Flowering joint of Opuntia stricta.............. 156 PLATE 28. (1) Flowering joint of Opuntia laevis. (2) Flowering joint of Opuntia dillenii. (3) Upper part of fowenns yomtiom@Opuntiaaciculatassacceeeee Renee eee aOR Eee eee eee 160 PLATE 29. (1) View of Opuntia keyensis. (2)-View of Opuntia dillenii_.................2.....000e ee eee 162 PLATE 30. Pblowerng) joint ol Opin tagline uit onsen heer heer ene ena ner eee RE eee eee 164 PLATE 31. Flowering joints of Opuntia lindheimeri. (1) Orange-flowered race. (2) Red-flowered race........ 166 PLATE 32. (1) Upper part of flowering joint of Opuntia leptocarpa. (2) Fruit of Opuntia leptocarpa. (3) Flower- ing joint of Opuntia velutina. (4) Upper part of joint of Opuntia megacantha............ 172 PLATE 33. (1) Upper part of joint of Opuntia tomentosa. (2) Flowering joint of Opuntia brasiliensis. (3) Flowering branch of Opuntia brasiliensis. (4) Joint of Grusonia bradtiana............... 174 PLATE 34. (1) Part of joint of Opuntia leucotricha. (2) Part of joint of Opuntia maxima. (3) Joint of Opuntia lasiacanthawe (4) sj ointiolOpuntiarobustacs seer eee eee eee ee eee ECan 180 PLATE 35. (1) Plant of Opuntia fragilis. (2) Flowering branch of Opuntia rhodantha. (3) Flowering joint of Optintia,polyacanitha::\s Soctece Serres eee ee 194 PLATE 36. (1) Flowering joint of Opuntia spinosissima. (2, 3) Single flower of Opuntia spinosissima. (4, 5) Longitudinal section of flower of Opuntia spinosissima. (6) Cross-section of ovary of Opuntia spinosissima. (7) Style of Opuntia spinosissima..............000-..0eeeeeee ao Fic. THE CACTACEAE. TEXT-FIGURES. PAGE 1. Hedge of Pereskia pereskia............ a] 2. Tree of Pereskia autumnalis............ II 3. Branches of Pereskia autumnalis,....... 12 4. Branch of Pereskia lychnidiflora........ 12 5. Leafy branch of Pereskia nicoyana...... 13 6. Branch of Pereskia zehntneri........... 13 7. Cultivated plant of Pereskia zehntneri.. 14 8. Herbarium specimen of Pereskia moorei. 15 g. Tree of Pereskia guamacho............. 15 10. Flowering branch of Pereskia guamacho. 16 11. Leafy branch and flower of Pereskia colombianakere eee eee ite 17 12. Branch and fruit of Pereskia bleo....... 18 13. Fruit of Pereskia bahiensis............. 19 14. Leafy branch of Pereskia bahiensis...... 19 15. Iree of Pereskia bahiensis.............. 20 16. Hedge containing Pereskia grandifolia.. . 21 17. Branch of Pereskia zinniaeflora......... 21 18. Tree of Pereskia cubensis.............. 22 19. Leafy branch of Pereskia cubensis....... 22 20. Branch and fruit of Pereskia portulaci- iONenooscnve ones hoclonbedaneb oboe 23 21. Potted plant grown from a cutting of Pereskiopsis velutina............... 26 22. Branch of Pereskiopsis diguetii......... 27 23. Branch of Pereskiopsis opuntiaeflora .. 27 24. Branch of Pereskiopsis rotundifolia...... 27 25. Shows aclump of Pereskiopsis rotundi- KO) Oe biaiga oeechvera tion holo ust ho Coenen 28 26. Branch of Pereskiopsis porteri.......... 28 27. Branch of Pereskiopsis aquosa.......... 2 28. Leaf of Pereskiopsis kellermanii......... 30 29. Leaf of Pereskiopsis kellermanii......... 30 30. Leaf of Pereskiopsis kellermanii......... 30 31. Seed of Pterocactus hickenii............ 31 2. Plant of Pterocactus hickenii........... 31 33. Branch of Pterocactus fischeri.......... 31 34. Seed of Pterocactus fischeri............. 31 35. Seed of Pterocactus pumilus............ 31 36. Seed of Pterocactus tuberosus.......... 31 37. Plant of Pterocactus tuberosus, showing AaveLy langerroOLan eects nelecn 2 38. Potted plant of Pterocactus tuberosus... 33 39. Joint of Nopalea guatemalensis......... 35 Aovs)oimbtiofNopalearliuteakmecnsiecacire cite 35 41. Large plant of Nopalea dejecta......... 36 42. Joints of Nopalea dejecta.............. 37 43. Joints of Nopalea karwinskiana......... 2] 44. Joint of Nopalea inaperta.............. 37 45. Flower of Tacinga funalis.............. 38 46. Longitudinal section of flower of Tacinga Live NS eae ca Basie dom oroueince cro et 38 47. Section of stem of Tacinga funalis...... 38 48. Tip of young branch of Tacinga funalis. 38 49. Plant of Tacinga funalis, climbing over DUSHES ers epee ine Se feee emails ieee tre 39 50. Plant of Maihuenia valentinii.......... 40 51. Fruit of Maihuenia poeppigii........... 41 52. Joint and flower of Maihuenia brachydel- Ph Cea bam cane saiteicie pid cea os aatciic ere 41 53. Plant of Maihuenia tehuelches.......... 41 54. Branch of Opuntia ramossissima........ 46 55. Section of stem of Opuntia ramosissima. 46 56. Plant of Opuntia leptocaulis............ 48 Fic. 57 V PAGE. . Section of stem of Opuntia leptocaulis’.. 48 . Joint of Opuntia caribaea...,......... 48 . Thicket formed of Opuntia caribaea..... 49 . Clump of Opuntia arbuscula............ 50 . Plant of Opuntia arbuscula............. 51 . Fruiting branch of Opuntia arbuscula... 51 . Flowering branch of Opuntia thurberi... 53 . Branch of Opuntia davisii.............. 55 . Branch of Opuntia viridiflora........... 55 . Branch of Opuntia whipplei............ 55 . Plant of Opuntia acanthocarpa......... 56 . Joint of Opuntia serpentina............ 58 . Plant of Opuntia bigelovii.............. 59 . Joint of Opuntia bigelovii.............. 59 . Potted plant of Opuntia ciribe.......... 60 SJointioM@puntiarcinibes see eee 60 . Potted plant of Opuntia cholla.......... 61 a Om: OF Opinre Grol. soosncscooceccs 62 . Proliferous fruits of Opuntia cholla, devel- Opin genewel OMItS Eee Cerner eee 62 . Proliferous fruits of Opuntia cholla, developing new joints................ 62 = Joints\of Opuntia loydiiteeeese eee 63 . Plant of Opuntia lloydii............... 63 . Plant of Opuntia imbricata............. 64 . Potted plant of Opuntia tunicata....... 65 . Plant of Opuntia pallida............... 65 . Potted plant of Opuntia molesta........ 67 . Joint of Opuntia prolifera.............. 69 . Potted plant of Opuntia prolifera....... 70 . Potted plant of Opuntia alcahes........ 70 . Joint of Opuntia verschaffeltii.......... 72 . Grafted plants of Opuntia clavarioides... 73 . Potted plant of Opuntia salmiana....... 74 . Joints of Opuntia salmiana............. 74 . Potted plant of Opuntia subulata....... 76 . Joint of Opuntia pachypus............. ol . Joints of Opuntia schottii.............. 81 . Joints of Opuntia clavata.............. 81 . Joints of Opuntia parishii.............. 82 . Joints of Opuntia pulchella............. 82 wPlantsio@Opiuntianvilismeeeee rae eee 83 . Joints and cluster of spines of Opuntia ‘bulbispinaenekmccr cicero: 83 . Joints of Opuntia grahamii............. 84 . Plants of Opuntia weberi.............. 84 . Joints of Opuntia weberi............... 85 . Potted plant of Opuntia floccosa....... 86 . Mound of Opuntia lagopus............. 88 . Root, joints, and flower of O. australis.. 88 . Joints of Opuntia glomerata............ 89 . Joint of Opuntia aoracantha............ gI . Joint of Opuntia rauppiana............. 92 . Flowering plant and fruit of Opuntia sub- terraneay weve RSE lee chee ie 2 . Joints of Opuntia hickenii.............. 92 . Joint of Opuntia darwinii.............. 94 . Joints of Opuntia atacamensis.......... 94 . Joints of Opuntia russellii.............. 94 . Joints of Opuntia ovata................ 95 . Potted plant of Opuntia sphaerica...... 96 . Joint of Opuntia skottsbergii........... 97 . Joint of Opuntia nigrispina............. 97 . Joint of Opuntia pentlandii...... ...... 97 vI FIG. 117. 118. I19Q. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. or7- 128. 129. 130. 131. m2 133. 134. 135- 136. UD7o 138. 139. 140. I4I. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155- 156. 157- 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173- 174. 175: 176. 77s 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. THE CACTACEAE. TEXT-FIGURES—continued. Joints of Opuntia pentlandii............ Joint of Opuntia ignescens............. Mound of Opuntia ignescens........... Plant of Opuntia campestris............ Joints of Opuntia ignota............... Thicket of Opuntia pumila............. Joints of Opuntia pumila............... Joints of Opuntia pubescens............ Joints of Opuntia curassavica........... Joints of Opuntia borinquensis.......... Joints of Opuntia militaris............. Joints and flower of Opuntia tracyi..... Joints and flowers of Opuntia pusilla... . Joints of Opuntia aurantiaca........... Potted plant of Opuntia schickendantzil. Plant of Opuntia kiska-loro............ Joints of Opuntia canina............... Plant of Opuntia retrorsa.............. Plant of Opuntia utkilio............... Joints of Opuntia anacantha............ Thicket of Opuntia bella............... Joints of Opuntia bella................ Joint of Opuntia bella................. Plant of Opuntia triacantha............ Plantiot Opuntiastunas ase accel e JomtsrohOpuntiagtunaeeeeeoeeeo eee Thicket of Opuntia antillana........... Joints of Opuntia antillana............. Plant of Opuntia decumbens........... Plant of Opuntia depressa.............. Joints of Opuntia lubrica............... Landscape showing Opuntia treleasei.... Joints of Opuntia basilaris............. Plant of Opuntia microdasys........... Potted plant of Opuntia, probable hybrid Joint of Opuntia macrocalyx........... Plant of Opuntia rufida................ Plant of Opuntia pycnantha............ Potted plant of Opuntia comonduensis. . Plant of Opuntia inamoena............. Joint of Opuntia inamoena............. Joints of Opuntia allairei............... Joints of Opuntia pollardii............. Plant of Opuntia opuntia.............. Fruit of Opuntia grandiflora............ Flowering joint of Opuntia grandiflora. . Flowering joints of Opuntia austrina.... Joints, flower, and fruit of O. plumbea. . Fruit of Opuntia stenochila............. Fruit of Opuntia stenochila............. Joint of Opuntia stenochila............. Potted plant of Opuntia delicata........ Joint of Opuntia soehrensii............. Joint of Opuntia microdisca............ JomtsiotOpuntiaystrcile ss eee Joints of Opuntia ballii................ Joints of Opuntia pottsii............... Joint of Opuntia setispina.............. Plant and fruit of Opuntia mackensensii Joint of Opuntia macrocentra.......... Joint of Opuntia tardospina:........... Cluster of spines of Opuntia gosseliniana Joint of Opuntia gosseliniana........... Joint of Opuntia angustata............. PlantoOpuntiajaztireass eee eee Joints of Opuntia azurea............... Joint of Opuntia covillei............... Joint of Opuntia covillei............... 138 139 140 141 141 PAGE. Fic. 185. Joint of Opuntia vaseyi................ 146 186. Potted plant of Opuntia occidentalis.... 147 187. Joint of Opuntia brunnescens........... 150 188. Fruit of Opuntia brunnescens........... 150 189. Joint of Opuntia galapageia............ 150 190. Flower of Opuntia galapageia........... 150 191. Joint and cluster of spines of Opuntia Palapa relay ne aiccsses eeceesrae cee 151 192. Flowering joint of Opuntia delaetiana.. 152 193. Joints of Opuntia hanburyana.......... 154 194. Joint of Opuntia quitensis............. 154 195. Joint of Opuntia distans............... 155 196. Joint of Opuntia elata................. 157 197. Joints of Opuntia cardiosperma......... 157 198. Joint of Opuntia scheeri............... 159 199. Plant of Opuntia chlorotica............ 160 200. Joints of Opuntia chlorotica............ 160 2o1. Plant of Opuntia dillenii............... 162 202. Joint of Opuntia tapona............... 164 203. Potted plant of Opuntia littoralis....... 164 204. Joints of Opuntia cantabrigiensis........ 167 205. Part of joint and cluster of spines of Opuntia procumbens................. 167 206. Joint of Opuntia cafiada............... 167 207. Joint of Opuntia pyriformis............ 168 208. Joint of Opuntia durangensis........... 169 209. Plant of Opuntia macdougaliana........ 170 210. Potted plant of Opuntia macdougaliana. 171 211. Joint of Opuntia wilcoxii............... 172 212. Plant of Opuntia tomentosa............ 173 213. Joint of Opuntia tomentella............ 174 214. Potted plant of Opuntia leucotricha..... 175 215. Joints of Opuntia orbiculata............ 176 216. Potted plant of Opuntia pilifera......... 177 217. Plants of Opuntia ficus-indica.......... 178 218. Fruit of Opuntia ficus-indica........... 178 219. Plant of Opuntia crassa................ 179 220. Potted plant of Opuntia maxima........ 180 221. Joint of Opuntia spinulifera............ 182 222. Joint of Opuntia lasiacantha............ _ 183 223. Joint of Opuntia zacuapanensis......... 183 224. Joint of Opuntia hyptiacantha.......... 183 225. Joint of Opuntia streptacantha......... 184 226. Potted plant of Opuntia megacantha.... 185 227. Plants of Opuntia megacantha.......... 186 228. Joint of Opuntia megacantha........... 186 229. Joint of Opuntia deamii................ 187 230. Joint of Opuntia eichlamii.............. 188 231. Joint of Opuntia inaequilateralis........ 188 232. Joint of Opuntia pittieri......... sean 189 233. Joint of Opuntia cordobensis........... 189 234. Fruit of Opuntia cordobensis........... 189 235. Joint of Opuntia quimilo............... 190 236. Fruit of Opuntia quimilo............... 190 237. Joint and flowers of Opuntia quimilo.... 191 238. Plant of Opuntia robusta.............. 192 239. Plant of Opuntia fragilis............... 194 240. Joints of Opuntia arenaria............. 195 241. Joint of Opuntia trichophora........... 195 242. Plant of Opuntia erinacea.............. 196 243. Joint of Opuntia juniperina............ 197 244. Seed of Opuntia juniperina............. 197 245. Joint of Opuntia hystricina............. 197 246. Joint of Opuntia sphaerocarpa.......... 198 247. Joints of Opuntia polyacantha.......... 199 248. Joint of Opuntia stenopetala........... 200 249. Upper part of joint and flower of Opuntia stenopetalannjacseeeee eee 201 Fic. 250. 251. 252. 253- 254. 255- 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. THE CACTACEAE. TEXT-FIGURES—continued. Plants of Opuntia palmadora.......... Joints of Opuntia palmadora........... Plants of Opuntia nashii............... Potted plant of Opuntia nashii.......... Joint of Opuntia bahamana............. Flower of Opuntia bahamana........... Plants of Opuntia macracantha......... Potted plant of Opuntia macracantha. .. Potted plant of Opuntia spinosissima. ... Plants of Opuntia millspaughii.......... Plant of Opuntia moniliformis.......... Plant of Opuntia moniliformis.......... Plant of Opuntia moniliformis.......... Plants of Opuntia rubescens............ Plants of Opuntia rubescens............ Proliferous fruits of Opuntia rubescens. . Joint of Opuntia rubescens.............. Fruit of Opuntia brasiliensis............ Plant of Opuntia brasiliensis............ Branch of Opuntia bahiensis............ Joint and fruit of Opuntia bahiensis..... Plant of Opuntia bahiensis............. Plant of Opuntia ammophila........... Fruiting joint of Opuntia ammophila.... Flower of Opuntia argentina........... Potted plant of Opuntia chaffeyi........ Plant of Opuntia chaffeyi............... Fic.277. Small joint of Nopalea gaumeri......... 278. . Plant of Opuntia depauperata.......... . Joint of Opuntia depauperata.......... . Plant of Opuntia pestifer.............. . Plant of Opuntia discolor.............. . Joints of Opuntia pestifer.............. . Joint of Opuntia discolor............... . Joint of Opuntia guatemalensis......... . Joint of Opuntia pennellii.............. . Joints of Opuntia caracasana........... . Plant of Opuntia aequatorialis.......... . Joints of Opuntia aequatorialis......... yeointsvofOpuntiavlatase eerie . Fruits'of Opuntia lata......2...5.....- . Joint with flower of Opuntia macateei... . Joint of Opuntia macateei.............. . Plants of Opuntia soederstromiana...... . Plants of Opuntia zebrina.............. . Fruit of Opuntia zebrina............... . Plants of Opuntia keyensis............. . Section of flower of Opuntia keyensis.... . Flower of Opuntia keyensis............. . Joint of Opuntia bonplandii............ . Plant of Opuntia dobbieana............ . Plant of Opuntia dobbieana (without Elongated joint of Nopalea gaumeri.... legend) . VII od ep ne THE CACTACEAE Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family oe (INS 5 Nave le irs AC NIRS) ames) ft S NOV 7 41949 THE CACTACEAE. INTRODUCTION. The writers began field, greenhouse, and herbarium studies of the Cactaceae in 1904 and in the years following they made studies and collections over wide areas in the United States, Mexico, and the West Indies. It was first intended that these should be followed by a general description of the North American species only, but a plan for a more complete investigation of the family was proposed by Dr. D. T. MacDougal in January 1911. This was approved by the trustees of the “Carnegie Institution of Washington at its next regular meeting and a grant was made to cover the expenses of such an investigation. Dr. Rose was given temporary leave of absence from his position as Associate Curator in charge of the Division of Plants, United States National Museum, and became a Research Associate in the Carnegie Institution of Washington, with William R. Fitch and Paul G. Russell as assistants; Dr. Britton, Director-in-Chief of the New York Botanical Garden, was appointed an honorary Research Associate, while R. S. Williams, of the New York Botanical Garden, was detailed to select and preserve the specimens for illustration. Work under this new arrangement was begun January 15, 1912, and thus several lines of investigation were undertaken in a comprehensive way. 1. Reexamination of type specimens and of all original descriptions: ‘This was necessary because descriptions had been incorrectly interpreted, plants had been wrongly identified, and the errors perpetuated; thus the published geographical distribution of many species was faulty and conclusions based on such data were unreliable. Not only had specific names been transferred to plants to which they did not belong, but generic names were interchanged and the laws of priority ignored. Many valid species, too, had dropped out of collections and out of current literature and had to be restored. 2. Assembling of large collections for greenhouse and herbarium use: Extensive greenhouse facilities were furnished by the New York Botanical Garden and the United States Department of Agriculture, while the herbaria and libraries of the United States National Museum and of the New York Botanical Garden furnished the bases for the researches. “The New York Botanical Garden has also cooperated in contributing funds in aid of the field operations, in clerical work, and a large number of the illustrations used have been made there, the paintings and line drawings mostly by Miss Mary E. Eaton. 3. Extensive field operations in the arid parts of both Americas: Many of these deserts are almost inaccessible, while the plants are bulky and if not handled care- fully are easily destroyed. Many plants require several years to mature, in some cases many years to flower in cultivation. Through these explorations were obtained the living material for the greenhouse collections and for exchange purposes, as well as herbarium material for permanent preservation. Of much importance, also, were field observations upon the plants as individuals, their form, habit, habitat, and their relations to other species. 3 BOT 4 THE CACTACEAE. Early in 1912 Dr. Rose went to Europe to study the collections there and to arrange for exchanges with various botanical institutions having collections of these plants. He spent considerable time at London, mainly at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, where through the courtesy of the Director, Sir David Prain, he was able to examine the greenhouse, illustrative, and herbarium material for which this institution has long been famed. ‘The collection at the British Museum of Natural History and that of the Linnaean Society of London were examined. At Paris he studied the collections at the Natural History Museum, many of which have historic interest; one of his interesting discoveries there was that the Pereskia bleo, collected by Baron Friedrich Alexander von Humboldt in Colombia, is a very different species from the plant which for nearly a century has been passing in our collections and literature under that name. He also visited the famous botanical garden of the late Sir Thomas Hanbury, at La Mortola, Italy, and through the courtesy of Lady Hanbury was given every possible facility for the study of this collection; Mr. Alwin Berger, who was then curator in charge, had brought together one of the most extensive representations of this family to be found growing in the open in any place in the world. Here in the delightful climate of the Riviera were grown many species which were apparently just as much at home as they would have been in their desert habitats. Dr. Rose also visited Rome, Naples, Venice, and Florence, where he saw smaller collections in parks and private gardens. At Munich he examined certain types in the Royal Botanical Museum, then under the charge of Dr. L. Radlkofer, and saw some interesting species in the Royal Botanical Garden then being organized by Dr. K. Goebel. At Berlin he examined the herbarium and living specimens in the Berlin Botanical Garden, through the courtesy of Dr. A. Engler, and the West Indian collection through the courtesy of Dr. I. Urban. He then went to Halle and saw L. Quehl’s collection of mammillarias; to Erfurt, where he saw the Haage and Schmidt, and Haage Jr. collections; to Darmstadt to see the Botanical Garden under Dr. J. A. Purpus; and to Antwerp to see DeLaet’s private collection. In 1913 Dr. Britton and Dr. Rose visited the West Indies. Dr. Britton, who was accompanied by Mrs. E. G. Britton, Miss D. W. Marble, and Dr. J. A. Shafer, collected on St. Thomas and the other Virgin Islands, Porto Rico, and Curacao. At the latter island he rediscovered the very rare Cactus mammillaris, which had not been in cultivation for many years. Dr. Rose, who was accompanied by William R. Fitch and Paul G. Russell, also stopped at St. Thomas, and collected on St. Croix, St. Christopher, Antigua, and Santo Domingo. In 1914 and 1915 Dr. Britton again visited Porto Rico and, assisted by Mr. John F. Cowell and Mr. Stewardson Brown, explored the entire southwestern arid coast and the small islands Desecheo, Mona, and Muertos. In 1914 Dr. Rose went to the west coast of South America, making short stops at Jamaica and Panama. He made extensive collections in central and southern Peru, central Bolivia, and northern and central Chile. At Santiago, Chile, he examined a number of Philippi’s types in the National Museum and obtained some rare specimens from the Botanical Garden through the courtesy of Johannes Sohrens .s . INTRODUCTION. 