The millionth Holstein-Friesian
registered inthe United States
was a calf-club heiter —_—
{Tilda Ormsby Lady, owned by
Hilda Techlin Appleton, is.
Clubwork placed the first
purebred in the Techhin herd

1 Tiblched by
The, olstein-Friesian

(issociation ot (America

Brattleboro ~ Vermont

.

~~

Frank O. Lowden,
Sinnissippi Farm,
Oregon, Illinois

The cow is a most won-
derful laboratory. She
takes the grasses of the
pasture and roughage of
the field and converts them
into the most perfect food
for man. In that food there
is a mysterious something
which scientists have found
essential to the highest
health of the human race, ©
and which can be found no-
where else. Men have
sought for centuries the
fabled Fountain of Youth.
The nearest approach to
that fountain which has
yet been discovered is the
udder of the cow. Without
her milk, children lan-
guish, the vigor of the
adult declines, and the vi-
tality of the human race
runs low.

The Holstein-Friesian Association of America wishes to
acknowledge the assistance rendered by the State Club Lead-
ers of the various states, the County Agents who so willingly
answered our questions, and the men of the United States
Department of Agriculture, who are devoting their time and
energy to the development of Boys’ and Girls’ Club Work.

Special credit belongs to the State Club Leaders of Wis-
consin, Minnesota and Ohio—T. L. Bewick, T. A. Erickson and
W. H. Palmer—and Ivan L. Hobson of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture, for material assistance in working
over the details and supplying illustrations for the Calf Club
Manual.

The association is particularly grateful to the Calf Club
Committee, consisting of Howard Barker, L. L. Oldham’ and
H. W. Norton, Jr., who gave freely of their time and thought,
and to the other State Secretaries who so kindly answered
questions and made suggestions from time to time.

Introduction

OR many years agricultural work with boys and
girls has been recognized in America as a great
factor in the future development of the agricul-
tural possibilities of the nation. As has been
said: ‘Our hope of the future as a food-produc-
ing country lies in our attitude toward the young
rather than in the transformation of the old.”
The movement known as Boys’ and Girls’
Club Work, which has now spread to every state in
the Union, is of comparatively recent origin. Starting
as it did with simple grain-growing and stock-judging contests,
it has developed into definite organization of our young peo-
ple largely from the rural sections with three distinct features
or purposes in mind, namely, an educational opportunity,
social development, and business training. Club work that
has as its aim merely the winning ofa prize has prey en of little
value and of short life.

Well Directed Club Work

Well-directed club work creates a spirit of co-operation—
develops team work; inspires confidence and initiative—pro-
motes leadership; increases knowledge through practical
teaching and unites home and community—builds citizenship ;
and develops the business grasp and the “cattle sense” of the
next generation—upholds our agricultural traditions.

To be sure, there are many secondary ends accomplished by
Boys’ and Girls’ Club Work such as: Keeping the young
folks on the farm; producing and conserving food ; distributing
purebred seed grains and helping rid the land of scrub bulls;
however, the fundamental point to keep in’ mind is that we
are training bo~s and girls in their life work by directing their

activities and their play into fair play. To do this properly we
must never lose sight of the boys’ and girls’ point of view.

It is not the purpose of the following pages to dictate any
hard and fast rules or plans. Local conditions will, of
course, govern to some extent the kind and amount of work
possible. Neither is it desired to lay down any set policy, but
it is hoped that the examples and suggestions given from the
practical experiences of others will be of assistance to those
desiring,to start calf club work.

Grand champion female, Holstein-Friesian heifer, Ohio
State Fair, 1020, owned by Edward Bell, a calf club boy

The Calt Club Manual

T THE outset it is well to say that boys’ and
girls’ club work is a part of the extension pro-
gram carried on by the County Agents, County
Club Agents, and Home Demonstration Agents,
with the help of the community at large. Most
counties have one or more of the above men-
tioned agents. Therefore, it is of great impor-
tance that such agents should be consulted be-
fore a definite form of organization is under way. Theextension

agents usually have a county program of work, and the Hol-
stein Calf Club should be made to fit in with their plans to the
mutual advantage of all concerned. Where no such county

helpers exist the state extension service of your College of
Agriculture should be written to for help and advice.

Leadership

Nothing starts of its own accord. There must be a pro-
moter or moving spirit. This spirit in person may be the Coun-
ty Agricultural Agent, County Club Agent, Farm Bureau
Secretary, County Superintendent of Schools, a breeder, a
teacher, a banker or other business man, or we have known
even a boy or girl to be the motive power that brought about
a very successful organization.

Experience has shown that there are many men and women
of importance interested in calf club work. In one county, for
example, the following people met to discuss the plans for a
calf club: The County Agent, the County Superintendent of
Schools, the State Club Leader, a leading banker representing
the banks of the county, two newspaper men, the county fair
secretary, and four leading Holstein breeders. It is easy to
see how each unit played a part of the whole plan. The Coun-
-ty Agent was elected as chairman and very definite plans
made and support pledged. Thus, before the campaign for
members was launched, a real program had been outlined which
brought everyone into action. The County Agent and breed-
ers were greatly strengthened by this splendid backing.

In another county there was no extension agent of any sort.
Some public spirited Holstein breeders met with the County
Superintendent of Schools and formulated a plan. The business
men fell in with the idea and the club was a real success.

Your county may require another program, but, in all
events, you will find that the more parties interested the better.
“No matter what plan is followed there should be a real com-
munity need for the work and men who are willing to carry out
the program.” If you have a county boys’ and girls’ club

.agent you are very fortunate, indeed. In some counties per-
haps a club agent may be secured. In any case, some one
person should be designated who will head up the work and as
many local leaders as possible secured. Examples of good
local leaders are: Agricultural and rural school teachers, Hol-
stein breeders, older young people in the community.

Organization of Local Clubs

It will be found of great value to organize the young people
of the various neighborhoods into local clubs and the locals
into a county club. Where it is possible, hold regular club
meetings at least once a month, A friendly rivalry is aroused
in this way from the beginning, which is invaluable to the suc-
cess of the work. The local clubs and county clubs should
have their own officers and should adopt by-laws and a reg-
ular order of business to govern their meetings. Thus the
young people are given an opportunity to run their own ai-
fairs. The practice in parliamentary proceedings and the ex-
perience gained at such public meetings are invaluable in later
years and train them to become leaders in their communities.