5 In 1915 Dr. Rose, accompanied by Paul G. Russell, visited Brazil and Argentina on the east coast of South America, collecting extensively in the semiarid parts of Bahia, Brazil, and in the region about Rio de Janeiro, so rich in epiphytic cacti. In the deserts about Mendoza and Cérdoba, in Argentina, collections were also made. Here he also arranged for exchanges with the leading botanists and collec- tors. ‘The following persons have made valuable contributions from the regions visited: Dr. Leo Zehntner, Joazeiro, Brazil; Dr. Alberto Léfgren, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Dr. Carlos Spegazzini, La Plata, Argentina; Dr. Crist6bal M. Hicken, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Dr. Carlos S. Reed, Mendoza, Argentina. In October and November 1916, Dr. Rose, accompanied by Mrs. Rose, visited Curacao and Venezuela, studying especially the cactus deserts about La Guaira and Puerto Cabello. A number of photographs were taken by Mrs. Rose. While en route for Venezuela, arrangements were made with Mr. Harold G. Foss to make a collection of cacti at Coro, Venezuela. Among the specimens obtained were species not found farther east in Venezuela, so far as known. In 1916 Dr. Britton, assisted by Mr. Percy Wilson, studied the cacti of Havana and Matanzas Provinces and those of the Isle of Pines, Cuba. In 1918 Dr. Rose, assisted by George Rose, visited Ecuador on behalf of the United States Department of Agriculture, aided by the Gray Herbarium of Har- vard University and the New York Botanical Garden; about thirty rare or little- known species were obtained. Through the expenditure of about $2,400, contributed by Dr. Britton, a very important collection of cacti was made by Dr. J. A. Shafer during a six months’ exploration from November 1916 to April 1917 of the desert regions of northwestern Argentina, southeastern Bolivia, northeastern Argentina, and adjacent Uruguay and Paraguay. Fortunately, for the purposes of this work, this collection was brought back to New York by Dr. Shafer in time for the information yielded by it and by his field observations to be used in the manuscript. It has given us— first-hand information concerning over 120 species of cacti as to which we have | > previously known little. ‘There are still a few cactus regions which ought to be explored, but the following summary will show the wide field from which we have obtained information. Our field investigations have covered practically all the cactus deserts of Mexico. ‘The most important of these are the vicinities of Tehuacan and Tomellin, the plains of San Luis Potosi, the chalky hills surrounding Ixmiquilpan, the lava fields in the Valley of Mexico and above Cuernavaca, the deserts of Querétaro, the west coast of Mexico extending from the United States border to Acaponeta, and the seacoasts and islands of Lower California. Other regions in Mexico containing cacti, but not in such great abundance as the foregoing, are those about Pachuca, — Oaxaca City, Mitla, Jalapa, Iguala, Chihuahua City, and Guadalajara. All the~ work in Mexico, however, was done prior to 1912, for, owing to political disturb- | ances, no field work there has been feasible since that time.A_— In the United States our work has extended over the cactus regions of Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern California, western Kansas, and south- eastern Colorado. ) 6 THE CACTACEAE. In the West Indies we have explored all of the Greater Antilles, the Bahamas, the Virgin Islands, St. Christopher, Antigua, Barbados, and Curacao. In South America our field study included the most important deserts of Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, and parts of Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Argentina. ‘The cactus deserts of South America are so extensive and so remote from one another that it was possible to visit only a part of them in the four seasons allowed for their exploration. Among many enthusiastic volunteers whose contributions of specimens and data have greatly supplemented our own collections and field studies, the following deserve especial mention: Mr. Henry Pittier has made valuable sendings from Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, and Mexico; Mr. O. F. Cook, from Guatemala and Peru; Mr. G. N. Collins, the late Federico Eichlam, Mr. R. H. Peters, Mr. C. C. Deam, Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell, Baron H. von Tiirckheim, and the late Professor W. A. Kellerman have sent important collections from Guatemala; Mr. A. Tonduz, Mr. Ot6n Jiménez, Dr. A. Alfaro, Mr. C. Wercklé, and Mr. Alfred Brade, local collectors and naturalists in Costa Rica, have sent much good material from their country; Mr. William R. Maxon has sent new and rare material from Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Cuba; Professor C. Conzatti and his son, Professor Hugo Conzatti, Dr. C. A. Purpus, Dr. Elswood Chaffey, Mrs. Irene Vera, M. Albert de Lautreppe, and the late Mr. E. A. H. Tays have sent us many interesting specimens from Mexico; Mr. W.E. Safford made a valuable collection in Mexico in 1907; EF. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman, who have collected so extensively in Mexico and the Southwest, have obtained many herbarium and living specimens for our use; Mrs. Gaillard, who lived at Panama several years while the late Colonel D. D. Gaillard was a member of the Isthmian Canal Commission, collected interesting cacti, including Epiphyllum gaillardae; the late Dr. H. EF. Hasse sent specimens from southern California and Arizona; C. R. Orcutt, the well-known cactus fancier, has aided us in many ways besides sending us specimens from his collections; Dr. R. EK. Kunze has frequently sent specimens, especially from Arizona; General Timothy E. Wilcox, for whom Wilcoxia was named, has sent us specimens from the Southwest, while his son, Dr. G. B. Wilcox, contributed several sendings from the west coast of Mexico and Guatemala; Dr. D. T. MacDougal has sent many specimens from all over the Southwest, especially from Mexico, Arizona, and southern California; he has made several excursions into remote deserts, which have yielded interesting results, and has contributed many excellent photographs, quite a number of which are reproduced in this report (Plate 1, etc.). Professor F. E. Lloyd, while located in Arizona and in Zacatecas, Mexico, made large collections of living, herbarium, and formalin material, often accompanied by valuable field notes, sketches, and photographs. Dr. Forrest Shreve has sent specimens, especially from northern Arizona and Mr. W. H. Long from New Mexico; Mr. S. B. Parish and Mr. W. T. Schaller have furnished interesting specimens and valuable notes on southern Cali- fornia species; Professor J. J. Thornber has made valuable contributions of material and notes from Arizona; Mr. M. E. Jones, Mr. I. Tidestrom, Mr. Thomas H. INTRODUCTION. 7 Kearney, and Professor A. O. Garrett have all sent specimens from Utah; Profes- sor T. D. A. Cockerell and Mr. Merritt Cary have sent specimens from Colorado; Dr. P. A. Rydberg has brought many specimens from the Rocky Mountain region; Messrs. Paul C. Standley, FE. O. Wooton, Vernon Bailey, and H. L. Shantz have sent specimens from the southwestern United States; Brother Leén, of the Colegio de la Salle, Havana, and Dr. Juan T. Roig, of the Estacién Agronémica, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, have contributed Cuban specimens, and Dr. J. A. Shafer has collected widely in Cuba; Mr. William Harris, of Hope Gardens, Jamaica, has col- lected for us in Jamaica; Dr. John K. Small has obtained collections from nearly all over the southeastern United States, aided by Mr. Charles Deering. Dr. Henry H. Rusby and Dr. Francis W. Pennell have contributed plants and specimens from Colombia, collected in 1917 and 1918. Mr. Frederick V. Coville, of the United States Department of Agriculture, has made many valuable suggestions during the progress of the investigation. In our studies we have also had use of the cacti of the following American collections: Herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden at St. Louis; the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University; the Rocky Mountain Herbarium at Laramie, Wyoming; the collection of the United States Department of Agriculture; the herbarium of the University of California, especially the Brandegee collection; and the herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History. The types of the new species described in this work are deposited in the herbaria of the New York Botanical Garden and the United States National Museum, unless otherwise indicated. In greenhouse collections many kinds of cacti grow very slowly, and flower only after many years’ cultivation. We have a number of plants of this kind from various parts of America. It is hoped that some of them may bloom during the period of publication of this book and thus enable us to include them in an appendix. Fic. 1.—Pereskia pereskia. Grown as a hedge. 8 THE CACTACEAE. Order CACTALES. Perennial, succulent plants, various in habit, mostly very spiny, characterized by specialized organs termed areoles. Leaves usually none, except in Pereskia and Pereskiopsis, where they are large and flat but fleshy, and in Opuntia and its relatives, where they are usually much reduced and mostly caducous, terete, or subulate. Spines very various in size, form, arrangement, and color, sometimes with definite sheaths. The areoles are peculiar and complex organs, situated in the axils of leaves when leaves are present, and bearing the branches, flowers, spines, glochids, hairs, or glands; in some genera two kinds of areoles occur, either distinct or united by a groove. Flowers usually perfect, either regular or irregular, usually solitary but sometimes clustered, sometimes borne in a specialized terminal dense inflorescence called a cephalium; perianth-tube none, or large and long, the limb spreading or erect, short or elongated, the lobes few or numerous, often inter- grading in shape and color, but sometimes sharply differentiated into sepals and petals; stamens commonly numerous, elongated or short, sometimes clustered in series, the filaments usually borne on the throat of the perianth, the small oblong anthers 2-celled; style one, terminal, short or elongated; stigma-lobes 2 to many, usually slender; ovary 1-celled, distinct, or immersed in a branch or forming a part of a branch; ovules numerous. Fruit a berry, often juicy and sometimes edible, sometimes dry, in one species described as capsular and dehiscing by an operculum, in others opening by a basal pore. Seeds various; cotyledons two, accumbent, sometimes minute knobs, often broad or elongated; endosperm little or copious; radicle terete. The order consists of the following family only: Family CACTACEAE Lindley, Nat. Syst. ed. 2. 53. 1836. Characters of the order as given above. ‘The family is composed of three tribes. Key To TRIBES. Leaves broad, flat; glochids wanting; flowers stalked (sometimes short-stalked), often clustered...... 1. Pereskieae Leaves (except in Pereskiopsis) terete or subterete, usually small, often wanting on the vegetative parts; flowers sessile. : Areoles with glochids (except in Mathuenia); vegetative parts bearing leaves, which are usually small and fugacious; flowers rotate (petals erect in Nopalea)............0.0 cee cece ee eeee 2. Opuntieae Areoles without glochids; usually no leaves on the vegetative parts (except cotyledonary) ; flowers Tain Cerra tM (Gee we LM PAHD)) ooo ooccccvcoccodcbaccgeroennocgndnovooooDUdcecKuOS 3. Cereeae Tribe 1. PERESKIEAE. Stems and foliage as in other dicotyledonous plants; inflorescence in some species compound; flowers more or less stalked, their parts all distinct; glochids wanting; ovule with short funicle; testa of seed thin, brittle. The genus Pereskia, the only representative of this tribe, is, on account of its similarity to other woody flowering plants, considered the nearest cactus relative to the other families, but this relationship is in all cases remote. The nearest generic relatives of Pereskia in the cactus family are doubtless the following: Pereskiopsis, some of whose species were first assigned to the genus Pereskia, but they have different foliage and the areoles often bear glochids. Opuntia, whose species have leaves, though much reduced and usually caducous, other- wise very different; but some of the species of Opuntia were first referred to Pereskia. Maihuenia (two of whose species have only recently been taken out of Pereskia), whose seeds are similar but the areoles lack glochids, otherwise very different. This tribe has a wide geographic distribution, but is found wild only in the tropics. 1. PERESKIA (Plumier) Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4. 1754. Leafy trees, shrubs, or sometimes clambering vines, branching and resembling other woody plants; spines in pairs or in clusters in the axils. of the leaves, neither sheathed nor barbed; glochids (found only in the Opuntieae) wanting; leaves alternate, broad, flat, deciduous, or somewhat fleshy; flowers solitary, corymbose, or in panicles, terminal or axillary, wheel-shaped; stamens numerous; style single; stigma-lobes linear; seeds black, glossy, with a brittle shell, the embryo strongly curved; the cotyledons leafy; seedlings without spines. PERESKIA. 9 Type species: Cactus pereskia Linnaeus. In 1898 about 25 names had been proposed in Pereskia, but, in his monograph published that year, Karl Schumann accepted only 11 species. Several new ones have been proposed since the publication of Schumann’s monograph. The species are_native in Mexico, the West Indies, Central America, and South America. Some of the species are much used as stocks for growing the various forms of Zygocactus, Epiphyllum, and other cacti requiring this treatment; P. pereskia is most used and P. grandifolia next. Several species are widely cultivated as ornamentals in tropical regions; they do not flower freely under glass in northern latitudes. All species studied by us in the living state grow readily from cuttings. The typical species seems to have been first introduced into Europe from the West Indies in the latter part of the sixteenth century. A straight-spined species was first described and figured by L. Plukenet in 1696, who called it a portulaca, and the next year by Commerson as an apple (Malus). In 1703 C. Plumier described the genus Pereskia, basing it upon a single species. The genus was repeatedly recognized by Linnaeus in his earlier publications, and by some pre-Linnaean botanists, but in 1753 Linnaeus merged it into Cactus along with a number of other old and well-established genera; but it was retained by Philip Miller in 1754 in the fourth edition (abridged) of his Gardeners’ Dic- tionary and has since been generally recognized as a genus by botanical and horticultural authors. The name is variously spelled Petrescia, Peireskia, Perescia, and Pereskia. Named for Nicolas Claude Fabry de Peiresc (1580-1637). KEY TO SPECIES. Climbing vines, the twigs with a short pair of reflexed spines from each areole, the stem with : AS mnie Goines (Sentes) i, WONG). goncénooebeanboankecaos 1. P. pereskia Shrub or trees with slender straight spines (Series 2. Grandifoliae). Petals toothed or fimbriate. Petalsisomewhatetooth edie cmey ver tery reese ese enter es a Sion Sr Eieh de heen Coee 2. P. autumnalis Petals fimbriate. SASHES rhoon IMISGCOS CHEAP WADE... oocsessonscobboudgcadboocnoecnobovennue 3. P. lychnidiflora GoSOres sioyen! Cowie NICAS OWeiny sO oo sooetoaebeosciavedcocbsoobsucbouesoe 4. P. nicoyana Petals entire, at least not fimbriate. IsySnes ahael eenes Wen Gasthy CAEN Sosa uncueboncesnonanonouecnonenaavdunace 5. P. zehntneri Branches and leaves not easily detached. Axils of sepals bearing long hairs and bristles. Weavestlanceolate ne tay tyre en satsicte et cesee che etn rete re ee Pera oy AR A PA 6. P. sacharosa NOSE NSS ON dO (UENCE A art bomen eat cate ope nS amo MRS DIB eSmnaiad veeemions Hc otsldtesce aid oie 7. P. moorei Axils of sepals not bearing long hairs and bristles. ESO Wersnwini ter ela wale sss cteyawsveuene cute atc le rani aig Ue it at Uk ON rt AR ee CL 8. P. weberiana Flowers not white. Petals yellow. Weayvesanveolate: toloblongiom obovater weer sonmieieinenatieeiee 9. P. guamacho Weavesiorpicilamonproadlysovaterernreeiaii seit ier erie isne 10. P. colombiana Petals red or purple. SpINeSME WHOL NONE) Haye os dara maceneg Moepemer ys cir et aie tea aL tian eee 11. P. tampicana Very spiny, at least on old branches. Flowers terminal. Flowers panicled. nniiinakedmbroadhyatrincaternrienee cere earners 12. P. bleo Fruit leaf-bearing, not truncate. eaves ohovaryacuneateatibasemrss-1iameliceie nisin aera 13. P. bahiensis Weavesvotovanry, broadvatibases pe pmne a ieee ne aria 14. P. grandifolia LOWES ISO Fa Typy ce perce ake eos NoMa ee Ore ete ee Tne 15. P. zinniaeflora Flowers usually axillary and solitary. Leaves 1 cm. long or longer, obtuse or acute. Flowers 2 to 5 together, 1 cm. long; South American species.... 16. P. horrida Flowers solitary, 1.5 cm. long; petals elliptic-obovate; Cuban SPECIES eae ata Ma VIIa eared Sveneys Caen SLE OPAL ae eat 17. P. cubensis Leaves emarginate, 1 cm. long or less, petals obovate............. 18. P. portulacifoha PN Tava Meo aN SaLOhyPola yc Aas aire oeate. ay Bid nto aa) eacaun eae eh ace Olercrord cri a A cenea Hee) DIO ae in ee AIRB Ase Bibi g 19. P. conzattit 10) THE CACTACEAE. Series 1. TYPICAE. Consists of only the typical species, which is widely distributed, and much cultivated through- out tropical America. Schumann regarded it as a subgenus under the name Eupereskia. 1. Pereskia pereskia (Linnaeus) Karsten, Deutsch. Flora 888. 1882. Cactus pereskia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 469. 1753. Pereskia aculeata Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. 1768. Cactus lucidus Salisbury, Prodr. 349. 1796. Pereskia lcengispina Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 178. 1812. Pereskia aculeata longispina De Candolle, Prodr. 3: 475. 1828. Pereskia fragrans Lemaire, Hort. Univ. 2:40. 1841. Pereskia undulata Lemaire, Ilustr. Hort. 5: Misc. 11. 1858. Pereskia foetens Spegazzini in Weingart, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 14: 134. 1904. Pereskia godseffiana Sander, Gard. Chron. III. 43: 257. 1908. Shrub, at first erect, but the branches often long, clambering, and forming vines 3 to 10 meters long; spines on lower part of stem solitary or 2 or 3 together, slender and straight; spines in the axils of the leaves paired, rarely in threes, short, recurved; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate to oblong, or ovate, short-acuminate at the apex, tapering or rounded at base, 7 cm. long or less; flowers in panicles or corymbs, white, pale yellow, or pinkish, 2.5 to 4.5 cm. broad; ovary leafy and often spiny; fruit light yellow, 1.5 to 2 cm. in diameter, when mature quite smooth; seeds black, somewhat flattened, 4 to 5 mm. in diameter; hilum basal, circular, depressed, or crater-shaped. The plant and fruit have several common names, one of which, blade apple, was in use as early as 1697. Lemon vine, Barbados gooseberry, and West Indian gooseberry are three others, with various French and Dutch modifications. In Argentina it is called sacharosa, according to Sir Joseph Hooker (Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 116: pl. 7147), but this name is prop- erly applied only to the P. sacharosa of Grisebach, native of Argentina, a distinct species, which Hooker thought identical with this. The berries are eaten throughout the West Indies and the leaves are used as a pot herb in Brazil. ‘The species was in cultivation in the Royal Gardens of Hampton Court in 1696 and has been at Kew ever since its establishment in 1760, but did not flower until 1889. In Washington we have one plant among a dozen which flowers abundantly each year; three plants at New York bloom annually. In tropical America the plant climbs over walls, rocks, and trees, and at flowering time is covered with showy, fragrant blossoms, followed by beautiful clusters of yellow berries. In La Plata it is grown sometimes for hedges (see fig. 1), but its strong, almost offensive odor makes it objectionable for growing near habitations. Type locality: Tropical America. Distribution: West Indies and along the east and north coasts of South America; found also in Florida and Mexico, but perhaps only as an escape; widely grown for its fruit. This species consists of several races, differing in shape and size of the leaves and in color of the flowers. One of these races, with ovate-orbicular leaves rounded at the base, had heretofore been known to us only in cultivation, but in October 1916, while collecting in Venezuela, Dr. Rose found this broad-leafed form common in the coastal thickets near Puerto Cabello. Pereskia lanceolata (Forster, Handb. Cact. 513. 1846), P. acardia Parmentier (Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 176. 1837), and P. brasiliensis Pfeiffer (Enum. Cact. 176. 1837), usually referred as synonyms of P. aculeata, were not formally published in the places above cited. The following varieties, based on the shape of the leaves, are recorded under P. aculeata: lanceolata Pfeiffer (Enum. Cact. 176. 1837); latifolia Salm-Dyck (Hort. Dyck. 202. 1834, name only); rotundifolia Pfeiffer (Enum. Cact. 176. 1837); rotunda (Suppl. Dict. Gard. Nicholson 589. 1901) is perhaps the same as rotundifolia. Pereskia aculeata rubescens Pfeiffer (Enum. Cact. 176. 1837) is described with glaucous- green leaves above, tinged with red beneath. Near the last belongs Pereskia godseffiana, described as a sport in the Gardeners’ Chronicle in 1908. It is a very attractive greenhouse plant, often forming a round, BRITTON AND ROSE : PLATE II M. E. Baton del, AnoEN aco 1. Flowering branch of Pereskia pereskia. 4. Leafy branch of Peveskia sacharosa. 2,3. Fruits of the same. 5. Proliferous fruit of the same. (All natural size.) PERESKIA. II densely branched bush, but is sometimes grown as a climber, as a basket plant, or in the form of a pyramid. It is especially distinguished by the rich coloration of the leaves, which are variously mottled or blotched above with crimson, apricot-yellow, and green, but of a uniform purplish crimson beneath. We have seen this form in the New York Botanical Garden, where it is grown only as a bush. It was exhibited first at Ghent, Belgium, in 1908, and is supposed to have originated in Queensland, Australia. Illustrations: Stand. Cycl. Hort. Bailey 5: pl. 87; Blithende Kakteen 2: pl. 86; Bot. Reg. 23: pl. 1928; Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 116: pl. 7147; Gard. Chron. III. 29: f. 61; Plumier, Nov. PI. Amer. pl. 26, in part; Safford, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. 1908: f. 10; Schumann, Gesamtb. Fic. 2.—Pereskia autumnalis. Kakteen f. 109, all as P. aculeata. Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antill. ed. 2. 4: pl. 294, as Cactier a Fruits Feuilles; Vellozo, Fl. Flum. 5: pl. 26, as Cactus pereskia; Gard. Chron. III. 43: f. 114, as P. godseffiana. Plate u, figure 1, of this volume is a flowering branch of a plant at the New York Bo- tanical Garden obtained from M. Simon, of St. Ouen, Paris, France, in 1901; figure 2, fruit of same plant; figure 3, fruit of another plant. Text-figure 1, from a photograph taken by Paul G. Russell at La Plata, Argentina, in September 1915, shows the plant used as a hedge. Series 2. GRANDIFOLIAE. In this series we include 18 species, all tropical American, both continental and insular. Schumann, regarding the series as a subgenus, applied to it the name Ahoplocarpus. 2. Pereskia autumnalis (Kichlam) Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12:399. 1909. Pereskiopsis autumnalis Eichlam, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 19:22. 