Records and Reports

Each boy or girl should be required to keep accurate and
systematic records. State extension departments co-operat-
ing with the extension office of the United States Department
of Agriculture have a carefully prepared record book which is
furnished to every one enrolling in club work. The books can
be secured from the State Club Leader’in the extension de-
partment of your Agricultural College. Young people enjoy
keeping these records. It teaches them business principles and
should be one of the chief means of judging results. We have
never found the slightest objection to keeping records except
{from those who are opposed to a too careful method of check-

Holstein
winners at
a State Fair

Emil Banach
will not
want to
leave the
farm

ing up on results obtained. At each club meeting every mem-
ber should give a report of the progress being made with his
calf. Troubles or misfortunes should also be reported and the
club secretary should pass them on to the county agricultural
agent or the county committee. It is very important to have
a committee of competent and interested breeders make the
rounds of the county and visit and advise with the members of
the clubs oncea month. A final report of the local clubs should
be made to the chairman of the county committee at the close
of the project to be forwarded to the State Club Leader.
General Regulations

The county should be the unit of organization. Local clubs
should be formed around the community centers. Banded to-
gether, these local clubs should form the unit known as the
county calf club.

A county calf club to be officially recognized by the Hol-
stein-Friesian Association of America must have at least ten
members, and a local club should not be organized with less
than five.

In general only purebreds are considered in up-to-date calf
club projects. Experience has proved the soundness of this

decision. However, high-grade heifers might be used the first
year so as to get a club under way—but grades should never
be allowed to compete with purebreds in the show ring. Work
toward purebreds exclusively after the first year.

Only boys or girls residing in a given county and of club
age are eligible for membership, The usual club age is from
10 to 18 years, inclusive.

Each club member should be the owner of a calf, and own-
ership in case of purebreds must be recorded on the records of
the Holstein-Friesian Association of America.

Members are asked to keep such records of cost, gain, etc..
as are required for general club work by the State Club Leader
of the state wherein they reside. The age requirements of the
calves are also governed by the rules of the state department;
some clubs will favor calves, while others may want yearlings
or bred heifers. Still others may want members to carry the
project over a number of years—starting with calves and wind-

_ing up the work when animals have passed the two-year mark.
This is immaterial as long as the practice in any one club is

A splendid showing of
Holstein-Friesian Club
calves at a County fair

The fourteen best
from one county
at a State Fair

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Minnesota Holstein-Friesian calf club entries at the National Dairy Show 1921

uniform. A club whose members start off with animals of a
uniform age, no matter what that age may be, is, generally
speaking, most successful. It is recommended that members
do not purchase calves from parents.

Members should make at least one public exhibit in their
county each year and should not be eligible to compete in
State Fair classifications unless they have done so.

No member is allowed to exhibit more than two calves in
any one class.

Don’t make a large number of members the prime object.
Get quality first. Open the project to everyone, but select, if
possible, only those who can and will complete the year’s work.
Better have ten sign up who will finish than to have fifty
start with only twenty-five coming through,

Application Blanks

An application blank requiring the signature of a definite
agreement is advisable. One state plan provides a place on
this agreement for the signature of one or both of the parents
showing their consent and backing in the project. If there is
no parent, someone interested in the future of the boy or girl
is asked to sign. This signed agreement is then sent to the
committee in charge and the advisability of accepting the
applicant as a club member passed upon. I accepted, a note
is made out for the value of the cali and signed by both appli-

cant and parent, or surety required by the bank or other party
furnishing the money. A most convenient plan is to have ap-
plication agreement and note opposite on the same card.

Ne application is accepted until investigation of the home
conditions and opportunities for success have been made, and
all applications are refused where conditions are such as to
indicate failure. This is left to the discretion of the committee.
The applications when accepted are sent on to the banks or
other parties who are backing the movement for assurance that
the funds will be subscribed. It is advisable that banks accept
applicants from their business area only.

Financing of Plan

Boys’ and Girls’ club leaders tell us that young people of to-
day don’t want something for nothing. They desire to be
treated like men and women and want to have a {ull amount of
responsibility. They especially covet confidence in their hon-
esty and ability. They love exacting detail if put to them
properly. Always present a fair, square business proposition.
, Ownership is the keynote of success with boys or girls, “my
calf, not father’s, mine at all times.”

Young folks like to be considered very businesslike. They
like to do business directly with banks or individuals, and this
is one of the best forms of business training we can give them.
Therefore, every boy or girl should own his or her calf, and
every boy or girl should be required to deal in person with
the banks or individuals loaning the money. Allow them to
borrow from neighbors or relatives, but provide a way of
borrowing which compels the giving of such security as is re-
quired by law of total strangers.

Most banks do not charge more than 6 per cent interest, and
a 5 per cent rate is frequently made on calf club operations.
Notes should be met promptly on date of maturity, but bank-
ers should show leniency in cases of accident or if misfortune
has interfered.

Supplying Calves

Purebred bulls and purebred or high grade heifers only
should be handled. Don’t offer club members inferior ani-
mals. Secure for them a number of high-quality calves and
charge them reasonably good prices. Attention should be
paid to ages of calves in making the selection so that they

will be as nearly the same age as possible so that none will be
at a disadvantage in the show ring. The date which differenti-
ates junior and senior calves should be borne in mind in this
connection. Be sure that no one is overcharged, as the finan-
cial success depends upon each youngster making a good pur-
chase as well as a good sale. Calves should be selected and
values adjusted by a committee of reliable Holstein-Friesian
breeders. Animals may be collected at convenient centers,
tagged with price and pedigree exposed, and choices drawn by
lottery by club members. It is advisable to have those to be
distributed at one time nearly equal in age, size, and value.

Insurance

It has been the experience of many clubs that a form of in-
surance is very desirable where young people invest a consid-
erable sum in one or more animals. Two methods of insuring
have been tried out with gratifying results. One is that of
regular livestock insurance offered by any of the several estab-
lished livestock insurance companies. The other plan, which
has proven very satisfactory, is a sort of mutual insurance. An
additional amount, say one-tenth of the original purchase
price of the calf, is added to the note and retained until the
close of the project, when all losses are adjusted. Losses up
to two-thirds of the original value are allowed to such as the
committee may decide are entitled to the same, it being agreed
that the committee, County Agent, or Club Agent will be
notified at the time of accident or the death of the calf. It is
further understood that the balance of this fund, after all claims
have been settled, shall be refunded pro rata to the club mem-
bers. Do not use this fund for anything else.

Calf Club Sales

The holding of strictly Calf Club sales should be absolutely
discouraged, and particularly those wherein the consignors are
allowed to by-bid, as has sometimes been the practice.

Exhibits

Each calf club member should be required to make a public
exhibit of the calf at a picnic or other summer meeting of the
County Holstein Association or Farm Bureau or at the County
Fair. County winners should go to the State Fairs, and win-
ners at the State Fairs to the National Dairy Show and large

sectional shows, such as the Eastern States Exposition, Spring-
held, Mass., Pacific International Livestock Exposition, Port-
land, Oregon, and the Dairy Cattle Congress, Waterloo, Iowa.

A Real Calf Club Boy and Calf
We would recommend in this connection that the seven
best heifer calves at the State Fair constitute the State Boys’
and Girls’ Calf Club show herd to compete against similar Hol-

stein Club herds at the National Dairy Show.
Competent judges of the breed should make awards wher-
ever the young people compete, and their decisions should be
supplemented with reasons of greatest educational value to all.

Age Classifications

There are four classifications used at the larger shows
which will be of interest to boys and girls.

1. Junior Calf. A.calf to be shown as a junior calf must
have been dropped on or after February 1st of the current year.
To illustrate, if you are showing a calf during the fall and
winter of 1922 it must have been dropped on or after February
1, 1922, in order to show as a junior calf,

2. Senior Calf. A calf to show asa senior calf must have
been dropped on or after August Ist of the previous year but
not later than January 31st of the current year. For example, if
you are showing a calf during the fall and winter shows of 1922,

it must have been dropped not earlier than August 1, 1921, and
not later than January 31, 1922, to show as a senior calf.

3. Junior Yearling. A junior yearling is classed accord-
ing to the same base dates as a junior calf but is one year
older. ‘To state it more clearly, the calf which you are showing
this year.as a junior calf will be classed next year as a junior
yearling.

4. Senior Yearling. A senior yearling is classed accord-
ing to the same base dates as a senior calf, but is one year
older. To state it more plainly, a senior calf of this year is
classed as a senior yearling next year.

The State Club Leader, County Agricultural Agent, Coun-
ty Club Agent, or fair officials in general are best able to de-
cide upon the premiums and their distribution. However,
where such experience is not available, we recommend that six
to ten premiums be offered for calves, yearlings, and two-year-
olds. These classifications should be divided into junior and
senior and male and female classes.

Sample Premium List
Junior heifer calves (dropped since February Ist of

present year).
Ist 2nd 3rd _ 4th 5th 6th

$6 $5 $4 $3 $2 $1
Senior heifer calves (dropped between August Ist of last

year and February Ist of this year).

Ist _ wud 3rd 4th 5th 6th

$6 $5 $4 $3 $2 $1
We would recommend that the boys and girls make their

entries and compete with the breeders in the open classes at

all fairs, in-addition to competing in the calf club classes.

Help Given at Fairs

The Holstein-Friesian Association of America wishes to
be of assistance at local and county shows in the matter of
recognition and by offering prizes and awards at State and
National Shows. Breeders are glad to welcome the Holstein-
Friesian Calf Club calves in the open classes. Special Hol-
stein prizes for calf club classes should be arranged for by the
authorities of the show. The recognition which will be given
at the local and county shows where Holstein-Friesian calves
are exhibited will probably be in the form of badges or rib-—

bons. Application for these should be made to the Secretary,
Holstein-Friesian Association of America, Brattleboro, Vt.

Mabel and Francis Hoddinott, proud owners at the end of the calf club season

National Organization

The Holstein-Friesian Association of America wants every
Club member owning a Holstein calf to enroll at the beginning
of the club project as a candidate for membership in the Hol-
stein Friesian Calf Club Association of America, now organ-
ized under the by-laws and supervision of this association.

Only candidates of County Holstein-Friesian Calf Clubs
who have satisfactorily completed a year’s effort in club work
are eligible to membership in the Holstein-Friesian Calf Club
Association.

A neatly engraved certificate of membership in this organi-
zation, suitable for preservation, will be issued to each boy or
girl accepted to membership.

Any boy or girl is eligible for enrollment as a candidate
for membership in the Holstein-Friesian Calf Club Association.

: Enrollment Buttons

The Club Leader should furnish a list of names and ad-
dresses of those owning Holstein calves to the National As-
sociation. “Candidate” enrollment buttons will be furnished
to each leader for distribution upon receipt of such list.

“How to fit a calf for the show.”
The first calf club demon-
stration team. Winne-

bago Couaty, Wis.

This team appeared
at the National
Dairy Show in 1920

At the end of the year the local leader will present the
names of those who have successfully finished the work for the
year to the State Club Leader, and to the Secretary of the State
Holstein-Friesian Breeders Association.

Holstein-Friesian Calf Club Association of America

When passed on to the National Association the appli-
cation should bear the State Club Leader’s signature and the
signature of the Secretary or principal officer of the State
Holstein-Friesian Breeders Association.

LiccBbe: ti nbn. we Tae tone eee ee hp , an accredited
suo heraall aves geo nlgrd slomeMaa sate vay hoc Ea County Calf Club, hav-
ing creditably completed my year’s work according to the
rules and regulations of the Calf Club Department of
255 aiite “eis rsh a ach ee -., hereby make application
for membership in the HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CALF
CLUB ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA.