1909. Tree, 6 to 9 meters high, with a large, round, much branched top, the trunk usually very definite and 40 cm. or more in diameter, often covered with a formidable array of spines; young branches 12 THE CACTACEAE. cherry-brown, smooth; spines in the axils of the leaves usually solitary, sometimes in threes, long and slender, 3 to 4 cm., rarely 16 cm. long; leaves thickish, oblong to orbicular, 4 to 8 cm. long, rounded or somewhat narrowed at base, mucronately tipped; flowers solitary, near the tops of the branches, short-peduncled; ovary covered with leafy scales; flowers 4 to 5 cm. broad; petals entire, orange- colored; stamens numerous; fruit globular, 4 to 5 cm. in diameter, fleshy, glabrous, bearing small, scattered leaves, these naked in the axils; seeds black, glossy, 4 mm. long. Type locality: In Guatemala. Distribution: Widely distributed in Guatemala, usually at an altitude of 120 to 300 meters; but we do not know of its occurrence elsewhere. Fic. 3.—Pereskia autumnalis. 0.5. Fic. 4.—Pereskia lychnidiflora. The plant, so far as we know, has no common name and no use is made of its fruit. Illustrations: Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 12: pl. 52 to 54; Safford, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. 1908: pl. 10, f. 1; Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 21: 37, the last as Pereskiopsis autumnalis. Text-figures 2 and 3 are copied from the above-cited illustrations. The original photographs were obtained by O. F. Cook in Guatemala. 3. Pereskia lychnidiflora De Candolle, Prodr. 3:475. 1828. Evidently a tree or shrub; branches cylindric, woody; leaves large, 4 to 7 cm. long, oval to oblong, pointed, rounded at base, sessile, fleshy, with a prominent midvein; axils of leaves each bearing a stout spine 2 to 5 cm. long and several long hairs; flowers large, 6 cm. broad, solitary, borne at the ends of short, stout branches; petals broadly cuneate, laciniate at the apex; ovary turbinate, bearing small leaves. Type locality: In Mexico. Distribution: Mexico. PERESKIA. 13 This species was described by De Candolle from Mocifio and Sessé’s drawing, but it has never been collected since, so far as we can learn. Its large flowers with laciniate petals must make this a very striking species and it is surprising that it has not been rediscovered. Schumann thought it might be the same as P. nicoyana of Costa Rica, but a study of recent Costa Rican collections indicates that the species are distinct. The measurements given in the description are taken from De Candolle’s plate, and may require some modification. Cactus fimbriatus Mocifio and Sessé (De Candolle, Prodr. 3: 475. 1828) was published only as asynonym of this species. Illustrations: Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 17: pl. 18; Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. 2. 1003. f. 136; Safford, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. 1908: 545. f. 11. Text-figure 4 is copied from the first illustration above cited. 4. Pereskia nicoyana Weber, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 8: 468. 1902. Tree, usually about 8 meters high; branches rigid, stout, covered with smooth brown bark; spines wanting or single, long (4 cm. long), stout and porrect; leaves in fascicles on old branches, but alternate on young shoots, lanceolate or oblanceolate, subsessile, the lateral veins almost parallel and some- Fic. 5.—Pereskia nicoyana. Xo0.6. Fic. 6.—Pereskia zehntneri. 0.6. times seeming to come from the base, acute, bright green, and somewhat shining; axils of the young leaves containing long white hairs; petals reddish yellow, fimbriate; ovary pyriform, bearing 8 to 12 spreading leaves, except the uppermost ones, which are much smaller and connivent. Ty pe locality: Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Distribution: Costa Rica. The spines, hairs in the axils of the leaves, and fimbriate petals indicate a relationship to the little-known P. lychnidiflora. Mr. H. Pittier informs us that this species is common in the open coastal forests along the Pacific side of Costa Rica. The plant illustrated by Mr. Pittier, referred to below, has a long, slender trunk and is very spiny. According to Mr. W. E. Safford, it has long, slender spines and the habit of the Osage orange, and is used as a hedge plant in Costa Rica, where it is known as mat€are or puipute. Illustration: Pittier, Pl. Usuales Costa Rica pl. 2. Text-figure 5 was drawn from a plant obtained by Mr. C. Wercklé at San José, Costa Rica, in 1912. 14 THE CACTACEAE. 5. Pereskia (?) zehntneri sp. nov. Shrub, 2 to 3 meters high, with a central erect trunk, very spiny; branches numerous, horizontal, usually in whorls, sometimes as many as Io in a whorl; branches terete, green, fleshy, very easily detached from the stem; leaves stiff, fleshy, numerous, small, 2 to 4 cm. long, ovate to orbicular, acute, standing at right angles to the branches; areoles large, filled with short white wool and numerous slender white spines; flowers at tops of branches, large, 7 to 8 cm. broad, bright red, appear- ing in November; petals broad, retuse; ovary borne in the upper end of the branch, very narrow, 3 to 4 cm. long, bearing the usual leaves, areoles, and spines of the branches. Collected by Dr. Leo Zehntner (Nos. 567 and 630, type) November 15 and 16, 1912, at Bom Jesus da Lapa, Bahia, Brazil, on the Rio Sado Francisco. This is a very rare plant and seen in only one locality, in soil of a peculiar chalky formation. Liv- ing plants were taken by Dr. Zehntner to the Horto Florestal, Joazeiro, Brazil, where they grew well, and whence Dr. Rose obtained specimens in 1915 which were shipped to the United States under No. 19722. The plant is known in Bahia under the name quiabento. It is probably not a true Pereskia; it sug- gests in its habit and foliage some of the Mexican spe- cies of Pereskiopsis, but it may represent a distinct genus. Text-figures 6 and 7 are from the type plant above cited. 6. Pereskia sacharosa Grisebach, Abh. Ges. Wiss. Géttin- gen 24: 141. 1879. Pereskia amapola Weber, Dict. Hort. Bois 938. 1898. Pereskia argentina Weber, Dict. Hort. Bois 938. 1898. Small tree or shrub, 6 to 8 meters high; branches green and smooth, but in age becoming yellowish or light brown; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, 8 to 12 cm. long, cuneate at base, more or less pointed at apex; young areole with 1 to 3 spines, the longest 5 cm. long, the others when present not over half as long, all acicular and dark in age; older Fics Sparceitaenntieu protean areoles often with 6 or more spines; pedicels sometimes 10 jis Beil Gs Rirescill mm. long; flowers in terminal clusters, either white or rose-colored and very showy, 8 cm. broad, open at midday; sepals about 8, 1 or 2 petal-like, the others scale-like, the outer sepals and upper scales bearing long hairs; petals 8, rose-colored, oblanceolate, 3 em. long; stamens free from the petals, numerous, unequal, erect; filaments, style, and stigma- lobes white; ovules borne on the lower part of ovary; ovary bearing small leaves, their axils filled with short wool and occasionally bearing a spine; fruit hard, 2.5 to 4 cm. in diameter, more or less tapering at base, many-seeded, leafless or nearly so, sometimes proliferous. Type locality: Cobos, Oran, Argentina. Distribution: Paraguay and Argentina. Schumann (Gesamtb. Kakteen 765. 1898) gives Opuntia sacharosa Grisebach as a synonym of this species, but erroneously, since it was never taken up by Grisebach as an Opuntia. The Index Kewensis refers this species to P. aculeata, doubtless following Hooker’s references in Curtis’s Botanical Magazine for 1890 in regard to Argentine plants, which even then were little known. : The common name of this plant in Argentina is sacharosa. It is sometimes used as a hedge plant. Plate 11, igure 4, represents a leafy branch of a plant given to the New York Botanical Garden by Frank Weinberg in 1903; figure 5 shows its fruit. PERESKIA. 15 7. Pereskia moorei sp. nov. A much branched shrub about 1 meter high, covered with brown bark; branches stout; leaves orbicular or obovate-oblong, rounded or apiculate at the apex, somewhat cuneately narrowed at the . base, thick and fleshy, 4 to 8 cm. long, 3.5 to 6 cm. wide; areoles suborbicular, 4.5 mm. in diameter, the wool gray; spines at each areole mostly 2 to 4, very unequal, the longest 7.5 cm. long or less, ashy gray, blackish toward the apex; flowers purplish red, about 4.5 cm. long; ovary few-leafed, its leaves obovate-oblong, 2.5 to 3 cm. long, bearing 1 to 3 black spines about 5 mm. long in the axils; sepals narrowly oblong-obovate, bluntly acute, 2.5 cm. long, bearing long bristles in their axils; petals obovate, obtuse, 3.5 cm. long, rose-colored; stamens. about 2 cm. long; areoles on the ovary large, filled with a mass of short, white wool and bearing an occasional short spine; fruit not known. Fic. 8.—Pereskia moorei. 0.66. Fic. 9.—Pereskia guamacho. Described from the specimen preserved in the herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History collected at Corumba, Brazil, by Spencer Moore, No. 955, who has kindly. furnished us with data for this description, together with a sketch of the type specimen. Specimens were also collected at Corumba by F. C. Hoehne in 1908, No. 4863, who sup- posed it to be P. sacharosa. Figure 8 is from a photograph of an herbarium specimen from Matto Grosso, Brazil, received from F. C. Hoehne in 1915. 8. Pereskia weberiana Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen 762. 1808. Shrubby, much branched, glabrous, 2 to 3 meters high, the slender round branches about 3 mm. thick; leaves ovate to elliptic, about 3 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, sessile, acute at the apex, obtuse at the base; areoles circular, slightly elevated, the wool short, whitish, fading brown; spines 3 to 6 at the lower areoles, solitary at the upper, 2 cm. long or less, terete, acicular, yellow or horn-colored; flowers clustered, white, about 1 cm. long or less; ovary about 2 mm. long, bearing a few white, woolly areoles; outer segments of the perianth triangular, acute, woolly at the axils, the inner spatulate to obovate; stamens a little longer than the petals; stigma-lobes 3 or 4, erect. 16 THE CACTACEAE. Type locality: Tunari Mountains,* Bolivia, at 1,400 meters altitude. Distribution: Bolivia, known only from the type locality. This species is said to flower in May. The description has been drawn from a cotype in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, and from Professor Schumann’s original account of the species in his Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakteen, p. 762. Dr. Kuntze obtained the specimens during his botanical exploration of Bolivia in 1892. The species was named, but not described, by Professor Schumann in Dr. Kuntze’s Revisio Genera Plantarum (37: 107. 1893). The material preserved is too imperfect to enable us to give an illustration of this plant. Fic. 10.—Pereskia guamacho. Xo.8. 9. Pereskia guamacho Weber, Dict. Hort. Bois 938. 1808. Plant very spiny, usually a small shrub 1 to 3 meters high, but often a tree 10 meters high with a trunk up to 4 dm. in diameter and 3 meters long or more below the much branched top; areoles rather prominent, especially in age often standing out like small knobs on the branches, filled with brown felt, at first usually with only 1 to 4 spines along with a few short accessory ones, but in age often with 20 spines or more; spines somewhat divaricate, rigid, brown, the longer ones often 4cm. long; leaves on young branches solitary, but on old wood growing in fascicles, acute, lanceolate to ovate or obovate with cuneate bases, usually about 3 cm. long, but sometimes 5 to 9 cm. long by 3 to 6 cm. broad, fleshy; flowers probably solitary, but so thickly set along the branches as to appear almost spicate, sessile, bright yellow, 4 cm. broad; ovary covered with small, lanceolate-acuminate leaves, these hairy in the axils; stamens numerous; fruit globular, about 2 cm. in diameter, becoming naked, said to be orange-colored and edible; seeds black, flattened, 4 mm. broad. Type locality: Basin of the Orinoco, Venezuela. Distribution: Venezuela mainland and on Margarita Island. This plant is very common not only in the flat land along the coast of Venezuela but also in the mountains. It is also widely grown in and about yards, for the leaves are supposed to have medicinal properties, and when properly grown as a hedge it forms a *Tunari Mountains, just northwest of Cochabamba, Bolivia, about at the site of Sacaba. PERESKIA. 17 most formidable protection. In the grazing regions of the country and along railways where wire fencing is employed, the trunks and larger branches are used for posts and smaller branches for intervening supports; these posts and stays, however, do not die, but in time grow to considerable size. Although the wood, especially the branches, has little strength or endurance, it is used somewhat for making hanging baskets for orchids. It is known everywhere as guamacho, which was taken by Weber as the specific name for the plant. Figures 9 and ro are from photographs taken by Mr. H. Pittier at Caracas, Venezuela, in 1913. 10. Pereskia colombiana sp. nov. A tree, 6 to rr meters high, or sometimes smaller and shrub-like; main stem covered with clus- ters of slender spines, 2.5 to 7 cm. long; branches glabrous, either bearing spines or naked, covered with light-brown bark; areoles small, woolly; leaves oblong to obliquely orbicular, short-petioled, unarmed at base, often broad above, usually acute, probably fleshy, glabrous, 4 cm. long or less; flowers bright yel- low, opening about midday, borne on the old wood, solitary, sessile, 4 cm. broad; ovary covered with small ovate, acute leaves, these hairy in the axils; sepals oblong, obtuse, about 1 cm. long, entire on the margins; stamens numerous; fruit not known. Collected by Herbert H. Smith at low altitudes near Santa Marta, Colombia, in April, 1898 to 1905 (No. 1886, type), and from the same locality by Justin Goudot in 1844, and by Francis W. Pennell in 1918 (No. 4765). Mr. Smith remarks that the leaves are deciduous in March or April, and that the tree is leafless when in bloom in the spring. Figure 11 is copied from a drawing of an herbarium specimen collected by Herbert H. Smith at Ronda, Santa Marta, Colombia. 11. Pereskia tampicana Weber, Dict. Hort. Bois 939. 1808. Shrub; branches often without spines or the spines several, needle like, black, 2 to 3 cm. long; areoles globular, appearing as knobs along the stem; leaves about 5 cm. long, petioled; flowers 2.5 cm. long; petals entire, rose-colored. Fic. 11.—Pereskia colom- Type locality: Near Tampico, Mexico. Diane MAGS: Distribution: Eastern Mexico, but known only from the type locality. P. tampicana is not well known and has been reported only from Tampico, Mexico. Dr. E. Palmer made a careful search for it some years ago at the type locality, but in vain. In 1912 Dr. Rose examined the two small specimens of the species preserved in the herbarium of the Royal Botanical Garden of Berlin, and is convinced that it is a Pereskia and not a Pereskiopsis. Pereskia rosea A. Dietrich (Allg. Gartenz. 19: 153. 1851; Opuntia rosea Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen 764. 1898) is supposed to have come from Mexico, but we have not been able to identify it; Schumann refers to it in a note under P.tampicana. Here he also takes up Pereskia zinniaeflora De Candolle (Prodr. 3: 475. 1828). Both these specific names are much older than P. tampicana, and should either of them be found identical with it, the name P. tampicana would be rejected. 12. Pereskia bleo (HBK.) De Candolle, Prodr. 3: 475. 1828. Cactus bleo Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. 6:69. 1823. Pereskia panamensis Weber, Dict. Hort. Bois 739. 1898. A tree, sometimes 7 meters high; trunk 10 cm. in diameter or less, when old becoming naked, but young shoots Often bear large fascicles of spines (sometimes 25 or more); young branches red, leafy, its spines in fascicles of 5 and 6, but young shoots often bear but 1 to 4, black, acicular, up to 2.5 cm. 18 THE CACTACEAE. long; leaves thin, oblong to oblanceolate, 16 to 21 cm. long, 4 to 5.5 cm. wide, acuminate, cuneate at base, tapering into petioles 2 to 3.5 cm. long; areoles circular, bearing when young a little wool, but soon becoming naked; calyx turbinate, somewhat angled, naked, with linear deciduous sepals; petals 12 to 15, rose-colored, obovate, 3.5 cm. long; style longer than the stamens, red, thick; stigma- lobes 5 to 7; ovary depressed; fruit yellow, truncate, 5 to 6 cm. long; seeds 6 mm. long, black, shining. Type locality: Near Badillas, on the Magdalena River, Colombia, South America. Distribution: Northwestern South America and throughout Panama. This species was collected by Bonpland during Humboldt’s trip through the New World and was described and published by Kunth in 1823. Dr. Rose examined two of the original specimens in the herbarium of the Museum of Natural History at Paris, one being the specimen given by Bonpland and the other the specimen in the Kunth Herbarium, Fic. 12.—Pereskia bleo. which is kept distinct from the general herbarium. ‘The only other representatives of this species from South America which we have seen are a specimen in the herbarium of the same museum, which was collected by Justin Goudot in Colombia in 1844, and one collected in 1852, by I. F. Holton at San Juancito, Colombia, preserved in the Torrey Herbarium and one recently brought by Francis W. Pennell from Boca Verde, Rio Sinu, Colombia. Heretofore Pereskia bleo has been considered one of the most common species, for many living collections as well as herbaria contain many specimens under that name; the plant which has been known as P. bleo, however, is P. grandifolia Haworth, now known to be a native of Brazil and not found wild in Colombia. Since determining that the so-called Pereskia bleo of our gardens and of Brazil is not the true P. bleo of Humboldt, we have become convinced that P. panamensis Weber is the same as P. bleo; Mr. Pittier’s exhaustive exploration of Panama has strengthened our con- clusions, for he has traced this species as far south as the Colombian border. Humboldt’s plant came from northern Colombia. a} PERESKIA. 19 In Panama the plant is known under the name fiajii de Culebra. Illustrations: All illustrations referred to this species which we have examined are cited under P. grandifolia. Figure 12 is from a photograph taken by Henry Pittier, near Chepo, Panama, October 30, IQII. 13. Pereskia bahiensis Giirke, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 18:86. 1908. Shrub or tree, sometimes 8 meters high, with a more or less definite trunk, sometimes 1 meter or more long and 1.5 to 2 dm. in diameter, and a large, rounded, much branched top; spines on new growth wanting, but on old wood 5 to 4o at an areole, some of them 5 to 9 cm. long; young branches green; leaves lanceolate, 6 to 9 cm. long, deciduous, somewhat pointed, narrowed at base into short petioles; flowers in small panicles, rose-colored; ovary bearing large leaves with cuneate bases; fruit often proliferous, yellowish when mature, more or less irregularly angled, bearing large leaves 3 to 4 cm. long, which ulti- mately fall away; seeds black, oblong, 5 mm. long. Type locality: In the southeast catinga between Rio Paraguacu at Tambury and Rio das Contas at Caldeirao, Bahia, Brazil. Distribution: Dry parts of eastern Brazil. This species is very common in the dry regions of Bahia; and is often planted for hedges about small towns. The fruit is proliferous; as many as eight were found hanging from a single peduncle; it is said to be edible, but while half-ripe is very astrin- gent. The perfect fruits can seldom be found, because the birds peck into them for the large black seeds. Called in Brazil, according to Dr. Leo Zehntner, Iniabanto, Espinha de Sado Antonio, and Flor de Céra. He Fics. 13, 14.—Pereskia bahiensis. Xo.5. also. says: “I think Iniabanto is the best and ought to be generalized. It is derived from Iniabo=Okra= Hibiscus esculentus, without doubt because the leaves of the pereskias are sometimes eaten by people, giving a mucilaginous dish like that of the Hibiscus fruit.” Illustration: Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 18: 87. Figure 13 is from a specimen, preserved in formalin, collected by J. N. Rose near Machado Portello, Bahia, Brazil, in June 1915; figure 14 is from a plant from the same place; figure 15 is from a photograph obtained by J. N. Rose at Barrinha, Bahia, in June 1915. 14. Pereskia grandifolia Haworth, Suppl. Pl. Succ. 85. 1819. Cactus rosa Vellozo, Fl. Flum. 206. 1825. Pereskia ochnacarpa Miquel, Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Neerl. 48. 1838. ‘Tree or shrub, 2 to 5 meters high, usually with a definite, very spiny, woody trunk up to 1 dm. in diameter, the branches fleshy, glabrous, elongated, usually with 1 or 2 acicular spines at the areoles; leaves oblong, obtuse or acute, somewhat narrowed at base, 8 to 15 cm. long; petioles short; inflorescence terminal, usually few-flowered; 3.5 to 4 cm. broad; sepals green; petals rose- -colored, sometimes white; filaments red; style and stigma-lobes white; ovary leaf-bearing; fruit described as large, pear- shaped, many- seeded: seeds black. 20 THE CACTACEAE. Type locality: In Brazil. Distribution: Brazil, widely planted and subspontaneous throughout the West Indies. The plant is extensively used for hedges in tropical America. It is planted by pushing cuttings into the ground, its spiny stems soon forming a capital barrier. Illustrations: Vellozo, Fl. Flum. 5: pl. 27, as Cactus rosa. Amer. Garden 11: 462; Blithende Kakteen 3: 137; Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 63: pl. 3478; Cycl. Amer. Hort. Bailey 1: f. 309; Dict. Hort. Bois f. 678; Edwards’s Bot. Mag. 17: pl. 1473; Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 3°: f. 71; Gard. Chron. III. 20: f. 75; Karsten, Deutsch. Fl. 887. f. 9; Martius, Fl. Bras. 4*: pl. 63; Pfeiffer and Otto, Abbild. Beschr. Cact. 1: pl. 30; Reichen- bach, Fl. Exot. pl. 328, all as Pereskia bleo. Fic. 15.—Pereskia bahiensis. Photograph by Paul G. Russell. Plate 101, figure 1, represents a flowering branch of a plant obtained by N. L. Britton on St. Christopher in 1901. Figure 16 is from a photograph of the plant used as a hedge near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 15. Pereskia zinniaeflora De Candolle, Prodr. 3: 475. 1828. Shrub; leaves oval to oblong, 2 to 4 cm. long, acuminate, cuneate at base; spines on young branches 1 or 2 at an areole, on old branches 4 or 5, all short, less than 1 cm. long; flowers broad, 5 em. wide, rose-red; petals entire, obtuse or retuse; style and stamens very short; ovary truncate, bearing small, stalked leaves. Type locality: In Mexico. Distribution: Mexico. Nicholson associates this species with Pereskia bleo, that is, P. grandifolia, but the relationship is not close. The measurements of the flower given above are taken from " { ; ‘ BRITTON AND ROSE PLATE III u 1. Flowering branch of Pereskia grandifolia. 2. Leafy branch of Pereskiopsis chapistle. 3. Leafy branch of Pereskiopsis pititache. (All natural size.) M. E. Eaton del. PERESKIA. 