In testimony thereof, please find affixed the signature of

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(State Holstein Breeders Ass’n Official)

ree

Here are the boys
who won the watches

State Holstein-Friesian

organizations support
calf club work

The success of the Holstein Calf Club depends upon the
help given between the period of distribution day and the
final round-up. In some states the State Club Leader supplies
lessons and bulletins for distribution. These will be of great
help to the members. If there is a County Club Agent, he will
no doubt visit the young people as often as possible. But his
duties are many and he needs the assistance of the Holstein
breeders. A visit means something to the boy or girl.

Help by Breeders and Achievement Day

They will work to keep up their calf if they expect a vis-
itor. As a Holstein breeder it would be well to find out what
young people have Holstein calves in your community. Then
make it a point to visit these boys and girls as often as possible.
Give them the benefit of your experience. It will help to
bring the members through in good shape. When the busy
season comes drop your young friends a note or call them up
on the phone. It will pay.

To conclude the work of the year a public achievement
day should be arranged for all who have completed the work.
This day should be a county-wide affair and a good speaker,
accustomed to addressing young folks’ gatherings, secured.

The certificates of membership in the National Calf Club organ-
ization should here be given. Make it a gala day. Call upon
leading club members for a few remarks. Special prize win-
ners might tell “how.” Invite prominent men who have helped
to make it a success, and place a few of them on the program
for five-minute talks. Arrange for songs, games, and a good
time in general. Make the day a real demonstration to the
public of the value of calf club work. If there is a Holstein
Calf Club Demonstration team in the county, place it on the
program in a prominent position. The Y. M. C. A. Secretary
or other community leader should be invited and asked to have
a part in the whole affair. Before the evening closes arrange
for a special meeting in the near future to make plans for the
coming year. A banquet given by the business men of the
county to the boys and girls continuing for another year with
their project would add greatly to the success of the day. It
would serve also as a stimulus throughout the year.

Model Constitution and By-Laws
Be it known that we, the undersigned, desiring to form
and organize a Holstein-Friesian Calf Club, do hereby asso-
ciate ourselves together and adopt and subscribe to the follow-
ing constitution and by-laws:

ARTICLE 1: “Pine name -of this clubeis.. 5.2
Holstein-Friesian Calf Club.

ARTICLE 2: The purpose of our organization is to af-
ford greater educational opportunities, social development

Every one a Holstein and every one a winner. The tails say it’s fly time

and business training; to stimulate interest in the dairy busi-
ness, especially in the production of better and more profitable
animals, and to become more intelligent judges of Holsteins
and understand particularly their breeding and feeding. These
achievements we expect to bring about through the selection,
feeding, training, fitting, and showing of one or more calves of
the Holstein-Friesian Breed by each member of the club.

Rie E jew boys amd-sitls livine vin. 2.0... a2 -
omny, between iherages. OF onc. en se years, inclusive,
are eligible to membership.

ARTICLE 4: The officers of this club shall be a president,
vice-president, and secretary-treasurer. They shall be elected
by ballot at the annual meeting and shall hold office for one
year. Their duties are such as are generally held by such offi-
cers in co operative associations. A majority vote shall con-
stitute an election.

ARTICLE 5: There shall be a board of directors con-
sisting of five. The same shall be composed of the president
of the club, two members of the club elected at large, and two
adults (men or women of the community). The directors shall
act as an advisory board and shall be elected at the annual
meeting to hold office for one year.

ARTICLE 6: The annual meeting of this club shall be
ela Gar ites. tos ama tek. ict Wa Renn tee ie, ys Sa. 2 ae each
year. Monthly meetings will be held on a given day and at a
place designated each month.

The Junior Holstein-Friesian heifer calf class at the Wisconsin State Fair

ARTICLE 7: Committees for special purposes may be
appointed by the president at any regular meeting.

ARTICLE 8: This constitution and these by-laws may
be amended at any regular annual meeting by a two-thirds vote
of the members present.

Order of Business

Call to order.

Reading of minutes of last meeting and special meetings.
Discussion of old business.

Discussion of new business.

Voting of new memberships.

Regular program.

Recreation.

Refreshments.

Adjournment.

Information

The Extension Service of the Holstein-Friesian Associa-
tion of America, located at 910 South Michigan Avenue, Chi-
cago, will gladly furnish aid and further information to all
interested in Holstein-Friesian Calf Club work.

A local Calf Club meeting under the direction of the County Agent

lectin’, Calves (°
“oc CAB Wark.

by C.M.Long

C. M. Long was born and reared
on a Missouri farm. He took the ag-
ricultural course at the University of
Missouri, was married at the end of
his junior year but finished his
course and came back for his Master
degree, after which he taught agri-
culture for several years in the Ok-
lahoma A. & M. College. For the
next five years he was a dairy farmer
and lectured for the Missouri State
Board of Agriculture, and for seven
years following that was farm ad-
visor and county agent in Missouri.
His influence in developing agricul-
ture was by no means confined to his own county. The co-
operative plan of development which he worked out in Pettis
County, Mo., where he was for five years county agent, not
only succeeded in putting that county securely on the Hol-
stein map but has given to the public an idea which many
other counties have successfully copied. He was also presi-
dent of the Missouri Holstein-Friesian Association, In the
summer of 1921 he was called to take the job as field secretary
for the Illinois Holstein-Friesian Association. He does not
lack for ideas and he has the ability to carry them through
successfully.— Maurice 8. Prescott.

E THINK the best place to select club calves is
from the breeders in the home county. Getting
the calves from the local breeders will cause
them to take more interest in the club. Some-
times a breeder takes special interest in the boy
who gets his calf and a close friendship springs
up that is mutually beneficial. However, it is
not alWays possible to select the calves at home. I know that
sometimes clubs are started in localities where there are no

Holsteins or where they are few in number. In this event
the club should get in touch with the field secretaries of the
states in which they wish to buy cattle. These secretaries are
acquainted with the breeders and know where buyers will get
good treatment. They feel a responsibility for the cattle
that they help locate.

When to Buy

The time of the year in buying is not of so much impor-
tance. However, as a rule calves can be bought cheaper in the
fall before going into winter quarters than in the spring after
they have been wintered and are about ready for grass.