21 De Candolle’s plate cited below, and may not be quite correct. This species, so far as we are aware, has not been again collected. Cactus zinniaeflora Mocifio and Sessé (De Candolle, Prodr. 3: 475. 1828) was given as a synonym. Illustrations: Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. 2. f. 135; Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 17: pl. 17; Riimpler, Sukkulenten f. 127; Suppl. Dict. Gard. Nicholson f. 624. Figure 17 is a copy of the second illustration above cited. Fic. 16.—Pereskia grandifolia. Exposed branches are Fic, 17.—Pereskia zinniaeflora. shown above the other foliage. 16. Pereskia horrida (HBK.) De Candolle, Prodr. 3: 475. 1828. Cactus horridus Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Sp. 6:70. 1823. Tree, 4 to 6 meters high, with terete slender branches; spines often solitary, sometimes 2 or 3, slender, dark in color, unequal, the longest 2 to 3 cm. long; leaves solitary, alternate, narrowly oblong, 3 cm. long, subsessile, entire, glabrous; flowers 3 to 5 together in upper axils, about 1o mm. long; calyx described as 5-toothed and persistent; petals 5 or 6, red, lanceolate, spreading; fruit fleshy, many-seeded. Type locality: ““Ad flumen Marafion prov. Jaen de Bracamoros.’”’ (Schumann says this locality is in Peru.) Distribution: Northwestern South America. The above description is compiled from Kunth’s original description and from notes made by Dr. Rose upon the type material in the herbarium of the Museum of Natural History at Paris, in which there are specimens from both Bonpland and Kunth. Both of these sheets lack flowers and fruit, and only Kunth’s bears leaves. So far as we are aware, 32 THE CACTACEAE. no other material of this species has been collected since Humboldt’s time except that in 1912 Dr. Weberbauer wrote that he had visited the Marafion, at Humboldt’s locality, and had collecteda single specimen, which had been sent to the Botanical Museum at Berlin. 17. Pereskia cubensis Britton and Rose, Torreya 12:13. 1912. A tree, 4 meters high, with a trunk 2.5 dm. in diameter and a large, flat, much branched top; bark brownish, rather smooth, marked here and there by black bands (representing the old areoles), these broader than high; young branches slender, smooth, with light-brown bark; spines from young areoles 2 or 3, needle-like, brownish, 2 to 4 cm. long, from old areoles very numerous (25 or more), and much longer (5 cm. or more long); leaves several at each areole, sessile, bright green on both sides, oblanceolate to oblong or obovate, 1 to 4 cm. long, 10 to 12 mm. wide, acute at both ends or obtuse at the apex, fleshy, the midvein broad, the lateral veins very obscure; peduncle very short, jointed near the base, bearing 1 to 3 leaf-like bracts; flowers terminal and also axillary, solitary; sepals 5, obtuse or rounded, ovate-oblong to orbicular, unequal, 7 to 9 mm. long, the larger ones with broad purple margins; petals 8, about 15 mm. long, deep reddish purple, obovate-elliptic, rounded; stamens many, about 6 mm. long; anthers light yellow; ovary turbinate, naked, spineless; fruit not seen. Fic. 19.—Pereskia cubensis. Fic. 18.—Pereskia cubensis. X0.5- Type locality: In Cuba. Distribution: Near the southern coast of eastern and central Cuba. The tree is abundant on the plain between Guantanamo and Caimanera, Oriente, where the type specimens were collected; it also inhabits coastal thickets at Ensenada de Mora, in southwestern Oriente, the plants of this colony bearing leaves with less acute apices than those of the typical ones. A single plant was also observed on La Vigia Hill, at Trinidad, provinceof Santa Clara, which had shorter and smaller leaves than either of the other two. The description of the flower is from one of a plant collected by N. L. Britton and J. F. Cowell at Ensenada de Mora, southern Oriente, Cuba, in 1912, and brought to the New York Botanical Garden, where it flowered in May 1917. Dr. Rose finds that the plant in De Candolle’s herbarium which represents the Pereskia portulacifolia of the Prodromus is undoubtedly Pereskia cubensis. It was collected as early as 1821. Illustration: Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: f. 22. Figure 18 is from a photograph taken by Dr. M. A. Howe in the colony of this tree at Nuevaliches, near Guantanamo, Cuba, studied by Dr. N. L. Britton in 1909; figure 19 represents a leafy branch of the same plant. PERESKIA. 23 18. Pereskia portulacifolia (Linnaeus) Haworth in De Candolle, Prodr. 3:475. 1828. Cactus portulacifolius Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 469. 1753. A tree, 5 to 6.6 meters high, the branches terete, very spiny; spines acicular, sometimes almost bristle-like, 2 cm. long, on old wood in clusters of 7 to 9, but on new growth usually solitary; leaves iN (ak de ey - Sabon rae CAM cs UAV Va, Ve Ve SN SJ Fic. 20.—Pereskia portulacifolia. 0.66. only 1 cm. long or less, cuneate at base, often retuse at apex; peduncles short but definite, 2 to 5 mm. long, bearing several small spatulate to broadly obovate leaves; flowers rose-colored, about 3 cm. broad; sepals about 3, ovate to shortly oblong, obtuse, fleshy, 8 mm. or less long; petals oblong, about 2 cm. long, thin, obtuse; ovary small, truncate, naked or bearing a single small leaf; immature fruit hard, depressed, 2 cm. long, 2.5 cm. broad, smooth, naked or with a single small leaf 5 to 6 mm. long, with a broad scar at the top 8 to 10 mm. in diameter; fruit globular, naked; seeds large, black. Type locality: Tropical America, doubtless Hispaniola. Distribution: Haiti. The usual reference for the first publication of the plant under Pereskia is Haworth’s Synopsis (Syn. Pl. Suce. 199. 1812), but it was not here formally transferred from the genus Cactus. His statement is: “Cactus portulacifolius is another species of this genus.” Our knowledge of this plant is drawn from the illustration below cited and descriptions, and from a fragmentary specimen collected by W. Buch near Gonaives, Haiti, in 1900, 24 THE CACTACEAE. where it grows on dry calcareous rocks, and one obtained by Paul Bartsch at Tomaseau in April 1917. Dr. Bartsch states that the flower reminds one very much of a rose and the fruit is pendent like a green plum. Lunan in 1814 (Hort. Jam. 2: 236) described a tree nearly a foot in diameter, growing at a residence near Spanish Town, Jamaica, stating that it differed from Pereskia by the absence of tufts of leaves on its fruit. His description points to Pereskia portulacifolia, but nothing is known of the species in Jamaica at the present day; according to Grisebach, Macfadyen recorded it as cultivated there. Tllustration: Plumier, Pl. Amer. ed. Burmann pl. 197, f. 1. Figure 20 is copied from the illustration above cited. 19. Pereskia conzattii sp. nov. Tree, 8 to ro meters high; bark of stems and branches brown and smooth; leaves orbicular to obovate, acute, 1 to 2.5 em. long; areoles small, with short white wool and a few long hairs; spines 2 to 6 on young branches, 10 to 20 on main stem, acicular, 2 to 2.5 cm. long, at first yellowish brown, dark brown in age; flowers not known; ovary bearing small scales; fruit naked, pear-shaped, more or less stalked at base, 3 to 4 cm. long; seeds black, glossy, 3 mm. long, with a small white hilum. Collected at Salina Cruz and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, in February and April, 1913, by Professor C. Conzatti; probably also in Guatemala. SPECIES UNKNOWN TO Us. Pereskia affinis and P. haageana Meinshausen, Wochenschr. Gartn. Planz. 2: 118. 1859. . Pereskia cruenta, P. grandiflora, and P.(?) plantaginea, the first two given as synonyms and the last merely mentioned by Pfeiffer (Enum. Cact. pp. 176, 177, and 179) can not be identified. The same is true of P. grandispina Forbes (Journ. Hort. Tour Germ. 159. 1837). Tribe 2. OPUNTIEAE. Plants usually very fleshy, never epiphytic, branched (usually much branched), one to many- jointed; joints diverse in structure, terete, compressed, or much flattened, with irregularly scattered areoles, ribless, except one species; leaves usually caducous, but in some species more or less persist- ent, small or minute, subulate or cylindric, in one genus broad and flat; areoles usually glochidif- erous (except in Maihuenia; in Grusonia only those of the ovary), mostly spine-bearing; spines usually slender, straight or nearly so, sometimes sheathed; corolla mostly rotate (sepals and petals in Nopalea erect) ; flowers sessile, diurnal, one from an areole; fruit usually a fleshy berry, sometimes dry, rarely capsular; seed white or black, globular, flattened or even winged, with a thin or hard testa; cotyledons large, elongated. This tribe contains 7 genera and at least 300 species, various in habit, flower, fruit, and seeds. It is more closely related to the Pereskieae than to the Cereeae. ‘The following characters possessed by some or all genera of the Opuntieae are wanting in the Cereeae: Leaves on the stem (see also Harrisia and Hylocereus); glochids in the areoles; sensi- tive stamens; sheathed spines; winged, white, and bony-covered seeds; the separation of withering calyx, stamens, and style from the ovary; areoles irregularly distributed over the stem in all the genera except Grusonia, in which they are arranged on ribs as in many of the Cereeae. The tribe is distributed throughout the cactus regions of the Americas, but the genera, except Opuntia, are localized. Key TO GENERA. Weavesthroadvanm di hata stick eon is dlls rotennte tt ay niet ag eae mera Ser Retr ateray e a eet as ee ar 1. Pereskiopsis Leaves subulate or cylindric. Seedsiibroadlywin ged! seers tact ous creas rate eek aT RR Tn Paisano IS oye elem ne a ane me 2 nee LET OCOGEES) Seeds wingless. Stamens much longer than the petals. Petalsrerectscsjoimtsitlatesc: sens isms once rare ae ea A REE MISS RI oer aes es 3. Nopalea Retalsmecunvedsy joimtsyteneteks meyers ccxcucsse- bey oak ey ae etched oe eee Larne ee ore eae 4. Tacinga Stamens shorter than the petals. Joints flat to terete, not ribbed. Testa of the seed thin, black, shining 5. Mathuenia Testa thicks pal es cuill ed eae Se ee atic een eet oe eee eee OES aN 6. Opuntia lomMis terse; longigaiiehy widoelosses Sabcocst bon osoooSbeseasobeseedoosenvuoueees 7. Grusonia PERESKIOPSIS. 25 1. PERESKIOPSIS Britton and Rose, Smiths. Mise. Coll. 50: 331. 1907. Trees and shrubs, in habit and foliage similar to Pereskia; old trunk forming a solid woody cylinder covered with bark and resembling the ordinary dicotyledonous stem; areoles circular, spine-bearing or sometimes spineless, also bearing hairs, wool, and usually glochids; flowers similar to those of Opuntia; ovary sessile (one species described as pedunculate), with leaves at the areoles (except in one species) ; fruit red, juicy; seeds bony, few, covered with matted hairs. Type species: Opuntia brandegeet Schumann. The plants are common in hedges and thickets of Mexico and Guatemala. As to the number of species to be recognized in this genus we are uncertain; about 16 have been described. In our first discussion of the genus (op. cit.) we recognized 11 species, including several known only from descriptions. There now seem to be at least 10 species, of which 8 are in cultivation in Washington and New York. ‘Two of the plants were described, as early as 1828, as species of Pereskia, and here they remained with 2 later-described species until, in 1898, Dr. A. Weber transferred them to Opuntia, placing them in a new subgenus, Pereskiopuntia. The same year Dr. Karl Schumann adopted Weber’s conclusions, publishing his treatment of the subgenus and assigning 5 species to it. In its large leaves and woody, spiny stems, this group suggests Pereskia, but it has glochids and different flowers, fruit, and seeds; in flowers, fruit, seeds, and glochids it re- sembles Opuntia, but on account of habit and foliage must be excluded from that genus. In view of these differences, Britton and Rose in 1907 established the genus Peres- kiopsis and listed 11 species, 4 of which had been originally described as species of Pereskia and 5 as species of Opuntia. Since then we have grown most of these plants along with the pereskias and opuntias so as to compare them. Unfortunately we are not able to describe all the species fully, for they have never been known to flower in cultivation, although some of the species, at least, bloom freely in the wild state. ‘The leaves on the lower parts of shoots are sometimes broader and shorter than those on the upper parts, and in greenhouse cultivation the leaves of some species are narrower than when the plants are growing under natural conditions. The generic name is from the Greek and signifies resembling Pereskia. Key TO SPECIES. Stems, ovary, and often the leaves more or less pubescent. Normal leaves long-acuminate, narrow, with narrow cuneate bases...................... Th Normal leaves abruptly pointed, somewhat cuneate at base..........................-- oy Stems, ovary, and leaves glabrous. Leaves, at least some of them, not much longer than broad. . velutina . diguetit Ny IPieknte Wate ooyete Neeinesy, ene GAS Se sisiieGle foe sbbendsonenccdaccanbooue yooduudemecc 3. P. opuntiaeflora Fruit with leaves subtending the areoles. Areoles white, with few glochids or none. Leaves orbicular or nearly so, rounded or apiculate.......................... 4. P. rotundifolia Leaves, at least the upper ones, obovate or elliptic, acute at both ends......... 5. P. chapistle Areoles dark, filled with numerous brown glochids.....................-....--:. 6. P. porteri Leaves, at least some of them, twice as long as broad or longer. Weavestspatula te) irra passer Nene. sacar) eae Nese Eh Ree Oo, Caeptinh che me yee paneer 7. P. spathulata Leaves elliptic to oblong, or obovate. Peavestpal exgreen nelatcousames tocar ios sien Serle seb el ee ee eee Ieee ee 8. P. pititache Leaves bright gr.en, shining. GlochidsatewAmyelloweewe every sci ote tele y stereo tas tas edesenis bones Ouran recUaiea citet ea eysaa Graleaieheuae ite g. P. aquosa GlGehidspmianiy NOLO wileesrse ase eee eee aye Cee I oe LE Reo Re hace Repeater eee Neue 10. P. kellermanti 1. Pereskiopsis velutina Rose, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 333. 1907. Stems weak and spreading, forming compact bushes 9 to 12 dm. high or sometimes higher; old stems with cherry-brown bark; young branches green, borne nearly at right angles to the old stem, velvety-pubescent; areoles bearing long white hairs and several short spines and some glochids; leaves elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 2 to 6 cm. long by 1.5 to 2.5 cm. broad, acuminate, or acute at both ends, dull green, more or less velvety-puberulent on both surfaces, when very young brighter green; flowers sessile on the second-year branches; ovary obovoid to oblong, pubescent, bearing large 26 THE CACTACEAE. leaves and areoles similar to those of the stem; leaves on ovary spreading or ascending and persisting after the flower falls; flower-bud (above the ovary) 2 to 3 cm. long, acute; sepals green or deep red tinged with yellow; petals bright yellow. Type locality: In hedges about city of Queré- taro, Mexico. Distribution: Table-lands of central Mexico. This plant is called by the natives nopaleta and cola de diablo. Illustration: Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: pl. 44. Figure 21 is from a photograph of type plant. 2. Pereskiopsis diguetii (Weber) Britton and Rose, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 332. 1907. Opuntia diguetii Weber, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 166. 1898. Tall shrub, larger than the preceding species; old stems reddish; branches pubescent; areoles when young filled with long, white, cobwebby hairs, when old large and filled with short black wool; leaves elliptic to obovate, 3 to 5 cm. long, usually abruptly pointed, more or less cuneate at the base; spines usually 1, rarely as many as 4, at first nearly black, in time becoming lighter, some- times nearly 7 cm. long; glochids brownish, not very abundant; flowers yellow; fruit 3 cm. long, red, pubes- cent, its areoles often bearing spines as well as glochids; seeds white, 5 mm. broad, covered with matted hairs. Type locality: Near Guadalajara, Mexico. Distribution: Central Mexico. Common in hedges near Guadalajara and Oaxaca, Mexico. According to W. E. Safford, it is known in Guadalajara as tasajillo and alfilerillo. Figure 22 represents a leafy branch of a plant collected by W. E. Safford in Guadalajara, Mexico, in 1907. 3. Pereskiopsis opuntiaeflora (De Candolle) Britton and Rose, Smiths. Mise. Coll. 50: 332. 1907. Pereskia opuntiaeflora De Candolle, Prodr. 3: 475. 1828. Opuntia golziana Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen 654. 1898. Shrubby, glabrous; leaves obovate, mucronate, often in pairs; spines, when present, solitary, elongated, 2 to 3 times as long as the leaves; flowers subterminal, short-pedunculate; petals numerous, ovate, subacute, reddish yellow, arranged in two series; ovary leafless, bearing areoles filled with glochids. Type locality: In Mexico. Distribution: Known only from the original description. This description is drawn from De Candolle’s original description and illustration; otherwise nothing is known of the plant. This species, as illustrated by De Candolle, is unlike anything we know. In its pedun- culate fruit it is like Pereskia, but its leafless ovary and its areoles filled with glochids would exclude it from that genus. Ina general way the illustration looks more like a Pereskiopsis, and we suspect that the delineation is incorrect or that the leaves had fallen away from the specimen drawn. Fic. 21.—Pereskiopsis velutina. PERESKIOPSIS. 27 Cactus opuntiaeflorus Mociiio and Sessé (Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 178. 1837) was published as a synonym of Pereskia opuntiaeflora. Illustrations: Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. 2. f. 137; Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 17: pl. 19, both as Pereskia opuntiaeflora. Figure 23 is copied from the second illustration above cited. 4. Pereskiopsis rotundifolia (De Candolle) Britton and Rose, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 333. 1907. Pereskia rotundifolia De Candolle, Prodr. 3: 475. 1828. Opuntia rotundifolia Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen 652. 1808. Stem thick, more or less woody; branches slender, glabrous; leaves nearly orbicular, mucronate; spines elongated, solitary; flowers 3 cm. broad, borne on the second-year branches; petals reddish yellow. broad, with mucronate tips; ovary leafy; fruit obovoid, red, leafy. Fic. 22.—Pereskiopsis Fic. 23.—Pereskiopsis opuntiae- Fic. 24.—Pereskiopsis diguetii. Xo.5. flora. Xo.5. rotundifolia. Xo.5. Type locality: In Mexico. Distribution: Known only from the original description and, apparently, from Oaxaca, Cactus frutescens Mocifio and Sessé (Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 178. 1837) and Cactus rotundifolia Mocifio and Sessé (De Candolle, Prodr. 3: 475. 1828) were given as synonyms of Pereskia rotundifolia, but were never published. Illustrations: Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 17: pl. 20, as Pereskia rotundifolia; Schu- mann, Gesamtb. Kakteen f. 99, as Opuntia rotundifolia. Figure 24 is copied from the first illustration above cited; figure 25 is from a pho- tograph taken by Dr. MacDougal at Oaxaca, Mexico, in 1906. 5. Pereskiopsis chapistle (Weber) Britton and Rose, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 331. 1907. Opuntia chapistle Weber in Gosselin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 10: 388. 1904. A large, branching shrub, sometimes 3 to 4 meters high, the branches widely spreading, glab- rous; spines single, white, long (6 cm. long), very stout; leaves fleshy, somewhat persistent, obovate to elliptic, sometimes nearly orbicular, 3 to 4 cm. long, glabrous; flowers yellow; fruit red. Type locality: In Oaxaca. Distribution: Oaxaca and perhaps Morelos, Mexico. Illustration: Bull. Soc. Nat. Acclim. France 52: f. 10, as Opuntia chapistle. Plate 111, figure 2, represents a leafy branch of a plant collected by Dr. Rose at Cuernavaca, Mexico, in 1906. 28 THE CACTACEAE. Fic. 25.—Pereskiopsis, apparently P. rotundifolia, with other cacti in the background. 6. Pereskiopsis porteri (Brandegee) Britton and Rose, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 332. 1907. Opuntia portert Brandegee in Weber, Dict. Hort. Bois 899. 1898. Opuntia brandegeet Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen 653. 1808. Pereskiopsis brandegeei Britton and Rose, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 331. 1907. Stems stout, woody, branching, 6 to 12 dm. high, 3 cm. in diameter, the old areoles bearing 3 to 8 stout spines 3 to 5 cm. long, but on the trunk often 15 to 20 spines from an areole; first and sec- ond year branches usually short, spineless, or with 1 or 2 brown spines, those of the first year green, the second-year brownish; areoles bearing numerous small, brown glochids; leaves sessile, 2 to 3 cm. long, obovate, acute, fleshy, in greenhouse speci- mens sometimes much narrower; flowers about 4 cm. in diameter; sepals few, spatulate, short; petals few, yellow, broad, entire; fruit joint-like, oblong, 4 to 5 cm. long, orange-colored, with large areoles bearing brown glochids;. seeds 1 or few, covered with white deciduous hairs. Type locality: In Sinaloa, Mexico. Mstribution: Common in the Cape region of Lower Cali- fornia and in the State of Sinaloa, Mexico. Figure 26 shows a leafy twig of a plant sent in 1904 from the Missouri Botanical Garden to the New York Botanical Garden as Opuntia brandegeet, which had been received by the Missouri Bo- tanical Garden from Mrs. Katharine Brandegee in 1901. 7. Pereskiopsis spathulata (Otto) Britton and Rose, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 333. 1907. Pereskia spathulata Otto in Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 176. 1837. Fic. 26.—Pereskiopsis Opuntia spathulata Weber, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 165. 1808. porteri. Xo0.66. Branching shrub, r to 2 meters high; branches few, glaucescent, deflexed; leaves spatulate, thick, green, 2.5 to 5 cm. long; areoles distant, woolly, hairy when young; spines 1 or 2, rigid, white below, 2.5 cm. long; glochids brown, borne in the upper part of the areoles; flowers red; seeds white. a eee Se ee eee ee a A ig “Sree. et en PERESKIOPSIS. 29 Type locality: In Mexico. Distribution: Probably southern Mexico, but no definite locality is known. There is some confusion in the literature of this species; Schumann describes it as pubescent, while in the original description nothing is said about pubescence; this error is probably due to a misidentification, for Dr. Rose found in the Museum of Paris two specimens collected by Diguet at Guadalajara, Mexico, which were labeled Opuntia spathulata, and which have pubescent branches and leaves; these are undoubtedly O. diguetii. Pereskia crassicaulis Zuccarini (Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 176. 1837) was never published, simply being given as a synonym of P. spathulata. 8. Pereskiopsis pititache (Karwinsky) Britton and Rose, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 332. 1907. Pereskia pititache Karwinsky in Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 176. 1837. Pereskia calandriniaefolia Link and Otto in Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 252. 1850. (Accord- ing to Schumann.) Opuntia pititache Weber, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 166. 1898. Stems rather low and somewhat branching; bark light brownish and flaking off; areoles on main trunk each bearing 1 to 4 slender acicular spines and a small cluster of yellowish glochids; branches, even when several years old, bearing a single long, acicular spine from an areole and no glochids; young and growing branches rather slender and green, their areoles small, black in the center, with long, white hairs from their margins and no spines; leaves obovate or oblong- obovate, 4 cm. long or less, pale green, thin, acute or bluntish at the apex, narrowed at the base. Type locality: In Mexico. Distribution: Uncertain, but reported from southern Mexico. In the original description this species is said to have a very spiny, erect woody trunk, the branches spreading nearly horizontally, the spines unequal, 3 to 6, 25 to 37 mm. long, the leaves fleshy, green, lanceolate to ovate, 37 mm. long, 16 mm. broad. It was named by Baron Wilhelm von Karwinsky and probably collected by him in Mexico, but no definite locality was given; Weber states it is from Tehuantepec, while Schumann gives Tehuacan on a statement of Weber. Pereskia calandrimiaefolia we have referred here, follow- ing Schumann, but the original description is somewhat dif- ferent from that of P. pititache, the leaves being described as spatulate to lanceolate, strongly narrowed below, 7.5 em. long. Our description is mostly drawn from specimens grow- ing in the New York Botanical Garden obtained from M. Simon, of St. Ouen, Paris, in rgotr. Illustrations: Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen 2: pl. 1, sec. 6, f. 1, 2; pl. 2, f. 9, both as Pereskia pititache. Plate 111, figure 3, represents a leafy shoot of a plant sent by M. Simon, of St. Quen, Paris, France, to the New York Botanical Garden in r1gor. 9. Pereskiopsis aquosa (Weber) Britton and Rose, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 331. 1907. Opuntia aquosa Weber, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4:.165. 1898 Shrub, with glabrous, glaucous, green branches, the young shoots with long white hairs at the areoles; leaves bright green, nearly elliptic, acute, about twice as long as wide, narrowed at the base, glabrous; spines usually solitary, standing at right angles to the stem, white; glochids few, yellow; flowers yellow; outer petals blotched with red; fruit pear-shaped, 4 to 5 cm. ong, 2 to 2.5 a F < Fic. 27:—Pereskiopsis aquosa. cm. in diameter, yellowish green. X0.66. 30 THE CACTACEAE. Type locality: Guadalajara, Mexico. Distribution: In hedges about Guadalajara, Mexico. The fruit, called in Mexico tuna de agua and tasajillo, is used in making a cooling drink and for preserves. Opuntia spathulata aquosa (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 165. 1898) was given as a synonym of this species, but was never published. Illustration: Safford, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. 1908: pl. ro, f. 2. Figure 27 represents a leafy shoot of the plant collected by W. E. Safford near Guadalajara, Mexico, in 1907. 10. Pereskiopsis kellermanii Rose, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 332. 1907. Stem glabrous, herbaceous, weak, and clambering over shrubs to a length of 4 to 5 meters, about 2 cm. in diameter; second-year branches usually at right angles to main stem, with cherry- red bark; old stem bearing several slender, acicular brown spines, sometimes only I, sometimes wanting, and numerous brown glochids; young branches green, fleshy, their areoles circular, white, filled with long white hairs, brown glochids, and often with “several acicular brown spines; spines on wild plants often stout, usually solitary, nearly black, 2 to 3 cm. long; leaves various, shining green, glabrous, thickish, elliptic and two or three times as long as “wide, or suborbicular, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 5 cm. long or less, 2 to 2.5 cm. broad; flowers not known; fruit red, ¢ glabrous, leafy, 3 to 6 cm. long, bearing large areoles filled with brown glochids; seeds covered with matted hairs. Type locality: Trapichite, Guatemala. Beee eae a ee nee ee Distribution: Guatemala. Figures 28, 29, and 30 are copied from sketches of the leaf-forms of the type plant, made by W. A. Kellerman in Guatemala in 1908. 2. PTEROCACTUS Schumann, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 7:6. 1897. Stems low, more or less branched above, cylindric, from tuber-like and often greatly enlarged roots; leaves minute, caducous; spines weak, several or many at each areole; glochids small, cadu- _ cous as in Opuntia; flower terminal, regular, without tube; perianth-segments several, erect; fila- ments and pistil shorter than the petals; ovary nearly turgid, bearing numerous small clusters of spines; fruit dry, capsular, dehiscent; seeds winged, white; embryo curved. Type species: Pterocactus kuntzet Schumann. Four species have already been described, but three of these we have combined and the fourth is referred to Opuntia. Three additional species, however, are here described. The generic name refers to the winged seeds. This is a remarkable genus, and it is surprising that it remained unrecognized so long, for one of its species was known as long ago as 1837; the fruit and seeds, however, seem not to have been known until about 1897. In habit the plants are nearest some of the anom- alous species of Opuntia, having large roots and short, weak stems like Opuntia chaffeyi, of Mexico; the seeds, however, differ, not only from those of Opuntia, but from those of all other cactus genera, in being winged. The fruit, according to Schumann, although we have not been able to confirm his observation definitely, is a capsule with an opercu- lum. Another peculiarity is that the fruit is borne in the end of the stem or branch. While this genus has good characters, it is no more distinct than many others and does not deserve the relative importance given to it by T. von Post and Otto Kuntze in Lexicon Generum Phanerogamarum, who treat it as one of the only three cactus genera to be conserved, in their view. PTEROCACTUS. jl KEY TO SPECIES. Scacs marouahy wails Goines (ho) to) D Cin, OM, So ower eceeadbococcoeauuasoccneccsonsoobaouede 1. P. hickentt Seeds broadly winged; spines 3 to 10 mm. long. oimtststronglyituberculatesnnee race erin ee ere eee IO icles oie? i leanjuSCHen. Joints scarcely tuberculate. Ovary densely covered with weak spines; wing of seed 1 mm. wide....................... 3. P. pumilus Ovary loosely covered with stiff spines; wing of seed 2 mm. wide......................... 4. P. tuberosus FIGs. 31, 32.—Pterocactus hickenii. Xo.7. Fic, 33.—Pterocactus fischeri. 1.12. Photograph by Paul G. Russell. 1. Pterocactus hickenii sp. nov. Rootstocks moniliform, consisting of at least 4 joints widely separated; joints above ground 2 or 3, 2 to 3 cm. long, almost hidden by the spines; spines from each areole numerous, slender, yellow above, brown at base; glochids numerous; fruit and flower not known; seeds thick, 5 mm. in diameter, with narrow lateral wing. Collected by Crist6bal M. Hicken (No. 3284) January 10, 1914, near Como- doro Rivadavia, southeastern Chubut, Argentina. Figures 31 and 32 represent a plant 35 and a seed from the specimen above cited FIGs. 34, 35, 36.—Seeds of three species of Pterocactus. 2. Pterocactus fischeri sp. nov. REN Se: Stems low, 1 dm. high or less, spreading or erect, cylindric, 1.5 cm. in diameter, tuberculate; leaves minute, acute; tubercles about as long as broad, arranged in spiral ridges somewhat resembling those of Opuntia whipplei; spines numerous, the radials 12 or more, white, setaceous, 6 mm. long, spreading; centrals usually 4, 1 to 1.5 cm. long, brownish, the tips and bases often yellowish; 32 THE CACTACEAE. glochids numerous, yellowish, 3 to 4 mm. long; flowers, in only specimen seen, terminal, almost con- tinuous with the stem; ovary tuberculate and spiny like the stem, deeply umbilicate; seed one, large, flat-winged. Collected by Walter Fischer in 1914 in the Province of Rio Negro, Argentina, and given to Dr. Rose during his visit to Argentina in 1915 by Professor Crist6bal M. Hicken. While this species resembles some of the species of Cylindropuntia of the United States, the spines are not sheathed. Figure 33 is from a photograph of the specimen above cited; figure 34 shows a seed of the same specimen. 3. Pterocactus pumilus sp. nov. Plants low, usually prostrate or ascending; joints cylindric, 1 cm. in diameter, covered with weak appressed spines; areoles very woolly; flower terminal; ovary sunk in the apex of the terminal joint, somewhat umbilicate; ovules several; seed flattened, 7 mm. in diameter, very thin. Collected by Crist6bal M. Hicken (No. 3286), January 8, 1914, at Puerto Piramides, Chubut, Argentina. Figure 35 shows a seed of above speci- men. 4. Pterocactus tuberosus (Pfeiffer). Opuntia tuberosa Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 146. 1837. Pterocactus kuntzei Schumann, Monatsschr. Kak- teenk. 7:6. 1897. Pierocactus kurtzei Schumann in Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 259. 1897. Pierocactus decipiens Giirke, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 172147. 1907. Roots tuber-like, single or in clusters, usually small but sometimes large and thick, up to 12 cm. long by 8 em. in diameter, deep-seated, giving off several erect stems, these branching at surface of the ground; terminal branches purplish, turgid, 3 to 40 cm. long, 1 cm. in diameter, more or less clavate; areoles numerous, small, bearing numer- ous small white appressed spines; flowers terminal, 2 to 3 cm. long; petals long, lanceolate, apiculate, yellow; ovary with numerous areoles bearing long bristles; ovules numerous; fruit dry; seeds large, flat, winged, 10 to 12 mm. in diameter. Type locality: Near Mendoza, Argentina. Distribuiion: Western provinces of Argen- Fic. 37-—Pterocactus tuberosus. Natural size. Photograph tina, chiefly in the mountains. by Paul G. Russell. We have not seen the type of P. kuntzez, which is doubtless at Berlin, but we have examined cotypes in the Kurtz Herbarium at Cérdoba, Argentina, and at New York. Opuntia tuberosa, described from Mendoza as long ago as 1837, has long been a puzzle to botanists, who have tried to associate it with various opuntias. Dr. Rose, who visited Mendoza in 1915, found a tuberous-rooted cactus in the mountains above that city, which we are convinced is the plant described by Pfeiffer. There is no doubt, on the other NOPALEA. 33 hand, that it is Pterocactus kuntzet, from the same region, which was described as new by Schumann in 1897. Opuntia alpina Gillies (Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 146. 1837) was not published, but was given as a synonym of Opuntia tuberosa. Schumann referred both names to Opuntia platyacantha. Illustrations: Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 7:7; Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen f. 107, both as Pterocactus kuntze1; Blihende Kakteen 3: pl. 140, as P. decipiens. Figure 36 shows a seed of a plant, collected by Dr. Rose near Mendoza, Argentina, in 1915; figure 37 is from a photograph of same plant; figure 38 is from a photograph taken by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Fic. 38.—Pterocactus tuberosus. 3. NOPALEA Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 63. 1850. Much branched cacti with definite cylindric trunks; roots so far as known fibrous; branches or joints flattened, fleshy, often narrow; glochids usually less abundant than in Opuntia; spines solitary or in clusters at the areoles, sheathless; leaves small, subterete, soon deciduous; areoles bearing white wool, glochids, and often spines; flowers originating in the areoles usually at or near the edges of the joints; sepals ovate, erect; petals red or pinkish, erect, closely appressed against the numerous stamens and the style; filaments and style slender, much longer than the petals; ovary more or less tuberculate, naked or spiny, with a very deep umbilicus; fruit a juicy berry, red, edible, usually spineless; seeds numerous, flat, covered by a hard bony aril. Nopalea is closely related to Opuntia, with which it is sometimes united; the erect petals and elongated filaments and style are constant in Nopalea, however. : Three species were included by Salm-Dyck in this genus when it was described, of which Opuntia cochenillifera Linnaeus was the first and is therefore considered the type. Karl Schumann described five species in his monograph, but since then two species, N. guatemalensis and N. lutea, have been described by Dr. Rose, and one, N. inaperta, by Dr. Griffiths. N. moniliformis ([annaeus) Schumann, based on plate 198 of Plumier, is Opuntia moniliformis (Linnaeus) Steudel. The species are natives of Mexico and Guatemala, and have been accredited to Cuba, although none has recently been observed wild on that island. Some of them are widely 34 THE CACTACEAE. cultivated and may be found throughout the warmer parts of the world. Two are of some economic importance and two or three are grown as ornamentals. The name Nopalea is doubtless from nopal, the common name of Mexicans for certain opuntias and nopaleas. Key TO SPECIES. Spineless, or rarely a few short spines on old joints....................- ies Bit Oe ee OR 2 ihe N. cochenillifera Joints spiny (spines few in NV. aubert). , Spines, at least those of young joints, very slender, acicular, several at each areole. Carries WH, coccuccoascundeosoabeseducodonsnodecocvondbeseeouddoscacauepas ced Bo Ne UMRAO RSIS Spines yellow or becoming brown. Joints obovate to oblong, 10 to 22 cm. long, 5 to rocm. wide ......-.............. 3. N. luica Joints linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 6 to 12 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. Wider eine 3a. N. gawmert Spines stouter, subulate. Areoles with 1 or 2 spines, or spineless; joints glaucous............................. 4. N. auberr Areoles with 2 to 4 spines; joints green. Joints linear or linear-oblong, 4 to 7 times as long as wide........... eRe aha ced Oeics 5. WN. dejecta Joints oblong or oblong-obovate, 2 to 4 times as long as wide. SHiwMas 2 (OAS HOCUS we Ula, 4 ogWobakeoocevecaoscccwgcooovscmouzoac” 6. N. karwinskiana Spines 4 to 12; joints strongly tuberculate.....................)............ 7. NN. inaperta 1. Nopalea cochenillifera (Linnaeus) Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 64. 1850. Cactus cochenillifer Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 468. 1753. Opun‘ia cochinelifera Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. No. 6. 1768. Often tall plants, 3 to 4 meters high, with trunks up to 2 dm. thick; branches of ascending or spreading oblong joints, sometimes 5 dm. long, green, bright green at first; spines none or rarely minute ones develop on the older joints; glochids numerous, caducous; leaves small, awl-shaped, soon deciduous; flowers appearing from the tops of the joints, usually in great abundance; flower, from base of ovary to tip of style, 5.5 em. long; ovary nearly globular, 2 cm. long, with low diamond- shaped tubercles, its areoles bearing many glochids; sepals broadly ovate, acute, scarlet; petals a little longer than the sepals, otherwise similar, persistent; stamens pinkish, exserted 1 to 1.5 cm. beyond the petals; stigma-lobes 6 or 7, greenish, exserted beyond the stamens; style swollen just above its base into a broad disk; fruit red, about 5 cm. long, rarely maturing in greenhouse plants; seeds about 5 mm. long and 3 mm. wide. Ty pe locality: Jamaica and tropical America. Distribution: Cultivated in the West Indies and tropical America; its original habitat unknown. Opuntia magnifolia Noronha (Verhandl, Batay. Genootsch. 5': 22. 1790), published without description, is referred to this species by Schumann and others. The name Opuntia mexicana, although it has been used for more than one species, first appeared in Pfeiffer’s Enumeratio (p. 150. 1837) as a synonym of O. cochenillifera. Cactus subinermis Link (Steudel, Nom. ed. 2. 1: 246. 1840) is given as a synonym of Opuntia cochenillifera. The specific name of this plant was given because it is one of the species of cactus from which cochineal was obtained. Cochineal was long supposed to be a vegetable product; it was not until 1703 that, by the aid of the microscope, it was definitely determined to be of insect origin. The cochineal industry is of prehistoric origin. The Spaniards found it well established when they conquered Mexico in 1518, and began at once to export the product. As early as 1523 Cortez was ordered to obtain and send to Spain as much as he possibly could, while during the early colonial days it was one of the chief articles of tribute to the crown. From Mexico and Peru the industry was taken to southern Spain, India, Algiers, South Africa, New Granada (Colombia), Jamaica, and the Canary Islands. The industry grew rapidly and was very profitable. The greatest source of the cochineal was probably the Canary Islands. In about the year 1868 more than 6,000,000 pounds, valued at $4,000,000, were exported from these islands alone, of which the largest part was sent to England. The cochineal insects were placed on the joints or branches of the cactus plants, where they rapidly multiplied and in about four months were collected by brushing them off into baskets or bags. ‘Then, after being dried in various ways, they became the cochineal of commerce. ‘Two or three such collections were made each year. a a a BRITTON AND ROSE PLATE IV M. E. Eaton del. 1. Upper part of flowering joint of Nopalea cochenillifera. 3. Fruit of WMopalea aubert. 2. Upper part of flowering joint of Mopalea aubert. (All natural size.) = Flowering joint of Mopalea dejecta. NOPALEA. 35 The cactuses upon which the cochineal was raised were often grown in large planta- tions called nopalries, sometimes containing 50,000 plants in rows about 4 feet apart. Since the introduction of the aniline dyes, the cochineal industry has almost dis- appeared. ‘The cochineal colors, while brilliant and attractive, are not very permanent. According to J. J. Johnson, this plant was introduced into cultivation in England, in 1688; but according to Ray it was growing in Chelsea before that time. Illustrations: Hernandez, Nov. Pl. Hist. 78 and 479. f. 1. 1651, as Nopalnochetzli; Andrews, Bot. Rep. 8: pl. 533; Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 54: pl. 2741, 2742; Descourtilz, FI. Pict. Antilles 7: pl. 516, all as Cactus cochenillifer. Cycl. Amer. Hort. Bailey 1: 205. f. 308; Gard. Chron. III. 34: 92. f. 41; Pfeiffer and Otto, Abbild. Beschr. Gact. 1: pl. 24, all as Opuntia cochenillifera; Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. 2. f. 3, as Opuntia coccifera; Dillenius, Hort. Elth. pl. 297, as tuna, etc.; Agr. Gaz. 25: pls. opp. p. 884; Amer. Garden 11: 457; Martius, Fl. Bras. 4°: pl. 60. Schumann Gesamtb. Kakteen f. 109, B. Plate iv, figure 1, shows a plant which flowered in the New York Botanical Garden in IgI2. ‘ 2. Nopalea guatemalensis Rose, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 330. 1907. Tree-like, 5 to 7 meters high, branched, sometimes nearly to the base; joints bluish green, ovate to oblong, 15 to 20 cm. long; areoles numerous, filled with short white wool; spines 5 to 8, unequal, nearly or quite porrect, white or sometimes rose-colored, the longest 2.5 to 3 cm. long; leaves small, linear, reflexed; flower, including ovary, 5 to 6 cm. long; sepals ovate, thickened; petals red; fruit 4 to 5 cm. long, clavate, red, more or less tuberculate, deeply umbilicate, without prominent glochids; seeds irregular, 4 mm. broad. Type locality: E1 Rancho, Guatemala. Distribution: Arid valleys of Guatemala. Illustrations: Safford, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. 1908: f. 13, 14; Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: pl. 41, 42. Figure 39 illustrates joints of a plant obtained from Frank Weinberg in 1910. —~ & yo E Se eo : g . \ N y y ort eZ, © Sr eS WS ft af Awe Wo Fic. 40.—Nopalea lutea. Xo.4. Fic. 39.—Nopalea guatemalensis. Xo.4. 3. Nopalea lutea Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 405. 1909. More or less arborescent, 5 meters high or less, with a short, definite trunk and several large, lateral, more or less spreading branches; joints obovate to elliptic or oblong, ro to 22 cm. long, pale green, slightly glaucous; areoles about 2 cm. apart, large, filled with short brown wool; spines weak, yellow, acicular or bristle-like, the longest 4 cm. long; flowers 5 cm. long; petals red, 2 cm. long; 36 THE CACTACEAE. ovary with numerous prominent areoles filled with yellow bristles; fruit red, 4 cm. long; seeds 4 to 5 mm. in diameter. Type locality: Near El Rancho, Guatemala. Distribution: Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. This species, although not discovered until 1907, is very common, extending from altitude 300 meters at El Rancho to altitude 1,100 meters near Aguas Calientes. Accord- Fic. 41.—Nopalea dejecta. ing to Mr. Charles C. Deam, who has explored extensively in Guatemala, the plant when growing on river sand-bars is low, but in rich soil is tall. Our reference of this species to Nicaragua is based on a specimen collected by A. S. Oersted in 1845-1848 between Granada and Tipitapa. The joints of this, however, are nearly orbicular or a little longer than broad, with numerous brown spines and glochids. More material may show that this specimen should be referred elsewhere. Illustration: Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: pl. 58. Figure 40 shows a joint of a plant from Guatemala, received from F. Eichlam in rort. NOPALEA. aa 3a. Nopalea gaumeri sp. nov. (See Appendix, p. 216.) 4. Nopalea auberi (Pfeiffer) Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1840. 64. Opuntia aubert Pfeiffer, Allg. Gartenz. 8: 282. 1840. Often 8 to 10 meters high, with a cylindric, jointed trunk, never very spiny, but the areoles bearing tufts of brown glochids; branches often at right angles to the stem; joints narrow, thick, 3 dm. long, bluish green and glaucous; areoles circular, about 2 mm. broad, bearing short white wool and later a tuft of brown glochids; spines, when present, 1 or 2, subulate, the upper one about twice as long as the other, white or nearly so, with brownish tips, the longest one 2 to 3 cm. long; flowers from base of ovary to tip of style about 9 cm. long; petals erect, closely embracing the stamens, rose-pink, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3.5 cm. long; filaments 12 to 15 mm. longer than the petals, white below, but the exposed parts pinkish; anthers dehiscing before maturing of stigma; style stout, light pink with a large, white, circular disk just above the constricted base; stigma- lobes green; ovary 4 cm. long, with low but very distinct tubercles and a deep umbilicus, its areoles bearing many brown glochids, these sometimes 10 mm. long. 1850. oS Dy = @ J ow { . , Sy) d ay S Wy > ry) = j aS py sh C1 oF Vic. 44.—Nopalea inaperta. 0.5. Fic. 43.—Nopalea karwinskiara. Xo.5 Fic. 42.—Nopalea dejecta. 