The writer’s experience has been that August and Sep-
tember—a between season time—have offered the best oppor-
tunities.

Type or Breeding

One of the most perplexing questions in the mind oi the
beginner is: “How much importance shall I attach to type and
how much to breeding?” Meaning by type general outline,
size and dairy appearance. Meaning by breeding what miglit
be called pedigree, or more particularly records in the pedigree,
oroduction records of the animal’s immediate ancestry.

Our advice would be to get as much of both for your money
as possible. When the money is limited, as it usually is in
club work—and sometimes too limited—one cannot expect to
buy animals of good type and from ancestors with the highest
production records. If I were given my choice, at the same
price, of two animals, one having sire and dam with even ex-
ceptionally high records but a poor individual—see article on
Type—and the other with sire and dam with no production
records but a good individual, I would take the good individual.

Health Conditions to Be Observed

The diseases that give the purebred breeder the most con-
cern are tuberculosis and contagious abortion. In selecting

the club calves care should be taken to get animals free from
these. The best way to guard against tuberculosis is to buy
from federally accredited herds or herds under federal super-
vision.

About the only way to guard against abortion is for the
buyer to keep his eyes open when he goes to a farm to pur-
chase calves.

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The field secretaries of the various states can be of the
greatest assistance to buyers in these respects, as they usually
know where there has been trouble.

What Age Calves Are Best?

Three ages have been selected and success resulted in
each case. They are baby calves from 3 to 6 weeks of age,
yearlings and bred heifers. Each class has its advantages and
disadvantages.

Baby Calves

The advantages of this class are that the initial cost is
much less and a much wider field of selection may be had, as
they can be shipped from almost anywhere by express. It
is a greater achievement to take a little calf and grow it up than
to take some of the older classes that are able to take care of
themselves to a certain degree. Thus there is greater develop-
ment for the club member with this kind of calf. This point
is of considerable importance since club work is for the purpose
of developing boys and girls rather than cattle. The close
association of the club member with his calf creates a greater
love for it, which makes for better care. When this calf has
become a cow there is no question about the owner not know-
ing how to take care of the second calf. In the south they are
less susceptible to ticks.

The disadvantages are that the mortality is greater. In
the experience of the writer it will average about 10 per cent.
It takes a longer time to get returns on the investment if the
calf is kept to maturity. It is not possible to tell much about
the final type at the time they are bought. As a rule, fewer
people have purebred calves of so young an age for sale. How-
ever, they can usually be procured in a cheese or a wholemilk
district. The writer has had considerable experience with
calves of this age and finds them quite satisfactory, regardless
of apparent difficulties.

Yearling Calves
It always seemed to the writer that Holsteins at this age
sold at the greatest disadvantage at the public sales. To that
extent this is a desirable age to purchase. The mortality should
not be very great and the type is fairly well fixed by this time.
The main disadvantage is that there is a long period between
the purchase and the time any returns may be expected. Then,

-

too, a calf at this age can rustle for itself to a certain extent
and there is danger of it being turned out with the rest of the
herd and neglected.

Bred Heifers

In many respects this is the most desirable age for cali
club work. The buyer has opportunity to see how the animal
has developed. The type is definitely fixed. The mammary
development is such that some idea of the milking qualities can
be obtained. If they are purchased within 3 or 4 months of
freshening the club member’s interest is more easily main-
tained by watching the rapid development from then to the
time of freshening. It is not very long until returns from the
investment may be expected, which can be applied to the pay-
ment of the note. While the initial investment is greater the
almost immediate returns will enable the club member to pay
it sooner. Some of the disadvantages are that this kind of an
animal usually sells at a premium. When we consider that
we are getting two in one this may not be so serious. If they
are bought too close to freshening there is some danger in
shipping. If the time of freshening is more than three months
away they may not prove with calf and disappointment will
result.

The age of the calves chosen will depend on the amount
of money available per club member, the length of time that
money is available if it is borrowed and the age of the club
members. Ifthe club members are in age near the lower limit,
I would prefer the baby calves; if they are nearer the upper
limit I think I would prefer the bred heifers. I think it would
be easier to maintain the interest in either case.

Conclusion

In any event, I would carry sufficient insurance to cover
unexpected loss. It would be a serious thing to have a club
member go in debt for his calf and lose it and have this debt
hanging over him.

In closing, let me summarize. Buy as close to home as_
possible and only from reliable breeders. Place type above
breeding. - Look carefully to the health of the herds from which
your calves come. Choose the age best suited to the age of
your club members and the amount of money you have to in-
vest. Be sure to provide a method whereby club members may
pay their way out and still remain in the dairy business.

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lial.

.

eedin.
WE sroin Calves

by Earl V Upton

Nk WEA

Earl W. Upton, manager and
part owner of the famous Dutch-
land herd. at Brockton, - Mass.,
grew up on a farm near my home
town of Lacona, N. Y. His early
training was in general farming
and with an ordinary dairy herd,
his first Holstein experience com-
ing after he had attained his ma-
jority. Adterna) little. experience
as herdsman in the pioneer herd
of Henry Stevens & Sons, he went
with Mr. Fred Field’s Dutchland
; herd at Brockton, Mass., and there
he has been ever since. Under his efficient management this
herd has come to be recognized as one of the outstanding suc-
cesses of the Holstein industry. By constructive breeding
and intelligent care and management, the herd seems to grow
better year by year, until last year it stood out as the leading
winner of production prizes in the Holstein-Friesian Associa-
tion of America. Mr. Upton is the man on the job who sees
that things are done as they ought to be. Whatever he does
or whatever he takes responsibility for is well done. The his-
tory of the Dutchland herd and of the successful retail milk
business, also managed by Mr. Upton, is all the evidence
needed to prove that point.— Maurice 8. Prescott.

HE calf that is properly fed and handled will
make a better and more profitable cow. Great
care should be taken throughout the develop-
ment of a calf, but more especially when_ the
calf is first born, as a large percentage of the
losses in calves occurs before they are ten days
old. The feed and treatment of the dam have
quite an influence on the health of the calf, but
in this article we shall endeavor to take the calf at birth and
line up the care and treatment until it comes into milk.