0.33. Type locality: Erroneously cited as Cuba. Distribution: Central and southern Mexico. Illustration: Addisonia 1: pl. ro. Plate Iv, figure 2, represents a flowering joint of a plant obtained by W. E. Safford at Guadalajara, Mexico, in 1907; figure 3 shows young fruit of the same plant; plate v is from a photograph taken by Dr. MacDougal near Mitla, Mexico, in 1906. 5. Nopalea dejecta Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 64. 1850. Opuntia dejecta Salm-Dyck, Hort. Dyck. 361. 1834. Plant 1 to 2 m. high, with a definite trunk, very spiny, the old areoles often bearing 6 or 8 spines; joints narrow, 10 to 15 cm. long, only moderately thick, often drooping, bright green even in age, bearing usually two somewhat spreading spines at an areole; spines at first pale yellow or pinkish, in age gray, the longest 4 cm. long; flower, including ovary and style, 5 cm. long; sepals obtuse; petals erect, dark red; stamens long-exserted, dark red. Type locality: Erroneously cited as Havana, Cuba. Distribution: Common in cultivation in tropical America; perhaps native in Panama. Opuntia diffusa and O. horizontalis are both given by Pfeiffer (Enum. Cact. 159. 1837) as synonyms of this species. 38 THE CACTACEAE. Illustrations: Agr. Gaz. N. S. W. 25: pl. opp. p. 138; Roig, Cact. Fl. Cub. pl. [6], this last as Nopalea aubert. Plate tv, figure 4, shows a flowering joint of a plant obtained from Mr. S. F. Curtis in 1897. Figure 41 is from a photograph taken by Dr. Juan T. Roig in the Havana Botanical Garden, Cuba; figure 42 shows a joint of a plant collected by Mr. J. F. Cowell at Panama in 1905. 6. Nopalea karwinskiana (Salm-Dyck) Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen 752. 1898. Opuntia karwinskiana Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 239. 1850. A tree, 2 meters high or more, with a definite jointed terete spiny trunk; joints oblong, 1.5 to 3 dm. long, light dull green, only slightly glaucous; leaves elongated, acute; areoles distant; spines 3 to 7 from an areole, porrect, 1 to 2 cm. long, pale yellow to nearly white; glochids yellow, numerous, caducous; flowers red, 11 to 12 cm. long; ovary deeply umbilicate, 3 cm. long. Type locality: In Mexico. Distribution: Mexico. Fics. 45, 46.—Flower of Tacinga funalis. Xo.9. Fics. 47, 48.—Tacinga funalis. Xo.6. Drawing by A. Lofgren. This species was sent from Mexico by Karwinsky, who supposed it was an Opuntia. When described by Salm-Dyck in 1850 it had not flowered. It was re-collected by Edmund Kerber near Colima, Mexico, and flowered for the first time in cultivation in 1879. Our description is drawn chiefly from a plant now in the New York Botanical Garden, obtained from M. Simon, of St. Ouen, Paris, France. In the original description it is stated that the young spines are 2 to 4 and rose-colored, but afterwards 18 to 20, gray and deflexed. O. nopalilla Karwinsky (Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 68. 1850) was first given as a synonym of this species. Figure 43 represents a joint with young fruit, from a plant sent by M. Simon, St. Ouen, Paris, France, in rgor. 7. Nopalea inaperta Schott in Griffiths, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 23: 139. 1913. Described as 5 to 7 meters high, but in cultivation much smaller, diffusely branched, often bush-like; trunk very spiny; terminal joints rather small, obovate, 6 to 17 cm. long, strongly tuberculate, bright green; spines usually 3 to 6 at areoles of young joints, more at old ones, yellowish PLATE V BRITTON AND ROSE Nopalea auberi as it grows near Mitla, Mexico. Photograph by D. T. MacDougal. u TACINGA. 39 brown, 2 cm. long or less; flowers rather small, including ovary and stamens 4 cm. long; filaments numerous, long-exserted; style much longer than the stamens; stigma-lobes 5, green; fruit small, red, 1.5 cm. long. Type locality: In Yucatan, Mexico. Distribution: Yucatan. Dr. Griffiths states that he found this species in the Albert S. White Park, Riverside, California, in 1904. Inthe Bulletin of the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station No. 60 he describes and illustrates it, but without specific name. Later he identified it as the same as one of Schott’s specimens from Yucatan, and then published it as above. Dr. Griffiths compares it with NV. auberi, but its nearest relative is N. karwinskiana, from which it differs in its smaller and more tuberculate joints and much smaller flowers. Illustration: N. Mex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 60: pl. 3, f. 1, as Nopalea. Figure 44 shows a joint from a plant obtained by Dr. David Griffiths at Riverside. 4. TACINGA gen. nov. Long, clambering or climbing cacti, more or less branched; old stems smooth, brown; branches faintly ribbed, terete; young branches green, each tipped with a tuft of long wool or soft hairs; are- oles small but conspicuous, black, the margin giving off long, white, cobwebby hairs; leaves minute, soon deciduous, 3 to 4 mm. long; spines sometimes present, on young joints 2 or 3, reflexed, appressed, brown, 2 to 3 mm. long, not seen on old branches; glochids from the upper parts ofjthe areoles, pale yellow, numerous, caducous, falling in showers at the slightest jarring of the branch; flower-buds acute; flowers usually terminal, opening in the evening or at night; ovary narrow, bearing numerous areoles, the umbilicus very deep; petals few, spreading or recurved; a row of hairs between the petals and the stamens; stamens and style erect, much longer than the petals; fruit oblong, the upper half sterile, bearing areoles but no spines; seeds nearly globular, white, covered with a bony aril. This genus is intermediate between Opuntia and Nopalea, having the erect, non-sensitive stamens of the latter, and the areoles, leaves, and glochids of the former. From Opuntia it differs in its narrow, green, recurved petals, in having one or possibly more rows of hairs between the stamens and the petals, in the clambering or climbing habit, and its very caducous glochids. Only one species is known, this a common and characteristic plant of the catinga* in Bahia, Brazil, whence the anagramatic name. 1. Tacinga funalis sp. nov. At first erect, then climbing over shrubs or through trees, 1 to 12 meters long, some- what branching; old stems woody, slender; branches usually reddish, the areoles borne on low ribs; glochids short; flower, includ- ing ovary, 7 to 8 cm. long; sepals about 10, short, ovate, acute, 5 to15 mm. long; petals Fic. 49.—Tacinga funalis. Showing how it climbs over bushes. about 7, green, 4 cm. long, acute, revolute; stamens erect, connivent, not sensitive; anthers narrow, elongated; style elongated, thread-like, most slender below, a little longer than the stamens, 4.5 cm. long, cream-colored; stigma-lobes 5, green; fruit 4 to 5 cm. long; seeds 3 to 4 mm. broad. * Catinga or caatinga is the common Brazilian name for the thorn-bush desert region in Bahia, Brazil. Dr- Albert Lofgren says that the name (best spelled caatinga) is of Indian origin, meaning caa = wood, fozest; tinga = white, clear; a forest in which one can see far. 40 THE CACTACEAE. Common in the dry parts of Bahia, Brazil, where it was collected by Rose and Rus- sell in 1915 (No. 19723, type). Dr. Zehntner thinks there may be a second species, as he has found one with purple flowers; specimens from southern Bahia had purple buds, but the open flowers were not seen. The type comes from Joazeiro, northern Bahia. Dr. Rose studied this species in the field and believed it to be new. On reaching Rio de Janeiro, he found that Dr. A. Lofgren had also studied it, referring it, however, to Opuntia, using the above specific name. Figures 45 and 46 are copied from drawings of the flowers given to Dr. Rose by Dr. Lofgren; figures 47 and 48 are from twigs of the plant grown at the New York Botanical Garden; figure 49 is from a photograph of the type plant. 5. MAIHUENIA Philippi, Gartenflora 32: 260. 1883. Plants low, cespitose, often forming small, dense mounds; stems jointed; joints small, globular or short-cylindric; leaves small, usually terete, persistent; leaves of seedlings terete, ascending, with 2 long white bristles in the axils; areoles filled with white wool; spines 3, the central one elongated, the 2 lateral ones small and very short; glochids wanting; flowers large for the size of the plant, yellow or red, usually terminal; petals distinct; flower-tube none; stamens and sty’e much shorter than the petals; fruit juicy (described as dry in one species), oblong to obovoid, bearing small scattered, ovate, persistent leaves; wall of fruit thin; cotyledons linear; seed black, shining, with a brittle testa. Fic. 50.—Maihuenia valentinii. Type species: Opuntia poeppigit Otto. There are five species described, rather closely related, natives of the high mountains of Chile and Argentina. The generic name is derived from maihuen, the native name of the plant. This is a small, localized genus; it is perhaps nearest Opuntia, but is without glochids and has different seeds. ‘The first species was described in 1837, and a second in 1864, both as Upuntia. Weber in 1898 transferred them to Pereskia, proposing a new subgenus for them, but they are much less like Pereskia than Opuntia, for, except as to the seeds, they have little in common with Pereskia; in habit, leaves, spines, flowers, and fruits they are quite unlike any of the pereskias. MAIHUENIA. 4l Key TO SPECIES. Jomtsisubsloboseseeeree eerie ere oon 1. M. patagonica Joints oblong to cylindric. Leaves linear, 4 to6 mm. long............. 2. M. poeppigit Leaves ovate to subulate, 2 to 4 mm. long. Joints spineless below.................. 3. M. brachydelphys Joints spiny all over. Leaves on the ovary with white hairs imMAtheineaxi] Sherer ae ese 4. M. valentinii Leaves on the ovary without hairs in Phere ail Sey eM Men nate beng col yen ce tey ea 5. M. tehuelches 1. Maihuenia patagonica (Philippi). Opuntia patagonica Philippi, Linnaea 33:82. 1864. Pereskia philippit Weber, Dict. Hort. Bois 939. 1808. Maithuenia philippii Weber in Schumann, Gesamtb. Kak- teen 757. 1898. Low, much branched, and dense, resembling Sem pervi- vum tomentosum in habit; joints subglobose, 1 to 1.5 em. in ate Ahh diameter; leaves subulate, green; young areoles bearing !6- 51-—Maihuenia poeppigii. Xo.75. 6 3 5 : Fic. 52.—Maihuenia brachydelphys. Xo.75. white hairs; spines weak, hardly pungent, white, the longest ro to 15 mm. long; flowers 2.8 to 3 cm. long; fruit 8 to ro mm. long, thicker than long; leaves on the ovary ovate to lanceolate, fleshy, naked in their axils, except some of the upper ones; seeds round, 3 to 4 mm. in diameter. Ty pe locality: In southern Argentina. Distribution: Near snow-line on southern mountain ranges of Argentina and Chile. Opuntia philippii Haage and Schmidt, without description, is given by Weber (Dict. Hort. Bois 939. 1898) as a synonym of this species. This is called by the natives espina blanca. 2. Maihuenia poeppigii (Otto) Weber in Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen 755. 1898. Opuntia poeppigii Otto in Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 174. 1837. Opuntia maihuen Remy in Gay, Fl. Chilena 3: 29. 1847. Pereskia poeppigit 43. O. pachypus Suse G KO AL WHS lovkealnis MGENVSS WO) wo} 115} saab WOW coro oodscohoceocerbebsoudnecusunenoones 44. O. cylindrica 41. Opuntia subulata (Miihlenpfordt) Engelmann, Gard. Chron. 19: 627. 1883. Pereskia subulata Mihlenpfordt, Allg. Gartenz. 13: 347. 1845. Opuntia ellemeetiana Miquel, Nederl. Krudk. Arch. 4: 337. 1858.* Opuntia segethii Philippi, Bot. Zeit. 26: 861. 1868. Wither with a simple erect stem or with several main branches from the base, 2 to 4 meters high; trunk 6 to ro cm. in diameter, the old bark smooth and brown, its areoles bearing clusters of 8 spines or more; branches numerous, more or less clustered but not whorled, at first almost at right angles to main stem but soon erect, bright green; leaves persistent, green, nearly at right angles to branch, straight or somewhat bowed above, nearly terete, pointed, 5 to 12.5 cm. long, grooved on the under side; tubercles large, depressed, becoming obliterated on old branches, arranged in longitudinal or spiral lines, more or less diamond-shaped, but retuse at apex and pointed or attentuate below, 2 to 4 cm. long; areoles in the retuse grooves of the tubercles bearing a few short yellow spines or some- times spineless, but usually having 1 or 2 slender spines; flowers borne toward the ends of the branches; sepals reddish, minute, 4 to 8 mm. long or less; petals broader than the sepals, orange or greenish yellow; style rose-red except the whitish base, including the stigma-lobes about 3 cm. long, about as long as the longest stamens; stigma-lobes 5 or 6, slender, orange-yellow; fruit oblong, more or less persistent, 6 to 10 cm. long, leafy, with a deep umbilicus, sometimes proliferous; seeds few, 10 to 12 mm. long. Type locality: Valparaiso, Chile, but doubtless described from cultivated plants. Distribution: Chile is usually given as the home of this plant, but it is not found wild there. It may be a native in Argentina. This species has long been in cultivation, it having originally been sent from Valpa- raiso, but Dr. Rose did not find it wild there or in any other part of Chile. It is rarely seen in cultivation in Chile. For many years it passed as a species of Pereskia, but in 1883 Dr. George Engelmann pointed out that it could not be retained in that genus and transferred it to Opuntia. The leaves are the largest in the genus, and it has larger seeds than any other Opuntia. We have referred Opuntia ellemeetiana (originally described from Chile), a species with very long leaves, to O. subulata, although we have never seen specimens. Schumann did not know it and only lists it. *Schumann says 1859. 76 THE CACTACEAE. We have been able more definitely to refer here Opuntia segethi, for we saw not only Philippi’s type specimens in his herbarium, but also living specimens grown from Philippi’s original stock. The type specimen was from plants cultivated at Santiago, but in a later publication he states that his species grows spontaneously near Arequipa. A part of this latter material is preserved in his herbarium at Santiago, which Dr. Rose was able to study; he also examined the Arequipa plant alive, and is convinced that it is quite different, being the plant common in Peru and Bolivia described below as Opuntia exaltata. Illustrations: Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 3": f. 56, L; Gard. Chron. III. 34: f. 33, 38; Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 8: 7; 9: 183; Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen f. 103; Neub. Gart. Mag. 1893: 291, this as Pereskia subulata; Bot. Zeit. 26: pl. 13, C. f. 1; Gartenflora 32: pl. 1129, f. 5, the last two as Opuntia segethit. Figure 90 is from a photograph of a plant at the New York Botanical Garden grown from a cutting brought by Mrs.H. L. Britton from the Riviera, Italy, in 1907. 42. Opuntia exaltata Berger, Hort. Mortol. 410. 1912. Stem 2 to 5 meters high, with a definite trunk 5 to 30 cm. in diameter when well grown, much branched; ultimate joints fleshy, easily detached, somewhat curved upward, clavate, strongly tuber- culate; tubercles large, 1.5 to 3 cm. long, more or less diamond-shaped, elevated, and rounded; areoles rounded, filled with short white wool; glo- chids often wanting, when present brown; leaves fleshy, terete, 1 to7 cm. long; spines on young joints 1 to 5, mostly 1 to 3, dark yellow or brownish, unequal, the longest ones 5 cm. long; spines on old wood numerous, sometimes 12 or more, often 13 em. long, brown, with roughened tips; flowers, in- cluding ovaries, 7 cm. long; sepals and petals brick- red; outer sepals ovate, small, the inner ones pass- ing into petals; petals 2 cm. long, broadly obovate to broadly spatulate, sometimes nearly truncate at apex; stamens numerous, short, pinkish above, nearly white below; style swollen below, pinkish; stigma-lobes greenish; ovary 4 cm. long, deeply umbilicate, with large flat tubercles; areoles on ovary circular, filled with short brown and white wool, long, loosely attached brown spines, and a few shorter glochids, and subtended by small, tardily de- ciduous leaves; fruit green, pear-shaped, 9 cm. long, usually sterile; seeds large, irregular, 10 mm. broad. Fic. 90.—Opuntia subulata. Type locality: Not cited; described from cultivated plants. Distribution: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and probably northern Chile. This Opuntia is called pataquisca by the Cuzco and Arequipa Indians, and is also known as espina. This species was the most widely distributed Opuntia seen by Dr. Rose on the west coast of South America; but it is difficult to decide whether it is really native there, for it is widely cultivated as a hedge plant in many places. It seems to be native along the upper Rimac of central Peru; at least it is well established on the hills. Although very common in southern Peru and about La Paz, Bolivia, it is probably introduced for it grows only about towns and cultivated fields and seems never to produce fertile fruit. About Cuzco it is likewise cultivated, but maybe a native there also, for the fruit is generally fertile. BRITTON AND ROSE PLATE XIII 1. Opuntia exaltata as seen in the highlands of Peru. 2. Clump of Opuntia floccosa as it grows in the valleys of the Andes of eastern Peru. OPUNTIA. Lal Opuntia maxillare Roezl (Morren, Belg. Hort. 24: 39. 1874), published without description and probably collected in the high mountains above Lima, may belong here. Opuntia cumingu, of European gardens, belongs here. It was briefly mentioned in the journal of the Berlin Cactus Society (Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 7: 160. 1897), but not formally described. Schumann referred it to O. pentlandit. This species is near Opuntia subulata, but probably is distinct, although it is not always easy to distinguish them in greenhouse plants. Berger speaks of the similarity of the two as follows: “This new species stands very close to O. subulata, and may be easily mistaken for it, but when grown side by side the differences are quite obvious. OQ. exaltata is a taller plant with generally longer branches, and somewhat glaucous instead of grass-green. The tubercles are more elongated and differently marked. ‘The leaves are shorter, the spines, when young, are not white, but yellowish brown, generally stouter and stiffer. I have not yet seen a flower of it. It is an old inhabitant of our gardens.”’ Plate xu, figure 1, is from a photograph taken by Hiram Bingham, July 7, 1912, near Tipon, Cuzco Valley, Peru, showing the plant near the upper left-hand corner; plate xv, figure 1, repre- sents a leaf-bearing joint of a plant sent to the New York Botanical Garden from La Mortola, Italy, in 1915; figure 2 represents the lower part of a fruiting branch obtained by Dr. Rose at Cuzco, Peru, in 1914. 43. Opuntia pachypus Schumann, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 14:26. 1904. Plant about 1 meter high, much branched and candelabrum-like; branches cylindric, 3 to 5 cm. in diameter, either straight or curved, marked with broad tubercles; leaves subulate, pointed, constricted at the base, 4 mm.long, early deciduous; areoles circular, borne at the upperedges of the tubercles, 4 mm. in diameter, filled with short wool; spines 20 to 30, subu- late, 5 to 20 mm. long; glochids yellow; flowers scarlet, 7 cm. long, including the ovary; petals variable, the longest ones 1.4 cm. long; style very thick, 9 mm. long; stigma-lobes 5 mm. long; ovary more or less spiny. Type locality: Near Santa Clara, Peru. Distribution: Central Peru, near the coast. We know this species only from the description and illustra- tions. In 1914 Dr. Rose made several unsuccessful efforts to find it at Santa Clara, the type locality. Fic. 91.—Opuntia pachypus. Illustrations: Engler and Drude, Veg. Erde 12: pl. 5°; Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 14: 27. Figure 91 is copied from the second illustration above cited. 44. Opuntia cylindrica (Lamarck) De Candolle, Prodr. 3: 471. 1828. Cactus cylindricus Lamarck, Encycl. 1:539. 1783. Cereus cylindricus Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 183. 1812. More or less branched, 3 to 4 meters high, the old trunk becoming smooth; joints cylindric, obtuse at apex, green, with slightly elevated tubercles; leaves deciduous, 10 to 13 mm. long, terete, acute; areoles depressed, filled with white wool, bearing some long hairs and at first 2 or 3, afterwards more, short white spines (spines often wanting on greenhouse plants); flowers appearing just below the ends of the terminal branches, small, inconspicuous, about 2.5 cm. broad, scarlet; petals small, erect, obtuse; stamens numerous; style slender, 2.5 cm. long; ovary strongly tuberculate, depressed at apex; fruit about 5 cm. long, yellowish green; seeds more or less angled, 4 to 6 mm. in diameter. Type locality: In Peru. Distribution: Highlands of Ecuador and Peru. The home of this species is usually given by recent writers as Chile, but Lamarck, who described it first in 1783, said it came from Peru. Dr. Rose, who visited Peru and Chile in 78 THE CACTACEAE. 1914, was not able to find it wild in either country but found it abundant in Ecuador in 1918. This species was introduced into England in 1799, but flowers were not known until about 1834. There are two abnormal forms in cultivation which are offered under the names variety cristata and monstruosa. Several varieties of this species are given in catalogues: cristata (Haage and Schmidt, Haupt-Verzeichnis 1908: 228. 1908); cristata minor Haage and Schmidt (Verzeichnis Blumenzwiebeln 1913: 37. 1913); and robustior (Haage and Schmidt, Haupt-Verzeichnis 1908: 228. 1908). Illustration: Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 61: pl. 3301; Carnegie Inst. Wash. 269: pl. 10, f. 88. Plate xiv, figure 2, shows a leaf-bearing top of a plant grown at the New York Botanical Garden. Series 12. MIQUELIANAE. Bushy plants, with elongated cylindric bluish joints; tubercles large, elevated; leaves minute, early deciduous. ‘The series consists of but one species, confined to the deserts of northern Chile. 45. Opuntia miquelii Monville, Hort. Univ. 1: 218. 1840.* Opuntia pulverulenta Pfeiffer, Allg. Gartenz. 8: 407. 1840. Opuntia pulverulenta miqueliti Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyk. 1844. 49. 1845. Opuntia geisset Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile 85: 492. 1894. Opuntia rosiflora Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen 686. 1898. Often growing in colonies 2 to 5 meters broad; stems cylindric, much branched, usually less than 1 meter high, but occasionally 1.5 meters high, with numerous lateral branches; branches rather short, usually only 8 to 20 cm. long, thick (5 to 6 cm. in diameter); old branches bluish green, with low tubercles sometimes 2 cm. long; young joints bright green, with high tubercles flattened laterally ; spines tardily developing, but formidable on old branches, very unequal, in clusters of 10 or more, the longest ones nearly 10 cm. long, whitish in age; glochids numerous, brownish, caducous; leaves minute, 2 to 3 mm. long; areoles circular, when young filled with white wool, in age somewhat ele- vated on the areoles; flowers rather variable in length, 4 to 8 cm. long including the ovary, rose- colored to nearly white; petals broad, apiculate, 2 to 2.5 cm. long; filaments rose-colored; ovary strongly tuberculate; areoles filled with numerous brown glochids and subtended by minute leaves; style white; stigma-lobes green; fruit ovoid to oblong in outline, nearly white; umbilicus truncate; seeds small, 4 mm. broad. Type locality: In South America, but no definite locality. Distribution: Province of Atacama, Chile. Opuntia miquelit and O. pulverulenta have long been considered identical. We have not seen the types of either, but are following such authorities as Salm-Dyck (in 1850), Labouret (1853), and Riimpler (1885) in uniting them. They seem to have been pub- lished in the same year. Opuntia geissei, according to a statement made to Dr. Rose by Juan Sohrens, of San- tiago, is the same as O. muiquelii, and this the former was able to verify by later herbarium and field studies. Opuntia rosiflora Schumann was based on Philippi’s unpublished name O. rosea; while O. rosea was made by Philippi the type of O. geissei. This is clearly shown by Philippi’s herbarium, where he has erased the name O. rosea and substituted O. geissei. Dr. Rose also obtained from William Geisse a part of Philippi’s original specimen, which came, as the label states, from near Bandurrias, in the valley of Carrizal, in the Province of Atacama. Later on, while making field observations in Atacama, Dr. Rose found this species very com- mon from north of Castillo to Vallenar. This is in the general region of O. geissei (O. rosea and O. rosiflora) and in the river valley of the Huasco. Huasco, the type locality of O. miquelu, is 25 miles lower down this valley, and we have no hesitancy in uniting them all. Although this species is not uncommon in cultivation, it has rarely been seen in flower, and we believe that the fruit has not heretofore been described. *Schumann states that this book was published in 1839. BRITTON AND ROSE PLATE XIV M. E, Eaton del. 1. Flowering branch of Opuntia burrageana. 3, 4. 2. Opuntia cylindrica. 5) Joints of Opuntia stanlyi. Flowering joint of Opuntia macrorhiza. (All natural size.) OPUNTIA. 79 Dr. Rose observed a single plant infested by Loranthus aphyllus, the parasite which is so abundant on Cereus chiloensis. Opuntia heteromorpha Philippi (Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile 18917: 28. 1891) we refer here on the authority of Schumann, but we have seen no specimens, the type specimen being missing from the Philippi herbarium in Santiago; it was collected at Chiquito, Tarapaca, Chile. Dr. Weber thought that Opuntia segethit belonged here, but we have referred it to O. subulata. Opuntia carrizalensis Philippi is only mentioned by Schumann. (Gesamtb. Kakteen Nachtr. 152. 1903). It is doubtless to be referred here. Plate xvi, figure 1, is from a plant collected by Dr. Rose at Vallenar, Chile, in r914. Series 13. CLAVATAE. Here we include nine prostrate or spreading, low species, natives of the southwestern United States and Mexico, characterized by clavate joints and by sheathless spines, although rudimentary sheaths have been observed on young spines in some of the species; they appear to form a transition between the subgenus Cylindropuntiaand the South American subgenus Tephrocactus, from which they differ essentially in having clavate joints. KEY TO SPECIES. Spines flattened. Stems very stout. Stans Inereallhy Gewenes Ovaiay Wear wellhys oncooseacuoncobonsanaunuonneeensvesesadcaes 46. O. invicta Stemsristricthyaclavateyovanvaonlyaslichthyapri chivas eee par eae ae arian mn ene 47. O. stanlyt Stems more slender and weak. Sjortarss loro nay, Slsavclsse, hoyarsy (i, uo) © Cao, Mhoyats))o ose cc casucnoasokcudvondsounevsandeoneens 48. O. schottit Spines stout, white, when old very flat. BRAS On. Cneiny GinGl qe VAIO +- bo on owegesoddcossbangeuudndavstousabuanenupeas 49. O. clavata IBTGHeS Ol Cyeiny EiaGl 1EABINE ROY ob coovencnencacghocsoaccudadcadcoupneboconsndnye 50. O. parishii Spines terete, elongated, and flexible, or the central ones somewhat flattened. Flowers pinkish or purple. IDRCQUSS OM CHAIY TMCS, COP. 6 -ooonscnnsdoosonosoneseconvondousednonue™s 51. O. pulchella Bristlesyon ovary Lew, y white gi ciers ine ouete che meee NIN eure eit cee hier earn RR ears 52. O. vilis Flowers yellow. Spinesicompanativelysshortsswollenvatibasesen iar ne entire irate 53. O. bulbispina Spineshlonpaandatlexiblemsnotssw oll enkaityaSeerireica er: tyrone nent arene ie 54. O. grahamii 46. Opuntia invicta Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 2: 163. 1889. Plants growing in large clusters 2 meters in diameter and 2 to 5 dm. high, with many ascending or spreading branches; joints obovoid to clavate, dark green, 8 to 10 cm. long, strongly tuberculate; tubercles large, flattened laterally, 3 to 4 cm. long; areoles large, 1 to 1.5 cm. in diameter; leaves linear, 8 to 14 mm. long, reddish, curved, acute, deciduous; spines very formidable, when young reddish or purple with carmine-red bases, chestnut-brown at tips and grayish between, but in age dull in color; radial spines 6 to 10; central spines 10 to 12, much stouter than the radials, strongly flattened; wool white; glochids few, white, 2 to 4 mm. long; flowers yellow, 5 cm. in diameter; sepals ovate, acuminate; ovary 2 cm. in diameter, almost hidden by the numerous reddish, acicular spines; seeds yellowish, 2 mm. broad. Type locality: About San Juanico, Lower California. Distribution: Central Lower California, at low elevations. Mr. Brandegee has called attention to the strong resemblance in habit of this species to some of the species of Echinocereus, and Dr. Rose states that when he first saw it he supposed it to be some strange Echinocereus. It grows in great tufted masses and does not suggest in the remotest degree any of our North American opuntias. The species clearly belongs to Engelmann’s series Clavatae, where it was placed by Schumann, who associated it with O. cereiformis, but it is undoubtedly much nearer to O. stanlyi. So far as we know, the plant has never been in the trade; it does not succeed well in cultivation. Considerable living material was brought back by the Albatross in 1911, most of which was sent to the New York Botanical Garden; but some of the plants were sent to collections at St. Louis, Washington, and Los Angeles. Illustration: Cact. Journ. 1: February. 80 THE CACTACEAE. Plate xvi, figure 2, represents a plant collected by Dr. Rose at San Francisquito, Lower California, in 1911. 47. Opuntia stanlyi Engelmann in Emory, Mil. Reconn. 158. 1848. Opuntia emoryi Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3:303. 1856. Opuntia kunzet Rose, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 505. 1908. Stems low, usually less than 3 dm. high, much branched, creeping, forming broad, impenetrable masses 2 to 3 meters in diameter; joints ro to 15 cm. long, clavate, more or less curved, strongly tuberculate; tubercles 3 to 4 cm. long, flattened laterally, 4 to 6 cm. apart; spines numerous, stout, elongated, somewhat roughened, reddish brown, the larger ones strongly flattened, 3.5 to 6 cm. long; flowers yellow, 5 to 6 cm. broad; fruit ovate, clavate at base, yellow, 5 to 6 cm. long, very spiny, with a depressed umbilicus; seeds flattened, 4.5 to 6.5 mm. in diameter. Type locality: On the del Norte and Gila, New Mexico. Distribution: Southwestern New Mexico to eastern Arizona and adjacent Mexico. O. stanlyi was first found October 22, 1846, by W. H. Emory on his first trip across the continent; he reported the plant as abundant on the Del Norte and Gila. There has been much speculation as to what this species is, for no specimens were preserved. Dr. George Engelmann, who named the species, based it upon a sketch made by the artist of the expedition, Mr. J. M. Stanly. By a reference to Emory’s itinerary we find that on October 22, 1846, he was in southwestern New Mexico. In 1908 Dr. Rose visited this region where he collected the various species of cacti to be found there. The only plant which we know from that part of New Mexico which could represent O. stanlyi is Opuntia emory1; this was the conclusion reached by Wooton and Standley, who, in their Flora of New Mexico, have restored the name O. stanly. We have referred Opuntia kunzei here because recent specimens sent in by Dr. Kunze have taken on a phase very much like the true O. stanlyi. There is a possibility that O. kunzei should be maintained, for we are not altogether convinced that certain material we have seen should be merged into O. stanlj1. To clear up this point, it is hoped that someone will collect and preserve a full series of specimens showing flowers, fruits, and seeds. Illustrations: Emory, Mil. Reconn. App. 2. f. 9; Amer. Garden 11: 531?; Cact. Journ. 1: 154; Cact. Mex. Bound. pl. 70, 71, these last three as Opuntia emoryi; Hornaday, Camp- fires on Desert and Lava opp. p. 116, this as Opuntia kunzet. Plate xiv, figure 3, represents a plant collected by Dr. R. E. Kunze near Gunsight Mountains, Arizona, in 1912; figure 4 shows a leaf-bearing joint of the same plant. 48. Opuntia schottii Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3: 304. 1856. Prostrate, rooting from the areoles, forming dense clusters sometimes 2 or 3 meters in diameter ; joints clavate, curved, ascending, easily breaking off, 6 to 7 cm. long, 2 cm. in diameter at thickest part, strongly tuberculate; leaves subulate, bronze-colored, 6 to 8 mm. long, acuminate; areoles 1 to 1.5 cm. apart; spines white and sheathed when young, soon brown, the larger ones sometimes as many as 12, very slender, sometimes 6 cm. long, somewhat flattened; wool white when young, turning brown; glochids white when young, turning brown, 4 mm. long or less; flowers yellow, 4 cm. long including ovary; sepals narrow, acuminate; petals acuminate; fruit yellow, narrowly oblong in out- line, a little narrowed at base, 4 cm. long, closely set with areoles bearing numerous short spines, bristles, and white wool, the umbilicus depressed; seeds yellow, flattened, 4 mm. in diameter, notched at base. Type locality: Arid soil near the mouth of the San Pedro and Pecos, western Texas. Distribution: Southern and western Texas and northern Mexico. Opuntia schottit greggii Engelmann (Cact. Mex. Bound. 68. pl. 73, f. 4. 1859), which came from near San Luis Potosi, Mexico, where it was collected by Dr. J. Gregg, in Decem- ber 1848, is much out of the range of the normal form and probably belongs elsewhere; but no specimens have been examined except the type, whichisfragmentary. Engelmann at first considered it a distinct species. Illustration: Cact. Mex. Bound. pl. 73, f. 1 to 3. ‘ Figure 92 represents joints of a plant collected by Dr. Rose at Langtry, Texas, in 1908. BRITTON AND ROSE t \ PLATE XV M. . Baton del. 1, 2. Parts of joints of Opuntia exaltata. 3. Upper part of joint of Opuntia macrarthra. 4. Upper part of joint of Opuntia tortispina. (AII natural size. ) OPUNTIA. 81 49. Opuntia clavata Engelmann in Wislizenus, Mem. Tour North. Mex. 95. 1848. ‘ Plants low, not over 1.5 dm. high, much branched at base, spreading, forming large patches sometimes 2 meters in diameter; joints short, 3 to 7 cm. long, turgid, ascending, clavate; areoles close together; leaves subulate, 4 to 5 mm. long; spines pale, somewhat roughened, the radial ones 6 to 12, slender and acicular, 4 to 16 mm. long; central spines 4 to 7, much longer than the radials, more or less flattened, the largest one dagger-like; glochids numerous, yellowish, 3 to 5 mm. long; flowers yellow, 3.5 to 4 cm. long; fruit 4 to 5 cm. long, with numerous areoles filled with yellow, radiat- ing glochids; seeds white, 5 mm. broad. Type locality: Albuquerque, New Mexico. Distribution: New Mexico, chiefly in the central part of the State. This is one of the most characteristic species of the genus and has no near relative except O. parishi, of the deserts of California and Nevada. It.is a great pest to grazing stock. Illustrations: Bull. Agr. Exper. Station N. Mex. 78: pl.[1, 2], Pac. R. Rep. 4: pl. 22, f. 1 to 3; pl. 24, f. 6. Figure 93 represents joints of a plant collected by W. T. H. Long at Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1915. Fic. 92.—Opuntia schottii. Xo 75. Fic. 93.—Opuntia clavata. Xo.75. 50. Opuntia parishii Orcutt, West Amer. Sci. 10: 81. 1896. Stems low, creeping, rooting along the under surface and forming dense, broad clusters; terminal joints short, clavate, ascending but almost hidden under the dense armament; tubercles prominent but short, 5 to 7 mm. long; spines at first reddish but soon grayish and finally nearly white; radial spines numerous, slender; central spines about 4, strongly angled and more or less flattened, 2 to 4 cm. long; glochids numerous; flowers not known; fruit 5 cm. long, the numerous large areoles bearing many long yellow glochids and short spines forming a radiating band about the margin; seeds dark, 4 mm. broad. Type locality: Mohave Desert. Distribution: Southern California and Nevada. The species here described is the Opuntia parryi as described by Engelmann in 1856, although he then suspected it was different from that species. It has been renamed Opuntia parishit by Orcutt, who wrote as follows: “We propose this name for that interesting plant of the Mohave desert region, hitherto called O. parryi, and under which it has been well described. The Messrs. Parish have hardly earned this light honor in many laborious trips through these desert regions, and I take pleasure in dedicating this species to them; Opuntia parryi (type from San Felipe), along with bernardina and echinocar pa, and a bewildering host of nameless forms, I unhesitatingly class under serpentina!”’ Illustrations: Cact. Journ. 1:132; N. Amer. Fauna 7: pl. 10; Pac. R. Rep. 4: pl. 22, f. 4 to 7; pl. 24, f. 7, all as Opuntia parryt. Figure 94 represents joints of a plant collected by S. B. Parish in southern California. 82 THE CACTACEAE. 51. Opuntia pulchella Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2: 201. 1863. Low, 10 to 20 cm. high, densely branched, sometimes forming compact heads 6 dm. in diameter; main stem more or less definite, covered with areoles bearing yellow glochids 10 to 12 mm. long; lateral joints 5 to 6 cm. long, narrowly clavate, strongly tuberculate, purplish; areoles 6 to 8 mm. apart, 2 to 3 mm. broad; spines ro to 16, slender, reddish, the longer ones 5 to 6 cm. long, somewhat flattened; flower 5 cm. long, when open, fully as broad; petals purple, 3 cm. long; ovary 2 cm. long, bearing numerous areoles filled with white wool and purple glochids ro to 12 mm. long; fruit about 2.5 cm. long; seeds (according to Coulter) thick and round, 4 mm. in diameter, with broad flat com- missure. Type locality: Sandy deserts on Walker River, Nevada. Distribution: Nevada and Arizona. The plant was first collected by Henry Engelmann in 1859, and brought to his brother, Dr. George Engelmann. ‘The species does not succeed well in cultivation under glass. Illustration: Simpson’s Rep. pl. 3. Figure 95 is from an herbarium specimen collected by Thomas H. Means at Fallon, Churchill County, Nevada, in 1909. : ual AA Ral AN WAS Ne Fic. 94.—Opuntia parishii. Xo0.66. Fic. 95.—Opuntia pulchella. 0.66. 52. Opuntia vilis Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 293. 1909. Low, creeping, often forming mats several meters in diameter and only 10 to 15 cm. high; joints prostrate, becoming erect or ascending, the ultimate vertical ones clavate, 5 cm. long, the others 2 to 4 cm. long, very turgid, pale green, with low tubercles; leaves terete, 2 to 3 mm. long, acute, red; young areoles bearing white wool; radial spines upward of 12, the number increasing with age by the addition of very small whitish ones; central spines on prostrate joints 4, reddish, white-tipped, 1 to 4 cm. long, terete, slightly scabrous, with a sheath 5 mm. long, those of clavate joints white, reddish on the upper surface at the base, and along the whole of the lower surface flattened; flowers 4 cm. long; petals brilliant purplish, 2 cm. long; filaments bright yellow with green bases; style white; stigma-lobes yellow; fruit pale green, blackening in drying, 2 to 2.5 cm. in diameter, 2.5 to 3 cm. long, tuberculate, especially about the margin of the umbilicus, spiny, fluted above, somewhat dry, with large white seeds. Type locality: Foot-slopes and plains of Zacatecas, Mexico. Distribution: State of Zacatecas, Mexico. Illustrations: Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: pl. 27; f. 36. Figure 96 is from a photograph of the type plant taken by F. E. Lloyd in Zacatecas, Mexico, in 1907. OPUNTIA. 83 Fic. 96.—Opuntia vilis. 53. Opuntia bulbispina Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3: 304. 1856. Stems low, forming wide-spreading clumps 6 to 12 dm. broad; joints ovoid in outline, 2 to 2.5 em. long by 10 to 12 mm. in diameter; tubercles prominent, 6 to 8 mm. long; radial spines 8 to 12, acicular, 3 to 6 mm. long; central spines 4, much stouter than the radials, 8 to 12 mm. long, bulbose at base; flower and fruit not described in original description and as yet unknown. Type locality: Near Perros Bravos, north of Sal- tillo, Mexico. Distribution: Coahuila and probably into Durango, Mexico. The type of this species was collected by Josiah Gregg in 1848 and it has not with certainty been found since; it has been reported from one or two localities, but doubtless erroneously. At one time we supposed certain plants collected by Dr. Palmer in Chihuahua were to be thus referred. It is possible that specimens collected by Dr. Chaffey near Lerdo, Durango, may be referred here, as they have the short joints of this species, but the central spines are much longer, often reaching 2.5 to 3.5 cm.long. ‘The type is deposited in the Engelmann Herbarium at St. Louis, and although the material is poor, it may yet serve to clear up this i) We. vi species definitely. ? \ (| As stated by Coulter, this species has been re- / \ garded as the same as O. tunicata, a plant to which it y |i is very remotely related. a Illustration: Cact. Mex. Bound. pl. 73, f. 5, 6. Figure 97 is copied from the illustration above cited. 54. Opuntia grahamii Engelmann, Proc. Amer. Acad. 3: 304. Fic. 97.—Opuntia bulbispina. 1856. Roots at first thick and fleshy, becoming woody, 2 cm. thick or more; plant low, much branched, spreading, forming low mounds often half buried in the sand, sometimes giving off roots at the are- oles; terminal joints erect, clavate, bright green, 3 to 5 cm. long, with large oblong tubercles; leaves thick, bronze-colored, ovate, acute, 3 to 4 mm. long; areoles about 3 mm. broad; wool white; spines 8 to 15, slender, slightly scabrous, terete or some of the larger ones slightly compressed, white when young, soon reddish, the longest 3.5 to 6 cm. long; glochids numerous, slender, 4 mm. long or less, 84 THE CACTACEAE. white, turning brown, persistent on the old stems; flowers yellow, 5 cm. broad; sepals ovate, acute, about 5 mm. long; fruit oblong to ovoid, 3 to 4.5 cm. long, its numerous areoles bearing white glochids and some slender spines; seeds beakless, 5 to 5.5 mm. in diameter, the commissure indistinct, linear. Type locality: Near El Paso, Texas. Distribution: Western Texas, New Mexico, and adjacent parts of Mexico. This species was named for James Duncan Graham, Colonel, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, who died December 28, 1865, at Boston, Massachusetts. Colonel Graham was for a time chief of the scientific corps of the United States and Mexican Boundary Commission, and caused the specimens of this plant to be transmitted to Dr. HG. 68" Omintiagrahaenit Score. George Engelmann. The plant succeeds rather well in cultivation under glass. Illustrations: Cact. Mex. Bound. pl. 72; Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen f. 102. Figure 98 represents joints of a plant collected by Dr. Rose on hills near Sierra Blanca, Texas, in 1913. Subgenus 2. TEPHROCACTUS. Includes all the South American species of Opuntia which have short, oblong, or globular joints. It is hardly to be distinguished from the North American series Clavatae. Four series are recog- nized. ‘The plants are confined to Peru, Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina. (See key to series, p. 44.) Series 1. WEBERIANAE. Plants low, forming dense clumps; joints subcylindric, strongly tuberculate and bearing numer- ous spines. This series suggests Platyopuntia, while the other series show closer relationship with the Cylindropuntia. Only one species known, inhabiting the dry part of northern Argentina. 55. Opuntia weberi Spegazzini, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires III. 4: 509. 1905. Densely cespitose, forming clumps 2 to 3 dm. in diameter and 10 to 18 cm. high; joints yellowish green, erect, cylindric, strongly tuberculate, 2 to 6 cm. long, 1.5 to 2 cm. in diameter, densely spiny; : aif \V TES Yeo Fic. 99.—Opuntia weberi as it grows wild. OPUNTIA. 85 leaves described as wanting; tubercles spirally arranged, obtuse, somewhat 4-angled, 5 to6 mm. broad; areoles somewhat depressed; spines 5 to 7, brown, 3 to 5 cm. long, flexuous, the upper ones erect; flowers borne near the top of the plant, small, solitary; ovary somewhat woolly below and with short spines above; flower rotate, yellow; fruit dry, white, ro mm. in diameter; seeds somewhat contorted, bony, glabrous. Type locality: In Sierra Pie de Palo, Province of San Juan, Argentina. Distribution: Mountains of Provinces of San Juan and Salta, Argentina. This description, though largely drawn from Dr. Spegazzini’s full account of this species, has been amplified from examination made of the type. Dr. Spegazzini refers it Fic. 100.—Opuntia weberi. Natural size. to the subgenus Tephrocactus, and we have followed him in this; but it differs widely from any other known species of that group and its true affinity may be elsewhere. If the plant is leafless, as Dr. Spegazzini’s description implies, this is a most interesting exception to the character of Opuntia. Figure 99 is from a photograph of the plant at Molinos, Argentina; figure 100 is from a photograph of the type specimen in the collection of Dr. Spegazzini, to whom we are indebted for both of these illustrations. 86 THE CACTACEAE. Series 2. FLOCCOSAE. Low plants, forming dense clumps or mounds; joints short, thick, and fleshy, usually covered with long, white, silky hairs. The two species are common in the high valleys of the Andes of Peru and Bolivia. Key TO SPECIES. Spintessyellow s Stout ies sir cenc ears cee eee ee eee Po eae eek nro rea eR Perea ec eter 56. O. floccosa Spines white;yacicilaris. faces ccleaner Sey one ree emo ete ie oe eich a ieee rea 57. O. lagopus 56. Opuntia floccosa Salm-Dyck, Allg. Gartenz. 13: 388. 1845. Opuntia senilis Roezl in Morren, Belg. Hort. 24:39. 1874. Opuntia floccosa denudata Weber, Dict. Hort. Bois 897. 1898. Opuntia hempeliana Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen 690. 1898. Plant growing in clumps or low mounds sometimes 1 to 2 meters in diameter, with hundreds of short, erect branches; joints oblong, 5 to 10 cm. long, usually hidden under a mass of long white hairs coming from the areoles; spines usually one from an areole, sometimes as many as three, yellow, 1 to 3 cm. long; leaves minute, green or pinkish; tubercles somewhat elevated, elongated; flowers, small, 3 cm. long, yellow; fruit globular, 3 cm. in diameter: seeds 4 mm. in diameter, with very nar- row margins. Fic. ror.