When you are absolutely sure that the mother of the calf
is perfectly healthy in every way, leave the calf with its mother
for 48 hours, as nature has provided something in the colostrum
milk that is hard to replace. That is, the colostrum milk seems
to open up the bowels and start digestion in the calf better
than any other known method. Should there be anything
wrong with the mother—that is, if she should have inflamma-
tion of the udder, retained afterbirth, or have any ailment that
would tend to leave her in a feverish condition, the calf should
be taken from her immediately after it is born.

When the calf has not had the colostrum milk, we récom-
mend feeding, after 12 hours, one quart of whole milk (this
milk should be taken from some other fresh cow, preferably
low in butterfat, and it should be fed at the same temperature
as when taken from the cow) and one tablespoonful castor oil.
This will act as a very fair substitute for the colostrum milk.

What to Feed a Calf

We would suggest feeding the calf one quart of milk three
times a day for the first five or six days and then gradually in-
creasing until the calf is taking about two quarts three times
daily, when it is two weeks old. It can then be safely changed
from the three to the two-times-a-day feeding.

We feel that starting a calf on a small amount of milk for
the first two weeks enables us to build up a perfect digestion
so that the calf later can take a much larger amount of milk
and make more rapid gains than when overfed when young.

When the calf is two weeks old, it will start eating whole
oats and corn—just a small amount. For some unknown reason
this whole grain, which requires the calf to take time in order
to masticate it, seems to aid digestion and give. much better
results than the ground feed. Also start at this time to give
the calf whatever water it will drink, three times a day.

Also start giving some fine clover or alfalfa hay when the
calf is about three weeks old. Never feed timothy. Gradually
increase on the milk until it is getting at least eight quarts,
when it is five weeks old, at which time we suggest changing
from the whole to the skimmilk. Start this by adding a quart
of the skimmulk to the wholemilk ration and increase each feed
until it has changed to the skimmilk. As soon as the calf is
- on a whole ration of skimmilk, we use a gruel made from equal

«

parts of linseed meal and corn or hominy meal. This gruel is
made with boiling water to the consistency of heavy molasses
and is fed in the milk.

If possible, we like to continue the skimmilk and gruel
ration with the hay and whole grain until the calf is about six
months old. We then change to the ground grain with a little
silage and beet pulp and with a grain ration consisting of equal
parts of bran, ground oats, linseed meal, and one-half parts
hominy or corn meal. We feed them on silage and whatever
grain they will lick up clean in 15 minutes and then follow this
feed with hay, preferably an Alsike mixed.

Probably there is no one thing at this stage that is more
helpful than a large amount of hay as it develops capacity and
gives the calf a large barrel which later is very essential if the
calf is to develop into a cow that will convert a large amount of
_ roughage into milk.

We feel confident that calves that are especially well grown
for the first year will be greater producers if they are turned
to pasture and get entirely away from the grain feeding for
several months. We like to breed them so they will come in
milk when about 27 or 28 months old, and when coming from
pasture after months without anything except what they get
in the pasture, they are in ideal shape to fit for either a seven-
day or a year record.

Overfeeding on Wholemilk

We have seen many spiendid animals that have been
spoiled by overfeeding, especially with wholemilk. They be-
come too fat, which seems to become a part of their nature
so that when they come in milk they still retain this flesh which
they have always had and will not make the same large pro-
duction as the heiter that has been to pasture and away irom
this continual grain feeding.

Whatever method is used in feeding, remember there are
two or three very important things to bear in mind to get the
best results. First, be sure that the animal, after it becomes
five or six months of age, is fed to develop capacity and barrel.
Second, guard against the animal’s being too fat from the time
it is a year old to the time it is within two or three months of
calving. Third, be sure that the animal after it is four weeks
old is given plenty of exercise throughout its entire develop-
ing stage.

ittin’, Calves
iS the Sho

OO. Zehring,

Oscar O. Zehring of German-
town, Ohio, is a self-made Hol-
stein man. Starting in the busi-
ness with very little capital or edu-
cation along breeding and dairy-
ing lines, he has, by diligent appli-
cation, made himself well in-
formed on every phase of the sub-—
ject. He -has, been “parctienians
successiul in his breeding oper-
ations, having bred and developed
a number of state champion pro-
ducers as well as first-prize win-
ners at the National Dairy Show.
When the National Dairy Show
came down to Columbus in 1917, Mr. Zehring was on the job
with his entire herd, and there were no culls in the bunch,
either. He secured a number of first prizes and was one of the
heaviest winners in the show. He is vice-president of the
Ohio Holstein-Friesian Association, and the association
showed its confidence in his ability and judgment when they
placed him in charge of their show herd which made the
southern circuit in 1921—Maurice 8. Prescott.

ITTING animals for the show is a great. deal
more important than beginners generally realize.
No old showman overlooks the importance of
proper fitting. He begins many months in ad-
vance to bring his animals gradually into the
best possible condition.

Fitting—proper fitting—must be learned by

experience, the same as any other phase of

dairying. However, the following general recommendations

will serve as a basis for successful conditioning of animals
with special reference to calves.

Keep each calf by itself, let no two calves be in the same

stall, if it can be avoided. No two calves can be handled the
same. Diseases are less likely to be communicated when this
rule is observed.

Keep the calves in the barn and allow them all the sun-
shine they can get. This sunshine should come in through
the windows of the stable, and not directly on the calf out in
the barn yard.

The calf should not be put out on pasture under a year of
age. Let it exercise in the yard for a little while each day.
Pasture does not furnish enough nutriment for the growing
calf, and its digestive organs have not been developed suffi-
ciently to handle grass in quantity.

Do not blanket calves unless you are preparing for show-
ing. Blanketing raises the heat so that the hair will not grow,
whereas natural temperature and ordinary handling will in-
duce the hair to grow as a protective covering. Later the
blanket can be put on. Good blankets can be purchased from
various houses, but as a rule a satisfactory blanket for a calf
can be made from burlap sacks, sewing two of these together
and attaching straps on each side which fasten around the hind
legs and are secured at the hips.. One strap fastens under the
animal immediately behind the front legs and one strap holds
the blanket at the neck.