—Opuntia floccosa. Type locality: Said to be from vicinity of Lima, Peru, but doubtless only from the high mountains east of Lima. Distribution: High mountain valleys and hills of the Andes from central Peru to central Bolivia. O. floccosa is one of the most unusual and striking species of all the opuntias. One who is familiar only with the opuntias of North America would not suspect that it belongs to the genus. It does not grow on the hot mesas in the low country, as one would expect, but in the high, cold valleys and hills near the top of the Andes. The following paragraph, taken from John Ball’s notes, is interesting in this connection: Reserving some remarks on the botany of this excursion, there is yet to be mentioned here one plant of the upper region so singular that it must attract the notice of every traveler. As we ascended from Casapalta we noticed patches of white, which from a distance looked like snow. Seen nearer OPUNTIA. 87 at hand, they had the appearance of large, rounded, flattened cushions, some five or six feet in diam- eter, and a foot high, covered with dense masses of floss silk that glistened with a silvery lustre. The unwary stranger who should be tempted to use one of these for a seat would suffer from the experi- ment. The plant is of the cactus family, and the silky covering conceals a host of long, slender, needle-like spines, that penetrate the flesh, easily break, and are most difficult to extract. Unfor- tunately, the living specimen which I sent to Kew did not survive the journey. Dr. Rose found the plant very abundant in the Andes from 3,600 ta 4,260 meters altitude, while others have reported it as high as 4,570 meters altitude. It is very common, forming everywhere great, conspicuous, usually white mounds. Dr. Rose also found it quite common between Cuzco and Juliaca, in southwestern Peru. Mr. O. F. Cook, in the Journal of Heredity (8: 113. 1917), who has named this plant the polar bear cactus, wrote of it as follows: Many exposed slopes on the bleak plateaus of the high Andes are dotted with clumps of pure white cacti that look from a distance like small masses of snow. On closer view, the shaggy white hair of these cacti make them appear like small sheep or poodle-dogs, or like reduced caricatures of the denizens of the arctic regions. We are so accustomed to think of cacti primarily as desert plants, peculiarly adapted to hot, dry deserts, that they seem distinctly out of place on the cold plateaus of the high Andes of southern Peru. While most of the plants are covered with long white hairs, plants without hairs are not uncommon. ‘These naked plants, which are characteristic of the whole clump or colony, appear at first sight very unlike the other forms, but they grow in the same region and have the same kind of flowers and fruits. In cultivated plants few hairs are developed. The variety denudata Weber seems to be only one of these naked forms. Opuntia involuta Otto (Forster, Handb. Cact. 505. 1846) was not published, but was given as a synonym of this species. It was used the year before (Salm-Dyck, Allg. Gar- tenz. 13: 388. 1845) as a synonym of O. vestita. Illustrations: Engler and Drude, Veg. Erde 12: pl. 14; Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 11: 41, 44, these last two as Opuntia hempeliana; Journ. Heredity 8: f. 3 to 8. Plate xt, figure 2, is from a photograph taken by Mr. O. F. Cook in the high moun- tains of eastern Peru. Figure ror is from a photograph of a fragment of the plant col- lected by Dr. Rose in 1914, at Araranca, Peru. 57. Opuntia lagopus Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen Nachtr. 151. 1903. Plants cespitose, growing in compact mounds; joints stout, cylindric, 10 cm. long, 3 to 3.5 cm. in diameter, densely covered with long white hairs; leaves minute, hidden under the wool, 7 mm. long; spines solitary, white, 2 cm. long, slender; glochids white, bristle-like; flowers probably red; fruit not known. Type locality: Mountains of Bolivia above Arequipa, Peru. Distribution: On the plains of the high Andes of Peru and Bolivia (altitude 4,000 meters). This species is related to O. floccosa, with which it often grows, but it takes on a very different habit, growing in very dense, peculiar rounded mounds much higher than those formed by O. floccosa. Illustration: Engler and Drude, Veg. Erde 12: pl. 14. Figure 102 is from a photograph by H. L. Tucker, near Laxsa, Peru, in 1911. Series 3. GLOMERATAE. Plants low, composed of globose or oblong joints, the spines, or some of them, modified into flat papery processes. We recognize two species, confined to western Argentina. Kry TO SPECIES. Centralispinespapeny,radialespimesisubul ates errr cries tte: 58. O. australis Spines, when present, all developed into long papery processes................0 2.00 e eee eeeeaee 59. O. glomerata 88 THE CACTACEAE. Fic. 102.—Opuntia lagopus, growing in a mound. 58. Opuntia australis Weber, Dict. Hort. Bois 896. 1808. Pterocactus valentinii Spegazzini, Anal. Soc. Cient. Argentina 48:51. 1899. Plants often with large roots, these 5 to8 cm. long by 2 to 3 cm. in diameter and larger than the parts above ground; joints described as cucumber-shaped, usually 6 to 8 cm. long by 1 to 2 cm. in diameter, but apparently often much smaller, tuberculate; radial spines 10 to 15, spreading, white, short, 3 to 4 cm. long; central spines I or 2, much longer than the radials, 2 cm. long, erect, flattened, and somewhat papery; flowers yellow, 2 to 3 cm. broad; seeds said to be rugose. Type locality: Between Santa Cruz River and the Strait of Magellan, Argentina. Distribution: The southernmost parts of Argentina. We have recently examined three col- lections of this plant made by Carl Skotts- berg in the Territory of Santa Cruz, which in the main agree with Weber’s description. We have also seen Pterocactus valentinii, which is the same as Skottsberg’s plant. Fic. 103.—Opuntia australis. and flower. Showing large roots, joints, Natural size. Dr. Spegazzini records this species as being in Santa Cruz, Argentina; but as he regards the plant collected there by him as only a variety of O. darwinit, we are inclined to believe he must have collected something else. This species, which is found at the Strait of Magellan, extends farther south than any other cactus known to us. OPUNTIA. 89 Figure 103 is from a photograph of an herbarium specimen collected by Carl Skotts- berg in the Territory of Santa Cruz, Patagonia, in 1908. 59. Opuntia glomerata Haworth, Phil. Mag. 7: 111. 1830. Opuntia articulata Otto, Allg. Gartenz. I: 116. 1833. Cereus articulatus Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 103. 1837. Cereus syringacanthus Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 103. 1837. Opuntia platyacantha Salm-Dyck in Pfeiffer, Allg. Gartenz. 5: 371. 1837. Opuntia tuberosa spinosa Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 146. 1837. Opuntia andicola Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 145. 1837. Opuntia diademata Lemaire, Cact. Alig. Nov. 36. 1838. Opuntia turpinit Lemaire, Cact. Alig. Nov. 36. 1838. Opuntia andicola elongata Lemaire, Cact. Gen. Nov. Sp. 72. 1839. Opuntia andicola fulvispina Lemaire, Cact. Gen. Nov. Sp. 72. 1839. Opuntia andicola major Lemaire, Cact. Gen. Nov. Sp. 72. 1839. Opuntia calva Lemaire, Cact. Gen. Nov. Sp. 73.1839. Opuntia platyacantha gracilior Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1844. 43. 1845. Opuntia platyacantha monvillei Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 71. 1850. Opuntia platyacantha deflexispina Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 245. 1850. Opuntia papyracantha Philippi, Gartenflora 21:129. 1872. Opuntia syringacantha Schumann, Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 6: 156. 1896. Opuntia plumosa nivea Walton, Cact. Journ: 1: 105. 1898. Forming low, spreading clumps, the branches either erect or prostrate; joints globular, 3 to 6 cm. in diameter, often in cultivated specimens even smaller, dull grayish brown, hardly tuberculate except in drying; areoles large, bearing numerous long, brown glochids; spines often wanting, when present 1 to 3, long, weak, thin and papery, hardly pungent, either white or brownish, sometimes ro em. long; flowers light yellow, small; fruit globose, 1 to 1.5 cm. long, dry; seeds corky. Type locality: Brazil, according to Haworth, but erroneously. Distribution: Western Argentina. It has also been referred to Brazil and Chile, but surely not found in Brazil, and we should not expect it to inhabit Chile. The plant figured by Nicholson (Dict. Gard. 2:f. 755) as O. platyacantha hardly belongs here. O. glomerata, which is common on the dry hills about Mendoza, is very variable, especi- ally as to whether it is spine-bearing or not; while the spines—which are really not spines but thin ribbon-like processes—vary much as to their color, markings, and length. These variations are partly the cause of so many synonyms for the species. Dr. Rose, who visited the region in which this species grows, found wide variation in the size of the joints, as well as in the absence or presence of spines. Tephrocactus diadematus Lemaire (Cact. 88. 1868), 7. turpinii Lemaire (Cact. 88. 1868), Fie. 104.—Opuntia glomerata. Xo-5. Opuntia polymorpha Pfeiffer (Enum. Cact. 103. 1837), and Opuntia turpinii poly- morpha Salm-Dyck (Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 71. 1850) are usually given as synonyms of Opuntia diademata, but none of them was actually published. Opuntia polymorpha Pfeiffer was used by Pfeiffer as a synonym for Cereus articulatus Pfeiffer. Tephrocactus andicolus, T. caluus, and T. platyacanthus, all of Lemaire (Cact. 88. 1868), without descriptions, are referred here by inference. Spegazzini (Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires III. 4: 511. 1905) describes three varieties of this species under O. diademata, from Argentina, as follows: imermis, oligacantha, and polyacantha; while Weber (Dict. Hort. Bois 896. 1898) under the same name describes var. calva, but these all seem to be forms of this very variable species. 90 THE CACTACEAE. The following varietal names, under Opuntia glomerata var. albispina Forster (Handb. Cact. 472. 1844), var. flavispina Salm-Dyck (Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1844. 43. 1845), and var. minor Salm-Dyck (Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 71. 1850), are mentioned in the places cited, but not described. Opuntia horizontalis Gillies (Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 145. 1837) was used as a synonym of Opuntia andicola, and should be referred here. Opuntia pelaguensis (Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849. 71. 1850) was published as a synonym of Opuntia platyacantha deflexis pina. Opuntia andicola minor, an unpublished variety, is mentioned by name only in Monats- schrift fiir Kakteenkunde (10: 48. 1900). Illustrations: Cact. Journ. 1: 100, as Opuntia andicola: Engler and Prantl, Pflanz- enfam. 3°: f. 56, K.; Gard. Chron. III. 34: f. 39; Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 13: 23, these three as Opuntia diademata. Cact. Journ. 1: February; Dict. Gard. Nicholson Suppl. f. 607; Forster, Handb. Cact. ed. 2. f. 125; Gard. Chron. III. 23: f. 129; 29:f. 63; Gartenflora 21: pl. 721, f. 2, all as Opuntia papyracantha; Cact. Journ. 1: 105, as Opuntia plumosa nivea. Figure 104 represents a plant collected by Dr. Rose at Mendoza, Argentina, in 1915. Opuntia schumanni Spegazzini (Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires III. 4: 511. 1905, not Berger, 1904) is a homonym, and we hesitate to give it a new name until it is better known. The type comes from Salta, Argentina, from a region where we already have a number of species of Tephrocactus. Spegazzini, who described it, says it is related to O.diademata, which is now referred to O. glomerata, but is very distinct. It is without spines and the flowers are unknown. Series 4. PENTLANDIANAE. Plants often growing in large mounds; joints globular to oblong; spines usually slender, acicular to subulate. Seventeen species are here recognized. Key TO SPECIES. Spineshvenyslongyandistont ups toms | tol2oLcrs)l on seer eee eet 60. O. aoracantha Spines slender, 10 cm. long or less. Spines appressed to the joints. SPOUTS) 1) 10) DO), TilerquloyISS soLbowes) 77 Gin MONS, 6 oa acnooccgunccosecouwsceuunnccucoceane 61. O. rauppiana SITES G Ol. F7S IOVS 4B HO) A Otis ONG sacocoacenaccdsooSodecscaonwoennanacben Seoneuee 62. O. subterranea Spines straight, not appressed. Spines flat or semiterete. SDINESH7 CO) TOKCMIs ON Bee -y we pers ere nose SET en ms ne ee ea eee aaa 63. O. hickenii Longer spines 1 to 3. Joints ellipsoid, 4 to 5 cm. thick................ eG oe ere CEQA GENE IO tes 64. O. darwiniit joints oblong site crrbenthi ck iegs pee aa ea Une eel oe erin 65. O. tarapacana Longer spines 4 or 5. SPINES pea Y See eeh Neca scutes ese ese PN Sy SUR ali LENGE lot SEE SRR a gy 66. O. atacamensis mpinessy.ellowAl near tees er mise en weet teh rca a PeaNut ok SILA 67. O. russellii Spines terete. Spines white, at least when young. Joints stuberculate yy i toe cay ee sae Ve na ain pe ie) hoe ane aa ee aes a 68. O. corrugata Joints not tuberculate. Joints Oblon gis s07 setae seo yer a Ue a Ss ee 69. O. ovata loin tsielo bose oy cesta avees bit i oleate eta STC ual hg Agere orale Nes aes 70. O. sphaerica Spines yellow to brown or nearly black. Roots large and woody; spines nearly black....................-----e0------. 71. O. skottsbergii Roots fibrous. SPiInes purple-black as wpe yeas MARTH te is ee Ene Pee een 72. O. nigrispina Spines yellow to brown. Plants forming large clumps. Fruit about 2.5 cm. long, nearly unarmed......................... 73. O. pentlandii Fruit 5 to 6 cm. long, copiously armed with long spines above 74. O. ignescens Plants isolated, not forming clumps. Oldhjointsiglobase-ispmesiacicilars pane seen ene 75. O. campestris jointsjalltoblongeispines|subiulate seers eee eeee nent nn 76. O. ignota OPUNTIA. gI 60. Opuntia aoracantha Lemaire, Cact. Alig. Nov. 34. 1838. Cereus ovatus Pfeiffer, Enum. Cact. 102. 1837. Not Opuntia ovata Pfeiffer, 1. c. 144. 1837. Opuntia formidabilis Walton, Cact. Journ. 1: 105. 1898. Usually low, cespitose, forming clumps 2 to 5 dm. in diameter and sometimes 1 to 2 dm. high; branches grayish, either erect or prostrate, made up of 5 to 10, perhaps even more, globular joints; joints easily detached, freely rooting and starting new colonies, 5 to 8 cm. in diameter, strongly tuber- culate especially when young, the lower part spineless, the upper areoles large, spine-bearing; spines brown or blackish, 1 to 7, the longer ones 13 cm. long, straight, a little flattened, roughish to the touch; flowers white; fruit short-oblong, 3 cm. long, red, weakly tuberculate, bearing numerous areoles, usually naked but sometimes bearing a few short spines near the top, becoming dry; umbili- cus of fruit broad and depressed; seeds white, flattened, 4 to 5 mm. broad, the margins thick and corky. Fic. 105.—Opuntia aoracantha. Xo0.66. Type locality: Not cited, but doubtless from Mendoza. Distribution: Western provinces of Argentina, from Mendoza to Jujuy. Opuntia gilliesii Pfeiffer (Enum. Cact. 102. 1837, as synonym) and Tephrocactus aoracanthus Lemaire (Cact. 89. 1868) are usually given as synonyms of this species, but they were not described in the places usually cited, and as here given. Opuntia acra- cantha Walpers (Repert. Bot. 2: 354. 1843) is a typographical error. O. aoracantha, although described nearly 80 years ago, is practically unknown in col- lections and has been very poorly described. ‘The fruit has heretofore been unknown. Dr. Rose found it in 1915 in great abundance growing on dry, rocky hills west of Mendoza, 92 THE CACTACEAE. although in but one locality. A bountiful supply of living material was sent home, several photographs were taken, and fruit and seeds obtained. Opuntia tuberiformis Philippi (Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile 18917: 28. 1891), referred here by Schumann, doubtless belongs elsewhere. It may possibly belong to some Platyopuntia, for it is described as having ovate joints only 5 mm. thick. It comes from the foot of the Andes in the Province of Tarapaca, Chile. Illustrations: Gard. Chron. IIT. 34: f. 40; Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 12: 172; Cact. Journ. 1: 105, the last as O. formidabilis. Figure 105 represents a joint of a plant collected by Dr. Rose at Mendoza, Argentina, in I9I5. 61. Opuntia rauppiana Schumann, Monatsschr. Kakteenk.9:118. 1899. Joints ellipsoid, rounded at each end, somewhat tubercu- late, dark green or becoming grayish green, 7 cm. long by 4 cm. in greatest diameter; glochids yellow, 5 cm. long; spines 12 to 14, sometimes as many as 20, very weak, almost bristle-like, 2 cm. long, hardly pungent. Type locality: In the Andes. Distribution: Bolivia, according to Schumann. Little is known of the habit of this plant, as only one joint is figured and this appears to be a sickly greenhouse ae specimen. It suggests some of the species which grow in Fic. 106.—Opuntia rauppiana. large clumps like the one figured as Opuntia grata by Fries. Illustrations: Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 9: 118; Schumann, Gesamtb. Kakteen Nachtr. f. 36 (same). Figure 106 is copied from the illustration above cited. 62. Opuntia subterranea R. E. Fries, Nov. Act. Soc. Sci. Upsal. IV. 11: 122. 1905. Almost buried in the sand, simple or few-branched from a thick root 7 to 12 cm. deep: joints terete, 2 to 4 cm. long; tubercles low; spines 1 to 7, all radial, short, whitish, recurved, appressed; Fic. 107.—Opuntia subterranea_ Fic. 108.—Opuntia hickenii. Xo0.6. OPUNTIA. 93 flowers lateral, brownish; ovary small, with a depressed umbilicus, its areoles bearing small glochids and a little wool; fruit 12 to 15 mm. long; seeds 3 mm. broad, irregular. Type locality: Near Moreno, Jujuy, Argentina. Distribution: Northern Argentina and adjacent Bolivia. This peculiar little plant, heretofore known only from the type collection, was obtained by Dr. Shafer on stony plains at Villazon, Bolivia, in February 1917, but was not in bloom. Illustration: Nov. Act. Soc. Sci. Upsal. IV. 1': pl. 8, f. 4 to 8. Figure 107 is copied from the illustration above cited. 63. Opuntia hickenii sp. nov. Low, cespitose, forming clusters 1 meter in diameter; joints globular, 3 to 5 cm. in diameter, strongly tuberculate, the lower tubercles usually spineless; areoles rather large, circular; spines 2 to 5, flat and thin, narrow, weak, pungent, 5 to 12 cm. long, silvery-colored but nearly black in age; flowers yellow; fruit not known. Type in United States National Herbarium, No. 603229, from Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina, collected by Crist6bal M. Hicken. Common in Chubut and Rio Negro, southern Argentina, where it was collected several times by Dr. Hicken. Figure 108 represents the type specimen above cited. A photograph of a plant from San Juan, Argentina, communicated by Dr. Spegaz- zini, indicates another species of this relationship. 64. Opuntia darwinii Henslow, Mag. Zool. Bot. 1: 466. 1837. Low, perhaps not more than 2 to 4 cm. high, much branched at base from a more or less elon- gated woody root; joints normally few, nearly globular, about 3 cm. in diameter, or often nearly cylindric, frequently numerous and small and growing out from the main axis, then only 5 to 10 mm. in diameter; areoles large, filled with wool, the lower ones spineless; spines 1 to 3, nearly erect, the longest one 3 to 3.5 em. long, yellow or reddish yellow, decidedly flattened; flowers originally de- scribed as larger than the joints, but certainly often much smaller; petals yellow, broad, with a trun- cate or depressed top and usually with a mucronate tip; ovary, in specimens seen, only 2 cm. long, covered with large woolly areoles; styles described as stout, with 9 thick radiating stigma-lobes. Type locality: Port Desire, Patagonia, latitude 47° south. Distribution: Southern Argentina. This species seems to be common in that part of Patagonia known now as the Ter- ritory of Santa Cruz, Argentina. We have recently examined four separate collections made in this region, especially one from about Lake Buenos Aires and on the Fenix River by Carl Skottsberg, in 1907-1909. The plant is in cultivation in Europe and is offered for sale by cactus dealers. It was first collected by Charles Darwin, but only a single joint was taken, which was described and figured by Rev. J. S. Henslow. ‘The illustration of the flowers seems too large, but otherwise represents fairly well the plant as we know it. The following interest- ing note is taken from Mr. Henslow’s article as it appeared in the Magazine of Zoology and Botany, volume 1, page 467: I have named this interesting Cactus after my friend C. Darwin, Esq., who has recently returned to England, after a five years’ absence on board H. M.S. Beagle, whilst she was employed in surveying the southernmost parts of South America. The specimen figured was gathered in the month of January, at Port Desire, lat. 47° S. in Patagonia. He recollects also to have seen the same plant in flower as far south as Port St. Julian in lat. 49°S. It is a small species growing close to the ground on arid gravelly plains, at no great distance from the sea. The flowers had one day arrested his attention by the great irritability which their stamens manifested upon his inserting a piece of straw into the tube, when they immediately collapsed round the pistil, and the segments of the perianth soon after closed also. He had intended to procure fresh specimens on the following day, and returned to the ship with the one now figured, but unfortunately she sailed immediately afterwards, and he was prevented from obtaining any more. The geographical position of this 94 THE CACTACEAE. species is beyond the limits hitherto assigned to any of the order, which are not recorded as growing much south of the tropic of Capricorn. ‘The climate is remarkably dry and clear, hot in summer, but with sharp frosts during the winter nights. He found Cacti both abundant and of a large size, a little farther to the north at Rio-Negro in latitude 41° S. Illustration: Mag. Zool. Bot. 1: pl. 14, f. 1. Figure 109 is copied from a photograph of an herbarium specimen collected by Carl Skottsberg in Patagonia in 1908. 65. Opuntia tarapacana Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile 1891°: 27. 1891. Opuntia rahmeri Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile 18917: 27. 1891. Low, cespitose plants; joints small, ovoid, about 2 cm. long by 1 cm. thick, bearing spines from white woolly areoles at tips; spines usually 3, straight, 12 to 15 mm. long, white with yellowish tips; flowers yellow; petals 21 mm. long; ovary elongated, 2 cm. long. Type locality: Calalaste, Chile. Distribution: Known only from type locality, although Schumann in his Keys refers this species to Bolivia. Although the type of this species is preserved in the Museum at Santiago, Chile, it is insufficient to enable us to give a very full description. It seems distinct from the other species of the group. Fic. 109.—O. darwinii. Xo0.6. Fic. 110.—O. atacamensis. X0.6. Fic. 111.—O. russellii. X