For your summer show begin to fit your calf three months
ahead of the usual time, say June Ist. You have a definite
day to get ready for and it is your task to get the calf or ani-
mal you are showing in bloom just at the right time.

Brushing calves stimulates circulation of the blood, which
aids digestion. A common horse brush is generally used, al-
though some dairymen prefer a grass wheat brush.

The glossy skin on a calf is evidence of good feeding.

Crushed oats are an excellent feed for the calf. Calves feel
their oats just as horses do—they show more life and snap
when on this feed.

By all means, do not overfeed and ruin your calf. Don’t
be too anxious, as you have plenty of time. Only by gradually
bringing the animal into condition can you succeed. Over-
feeding may cause bloat, which, though perhaps not fatal, will
certainly set your calf back beyond all hopes of successfully
fitting it by show time. If a calf always comes up to eat, is
alert and shows a bright eye, you can be sure that its feed is

doing the work. If the opposite is true and the calf acts slug-
gish or its coat shows up rough and its ears droop, the calf is
not doing well on its feed.

Clip your animal about two weeks before showing. This
gives the coat a chance to grow out nicely and does not show
that it has been clipped.

Polishing the Horns

Before clipping, wash your calf to remove the dirt and
other material from the coat, making it possible for the clip-
pers to work smoothly. Your calf will stand better as the
clippers will not pull. If the horns need attention, use a rasp
on older animals, and remove all the first rough layer present.
On calves use a file. Follow this by sandpaper or emery paper,
using, first, a coarse grade and then a real fine grade. , Next,
mix a little sweet oil with pumice stone on a flannel rag and
rub the horns briskly by drawing the cloth over them. Some
breeders also use rotten stone, a black material, which, mixed
with water, will give the same result. Both rotton stone
and pumice can be secured at any drug store. Do not work
on the horns too vigorously with the rasp or sandpaper, or you
will cause the blood to come. The hoofs of the animals are
fixed up in the same way. For the final gloss apply a little
shoe polish. This will give the horns and hoofs the high polish.
In putting on the polish for the first time work patiently and
get a very high gloss. This will last several days, sometimes
several weeks. A day before the show go over the horns again.

Fluffing the Tail

To make the tail of the animal nice and fluffy, wash the
tail in soapsuds the day before the showing and while wet
and still a little soapy braid it tightly and keep it tied over
night until about an hour before you are to go into the ring.
Then comb and fluff it out.

From the very first week that you have your calf let it.
get accustomed to a halter and lead it around for its daily exer-
cise. If possible, run and play with it every day. It’s good fun
and you will enjoy it as much as the calf will. Soon the calf
learns to follow by the halter, and when show time comes
your calf will stand or lead just as you want it to do.

how vines, lloksteins Yi | Ee é
7

Fred iE. ee - - ‘. | , bi

Np a

Fred’ Klussendorf is: one) ‘of a
family of livestock men. As man-
ager of Meadow Lane Farm, Wau-
kesha, Wis., he picked out the
foundation animals that have won
grand championships at the Na-
tional Dairy Show for the past
two years and he also selected the
bull and his offspring which won
first prize in the get of sire class the
past two years at the National
Dairy Show. Fred Klussendorf is
a high type of showman, always
courteous and a good sportsman,
but alert and on his toes to show
his animal at its best. For the past two years he has been in
charge of Wisconsin’s state show herd, awarded first prize in
the state herd contest at the National Dairy Show both years.—
Maurice §. Prescott.

SSUMING that the animal that you are to show
has been selected with all the skill at your com-
mand; that it is an animal showing constitution
and capacity ; that it conforms as far as possible
to the highest standards of breed type; that it
shows all the indications of production and
dairy temperament and quality; that it has been
properly fitted; that you have led and posed it

every day for a long time; given that all these things have been

done faithfully and well, you are ready to lead it into the ring.
Have a neat-looking halter on the calf. It need not be an
expensive one but should fit well and be of good appearance.

Don’t have a rope on it big enough to tie an elephant nor have

fringes hanging all around but let it be clean and neat.

Have your calf or older animal so trained that it will walk
into the ring with head up, and without any pulling and haul-

ing. Take your place in the line and keep a space of at least
three feet between your animal and the next.

In the Ring

Now remember that for the length of time that your ani-
mal is in the ring your whole attention should be given to that
animal and to the judge. Do not let your attention be drawn
from your work in the ring. This means no visiting with
Johnnie Jones; no looking over the crowd to see if they are all
watching you. You must be entirely occupied with seeing
that your animal is standing squarely on its feet; that you keep
it properly posed at all times. Above everything, at this par-
ticular point, do not allow it to stretch itself after the manner
of a saddle horse—as so many the past year seemed inclined
to do. Some believe that this may cover up a slopey rump,
but it never deceives the judge, and it usually brings out other
faults.

As the judge comes down the ring toward you, stand on
the opposite side from him, so that he may see at a glance the
top line, length and depth of body, and the entire general out-
line of your animal. After he has passed you, quietly step to
the other side—always remembering that your animal, your-
self and the judge are the only things to be considered by you
while in the ring.

When the judge walks up to you to examine your animal,
be sure to stand on the opposite side, and, as he feels of the
hide, allow the head of your calf to very slightly turn toward
him. This will enable him to take hold of it more easily and
determine its softness and quality. He will now examine for
veining and milk-well openings, for ribbing and openness of
vertebrae ; in females, for placing of teats, attachment and qual-
ity of udder; in males, for placing of rudimentaries and how
well cut out behind; also for length and levelness of hip. As
he walks to the head of your animal to examine that, and to
better observe the spring of fore rib and depth of chest, stand
slightly to one side. Your calf should be so well trained that
vou will be able to do this without the animal moving from
position.

Be courteous to the judge and superintendent or other
persons in charge. Do as you are told by them, and, should
you leave the ring without a ribbon, do not go away discour-

.

Oe RD EE “ae e¢

aged but with a determination to get the blue next time. Find
out where your faults were and correct them.

After the ribbons are given out, if you have any question
that you would like to ask the judge, do not hesitate to do so.
The entire purpose of the show ring is to teach us as breeders
of dairy animals what are the essentials of a really high-class
animal. Phe fact that you may fool the judge temporarily does
not help the breed or the person showing. It is as much to
your interest to know what are the faults of your animals as it
is to know whether you are first or last. Whether Ted Smith
wins or Johnnie Jones wins is not the most important point.
But it is absolutely vital that the proper animals shall be placed
at the top, in order that you boys and the breeders may study
and take home with you in your minds just what constitutes
an animal of the best conformation.

The Calf Club
at the Community
Club Picnic

An Oregon Holstein Calf Club

olstein-Friesian Type
by Ws. Moscrip

W. S. Moscrip iof Lake. Eine;
Minn., is the outstanding figure
among the Holstein judges on this
continent. He places the ribbons
at more of the big fairs than any
other. Holstein. judge: Formate
past seven years he has judged at
the National Dairy Show, for
three or four years at the Pacific
International at Portland, Oregon,
also several years at the Canadian
National Exhibition at ‘Toronto,
the Eastern States Exposition. at
Springfield, Mass., and many state
fairs ranging all the way from
Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota as far south as ‘Texas.
It isn’t all theory with Mr. Moscrip either. He carries his
show-ring ideas and ideals into his own business and as a re-
sult has developed a herd of individuals that will compare favor-
ably with any herd in the country and which has made no mean
showing from the standpoint of production. W. 5. Moscrip,
probably more than any other one man, has been responsible
for the attention breeders are now giving to correct type in
their animals and the general acceptance of the principle that
production and type logically go together. Mr. Moscrip went
into the Holstein business as a mere boy without capital but
with rather definite ideas of what he wanted to accomplish
and an inflexible determination to carry it through. That the
Holstein cow will reward such treatment is plainly evident
when you visit Mr. Moscrip’s farm near St. Paul, where you
will find one of the best practical Holstein plants to be seen .
anywhere. The rise of W. S. Moscrip and the success he has
achieved with the Holstein cow should be an inspiration to
every beginner.

Maurice §. Prescott, Editor
Holstein-Friesian World,
Lacona, N. Y.

Y UNDERSTANDING of the expression so
often used, or applied to an animal as “Typey”
is that it is as nearly as possible an ideal repre:
sentative of its breed, having all the essential
characteristics of that breed.

In starting out to select your foundation
animals, or in choosing from your herd already
established, to obtain the highest possible suc-
cess you must so train yourself that you can readily recognize
an animal of superior type. The Holstein breed has made
wonderful progress during the past few years, but it is 1m-
perative that we all continue our efforts toward attaining
maximum perfection in the conformation of our animals.

You must select animals with great, deep, well-sprung
middles. Avoid the kind that have the appearance, when
viewed from the rear, of an under-fed sunfish. In the middle
are the digestive organs that manufacture into milk the food
we give our animals, and they must be large in order to have
the necessary room to handle a great amount of bulky feeds.
Remember, our Holstein type is not exemplified by the cow
that will exist on the smallest possible amount of feed, but is
the cow that will consume and turn into milk the greatest pos-
sible amount of feed beyond what is needed for bodily main-
tenance. Consequently, we must have the tremendous capac-
ity that is found in the animal of our ideal type.

Now, you must select the ones that have the strength and
constitution to carry on their tremendous labor. Remember
that a heavy producing cow is the hardest working animal on
any farm. She must be deep through the chest, and have
wide spring of fore-rib, This chest cavity contains the heart
and lungs, and, in order to properly do their work, they must |
have ample room. An undesirable type sometimes found has
the appearance of having been drawn in behind the shoulders
with a belt.

The shoulders should be fine—free from any coarseness.
The vertebrae should be very open from the shoulders along
the back and free from flesh. This will not be so pronounced
in animals in good flesh that are dry and soon to freshen; nor
in heifers that are below the milking age. A great change very
frequéntly takes place in the structure of the shoulders during
the first.lactation period. In these animals, you must learn

that the broad shoulders will, as it is put, “milk off.”
The neck must be clean-cut and fine, neatly attached to
the body, and free from any coarseness or superfluous flesh.

The head should appear as clean and fine as if chiseled
by a master sculptor, the veins standing out prominently on
the face, and the entire head free from any meatiness. The
eyes must be expressive of great intelligence, and large and
bright and full—the term is: broad between the eyes. The
nostrils must be wide—very wide and full; a large, broad
mouth; a clean, powerful jaw. The entire head must be clean-
cut, showing intelligence and temperament.

The udder of our ideal type is one whose attachment to
the body is both long and broad, the udder coming up well
behind, and joining the body smoothly in front. The floor,
or bottom, should be level; the teats of medium size, placed
well apart and squarely upon the udder. It is desirable that
the udder be covered with a network of prominent veins.
When milked out the udder should be soft and pliable and free
from any indication of meatiness. In our ideal Holstein cow
you will find milk veins that are long and crooked and branch-
ing, entering large and easily discovered openings. Veins that
are long and branching, and which enter numerous wells, are
much to be preferred to shorter, heavier veins. In superior
animals, we often find a very well defined middle vein. The
hide should be soft, pliable, and covered with soft, fine hair.

An animal of the type described above will have a stylish
appearance, an alert carriage, an intelligent look, which will
impress you with the fact that she is wide-awake, ready to take
advantage of every opportunity of converting feed into milk.

I want to take this opportunity to impress on your minds
that in order to become successful breeders of high-class dairy
animals, you must be able to see and acknowledge defects in
your own animals and to see and acknowledge the superiority
of the other fellow’s—if they are superior. Study superior
types as often as opportunity offers. Show your animals as
often as youcan. Keep trying to make each succeeding gener-
ation better than the one before. No higher calling than yours,
as breeders of dairy cattle, exists. No one—no matter what
his calling or profession—can do more for the advancement of
our country than can you, by producing better dairy animals
than have been produced before.

Y OF CONGR

WANN

Copyright, 1922, by
The Holstein-Friesian Association of America
Brattleboro, Vermont

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RED L. KIMBALL COMPANY, WATERLOO, [OWA